SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Bulletin 106
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY
BRYOZOA
BY
FERDINAND CANU
Versailles, France
AND
RAY S. BASSLER
Washington, District of Columbia
TEXT
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1920
SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM
Bulletin 106
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY
BRYOZOA
BY
FERDINAND CANU
Versailles, France
AND
RAY S. BASSLER
Washington, District nf Columbia
TEXT
WASHINGTON
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE
1920
ADVERTISEMENT.
The scientific publications of the United States National Museum consist of two
series, the Proceedings and the Bulletins.
The Proceedings, the first volume of which was issued in 1878, are intended
primarily as a medium for the publication of original, and usually brief, papers
based on the collections of the National Mu <eum, presenting newly acquired facts in
zoology, geology, and anthropology, including descriptions of new forms of animals
and revisions of limited groups. One or two volumes are issued annually and dis-
tributed to libraries and scientific organizations. A limited number of copies of
each paper, in pamphlet form, is distributed to specialists and others interested in
the different subjects as soon as printed. The date of publication is recorded in the
tables of contents of the volumes.
The Bulletins, the first of which was issued in 1875, consist of a series of"
separate publications comprising chiefly monographs of large zoological groups and
other general systematic treatises (occasionally in several volumes), faunal works,
reports of expeditions, and catalogue's oi' type-specimens, special collections, etc.
The majority of the volumes are octavos, but a quarto size has been adopted in a few
instances in which large plates were regarded as indispensable.
Since 1902 a series of octavo volumes containing papers relating to the botanical
collections of the Museum, and known as the Contributions from the Xutionul Her-
barium, has been published as bulletins.
The present work forms No. 106 of the Bulletin series.
WILLIAM DEC. RAVENEL,
Administrative Assistant to the Secretary,
I n charge of the Unitnl -SY./A \ \ntional Museum.
WASHINGTON, D. C., April 20, 1920.
in
CONTENTS.
Page.
Introduction 1
Preparation qnd scope of the work 1
Acknowledgments 2
Object and methods of study 4
( 'alalogne of papers of American Early Tertiary Bryozoa 7
Synonymic references 10
Reference of previously described North American Early Tertiary Bryozoa 10
Geologic tables of Mesozoic and Cenozoic formations 12
Subdivisions of European and South American Mesozoic and Cenozoic rocks 13
List of Mesozoic and Cenozoic formation names 14
List of localities with formations and station numbers 15
Lists showing geographic and geologic distribution 17
Lowest Eocene 17
Midwayan bryozoa 17
\Vilcoxian (Boshi) 19
Claibornian bryozoa 19
Jacksonian bryozoa 20
Vicksburgian bryozoa 34
General description of the l»yozoa 39
( 'lassification 40
Structure of the Cheilostomata 41
General consideration of the Cheilostomata 46
Endocyst and ectocyst 46
Zoarial budding and formation of skeleton 46
Olocyst 47
Tremocyst 48
Tubules 49
Pleurocyst 50
Septulae and dietellae '. 51
Function of reproduction 53
Larva 53
O vicells :,:\
Nonovicelled zooecia 53
Nature of the ovicells 54
Structure of the ovicells 55
Passage of the eggs 56
Fixation of the larva 56
Hydrostatic functions 57
Zooecial hydrostatic relations 57
Operculum
Ascopore 60
Hypostege 60
Zoarial hydrostatic system 60
Use of the vibracula 61
Functions of relation 61
Avicularia 61
Frontal or immersed avicularia 64
Interzooecial avicularia 64
v
VI CONTENTS.
Functions of relation — Continued. Page.
Vibracula 64
Mucro 66
Spines 66
Radicular fibers ... 66
Zooecia 66
Form and size • 66
Total regeneration ... 67
( 'alcified zooecia 6S
Vestibular arch - 68
Xnarium 68
Terminology 68
Habitat 69
Principles of classification of the Cheilostomata 70
Systematic classification of early Tertiary Cheilostomata 72
Systematic descriptions 73
Order Cheilostomata Busk 73
Suborder Anasca Levinsen 73
Division I . Malacostega Levinsen 73
Family Electrinidae D'Orbigny, 1851 73
Genus Electra Lamouroux, 1816 76
Membranipora Blainville, 1834 77
Heterooecium Hincks, 1892 78
Pyripora D'Orbigny, 1852 78
Herpetopora Lang, 1914 81
Group Membraniporae Canu and Bassler, 1917 82
Section I . Membraniporae without ovicell 86
Genus Conopeum Norman, 1903 86
Heliodoma Calvet, 1907 94
Membraniporina Levinsen, 1909 94
A canthodesia, new genus 99
Adenifera Canu and Bassler, 1917 102
Cupuladria, new genus 103
Trochopora D'Orbigny, 1851 103
Otionella Canu and Bassler, 1917 105
Secti m II. Membraniporae with endozooecial ovicell 109
Genus Vibracellina Canu and Bassler, 1917 110
Setosellina Calvet, 1906 Ill
Hinckeina Norman, 1903 Ill
Ogivalina Canu and Bassler, 1917 117
Membrendoecium Canu and Bassler, 1917 11!)
Section III. Ovicell hyperstomial, always closed by the operculum 123
Genus Periporosella Canu and Bassler, 1917 124
Ellisina Norman, 1903 125
Grammella Canu, 1917 130
Membraniporidra Canu and Bassler, 1917 133
Tremopora Ortmann, 1890 139
Larnacius Norman, 1903 140
Section IV. Ovicell never closed by the operculum 140
Genus Alderina Norman, 1903 140
Callopora Gray, 1848 145
Amphiblestrum Gray, 1848 156
Kamphonotus Norman, 1894 1 63
Tegella Levinsen, 1909 165
Stamenocella Canu and Baseler, 1917 , 168
CdNTKNTS. VII
Systematic ili'script.iniis CoiiliinK'd.
Order Gheilostomata Husk- Continued.
Suborder Anasca Lcvinsen — Continued.
Group Membraniporae Canu and Bassler, 1917 C ml inucd. i
Genera i>f Membraniporae unrepresented 171
Genus Cauloramphus Norman, 1903 174
Ammatophora Norman, 1903 175
Marssonopora Lang, 1914 175
Antropora Norman, 1903 175
Membrostega Jullien, 1903 176
Megapora Hincks, 1877 17(1
Discoflustrellaria D'Orbigny, 1851 17fi
Crepis Jullien, 1882 177
Foveolaria Busk, 1884 177
Family Aeteidae Smitt, 1867 177
Genus Aetea Lamouroux, 1812 17S
Family Scrupocellariidae Levinsen, 1909 180
Genus Scrupocellaria Van Beneden, 1844 181
Caberea Lamouroux, 1816 191
Family Farciminariidae Busk, 1852 194
Genus Nellia Busk, 1852 195
Heterocella Canu, 1907 198
Family Eucratiidae Hincks, 1880 199
Genus Gemellaria Savigny, 1811 200
Division II. Coilostega Levinsen, 1909 201
Family Opesiulidae Jullien, 1888 201
Subfamily Onychocellidae Jullien, 1881 204
Genus Onychocella Jullien, 1881 205
Rectonychocella Canu and Bassler, 1917 209
Velumella Canu and Bassler, 1917 213
Diplopholeos Canu and Bassler, 1917 215
Floridina Jullien, 1881 '. 2 Ml
Smittipora Jullien, 1SS1 225
Subfamily Microporidae Hincks, 18SO l'L'7
(.Sen us Rnsseliana Jullien, 1S88 228
Floridinella Canu and Bassler, 1917 i".'!i
( iargantua Jullien, 1888 230
Dacryonella Canu amPBassler, 1917 231
Aechmella Canu and Bassler, 1917 233
Mi.-ropora Gray, 1848
Hoplocheilina Canu, 1911 237
Subfamily Lunulariidae Levinsen, 1909 2:!S
Genus Lunularia Busk, 1884 238
Family Aspidostomidae Canu, 1908 252
Genus Rhagasostoma Koschinsky. 1885 253
Odontionella Canu and Bassler, 1917 25G
Euritina Canu, 1900 256
Labiopora Levinsen, 1 909 258
Crateropora Levinsen, 1909 259
VIII CONTENTS.
Systematic descriptions — Continued.
Order Cheilostomata Busk — Continued.
Suborder Anasca Levinsen — Continued.
Division II. Coilostega Levinsen, 1909 — Continued. Page.
Family Steganoporellidae Levinsen, 1909 259
Genus Steganoporella Smitt, 1873 259
Siphonoporella Hincks, 1880 265
Family Thalamoporellidae Levinsen, 1909 268
Genus Thalamoporella Hineks, 1887 268
Division III. Pseudostega Levinsen. 1909 269
Family Cellariidae Hinoks, 1880 269
Genus Cellaria Authors 272
Cianotremella Canu, 1911 274
Family Coscinopleuridae Canu, 1913 275
Genus Coscinopleura Marsson, 1887 275
Macropora MacGillivray, 1895 ' 276
Quadricellaiia D'Orbigny, 1850 279
Suborder Asrophora Levinsen, 1909 280
The Costulae (family Cribrilinidae, Hineks, 1880 ) 280
Genus Membraniporella Smitt, 1873 L'S I
Cribrilina Gray, 1848 290
Puellina Jullien, 1886 293
Distansescharella D'Orbigny, 1852 299
Gephyrotes Norman, 1903 300
Metracolposa Canu and Bassler, 1917 304
Corbulipora MacGillivray, 1895 308
Acanthocella Canu and Bassler, 1917 309
Cribrendoecium Canu and Bassler, 1917 310
Arachnopusia Jullien, 1886 311
Figularia Jullien, 1886 313
Aspidelectra Levinsen, 1909 317
Family Acroporidae Canu, 1913 317
Genus Acropora Reuss, 1869 318
Gastropella Canu and Bassler, 1917 320
Pachytheca Canu, 1913 :',2 1
Beisselina Canu, 1913 322
Family Hippothoidae Levinsen, 1909 325
Genus Hippothoa (Lamouroux, 1821 ) Hincks, 1880 326
Trypostega Levinsen, 1909 327
Haplopoma Levinsen, 1909 332
Chorizopora Hincks, 1880 333
Dacryopora Lang, 1914 333
Harmeria Norman, 1903 334
Family Escharellidae Levinsen, 1909 334
Group I. Schizoporellae Canu and Bassler, 1917 335
Genus Sehizopodrella Canu and Bassler, 1917 338
Stephanosella Canu and Bassler, 1917 343
Lacerna Jullien, 1888 345
Buffonella, Jullien, 1888 348
Arthropoma Levinsen, 1909 351
Phonicosia Jullien, 1888 352
Schizobrachiella, new genus 353
Schizomavella Canu and Bassler, 1917 353
CONTENTS. IX
Systematic descriptions— Continued.
Order Clicilnstnmata, Busk— Continued.
Suborder Ascophora Levinsen, 1909 — Continued.
Family Eacharellidae Levinsen, 1909 — Continued.
Group I. Schizoporellae Canu and Bassler, 1917 — Continued. page.
Genus Schizolavella, new genus 358
Stylopoma Levinsen, 1909 359
Dakaria Jullien, 1903 359
Metroperiella Canu and Bassler, 1917 361
Emballotheca Levinsen, 1909 366
Tetraplaria Tenison-Woods, 1878 367
Gemellipora Smitt, 1872 369
Gemelliporella, new genus 372
Nimba Jullien, 1903 372
Characodoma Maplestone, 1(100 372
Group II. Hippoporae Canu and Bassler, 1917. (Lepraliidae Jullien, 1903). 372
Genus Hippoporina Neviani, 1895 374
Ilippoporella, new genus 377
Hippoponella, new genus 379
Ilippomenella Canu and Bassler, 1917 379
Hippodiplosia Canu, 1916 393
I lippozeugosella Canu and Bassler, 1917 398
Hippadenella Canu and Bassler, 1917 402
Group III. Peristomellae Canu and Bassler, 1917 402
Genus Bathosella Canu and Bassler, 1917 404
Romancheina Jullien, 1888 406
Peristomella Levinsen, 1902 408
Exochella Jullien, 1888 415
Didymosella Canu and Bassler, 1917 416
Trypematella, new genus 417
Group IV. Mirroporellae 417
Group V. Divers genera 420
Genus Houzeauina Pergens, 1889 121
Cyclicopora Hincks. 1884 124
Kymella Canu and Bassler, 1917 428
Aimulosia Jullien, 1888 428
Anarthropora Smitt, 1867 430
i lyclocolposa, new genus 431
( ' ycloperiella, new genus 431
Family Stomachetosellidae Canu and Bassler, 1917 431
Genus Stomachetosella Canu and Bassler, 1917 432
Enoplostomella Canu and Bassler, 1917 434
Schizemiella Canu and Bassler, 1917 439
Metradolium Canu and Bassler, 1917 -140
Leiosella Canu and Bassler, 1917 448
Metrocrypta Canu and Bassler, 1917 450
Ochetosella Canu and Bassler, 1917 451
Family Smittinidae Levinsen, 1909 453
Genus Smittina Norman, 1903 456
Plagiosmittia Canu and Bassler, 1917 471
Mucronella Ilinrks, 1880 474
Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1 886 476
X CONTENTS.
Systematic descriptions — Continued.
Order Cheiloslomata Busk — Continued.
Suborder Ascophora Levinsen, 1909 — Continued.
Family Smitiinidae Levinsen, 1909 — Continued. fage.
Genus Cystisella Cami and Bassler, 1917 479
Porella Gray, 1848 479
Umbonula Hincks, 1880 494
Phoceana Jullien, 1903 ' 495
Bryocryptella Cossman, 1906 496
Hippadenella Canu and Bassler, 1917 497
Family Reteporidae Smitt, 1867 500
Genus Retepora Imperato, 1599 500
Hippellozoon Canu and Bassler, 1917 505
Schizellozoon Canu and Bassler, 1917 505
Triphyllozoon Canu and Bassler, 1917 506
Rhynchozoon Hincks, 1891 506
Schizotheca Hincks, 1877 508
Lepraliella Levinsen, 1916 509
Family Galeopsidae Jullien, 1903 509
Genus Galeopsis Jullien, 1903 510
Schizaropsis Canu and Bassler, 1917 515
Haswellia Busk, 1884 516
Semihaswellia Canu and Bassler, 1917 517
Gigantopora Ridley, 1881 519
Gephyrophora Busk, 1884 521
Tessaradoma Norman, 1868 521
Tremotoichos Canu and Bassler, 1917 523
Family Hippopodinidae Levinsen, 1909 524
Genus Cheilopora Levinsen, 1909 525
Hippopodina Levinsen, 1909 532
Metrarabdotos Canu, 1914 533
Watersipora Neviani, 1595 537
Family Tubucellariidae Busk, 1884 . . 539
Genus Tubucellaria D'Orbigny, 1852... 542
Subgenus Tutmcella ('unu and Bassler, 1917 546
Genus Tubiporella Levinsen, 190!) 5'19
Siphonicytara Busk, 1884 549
Family Catenicellidae Busk, 1852 550
Genus Catenicella D'Orbigny, 1852 550
Family Adeonidae Jullien, 1903 550
Genus Meniscopora Gregory, 1893 555
Bracebridgia MacGillivray, lj8S6 557
Adeona (Lamouroux, 1816) Levinsen, 1909 560
Adeonella (Busk, 1884) Waters, 1888 561
Adeonellopsis MacGillivray, 1886 563
Dimorphocella Maplestone, 1903 571
Laminopora Michelin, 1842 571
Family Phylact ellidae Canu and Bassler, 1917 572
Genus Phylactella Hincks, 1880 573
Perigastrella Canu and Bassler ,1917 576
Hemicyclopora Norman, 1894 586
Mastigophora Hincks, 1880 586
Schizobathysella Canu and Bassler, 1917 590
CONTENTS. XI
Systematic descriptions Continued.
Order Cheilostornata Busk- Continued.
Suborder Ascophora Levinsen, 1!!09— Continued.
Family Phylactellidae Canu and Bassler, 1917 — Continued. Page.
Genus Lagenipora Hincks, 1877 591
Ascosia Jullien, 1882 592
Temachia Jullien, 1882 592
Family Cellep>oridae Busk, 1852 592
Genus Schismopora MacGillivray, 1888 598
Osthimosia Jullien, 1888 601
Costazzia Neviani, 1895 603
Holoporella Waters, 1909 604
Acanthionella Canu and Bassler, 1917 614
Kleidionella Canu and Bassler, 1917 617
Family Conescharellinidae Levinsen, 1909 622
Genua Fedora Jullien, 1882 623
Stichoporina Stoliczka, 1861 624
Schizorthosescos Canu and Bassler, 1917 626
Orbitulipora Stoliczka, 1861 628
Batopora Reuss, 1867 629
Diplotaxis Reuss, 1867 629
Oonescharellina D'Orbigny, 1851 630
Bipora Whitelegge, 1887 631
Flabellipora D'Orbigny, 1852 631
Mamillopora Smitt, 1872 632
Order Cyclostomata 633
General consideration of the Cyclostomata 634
The tubes 634
Calcification 634
Cylindrical tubes or trepostomatous like Cyclostomata 636
( 'lubshaped tubes or typical Cyclostomata 637
Tubes with facets 637
Tubes with rhomboidal orifice 637
The orifice or apertura 640
Diaphragms 640
Accessory tubes 641
Tergopores 641
Firmatopores 643
Nematopores , 643
Dactylethrae 644
Cancelli 644
Adventitious tubes 645
Vacuoles 645
Mesopores 645
Gemmation 647
Zoarium 648
Form 648
Basal system of fixation 648
Growth 648
Branching 649
Origin of the zoarium 650
Ovicells . . 651
XII CONTENTS.
Page.
Systematic descriptions of the Cyclostomata 651
I. Division Inovicellata 652
(a) Typical Cyelostomata 652
Family Diastoporidae Gregory, 1899 652
Forma Stomatopora Bronn, 1825 - - 652
Proboscina Audouin, 1826 658
Berenicea Lamouroux, 1821 669
Diastopora Lamouroux, 1821 673
Spiropora Lamouroux, 1821 674
(b) Trepostomatous like ('yclostomata 675
Family Heteroporidae Pergens and Meunier, 1886 675
Genus Oeriopora Goldfuss, 1827 678
Reptomulticava D'Orbigny, 1852 680
Defranciopora Hamm, 1881 680
Heteropora Blainville, 1830 - 681
Multin-pscis D'Orbigny, 1852 684
Fungella Hagenow, 1851 685
Biflabellaria Pergens, 1894 685
II. Division Ovicellata 686
Subdivision Parallelata Waters 686
Family Oncousoeciiclae Canu, 1918 687
Genus Oncousoecia Canu, 1918 687
Peristomoecia, new genus 692
Forma Filisparsa D'Orbigny, 1853 693
Family Crisiidae Johnston, 1847 703
Genus Grisia Lamouroux, 1816 703
Crisidia Milne Edwards, 1838 707
Family Plagioeciidae < 'ami. 1918 707
Genus Plagioecia Ganu, 1918 707
Desmeplagioecia, new genus v 718
Family Macroeciidae Canu, 1918 722
Genus Macroecia Canu, 1918 722
Family Mecynoeciidae Canu, 1918 722
Genus Mecynoecia Canu, 1!>1S 722
Forma Entalophora Lamouroux, 1821 734
Genus Microecia Canu, 1918 735
Exochoecia, new genus 737
Family Diaperoeciidae Canu, 1918 738
Genus Diaperoecia Canu, 1918 740
Diplosolen Canu, 1918 : 745
Lekythionia, new genus 747
Crisulipora Robertson, 1910 749
Desmediaperoecia, new genus 751
Family Tubuliporidae Johnston, 1838 752
Genus Tubulipora Lamarck, 1816 753
Platonea, new genus 759
Centronea, new genus 761
Mesonea, new genus 762
Erkosonea, new genus 763
Pleuronea, new genus 765
Tretonea, new genus 769
Idmonea Lamouroux, 1821 770
Idmidronea, new genus '. 784
CONTENTS. XIH
Systematic descriptions of the Cyclostoraata — Continued.
II. Division Ovicellata — Continued.
Subdivision Parallelata Waters — Continued. Page.
Family Terviidae, new 788
(it-nils Tervia Jullien, 1882 788
Lagonoecia, new genus 792
Prosthenoecia Canu, 1918 • 793
Family Horneridae Gregory, 1899 793
Genus Hornera Laruouroux, 1821 796
Crassohornera Waters, 1887 802
Siphudictyurn Lonsdale, 1849 802
Phonnopora Marsson, 1887 803
Family Frondiporidae Busk, 1875 803
Genus Frondipora Imperato, 1599 803
Telopora, new genus 807
Forma Fasciculipora D'Orbigny, 1846 807
Discofascigera D'Orbigny, 1852 808
Apsendesia Lamouroux, 1821 809
Subdivision Rectangulata Waters, 1887 809
Family Lichenoporidae Smitt, 186(i 812
Genus Lichenopora Defrance, 1823 812
Orosopora, new genus 822
Trochiliopora Gregory, 1909 *. 822
Conocava Calvet, 1911 823
Family Leiosoeciidae, new, 1919 823
Genus Leiosoecia, new genus 823
Parleiosoecia, new genus 824
Family Tretooydoeciidae Canu, 1919 826
Genus Tretocycloecia Canu, 1919 826
Partretocycloecia Canu, 1919 830
Family Ascosoeciidae Canu, 1919 834
Genus Ascosoecia Canu, 1919 836
Polyascosoecia, new genus 837
Parascosoecia Canu, 1919 840
Order Ctenostomata Busk 841
Family Terebriporidae D'Orbigny, 1839 842
Genus Terebripora D'Orbigny, 1839 842
Index.. 843
ILLUSTRATIONS.'
TEXT FIGURES.
Page.
Fir, . 1 . General anatomy of the Cheilostoruata 43
2. Early stages in the development of the Cheilostomata 44
3. Sketch showing proliferation of the endocyst in the Anasca (A) and in the Ascophora (B) . 47
4. Structure of the olocyst 48
5. Structure of the tremocyst 49
6. Microstructure of the tremocyst and olocyst 50
7. Structure of the tubules 51
8. Structure of the pleurocyst 52
9. Septulae and dietellae 53
10. Diagram showing structure and terminology of the ovicells 55
11. Passage of the eggs 57
12. Hydrostatic functions 59
13. Structure of the avicularium 62
14. Structure of the vibraculum 65
15. Structure of the vestibular arch, etc 69
16. Sketch illustrating structure of the Malacostega 73
17. Family Electrinidae D'Orbigny, 1851 74
18. Genus Electra Lamouroux, 1816 76
19. Genus Membranipora Blainville, 1834 78
20. Genus Heterooecium Hincks, 1892 79
21. Genus Pyripora D'Orbigny, 1852 79
22. Genus Herpetopora Lang, 1914 81
23. Structure of the Membraniporae 83
24. Genera of Membraniporae without ovicell 85
25. Genus Conopeum Norman, 1903 86
26. Genus Adenifera Canu and Bassler, 1917 101
27. Genera of Membraniporae with endozooecial ovicell 109
28. Genus Hincksina Norman, 1903 Ill
29. Genus Membrendoecium Canu and Bassler, 1917 120
30. Membraniporae with hyperstomial ovicella, always closed by the opercular valve 124
31. Genus Ellisina Norman, 1903 126
32. Genus Grammella Canu, 1917 130
33. Genus Tremopora Ortmann, 1890 139
34. Genus Larnacius Norman, 1903 140
35. Genera of Membraniporae with ovicells never closed by the opercular valve 141
36. Genus Alderina Norman, 1903 142
37. Genus Callopora Gray, 1848 146
38. Genus Amphiblestrum Gray, 1848 157
39. Genus Ramphonotus Norman, 1894 , 163
40. Genus Tegella Levinsen, 1909 166
41 . Miscellaneous genera of Membraniporae 17-1
42. Genus Cauloramphus Norman, 1903 174
43. Genus Ammatophora Norman, 1903 175
' The plates of this Bulletin, 1G2 in number, with their explanations, have heen bound for convenient reference as a sep-
arate volume.
XV
XVI ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page.
Fio. 44. Genus Antropora Norman, 1903 176
45. Genus Megapora Hincks, 1877 177
46. Genus Foveolaria Busk, 1884 178
47 . Family Aeteidae Smitt, 1867 179
48. Family Scrupocellariidae Levinsen, 1909
49. Genus Scrupocellaria Van Beneden, 1844.. 184
50. Genus Caberea Lamouroux, 1816
51. Genus Nellia Busk, 1852 195
52. Family Eucratiidae Hincks, 1880 199
53. Genus Gemellaria Savigny, 1811 200
54. Structure of the Goilostega •. 201
55. Subfamily Onychocellidae Jullien, 1881 202
56. Genera of the Onychocellidae 204
57. Genus Rectonychocella Canu and Bassler, 1917 209
58. Genus Velumella Canu and Bassler, 1917 213
59. Genus Smittipora Jullien, 1881 225
60. Anatomy of the subfamily Microporidae - . 226
61. Genera of subfamilies Microporidae and Lunulaviidae 227
i'i'1 Genus Gargantu t .Tullien, 1888 230
63. Genus Micropora Gray, 1848 235
64. Subfamily LuuuUriidae Levinsen, 1909 239
65. Family Aspidostomidae Canu, 1908 253
60. Genus Rhagasostoma Koschinsky, 1885 254
67. Genus Odontionella Canu and Bassler, 1917 256
68. Genus Euritina ( 'anu, 1900 257
69. Genus Labiopora Levinsen , 1909 ?58
70. Genus Crateropora Levinsen, 1909 259
71. Family Steganop irellidae Levinsen, 1909 260
72. Genus Siphonoparella Hincks, 1880 265
73. Family Thalamoporellidae Levinsen, 1909 266
74 . Genus Thalamoporella Hincks, 1-887 268
75. Family Cellariidae Hincks, 1880 270
76. Genus Cellaria Lamouroux, 1812 272
77. Genus Cianotremella Canu, 1911 275
78. Genus Macropora MacGillivray, 1895 277
79. Structure of the Ascophora Levinsen, 1909 280
80. Sketch showing structure of a costule 281
81 . Genera of the Costulae 282
82. Genus Membraniporella Smitt, 1873 284
83. Genus Cribriliua Gray, 1848 291
84. Genus Puellina Jullien, 1886 294
85. Genus Gephyrotes Norman, 1903 300
86. Genus A rachnopusia Jullien, 1886 312
87. Genus Figularia Jullien, 1886 314
88. Genus Aspidelectra Levinsen, 1909 317
89. Genera of Acroporidae Canu, 1913 318
90. Genus Acropora Reuss, 1869 319
91. Genus Pachytheca Canu, 1913 323
92. Genus Beisselina Canu, 1913 323
93. Genus Hippothoa Lamouroux, 1821 (Hincks, 1880) 326
94. Genus Trypostega Levinsen, 1909
95. Genus Haplopoma Levinsen, 1909 332
ILLUSTRATIONS. XVII
Page.
Fi(i. 'Jii. Genus Chorizopora Ilincks, ISM) 333
97. Genus DarryMpura l.ai'Lr. I 111 1 334
98. Genus Harmeria Norman, 1!)03 334
(111. Aiuidmiv nf I lir Srlii/.oporollae ;;:;i;
KK). Genera nf tlie subfamily Schizoporellae 339
lol. (inn is Schizopodrella ('ami and Basal er, 1917 , 341
1(11'. Genus Slophamisolla ('ami ami Bassler, 1917 344
103. Genus Lacerna Jullien, ItiSS :i Hi
1(11. (ion us Buff on ol la Jullien, 18S8 ;: III
105. Genus Art.hropoma Levinsen, 1909 351
loii. Schizobrachiella, ne\v i;enus '. 353
107. Genus Schizomavella Canu and Bassler, 1917 351
108. Genus Dakaria Jullien, 1904 359
109. Genus Emballotheca Levinsen, 1909 ' 366
110. Genus Tctraplaria Tenisou-Woods, 1878 367
111. Genus Gemellipora Sniitt, 1872 369
111'. Anatomy of the Hippoporae 370
113. Genera "f Hie subfamily Hippoporae 373
114. Genus Hippoporina Neviani, 1895 374
115. llippoponella, new genus 380
llli. Genus Hippomonella Canu and Bassler, 1917 380
117. Genus Ilippodiplofia Canu, 1916 394
118. Anatomy n( the Peristomollae 403
11'.). Genera of Hie subfamily Peristomellae^ 404
120. Genus Komancheina Jullien, 1888 407
121 . Genus Exochella Jullien, 1S8S 414
122. Genus Didymosella Canu and Bassler, 1917 416
123. Anatomy of the Microporellae 418
124. Miscellaneous genera of the Escharellidae 421
125. ;Genus Cyclicopora Hincks, 1884 424
126. Genus Kymella Canu and Bassler, 1917 428
127. Genus Aimulosia Jullien, 1888 429
128. Genus Anarthropora Smitt, 1867 430
129. Genera of the Stomachetosellidae Canu and Bassler, 1917 432
130. Anatomy of the Smittinidae 454
131. Genera of the Smittinidae Levinsen, 1909 456
132. Genus Smittina Norman, 1903 458
132n. Genus Smittina Norman, 1903 469
133. Genus Mucronella Hincks, 1880 474
134. Genus Bhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886 476
135. Genus Cystisella Canu and Bassler, 1917 480
136. Genus Porella Gray, 1848 482
137. Genus Umbonula Hincks, 1880 • 494
1 38. Genus Bryocryptella Cossman, 1906 496
139. Genus Hippadenella Canu and Bassler, 1917 497
140. Anatomy of the Reteporidae Smitt, 1867 498
141. Genus Retepora Imperato, 1599 502
142. Genus Hippelozoon Canu and Bassler, 1917 506
143. Genus Schizellozoon Canu and Baseler, 1917 507
144. Genus Triphyllozoon Canu and Bassler, 1917 508
145. Genus Rhynchozoon Hincks, 1891 509
146. Genus Schizotheca Hincks, 1877 510
55899— 19— Bull. 106 n
XVIII ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page.
FIG. 147. Genus Lepraliella Levinsen, 1916 511
148. Genera of the Galeopsidae Jullien, 1903 512
149. Genus Galeopsis Jullien, 1903 513
150. Genus Haawellia Busk, 1884 516
151. Genus Semihaswellia Canu and Bassler, 1917 51 7
152. Genus Gigantopora Ridley, 1S81 519
153. Genus Gephyrophora Busk, 1884 520
154. Genus Tessaradoma Norman, 1868 522
1 55. Genus Cheilopora Levinsen, 1909 525
156. Genus Hippopodina Levinsen, 1909 532
157. Genus Metrarabdotos Canu, 1914 ; 534
158. Genus Watersipora Neviani, 1895 538
•159. Anatomical structure of the Tubucellariidae Busk, 1884 540
160. Genus Tubuc'ellaria D'Orbigny, 1852 542
161. Genus Tubiporella Levinsen, 1909 548
1 I;L>. tienus SiphoniryUu-a Busk, 1884 549
163. Anatomical structure of the Adeonidae Jullien, 1903 552
164. Genera of Adeonidae Jullien, 1903 554
Mi"). Genus Meniscopora Gregory, 1893 555
166. Genus Bracebridgia MacGillivray, 1886 558
167. Genus Acleona Lamouroiix, 1 S 1 6 560
MiS. Genus Adeonella (Busk, 1884) Waters 1888 561
1(>9. Genus Adeonellopsis MacGillivray, 1886 563
170. Genus Dimorphocella Maplestone, 1903 -. 571
171. Larva of Phylactellidae Canu and Bassler, 1917 572
172. Genera of the Phylactellidae Canu and Bassler, 1917 572
173. Genus Phylactella Hincks, 1880 573
174. Genus Perigastrella Canu and Bassler, 1917 576
175. Genus Mastigophora Hincks, 1880. 588
17(i. Anatomical structure of the Celleporidae Busk, 1852 594
177. Genera of the Celleporidae Busk, 1852 597
178. Genus Schismopora MacGillivray, 1888 599
179. Genus Osthimosia Jullien, 1888 601
180. Genus Costazzia Neviani, 1895 603
181. Genus Holoporella Waters, 1909 604
182. Holoporella pisiformis, new species 608
183. Cellepora ramulosa Busk, 1854 , 614
184. Cellepora sardonica Waters, 1879 615
185. Cellepora janthina group 615
186. Genus Aranthionella Canu and Bassler, 1917 616
187. Genus Fedora Jullien, 1882 623
188. Genus Stichoporina Stoliczka, 1861 625
189. Genus Orbitulipora Stoliczka, 1861 . . 628
190. Genus Batopora Reuss, 1867 629
191 . Genus Diplotaxis Reuss, 1867 629
192. Genus Conescharellina D'Orbigny, 1851 630
193. Genus Bipora Whitelegge, 1887 631
194. Genus Flabellipora D'Orbigny, 1852 631
195. Genus Mamillopora Smitt, 1872 632
196. Microscopic structure of tubes 635
197. Structure of the cylindrical tubes... 636
ILLUSTRATIONS. XIX
Page.
FIG. 198. Structure of tubes and aperture 638
I 99. Tubes with facets , fi40
'-'00. Tubes with rhomboidal orifice 640
-01. Iiiaphragms 641
I'm1. Tergopores 642
203. Firmatopores 642
•_'()4. Nemalopores ill::
_'()•>. I lacty lethrao 643
2()ii. Cancelli 644
207. Vacuolcs I! 15
208. Mesopores 646
20! i. Methods of gemination 647
210. Growth of zoariiim 649
211. Branching of zoarium 649
212. Origin of zoarium 650
213. I'n it. leciuni 650
214. Fissiparity of primary embryo 651
215. Forma Stomatopora lironn, 1S25 653
2 Hi. Forma I'erenieea 1. amour. MIX. IS2I 669
217. Forma Hiaslopora l.amoiironx, 1821 (>72
2 IX. I''orma Spiropora Lamouroux, 1821 674
21!). Family Ileteroporidae I'ergens and Meunier, 188G (i76
220. Forma Ceriopora Cioldfuss, 1827 678
221. Forma Reptomulticava D'Orbigny, 1852 680
222. Forma Heteropora de Blainville, 1830 681
223. Forma Multicrescis D'Orbigny, 1852 684
224. Genus Fungella Hagenow, 1851 685
225. Genus Biflabellaria Pergens, 1894 685
221!. Genus Oncousoecia Canu, 1918 687
227. Families of Ovicellata - 688
228. Peristomoecia, new genus 693
22!l. Anatomy of the family Crisiidae Johnston, 1847 698
^230. Family Crisiidae Johnston, 1847 700
231. Genus Crisia Lamouroux, 1816 703
232. Genus Crisidia Milne Edwards, 1838 708
233. Genus Plagioecia Canu, 1918 709
234. Desmeplagioecia, new genus 718
235. Genus Macroecia Canu, 1918 723
2311. Anatomy of the family Mecynoeciidae Canu, 1918 724
237 . Genus Mecynoecia Canu, 1918 724
238. Mecynoecia (Entalophora) proboscidea Milne Edwards, 1838
239. Anatomy of the Iiiaperoeciidae Canu, 1918 73!)
2 10. Genus Diaperoecia Canu, 1918 740
241. Genus Diplosolen Canu, 1918 746
242. Genus Crisulipora Robertson, 1910 748
243. Deamediaperoecia, new genus 751
2-14. Family Tubuliporidae Johnston, 1838 754
245. Genera of the Tubuliporidae ,756
246. ( )eciopores of Tubulipora 757
247. Genii* Tubulipora Lamark, 1816 758
248. Platonea,rne\v7genus
249. Centronea, new genus - • • 761
XX ILLUSTRATIONS.
Page.
Fie:. 250. Mesonea, new genus 763
251. Pleurouea, new genus 765
252. Genus Idmonea Lamouroux, 1821 771
253. Idmidronea, new genus 786
254. Genus Tervia Jullien, 1882... 789
255. Genus Prosthenoecia Canu, 1918 793
25U. Anatomy of the family Horneridae Gregory, 1899 794
257. Genus Hornera Lamouroux, 1821 ./ 797
258. Genus Oraasohornera Waters, 1887 801
259. Genus Siphodictyum Lonsdale, 1849 802
2i;i>. Genus I'horiuo}>ora Marsson, 1887 802
261. Family Frondiporidae Busk, 1875 804
2(12. Genus Frondipora Imperato, 1599 805
263. Telopora, new genus 806
204. Genus Fasciculipora D'Urbigny, 184G 807
2i!5. Forma Discofascigera D'Orbigny, 1852 808
2(!(i. Forma Apsendesia Lamouroux, 1821 809
267. Family Lichenoporidae Smitt, 1866 810
268. Genus Lichenopora Defrance, 1823 814
2f!!). Zoarial forms of Lichenopora 816
270. Orosopora, new genus 822
271. ( Jenus Trochiliopora Gregory, 1 909 823
272. Genus Conocava Calvet , 1911 823
273. Leiosoecia, new genus : , 824
274. Parleiosoecia, new genus 825
275. Genus Tretocycloecia Canu, 1919 828
276. Genus Ascosoecia Canu, 1919 832
277. Forma Multicavea D'Orbigny, 1852 835
278. Genus Parascosoecia Canu, 1919 838
279. Genus Terebripora D'Orbigny, 1839 812
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
By FERDINAND CANU,
of Versailles, France.
AND
RAY S. BASSLEK,
of Washington, District of Columbia.
INTRODUCTION.
PREPARATION AND SCOPE OF THE WORK.
Although the great abundance and splendid preservation of the bryozoa in the
Tertiary rocks of the Atlantic Coastal Plain and the Gulf region have been known
to students since early in the last century, so little attention was paid to this class
of organisms that the publications upon them number scarcely more than a dozen.
Moreover these, with a very few exceptions, give so imperfect an idea of the com-
paratively few species described that the field of American Tertiary bryozoology
may be considered as almost a virgin one.
Upon his appointment to the division of paleontology in the United States
National Museum in 1901, the junior author of this monograph began to accumulate
collections of American Tertiary bryozoa. In a few years sufficient material had
been assembled and studied in a preliminary way to prove the great value of these
organisms in the most detailed stratigraphic correlation. When it is known that
at many localities exposing Tertiary strata the bryozoa are practically the only
fossils to be found, the need of this systematic study, if only for correlation pur-
poses, is apparent.
In 1907 when the Coastal Plain Investigations of the United States Geological
Survey were reorganized with Dr. T. Wayland Vaughan in charge, the active
cooperation of Doctor Vaughan and his assistants was secured in furthering the
collecting of bi\yozoa. By 1912 the collections resulting from these combined
efforts had become so large and numerous that the Director of the Geological Survey,
upon the recommendation of Doctor Vaughan. proposed that the materials be made
the subject of a monograph. The junior author assented to the plan but soon found
that one person alone could not hope to complete the necessary work in a reasonable
length of time. Besides, the intimate relationship of the Tertiary bryozoa with
the living forms required a good knowledge of the taxonomy and anatomy of the
recent species on the part of the student who attempted the description of the fossil
forms. With the consent of the Geological Survey authorities the junior author
thereupon proposed to Ferdinand Canu, of Versailles, France, whose studies had
been mainly on the Tertiary and Recent bryozoa of Europe and South America, to
55899— 19— Bull. 106 1 1
2 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
join him as senior author in the work. Upon his consent, the study, description,
and illustration of the numerous American species were energetically pursued and
much progress had been made previous to the outbreak of the great war. This was
naturally lessened by the civil mobilization of the senior author, but he was still
enabled to spend a portion of his time upon the work. By the end of 1917, in spite
of other exigencies arising from the war, the present monograph, comprising over
700 species of lower Tertiary bryozoa, had been completed and the study of the
upper Tertiary forms much advanced. In view of the necessarily slow publication
of a large paleontological work, the authors early in 1917 issued preliminary descrip-
tions of certain new genera and families, published as Bulletin 96 of the United
States National Museum, under the title : A Synopsis of American Early Tertiary
Cheilostome Bryozoa.
The Tertiary bryozoa belong almost entirely to the two orders Cyclostomata
and Cheilostomata, the number of the latter being almost double that of the former.
In North America the Midwayan, Wilcoxian, Claibornian, Jacksonian. and
Vicksburgian groups contain by far much larger faunas of this class than the suc-
ceeding rocks. For convenience only, the above-named groups have been designated
as the Early Tertiary and their bryozoa are described in the present volume.
The study of the American Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene species has been
completed and it is hoped that their description can be published in the near future.
With a very few exceptions all of the type-specimens described and illustrated
in the present volume are contained in the paleontologic collections of the United
States National Museum. The Museum catalogue numbers are given in the plate
descriptions. The station locality numbers of the United States Geological Survey
are cited on pages 15 and 16.
The illustrations were prepared by photography, an ordinary 3-inch objective
being used in a camera with a long bellows. The photographic prints were locally
strengthened only enough to retain the scientific details when the illustrations
are reproduced by half tone. It has been found most satisfactory from an
artistic standpoint to blacken the apertures in many cases; indeed, this is often
the only retouching that the prints have undergone.
The plates are arranged according to the five large geological divisions here
treated — Midwayan, Wilcoxian, Claibornian, Jacksonian, and Vicksburgian.
Under each of these divisions the species are arranged as nearly in biologic order
as possible. It should be noted, however, that any species which occurs in two or
more of these divisions is illustrated only under the oldest one. Thus, for example,
the illustrations of a species occurring in both the Claibornian and Jacksonian are
to be found only on the Claibornian plates.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
In the accumulation of data and specimens for the preparation of this
monograph the authors are indebted particularly to the various geologists of the
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
Eastern and Southern States where Tertiary strata outcrop, and to the Federal
geologists who have encouraged their studies. To Dr. George Otis Smith, Director
of the United States Geological Survey, and to Mr. David White, Chief Geologist,
obligations are due for their kind interest in the work and for the help of the
Survey in the preparation of the work. Especial recognition is due Dr. T.
Wayland Vaughan, Chief of Coastal Plain Investigations of the Federal Survey.
It was at his urgest request that the study of the American Tertiary bryozoa was
undertaken; he has spared no efforts to help the work along, not only by his own
personal exertions in supplying both stratigraphic and paleontologic data, but
also in having his assistants collect and prepare many lots of fossils for this
special study; and his advice and broad experience in all matters relating to the
American Tertiary formations have been of inestimable value.
Dr. C. Wythe Cooke, of the United States Geological Survey, has supplied
many splendid faunas resulting from his stratigraphic work in Alabama and
Georgia particularly. He is the discoverer of the celebrated Vicksburgian locality
near Monroeville, Alabama, and it is due to his intelligence and care in collecting
fossils and recording stratigraphic data that it has been possible to work out
many of the bryozoan fauna! zones of the American early Tertiary. Thanks are
due. to Mr. Wendell C. Mansfield, of the United States Geological Survey, for
collections, and to Mr. I. B. Milner. of the same organization, for his care in the
preparation and preservation of these hitherto neglected fossils.
Dr. Charles D. Walcott, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, and Dr.
Richard Rathbun, late Assistant Secretary in charge of the United States National
Museum, extended various courtesies during the course of this work and fur-
nished financial assistance for making special investigations and for the publication
of the work. Under these auspices the junior author was enabled to make researches,
particularly in North and South Carolina, and to collect the very large middle
Jacksonian faunas here described.
Dr. Charles E. Resser and Miss Adelaide C. Quisenberrj7. of the division of
paleontology of the United States National Museum, have been of great aid to the
junior author throughout the work. Doctor Resser has assisted materially in the
preparation of numerous text figures, and Miss Quisenberry has taken a most active
interest in the translation and preparation of the manuscript. The retouching of
the photographs and the preparation of the drawings have been done by Miss
Francesca Wieser. of the United States Geological Survey, whose skill and faithful
work is herein again attested.
Mr. Earle Sloan, of Charleston. South Carolina, was most kind in furnishing
numerous specimens and in personally conducting the junior author during a trip
through the Southern States to classic localities, which, without his detailed knowl-
edge of the country, could not have been found. The splendid faunas from Baldock,
Eutaw Springs, and Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina, are clue to Mr. Sloan's gen-
erosity and interest in the work. Dr. S. W. McCallie, State geologist of Georgia,
has also furnished collections which have been of value in studying the Tertiary
4 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
stratigraphy of that State. Dr. Eugene A. Smith, the first to decipher the correct
sequence of lower Tertiary formations in the Southern States, supplied important
collections from Alabama, particularly from the Midwayan group.
Ample collections of washings with bryozoa from the typical Jacksonian of
Mississippi were secured by Mr. E. N. Lowe, State geologist, who has been ever
ready to obtain material to advance these studies. The lower Jacksonian fauna
herein described is largely the result of Mr. Lowe's efforts. Mr. John M. Nickles
also has contributed specimens for study, particularly from the Midwayan of
Arkansas.
The Ulrich collection, now the property of the United States National Museum,
has furnished some excellent materials of great use in the present monograph. The
authors have also had the advantage of the advice and experience of Dr. E. O.
Ulrich, who made these particular collections in the hope that some day the subject
would be monographically treated.
Professor H. Douville, member of the Institute of France, has verified our cla>-i-
fication, and he has been most generous to the senior author with his advice and en-
couragement. We are sincerely thankful for his help.
The authors are deeply grateful to the National Academy of Sciences for
financial assistance which made it possible for them to prepare and include in this
monograph the important portion relating to the Cyclostomata, thereby completing
the study of the North American early Tertiary species.
OBJECTS AND METHODS OF STUDY.
There are many minute openings and almost imperceptible protuberances on
a fossil bryozoan. Their enumeration, the description of their form, size, and
position would be a work both tedious and perfectly useless, unless, by the aid
of zoology, a reason for their presence can be obtained. Here, more than anywhere
else, the intimate union of zoology with paleontology is absolutely necessarv.
The fossil bryozoa are more than small perforated stones. They are the
remains of creatures of a former time, and the object of the paleontologist should
be their resurrection. His role is to animate them in order to classify them, and
to classify them correctly in order to use them.
This fertile method of constant comparison with the living specimens is tending
to prevail in Europe, but here in America circumstances, notably the predominance
of the Paleozoic faunas, have not permitted its application in bryozoology. The
present authors have endeavored to inaugurate this method of research in America
by a study of the exuberant faunas of the great American Tertiary Gulf. They
have endeavored to describe these faunas so as to be understood by all naturalists
and not by the specialist alone.
The lack of large monographs upon bryozoology causes the study of the fossil
forms to be exceptionally difficult. The most recent monograph, that of Hincks,
dates from 1880, and is concerned only with Great Britain. Since that time, it is
true, important researches have been made by many^ eminent naturalists of all
countries and published in a great number of scientific works, in all languages.
All these works are assembled only in the libraries of .the very few specialists who
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 5
at present study these interesting animals. The paleontologist who has not followed
closely the development of all these researches and who is not himself a trained
zoologist is absolutely powerless to prepare a useful work. On the other hand, a
large paleontologic work prepared by a competent zoologist would be little com-
prehended by the readers, since they have not been able to study any comprehensive
work embodying the more important progress in bryozoology.
The present writers were therefore in a quandary since by preparing a strictly
paleontologic monograph they ran the risk of publishing a work incomprehensible
and discouraging to students and collectors alike. In order to avoid such a result
they decided to closely associate the paleontology and zoology of the bryozoa by
the introduction of numerous text figures, wherein the more recent work concern-
ing each of the. families and genera considered is illustrated. Naturally this is not
as comprehensive a zoologic work as could be desired, but it is sufficient for the
exact interpretation of the structure of the Tertiary bryozoa of American strata.
This has been supplemented by lists of recent and fossil species under each genus.
No attempt has been made to classify all the known species, but the lists are simply
complete enough to remain exact.
The terminology of the bryozoa has become somewhat specialized, although it
is still far from being very complicated. The reader will easily become familiar
with it by the aid of the special drawings scattered among the text figures.
Although the Tertiary bryozoans often occur literally by the million in a
stratum, they are usually so inconspicuous as to be unnoticed by the average
collector. When these fossils are present a careful examination of a weathered
outcrop will almost invariably reveal a few minute twig-like stems or porous,
flattened fragments projecting from the surface. Further search along the outcrop,
especially along a seam in the rock, is very liable to result in the discovery of many
such fragments.
As most of the American Tertiary bryozoa occur in soft limestone or marls,
the collection of the material for study consists simply in scooping up a large
amount of the loose rock containing these fragmentary remains. If the specimens
are found in a hard, indurated rock, it is usually only a matter of search to find
a >pot where the matrix has decomposed, leaving the soil filled with free specimens.
In any case it is not advisable to pick up the specimens one by one, not only on
account of loss of time, but also of breakage. On arriving at the laboratory the
clay or other rock holding the bryozoans should be allowed to soak in water for
some hours. The material may then be agitated and the muddy water poured
away. Continuing this process until the agitated water no longer becomes muddy,
the residual mass is set aide to dry. The debris when dry is then ready for
assorting, although passing it through several sieves of different mesh greatly
facilitates the assorting of the contained fossils.
When bryozoa are quite rare in any exposure it is well to do most of the
sieving in the field if possible. For example, the interesting lowest Eocene fauna
-i cured at T'pper Marlboro, Maryland. wa> collected only after several days' active
6 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
work of sieving the sand, and a small pill box was sufficient to hold the entire
results.
In case these fossils can not be found in soft rock, it is often still possible to
obtain good specimens for study. A comparatively hard fossiliferous rock when
crushed in a sack with a wooden mallet will often afford fairly well-preserved
fossils after the debris has been washed and sieved as mentioned above. In such
a case the bryozoans, although likely to be broken into smaller fragments than
usual, are generally well enough preserved for accurate determination. If the
rock is calcareous and too hard to yield to such treatment, thin sections may be
employed to determine the bryozoa. If the matrix be siliceous the fossils are almost
invariably present as molds, in which case gutta-percha squeezes afford excellent
results.
The separation into species of the fragmentary specimens resulting from the
washings can be made with an ordinary hand lens magnifying eight or ten
diameters. The identification of these species can also be made under such a
lens providing the species have already been well described and illustrated. In
the identification and discovery of the characters of new species, however, a higher
magnification is necessary, and also some special sections must be prepared.
First, thin sections of the walls, particularly the frontal, are needed to illustrate
the characters of the three layers, olocyst. tremocyst. and pleurocyst. Second, the
frontal must be abraded away to show the occurrence of such structures as dietellae.
This abrasion is effected by mounting the fossil, frontal side up, in Canada balsam
on a slide and after heating to harden the balsam, rubbing it gently on a soft hone.
Thirrf, by the preparation of a similar section the interior of the frontal side can be
studied. Calcification on the frontal frequently obscures the true form of the
apertura and its accompanying structures. These are all well preserved on the
inner side of the frontal, so by mounting the fragment in balsam, outer face down,
and rubbing away the opposite side, the structure of the interior is clearly revealed.
Throughout the description in the present work this section is spoken of as " in the
interior." Fovrth, a section passing lengthwise through the zooecia or individual
cells is necessary to determine the nature of the ovicell as well as the general
structure. This section requires much care, as the specimen must be mounted on
edge and the abrasion must follow a definite row of cells. By the use of small wire
nippers it is easy to trim the specimen to just the right form, then by mounting it
in hardened balsam between two small bits of wood (fragments of a match serve
excellently) to hold it on edge, the abrasion can be continued iintil the desired
section is obtained. Fifth, actual dissection of the fossil specimens with a fine
needle under the microscope is often necessary, especially to determine the nature
of the ovicell.
It will now be evident that the description of the small openings on a fossil
bryozoan is. the least part of their study and that as refined methods of research
may be employed on these microscopic forms as on any other class of animals.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 7
CATALOGUE OF PAPERS OF AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
1833
LEA, ISAAC. Contributions to Geology. Philadelphia, 1S33. 227 pp., G pis.
The bryozoa described are as follows; all are from the Eocene at Claiborue, Alabama:
LunuUtes bond, p. 1S9, pi. 6, 202.
LunuUtes iluclosii, p. 100, pi. 6, 203.
OrbitoUtes interstitia, p. 191, pi. 6, 204.
Orbitolites tliscoidea, p. 192, pi. 6. 205.
1845.
LONSDALE, WILLIAM. Account of 26 species of Polyparia obtained from the Eocene Tertiary
formations of North America. (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. London, vol. 1, pp. 509-533.)
TubuUpora proboscidea ? (Milne- Edwards), p. 522. Eocene: Rocks Bridge.
Idmonca maxillaris, new species, p. 523. Eocene: Wantoot, South Carolina.
Idmonca cnmmincens, new species, p. 524. Eocene: Rocks Bridge.
Hippotlioa tubcrculum, new species, p. 527. Eocene: Rocks Bridge.
Eschara tubuJata, new species, p. 528. Eocene: Wilmington, North Carolina.
Eschara petioltts, new species, p. 528. Eocene: Eulaw, South Carolina.
Eschara incumbens, new species, p. 529. Eocene: Rocks Bridge, South Carolina.
Escliara linea, new species, p. 530. Eocene: Eutaw, South Carolina.
Eschara viminca, new species, p. 530. Eocene: Eutaw, South Carolina.
Lunulites serangula, new species, p. 531. Eocene: Wilmington, Wantoot (?).
LunuUtes contigua, new species, p. 533. Eocene: Wilmington.
1S47.
CONRAD, T. A. Observations on the Eocene formation, and descriptions of 105 new fossils of that
period from the vicinity of Vicksburg, Mississippi, with an appendix. (Proc. Acad. Nat. ScL
Philadelphia, vol. 3, 1847, pp. 280-299.)
LunuUtes vicksburgensis, p. 296.
The same paper occurs also in Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 1. 1848, pp.
111-134, pis. xi-xiv.
LunuUtes vicTcsburgenxis, p. 127.
1858.
EMMONS, EBENEBEB. Report of the North Carolina Geological Survey. Raleigh. 1858. Paleon-
tology, pp. 193-314.
The only Eocene bryozoan described is Lunulites contigua, p. 311, figs. 250. 251. Eocene:
Wilmington, North Carolina.
1862.
GABB, WILLIAM M., and HOEN, GEORGE H. Monograph of the fossil Polyzoa of the Secondary
and Tertiary formations of North America. (Journ. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, ser 2 vol.
5, 1S62. pp. 111-178, pis. 19-21.)
Eschara tubulata Lonsdale, p. 115. Eocene: Wilmington, North Carolina.
Eschara petiolus Lonsdale, p. 116. Eocene: Eutaw. South Carolina.
Eschara incumbens Lonsdale, p. 116. Eocene: Rocks Bridge, South Carolina.
Eschara t viminea Lonsdale. p. 116. Eocene : Eutaw, South Carolina.
Eschara texta, new species, p. 117, pi. 19, fig. 1. Eocene: Charleston, South Carolina.
Eschara ovalis, new species, p. 118, pi. 19, fig. 2. Eocene: Claiborne, Alabama.
LunuUtes sexangula Lonsdale, p. 119. Eocene: Wilmington, North Carolina.
Lunulites distans Lonsdale, p. 119. Locality not given.
8 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
GABB. WILLIAM M., and HORN, GEORGE H. — Continued.
Lunulites interstitia (Lea), p. 120. Eocene: Claiborne, Alabama.
Lunulites contigua Lonsdale, p. 121. Eocene: Wilmington, North Carolina.
Semieschara tubulata, new species, p. 122, pi. 19, fig. 5. Eocene: Claiborne, Alabama.
Cellepora cycloris, new species, p. 127, pi. 19, fig. 9. Eocene : Claiborne, Alabama.
CeHepora inornata, new species, p. 127, pi. 19, fig. 10. Eocene: (?) Claiborne. Alabama.
Reptocelleporaria glomerata, new species, p. 134, pi. 19, fig. 15. Eocene: Vicksburg,
Mississippi.
EscharcUa micropora, new species, p. 136, pi. 19, fig. 17. Eocene: ? Alabama.
Reptescharella carolinensis, new species, p. 136, pi. 19, fig. IS. Eocene: Charleston,
South Carolina.
Oligotresium vicksbiirgensis (Conrad) p. 139, pi 19, fig. 22. Upper Eocene: Vicksburg.
Mississippi.
EscharineUa f linea (Lonsdale), p. 140. Eocene: Eutaw, South Carolina.
Diseoflustrellaria bouei (Lea), p. 154. Eocene: Claiborne, Alabama.
Cupularia discoidea (Lea), p. 155. Eocene: Claiborne, Alabama.
Heteractis duclosii (Lea), p. 156, pi. 20, fig. 39. Eocene: Claiborne, Alabama.
liliiiniira mturilJaris Lonsdale. p. 107. Eocene: Wantool, -South Carolina.
Idmonea commiscens Lonsdale, p. 168. Eocene: Rocks Bridge, South Carolina.
EntalopJiora proboscideoides (Lonsdale), p. 170, pi. 21, fig. 60. Eocene: '! Alabama.
1882.
ULKICH, E. O. American Paleozoic Bryozoa. (Journ. Cincinnati Society Natural History,
vol. 5. 1882).
Heteropora. attenuate., new species, p. 144, pi. 6, fig. 12. Midwayan : Pulaski County,
Arkansas.
Heteropora consimilis, new species, p. 145, pi. 6, fig. 11. Midwayan : Pulaski County,
Arkansas.
1890.
GBEGOBIO, ANTONIO DE. Monographic de la Faune Eocenique de 1' Alabama et surtout de celle de
Claiborne de 1'Etage Parisien. (Annales de G6ologie et de Pal£ontologie. Livraisons 7 and 8.
Palermo, 1890. 316 pp., 46 pis.) The bryozoa described from the Eocene of Claiborne,
Alabama, are:
Crisia laeta De Gregorio, p. 239, pi. 39, figs. 10, 11.
Myrfazoum propepunctatum De Gregorio, p. 239, pi. 39. figs. 12-13.
Myriozoum fervens De Gregorio, p. 239, pi. 39, figs. 14-15.
Idmonea subdisticha De Gregorio, p. 239. pi. 39, fig. 16-20.
EntalopJiora proboscidoidcs Gabb and Horn, p. 240, pi. 39, figs. 26-27.
Entalophora amoena De Greg9rio, p. 240, pi. 39, fig. 21.
Hornera mirifica De Gregorio, p. 240, pi. 39, figs. 31-32. ,
Honn'i'd iiiirltinimosa De Gregorio, p. 240, pi. 39, figs. 28-30.
Hornera claibornensis De Gregorio, p. 241, p. 39. figs. 22-23, 33-34.
Hornera, species (?) p. 241, pi. 39, figs. 24-25.
Eschara (f) spongiopsis De Gregorio, p. 241, pi. 40, figs. 1-2.
Eschara ovalis Gabb and Horn, p. 241, pi. 40, figs. 3-5.
Escharella sifra De Gregorio, p. 242, pi. 40, figs. 6-7.
Escharella micropora Gabb and Horn, p. 242, pi. 40, figs. 8-22, 23.
EscluirrUii micropora, var. asitrriilnin De Gregorio, p. 242, pi. 40, figs. 21, 22.
Semieschara tu'bulata Gabb and Horn. p. 242, pi. 40, figs. 24-28, 29-31.
Vincularta (?) insolita De Gregorio, p. 243, pi. 40, figs. 32-37.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 9
GREGORIO, ANTONIO DE — Continued.
LunuHtes (Discoflustrcllaria) bouei Lea, p. 243, pi. 41, figs. 1-4. 5-6, 7-9; pi. 42, figs. 1-6.
var. concava De Gregorio, p. 244, pi. 41, figs. 10-14.
var. depressa De Gregorio, p. 244, pi. 41, figs. 15-19.
var. ellipsoidcs De Gregorio, p. 245, pi. 41, figs. 20-21,
23-25.
var. duclosii (Lea) De Gregorio, not Gabb and Horn, p.
245, pi. 41, 26-31, 32-33.
var. truncata De Gregorio. p. 245, pi. 41, figs. 34-46.
var. almina De Gregorio, p. 246. pi. 42, figs. 7-10.
var. tixa De Gregorio, p. 246, pi. 42, figs. 11-12.
var. minutecellulata De Gregorio, p. 246, pi. 42, figs.
13-15.
Batopora conviv-ialis De Gregorio, p. 246, pi. 42, figs. 30-33.
Cellepora inornata Gabb and Horn. p. 247, pi. 43. figs. 2, 3-4.
Cellepora cycloris Gabb and Horn, p. 247, pi. 43, fig. 1.
Celleporaria flgula De Gregorio, p. 247, pi. 43, figs. 5-6.
Biflustra ( ?) suprad ubia De Gregorio, p. 248, pi. 43, figs. 11, 12.
Membranipora simplex De Gregorio, p. 248. pi. 43, figs. 7-8.
Membranipora contemplata De Gregorio, p. 248, pi. 43, figs. 9-10.
Dimiclfiitsa De Gregorio, new subgenus, p. 248.
Lunulites (Diniiclausa) fcnestrata De Gregorio, p. 249, pi. 42, figs. 23-27.
LunuUtes (Cupularia) interstitia (Lea) De Gregorio, p. 249, pi. 42. figs. 10-21, 22.
Cupularia discoidea Lea. species, p. 249, pi. 42, fig. 28.
LunuUtes distans Lonsdale, species dubious, p. 250, pi. 42, fig. 29.
1901.
I'LRICH, E. O. Maryland Geological Survey, Eocene (Bryozoa, pp. 205-222. 'Pis. 59, 60. De-
scribes the following species, all from the base of the Aqnia formation at Upper Marlboro,
Maryland :
Discosparsa varians, new species, p. 205, pi. 61, fig. 3.
Fascipora subramosa, new species, p. 207, pi. 59, figs. 1, 2.
Rcticulipora dicJiotoma Gabb and Horn, p. 207, pi. 59, figs. 9-12.
Cavaria dumosa, new species, p. 208, pi. 59, figs. 4-8.
Ccriopora mlcmpora Goldfuss, p. 210, pi. 59, figs. 13, 14.
Heteropora f tccta, new species, p. 210, pi. 59, figs. 15, 16.
Membranipora rimulata, new species, p. 211, pi. 60, figs. 1, 2.
Membranipora spiculosa, new species, p. 212, pi. 60, figs. 3, 4.
Membranipola angusta, new species, p. 213, pi. 60, figs. 5, 6.
Reptoflustrella heteropora Gabb and Horn, p. 213, pi. 60, figs. S, 9.
Biflustra torta Gabb and Horn, p. 214, pi. 60, fig. 7.
Eschara t? digitata Morton, p. 216, pi. 60, figs. 10, 11.
Lunulites reversa, new species, p. 217, pi. 60, figs. 19, 20.
Cribrilina nwdesta, new species, p. 218, pi. 60, figs. 12, 13.
Cribrilina crassula, new species, p. 218, pi. 60, fig. 14.
Lepralia subplana, new species, p. 219, pi. 59, figs. 17, 18.
Lepralia labiosa, new species, p. 220, pi. 60, figs. 15, 16.
Mucronella aspera, new species, p. 221, pi. 60, figs. 17, 18.
10 BULLETIN 106, UNIT 3D STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
1917.
CANU, FERDINAND, and BASSLER, RAY S. A Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa. Bulletin 96 U. S. National Museum, 87 pp.. 6 pis. Present a classification and
describe the following new genera and the genotype of each whenever the species is new :
Acanthocella, Acantliionella, Adenifera, Aechmella, Bathosella, Cribrendoecium, Cystisella,
Dacryonelln, DidymoscUa, Diploplioleos, EnoplostomcUa, Floridi/nella, Gastropella, Hip-
padenella, Hippellozoon. Hippomenella, Hippozeugosella, Kleidionella, Kymella, Leiosella,
Membraniporidra, Membrendoecium, Mctracolposa, Metradolium, Metrocrypta, Metro-
periella, Ochetosella, Odontionella, Ogiralina, Otionella, Perigastrclla, Plagiosmittia,
Periporosella, RectOnychocella, Shizaropsis, Scliizcllozoon, Schizemiella, Schizobathysella,
Schizomavella, Schizopodrella, Schizortiwsecos, Betnihaswellia, tStamenocella, Stepliano-
sella, Stomachetosclla, Tremotoichos, Triphyllosoon, Tubucella, Vclumella, Vibracellina.
SYNONYMIC REFERENCES.
The following alphabetic list gives the present position of all the North Ameri-
can early Tertiary bryozoa described previously to 1917. This list supplements the
chronological catalogue of papers printed on pages 7 to 10. By comparison with
this catalogue it will be noted that the larger part of the old species has been
identified, with the exception of those contained in the work of De Gregorio. 1890.
This author's descriptions and illustrations are so poor and his localities so indefinite
that in the majority of cases it has been impossible to consider his species as
recognizable.
REFERENCES OF PREVIOUSLY DESCRIBED NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
Batopora convii-aHa De Gregorio, 1890. Not recoguized.
Biflustra (?) supradiiliia De Gregorio, 1890. Not recognized.
Biflustra torta Gabb and Horn, 1862. See Euritina torta.
Cavaria dumosa IJlrich, 1901. See Partretocycloecta duinosa.
Cellepora cycloris Gabb and Horn, 1862. See Perlgaxtrclla cycloris.
Cellepora inornata Gabb and Horn, 1862. See Trypostcga inornata.
Celleporaria jigula De Gregorio, 1890. Not recoguized.
Cribrilina crassula Ulrich, 1901. See Membra-niporella crasaula.
Cribrilina modesta Ulrich, 1901. Sc-e Alembraniporvlla modestit.
Crisia laeta De Gregorio. Not recognizable.
Cupularia discoidca Lea. Not recognized.
Discoflustrcllaria bouei Gabb and Horn, 1862. See Trocliopora bouei.
Discosparsa, varians Ulrich, 1901. See Diaperoecia varians.
EntaJophoru amocna De Gregorio, 1890. See Heteropora amoena.
Entalophora proboscidoidcs Gabb and Horn, 1862. Possibly Mecynoecia proboscidea.
Eschara digitata Morton, 1834. See Costinopleura diyitata.
Eschara incumlieiis, Lousdale, 1845. See Schizopodrella vimitiea.
Eschara linca I^onsdale, 1845. See Schizopodrella linea.
Eschara ovalis Gabb and Horn, 1862. Not recoguized.
Eschara petiolus Lousdale, 1845. See Hippodiplosetta petiolus.
Eschara spongiopxis De Gregorio, 1890. See Cyclicopora spongiopsis.
Eschara texta Gabb and Horn, 1862. See Schisopodrella viminea.
Eschara tubulata Lousdale, 1845. See Smittina Ivbulata.
I'xrlKint riniinca Lonsdale. 1845. See Schizopodrcllii viminea.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 1 1
EscJiarcUa micropora De Gregorio. IS'.M). Probably Mctraraltilotux niiiiiilifcrii.
Escharclla mirropnra, var. asperulata De Gregorio, ]S90. Not recognizable.
EscJiarclla si fro, De Gregorio. Not recognizable.
EschnrincUu (?) linca Gabb and Horn, 1862. See Schixopodrella tinea.
Fascipora siibnnnosa Ulrieh, 1901. See 1'lagloecia subramosa.
Heteractis duclosii Gabb and Horn, 1S62. See Trochopora bouei.
Heteropora attenuate, Ulrieh, 1882. See Tretocycloecia attenuatn.
Hetcropora consimilis Ulrieh, 1SS2. See Parancosoeda cons! mil in.
Hippothoa tuberculum Lonsdale, 1S45. See Pyripora tuberculum.
Hornera claibornensis De Gregorio. Not recognized.
Hornera mirifica De Gregorio. Not recognizable.
Hornera muUiramosa De Gregorio. Not recognizable.
filmoncii commisccns Lonsdale, 1S45. Not recognized.
Idnionca nia.rillaris Lonsdale, 1845. See Idinidronca nia.rillaris.
Tdinonea subdisticha De Gregorio. Not recognizable.
Lepralia labiosa Ulrieh, 1901. See Clieilopora laliioaa.
Lepralia subplana Ulrieh, 1901. See Meniscopora subplana.
Lunulites bouei Lea, 1833. See Trocliopora Ixnici.
Lunulites (DiscoflustrcUaria) bouei De Gregorio, 1S90. See Trochopora bouei.
Lunulites (Discoflustrcllaria) bouei, var. almina De Gregorio, 1890. See Trochopora bouei.
LitnuHtcs (DiscoflustreUaria) bond, var. concava De Gregorio, 1890. See Trochopora bond.
Lunnlitcs (DiscoflustreUaria) bouei, var. dcpressa De Gregorio, 1890. See Trochopora bouei.
Ltituilites (DiscoflustrcUaria) bond, var. duclosii De Gregorio, 1890. See Trochopora bouei
Lunulites (DiscoflustreUaria) 'bouei, var. cllipsoides De Gregorio, 1S90. See Trochopora bond.
Lunulites (DiscoflitslreJIaria) bond, var. minutcceUulata De Gregorio, 1890. Not recognized.
Lunulites (Discoflustrcllaria) bouei, var. tiza De Gregorio, 1890. See Trochopora botiei.
Lunulites (DiscoflustrcUaria) bouei, var. truncata De Gregorio,' 1890. See Trochopora truiica/ti.
Lunulites contigua Lonsdale, 1845. See Lunularia contigua.
Lunulites distans Lonsdale, 1845. . See Lunularia distans.
Lunulites duclosii Lea, 1833. See Trochopora bouei Lea, 1833.
Lunulites (Dimiclausa) fenestrala De Gregorio, 1890. See Lunularia fenestrata.
Lunulites interstitia Gabb and Horn, 1862. See Schizorthosecos interstitia.
Lunulites (Cupularia) interstitia De Gregorio, 1890. See Schizorthosecos interstitia.
Lunulites reversa Ulrieh, 1901. gee Lunularia rcversa.
Lunulites sexangula Lonsdale, 1845. Not recognized.
Lunulites vicksburgensis Conrad, 1S47. See Lunularia (Oligotresium) vicksburgensis.
Membranipora angusta Ulrieh, 1901. See Ellisina angusta.
Mcinbranipora conteinplata De Gregorio, 1890. Not recognizable.
Membranipora rimulata Ulrieh, 1901. See JUcmbraniporina rimulata.
Mcmbranipora simplex De Gregorio, 1890. Not recognizable.
Membranipora spiculosa Ulrieh, 1901. See Ellisina spiculosa.
Myrioxown fervens De Gregorio, 1890. Not recognizable.
Myriozoum propepiinctatum De Gregorio, 1890. Not recognizable.
Mucronella aspera Ulrieh, 1901. See Bathosclla aspera.
Oligotresium ricksburgensis Gabb and Horn, 1S62. See Lunularia (Oligotresium \
Onychocella digitaia Weller. See Coscinopleura digitata.
Orbitolites discoidca Lea, 1S33. Not recognizable.
Orbitolites interstitia Lea, 1833. See Schizorthosecos interstitia.
Pyriflustrella tuberculum Gabb and Horn, 1802. See Pyripora tuberculum.
Reptocclleporaria glomcrata. Gabb and Horn, 1862. See Osthimosia glonicrala.
Reutescliarclla carolinensis Gabb and Horu, 1862. See Puellina radiata carollnensia.
Reptoflustrella heteropora Gabb and Horn. 1802. See \mphiblcstrum heteropora.
12
BULLETIN 106, UNI1T:1> STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Rcittcxcliai-cUina (Hsparilis Gabb and Horn, 1862. See Micropora coriacea.
Reticiilipora dicliotoma Gabb and Horn, 1862. See Lvkythionia dichototna.
Semiescham tul>ulata Gabb and Horn, 1S62. See Smittina tululata.
Tubulipora proltoscidea Lonsdale, 1845. Probably Mccynoecia proboscidca.
Tincularia (f) insolita De Gregorio, 1890. Not recognizable.
GEOLOGIC TABLES OP MESOZOIC AND CENOZOIC FORMATIONS.
The following tables are introduced for convenience of reference in the location"
of the various formational names employed in this monograph.
Table showing relations of Early Tertiary formations of Atlantic and Gulf States.
1
A
3
o
U
N7orth
Carolina.
South
Carolina.
East
Georgia.
West
Georgia.
Florida.
Alabama.
Mississippi.
(Absent)
(Absent)
( Absent )...-
V irks burg
Marianna
Marianna lime-
Byram marl.
a
group um-
limestone.
stone (with
Marianna lime-
^
a
<1 i if c r e n-
Glendon lime-
stone (with
§
'&
tiated).
stonemember.)
Glendon lime-
o
3
stone and Mint
.s
f
Spring calcare-
o
0
ous marl mem-
i>
ber).
Red Blufl clay.
Red Blufl clay.
Ocala 1 i m e-
Ocala lime-
Ocala limestone
Jackson forma-
i
stone (Tiv-
stone.
(east of Tom-
tion (with Ya-
1
Castle Hayne
Cooper marl,
Barnwell
ola tongue
at base).
bigbee river).
Jackson forma-
zoo clay and
Moodvs ' in a r 1
•o
limestone.
B a r n w e 1 1
formation.
tion (west of
members).
£
formation.
Tombigbee riv-
t~3
er).
a
.2
Trent marl . .
Undiflcrenti-
(Buried)
Gosport sand,
Yegua formation,
"5
McBean for-
McBean for-
ated.
Lisbon forma-
Lisbon forma-
o
mation.
mation.
tion,
tion,
.Q
Tallahatta buhr-
Tallahatta buhr-
§
3
o
stone.
stone.
I
H
1
(Absent)
Cong a r e e
shales.
(Probably
overlapped).
Wilcox forma-
tion.
(Buried)....
Hatchetigbee for-
mation, Bashi
Grenada forma-
tion,
X
.1
Williamsburg
formation.
•
formation, Tus-
cahorne forma-
Hollv Spring
sand
s
tion, Nanafalia
Ackerman forma-
f
formation,
tion.
a
(Absent)
Black Mingo
formation.
(Probably
overlapped).
Midway for-
mation.
(Buried)....
Naheola forma-
tion,
Tippah sandstone.
Porters Creek
a
>>
Sucharnacb.ee
clay.
CB
clay.
&
Clayton 1 i m e-
S
Clayton 1 i m e-
stone absent or
3
.
stone.
replaced b y
sand.
The above table shows the general relations of the early Tertiary formations
of North America, most of which have yielded bryozoan remains. The following
table gives a summary of the principal European and South American post Paleo-
zoic divisions. An index of these divisions is also introduced for the convenience
of the student.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 13
SUBDIVISIONS OF EUROPEAN AND SOI TH AMERICAN MESOZOIC AND CENOX.OIC 1!O( K S.
EUROPE.
ARGENTINA.
Cenozoic.
ijiutenuiry.
Recent.
I'lnsiocene.
1'iwi-pampian.
Tertiary.
Pliocene.
Sicilian.
Astian (Red Crai;].
Plaisancian (Coralline Crag.
Pampian.
Miocene.
Pontian (Anversian)\7 ,
Sarmatian ( Saheliaii)ranclean-
Tortonian.
Helvetian.
Burdigalian ( Langhian).
Aquitanian.
Araucanian.
Patagonian.
Oligocene.
IChattian (Casselian).
Tongrian- Rupelian (Stampian).
(Latdorflan (Sarmoisian, Ligurian).
Euterrian.
Magellanian.
Eocene.
^Sau^'-bonian.
A u version.
Lutetian (Parisian).
Soissoman /Ypresian (Londinian).
(SuessoniannSpamacian (Landenian, paM).
Thanetian (Landenian, part).
Montian ( Garumnian).
Santa-cruzian.
(Rocanean.)
Guaranian.
Mesozoio.
Cretaceous.
Upper Cretaceous.
Banian.
IMaasuichtiau]
iaS^n11 Upper Chalk.
Coniacian. J
Turonian (Middle Chalk).
rpnnmlm'in/Lower Cnalk-
ian(upper Greensand.
Lower Cretaceous.
Albian(Gault).
Aptian (Lower Greensand).
Barremian (Urgonian).
Neocomian (Wealden).
Chuhutian.
Jurassic.
Upper Jurassic ( Malm)
Portlandiuii.
Kimmeridgian.
Sequanian.
Oxfordian.
Callovian.
Middle JurassiC-(Dog-
ger).
Bathonmn (Great Oolite, etc.).
Bajocian (Inferior Oolite).
Lower Jurassic (Lias).
Toarcian.
Charmouthian.
Sinemnrian.
Hettangian.
Rhaetian.
Tri.issic.
Upper Triassic (Keu-
per).
Juvavian.
Norian.
Carinthian.
Middle Triassic (Mus-
chelkalk).
Ladinian (Tyrolian).
Virglorian (Anisian, Dinarian).
Lower Triassic (Bun-
ter).
Weiienian(Scytluan).
14
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
LIST OF MESOZOIC AND CEXOZOIC FORMATION NAMES.
Ackerman formation. Wilcoxian.
Albian. Lower Cretaceous.
Anversian. Miocene.
Anisian. Middle Triassic.
Aptian. Lower Cretaceous.
Aquitaniau. Miocene.
Araucanian. Miocene.
Astian (Red Crag). Pliocene.
Auversian. Eocene.
Bajocian. Middle Jurassic.
Barnwell formation. Jacksonian.
Barreniiau. Lower Cretaceous.
Bartonian. Eocene.
Bashi formation. Wilcoxian.
Bathonian. Middle Jurassic.
Black Mingo formation. Midwayau.
Burdigalian. Miocene.
Byrani marl. Vicksburgian.
Callovian. Upper Jurassic.
Campauian. Upper Cretaceous.
Carinthian. Upper Triassic.
Casselian. Oligocene.
Castle Hayne limestone. Jacksonian.
Cenomanian. Upper Cretaceous.
Cbarmouthian. Lower Jurassic.
Cbattian. Oligocene.
Chubutian. Lower Cretaceous.
Clayton limestone. Midwayan.
Coniacian. Upper Cretaceous.
Congaree shales. Wilcoxian.
Cooper marl. Jacksouian.
Coralline Crag. Pliocene.
Daman. Upper Cretaceous.
Dinarian. Middle Triassic.
Euterriau. Oligoirnr.
Garumuiau. Eocene.
Gault. Lower Cretaceous.
Glendon limestone member. Vicksburgian.
Gosport sand. Claiboruiau.
Great Oolite. Middle Jurassic.
Grenada formation. Wilcoxian.
Guaranian. Upper Cretaceous.
llatchttigbee formation. Wilcoxian.
Helvetian. Miocene.
Hettangian. Lower Jurassic.
Holly Spring sand. Wilcoxian.
Inferior Oolite. Middle Jurassic.
Jackson formation. Jacksonian.
Juvavian. Upper Triassic.
Kimmeridgian. Upper Jurassic.
Ladinian. Middle Triassic.
Landenian. Eocene.
Langhian. Miocene.
Latdorfian. Oligocene.
Ligurian. Oligocene.
Lisbon formation. Claibornian.
Londinian. Eocene.
Lower Cbalk. Upper Cretaceous.
Lower Greensand. Lower Cretaceous.
I.udiun. Eocene.
Lutetian. Eocene.
Maastrichtian. Upper Cretaceous.
\l;i^i-llanian, Oligocene.
Marianna limestone. Vicksburgian.
McBean formation. Claibornian.
Middle Chalk. Upper Cretaceous.
Midway formation. Midwayan.
Mint Spring calcareous marl member. Vicksburgian.
Montian. Eocene.
Moodys marl member. Jacksonian.
Nabeola formation. Midwayan.
Nanafalia formation. Wilcoxian.
Neocomian. Lower Cretaceous.
Noriau. Upper Triassic.
Ocala limestone. Jacksonian.
Oxfordian. Upper Jurassic.
Pampian. Pliocene.
Parisian. Eocene.
Patagonian. Miocene.
I'laisancian. Pliocene.
Pontian. Miocene.
Porters Creek clay. Midwayan.
Portlandian. Upper Jurassic.
Post-pampian. Pleistocene.
Priabonian. Eocene.
Red Bluff clay. Vicksburgian.
Red Crag. Pliocene.
Rhaetiau. Lower Jurassic.
Rocanean. Upper Cretaceous, Eocene.
Kupelian. Oligocene.
Sahelian. Miocene.
Saunoi.sian. Oligocene.
Santa-cruzinn. Eocene.
Santonian. Upper Cretaceous.
Sarmatian. Miocene.
Scythian. Lower Triassic.
Senonian. Upper Cretaceous.
Sequauian. Upper Jurassic.
Sicilian. Pliocene.
Sinemurian. Lower Jurassic.
Soissonian (Suessonian). Eocene.
Sparnacian. Eocene.
Stampian. Oligocene.
Sucbarnachee clay. Midwayan.
Suessonian. Eocene.
Tallabatta buhrstone. Claibornian.
Thanetian. Eocene.
Tippah sandstone. Midwayan.
Tivola tongue of Ocala limestone. Jacksonian.
Toarcian. Lower Jurassic.
Tun^rian. Oligocene.
Tortonian. Miocene.
Trent marl. Claiboruiau.
Turonian. Upper Cretaceous.
Tuscabome formation. Wilcoxian.
Tyrolian. Middle Triassic.
Upper Chalk. Upper Cretaceous.
Upper Greensand. Upper Cretaceous.
Urgonian. Lower Cretaceous.
Virglorian. Middle Triassic.
Wealden. Lower Cretaceous.
Werfeuian. Lower Triassic.
Wilcox formation. Wilcoxian.
Williamsburg formation. Wilcoxian.
Yazoo clay. Jacksonian.
Yegua formation. Claibornian.
Ypresian. Eocene.
Zanclean. Miocene.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 15
LIST OF LOCALITIES WITH FORMATIONS AND STATION NUMBERS.
The following list includes all of the localities from which the bryozoa described
in this volume have been obtained. Its purpose, in addition to showing the geo-
logic and geographic distribution of the former, is to cite the station numbers of the
collections under which, in the records of the United States Geological Survey, full
stratigraphic data are given.
LOWEST EOCENE.
Upper Marlboro, Maryland. Bryozoan bed at base of Aquia formation.
MIDWA2AN.
Well near depot at Brundidge, Alabama. Clayton limestone.
Old limekiln on south edge of Luverne, Crenshaw County, Alabama. Clayton limestone. Sta-
tion No. 6TGO, United States Geological Survey.
Conochechebee Creek, 1 mile north of Fort Gaines, Georgia, Clayton limestone.
Three miles north of Scooba, Kemper County, Mississippi. Porters Creek clay. Station No.
6760, United States Geological Survey.
Bluff on south side of Owl Creek, 2J miles northeast of Ripley, Tippah County, Mississippi. Clay-
ton limestone. Station No. 6497, United States Geological Survey.
Mabelvale. near Little Rock, Arkansas. Clayton limestone.
WILPOXIAN.
Woods Bluff, Alabama. Bashi formation.
CLAIBOKXIAN.
Claiborne, Alabama. Gosport sand.
One mile southwest of Rockville, Clarke Couuly, Alabama. Gosport sand. Station No. 615S,
United States Geological Survey.
Wautubbee Hills, 4 miles south of Enterprise, Clarke County, Mississippi. Lisbon formation.
Station No. 2616, United States Geological Survey.
Moseleys Ferry, Caldwell County, Texas. Cook Mountain formation. Station No. 5473,
United States Geological Survey.
Gopher Hill, Tombigbee .River, Alabama. Gosport sand.
,TACKSOX1AN.
Will Scott spring, 3$ miles southeast Shell Bluff Post Office. Georgia. Base of Barawell forma-
tion.
Two and one-half miles north of Robert, Mississippi. Moodys marl member of lower Jack-
sonian.
Shubuta, Mississippi. Station No. 73766. United States Geological Survey. Zeuglodoii zone of
Moodys marl. Lower Jacksouiau.
I'oeoa Post Office, 2* miles east of Melville, Choctaw County, Alabama. Station No. 7219, United
States Geological Survey. Zeuglodou zone of Moodys marl. Lower Jacksouiau.
Bluff on south side of Suck Creek, half mile above its mouth, Clarke County, Mississippi. Station
No. 7377, United States Geological Survey. Zeuglodon zone of Moodys marl. Lower Jacksoiiiaii.
Jackson, Mississippi. Moodys marl member of lower Jacksonian.
Wilmington, North Carolina. Castle flayue limestone. Middle Jacksouiau.
Eutaw Springs, South Carolina. Cooper marl. Middle Jacksonian.
Sautee River, 3 miles above Lenuds Ferry, Georgetown County. South Carolina. Cooper marl.
Middle Jacksouian.
I'.aldock, Barmvell County, South Carolina. Ostrea georgiami bed al ba.se of UaruweH forn.a-
lion. Middle Jacksouian.
16 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL, MUSEUM.
Rich Hill, 5i miles southeast of Knoxville. Crawford County, 'Georgia. Station No. 3604,
United States Geological Survey. Tivola tongue of lower Ocala limestone . Middle Jacksonian.
Peuueha tehee creek, 11 miles northeast of Lily. Dooly County, Georgia. Tivola tongue of lower
Ocala limestone. Middle Jacksonian.
One-half mile southeast Georgia Kaolin Company Mine, Twiggs County, Georgia. Tivola tongue
of lower Ocala limestone. Middle Jacksoniau.
Deese Plantation, 17 miles northeast of Hawkinsville, Georgia. Station No. 2310. United States
Geological Survey. Tivola tongue of lower Ocala limestone. Middle Jacksonian.
Three and one-fourth miles south of Perry, Georgia. Tivola tongue of lower Ocala limestone.
Middle Jacksonian.
Brooks Farm, 12 miles southeast of Marshallville, Georgia. Station No. 3996, United States
Geological Survey. Tivola tongue of lower Ocala limestone. Middle Jacksonian.
Wing Jaw Bluff on Oconee River, 18 miles west of Wrightsville, Johnson County, Georgia.
Station No. 5539, United States Geological Survey. Tivola tongue of lower Ocala limestone.
Middle Jacksonian.
Three and one-half miles north of Grovania, Georgia. Tivola tongue of lower Ocala limestone.
Middle Jacksoniau.
Near Plant System Railroad Wharf, Bainbridge, Georgia. Station No. 3390, United States
Geological Survey. Top of Ocala limestone. Upper Jacksonian.
Flint River, Old Factory, li miles above Bainbridge, Georgia. Station No. 7097, United States
Geological Survey. Top of Ocala limestone. Upper Jacksonian.
Red Bluff on Flint River. 7 miles above Rainbridge, Georgia. Station No. 3387, United States
Geological Survey. Top of Ocala limestone. Upper Jacksonian.
Flint River, 4 miles below Baiubridge, Georgia. Top of Ocala limestone. Upper Jacksonian.
Steamboat Point on West Bank Sepulga River, Escambia County, Alabama. Station No. 6747,
United States Geological Survey. Top of Ocala limestone. Upper Jacksonian.
Alachua, Florida. Station No. 6790, United States Geological Survey. Upper part of Ocala
limestone. Upper Jacksonian.
Ocala, Florida. Upper part of Ocala limestone. Upper Jacksonian.
West Bank of Chipola River, east of Marianna, Jackson County, Florida. Station No. 6768,
United States Geological Survey. Upper part of Ocala limestone. Upper Jacksonian.
VICKSBUKGIAN.
Red Bluff, Wayne County, Mississippi. Red Bluff clay.
Seven and one-half miles southwest of Bladon Springs, Alabama. Red Bluff clay.
One mile north of Monroeville, Alabama. " Chimney rock '' member of Marianna limestone.
Station No. 6717, United States Geological Survey.
Murder Creek, east of Castlebury, Conecuh County, Alabama. Marianna limestone.
McGowans Bridge, West Bank Conecuh River, one mile below mouth of Sepulga River, Escambia
County, Alabama. Glendon member of Marianna limestone. Station No. 6749, United States
Geological Survey.
Salt Mountain, 5 miles south of Jackson, Alabama. Marianna limestone.
Two and one-half miles north of Millry, Washington County, Alabama. Marianna limestone.
Near Claiborne, Monroe County, Alabama. Marianna limestone.
Three miles southeast of Vosburg, Jasper County, Mississippi. Marianna limestone. Station
No. 6644, United States Geological Survey.
Well 140 feet deep, Escambia County, Alabama. Marianna limestone.
Vicksburg, Mississippi. Byram marl at top, Marianna limestone below.
Byram, Mississippi. Byram marl.
One-fourth mile west of Woodwards, Wayne County, Mississippi. Byram marl. Station No.
6648, United States Geological Survey.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
17
LISTS SHOWING GEOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGIC DISTRIBUTION.
LOWEST EOCENE (BRYOZOAN BED AT BASE OF AQUIA. FORMATION).
TJPPEK MARLBORO, MARYLAND,
[v. r.=very rare; r.=rare ; v. e.=very common; c.=common.]
CHEILOSTOMATA.
Membraniporina rimulata Ulrich, 1901 (v. r.).
EUisina spiculosa Ulrich, 1901 (r.).
ElUsina (?) angusta Ulrich, 1901 (v. c.).
Amphiblestrum heteropora Gabb and Horn, 1862 (r.).
Ramphonotus laevis,. new species (v. r.).
Stamenocella cylindrica, new species (v. r.).
Lunularia reversa Ulrich, 1901 (r.).
Euritina torta Gabb and Horn, 1862 (r.).
Coscinopleura digitata Morton, 1834 (r.).
Macropora aquiae, new species (c.).
Membraniporella modesta Ulrich, 1901 (r.).
Membraniporella crassula Ulrich, 1901 (r.).
Bathosella aspera Ulrich, 1901 (r.).
Cheilopora (?) Jabiosa Ulrich 1901 (r.).
Heniscopora sultplana Ulrich, 1901 (c.).
Acanthionella simplex, new species (v. r.).
CTCLOSTOMATA.
Heteropora tecta Ulrich, 1901 (r.).
Plagioecia subramosa Ulrich, 1901 (r.).
Diaperoecia various Ulrich, 1901 (r.).
Diplosolen compactum, new species (r.).
LeJcythionia dichotoma Gabb and Horn, 1862 (r.).
Partretocycloecia dumosa Ulrich, 1901 (v. c.).
MIDWATAN BRYOZOA.
[v. r.= very rare; r.=rare; v. c.=very common; c.=common.]
Other occurrences.*
List of species.
Brundidge, Ala-
bama,
Luveme, Crenshaw
County, Alabama.
1 mile north of Fort
Gaines, Georgia.
3 miles north of Scoo-
ba, Kenrper Coun-
ty, Mississippi.
2J miles northeast
Ripley, Mississippi.
Mabelvale, near
Little Rock, Ar-
kansas.
CTENOSTOMATA.
Terebripora, species undetermined
v. r.
CHEILOSTOMATA.
Pyripora panicdla, new species
r.
i J=Jacksonian. V= Vicksburgian. C = Claibonian.
55899— 20— Bull. 1
18
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Other occurrences.
List of species.
Brundidge, Ala-
bama.
Luverne, Crenshaw
County, Alabama.
1 mile north of Fort
Gaines, Georgia.
3 miles north of Scoo-
ba, Kemper Coun-
ty, Mississippi.
23 miles northeast
Ripley, Mississippi.
Mabol vale, near
Little Rock, Ar-
kansas.
J.V.
J. V.
C. J.
Amphiblestrum productum, new species
r
v r
RampJtonotualsloanif new species
Stamenocflla midwayanica, new species
c.
v. r.
c.
r.
r.
Smittipora midwayanica, new species
Micropora concern Esper, 1791
Micropora minuticella, new species ,
Euritina tecta, new species
c.
jj
J/<' /// brunipoTclla CTassicoilis, new species
MembTaniporella planula, new species
Cribrilina verrucosa, new species
Cribrilina laticostulatum, new species
Cribrilina rathbunac, new species
v. r.
Pjifllina, spfipifts nTidp.t.firmirmd
Gepliyrotes levitjatum, new species
Gephyrotes saillans, new species
Acropora trita, new species
Gastropdla ventricosa, Canu and Bossier, 1917 *
r.
c.
c.
Pachtftheca stipata, new species
Beisselinaforata, new species
c'.
Beissflina midwayanica, new species
Hippothoa (?) conju-nctttj new spei ies
Hippoporina midwayanica, new species
Bathosella cingcram, new species
?:
Bathosella undata, new species
AnarthTopora (?) verrucosa, new species
Cystisdla midwayanica, Canu and Bassler, 1917
Galeopsis (?) conveia, new species
CYCLOSTOMATA.
Stomatopora eiigua, new species
Stomatopora opposite, new species
v. r.
StomatopoTa contracta, new species
Proboscina variabilis, new species
v. r.
Proboscina admota, new species
Berenicea palmula, new species.. . .
Bereniceajundata, new species
Berenicea brevissima, new speries
Bercnicea stipata, new species . . .
v. r.
Hcteropora alveolata, new species . .. .
v. r.
c.
r.
r.
Plagioecia lobata, new species. . .
Plagioccia superposita, new species
Plaqioccia clavioedcs, new species
v. r.
Plagioecia brundidgensis, new species
Diastopora tubaedes, new speries
MfCJ/noecia proboscidea Milne-Edwards 1S3S
v. c.
Afccynoecia luvernensis, new species
Entalophora stipata, new species
v, r.
v. c.
r.
c.
v. c.
Tubulipora midwayanica , new species
v. r.
Pleuronea fibrosa, new species
c.
Plcuronea alveolata, new species
Jdmonea tacta, new species
Lichenopora griononensis Milne-Edwards, 1838. . .
Trftociidoecia (?) attenuata Ulrich, 1882
c.
r
Ascosoecia prominens, new species
Ascosoecia (? Zonopora) itlrichi, new speries
Pnrascosoccia corisimilis IHrich, 1882
c
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
19
WILCOXIAN (BASHIl, WOODS BLUFF, ALABAMA,
[v. r.=very rare; r.—rare ; v. c.="Vi-ry common; c.=common.J
CHE1LOSTOMATA.
Conopeitm wilcoxianicum, new species (c.).
Conopeum (f) similior, new species (r).
Aldcrina (?) nodulosa, new species (v. r. )
Lunulana ovata, new species (r. ).
Trypostega clongata, new species (r.).
Aimulosia clavuJa, new species (r. ).
RhamphostomeUa simplex, new species (r. ).
Adeonellopsis porosa, new species (v. r. ).
Adeonellopsis magniporosa, new species (c.).
CYCLOSTOMATA.
Plagioecia tuUfer, new species (r.).
Lagonoccia laiiicllifera, new species (c.)
CLAIBORNIAN BRYOZOA.
[v. r.= very rare; r.=rare: v. c.= very common; c.~ common.]
o
List of species.
Claiborne, Alabama.
1 mile southwest of
Rockville, Ala-
bama.
4 milessouth of En-
terprise, Missis
sippi.
Moseleys Ferry,
Caldwell County,
Texas.
Gopher Hill, Tom-
bigbee River, Ala-
bama.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
T.
J.
J.
.T.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
J.
V. J.
V. J.
J.
CHEILOSTOMATA.
v. r.
v. c.
c.
v. c.
r.
v. r.
v. c.
V. C.
c.
c.
c.
r.
r.
r.
v. c.
r.
r.
c.
r.
r.
c.
r.
r.
v. r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
c.
v. c.
r.
r.
c.
c.
r.
c.
c-
c.
v. r.
r.
r.
v. r.
CYCLOSTOMATA.
r
r
r
P 9 9
i J-Jacksonian. V=Vieksburgian. C=C)aibornian
20
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
s
o
o
JACKSOXIAX CHEILOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA.
[v.r. = very rare; r.=rare; c.=common; v. c.=very common.]
•I
1
1
^
1
|.
I
1
1
«M
O
g
1
J
w
3J miles southeast of Shell Bluff
post office, Georgia.
Wilmington, North Carolina.
1
o
|
fi
a
%
1
H
1
I
a
£
I
1
I
Baldock, Barnwell County, South
Carolina.
c.
c.
c.
c.
c.
V.
V.
V.
V.
Pyripora tuberculum Lonsdale, 1S45
Conopeum lacroixii Busk, 1852 .
Conopeum hoockeri Haime, 1850
Conopeum tuberosum, new species .
Conopeum concavum, new species.. .
Conopeum lameUosum, new species
Conopeum arborescens, new species
Memoraniporina dai>iformis, new species
Membraniporina sinesolum, new species
Mi infiraniporina benjamini Canu and. Bassler, 1917
Adenifera marmata Canu and Bassler, 1917
Trochopora bond Lea, 1S33 . .
c.
Trochopora truncate De Gregorio, 1890
Qtionelta perforate Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Otionelta mccaU'ui, new species .
<>r>niii.Ua tuberosa, new species
Otionclla cava, new species
c.
Hincksina reptans, new species. .
Hincksina smithi, new species
HiTicksinajacksonica, new species
c.
Hincksina ocalcnsis, new species
Hincksina parvaiicularia, new species
Hincksina. megavicularia Canu and Bassler, 1917
Hincksina costulifera, new species
Ogii'atinaczimiporaC&mi&nd Bassler, 1917
OgtvaJina clongata, new species
Ogivalina clongata minor, new species
r.
Membrendoecium duplex, new species
r.
Membrendoecmm rectum, new species
r.
v. r.
Membrendoecium pt/riforme, new species
v. r.
r.
Periporostlla tantilla Canu and Bassler 1917
EUisina lam Canu and Bassler, 1917
c.
r.
ElUsina prufunfla Mac< -illivray, 1S95
Grammella crassimarginata Hihcks, 1880
GTammella tranwcrsa Canu and Bassler, 1917..... !
OrammeUa pusi/la, new species
-Ift'inbrait/poridra occinporosa, new species
Membraniporidra pacltymuralis, new species
Membraniporidra trigcm ma, new species
MembraniporidTa laticeUa, new species
J\ftjnbraniporidra porrccta (.'anu and Bassler, 1917.
MembranipoTidra spissimuralis, new species
Membmniporidm similis, new species
v. r.
v. r.
r.
v. r.
v. r.
v. c.
v. r.
r.
v. r.
r.
c.
V. C.
c.
v. r.
v. r.
v. r.
r.
v. r.
v. r.
c.
v. r.
r.
r.
Mcmbrariiporidra pyriformis, new species
Alderina pufcherrirna, new species
Alderina tunata, new species
Callopora dumerilli lata, new variety
v. r.
v. r.
Cattopora filoparietis, new species
r.
v. r.
CallopQTa ingens, new species
Callopora cucullata, new species
Callopora crassospina, new species
Cailopora conrcxa. new species
C'aflopora aurita Hincks, 1877
CaUdpOTO, tenuirosfris Hmcks, 1880 .......
Callopora tnundula, new species *
Ampnibl€strum biporosum, new species
Amphiblestrum flammeum, new species.
r.
r.
r.
r.
v. r.
r.
v. r.
v. r.
•••---
Amphiblestrum patens, new species.
A mphiblestrum orbiculntum, new species
Ramphonotus baccatus, new species
Ramphonotus regularis, new species.
T(qella aculeata, new species. . .
1 igcHa nicklesi, new species
1 C.=Claibornian; V. = Vicksburgian
NOKTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIAEY BRYOZOA.
21
Rich Hill, 5} miles southeast of Kno.x-
ville, Georgia.
15 miles northeast of Lilly, Dooly
County, Georgia.
J mile southeast of Georgia Kaolin Co
Mine, Twiggs County, Georgia.
17 miles northeast of Hawkinsville,
Georgia.
3
1
O
X
1
o
*:
I
a
n
12 miles southeast of Marshallville
Georgia.
.3
E?
O
=f
\
I
£
*O
!
.2
a
00
3j miles north of Grovania, Georgia.
c
I
li miles above Baiubridge, Georgia.
.3
u
&
.*3
,C
cq
I
••§
i
I
t^
.2
b£
aT
bo
3
rQ
I
«
"3
•a
^
West Bank of Sepulga River, Escam-
bia County, Alabama.
Alachua, Florida.
Ocala, Florida.
1
"o
** c!
C
u-S
1
M
«
1
8
'c
_c
s
5
1
^
s
1
-I
°1
si
e-<
o
o
p.
1
I
^
3
O
•a
o
^
i
CQ
v. r.
c.
v. c.
v. r.
v. c.
r.
v. c.
r.
C.
v. c.
v. r.
c.
v. r.
r.
v.c.
c.
v. r.
r.
r.
r.
- r.
r.
v. r.
r.
c.
r.
C.
c.
v. r.
c.
v. r.
v. r.
r.
c.
v. r.
•. r.
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL, MUSEUM.
Other Occurrences.
JACKSONIAN CHEILOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA.
[T. r. = very rare; r.=rare: c. —common; v. c.= very common.]
Jackson, Mississippi.
2§ miles north of Roberts, Mississippi.
3J miles southeast of Shell Bluff
post office, Georgia.
Wilmington, North Carolina.
Eutaw Springs, South Carolina.
I
"3
8
•o
&
f
£
Baldock, Barnwoll County, South
Carolina.
V.
V.
V.
V.
V.
V.
c.
V.
V.
V.
V.
V.
v. r.
c.
r.
r.
v. r.
i ' F t <.ct i g , ^ 1750
At f / I ' I i o iffh 1852
r.
•Aft' ICl.lTUn .U. d. ISfiQ
v. r.
v. r.
. < Til put (I (till < . till/ C Vt. 'iqfiQ
v. r.
. ^i ru pot fit in (/ t / -npp'ps
r.
..trilpOUllQTHl GU It , I. p
v. r.
r.
jvettioc t ,
(r( mi 1 tar HI pnma vt>u- 1 ' TC1-
r.
r.
r.
nyi.noci ill ct n , ',L ' snppips
r.
U«yCflOC«Mi # 'y , t*
r.
r.
jiiycn cut i t , rgrierfea
v. r.
c.
ijnycn tceu ' , . \, . ' snprips
7, f ( fony.( itdctlliioiininfi , -,-.-,,-
c.
r.
/, J j >; • np'w snprtPS
c.
i "." ' ' J.' *• ", ^LiQrtioe
t* i ill! ' w snppips
' i/i ' •/' *• nfi "Rasslpr 1Q17
c.
JJiplopllOifoxjUSi/ rtfif • ,
c.
r.
n ; / ? it ' n'pw ^nppip^
c.
LtlploptiOHQs tifiiji liiu , - i .
j,ll :'l'. * pnnnii} un , p
r; ? ' M/ }' i ' ' ^11 'p1 js
r.
,, . .,- ^ , , ' n(i,y SDPP1PS
c.
P/ V? ' "/ ' Sni "It 1 R7S
c.
c.
c.
r/^w' ?" ;'^' / ' snpp'p1?
V. C.
,,. ... " . - IIPW ^DPPIPS
f) n t 'i ii^wsiippips
V. C.
r.
c.
j iiri/otitti ( , p
i h // ' npw SDpfies
r.
r.
r.
? /'/'// i snprips
y" . -' ' snppips
v. c.
r.
i.wni/( r< nrr ^ , - 1 - IOQJ
7 in 'n i b'i ra TIP\V SDrcipS '
T 1 ' !' t \ on s 1 ilp 1 S4 5
c.
JjUllUl Tl . -. - i, i'p 104^
r.
c.
v. r.
v. r.
,,, ^ . , , j/l(,f,,,n n(\v suetdes
v. r.
, llfi 'i j-c »;••/ now SDecies
v. c.
sv r// 1 1 > n 1 i'i i IIPW snerips
', $ ' t n ' • i >\v snppips
c.
r.
r.
c.
v. r.
c.
I'ucllifta mdiata Moll 1803
c.
c.
c.
1'vrlliiia simulator. iK'\v species.. .
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
Rich Hill, 5J miles southeast of Kno.x-
ville, Georgia.
Jf
j= 3
18
m
S
1
j mile southeast of Georgia Kaolin Co.
Mine, Twiggs County, Georgia.
• — -
17 miles northeast of Hawkinsville,
Georgia.
.2
ac
a
6?
I
O
1
g
GJ
1
M
12 miles southeast of Marshallville,
Georgia.
3
I
'o
9
•£
is"
1
o
1
a
CO
Bainbridge, Georgia.
1J miles above Bainbridge, Georgia.
7 miles above Bainbridge, Georgia.
43
o
j
|
1
West Bank of Sepulga River, Escam-
bia County, Alabama.
Alachua, Florida.
Oeala, Florida.
1
"o
*> c3
f
2
*3
pi
§
Shubuta, Mississippi.
c
3
o
O
i
k
ll
i
0.
8
O
.&
I
o
1
v. c.
c.
v. r.
v.r.
r
..
v. r.
r.
r.
v. c.
r.
r.
r.
c.
r.
c.
c.
v. c.
r.
r.
r.
c.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
v. r.
c.
T. T.
c.
r.
c.
C.
c.
c.
0.
r.
r.
r.
r.
v.r.
r.
r.
r.
c.
.:..:.
c.
c.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r. r.
r.
r.
v.r.
c.
r.
r.
r.
c.
r.
r.
r.
r.
i
r.
v.r
c.
v. r.
v. r.
v. r.
v. r.
r.
....
c.
v. r
24
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
V.
JACKSONIAN CHEILOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA.
[v. r. = very rare; r.=rare: c. = common; v. c.=very common.]
Distanescharcllajacksonica, new species
Gfphyrotes convexa, new species ,
Gephyrotes quadriscrialis, new species
Metracolposa brevis, new species
Mctracolposa grandis, new species
Mdracolposa, robusta Canu and Bassler, 1917
Mctracolposa cylindrica, new species
CoTbulipora collaris, new species
Acajithocclla erinacea Canu and Bassler, 1917
CribrcTidoccium tcnuicostulatum Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Figularia (?) crassicostulala, new species
GastropcUfi aspcrula, new species
Beissettna trulifi, new species
Scissdina implicata, new species
Hippothoa, ? species
Trypostcga undulata, new species
Trypostcga mornata Oabb and Horn, 1862
Schizopodrdla linea Lonsdale, 1845
Scttizofiudrdla marginala, new species
Schizopodrclla viminea Lonsdale, 1845
Laccrnajacksoniensis, new species
Lacerna hcmgonalis, new species
BuffoncHa hexagonali$? new species
Buijondli rhomboidalis, new species
Bujfonclla microstoma, new species
Arihropoma metula, new species
Schizomavdlagranulifera, new species
Schizomavclla granuhsa, new species
Schizomavella clongata, new species
Dakaria brevis, new species
Dakana laxata, new species
Metro peri ella atbora? new species
Afetropcriella grandipora, new species
Metro pcridla porosa, new species
Mctropcridla biplanata, new species
Mctropcridla acervata, new species ,
Mctropcridla latipora, new species
Emballothcca Inticapitata, new species
Tetraplaria tubcrnuata, new species
Tt'traplaria caudifcra, new species
Hil>p<j]>orina luans, new species
ffippopori na biporosa, new species
Hippoporetta multilamellosa, new species
Hippomenella rotula, new species
Hii>pnincndlatransversata, new species
Htppomenella nngustacdes, new species
HippomeneUa iTtcondita, new species f ..
Hyppomenella alifcra, new species
Hippo me ndla radicata, new species.
Ilippoiiuiidla pitftctata, new species.
Hippomcntlla ligulata, r~~~
_.., new species., _
ndla tubcrosa, new species
Hippo Da ndla aiiculata, new species
HippomffneUa crassicollis, new species
Hippodiplosia vespertilio, new species
Htppodvplosia pctiulus Lonsdale, 1845
Hippodiplosia falcifcra, new species
Hippozcugoselta tcges, new species
Hippozeiigosdla distorta, new species
Hippozeugosdla arcunta, new species
Hippozeugosclla mtirginnta, new species. .
Hippozeugosdla influtit, new species
Hippozcugosella seiordinata, new species.
Rfnnancht ina parvipunctata, new species.
Rnmanfhnrui hcxagoiia, new species
Peristomdla Micella, new species
o c
•3*0
V. C.
c.
r.
v. r.
v. r.
r.
r.
Y. r.
c.
v.c.
c.
r.
v. r.
r.
v.c.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
25
Rich Hi!l,5i miles southeast of Knox-
ville, Georgia.
>»
8
O
>:
3.2
ba
°§
•£°
§ *•»
£ =
feg
00
HN
J mile southeast of Georgia Kaolin Co.
Mine, Twiggs County, Georgia.
17 miles northeast of irawkinsvillc,
Georgia.
3', miles south of Perry, Georgia.
12 miles southeast of Marshallville,
Georgia.
18 miles west of Wright sville, Georgia.
3i miles north of Grovania, Georgia.
Bainbridge, Georgia.
IJ miles above Bainbridge, Georgia.
7 miles above Bainbridge, Georgia.
4 miles below Bainbridge, Georgia.
West Bank of Sepulga River, Escam-
bia County, Alabama.
Alachua, Florida.
Ocala, Florida.
a
c
i
"o
-u CQ
en >g
O
c*-
5
rt
t
Shubuta, Mississippi.
>.
1
I
|d
si
ti
e<
0
o
Pi
O
Suck Creek, Clarke County, Mississippi.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
c.
r.
v. r.
r.
v. r.
v. r.
r.
v. r.
v. r.
c.
v. r.
c.
v.r.
v. r.
26
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Other Occurrences.
JACKSONIAN CHEILOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA.
[v. r. = very rare; r. = rare; c. = common; v. c.=very common.]
Jackson, Mississippi.
"S.
a
1
I
1
K
'o
ft
1
S
1
C?
3^ miles southeast of Shell Bluff
post office, Georgia.
Wilmington, North Carolina.
Eutaw Springs, South Carolina.
Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina.
Baldock, Barnwell County, South
Carolina.
C.
C.
V.
C.
V.
v.c.
r.
v.c.
II ' I'l t ' \v "necies
c.
/-• ]~\ -1 - a f ! n ' v snppir"*
v. r.
f i' I ti Ui 'new snecies
v. r.
r.
v.c.
r.
v.c.
v.c.
c.
c.
r.
v. r.
v.c.
v.c.
v.c.
v.c.
c.
r.
v.c.
c.
c.
c.
r.
v.c.
r.
c.
r.
r.
r.
c.
c.
c.
v.c.
v.c.
v.c.
r.
r.
v. r.
c.
r.
v.c.
r.
r.
v.r.
v.c.
r.
v.r.
v.r.
c.
Chcilovora transiersa. new scecies. . .
c.
r.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
27
Rich Hill, 5J miles soul beast of Knox-
ville, Georgia.
1J miles northeast of Lilly, Dooly
County, Georgia.
J mile southeast of Georgia Kaolin Co.
Mine, Twiggs County, Georgia.
17 miles northeast of Hawkinsville,
Georgia.
3J miles south of Perry, Georgia.
12 miles southeast of Marshallvile,
Georgia.
i
8
o
tn
2
2?
£
"o
1
I
1
00
3\ miles north of Grovania, Georgia.
Bainbridge, Georgia.
li miles above Bainbridge, Georgia.
7 miles above Bainbridge, Georgia.
4 miles below Bainbridge, Georgia.
West Bank of Sepulga River, Escam-
bia County. Alabama.
Alachua, Florida.
Ocala, Florida.
§
a
a
"S
*o
+j 03
tn -0
1
5
_rt
1
Shubuta, Mississippi.
X
's
_o
a
o S
o
O
Suck Creek, Clarke County, Mississipp
c.
r.
C.
r.
v. r.
r.
r.
v. r.
r.
r.
c.
v. c.
r.
c.
c.
v. r.
v. r.
r.
r.
V. C.
c.
c.
r.
r.
V. C.
r.
r.
c.
c.
r.
'
r.
r.
v. r.
v. r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
r.
i
r.
r.
r.
r.
28
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Other Occurrences.
JACKSONIAN CHEILOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA.
[v. r. = very rare; r.=rare: c.=common; v. c. = very common.]
Jackson, Mississippi.
24 miles north of Roberts, Mississippi.
3J miles southeast of Shell Bluff
post office, Georgia.
Wilmington, North Carolina.
Eutaw Springs, South Carolina.
05
a
I
.a
i
e
t3
1
j
%
Baldock, Barnwell County, South
Carolina.
C.
C.
V.
V.
V.
V.
V.
V.
V.
C.
C.
V.
C.
C.
C.
s e ies
r.
c.
(•'/''/ / npw «macips
c.
,."- 1 r< -f **- :, ' • -.-1 .'pc
r.
c.
' , jj • • ' T1 ^ snprips
c.
T h 11 i Ha \\' anenies
T h ' 11 fl'f' ii ' \v snorips
T hi 11- Ti ' p ' ^npr'ps
c.
r.
T h 11 I'U < in new snpnip*!
c.
c.
r.
~Pt 1 rt lin 'nfvndit^il1! in new sneoies
r.
r.
v. r.
r.
c.
v. r.
v.
c.
r.
r.
c.
c.
c.
r.
r.
c.
c.
T.
r.
v r.
c.
c.
r.
v.c.
c.
v.c.
r.
c.
v.c.
r.
r.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
29
Rich Hill, 5J miles southeast of Knox-
ville, Georgia.
• — I
>.
*o
o
q
x
s-a
=1
*^o
i x
5
Is
-«N
j mile southeast of Georgia Kaolin Co.
Mine, Twiggs County, Georgia.
17 miles northeast of Hawkinsvillc,
Georgia.
3J miles south of Perry, Georgia.
12 miles southeast of Marshallville,
Georgia.
.3
bfl
s
o
jf
1
.SP
is
*0
I
00
35 miles north of Grovania, Georgia.
Bainbridge, Georgia.
IJ miles above Bainbridge, Georgia.
o
o
O
I
z
a
1
1
$
i~-
1
o
V
O
cT
M
a
a
3
§
s
S
-n
West Bank of Sepulga River, Escam-
bia County, Alabama.
Alachua, Florida.
Ocala, Florida.
rt"
a
1
o
*j 03
P
C*
«
_rt
"o
.a
Shubuta, Mississippi.
Cocoa post office, Choctaw County,
Alabama.
p<
a
1
X
at
^
g
5
•s"
|
c/;
r.
r.
r.
c.
r.
r.
r.
r.
T.
r.
r.
r.
v. r.
v.r.
c.
v. c.
r.
r.
r.
v.r.
r.
r.
c.
r.
c.
V. C.
c.
" ".'.'.'.
1
30
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Other occurrences.'
JACKSONTAN CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA.
[v. r.=very rare; r.=rare;c=common;v.c.= very common.]
Jackson, Mississippi.
2\ miles north of Roberts,
Mississippi.
is
Me
1°
i«
§°
% &
Jwi
ifg
^CQO
«
Wilmington, North Caro-
lina.
Eutaw Springs, South Caro-
lina.
Near Lenuds Ferry, South
• Carolina.
Baldock, Barnwell County,
South Carolina.
Rich Hill, 5J miles south-
east of Knoxville, Georgia.
V
\
r.
v c
Stomatopora cornu. new species . .
Stomatopora fasciolata, new species .
Proboscina projecta, new species. . .
r.
Proboscina geminata, new species ..
r.
Proboscina cxpatiata, new species-. .
r
Probnscina alter nata, new species
Proboscina colubra. new species. . .
Proboscina prominens, new species
c
V.
V
Plagioecia divag ins, new species
Diastopora tub if or mix, new species
Spiropora majuscula, new species
v. c.
Ceriopora aldrichi, new species
Ceriopora (?) proposita, new species
Heteropora amaena De Gregorio, 1^90
v r
V.
V
V.
Crisia horncsi Reuss, 1847
c
Crisia cribraria Stimpson, 1853
r.
Crisia lowei, new species
Plagioecia lameUosa, new species
V.
Plagioecia hirta, new species
c
Plagioecia marqinata, new species
v
Deameplagioecia compressa, new species
Desmeplagioecij. plicata, new species
Desmeplagioccia (Actinopora)orevis, ne%v species
Dcsmeplagioecia (Actinopora) tcnuisslma, new species
M. V.
Mecifnoccia magniccllae, new species
V
V.
Microecia vibrio, new species
Diaperoecia lobulata, new species
r.
Diapcroecia lobulata var, paTvipora, new variety
Diplosolen planum, new species
r.
Tubulipora internipta, new species
C. V.
Plcuronea fencstrata Busk, 1859
v. c.
Platonea lamellifcTat new species
C.
c. v.
Pleuronca subpeTtusa, new species...
c.
v. r.
i M.-Midwayan; C.-Claiboraian; V.-Viclcsburgian.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
31
li miles southeast Lilly,
Pooly County, Georgia.
i mile southeast of Georgia
Kaolin Company Mine,
Twiggs County, Georgia.
17 miles northeast of Hawk-
insville, Georgia.
(£
*j
s'51
%S
1
«
12 miles southeast of Mar-
sliallville, Georgia.
18 miles north of Wrighis-
ville, Georgia.
3J miles north of Grovania,
Georgia.
Bainbridge, Georgia.
li miles above Bainbridge,
Georgia.
7 miles above Bainbridge,
Georgia.
4 miles below Bainbridge,
Georgia.
West Bank of Sepulga River,
Escambia County, Ala-
bama.
Alachua, Florida.
Ocala, Florida.
Chipola River east of Mari-
anna, Florida.
Shubuta, Mississippi.
Cocoa post office, Choctaw
County, Alabama.
Suck Creek, Clarke County,
Mississippi.
Pachuta, Clarke County,
Mississippi.
v. r.
v. r.
.
v. r.
v r.
1
r.
•
....
i
v. r.
v. r.
r.
v. r.
v. r.
c.
v. r.
32
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
42
So
4
o
3
g
£! cj
S
j °
a
c3
O
§
i
0 fe
« .
S o
^3
5
£
«O
P.
Pi
"ft
3«
S
CQ
fe "»
"S'"3
'S—
s
JACKSONIAN CYCLOSTOMATOUS BRYOZOA.
™
fl's
§0
^g
a" 2
g
^'o
So
-~S
1
[v.r.«=very rare; r.=rare;c.=common;v.c.= very common.)
g
11
1* •
g~
K"
ll
^"3
o
o
g-
s
aa'l
to
™
J
o
*o
s
&
s
3~ Z
s,
'i
1
2
•Son
A
CS
-*
-w
^
w
2;
B
^ '^
o
"
Centronea mkropora Reuss, 1869
V.C.
Erkosonea semota, new species
Erkosonea admota, new species
Tretonea levis, new species
.....
r.
V. C.
V.
Idmonea magna , new species
Idmonea milncana D'Orbisnv, 1839
Idmonea arcuata, new species
V.C.
r.
v. r.
V. C.
c.
v!
Idmonea maqnireacrsa, new species
Idmonea qrallator. new species
Idmonea atlantica Johnston, 1S47
v.c.
v.c.
r.
c.
Idmonea parvula, new species
Idmonea ftli/ormis, new species
V. Idmonea pelri D'Archiac, 184S
r.
v. r.
r.
r.
Idmidrom .1 rnsan a , new species
Idmidronea maxtilaris Lorisdale, 1845
Idmidronea culler. Dew species '
Tervia gracilis, new species
Tervia parvula, new species
Tervia tumida Smitt, 1871
r.
Hornera jacksonica, new species
Hornera rcteramae new species
Hornera polyporoiaes, new species
Hornera tenuirama., new species
V.
Hornera tuberosa, new species
Hornera porosa S toliczka, 1S62
r.
v. r.
v. r.
r.
Polyascosoecia iad;sonica, new species
Polyascosoecia i mbricata, new species
......
Frondipora lacmgata , new species
Frondipora interporosa, new species
r.
r.
M. C.
Telopora (?) patens, new species
Fasciculipora su .rculifi ra.new species
C.
c.
c.
r.
v.c.
c.
c.
r.
v.c.
r.
r.
r.
c.
r.
1 'h'l'iini' 1S4^
LichenopQra grfgnonensis, var. multilamellosa, new variety ..•-•
r.
v.c.
r.
v. r.
Tretocvclnecia nticulata, new species
v.c.
r.
Partrcioci/cltmta reptans, new species
Partretocycloecia porosa, new species
c.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
33
les southeast Lilly,
y County, Georgia.
2<B .
Sia s
SC'M
SS8
°t°-
ts|-
Jl§
|°3
s.sa
s northeast of Hawk-
insville, Georgia.
X
1
"o .
03
x:"=i
sfe
5 »
CO O
s
es southeast of Mar-
all ville, Georgia.
A
I
Id
^-'Q
ofe
i*
§s
s'p
?s north of Orovania,
Georgia.
«
1
o
o
a
T3
;s above Bainbridge,
Georgia.
s above Bainbridge,
Georgia.
s below Bainbridge,
Georgia.
s^
s<
«
S£
i
S|
1-rt
M S«i
la, Florida.
Florida.
a River east of Mari-
iiiii i Florida.
'S.
.&
i
|
post office, Choctaw
unty, Alabama.
reek, Clarke County,
Mississippi.
^:
o
4
03 $
OS
.a
g
a °
n o
H»°
•S^'g
l«f
-*1
1
a
CC
a-
w
a
00
1
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1
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1
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1
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S
1
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go
S
o
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1.
v. r.
C.
C.
V. C.
v. c.
v. c.
r.
t .
v. r
C.
C.
v, c
C.
V. C.
C.
C.
c.
r.
r.
r.
V. C.
v. r.
55899— 20— Bull. 106 3
34
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
•TddissTssift
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Diplonholeos Unratnm, new spivics. . .
Ftoriflitin antivita Sniitl. 1S7.1. .
Rosseliana ]>arrif>i>rft, now spct-ics
FloridincUa oicksburgica Canu and Bassler, 1017
Micropora coriacea Esper, 17itl
Lunularia (Oliffotresium } ticksburgciisisCQm&d, 1S47
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NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
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(v. r. = very rare; r. = rare; y. c. = very common; c. = common.)
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Crisvlipora rugosodorsalis, new specie
Cri&ulipora fiabellata, new species. ..
Crisulipom grarnliporrt. new species.
Platouea clavata, new species
Plcuronca suhpertusa, new species
Plcuronea fusiformis. new species .
fencstrata Husk, 1869 . .
allitor, new species
ilneana D'Orhi^nj^, 1S1
lantica Johnston, 1847..
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NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 39
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE BRYOZOA.
The paper-like fronds called " sea mats " and the moss-like structures tossed up
311 our sea coasts to-day are not plants as they were long supposed to be, but are
animal colonies consisting of a great number of small cells opening side by side.
Before their true nature was learned, these organisms were termed zoophytes or
corallines, but when it was discovered that each individual cell of the composite
colony contained an animal with a complete alimentary canal, the name Bryozoa, or
moss-like animal, was coined for them. Another term, Polyzoa, was introduced for
the same group and is preferred by many English naturalists, but all of the conti-
nental and American authors employ the designation Bryozoa.
In spite of the great abundance of bryozoa in the recent seas and their very
frequent occurrence as fossils, knowledge of their structure is unfortunately usually
limited to the special student. For this reason the following remarks, devoid of
scientific terms, so far as possible, have been introduced.
The bryozoa are small, composite, usually marine, animals arising from a free-
swimming larva which becomes attached to some foreign object and then develops
into the primary individual or ancestrula. By repeated budding from the ancestrula,
colonies of various shapes and sometimes considerable size arise. Each individual
animal or zooid is composed of a double-walled membranaceous or calcareous sac,
the zooecium, within which is the visceral mass, the polypide, consisting of a freely
suspended alimentary canal U shaped so that the mouth and anus open close to each
other. The mouth is surrounded by the lophophore bearing a crown of hollow,
slender, ciliated tentacles arranged in a circle or crescent. Both sexes are usually
combined in the same zooid. It is a curious fact that the same zooecium may be
inhabited at different times by different polypides.
The colony which the individual zooids form is known technically as the
zoarium; it presents a great variety of form and structure, although the form is
quite constant in individual species. Very frequently the zoaria grow over shells,
stones, or other bodies, forming delicate incrustations of exquisite patterns. By
the superposition of many such incrustations, hemispherical, globular, nodular, or
irregular masses often of considerable size may result. Again the zoaria may
arise in fronds or branching stems, and at other times they form open-meshed
lacework of the most regular and beautiful patterns. Most bryozoa are attached
either basally or by the greater part of their surface to extraneous objects, or are
moored to the bottom by root-like appendages. In many forms the zoarium is
regularly jointed to give greater mobility.
The individual zooids of the zoarium conform to a simple and definite type
of structure throughout the class. The soft parts of the animal consist of an
alimentary canal with three distinct regions discernible, esophagus, stomach, and
intestine. The alimentary canal is inclosed in a sac and bent upon itself so that
the two extremities are close to each other. The mouth or oral opening is either
entirely or partially surrounded by a row of slender, hollow, ciliated tentacles
which serve for respiration and for sweeping food toward the mouth. The two
40 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
large divisions under which the Bryozoa are classed (Entoprocta and Ectoprocta)
are based upon the position of the anal opening. In most cases the anal opening
is situated without the row of tentacles (Ectoprocta) ; rarely it is placed within
this row (Entoprocta). A heart and vascular system, are wanting, but there are
numerous leucocytes floating in the general cavity. A nervous ganglion is present
between the mouth and anus and sends delicate nerve filaments to the tentacles
and esophagus. The upper part of the sac is generally flexible and can be invagi-
nated through the action of numerous longitudinal and transverse muscles which
traverse the fluid-filled visceral cavity.
The reproductive organs are developed in various parts of the body cavity,
although the spermatozoa occur usually in the lower and the ova in the upper part.
The ova may be developed in a. special receptacle, in an inflation of the surface
or in a modified zooecium. The general term ooecium or ovicell is applied to all of
these structures.
Many bryozoans exhibit, attached to the zooecium, organs resembling a bird's
head, terme.d avicularia, and other bristle-like appendages named vibracula. The
jaws of the avicularia open and close with a snapping motion which has given
rise to the probably erroneous idea that they are organs of defense. The structure
of these two organs is described in more detail in the consideration of the
cheilostomatous bryozoa. Both the avicularia and vibracula are incapable of
preservation in the fossil state, but their former presence is indicated by the pore-
like excavations in which they lodged.
The extended polypide is withdrawn into the zooecium by the contraction of
retractor muscles attached to the tentacular crown. In the bryozoa with flexible
zooecia the contraction of the body walls by parietal muscles produces protrusion
of the polypide, but in the rigid calcareous zoaria the means for protrusion are
more complicated (see p. 59).
CLASSIFICATION.
The Bryozoa and the Brachiopoda are considered as constituting the phyllum
Molluscoidea, although some authors believe there is no relationship between them
and regard the Bryozoa as representing a distinct phyllum. The two large sub-
divisions of the Bryozoa, Ectoprocta. and Entoprocta. based iipon the position of
the anus with reference to the tentacles have been mentioned before. These
subclasses differ widely from each other in many respects and here again some
authors believe they are not even distantly related. However, the great majority of
these animals belong to the Ectoprocta and under this to the superorder Gymnolae-
mata. Five orders of Gymnolaemata are known, of which the Cheilostomata is
perhaps the largest in number of species. The relations of these various classi-
ficatory terms are expressed in the following table:
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 41
Phyllum MOLLUSCOIDEA.
Class BRYOZOA.
Subclass ENTOPHOCTA.
The row of tentacles encloses both the oral and anal orifices.
Subclass ECTOPROCTA.
The tentacles surround the mouth only.
Superorder PHYLACTOLAEMATA.
Fresh-water Ectoprocta with the tentacles arranged in horse-shoe shape and
the mouth protected by an overhanging lip.
Superorder GYMNOLAEMATA.
Almost exclusively marine Ectoprocta with a circular row of tentacles surround-
ing the mouth which is at their center.
Order i. TREPOSTOMATA.
Zooecia calcareous and superposed upon each other so as to form long tubes
intersected by straight or curved partitions. Monticules or maculae of larger or
smaller cells distributed on the surface at regular intervals. Range : Paleozoic only.
Order 2. CRYPTOSTOMATA.
Gymnolaemata differing from the Trepostomata in that the primitive part of
the tube is usually much shorter and the passage to the mature region is more
abrupt. Triparietal gemmation. Probably the Paleozoic representatives of the
Oheilostomata.
Order 3. CTENOSTOMATA.
Zooecia gelatinous or chitinous with tooth-like processes resembling a comb
closing the aperture when the tentacles are retracted. Range: Paleozoic to Recent.
Order 4. CYCLOSTOMATA.
Zooecia calcareous and tubular with a circular aperture. Range: Paleozoic
to Recent.
Order 5. CHEILOSTOMATA.
Zooecia calcareous or chitinous with the aperture closed when the polypide is
retracted, by a chitinous lip or operoulum. Range : Mesozoic to Recent.
STRUCTURE OF THE CHEILOSTOMATA.
Bugula amcularia is here selected for description to illustrate the structure of
the Cheilostomata, because it is one of the most common recent bryozoa found on
the seashore in all parts of the world and is an example of the class frequently
studied. It grows in brown or purple chitinous, bushy tufts several inches high.
42 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. .
attached to rocks or other objects. Upon examination (fig. 1) the fluffy mass is seen
to be made up of narrow branching stems with root-like filaments at the base.
Under a lens each stem is noted to be made up of box-shaped, chitinous struc-
tures— the zooecia, arranged in four longitudinal rows. The zooecia have a wide
crescentic aperture near the distal end (mo.) on either side of which is a short,
blunt spine. In front of some zooecia is a round structure — the ooecium (ooec), and
on most of them is the bird's-head appendage — the avicularium (avic), supported on
a short stalk. Beneath the wall of the zooecia, which is simply the hardened and
thickened cuticle of the animal proper, is the soft body wall. This body wall is gen-
erally known as the endocyst, and some authors apply the term ectocyst to the
hardened cuticle or zoarial skeleton. In this work, however, the term ectocyst desig-
nates the outer membrane covering the zoarial skeleton.
The anterior part of the polypide can be turned inside out like the fingers of
a glove, within the posterior part. When this portion, the introvert, is extruded
a circle of usually fourteen long slender tentacles (tent.) on a circular ridge or
lophophore surrounding the mouth is seen at its anterior end. A pair of retractor
muscles serves to retract the tentacles. Numerous cilia on the tentacles drive cur-
rents of water with their contained food particles toward the mouth (mo). The
tentacles are probably tactile and also may serve in respiration. The tentacle sheath
is the enclosing wall of the introvert.
The coelome or body cavity occupies a considerable part of the zooecial interior.
A large double strand of spindle-shaped cells known as the funiculus (fwnic) con-
nects the aboral end of the alimentary canal with the aboral wall of the zooecium.
The body cavity contains a number of colorless corpuscles or leucocytes.
Alimentary canal. — The mouth (mo) at the base of the tentacles opens into the
pharynx (ph) which by a shorter constricted tube leads to the stomach. The
coecum is a long conical projection of the stomach directed toward the aboral
end of the zooecium, to which it is attached by the funiculus. The intestine is
directed upward and nearly parallels the esophagus; it opens outside the lopho-
phore not far from the mouth in the anal aperture (an).
Nervous and excretory systems. — A small round ganglion located between the
mouth and the anal aperture, giving off nerves to the various parts of the zooid,
constitutes the nervous system. No special sense organs are developed.
Kecognizable excretory organs are absent. It is probable that the leucocytes
carry on the collection of the nitrogenous waste matter.
Reproductive organs. — Both sexes are united in the same zooid as in most
hryozoa. The ovary (ov.) occurs about the middle part of the body cavity and
the testis in the lower portion. The latter gives rise to a spherical mass of cells,
the spermatidia (sp.) which develop into sperms with long mobile tails. After
the sperms become free from each other they move about in the body cavity where
fertilization takes place. Only one mature ovum at a time is developed from the
ovary. After fertilization the ovum passes into the ovicell or ooecium (ooec) where
development takes place.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BKYO/OA.
48
FIG. 1. — General Anatomy of tlie Cheilostomata.
A. B. Structure of a corneous cheilustomafous bryozoan, Bugulu lurliinata Alclen. from the
Atlantic at Plymouth, England.
A. A small copy or zoariimi, natural size.
B. Portion nf a branch. X 50. show-in!,' rhe zooifl or polypirte in various positions in the
/.ooecium. a, <>', avicularia in different positions; up, aperture of the zooecium covered by a
membrane; b. polypide bud attached to 6h, the brown body — the degenerated remains of an old
polypide: HI, nmuth surrounded by the circle of tentacles; two individuals show the tentacles
partly expanded: o, ovicell ; s. marginal spines. In this figure the avicularia of sunn- of the
zooecia have I n omitted. I A. B. After Harnier, 1896.)
C. Two zuoids of the common bryozoaii called the "Bird's Head Coralline" iltiiiiiiln avicu-
laria Linnaeus i. highly magnified. (After Parker and Haswell, 1910, with corrections.)
an, anus; urn-, avicularia; enib, embryo enclosed in the ovicell (ooecium) ; coec, coecum;
funic, funiculus; int, intestine: mo. mouth; oes, esophagus; ooec, ooecium (ovicell); or,
ovary ; i>h, pharynx : ret. large retractor muscles of polypide : xp, spermatidia : tent, Tentacles.
The ganglion which is not indicated, lies just below the middle of the stroke from mo.
44
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Development of larva. — Segmentation of the fertilized ovum is complete and
nearly regular (see fig. 2). A blastula in the shape of a biconvex lens is formed
and in its interior or blastocoele the primitive endoderm cells (end) become visible.
These increase by division forming free cells which almost fill the blastocoele and
represent probably both the endoderm and mesoderm. Small cavities occur in
disk
nternal sack
FIG. 2. — Early Stages in the Development of the Chellostomata.
See text for description of the figures.
A-G. Drawings illustrating the development of Buyiiln. (After Vigelius. )
cent, central mass of cells: cur, corona; cct, ectoderm: end, endoderm; x<-ii. segmentation
cavity.
H. Longitudinal section of the attached larva of Bitgulu.
o, cells of corona ; r, rudiment of the zooid in the form of a sac ; s, basal plate of everted
sucker ; v, vestibule.
/. Larva of Bugula plumosa, highly magnified.
<7. Sagittal section of Bugula (H-.T after B.-irroisi.
cent, central tissue; cor, corona; disk, retractile disk: c, ectodermal groove; int. sac, internal
sack; p, pyriform organ; pall, pallia!. groove.
this mass of cells and form the primitive coelome by their union. Next the equa-
torial region of the embryo becomes thickened and provided with cilia forming the
r-orona (fig. 2, G. cor.). On the oral side of the corona the circular pallial
groove arises. The sucker, a structure which afterwards serves to fix the larva,
then develops as a sac-like invagination of the ectoderm or what later becomes the
oral side of the ciliated ridge. On the oral side near the corona a second depression
NORTH AMERICAN KARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 45
of the ectoderm results in the ectodermal groove. Near by this groove a mass of
cells, the pyriform organ (p.), forms. Another larval structure, the calotte, or
retractile <//'-./• (disk} provided with motionless sensory cilia, develops at the
opposite or aboral pole.
The larva now escapes from the ovicell and commences a short period of free
life. Up to this time an alimentary canal is absent, but now changes occur which
result in a complete metamorphosis of the larva. By a contraction of the body
the sucker is turned inside out and affixes the larva to some foreign object. The
aboral side, containing the retractile disk and pallial groove, becomes expanded
and is the source of the entire outer covering of the primary zooid. This expan-
sion obliterates the pallial groove and at the same time the corona bends down
toward the oral side, forming the umbrella-shaped stage of the larva. The vesti-
bule (fig. -2 H /') is then formed by the bending down of the edge of the umbrella
and fusion with the expanded base, forming thus a circular cavity. The walls
of the vestibule break up and the cavity merges into the general cavity of the
larval interior. The retractile disk and the basal plate of the sucker are now the
only remaining larval structures. The former gives origin to the basal part of
the wall of the primary zooeeium and the latter, after becoming invaginated,
develops the ectoderm and endoderm of the primary zooid. Besides this sac the
interior of the larva now contains only a mass of undifferentiated tissue derived
from the various structures that have disintegrated. The outer wall of this
tissue forms the wall of the primary zooecium and most of the internal mass forms
a brown body, although a small part seems to form the mesoderm of the zooid. A
pouch or diverticulum of the sac forms the rudimentary stomach and intestine
and a second diverticulum, the esophagus. These fuse and result in the con-
tinuous alimentary canal. In this process of development the brown body remains
close to the stomach and is gradually absorbed. After the rudimentary alimentary
canal has been formed, the walls of a space in the upper part of the primitive sac
cavity become changed into the tentacle sheath, on the base of which appear the
tentacles and lophophore. The nerve ganglion is the result of an imagination of
the ectoderm in the region between the mouth and anus.
The primary zooid resulting from the metamorphosis of a larva is the ancestor
of the entire zoarium and is appropriately called the ancestrula. By a process of
asexual reproduction (repeated budding) the entire branching structure with its
numerous zooecia results. Although the. studies are still imperfect, it is undoubt-
edly a fact that each family of bryozoa is characterized by its own particular form
of larva. This process of budding is discussed in more detail under the general
considerations of the Cheilostomata below.
Some zooecia of the adult colony contain no polypide, but in its place is a
brown body similar to the one described above in the primary zooecium. This
brown body is the remains of a polypide that lias undergone degeneration. In such
cases the alimentary canal with the lophophore and tentacles have become com-
pletely absorbed. Such degenerated polypides may become regenerated with a
redevelopment of the organs and reabsorption of the brown body.
46 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
GENERAL CONSIDERATION OF THE CHEILOSTOMATA.
ENDOCTST AND ECTOCYST.
The skeletal portion of the bryozoid is lined interiorly by a very fine epi-
thelial membrane called the endocyst. This endocyst is the essentially living part of
the bryozoan. It grows without cessation by the proliferation of its elements, and
it secretes the different cuticles. It emits buds of like characteristics but which
engender by successive differentation the various organs of the bryozoid.1
The first differentation, almost immediate, indeed, is the ectocyst- (epitheca of
Harmer. outer membrane, frontal membrane of Waters). This is generally thin,
so thin sometimes that its presence is often doubtful:3 it has no secreting power.
The calcareous or chitinous secretion forming the " zoarial skeleton " occurs
between the ectocyst and the endocyst. This is the only part capable of fossiliza-
tion. The study of the relations between the skeleton and the living organs of the
zoarium forms the essential object of study of paleontologic bryozoology.
The second differentiation of the endocyst is the formation of the mesenchyme
and of its successive derivatives — polypides. leucocytes, etc.4 This study is in the
domain of zoology exclusively.
The difference of orientation in the proliferation of the endocystal elements is
most important. In the Anasca this proliferation occurs only laterally. In
correlation early on the budding parts of the zoarium. the endocyst divides in two
and provokes a corresponding division of the ectocyst, thus engendering the hydro-
static apparatus called the hypostege (fig. 3).5
In the Ascophora the proliferation occurs in two ways — lateral and frontal.
In correlation the endocyst develops on b«th sides of the zoarial skeleton, owing
to the emission of frontal buds (fig. 3). Thus in the Anasca the buds are arranged
side by side, while in the Ascophora they are placed over each other.
ZOARIAL BUDDING AND FORMATION" (IF SKELETON.
The buds of the endocyst are as noted above, lateral or frontal. They evidently
secrete lime and occasion secondary calcification.
The lateral buds are:
1. Little developed and leave in fossilization the lateral punctations (=parietal
dietellae) of the Adeonidae.
C2. More developed, they form the avicularia. the interzooecial vibracula (Ade-
onidae, Lunulariidae, Onychocellidae).
1 1900. Calvet, Contributions a 1'historie des bryr>zn:iirps .-rtoi.rix-tes marins, Travaux de I'institut
Zoologie de 1'Universite' de Montpellier, new ser., Menioire No. S, p. 170.
2 1SS6. Joliet, Recherches sur la blastoggnese. Art-hives de Zoologie experimental et generale, ser. 2,
vol. 4. r>. (.;.">.
3 The word ectocyst is here employed in a different lueauing from that of other authors who designated
as the " ectocyst " that part of the bryozooid which we call the skeleton.
1 1900. Calvet, Travaux de 1'Institute Zoologie de 1'Vnm-rsitt fit- de Montpellier, p. 239.
= 1900. Calvet, Idem, p. 160.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
47
3. Normally developed, they form, according to a process explained l>y Calvet l
and by Waters;2 one, two, rarely three, distal zooecia. Moreover, the coalescence
of many buds is often necessary for the formation of a zooecium or of an inter-
x.ooecial heterozooecium.3
Similarty with the frontal buds:
1. Little developed, they form above the olocyst, a second deposit the tremocyst;
their fossil remains are the tremopores.
•2. Little developed and only laterally, they form the lateral punctations, the
zoarial remains of which are the areolat, of Harmer. visible in Smittinidae,
Escharellidae, etc. They engender the superior endocyst. The latter deposits
the pleurocyst above the olocyst. and form the interareolar costules.
Eotocyst
Endocyst
Hypoetege
Endocyst
Skeleton
Endocyst
-Ectocyat
- Super lor endocyst
-Parietal endocyst
8
FIG. 3. — Sketch showing proliferation of the endocyst in theAnasca (A) and in the Ascophora (B).
3. Somewhat more developed, they form and secrete the skeletal tubules which
make up the thick walls of the Acroporidae. Myriozoumidae. Porella, etc.
4. More developed, they engender the frontal avicularia and the radicels.
5. Normally developed, they give rise to the complete zooecia heaped up on
one another without apparent order as in the Celleporidae.
The gymnocyst of Levinsen and the cryptocyst of Jullien are not special forma-
tions; these are special walls defined particularly by their position. The cryptocyst
supports the hypostcge in the Malacostega ; the gymnocyst does not support it
at all; these walls may be of olocystal or tremocystal formation. We have pre-
served these two terms of nomenclature in the exact meaning of their authors.
Olocyst. — The olocyst linos the interior of :ill zooecia, sometime^ very thin and
transparent and sometimes quite thick. It is formed of scattered elements, quite
1 Calvet. Contributions a 1'historie tics bryozoaires ectoprui-lrs iii;mn>. Travf.ux ile 1'Institute de
I'Universite' de Montpellicr. new ser.. Memolre No. 8, p. 389.
- 1906. Waters, Bryozoa from Chatham Island, Annals Magazine Natural History. SIT. 7, vol.
17. p. 18.
1 1888. Jullien, Mission scientiflque du Cap Horn. p. 56.
48
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
crowded on the large walls (fig. 4. .4). When there is a mucro, the elements are
grouped in radial rows (fig. 4. /?). The walls of the mural rims in the Mala-
costega also have their elements grouped in rows perpendicular to the lines of
the zooecial sutures (fig. 4, C). The olocystal walls are always smooth (fig. 4, D) ;
they are perforated by very small pores when they are surmounted by a tremocyst
or a pleurocyst.
Tremocyst. — The frontal endocystal buds deposit above the olocyst a second
calcareous deposit called the tremocyst; the pores thus formed are the tremopores :
Bx 100
C x 100
D x 20
FIG. 4. — Structure of the olocyst.
A. Thin section through the basal wall of Jlembraniporiilra spissiinuralis, new species, X 100,
showing olocyst with crowded elements.
B. Olocyst of AcantJiimiella oecioporosa, new species, X 100, with elements grouped in radial
lines.
C. Thin section of Periporosella tantiUa ('ami and Bassler. 1917, X 100, exhibiting elements
of olocyst grouped in series around the mural rim.
D. View of interior of Smittina anrnilnta Rtuss, ISO-i, X 20. showing the smooth olocyst, per-
forated by areolae only.
the zooecia, which are provided with them, are tremogastres ; the tremopores are
funnel shaped or tubular : they are always traversed by mesenchymatous elements.
The funnel-shaped tremopores arise from a very small pore perforating the
subjacent olocyst (fig. 5, ^1) ; they become enlarged at the exterior (fig. 5, B).
The tubular tremopores or tiibulae also arise from a small pore piercing the
subjacent olocyst (fig. 5, (•'), but the latter is very thin and permits one to see through
a circular, white area the base of the tubula itself. At the exterior the tubules have
the same diameter (fig. 5, D).
Often the tubular pores are united among themselves and the number of the
interior pores (fig. 5, E) does not correspond to the number of exterior pores (fig.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
49
5, /O) as in Porella contracta, new species, Enoplostoniella synthctica Canu and
Bassler, 1917, etc.
The tremocyst is generally intimately united with the subjacent olocyst;
in some cases it is clearly detached (figs. 5, G, 11} .
In tangential sections the size of the tremopores depends on the position of
the plane of the section. In the vicinity of the olocyst (fig. 6, A) the small per-
20
F x20
FIG. 5. — Structure of the tremocyst.
H x20
A, B. Stomachetosella crassicollis Canu and Bassler, 1917. Orifices of the funnel-shaped
tremopores as seen in the interior (A) and at the exterior (B). X 20.
C, D. Porella crassoparies, new species. Orifices of the tubular tremopores. X 20, in the
interior (C) and at the exterior (D).
E, F. Enoplostomella synthetica, new species. Views, X 20, showing coalescence of the tremo-
pores, the number of which in the Interior (E) does not correspond with the number "at the
exterior (F).
G, H. Hippodiplosia magniporosa, new species, X 20. Views showing that the tremocyst (G)
may lie detached from the subjacent oloeyst (H).
f orations of the latter are alone visible. At the zoarial surface (fig. C. D) the
tremopores have their normal diameter. It is quite frequent to find thus in the
same, section the olocyst and the tremocyst (fig. 6, B}. The reticulations (fis. 6, C)
which seem to unite the tremopores among themselves are evidently the intersections
of the different calcifications.
Tubules. — The tubular tremopores. when the}' are quite long, constitute the
tubulae. They are frequent in Myriu-oum. Acroporiduc, Porella, etc. Waters
55899— 19— Bull. 106 4
50
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL, MUSEUM.
and Levinsen have carefully studied these structures. " These tubes have a disk
near the junction with the zooecium. and in the middle of the axial tubes, which
are often very long, there are similar disks (fig. 7, A). The shell structure is
terminated by a membrane (&) (fig. 7, B) perforated by these pores; but over this,
as in the greater part of the cheilostomatous bryozoa, there is another fairly
thick and somewhat chitinous membrane (a) (fig. 7, B) continuously covering
the zoarium. The cell contents of the tubes attach themselves to this by delicate
AxlOO 6x100 CxIOO 0x100
PIG. 6. — Microstructure of the tremocyst and olocyst.
A. Stomachetosella crassicollis Canu and Bassler, 1917. Tangential section, X 100, at the
level of the subjacent olocyst ; the inner orifice of the tremopores is visible.
B. • Piii-cllii n-iixKiiiiancs, new species. X 100. Tangential section a little distant from the
olocyst. Olocyst and tremocyst are visible.
0. Hiiiiiuiiii -IK llu rutiila. new species. X 100. Tangential section through the tremocyst.
Areolae and tremopores are of the same nature.
D. Porella denticulifera, new species, X 100. Tangential section through the orifices of the
tremopores.
threads" (fig. 7, C) (Waters, 1900). Levinsen in 1909 demonstrated that these
" delicate threads " were formed of mesenchymatous tissue.
Pleurocyst. — The areolae are only lateral tremopores; they are the remains of
endocystal buds and are traversed by mesenchymatous fibers. The superior endocyst
continues its calcareous deposit as the pleurocyst; l the lateral arrangement
is the cause of special manifestations quite different from those of the tremocyst.
1 This deposit Harmer and Levinsen attribute entirely to the ectocyst.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
51
The calcareous secretion is first active about the areola (fig. 8, .4). but it extends
rapidly over all the frontal.
The pleurocystal deposits are often granular (fig. 8, B] but they generally form
interareolar costules (fig. 8, C) so frequent in Smittina, Hippomenella, etc.
The porous pleurocyst is more rare (fig. 8. D, E) • the pores are unequal, irregu-
lar, and arise from the irregular union of the primitive granulations. Contrary
to the tremopores they do not perforate the subjacent olocyst (fig. 8, D).
The pleurocyst is easily detached from the olocyst (fig. 8. F).
The areolae appear clearly in the .tangential sections when made at the level
of the olocyst (fig. 8, G). Made on the exterior plane the interareolar costules alone
appear (fig. S, H).
4m,-- {--
FIG. 7. — Structure of the tubules.
A-C. Myriozoum subgracile D'Orbigny, 1852. A. Section, X S5, through polypide showing the
disks (d) in the pore tubes, diaphragm (dm), and the operculum (op), with dotted lines to show
the position when partly open. (After Waters, 1900.)
B. End of tubula, X 500, showing the covering integument a (ectocyst) and the inner one, b.
(After Waters.)
C. Each of the tubes contains a mesenchymatous tractus, and is, at its proximal part, fur-
nished with a uniporous septula. (After Levinsen. 1909.)
Made in an intermediate plane they show some radial reticulations which are
evidently the intersections of the different calcifications (fig. 8, /).
On recent bryozoa these three fundamental deposits are subject to some inter-
esting variations, the study of which was only begun in 1909 by Levinsen.1 Wo
refer the reader to his work, for on the fossils these variations are quite invisible.
Septulae and Dietellae. — The mesenchymatous fibers pa>.s from one zooecium to
another by small parietal pores called septulae. The septulae are uniporous (fig.
9, A) or multiporous (fig. 9, B) (=rosette-plates of authors). On the fossils the
septulae are rarely visible. The multiporous septular disks leave a large pore
often visible exteriorly, as in the Membraniporae. For shortness in this mono-
graph we called these structures also septulae.
1 1009. Levinsen, Morphological and Systematic Studies on the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa, pp. 1-7.
52
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The mesenchymatous fibers before passing through the septulae traverse in
the proximal part only of the zooecia small lateral chambers called dietettae (=pore
G x 1 00 H x 1 00 1x100
PIG. 8. — Structure of the pleurocyst.
A. OchetoselJa jacksonica Canu and Bassler, 1917, X 20. The calcification is active around
the areolae.
B. Mucronella ftranulosa, new species, X 20. Granular pleurocyst.
C. Smittina grandifossae, new species, X 20. Pleurocyst with iuterareolar costules.
D. E. Smittina angulata Reuss, 1S65, X 20. Porous pleurocyst. In the interior the olocyst is
perforated only by areolae (D).
F. MitcmneUa rariolosa Johnston, 1838, X 20. The pleurocyst is detached from the subjacent
olocyst.
G. Smittina reticuloides, new species, X 100. Tangential thin section in the vicinity of the
olocyst.
H. Smittina reticuloides, new species, X 100. Tangential thin section through the inter-
areolar costules.
I. Hippomenella rotuJa, new species, X 100. Tangential thin section through the pleurocyst.
chambers of English authors) (fig. 9, C, D) . These structures persist in fossilization
only if their walls are thick; they may be discovered by abrasion of the frontal
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
53
(fig. 9, E). In certain species (see Membrendoeeium duplex] some of the zooecia
are without dietellae.
FUNCTIONS OF REPRODUCTION.
LARVA.
The great obstacle in bryozoology is the lack of knowledge of the larval system,
for studies on this subject are really very incomplete. Moreover, any attempt at a
general classification is impossible at present, because each family is undoubtedly
characterized essentially by its larva. Nevertheless we are able to utilize with
success the studies on this subject made by Smitt in 1865, Barrois in 1877, and
Calvet in 1900. In our text figures we have reproduced illustrations of the larva
wherever known.
FIG. 9. — Septulae and dietellae.
A. Uniporous septulae of Ilippopodina fegeensis Busk, 1884, X 40.
B. Multiporous septulae or disk septulae of Cheilopora sincera Smitt, 1877, X 25. (A, B, after
Levinsen, 1909.)
C. Hippodiplosia paUasiana Moll. 1803; a, multiporous septula, X 350; b, schematic lougitudi
nal section through a multiporous septula ; c, schematic longitudinal section through a dietella
(After Levinsen, 1909.)
D. Dietellae of Callopora lineata Linnaeus, 1768. (After Norman, 1903.)
E. Dietellae of Trypostega venusta Norman, 1864. obtained by abrasion of the frontal of a
specimen from the Vicksburgian at Byram. Mississippi.
OVICELLS.
The esres are transformed into embryos and into larvae within cavities of
BO •*
incubation. These cavities, when they are visible, are called ovicells.
Nonovicelled zooecia. — A large number of species of Cheilostomata show no
ovicells and nothing on the exterior reveals their mode of reproduction. Some are
oviparous and expel their eggs by an intertentacular organ (Electrinidae) . Others
develop their embryos in the tentacular sheath ( Cyclostomata ) . There is quite an
important group in which the cavity is a membranous sac attached to the sub-
diaphragmatic region of the tentacular sheath ; often the female zooecia are identical
with the others (Lepralia cucullata Busk, 1852, Beniua ,,«i<j,ll<m'«-ti Busk, 1S50.
54 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Diplodidymia Eeuss. 1867) ; but often also the female zooecia have a special form
suitable for their function (=gonoecia of the Adeonidae and Catenicellidae) .
In actual experience it is necessary to have a very large number of specimens
to establish that any fossil species entirely lacks ovicells, for these organs are very
fragile.
Nature of the ovicells. — Most of the Cheilostomata have some visible ovicells.
Their nature is not always peculiar to a particular larval system. Nevertheless
the endotoichal ovicell appears peculiar to the Cellariidae, the recumbent ovicell
to the larvae of the Phylactellidae and the Conescharellidae and the peristomial
ovicell to the larvae of the Tubucellariidae. In all other cases many very different
systems of larvae may be developed in ovicells apparently identical ; these latter are
endozooecial or hyperstomial.
The endozooecial ovicells are formed by the distal portion of the zooecium;
in certain genera they are separated from the zooecium by a fold of the wall
(Flustridae, Hippopodinidae, Farciminariidae, Onychocellidae, etc.).
The hyperstomial ovicells are placed on the distal zooecium. A very impor-
tant group among them has their orifices closed by a distinct operculum formed
for the most part by the ectocyst itself; this is the group of the Aneucleithriens.
In practice, on the fossil forms, such ovicells are recognized by their frontal which
does not hide the apertura ; seen in profile, their orifice is perceptibly perpendicular
to the apertura.
A second group has the orifice always closed by the operculum; this is the
group of the Cleithriens (Micropora, etc.). Practically, on the fossils these are
recognized as follows: First, their frontal partially covers the apertura; second,
seen in profile, their orifice is oblique to the apertura ; third, the common orifice
is identical and of the same size in all the ovicelled zooecia.
The third group, that of the Subclcithriens, is intermediate between the two
preceding ; the operculum closes the ovicell only in opening. This opercular function
is certainly intended to protect the passage of the eggs. On the specimens deprived
of their opercula. the distinction is very subtle, especially as the closing is not
always perfect. Practically on the fossils, subcleithrien ovicells are recognized by
the following points: First, their frontal partially covers the apertura; second,
seen in profile their orifice is oblique to the apertura ; third, the common orifice is
identical with the true orifice; fourth, the common orifice is identical with the
apertura of the unovicelled zooecia.
When the operculum is fragile the ovicell is more or less deeply imbedded in
the distal zooecium ; the apertura is oblique ; the ovicell opens into a small, free
space called the loc.eUa (Peristomellse).
Again, when the operculum is fragile the frontal becomes much thickened
and the ovicell imbedded in the distal zooecium opens into the peristomie thus
formed. The apertura, more or less visible and oblique, is placed at the base of
this peristomie (Smittinidae). The exterior orifice is therefore never closed by the
operculum and it is very irregular.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
55
Figure 10 gives a summary of the terminology now applied to the ovicells.
Structure of the ovicells. — In 1886 Jullien discovered that the ovicell was
formed by two walls; the internal wall or "sparganile" is thin, fragile, and
hyaline ; the external wall, or " coites," is thicker, often incomplete, proceeding from
the peristome and sometimes intimately joined to the subjacent wall. In 1903
lie described the peculiarities of these two walls for each species.
Zd
ENDOZOOECIAL OVICELL.
The ovicell is within the
zooecium itself. The
operculum closes both
zooecium and ovicell.
SEPARATED ENDOZOO-
ECIAL OVICELL. A fold
of the zooecial wall
separates the ovicell
from the zooecium.
DEEP ANEUCLEITHRIAN HYPERSTOMIAL OVICELL.
The ovicell is placed in a
Ov jV~" deep cavity of the distal
Zp ^ •''HA zooecium. The opercu-
lum is very oblique and
Loo'
operates in a chamber or locella.
Zp
Zd
CLEITHRIAN HYPERSTOMIAI. OVICELL. The ovi-
cell is placed on the distal
zooeciumand opens below
the operculum. The
operculum always closes
the ovicell and zooecium.
There is only one aperture.
SUBCLE-
ITHRI AN
HYPER-
STOMIAL
OVICELL.
The oper-
culum in opening closes the ovicell. There are
two apertures.
Zd
PERISTOMIAL ANEUCLE-
ITHRIAN HYPERSTOMIAL
OVICELL. The ovicell
opens above the opercu-
lum in the peristomie.
INDEPENDENT (RECUM-
BENT) ANEUCLEITHRIAN
HYPERSTOMIAL OVICELL.
The ovicell is placed on
the distal wall of the
zooecium itself.
PERISTOMIAL
OVICELL. The
ovicell is formed
by a great en-
• largement of the
peristomie.
Op
Zd
ANEUCLEITHRIAN HYPER-
STOMIAL OVICELL. The ovi-
cell opens above the oper-
culum.
ENDOTOICHAL OVICELL.
The ovicell is separated
from the zooecium. Its
orifice is removed from the
aperture and placed on
the same plane.
FIG. 10. — Diagrams showing structure and terminology of ovicells of Cheilostomatous Bryozoa.
Loc, = locella; 0/),=operculum ; fH',=ovicell ; Pr,=peristomie; Zd,=distal zooecium: Zp,=
proximal zooecium. The thin broken line indicates the membranous ectocyst, while the thin
double line represents the operculum.
In 1909 Levinsen maintained that the ovicell is formed of two membranes—
the endooecium and the ectooedum. According to the family one or the other is
calcified. Between them there often is an intermediate layer which he called the
cryptocyst ; finally, in certain special cases the ovicell is covered by an ooecial cover,
independent of the two aforesaid membranes.
56 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The observations of Jullien appear to us more exact. In fact, almost always,
the formation of the ovicell is identical with that of the frontal. There are, how-
ever, some exceptions (Smittina, U-mbomila). Moreover, all the observations of
Levinsen are explained rather well by the manifestations of the three calcareous
deposits previously noted — olocyst, tremocyst, and pleurocyst. In all of our studies
we have not once found it necessary to have recourse to his theory.
Passage of the eggs. — The eggs are formed in the general cavity, but they do
not develop there. They pass into the ovicell. where, by successive segmentation,
they are transformed into embryos and into larvae. This passage is very delicate
(fig. 11, -4) ; it is assured by the tentacular sheath or by a sacciform expansion of the
endocyst (fig. 11, B) ; it is protected by some arrangements as varied as remarkable
and of which the principal are the following :
1. The functioning of a special operculum to the ovicell (fig. 11, C).
2. The functioning of the zooecial operculum itself, which closes the orifice
of the ovicell either always or only during the passage and the incubation. The
operculum is then strongly chitinized to serve for protection (fig. 11, D).
3. The development by thickening of the walls of a peristomie into which the
orifice of the ovicell opens (fig. 11, E}. The aperture is deep and closed by a
fragile operculum. The exterior orifice of the peristomie is the peristoimce; it is
irregular and surrounded by the peristom.e.
4. The obliquity of the apertura and the imbedding of the ovicell in the distal
zobecium forms a very small chamber or loc.ella. sufficiently protected; moreover,
the mucro, the labial appendages, and spines complete this little cell (fig. 11, F).
Fixation of the larva; Ancestrula. — The larva of the cheilostomatous bryozoa
after some hours of life in liberty becomes fixed on a substratum and then grows
into the zoarium. The first zooecium is the ancestrula. In the Malacostega this
ancestrula is analogous to the other zooecia, but smaller. In the Anasca there is
more variety. More often the ancestrula is a small zooecium identical with the
others. Frequently there are some interesting variations which have been studied
by the zoologists.
On fossils the ancestrula is very fragile and is very often broken. We have
been able nevertheless to figure a score of specimens almost always identical with
the zooecia. Only Puellina radiata Moll. 1803, Rhamphostomella simplex, new
species, and Smittina puncturata, new species, have given membraniporoid or modi-
fied ancestrulae.
The larvae of the bryozoa are not fixed at hazard ; they chose their own sub-
stratum, which is surprising. The Lunulariidae choose a grain of sand; others,
shells and stones; others, marine algae; and still others live only on a special
species of mollusca or bryozoa (symbiosis). The reader will find in the course of
this monograph. many interesting cases that we have noted. When these observa-
tions are sufficient they will permit us to reconstruct the submarine depths and their
biologic conditions.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
57
The transformation of the larva into the ancestrula has been the subject of the
histological works of Barrois, 1877, and of Levinsen, 1900. The zoarial budding
lias been the subject of works of Haddon, 1883; Davenport. 1891; Calvet, 1900;
Waters, 1906, etc.
FIG. 11. — Passage of the eggs.
A. Lepralia martyi Joliet, 1S77. a. Egg commencing to approach the entrance of the ovicell.
b. The same, some hours after and in which the egg is already strongly engaged in the passage
of the ovicell. (After Joliet, 1877.)
B. Schizopodrella (Schizoporella)nivea Busk, 1884, X 50. A sac-like structure (sc) is shown
at the base of each ovicell (oc), but of the numerous muscles in this sac only about half of
those in focus are drawn. It seems that the ovum (ov) passes into this sac which is then rup-
tured (r) and the ovum is pressed forward into the ovicell, where it segments. The small
oral glands (gl) are shown. .Em 6= embryo. (After Waters, 1913.)
C. Schizopodrella (Schizoporella) unicornis .Johnston, 1S47. Operculuin of the ovicell. (After
Levinsen, 1909.) It is probable that this figure is only a schematic one after a longitudinal
section on the order of figure B. cm, covering membrane; or, cryptocyst; ekto, ectocyst; endo,
endocyst; oo, ooecial operculum; op, operculum ; v, vestihulnm.
D. Micropora coriacea Esper, 1797, X 40. The operculum closing the ovicell protects the
passage of the eggs. (After Levinsen, 1909.)
E. Gastropella ventricosa Canu and Bassler, 1917. Sketch showing development of a peris-
tomie above the ovicell.
op, apertura ; asc, ascopore; ol, olocyst; ov, ovicell; pi, peristomie; pic, peristomice; pi, pillar;
z, zooecium.
F. Section through ovicell showing the locella protecting the passage of the eggs.
loc, locella ; op, operculum ; ov, ovicell ; zd, distal zooecium ; zp, proximal zooecium.
HYDROSTATIC FUNCTIONS.
Zooecial hydrostatic relations. — The discovery of the zooecial hydrostatic sys-
tem of the Cheilostomata was made by Jullien in 1888. It explained the greater
1 1888. Jullien, Sur la sortie et la rentre'e du Polypide dans les zooecies chez les Br.vozoaires Cheilos-
tomiens monodermigs, Bulletin Socigte Zoologique France, vol. 13, pp. 67, 68.
58 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
part of the opercular and muscular manifestations for a long time remaining abso-
lutely enigmatical.
In the Ascophora the polypide can emerge from the zooecium only if an equal
volume of water compensates this extrusion. For this purpose a sac called the
compensating} is placed under the dorsal. This sac communicates with the apertura
and occupies a part of the zooecial length ; to it parietal muscles are attached. At
the moment of extrusion of the polypide, the muscles contracting, enlarge the com-
pensatrix, the operculum in opening frees its orifice and a minute drop of water
penetrates into it, thus compensating for the polypide.
The entrance of the water into the compensatrix is a function which is exercised
in many ways, indicated by the frontal and by the operculum.
Operculum. — The operculum is a quite small chitinized organ, closing at the
same time the apertura and the compensatrix. It bears only a trace of occlusor
muscles (=retractor), because the polypide itself in emerging pushes open the
operculum.
.The anterior part, or anter. closes the orifice of extrusion of the polypide, or
porta; the posterior part, or poster; closes the orifice of the compensatrix. or vanna.
The principal cases of this function of the introduction of the water into the
compensatrix are mentioned below.
If the orifice of the compensatrix be very small, the latter is closed by a small
valve of the operculum, to which a small cleft or fissure of the apertura, the rimule,
corresponds (Schizoporellae). This operculum is chitinized and rigid; it moves
on two condyles and bears the marks of two feeble occlusor muscular bundles
(figs. 12,4-0).
If the orifice of the compensatrix be large, it is closed by a large valve of the
operculum, to which corresponds a large vanna, whose size is inversely propor-
tional to the length of the compensatrix. The hydrostatic effort being considerable,
the operculum is chitinized and rigid and sways on two cardelles; it bears two
lateral bands for the attachment of the powerful occlusor muscles (Hippoporina)
(figs. 12,D-F).
When the compensatrix is attached to the operculum the latter is thin, fragile,
semilunar, with a proximal border straight or convex. It does not always exactly
cover the apertura, whose form is nevertheless almost identical but with a proximal
border always concave. The orifice not covered by the operculum is that of the
compensatrix; it is protected by a lyrula or a mucro, and, according to the hydro-
static pressure, it moves on two condyles (Smittina) (figs. 12, <?-/).
In order to diminish the arrival of the water there is often a small peristomial
canal, or pseudorimule, or rimule-spiramen, or a spiramen opening into the
peristomie.
The form of the operculum is therefore identical with that of the apertura ; but
the latter on the fossils is not always visible exteriorly, for it may be hidden by the
1 Levinsen in 1909, in his Systematic and Morphological Studies on the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa, pp.
37-46, published a very complete study on the operculum.
NORTH AMKK10AN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
59
p.rax
FIG. 12. — Hydrostatic functions.
A. Operculum of Dakaria (Schisoporella) gelida Waters, 1903.
B. Interior of Da karia (ScJiixoporclla) gelida Waters, 1903. (After Waters.)
C. Compensatrix of Phonicosia sanguinea Norman, 1808. (After Harmer, 1902.)
D. Operculum of HippoponcUa hippopits Smitt, 1867. (After Waters, 1900.)
E. Interior of HippoporeUa mitltilamellosa, new species, X 20.
F. Compensatrix of Hippodiplosia pallasiana Moll, 1803. (After Harmer, 1902.)
G. Operculum of Smittina tripora Waters, 1903, X 85.
H. Apertura of Smittina tripora Waters, 1903, X 85, with operculum and below it the avicu-
larian glands with the mandible above the glands.
I. Compensatrix of Smittina trispinosa Johnston, 1837. (After Harmer, 1902.)
J. Operculum of Microporella malusi Audouin, 1S2G. (After Waters. 1878.)
K. Compensatrix and ascopore of MicroporeUa malusi Audouin. 1826. (After Harmer, 1902.)
6, polypide bud; 66, brown body; cond, condyle; corn, cornieula ; c. s, Compensatrix; in. p,
ascopore (=median pores) ; occl, occlusor muscles of operculum; op. gl, opercnlju- cchimls: p. c.
dietellae (=pore chambers) ; p. m, parietal muscles: p. v. m, parietovaginal muscles; r, zooecia.
60 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
mucro. by the avicularia, or at the base of the peristomie. The only practical
means of recognizing the apertura is the examination of the interior of the zooecium,
obtained by abrasion of the basal wall. Each time that it is possible one, should
not hesitate to make this preparation. It should be noted further that many of the
apertures are oblique and that their true form can be observed or drawn only by a
suitable tilting of the specimen, placing the plane of the apertura parallel to the
objective. In some rare species the operculum does not correspond exactly to the
apertura ; in such cases it is evident that for the paleontologist the problem can not
be solved.
According to Smitt, Hincks, and Jullien, the form of the operculum character-
izes the families. Some results obtained by the study of embryology do not permit
this theory to be held any longer. In the same family characterized by the same
larva the entrance of the water into the compensatrix may occur in diverse manners.
It is indubitable, however, that the form of the apertura is an excellent generic
character.
Ascopore. — -The compensatrix does not always open into the apertura. but it
may open exteriorly on the frontal by an ascopore (micropore). The operculum
is then semilunar with a straight proximal border (figs. 12, /, K).
Hypostege. — In the Anasca the hydrostatic system is external, as it is formed
of a cavity situated between the cryptocyst and the ectocyst. The cryptocyst is that
part of the skeleton immediately in contact with the endocyst. The parietal muscles
are attached to the cryptocyst when the latter is flexible (Flustridae) : they are
attached to the ectocyst when it is calcified (Onychocellidae, Steganoporellidae,
etc.). Here the sea water can not penetrate into the hypostege, for there is no
operculum, but a simple opercular valve intimately joined to the ectocyst. But
certainly there is a liquid in the hypostege; according as it is introduced or expelled,
it serves as a compensation to the polypide.
All the zooecial hyposteges evidently communicate with each other and form a
zoarial hydrostatic system. The simultaneous extrusion of all the polypides of the
same zoarium is therefore impossible; this is a notable inferiority in the internal
hydrostatic system of the Ascophora.
Zoarial hydrostatic system. — Calvet designated as the hypostege the space
included between the ectocyst and the cryptocyst. We believe that it is necessary
to make a distinction between this zoarial hypostege and the zooecial hypostege
described by Jullien and quite visible on a very large number of Anasca. It is
evident that all the hyposteges communicate with each other under the ectocyst.
In many species (Lunulariidae) with a chitinized and thick ectocyst, this
zoarial hydrostatic system is quite important.1 It permits adaptation to diverse
aquatic conditions and functions according to the principle of Archimedes.
The species which creep on algae have small tuberosities. The flexible and
extensile ectocyst alone is fastened on the algae and the small tuberosities glide
1 1915. Canu, Le systeme hydrostatique zoarial des Bryozoaires oheilostomes, Bulletin Socie'tS G6o-
logique France, jer. 4, vol. 15, p. 21.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 61
over this membrane. This arrangement avoids the disjunction of the zooecia with
rigid skeleton in consequence of the inevitable growth of the substratum.
The species which creep over very delicate algae have some longer tuberosities.
They have as their object the withdrawal of the ectocyst from the cryptocyst, to
augment the volume, in order to diminish the weight and thus to be. able to grow
on the algae, without making it bend over, risking an overturn. The reader will
find in the course of this monograph some very curious variations of the zoarial
hydrostatic system which it is needless to mention here.
Use of the vibracula. — Either attached by some radicels or placed under the
algae, the Lunulites, notably because of their turbinate form, are in a very unstable
position ; they upset at the least current of water. The animal maintains its normal
position by the aid of long articulated filaments called vibracula. These are then
objects for stabilization somewhat analogous to the balancing rod of a rope dancer.
These vibracula have a like function in man}' articulated genera ; Scrupoc.cllaria,
Bwellaria, Caberea, etc., parasites on algae, movements of which constantly com-
promise the equilibrium of their zoaria.
FUNCTIONS OF RELATION.
Avicularia. — The avicularia are heterozooecia formed of a small cell or avicu-
larian cavity and of a mobile mandible.
The avicularian cavity is constructed like one of the adjacent normal zooecia.
It contains an endocyst, an ectocyst, a zoarial hypostege, leucocytes, a mesenchyma-
tous plexus, and mandibular muscles. The only difference is in the abortion of the
polypide, which is reduced to the state of polypidian rudiment (= peculiar body,
ciliated organ). The mandibnlar muscles are powerful; there is an elevator bundle
(=abductor) of the mandible and an occlusor bundle ( = depressor, adductor,
retractor). The avicularian cavity is terminated by a beak.
" The mandibles of the avicularia are symmetrical and have the closing muscles
attached by one or two long tendons. They all have a straight proximal edge, and
work from this straight base either against the calcareous bar, or, in case this is not
complete, then from two teeth." (Waters, 1913.) Avicularian glands may occur.
The function of the avicularia is not yet known. It appears to be in relation
with the hydrostatic system. (Smittinidae, Metradoliwn obliquum, new species,
etc.) Many times the avicularia occur with the ovicell. They are always placed
in the vicinity of the apertura, and Canu considers them as being of service in
alimentation. Waters thought that they were organs of oxygenation. " The
polypide dies down from time to time, and a colony may be left with few or no
active polypides. It remains in vigor, through the avicnlarian organs retaining
vitality, and thus keeping the protoplasmic parenchyme in indirect communication
with the external surroundings. The avicularia have protoplasmic [mesenchyma-
1 See D'Orbigny, Bryozoaires crfitacfis, pi. 719, figs. 7, 15 ; pi. 721, figs. 3, 7, 11 ; pi. 723, fig. 12 ; pi.
731, fig. 7, etc. The presence of zoarial tuberosities Is not necessarily a proof of hydrostatism, for these
same tuberosities can exist in zoaria composed of many superposed lamellae.
62
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
rnuaal
FIG. 13. — Structure of the aviculariura.
E -85
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
FIG. 13. — Structure of the avicularium.
A. Avicularium of Bugula sabatieri Calvet, 1900. (After Calvet.)
<zr, area.
6, beak.
cl, partition.
ep, epidermis.
I, leucocytes.
md, mandible.
muab, mandibular abductor muscle.
muab', basal face of the mandible, where the
avicularium shows the insertion of two ab-
ductor muscles.
B. Exterior portion of an immersed avicularium; ar, membranous area; 6, beak; cmd,
mandibular cavity; md, mandible.
C. Longitudinal section of the avicularium of Schizopodrella ( Schisoporella) linearis var.
hastata Hincks, 1880. (After Calvet, 1900.)
muad, mandibular adductor muscle.
nine, extensor muscle of the avicularium.
muf, flexor muscle of the avicularium.
mup, parietal muscles.
p, peduncle.
pa, polypidian rudiment.
rm, mesenchymatous network (or plexus).
s, cilia of the polypidian rudiment.
ce, external layer of the ciliated organ.
ci, internal layer.
cmd, mandibular cavity.
vry, cryptocyst (skeleton).
ect, ectocyst.
epa, avicularian epidermis.
cpT>, frontal epidermis of the bryozoid.
epf, facial epidermis.
cph, hypostegial epithelium.
hy, hypostege.
md, mandible.
muati, mandibular abductor muscle.
muad, mandibular adductor muscle.
pa, polypidian rudiment (=ciliated organ).
D. Enoplostomella synthctica, new species, X 20, showing tremopores transformed into avi-
cularia.
E. Section of Cellaria denitanti MacGillivray, 1887, showing the large avicularian chamber
and the intermediate zooecia (c). (After Waters, 1904.)
P. Interzooecial avicularia, with pivot, of Grammella cmssimarginata Hincks, 1S81.
G. Curved onychocellarium of Onychocella laciniosa, new species, X 20.
H. Straight and symmetrical onychocellarium of Floridina antlqua Smitt, 1872. X 20.
I. Reticulocellarium of Tlwlamoporella granulata Levinsen, 1909. (After Osburn, 1914.)
J. Avicularian zooecium of Porella plamilntrt, new species, X 20.
64 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
tous] threads passing to the peculiar body, and the vitality of the colony will, both
in times of full and diminished vigor, be increased by the avicularia; for the con-
stant snapping of the mandibles often continues" when the polypides are not extend-
ing themselves out the zooecia, and, as before said, even when there are few or
no polypides. Sections often show the avicularia in unchanged conditions, when
the zooecia only contain hystolysed remains of polypides." (Waters, 1904.)
The avicularia are not protective organs, as former authors believed; in fact,
they are developed and much elongated in the most protected part of the zoarium.
This phenomenon is of constant occurrence in the Cellepores.
The avicularia develop very often in the place of the tremopores and areolae;
the zoologists have figured many examples of them ; we ourselves have been able to
observe such occurrences on Schizopodrella linea Lonsdale, 1845, and on Enoplo-
stomella synthetica Canti and Bassler, 1917.
There are three principal kinds of avicularia — articulated, frontal or immersed,
and interzooecial.
The articulated avicularia exist on the articulated zoaria ; they are. often very
complicated and quite perfected organisms (fig. 13. A).
Frontal or immersed avicularia. — These are quite variable; it is always possible
to distinguish the corneo-chitinous mandible, the calcified beak, the membranous
frontal area, and a mandibular cavity. (Fig. 13, B.) These are quite small and
simple, without pivot or denticle, hardly distinct from the areolae.1 Others, on the
contrary, are highly perfected. (Fig. 13, C.) The glands mentioned by Waters
have unknown functions.
Interzooecial avicularia. — There are ordinary zooecia deprived of polypide and
containing only muscles. (Fig. 13, E.) Their variations are very important, for
they express corresponding anatomical peculiarities. Their frontal is chitinous in
the Malacostega (fig. 13, /*"), calcified in the Coilostega; in the latter case they
constitute the onychocellaria (figs. 13, G, H) of Jullien, and in the group of the
Tubifera they form the reticuloceUaria of Canu (fig. 13 /). They are straight and
symmetrical if the polypide of the adjacent zooecium has its large retractor muscle
placed at the middle of the base (fig. 13, //) : they are unsymmetrical if the same
muscle is attached laterally, as in the genus Onychocella (fig. 13, G). In the Asco-
phora the interzooecial avicularia occur chiefly in the family Adeonidae. Never-
theless it is not rare to find some zooecia provided with a mandible (Porella planu-
lata, new species, MetroperieUa grandipora, new species, etc.). (Fig. 13, J.)
Vibracula. — The vibracula are heterozooecia formed of a cavity with chitinous
or calcareous walls and of a long cilium or seta. Their organization is identical
with that of the avicularia; they differ only in the articulation of the seta (=whip
or flagellum) and in the great length of the latter.
" The base of the asymmetrical seta of the vibracula is very complicated with
a large number of curiously shaped protuberances, to some of which the muscles
1 On the fossils it is often impossible to say if an observed small pore is a tremopore, an avicularium, a
vibraculum, or a radicular pore.
XORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
65
PIG. 14. — Structure of the vibraculuui.
A. Longitudinal section of a vibraculum of Caberca boryi Audouin, 1826. (After Calvet, 1900.)
mcl, vibraculoid mandible or seta.
muab, nmndibular abductor muscle.
muud, mandibular adductor muscle.
[in, polypidian rudiment ( = abortive polypide=
ciliated organ = peculiar body).
ce, external layer of the polypidian rudiment.
ci, internal layer.
ciiid. cavity of the vibraculoid mandible (=seta).
cct, ectocyst.
eiia, vibracularian epidermis.
epf, facial epidermis.
B. Base of vibraculum of Cribrilina latimarginata Busk, 1SS4, X 150.
C. Lower part of vibraculum of SeJenaria maculata Busk, 1852, X 250.
D. Base of vibraculum of Cupulatlria cunaricnxis Busk. 1852, X 250. (R-D, after Waters,
1888.)
E. F. Vibracula and seta of Lunuliles patelliformis Maplestone, 1904.
G, H. Vibracula and seta of Lunulites rrpandus Maplestone, 1004. (E-H, after Maplestone.)
I. Auriculated vibracula of Vt'bracelUna capiJInrin Canu and Bassler, 1917, X 20.
55899— 19— Bull. 106 5
66 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL, MUSEUM.
are attached fascia, but without any long tendon; they are more attached by a
short band to various parts of the base of the seta. The vibracular base is very
small, so that it is difficult to follow the complicated mechanism; the reason for
this complication is found in the seta being movable in all directions. Very
minute glands occur." (Waters, 1913.)
There are two sorts of interzooecial vibracula, the symmetrical and the non-
symmetrical or auriculated (Fig. 14).
Mucro. — The mucro is a skeletal appendix, more or less salient and placed
before the apertura. Its function is not yet clearly known. It is elongated in
the more protected parts of the zoarium, just as the avicularia are. Moreover it
appears to have the same use. Calvet in 1902 had already mentioned that in Schiso-
porella ambita Waters. 1902, and in Emballotheca subimmcrsa, MacGillivray,
the suboral avicularium, is sometimes wanting and is replaced more often by a
mucro becoming confused with the calcareous thickenings which surround the
inferior border of the zooecial orifice in the somewhat aged bryozooids. We have
noticed the same thing in Metradolium labratulum, new species. In the Cellopores
the mucro of the deep zooecia, like the avicularia, sometimes projects to the level
of the uppermost zooecia.
Spines. — The function of the spines is still not yet known. They become
elongated in the protected parts of the zoarium. They do not exist on species pro-
vided with a long peristomie.
Radicular fibers. — The radicular fibers attach the zoaria to submarine objects.
They leave only small perforations on the zooecia or on the avicularia in most of
the articulated species. On the turbinated zoaria, in the Lunulites form of growth,
they emerge from special, small zooecia without polypide perforated by a single
pore.
ZOOECIA.
Form and size. — The internal form of the zooecium is evidently in rapport
with the reciprocal arrangement of all the soft parts in the interior. Unfortu-
nately no zoological study has been made along this line which may be fruitful
from the viewpoint of classification.
The external form is still more variable because of the intensity of calcifica-
tion. It is in evident rappoit with the surrounding medium and shows characters
of adaptation. The influence of the medium on the zooecial form has never been
the object of any zoological work.
" More generally the length of the tentacles is in rapport with that of the
zooecia. In Aetea anguina, Eucratea lafontii, Bugularia, Cell aria fist:ilosu,
Cellaria salicornoides, Flustra securifrons, Microporella heckeli, Flustrelln
hispida, Pherusia tubulosa, Cylind.roecium dilatum and all the cyclostomes in
which the zooecia are at least two times longer than wide, the tentacles are them-
selves long and often exceed half the length of the bryozooid. This rule is never-
theless not absolute and allows rather numerous exceptions. In Bowerbanlcia
piistulosa, V esicularia spinosa, Amathia lendigera, and A. tcmiconvoluta, for
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 67
example, in which the zooecial cells are relatively very elongate, the tentacles are
short and never exceed a third of the length of the bryozooid. Finally they are
of a medium length in other species and have about two-fifths of the length of the
bryozooid. The dimensions in thickness are also quite variable. Yet it seems that
they are proportional to the dimensions of the general cavity and inversely to
the number of the tentacles." (Translated from Calvet, 1900.) 1
We give for each species the exterior micrometric dimensions of the zooecia ; our
measurements only express the average or the most frequent measurements. We
are not able to draw up any general law. Very frequently the length is double the
width; the other relations are more rare. There must be some very interesting
studies to be made along this line, but we have not had th& time to do so. and, more-
over, a zoological basis is wanting absolutely.
Total regeneration. — The regeneration of the polypide is a phenomenon well
known in bryozoology ; it leaves no trace in the Cheilostomata. Sometimes, for causes
unknown, it is the entire individual which is regenerated. This total regeneration
leaves some external traces. It was thoroughly studied by Levinsen in 1907,2 and
he cited numerous examples. In the course of our work we have noted some inter-
esting observations which confirm those of Levinsen. Following are some of the
cases :
1. Replacement of a zooecium by an avicularium.
Hincksina Tnegavicularia, new species (pi. 23, fig. 1).
Lacerna hexagonalis, new species (pi. 44, fig. 20).
2. Female polypide succeeding a male polypide.
Hincksina elegans, new species (pi. 80, fig. 15).
3. Female zooecium inverted and succeeding a male polypide.
Membraniporidra laticella, new species (pi. 26, fig. 5).
4. Replacement of a zooecium by a zooecium.
FloridineUa vicksl irgica, Canu and Bassler (pi. 82, fig. 26).
5. Replacement of an ordinary zooecium by an inverted zooecium.
Membraniporidra laticella, new species (pi. 26, fig. 4).
6. Replacement of a normal zooecium by a calcified zooecium.
Euritina tecta, new species (pi. 5, fig. 2).
Velumetta plicata, new species (pi. 34, fig. 4).
7. Replacement of an avicularian zooecium by another avicularian zooecium.
Schizomavella granulosa, new species (pi. 46, fig. 15).
3. Triple regeneration.
GrammeUa crassimarginata Hincks (pi. 24, fig. 13).
Alderina crassa, new species (pi. 29, fig. 7).
The effecting cause of fotal regeneration is unknown.
1 Contributions a 1'historie naturelle des Bryozoaires ectoproctes marius, Travaux d'Institut de
Zoologie de 1'Universitg de Montpelier, Memoire No. 8, p. 183.
- 1907. Levinsen. Sur la rtge'ne'ration totale des Bryozoaires, Bulletin Academic Royal des sciences et
des Icttres de Danemark, pp. 151-160.
68 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Calcified sooecia. — Calcification of the frontal in the Anasca and of the
apertura in the Ascophora is a phenomenon quite frequent and still inexpli-
cable. It is produced by the death of the polypide by accident or disease. Gen-
erally the calcined lamella is perforated; rarely it remains entire; sometimes it
disappears under the tremopores.
We have mentioned the calcified zooecia each time that we have observed them,
but for want of material we have not been able to make a detailed study. Follow-
ing are some examples:
Ramphonotus laevis, new species (pi. 1. fig. 14).
L'tctonychoceHa lAlam< lltiritt. new species (pi. 33, fig. 3).
Floridinella vicksburgica Canu and Bassler, 1917 (pi. 82, fig. 26).
Metroperiella biplanata, new species (pi. 47. fig. 15).
M etroperiella porosa, new species (pi. 47. fig. 8).
Smittina exig:ia, new species (pi. 59, fig. 17).
Smittina angulata Eeuss (pi. 60, fig. 8).
Cyclicopora spongiopsis De Gregorio (pi. 88, -fig. 10).
Porella irregularis, new species (pi. 62, fig. 20).
Porella abdita, new species (pi. Co, fig. 3).
Porella portentosa, new species (pi. 64, fig. 17).
Adeonidae^ Hippopodinidae.
Vrstibulnr arch. — The superior portion of the tentacular sheath is called thft
vestibulum. The latter is calcified sometimes in the vicinity of the anter of the
apertura; this calcified lamella is the vestibular arch. It is very delicate and is
little resistant in fossilization. We have rarely found it on our American speci-
mens. (Figs. 15, C. D.)
ZOAEIUM.
Terminology. — For a given species, the form of the zoarium is almost, always
identical; nevertheless it is not rare to find some species both incrusting and free,
the latter form of growth being only an advanced phase of the former. Some of
the genera of bryozoa, now entirely archaic, were based on growth forms alone,
and their names we now preserve in the literature simply in describing the form of
zoaria. Among such names are the following:
Eschara refers to any free form of Ascophora with two lamellae back to back.
Lunulites comprise all the free turbinate, conical forms.
Lepralia, is an incrusting form.
Biftustra has reference to a free form of the Anasca with two lamellae back
to back.
Yincularia has rod-like zoaria.
Celleporaria is a creeping form of the Anasca.
Cellepora is any bryozoan made up of cumulate zooecia.
1 1913. Larger (Ren6), La contre-gvolution ou dSggnerescence par I'herMite pathologique cause natu-
relle de 1'extinction des groupes animaux netuels pt fossiles. Essai de pal£opathologie g£n£rale compnrei'.
Paris.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
69
We have avoided the use of these archaic terms in our descriptions save
Eschara, Lunulites, and Vincularia.
The causes of zoarial variations are unknown.
The free zoaria very seldom remain intact in fossilization and we most always
find them in the state of minute fragments. When the lattor are very numerous it
is always interesting to attempt their restoration. Those which we have made
Ex50
3 x20
FIG. 15. — Structure of the vestibular arch, etc.
A. Membrendoecium rectum, new species. X 20. Calcified zooecia.
B. Hincksina vicksburgica, new species. X 20. Opesium not completely covered by calci-
fication.
C. D. Harmeria diaphana MacGillivray. 1879. C. The distal half of a zooecium, the frontal
wall of which has been removed, so that the highly developed vestibular arch may be seen and
the rods by which it is connected with the lateral walls, X 55. D. The distal half of a zooecium,
seen from the "basal surface after removal of the basal wall. The basal wall of the vestibular
arch is seen, X 55. ( After Levinsen, 1909.)
E. Vestibular arch of MticroncUa peartii Johnston, 1847, X 50. ( After Busk, ]S54.)
F. Diatoms and radiolaria found in the digestive apparatus of Clia/icrin x/iinoftu Qnoy and
Caimarrt, 1824. (After Jullien, 1S8S.)
belong to species branching in a single plane and were relatively esuy. AVe yet do
not know how to restore the bushy zoaria.
Habitat. — The bryozoa live — first, in deep water; second, in waters always
clear and limpid; and, third, in waters constantly agitated superficially by tempests
and deeply stirred by currents. (D'Or'nigny. 1S50.)
70 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The bryozoa are reduced for food to planktonic organisms; it is probable that
they thrive particularly in places where a brisk current exists. The straits and
narrow passages are ordinarily rich in bryozoa. (Nordgaard, 1912.) They feed
upon diatoms and radiolaria (fig. 15, F).
The moving sands with large siliceous elements are not favorable for the
habitat of bryozoa and there one can scarcely encounter a single example. The
rocky facies, on the contrary, lend themselves very well to the establishment of
colonies of bryozoa which swarm there. The muddy bottoms are very poor in
bryozoa (Guerin-Ganivet, 1912).
The bryozoa are rather numerous in the shell sands. They are numerous in
the zone of the mud sands with microcosms (25-60 meters) ; the shells serve as
substratum to the numerous incrusting bryozoa, whereas the erect bryozoa more
generally spread over the tunic of ascidians (Calvet, 1902).
The zoarial articulation is in rapport with the mobility of the habitat and with
the zooecial fragility which requires some protection. All articulated species are
then commensals of the great marine meadows.
PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION OF THE CHEILOSTOMATA.
The principles of classification of this order are still imperfect in spite of the
quite extended research of several students. Formerly the classification was based
on purely zoarial features, but in the latter half of the nineteenth century the
zooecial characters were more closely studied, especially by D'Orbigny, Smitt, and
Hincks. The latter author considered especially the form of the aperture, in
other words, only the hydrostatic system. In 1888, and again in 1903, Jullien
established the systematic set of characters for consideration. These are as follows
in diminishing order of importance :
Essential characters; general morphology (order); form of the frontal wall
(sub-order) ; form of the aperture and of the opercuhim (family) ; presence of
cardelles, occurrence of lyrula, and finally ovicells and radicels.
Secondary characters or specific ; frontal punctations, avicularia, and vibracula.
In 1900 Canu wrote that every family ought to be based on an anatomical
peculiarity common to all its members and fixed in an uninterrupted series of
descendence. He established genera according to the variations of this anatomical
peculiarity and according to the divergence of its evolutionary characters. This
was the perfection of the ideas of Jullien, but the partial application made by
Waters on the opercula and the avicularian mandibles did not appear always to lead
to universal results nor to the establishment of very natural genera.
We now believe that other principles are better. In the bryozoa, as in other
living beings, the form is only the result of functions; therefore in the study of
the morphological variations of the organs we now substitute that of their physio-
logic functions. Our studies are therefore always directed toward the discovery of
functions which modify the skeletal form.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 71
Family. — All the species which have the same larval form have the same
lineage and belong to the same family; therefore. the family is characterized by its
larval system. The ovicell in which the larva develops is necessarily in rapport
with it, and a knowledge of its structure gives the essential characters for readily
interpreting the physiological utility of the morphological and skeletal variations.
Genus. — A really natural genus differs from another genus only in possessing
a different function and not in the different form of any skeletal part. The essential
functions common to all bryozoa without exception are :
1. Passage of eggs and escapement of the larvae (=rapport of the operculum
and the ovicell).
2. Hydrostatic system and extrusion of the polypide ( = form of the aperture
and rapport of the operculum with the compensatrix).
3. Calcification and chitinization (= nature of the skeletal part and of the
frontal considered as immediate deposits of the endocyst).
All of these functions are indispensable. We combine them in such a way
that all the species of a genus have the same essential functions.
We have rigorously followed this principle in the establishment of our new
genera; we have also modified the descriptions of the described natural genera
which were often incomplete.
Evidently often the form indicates the function; for example, the form of
the aperture reveals the hydrostatic function, the presence of the cardelles indicates
the movements of the operculum, the presence of a lyrula indicates the nature
of the operculum, etc. But there are some morphologic variations without
generic importance which may be common to numerous species; for example, nature,
form, and attachment of the costules, granulations, and pleurocystal pores, form
of the zooecium, presence of a rhamma, angle of divergence of zooecia. etc. These
are the characters of adaption and are not the immediate result of essential
functions.
A genus containing species combined only by the identity of characters of
adaptation is not a natural one.
The function of the avicularia and onychocellaria is not known, but it can not
be common to all bryozoa since many species are deprived of these structures;
they therefore can not furnish good generic characters. Nevertheless, there are
some groups in which their presence appears to be absolutely indispensable to the
life of the zoarium and we have therefore considered them sometimes in our
generic diagnoses. We are not certain that we are in the right path, but in the
actual state of nomenclature such hesitation is permissible; moreover, the num-
ber of the genera to be suppressed is not considerable if in the future we should
not be justified.
Species. — All the morphological variations and all of the characters of adaption
are specific characters. They are always utilized without method because we are
ignorant of the life of bryozoa.
72
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
SYSTEMATIC CLASSIFICATION OP EARLY TEHTIAKY CHEILOSTOMATA.
We have inserted the following table showing the classification of the bryozoa
here described in order to have a graphic aid in comprehending their position :
Suborder Anasca
(Compensation sac wanting.)
Suborder Ascophora
(Compensation sac present.)
Division Malacostega. .
DivUion Coilostega.. .
Electrinidae D'Orbigny, 1851.
Membraniporae Canu and Bassler, 1917 .
Aeteidae Smitt, 1867 .
Scrupocellariidae Levinsen, 1909.
Farciminaridae Busk, 1852.
Eucratiidae Hincks, 1880.
Chaperiidae Jullien, 1888.
Opesiulidae Jullien, 1888 (Subfamilies
Onychocellidae, Microporidae, and
Lunularidae).
Stefjanoporellidae Levinsen, 1909.
Thalamoporellidae Levinsen, 1909.
fMembranicellariidae Levinsen, 1909.
Division Pseudostega . < Cellariidae Hincks, 1880.
(.Coscinopleuridae Canu, 1913.
'Costulae.
Acroporidae Canu, 1913.
Hippothoidae Le\-insen, 1909.
Escharellidae Levinsen, 1909 (Groups Schizoporellae, Hippo-
porae, Peristomellae, and Microporellae).
Stomachetosellidae Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Smittinidae Le\-insen, 1909.
Reteporidae Imperato, 1859.
Galeopsidae Jullien, 1903.
Hippopodinidae Levinsen, 1909.
Tubucellariidae Busk, 1884.
Catenicellidae Busk, 1852.
Adeonidae Jullien, 1903
Phylactellidae Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Celleporidae Busk, 1852.
Conescharellinidae Levinsen, 1909.
SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTIONS.
Order CHEILOSTOMATA Busk.
Suborder ANASCA Levinsen.
A zooecial hydrostatic system is absent, but a zoarial hydrostatic system is
present, and is included between the cryptocyst and the ectocyst.
The Anasca are classified under the three divisions Malacostega. Coilostega,
and Pseudostega.
Division I. MALACOSTEGA Levinsen, 1909.
The parietal muscles are attached to the cryptocyst. which if? always chitinous.
The operculum is a membranous valve (fig. 16). In the
fossil forms the frontal wall is quite or partially uncalicified.
The families of this division are as follows, those in the
first column being represented in this work :
Elcetrimclae D'Orbig7iy, 1851. Bicellariida'e Smitt, 1807.
Membraniporae Cami and
Bassler. 1917.
Aeteidae Smitt, 1867.
Scrupocellariidae Levinsen,
1909.
Farciminariidae Busk, 18S4.
Eucratiidae Hincks, 1880.
fm
oryp
Flustridae Smitt, 1867.
Notamiidae Hincks. 1880.
Family ELECTRINIDAE D'Orbigny, 1851.
FIG. 16.— Sketch illustrat-
ing structure of the
Malacostega.
Transverse section of a
zooecium of a Flustrine
form, showing the mem-
branous ectocyst (fm, fron-
tal membrane), the mem-
branous cryptocyst(cn/p),
and the parietal muscles
(p. m.). (After Harmer,
1902.)
Bibliography (Anatomical'). — 1865, SMITT, Oru Hafs-Bryozoeruas
utveckling och fettkroppar, Ofversigt Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akade-
miens Forhandlingar, vol. 22, pi. 1, figs. 1-10 ; pi. 2, figs. 1-4. — 1868, SCHNEIDER, Ueber die
Ent\vickelung von Cyphonautes compressus zu Membranipora pilosa, Sitzungsberiehte der
'Gesellschaft der naturforschenden Freunde, pi. 16. — 1871, NITSCHE. Beitriige zur Kennt-
nis der Bryozoen. III. Ueber die Anatomie und Entwickelungsgeschichte von Flustra
membranacea, Zeitschrift fiir wlssenschaftliche Zoologie, vol. 21, pis. 4-6. — 1875, REPIACHOFF,
Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte der Tendra zostericola, Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliehe Zoolo-
gie, vol. 25, pis. 7-9. — 1877, BAKROIS, Recherches sur 1'embryologie des Bryozoaires, Travaux
de Institut de Zoologie, Lille, fasc. 1, pi. 4. — 1SSO, REPIACHOFF, On the Morphology of the
Bryozoa (in Russian), Memoires Societe Nouvelle Russe., vol. 6. pis. 1, 2. — 1000, CALVKT, Con-
tribution a 1'histoire naturelle des Bryozoaires ectoproctes niarins. Travaux Institut Zoologie
de Universite de Montpellier. Mem. S, pi. 6, figs. 7-10. — 1907, BOGOLEPOW. Wachstum und Leben
der Kolonien der Tendra zostericola an den Gliisern der Aquarien, Zeit. Anzcitri1, vol. 32. pp.
306-316.— 1908, ROHEKTSON-. The incrusting Cheilostomatous Bryn/ua of the West Coast of
North America. University of California Publications, vol. 4. No. ">. n. i'«'i!i. i.l. 17. figs. 24, 25.
•
73
74
BUM. KT1N 106, UNITE!) STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
M MiO
pern ly pf
FIG. T7. — Family Electrinidne D'Orbigny, 1851.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIAIll' BRYOZOA.
75
FIG. 17. — Family Eleetriuidae D'Orbiguy, 1851.
A-F. Elect ru pilosa Linnaeus, 175S. (Larval form=Uyi>hunautcs cumprcssus Klireii-
berg, 1833.)
A, B. Lateral views of larva, X 50, immediately after occlusion.
C. Larva, X 50, a little before fixation.
D. View from front, X 50. (A-D, After Barrois, 1877.)
c, corona.
cc, cavity of segmentation,
re, cavity of the stomach.
coe, lateral diverticulum of the stomach cavity.
coq, shell.
cst, stomach.
/, fossette of the plume.
/i, portion charged with elements (hepatic?)
under the enigmatic organ of Schneider.
mi, aboral mass.
o, mouth of the gastrula.
I'll, pharynx.
/'/, ciliary plume.
r. large retractor muscles.
-«. oral face.
si. separating furrow of the terminal bud.
rt. terminal bud.
E. Sketch showing anatomy of polypule. (After Calvet. 1900.)
ocs, oesophagus.
nit. intertentacular organ.
<>l>. operculum.
ova, ovary.
!>!/. pylorus.
re, rectum.
«/>, spermatoblast morulae.
«n, anus.
fa, cardia.
caec, caecum.
d, vaginal diaphragm.
i at, stomach.
muop, opercular muscles.
iinii/i', large retractor muscles of the polypide
(or of the lophophore).
mitpd, parietal or expulsor muscles of the poly-
pide.
F. Longitudinal section of the intertentacular organ. (After Calvet, 1900.)
ct, tentacular canal. met, anhistous membrane of the tentacles.
ete, external tentacular epithelium. oi, superior orifice.
cti, internal tentacular epithelium. as, superior cavity,
i, inferior cavity. re, rectum.
G, H. Sfcmlranipora menibranacea Linnaeus, 175S.
Two drawings exhibiting the anatomy of the polypide, X 100.
(After Nitsche, 1871.)
c, cardinl part of the stomach.
d, interior diaphragm of the tentacular sheath.
ec, 'ectocyst.
en, endocyst.
oes, esophagus.
op, fold of the opercular valve.
opm, muscles of the operculum.
P, pyloric part of the stomach.
inn. parietal or extensor muscles of the poly-
pide.
R, rectum.
KM, retractor muscles of the lophophore (or
of the polypide).
mill, septula.
st, stomach.
T. tentacles.
tscli, tentacular sheath.
x. mesenchyme.
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Zooecia having a chitinous frontal. Intertentacvtlar organ present. Larva a
Cyphonautes. No avieularia. No dietellae. Operculum with thickened border.
Historical.— The family Electrinidae was established in 1851 by D'Orbigny for
species possessing " celhiles en cornet," and was based on the genus Electro. Lamour-
oux, 1816. Two genera,
Canfla and Cohered, which
D'Orbigny included in the
family at that time, had to
be withdrawn, because they
did not have the same larval
features. The Electra pilosa
group has been the subject
of numerous anatomical
studies.
The. Membranacea group
is also a natural division,
and it is considered as con-
taining typical Membrani-
pora, which is the basis of
the family Membraniporidae
Smitt, 1866. The inter-
tentacular organ is known
here also. In 1906 Miss
Robertson discovered the
Cyphonautes larva in Mem-
branipora villosa, which
therefore belongs to the
same group.
Electra and Membrani-
pora, having similar larval
forms, belong to the same
family, Electrinidae. This
. l-opercular
| valve
Jlareal spines
-•^-gymnocyst
--opeslum
- flagellum
FIG. 18. — Genus Electra Lamouroux, 1816.
A-E. Electra pilosa Linnaeus, 1758. A. Several zooecia, X 46,
illustrating structure. (After Hincks, 1880.) B. Drawing show-
ing intertentacular organ (i. o.), X 20. C. Lateral wall, exhib-
iting multiporous septulae (s), X 47. D, E. Uniporous septulae
of the distal wall, X 47. (B-E, after Levinsen, 1894.) name, given by D'Orbigny,
has the right of priority.
Classification. — The known genera of the Electrinidae are as follows :
Electra Lamouroux, 1816.
Membranipoi'a Blainville, 1834.
Heterooecium Hincks, 1892.
Pyripora D'Orbigny, 1852.
Herpetopora Lang, 1914.
The two latter genera have been placed in the family on account of zooecial
resemblance, and not from a study of their anatomy.
Genus ELECTRA Lamouroux, 1816.
1816. Electra LAMOUROUX, Histoire cles Polypiers Cornlligenes flexibles, p. 121.
The frontal is a gymnocyst. There is a circle of spines around the frontal area.
The distal septulae are uniporous. The lateral walls have 2 or Z multiporous
septulae.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 77
Genotype. — Electro, pilosa Linnaeus, 1758. Range. — Eocene-Recent.
The recent species belonging- to this genus are according to Levinsen and
Waters:
Electro, (Flustra) pilosa Linnaeus, 17.">s.
Electro, verticcllata Lnmouroux, 1316.
Electro. (Membranipora) Ijcllula, Hindis, 1880.
Electro, (Flustra) triacantha Lamouroux, 1816.
Electro, (Membranipora) distort a Hincks. 1880.
Electro, (Tendra) zostc.ricola Nordman. 1839.
Electro, (Membraniporo) monostachys Busk, 1852.
Electro, (Membranipora) b icolor Hincks, 1880.
Electro, (Membranipora) tenrlla Hincks, 1880.
ELECTRA PARVIMATER, new species.
Plate 19, figs. 1-3.
1 Description. — The zoarium incrusts oysters; it is uniserial around the ances-
trula, but later it develops into multiserial branches. The zooecia are elongated,
distinct, pyriform; the gymnocyst is smooth and convex; the mural rim is enlarged
at the base, flat, and finely striated. The opesium is large, oval, very finely crenu-
lated. The ancestrula is very small.
.-. . A0=02S mm1 r/ - \Lz=UAO mm.
Measurements. — Opesium , Zooecium 7
[ lo=0.l') mm. [43=0.24 mm.
Affinities. — This species belongs to the group of Electra monostachys Busk,
1852. It differs from Busk's species in its smaller micrometric dimensions and in
the oval form of the zooecia. Moreover the extreme smallness of the ancestrular
zooecia hap not been noted in this latter, species.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : 2-J miles north of Robert,
Newton County, Mississippi (rare).
Holotype.—Qnt, No. 65S65, U.S.N.M.
Genus MEMBRANIPORA Blainville, 1834.
1834, Membranipora BJ.AINVILLE, Manuel d'Actinologie ou de Zoophytologie, p. 447.
No gymnocyst on the frontal. Two spines at least.
Genotype. — Membranipora mcmbranacea Linnaeus, 1758. Miocene-Recent.
The living species belonging to this genus are, according to '"Waters:
Membranipora mcmbranacea Linnaeus, 1758.
Membranipora danica Levinsen, 1894.
Membranipora (Flustra) tuberculata Bosc, 1802.
Membranipora (Flustra) inca D'Orbigny, 1839.
1 In the citation of measurements, ho is the length and lo the width of the opesia, Lz and te similarly
the length and width of the zooecia, Lr and Iv the same for vibraciiliim. Lnn and Jon for the onycho-
cellaria, lia and la for the apertura, etc.
78 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Membranipora villosa Hincks, 1880.
Membranipora (Flustra) isdbelleana D'Orbigny. 1839.
Membranipora pura Hincks, 1880.
Membranipora (Flustra) tehuelcha D'Orbigny, 1839.
Membranipora nitens Hincks, 1880.
Membranipora hyadcsi Jullien, 1888.
Genus HETEROOECIUM Hincks, 1892.
1892. Heterooecium HINCKS, Contributions towards a General History of the Marine Polyzoa,
Appendix, Annals and Magazine Natural History, ser. 6, vol. 9, p. 312.
The ovicell is acanthostegous.
Genotype. — Heterooecium amplectens Hincks. 1881. Eecent.
st
FIG. 19. — Genus Meinlrunii>ora Blainville, 1834.
A, B. Membranipora membranacea Linnaeus, 17oS. A. Ordinary zooecia, X 15. B. Abnormal
cells ("tower zooecia"), X 15. (After Hincks, 1SSO.)
C. Cyphonautes occidentalis Robertson, 190S, the larval stage of Membranipora villosa
Hincks, 1880, X 70, showing the organism in optical section as it appears while still living and
lying on its side, a, apex; ab, aboral; add. mus., adductor muscle; ant, anterior; op. t, apical
tuft; d, denticle; fl, fiber; int, intestinal tract; m, mouth; O, oral; post, posterior; pyr, pyrifonn
body ; rb, rib ; re. d, retractile disk ; st. c, stiff cilia ; stm, stomach ; sue, sucker.
Genus PYRIPORA D'Orbigny, 1852.
1852. Pyripora D'ORBIGNY, Paleontologie francaise, Terrain Cretace, Bryozoaires, vol. 5,
p. 538.
Colony fixed, creeping over the surface of other bodies, formed of little regular,
longitudinal and lateral lines of cells placed one after the other, not contiguous
laterally, and disposed in a manner to represent creeping branches more or less
extended. Cellules pyriform, narrow behind, and enlarged in front, open in dead
or fossil individuals over the greater part of their anterior portion. No special
pores, no accessory cells, nor ovarian vesicles. (After D'Orbigny, 1852.) The
operculum is calcified. (Levinsen, 1909.)
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
79
Genotype. — Membranipora catenularia, Jameson, 1814.
Range. — Cretaceous-Recent.
The French author added that in creating the genus Pyripora in the Prodrome
of Stratigraphic Paleontology he had placed there all species with colonies formed
of isolated cells, but that now in the restriction of families it was necessary to
give more special characters, and that therefore he would restrict Pyripora solely
to species with large open cells without special pores.
History and discussion. — In 1847, when D'Orbigny published his Prodrome, it
was the author's idea that this was only a provisional work which later researches
would modify. D'Orbigny's supplementary work classifying both fossil and
recent bryozoa was published in the Paleontologie Franchise of 1850 to 1852. This
A «55
FIG. 20. — Genus Heterooccium Hincks, 1892.
A, B. Heterooedum amplcctens Hincks, 1892.
A. Several zooecia, X 55. The small denti-
cles are not only seen at the margin of the
membranous area but are also visible through
the calcined wall of the frontal surface. The
acanthostegous ovicell (ov. a.) has its cavity
between the spines and the ectocyst. B. The
frontal wall of a zooecium, X 75, seen from the
internal surface. (After Levinsen,1909.)
FIG. 21.— Genus Pyripora D'Orbigny, 1852.
A, B. Pyripora catenularia Jameson, 1814. A. Lin-
ear form, X 25, with regenerated zooecia. B. Ex-
pansion of zooecia, X 25, with all of them regen-
erated. (After Hincks, 1880.)
superseded the Prodrome, and of course is alone to be considered. In this special
case, priority has no significance and can not be invoked for the date of a genus or
species.
Similarly, MacGillivray has given many definitions of his genus Hiantopora,
and it becomes a question which one of them is to be recognized. Logically it
should be the last one which is the result of the most detailed and complete studies
of the author.
In 1852 D'Orbigny cited four species of Pyripora, — three fossil forms, Escha-
rina crenulata Reuss, Escharina perforata Reuss, Criserpia pyriformis Michel in,
and one recent, Pyripora ramosa D'Orbigny; but as he did not cite a type, the
choice of one therefore becomes necessary. Common sense would indicate that his
recent species, which has always been considered as synonymous with Membrani-
80 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL, MUSEUM.
pora catenularia Jameson, should be selected. Waters,1 however, decided that the
two were distinct species, but undoubtedly of the same group. We can thus
logically select MeTribranipora catenularia as a typical species of the genus Pyripora
D'Orbigny, 1852. This species is not rare, and the studies which it will receive will
complete the definition of the genus and delimit the family characters.
Mr. Lang was kind enough to write us that Bronn and Roemer in 1851 had
chosen Escharina crenulata as the type of Pyripora, D'Orbigny, 1847. We would
say that this species does not conform to the very vague definition of 1847, and that
as the definition of 1852 cancels that of 1847, the selection of Bronn and Eoemer is
therefore annulled.
Such an irrational application of the law of priority has led Gregory into a
paradoxical error. His genus Zonopora D'Orbigny does not contain a single species
that D'Orbigny himself had classed in it. From this one would infer that the
celebrated French paleontologist did not know what he was writing about.
PYRIPORA PARVICELLA, new species.
Plate 3, fig. 1.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are arranged in iso-
lated linear rows; they are small, quite elongated, pyriform, much narrowed in the
rear; the gymnocyst is smooth and convex; the opesium is anterior, elliptical, very
finely crenulated, with a length of a third of the zooecia.
,, . |Ao=0.16 mm. „ . \Ls=OA5 mm.
Measurements. — Opesium 7 __,. Zooecia 7 nnn
\lo=0.lO mm. [fe=0.20 mm.
Affinities. — This neat little species differs from Pyripora tuberculum Lonsdale,
1845, in its lesser zooecial length and in the more regular form of its zooecia.
Several well-preserved specimens have been found.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Brundidge, Alabama (rare).
• HolQtype.—CsLt. No. '63787, U.S.N.M.
PYRIPORA TUBERCULUM Lonsdale, 1845.
Plate 19, fig. 4.
1845. HippotJwa tuberculum LONSDALE, Account of twenty-six species of Pdlyparia ob-
tained from the Eocene Tertiary formations of North America. Quarterly Journal Geo-
logical Society, London, vol. 1, p. 527.
1852. Pyripora tuberculum D'ORHIGNY, Prodrome paleontologie stratigraphique, vol. 2, p. 396.
18(32. PyriflustrelJa tuberculum GABB and HORN, Monograph of the fossil Polyzoa of the
Secondary and Tertiary formations of North America, Journal Academy Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 163.
Description. — The zooecia are rounded anteriorly and very njuch constricted
posteriorly ; the gymnocyst is convex, more or less striated transversely ; the mural
rim is broad, tuberculated, divided into two parts by a circular furrow ; the
1 1907. Waters, Notes on some recent bryozoa in D'Orbigny's collection. Annals and Magazine Natu-
ral JUstory, ser. 7, vol. 15, p. 11.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
81
opesium is slightly pyriform. (he narrow end raised. The normal mode of branch-
ing is bilateral.
-,, ^ . \ho=0.15 mm. . ILs—O.fiO-O.'iO mm.
Measurements. — Opesia , Zooecia 7
^0=0.0o-0.075 nun. \ls-0.2o-0.30 mm.
Certain zooe<-ia hear on the gymnocyst near the opesium a little pore that is
perhaps the place of a spine. The olocyst appears to be formed of two calcareous
superposed layers.
The micrometric dimensions of this species are identical with those of Pyripora
,-<rffnH/ttrt(t. Jameson, 1814, relying upon the figures given by Hincks, but the
small tiibemsities of the mural rim in P. tuberculum alone
distinguish the two species. We have been unable to make
direct comparison with this living species, and therefore can
not pronounce on the identity of the two.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne lime-
stone) : Wilmington, Xorth Carolina (rare).
PI, xlvtyp, .—Cat. Xo. 63866, U.S.N.M.
Genus HERPETOPORA Lang, 1914.
T.I14, lli-rii<-tr,iHirit LANG, On Herpetopora, a new genus of Creta-
ceous Cheilostome Poly/oa. ideological Magazine, dec. i;,
vol. 1. p. 7.
Incrusting, uniserial. The mode of branching is
bilateral. Heteromorphic individuals may occur. The nor-
mal zooecia consist of a distal "capitular" and a proximal
" caudal " portion. Sealed and reversed zooecia very com-
mon. (After Lang.)
Genotype. — Herpetopfir.t mn/ln-n. Lang, 1914.
Iiinn/c. — Cretaceous- Vicksburgian.
This genus has been confused in part with Pyripom
D'Orbignv, and even now we do not venture to affirm that
the Cretaceous species figured by Lang are not the same
group as Pi/ripnnt catenularia. It will be necessary to know
the significance of the heteromorphic zooecia noted by the ham, England,
author before the full value of the genus can be determined.
However, in case of identity with Pi/riporu in these respects, Lang's genus might
still be maintained for the species devoid of the caudal portion.
HERPETOPORA DANICA Lang. 1914.
Plate 80. fig. 1.
T.U4. Jlrriiiiniinrii itiuiicu LANG. (Mi Herpetopora, a new genus of Oetacecius ( 'heilostoine
Polyzoa. Geological Magazine, dec. 6, vol. 1, p. 7, pi. 11, tigs. 6, 7.
Species of such elementary structure can hardly be distinguished from each
other by any other means than their micrometric dimensions. Both the Cretaceous
species //«//«/»/<»/>/ danica and our specimens from the Vicksburgian have an
55899— 19— Bull. 10G 6
FIG. 22. — Genus Herpelo-
pora Lang, 1914.
Several zooecia of Hcrpr-
topora anglica Lang, 1914,
X 27, two of which are nor-
mal and the third sealed.
(After Lang, 1914.) Cre-
taceous (Senonian): Chat-
82 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
opesium measuring 0.72-0.80 mm. by 0.40 mm. The Cretaceous specimens differ
from those of the Vicksburgian in having the opesia finely cremilated. Moreover,
some of our specimens branch unilaterally. However, these differences can be
proved to exist in the same species. It should be noted that there is no basal
olocyst in this species: the lateral walls alone of each zooecium are calcified.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian ("Chimney rock" of Marianna limestone): One
mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (rare).
Geological, distribution-. — Senonian of England; Daman of Denmark (Lang,
1014).
No. 642-29, U.S.N.M.
Group MEMBRANIPORAE Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Membraniporae CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilos-
torne Bryozoa, Bulletin 06, United States National Museum, p. 9.
hii (iiiinloiiiif/il timl <-liixxi/i<-<it<nii I. — ISDN. WATERS, Observations on Membraniporldae,
Journal Liuueau Society, London, Zoology, vol. 26, pp. 656, 691, pis. 47—19. — 1900. CALVET.
Contribution a 1'liistorie n:\turelle des Bryozoaires ectoprorti-s inarins, Travaux 1'Institut
de Zoologie de ITniversite de Montpelier, Mem. No. S, p. 262, pi. 10.— 1900, CANU.
Revision des Bryozoaires dn cretace figures par D'Orbigny, Cheilostomata. Bulletin Geo-
logique Societe France, vol. 28, p. 353. — 1903, NORMAN. Notes on the Natural History of
East Finmark, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 7, vol. 11. p. 584. — 1909,
LEVINSEN, Morphological and Systematic Studies on the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa, p. 143. —
1913, WATERS. Marine Fauna nf British East Africa and Zanzibar, Bryozoa, Cheilostonmta,
Proceedings Zoological Society, London, pi. 71, fig. 1.
This very large group is too heterogeneous to be considered as a single family;
indeed it is certain that the genera classified here at present will ultimately be
assigned to many families. Unfortunately we are ignorant of the larvae, and
researches upon the anatomy of these forms have not been made.
The first attempt at classification was made by Waters in 1898 in his excellent
work on the Membraniporidae. This author defined 14 groups which for the most
part are absolutely natural and which should be considered as distinct genera. We
have had frequent occasion to refer to this publication.
Canu's researches in 1900 were quite incomplete, as they were limited to the
Cretaceous species in which most of the specimens were devoid of ovicells. This
author then considered chiefly the interzooecial avicularia.
The work of Norman in 1903 is based for its most part upon the presence or
absence of the dietellae and upon the number of septulae. This author established
a number of natural genera.
The material upon which our present researches are founded is most abundant —
but as it is impossible to establish a satisfactory nomenclature with fossils alone.
we must be content to utilize the works of our predecessors. We have studied
especially the ovicells and their relations to the opercular valve, for these are the
organs in closest relation to the larval system. In the following table are listed
the genera of Membraniporae with the possible family reference of some of them.
NOKTH AMKUICAX KAULY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
83
Cicatrix or the ovlcell ff-
Crypto cyst
3ymnocyst (tremocyatal)-
Mural rlra-
Opesium
Interzooeclal avlcularium J
Primoserial zooeciuro
- Bllnd( sealed) zoo eciun
l Olocyst
<:' I Trace of spine
Mural rim of Inner zooecium
---Regenerated zooecium
..-Frontal or dependant avicuiariura
.JJymnocyst (olocystal)
Ovlcell
\
B -55
FIG. ^3. — sinii-iiirc nf tlie Membraniporae.
A. Sketch showing tcnninolo.Lty.
B. .\cuntlwdcsiit xitnnii! Aiidiniin. IM'li. ]>r;iwiii.ii showing slriictui't1. s.'i.
Waters. l!ti:;. I in. ineseiii'liyiiintoiis liMinifnis : /). polypiile in wlik-li histolysis liiis funnnencecl :
S, scptula.
( '. Ahli'i'inii iimlultixii, iiuw sjicrics. \"iij\v <>( xoowia. X liO. /', inipr^ssi<in ciirn-spdniling t"
lurid s|Kit: or, ovicvll ; x<l. distal scpmla: *7. lateral septida.
D. Allti-n/Kii-ii iiniinilifcni Hinrks. ISSII. \'icu of tln> liac-k of a '/. .-inni. >! 14.". (After
Xorman. I'.io:!. i n . oiienings resiilthiL' from the avicnlaria: <J. Hi. lurid bay; /*. lurid xp,,i.
E. Mcmltraniiiiiriitu ( lii/liixtrtt \ /lulu Hutu 1 >'< irlpimix . is:,::. Cast .M ilir interior, after de
rali-ilication, '/. 4.1. I After I'.eissel, IMl.'i.i v,/. distal septula : .v/. lateral sejitnla: :. /.ooeciuiu.
The communication jiores betueen the /ooeriii. here niueh enlargcil, have the aspect of
small canals. They serve as passage for ilir meseiirhyinatous fibers.
84 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
GENERIC TABLE OF MEMBRANIPORAE.
Section I. No ovicell.
Ci-nera repivsi'iit.-il. Family presumed. (Jeuera unrepresented. Family presumed.
Noniuai, 1903. l>i*r<ifi<ixt>-cllaria D'Orbigny, 1851.
Levim-en. 1909. Crepis Jullien, 1882.
Adi.-nifi-ru Ciiuu and Bassler, 1017. Helivduma Calvet, 1907.
Viipiilndriii, new wuus.
Aciintlioili'xia, new genus.
Trochopora D'Orbiguy. 1852.
utiiiiicUn Ciiuu and Bassler, 1017.
Section II. Ovicell endozooecial.
HiHckxinii Norman, I'.iti:!. Flustridae ( Norman >. St'togclliita Calvet, 1907.
Mcnilircndoccium Cann and Bassler. 1917, F:ir-
ciiuinariidae.
(ii/i riiliiiii Ciuiu anil I'.assler. 1917. OnyclioceV-
lidae.
Vilii-iKTlliiia Cnnu ami F.assler. 11)17. Lnnnla-
riidae.
Section III. Ovicell hyperstomial, closed by the opercular valve.
rri-iiini-finflln Canu and Bassler, 1917. special Treinmifini Ortnian, 1S90. I'.irrllariidae (Levin-
family. sen i.
EllixiiKi Norman. 1903. Lnrinn-iiin Norman, 1903, special family.
f!i'(iiiini(llii Cann, 1917.
Mriiilirniiiiinriflni ("'aim and Rassler. 1917.
Section IV. Ovicell hyperstoraial, not closed by the opercular valve.
Aldtriiiii Norman. 1903. AnniintapJiora Norman, 1903.
Cullopora Gray, 1S48. Murxxoimpura Lang, 1914.
Tctirlla Li-vinseii, 1909.
Aiiipliililcxtnini Cray, 184S.
h'liiiipliiiiintiix Norman, 1894.
si/'iui'iKii-i-llii ("'Mini and Bassler. 1917. Bicel-
lariidne.
Section V. Miscellaneous.
f'liiiliii-nttiphus Norman. 1903. Forrnlnrin Busk, 1883.
Mrnitinixti-iHj Jullien, 1903.
Antrnpnrn Norman. 1903.
Tho dorsal of some Meinhrnninorne present Certain thinninfr or thickening, ns in
A nti'o/Kii'ii granulifera Xorman (fi<j;. 23). This phenomenon manifests itself on the
fossils by little cavities or impressions. AVe have found them in Alderina nodulosa,
new species (fig. 23). Their physiological significance is unknown.
The dorsal of the Memliraniporae U!M> -lio\\x the dietellae visihle by transpar-
ency. On well-preserved fossils they can be best revealed by abrading the surface
slightly. Beissel employed a quite complex but very instructive method of casting
in order to show these structures (fig. 23).
NORTH AMElIirAN KAl'.LY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
85
The septulae are rarely visible in fos-il form-, although tin- inultiporous septulae
ii leave a large communication pore.
In the study of the fossil bryo/.oa we have considered that the ovieell which
leave.- a trace above the mural rim is hyperstomial. When the ovicell projects much
A. Conopeum B. Acanthodesia C. Adenifera
O. Cupuladna
'• ,*',*','>!
• &&••
v*
F Otionella
!••'
G. Trochopora
E. Heliodoma
•M*
l*»Wm^%V
Nz»l*lv
««S;^
isslsV
H. Crepis
I. Discoflustrellana
FIG. 24. — (Jeneni »f .Mcuiliraiiiporae without ovicell.
.\.Ciiiiiiiirniii lnrnii.i-i r,u>.k. fs.'ii'. X lio. <'laibnriiian. Claiborne. Alabama.
I1,, .\i-iiiitliinlixiii xiirnrtii Auiliniin, IsJii. • ur,. Kecent.
C. Ai/i'iiifini iiiiirniiitii Calm am! r.nsslfr. 1917. X 20. Middle .Tiirksoiii.-m, near Leiiuds
1'iTry. South Carolina.
I ). Citiiiilinlrin i •iniiirii'iisis Husk, ls."i!i, X L'H. I.uwpr Jlinreiie nf ( 'ushi Rica.
I-;, lli'liniliiiiiii ini/ilifiitil ( ':il\el. I'.inT. • :'.o. lii'i'-'iit.
F. (HiitnHJii iHTi'ii-atii Canu and l:,-iss]ci. ]'.HT. X 20. Lower Jacksmiiaii, Jackson. Mi.ssis-
sippi.
<;. Trnrlitiiini-11 Imiii-i Lea. IN:'..">. -' -'n. ( •|;iibnri-iian. i 'la ii" TIIC. Alabaiiia.
11. rn-iiix l<, ni/iii, .•< Jullien. X I'll. Kercur.
I. Itixi-iitliifstrrUariti ilomn T )'( irbimiy. < 'ivUM-ron- i Sennnian 1 of Francv.
over the mural rim it is closed l>y the (ipernilnm under the ope-iiim. hut it always
remains open when it does not project over the mural rim.
An ovicell ch ~cd hy the operenhim i- often immersed, making its distinction
from the endozooecial a matter of ^ri-at ''are.
86
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
SECTION 1. MEMBRANIPORAE WITHOUT OVICELL.
Genus CONOPEUM Norman, 1903.
1903. ffiiio/icum NORMAN, Natural History ..I' Fast Finmark, Annals Magazine Natural His-
tory, scr. 7, vol. 11. 11. 5xi; (1S4S. (iray. List British Animals British Museum. < Vn-
troniae. pp. 108. 146).
No ovicell, no dietellae. no avicularia. The margins of the mural rim are wholly
granulated. A distal, multiporous septula: two or three lateral septulae. Tri-
angular, interopesial hollows having special walls.
fr< »of>/pe. — M eiribranipora Incroi.i'ii Authors.
[t'n iii/< . — Cenomanian-Recent.
The granulations of the mural rim are often very fine and attenuated on the
fossil forms. In these also the distal septulae often unite into a very large pore.
- ca
D*85
FIG. 25. — Genus Cniioin'inn Norman. 1903.
A-D. ('ijiioiieuin liti-mi.rii Busk, 1852. A. /unecia, X 25. B. Zooecia, X 25, with intero-
pesial cavity ( /. c. ) ; operculum (op), anil opesium (<>t>ii. C. Dorsal surface, X 25. showing a
pair of transparent circles I/. .v. = lueul spots of Norman i, irregular projections (7/f) on the
lateral wall, and a pair of projections «l. /i. t on rlp> ilist;il wall opposite those on the next
zooeci uni. D. Operculum, X 85, with chitinor.s arch (en] and membranous extension (en).
i A. B after Hincks. ixsu. and C, I> after Waters. 1898.)
The hollows of the surface are not interzooecial, as Levinsen has described them.
but are only interopesial: they are not deep and are situated between the mural
rims; rarely they contain an avicularium; their purpose is unknown. In living
specimen^ Waters has described two lucid spots on the dorsal side. These are
replaced on the fossils by two hollow impressions in the dorsal olocyst. We are
ignorant of their use, for they have no connection with the operculum.
The type of this genus is very common on the coasts of France and England,
and Osburn has noted its occurrence in American waters. However, no naturalist
has made a study of its embryology and anatomy.
The known species of this genus, in addition to the genotype, are:
a in (Membranipora) l/rni-nnli ('ami. 1011, Rocanean of Argentina.
i (Membranipora) <irl><n<<i ('ami. 1011. Rocanean of Argentina.
Con/>i>iinn (Membranipora) luni/nm, ('ami. 1911, Rocanean of Argentina.
(Membranipora ) >ini/>?< stont ! ('ami. lull. Rocanean of Argentina.
NORTH AMKKU'AX KARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 87
CONOPEUM ORNATUM. new species.
Plate 3, t\£. 2.
Description. — Zoarium bihiniinato. The zooecia are distinct but separated by
a common elevation. The mural rim is somewhat rounded and almost everywhere
of equal breadth. The opesium is median and elliptical. The interopesial cavities
are distinct and irregular.
Afliniti, \. — The <>rn<iiii< ntution of its surface renders this species absolutely
characteristic, although this feature is reproduced sometimes in other species, but
only accidentally. Unfortunately we possess but a single fragment of this inter-
esting form.
Occiti'i'rni-t'. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone"): Mabelvnle, near Little Rock.
Arkansas (very rare).
Holotype.—Grt., No. (WT.ss. U.S.N.M.
CONOPEUM DAMICORNIS, new species.
Plate 3, figs. 3-S.
Description. — The zoarium is free, formed of two lamellae growing back to
back, irregularly bifurcated: the fronds are distorted. The zooecia are distinct,
irregular, polygonal, or elliptical: the mural rim is very thin, regular, projecting
but little, convex. The opesium has the same form as the zooecinm. The inter-
opesial cavities are polygonal and of a very great irregularity.
. i7ifl=0.32 mm. . fLs—O.'Bo mm
Measurements. — Opesia . /ooecia- ,
l/o=0.20 mm. 1/2=0.23 mm.
Variation* inn] afffiuf /< .<;. — This species has zooecia of a disconcerting irregu-
larity; it is absolutely impossible to discover among them a form the least constant.
The same holds true with the interopesial cavities which disappear following the
irregularities of the zoarinm.
The structure of the zooecial walls is quite remarkable. In tangential sec-
tions (tig. i.)) these walls appear normal but in transversal thin sections, they are
thickened, crenulated on the inside, and composed of tissue not very dense (fig. 5).
In the median thin sections obtained by rubbing away bo<th sides of the fronds, a
structure may be noted identical with the zooecial walls; the olocystal elements
grouped around the mural rim appear to be chambered (fig. 7). Finally, a section
taken perpendicularly to the plane of the fronds (fig. 8) shows that the zoarium is
formed of two lamellae placed back to back and separable.
The false chambering of the mural rim is not analogous to the formation of
dietellae in f'< riporoxilla ; we find in reality in every species chambered in this
way some large, scattered, unoriented olocystal elements (figs. 4. (>).
The zoarium itself is quite, constant and characteristic; it often assumes,
although rather vaguely, among other shapes, the form of the IUH-HK of a deer, heucr
our specific name. As its zoarial dimension-- exceed two centimeters. \\e may con-
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
sider this species as an easily recognized, characteristic fossil. Unfortunately, the
species has not yet been discovered in many of the localities of the Midwayan.
Oit-in-riiK-,'. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone): Owl Creek. :.'•] miles northeast
of Ripley. Mississippi (common); Mabelvale, near Little' Rock. Arkansas (very
rare).
i '„////>,•«.— Cat. No. 63789, U.S.X.M.
CONOPEUM WILCOXIANICUM. new species.
Plate 9, figs. 1-7.
Description. — The zoarium is iricrnsting, of one or more lamellae, or free and
bilaminate. The zooecia are distinctly elongated, elliptical, or pyriform: the mural
rim is flat, finely granulated, proximally widened. The opesium is anterior, ellip-
tical or pyriform, entire or denticulated. The interopesial cavities are distinct,
lozenge shaped. There are two distal impressions.
. f Ao=0.26-0.30 mm. . fZ3=0.40-0.44 mm.
Measurements. — Opesia , /ooecia 7
(lo=0.'20mm. |fe=0.36 mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Oonopeum hoockeri in the absence of the
irymnoeyst, from C. concavitm in its much larger interopesial cavities and from
C. lacroixii in the width of its mural rim. It is rarely incrnsting. while the three
species mentioned are always so. Its zooecial length is likewise a little greater, and,
furthermore, it does not corrode the substratum, as in C. hooclicri and C. concavum.
Total regeneration occurs rather frequently and manifests itself by a collar border-
ing the opesia.
Occurrence. — Wilcoxian (Bashi formation) : Woods Bluff, Alabama (common).
< •»h/i>, •*.— Cat. No. 63831, U.S.X.M.
CONOPEUM (?) SIMILIOR, new species.
Plate 9, figs. 8, 9.
Desmption. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The /ooecia are distinct, elongated,
elliptical, separated by a deep furrow: the mural rim is regular, finely granulated.
almost flat, a little larger in its proximal portion. The opesium is elliptical, finely
crenulated. The calcified zooecia have a linear orifice and a semilunar distal furrow.
(£0=0.30 mm. . \Ls-OAOmm.
Measurements.-Opesmm _8 mm. 'cialfe=0.30 mm.
Affinities. — This species resembles Conopeuni lacroixii exactly in its zooecial
form and in its ralrilieil /ooecia. but it differs in it> smaller micrometric dimensions.
The two specimens found do not bear interopesial cavities, and hence our doubt
as to the generic reference. The species requires further examination.
Occurrt nc, . — Wilcoxian Bashi formation) : Woods BlutV. Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.—C&t. No. C,:',N:W. U.S.N.M.
AMERICAN KAULY TERTIARY BRYOXDA. Ml
CONOPEUM LACROIXII Busk. 1852.
Plate i::. fig. 9.
ISL'd. Hnxtrii Iin-nii.rii Ariion.x, Explication sonnnaire ties planches de Polypes cie 1'Egypte
et de l:i Syne, in Savigny's liosrnpiion de I'Essyple. Ilistoire Xatnrelle, pi. Ill,
fig. 9.
1sri2. tfembrartipora lnrrni.rii r.rsu. Catalogue Marine Polyzoa. pi. 1. < 'heilostoniata, p.
60, pi. 49 and pi. 304. fig. 1.
1880. Mciiihriiniiiiira liirroi.rii HIM KS. Urilisli Marine Polyzoa. p. 129. pi. 17, figs. 5-8.
1900. Mcinhriinipora l<u-r<ii.rii UOHKRTSON. Papers from the Harriman Alaska Expedition,
6, The Bryozoa. I'nic lings, Washington Academy Science, vol. 2. p. :'>2:t.
1907. M<»iliriinipor<i liiri-ni.rii CANU, Bryozoaires des terrains tertiaires des environs de
Paris, Annales Paleontologie. vol. 1. \>. s.
1 !« is. \li-inbraiiiiiorri lni-riii.rii |{I>I:KI:TSOX, The Incrusting < Mu'llnsiiiniatous Bryozoa of the
AYest Coast of Xorth Anicrira. I'niversity of California Publications, vol. 4, p. 261,
pi. 14, fig. 5.
1 ;M is. Mi'iiiliriiiiiiiiini lurrni.rii CANT. Icoimu'raphie des Rrynxoaii-rs fi.ssiles di> 1' Argentine.
Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, vol. 17. p. 251, pi. 1, figs. 8, 9.
1912. Miinliniinixiru Incrui.rii < ISI-.TRX. The Bryozoa of the Woods Hole Region. Bulletin
Bureau Fisheries, vol. ?,0 (1910), p. 227. pi. 22, fig. 28.
1913. Mciiiliniiiliinra Im-roi.rii CAXU. Ktude comparSe des Bryozoaires Helvetiens de 1'Egypte
avec les Bryozoaires vivants de la Jlediterranee et de la Mer Rouge, Meraoires
Institnt Egyptien, vol. (1, p. ]9.i. pi. 1, figs. 5, 6.
Not liifliifttrn liirroi.rii S.MITT, Floridan Bryoxoa. ]it. 2. Kongl. Svcnska \Vtrnskaps-Akade-
miens Handliugar. vol. 11, 1873, p. IS, pi. 4. figs. 85-88.
The collections of American Tertiary hryozoa have yielded a number of ex-
amples of this interesting species which is widespread in both the recent and
ancient seas.
. |A0=0.32-0.3G mm. . I Lz =0.36-0.40 mm.
Measurements. — Upesia 7 ^Hrv^™ /ooecia,,
17(9=0.12-0.22 mm. lte=0.2-t mm.
It is not certain that the species described by Busk is that of Audouin. The
synonymy of Membranipora i-rfii'iiJiini ^jiven by Pergens in 18ST is absolutely fan-
tastical. To avoid confusion, Canu in 1007 restricted the synonomy to the species
described by Busk, including the living form and the few fossil specimens figured.
This restriction is still insufficient, as we believe that it is necessary to classify as
i iniopeum lacroixii only those specimens having interopesial cavities with distinct
walls and in which the average zooecial length does not exceed 0.40 mm.
Vnriiif/oiix (ui(J tiffin if //'ft. — This species presents two quite distinct aspects.
First, the zooecia have their mural rims separated by a deep furrow, and the
interopesial cavities are constant and provided with their own individual walls (see
figure by Miss Robertson). Second, the zooecia have their mural rims adjacent to
each other and their interopesial cavities are present or absent (as figured by
Osburn).
In the living specimens llie-e two varialiun- occur on the same zoarium. but the
first appears less frequently. Different species may take the second aspect when
there are no interopesial cavities. This results in unusual difficulties in the. deter-
mination of the fossils and re<jiiiivs the greatest care for accurate n lei it i Heat ion. In
90 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
case of doubt the conscientious naturalist should remain silent or should figure the
specimens.
The lucid spots are rather irregular on the recent specimens. Canon Norman
was unable to see them, but Osburn has figured them. We have not observed them
in all cases. On the fossils the corresponding distal impressions are very incon-
stant. They are visible on certain specimens and have disappeared entirely on
others. The granulations of the mural rim are very inconstant, and we have
observed but a single case of total regeneration.
This species differs from <'<moi>< nm wUcoxiamicum in the thinness of its mural
rim, from C. hoo<-/.'cri in the absence of the hump-like gymnocyst, and from C. ron-
cavum in the absence of the proximal concave cryptocyst. Its zooecia do not
excavate the host like the two latter forms.
Occurn net . — Claibornian (Lisbon formation) : Wautubbee Hills, 4 miles south
of Enterprise, Clarke County, Mississippi.
Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi.
Middle Jacksonian: Eutaw Springs, South Carolina.
Geological iJixtrilmfiini. — Lutetian, Auversian, and Stampian of the environs of
Paris (Canu) : Miocene of Tunis (Canu) ; Burdigalian of Gard and of Herault in
France (Canu) : Helvetian of Italy (Michelin, Seguenza), of Gard, of Herault, and
of Touraine in France (Canu) ; Tortonian of Austria-Hungary (Reuss) ; Plaisan-
cian of England (Hineks); Quaternary of England (Bell) and of Argentina
(Canu).
Hablh/f. — The habitat of this species is still very obscure on account of the
difficulty of its determination. It certainly exists in the North Atlantic off the
coasts of France. England, Canada, and the United States and in the Pacific off
Alaska and California. It has not yet been observed with certainty in the Mediter-
ranean and in the tropical zone. Bifwtra lacroi.rii Smitt found off Florida appears
to be a different species, and Osburn. who has rediscovered Smitt's species, also
doubts its identity.
Conopeum l<i<T<>i.i-i/ does not appear to inhabit the great depths, but it is
common near the shores.
Plesiotyj>c.—('i\t. No. G3s45, U.S.N.M.
CONOPEUM TUBEROSUM, new species.
Plate 19. figs. 6, 7.
Description. — The zoarium incru^ts oysters. The ancestrular zooecia are
isolated. The zooecia are elongated, distinct, elliptical, or pyriform; the gymnocvst
is inconstant, small, convex, bearing very often a small tuln rosity ; the mural rim
is wide, flat, finely striated, with an acute termen. a little enlarged at the base. The
opesium is large, elliptical, very finely crenulated. The interopesial cavities are
irregular, inconstant, triangular, or lozenge-shaped.
i ho =0.22-0.26 mm. fZ2:=.0.40 mm
Measurements. — Onesnun /ooecmm- ,
'6 mm. \lz— 0.28-0.30 nun.
XOKTH A.MKKK'AN KAULY TERTIARY BRYOXOA. 91
Variations. — The aborted x.ooocia are closed with a median pore. The ances-
trula is elliptical and very small. The gymnocyst is more developed on the zooecia
close to the ancestrula : here. the frontal tuberosity is absent and the difference from
EUctra is indistinguishable. The characteristic interopesial cavities are developed
far from the ancestrula on the wider parts of the zoarinm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Conopc im hoocki'i'i- Ilaime. 18.">0, in its
much smaller frontal tuberosity and in its wider mural rim.
It differs from ('<in<>/x'itni raiu'i* nun in its convex gymnocyst, and its mural
rim less enlarged at the base and not concave.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksmiian (Moodys marl): :H miles north of Robert,
Newton County, Mississippi (rare).
Holotype.—CAt. No. c,:',si;s. V. S. X. M.
CONOPEUM HOOCKEBI Haime, 1850.
Plate 19. figs. 8-10.
is.ji). Membranipont linockcri HAIME in D'Arohiac's Description Ues aiiiinaux fossiles clu
groups iiuininulitiqiif do I'luili-. Me iivs S.i.-i.--i£ < leologique France, ser. 2, vol. 3, p. 227, pi. ::c,,
fig. 5.
isi HI. Minilii-iiniixini 7im»7,vn Ki<:rss. I lie 1'nssileii Antlio/uen unil IJr.vnx.iieii I!IT Scliieliten-
gi-uiipi* vi >n C'rosarii. I>eiiksi-ln-it'l<Mi dcr k. Akailfinie tier YVissriisrliMt'ten, Wii-n. vol. 211. p. 411, pi.
3(i. fig. 14.
l.sul. Membra ni pom lintirlcrri \V.vrn:.>-. Nm-th Italian Ur.vo7.ua. Quarterly Journal (Jcological
Siu-ii-'ty. I.onilon, vol. 47. p. 1",.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia have a marked luster
and are distinct, elongate, elliptical, somewhat narrowed posteriorly; the mural
rim is very thin, and sharply outlined, little enlarged at the base : the gymnocyst is
very convex. The opesium is regular in outline and elliptical. The interopesial
cavities are fusiform but rarely developed. The dorsal bears two distal impressions
which are excavated in the substratum. There is a distal septula and two septulae
are on each lateral wall.
fAo = 0.30-0.31 mm. . [Z3= 0.36-0-38 mm.
Meawrements.-Opesi* , 7,,=0 ls_(V20 nim. IC13 \h=0.2± mm.
A-ffinit'n-x. — We have been unable to find Haime's original specimens in the
Museum of Natural History of Paris and verify the determination of Beuss.
There are some differences between onr specimens and Eeuss's figure which does
not indicate a hump-like, very constant gymnocyst. and iu which no interopesial
cavities are shown. Moreover. Waters indicates an opesium 0.35 mm. long, whercn-
onr own specimens measure only 0.31 mm. These are slight differences, and it
would be ridiculous to form a new species for four one-hundredths of a millimeter.
On the other hand, the species is quite variable itself. The hump-like gymno-
cyst which is its fundamental characteristic, is often little developed and some-
times suppressed entirely: again, the zooecia are nut always M>paraied by a furrow
and the neighboring mural rims are closely adjacent.
92 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The zooecia are very fragile; when they have disappeared, an elliptical cavity
is left on the substratum, as if the latter had been eroded. Conopcum r-onracum
also possesses this peculiarity; but even when occurring- together on the same shell.
the two species can not be confounded, since the latter is provided with a concave
rryptocyst and has no elevated gymnocyst.
Again, this species differs from Conoj>< nm wilcoxianicunt in the thinness of its
mural rim, and from ('. lin-i-oi.i-ii in the rare occurrence of its interopesia] cavities.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl): Jackson. Mississippi (rare-).
Geological distribution. — Xummulitic limestone of India (Haime) ; Priabonian
of Vicentin (Reuss, Waters).
/Vr.wW///*, .— Cat. Xo. 63869, IT. S. X. M.
CONOPEUM CONCAVUM. new species.
Plate 10. tigs. 11-13.
l>, K< -i i/it/nii. — The zoarium consists of large colonies incrusting shells. The
zooecia are distinct, elongated, elliptical: the mural rim is very thin, but it is much
enlarged proximally, forming a true cryptocyst, always i-aiK-tirc. The opesium is
regular and elliptical. The interoposial cavities are large, triangular; they often
join each other and become confluent. The dorsal which excavates in the sub-
stratum. bear- I wo impressions and two distal septulae.
(Afl = 0.28-0.32 mm. . /£.z=0.36-0.40 mm
Measurem <nfs.—< )pesia 7 Zooecia ,
[lo O.ls-U.20 mm. Us=0.24 mm.
A-ftiiiit'x-s. — Like Conopeum hooil'i'-i this species appears to excavate a place
for itself in the substratum, but it presents furthermore some remarkable peculi-
arities. The opesium of certain zooecia is do-ed by a perforated lamina. In the
articulated species, such zooecia correspond to the radicular pores, but here we are
totally ignorant of their function. On other zooecia there is a genuine cryptocyst
and an aperture closed by a calcified opercuhun. Finally, total regeneration mani-
fests it-elf by a secondary mural rim within the opesium.
This species differs from fniin/n-mi/ irilcoxianiciim in its thin mural rim.
from (''. hoockeri. in its concave cryptocxst and its intempesial cavities, and from
('. /i/i fi/'.ii in its concave cryptocyst.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl): Jackson, Mississippi (rare).
Yickshurgiaii (Byram marl) : Yicksburg, Mississippi (rare1).
C'otypes.—C&t. Xo. (i38Tu. I'.S.N.M.
CONOPEUM LAMELLOSUM. new species.
Plato -i'. i\i:s. l-',i.
]>< ,M rijit'ion. — The zoaria are large undulating fronds formed of multiple
lamellae growing back to back. The zooecia are distinct, somewhat, elongate,
elliptical; the mural rim is flat, finely punctate, projecting distally. and enlarged at
the base into a small cryptocyst. The opesium is regular, elliptical, entire or very
XUKTH AME1MCAX MARIA TF.RTIAUY BUYOZOA. 93
tinoly crenulated. On the dorsal olocyst there are two large distal impiv^imi-.
The very large distal septula is double in the primoserial zooecia. There are three
septulae to each lateral wall. The interopesial cavities are very small, triangular,
and rather constant.
,, . \ho^Q.-24-0.-2<; mm. . (£2=0.32-0.36 mm.
Measurements.— Opcsi&\, Zooecia L - _.
ltd=0.20-0.22 mm. \7z=0.3Q mm.
Variations. — The young zooecia are the more perfect: their mural rim is thin:
the large distal septula and the impressions are quite visible (fig. f>). The other
zooecia have a mural rim enlarged at the base (fig. 8). The primoserial zooecia are
engendered, following the rule, by a zooecium of larger dimensions (figs. 6. S).
The origin of the multiplicity of the lamellae is quite remarkable. On the
/oarium may be perceived a sort of subcolony, one superimposed upon the other,
which does not arise from one fixed larva. When the two distal septulae are not
on the same plane (fig. 5), the uppermost septula corresponds to another higher
lamella of zooecia covering the normal one and the first of these zooecia is like
an ancestrula of the subcolony which comes forth then as a spiral. This disposition
is clearly visible on figure ."».
Deformed zooecia are common. They result quite often from the meeting of
two subcolonies (figs. 3, 4). Sometimes they appear on the zoarium as zooecia
wanting in vigor and incapable of engendering a new zooecium (fig. 3) ; then the
two lateral lines are rejoined above them. Their forms are very capricious and
escape all analysis.
The zoarial lamellae are intimately united because of their formation by sub-
colonies. Sometimes, however, the lamellae back to back are separable (fig. 7).
The dorsal then bears very remarkable, long, prismatic lines on which the zooecia
are invisible.
The lateral walls bear three large septulae.
Affinities. — This species differs from Conopeum ar/m/'ixc, us in its zoarial form
and its elliptical opesium. On account of its large zoarial dimensions it is a strik-
ing and good guide fossil, and it may l>e determined easily in the field.
Oci-iirr, in, . — Lower .Tacksonian ( Moodys marl) : Various localities about Jack-
son, Mississippi (common) : ~2\ miles north of Robert, Mississippi (common).
Cut, //„„.— Cat. Xo. f>3s7i'. U. S. X. M.
CONOPEUM ARBORESCENS, new species.
Plate 20. tins. 10-16.
Description. — The zoaria encrust algae, surrounding them with many superim-
posed lamellae, and thus forming t'ree. irregular, ltr<m< lu-d. hollow masses. The
zooecia are large, separated by a ridge, elongated, elliptical, or pyriform; the mural
rim is flat and very little enlarged at the base. The opesium is oval. The inter-
opesial cavities are very small, constant, elliptical, or triangular.
. [/jo=0.3Ci-u.:;L> mm. , |/.2 = 0.46-0.5u mm.
.!/, asurerm /</*. — Opesia , Zooeciaj,
(70=0.18 mm. [fe=0.30 mm.
94 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATE.- NATIONAL, MUSEUM.
nnd d'tfinittrx. — Like (''<//<>/>< H/H l<nnt I/OXHM, this species presents on
its zoarial surface subcolonies which do not originate from a larva, but instead
from the especial proliferation of a subjacent zooecium (fig. 12). These develop
chiefly at the bifurcations of the algae, which are the parts most constant and least
susceptible to growth which might disorganize the zoarium. In tangential thin
sections the interopesial cavities have special walls (fig. 1C). On the inner face of
the zoarium the zooecia are elliptical and provided with a distal collar (fig. 1-1).
The mural rims are adjacent, but may be sometimes separated by a very small
furrow. The marginal zooecia are deformed wherever the snbcolonies meet. On
certain zoaria there are some zooecia bearing a kind of gymnocyst rather well devel-
oped; again the interopesial cavities sometimes have the form of prominent and
pointed avicularia.
This is a good-sized fossil, and its large zoarial dimensions will aid in its
determination even in the field.
Conopcum arborescent differs from (.'. l<uft<llvxiirn in the form of its zoarium,
in the oval shape of the opesium, in the rarity of furrows separating the zooecia.
and in the greater thickness of the mural rim.
<>i •ci/r/'f/ifi . — Lower Jacksonian (Moody:- marl): Jackson. Mississippi (com-
mon) ; 2£ miles north of Robert, Mississippi (common).
Cotypes.—C&t. No: 63873, U.S.X.M.
Genus HELIODO.MA Calvet, 1907.
1907. Hcliiiilniiiii CAT.VKT, Br.voznaires Expedition Scientilique flu Tntrnilleur et dn Tulix-
iiiini, p. 396.
The zooecia, with frontal provided with a membraneous area, are arranged
following two concentric spiral series in which they alternate, separated by a spiral
series of vibracula (Calvet).
Genotype. — PleHodoiini !/n/>/!r,/f,,, Calvet. 10<i7. Eecent.
The two genera Cupuladria and lli'linilninii differ only in the place of the
vibracula. They can be maintained only if it is proved that the function of the
vibraculum is different in them. The name of UiVimlnnni would then have the
right of priority.
Genus MEMBRANIPORINA Levinsen, 1909.
1909. Mciiibrriiiiiiorhiii LEVIXSEX, Morpliuln-ir;!] mid Systematic Studies on the Cheilostoma-
tous Br.vo7.oa, p. 145.
Membranipores exhibiting neither ovicells nor avicularia.
Membramporina is not a true ge.nus. but is simply an artificial grouping pro-
posed by Levinsen for the reception of species incompletely described or of which
we have insufficient information to place them more definitely.
MEMBRANIPORINA RIMULATA Ulrich. 1901.
I'lati- 1. h::s. 1. :.'.
1'inl. Mi iii/n-tiiiiiHirti riiiiiilntii T'I.KK H. .Maryland Kenlinjiciil Survey, Eocene, p. 211, i>l. <•".
fiprs. 1, 2.
0 ,-;,/;, nil description. — "Zoarium adnate. forming a thin, single sheet of
indefinite extent. Zooecia hexagonal in form, arranged quincuncially, with the Ion-
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BKYOZOA. 95
gitudinal rows generally very regular. Apertures occupying the whole of the large
opesium, quite regularly ovate in shape. Rim or interapertural space narrower than
the opesia, rounded, sometimes angular in the middle, but oftener with a depressed
interzooecial suture line, marked with close transverse lines or wrinkles. Taking
the place of an ordinary zooecium, isolated cells, or, more commonly, two or three
in longitudinal sequence, occur which differ from the rest in having a convex cover
with a narrow median slit, and above the slit a linear crescentic impression.
These cells may represent an unusual type of ooecia, but more probably are to be
considered as a form of vicarious avicularia or vibracula.
" The specimens upon which the species is founded are divisible into two
varieties, one with smaller zooccia and opesia and thicker walls than the other.
Measuring longitudinally the former has four and one-half zooecia in 2 mm., the
other only three and a half. Diagonally one has six, the other h've in the same
space. Thickness of zoarial sheet not exceeding 0.2 mm."
A restudy of the types shows Ulrich's description to be exact. Besides the
abnormal zooecia pointed out by this author we have noted certain zooecia with
double mural rim, these having undergone total regeneration. It is still impossible
to place this species generically because neither ovicell. avicularia, nor interopesial
cavities have been observed. The rarity of the specimens does not permit the
determination of the occurrence of dietcllae.
. [7(r>=0.32 mm. . I £2 = 0.50 mm.
Measurements. — Opesia., „_. /ooecia, .„
(1 o=0.2Q mm. | A* =0.30 mm.
Occurrence. — Lowest Eocene (Bryozoan bed at base of Aqiiia formation) :
Upper Marlboro. Maryland (very rare).
MEMBRANIPORINA CANALIFERA. new species.
Flute 3. figs. 0. 10.
Description. — The zoarium is incrusting shells. The zooecia are little distinct,
the neighboring mural rims being intimately joined together: the mural rim is
hollowed and contains a circular ca-nal about the opesium. which is elliptical and
median.
. — Opesia.
£0=0.30 mm. . 1^2=0.37-0.42 mm.
7«=0.20-0.25 mm. 'Cla|^ = 0.30-0.35 mm.
Variations. — This species is well characterized by its circular canal, the use
of which is unknown. Perhaps it contained glands analogous to those which
Waters1 has described in Adi nifii'ii (Membranipora) armatu Haswell. 1880. In
the young zooecia this canal is invisible and closed. The calcified zooecia have a
small linear orifice.
It is impossible to class this species generically, for neither ovicell nor intero-
pesial cavities have been observed.
1 1913. Waters. Marine Fauna of British East Africa :in<l Z-mzilmr. • 'I,. •!i..-r..rnata.
Zoological Society. I.onilon, 1913, p. JM:. pi. 71. fi«. !)1.
96 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : One mile west of Fort Gaines,
Georgia (rare) ; Luverne, Crenshaw County, Alabama (rare).
Holotypc.—Czi. Xo. 63790, U. S. X. M.
MEMBRANIPORINA SINESOLUM, new species.
Plate 19. fig. 5.
Description. — The zoarinm incrnsts oysters; the zooecia are grouped in linear,
axial series, emitting laterally zooecia arranged in quincunx. The zooecia are
distinct, elongated, elliptical or oval, separated by a deep furrow; the gymnocvst
is very small, inconstant, smooth, convex: the mural rim is very thin, flat, slightly
enlarged at the base.
\ko = OAO mm. . (Zs=0.44-0.50 mm
Measurements. — Opesium , Zooecia , - „.,
11,0=0.20 mm. |fe=0.30 mm.
Affiniti.es. — This species has the simplicity of structure of Membraniporina
In. en. Eeuss 1869: there is no l>ri*iil i>lt><-i/*t. or. better, it is of extreme tenuity and
the substratum is entirely visible. J/. sin-csolum differs, however, in its smaller
dimensions (Ao=0.40 mm. and not 0.50 mm.) and in its more regular zooecia.
This is perhaps Biflnstra lacroiri Smitt. 1S7'2, which was incorrectly deter-
mined. However, we are unable to make comparisons, as we have not discovered
the recent species or measured the types.
Membraniporina sinesolum differs from Membranipora capillimnrgo Canu,
1911, from the Eocanean of Argentina, in its larger micrometric dimensions
(Z,s=0.44-0.50 mm. and not 0.35-0.42 mm.). Menibraniporvna. laxa Reuss 1869,
Meinbraniporina c<ti>!lHin<ii'c/o Canu. 1911, Bi-flustro Jacroi.r! Smitt, 1S72 and Mem-
lii'iui/jior/iKi xiiirxttJiiij'i. new speris. form a natural group of very great simplicity
of structure. Unfortunately we lack recent specimens for study.
Ocnirn nc< . — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : 2i miles north of Robert,
Xewton County, Mississippi (rare).
Holotype.—Cat. Xo. G3876, U. S X. M.
MEMBRANIPORINA LAXA Reuss. 1869.
Plate 13 fig. 16.
1864. Mem'braniiKii-n xniitilimtirgo REUSS. TJeber Anthozoen und Bryozoen des Ma Inzer
Tertiarbeckens, Simnifislipriclite fler k. Ak:i(l^inie der \VNseiirliaftfii. AVien, vol. 50. Abth. 1.
p. 630. pi. 9. fig. 5.
1860. Mcmbrniu/inni lu.t-a REUSS, Die fossilen Antbozoeu und Bryozoen der Sehicbteu-
Si'uppc von Crosfiro, Denkschriften dor k. Akademie dor Wissoiisi-haften, Wion, vol. 29. Ablli.
1. p. 252. pi. 36. fis. 14.
1904. \li-tiiliriiiniini-ii 1n.ni CANU. Ex]ili>r;ition scientiflqne de la Tunisie, Etude des
Bryozoaires tertiaires. p. IT. pi. ?>4, fig. IS.
Affinities. — The figured specimen, which is the only, one collected, is only
moderately well preserved, but it presents some interesting peculiarities. There is
no dorsal olocyst. the substratum is visible in the opesium. and the calcification is
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 97
reduced entirely to the lateral walls. Total regeneration manifests itself in a very
thin mural rim within the opesium.
The dimensions of the opesium are 0.50 mm. to 0.55 mm. by 0.40 mm. measure-
ments which are very close to those of Membranipora laxa from Tunis as figured
by Canu. The granulations of the mural rim are much rarer than in the specimens
from Tunis ; they must be very irregular in occurrence, for Reuss did not mention
them at all. If our American specimen be correctly determined, it appears here
in a lower geologic horizon than in Europe.
This species is very close to Membranipora filum. Jullien.1 but its dimen-
sions are smaller and its zooecia are relatively more elongated in which it
approaches the specimens cited by Calvet. It is evident that the great structural
simplicity of such species makes their determination a matter of great care and
of which one can not be exactly certain without the study of numerous specimens.
Occurrence. — Claibornian (Gosport sand) : 1 mile southwest of Rockville,
Clarke County, Alabama (very rare).
Geological distribution. — Priabonian of Vicentin (Reuss, Waters) ; Chattian
(=Casselian) of Germany (Reuss) ; Eocene of Tunis (Canu).
riesiotypc.—Cnt. No." 63848, U.S.N.M.
MEMBRANIPORINA CLAVIFORMIS, new species.
Plate 19, fig. 14.
Description. — The zoarium is free and club shaped, quite slender in the lower
part, composed of zooecia disposed about an imaginary axis. The zooecia are large,
elongate, somewhat indistinct because their mural rims are often confluent; the
mural rim is thick, round, smooth. The opesium is median and elliptical. Between
the superior opesia there are small triangular cavities without special walls. The
larger zooecia measure 0.70 mm. by 0.24 mm.
Affinities. — Only the single specimen figured has been discovered. It bears a
resemblance to Farcimia, but we have been able to observe neither articulation nor
endozooecial ovicells; moreover, there are six longitudinal series of zooecia. It is
1 The bibliography of this recent species is as follows :
1872. Biflustra lacroixi SMITT, Floridan Bryozoa, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlmgar.
vol. 10, No. 11, p. 18, pi. 4, figs. S5-S8.
1902. Membranipora reticulum CALVET, Bryozoaires des cotes de Corse, Travaux de 1'Instltut de Zoologie
de University de Montpelier, ser. 2, Mem. 12, p. 14.
1903. Membranipora fllum JULLIEN, Bryozoaries provenant des Campagnes de 1'Hirondelle. p. 41.
pi. 5, fig. 4.
1914. Memlranipora lacroixii OSEURN, The Bryozoa of the Tortugas Islands, Florida, Publication
Carnegie Institution of Washington, No. 182, p. 193.
Smitt's figures, 85-87, indicate clearly the presence of triangular interopesial cavities with individual
walls. Jullien thought this was an error, and that the species bore two spines placed on the distal triangu-
lar parts of the zooecium. Canu does not believe that Smitt could have committed such an error in figuring
the form. Osburn has collected from the Tortugas Islands a specimen which he states is similar to Smitt's
figures, and which presents the usual characters of Conopeum lacroi.rii. But without doubt the species
figured by Smitt is provided with a mural rim much narrower than Busk's species, and for this reason it
will perhaps be convenient to consider it a distinct species. The species of Jullien and Calvet is also very
probably another.
55899— 19— Bull. 106 7
98 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
necessary therefore to await more abundant material before the generic position can
be determined.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (very rare).
Holotype.—Cnt. No. 63871, U. S N. M.
MEMBRANIPORINA BENJAMINI Cann and Bassler. 1917.
Plate 21, fig. 1.
1917. Membraniporina lenjamini CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary
Cheilostome Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 11, pi. 1, fig. 1.
Description. — The zoarium is incrusting. The zooecia are large, elongate,
elliptical, and distinct; the mural rim is rounded, smooth, everywhere of equal
•width. The opesium is median, elliptical, entire. In the vicinity of the septulae
there is often an incomplete small canal.
. (7^=0.57 mm. 7 . \La= 0.65-0.70 mm.
BCia|zs=0.4(M).45 mm.
Affinities. — Only the fragment figured, which is of considerable interest, has
been found. In the proximal part of the zooecium in front of each septula there is
a sort of incompletely calcified tubule, serving probably to protect the mesenchyma-
tous filaments which pass from one zooecium to another.
This interesting species is named after Dr. Marcus Benjamin, the efficient editor
of the United States National Museum, to whom we are indebted for many
courtesies.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Rich Hill, 5} miles southeast of Knoxville,
Crawford County, Georgia (very rare).
Holotype.—Cat. No. 62567, U.S.N.M.
MEMBRANIPORINA TUBULOSA, new species.
Plate 80, figs. 2-7.
Description. — The zoarium is unilaminar. tubular, and incrusts very small algae.
The zooecia are distinct, elongated, hexagonal; the mural rim is level, but little
elevated, much enlarged at the base to form a concave cryptocyst. The opesium
is anterior, elliptical, entire; the lateral walls bear two small septulae.
A0=0.20-0.22 mm. . \Lz= 0.40-0.45 mm.
;CiaUz=0.30-0.32 mm.
Affinities. — The bifurcation of the zoarium corresponds to that of the alga
which served as a substratum. At this bifurcation there is often a giant zooecium.
The calcified zooecia have a concave cryptocyst perforated by a large round pore.
It appears to us that endozooecial ovicells may be present, but as we are not able
to confirm the observation by a dissection it is necessary to await better specimens
before placing the species finally.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 99
In its exterior aspect this species is close to Acanthodesia (Membranipora)
sarartii Audouin, 1826, but it differs in its smaller micrometric dimensions, its
tubular zoarium, and in the absence of an opesial denticle. In considering this
form of zoarium it is necessary to admit that in order to attain such a shape there
is necessary, first, an alga very soft and incapable of breaking the armor formed
about it by the bryozoan. and, second, either the base or the joint of the incrusted
alga has reached its greatest resistant growth, is incapable of further growth,
or is dead. We are without means of elucidating such problems, but one must
admire the remarkable selective instinct of the larva which would always choose
an identical substratum and could anticipate its nondevelopment. We will dwell
many times on these marvelous larval activities in the course of this work. It is
greatly to be desired that their study will be undertaken by the young zoologists.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (" Chimney rock " of Marianna limestone) : 1 mile
north of Monroeville, Alabama (very common) ; 2-i miles north of Millry, Washing-
ton County, Alabama (rare).
C'otypes.—CsLt. No. 64230, U.S.N.M.
MEMBRANIPORINA ARCANA, new species.
Plate SO, figs. 8-11.
Description. — The zoarium is a fragile, free network. The zooecia are very
elongate, little distinct, nearly elliptical ; the mural rim is very thin at the top, en-
larged below, curved, almost smooth. The opesium is large, elliptical, entire. There
is no calcified dorsal face.
„ . Zs=1.00 mm.
Measurements. — Zooecia , _ ._
12—OAO mm.
Affinities. — This species is a true mystery. As it is very fragile and imperfectly
calcified we would be justified in classifying it in Membranipora — that is to say, in
the Membranacea group. But we have discovered a sort of ovicell ( ?) situated in
the lower part of the zooecium and deforming its proximal part. This problematic
cavity has never been observed before. We are thus compelled to class it in the
genus Membraniporina, with species insufficiently studied or poorly understood.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian ("Chimney rock" of Marianna limestone): One
mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 64231, U.S.N.M.
ACANTHODESIA, new genus.
Greek : Acanthodes, full of bristles.
No ovicell. The opesium is garnished laterally by small spinous processes
and inferiorly by a sen-ate denticle. Fifteen tentacles.
Genotype. — Acanthodesia (Fhistra] *</>•, /,'///' Savigny-Audouin, 1826.
Range. — Lutetian-Recent.
Another species of this new genus is M embranipora limosa Waters, 1908.
Waters classified the genotype in the same group as M cnibrunipora hians Hincks,
1885. This is incorrect, since Flusfru xiicartii is deprived of opesiules, and its large
100 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
retractor muscle of the polypide inserted on the median axis of the zooecium assures
the symmetry of the opesium; moreover, there is no ocivell.
The spinous processes are of the same nature as those of the genera Hemisep-
tclla Levinsen, 1909, and Cupularia Def ranee, 1821. but they are very inconstant; in
fact, they have not been noted on the recent specimens, nor are they very frequent
on the fossils. On the contrary, the serrate denticle is rarely found in the fossil
examples.
ACANTHODESIA SAVARTII Audouin, 1826.'
Plate 21, figs. 2-4.
1826. Flustra savartii AUDOUIN, Explication sommaire cles planches de 1'Egypte et de la Syrie,
in Savigny's description cle FEgypte, Histoire Naturelle, vol. 3, Paris, p. 240, pi. 10,
fig. 10.
3907. Mcmbranipora savartii CANU, Bryozoaires des terrains tertiaires des environs de Paris,
Annales Paleontologie, vol. 2, p. 6, pi. 1, fig. 1.
]908. Mcm'branipora savartii CANU, Ic-onographie des Bryozoires fossiles de 1'Argentine,
Anales del Museo Nacional de Buenos Aires, vol. 17, p. 252, pi. 2, figs. 5, 6.
3909. Nembrampora savartii WATERS, Reports on the Marine Biology of the Sudanese Red
Sea, XII, Journal Linnean Society, London, vol. 31, p. 137, pi. 11, figs. 8-13.
1913. Membranipora savartii WATERS, Marine Fauna of British East Africa and Zanzibar.
Bryozoa, Cheilostomata, Proceedings Zoological Society London, 1913, p. 486.
1914. Membranipora savartii OSBURN, The Bryozoa of the Tortugas Islands, Florida, Publi-
cation Carnegie Institution of Washington, No. 182, p. 1941.
ho= 0.26-0.32 mm. . [Z,2=0.36-0.44 mm.
mm. Zo0eCli>=0.18-0.36 mm.
Variations. — The American forsil specimens are unilamellar and incrust other
bryozoa, chiefly the Cellopores. After rubbing away the zoarial surface we have
observed only one distal septula. The micrometric variations between one specimen
and another are considerable. Our specimens correspond exactly to those from the
environs of Paris, and are almost the same as those from Egypt and from the Eng-
lish Crag, but they differ a little from examples dredged in the recent seas. We
have figured the extreme forms, but our fossils show all of the intermediate stages.
The opesial denticle is rarely observed on the fossils on account of its very great
fragility. Nevertheless, these denticles are very clearly preserved on a specimen
from the Vicksburgian of Jasper County, Mississippi (fig. 4).
The vigor and resistance of this species is extraordinary. Quite cosmopolitan
in the existing seas, it was present even in the Eocene seas. Unfortunately, we are
still ignorant of its larval system. It appears sensitive to bathymetric variation,
implying an elementary hydrostatic system, and the absence of powerful means
of oxygenation.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian ("Chimney rock" of Marianna limestone) : Three
miles southeast of Vosburg, Jasper County, Mississippi (rare) ; 1 mile north of
Monroeville, Alabama (very common).
1 Snvigny having become blind, the explanation of his plates was prepared by Audouin in 1«26
Savigny's plates were published in 1812.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
101
Geological distribution. — The foreign occurrences are as follows: Lutetian of
the environs of Paris (Canu) ; Latdorfian of Germany (Eeuss, Stoliczka) ; Rupelian
of Germany (Reuss, Schreiber) ; Chattian of Germany (Reuss, Philippi, Roemer) ;
Miocene of Australia (Waters, MacGillivray) ; Helvetian of the Herault in France
(Canu), of Italy (Neviani), of Egypt (Canu); Zanclean of Italy (Seguenza) ;
FIG. 26. — Genus Adcuifera Canu and Bassler, 1917.
A-G. Adenifera urmata Haswell, 1880. A. Several zooecia, X 25; or, avicularium, op.
opesium. B. Avicularium, X 85. C. Mandible of the avicularium, X 85. D. Decalcified avicu-
lariuni showing retractor muscles (<i), divaricator (6). with tendou attached to the inaudible
in the middle of the base, and the " peculiar body " (c), X 85.
E. Decalcified zooecium showing the avicularian chamber on the left with muscles, as in
fig. D, and the glandular chamber (gc) on the right, X 85.
F. Lower portion of lateral gland, X 320.
G. Opercular region, seen from the interior, X 50. The opercular muscle is attached to a
linear sclerite (so) on the membranous operculum, and from the sclerite there is also a muscular
band to the tentacular sheath (t. s.). T\vo protoplasmic bands pass to tlie distal septula.
(A-G after Waters, 1913.)
Plaisancian of England (Busk), of Belgium (Lorie), of Italy (Manzoni) ; Astian
of Italy (Seguenza); Quaternary of Italy (Sequenza) and of Argentina (Canu).
Habitat. — The living forms are found in the Atlantic off Florida, in the Pacific
off Australia, in the Indian Ocean at Zanzibar and Ceylon, and in the Red Sea,
where they have been brought up from depths of 18 to 54 meters. In the Gulf of
Florida they have been found at depths of 16 to 47 meters.
Plcsiotypcs.—Csit. Nos. 638T4. 03875, U.S.N.M.
102 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genus ADENIFERA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Adenifera CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 12.
With a distal glandular penthouse.
Genotype. — Membranipora armata Haswell, 1880.
Range. — Jacksonian-Recent.
In 1914 Waters studied the genotype and wrote: "This form can not remain
under M ' embranipora, though I am not suggesting that it is Petralia, but call atten-
tion to various similar characters in forms placed far asunder."
The hydrostatic zoarial system well known in the Petraliidae is not limited to
this family, but occurs frequently in many other bryozoa. We have noted the fact
that the life of bryozoa commensal upon algae is in intimate relation with the
substratum.
Waters noted 30 tentacles in M 'embranipora armata, but this number occurs
very rarely. We are in ignorance regarding the family to which this genus should
be referred.
The species which may be classed in this genus are as follows :
Adenifera (Membranipora) armata Haswell, 1880. Recent.
Adenifera (Membranipora) nigrans Hincks, 1882. Recent.
Adenifera (Membranipora) margineHa Hincks. 1884. Recent.
Adenifera (Membranipora} striata MacGillivray, 1904. Tertiary of Australia.
ADENIFERA INARMATA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 21, figs. 5-7.
1917. Adenifera inarmata CANU and BASSLEK, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilo-
stome Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 12, pi. 1, fig. 2.
Description. — The zoarium is unilamellar. living upon algae; its lower side
bears hydrostatic tuberosities. The zooecia arc very large, ogival in form, and dis-
tinct ; the mural rim is very finely, granulated, rounded, enlarged at the base, where
it sometimes bears callosities. The opesium is entire, elliptical but somewhat irregu-
lar. On the distal part of the mural rim there is an arched pad which is hollow,
fragile, and symmetrical, the fore part containing two glands. No avicularia.
. \ho= 0.60-0.66 mm. . (Zs=0.80-0.90mm.
Measurements. — Opesia 7 n Kf. Zooecia 7 - on „-,.
|io=0.50mm. 1/3=0.60-0.70 mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Adenifera striata MacGillivray, 1904.
from the Miocene of Australia, in its much smaller micrometric measurements and
in the reduction of its cryptocyst. It differs from the recent Adenifera armata in
the total absence of a lateral avicularium on the distal arch. Here, again, it may
be noted that the Membranipores have not always the simplicity of structure
described by the older authors.
Occit>rrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (com-
mon) ; Wilmington, North Carolina (very rare1).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 62570, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 103
CUPULADRIA, new genus.
No ovicell. The zoarium bears vibracula. No gymnocyst,
Genotype. — Cupuladna- (''ii/nt/in-ia} canariensis Busk, 1859.
Range. — Miocene-Recent.
The genotype does not belong at all to the genus Cupularia, as we now under-
stand the genus, and as it is denned by its type species. There are neither opesiules
nor cryptocyst. Previously Sinitt, in 1872, classified the genotype more correctly in
Membranipora, as this genus was then understood. It can not, however, be main-
tained in this genus, since its significance has been more restricted. We have there-
fore been obliged to create a new genus, characterized by the presence of vibracula,
although these organs of zoarial adaptation may not logically furnish good generic
characters. We only add a letter to the primitive term to modify the long synonymy
of this species as little as possible.
This genus differs from Heliodoma Calvet, 1907, in the absence of a gymno-
cyst. The absence of an endozooecial ovicell does not permit it to be confused with
either VibracelHna Canu and Bassler, 1917, or Setosellina Calvet, 1907.
Genus TROCHOPORA D'Orbigny, 1851.
1851. Trochopora D'OBBIGNY, Paleontologie frangaise, Terrain Cretace, Bryozoaires, vol. 5,
p. 506.
The zoarium has the Lunulites form. The zooecia and the vibracula are
arranged in distinct rows. The ancestrular zooecia are either hydrostatic or radicu-
lar. The growth of the zoarium is effected by superimposed (unizooecial) disks
with the zooecia arranged in single rows. No ovicell. The vibracula are sym-
metrical.
Genotype. — Trochopora conica Defrance, 1833.
Range. — Lutetian-Helvetian.
The known species of this genus are as follows :
Trochopora conica Defrance, 1833.
Trochopora ovalis D'Orbigny, 1851.
Trochopora subplena Keuss, 1855.
TROCHOPORA BOUEI Lea, 1833.
Plate 10, figs. 1-17.
1833. Lunulites fioi/ei LEA, Contributions to Geology, p. 189, pi. 6.
1833. Lunulites duclosii LEA, Contributions to Geology, p. 190, pi. 6, fig. 203.
1862. Discoflustrellaria bouei GABB and HORN, Monograph of the Fossil Polyzoa of the
Secondary and Tertiary formations of North America, Journal of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 154.
1862. Hetcractis duclosii GABB and HORN, Monograph of the Fossil Polyzoa of the Second-
ary and Tertiary formations of North America, Journal Academy of Natural
Sciences of Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 156, pi. 20, fig. 39.
1S90. Lunulites (Discoflustrellaria) bond, and varieties concava, depressa, duclosii, tiza,
and almina. DE GREGORIO, Monographic cle la Faune Eocenique de 1'Alabama et
surtout de celle de Claimorne de 1'Etnge Perisien. Annales do Geologie et de Palonto-
logie, livraisons, 7. 8. p. 243, pis. 41, 42.
104 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Description. — The zoarium is Lunulites in form, slightly convex, with the inner
face concave. The zooecia are elongated, pyrif orm, distinct ; the mural rim is regu-
lar, convex, projecting distally. The opesium is pyriform, entire. The ancestrular
zooecia are normal or radicular. The vibracula are small, narrow, symmetrical,
with neither condyle nor small canal. On the inner face the disks are thinner at
the center; they are formed of radial costules with the zooecia in one row and per-
forated with a line of irregular pores. A large distal septula is present.
Variations. — This species is very constant in its zooecial form. The principal
variations are produced in the vicinity of the ancestrula. according to the con-
ditions under which the larva becomes fixed. The larva affixes itself as customary
on a grain of sand (figs. 11, 13, 14). There are four sorts of ancestrular zooecia.
1. The ancestrula gives rise to normal zooecia and a discoidal zoarium results (figs.
8, 11). 2. The ancestrula engenders a flabelliform zoarium of normal zooecia
(variety duclosii} (fig. 2). The zoarium then becomes discoidal by the especial
proliferation of the lateral rows. 3. The ancestrula gives rise to a discoidal
zoarium commencing with radicular zooecia (var. almina) (fig. 5), this zone of
radicular zooecia being more or less large. 4. The ancestrula gives origin to a
flabelliform zoarium uniquely composed of vibracula (fig. 17). The ancestrula
may be visible (fig. 8) or immersed (figs. 3, 5). The inner face is also quite va-
riable; very often the primitive flabelliform zoarium is visible (figs. 9, 10) ; again,
it is often covered by the accompanying disks (fig. 16).
The disks piled up to compose the zoarium are much thinner at the center
(which preserves the cupuliform aspect of the zoarium) (fig. 16). Frequently
broken disks are found showing the construction of the genus very well (figs. 12,
13. 15). In vertical fractures the fibrous texture of the zoarium is quite visible
(fig. 14).
Occurrence. — Claibornian (Gosport sand) : Claiborne, Alabama (very abun-
dant); Gopher Hill, Tombigbee River, Alabama; 1 mile southwest of Rockville,
Alabama (very abundant).
Claibornian (Cook Mountain formation) : Moseleys Ferry, Caldwell County,
Texas (abundant).
Claibornian (Lisbon formation) : Wautubbee Hills, 4 miles south of Enter-
prise, Mississippi (rare).
Lower Jacksonian : 3i miles southwest of Shell Bluff post office, Georgia (rare).
Lower Jacksonian (Moodysmarl) : Jackson, Mississippi (abundant).
Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : Red Bluff, Wayne County, Mississippi (rare).
Plesiotypes.—GsA. No. 63837, IT.S.N.M.
TROCHOPORA TRUNCATA De Gregorio, 1890.
Plate 11, figs. 1-0.
1S90. Lunulites (DisroflustrcUana) bond-, v.ir. tnmcata DE GREC.ORIO, Monographic de la
Faune Eocenique de 1'Alabauia et surtout de celle de Claiborne de 1'Etage Parisien,
Arinalos de Geologic et de Paleontologie, Livraisons 7, 8, p. 245, pi. 41, figs. 34-41.
Description. — The zoarium is a conical Lunulites, solid, formed of successive
disks. The zooecia are' hexagonal, distinct, arranged in radial and circular rows;
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 105
the mural rim is thin, sharp, irregular, and gashed. The. opesium is irregular.
The ancestrular zooecia never cover the grain of quartz to which the larva affixes
itself. The vibracula are not very constant; they are at first very small, increas-
ing in size toward the periphery and becoming primoserial. On the inner face
the radial rows are flat, smooth at the center, very porous at the circumference.
nr rr • \Ls=0.20 mm. ,7., n \Lv=0.15 mm.
Measurements. — Zooecia , Vibracula 7 ^
|te=0.15 mm. \lv=Q.07 mm.
Affinities. — This is a very typical Trochopora and is the species corresponding
to Trochopora subplena Reuss 1855, of the European Oligocene. It differs from it,
however, in its smaller opesial dimensions (?s=0.15 mm. instead of 0.20-0.24 mm.).
When altered by fossilization Trochopora truncata is difficult to distinguish
from badly preserved examples of Lumdaria ligulata, with which it very often
occurs. The specimens with a flat and perforated base may alone be considered as
Trochopora truncata.
Vertical sections are not always necessary to discover the heaped-up disks, for
they are often visible in partial fractures.
De Gregorio's figures are rather mediocre, but as his text apparently agrees
with our specimens, we believe it necessary to adopt his name: "Testa superne
truncata plus minusce discoidea. ... Le type de cette variete s'eloigne
beaucoup du type de 1'espece, de sorte qu'on pourrait le considerer comme une
espece differente . . . figs. 34-37 couche detachee de la face inferieure (disk)."
Occurrence. — Claibornian (Gosport sand) : Gopher Hill, Tombigbee River,
Alabama ; 1 mile southeast of Rockville, Alabama (rare) ; Claiborne, Alabama
(very abundant).
Claibornian (Cook Mountain formation) : Moseleys Ferry, Caldwell County,
Texas (abundant).
Lower Jacksonian: 3^ miles southeast of Shell Bluff post office, Georgia (rare).
Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (abundant).
Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 63838, U.S.N.M.
Genus OTIONELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. OtioneUa CANU ami BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Bryozoa, Bulletin
96, United States National Museum, p. 13.
The zoarium is discoidal (Lunulites form), with neither ovicell nor radicular
and hydrostatic zooecia. The vibraculum is interzooecial, unsymmetrical, auricu-
lated, one lip more prominent than the other. The zooecia are hexagonal and dis-
posed in quincunx on the outer face and in radial lines on the inner side. The
ancestrula is as large as the other zooecia and of the same form.
Genotype. — OtioneUa perforate. Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Range. — Campanian, Jacksonian.
Lunulites mitra Hagenow, 1839, belongs to this genus.
This genus is a Membranipore with the Lunulites form; that is to say, the
colony is discoidal. It is a recognized fact that these Lunulites forms of growth are
106 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
only the adaptions to a particular mode of existence in sandy facies. We have
not observed ovicells on any of our specimens, but we can not affirm their com-
plete absence before studying a much larger number of specimens and making
more numerous thin sections.
OTIONELLA McCALLIEI, new species.
Plate 12, figs. 1, 2.
Description. — The zoarium is discoidal, the inner side concave. The zooecia
are hexagonal, distinct, separated by a furrow, disposed in irregular quincunx lines ;
the mural rim is thin at the top, enlarged into a cryptocyst below, smooth, sharp at
the summit. The opesium is elongated, elliptical, bordered by a very small collar.
The vibraculum is asymmetrical and auriculated, interzooecial, as large as the
zooecia. On the inner face the zooecia are disposed in radial lines, perforated with
large pores, communicating with the interior of the zooecia.
„, , (Zv=0.25-0.30 mm.
Measurements. — Vibraculum , _ .,
1^=0.12-0.15 mm.
Affinities. — The only specimen found is the figured one, which is remarkable in
that the ancestrula appears to be double and formed of two large zooecia; this is
an illusion, for the true ancestrula is by no means placed in the geometric center
of the zoarium. The ribs of the inner face are arranged in radial lines and are
independent of the zooecia of the outer face. Nevertheless they ought to com-
municate with the latter by the tubules, as is the habit in the genus.
This species differs from Otionclla perforata in its much larger vibraculum and
in the much smaller opesial collar.
The specific name is in honor of Dr. R. W. McCallie, State geologist of Georgia,
who has taken an active interest in our work and has furnished numerous specimens
from his State.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian: 34- miles southeast of Shell Bluff post office,
Georgia (very rare).
Holotype.—C&t. No. 63839, U.S.N.M.
OTIONELLA PERFORATA Canu and Basslcr, 1917.
Plate 11, figs. 7-19.
1917. OtioneUa perforata CANU and BASSLEK, Synopsis of American Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 13, pi. 1. figs. 3, 4.
Description. — The zoarium is discoidal with a concave inner face. The zooecia
are ogival in shape, broad, distinct, separated by a furrow, disposed in very irregular
radial and transverse lines; the mural rim is broad on the sides and below with a
projecting summit; the opesium is elliptical, little elongated, nearly orbicular,
bordered by a projecting collar. The vibraculum is as large as the zooecium, unsym-
metrical and auriculated, rather narrow. On the inner face the radial ribs are
perforated with numerous pores. There are at least two pairs of large lateral
septulae to each zooecium, and only one pair in the vibraculum.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 107
~ . [A0=0.12 mm. „ . \Ls=0.-2o mm.
Measurements, — Opesium' . , /ooecium 7 -.on nor-
|Z0=0.10 mm. [te=0.20-0.2< r
„., , |Zy=0.25 mm.
Vibraculum ,,
^
mm.
mm.
Variations. — The lines of zooecia are easily detached from one another. Their
edge (fig. 16) shows a minutely furrowed surface in which the furrows radiate
from the same center of origin as the lines. As is indicated in figures 11, 12, 13
this center of origin is not necessarily the zoarial center. These furrows represent
intercostal canals which are independent of the perforating tubules (fig. 19), the
orifices of which are visible at t in fig 16. This same figure shows also the large
multiporous lateral septulae.
In sections (fig. 19) the zooecia are urceolate, erect, separated by convex par-
titions. In the same radial line they communicate among themselves by means of
a large distal septula (s. d.}. The tubules (t), corresponding to the large pores of
the inner face, probably serve for the passage of the mesenchymatous network.
In small zoaria the ribs of the inner face are hollow at their extremities (figs.
13, M, 15). These, hollow spaces were subsequently filled up, for the sections do not
indicate these cavities (fig. 19).
The proliferation of the zooecia is not always regular about the ancestrula (fig.
14). A nabelliform colony (fig. 13) is often formed and becomes discoidal by
special budding at the ends and on the sides of the lines of zooecia. The tangential
section (fig. 17) is not very well oriented, but it is sufficient to show the constitu-
tive elements of the olocyst grouped in radial lines about the opesium.
Affinities. — This species differs from Otionella tuberosa in the numerous pores
which perforate its inner face. The opesial collar is analogous to that which Levin-
sen has noted in Membranicellaria; but we have never observed the endotoichal ovi-
cell of this genus.
Occurrence. — Claibornian (Gosport sand) : Claiborne, Alabama (common) ;
Gopher Hill, Tombigbee River, Alabama; 1 mile southeast of Rockville, Clarke
County, Alabama (common).
Claibornian (Lisbon formation) : Wautubbee Hills, 4 miles south of Enterprise,
Mississippi (rare).
Lower Jacksonian (Moody.s marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (common).
Cotypes.—Crt. No. 62571,' U.S.N.M.
OTIONELLA TUBEROSA, new species.
Plate 12, figs. 5-15.
Description. — The zoarium is discoidal, with a concave inner face. The zooecia
are hexagonal, somewhat indistinct, joined by their mural rims, disposed apparently
in irregular quincunx ; the mural rim is concave, broad, especially at the base. The
opesium is elliptical or nearly orbicular and bordered by a prominent collar. The
vibraculum is interzooecial, asymmetrical, auriculated, larger than the zooecium.
108 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The inner face is but slightly concave : the radial ribs are smooth and perforated
with some small scattered pores or ornamented with large tuberosities.
Measurements. — Opesium
Ao=0.1o mm. . Zz=0.25 mm.
7 Zooecium , „„„
fo=0.12 mm. \ls-0.25 mm.
Zi>=r0.35 mm.
Vibraculum , ,
Uv=0.26 mm.
Variations. — The interzooecial sections show that the inner side is very thick and
fibrous, and that between the tuberosities there are sometimes very narrow tubules
(fig. 9). The tuberosities on the rows of the noncelluliferous face (figs. 10, 12) are
not constant (fig. 14), and the same zoarium (fig. 10) shows both smooth and tuber-
ous conditions. Gemmation about the ancestrula is not regular. It is linear at first,
and the zoarium becomes discoidal by the special budding along lateral lines (fig. 10) .
In tangential section (figs. 7, 13) the mural rim is seen to be formed of olocystal
elements grouped in radial lines around the opesium. A tangential section of the
inner face (fig. 6) shows olocystal nuclei corresponding to the tuberosities. The ribs
are separated by a white line.
Affinities. — The opesial collar is similar to that described by Levinsen in Mem-
branicellaria ; but we have not observed ovicells.
This species differs from Otionella. perforata in the tuberosities which ornament
its noncelluliferous side and in its vibracula, which are larger than the zooecia.
Occurrence. — Claibornian (Cook Mountain formation) : Moseleys Ferry. Cald-
well County, Texas (rare).
Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (common).
Jacksonian (Zeuglodon zone) : South side of Suck Creek, Clarke County, Mis-
sissippi (rare).
Cotypes.—Czt. No. 63841, U.S.N.M.
OTIONELLA CAVA, new species.
Plato 21, figs. 8-14.
Description. — The zoarium is orbicular. On the outer surface the zooecia are
arranged in regular quincunx lines. They are hexagonal, a little elongated, some-
what indistinct, confluent through the union of their mural rims ; the mural rim is
quite uniformly developed, thick, somewhat enlarged at the base. The opesium is
elliptical, elongated, entire. The vibraculum is very large, twice as long as the
zooecia, and is interzooecial, unsymmetrical and auriculated; its projecting lip is
small. On the inner side the radial ribs are holloiv and not calcified; the zooecial
walls are pierced everywhere with small hydrostatic tuberosities.
Measurements. — Opesium
A0=0.26 mm. „ . fZs=0.35 mm.
70=0.18 mm. eCUlml72=0.24 mm.
Z<y=0.65 mm.
Vibraculum ,
lv=0.'2G mm.
Affinities. — The hydrostatic system of this species is strongly developed and is
quite analogous to that of Lunularia (t/'xfifn* Lonsdale, 1845. The external surface
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
109
of the ribs presents no sign of calcification. It is probable, however, that the ecto-
cyst is not the only external membrane and that a chitinous cryptocyst replaced the
calcified deposit which is wanting here. The zooecia appear thus to be both poly-
pidian and hydrostatic.
On the inner side of the x.cnrium a fine white mealy powder refills the ribs, but
this species is easily distinguished from Otionella tuberosa and from 0. perforata
by its gigantic vibracula and by the entire absence of the opesial collar.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: 3J: miles south of Perry, Georgia (common) ;
Balclock. Barnwell County, South Carolina (common).
Jacksonian (Zeuglodon zone) : South side of Suck Creek, Clarke County,
Mississippi (rare) ; Shubuta. Mississippi (rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 63876. U.S.N.M.
C. Ogivalma g Hincksina A. Vibracellina D Me'nhrendoecium E. Setosellina
FIG. 27. — Genera of Membraniporae with endozooecial ovicell.
A. Vibracellina capillaria Canu and Bassler, 1917, X 20. Claibornian, Caldwell County,
Texas.
B. Hincksina megavicularia Canu and Bassler ,1917, X 20. Middle Jacksonian, Wilmington,
North Carolina.
C. Ogivalina eximipora Canu and Bassler, 1917, X 20. Middle Jacksonian, Rich Hill,
Crawford County, Georgia.
D. Membrendoecium rectum, new species, Vicksburgian, By ram, Mississippi.
E. Setosellina roulei Calvet, 1907, X 25. Recent.
SECTION II. MEMBRANIPORAE WITH ENDOZOOECIAL OVICELL.
We have recognized four genera of Membranipores provided with an
endozooecial ovicell, a structure which distinguishes them from genera of the first
section quite as clearly as from those which have a hyperstomial ovicell. Fur-
thermore, these four genera do not appear to belong even to the same family.
Hincksina according to Norman is a member of the Flustridae.
Vibracellina may perhaps belong to the Lunulariidae.
Ogivalina may be referred to the Onychocellidae.
M embrendoecium may perhaps belong to the Farciminariidae.
110 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
In the present state of bryozoology. generic grouping in distinct families
quite frequently is necessarily artificial, arbitrary, and problematic, since we lack
anatomical and larval data in most cases. It is better therefore to maintain these
four genera in the present place rather than to introduce them doubtfully into the
recent families mentioned above.
Genus VIBRACELLINA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Vibracellina CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 14.
Endozooecial ovicell. Auriform vibracula. No cryptocyst. No dietellae.
Genotype. — Vibracellina capillaria Canu and Bassler, 1917.
With the exception of Cupuladria we know three species of Membrani pores hav-
ing auriform vibracula. These are Vibracella trapezoidea Reuss. 1844, very well
described by Waters,1 who has created for it the genus Vibracella; Pyripora con-
fluens Canu, 1907 (not Reuss, 1844), which is probably the type of a new genus
and Vibracellina capillaria, Canu and Bassler, 1917.
In 1890 Kirkpatrick figured an incrusting species Membranipora has tills from
the China Sea, of which he wrote : " Placed transversely at the head of each
zooecium are ear-shaped vibracular cells, toothed on one margin, with a vibraculum
shaped like a double-edged spear." Some months later he declared he was mis-
taken and that his Membranipora hastilis was the same as Membranipora coronata
Hincks. We think that he has been misled in the place occupied by the avicularium.
That of Membranipora coronata is triangular and not auriform. The two species
appear to us distinct and M. hastilis might be of the type of our genus Vibracellina.
VIBRACELLINA CAPILLARIA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 16, fig. 16.
1917. Vibracellina capillaria CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 14; pi. 1, fig. o.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts small shells. The zooecia are elongate,
distinct, oval, with a very small gymnocyst; the mural rim is convex, salient, very
thin, almost capillary. The opesium is oval, entire. The vibraculum is inter-
zooecial, unsymmetrical ; its opesium is oblique and bounded by two lips of which
the upper one is convex and sinuous. The ovicell is a distal convexity.
Affinities. — At the center of the figured zoarium may be noted two smaller
zooecia almost equal; which of these is the ancestrula can not be discerned. It
is a Iso to be noted that, excepting these, the zooecia assume their normal size almost
immediately. The absence of the cryptocyst and the almost complete absence of
the gymnocyst will distinguish this species easily from Pyripora confluens Canu,
1907 (not Reuss, 1844).
Occurrence. — Claibornian (Cook Mountain formation) : Moseleys Ferry, Cald-
well County, Texas (rare).
Holotype.—GvA. No. 62572, U.S.N.M.
1 Waters, North Italian Bryozoa, Quarterly Journal Geological Society, London, vol. 47. p. ]0. pi. i
Bg. 23.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
Ill
Genus SETOSELLINA Calvet, 1906.
1906. Sctosellina CALVET, Note pre'liminaire sur les Bryozoaires recueillis par les expeditions
(hi TravaiJleur (18S1-82) et clu Talisman (1883), Bulletin Museum Histoire Na-
turelle, p. 157.
The original description is as follows :
Zooecies s'irradiant plus ou moins regulierfiinent autour de 1'oozoide, sdpar^es entre elles,
dans les series radiaircs, par des vibraculaires. Frontale zoeciale en grande partie ni6m-
braneuse, de forme ovale, a orifice zoeciale semicirculaire, dont le bord convexe correspond au
bord sup6rieur de 1'area, ferine par un operculc a bord convexe chitineux. Vibraculaires
arrondis a area membraneuse oblongue, dirigee suivant 1'axe longitudinal de la zooecie.
Genotype. — Setosellina roulei Calvet, 1907.
Range. — Priabonian-Recent.
This genus differs from Vibracellina. Canu and Bassler, 1917, only in the
arrangement of the vibracula. Calvet says that the genotype did not have an
ovicell. Nevertheless there are two ovicells drawn on his figure.
D x85
85
FIG. 28. — Genus Hincksina Norman, 1903.
A. Hincksina flustroides Hincks, 1880. Zooecia, X 50. (After Hincks, 1880.)
B-F. Hincksina sceJetos Busk, 1858. B. Zooecia, X 85. C, D. Spinous plates by the side of
the oral aperture, X 85. E. Frontal spine seen from the side, X 85. F. Mandible of the avicu-
larium, X 85.
G. Hincksina flustroides Hincks, 1880. Avicularian mandible, X 85.
H. Hincksina pyrula Hincks, 1881. Avicularian mandible, X 85. (B-H after Waters, 1898.)
Genus HINCKSINA Norman, 1903.
1903. Hincksina NOBMAN, Natural History of East Finmark, Annals and Magazine Natural
History, ser. 7, vol. 11, p. 585.
Zooecia incrusting, having the entire area membranous, the margin surmounted
by numerous spines. Ovicell small, short, and little raised. Avicularia occupying
distinct cells sparingly scattered among the zooecia, oval, with semicircular man-
dible. No dietellae. (Norman.)
Genotype. — M cmbranipora flustroides Hincks, 1880.
Range. — Jacksonian-Recent.
112 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
This is in part the Membranipora corbula. group of Waters. The recent species
belonging to the genus are as follows :
Hincksina, (Membranipora) ftustroides Hincks, 1880.
Ilincksina (Membranipora) pyrula Hincks, 1881.
Hincksina (Membranipora) maderensis Waters, 1898.
Ilincksina (Membranipora) sceletos Busk, 1858.
Ilincksina (Membranipora) minuscula Hincks, 1882.
Hincksina (Membranipora) defensa Kirkpatrick, 1888.
Hincksina (Membranipora) corniculifcra Hincks, 1882.
Hincksina (Membranipora) inarmata Hincks, 1881.
In this genus opposite spines may be able to unite and form a frontal analogous
to that in the Costulidne, but this is not a general phenomenon, as it occurs only in
very rare zooecia.
The species of Ilincksina which we have distinguished may be separated into
two groups. Those of the first section have small spines and avicularia little dif-
ferentiated, while those of the second section are more typical.
DIVISION I. AVICULARIA LITTLE DIFFERENTIATED.
HINCKSINA REPTANS, new species.
Plate 22, figs. 1-3.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts small pebbles and bryozoa. The zooecia
are elongated, elliptical, distinct; the mural rim is thin, salient, rounded, almost
equal throughout, bearing with some irregularity from six to eight lateral and two
distal spines. The opesium is large, entire, elliptical or irregular. The ovicells
are very small and are manifested only as small distal convexities.
Ao=0.30-0.32 mm. . \Ls=OA5-0.50 mm
Aooppin '
Measurements. — Opesia ^.w*.^..
70=0.20-0.22 mm. [fo=0.27-0.30 mm.
Variations. — On all of our specimens the lateral spines are very imperfectly pre-
served, but the two distal spines are more constant. The mural rim is generally
thin, but it may become a little broader (fig. 2). The gymnocyst is much reduced
and generally absent. The primoserial zooecia are often modified avicularian
zooecia little differentiated. Regenerated zooecia are rare.
Affinities. — This species differs from Hincksina jacksonica in its incrusting
zoarium and its more visible spines.
It differs from Hincksina smithi in its mural rim, which is never enlarged at the
base, in its larger micrometric dimensions, its smaller ovicell and in its more in-
constant spines.
It differs from Hincksina vicksburgica in the absence of all proximal crenula-
tion of the opesium.
Among the recent species it has the greatest affinity with Mcmbranipora
pyrula as figured by Hincks1 in 1881, but the ovicells are totally different.
'Annals and Magazine Natural History, ser. 5, vol. 8, 1881, p. 51.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 113
»i;-nrr< nee. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (rare) ; Eutaw
Springs. South Carolina (rare) ; Kirh Hill, Crawford County, Georgia (common) :
18 miles west of Wrightsville, Jackson County, (Georgia (very rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : 14 miles above Bainbridge, Georgia.
(.'otypes.—Cnt. No. C3878, U.S.N.M.
HINCKSINA SMITHI, new species.
Plate 21, figs. 15-17.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts pebbles. The zooecia are elliptical, dis-
tinct, and may or may not have a gymnocyst ; the mural rim is thin, salient, convex,
ornamented with 8 to 10 spines. The opesium is elliptical and very slightly
crenulated. The endozooecial ovicell is a quite visible convexity.
. (Ao=0.30 mm.
M, u-.il/-' mcnts. — Opesia -7 Zooecia
*• //I It \ J I) 1 / n-im
|Zo=0.14-0.17 mm.
Zs=0.40-0.45 mm.
lz— 0.22-0.25 mm.
s. — The mural rim is sometimes enlarged a little at the base as in
r>calensis, but the dimensions are much smaller and the spines more nu-
merous. These same small dimensions and its very slightly crenulated opesium will
distinguish it from Hiiirkxiiu/ i-cplmix.
Iliiirkxina smitM differs from the recent PI. maderensis Waters, 1898, in the
absence ot'die five peculiar distal spines and in its small ovicell.
We dedicate this elegant species to Dr. Eugene A. Smith, State geologist of
Alabama, who has been ever ready to further our researches with material from
his State.
i'ri -nee. — Middle Jacksonian: Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (very rare).
No. 63877. U.S.N.M.
HINCKSINA JACKSONICA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 22, figs. 4-9.
1917. Hincksina jacksonica CANU and BASSLER. Synopsis of American Early Tertiary
rheilustome Bryozoa, Bulletin 9G, United States National Museum, p. 15, pi. 1, fijj. 6.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamcllar. easily divisible into two layers.
The zooecia are elongated, distinct, elliptical, often with a small gymnocyst ; the
mural rim is convex, enlarged at the base, finely granulated. The opesium is
terminal, elliptical, regular, very finely denticulated. The ovicell is endozooecial
and little apparent; it appears as a small distal convexity. Avicnlarian zooecia
are very rare.
[Ao=0.35-0.45 mm. . |Za=0.15-0.65 mm.
Measurements. — Opesia , Zooecia ,
|Z0=0.20-0.2o mm. |Za=0.3o-0.40 mm.
The two lamellae forming the zoarium separate very easily, each preserving
it^ own base.
Vii.t'iiitinn*. — The zooecial length is quite variable; both long and short zooecia
may occur (fig. 6). The avicularian zooecia or interzooecial avicularia are rather
.-,.-,809—19— Bull. 106 -- 8
114 BULLETIN 106, INITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
rare. They are generally primoserial (fig. 7): their opesium presents a lateral
constriction but little accentuated.
This species is distinguished from the other species of Ilincksina by the absence
of visible spines and by its free zoarinm. It is rather common at many localities
of the Jacksonian, of which it appears to be a characteristic fossil.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Rich Hill. 5-J miles southeast of Knoxville,
Crawford County, Georgia (abundant) ; 12 miles southeast of Marshallville,
Georgia (abundant); 3£ miles north of Grovania. Georgia (abundant): 18 miles
west of Wrightsville, Georgia (abundant) ; 17 miles northeast of Hawkinsville,
Georgia (abundant) ; near Georgia Kaolin Company Mine, Twiggs County.
Georgia (abundant) ; Baldock, Barnwell County, South Carolina (common).
< '"types.— Cut. No. 62573, U.S.X.M.
HINCKSINA OCALENSIS. new species.
Plate 22, figs. 10-13.
Dcsi'rljition. — The zoarinm incrusts pebbles and shells. The zooecia are elon-
gated, elliptical, and distinct. The mural rim is salient, granulose, convex, very
thin at the top, enlarged and crenulated at the base, ornamented with spines of
which the distal two are the more constant. The opesium is elliptical, almost entire
laterally and crenulated proximallv. The endozooecial ovicell is an indistinct
convexity. The ancestrula is an ordinary zooecium, but. smaller and very spinous.
. \ko=OAO-OA5 mm . \Ls=0.oo mm.
Mi'dxitreiin-nts. — Opesia , „„ .infr Aooecia '
[?<9=0.2o-0.27 mm. [fe=0.32-0.3o mm.
Variations. — As always the zooecia are smaller in the vicinity of the ancestrula,
so our measurements are invariably taken far from this zooecium. The mural rim is
much enlarged (fig. 12), but it always preserves its granular ornamentation and
crenulation. As shown in figure 13, perforated zooecia with a large circular aper-
ture have been 'noted.
Affinities. — The crenulation of the proximal part of the opesium is very charac-
teristic and clearly distinguishes this species from all the preceding ones, and
notably from Hincksina jacksonica, with which it might be confounded on account
of its micrometric dimensions.
Hincksina ocalensis is nearest the recent H. madercnsis Waters, 1898. but it has
neither the large ovicell nor the five distal spines of that species.
We have observed this form at numerous localities in the Ocala limestone, and
we believe it characteristic of this stage.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : 7 miles above Bainbridge,
Georgia; H miles above Bainbridge, Georgia; near Bainbridge, on the Flint River.
Georgia ; Chipola River, east of Marianna, Jackson County, Florida.
Vicksburgian (Byrammarl) : Byram, Mississippi (identification very doubtful ).
/ <otypt g._Cat. Nos. 63879, 63880. U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 115
DIVISION H. WITH INTERZOOECIAL AVICULARIA DIFFERENTIATED.
The species of this section are MS beautiful as they are well characterized. Then
avicularia when present are similar in every respect to those of the recent species,
such as Hincksina pyrtrta, H. flustroirfes, H. scelctos, etc., of which we have figured
the mandibles. They are, however, without a pivot. One must not confound the
species of this genus with those of the genus Ornatella Canu. 1900, in which the
ovicells are hyperstomial.
HINCKSINA ELEGANS, new species.
Plate SO. figs. 12-15.
Description. — The zoarium is unilamellate. creeping over algae. The zooecia
are elongate, distinct, elliptical, provided with a gymnocyst: the mural rim is
thicker in the proximal part below, finely granulated, adorned on its summit with a
crown of large granules or of hollow spines: the two distal spines are larger, con-
stant, and symmetrical. The opesium is elliptical and entire. The ovicell is a
small distal convexity, smooth and indistinct: the border of the opesium is thick in
the ovicelled zooecia.
[£0=0.32-0.37 mm.
-ir , ,". \nu — ir.oa— u.o I mm. n
Measurements. — Opesia Zooecia
1/0=0.18-0.20 mm.
£2=0.45-0.47 mm.
fe=0.32-0.35 mm.
Affinities. — Of this elegant species we possess unfortunately only the three
figured specimens. The adornment of its mural rim is a small masterpiece of sculp-
turing which could well serve as model for the decorator. The little granules must
be the traces of small hollow spines attenuated in the process of fossilization. The
zooecia with ovicells have also the aspect of regenerated zooecia. It may be. there-
fore, that the female polypide succeeds the male in total regeneration.
This species differs from H!ii<-l,'xin<i mxtulifera in the presence of its two distal
spines, which are larger than the areal spines, and in the opesial thickening of the
ovicelled zooecia.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian ("Chimney rock" of Marianna limestone) : 1 mile
north of Monroeville, Alabama (very rare).
Cotypes.—Cnt. No. 64232, U.S.X.M.
HINCKSINA PARVAVICULARIA. new species.
Plate 22, figs. 14. 15.
Description. — The zoarium is inerusting shells. The zooecia are large, elon-
gated, distinct, pyriform or elliptical, with or without gymnoryst : the mural rim i-.
prominent, convex, ornamented with sixteen large hollow spines. The opesium is
elliptical, entire. The interzooecial avicularium is relatively xnmll and nnsvm-
nietrical.
-,, . f&0=0.40-0.4o mm. . |7L2 = 0.<;i> n.7n nun.
Measurements. — Opesia, _.„ Zooecia,
l«>=0.25-0.30 mm. 0.40-0.45 mm.
Avicularia =0.33— 0.45 mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from r/!in-/.-xiii<t fin.*! roitli x Ilinrks. Issi'i. in its
larger spines, its thicker mural rim. and it- !<•>- -vmmri rii-al avic-ularia. The
11<) BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
smaller size of these last distinguish it from H. megavlcularia in which the avicu-
laria are as large as the zooecia proper.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (rare).
roti/pcs.—CsA.. No. 63881, U.S.N.M.
HINCKSINA MEGAVICULARIA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 23, fi». 1.
1917. Hincksiiia megavlcularia CAXU and BASSLER. Synopsis of American Early Tertiar.v
Uryozon, Bulletin 90. United States National Museum, ]i. 16, pi. 1, fig. 7.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts other bryozoa. The zooecia are large,
distinct, elongated, pyriform, and have a gymnocyst; the mural rim is convex,
salient, provided with 1-1 to 20 large, hollow spines. The opesium is terminal,
elliptical, or somewhat pyriform. entire; the interzooecial avicularium is large,
symmetrical, and has a gymnocyst; its opesium is constricted laterally, probably at
the place where the pivot ought to be.
Measurements. — Opesia
/w>=0.30-0.35 mm. r, . [Z.? = O.GO-0.70 mm.
Zooecia
70=0.2.3 mm. La\lz=OAO mm.
Length of avicularia=0.60-0.6o mm.
Affinities. — On account of its large avicularia this species differs considerably
from Hincksina parv avicularia, but it approaches the recent //. pyrula Hincks,
1881. It differs, nevertheless, in its larger number of spines; unfortunately we
are unable to compare the ovicells.
The specimen figured is very instructive. ( )n a zooecium can be seen the
coalescing of opposite spines, giving an aspect like the frontal of Menibraniporella.
Many zooecia are regenerated; in one case a normal zooecium succeeds a normal
zooecium and a double row of spines results; in another case an avicularium re-
places a zooecium; in a third an avicularium again replaces a zooecium, but in a
totally inverted position.
OcctD'/'i /K-I'. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone): Wilmington,
North Carolina (very rare).
Iloloti/pc.— Cat. No. C)2r»T4. T'.S.X.M.
HINCKSINA COSTULIFERA. new species.
Plate 23, figs. 2-r,.
De>s>'-)''t]~>tif»i. — The zoarium incrusts oilier bryozoa or creeps over algae. The
zooecia are elongated, distinct, elliptical or pyriform with or without a gymno-
cyst: the mural rim is convex, salient, ornamented with 13 to 15 areal spines and
2 oral spines a little larger. The opesium is elliptical, entire. The endozooecial
ovicell is a salient convexity. No interzooecial avicularia. The ancestrula is a
small ordinary zooecium.
. (Ao = 0.34-0.40 mm. „ . (£3=0.48-0.50 mm.
Measurements. — ( Jpesia 7 .•oooecia ,
170=0.20 mm. \ h = 0.28-0.32 mm.
NORTH AMKRICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYO/OA. 117
T (iriathiifs. — Tin- distal part of tho mural rim comprised between the two
oral spines presents three important variations. Sometimes it is a thin and
spineless portion of the rim, again it supports two spines smaller than tho others.
and finally very often it contains a small canal of unknown function.
The coalescence of opposite spines is very frequent and there are small por-
tons of the zoarium bearing costulac which might be classified as Membraniporella.
Typical Membraniporella, however, never presents when broken the aspect of the
normal zooecia of this species. It would be very interesting to compare the
microstructure of these spines with those of the costules of Membraniporella* but
the very limited number of specimens found has not permitted this.
The specimens from the Vicksburgian near Monroeville, Alabama, which
incrusted algae and in which the zooecia are hexagonal constitute perhaps a different
species or at least a variety; but we hnve found only two specimens thus far.
Affinities. — The small micrometric dimensions and the absence of interzooecial
avicularia distinguish this species clearly from Hincksma p an* avicularia and
H. megavicularia. The ovicell is extremely rare.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington. North Carolina (common);
near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare).
Vicksburgian ("Chimney rock" of Marianna limestone): One mile north of
Monroeville, Alabama (a variety or closely related new species).
f'otypes.—Q&i. Nos. 63882, 63883. U.S.N.M.
KEY TO SPECIES OF HINCKSIXA.
, (Large spines having power to unite. _ .. 2
[Spines small or absent _. 4
Small interzooecial avicularia (L 0.40 mm. I __ __H. iiarruriciihn in.
2. Large interzooecial avicularia (L 0.60 mm. >._ _.#. megavicularia.
Xo interzooecial avicularia__ _ 3
„ [All of the spines equal__ __J?. costulifera.
[Two distal spines larger. _ ^.H. elegans.
\ Spines absent; zoarium bilamellar — --H. jacksonica.
[Spines present; zoarium incrusting — _. 5
[Mural rirn enlarged at the base, opesiuiu crenulateil proximally_. _ H. ocalciixix.
[Opesium not crenulated.. . 6
[Zooecia small (7J» =0.40-0.45 mm.) : large ovicells -,.H. smith!.
'' jzooecia large (L~=0.45-0.50 mm.) ; small ovicells ._ .H. reptanx.
Genus OGIVALINA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. O'liraliiM CANT: anil BASSLER. Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 16.
Endozooecial ovicell. Granular cryptocyst. No dietellae. No spines.
Genotype. — Ogivalina ''•'•'/" >/»>i'a Canu and Bassler. 1917. Jacksonian.
The zooecia have the usual aspect of those in the family Onychocellidae. but
the interzooecialonychocellarium is replaced by an interopesial aviciilarium.
118 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
OGIVALINA EXIMIPORA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 23, figs. 6, 7.
1017. Ogivalina eximipora CANU and EASSLER, 1917, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary
( 'heilostonie Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 17, pi. 2, fig. 1.
Description. — The zoarium is composed of one or more lamellae and incrusts
pebbles or creeps over algae. The zooecia are large, elongated, ogival, distinct.
separated by a thread-like ridge; the mural rim is indistinct, thin, flat, smooth,
enlarged at the base into a concave, granular, irregular cryptocyst. The opesium is
oval, entire, unsymmetrical in its proximal part. The endozooecial ovicell is a distal
convexity, quite apparent. The avicularium is interopesial, triangular, relatively
small, and without pivot.
. (A0=0.75-O.SO mm. . \ Lz =1.20-1. 25 nun.
Measurements. — Upesia , -„,, „ Xiooecia \, A OA
[(o=0.o5-0.iO mm. (£3=0.80 mm.
Length of avicularium =0.40 mm.
Variation-?. — The opesium has little regularity of shape on account of the very
irregular development of the cryptocyst itself. Although the latter is generally
plainly visible, there are nevertheless zooecia which are almost devoid of the
cryptocyst. But the most important variation is the unsymmetrical shape of its
distal border, a lack of symmetry characteristic of the genus Onychocella. We
know that this phenomenon is occasioned by the obliquity of the polypide in the
zooecium by reason of the attachment of the retractor muscles in one of the proxi-
mal corners of the said zooecium. This anatomical feature appears to us to have
more importance than the absence of the onychocellarium.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Wilmington, North Carolina (rare) ; near
Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare) ; Eutaw Springs. South Carolina (very rare) ;
Rich Hill, Crawford County. Georgia (very rare):
Cofypcs.—Czt. Nos. 63884, 62875. U.S.X.M.
OGIVALINA ELONGATA. new species.
IMate 23, fig. S.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts other bryozoa. The zooecia are elongated,
distinct, elliptical, slightly nan-owed in the rear: the mural rim is thin, smooth,
convex, salient, and encompasses the entire zooecium. The opesium is elliptical:
the cryptocyst is flat, distinct from the mural rim, granular on the surface, and
finely denticulated on its distal edge. The ovicell is a small distal swelling.
. |A0=0.35 mm. . (Zs=0.55-0.50 mm.
Measurements. — Opesia 7 AO,AO- Zooecia,
(Z<?=0.22-0.25 mm. \lz= 0.35-0.45 mm.
,
\lz= 0.35-0.45 mm.
Variations. — The feature which is very characteristic in this species is the
more distinct separation of the mural rim and cryptocyst tlinn in Ogivalina e.x-
imipora, where it is the mural rim itself which is enlarged into the cryptocyst. An-
other important difference is in the symmetry of the opesium, which is one of the
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 119
characters of the Membranipore group and not of the Onychocellidae. The dorsal
olocyst is very thin, and easily worn away, allowing the substratum to appear. We
have observed some cases of total regeneration and deformed zooecia are not rare.
Affinities. — It may be that this species ought to be classed in Hincfcsina;
however, the great development of the cryptocyst and the entire absence of
avicularia will not allow us to place it there. This is a problem which can find its
solution only in the study of an identical or closely allied recent species.
The zooecia resemble those of Amphiblestrum pcrfragile MacGillivray, 1868.
figured by Ortman in 1890. The present species differs in its nonbilamellar zoarium
and in the absence of a large interzooecial avicularium. MacGillivray's species may
belong to a new genus.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (com-
mon) ; Wilmington, North Carolina (very rare) ; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina
(rare).
Holotype.—Cut, No. 63885, U. S. N. M.
OGIVALINA ELONGATA. var. MINOR, new variety.
Plate 23, figs. 9, 10
This variety is well founded, for no intermediate specimens have been noticed.
However, it can not be considered a smaller distinct species, for it occurs at. the
same localities as the species itself.
£0=0.25-0.50 mm. „ • (Z;2=0.40-0.43 mm.
Measurements.-Opesm Zo= 0.17-0.20 mm. iai?3=0.22-6.26mm.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington. North Carolina (rare); near
Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare) ; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (rare).
Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 63886,' U.S.N.M.
Genus MEMBRENDOECIUM Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Memlrcndoecium CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilos-
tome Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 17.
Ovicell endozooecial. Small simple interopesial avicularia. Dietellae present.
No spines.
Genotype. — Amphiblestrum pa-pill atum- Busk, 1884.
Range. — Midwayan — Eecent.
In Membrendoeciwn we have a very natural genus with exact characters. The
recent species Amphiblestrum papillatum is closely related to our fossil forms, but
unfortunately this species is very rare and its structure is imperfectly known. Its
avicularia have much the aspect of our species, and Busk writes of it " Sm;ill avicu-
laria having a triangular mandible, on small papillary eminences seated in the
angular interzooecial spaces."
In its exterior aspect this genus recalls Pyriporella Canu. 1911, but the latter
has hyperstomial ovicells. The structures which Canu has identified as vibmcula
120
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
are, perhaps, small, simple avicularia without pivot or axis analogous to those in
Amphible strum papillatum. On the fossils on account of their simplicity it is
sometimes almost impossible to distinguish an avicularium from a vibraculum.
It is evident that the affinities of Membrendoeciwm an- with the Fareiminariidae.
MEMBRENDOECIUM TRANSVERSUM, new species.
Plate 3, figs. 11-13.
Description. — The zoarium incrnsts shells. The zooecia are elongated, distinct.
oval ; the mural rim is prominent, flat, oblique, wrinkled, enlarged at the base. The
opesium is oval, the narrow end in front, entire or crenulated. The endozooecial
ovicell is a large, smooth, distal convexity. The avicularium placed in front of
each zooecium is small, triangular, pointed, with or without pivot, with its axis
transverse with respect to that of the zooecium.
. fAo=0.27-0.30 mm. „ • | /..=.=< U.VO.rin
M, inurements. — Opesia , Aooecia
|fo=0.20-0.22 mm, 1/3=0.30-0.3.:.
mm.
mm.
Variations. — On account of its
transverse avicularium this species
forms a rather divergent type in
the genus; but we have not con-
sidered it advisable to create a
special genus for it, because of the
very restricted number of our
specimens. In the neighborhood
of the ancestrula there are re-
generated zooecia and also closed
zooecia perforated with a circular
orifice. The gymnocyst is rarely
developed. The most striking vari-
ation observed in the species is the
strong denticulation of the opesium
on a specimen from Fort Gaines,
Georgia.
Occurrence— Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Mabelvale, near Little Eock,
Arkansas (rare) ; 1 mile west of Fort Gaines, Georgia (rare).
C'otypes.—Cnt. No. 63791, U.S.N.M.
MEMBRENDOECIUM DUPLEX, new species.
Plate 24. figs. 1-6.
The zoarium incrusts shells (Ostrea). The zooeria ;ire elongated, distinct, or
confluent, oval; the mural rims are distinct, thin, salient, curved, granulated, not
enlarged at the base, and without dietallae; the mural rims when confluent are
thick, convex, granulated, with five distal dietellae, The opesium is oval or ellipti-
cal. very finely denticulated. The ovicell is a small, smooth, distal convcxitv. The
FIG. 29. — Genus Membrendoecium Canu and Bassler, 1917.
The genotype Membrendoecium papillatum Busk, 1884,
X 50. (After Busk.)
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 121
avicularia are interopi-sial. very small, elliptical, little raised. The aneestrnla is
very small.
. lho-0.24r-0.30 mm. . (£2= 0.40 mm.
M, •itxiuYmi'iits.— Opesia Zooecia ,
1/0=0.16-0.18 mm. |fe=0.24 nun.
Variations. — A remarkable phenomenon in this species is the d!/>t-or/i/i!x»i of
the mural rim. On the same zoariuin, without any apparent reason, there are
mural rims thin and distinct, and others thick and confluent. The first are devoid
of dietellae while the second have five of them. These small pore-chambers are
not therefore indispensable to the life of all the zooecia of the same zoarium, and
not even to the passage of the mesenchymatous fibers. The ancestrula is very
small. Around it the zooecia have always a separate mural rim and are not
always accompanied by avicularia. The same holds true on the zoarial margins.
We have not observed regenerated zooecia.
Affinities. — This species differs from Membrendoetium rectum, in its confluent
mural rims not enlarged at the base and in its very inconspicuous avicularia. The
specimen figured from Bainbridge. Georgia, is altered chemically, as are most of
the specimens from this locality.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Bainbridge, Georgia; Red
Bluff, on Flint River, 7 miles above Bainbridge, Georgia (rare) ; west bank of
Sepulga River, Escambia County, Alabama (rare) ; Chipola River, east of Mari-
anna, Jackson County, Florida (rare).
Middle Jacksonian: Baldock, Barnwell County, South Carolina (rare): 18
miles west of Wrightsville, Johnson County, Georgia (very rare).
Lower Jacksonian (Moodysmarl) : Jackson. Mississippi (very rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. Nos. 63889-63892, U.S.N.M.
MEMBRENDOECIUM LOWEI, new species.
Plate 81, fig. 1..
Description. — The zoarium incrusts small pebbles, from which it becomes easily
detached. The zooecia are elongated, elliptical, distinct, or confluent: the mural
rim is broad, flat, granulose. The opesium is elliptical or oval, the narrow end
proximal. The ovicell is a very small, distal convexity. The avicularia are very
indistinct and not prominent.
,, . \ho~0.20 mm. . \Lz = O.SO mm.
Measurements. — Opesia , . Zooecia ,
1/0=0.12 mm. \h =0.20-0.22 mm.
Affinities. — The mural rims are very often united, so that the boundary between
the zooecia is little visible. It is impossible to say whether the avicularia are
indeed present or if these are only interopesial cavities. If, therefore, our observa-
tion of the endozooecial ovicells should not be confirmed, it would be necessary to
place this species under Conopeum.
Memlircndoccium loivei differs from M. chipJe.v in its smaller micrometric
dimensions and in its inconspicuous avicularia.
122 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
We take pleasure in dedicating this species to Mr. E. N. Lowe, State geologist
of Mississippi, who has spared no efforts in supplying us with material for study.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Bryam marl) : Vicksburg. Mississippi (rare).
Holotype.—Q-Ai. No. 64233, U.S.N.M.
MEMBRENDOECIUM RECTUM, new species.
Plate 13, figs. 1-S.
The zoarium incrusts other bryozoa and pebbles. The zooecia are elongate,
distinct, oval; the mural rim is salient, smooth, a little widened on the margins
very much widened at the base, with five distal dietellae. The opesium is oval,
entire. The ovicell is endozooecial and is a small, smooth, distal convexity. The
avicularia are small, straight, salient, and elliptical. The ancestrula is a very
small, closed zooecium.
Measurements. — Opesia
Ao=0.14-0.16 mm. „ . [Zs=0.32-0.40 mm.
7 Aooecia 7
Zo=0.10 mm. (73=0.20-0.24 mm.
Variation.?.— Specimens of this species assume a little different aspect according
to their geologic horizon, although not enough to make it possible to establish true
specific differences. Very frequently in the Claibornian and Jacksonian the zooecial
length does not surpass 0.22-0.24 mm. .However, these variations depend chiefly
on the presence or absence of a small gymnocyst.
Around the ancestrula there is an important group of closed zooecia perforated
with a circular pore and bearing distally. as is usual the imprint of the opercular
valve, which we must therefore suppose to have been thickened on its edges. We
have observed some regenerated zooecia with double mural rims.
Affinities. — This species differs from M enibrendoecium duplex in the widening
of the mural rim at the base and in that the zooecia do not become confluent. It
differs from M. pyriforme in its smaller micrometer dimensions and the almost
general absence of a gymnocyst.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian: 34 miles southeast of Shell Bluff post office,
Georgia (rare).
Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, Xorth Carolina (very rare); IS miles west
of Wrightsville, Hawkins County, Georgia (rare) ; £ mile southeast of Georgia
Kaolin Company Mine, Twiggs County, Georgia (rare) ; 17 miles northeast of
Hawkinsville, Georgia (rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone), Chipola River, east of Marianna, Jackson
County, Florida (rare).
Yirksburgian (Byram marl) : Byram, Misrissippi (common).
Vicksburgian ("'Chimney rock" of Marianna limestone) : One mile north of
Monrooville, Alabama (common) : near Claiborne, Monroe County, Alabama (rare).
Vicksburgian (Glendon member of Marianna limestone) : West bank of Cone-
,nih River, 1 mile below mouth of Sepulga River. Escambia County, Alabama (very
rare) .
Cotypes.—C^i. Nos. 63842, 63965, U.S.N.M.
NORTH A.MEUICAX EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 123
MEMBRENDOECIUM PYRIFORME Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate j::. tiirs. 11-14.
1917. Membrciiiioccium ixjriftinin CAM: anil BASSLKB, Synopsis of American Karly Tertiary
Cheilostonie Hr.vox.ua. Bulletin !iti. United States National Museum, p. 17, pi. 2, fig. 2.
The zoarium incrusts bryozoa or small shells. The zooecia are very elongate,
oval, distinct, and have a gymnoeyst; the mural rim is prominent, smooth, some-
what convex, enlarged on the margins, and much enlarged at the base. The
opesium is oval, entire. The ovicell is endozooecial and is a small, smooth, distal
convexity. The avicularia are very small, straight, salient, elliptical, often pro-
vided with a gymnocyst. The ancestrula is surrounded by closed zooecia in which
the frontal is perforated by an orbicular pore.
. I Ao =0.20-0.30 mm.
Measurements. — Opesia ,
1/0=0.13-0.16 mm.
Zooeciaj, _
\Lz=QAO-Q.5Q mm. (Omitting the gymnocyst.)
ife=0.24-0.30 mm.
Variation* aiuf affinities. — The length of the gymnocyst is quite variable even
on the same zoarium; therefore in the micrometric measurements it is preferable not
to count the gymnocyst. for many of the zooecia are devoid of it. The reduction
of the zooecial length is frequent in this species and affects the entire zoarium: it
is rather a rare occurrence when some mechanical obstacle is not opposed to the
free development of the zooecia.
This species is very closely related to Amphiblestrum j><tj>/Ilntnm of Australasia,
depending on Busk's figures, which we reproduce on page 120. The micrometric
measurements are identical. The avicularia appear a little larger and the ovicell is
unknown.
Jfembrendoerium. pyrifo-nnf differs from M. rectum in its much larger micro-
metric measurements and in the presence oj: the gymnocyst.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : 7-i miles southwest from Bladen
Springs, Alabama (very rare).
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Murder Creek, east of Castlebury,
Conecuh County, Alabama (very rare) ; Claiborne, Monroe County, Alabama (very
rare) ; Salt Mountain, 5 miles south of Jackson, Alabama (common) ; deep well,
Escambia County, Alabama (very rare).
Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (very rare ) .
Cotypes.—Cat. Nos. 63887, 6388S, U.S.N.M.
SECTION 3. OVICELL HYPERSTOMIAL, ALWAYS CLOSED BY THE OPERCULTJM.
It is not easy to recognize on a fossil form whether the opercular valve does
or does. not close the hyerstomial ovicell. After many dissections, which we have
made on living species, we have recognized that generally ovicell-; of thU kind leave
a concave cicatrix above the mural rim, a part of which is thus concealed. There is
evidently a great amount of uncertainty, but we can do nothing more with present
knowledge. We would add that the different genera grouped in this section.
124
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL, MUSK I M.
although very natural in themselves, appear to belong to different families which
the zoologists alone can determine.
Genus PERIPOROSELLA Canu and Bassler. 1917.
1917. Periporosella CANT and BASSLEK, Synopsis »f American Eany Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. IS.
Each zooecium is surrounded by a special series of dietellae (12 to 16) com-
municating with two large septulae.
•*«<*•
it'!*'
A. Penporosella
B. Ellisina
D. Membrani
E. Tremopora I""- Larnacius
FIG. 30. — Membraniporao with hyperstoinial ovicells. always closed by the opercular valve.
A. Pcriporosclla tnnfilln Canu and Bassler. 1917. X 20. Middle Jacksonian, Wilmington,
North Carolina.
B. Ellisina lircris, new species, X 20, Middle .Tai-ksoiiHin. near Lemuls Ferry, South Carolina.
C. Grammella i>iisilln, new species, X -(>. Virksbnrsian, 1 mile north of Monroeville,
Alabama.
D. Man lira n liioridra trii/ciiiin/i, new species. X 20. Middle Jacksonian. Wilmington, North
Carolina.
E. TrcmoiiOi'd ilcixlmcnnthn Ortmann. 1890. Recent.
F. Laniuciiis curnigrr Busk, 1S.~>2. Recent.
Genotype. — Pcriporosclla tantilla Canu and Bassler, 1917. Jacksonian.
In all the other genera of Membranipores provided with dietellae the latter
occupy only the anterior half of the zooecium. In the genus Pcriporosclla. they
are, on the contrary, arranged all about the zooecium as in the family Adeonidae.
These dietellae arc invisible externally, and they In-come apparent only in tangential
sections of some depth.
XOKTII A.MI.KICAX KAULY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 125
PERIPOROSKLLA TANTILLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plato '24. tigs. 7-12.
1917. Periporoaella tuntilln <IAXI- and HASSI.F.K, .Synopsis American Early Tertiary Cheilo-
stonio Bryozoa, Bulletin '.Ml. United States National Museum, ]>. 1!>, ]il. -, ti«s. 3. 4.
The zoarium is free, formed by two lamellae joined together and inseparable.
The zooecia are generally indistinct, very elongated, rectangular; the mural rim is
broad, flat, enlarged at. the base. The opesium is elliptical, somewhat enlarged
listally, and very linely denticulated. The ovicell is deep but placed above the
large distal septula; it projects but little exteriorly. The avicularia are inter-
zooecial, rare, elliptical, without pivot, but with two lateral denticles; numerous
dietellae in each zooecium.
c
,, . fA0=0.30-0.40 mm.
.u< iixiircinents. — Opesia , Zooecia
/^ — n 1 1 _u 10. nltll
lZo=0.11-0.19 mm.
Zs=0.40-0.50 mm.
?s=0.25 mm.
T conations. — In this species we have one of the most peculiar types of Mem-
branipores. The dietellae arranged entirely around each zooecium (figs. 10, 11)
are covered by an epithecal olocyst analogous to the olocyst of the mural rims in
the Membranipores. These elements group themselves in a radial manner about
the opesium (fig. 1-2).
Another interesting peculiarity is the mode of gemmation of the zooecia which
are arranged in parallel linear series, and every new row appears invariably on one
of the free edges of the zoarium.
The large distal septula opens in a dietella, which establishes communication
with the succeeding zooecium. and its opening is often visible in the latter.
This type of structure is different from all others on account of its dietellae, its
method of gemmation, its ovicell. and even its avicularia. It certainly belongs to a
family which our present zoological knowledge will not yet permit us to suspect.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Wilmington, Xorth Carolina (common);
near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare) ; Eutaw Springs. South Carolina (rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. Xo. 62577. U.S.X.M.
Genus ELLISINA Norman, 1903.
1903. EUisina NORMAN, Natural History of East Flnmark, Annals and Magazine Natural
History, ser. 7. vol. 11. p. 50(3.
The zooecia are furnished with avicularia, ovoid or triangular, situated on the
hinder portion of the zooecium. The ovicell is well developed, typically with a
flattened area on its fi-ont. In (he type-species the pore-chambers (dietellae) are
very large; one distal; the position of the remaining chambers is very unusual,
the two front lateral pairs project outside the side walls; and the two posterior
pairs are seen inside the side walls which is the reverse of the usual rule.
( Xorman ) .
3ff'iiil»'<iii'//>(,,',i levata Ilincks, 1SS2.
c. — Senonian-Eecent.
126
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
This is the Membranipora coronata group of Waters, which he defined as
follows : " Small avicularium above the zooecium : ovicells small, globular, or
cucullate."
The opercular valve always closes the ovicell. but may open it either by eleva-
tion or depression for the escape of the larvae.
,'A
D.25
FIG. 31.— Genus Ellisina Norman, 1903.
A, B. EUisina Icrata Hincks, 1882. A. Several ximccia inainiitieil. (After Hincks, 1882.)
B. Sketch showing dietellae. (After Norman, 1903.)
C. Enisina coronata Hincks, 1881. Several zonecia. (After Hineks, 1881.)
D. EUisina incrustans Waters, 1898. Zooecia, X 25. (After Waters, 1898.)
The recent species belonging to this genus are as follows :
Enisina. (Membranipora'] levata Hincks. 1882.
Ellixina (Membranipora) coronata Hincks. 1881.
ElJisina (Membranipora) albida Hincks. 1880.
EWisina (Membranipora) minuscula Hincks, 1882.
EUisina (Membranipora) incnistaris Waters. 1898.
The fossil species are :
Ellisina (Membranipora] pro fv ml a MacGillivray, 1804.
Enisina (Membranipora) rkomboidalis D'Orliigny, 1852.
EJlisinn (Reptof/ustrella) x/mpli.i' D'Orbigny. 1852.
EUisina (Reptoilustrella) oralis D'Orbigny. 18;-)2.
(Membranipora) Jnimalififa- Brydone. 1910.
(Escharinella) altimiiralis Ulrich and Bassler. 1907.
Ellisina f.angusta, Ulrich, 1901.
Ellis'ina spiculosa ITlrich, 1901.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 127
ELLISINA SPICULOSA Ulrich, 1901.
Plate 1. figs. 3-5.
1901. Mcmbranipora splcuJuxu Umicir, Maryland Geological Survey. Eocene, p. 212, pi.
9, figs. 3, 4.
Description. — "Zoarium adnate. Zooecia arranged in quincunx or irregularly,
oblong, rounded and widest above, more or less produced below. Opesia large,
normally ovate, the upper edge nicely rounded, the lower variable, taking up
about half of the length of the zooecium. Rim thin, highest above, usually dying
out before reaching lower extremity of zooecium. Front wall over lower half of
zooecium, slightly depressed, covered with small granules or spines, those border-
ing the edge projecting sharply into the opesial opening. Ooecia numerous,
cucullate, strongly elevated, often with a tubercle or point forming the summit.
When a zooecium is without an ooecium its place is often occupied by an elevated
avicularium of moderate size. The avicularia are very few in number, but when
present similar to those found in ReptofluxtreUa hctcropom Gabb and Horn.
Length of zooecium 0.5 or 0.6 mm. ; width, 0.25 to 0.30 mm. The specimen described
shows a single cell differing from the rest in being closed, a convex cover, at the
upper extremity of which a semi-circular impression is distinguishable, extending
over the whole." (After Ulrich.)
The ovicell is certainly closed by the opercular valve.
Occurrence. — Lowest Eocene (Bryozoan bed at base of Aquia formation) :
Upper Marlboro, Maryland (rare).
ELLISINA (?) ANGUSTA Ulrich. 1901.
Plate 1, figs. 6-10.
1901. Membrunipora anijustn ULKICH. Maryland Geological Survey. Eocene, p. 213, pi.
60. figs. 5, 6.
Original description. — "Among the material from Upper Marlboro there are
several specimens of a delicate Membranipora that, on account of their imperfection
and fragile nature, it may be risky to distinguish as a new species. However, as it
is easily recognized and may prove useful in stratigraphic studies, the writer
has ventured to name it as above. The zooecia are shallow, elongate, elliptical,
hexagonal, or rhonjboidal, and separated except in young stages by a thin tuber-
culated wall common to adjoining cells (that is, there is usually no depressed divid-
ing line between the zooecia). The inner portion of the wall is much thicker than
the outer, so that the mouths of the connecting pores, of which there are at least
six on each side and one or two at each end. are clearly shown in a view of the
front. Two specimens have cucullate ooecia and on all an occasional small oval or
rounded and slightly raised avicularium may be noticed. The zooecia are about 0.4
mm. long and 0.2 mm. wide. 31. anguxta apparently belongs to the M. lineata
group of Waters."
. ho=0.30 mm. . fL3=0.40-0.48 mm.
Measurements.-^^ /o=(U6 ^ Zooecia'?s=n.2C-0.24 mm.
128 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
We have little to add to the description given by Ulrich. The specimens are
very fragile, much altered, and do not lend themselves readily to dissection neces-
sity in study. The ovicell is transverse and appears to be closed (?) by the
opercnlar valve. The distal avicularium occurs frequently and is rather large,
round, and without pivot.
The septulae are large, plainly visible, and do not appear to correspond to the
number of dietellae. They are also extremely fragile. After rubbing away the
surface only a large distal and a lateral pair have come to view. The lateral
dietellae are perhaps divided into three portions corresponding to the three pairs
of normal septulae. If this should be so, this species is incorrectly placed in the
genus Ellisina and should be classed in Cauloramphus Norman, 1903. In the latter
genus, however, according to its author, the ovicells are "very shallow and incon-
spicuous." which is not the case in the present species.
Occurrence. — Lowest Eocene (Bryozoan bed at base of Aquia formation) :
Upper Marlboro. Maryland (abundant).
Plealotm>v>i. — C'at. Xo. 63775, I .S.X.M.
ELLISINA LAXA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 25, figs. 1, 2.
1917. KJlisina hijra CANU and BASSLES, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, ]>. 19, pi. 2, fig. 7.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts pebbles and especial!}' shells. The zooecia
are large, distinct, broad, ogival; the mural rim is very thin, little salient, curved,
finely striated. The opesium is very large and of the same form as the zooecium.
The avicularium is triangular, interzooecial, transverse, and without pivot.
,, „ • f 7/3= 0.75-0.95 mm.
Measurements.— Aooeci&l , n „_
|fe=0.50-0.7omm.
Affinities. — The dietellae open into the zooecia in large pores which are really
the remains of multiporous septulae. The ovicell is rare and very small.
The species differs from Ellixina (Semiflustrella) rhomboidaUs D'Orbigny,
1852, and E. (Reptoflustrella) oval is D'Orbigny, lSri-2,1 in its dimensions twice as
large and in the ogival and nonrhomboidal form of the zooecia. It is the largest
known species of EUisinn.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Wilmington. North Carolina (common);
En taw Springs, South Carolina (rare) : near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : 1| miles above Bainbridge, Georgia
(rare) : Chipola River, east of Marianna. Jackson County, Florida (rare).
^Ai. Xo. 62580, U.S.X.M.
ELLISINA BREVIS, new species.
Plate 25, figs. 4-6.
The zoarium incrusts other bryozoa. The zooecia are elongated, distinct.
oval, short, narrowest at the base; the mural rim is very thin, projecting but little.
i 18.->_. r:il.-,,ntologie Fi-nncaise, Terrain Cretace, Bryozoaires. vol. 33. pi. 730, fig. 5, and pi. 731, &s. ID.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 1'29
curved; finely striated. The opesium is of the same form as the zooecia. The
avicularium is interzooecial, small, oblique, rounded or pointed; two lateral den-
ticles indicate the axis of rotation of the mandible. The ovicell is globular, in-
distinct, smooth, rarely carinated.
Tf rj • fZs=0.50 imn.
Measurement*. — Zooecia ,
[/s=0.2o-0.30 mm.
Affinities. — The differences between this species and Ellis ina (Reptoftustrella)
oralis D'Orbigny, 1852, are quite insignificant, except that its dimensions are larger
and the ovicell is almost never carinated.
It differs from Ellisina (Semifliwtrella) rhomboidalis D'Orbigny, 1852, in
which the micrometric measurements are almost identical although slightly smaller,
in the much less lozenge shape of the zooecia.
Ellisina brevis differs from E. laxa not only in its much smaller dimensions,
but in its elongated zooecia which are less protuberant in aspect. In these very
simple forms, the micrometric dimensions are the only constant characters of
differentiation.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare) ;
Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : H miles above Bainbridge, Georgia
(rare).
CAt. Xos. 63896. 63S9T, U.S.N.M.
ELLISINA PROFUNDA MacGillivray, 1895.
Plate 25, fig. 3.
1S95. Membranipora profunda MACGILLIVRAY, A Monograph of the Tertiary Polyzoa of Vic-
toria, Transactions of the Royal Society of Victoria, vol. 4, p. 36, pi. 4. fig. 14;
pi. S, tig. 2.
190S. Memlraniitora profunda CANU, Iconographie cles Bryozoaires fossiles de 1'Argentine,
Annies del Museo National de Buenos Aires, vol. 17, p. 258, pi. 2, fig. 11.
The external aspect, the position, the direction of the avicnlaria, and the micro-
metric measurements exactly alike, all indicate or appear to indicate the identity
of the American specimens with Membranipova, profunda MacGillivray, 1895.
However, our unique specimen from near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina, presents
a remarkable peculiarity not described by the Australian author and which has not
been observed 011 the specimen from Patagonia. In the interior of each zooeciuin
there is a kind of double partial mural rim; distally two irregular pores separate
the two mural rims. This arrangement greatly simulates the structure in the
interior of the zooecia of Chaperia. The study of this interesting feature remains
to be made when more numerous specimens have been found. The avicularium is
sometimes developed in the interior of the distal zooecium.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (very
rare).
Middle Jacksonian: Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (very rare).
55899— 19— Bull. 106 - 9
130 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : 1£ miles above Bainbridge, Georgia
(very rare).
Geological distribution. — Miocene of Australia (MacGillivray) and Patagonian
of Argentina (Canu).
Plesiotype.—Cnt. No. 63895, U.S.N.M.
Genus GRAMMELLA Canu, 1917.
1917. Grammella CANU, Bulletin Soeiete Geologique de France, ser. 4, vol. 16, p. 131.
The operculum closes the ovicell. The avicularium is interzooecial, large, with a
solid pivpt ; its form recalls that of the Greek letter ©. No dietellae.
Genotype. — Membranipora crassimarginata, Hincks, 1880.
Range.- — Santonian-Eecent.
C X 1 0
FIG. 32.— Genus Grammella Canu, 1917.
A-C. Grammella crassimarginata Hincks. 1880. A. Zooecia and avicularia. magnified.
(After Hincks, 1880.) B. Several zooecia with ovicell, X 25. (After Waters, 1898.) C. View
of the variety japonica Ortmann, 1890, X 15. (After Ortmann, 1890.)
The living species of this genus are as follows :
Grammella (Membranipora) crassimarginata Hincks, 1880.
Grammella (Membranipora) cras8imargi.na.ta japonica Ortmann. 1890.
Grammella (Membranipora) papulifera MacGillivray, 1885.
Grammella (Membranipora) sculptn cucitllata Waters, 1898.
The fossil forms are:
Grammella (Membranipora) sculpta MacGillivray, 1894.
Grammella (Eschara) lesueuri Hagenow, 1851.
Grammella (Flustrella) confusa D'Orbigny, 1852.
Grammella (Biflustra) mec/apora D'Orbigny, 1852.
This is the Membranipora crassimarginata group of Waters which he defines as
follows: "Ovicell umbonate. with partial rib; avicularia vicarious." He did not
indicate the presence of dietellae. but he calls attention to one distal and two
lateral septulae.
Waters introduced with doubt into this group (No. 11) the Membranipora
valdemunita Hincks, 1885, which Canu in 1900 made the type of his artificial sub-
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 131
genus Valdemunitella. The form of the large interzooecial avicularia, the absence
of the pivot, and the peculiar form of the mandibles are important arguments for
the differentiation and the creation of a separate genus, but this is a study for
the future.
GRAMMELLA CRASSIMARGINATA Hincks, 1880.
Plate 24, figs. 13-15.
1880. jUcmbranipora crassiihanjinata HINCKS. General History of the Marine Polyzoa, I
Madeiran Polyzoa, Annals Magazine Natural History, ser. 5, vol. 6, p. 71, pi. 9, fig. 1.
1891. Mcinl>runii»tra crnsnininrfiiiKitu HTXCKS. General History of the Marine Polyzoa,
Appendix, Annals and Magazine Natural History, ser. 6, vol. S, p. 86.
1898. Membranipora crassimarginata WATERS, Observations on Membraniporidae, Jour-
nal Linnean Society London, Zoology, vol. 26, p. 685, pi. 47, fig. 4.
1900. CrassimarginatcUa crassimarginata CANTJ, Revision des Bryozoaires du cretace figures
par d'Orbigny, Pt. 2, Cheilostomata, Bulletin Society Geologique de France, vol.
28. p. 369.
1903. OocJiilina crassimarginata NORMAN, Notes on the Natural History of East Finniark.
Polyzoa, Annals and Magazine Natural History, ser. 7, vol. 11, p. 595.
1909. Hembranipora crassimarginata NORMAN, The Polyzoa of Madeira and neighboring
Islands, Journal Linnean Society London, vol. 30, p. 287.
1860. Alembranipora Jacroi.i'ii ( ':} BUSK, Description of new Polyzoa, Quarterly Journal of
Microscopical Science, vol. 8. p. 282.
1861. ilembranipora irregitlaris BVSK, Description of new Polyzoa, Quarterly Journal of
Microscopical Science, vol. 9 (n. s. vol. 1), p. 77, pi. 33, fig. 3 (not d'Orbigny).
Description. — The zoarium incrusts pebbles, shells, foraminifera, and other
bryozoa. The zooecia are elongated, distinct, oral, or elliptical with frequently a
very small gymnocyst; the mural rim is very prominent, curved, thin at the top,
enlarged at the base, finely granular. The opesium is elliptical, entire. The ovicell
is globular, prominent, deeply excavated, and separated from the mural rim. The
avicularium is interzooecial, as large as a zooecium; the mural rim is thick; the
pivot is median and solid.
Measurements. — Opesia
£0=0.32-0.36 mm. „ . \Lz=0.50 mm.
/ooecia ,
1o= 0.20-0.22 mm. lfe=0.32-0.40 mm.
Variations. — Examples of total regeneration are numerous and manifest them-
selves by their double mural rims. Figure 13 contains even a case of triple regen-
eration. The ancestrula is rather small and of normal form. Closed zooecia per-
forated by a small, round, medium pore, are located close to the ancestrula (fig. 15).
The micrometric dimensions are identical with those of Membranipora crassi-
marginata relying upon the figure given by Waters. The only difference from
the recent species that we can cite is that in the latter the pivot of the avicularium is
placed irregularly. On such a trifling difference we can not distinguish another
species.
Grammetia crassimarginata exists to-day in the waters off the Madeira Islands.
Its existence in the recent and ancient Gulf of Mexico is therefore very probable.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington.
Xorth Carolina (very rare).
132 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : 3i miles north of Grovania, Georgia
(very rare) ; Alachua, Florida (very rare) : 9 miles north of Ocala. Florida (very
rare) .
Habitat. — Mediterranean : off France and Italy. Atlantic : the Madeira Islands
and Tristan da Cunha. China Sea. at Tizard. Pacific: Japan (var. japonica Ort-
mann, 1890).
PIesiotypes.—C*t. Nos. 63894, 63895, U.S.N.M.
GRAMMELLA TRANSVERSA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 25, figs. 7, S.
1917. Grammclla transversa CANU and BASSI.EK, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary
Cheilostonie Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 20,'pl. 2, 0g. 6.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa. The zooecia are but little elon-
gated, broad, distinct; the mural rim is thin, sharp edged, regular. The opesium
is of the same form as the zooecium. The ovicell is salient, globular, smooth,
and carinated. The avicularium is interzooecial small, elliptical, and the pivot is
never median; its longitudinal axis is transverse with respect to the zooecial axis.
Measurements. — Opesia
£0=0.45 mm. „ . |Zs=0.55-0.60 mm.
/ooecia
^0=0.35-0.40 mm. Uz=0.4G-0.50 nun.
Affinities. — The avicularium is generally elliptical, but it is sometimes tri-
angular (fig. 8). The mural rim exhibits a rare and interesting peculiarity. It is
not provided with a side which merges into the zooecium so that the opesium is
bounded by the termen itself of the mural rim.
The present form differs from other described species of GrammeUa in its small
avicularia transversally oriented.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington. North Carolina (rare) ; Eutaw
Springs, South Carolina (very rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 62579, U.S.N.M.
GRAMMELLA PUS1LLA, new species.
Plate 25, figs. 9-13.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts other bryozoa and calcareous algae. The
zooecia are small, elongated, distinct, oval, or elliptical, with or without a very small
gymnocyst; the mural rim is quite prominent, thin at the top, enlarged at the base,
finely granulated. The opesium is elliptical. The ovicell is globular, granulose,
deeply excavated, ornamented, with a callosity, and distinct from the mural rim.
The aucestrula is small and its mural rim very thin. The avicularium is inter-
zooecial, somewhat larger than an opesium; its pivot is placed a little below the
transverse axis of the opesial ellipse.
[A0=0.26 mm.
Measurements. — Opesia , „ 1" Zooecia
170=0.18 mm.
Zs=0.40 mm.
fe=0.22-0.26 mm.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 133
Examples of total regeneration are very rare.
Affinities. — The termen of the mural rim sometimes becomes very sharp. and
crenulated (fig. 10).
This species is quite similar to <rr<nnm< :11<i crassimarc/inata, differing only in its
small dimensions. It is not a variety because it occurs at different localities.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : IS miles west of Wrightsville, Johnson
County, Georgia (very rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : West bank of Sepulga River, Escambia
County, Alabama (rare) ; Chipola River, east of Marianna, Jackson County,
Florida (rare) ; 11 miles above Bainbriclge, Georgia (rare).
Vicksburgiaii (" Chimney rock '' of Marianna limestone) : One mile north of
Monroeville. Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.—Csat. Xos. 63898. 63S99. U.S.X.M.
Genus MEMBRANIPORIDRA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Hembraniporidra CANU ami BASSI.EK. Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilostoine
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 21.
The operculum always closes the ovicell. Xo dietellae. No avicularia. One
large distal septula ; two pairs of lateral septulae.
Genotype. — Metnbramporidra porrecta Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Range. — Jacksonian and Vicksburgian.
The ovicell is deeply excavated in the distal zooecium. It is only by dissection
that we are able to prove by the continuity of the mural rim, although very thin
distaljy, that the ovicell is indeed hyperstomial. The mural rim is always enlarged
at the base and finely granular.
This genus differs from Alderina Xorman, 1903, not only in the closure of the
ovicell by the opercular valve, but also in the absence of dietellae.
It is probable that many recent species may be included in this genus. The
most common form among them might well serve as the true genotype.
MEMBRANIPORIDRA OECIOPOROSA. new species.
Plate 26, figs. 1, 2
Descriptwn. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are elongated, distinct,
elliptical-; the mural rim is slightly salient, curved, enlarged at the base, where it
has two lateral furrows, ornamented with very small granulations radially ar-
ranged. The opesium is elliptical. The ovicell is large, globular, salient, orna-
mented with a frontal callosity, the wall of which, lying on the distal part of the
zooecium, is finely porous.
. (7w=0.22-0.25 mm. „ . |Z.2=0.35 mm.
Measurements. — Opesia , ..„ Zooecia,
(?<?=0.1o-0.1< mm. 173=0.23-0.2. > mm.
Variations. — This species is very irregular is its gemmation, and deformed
zooecia are numerous. The ovicell is interesting for its peculiarities — a fragile,
frontal callosity and finely porous floor. The callosity is finely granular like the
134 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
mural rim; it is an olocyst partially covered with a pleurocyst. The ovicell
borders the mural rim in a very irregular fashion : we are not absolutely certain
that the opercular valve always closes the zooecia. Moreover, as we possess only
a very small number of fragments, this species requires further examination.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (very
rare).
Middle Jacksonian: Eutaw Springs. South Carolina (very rare); Eich Hill,
5£ miles southeast of Knoxville, Georgia (very rare) : Wilmington, North Carolina
(very rare).
Cotypea.—C&i. Nos. 63902, 63903, U.S.N.M.
MEMBRANIPORIDRA PACHYMURALIS. new species.
Plate 28, figs. ]4-17.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are slightly elongated,
distinct, hexagonal; the mural rim is very wide on the margins and below, finely
granular. The opesium is elongated, elliptical, fringed with a collar of granules
radially arranged. The ovicell is much sunken, but placed above the distal septula:
it is closed above by a globular, salient convexity, separated from the mural rim
and formed of two calcareous layers.
Measurements. — Opesia
Ao=0.35-0.40 mm. 7 • lZz=0.55-0.60 nun
fo=0.20 mm. Cia[7z=0.45-0.50 mm.
Variations. — The zooecia are generally separated by a furrow of slight depth
and sometimes filled up. The mural rim on account of its thickness is a true
cryptocyst which renders this species very easy of determination. We are igno-
rant of the use of the radially arranged granulations which fringe the opesium.
No regenerated zooecia have been observed. The rather large distal septula
becomes multiporous.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone): Wilmington,
North Carolina (rare).
Holotype.—Csnt. No. 63917, U.S.N.M.
MEMBRANIPORIDRA TRIGEMMA, new species.
Plate 25, figs. 14. 15.
The zoarium is unilamellar and creeps over algae. The zooecia are rather
large, little elongated, ogival. distinct; the mural rim is thin, little prominent,
curved, much enlarged at the base, finely granular. The opesium is elliptical or
subcircular, finely denticulated. The ovicell is large, globular, salient, distinct
from the mural rim, with a deeply embedded floor.
. [Ao=0.46-0.50 mm. . fZs=0.60 mm.
measurements. — Upesia , rt „„ n ... Zooecia,
(20=0.36-0.40 mm. (12=0.55 mm.
Affinities. — In general, in gemmation a zooecium may engender only two,
of which the one that is deformed becomes prinioserial. Here this gemmation is
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 135
so vigorous that very frequently a zooecium, in every respect larger than the. others,
reproduces three undeformed primoserial zooecia. We have observed no regen-
erated zooecia.
This species differs from Membraniporidra lalicella in its larger micrometric
dimensions and in the absence of a gymnocyst.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Wilmington, North Carolina (common) ;
Rich Hill, 5£ miles southeast of Knoxville. Georgia (rare).
Cotypes.—Czt. Nos. 63900, 63901, U.S.N.M.
MEMBRANIPORIDRA LATICELLA, new species.
Plate 26, figs. 3-5.
Zoarium incrusting other bryozoa. The zooecia are distinct, ogival, broad, with
a small convex gymnocyst ; the mural rim is salient, thin, curved, smooth, or slightly
granular. The opesium is entire, oval, the narrow end at the front. The ovicell
is large, globular, salient, smooth, distinct from the mural rim; it is deeply em-
bedded in the distal zooecium.
. Ao=0.40-0.50 mm. . [7.3=0.60-0.80 mm
Measurements.— Opesia , Zooecia L
lo= 0.20-0.30 mm. (Zs=0.40-0.50 mm.
Variation*. — The mural rim is not always round. It sometimes has a small
sharp termen dividing it into two parts. The gymnocyst is very irregular in form,
but it is a constant feature. The regenerated zooecia with double mural rims are
frequent. Figure 4 (sri) represents a special case where a regenerated zooecium re-
places a normal zooecium but reversed in direction. Figure 5 (zro) illustrates an
inverted ovicelled zooecium succeeding a normal zooecium.
This species differs from Membraniporidra trigemma in its smaller zooecial
dimensions and in the presence of a gymnocyst.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (very com-
mon) ; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (rare).
Cotypes.—Csit. No. 63904, U.S.N.M.
MEMBRANIPORIDRA PORRECTA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 26, figs. 6-13.
1917. Hemlii-aniporidra porrecia CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary
Cheilostorae Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 21. pi. 2, fig. 5.
The zoarium is free, follicular, formed of two very thin leaves growing back to
back and easily separable. The zooecia are large, elongate, distinct, oval, with a
proximal, convex gymnocyst; the mural rim is very thin, salient, curved. The
opesium is large, elliptical, entire. The ovicell is globular, little elevated, orna-
mented with a frontal callosity; it is deeply embedded. A distal septula and two
lateral septulae and two distal impressions are present.
(#0=0.75 mm. . fZz=0.95 mm.
136 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Variations. — The micrometric variations in this species are very great: there
are long zooecia (figs. 7, 8), wide zooecia (figs. 9, 10), and dwarfed zooacia (fig. 7).
The furrow separating the zooecia is often filled and replaced by a thread-like
projection. Some cases of total regeneration have been noticed. The ovicell is
rare and fragile, its callosity is very finely granular like the mural rim. The
mural rim according to the rule is an olocyst in which the elements group them-
selves, radiating from the opesium. The gymnocyst is formed of scattered olocystal
elements (fig. 13). These tissues are very hard and it is very difficult to obtain
them in thin sections. Two very faint distal impressions exist on the dorsal olocyst
at the bottom of each zooecium.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Wilmington, North Carolina (common) ;
Balclock, Barnwell County, South Carolina (rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 62578, U.S.N.M.
MEMBRANIPORIDRA SPISSIMURALIS, new species.
Plate 27, figs. 1-19; plate 28, figs. 1-7.
The zoarium is free, follicular. formed of two lamellae growing back to back
and easily separable. The zooecia are elongated, oval, distinct, separated by a
furrow or by a raised thread-like line. The mural rim is flat, oblique toward the
opesium, thick, gradually enlarging to form at the base a cryptocyst limited
laterally by two grooves or furrows. The opesium is elliptical, entire, often par-
tially cut off by the rectangular prominent denticles. The primoserial zooecia
have an opesium narrowed laterally. The ovicell is globular, salient, short, trans-
verse, and is deeply embedded in the distal zooecium. There are two pairs of
lateral septulae and a very large distal septula.
. (Ao=0.45 mm. „ . |Z3=0.72 mm.
Measurements. — Opesia , /ooecia , .
(fo=0.22 mm. {fs=().3o mm.
Variations. — This species is very common and. as usual in such a case, the
variations are innumerable. It is truly a protean form of the Membranipores.
The imagination can not conceive all the variations ; -we will note only the principal
ones. Certain of these variations affect not only an entire zoarium but often
all of the zoaria from the same locality.
Our description is founded on the perfect but rare forms (figs. 1. 2, 3). The
cryptocyst may lack the lateral grooves; again it is concave (pi. 27, figs. 4, 5). and
then it is convex (pi. 27, figs. 6, 7). It may even be wanting entirely either natu-
rally (pi. 27, fig. 8) or by weathering (pi. 27, fig. 9). This latter variation affects
nearly all the specimens from Rich Hill, Georgia.
The mural rim of young zooecia is thinner than usual (pi. 27. figs. 3. 12, 13).
Rarely the primoserial zooecia do not have an opesium laterally contracted (pi. 27,
figs. 1. 2). This contraction is a very important character, chiefly in the rolled and
worn specimens.
We have observed monstrous zooecia from the Vicksburgian near Monroeville,
Alabama (pi. 27, fig. 14), and furthermore the extremely rare case of a zooecium
giving rise to five primoserial zooecia (pi. 27, fig. 15).
NORTH AMKKH'AX KAlilA" TERTIARY BRYOZoA. 137
The granulations of the mural rim are extremely fine; the granules become
larger by chemical changes (pi. 27. fig. 16). The ovicell is smooth in the Jack-
sonian specimens (pi. 27. figs. 3, 7), but it is ornamented with a frontal callosity in
those from the Vicksburgian (pi. 27. figs. 16; 17). This structure is always placed
above the distal septula (pi. 28, fig. 6). The ovicells on the same zoarium are rare-,
and their -occurrence in groups' is very infrequent (pi. 27. fig. 9). Regenerated
zooecia are rather rare (pi. 27. fig. 14). The opestal denticles are always irregular
in form, size, and position; sometimes they arc quite large (pi. 27. fig. 18).
The zoarium is often unilamellar, either by splitting in half or by growth on
algae (pi. 27, fig. 19). This variation affects all the specimens from the Vicks-
burgian along the west bank of Conecuh River, Escambia County, Alabama. We
have also some specimens incrusting shells from the Jacksonian at Wilmington,
North Carolina.
The dorsal lamella of each zooecium is an olocyst with scattered elements (pi.
_8, fig. 3). The mural rim and the cryptocyst are of the same nature and are
formed by an olocyst in which the elements are grouped in radial lines (pi. 28, fig.
2). The zooecial walls are very thin (pi. 28. fig. 4) or very thick (pi. 28, fig. .">).
By rubbing away the surface it is easy to bring out the two pairs of lateral septulae
and the large distal septula (pi. 28. fig. 5). On the same zoarium the micrometric
measurements are rather constant, but they vary much according to the locality.
They may be small (pi. 27, fig. 10) or large (pi. 27, figs. 5. S. 14).
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Mariaima limestone) : Salt Mountain, five miles
south of Jackson, Alabama (very common) ; near Claiborne. Monroe County, Ala-
bama (very common) ; west bank of Conecuh River, Escambia County, Alabama
(very common) ; Murder Creek, east of Castlebury, Conecuh County, Alabama
(very common) ; 1 mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (very common).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : West bank of Sepulga River. Escambia
County, Alabama (rare) ; Chipola River, east of Marianna. Jackson County,
Florida (very rare).
Jacksonian (Zeuglodon zone): Shulmt'a, Mississippi (rare).
Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington. North Carolina (very common): 3J miles
south of Perry, Georgia (common) ; Rich Hill, 5i miles southeast of Knoxville.
Crawford County, Georgia (common) ; 18 miles west of Wrightsville. Johnson
County, Georgia (common) : 12 miles southeast of Marshallville. Georgia (com-
mon) ; one-half mile southeast of Georgia Kaolin Company Mine, Twiggs County.
Georgia (rare) ; Baldock, Barnwell County, South Carolina (rare).
Lower Jacksonian ( Moody s marl) : Jackson. Mississippi (rare).
Cotypes.—Gtit. Nos. 63905-63911. U.S.N.M.
MEMBRAMPORIDRA SIMIL1S, nciv species.
Plate 28, figs. S-10.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts other bryozoa and pebbles. The zooecia
are elongated, little distinct, separated or not by a very little furrow, elliptical;
the mural rim is thin at the top. enlarged below, finely granular. The opesium is
138 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
regularly elliptical, very finely crenulated. The primoserial zooecia are modified.
The ovicell is large, distinct from the mural rim, salient, globular, almost trans-
verse, and is deeply embedded in the distal zooecium.
Measurements. — Opesia
Ao=0.36-0.44 mm. 7 . (£3=0.50-0.60 mm.
Zo=0.20-0.30 mm. ia|Zs=0.30-0.40 mm.
Affinities. — We have chosen for illustration specimens showing the most con-
stant features, but the variations are numerous. The least roughness of the
substratum modifies the micrometric dimensions very much.
The primoserial zooecia have no decided form and they sometimes assume the
shape of large interzooecial avicularia. A zoarium from Old Factory near Bain-
bridge, Georgia, covers four square centimeters. The distal septula is rather large,
but it is only easily visible after abrasion of the surface.
This species resembles Membraniporidra spissimiiralis very much, but it differs
in the absence of a cryptocyst with lateral grooves and in the smaller micrometric
dimensions (Zs=0.60 mm.),
Occurrence — Middle Jacksonian: Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (com-
mon) ; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (very rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Old Factory, 1| miles above Bainbridge,
Georgia (rare).
'Vicksburgian ("Chimney rock" of Marianna limestone) : One mile north of
Monroeville, Alabama (rare) ; Vicksburg, Mississippi (very rare in the lower beds).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 63912, U.S.N.M.
MEMBRANIPORIDRA PYRIFORMIS, new species.
Plate 28, figs. 11-13.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts oyster shells and pebbles. The zooecia are
elongate, distinct, pyriform, with or without a small gymnocyst; the mural rim is
thick, curved, salient, broader below. The opesium is entire, pyriform and anterior.
The ovicell is a little distal embedded niche covered bv a slightly salient convexity.
Measurements. — Opesia
A0=0.35-0.40 mm. . |Zs=0.50-0.55 mm.
£0=0.25-0.30 mm. ia|te=0.45-0.50 mm.
Affinities. — The very small ovicell is often difficult to discover on specimens a
little altered by fossilization. It is hyperstomial, that is to say. buried in the distal
zooecium, but it is so embedded that it can not be considered as endozooecial. Every-
where it opens into the interior of the zooecium below the opercular valve.
This species has somewhat the aspect of Membranipora appendiculata Eeuss,
1847, but differs from it in the absence of avicularia.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Old Factory, H miles
above Bainbridge. Georgia (common) ; Red Bluff. 7 miles above Bainbridge,
Georgia (very rare), Bainbridge, Georgia (rare) ; Chipola River, east of Marianna,
Jackson County, Florida (very rare) ; west bank of Sepulga River, Escambia
County, Alabama (common).
Cotypes.—Cnt. Nos. 63915, 63916, U.S.N.M.
NORTH A-MERU'AX EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
139
KEY TO AMERH.AX SPECIES OF MEMBEANIPORIDEA.
, |Zoarium bilauiellar ' 2
[Zoariuui incrustiug : 3
2.
|Gyumocyst convex without lateral grooves HI. porrecta.
[Gymnocyst concave with lateral grooves. _ HI. spissimuralis.
3 | Ovicell with porous floor .-I/, oecioporosa.
JFloor nouporous 4
4 fOvicell very small M. pyriformis.
[Ovicell large, transverse 5
,. |Gymuocyst present 31. laticella.
[No gymnocyst 6
JTwo primoserial nondefornied zooecia (Iz 0.55 mm.) M. trigemma.
[One primoserial deformed zooecium (/~ 0.40 nun.) — M. similis.
6.
F-is
FIG. 33. — Genus Tremopora Ortniann, 1890.
A-E. Trniioporn rudicifcra Hincks. 1881. A. Several zooecia with ovicell, X 23. B. Avicu-
larian mandible, X 55. C. View of the basal surface, X 23. (A-C after Levinsen, 1909.)
D. View showing radicular pores and pore tubes. E. Radical fibers. (D, E after Hincks, 1SS1.)
F. Tremoiiora dendracantha Ortmann. 1890. Several zooecia showing the large bifurcated
oral spines, X 15. (After Ortmann. 1890.)
Genus TREMOPORA Ortmann, 1890.
1890. Tremopora OKTMANX. Die Japonische Bryozoen Fauna, Archiv. fur Naturgeschichte,
vol. 50, p. 29.
The opercular A'alve always closes the ovicell. The mural rim bears one or two
large bifurcated oral spines and an avicularium moi-e or less developed.
Genotype. — Tremopora dendracantha Ortmann, 1890.
Range. — Helvetian-Recent.
The zooecia are adjacent or separated and are joined among themselves by
connecting tubes. The lower face often has radicels. Waters classed this genus
in the Mi inln-nnipora patellaria group. Levinsen incorporated it in his family
Bicellariidae.
140
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genus LARNACIUS Norman, 1903.
1903. Lnnwcius NOEMAX. Notes on the Natural History of East Finmark, Annals and Maga-
zine Natural History, ser. 7, vol. 12, p. 87.
This genus differs from AmpMUc strum Gray, 1848, first in the interzooecial
avicularium with pivot, second in the absence of dietellae, third in the distal end of
the zooecium. which is divided into chambers by means of a transverse and usually
one or two vertical connecting bars. The ovicell ap-
pears closed by the operculum.
Genotype. — Larn(n--nis (Membranipora ) corniger
1852. Recent.
The genus Zamaciwsmay belong to a di-tim-t family.
SECTION IV. OVICELL NEVER CLOSED BY OPERCULAR
VALVE.
The ovicell is widely open above the operculum and
the opesium. In the fossil forms the distal part of the
mural rim is visible and not modified: the distal
cicatrix left by the broken ovicell on the superior
zooecium is shallow. In the recent species this kind
of ovicell is closed by a vesicle which retracts or dilates
by means of special muscles to facilitate the departure
of the larvae or the entrance of the eggs.
In the recent dry specimens the orifice of the ovicell
appears simply closed by the ectocyst which always
covers this structure.
Levinsen in his " Studies on the C'heilostomatous
Bryozoa " classes all the species of this group in the
single genus Callopora Gray, 1848. We believe with
Norman that the presence, the form, and the position
of the avicularia may serve for the e>tabli-hment of natural although less impor-
tant generic divisions.
Genus ALDERINA Norman, 1903.
1903. AMerina NORMAN, Notes on the Natural History of East Finmark. Annals Maga-
zine Natural History, ser. 7. vol. 11. p. 596.
Front wall entirely membranous, side walls usually crenulated: no lateral
spines. No avicularia. but nodulous processes sometimes developed in different posi-
tions on the side of the zooecium. Ovicell usually bearing (either a rib or) a de-
pressed area in front. Dietellae in the type, two pairs of lateral and two distinctly
marked and separated distal. As in Lllhuni. the two front pairs of dietellae
usually extend outside the lateral walls, and the two posterior inside. (Norman,
1905).
Genotype. — Aider! no (J)fcml>i-<ni!/-<ini \ nnlxll',* Ilincks, I860.
Ranr/c. — Senonian-Eecent.
FIG. 34. — Genus Larnaciits Nor-
man, 1903.
Larnacius corniger Busk, 1852.
Several zooecia, highly magni-
fied, one with ovicell and the
others with chambers in the
place usually occupied by an
ovicell. (After Norman, 1903.)
NORTH AMERICAN EAULY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
141
The following species are classed in this genus:
Aldii'iini (Mernbranipora) inilidHs Ilincks, 1860. Recent.
Alderina (Membranipora) imf/trf/iris Smitt, 1872. Recent.
A/<lcrt/>ii (Membranipora) solidula. Hinclcs, 1860. Recent.
ovalis D'Orbigny, 1S52. Sononian.
.i D'Orbin 1852. Senonian.
t. Teuclla F. Stamenocella G. Megapora H. Ammatophora I. Marssonopora
FIG. 35. — Genera of Membraniporae with ovicells never closed by the opevcular valve.
A. Alderina imbellis Hincks, 1880, X 25. Recent.
B. Callopora lineala Linnaeus, 1758. X 50. Recent.
C. Amphiblestrum flemingi Busk. 1875, X 50. Recent.
D. Ramphonotus minax Busk, I860. X 25. Recent.
E. Tegella unicornis Fleming, 1828, X 20. Recent.
F. Stnmciwcella pyriformis, new species. X 20. Lower Jacksonian, Jackson, Mississippi.
G. Alegapora ringens Hincks, 1880, X 50. Recent.
H. Ammatophora nodulosa, Hincks, 1880. Recent.
I. Marssonopora dispersa Hagenow. 18I57. Cretaceous (Senonian) Isle of Riigen.
Alderina (Membranipora) abortiva Canu, 1911. Rocanean.
Alderina (Membranipora) cummingsi Canu, 1911. Rocanean.
Alderina (Membranipora} pcrisparsa Novak, 1877. Cenomanian.
The recent species Alderina irregularis Smitt. 1872, is very important in the
American forms, and as it has been confused with other species we believed it useful
to make known its synonymy and history.
142
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL, MUSEUM.
ALDERINA IRREGULARIS Smitt, 1872.
1ST2. Meiiibranipora irrcgitlaris SMITT. Floridau Bryozoa. Kongl. Svenska Vetenskape-
Akademiens Handlingar, vol. 10. No. 11. p. 8, pi. 11, fig. 63.
1914. Moiilirnnipora irrcyularis OSBUKN, The Bryozoa of the Tortugas Islands, Florida,
Publication Carnegie Institution of Washing-ton. No. 182, p. 194.
Not D'ORBIGNY, 1839, WATERS, 1904, BUSK. 1S61, MANZONI, 1S75.
Observations. — We owe to the kindness of Doctor Osburn a very complete,
superb specimen of this interesting species, and we, are able to supplement, the
observations which are indispensable for its classification. The ovicell is transverse
and formed of two calcined layers; the superior one is very finely granulated,
incomplete, surrounding an area which is irregular and more or less linear. It is
hyperstomial and opens by a large special orifice which the opercular valve never
closes. The latter is bordered by
a veiT thick sclerite- The mu™l
rim is granular and enlarged at
the base. This is a very well
characterized species of A Iderina.
Measurements. — (A0=0.34 mm.
Opesia(?0=0.20 mm.
. [£3=0.4:0-0.56 mm.
Zooecia'
ife=0.30-0.40 mm.
Affinities. — This species is the
equatorial representative of the
boreal Alderina imbellis Hinck,
1860. It differs from it in its
transverse and nonelongated ovi-
cell and its irregularly linear and
FIG. 36.— Genus Alderina Norman, 1903.
A, B. Alderina imbellis Hincks, 1860. A. Zooecia, X 25.
(After Hincks, 18800 B. Sketch showing dietellae, X 47. nonrectangular ovicellarian area.
/ Aftor T d-i-incon IflUA 1 ~
(After Levinsen, 1894.)
C. Alderina solidula Hincks, 1860. Ayoungzooeciumat
the edge of a zoarium. (After Norman, 1903.)
Smitt in 1872 identified it
with Hfembranipora irregu-
laris D'Orbigny, 1839. The
type is no longer to be found at the Museum of Natural History of Paris. The
figure does not show an ovicell ; as the mural rim is smooth and is not enlarged at
the base, it certainly represents a different species from that of Smitt. Waters in
1904 J found it almost in the same regions; he figured its ovicell but without, giv-
ing its nature; the micrometric dimensions are much larger, to wit: A0=0.60 mm.,
7o=0.32 mm., Zz=0.80 mm., fe=0.44 mm. If it should be proved that this is an
Alderina it would be necessary to rename Smitt's species of much later date.
Busk in 1S61 - thought he had found D'Orbigny's species in the Madeira
Islands. The figure which he gives is in effect very close to that of the French
author; the mural rim is not enlarged at the base: this is. therefore, not the species
1 1004. WatiTs. P.ryozmi, Result. Voyaire Brliiim X.uol.. p. :;i. pi. 11. fig. 6.
-1861. Busk. Description of new Polyzoa. collected at Madeira in 1859 and 1860, Quarterly Journal
Microscopical Science, new ser., vol. 1, p. 77, pi. 33, fig. 3.
XORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 143
of Smitt. As the ovicoll was not figured, we can not compare it with the species
of Waters.
Manzoni in 1875 1 thought also that he had found D'Orbigny's species in the
Plaisancian sands of Castrocaro, in Italy. His figure is very similar to that of
Smitt, 1872, although it will be difficult to get an exact idea of the ovicell from it.
In 1893, Neviani,2 revising the Manzoni collection, stated that Membranipora
imgularis, M. catenular/a, and M. lincata of this author form one and the same
species, all appearing to have interzooecial avicularia. Under these conditions it is
evident that the Manzoni species is different from that of D'Orbigny and also
of Smitt. The paleontologist who rediscovers it will hare to rename it.
Habitat. — Pourtales has dredged this species off Florida to a depth of 97
meters. Osburn has noted it off the Tortugas Islands from 13 to 15 meters.
It creeps over shells and Nullipores.
Alderina imbettis Hincks. 1860, is a very rare species. It inhabits the deep
waters off England (Hinck. 1880), Denmark (Levinsen, 1894). and Norway (Nor-
man, 1879).
ALDERINA? NODULOSA, new species.
Plate 9, fig. 10.
Description. — The zoarium is free, unilamellar, creeping over algae. The,
zooecia are elongated, distinct, oval, bearing inferiorly one to two projecting nod-
ules: the mural rim is thin at the top, much enlarged below, curved, delicately
decorated with radially arranged granules. The opesium is oval, finely crenulated.
The ovicell is hyperstomial and never closed by the operculum, salient, globular,
elongated. The distal septula may be replaced by three smaller septulae. The
first pair of lateral septulae is very large ; the two other pairs of lateral septulae
are smaller and may each be replaced by two smaller ones. This arrangement of
the septulae is visible exteriorly.
. Ao=0.32-0.35 mm.
Measurements. — Opesia 7 _ OA nnK
I lo= 0.20-0.25 mm.
„ . £2=0.45 (2 nodules)-0.62 mm. (1 nodule).
ia 72=0.30-0.35 mm.
Affinities. — This elegant species is quite remarkable on account of its plainly
visible septular arrangement. A large septula is sometimes, without any apparent
reason, replaced by two or three smaller ones closely arranged. The long zooecium
with a single inferior nodule appears to be primoserial.
On account of its nodules and its external aspect, this species somewhat
resembles Alderina solidula Hincks, 1860, in which, however, the septular arrange-
ment is binary. Its arrangement of the septulae in threes would suggest its position
in the genus Cauloramphus Norman, 1903, but the ovicells of the species of this
genus are either unknown or endozooecial. The septular arrangement and the
1 1875. Manzoni, I. Briozol del Pliocene antico di Castrocaro, Bologna, p. 10. pi. 1, fig. 5.
- 1893. Neviani, Seconda contrihuzione alia conoscenza del Briozoi fossili italiani, Bollettino della
Societa geologica italiana, vol. 13, p. 9.
144 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
nature of its mural rim also are as in Antropora Norman. 1903 ; but species of this
genus are provided with avicularia. To be exact, it would be necessary to create a
new genus, but as we possess only the single specimen figured, we think it prudent
to await for more abundant material.
Occurrence. — Wilcoxian (Bashi formation) : Woods Bluff, Alabama (very
rare).
ffolotype.—Cat. No. 63833, U.S.N.M.
ALDERINA PULCHERRIMA, new species.
Plate 29, fig. 1.
Description. — The zoarium is free, imilamellar. creeping over algae. The
zooecia are large, elongated, elliptical; the mural rim is broad, concave, smooth,
enlarged below. The opesinm is elliptical, elongated, entire. The ovicell is hyper-
stomial and never closed by the opercular valve, is globular, very salient, distinct
from the mural rim, furrowed in front; it is formed of two calcareous lamellae of
which the exterior one is of the same nature as the mural rim.
Measurements. — Onesia
ho=Q.80 mm. . \Lz=l.l20 mm.
7 /->,?/-. Ziooecia , „ „,,
fo=0.50 mm. \lz=O.SO mm.
This very beautiful species has no related form either fossil or living.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Wilmington, North Carolina (very rare) ;
near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (very rare).
Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (very rare).
Holotype.—Czt. No. 63918, U.S.N.M.
ALDERINA LUNATA, new species.
Plate 29, fig. 5.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa. The zooecia are distinct, sepa-
rated by a deep, somewhat elongated, oval furrow; the mural rim is very thin
distally, somewhat enlarged proximally, granulated. The opesium is elongated,
elliptical, or oval, and very finely crenulated. The ovicell is globular, salient, and
transverse; the frontal area is in the form of a crescent and granulated like the
mural rim.
Measurements. — Opesia
7(0=0.30-0.32 mm. 7 . } 7,3=0.40-0.50 mm.
/o=0.22-0.25 mm. iaUz=0.25-0.30 mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from the recent Alderina imbellis Hincks, 1860,
in the less length of its ovicell (0.15 instead of 0.20 mm.) and its frontal area,
which is in the form of a crescent instead of being rectangular. These differences
are insignificant, for the micrometric measurements are identical, and they occur
almost within the possibilities of the habitual variations of a species. If we have
created a distinct species it is because Alderina imbellis has never been found
fossil, and because such a sudden appearance in the Lower Eocene seems to us too
unusual.
A more closely related species is Alderina irregularis Smitt, 1872, in which the
micrometric dimensions are also identical. It differs from it simply in its crescent
XORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIAEY BRYOZOA. 145
form and the nonregularity of the area of the ovicell. This is therefore an inter-
mediate form between Aldcr'ma intl/cllis Hincks, 1860, and Alderina irregularis
Smitt, 1872 ; perhaps it is an ancestral fossil form of those two recent species, one of
which is boreal and the other equatorial.
From this example the reader may judge of the great difficulties which often
afflict us in the determination of the Membranipores.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksoninn (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (very
rare) .
Holotype.—C&l. No. 63922, U.S.N.M.
ALDERINA CRASSA, new species.
Plate 29. fig. 7.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts the radial plates of sea urchins. The
zooecia are slightly elongated, distinct; the mural rim is very thick, convex, salient,
granular. The opesium is elongated, elliptical, median. The ovicell is hyper-
stomial.
Variations. — "We possess only the single figured specimen, which is incom-
plete. Maity of the zooecia are regenerated. It is closely related to M ' embranipora
perisparsa Novak, 1877. On our specimen one zooecium with a triple mural rim
has twice undergone total regeneration.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Eutaw Springs. South Carolina (very rare).
Ho7otype.—Cat. No. 6392-i, U.S.N.M.
Genus CALLOPORA Gray, 1848.
1S4S. Callopora GRAY, List British Animals British Museum, Centroniae, pp. 109, 146.
1903. Callopora NORMAN, Notes on Natural History East Pinmark, Annals and Magazine
Natural History, ser. 7, vol. 11, p. 588.
Front wall entirely membranous. Marginal walls more or less thickened and
crowned with spines, which may be many or few. Ovicell globose', of good size,
commonly with a rib across the front. Sessile avicularia with acute mandible at
the bottom of the zooecium and above the ovicell or in a lateral position on one
or both sides of the oral opening, or in both positions in the same species. Usually
two pairs of lateral dietellae and one distal. (Norman.)
Genotype. — Callopora (M embranipora} lineata Linnaeus, 1758.
Range. — Santonian-Recent.
Nearly all the ovicells are provided in front with an area or more exactly
with a callosity more or less granular, formed by the calcareous internal layer of
the ovicell.
This definition combines the M embranipora lineata group and the M. tenm-
rostri-s group of Waters, which he defined : " Ovicells with rib ; pore chambers
usually one distal, four lateral ones; spines round the border. Vicarious avicu-
laria.''
55899— 20— Bull. 106 10
146
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
In order to separate, the two groups generically one would have to be certain
that the smaller avicularium of the ,!/. lineata group is only interopesial. Unfortu-
nately we have too few specimens to make this study.
FIG. 3".— Geuus Callopora Gray, 1848.
A-C. Callopora lineata Linnaeus, 175S. A. Zooecia with ovicells and avicularia X 50. B.
Ordinary zooeeia, X 50. (A; B. After Hincks, 1880.) C. Sketch showing dietellae. (After
Norman, 1903.)
D, E. Callopora craticula Alder, 1S57. D. Several zooeeia with ovicells and a single
zooeeium further enlarged. (After Osburn. 1912.) E. Drawing showing occurrence of the die-
tellae. (After Norman, 1903.)
F, G. Callopora tenuirostris Hincks, ]ss9. F. Avicnlarian mandible, X 85. (After Waters,
3885.) G. Opercnlum X S5. (After Waters, 1898.)
PI. Callopora aurita Hincks, 1877. Diagrammatic section of ovicell. (After Levinsen, 1909.)
ol, olocyst : oo, ooecial operculum ; op, operculum ; pi, pleurocyst ; v, vestibulum.
I-K. Callopora dumerilii Audouin, 1820. I. Sketch showing dietellae X 27. J. Lateral wall
showing multiporous septulae. X 91. 1C. Distal wall with uniporous septulae, X 47. (After
Levinsen, 1909.)
L, M. Callopora curvirostris Hincks, 1S61. L. Avicularium, X 50. M. Avicnlarian mandi-
ble, X So. (After Waters, 1898, 1885.)
Callopora is not only one of the most important genera, but also was one of
the earliest to be established. It should not be confused with the Paleozoic
bryozoan genus Callopora Hall, 1851. for which Bassler has proposed the name
Hallopora.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 147
The recent species are :
Callopora (Membranipora) Ihuata Linnaeus, 1758.
Callopora (Membranipora) craticvla Alder, 1857.
Callopora whiteavesii Norman. 1903.
Callopora (Membranipora) nif/mnx Ilincks, 1882.
Callopora (Membranipora) aurita Hincks. 1877.
Callopora (Membranipora} Jwrrida Hincks, 1882.
i \illopora (Membranipora) flu mi rill I Audouin, 1826.
Callopora (Membranipora) californiemis Waters. 1898.
Callopora (Membranipora) tenuirostrift Hincks. 1880.
' 'allopora (Membranipora) curriroxtris: Hincks, 1861.
CaUopora (Membranipora) alb/da Hincks, 1880.
Callopora (Mcmbranipora) pinna Hincks. 1880.
The fossil forms are:
Callopora (Semiflustrina) monilifcra D'Orbigny, 1852.
Callopora (Semiflustrina) inornota D'Orbigny, 1852.
Callopora (Membranipora) ini-igilata'BrydoTie, 1910.
Callopora (Membranipora) britannica Brydone, 1906.
Callopora (Membranipora) woodwardi Brydone, 1906.
Callopora (Membranipora) coralliformis Brydone, 1910.
Callopora (Membranipora) calveti Cann, 1911.
Callopora (Membranipora) nordgaardiana, Canu, 1911.
Callopora (Pyriporella) amcghinoi Canu. 1911.
Callopora (Membranipora) tuberosa Novak, 1877.
Callopora (Bifiustra) solca Novak, 1877.
Callopora (Membranipora) pcrisparsa Novak, 1877.
Callopora (Membranipora) jerscyensis Ulrich and Bassler, 1907.
Group of CALLOPORA LINEATA.
CALLOPORA SEXSPINOSA. new species.
Plate 3, fig. 16.
Description. — The zoaritim incrusts shells. The zooecia are distinct, separated
by a deep furrow, elongated, oval, the point above; the mural rim is salient,
rounded, ornamented by six large spines, somewhat wider in its proximal part.
The opesium is regular, elliptical or oval. The ovicell is hyperstominl, never
closed by the opercular valve, small, globular, salient. Sometimes there is a small
avicularium in the interzooecial angles.
. |Ao=0.20 mm. . fZs=0.44-0.50 mm
Measurements.— Opesia /I-IOAI/I Zooecia 7 „ Ort
1/0=0.12-0.14 mm. [fe=0.30 mm.
• Affinities. — This species differs from ('allopora tuberosa in the absence of tuber-
osities on the mural rim and in the presence of six spines.
It differs from Callopora craxxospina in the presence of ~ix widely spaced
spines instead of twelve.
All of these species form part of the O , -n«t<Vfi group of Canu.
148 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Brundidge, Alabama (very
rare) .
Holotype.—Cnt. No. 63794, U.S.N.M.
CALLOPORA DUMERILII Audouin, 1826.
Plate 3, fig. 15.
Zoological bibliography.
1826. Flustra dumcrilii SAVIGNY-AUDOUIN, Explication sommnire des planches de Polypes de
1'Egypte et de la Syrie publiSes par J. C. Savigny, Paris, pi. 10, fig. 12.
1889. Membranipora dumerilii JELLY, A Synonymic Catalogue of Marine Bryozoa, p. 148.
1896. Membranipora dumerilii CALVET, Bryozoaires, Resultats scientifiqne de la Campague
du " Caudan " dans le Golfe de Gascogne. Aunales de 1'Universite de Lyon, vol. 26,
p. 253.
1898. Membranipora dumerilii WATERS. Observations on Membraniporidae, Journal Linneau
Society, London, Zoology, vol. 26, pp. 667-680.
1902. Membranipora dumerilii CALVET, Bryozoaires marins des cotes des Corse. Travaux de
1'Institut de Zoologie de 1'Universite de Montpellier, No. 2, Memoire No. 12, p. 13.
1902. Membranipora dumerilii CALVET, Bryozoaires marins de la region de Cette, Travaux
de 1'Institut de Zoologie de 1'Universite1 de Montpellier, No. 2, Memoire No. 11,
p. 32.
1909. Caflopora dumerilii LEVINSEX, Morphological and systematic studies on the Cheilosto-
niatous Bryozoa, p. 15, pi. 9, fig. 3.
Paleontological bibliography.
1859. Membranipora pouilleti BUSK, A Monograph of the Fossil Polyzoa of the Crag.
Publications of the Paleontographical Society, London, vol. 14, p. 32, pi. 3, figs. 4, 5, 6.
1863. Reptoflustrina biaurictilata ROEMER, Beschreibung der norddeutschen tertiaren Poly-
parieu, Paleontographica, vol. 9, Cassel, p. 17, pi. 2, fig. 20.
1866. Membranipora biauriculata REUSS, Die Bryozoen des deutschen Septarienthones,
Denkschriften des kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, vol 25, p. 171,
(55), pi. 8, fig. 6.
1869. Membranipora lineata MANZONI. Bryozoi Pliocenici italiani, Sitzungsberichte der
kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol. 59, p. 10, pi. 3, fig. 14 (not pi. 2,
fig. 13).
1875. Membranipora flemingi MANZONI. I. Brynzoi del pliocene antico di Castroearo, Bologna,
p. 11, pi. 2, fig. 21.
1880. Membranipora bicornis SECUENZA, La forniazioni terziare nella Provincia di Reggio
(Calabria), Memoires Reale Academia del Lincei, ser. 3, vol. 6, p. 80, pi. 8, fig. 10.
Roma.
1880 Membranipora pouilleti SEGUENZA, La formazioni terziare nella Provincia di Reggio
(Calabria) Memoires Reale Academia dei Lincei. ser. 3. vol. 6. pp. 80, 197. 328.
1891. Membranipora dumerilii WATERS, North Italian Bryozoa, Quarterly Journal of the
Geological Society of London, vol. 47, p. 12. pi. 2, fig. 4.
1885. Membranipora dumerilii KOSCHINSKT, Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Bryozoenfauua
der alteren Tertiarschichten des sudlichen Bayerns, Paleontographica, vol. 32. p. 21.
1896. Membranipora dumerilii NEVIANI, Briozoi neozoci di alcnua localita d'ltalia, Bolle-
tino della Societa Romana per gli Studi Zoologici, vol. 5, p. 105. fig. 3.
1901. Membranipora dumerilii NEVIANI, Briozoi neogenici delle Calabrie, Palaeontograpliia
italica, vol. 6, p. 158.
1905. Membranipora dumerilii NEVIANI, Brozoi fossili di Carrubare (Calabria), Bolletino
della Societa Geologica Italiana, vol. 23, p. 518, (16), fig. 5.
1912. Membranipora dumerilii CANU, Etude Comparfie des Bryozoaires Helvetiens de
1'Egypte. . . . Memoires de 1'Institut Egyptien. vol. 6, fasc. 3, pi. 10, fig. 7.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 149
Description. — The zoarium incrusts pebbles. The zooccia are short, little dis-
tinct, separated by a narrow furrow ; the mural rim is thin, projecting but little,
convex, enlarged at the base ; the opesium is of the same form as the zooecium, a
little elliptical or nearly round. The hyperstomial ovicell, never closed by an
opercular valve, is globular and projecting; it is ornamented with a frontal callosity,
finely granular. There are two small avicularia at the base of each zooecium ; they
are, salient, triangular, and symmetrical.
lf ,, . [^0=0.25 mm. „ - [£3=0.35-0.40 mm.
Measurements. — Opesia 7 Zooecia
1/0=0.15 mm. 1/3=0.25 mm.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Brundidge, Alabama (very
rare) .
Geological distribution. — Lutetian of Bavaria (Koschinsky) : Priabonian of
Vicentin (Waters) ; Stampian of Germany (Roemer, Reuss) ; Burdigalian of Gard
and of Herault in France (Collection Cnnu) : Helvetian of Italy (Seguenza), of
Gard and of Herault (Collection Canu) ; Zanclean of Italy (Seguenza) ; Plaisan-
cian of England (Busk), of Italy (Manzoni) ; Sicilian of Italy (Sequenza, Neviani) ;
Quaternary of Italy (Manzoni. Neviani) ; Miocene of New Zealand (Waters).
Habitat. — Eastern Atlantic from Madeira to Scandinavia. Mediterranean
and Adriatic. Dredged at about 150 meters, it lives chiefly from 10 to 40 meters.
It is to be noted that the recent fauna of Madeira presents much relationship
to that of Florida.
Plcsiotype.—Q&i. No. 63793. U.S.N.M.
CALLOPORA DUMERILI1 LATA, new variety.
Elate 29, fig. 6.
Our determination of this recent species in a horizon so low is the more remark-
able because in our large amount of material \ve have been able to discover only a
few specimens at Wilmington, much more distinct from the type and for which
we are obliged to make a new variety.
Measurement*. — Opesia
A0=0.24 mm. . [Z3=0.30 mm.
Zooecia (, „„
/0=0.24-0.26 mm. 1/3=0.28 mm.
A certain number of zooecia have only a single avicularium placed in front
of the opesium as in the genus Ramphonotus. On our specimens there is not a
single opesium resembling its neighbor. In general the elongated zooecia are less
common. For this reason we have believed that the American Jacksonian specimens
ought to be separated as a variety. The differences from the recent type-species
are slight, only the larger size of the opesia measuring 0.24 to 0.26 mm. instead of
0.20 mm., being an insignificant difference, for which reason it is useless to create
a new species. Moreover, there is almost a complete identity between our photo-
graphs and the varieties of Membranipora dumerilii figured by Busk.1
1 Crag Polyzoa, 1859, pi. 3. fig. 4.
150 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL, MUSEUM.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (very rare).
Holotype.— Cat. "NO. 63923, U.S.N.M.
CALLOPORA FILOPARIETIS, new species.
Plate 29, fig. 4.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts pebbles and Cellepores. The zooecia are
elongated, distinct, elliptical, variable : the mural rim is very thin, filiform, salient,
convex. The opesium is entire, medium, and of the same form as the zooecia. The
ovicell is hyperstomial, never closed by the opercular valve, smooth, salient, trans-
verse. The avicularia are small, very pointed, nearly perpendicular to the zoarial
plane appearing to be interjected between the opesia.
„ . Ao=0.40-0.45 mm. , thov=0.15 mm.
Measurements.— Opesia 7 Ovicells L
fo=0.26 mm. [1ov=Q.20 mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from the recent Membranipora macilenta
Jullien, 1882, in which the walls are very thin, by its much smaller micrometric
dimensions and in the form of its mural rim.
The species having thin mural rims are not rare; they can be determined readily
only if they bear ovicells and avicularia.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (rare).
Holotype.— Cat. No. 63921, U.S.N.M.
CALLOPORA INGENS. new species.
Plate 29, fig. 3.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts rocks. The zooecia are elongated, little
distinct, separated by a very small furrow, nearly hexagonal ; the mural rim is but
little salient, convex, thin at the top, enlarged below, finely granulated ; the opesium
is elliptical and finely crenulated. The hyperstomial ovicell is small, globular and
projects considerably. The avicularium is very small, salient, oblique, the point
below.
. (Ao=(UO-0.44 mm . I £0=0.56-0.60 mm.
Measurements. — Opesia, „ _ Zooecia, ...
(?0=0.24 mm. |fo=0.40 mm.
Affinities. — The avicularium is placed in a small triangular, interopesial cavity,
the walls of which are often distinct.
This species bears considerable resemblance to Callopora dumerilii Audouin,
1826, differing from it only in its much larger dimensions and the inconstancy of
its small avicularia.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl): Jackson, Mississippi (very
rare).
riolotype.—C&t. No. 63920, U.S.N.M.
KORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 151
CALLOPORA CRASSOSPINA, new species.
Plate 29, fig. 9.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts rocks. The zooecia are elongated, distinct,
regularly elliptical, provided with a small gymnocyst; the mural rim is convex,
very salient, ornamented with a line of large spines. The opesium is elliptical, en-
tire. The hyperstomial ovicell, never closed by the opercular valve, is globular,
projecting, and ornamented with a longitudinal carina. The avicularium is large,
placed transversally to the zooecial axis, very pointed, and has two denticles serv-
ing as a pivot.
T, /-\ • (A0=0.32 mm.
Measurements. — Opesia , Zooecia
//I M V>0 m»n
IZ0=0.22 mm.
Lz—OAO mm.
1,3=0.30 mm.
Affinities. — The avicularia are so scattered over the zoarium that most of the
zooecia are not provided with them. At first view this species strangely resembles
M ' embranipora incnistans Waters, 1898. It differs from it, however, in its larger
avicularium, its larger spines, and in its ovicell which is hyperstomial and not
endozooecial. This is only another example in favor of the very great prudence
which it is necessary to employ in the determination of the Membranipores.
Callopora crassospina differs from the recent Callopora. craticula Hincks, 1877,
in its transverse avicularia and its greater zooecial length.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington. North
Carolina (rare).
Holotype.—Czt. No. 63926, U.S.N.M.
CALLOPORA CONVEXA, new species.
Plate 29, fig. 8.
Description. — The zoarium is unilamellar and creeps on algae. The zooeciu
are distinct, separated by an oval furrow, narrowed in their proximal portion;
the lower part is a more or less developed gymnocyst, smooth and convex; the
mural rim is very thin with a sharp summit. The opesium is elongated, ellip-
tical, or somewhat oval. The ovicell is hyperstomial, small, globular. Sometimes
there is an elongated avicularium with pointed beak.
. (ho— 0.30-0.34 mm. . fZ^=0.50-0.75 mm
Measurements.— Opesia Zooecia 7
[Z0=0.25 mm. [fe=0.35-0.40 mm.
Affinities. — Only a few specimens of this species have been found ; nevertheless,
they have appeared very interesting to us. We are not quite certain that the oper-
cular valve never closes the ovicell. We are not able to classify the species in
Membraniporidra in which the zooecial form is often analogous, because of the
presence of avicularia.
The convex form of the zooecia and of the gymnocyst characterizes this species
quite well.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (rare).
Holotype.—Cat. No. 63925, U.S.N.M.
152 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
CALLOPORA AURITA Hincks. 1877.
Plate 29, fig. 2.
1877. Membranipora aurita HINCKS, On British Polyzoa, Annals and Magazine Natural
History, ser. 4, vol. 20, p. 213.
18SO. Membranipora aurita HINCKS, British Marine Polyzoa, p. 159, pi. 21, figs. 5, 6.
1894. Membranipora aurita LEVINSEN, Mosdyr. Zoologica Danica, Hefte 9, p. 59, pi. 4.
figs. 31-38.
1902. Membranipora aurita CAI.VET, Bryozoaires des cotes de Corse, Travaux di- 1'Institul
tie Zoologie de 1'Universite cle MontpelHer, ser. '2, Memoire 12, p. 34.
1909. Membranipora aurita LEVINSEX. Morphological and Systematic Studies on the Cheilo-
stomatous Bryozoa, p. 150. pi. 9, fig. 4.
1912. Membranipora aurita OSBURN, The Bryozoa of the Woods Hole Region, Bulletin
Bureau Fisheries, vol. 30. p. 230, pi. 23, fig. :!7.
Measurements. — Opesia
ho— 0.20-0.25 mm.
Zo=0.10 mm.
Zooecia
Zs=0.25 mm.
Iz— 0.17 mm.
Affinities. — Only the single figured specimen has been found and unfortunately
it is incomplete. The frontal of the ovicells is destroyed and the avicularia are
inconstant. We think, however, that our determination of the species is correct.
Our specimen is tubular, as it grew about a small alga at a bifurcation. Concerning
this method of growth, Osburn wrote : " Zoarium incrusting, usually on shell, but
often on algae ... on the stems of algae the zooecia are generally irregular and
the cells sometimes crowded."
The zooecial micrometric dimensions correspond exactly with those in Levin-
sen's figure. The opesial dimensions are very close to those which may be measured
on the figure given by Hincks.
In the vicinity of the two areal spines there is a contraction of the opesium.
The same characteristic may be observed in Osburn's figure.
On many zooecia we have observed small avicularia in the same position as
shown in the published figures, but they are not constant. They appear a little
larger in the lateral portions of the zoarium. It thus appears very difficult to find
any important differences between this fossil form and the recent Membranipora
aurita Hincks.
This species has hitherto never been found in the fossil state, and indeed, it
was only recently discovered by Osburn in the West Atlantic.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian( Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington. North
Carolina (very rare).
Habitat. — North Sea : Off England and Denmark in the English Channel.
Mediterranean. Eastern Atlantic : Azore Islands. West Atlantic off the coast of
the United States.
It lives at depths from 5 to 34 meters. However, at the Azores it has been
dredged at a depth of 130 meters.
Plcsiotype.—Csit. No. 63!>1!». V'.S.X.M.
KORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 153
Group of CALLOPORA TENUIROSTR1S.
C'ALLOPORA CUCULLATA, new species.
Plate 14. fig. 1.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts a species of Idmoiua. The zooecia are
elongated, distinct, elliptical; the mural rim is salient, flat, granular, very thin at
the top, enlarged below. The opesium is elliptical. The hyperstomial ovicell never
closed by the opercular valve, globular, and salient, exhibits a frontal triangular
area of greater or less size. The avicularia are interzooecial. dispersed over the
zoarium, large, without pivot, and quite acuminate.
. (Ao=0.20-0.24 mm. . [Z,: =0.32-0.36 mm.
Measurements. — Opesia , „.„ Zooecia ,
|Zo=0.16 mm. lfe=0.20 mm.
. (Zay=0.30-0.36 mm. „ [7;o-y=0.14 mm.
Avicularia , Ovicells ,
\lav=O.W mm. \lov=Q.OS mm.
Affinities. — The ovicell is formed of two calcareous lamellae: the interior
lamella is formed of an olocyst identical with the olocyst of the mural rim ; the.
superior lamella is a cover like a hood but incomplete and leaves the triangular area
referred to above. The size of this area is quite variable.
In its ovicell this species resembles Callopora aurita Hincks, 1877, considerably,
but it differs in its greater zooecial length, and its interzooecial avicularia are as
long as the zooecia themselves.
Callopora cucullata differs from C '. tenuirostris Hincks. 1880, in the triangular
area of its ovicell and in its smaller dimensions.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian : 3i miles southeast of Shell Bluff post office,
Georgia (very rare).
ffolotype.—Ca.t. No. 63849, U.S.N.M.
CALLOPORA STIPATA, new species.
Plate 4, fig. 1.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are elongated, distinct,
separated by a deep furrow; the mural rim is flat, very finely striated, much
enlarged at the base ; the gymnocyst is very small and inconstant ; the opesium is
oval, very finely denticulated. The ovicell is small, globular, smooth, salient. The
interzooecial avicularia are large, very elongated, fusiform or elliptical with two
lateral denticles.
. \ho=0.18 mm. „ . (7,3=0.30-0.36 mm.
Measurements. — Opesium, A,0 Zooecia 7 A10
(£0=0.13 mm. |te=0.18 mm.
. (Zow=0.24-0.36 mm.
Avicmaria ,
| tow =0.12 mm.
Affinities. — This species is very characteristic. The avicularia are grouped in
distinct but irregular lines : they appear to safeguard the zooecia which they often
entirely surround.
Occurrence.— Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Well at Brunclidge, Alabama
(very rare).
Holotype.—Cat. No. 63795, U.S.N.M.
154 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
CALLOPORA TENUIROSTRIS Hincks, 1880.
Plate 29. figs. 10, 11.
1879. Membranipora Flcmingi WATERS, On the Bryozoa of the Bay of Naples, Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, ser. 5, vol. 3, p. 122, pi. 13, fig. 2.
1880. Membranipora tenuirostris, HINCKS, General History of the Marine Polyzoa, I.
Madeiran Polyzoa, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 5, vol. 6,
p. 70, pi. 9, fig. 3.
1885. Membraniiiora tenuirostris WATERS, On the use of the avicularian mandible in the
determination of Cheilostonaatons Bryozoa, Journal Royal Microscopical Society,
ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 14, fig. 41.
1887. Membranipora trmiirostrlg HINCKS. Polyzoa of the Adriatic, Annals and Magazine of
Natural History, ser. 5, vol. 19, p. 314.
1891. Membranipora tenuirostris WATERS, North Italian Bryozoa, Quarterly Journal of the
Geological Society of London, vol. 47, p. 11.
1S98. Membraniiiora tenuirostris WATERS. Observations on Membra niporidae , Journal
Linnean Society, London, Zoology, vol. 26, p. 685, pi. 47, fig. 7.
1909. CrassimarginatcUa ienuirostris NORMAN, The Polyzoa of Madeira and neighboring
islands. Journal Linneau Society, London, Zoology, vol. 30, p. 288.
Measurements. — Opesia
Ao=0.25-0.30 mm. „ . (7:3=0.40-0.45 mm.
70=0.15 mm. ^°°eeial?3=0.20-0.25 mm.
Norman has classified in the Crassimarginata group all of the Membranipores
having an interzooecial avicularium without consideration of the function of the
opercular valve which closes the ovicell in GrammeUa Crassimarginata Hincks.
The Crassimarginata group and Tenuirostris group are therefore quite distinct as
Waters has clearly shown in 1898.
The frontal callosity of the ovicell is due to the incomplete development of
the upper calcareous layer (probably a pleurocyst).
This species seems quite variable. From dreclgings at Oran (Algeria) two
sorts of specimens have been obtained which from all their characters may be
classed as this species. The first is large and vigorous, the zooecial dimensions
being 0.40 mm. by 0.60 mm. An analogous variation exists in the classic Helvetian
faluns of Touraine. The others are smaller and measure 0.40 by 0.30 mm.,
dimensions which correspond to those in Waters's figure and which ought to be
considered as normal. Our specimens are simply a little narrower.
The occurrence of this species as a fossil in America is entirely natural. It
lives at the present time at Madeira where the fauna is close to that of the Gulf of
Mexico. It has been found fossil in the Priabonian of Vicentin which is about
the horizon of the American Jacksonian.
Figure 11 seems to represent the same species in the vicinity of the ancestrula,
indeed only the avicularia are a little different.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (rare).
Habitat. — Mediterranean and Adriatic. East Atlantic: Madeira Islands.
East Pacific: Queen Charlotte Islands. At Naples, the species lives at depths rang-
ing from 0 to 64 meters.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 155
l distribution. — Priabonian of Vicentin (Waters) ; Helvetian of Tou-
raine (collection Canu).
Plesiotypcs.—Cat. No. 639-27, U.S.N.M.
CALLOPORA VICINA, new species.
Plate 81, figs. 2, 3.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa. The zooecia are elongated, dis-
tinct, elliptical, or oval; the mural rim is quite salient, flat, very finely granular.
The opesium is of the same form as the zooecium. The avicnlaria are distributed
irregularly over the zoarium between the opesia; they are oblique and their an-
terior part is embedded in the mural rim, whereas their point projects considerably
above the latter.
,, ~ . \ho=O.BO mm. . \Lz=QAO mm.
Measurements.— Opesia 7 . , Zooecia , n nn
tfo=0.16 mm. lfe=0.26 mm.
Variations. — The mural rim is rarely regular; more often it is a little enlarged
at the base. The avicularia often exhibit two lateral denticles serving as a pivot
for the mandible which can thus easily be placed between the mural rims, which
are always separated by a deep furrow. On our specimens there are numerous
zooecia with double mural rims, which have undergone total regeneration.
Affinities. — This species is really close to Callopora tenuirostris Hincks, 1880,
but differs from it in its much smaller avicularia. It appears to be intermediate
between the CaUopora lineata group and the C. tenuirostris group.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian ("Chimney rock" of Marianna limestone1): One
mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (common).
Cotypes.—C&t. No. 64234, U.S.N.M.
CALLOPORA (?) TUBEROSA, new species.
Plate 3, fig. 14.
Description. — -The zoarium is free, unilamellar. The zooecia are little, distinct,
subcircular; the mural rim is salient, very thick, convex, and bears 6 to 8 large
tuberosities entire or hollow. The opesium is oval, a little crenulated. The ovicell
is hyperstomial. On the gymnocyst there are one or two large, projecting avicularia
in which the orifice, turned toward the opesium, is perpendicular to the zooecial
plane and consequently hardly visible. Between the zooecia there are long, thin
avicularia without a pivot.
Affinities. — This species is quite an unusual form and we have been unable to
make a detailed study of it because the figured specimen is the only one known.
Some of the interzooecial avicularia have a resemblance to Holopordla (Jecostilxi!
Audouin, 1826, but are provided with a pivot.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : One mile west of Fort Gaines.
Georgia (very rare).
Holotype.—GBk. No. 63792. U.S.N.M.
156 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
CALLOPORA MUNDULA, new species.
Plate 29, fig. 12.
Description. — The zoarium is bilamcllar, free, composed of large, flat, fronds;
the two lamellae are back to back and inseparable. The zooecia are large, elongated,
distinct, separated by a deep furrow; the mural rim is thin distally, enlarged
proximally, rounded or angular. The opesium is regular, elliptical, elongated.
The ovicell is globular, salient, smooth ; it is hyperstomial and opened in a special
orifice above the operculum. The avicularium is frontal, large, elliptical with two
lateral denticles.
„ . [Ao=0.55 mm. . fZs=0.75-1.00 mm.
Measurements. — Opesia , nc.. Zooecia 7 „ „„ r
|?o=0.28 mm. [£3=0.35-0.40 mm.
Affinities. — This neat and elegant species appears to be the largest species of
Callopora. In general aspect it approaches Grammella transversa; it differs from it
in the longitudinal and non-transverse orientation of its avicularium and its bifoli-
ate and not incrusting zoarium.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl): Jackson, Mississippi (rare).
Holotype.—Czt. No. 63928, U.S.N.M.
Genus AMPHIBLESTRUM Gray, 1848.
•
1848. Arnphiblcstntm GEAT, List British Animals British Museum, Centroniae, pp. 110, 146.
1903. Amphiblestrum. NOKMAN, Notes Natural History East Pinmark, Annals and Magazine
Natural History, ser. 7, vol. 11. p. 596.
Hinder portion of the area covered with a calcareous crust. In front of this a
considerable portion of the area, typically trifoliate, but sometimes semielliptical
or subrotund, is covered only by a thin membrane, at the distal extremity of which
is situated the simple oral opening. Margin of zooecium thickened, often granu-
lated, sometimes bearing a pair (or more) of lateral spines found in young speci-
mens. Reproduction by means of prominent hyperstomial ovicells never closed by
the operculum. Sessile avicularia often present, sometimes one, sometimes two,
on the hinder portion of the zooecium. Dietellae, two pairs of lateral and one distal.
(After Norman.)
Genotype. — Amphiblestrum (M enibranipora) ficmingii Busk. 1852.
Range. — Senonian-Recent.
This is in part the Membranipora femingii group of Waters which he defined as
follows: "Ovicells with more or less arched area on the front; usually lamina over
considerable part of the front. Pore chambers.''
The opesium often appears trifoliate. The distal part is occupied by the oper-
cular valve for which the opesial contraction serves as a pivot. The proximal por-
tion, which is the larger, is occupied by the chitinous part of the cryptocyst on which
the parietal muscles are inserted. The calcareous cryptocyst, the chitinous crvpto-
cyst, and the opercular valve form a structure in direct contact with the ectocyst..
The entire structure is covered by a thin ectocyst united at the opercular valve
which is thus thickened and often bordered with a sclerite. Between the chitinous
NORTH -AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
157
eryptocyst and the ectocyst is the hypostege or hydrostatic zooccial chamber. \Ve
do not yet know whether the hypostege contains sea water as in the compensation
sack of other Cheilostomata or was tilled with the fluid of the general body
cavity.
Fio. 38.— Genus Amylrililestrum Gray, 184S.
A-E. Aniiiltiblextrum fleitiingii Busk. 1825. A. Zooecia, X 50 (after Hincks, 1880). B.
Sketch showing dietelle (after Norman. I'.MI:!. ) C. Section in the ovicell (after Calvet, 30(10).
"/), operculurn.
ns, zooecial orifice.
si, internal sack.
foi, inferior ovicell vesicle.
cos, superior ovicell vesicle.
bi, inferior bryozooid.
bs, superior bryozooid.
co, coronna.
r. embryo.
iiiidl, dilator muscle of incubation cavity.
D. Avicularian mandible, X 85 and X 250 ^fter Waters, 1885).
E. Meridian section following a plane perpendicular to the median sagittal plane in an
embryo almost completely developed (after Calvet, 1900).
b. cellules of the upper vesicular collar. ecto, oral ectoderm.
< . mantle. one, central nervous organ of the embryo.
(I, tampon of the internal sac: Pise, sub-ectodermal nerve plexus.
epm, mesoderm thickening. spa, palial furrow.
F. Amphiblestrum tri folium Wood, 1850. Sketch showing dietellae i after Norman, 19031.
This organization is therefore identical with that of the Electrinidae, of the
other Membraniporae. of the Flustridae. etc. The only difference is that the
cryptocyst. being partially calcified, can be observed more easily. One consequence
of this calcification is that the parietal muscles are observable only in the distal
part of the zooecia.
158 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The ovicell is widely open above the operculum. It is formed of two calcareous
lamellae, the upper of which being incomplete, limits the frontal area or callosity
as in the genus Callopora Gray. 1848. But we insist it is also entirely covered
by the membranous ectocyst, quite as in all the other Cheilostomata.
The relations of this genus with Callopora are very great. In the latter the
avicula.ria are also interopesial or interzooecial. and they have the same form and
arrangement. The rarity of the spines and the partial calcification of the cryptocyst
are the only characters of differentiation.
The recent species belonging to the genus are :
Amphiblc strum, (Membranipora) ftemingii Busk, 1852.
Amphiblestrum (Membranipora) trifolium Wood, 1850.
AmpMblestrum (Membranipora) argentea MacGillivray, 1868.
Amphiblestmm (Membranipora} nmbonata Busk, 1852.
The fossil species are:
AmpMblestrwm (Reptofliistrella) heteropora Gabb and Horn, 1862.
Amphiblestrum (Membranipora) anterides Brydone, 1910.
Amphiblestrum harmeri Canu, 1911.
Amphiblestmm. coriense MacGillivray. 1895.
AMPHIBLESTRUM HETEROPORA Gabb and Horn, 1862.
Plate 1, figs. 11-1.3.
1S62. ReptoflustreUa heteropora GABB arid HORN. Monograph of the Fossil Polyzoa of tue
Secondary and Tertiary formations of North America, Journal of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, ser. 2. vol. 5, p. 12, pi. 20, fig. 50.
1901. ReploflustrelJa Jieteropora ULKICH, Maryland Geological Survey, Eocene, pp. 213-214,
pi. 60, figs. S, 9.
1907. Amiiliiblcstriiiu heteropora WELLER, Geological Survey of New .Jersey, Paleontology,
vol. 4, p. 333, pi. 23, figs. 14-16.
Description. — Colony incrusting in irregular patches. Cellules in a single
layer, placed with but little regularity, but with a tendency to radiating lines;
elongate, acuminate anteriorly, broadly truncate behind. Opening snbtriansfular,
with the sides convex, often approaching an oval in very long cellules. Surface
regularly convex, bordered anteriorly and laterally by a slightly elevated, rounded
edge, usually becoming obsolete as it approaches the proximal end of the cellule.
Special pore placed in advance of the opening, small and round. No ovarian
vesicles were observed. Old cellules are closed over by a continuation of the surface
wall totally obliterating the aperture. In this case the " special pore " is also gen-
erally obliterated, merely showing a slight depression. (Gabb and Horn, 1862.)
The Eocene specimens are coarser in appearance than the Cretaceous form
of the species, of which the writer has a number of excellent example*. They differ
further in the more pronounced character of the granulation of the front wall and
opesial margin, the Cretaceous form being almost smooth; in more frequently
assuming a rhomboidalform of zooecium: and in the relatively smaller size of the
opesium and larger avicularia. Cucullate ooecia. less prominent but otherwise
AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 159
similar to those of Membranipora spiculosa, occur not infrequently upon the Cre-
taceous specimens but are wanting on the Eocene material in hand. When these
occur they take the place of the avicularium which otherwise occurs invariably on,
or just above, the upper rim of the zooecium. (Ulrich. 1901.)
Occurrence. — Cretaceous (Vincentown) : Mullica Hill and Vincentown, New
Jersey (common).
Lowest Eocene (Bryozoan bed at base of Aquia formation) : Upper Marlboro,
Maryland (rare).
AMPHIBLESTRUM PRODUCTUM, new species.
Plate 4, figs. 2, 3.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts rocks and shells. The zooecia are small,
very elongated, distinct, often with a small gymnocyst: the mural rim is salient,
being enlarged below into a concave cryptocyst nearly as long as the opesium. The
opesium is small, anterior, elliptical, entire. The hyperstomial ovicell, never closed
by the operculum, is elongated, very salient, and has a frontal carina. The avicu-
laria are narrow, long, fusiform, pointed, and slightly projecting at the top,
without pivot,
nr /-. • |Ao=0.15 mm. . fZs=0.35 mm
Measurements.— Opesia Zooecia
1/0=0.10-0.12 mm. 1/2=0.20-0.25 mm.
Avicularia Zav=0.20-0.25 mm.
Variations, affiniti/-*. — The length of the avicularia is very variable: they are
frequently primoserial; their mandible must be triangular. The ovicell has no
callosity, but is ornamented with a longitudinal keel. Thi> change in ornament
has no generic importance.
The zooecia have a little resemblance to Amphiblestrum wirvatum, but the
present species differs from the latter in its straight avicularia.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : One mile west of Fort Gaines,
Georgia (rare); Luverne, Crenshaw County. Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.—G&t. Nos. 63796, 63797, U.S.N.M.
AMPHIBLESTRUM BIPOROSUM, new species.
Plate 29, figs. 13, 14.
The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are small, wide, pyriform, and dis-
tinct : the cryptocyst is concave and as long as the opesium. The opesium is ante-
rior, somewhat trifoliate. The ovicell is hyperstomial and never closed by the
operculum. Below each zooecium there are two small simple avicularia, slio-htly
projecting, round or elliptical, irregularly placed, leaving two pores on the fossils.
lf . \/io=0.l5 mm. (Zs=0.3G-0.32 mm.
Measurements. — Opesia' An Zooecia , ...
\lo=O.W mm. |?0=0.25 mm.
Affinities. — The cryptocyst is formed simply by the pro^i-c^ive enlargement
of the mural rim. This species has the aspect of DacryoneU'i o< ^onarium but differs
160 BULLETIK 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
from it in its hyperstomial ovicell. It is the only species of Amphiblestrum pro-
vided with round avicularia.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (very rare).
Holotype.—CvA. No. 63929, U.S.N.M.
AMPHIBLESTRUM FLAMMEUM, new species.
Plate 29, fig. 15.
The zoarium incrusts rocks. The zooecia are elongated, distinct, distended,
and have a small narrow cryptocyst; the mural rim is thin, salient, complete, encom-
passing a concave cryptocyst shorter than the opesium. The opesium is oval or
elliptical. The ovicell is globular, salient, hyperstomial, never closed by the oper-
culum. The avicularia are interzooecial, much elongated, thin, and sinous in front
like a -flame, with a very small canal serving to lodge the mandible.
i\
Measurements. — Opesia
Ao=0.20-0.25 mm. . (Lz = 0.50-0.60 mm.
Zo=0.15-0.20 mm. Zooecia 7s = 0.30-0.35 mm.
. , . \Lav=OAO mm.
Avicularia
{/,av=().i5 mm.
Affinities. — The cryptocyst is very variable in this species; some zooecia are
unprovided with one and resemble those of Callopora Gray, 1848. The relations
between this genus and AmpMblestrum Gray, 1848. are recognized as having been
very close.
The ovicell on our specimens is ornamented with neither a keel nor a callosity.
The affinities of this species with Callopora tenuirostris Hincks, 1880, are very great,
but it differs from the latter in the presence of a cryptocyst in the much smaller
orifice of the aviculariiim and in the much larger zooecium.
It differs from Amphiltlestrum pfiten* in the absence of a gymnocyst, in the
complete mural 'rim and in a long distal canal in the avicularium.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington. North
Carolina (rare).
Holotype.—Crt.. No. 63930, U.S.N.M.
AMPHIBLESTRUM PATENS, new species.
Plate SO. figs. 1-3.
The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are distinct, slightly elongated, wide,
often having a small gymnocyst; the mural rim is enlarged laterally and incom-
plete proximally; the cryptocyst is a little concave, distinct from the mural rim,
granular. The opesium is terminal, elongated, oval, finely crenulated. with a
straight proximal border. The ovicell is hyperstomial, never closed by the oper-
culum. The avicularia are interzooecial, elongated, fusiform, wide, with a short
distal, small canal ; the pivot is formed by two lateral denticles. The ancestrula
is a small, ordinary zooecium.
NORTH AM KKirAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 1(51
* =
Zooecia
=0.16 nnn. 17^=. mm.
. (La.f=O.B5 mm.
Avicularia , „
[«fV=Oi20-0.25 mm.
Affinities. — The presence of the gymnocyst modifies the zooecial length very
much, and it is not rare to observe zooecia 0.60 mm. in length. The difference
between this form and .4. ft/minni/m is small: the mural rim is not complete and
the larger aricularium is terminated only by a beak having a small narrow canal.
Many zooecia have no cryptocyst and these have considerable resemblance to
Cdllopora tenuirostri-s Hinck-. l^su. Imt this variety is not common enough to cause
errors in identification. Figure ?> on plate 30 is of a specimen altered chemically.
Figure -2 i^ perhaps of this species representing the region of the ancestrulu.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Old Factory, li miles
above Bainbridge, Georgia (very rare); 4 miles below Bainbriclge, Georgia (very
rare): 7 miles above Bainbridge. Georgia (very rare); Bainbridge, Georgia (very
rare).
Cotypes.—C&i. Xo. r>:Ml. U.S.N.M.
AMPHIBLESTRUM ORBICLLATUM, new species.
I'hite .°>0, fig. 4.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are distinct, little
elongated, suborbicular, separated by a deep furrow; they are surrounded by a
small gymnocy-t : the mural rim is thin and salient; the cryptocyst is flat, orbicular.
perforated with very scattered tremopores. The opesium is semilnnar, surrounded
by a salient peristome, the distal part of which bears from 4 to G spines. The ovicell
is hyperstomial. globular and salient; it opens above the operculum by a special
orifice. The small avicularia are rare, interzooecial. and triangular. There are two
pairs of lateral dietellae.
. |^o=0.05 mm. . (£3= 0.35-0.40 mm.
Measurements. — Opesia., , ,,_ Zooecia L . „
|/ec=0.0i mm. l?s=0.32-0.3o mm.
Ajfiiiitii-'A. — The genus Thulroporfi was jn'oposed by MacGillivrav in 1^00 for
the species provided with a calcified cryptocyst and with an opercnlum corre-
sponding to the opesium. This is precisely the case in our American species where
the opesium is transformed into a real aperture. But the species of Thn'ir<.ix>r<i
have some characters entirely different, such as interzooecial avicularia, internal
spicules, and labial processes. We are therefore unable to classifv this American
species in that genus.
In its external aspect this species resembles a Mi<-, n/mi n. but it dilier- from
that genu~ in its hyperstomial. not endozooecial ovicell. and in the absence of
opesiules.
In the ensemble of its characters, interopesial avicularia. oral spines, hvper-
stomial ovicell. this is surely an AmpfiiMrxfi-iim. of which it forms a very divergent
'.i— l;i— Bull. 101! - 11
l(i 2 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
type on account of the, transformation of the opesium into an aperture and of the
opercular valve into a true operculum.
Within the broken ovicells there are spines. This is an absolute impossibility.
One must therefore suppose that the spines are reformed after the destruction of
the ovicell. This destruction is frequent everywhere in the bryozoa after the
expulsion of the larvae; the animal economizes its carapace in this way.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Old factory, H miles
above Bainbridge, Georgia (very rare).
fJolotype.—Cat. No. 63932, U.S.X.M.
AMPHIBLESTRUM CURVATUM. new species.
Plate 81. fig. 4.
The zoarium incrusts other bryozoa. The zooecia are distinct, wide, pyriform ;
the cryptocyst is concave, finely granular, shorter than the opesium. The opesium is
anterior, pyriform. The ovicell is globular, salient, hyperstomial. never closed by
the operculum, ornamented with a large frontal, granular callosity. The avicu-
larium is interzooecial and curved; the pivot is formed by two small lateral
denticles.
. , ^0=0.12-0. lo mm. r,
MeasuTi ///< «..s. — Opesia , Zooecia
'Z0=0.12 mm.
Zs= 0.30-0.3o mm.
7s=0.25 mm.
Affinities. — The avicularium is analogous to that in the recent CaMopora cur-
Hincks, 1861. (See fig. 37.) We have copied figures after Waters to show
the reader how this sort of avicularium must be restored. It must not be con-
founded with the onychocellarium having a membranous expansion. The paleon-
tologist is always obliged to compare the fossil vestiges with similar organs of the
recent species.
This species differs from Callopora curvirostris Hincks, 1881. in which the
mural rim is very thin, by the presence of its large cryptocyst.
It differs from Amphiblestrum flammcum in its smaller dimensions and its
curved avicularia.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian ("Chimney rock" of Mariauna lime-rone): One
mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (rare).
Holotype.—Cnt. Xo. 64235, U.S.N.M.
KEY TO SPECIES fir AMrHIKLESTHUM.
I [Opesium seniilnn:ir_. —A, •I'l
< ipesiuru oval or elliptic-ill-- —2
., fAvicularia curved— I. m
I Avicularia straight - ."
., [Two pores at the base of the zooeeiuni-- 1. iii/niroxiini.
| No pores at the base of the zooecium --4
[Zooeeia small elongated (L~ — o.'.-\r, mm. I small iivic-iil:iri:i__ I. i>rrnliirtiim.
[Zooecia large and wide (1/^=0.40-0.60 mm. i large avicularia_.
_ [Mural rim complete, long, distal canal on the ;mcularimn__ . .1. fld
plural rini iiic'iunplctc. very short, disial i-Miial nil the avicularia__ I. i>nt< H*.
NORTH A.MKIMCAN l-.AKLY TKKTIARY J5RYOZOA.
163
Genus RAMPHONOTUS Norman, 1894.
IS'.M. l{tiiiii>ti»ii»tii* XOUMAN. A Mnnili mi the Trnmlh.iein Fjord. Annals iinil Magaziu.-
Natural History. SIT. (!, vol. ];!. \r. 122.
The zooecia, if developed freely in form, are pyriform, widening upward
from the base, with a calcareous portion posterior to and occupying a larger part
of the front wall than that of the membranous portion; the membranous portion
of the area is nearly as wide as long and often somewhat trifoliate in shape; tin-
mouth opening is simple and. as usual, close to its anterior margin: the border
-in-rounding the membranous are- is calcareous. There may be lateral spines.
Ovicells large, globose, and iinperfonite* hyperstomial, and never closed by the
operculum. An acute bird's-
beaklike avicularium mounted
on a pedicel, with acute man-
dible of large size (often mon-
strously so), would seem to be
habitually developed on the
adult zooecium situated on the
central portion of the zooecium
on or immediately behind the
hinder margin of the area.
Dietellae: two pairs of lateral
and one distal — the former
very narrow and rarely ex-
tending beyond the side walls ;
the latter small and appar-
ently sometimes not present.
(Xonuan, 1903.)
G e n.o type . — Ramphonotus
Busk, 1860.
C. — Senonian-Recent ^IG- •***• — Genus Jiamphonotus Norman,
Ill this o-enus the cryptocvst A~I'- Ramphonotus mina.r Busk, 18(50. A. Ovi celled zooecia.
is more reduced than An, X 5°" B' Zooecia showing avicularium with mandible, X 25.
' "" Aft,-, Hincks, 1SSO.) C. Mandible, X 85. (After Xurdeaard.
pMblettnmGny,lB4&;tiasK 1S»05.) D. Dietellae. (After Norman, 1903.)
are even species which are
without this structure. The presence uf the pedicellar avicularia near tlie prox-
imal liorder of the opesium is in reality the only characteristic of the genus.
The species, in addition to the genotype, which may be classed in
are:
RatmpTionotus
Ramphonotii&
Ramphonotus (Membranipora)
Senonian.
U,nii /iltoiKifi/x i .
Canu. 1911, Kocanean.
<////>fin/ forma monostacJiys llennig. 1892
Pourtales. 1870.
164 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
RAMPHONOTUS LEVIS. new species.
I'hite 1. tit;. 14.
Dexri'i/i/iiiii. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are distinct, elongated,
pyriform. with a convex gynmocyst : the mural rim is thin, salient, a little enlarged
at the base. The opesium is oval, anterior, entire. The median avicularium is
small and projects very little.
. \ko=OM mm. „ - \Lz = 0.35-0.40 mm.
Measur, ments.-Op^^^^ mm ia|7s=o.24 mm.
Afiinitirx. — Calcified zooecia perforated l>y a large, round pore and ornamented
with a distal cresc-ent may be observed. There are also imperforated calcined
zooecia.
This species differs from RamphonofH* laccatiis in its smooth mural rim, and
from Roinjihonot'iK ft'//i//<n-!x in its small dimensions.
Occurn nee. — Lowest Eocene (Bryozoan bed at base of Aquia formation) : Up-
per Marlboro. Maryland (very rare).
Holotyp?.— Cat. No. 63776. U.S.X.M.
RAMPHONOTUS SLOANI. new species.
Plate 4. fiir. 4.
Def«-i'/i>f'">n. — The zoarium incnists shells. The zooecia are little distinct,
joined laterally to one another: elongated, elliptical; the mural rim is wide, flat,
very oblique, finely granulated. The opesium is elliptical, elongated, quite finely
crenulated. The ovicell is hyperstomial, never closed by the o'percular valve, globu-
lar, very salient : it is ornamented in front by a triangular cicatrix. The avicu-
larium is large, transverse, elliptical, with pivot, salient.
. (A0=0.30-0.3r> mm. . \Ls=0.50 mm.
Measurements. — Upesia , Zooecia, AonAo-
1/0=0.20 mm. lfe=0.30-0.3o mm.
Variations. — The ovicell takes the place of the large distal avicularia, accord-
ing to the rule in the genus. The latter is replaced by two small avicularia with
pivot placed in the interzooecial angles.
A-ffinit'ns. — This is the largest species of Ramphonotus found in our American
formations. The micrometric dimensions and the size of its avicularium differen-
tiate it clearly from the other species.
We dedicate this fine new species to Mr. Earle Sloan, of Charleston. South
Carolina, who has been of great assistance to us in securing specimens from varioii>
localities in his State.
The only specimen found has been figured.
Occum i'' • . — Midwityan (Clayton lime-tone) rBrundidge. Alabama (very rare).
C&t. No." 63798, U.S.X.M.
NORTH 'AMERICAN l.ARLY TERTIARY KRYOZOA. 165
RAMPHONOTUS BACCATUS, new species.
I'liif :','i. tii;. 3.
]>, x< ri [it/on. — Tin- zoarium im-ru-ts -hells. The zooecia are small, distinct.
pyriform with a short gymuocyst : the mural rim is prominent, flat, oblique. granu-
lar. The opesium is elongate, oval. The ovicell is hyperstomial, never closed by
the opercular valve. The small pedicellated avicularinm is slightly projecting
and rounded.
mm. . \Lz=0.3o mm.
'cmUs=0.20 mm.
The figured specimen represents the area about the ancestrula, and
the marginal zooecia are alone considered ns normal. We have observed some
zooecia with the mural rim double, which in consequence have undergone total
regeneration.
This species differs from Ranii>l><ii,i>ht.<< 1, : /•/* in its granular mural rim which
has somewhat the aspect of a collar of pearls.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone): Wilmington,
North Carolina (very rare).
Holotype.—C&t. No. 63933. U.S.X.M.
RAMPHONOTUS REGULARIS, new species.
I'hitf Mil. tips. 6-S.
The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are distinct, elongated, pyriform;
the mural rim is thin, salient. /•<//"'<"•• The opesium in anterior, oval, very finely
crenulated. The ovicell is hyperstomial. never closed by the opercular valve:
globose, projecting, with a large frontal callosity, granular. The median avicu-
larinm is very salient, transverse, and its orifice is perpendicular to the zooecial
plane. The ancestrula is a very small zooecium of the ordinary kind.
= Q.-2* mm. . \Ls-OAO-OA-2 mm.
s. — The second calcareo.us layer of the ovicell is very small and forms
only a thin smooth border around it. Regenerated zooecia appear to be rare.
Some calcified zooecia perforated with a round pore have been noted. Figure v
-hn\v- a zooecium with a moiistrou- avicularium.
Thi- species differs from both Rampkonotus frr!* and 7?. fi.irn/fiix in its large
dimensions and in the regularity <>t' its mural rim.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone): Wilmington.
North Carolina (common).
Cotypes.—Cnt. X<>. c.3!>:'.4. U.S.X.M.
Genus TEGELLA Levinsen, 1909.
]OOfl. Ti <H Hit l.i:\ 1NSKX. ^I(ir[illn],p^ic;il ;ilnl S\ -.(,-lli;l I ic Mllilii'S i.ll 111.' I 'll.'il' "MolllaKHIs
Bryozoa. \<. I."i2.
The zooecia. which have >pinc> and a slightly developed cryptocy.-t. are pm-
rided with midtiponms rosette ]ilate- iseptulae). Hyperstomial ovicell with an
166
BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL' MUSEUM.
incompletely calcified ectooecium. which is again surrounded by avicularia.
(Levinsen. )
Genotype. — Tegella (Membranipora) inii«>rnh Fleming. l^-s.
Ran fie. — Santonian-Recent.
The recent species of the genus are :
Tegella (M etnbranipora.) unicornis Fleming, 1828.
Tegella (Membranipora) */>/>/i!nt Busk, is.s.v
'In (Membranipora) o<-<-\ilt,it,i Robertson. 1908.
-av
FID. 4(1. — Genus 'l<n<ll<i Levinsen. JOO'.i.
A-I. Ti ti<-tl<i iniirnniix Fleming. IsilS. A. < i\ u-i-llpil zooocia, X 50. (After Hincks, 1880.)
B, C. Two views, X 40, showing development «f Hie avieularium. (After Levinsen, 1909.)
I>. /ooec-ia, X 20. E. Distal wall with uniiiormis s..],)\ib)c, >! 40. F. Lateral wall, showing
imiltii* innis septuple. X 26: nr. avioularivini : »<•, .mecinin. »;. Section through the ovicell, X 33;
i . avifularinni : f, f, septulae. H. Inferior face, . 10. I. A nmltiporous septula. greatly
magnified. (D-I after Levinsen, 1S94. )
The fossil species are:
(M< 'iiilii'inii IKII-II } griffithi Bryrlone, 1906.
(Membranipora) triminghainensis Bry<lone, 1910.
In reality in the fossil species the avicularium does not surround the ovicell,
but surmounts it and is intimately attached t<> it.
TEGELLA ACULEATA. new species.
Plate 30. IU. 11.
The zoarium incrusts small shells. The zooecia are large, distinct, elongated,
jiyriform. with a long convex gymnocyst ; the mural rim is salient, very thin,
regular, with -t to 8 distal hollow spines. The oposium is anterior, oval, or elliptical,
NORTH .MUICIIK'AN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 167
entire. The nvirell is hyperstomial, never closed by the opercular valve, globose,
smooth, ornamented with a small frontal linear callosity. The median avicularium
is salient and transverse. The interopesial avicularia are long, very thin, and
pointed.
. (7(0=0.27-0.30 mm. . fZs=0.7'2 mm.
Measurt ments. — Opesia 7 /ooecia L
r 7/j — n.9?._n3fi mm \l.7 — OSS mm
1/0=0.23-0.30 mm. jfo=0.35 mm.
Variations. — The interzooecial avicularium is always placed exactly in the
axis of the proximal zooecium with which it appears in immediate relation. On
the figured specimen an avicularium may be seen developed on the distal /.ooecia.
There are only two pairs of symmetrical spines on the ovicelled zooecia. The
ovicell is formed of two calcareous lamellae. The external lamella, (ectooecium of
Levinsen) covers the lower lamella almost entirely and leaves only a thin linear
portion of it visible. The presence of large avicularia gives the zoarinm the aspect
of being armsi? n<ith small swords.
Whenever an interopesial avicularium does not surmoiyit the ovicell, it is
much smaller.
Affiniti''.*. — The close connection of the ovicell with the distal avicularium
renders it necessary to class this species in Tegella Levinsen, 1909, and its pedicel-
lated avicularinm would place it in Ramphonotm Norman, 1894. Such con-
tradictions are inevitable when characters of adaptation like the avicularium are
employed in classification. It is easy to avoid this by giving the genera broader
limits precisely as Levinsen has done with the genus Callopora.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone): Wilmington.
North Carolina (rare).
HoHoype.—C&t.. No. 63936, U.S.N.M.
TEGELLA NICKLESI, new species.
Plate 30, figs. 9, 10.
The zoarium incrusts pebbles. The zooecia are elongated, distinct, elliptical
or oval, and provided with a very small gynmocyst; the mural rim is thin, salient,
convex, ornamented with spines. The opesium is regular and similar in form to
the zpoecia. The ovicell is hyperstomial, never closed by the opercular valve.
small, convex. It is surmounted by an elliptical, elongated avicularium placed
exactly in the axis itself of the proximal zooecium.
i, • Ao=0.30mm. . \Ls=0.oOmm.
Measurements. — Opesia, 1Knn Zooecia,
?o=0.1o-0.20mm. [ls=0.30 mm.
ir;,:*. — In the vicinity of the ancestrula the zooecia are smaller and lack
the distal avicularium ; here also their mural rim bears larger spines.
The species differs from Tegella aailmf,/ in its small dimensions and in the
absence of the median opesial avicularium.
It may be distinguished from Te<ifll<i (Membranipora) triminghamensis
Brydone, I'-'IO. by its smaller opesium and it- much smaller spines.
168 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The specific name is in honor of Mr. John M. Xickles, of the United States
Geological Survey, whose work upon American Paleozoic bryozoa is well known.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (very rare).
Cotypes.—Csit No. 63035, U.S.N.M. .
Genus STAMENOCELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
I'.HT. Stantcnoeclln CA.XTJ and BASSLEH, S.Mmpsis of American Early Tertiary Clieilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 21.
Ovicell hyperstomial not closed by the opercular valve. No dietellae. frym-
nocyst long and flat, supporting a small sessile, salient avicularium.
Genotype. — Stamenocella mediaviculifera Canu and Bassler, 1017.
Range. — Senonian-Vicksbnrgian.
The genus which is nearest to this type of structure is Bfirtnllfti-ift Marsson,
1887, in which the zooecia are identical. but are disposed on a single side of a
triserial zoarium. The two genera undoubtedly belong to the same family.
The genus Bugidaria Levinsen. 1909, the type of which is the recent Carbasea
r/txfttmitis Busk, 1896, appears very similar. Nevertheless its zooecia are disposed
on only one side of the zoarium, the basal edge of its distal wall is angular and the
ovicell is free. Levinsen has classed his genus Bwr/nlaria in the Biffllnriiflac, but
his family is not an entirely natural one, as it contains three genera. Biif/irfti.
Encniti n, and Bifdlnri/i, which have absolutely distinct larvae. It also contains
Chaperia, in which the anatomical characters are quite different from Bur/ida.
In >^fiiini'/ii'i i /In the gymnocyst supports the ovicell which is extremely fragile,'
and also the avicularium. The ovicell of the proximal zooecia forces the avicu-
larium of the distal zooecia near to their opesia.
There may be classed in this genus —
stiiinriioi'i'llii. (/•> iff i/xf fir) fenestrelln D'Orbigny. ls5i>.
Stamenocella (Flustrella) convened D'Orbigny, IS:>L'.
Stamenocella (Esckara) cuvieri Yon Hagenow, 1851.
The genus also probably includes the Cretaceous group of Rhi/n<--lu>t, ll,i Canu.
which, however, presents some divergent characters. The name Rhsynchotella can
not be admitted in nomenclature because it was proposed by Canu as a simple
artificial grouping to facilitate the determination of species.
STAMENOCELLA CYLINDRICA, new species.
Plate 1, fig. 15.
Di'srrifition. — The zoarium is free, ci/I'mil r'n;il. formed of 0 longitudinal rows
of zooecia. The zooecia are long, distinct, a little narrowed behind: the mural rim
is salient, wide, convex, smooth ; the gymnocyst is flat, as long as half of the zooecium
and bears 2 to 4 proximal punctations. The opesium is elliptical or oval.
A0=0.22-0.25 mm.
Mi asurements. — Opesia , Zooecia
{lo=O.W mm.
Ls= 0.70-0. 72 mm.
fe=0.25 mm.
Affinities. — Only the figured specimen has been found, which permits no serious
study. It contains n calcified zooecium. It is possible, indeed, that the zoarium
XOKTH AMKKICAX EARLY TEKTIARY BRYOZOA. 1(39
was articulated. The zooecia ^resents proximal punctations <>u ihe gynmocyst as
do certain specimens of St,nin-n<i< , ll,i in, iHnririiliiern. The present species di tiers,
however, in its cylindrical zoarimn and in its oppsiuin which is twice as small.
Occwrrence. — Lowest Eocene ( Hryozoan bed at base of Aquia formation) : Up-
per Marlboro. Maryland (very rare).
IIolol //!>,•.— Cut. No. G3777. U.S.N.M.
STAMENOCELLA MIDWAYANICA. new species.
I'latc 4. tiu'«. •"-'.».
Description. — The zoarium is free, clavit'orin, articulated ( '.). compressed,
bilamellar, bearing on each face one to six longitudinal rows of zooecia. The
zooecia are much elongated, distinct, contracted at the back, separated by a groove
of little depth; the mural rim is flat, finely striated, enlarged at the base. The
opesium is elliptical or somewhat oval. The radicular zooecia are perforated by a
large round pore, and occur only at the base of the branches. The avicularium
which is placed in the middle of the gymnocy-t is cylindrical and very prominent ;
its orifice is oblique and turned toward the summit of the zoarinm.
. (£0=0.24-0.30 mm. . \Lz = (\:<u mm.
.!/< aww< in, //,'.«. — Opesia , Zooecia
|fo = 0.10-0.12 mm. {(3=0.20 mm-
Affinities. — The club-shaped fragments of this species were not necessarily
articulated, but unquestionably the zoarinm was provided with rootlets and its
fronds in growing away from the ancestrula became broader and broader.
This species belongs to a group frequent in the Upper Cretaceous, which Canu
has classed in the artificial and unfortunately named division. Rh>/nchotclla, which
is distinguished from StamenoceUa only by the absence of known ovicells. As
the latter are very rare in our genus, and as the number of specimens is insufficient.
it is necessary to hesitate before founding another generic type.
Our species differs from 3femb>'a>u/><n -n ( I-'hixt n lln }, ch/nc/ta D'Orbigny, 1852.1
in its much smaller micrometric dimensions (Ls=0.50 mm. instead of 0.80 mm.).
The other species of the same group cited by D'Orbigny are very vigorous, robust,
and their zoarinm is at least five times larger, so comparison is not necessary.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Mabel vale, near Little Kock,
Arkansas (common); 1 mile west of Fort Gaines. Georgia (very rare): Luverne,
Crenshaw County. Alabama (very rare).
< 'otypes.—C&t. Xo. 63709. U.S.X.M.
STAMENOCELLA ANATINA, new species.
Plate 30, fig. 12.
Description. — The zoarinm is free and bilamellar: it is formed of large, flat
fronds; the two lamellae are inseparable and back to back. The zooecia are very
large, elongated, distinct, separated by a furrow: the mural rim i- little' salient, flat,
1 Paleontologie Fr.inrn K.'. |i-u-;iii' ( 'rvtarc. Bi-yi^zonires. vol. 5. ] 11
170 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
oblique, thin distally, much enlarged and transformed into a cryptocyst proximally;
the gymnocyst is little convex and smooth. The opesium is anterior, elliptical,
entire. The avicularium occupies the surface of the gymnocyst; it is large, salient,
and terminated like the beak of a duel', with spatnlate mandible.
Ao =0.35-0.40 mm. . \Ls=0.85-1.00 mm.
Opesia to='al7 mm ™\Jz = O.U mm.
Affinities. — The figured specimen is the only one that has been found and it
unfortunately has no ovicell. The large avicularium is not constant, although
many of the zooecia are unprovided with them; their presence is therefore not
necessary to each zooecium. We think that the function of the avicularia, like
that of the vibracula, is rather zoarial.
Among the species of the same genus this is the only one in which the crypto-
cyst is much developed : its relationships with the genus Amphiblestrum are there-
fore close; but in the latter there is no gymnocyst and the avicularia are lodged
in the interzooecial angles.
The disposition of the zooecia is also much less regular than in the other
species of Stcnni>nof<:11fi. It differs from Stamenocella grandipora in its small
opesial length (0.35 instead of 0.50). its cryptocyst, and chiefly in its large avicu-
larium in the shape of a duck's beak.
Occurrence.— Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (very
rare).
,t. Xo. 63937, U.S.N.M.
STAMENOCELLA PYRIFORME. new species.
Plate 30, figs. 13-16.
Description. — The zoarium is bilamellar with narrow fronds; the two lamellae
are back to back and separable. The zooecia are very long, narrow, distinct, sep-
arated by a salient thread. The opesium is narrow, pyriform, the point toward
the bottom, bordered by a collar. The cryptocyst is smooth, developed laterally
and inferiorly to the opesium. The ovicell is globular, salient, embedded in the
cryptocyst of the distal zooecium; its orifice can not be closed by the operculum.
The avicularium is small, salient, elliptical, provided with a pivot or two lateral
denticles.
. [Ao=0.32-0.35 mm. . [Ls=OM-O.QO mm.
Measurenn nts. — Opesia , Zooecia ,
1/0=0.10-0.15 mm. I7s=0.15-0.20 mm. '
Variation*. — The lateral zooecia have an elliptical and nonpyriform oposinm
(figs. 13, 14). On the very wide fronds there are many rows of these different
zooecia. The avicularia of the lateral zooecia are much more prominent and ap-
pear claw-shaped ifii:-. 13. 14).
When it is properly illuminated, the peculiar orifice of the ovicell is quite
visible. It is large, placed above the opesium. and the opercular valve can never
close it.
X011TII A.MKKK'AX KARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 171
-itefit.—In its sin;i]] micrometrie dimensions this species dearly . litters
from the others. It is rather dose to st,nii<-iit>f<11,i /»/• rin'/rii/ifcrif, whose opesium
is often pyriform; it is distinguished from it by the very peculiar disposition of
its cryptocyst, which is developed laterally and inferiority to the opesium.
Occurrence. — Lower Jaeksonian i Moodys marl): Jackson, Mississippi (com-
mon).
retypes— Cut. Xo. 63938, T.S.X.M.
STAMENOCELLA MEDIA VICULIFERA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Phi re 31, figs. 1-5.
1917. StiiincnorriiH -mnHii ri«i/if<ni CANT and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early
Tertiary Cueilostome Hi-y.-xon. Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 22,
pi. 3, fisr. 1.
Description. — The zoarium is bilamellar, with the two lamellae back to back
and inseparable. The zooecia are very elongated, narrowed behind, distinct or
indistinct; the mural rim is thin, salient, somewhat enlarged and attenuated,
rounded, smooth. The opesium is elliptical or oval, entire; the gymnocyst is flat
or somewhat convex and nearly as long as the opesinm. The avicularium is salient
and placed in the middle of the gymnocyst. The ovicell is rarely intact.
. (7*0=0.40 mm. „ . £.3=0.80 mm.
Mea8Urements.-0^^lo=0-1Q mm Zooecia fo=0>20_0 04 mill.
Variations and affinities. — This species apparently lived in agitated waters.
Although widely distributed, it is often very rare, and specimens are always more
or less worn. In this condition the mural rim is worn away and invisible, the
zooecia indistinct, and the avicularia absent or replaced by a concave cicatrix
(fig. -2). We have never found the ovicell intact; it is always more or less broken,
but its place is clearly visible on the gymnocyst, notably in the specimens from near
Perry, Georgia (fig. 3). The avicularium is of the simple type without denticles
or pivot. The dimensions in this species are much smaller than in /S. r/randis, and
it is rarely as well preserved. On certain specimens from Rich Hill, Georgia, we
have observed sometimes four punetations at the base of the gymnocyst. The rare
-pedmens from the Vicksbnrgian are very mediocre in preservation and have the
abraded aspect shown in figure 5.
Occurrence. — Middle Jaeksonian : Rich Hill, Crawford County, Georgia (very
common ) ; 3^ miles south of Perry. Georgia (very common} ; 18 miles west of
Wrightsville, Johnson County, Georgia ( rare) ; 3£ miles north of Grovania, Georgia
(rare) : 12 miles southeast of Marshallville. Georgia (rare) ; 17 miles northeast of
Hawkinsville, Georgia (rare) : one-half mile southeast of Georgia Kaolin Company
Mine. Twiggs County, Georgia (rafei : Baldock, Barnwell County, South Carolina
(rare) : Wilmington. Xorth Carolina i rare).
Vicksbnrgian (Marianna lime-tone) : Salt Mountain. •"> miles .south of Jackson,
Mi— issippi (doubtful) ; near Claiborne. Monroe County. Alabama (doubtful).
Coty'pes.—C&t. Xos. r.:>:>Sl. r,:i;i:;:t. i;:','.UO. TJ.S.N.M.
172 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
STAMENOCELLA INFERAVICULIFERA, new species.
Fl.-ite 31. figs. 0-15.
The zoarium is free with the two lamellae inseparable and growing back to
back. The zooecia are elongated, distinct, narrowed in back: the mural rim is
little salient, very thin, attenuate at its base. The opesium is elliptical or oval,
entire; the gymnocyst is flat, smooth. The marginal zooecia have no avicnlaria.
The ovicell is small, globular, fragile, placed on the gymnocyst of the distal
zooecia. closed by the opeivulum. The avicularium is situated on the inf< ri»r por-
tion of the gymnocyst in close contact with the mural rims of the proximal
zooecium.
Measurements. — Opesia
£0=0.30-0.36 mm. „ . fZs=0.70-O.T-t mm.
Zooecia
/o=0.10-0.16 mm. lalte=:0.-24-030 mm.
iix. — This species is exceedingly variable and its study has required
considerable effort; moreover it appears at several distinct horizons in the Jack-
sonian and Yickburgian. The more perfect specimens shown in our figures are
extremely rare: the avicularium here assumes a peculiar form without axis or
pivot, which makes its nature doubtful.
Figure 10 shows that on the same zoarium there may be extraordinary varia-
tions. Here the broken ovicell appears to be quite voluminous and to crowd the
avicularinm close to the opesium. In specimens from Monrotville, Alabama, the
proximal avicularium is smaller (fig. 10- In the course of weathering they become
smaller and smaller (fig. 11), divide in two. and even may be replaced by a few
pnnctations (fig. 13).
The opesium is sometimes elliptical ami sometimes oval. The two forms nivur
on the same specimen (fig. 7).
The ovicell is quite variable in form and even in the same locality it is im-
possible to find it of a constant size and shape.
Affinities. — On certain rather well preserved specimens the avicularium is
identical with that of ^t,nn, inx-rll/i m< <Tm <-;<-<ti;fi /•</ (figs. 7. 8). that is to say. it is
of simple form with neither axis nor pivot. In only a single instance (fig. 1:2) have
we observed a pivot which left no doubt as to the reality of this organ.
Like the preceding species. ,S'. ///fV/v/i-/V////'/', ,-,/ is found principally in the Jack-
sonian although it is also common in the Vicksburgiau.
Occi/i'i-i in'i . — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone): Wilmington.
Xorth Carolina (very rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : '.' mile- north of Ocala. Florida (rare) ;
Alachua. Florida (common).
Vicksburgian (Marianua limestone): 1 mile north of Monroeville, Alabama
(common) : Salt Mountain, 5 miles south of Jackson. Alabama (rare) : west bank
of Conecuh River. 1 mile below mouth of Sepulga River. K-rambia County. Ala-
bama (rare) ; Murder Creek, cast of Custlduiry. Conecuh County. Alabama (rare).
Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : One-fourth mile west of Woodward. Wayne
County. Missi — ippi (rare).
i otypes.—Cat. No. <'.:W1 --?>?M:>. T.S.X.M.
xoirrn AMKP.K-AX KAKLY TKRTIARY BRYOZOA. 173
STAMENOCELLA GRANDIS. new species.
I>i x('i-!j)tii>ii. — The zoarium is hihmellar and free. The zooeeia a-re large, dis-
tinct, very elongate, narrow, especially at the back: the mural rim is thin, salient,
cm-veil, thinnest at the base. The ope-.ium is large, entire, elliptical. The avicu-
lariitm is small, salient, obliquely directed toward the top of the zoarium.
. ( /«9=0.< >0-0. To mm. . \Lz=\. 10-1.20 mm.
x- — Opesia , Zooecia],
[20=0.20-0.22 mm. lfe=0.32-0.35 mm.
unil i/fffn/ficx. — The mieroinetric measures are quite variable, but are
alway> larger than those of closely allied species. We have specimens from near
Monrneville. Alabama, and near Woodward. Mississippi, where the zooecial length
is 1 mm. At the Chipola River locality they vary between 0.84 mm. and 0.00 mm.
The surface ornamentation is much less variable than in /S. mediaviculifera
which probably inhabited areas with more rapid marine currents. The form of the
zooecium is that of a stamen with a large anther whence the generic name.
Occurrence. — Yicksburgian ("Chimney rock " of Marianna limestone): One
mile north of Monroeville. Alabama (rare).
Vicksburgian (Byram marl): One-fourth mile Avest of Woodward. Wayne
County. Mississippi (rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola River. east of Marianna. Jack-
son County. Florida (very rare).
ffolotype.—Csit. No. '63946, U.S.X.M.
STAMENOCELLA INTERMEDIA, new species.
Plate 81, fig. 5.
Description. — The zoarium is free, compressed, formed of two lamellae growing
back to back and inseparable. The zooecia are distinct, elongated, with a concave
gymnocyst; the mural rim is thin, salient, curved, finely granulated. The opesium
is elliptical or oval, the narroAv part at the base. The hyperstomial ovicel] appears
voluininoii.-. The avicularium is placed in the middle of the gymnocyst; it is large
and salient: its orifice is oblique and turned toward the lower part of the zoarium.
Affinities. — We have found only the single fragment figured which has appeared
very interesting to us on account of its general aspect which approaches that of a
Bn<inlo with a bilamellate zoarium.
Stamenocetta intermedia differ- from A. mediaviculifera in its smaller micro-
metric dimensions and its four longitudinal rows of zooecia.
It is readily distinguished from StanicnoceUa nii<ln-i/i//inif-n by its avioularinm
directed toward the base of the zoarium.
This species is really intermediate between typical stm/i, noci Hit and the afore-
mentioned group of Mcinlirmi'i jm,;i (Flustrella) polymorpha D'Orbigny. ls;,2.
Occurrence. — Yick>lmrgian ((ilendon member of Marianna limestone): West
bank of Conecuh River, 1 mile below mouth of Sepulga River. Escambia County,
Alabama- (very rare).
zt. Xo. c.4-2.-y.. r.s.x.M.
174 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
GENERA OF MEMBRANIPORAE UNREPRESENTED.
For the sake of completeness, definition?- and illustrations of the remaining
genera of this group are introduced below, even though fossil representatives of
them have not yet been found in the American Tertiary.
A. Cauloramphus
C. Membrostega
D. Antropora
Fui. 41. — Miscellaneous siem-rii of Membraniporae.
A. Caitlriraniiiliits siihilfi r Norman. 1903. X 25. Recent.
B. Fon'olaria clliptica Busk, 18S4, X 25. Recent.
('. Mi-niln-ofstef/a fero.r Kirkpatrick. 1800, X Mn. Recent.
D. Aiitniiini-ii iii-uniiUfcni Hineks, 1S80, X 30. Recent.
Genus CAULORAMPHUS Norman, 1903.
1903. Cauhii-aiiiii/iux NOKMAX. Natural History of East Finraark, Annals and Magazine
Natural History, ser. ~, vol. 11, p. 587.
Fin. 41'. — (icnus Ciiulvi-iiiiiiiliiis Norman. 1903.
A-C. riniliiKiiii/iJiiix xiihiifri- .lolinston. 1832. A. Zooncia. X 25, showing the stout spines.
B. Three views of tin- pedunculate avicularia. I A. H after Hindis. 1S80.) C. Sketch showing
dietellae. (After Norman, 19o::. i
Front wall entirely membranous, the eal<-are<ni> Imrder bearing spines. Avic-
ularia talked and situated among the spine- on the Literal margin of the zooecinni :
ovicell. when present, very shallow and inconspicuous. Dietellae in1 the type.
NOKTII AMKKH'AN ICAIILY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
175
three pairs of Literal and one terminal: the latter is sometime* divided into two or
even three small chambers.
<!< m>ti/i>c. — <'<nt/ni-itni]>htix (Fhixfru) xfiinifii' Johnston. Iveecnt.
This is the Meml/nnii/iorn echinus group of Waters, which he defines as fol-
lows: " Ovicells unknown: avicularia pediculate or articulate." However, the geno-
type itself is classed in the M, /n?>/'</u//>on' J/n>,/fa group with " ovicell with rib."
Genus AMMATOPHORA Norman, 1903.
Zooecia sub<>vate: a calcareous
1003. Ainina1oi>lir>r<i NORMAN, Natural History of East Fir.mark. Annals nnd Maii.-mne
Natural History, ser. 7, vol. 12, ]>. ss.
Zooecia and ovicell depressed and flattened,
crest occupying about two-
thirds of the area. Oral
opening distal end of the
membranous portion. Walls
thin, terminating at the ovi-
cell in a knob. Ovicell en-
tirely separable from the zoo-
ecium. resting on the knob-;
just mentioned; of unusual
and varied form. Surface of
zoarium with raised nodulous
processes. No avicularia. Xo
clietellae. (Norman.)
<;<_iio/ype. — Ammatophora
( Mi ml/rani pora) nodulosa
Hincks, 1880. Recent.
The opercular valve never closes the ovicell.
FIG. 43. — Genus Ammutojiliorn Norman, 1903.
A-C. Ammatophora nodulosa Hincks, 1S80. A. A zooecium
exhibiting an unusual form of the ovicell. B. The younger
condition of the more usual form. C. The mature condition
of the same. (A-C after Norman, 1!M>.;.
Genus MARSSONOPORA Lang, 1914.
1914. llarssonopora LANG, Cretaceous Cheilostoine Polyzoa, Geological Magazine, ser. 6. vol.
1, p. 438.
The zoarium is uniserial and incrusting. The zooecia ore pyriform; the
gymnocyst is quite convex. It bears on its caudal portion a small avicularium.
The opesium is surrounded by large spines. The ovicell is hyperstomial, small.
globular, anil salient; it is closed by a special opereuhmi. (See Hi:. ;V"i. p. 141.)
Genotype. — Mnrssonopora dispersa Hagenow, 1839. Upper Senonian.
Genus ANTROPORA Norman, 1903.
r.in::. Ai<h-nii<>r<i XOI;\IA\. Natural History of East Finmark, Annals an.l Masrazine Natural
History, ser. 7. vol. 12. p. 87.
The cryptocyst is largely displayed all around the opesium. A pair of avicu-
laria with their pointed mandible directed inward, and transversely situated above
176
BULLETIX 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
the oral opening. There are three pairs of lateral dietellae and several (four
usually) lucid spots in the hind wall. (After Norman.)
(Monlirun/ i«n'a} granulifera Hincks, 1880. Recent.
Genus MEMBROSTEGA Jullien, 1903.
1IIOM. Mrnilii-osti tut Jrr.LlEN, Bryozoaires provennm ilcs rampages de riliroiiilrllr. ]>. 112.
The mural rim is provided with four spines on the anterior lips of the orifice.
The two outer spines acquire such development that they form by their ramifica-
tions and their confluence an adventi-
tious frontal above the real frontal,
seeming to transform the Membrani-
poridae into veritable Costulidae.
(jcnotijin'. — Menil>rnxt<-(/n
ferox MacGillivray, 18G8. Recent.
Genus MEGAPORA Hincks, 1877.
1877. Mi-iiniinrii I-IixcKs. On British Poly-
zna. Annals iind Maira/.ini' Nat-
ural History, ser. 4. vol. 20, p. 529.
The zooecia have a strongly devel-
oped, partially depressed ervptocyst,
and an aperture surrounded by spines
and with a well-developed vestibular
arch. A compound operculum in which
the valvular part and the accessory part
are connected by a joint. A few
pored dietellae. Xo avicularia. Hyperstomial ovicell, not closed by the opercular
valve.
(i','nufi/]>f. — .Ifi-i/ii/mi-ii rtnt/rnx Hincks, 1877. Recent.
Genus DISCOFLUSTRELLARIA D'Orbigny, 1851.
1851. lHx<-»ftH.itrrlliiri<i !>'( ">HBK;XY. I'alcniitiilcifiit' frani.-aisp. 'I'crrain Cretsiee, vol. 5, Byi'o-
zoaires. p. 507.
The zoarium is free, orbicular, convex, often conical above, always concave
below, composed of zooecia regularly arranged in radiating lines, each beginning
with a deformed zooecium with the formation of annular transverse lines. Zooecia
round or square, entirely open and deep. The side opposite the zooecial openings
presents regular radiating lines not perforated at their surface. (See tig. '24 I,
p. 85).
D'Orbigny. 1S51. Cretaceous.
FIG. 44. — Genus Antropora Norman, lllli:;.
A, B. Antroporn iji-iiiuilijir/i Hincks. issi). A.
Several zooecia, y. 30. (After Hincks, 1880.) B.
View of the back of a zooecium. a. openings re-
sulting from the avicularia: below these are seen
the pair of lucid bays, and below again the lucid
spots. (After Xorman. HIO:5.i
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
177
Genus CREPIS Jullien, 1882.
1SS2. OY///.V .TT-U.IKN, Pragages du Tniruitli'tu; Bryozoaires draguees dans 1'ocean Atlan-
tique, Bulletin Soeiete Zoologique France, vol. 7, p. 522.
Oval zooecia, with cryptocyst, not completely closing the area in front, where
a large opening existed during all of its life. This semielliptical opesium has its
angles more or less rounded; the chitinous ectocyst, brilliant when it is dry, is
calcified on its lateral walls, which are raised in front of the opesium and are
prolonged at the back of the zooecium in a long thread, the end of which is united
with the parietal ectocyst of the preceding zooecinm. (See fig. 24 H, p. 85.)
Genotype.— Crepis longipes Jnllien. 1882. Recent.
FIG. 45. — Genus Megapora Hincks. 1877.
A. Mi'iitiiHim rini/cns Hincks, 1880. Zooecia, X ."ill. (After Hincks, 1880.)
B. C. Mrim/torn IniuUna Waters, 1904. B. Sketch. X S5. showing the oral spines and (he
small lateral spines. C. Several zooecia. X 50. (B. C after Waters, 1904.)
Genus FOVEOLARIA Busk, 1884.
1884. Foreolnritt BUSK, Voyage Challenriei; Zoology, pt. 1, Cheilostomata, vol. 10. pt. 30,
p. 68.
Zoarium erect, branched and cylindrical, or foliaceous and bilaminar. Front
of zooecia with a thick granular border very deeply embedded in a pit formed by
the thickening of the general ectocyst. A sessile avicularium immediately below
or in front of the lower border of the pit.
Genotype. — Foveolaria elliptica Busk, 1884. Eecent.
Family AETEIDAE Smitt, 1867.
Bibliography ( Ainit"ntical). — SMITT, 1865, Om Hafs-Hryozoernas utveckling och fettkroppar,
Ofversigt Kougl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forliandlungar, vol. 22, p. 11, pi. 2, figs. 5-14. —
WATERS, 1896, Notes on the Bryozoa from Itapalln and other Mediterranean localities, chiefly
55899— 19— Bull. 106 12
178
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Cellulariidae, Journal Linnean Society. London, Zoology, vol. 26, p. 5, pi. 1.— LEVIXSEN, 1909.
Morphologic and Systematic Studies on the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa, p. 92.— WATERS, 1913,
Marine Fauna of British East Africa and Zanzibar, Bryozoa, Cheilostoinata, Proceedings
Zoological Society, London, 1913, p. 4G4. pi. 04, figs. 1, 2.
Zoarium composed of creeping branches more or less adherent to the sub-
stratum, often growing in free tufts adherent only part of their length. Zooecia
uniserial. arising from each other in a tubular prolongation of greater or less
length. Opesium terminal, opercular valve at its summit. (After Kobertson.)
C'50
E*85
FIG. 46. — Gf mis Foveolaria Busk, 1S84.
A-E. Foveolaria elliptica Busk, 1884. A. Zoarium, natural size. B. Portion of same, X 25.
C. Avicularia and ovicell, X 50. D. Zooecium and avicularium, X 50. (A-D after Busk, 1S84.)
E. Operculum, X 85. (After Waters, 1SS9.)
Genus AETEA Lamouroux, 1812.
1812. Aetca LAMOUROUX, Sur la Classification des Polypiers Ooralligeues, Bulletin Sciences
SociSte Philoruatique.
Zoarium adherent to the substratum. Each zooecium partially adherent, par-
tially erect, the erect portion carrying at its distal extremity the membranous aper-
ture with its operculum. (After Eobertson.) Twelve tentacles.
Gi-nutype. — Aetea anyuina Linneaus. 1758.
Range. — Eocene-Recent.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
179
AETEA ANGUINA ? Linnaeus, 1758.
Date 32. figs. 2. 3.
S. Hi-i-titliii-iii inif/niiiii I.INXAKI s. Sysii'iiiM Naturae. eel. H>. p. Mil.
1880. Actcn iiiiiiiiiini JF.LI.V. Synonymi.- Catalogue Marine Bryozoa, p. 3 (cites general bib-
liography).
1913. Aftt-u inifjnina CANT, Menmires de 1'Iiistitut Kgyptien, vol. 0. p. 100 (cites paleonto-
logic bibliography).
H »2S
H X2S B «85
FIG. 47. — Family Aeteidae Smitt, 18G7.
A-C. Acted uiif/iiina Linnaeus, 1758. A. Portion of a zoarinm, X 30, illustrating structure.
(After Robertson, 1905.) ad, adlieiviit pdriimi: ;ir. groove; HICIII. ii/i. rueinliraneous aperture:
op, operculum ; pd, polypide ; scp, septum: tit. tubular part of the zooecia ; .coe, zooecinm. B.
Sketch, X 85, showing the ovicell (ori ar the end of the tubular projection; the retractor
muscles (nn.) attached just below the tentacles, and also attached at the other end near the com-
mencement of the basal expansion where the ova Ha ( "</ ) also occur. C. Front view. X 250.
showing the operculum and tentacular sheath ( /.< I to which the muscles are attached. (B, C
after Waters, 1913.)
D-H. Aetea recta Hincks, 1862. P. lirawing. X 2.~i. showing ovicell at end of tubular part
of zooecia. E, F. Two sketches of ovicells. X 85. G. .Sketch. X 85. showing that the ovarium
tills up most of the lower portion of the /.ooprhiiu. and the tubular prolongation which is bent back
carries an ovicell. H. Sketch, X 25. slum-ing the position of the polrpide in the zooecium. i D-H
after Waters, 1897.)
On the fossils we seldom find more than the creeping portions of the zooecia,
which give the appearance of a network of false stolons; the free part then lying
on the substratum becomes fossilized very rarely. We have found two zoaria which
in the thickness of their zooecia appear to correspond to -\< tea <ti»in(iia. Moreover.
180 BULLETIN 10(3, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
one of them retained an entire zooecium which seemed to us to agree exactly with
the figure of the species given by Waters in 1913 in his work on the Marine Fauna
of British East Africa and Zanzibar. Unfortunately, in cleaning the specimen a
stroke of the brush destroyed it. leaving our determination doubtful.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Ocala. Florida (rare) ;
Bainbridge, Georgia (rare).
Geological distribution. — Helvetian of Egypt and France (Canu): Zanclean
of Italy (Seguenza) ; Plaisancian of Italy (Manzoni, Neviani) : Sicilian of Italy
(Seguenza. Neviani); Quaternary of Italy (Neviani).
Habitat. — Eastern Atlantic, from the Gulf of Gasconv to Norway: Mediter-
ranean. France, Italy, and the Adriatic: Pacific. Australia, California; Indian
Ocean. African coast.
The species inhabits the region of the laminarian seaweeds. It seldom lives
at a depth greater than 30 meters.
Pl<-xi<>ti/i>< .—Cat. No. 63948. U.S.N.M.
AETEA cfr. TRUNCATA Landsborough, 1852.
Plate 32. fig. 1.
Cfr. 1852. Atiiiiiiiiurin tnincnta LANDsiioRoruH. History of British Zoophytes or Corallines.
p. 228, pi. 16, fig. 57.
The figure on plate 32 represents a specimen from Wilmington, North Carolina,
which in the thinness of its stolons is quite similar to Aetea truncata Landsborough.
1852. However, it is impossible to make a definite determination without an entire
zooecium.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone): Wilmington,
North Carolina (rare).
P}<-#iot>/i>c.—Cat. No. G3947, U.S.N.M.
Family SCRUPOCELLARIIDAE Levinsen, 1909.
i'iiiiliji (Aiuituiiiirijl). — 1805. SMITT. Om Hafs-Bryozooriias nlveckling och fettkroppar.
Ofversigt Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akaclemieus Forhandlingar, vol. 22, p. 8, pi. 1, figs. 13, 14 ;
pl. 6. figs. 5. (3: pi. 7. figs. 1. 2, 5. G. — 1871. CT.APAREDE, Beitriige znr Aiiiitoniie und Eut-
Wickelungsgeschiehte der Seehryozoeii, Zeitschrift t'iii1 wissenshaftliclie Zoohmie. vol. 21. pl. !i,
fig. 1 : pl. 10. fig. 2. — 1877, BARBOIS. Recherehes sur I'eiuhryologie des Bryozoaires. Travaux
Institut Zoology. Lille, fase, 1. pl. in. tigs. 2. -I, S.— 18SS, ."TULLIEN. Mission scieiitinqne clu Cap
Horn, 1882-83, vol. 6. Zoologie, p. li!», pl. s. li-s. 1-3.— 1892. WATERS. Ol.sprvaMons on the glaurt-
like bodies in the I'.ryozoa, Journal T.innean Soriety, London. Zoology, vol. 24, p. 277. — 181M1.
WATERS. Notes on the Bryozoa from liapallo and other Mediterranean localities, chiefly Celln-
lariidae. Journal Linnean Society, Zoology, vol. LM;. pl. l, tigs. 1], 12. — I'.IIMI, ( 'AI.VKT. Contrib. a.
I'liistoi-ie naturelle des Bryozoaires ecto]iroctes niarins Traxanx Institut de Zoologie de T'ni-
versite de Montpelier, Mem. Xo. 8. pl. 11. figs. 7-0. — l!>l)4. WATKRS. Kxped. Antarctic Belsre
Bryozoa. p. 25. — 1913, WATERS, Marine Fauna of Briiish K.-ist Africa and Zanzibar. Bryozoa.
Clicilostomata. rroccedings Zoological Society, London, p. 172. pl. 4!l. tigs. 7-14. T.X)!I. LKVIX-
si \. Me. rphc. logical and Systematic Studies on the ( 'heilostomatons Bryozoa. ]i. 140.
XORTH AMICRK'AX EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 181
The zooecia have large opoin. A gymnocyst and a cryptocyst are more or
Jess developed. The mural rim bears distally one or two pairs of spines and
laterally a membranous scutum. The distal wall, consisting of a horizontal, basal,
and an obliquely ascending frontal part, has usually numerous small, scattered,
uniporous septnlae basally, while the distal half of each lateral wall has one
multiporous septula. Besides dependent avicnlaria, found in most species, vibracula
may also occur on the basal surface of the zoarium. and these are connected with
the zoarium by an independent wall. The ovicells are generally hyperstomial.
As a rule radicular fibers occur, sometimes springing from a septula (or a dietella),
sometimes from a separate chamber connected with a vibraculum. The zoaria are
always free, very branched, most frequently with uni- or few-seried zooecia. gen-
erally consisting of a single layer and in most cases jointed by means of chitinous
transverse belts. (After Levinsen. 1909).
Figure Hi gives a summary of the most important anatomical features in this
family. No trace of the scutum is left <m the fossil forms, but its presence is
revealed by a small pore situated on the mural rim. American Tertiary specimens
are rare, small, and very fragile, and as a result we have been unable to make any
detailed studies of the family.
The principal genera of this family are :
Caberea Lamouroux. 1816.
Cdberitlla- Levinsen, 1909.
( 'audit Lamouroux, 1816.
Van Beneden. 1814.
Verril, 1879.
Hoplitella Levinsen, 1909.
Rhabdosoum Hincks, 1882.
Mi nipca Lamouroux, 1816.
The two genera Caberea and x< n< /><><; llnr'/a alone are represented in the Ameri-
can collections studied. CanJn and Xmijw< llui-ia are very similar. Levinsen
distinguishes these genera by their ovicells and Waters by their articulation.
Genus SCRUPOCELLARIA Van Beneden, 1844.
1X44. XiTi/iHiri-iliiria VAN BENEDEX. Recheivlies sur I'ortmnisation des Lajruncula et 1'liis-
toire uaturelle des different* Polypes Bryo/oaires, Nouveaux Memuires de 1'Acadeuiie
Royale de Bnixelles. vnl. 18. \>. 44.
Zoarium jointed. Zooecia numerous in each internode, rhomboid; opesia with
or without scutum; a sessile avicularium at the upper, outer, lateral angle, a vibrac-
ulum at the lower outer angle, and generally a sessile avicularium on the front sur-
face of each zooecium. (Robertson.)
Accepted genotype. — Scrupocellaria x>-/->ijni.i(t Linnaeus. l~.">s.
Range. — Lutetian-Recent.
' ,sf'a
/"'"-rill F-
-•vibraculum
/
/
, -tentacles
&._.- vibraculum
embryo
L— |-brown body
/ ventricle -''
of stomach
.tentacular sheath
parietal
muse
tentacles
muse
aviculariun-
avic
— ovicell
: — tentacles.
vibraculum
_ovicell
..—vibraculum
opesium sheltering
the tentacles
H-50
IS2
FIG. 48. — Family Scrupocellariidae Levinsen, 1909.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRVO/OA. 183
FIG. 48. — Family Scrupocellariidae Levinsen, 1009.
A-E. Scrtipocellaria scruposu Linnaeus, 175S. A. Left lateral side of larva. B. Dorsal face
of same. C. Ventral or oral face. (A-C after Calvet, 1900.) 6, superior vesicular collar;
lin, palette or pigmentary spots: <-ul, calotte (terminal bud) ; co, corona; fc, ciliated furrow: fo.
ventral or oral face ; ph; vibratile plume ; osi, orltlce of the internal sack ; spa, palleal furrow ;
ia, pigmentary spots. D. Portion of a zoarium. showing structure, X 78. B. Another portion,
< 66. (D-E after Claparede, 1870.)
F. Menipea benemunita Busk, 1SS4. Sketch showing anatomy. (After Jullieu, 1888.)
G-J. Scntpocellaria diegensis Robertson, 1905. G. Portion of a branch, X 50, showing form
of zooecia (soe), with large scutum (xc), spines on the upper margin of the aperture or opesium,
one or more of which are bifid (bl. sp) ; also lateral avicularium (lat. av) and frontal
avicularium on the zooecium at bifurcation (6t. av.). On those zooecia not possessing ooecia the
vibracular chamber, plainly visible with its long vihraculum (v). H. Dorsal view of a
few zooecia, X 50, to show vibracular chamber (r. &.) sustaining the long vibraculum fc) at
its summit, and showing the groove (fir) extending in the direction of the length of the zooecia.
At the base of the vibracular chamber, and to one side of the groove, is the pore (p) from which
the root fiber, or radicell (r) extends (fr. av) frontal avicularium, (;') joint, (oe) ooecium. I.
A vibracular chamber, enlarged, to show detail. J. The avicularium on zooecium at bifurcation,
enlarged to show its large muscular portion (in us) and the obliquely directed mandible (man}.
(G-.T after Robertson, 1905.)
184 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
SCRUPOCELLARIA ELLIPTICA Reuss, 1869.
Plate 32, figs. 4-7.
I860. Si-riiiiiicil/iiriit clliptica REUSS, Die fossilen Anthnzi>eiL uud Bryozoeu tier Schichten-
gruppe von Crosaro, Denkschriften der k. Akademie tier Wissenschaften. vol. 29,
I Abth. p. 48. pi. 29, fig. 3.
1891. Scnipiii-i-lJin-iii clliptica WATKRS, North Italian Bryozoa, Quarterly Journal of the
Geological Society of London, vol. 47, p. (-;, pi. 1. figs. 16, 17.
Not 1847. Bucti-irliiini cUiptii-inii REUSS. Die fossilen Polyparien des Wiener Tertiarbeckens.
Haidinger's naturwissenschaftliche Abliandlungen. vol. 2, p. 56, p. 9. figs. 7. S.
FIG. 49 — Genus SrriiiHH-tllariii Van Beneden, 1844.
A, B. Caniln retiformis Pourtales, 1867. Celluliferous and dorsal surfaces, X 25.
('-(;. Urniiiiirr-llitritt [cro.r I'.usk. 1852. (.'. Dorsal surface, X 25. fr. <ir, frontal avicu-
larium: in: gripovc; pi; radlcular pure: si; scutum. D. I>ecalcified piece, X 25, showing the
articulation with the cliitiuous tube already formed on the inside zooecia of the new branch.
Polypides and tentacles are visible. K. Mandible, X 85. F. Base of vibracular seta, X 250.
G. Dorsal surface, showing the articulation, X 6.
H. Srriipoccllaria jnlloisii Audmiin. 1826. Dorsal surface, X 6, to show the articulation
with two chitinous tubes.
I. Cinidfi rctifariiiiv 1'ourtnlcs. lsr,7. I'.ir^al surface, showing simplest form of articulation,
>< 6. (A-I after Waters, 1913.)
NORTH AMERICAN KARJLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 185
In 1S47 Keuss discovered in the Vienna Miocene a species which he called
In 18-47 Eeuss discovered in the Vienna. Miocene a species which he called
Vieentin. Italy, in 1S09. In comparing the excellent figure- of Waters with the
more reliable illustrations published by Keuss in 1874, it becomes probable that we
are dealing with two distinct species. In 1875 Manzoni believed he had discovered
the x<Ti<-i><>n-ll,ii'i<i t'H!i>tica Keuss, 1874, in the Italian Plaisancian: his imperfect
figure certainly led Sequenza and Xeviani later into error. Finally the latter
figured in 1900, still under this same name, a species undoubtedly distinct. The
great geological distribution given by various authors to Xcri/i>(tc<:llaria elliptica
appears then to be erroneous.
In 1887 Pergens identified Keuss's species with Sc-rtt /><><•< Uttria x< t'uposa Lin-
naeus, 1758. This was an erroneous identification which, followed by Miss Jelly,
introduced a grave error in her Synonymic Catalogue of Marine Bryozoa. In 1880
Hincks believed he had found the same species living in English waters, but Waters
thought that these specimens belonged to Scrupocellaria in* /•//</'.* Xorman.
Our specimens agree with the figures published by Waters in 1891. Under
the circumstances we believe it best to separate the Eocene species under the name
Scrupoccllaria elliptica Keuss, 1869. Future studies will be necessary before the
status and name of the Miocene species can be determined.
Description. — The small frontal avicularium is rather constant and is without
a pivot. The same features hold for the distal avicularium. The dorsal vibracu-
lum is transverse, conforming to the figure given by Waters. Immediately below
this is the radicular pore. The impression of the scutum is visible. The micro-
metric measurements are as follows:
. [Z2=0.46-0.50 mm. . (#0=0.24-0.28 mm.
Measurements. — /ooecia , ( mesia ,
[fe=0.18-0.20 mm. \lo= 0.10-0. 1-2 mm.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (very rare);
near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (very rare).
Geological distribution. — Priabonian of Vicentin, Italy (Keuss. Waters), and
possibly in the Rupelian of Gaas, France (Keuss).
Csit. Xos. 03950, 63951, U.S.X.M.
SCRUPOCELLARIA GRACILIS Reuss. 1869.
Plate 32. figs. S, 9.
I860. Scruiiwrllitriit (iracilis REUSS, Die fossilen Anthozoen nnd Bryozoen cler Schichten
gruppe von Crosaro. Deukscliriften Uer U. Akartemie der \\ issenscliaften, Wien.
vol. 29, p. 260, pi. 29, fig. 4.
1891. Xi-rtiixirclliiriii iinicilis WATERS, North Italian Bryozon. Qunrtt-ri.v Journal Geological
Society, London, vol. 47, p. 0, pi. 1, figs. 12, 13.
Comparison of our photograph with the figures published by Waters shows
(he great similarity of the American specimens with Serupocellaria gracilis. The
dorsal vibraculum is small and longitudinal. The figured segment bears no trace
of the scutum. At its base are zooecia which have undergone total regeneration.
186 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (very
rare).
Geological di** r'/lmttoii. — Priabonian of Vicentin. Italy (Eeuss, Waters), and
possibly in the Bupelian of Gaas, France (Eeuss).
PUsiotype.—CAi. Xo. 63952, U.S.X.M.
SCRUPOCELLARIA COOKEI, new species.
Plate 81, figs. 6-8.
Description. — The segments of this new species carry at a maximum 10-12
zooecia arranged alternately. The zooecia are distinct and elliptical; their mural
rim is rounded, and bears a very small distal rounded avicularium, without a pivot ;
the frontal avicularium is larger and elliptical. On the dorsal side the zooecia are
distinct and convex; the vibraculum is almost straight, pointed, and bears a small
groove and a small radicular pore.
. (Ao=0.2S mm. . \Lz=QA2 mm.
Measurements. — Upesia , Zooecia, A00nn/,
[Io=0.l2 mm. \rs=0.22-Q.2Q mm.
Affinities. — This species is distinguished from Scrupocellana elUpfica Reuss.
1869, by its greater breadth and its straight vibraculnm. From fi. f/rfifiUs it
differs in its greater micrometric dimensions, the constancy of the frontal avicu-
larium and the larger vibraculum; from >>. //iHin'ri by its smaller dimensions and
straighter and much smaller frontal avicularium. We have not found the pore
or the pit indicating the presence of the scutum on any of the specimens, nor can we
explain the meaning of the distal lamella observed in some opesia (fig. 6).
This fine species is dedicated to Dr. C. Wythe Cooke, of the United States
Geological Survey, to whose painstaking efforts through several field seasons we
are indebted for much of our choicest material from the Jacksonian and Vicks-
burgian of the Southern States.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain, 5 miles
south of Jackson, Alabama (common).
Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay), 7£ miles southwest of Bladen Springs, Alabama
(very rare).
Vicksburgian (By ram marl) : Near Woodward, Wayne County. Mississippi
(rare).
Holotype.—Cat. No. 61237, U.S.X.M.
SCRUPOCELLARIA MILNERI, new species.
Plate 81, figs. 9-16.
Description. — The segments in this species are large and bear at a maximum
10-12 alternating zooecia. The zooecia distinct and elliptical; their mural rim
rounded and bearing- an inconspicuous distal avicularium, without pivot. The
frontal avicularium is very large, oblique, acuminate, without pivot or denticle. On
the dorsal the zooecia are a little convex; the vibraculum is oblique, rather large,
and bears a quite distinct, prominent groove and a large radicular pore situated on a
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 187
small convex chamber. The hyperstomial ovicell is situated on the gymnocyst of
the distal zooeciuin.
. | ho = 0.30-0.3-2 nun. . \Ls= 0.42-0.46 mm.
.]/, .'A/m'wi>Hfs.— Opesia 7 Zooecia, .
1/0 = 0.16-0.18 mm. U2=0.26-0.30 mm.
. I rfii>!f!t '.y. — The large size of its frontal avicularium and its greater micromet-
ric dimensions clearly distinguish this species from x,-t;,/,,,<-;'//<ir!a cookei, with
which it is associated.
No trace of a scutum has been found, nor has a reason been obtained to explain
the opesial lamella shown on some zooecia. One of our specimens is a branching
segment showing, as determined by Waters some time since, that the articulations
are calcified in such cases. The dorsal is an olocvst with two separated layers
(fig. 11).
This splendid species is named in honor of Mr. J. B. Milner, who has taken a
keen interest in the bryozoa in his preparatory work upon the Tertiary fossils be-
longing to the United States Geological Survey and the United States National
Museum, and who has found many specimens for our study.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone): Salt Mountain, 5 miles
south of Jackson, Alabama (rare) : Murder Creek, east of Castlebury, Conecuh
County, Alabama (very rare) ; west bank of the Conecuh Eiver, 1 mile below
mouth of the Sepulga River. Escambia County. Alabama (common).
Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : ~| miles southwest of Bladen Springs, Ala-
bama (rare).
Cnt. Nos. 64238-642-40. U.S.N.M.
SCRUPOCELLARIA RESSERI, new species.
Plate SI. figs. 20-23.
Description. — The segments are formed of at least 10 alternating zooecia. The
zooecia are distinct, with or without an elliptical gymnocyst; the opesium elliptical;
mural rim is salient, thick, rounded, and bears two distal spines; the distal avicu-
larium is very large and triangular; the frontal avicularium is smaller, projecting
its pointed end above. On the dorsal the zooecia are distinct and convex; the
vibraculum is straight, salient, and provided with a rectilinear groove. The ovicell
is hyperstomial and situated on the distal zooeciuin.
Measurements. — Opesia
7<o=0.20 mm. „ . |Z.z= 0.34-0.40 mm.
ma
7o=0.10-0.12 mm. 1/3=0.22-0.23 mm.
Hnities. — This species differs from both Scrupocellana cookei and /?. milneri
in the rectilinear groove of its vibraculum which gives it a false resemblance to
Caberea. The specific name is in honor of Mr. Charles E. Resser, of the United
States National Museum, who has been of assistance to us in the preparation of
the illustrations for this work.
Ocoii'i'/iiri. — Vicksburgian (Gleudon member of Marianna limestone): West
bank of the Conecuh River. 1 mile below the mouth of the Sepulga River, Escambia
County. Alabama (common).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 6424i>. I'.S.X.M.
188 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
SCRUPOCELLARIA WILLIARDI. new species.
Plate 81. figs. 24-27.
Description. — The segments in this species are thick and bear at least 10
zooecia arranged alternately. The zooecia are not distinctly separated from each
other, are pyriform and provided with a small proximal cryptocyst; their mural
rim is rounded and •with neither spines nor scutum: the distal avicularium is very
small and inconstant. On the dorsal the zooecia are indistinct; here the vibraculum
is quite large and bears a broad groove adjacent to which is a radicular pore, pro-
jecting but little.
. [^0=0.26 mm. . (7,3=0.40 mm.
Measurements. — Opesia , Zooecia ,
1/0=0.12 mm. 173=0.28 mm.
Affinities. — In its pyriform opesium this species is quite similar to the living
S. rctifor-mis Smitt, 1872, but it differs totally on account of its very large vibracu-
lum, which above all is quite characteristic.
The specific name is in honor of our friend. Mr. Thomas E. Williard, of the
United States Geological Survey, to whom we are indebted for many courtesies.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain. 5 miles
south of Jackson, Alabama (common).
Vicksburgian (Byram marl) : Near Woodward, Wayne County, Mississippi
(rare).
C-At. No. 6424:5, U.S.N.M.
SCRUPOCELLARIA TRIANGULATA, new species.
I'hite 81. fi.ss. 17-19.
Description. — The segments are narrow, triimi/tilor in cross section, and bear
12 to 14 zooecia arranged alternately. The zooecia are distinctly elliptical and are
provided with a small proximal cryptocyst : the opesium is pyriform and narrowest
anteriorly; the mural rim is rounded and bears trace of a scutum; the distal avicu-
larium is simple and very small, while the frontal avicularium is quite rare. On
the dorsal the zooecia are distinct and a little convex: the vibraculum is large.
slightly oblique, acuminate, and provided with a long, very oblique groove; the
radicular pore is prominent.
. [/i«=0.20 mm. . [7,3=0.36 mm.
•aeasun nn nts. — Opesia , Zooecia ,
1/0 = 0.10 mm. |/*=0.28 mm.
Affinities. — This species is closely related tu Scrupocellaria reficulata Smitt.
1872. occurring in the waters off Florida. X. ti-iinnjuJata is distinguished, however.
by its smaller dimensions, by the absence of the frontal avicularium and by its non-
crenulated opesium.
Occurrence. — Yicksburgian (Glendon member of Marianna limestone) : West
bank of Couecuh River, 1 mile below mouth of Sepulga River. Escambia County,
Alabama (rare).
u i><<.— Cat. No. 64241, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMKR1CAN KAKLY TERTIARY BRTOZOA. 189
SCRUPOCELLARIA RATHBUNI, new species.
l'l:iti- M. lii-'s. 30-32.
Description. — The segments are i. arrow and bear 10 alternating zooecia; their
transverse section is triangular. The xooecia are distinct, oblique, slightly pyrit'orm,
and are without a cryptocyst: the opesiuni is pyriform and narrowest proximally ;
the mural rim is thin, rounded, and bears a short, hollow, projecting spine, -which
represents the scutum: thi> distal avictilarium is simple and very small, but the
frontal avicularium is very large and projecting, slightly oblique, with the point
above and without pivot, but with two lateral denticles. On the dorsal, the
zooecia are visible and convex: the avicularium is very oblique and terminates in
a long spatulate groove: adjacent to it is a small projecting radicular pore.
. [7(.o=0.28 mm.
Measurements. — Opesia , . ,
[Zo=0.10 mm.
. (£.3=0.44-0.48 mm.
/ooecia , . . . . ,
lfe=0/24 mm. ( .Not counting projection or avicularium.)
A-fiiHi+ii'x. — This species is excellently characterized by the large size and pro-
jection of its frontal avicularia, which give to the zoarium a very bristling aspect.
Otherwise the species is very close to the living S. rct/formi* Smitt. 1872. It is
remarkable to observe the occurrence of species of this type throughout the ages in
the same waters of Florida.
The specific name of this very characteristic species is in honor of Dr. Richard
Rathbun, late assistant secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, in charge of the
United States National Museum, in appreciation of his work upon marine inverte-
brates.
Occurrence. — Yicksburgian (Glendon member of Marianna limestone): West
bank of Conecuh River. 1 mile below the month of Sepulga River. Escambia
County. Alabama (rare).
H<>lotype.—Q?A. No. 6424.-), U.S.N.M.
SCRUPOCELLARIA VAUGHANI. new species.
Plate SI. figs. 28, 29.
Description. — The segments are compressed and bear 10 alternating zooecia.
The zooecia are distinct, oblique, elliptical, without cryptocyst, but with a small
gymnocyst. The opesium is elliptical ; the mural rim, thin and rounded, has a
short, hollow, spine which is the trace of the articulation of the scutum. The
frontal avicularium is small, little salient, triangular; the distal avicularium is
large, triangular, without pivot and with a very sharp beak. On the dorsal side
the zooecia are indistinct: the vihraculiim is very large and triangular, whereas the
radicular pore is very small.
•,, . [7(0=0.25 mm. . f£.2 = 0.4.'> mm
Mi asurem* ntn. — Opesia Zooecia \,
Zo=0.12 mm. 7= =0/22 mm.
190 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL, MUSEUM.
Affinities. — This species is perfectly characterized by its distal aviciilarium,
which is large and very salient. It differs from s,-m />,,,-, II aria, elliptic^ Reuss, 1869.
in which the dorsal side is very similar, exactly in the quite different form of the
distal avicularium.
We dedicate this splendid and remarkable species to Dr. T. "Way land Vaughan,
under whose auspices the present work has been undertaken.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Eed Bluff clay i : "i miles southwest of Blaclen
Springs, Alabama (very rare).
Holotypt.— Cat, No. 64244, U.S.X.M.
SCRUPOCELLARIA DUBIA, new species.
Plate 32, fifts. 10-14.
Dexi-ription. — The little fragments which we figure are hardly sufficient for the
characterization of a species. The characters of the dorsal are quite distinct, but on
the frontal side all of the zooecia observed appear to have undergone total regenera-
tion. One of the segments seems to indicate the occurrence of chitinous joints, a
condition which is not habitual in Scrupin-illar'ifi. The species necessitates further
examination based upon numerous and better preserved specimens.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Near Lenuds Ferry, Georgetown County,
South Carolina (rare).
Coti/pes.—C-&t: Xo. 63953, U.S.X.M.
SCRUPOCELLARIA CLAUSA, new species.
Plate 82, figs. 1-5.
Description. — The zoarium is formed of segments with 12 zooecia arranged
alternately. The zooecia are distinct, elliptical, provided with a gymnocyst; the
mural rim is very thin, salient. The opesium is elliptical. The distal avicularium
is large, transverse, much projecting, without pivot or denticle. Xo frontal avicu-
larium. The opesium is covered by a membrane with lateral ribs; apertura semilu-
nate, with the proximal border concave. On the dorsal side the zooecia are distinct
and convex; the vibraculum is straight and acuminate, and without groove; adjacent
to it is a small radicular pore.
-., . |Ao=0.20-0.20 mm . (Zs= 0.36-0.40 mm.
Measurements. — Opesia , ... Zooecia,
1/0=0.10 mm. [13=0.20 mm.
[Aa=0.06 mm.
APerture|7a=0.08-0.00 mm.
Affinities. — This species belongs to the group of <S'. marsupiata Jullien. 18S2,1
a recent species dredged in the great depths of the Atlantic off the northwest coast
of Spain and between the Azores and the Bermudas. The French author states that
1Dragages clu Trueattlem; BryozoMres ; espfeces <lr::guees dans 1'ocean atlantique en 1881, Bulletin
Soci£t£ Zoologique de France, vol. 7, pi. 13, figs. 17-20.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 191
the membrane which closes the opesium is a flabelliform spine jutting forward.
Therefore, it replaces the scutum, and its origin is the same. As the Menipea clausa
Busk, 1884, is a synonym of ScnipoceUaria marsupiata, this specific term is free for
use for the present species. The false costules observed are only remains of the
ramifications of the primitive spine. Our fossil species differs from the recent form
in its smaller gymnocyst. it> very salient distal avicularium. and its smaller micro-
metric dimensions.
Scrupocellaria matwipiata Jullien has been found at depths of 2.018 and 2,713
meters, but these figures do not indicate the real habitat. These articulated species
live more often attached to algae at the surface of the sea. and are deposited in the
great depths after their death. We can not. therefore, consider these figures in re-
storing the bathymetric lines of the Eocene Gulf.
Occitn'cnce. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain. 5 miles
south of Jackson, Alabama (rare) : west bank of Conecuh Eiver. 1 mile below mouth
of Sepulga Eiver, Escambia County, Alabama (rare) : Murder Creek, east of Cas-
tlebury. Conecuh County, Alabama (rare).
Vicksburgian (Bryani marl) : West of Woodward. Wayne County, Mississippi
(very rare).
Cotypes.—CsA: Nos. 6424T, 64248, U.S.N.M.
Genus CABEREA Lamouroux, 1816.
1816. Cubcrea LAMOROUX. Historie ties Polypiors Coralligeues flexible*.
Zoarium not articulated. Zooecia in two or more series, subquadrangular or
ovate, with a very large aperture. Sessile, frontal avicularia on the side and front
of zooecia; lateral avicularia minute. Vibracular cells very large, placed in two
rows stretching obliquely downward across the back of the zooecia, which they
almost cover, to the median line, notched above and traversed .through a great por-
tion of their length by a shallow groove. Vibracula usually toothed on one side.
(Kobertson.)
Genotype. — Caberea l>oryi Audouin, 1826.
Range. — Vicksburgian-Eecent.
CABEREA liollt I Audouin, 1826.
Plate 81, figs. 33, 34.
1826. Crisia boryi (Savigny) AUDOUIN, Explication sornruaire ties planches de Polypes de
1'Egypte et de la Syrie, in Savigny 's Description de 1'Egypte,. Histore Naturelle,
vol. 3, p. 73, pi. 12. fig. 4.
1880. Caberea boryi Hincks. British Marine Polyzoa. p. 61. pi. S. figs, fi-11.
1SS9. Caberea boryi JELLY. A Synonymic Catalogue of Marine Bryozoa. p. 31. London
(see for earlier references).
1802. Caberea, boryi WATERS. Observations on the gland-like bodies in tin- bryozou. Journal
Linnean Society. London. Zoology, vol. 24, p. 272.
1896. Caberea boryi WATERS. Notes on the Bryozoa from Rnpalli. ami other Mediterranean
localities, chiefly Cellnlariidae. Journal Linnean Society, London. Zoology, vol 26, p. 9.
1954
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
md 1
FIG. 50. — Genus Caberea Lamouroux, 1816.
-NOKTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 193
FIG. 50. — Genus Caberea Lamouroux, 181G.
A-C. Caberea cllixi Flt-ming, 1S2S. A. Zoariuni, natural size. B, C. Anterior and po.stciuir
sides of a zoariuru, X 50. (A-C, After Robertson, 1007. 1
//•. av., frontal avicularium. r, serrated vibraculum.
Sir, the groove. v. ch,, vibracula'r chamber visible from the front.
lot. av., the minute lateral avicularia. v. oh., vibracular chambers extending obliquely
'•, the rootlets arising from each vibracular across the back of each zooecium.
chamber and proceeding downward through
the middle of the branch.
D-H. Caberea aanvini Busk, 18S4. D. Lateral surface, X 25. E. Anterior surface, X 50.
P. Operculum, X 85. G. Avicularian mandible, X 250. H. Ova, out of the ovicell, X 85. (D-H,
After Waters.)
I-K. Caberea boryi Audouin, 1S26. I. Longitudinal section of an avicularium, greatly en-
larged.
ce, external layer of the ciliated organ. md, mandible (=endocyst).
ci, internal layer of the same organ. muab, abductor muscle of the mandible.
ciinl. mandibular cavity. inuad, adductor or retractor muscle of the man-
rct, ectocyst. dible.
epa, avicularian epiderm. pa, aborted polypide=ciliated organ.
c/i/, facial epiderm.
J. Longitudinal section of a vibraculum, greatly enlarged.
cmd, cavity of the vibraculum (=eudocyst). muad, adductor mandibular muscle.
ect, ectocyst. pa, aborted polypide=ciliated organ =peculiar
t'pv., vibracular epidermis. body with ci, its internal layer and ce, its ex-
md, vibraculoid mandible. terual layer.
muab, abductor mandibular muscle.
K. Median sagittal section of an embryo at one of the last stages of its development. It
presents almost the exact structure of the larva. (I-K. After Calvet, 1900.)
c, mantle. fom, neuro muscular bundles.
citl, calotte (terminal bud). one, central nervous organ.
co, corona. pfse, subectoderm nerve plexus.
'/. vaginal diaphragm. pplv, papilla of the vibratile plume.
ccto, oral ectoderm. tyi, inferior glandular system.
(/>»(, mesodermic thickening. *'.7.s, superior glandular system.
fr, ciliated cleft. si, internal sac.
L. CaTierca ellisii Fleming, 1S28. (After Waters.) Vibracular chamber seen from the
inside, a. b. vibracular chamber; B. r, continuation of the groove beyond the chamber.
55809—19— Bull. 106 13
194 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
1909. Caberea boriii NORMAN. The Polyzoa of Madeira and neighboring islands, Journal
Linnean Society, London, Zoology, vol. 30, p. 235.
1912. Caberea boryi CANU, fitude coniparee des Bryozoaires Helvetieus de 1'Egypte avec
les Bryozoaires vivants de la Mediterranee et de la Mer Rouge, Memoires Institut
Egyptien, vol. 6, p. 19S, pi. 10, fig. 17 (gives paleontological references).
Affinities. — Our unique specimen appears to us correctly determined within
the limits compatible with the extreme fragility of this small fossil. As in the
fossil representative from Egypt, the opesium measures 0.20 mm. by 0.12 mm.
Traces of the scutum are visible on almost all of the zooecia, which prevents this
specimen from being identified with Caberea ellisi Audouin. We have not noticed
the occurrence of distal spines. Therefore this is not Caberea darwini Busk. How-
ever, the small frontal avicularhim placed near the zoarial axis appears more trian-
gular.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Glendon member of Marianna limestone) : West
bank of the Conecuh Eiver, 1 mile below mouth of Sepulga River, Escambia
County, Alabama (very rare).
Habitat. — Atlantic: Madeira Islands. English Channel, and British waters
generally. Pacific: New Zealand and Australia. Mediterranean and Adriatic.
Although floating and parasitic on marine algae this species has been found
in the Mediterranean at depths from 70 to 100 meters, but we are ignorant as to
whether the specimens were living. The species has never been observed off either
the Atlantic or Pacific coast of America, where it is replaced by Caberea ellisi
Audouin, 1826. (Robertson, Osburn). Its presence in Madeira renders its dis-
covery in Florida very probable.
Geological distribution. — Miocene of Australia (Waters) ; Helvetian of Egypt
(Caiiu) ; Zanclean of Italy (Segnenza) ; Sicilian of Italy (Seguenza and Stefani) ;
Quaternary of Italy (Seguenza, Neviani, Waters).
Plesiotype.—Cnt. No. 64246, U.S.N.M.
Family FARCIMINARIIDAE Busk, 1852.
The zooecia are furnished with an obliquely ascending distal wall and sepa-
rated by common lateral walls, which are furnished with a small number (2-4) of
uniporous septulae; no true spines. The avicularia dependent, sometimes depressed,
sometimes strongly projecting. The oviceHs are endozooecial. The zoaria are
dichotomously branched tufts, with slender, prismatic, sometimes jointed segments,
on which the zooecia are arranged in longitudinal rows (generally 4-6) around an
axis formed by the adjoining separating walls. (After Levinsen, 1909.)
There have as yet been no anatomical researches on the representatives of the
family.
The known genera are as follows, the last one alone being represented in our
American collections :
Columnaria Levinsen, 1909".
Farciminama Busk, 1852.
Ndlia Busk, 1852.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
195
We have added Heterocetta Canu, 1007, to this family because it is not yet ad-
visable to create a distinct family for it.
Genus NELLIA Busk, 1852.
1852. ~S cilia BUSK, Catalogue Marine Polyzoa, British Museum, Cheilostomata, pt. 1, p. IS.
The zoaria are jointed. The zooecia are without spinous processes ; the distal
wall has at its inner corner a single septula: the ovicells are in almost their whole
D »»
FIG. 51.— Geuus Nellia Busk, 1852.
A-H. Nel/in ociihita Busk, 1852. A, B. Segment, X 20 and a zooecium X 40. (After Smitt,
1872.) C. Fragment, X 40. The two proximal zooecia to the left without ovicell. An aviculariau
chamber is seen through one of the Literal walls of the middlemost zooecium. D. A zooecium with
ovicell, X 75. An imcalcified transverse belt is present. E. A longitudinal section through an
ovicell, X 40. F. An avicularium with pit for the insertion of the radical fiber, X 200. (C— F,
After Lev in sen, 1909.) G, H. Stalk growing from stolon, X 25. The growth is from a spreading
stolon from which, at intervals sub-colonies grow, commencing with short calcareous nodes joined
by chitinous tubes, X 25. (After Waters, 1913.) nr, avicularia ; ov, ovicell ; op, operculum ; opi,
opesia; pr, radicular pore; rd, radical fiber.
extent immersed into the proximal part of the ordinary zooecium and project only
very little on the surface of this. The avicularia are attached by a wide base or
partially immersed with calcareous transverse pivot, (After Levinsen, 1909.)
12 tentacles.
Genotype.— Nellia oculata Busk. 1852.
Range. — Jacksonian-Recent.
The genus Nellia of Busk is not the genus Farcimia of Pourtales. The type
of the latter, Farcimia cereus Smitt. 1872, requires further examination.
196 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
NELLIA OCULATA Busk, 1852.
Plate 82, figs. 6-10.
liiblioyrapiuj of living forms.
18S9. Farcimia- ttnclla JELLY, A Synonymic Catalogue of Marine Bryozoa, p. 94 (cites general
bibliography).
1909. Farcimia oculata WATERS, Reports on the Marine Biology of tbe Sudanese Red Sea,
Journal Linnean Society, London, Zoology, vol. 31, p. 167.
1913. Farcimia oculata WATEBS, Marine Fauna of British East Africa and Zanzibar,
Bryozoa, Cheilostomata, Proceedings Zoological Society London, 1913, p. 489, pi. 67,
figs. 8, 9.
1914. Ncllia oculata OSBURN, The bryozoa of the Tortugas Islands, Florida, Publication
Carnegie Institution of Washington, No. 182, p. 191 (American bibliography).
liilliograpliy of fossil forms.
1883. Membranipora oculata WATERS, Fossil Cheilostoinatous Bryozoa from Muddy Creek,
Victoria, etc.. Quarterly Journal Geological Society, London, vol. 39, p. 434.
1S95. Farcimia oculata MACGILLIVRAT, A Monograph of the Tertiary Polyzoa of Victoria.
Transactions of the Royal Society of Victoria, vol. 4, p. 50, pi. 6, figs. 6, 7.
1907. Farcimia tenella CANU, Bryozoaires des terrains tertiaires des environs de Paris, An-
nales de Paleontologie, vol. 2, p. 20, pi. 11, figs. 36, 37.
1912. Farcimia oculata CANU, Etude coniparee des Bryozoaires Helvetien de 1'Egypte avec
les Bryozoaires vivants de la Mediterrauee et de la Mer Rouge, Memoires Institut
Egyptien, vol. 1, p. 191, pi. 10, figs. 16, 19.
The American fossil specimens have not the delicacy of the recent species, the
segments being generally a little larger. The same is true of the examples found
in the Lutetian of France. The measurements are quite variable on the same
segment. We consider the upper zooecia of a segment as the more normal ; the
measurements for these arenas follows:
. \ho=O.BO mm. . (Zz=0.40-0.50 mm.
Measurements.- Oesia Zooecia|fo=a20
Below the opesium there is sometimes a small isolated radicular pore. The
lower zooecium is often incomplete and bears only a radicular pore. The ovicells
are very difficult to distinguish.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain, 5 miles
south of Jackson, Alabama (abundant) ; Vicksburg, Mississippi (rare in the lower
beds).
Vicksburgian (Byram marl) : West of Woodward, Wayne County, Mississippi
(rare) ; Byram, Mississippi (rare).
Geological distribution. — Lutetian of the Paris Basin (Canu) ; Helvetian of
Egypt (Canu) ; Miocene of Australia (MacGillivray).
Habitat. — Pacific: Australia, Crozet Island and the Philippines. Indian
Ocean : Off Ceylon, Mergui Archipelago, Zanzibar, and in the Red Sea. Atlantic :
Off Florida, St. Thomas, and the Tortugas.
Specimens have been dredged from a depth of 17 to 450 meters. Off the
Tortugas Islands Osburn mentions that it is abundant on sponges from 20 to 28
meters. The Tertiary Gulf was certainly deeper than to-day and for this reason
fossil examples are rare.
Plesiotypes.—Cat. Nos. 64249, 61250, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERT1AR1' BRYOZOA. 197
NELLIA BIFACIATA, new species.
Plate 32, figs. 15-19.
Description. — The segments are formed of four linear series, with five zooecia
in each. The zooecia are distinct, constricted below, and provided with a much-
developed gymnocyst bearing two small avicularia. The mural rim is thin, salient,
and without cryptocyst. The opesium is somewhat oval, narrowest below; the
two frontal avicularia are symmetrical, simple, and without pivot.
-., . Ao=0.26 mm. „ . (£2=0.50 mm.
Measurements. — Opcsta , Zooecia, n -,«,-, on
/o=O.OS-0.10 mm. 1*3=0.16-0.20 mm.
Affinities. — The four faces of the zoarium are not identical. There are two
rows of broad zooecia and two narrower ones. This character primarily, in addi-
tion to the great development of the gymnocyst, clearly distinguishes this species
from Nellia oculata Busk, 1852. The micrometric measurements are also smaller.
The specimens from the Jacksonian are a little smaller than those of the
Vicksburgian, but all the, other characters are absolutely similar.
The first, of the lower zooecia of the segment is often radicular ; the second is
frequently regenerated. In figs. 15. 16 may be seen an ordinary zooecium trans-
formed into a radicular zooecium ; probably it contained no polypide. We have not
had the opportunity to discover the ovicells.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (very
rare) .
Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington, North Carolina
(rare).
Vicksburgian (Glendon member of Marianna limestone) : West bank of Cone-
cuh River, 1 mile below mouth of Sepulga River, Conecuh County, Alabama (rare).
Vicksburgian (Byram marl) : Byram, Mississippi (rare).
Gotypes.—G&i. Nos. 63954, 63955, TJ.S.N.M.
NELLIA CONCATENATA Canu, 1907.
Plate 32, figs. 20, 21.
1907. Farc-imia coiicatenatti CANU, P>ryozonires cles terrains tertiaires des environs de Paris,
Annales de Paleontologie, vol. 2, p. 19, pi. 11, figs. 1-4.
Of this species we have found only the two figured fragments which have been
compared directly with specimens from the vicinity of Paris, with the result that
their identity can not be doubted.
The large dimensions of Nellia concafcnatu clearly distinguishes it from the
two preceding, Nellia ovulata Busk and A7, bifaciata.
Occurrence. — Middle. Jacksonian: One-half mile southeast of the Georgia
Kaolin Company's mine, Twiggs Count}7, Georgia (very rare).
Plesiotypes.—Cnt. No. 63956, U.S.N.M.
NELLIA MIDWAYANICA. new species.
Plato 4, figs. 10-15.
Description. — The zoarium is articulated and radicellate. Each segment is
quadrangular and formed of straight zooecia arranged in four series equal, two by
198 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
twq. The zooecia are rectangular; the opesium is anterior, elliptical, and is sur-
rounded by a thin mural rim projecting but little; the gymnocyst (?) is ;Kvell
developed and bears two symmetrical tuberosities, which represent small avicularia
opening laterally in the same plane as the adjacent rows; the two distal avicu-
laria visible in the neighborhood of the opercular valve also match those of adja-
cent rows. Ovicell endozooecial.
. |Ao=0.26-0.36 mm. T • \Ls=0.44 mm.
Measurements.— -Laxg* opesiaj^^^^ mm Large zooeciajfe=a40
Affinities. — This is a very curious species, which is difficult to classify. We
have placed it in Nellia because of its great resemblance to Nellia appendicidata
Hincks, 1883, a living species from Australia, and to Farcimia articulata Ma<^-
Gillivray, 1895.
It is also close to Quadricellaria ventricosa Canu, 1913, of the Girondin Lute-
tian of France: only the absence of a little distal crescent distinguishes it fvom
this European species.
When we know the chitinous appendages of these two species perhaps it will
become necessary to place them in a new genus with N. appendiculata.
There are two rows of broad zooecia opposite each other, and two rows of
similarly placed narrow zooecia. At the base of certain opesia, exteriorly or in-
teriorly, there is sometimes a radicular pore; such zooecia. therefore, bear at the
same time a polypide and a radicular fiber.
As we have found this species in the three Midway localities studied, it seems to
be a characteristic form and is thus deserving of the name applied to it.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Mabelvale, near Little Rock,
Arkansas (very rare) ; 1 mile west of Fort Gaines, Georgia (very rare) ; Luverne,
Crenshaw County, Alabama (common).
Cotypes.—Ca,t. Nos. 63800, 63801, U.S.N.M.
Genus HETEROCELLA Canu, 1907.
1907. Heterocella CANTJ, Bryozoaires des terniins tertiares des environs de Paris, Anuales
de Paleontologie, vol. 2, p. 14.
The zoarium is articulated with each segment formed of four rows of zooecia.
The opesia are always oblique; they are small on the converging zooecia and large
on the diverging ones. On the olocyst at the bottom of the zooecia there are im-
pressions of various forms.
Genotype. — Vincularia fragilis Defrance, 1820.
In Europe this genus has been observed only in the French Lutetian. Its struc-
ture is still problematical, for no existing species is comparable to these fossil forms.
Some of the zooecia described by Canu as regenerated are perhaps radicular.
HETEROCELLA VICKSBURGICA, new species.
Plate 82, figs. 11-14.
Description. — The segments are quadrangular, straight, or slightly curved.
The zooecia are distinct and rectangular; the mural rim is rounded, Drojecting dis-
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
199
tally, and enlarged proximally; the opesium is oval shaped and a little oblique.
The length of the zooecium is 0.60 to 0.70 nun.
Affinities. — This species may be distinguished from IleteroceHa fragilis De-
france, 1820, by its greater micrometric dimensions, its straighter zooecia, and its
smaller septulae.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain, 5 miles
south of Jackson, Alabama (common).
Cotyj>fs.—Ci\t. No. 64251, U.S.N.M.
FIG 52. — Fam'.y Eucrutiidae Hincks, 1SSO.
A-G. Evcratca chclata Linnaeus, 1758. A. Free larva viewed in profile ; the terminal bud
is much reduced, the aboral face well developed, and the oral face completely flat, X 75.
B. Aboral face of larva showing the very simple terminal bud and the stomach visible even from
the side, X 75. C. Larva, oral face, showing the trilobate form of the stomach, X 75.
(A-C after Barrois, 1877.) c, corona; CD, digestive cavity; est, stomach; i, aboral face; ph,
pharynx; pi, ciliary plume; o, mouth of the gastrula ; s, oral face; «6, furrow separating the
aboral mass and funnel-shaped side ; si. furrow separating the terminal bud and the lower por-
tion of the aboral face; vt, terminal bud. D. Zoarium, natural size. B. Portion of a zoariuui,
X 50, showing the structure of the zooecia and method of branching (c. lir) just below the
opesia («/;) and the creeping branches (cr. br.) given off from the sides of the zooecia; (op)
operculum. (After Robertson, 1005.) F. Sketch, X 50. showing ovicell (oe) on a small aborted
zooecium. (After Hincks, 18SO.) G. Anatomical structure of a zooecium. (After Milne-Ed-
wards, 1838.) a, zooecium; 6, opesium; c. opercular valve; d, tentacular shea Hi ; e, ri Hated ten-
tacles; /. stomach; g, stomachic coecum ; Ji. anus; i, retractor muscles of the polypide.
Family EUCRATIIDAE Hincks, 1880.
Zoarium forming slender, branching, phytoid tufts. Zooecia uniserial or in
two series placed back to back ; expanding from the base upwards, with a terminal
or subterminal and usually oblique opesium. Neither avicularian nor vibracular
appendages known. Ovicell globose, hyperstomial. (Robertson.)
•200
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The genera of this family are:
Eucratea Lamouroux: 1812.
Gemellaria Savigny, 1811.
Scruparia Hincks, 1880.
Huxleya Dyster, 1858.
Brettia Dyster, 1858.
Genus GEMELLARIA Savigny, 1811.
1811 GcmeUana SAVIGNY, Iconographie des Zoophytes de 1'Egypte.
Zoarium erect, branching dichotomously, each branch given off from the sides
of the zooecia close to their upper extremity. Zooecia joined back to back and
each pair arising from
the anterior extremity
of the preceding pair.
Opesia large sloping
slightly upward. Ovi-
cell ? (Robertson.)
GEMELLARIA PRIMA Reuss.
1865.
Plate 32, figs. 22-24.
1865. Gemellaria primn
REUSS, Fornffli-
uiferen, Antho-
zoen und Bryo-
zoeu des deut-
schen septarien-
thones, Denk-
schriften der k.
A k a d e in i e d
Wissenschaften,
vol. 25. p. 54,
pi. 7, figs. 6, 7.
FIG. 53. — Genus Gemellaria Savigny, 1811.
A-C. Gemellaria loricata Linnaeus, 1778. A. Sketch of growth
habit, natural size. B. Portion of a branch, X 30, to show arrange-
ment of zooecia and method of branching; ap, aperture; op, oper-
culum. (A, B after Robertson, 1907.) C. Anatomical structure of
a zooecium. (After Van Beneden, 1845.) a, tentacles; b, pharynx;
c, oesophagus; d, stomach; c, intestine; /, particles contained in the
stomach.
Affinities. — The fi r s t
species of this genus
found fossil is Gemel-
laria (Dittosaria) wethe-
relli Busk, 18G6, of the English Londinian; it was figured anew in 1892 by
Gregory under the name of Notamia loethcrelli. The figures of Busk and of
Gregory do not at all coincide. However our American species differs from it in
the absence of areolae.
It differs also in the same character from Gemellaria punctata Seguenza, 1879,
from the Helvetian of Italy.
The eight fragments which we have found do not permit a detailed study. It
seems to us however — (1) that the genus Dittosaria Busk, 1866, ought to be main-
tained for the three known fossil species; (2) that their place in the Anasca is doubt-
ful; (3) that this family, of which the larva is so near the Escharines, may.be
ranged in Ascophora in the vicinity of Catenariidae.
NORTH AMEFJC'AX EARLY TKRTIARY BRYOZOA. 201
Occurrence. — Jacksonian (Zeuglodon zone) : Cocoa post office, Choctaw County,
Alabama (rare).
Geological distribution. — Rupclian ( = Stampian) of Germany.
PI, siotypt s.— Cat. Xo. 63957, U.S.N.M.
Division II. COILOSTEGA Levinsen, 1909.
The parietal muscles are attached to the ectocyst and traverse the chitinons or
partially calcified cryptocyst by means of the opesiules. The hydrostatic system is
zoarial but each zooecium in addition is provided with a hypostege with the cryp-
tocyst calcified.
The families of this division are as follows, all except the last three being
represented in the present work :
Opesiulidae Jullien, 1888.
Subfamily Microporidae Hincks, 1880.
Onychocellidae Jullien, 1881.
Lunulariidae Levinsen, 1909. Kfr^--opie
Aspidostomidae Canu, 1908.
Steganoporellidae Levinsen, 1909. FIG. 54.— Structure of the Coilo-
Thalamoporellidae Levinsen, 1909. stega.
Setosellidae Levinsen, 1909. Diagrammatic transversal section
Chlidoniidae Levinsen, 1909. of a zooecium of the t'oilosteSa.
A1 . ,.. -. T . (After Harmer, 1902.) cri/pt, calci-
Alysidudae Levinsen, 1909. ^ed cryptocyrt; ect, membranous
ectocyst; ople, opesiule containing
Family OPESIULIDAE Jullien, 1888. a depressor muscle (depr), or modi-
fied parietal muscle.
The parietal muscles are attached to the crypto-
cyst ; their place is indicated either by pores or by lateral indentations called
opesiules. The ovicell is endozooecial.
Historical. — In 1886 Jullien discovered that the parietal muscles in many
genera of bryozoa were attached to the cryptocyst ; these he grouped in the division
Opesiulae (Coilostega Levinsen). His incomplete studies led him to conceive but
a single family, the Opesiulidae. Successively other authors have erected the fol-
lowing families :
Steganoporellidae Levinsen, 1909. Setosellidae Levinsen, 1909.
Aspidostomidae Canu, 1908. Microporidae Hincks, 1880.
Thalamoporellidae Levinsen, 1909.
In 1909 Levinsen discovered that in OnycTiocella the parietal muscles are also
attached to the ectocyst, and as the ovicell here is also endozooecial, it became
necessary to group the Onychocellidae with the Microporidae. Previous to this,
Jullien had remarked that his genus Woodipora of the Opesiulidae had some in-
credible resemblances to the Onychocellidae. Finally, having observed the endo-
zooecial ovicell in the Lunulariidae, we are obliged to group in the same family of
the Opesiulidae, the three ancient families of the Microporidae, Onychocellidae, and
202
BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
PIG. 55. — Subfamily Ouychocellidae Jullien, 1SS1.
XOKTII AMr.KU'AX KAIII.V TKKTIAUY BUVOZOA.
203
FIG. 55. — Subfamily Onychocellidae Jullien, 1881.
A. Onychocella luciae Jullien, 1S81. Portion of zoarium, X 47. B. Onychocella morion Jul-
iien. 1SS1. Zooecia and onychocellaria, X 47. (A, B after Jullien.)
C-G. Velumella levinseni Cauu and Bassler, 1917. C. Ovicelled zooecia, X 55. In the cover-
ing membrane of the aperture is seen a simple chitiuized opevculum, and in each of the two
sinuses of the aperture the end of a parietal muscle. D. Longitudinal section through the endo-
zooecial ovicell. E, F. Avicularium and mandible, X 40. G. A zooecial opereulum, above which
is an ooecial opereulum. (C-G after Leviusen, 1909.)
H, I. Rectonychocella sot id a Nordgaard, 1907. Symmetrical mandible on the avicularium,
X 48. (After Nordgaard, 1907.)
• J. Opercular valve of Onychocella luciae Jullien, 1SS1, X 47.
K. Onychocella, angulosa Reuss, 1847. Mandible, X 85. (After Waters, 1885.)
L. Opercular valve of Rectonychocella solida Nordgaard. 1907.
SI. Microstructure of a nooecium of Diplopholeos lineatum, new species, X 100.
N. Vacuolar microstructure of an old zooecium of Rectonychocella seniiluna, nc\v
species, X 25.
<•/*, jicilypidian convexity.
cry, cryptocyst.
ect, ectocyst.
k, lunate chitinous mass.
me, corneous membrane.
mo, opercular muscles.
mr, elevator muscles of the mandible.
onio, passage of the occlusor muscles.
omr, passage of the elevator muscles of the
mandible.
op, opesium.
op, opercular valve.
op, opesiular indentations.
ov, ovicell.
o/ior, opereulum of. the o\-icell,
/)'/. pivot with denticles.
c, rachis.
x<:l, sclerite.
r. vestibulum.
204
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Lunulariidiie. Our generic tables show that it is absolutely impossible to class these
genera with an endozooecial ovicell in different families ; that they constitute a per-
fectly homogeneous assemblage; and that the secondary characters of the avicu-
larium (adaptation) are the only characters for generic differentiation.
L. Hondina
/O\
F. Smittipora
G. Ogiva
H - Ogivalia
FIG. 56. — Genera of the subfamily Onychocellidae Jullien, 1SSS.
A. Onychocella a'ngulosa Reuss, 1S47, X 20. Middle Jacksonian, Wilmington, North Carolina.
B. Rectowj.chocclla semiluna, new species, X 20. Middle Jacksonian, Wilmington, North
Carolina.
C. Velumella levigata, new species, X 20. Upper Jacksonian, West Bank of Sepulga River,
Escambia County, Alabama.
D. Diplopholeos fusiformc. Canu and Bassler, 1917, X 20. Middle Jacksonian, Wilmington,
North Carolina.
E. Floridina antigua Smitt, 1872. Recent.
F. Smittipora abyssicola Smitt, 1872. Recent.
G. Ogiva actaea D'Orbigny, 1852. Cretaceous (Senonian), Fecamp, France.
H. Ogiralia cypraea D'Orbigny, 1852. Cretaceous of France.
Subfamily ONYCHOCELLIDAE Jullien, 1881.
Bibliography (anatomical) — 1881, JULLIEN, note snr une nouvelle division des Bryoboaires
Cheilostomiens, Bulletin Societe Zoologique de France, vol. 5, p. 7. — 1890, CANU, Revision des
Bryozoaires du Cretace figures par D'Orbigny, Bulletin Societe Geologique France, ser. 3, vol.
28, p. 383. — 1909. LEVINSEN, Morphological and systematic studies on the Cheilostomatous
Bryozoa, p. 153, pi. 22, fig. 3 ; pi. 24, fig, 10.
The ovicell. is endozooecial. The parietal muscles are attached to the ectocyst.
The cryptocyst is calcified. The avicularia are interzooecial and transformed into
onychocellaria.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 205
The cryptocyst is partially calcified. It bears laterally two opcsiular indenta-
tions serving for the passage of the parietal muscles. Between them a semitubular
projection forms the polypidian convexity protecting the tentacular sheath of the
polypide. This convexity is an incomplete polypide tube which is found more
perfected in the Thalamoporellidae and Steganoporellidae.
The onychocellarium which is always interzooecial. is a modified zooecium, and
is also a complete avicularium. The axis of the mandible has one or two mem-
branous expansions. All zooecial modifications cause a corresponding modification
of the onychocellarium. Thus, when the retractor muscles of the polypide arc
attached in the inferior zooecial angles, the polypidian indentations are unsym-
metrical and the onychocellarium also becomes unsymmetrical, having only one mem-'
branous expansion.
The pivot of the onychocellarium is formed by two strong lateral teeth dividing
the opesium into two parts. The inferior part serves for the passage of the elevator
muscles of the mandible; the superior part serves for the passage of the occlusor
muscles of the mandible.
The operculum is an opercular valve surrounded by an arched, chitinous scler-
ite, which may or may not be distinct from the ectocyst.
The mural rim and the cryptocyst are both derived from the olocyst and formed
of elements which group themselves in radiating series around the opesium (fig.
56M). The olocyst ceases in the old zooecia which become vacuolar (fig. 56N).
Genus ONYCHOCELLA Jullien, 1881.
1881. Ont/cJwcella JULLIEN, Note sur uue nouvelle division cles Bryozoaires Cheilostomieiis,
Bulletin Socifte Zoologique France, vol. 6, p. 277.
The retractor muscles of the polypide are attached in one of the inferior angles
of the zooecia. The opesium is irregularly subtrifoliate. The opesiular indenta-
tions serve for the passage of the parietal muscles. The onychocellarium is falci-
form with a single membranous expansion. A chitinous ring surrounds the end of
the peculiar body; fourteen tentacles.
Genotype. — Onychocclla (Membranipora) angulosa Reuss, 1847. Range. —
Bathonian — Recent.
ONYCHOCELLA ANGULOSA Reuss, 1847.
Plate 32, figs. 31, 32.
1847. Cellcpora angulosa REUSS, Die fossilen Polyparien rles Weiner Tertiarbeckens,
Haidinger's Naturwiss. Ablinndlungen, vol. 2, p. 41, pi. 11, fig. 10.
1851. Scmiescliara pariaicnsis D'ORBIONY, Paleontologie Francaise, Terrains Cretaces, p. 366.
1869. Membranipora angulosa REUSS, Studien Tertiarschichten Alpen, Denkschriften k.
Akademie Wissenschaften, vol. 29, pp. 253, 262, 291, pi. 29, figs. 9-11.
1871. Mciiibraniimra angulosa MANZONI, Briozoi Pliocenici Italian!, Sitzuugberichte k.
Akademie Wissenscbaften, vols. 59 and 60, pi. 2, fig. 10.
1874. Membranipora angulosa, REUSS, Bryozoen Oesterreich-Ungarischen Miocans, Derik-
schrift k. Akademie Wisseuscbaften, vol. 33, p. 185, pi. 10, figs. 13, 14.
1875. Membranipora aiif/ulosa MANZONI; I. Briozoi del Pliocene antico di Castrocaro, p. S,
pi. 1, fig. 11.
206 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
1891. Onuchocella angulosa WATERS, North Italian Bryozoa, Quarterly Journal of the
Geological Society, vol. 47, p. 9. (not synonymy).
1895. Onychocella angulosa NEVIANI, Bryozoi fossili Farnesina, Paleontographica Italica,
vol. 1, p. 97, pi. 5, fig. 7.
1904. Onychocella angulosa CANU, Bryozoaires Tertiaires Tunisie, Explorations Scientiflques
de la Tunisie, p. IS, pi. 34, fig. 2.
1907. Onychocella angulosa CANU, Bryozoaires des Terrains tertiaires des environs de Paris,
Annales de Paleontologie, vol. 2, p. 21, pi. 3, fig. 11.
1905. Onychocella angulosa CANU, P.ryozoaires fossiles des Terrains du Sud-Ouest de la
France, Bulletin Societe geologique de France, ser. 4, vol. 6, p. 513, pi. 12, fig. 13.
1909. Onychocella angulosa NORMAN, The Polyzoa of Madeira, Journal Linnean Society
Zoology, vol. 30, p. 293, pi. 37, fig. 1.
1912. Onychocella angulosa CANU, Bryozoaires helvetiens de 1'Egypte, Memoires de 1'Insti-
tut egyptien, vol. G, p. 201, pi. 10, fig. 10.
(A0=0.16-0.20mm.
,, „ . fA0=0.16-0.20mm.
Measurements. — Opesia < , . , ,, , „ „,, ,
[lo= 0.18-0.20 mm. (Max. 0.26.)
. f Lz= 0.40-0.60 mm.
Zooecia . n *n n r,n
lfe=0.40-0.60mm.
Opesium of the |A<m=0.20mm. r> . i 11 • fZ0«=0.60min.
onychocellarium J lon=0.10 mm. n { lon= 0.28-0. 30 mm.
Affinities and variations. — The zooecia are hexagonal, but of an irregularity
which defies all constant micrometric measurements. The polypedian convexity
is hardly apparent and the opesiular indentations are not symmetrical. The opesium
is sometimes transverse, but more often somewhat elongated.
The opesium of the onychocellarium often has a small proximal sinus, larger
in the interior than on the exterior as in the recent specimens.
The presence of this species off the Madeira Islands and in the Priabonian of
Europe rendered it probable that it would be found in America. However, it is
rare in the latter country.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (rare); near
Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare).
Geological distribution. — In France, this species makes its appearance in the
Lutetian of the Paris Basin and the Pyreneean Basin (Canu). It exists abundantly
in all the younger stages which border the Mediterranean in France, Italy, Algeria,
Tunis, and Egypt.
Habitat. — Mediterranean (to a depth of 80 meters). Atlantic : Madeira Islands
(50-70 fathoms). Pacific: Off China. The species seems to be an inhabitant of
the warm seas.
PJcswtypes.—Q-At. No. 63964, U.S.N.M.
ONYCHOCELLA GEORGIANA, new species.
Plate 17, figs. 15, 16.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts rocks. The zooecia are hexagonal, elon-
gated, distinct, but confluent among themselves. The cryptocyst is finely granular,
concave, smaller than the opesium; the opesium is elliptical or oval with a convex
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 207
Measurements. — Opesiumof thon=QAS mm.,, , ,, . \Lon=OA
. < , Onychocellarium 7
Onvchocellana ?<m=0.10mm. J (lon=0.2t
proximal border. The onychocellarium is as large as the zooecia, falciform, acumi-
nate, with an elliptical opesium.
[Z o?i= 0.40 mm.
i=0.20 mm.
Opesia of fAo = 0.20-0.24 mm. 7 \ 7-3=0.30-0.32 mm.
zooecia Uo=Q.l<M).14 mm. a 1 1& =0.20-0.24 mm.
.Affinities and variations. — This species is much smaller than Onychocella angu-
losa Reuss, 1867. Its polypidian convexity is scarcely apparent and disappears
totally in the marginal zooecia where the opesium is then elliptical.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian: Three and one-half miles southeast of Shell
Bluff post office, Georgia (rare).
Cotypes.—Ca.t. No. 63862. U.S.N.M.
ONYCHOCELLA CELSA, new species.
Plate 32, fig. 25.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts Cellepores. The zooecia are distinct, elon-
gated, ogival, sepai'ated by a furrow or by a salient thread. The cryptocyst is
deep, smooth, a little longer than the opesium ; the opesium is placed high, ogival ;
the opesiular indentations are rather deep and nearly symmetrical. The onycho-
cellarium is as large as a zooecium, lozenge-shaped, somewhat falciform; the
opesium is large, elongated, median, oval, the point below.
Measurements. — Opesia |7(,o=0.15 mm. „ • [.£2=0.40-0.45 mm.
of zooecia \7o=0.12 mm. la i 7-=0.35-0.40 mm.
Opesia fkon=0.2F> mm. „ , „ . [Zo?i=0.45-0.50 mm.
of onychocellaria \lon=O.W mm. a | fo«.=0.20-0.30 mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from OnychoceUa georgiana in its salient
polypidian convexity. It, differs from OnychoceUa, angulosa, Reuss, 1845, in its
smaller micrometric dimensions, its less falciform onychocellaria, and its more
symmetrical and regular opesium. From OnychoceUa laciniosa it may be dis-
tinguished by its elongated and nontrans verse opesium.
The only specimen found has been figured. It is a very beautiful example
of this genus.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (rare).
Holotypc.—C&t. No. 63958, U.S.N.M.
ONYCHOCELLA LACINIOSA, new species.
Plates 32. figs. 20, 27.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are hexagonal, con-
fluent with one another by their mural rim. The cryptocyst is flat, smooth,
depressed, longer than the opesium; the opesium is semilunar. transverse: the
polypidian convexity is slightly projecting; the opesiular indentations are small
nnd unsymmetrical. The onychocellarium is falciform, narrow, as long as the
208 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
zooecium ; its opesium is oval, narrowest below, contracted below the pivot. The
ovicell is little apparent.
ORDINARY ZOOKCIA.
,, . [7(0=0.08 mm. „ . (Zg=0.24-0.30 mm.
Measurements. — Opesia , ..,- Zooecia 7 _ n
[70=0.10 mm. [7s=0.20-0.30 mm.
ORDINARY ONYCHOCELLARIA.
. (A0n=0.10mm. . Z0w=0.26 mm.
Opesia 7 Onychocellaria 7
17on=0.10 mm. wn=0.14 mm.
MARGINAL ZOOECIA.
. A0=0.18-0.20 mm. „ . Lz=OAO mm.
Opesia L Zooecia 7 ,. on . ,
[70=0.16 mm. [7s=0.30-0.40 mm.
MARGINAL ONYCHOCELI.AKI A
. f Aon=0.20 mm.
Opesia I Onychocellaria
I70w.=0.08mm.
Lon=OA6mm.
70n=0.24mm.
Affinities and variations. — In its external aspect this species is only a small
Onychocella angulosa; but one important and very characteristic difference is the
size of the marginal zooecia of the zoarium. We have expressed these micrometric
variations numerically above.
Although small, the lateral indentations are very constant, even in the mar-
ginal zooecia. In this respect the species differs from Onychocella georgiana.
The ovarian zooecia have a somewhat larger opesium.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (rare); near
Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare) ; Rich Hill, 5$ miles southeast of Knoxville,
Georgia (rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Nine miles north of Ocala, Florida
(rare) ; west bank of Sepulga River, Escambia County, Alabama (rare) ; Old
Factory, \\ miles above Bainbridge, Georgia (rare).
Cotypes.—C&i. Nos. 63959, 63960, U.S.N.M.
ONYCHOCELLA DUPLICITER, new species.
Plate 32, figs. 28-30.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts other bryozoa. The zooecia are hexagonal,
elongated, with their mural rims confluent, dimorphous. The cryptocyst is shallow
and as long as the opesium ; the opesium is oval, narrowest at the top ; the polypidian
convexity occurs only on the small zooecia a; the opesiular indentations are very
small and nearly symmetrical. The onychocellarium is narrow, falciform, longer
than the zooecia ; its opesium is small, oval, narrowest below.
Measurements. —
Zooecia (a). Zooecia B. ONYCHOCELLARIA.
(A0=0.08 mm. f/io=0.14mm. fZon=0.14 mm.
I IrtpQi n /
|/o=0.10-0.12 mm. (7,0=0.12 mm. U0«— 0.06mm.
. Lz=QM mm. fZs=0.36-0.40 mm. |Z0n=0.50 mm.
cia 7-s=0.30 mm. 17s=0.28-0.32 mm. 7on=0.30mm.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BKYOZOA.
209
Affinities and variations. — In reality the zooecia are not dimorphous, for their
micrometric dimensions are very similar; but there are actually two kinds of
opesia. One is large, elongated, elliptical, with neither polypiclian convexity, nor
opesiular indentations; the other is small, transverse, with polypidian convexity and
opesiular indentations (zooecia a). These two kinds of zooecia occur without
apparent order, and we are in ignorance regarding the use of the large opesia.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (very rare);
Rich Hill. Crawford County, Georgia (common) ; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina
(common).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Along the west bank of Sepulga River.
Escambia County, Alabama (very rare).
Coti/pes.—Cat. Nos. 63961-63963, U.S.N.M.
..sol
n.
A *24
FIG 57. — Genus Rectonycliocella Canu and Bassler, 1917.
A-E. Reclonyclwcella solida. Nordgaard, 1907. A. Zooecia and onychocellariuru, X 24.
B. Longitudinal section of a zooeciurn, X 36. fir, basal wall; dp, distal dietella ; dv, transversal
wall ; fi-, frontal wall ; Ip, lateral septulae. C. Sketch showing nmndible in place, X 24. k, lunate
ehitinous mass: me, corneous membrane; onto, passage of occlusor muscles; r, rachis. D. Ele-
vator muscles of the mandible, X 70. E. Opercular valve, X 50. (A-E after Norgaard, 1907.)
ect, ectocyst; op, opercular valve; set, sclerite.
Genus RECTONYCHOCELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. I'l'i-tHiiii'-lifji-flla CANU and BASSI.EB, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 25.
The retractor muscles of the polypide are attached in the median axis of the
zooecia. The opesiular indentations are symmetrical. The onychocellaria are
straight, and their opesium presents a posterior part, narrow and denticulated:
the mandible is composed of two membranes. The zooecium is closed by an
opercular valve. The mural rim is not separated from the cryptocyst.
Genotype. — Onychocella solida Nordgaard, 1907.
Range. — Jacksonian— Recent.
55899— 19— Bull. 106 14
210 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
This genus differs from Onychocella only in the place of insertion of the
retractor muscles of the polypide. This simple change causes a general symmetry
of the zooecium and the onychoccllarium.
The opesia are often without a polypidian convexity. They occur on zooecia
provided with many bundles of parietal muscles as in the M ' cmbraniporae.
RECTONYCHOCELLA BILAMELLAEIA, new species.
Plate 33, figs. 1-3.
Description. — The zoarium is free and bilQmettar. The zooecia are. hexagonal,
somewhat elongated, distinct or confluent through their mural rims. The crypto-
cyst is smooth, shallow, as long as the opesium; the opesium is oval, narrowest
above; the polypidian convexity is small and inconstant; the opesiular indentations
are symmetrical, small, and inconstant. The ovicell is endozooecial and is an
indistinct distal convexity. The onychocellarium is straight, fusiform; its opesium
is oval, the point below, with a contracted and very finely crenulated posterior part.
[A0=0.18-0.24min.
Measurements. — Opesium 01 zooecia -L
U0=0.14-0.18mm.
.-..,. „ . fAem=0.20mm.
Upesium o± onvchocellana ,
\lon- 0.10mm.
. fZs=0.48-0.50 mm. „ . $ Lon=OAO-0.50 mm.
Zooecia , Onvchocollana ,
lfe=0.36mm. Uon=0.16-0.20 mm.
Affinities and variations. — The opesium is quite variable. The form with
polypidian convexity is shorter and the rarer, while the oval form with the proximal
border concave is the longer (=0.24 mm) and sometimes occurs solely over an
entire zoarium. We have observed a calcined zooecium perforated by a circular
orifice.
This species differs from Rectonycnocella semiluna in its bilamellar zoarium and
in the opesium of the onychocellarium which is shorter than the zooecial opesium.
It is not dimorphous as in DiplopJioleos fusiforme.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : west bank of Sepulga
River, Escambia County, Alabama (common) ; Old Factory, H miles above Bain-
bridge, Georgia (rare).
Gotypes.—CsLt. No. 63966, U.S.N.M.
RECTONYCHOCELLA SEMILUNA, new species.
Plate 33, figs. 9-13.
Description. — The zoarium is free, imilamellar, creeping over algae. The
zooecia are slightly elongated, hexagonal, distinct, separated by a very small fur-
row. The cryptocyst is convex, smooth, shallow, a little shorter than the opesium;
the opesium is elongated, oval, almost semilunar, entire; the polypidian convexity
and the opesiular indentations are hardly visible. The ovicell is but little apparent.
The onychocellarium is straight, rather large, fusiform; its opesium is oval, the
pointed end below, always longer than the zooecial opesium, with a finely denticu-
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 211
lated poster; the small distal canal rarely fuses with the distal zooecia (on which
consequently the rachis of the mandible is laid). Two or three septulae to the
zooecial wall.
Measurements. — Opesium of zooecia '°~
(/o=0.16 mm.
J, on= 0.34-0.36 mm.
Upesium ot onvchocellanum ,
J 7w?.=0.16 mm.
^ . Ls=OAOmm.
/ooooia
. Lon=0.50mm.
Onvchoeollana
Z<m=0.24-0.30mm.
Variationft. — The important character of this species is the large opesium of
the onychocellaria which is always longer than the zooecial opesium. This greater
size is above all very apparent in tangential sections (fig. 12) or in views of the
interior (fig. 10). At the exterior the breadth of the opesium is reduced in the
progress of calcification (fig. 11). but the length always remains quite evident, On
the same zoarium (fig. 13) one may thus observe both wide and narrow opesia.
In the underside of the zoarium the zooecia are very irregularly convex; the
olocyst is covered exteriorly by a thin calcareous pellicle. Finally, it is not rare
to discover some zoaria incrusting other bryozoa.
Tangential thin sections (fig. 12) show that the olocyst constitutive of the
zooecial walls is vacuolar. Such checks in calcification are not rare in old zoaria
of the Onychocellidae.
Affinities. — This species differs from Rectonyclwcella bilamellaria in its un-
ilamellar zoarium and in its large onychocellarian opesia.
It differs from Diplopholeos fuftiform-e in the absence of the zooecial dimor-
phism, in its unilamellar zoarium, and in its onychocellarium, which does not fuse
with the distal zooecium. To differentiate it from this last species is often very
difficult, and the inexperienced student ought to abstain from any determination
which does not appear exact to him.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Wilmington. North Carolina (common) ;
Baldock, Barnwell County, South Carolina (rare) ; Bich Hill, Crawford County,
Georgia (common) ; 18 miles west of Wrightsville, Johnson County. Georgia
(rare) ; 3i miles north of Grovania, Georgia (rare) ; Twiggs County, Georgia, one.-
half mile southeast of the Georgia Kaolin Co. Mine (very abundant).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Alachua, Florida (common).
Co-types.— Cat. No. 63971, U.S.N.M.
RECTONYCHOCELLA TENUIS, new species.
Plate 33, figs. 4-6.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are elongated, with
their mural rims confluent. The cryptocyst is very slightly developed, much shorter
than the opesium, very thin laterally; the opesium is large, elongated, entire, oval,
or elliptical. The onychocellarium is larger than the zooecium, fusiform; the distal
212 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
canal is very small; the opesium of the onychocellarium is longer than the zooecial
opesium, oval, the point at the top.
Measurement*. — Opesium of f//0=0.35 mm.
zooecium 170=0.25 mm.
\Lz= 0.45-0.55 mm.
Zooecium ,
lZs=0.40-0.45 mm.
Opesium of (frow=0.45mm.
onychocellarium 1 &w=0.17 mm.
\Lon=Q. 75-0.90 mm.
( Jnycnocellarium
l?<w=0.30 mm.
Affinities. — This fine species does not exhibit a polypidian convexity, which
characteristic clearly distinguishes it from Rectonychocella semiluma; moreover, the
prtint of the onychocellarian opesium is more often at the top than at the bottom. In
the vicinity of the ancestrula the onychocellaria are much less in width than the
zooecia (fig. 6).
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (com-
mon).
Jacksonian (Zeuglodon zone) : Cocoa Postoffice. Choctaw County, Alabama
(rare) ; Shubuta, Mississippi (rare) ; Bluff on south side of Suck Creek. Clarke
County, Mississippi (very rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone), west bank Sepulga Eiver: Escambia
County, Alabama (rare) ; Alachua, Florida (rare) ; nine miles north of Ocala,
Florida (rare).
Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : Seven and one-half miles southwest of Bladen
Springs, Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.—Czi. Nos. 63967, 63968, U.S.N.M.
RECTONYCHOCELLA ELLIPTICA, new species.
Plate 33, figs. 7, S.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells (Ostrea) or bryozoa. The zooecia
are elongated, hexagonal, distinct, separated by a small furrow or thread. The
oryptocyst is concave, deep, finely granulose, and as long as the opesium; the
opesium is elliptical, elongated, finely crenulated ; the polypidian convexity is only
visible in the vicinity of the ancestrula. The endozooecial ovicell is a barely visible
convexity. The onychocellarium is straight, lozenge-shaped, enlarged at the base;
its cryptocyst is very small, and its opesium is oval, the point below, with a denticu-
lated posterior; the small distal canal often fuses with the cryptocyst of the distal
zooecium. The ancestrula is small and exhibits a polypidian convexity.
(Ao=0.30mm. . [Zs=0.40-0.50mm.
Measurements— QVWA of zooecia 7 Zooecia, .. „ .
Uo=0.20mm. lfe=0.34-0.36 mm.
. f^«m=0.34-0.36 mm.
Opesia of onvchocellana
Ifo7i=0.16 mm.
. f £071=0.60-0.70 mm.
Onvchocellaria- ,
I Ion =0.24 mm.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
213
Variations. — The specimens from Jackson. Mississippi, have the zooecia very
distinctly marked, because they are separated by a thin and salient thread, which
gives them a particular aspect very difficult to define. In the other localities the
zooecia are united among themselves and quite indistinct, giving these specimens a
very different appearance. Nevertheless, the other characters are identical.
The onychocellarian opesium is a little longer than that of the zooecium,
but the character is not evident at first glance because of its slight width.
The fusion of the distant canal of the onychoccllarium with the cryptocyst of
the distal zooecium is not general
and the extreme point of this organ
is often distinct without ever being
prominent.
Affinities. — The difference be-
tween this species and Rectonycho-
ceUa bilamellaria is almost entirely
zoarial. Still, there are some slight
zooecial differences; the opesium is
elliptical, without an enlarged,
straight or convex proximal border,
and the length of the onychocel-
larian opesium is a little greater than
the opesium of the zooecium.
The species differs from Rec-
tonychocella tennis in its smaller mi- A_D Vdumdla (0nyehocclU) Uvinscni Canu and
Bassler, 1917. A. A group of zooecia, the two upper-
most with ovicell, X 40. B. A zooecium with
ovicell(ou). In the covering membrane of the aper-
ture is seen a simple chitinized operculum, and in
each of the two sinuses of the aperture is the end of
a parietal muscle, X 55. C. A zooecial operculum
above which there is an ooecial operculum, X 75.
D. Avicularian mandible, X 40.
FIG. 58. — Genus Vdumdla Canu and Bassler, 1917.
crometric dimensions (Lz=0.45 mm.
instead of 0.55 mm.) and in its ony-
chocellarian opesium which is smaller
and more tapering below.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian
(Ocala limestone) : Bainbridge, Geor-
gia (rare) ; Chipola River east of
Marianna, Florida (rare) ; West
Bank Sepulga River, Escambia County, Alabama (rare).
Coupes.— Cat. Nos. 63969, 133970, U.S.N.M.
Genus VELUMELLA, Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Vdumdla CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertia-ry Cheilostome
Bryozon, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 26.
The retractor muscles of the polypide are attached in the medion axis of the
zooecium; the opesiular indentations are symmetrical. The onychocellaria are
straight, without distal canal; the rachis of the mandible bears two broad mem-
branes; the opesium of the onychocellarium is elliptical and entirely denticulated.
214 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The operculum is a wholly chitinized simple one, not separable from the ectocyst.
Multiporous septulae. The mural rim is distinct from the cryptocyst.
Genotype. — Velumella (OnycJiocella] levinseni Canu and Bassler, 1917.1
The mural rim and the cryptocyst are formed from the same olocystal ele-
ments; they are not distinct from each other, and their separation is purely super-
ficial. The operculum is revealed by the two small lateral teeth of the opesium
which indicates its axis of rotation. The small size of the opesiular indentations
is indicative of very small parietal muscles.
VELUMELLA LEVIGATA, new species.
Plate 34, figs. 1-3.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts rocks. The zooecia are hexagonal, regular,
with their mural rim confluent. The cryptocyst is deep, flat, smooth; the mural
rim is thick, convex; the opesium is semilimar, transverse; 'the polypidian con-
vexity is little apparent ; the opesiular openings are small and round. The onycho-
cellarium is hexagonal like the zooecium ; its opesium is large, elongated, irregular,
oval or elliptical.
/A0=0.07-0.10mm. „ . f 7^=0.35 mm.
Measurements. — Opesium \7 niar>io /ooecium 7
Uo=0.10-O.lz mm. U0=0.32 mm.
Opesium of | "A<m=0.22-0.30 mm.
onychocellariumU6>2??i=0.10 mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Velumella plicata in its transverse ope-
sium, its smooth cryptocyst, and its round opesiular openings.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Alachua, Florida (rare) ;
9 miles north of Ocala, Florida (rare) ; West bank of Sepulga River. Escambia
County, Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.—G&i. Nos. 63972-63974, U.S.N.M.
VELUMELLA PLICATA, new species.
Plate 34, fig. 4.
Description. — The zoarium forms broad incrustations on shells. The zooecia
are hexagonal, elongated, their mural rims confluent. The cryptocyst is deep, flat,
finely granulated ; the polypidian convexity is salient and longitudinally wrinkled;
the opesium is semilunar, crenulated. elongated; the opesiular openings are small,
oblique, linear. The onychocellarium is larger than the zooecium; its opesium is
large, median and oval.
[^0=0.10-0.12 mm. I £3=0.40 mm.
Measurements. — Opesium , n .„ A1. Zooecium <, . „.
(70=0.08-0.10 mm. i -.• t _ b _^L. lZs=0.30mm.
Opesium of t^<m=0.25-0.30mm.
onychocellariumjfop??— 0.1S-0.20 mm.
1 This new name was proposed for the recent species figured as Onuchocella, species by Levinsen in his
Morphological and Systematic Studies on the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa, 1909, pi. 22, figs. 3a—d.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 215
Affinities. — This species differs from Velumella plwata in its wrinkled poly-
pidian convexity, in its non transverse opesium, and its linear opesiules. We have
observed a normal zooecium replaced by a perforated calcified zooecium.
Occurrence. — -Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : along Chipola River, east
of Marianna, Florida (very rare).
Holotypc.—Crt. No. G3975, U.S.N.M.
Genus DIPLOPHOLEOS Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. DiplophoJeos CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Clieilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 2G.
The retractor muscles of the polypide are attached in the median axis of the
zooecium. The lateral indentations are symmetrical and almost transformed into
true opesiules. The onychocellaria are straight, their opesium is oval, with a
denticulated poster; the mandible is bimembranous. The mural rim is not sep-
arated from the cryptocyst. The zooecium is closed by an operculum attached to
the ectocyst. The axis of rotation of the operculum is indicated by two opesial
denticles. The zooecial opesia are dimorphous; one kind is elongated and the other
transverse.
Genotype. — Diplopholeos fusiforme Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Range. — Jacksonian, Vicksburgian.
This genus differs from Rectonychocclla in its dimorphous opesia and its poly-
pidian convexity, which is constant, protruding, and accompanied by two nearly
complete opesiules. We are ignorant of the reason for the opesial dimorphism
often accompanying zooecial dimorphism.
DIPLOPHOLEOS FUSIFORME Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 34. figs. 11-14.
1917. DipJnpJioJeos fusiforme CANU and BASSLER. Synopsis of American Early Tertiary
Cheilostome Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 26, pi. 3, fig. 2.
The zoarium incrusts shells and pebbles. The zooecia are hexagonal, a little
elongated, separated by a narrow furrow or united among themselves by their mural
rims; the cryptocyst is deep, concave, shorter than the opesium. finely granular;
the polypidian convexity is protruding, wrinkled or granulated, denticulated on
its opesial border; the lateral openings are deep, round, almost becoming true
opesiules; the opesium is elongated, semilunate, finely crenulated. The ovicell is
an inconspicuous distal convexity, sometimes limited by two lines of lateral sutjure.
The onychocellarium is narrow, fusiform, somewhat larger than the zooecia; the
opesium is median, oval, the point below, with a narrow and denticulated posterior;
the terminal point projects above the distal zooecium, but is very fragile; the distal
canal through alteration in fossilization fuses nearly always with the cryptocyst
of the distal zooecium. The heteromorphic zooecia are a little smaller; their
cryptocyst is longer than the opesium which then appears nearly transverse. The
ancestrula is of the same form as the zooecium.
216 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(/(o=0.20 mm. (measuring only to the poly-
Measurements.-Opesium of _ pidian convexi(y)
iCiaU0=0.15mm. (without the opesiules)
\Lz= 0.40 mm.
Aooecium , . _.
[Zs=0.30mm.
Opesium of i Aow=0.20mm.
onychocellaria Zopn=0.10 mm.
Variations. — The zooecia with the small opesium («) are not regularly smaller
than the others; we can not therefore employ the nomenclature used by Harmer
for the Steganoporellidae. The reduction of the opesium is due to the enlarge-
ment of the cryptocyst; we must therefore suppose that the parietal muscles are
inserted there higher in consequence of the development of an organ of which
.we know nothing. This organ can be neither the ovary nor the testicles, for we
have observed ovicells in both forms of zooecia.
The fusion of the small distal canal of the fusiform onychocellarium with the
cryptocyst of the distal zooecia is so general that we may now consider its char-
acter as distinctive upon first examination. The marginal zooecia are unprovided
with polypidian convexity and lateral opesiules.
The zoarium sometimes creeps over algae. The unilamellar specimens often
arise primarily from incrusting specimens which are detached from their sub-
stratum.
The mural rim and the cryptocyst are formed of the same elements secreted
by the endocyst. These elements are grouped in radiating series around the
opesium (fig. 14).
Affinities. — This species differs from Diplopholeos sagittellarium and from
D. sagittarimn by the form of its ouychocellarium, by the fusion of the distal canal
with the cryptocyst of the distal zooecium, and by its larger zooecial dimensions.
When the zooecial dimorphism is not apparent, this species much resembles
Rectonychocella semiluna; but it is distinguished from it by its incrusting zoarium
and its very distinct, nearly complete opesiules.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (common).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Old Factory, 1-1- miles above Bainbridge,
Georgia (common) ; Bainbridge, Georgia (very rare) ; 4 miles below Bainbridge,
Georgia (common) ; 7 miles above Bainbridge, Georgia (common) ; West bank of
Sepulga Eiver, Escambia County, Alabama (common) ; Chipola River, east of
Marianna, Florida (common) ; 9 miles north of Ocala, Florida (common) ; Plant
System Railroad wharf at Bainbridge, Georgia (rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. Nos. 63979, 62582, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 217
DIPLOPHOLEOS SAGITTELLARIUM, new species.
1'hite 34, figs. 5-7.
Description. — The zoariuin incrusts shells and bryozoa. The zooecia are hex-
agonal, indistinct, with their mural rims confluent; the cryptocyst is shallow,
oblique toward the opesium, very finely granulated, longer than the opesium; the
polypidian convexity projects but little, occurs below the opesial denticles, and is
elevated almost vertically ; the opesiular openings are large, round ; the opesium
is transverse in appearance (with the opesial openings), semilunar, narrowed ante-
riorly by two lateral teeth above the opesiules. The ovicell is an inconspicuous
distal convexity. The onychocellarium is straight, much larger than the zooecium,
with the form of a small leaf of the plant Sagittaria, terminated by a large mandi-
bular area; its opesium is oval, the point at the top, entire or crenulated. Dimor-
phism is manifested by large and small zooecia.
Measurements. — Opesium of small !,
. J . . ,. /«?=O.OSmm.
zooecium (a) including 7 Alri n^n
. . 5|Z0=0.1G-0.12mm.
opesiules
, iLs=OAOmm
bmall zooecium (a) ,
1/0=0.34 mm.
Opesium of large ,
/r>\ • i v Ao=0.16mm.
zooecium (B) including , _„
- fo=0.10-0.12 mm.
opesiules
, „, fZs=0.50mm.
Large zooecium (/>) , .„.
lfe=0.34mm.
Opesium of jA<m=0.20mm.
onychocellarium [Iopn=0.l2 mm.
fLon=0.70 mm.
Onvchocellanum \ 7
(7.on=0.30 mm.
Variations. — The large zooecia occur less frequently. Well preserved speci-
mens have the aspect of Stec/anoporeTla; but if the specimen is turned and the
interior is examined, the internal divisions characteristic of Steganoporella. limit-
ing the polypidan tube, can not be seen (fig. 7).
Good specimens also show that the polypidian convexity is elevated almost
vertically as in Thalamoporella. and when the opesial denticles are united with the
convexity, such examples have then a constitution identical with that of this genus.
The ovicells however are very different (fig. 5).
Most often the polypidian convexity is broken or not developed, but the
opesiular openings are always quite distinct (fig. 5).
The zooecial dimorphism has to do perhaps with a double system of nutrition.
Affinities. — Its zooecial dimorphism and the form of its onychocellarium clearly
characterize this beautiful species. It differs from DipJopkoleos sagittarium in
the smaller dimensions of its onychocellarium and in the absence of opesial denticles
in this organ.'
218 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Wilmington, North Carolina (common) ;
Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Old Factory, H miles above Bainbridge,
Georgia (rare).
Cotypes.—C&t. No. 63976, U.S.N.M.
DIPLOPHOLEOS SAGITTARIUM, new species.
Plate 34, fig. 8.
Description. — The zoarium is incrusting. The zooecia are elongate, indistinct,
confluent through their mural rims. The cryptocyst is very shallow, oblique
toward the opesium, finely granular, much longer than the opesium; the polypidian
convexity is elevated to the level of the opesial denticles ; the opesiular openings
are large, round, deep, and are almost true opesiules; the opesium is semilunar,
narrowed below by two very prominent denticles bounding the upper part of the
two opesiules. The onychocellarium is very large, having the form of a leaf of
Sagittaria; the distal submandibular area is much developed. The opesium is
oval, the point at the top with two long denticles inserted on the proximal margin.
The ovicell is an indistinct, distal convexity.
Z0n=0.70-0.80-0.90 mm.
Measurements. — Onychocellarium 7
lon=(j.2i mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Diplopholcos sagittcllarium in the size
of its onychocellaria and in the two opesial denticles of this organ.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (common);
Eich Hill, Crawford County, Georgia (common).
Holotype.—G&t. No. 63977, U.S.N.M.
DIPLOPHOLEOS PARVULIPORUM, new species.
Plate 34, figs. 9, 10.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa. The zooecia are small, elongated,
ogival, distinct, or confluent through their mural rims. The cryptocyst is shallow,
oblique to the opesium; the polypidian convexity is elevated to the level of two
very prominent denticles; the opesiules bounded by the polypidian convexity and
by the denticles are almost complete. The ovicell is endozooecial and is a large
distal convexity. The onychocellarium is larger than the zooecium; its opesium
is elliptical, sometimes denticulated below, its submandibular area distally is very
large and presents the form of a leaf of Sagittaria.
Measurements. — Opesium of IAo=0.06 mm. „ jZs=0.32-0.36mm.
zooeciuml/o=0.08 mm. mlfe
Opesium of ikon— 0.17 mm. . <Lon=0.o2 mm.
,, . 17 Onvchocellarmm , ,..
onychocellarium I iopn=0.08-O.W mm. t/<m=0.17mm.
Affinities. — This species is very close to Diplopholeos sagittettarium and differs
from it solely in its small dimensions. The dimorphism is little apparent on our
specimens.
NORTH AMERICAN EAKLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 219
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 63978, U.S.N.M.
DIPLOPHOLEOS LINEATUM, new species.
Plate 82, fig. 15.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are hexagonal, elon-
gated, confluent by means of their mural rims. The cryptocyst is deep, granular,
longer than the opesium; the polypidian convexity is projecting, crenulated along
its opesial border; the opesinlar indentations are deep, sometimes linear; the
opesium is elongated, semielliptical, narrowed above the opesiules by two promi-
nent denticles. The onychocellarium is small, fusiform, without distal canal; its
opesium is median, elliptical, crenulated.
|7io=0.20 mm. I Zs— 0.44mm.
Measurements. — Opesium i, nir. Zooecmm ,
(lo=0.12 mm. U.?=0.40-0.50mm.
Zon=0.35 inm.
The long linear opesia are rather rare; there are some perfectly round. The
opesial dimorphism is not apparent on the few specimens we possess and we
classify the species only by analogy.
Affinities. — This species differs from Diplopholcos fusiforrne in its small
onychocellarium and its linear opesiules.
The opesial dimorphism is not very evident on the specimens found.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Near Claiborne. Monroe
County, Alabama (very rare) ; Salt Mountain. 5 miles south of Jackson, Alabama
(very rare).
Vicksburgian (Byram marl) : By ram, Mississippi (rare).
Holotype.—Cs*,. No. 64252, U.S.N.M.
Genus FLORIDINA Jullien, 1881.
1881. Floridina JULLIEN, Note sur une nouvelle division des Bryozoaires Cheilostomes,
Bulletin Societe Zoologique France, vol. 6, p. 13.
The retractor muscles of the polypide are attached in the median axis of the
zooecium. The opesiular indentations are symmetrical, very large, limited above
by the two very salient opesial processes and placed on each side of a much pro-
duced. semitubular, polypidian convexity. The zooecium is closed by an operculum
attached to the ectocyst; the opercular axis of rotation is located above the two
opesial processes. The onychocellaria are straight, without the small, distal canal.
rounded at their apex; the mandible is bimembranous. Ovicell endozooecial.
The general aspect of the opesium is trifoliate.
Genotype. — Floridina (Mollia) antiqua Smitt, 1872.
Range. — Senonian-Eecent.
Species of Floridina for the most part are found incrusting algae.
220 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The opesiular indentations serve as a passageway for both the parietal and
opercular muscles. Exteriorly the polypiclian convexity quite resembles the poly-
pide tube of Steganoporella; but in the interior it is incomplete (pi. 35. fig. 16),
and it is rare even that the tuberosities (t) bound it laterally.
Irregularity is the rule in this genus; all the characters of the opesium are
extraordinarily variable. Determination of the species is often difficult and causes
much perplexity for the naturalist.
The opesial processes often join the polypidian convexity, the opesiules thus
becoming complete; in the interior the aspect is identical with that of Thalamo-
porella.
The known species of this genus are :
Floridina (Semicschara) canui Brydone, 1900.
Floridina (Cellepora) cmstulenta Goldfuss, 1828.
Floridina (Semieschara) "bimarginata D'Orbigny, 1852.
Floridina (Mollia) antiqua Smitt, 1873.
Floridina vendoma Canu, 1900.
There has as yet been no evidence of the genus in the American Cretaceous.
If this observation be confirmed we will be obliged to repeat that the beginning
of the Eocene is the time when the change in direction of the Atlantic currents
occurred.
FLORIDINA GEANULOSA, new species.
Plate 35, figs. 1-4.
Description. — The zoarium is bilamellar with distorted fronds. The zooecia
are distinct, hexagonal, separated by a deep furrow. The mural rim and crypto-
cyst are covered with granulations more or less large. The opesium is large, a
little elongated, trifoliate; the opesiular portion is large, orbicular and separated
from the opercular portion by two salient teeth. The ovicell is endozooecial ;
this is a distal convexity little apparent. The onychocellarium is elongated,
elliptical, as large as the zooecium ; the opesium is oval, the point above and bears
laterally two salient denticles.
Measurement*.— Opesium f^ 0=0.22 mm. . 1 7,2=0.45-0.50 mm.
,. • 'I 7 A 1 r /OOeCia-,, nor n tn
of zooecia l/o = 0.15 mm. |£?= 0.35-0.40 mm.
Opesium J7i0?i=0.25 mm. . f/,0n=0.45-0.50mm.
of onychocellariaU07i=0.15 mm. Onychocell:"-umi|7on=o.35-0.40 mm.
Variations and affinities. — The ovicelled zooecia have an opesium and larger
micrometric dimensions (fig. 1). We have observed some calcified zooecia (fig. 2)
bearing a lai-ge central perforation.
This species is very well characterized by the absence (not constant) of the
polypidian convexity and by its frontal granulations.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson. Mississippi (rare).
Cotypcs.—Cat. No. 63980, U.S.N.M.
MIRTH AMKUirAX KAKLY TKRTIARY BRYOZOA. 221
FLOKIDINA BIFOLIATA, new species.
Plate 35, fig. 5.
•i/ition. — The zoarium is bilamettar with curved fronds. The zooecia are
distinct, (mite elongated, separated by a deep furrow; the mural rim is smooth,
wide, little salient; the cryptocyst is of little depth, of the same length as the
opesium. The opesium is large, trifoliate, elongate; the opercular portion is small
and separated from the opesiular region by two, little prominent teeth: the poly-
pidian convexity is little salient, non symmetrical. The onychocellarium is larger
than the zooecia, quite elongated, fusiform, with spatulate beak; the opesium is
oval, the point above.
Measurements. — Opesium |7i<?=0.25 mm. f 7,3=0.50-0.52 mm.
of zooecia|7fl= 0.20-0.22 mm. m(te= 0.35-0.40 mm.
Opesium f hon=QAQ mm. f Lon=0.80 mm.
of onychocellariai lon=Q.ll mm. Onychocellanum, ?w=a30 mm_
Affinities. — This species has a bilamellar zoarium like Flond'ma granulosa ;
it differs from it in the absolutely smooth frontal, and its onychocellarium much
longer than the zooecia.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (rare).
Holotype.—Czt. No. C3081, U.S.N.M.
FLORIDINA ONYDENTATA, new species.
Plate 35, fig. 9.
Description. — The zoarium is unilamellar, creeping over algae. The zooecia
are distinct, wide, ogival; the cryptocyst is shallow, concave, oblique to the
opesium, finely granulated; the opesium is transverse or trifoliate. The opesiules
are nearly complete and linear. The polypidian convexity is very long and often
united with the opesial processes. The onychocellarium is larger than the zooecium ;
its opesium is triangular and toothed, with a large spine on its proximal border.
Measurements. — Opesium f£o=0.14-0.20mm. 7 fZ.3=0.50-0.60mm.
(including opesiules) 1^=0.20-0.24 mm. a |fe=0.30-0.40mm.
fZoM.=0.90mm.
Onychocellarium ,
[7<5?i=0.oOmm.
Variations. — It is probable, that the pivot of the mandible was situated a little
above the opesial tooth; this indicates that there were on each side two bundles
of mandibular elevator muscles.
The size of the opesiules is evidence of vigorous parietal muscles, necessary,
moreover, for the zoarial hydrostatic system of this robust species.
We have observed a true zooecium having the form of an onychocellarium.
More than once it has been proved that this organ is only a modified zooecium,
and that every variation of one occasions a corresponding variation in the other.
222 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Affinities. — This is the largest known species of Floridina. This character
and the large teeth in the opesium of. its onychocellarium distinguish it clearly
from Floridina antiqua and from F. laguncula.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (common).
Holotype.—C&i. No. 63983, U.S.N.M.
FLORIDINA ANTIQUA Smitt, 1873.
Plate 35, figs. 10-18.
18T3. Mollia antiqua SMITT, Floridan Bryozoa, Kongl. Sveuska Vetenskaps-Akademie
Handlingar, vol. 3, p. 12, pi. 2, fig. 73 (not Busk).
Description. — The zoarium is unilamellar, creeping over algae. The zooecia
are broad, distinct, ogival in shape ; the cryptocyst is a little concave and very finely
granulated; the polypidian convexity is a continuation of the cryptocyst; the
opesium is subtrifoliate and contracted by two large lateral teeth which separate
the opercular part from the opesiular portion. The opesiular indentations are
large and wide; they are often transformed into true, nearly complete linear
opesiules by the union of the opesial process with the polypidian convexity. The
ovicell is a distal convexity little apparent, but clearly distinct from the cryptocyst
of the distal zooecium. The onychocellarium is larger than the zooecium, elon-
gated, with a submandibular area rounded but little developed ; its opesium is
oval, the pointed end at the top, much denticulated.
Measurements. — Opesium f ^0=0.20-0.24 mm. fZs=0.50mm.
(including opesiules)lfo=0.20-0.24mm. \1s=OAO mm.
.-.,,,. r£0n=0.60mm.
Onychocellarium
Variations. — Interzooecial communication appears to be effected by a distal
septula and 4 pairs of lateral septnlae (fig. IS). The cryptocyst is as usual, formed
from elements of the olocyst (fig. 18).
In the interior (fig. 16), the form of the opesium is the same; we note further
that there are two tuberosities roughly outlining laterally a polypide tube. The
proximal margin of the opesium of the onychocellarium is thickened.
The union of the opesial processes with a polypidian convexity is frequent
(fig. 18). On the more perfect specimens the length of the polypidian convexity
is from 0.06 to 0.08 mm.; its width, is from 0.14-0.16 mm. (fig. 11). It often
diminishes in length without apparent reason and even disappears (fig. 12).
The size and aspect of the zooecia vary greatly. Figures 13, 14, 15 are taken
from the same zoarium, where there may be noted broad zooecia with a reduced
cryptocyst, smaller zooecia with the cryptocyst much developed, and again very
narrow zooecia. Usually most of the zooecia are broad, and most of the opesiules
ure large and incomplete.
The zoarium sometimes incrusts shells; the polypidian convexity is then little
apparent, and the opesiules are quite large.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 223
Affinities. — This species differs from Floridina lagunculu in its larger micro-
metric dimensions (Lz=0.50 mm. and not 0.40 mm), in its nearly always trifoliate
opesium. and in its large and rounded opesiular openings. It is smaller than
Flo rid ina on.ydi •» fata.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : AVilmington, North Carolina (common) ;
near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (common) ; Baldock, Barnwell County,
South Carolina (common) ; 3^ miles south of Perry, Georgia (rare) ; 3^ miles
north of Grovania, Georgia (rare) ; H miles northeast of Lily, Dooly County,
Georgia (rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Bainbridge, Georgia (rare) ; 1J miles
above Bainbridge, Georgia (rare).
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain, 5 miles south of Jackson,
Alabama. •
Vicksburgian (Byram marl) : Byram, Mississippi (rare).
Habitat. — Smitt's original specimens' were obtained in the waters of Florida,
where the species ranges in depth from 29 to 44 fathoms.
Plesiotypes.—C&t. No. 63984, U.S.N.M.
FLORIDINA LAGUNCULA, new species.
Plate 36, figs. 1-6.
Description. — The zoarium is free, unilamellar, creeping over algae, or incrust-
ing stones, shells, or bryozoa. The zooecia are a little elongated, distinct; confluent
through their mural rims; the cryptocyst is shallow, oblique, directed toward
the opesium. very finely granular; the mural run is projecting in front, convex,
separated from the cryptocyst. The opesium is limited to the elliptical, trans-
verse opercular portion; the two opesial processes are quite salient and are situated
above the polypidian convexity, which is thus little apparent. The onychocel-
larium is elliptical, elongated, larger than a zooecium; its opesium is oval, divided
into two parts, a lower one large and nearly round, and a distal one narrow and
linear.
Measurements. — Opesium f/«?=0.10-0.r2 mm. . tLz=QAQmm.
Zooecium '
(including opesiules)Ufl=0.20 mm. ' U3=0.3Q-0.35 mm.
fZon=0.5
Onvchocellarium •,' ,
[ton=0.33
Variations. — In tangential sections the zooecial walls appear very thin (fig.
5). In the interior, the opesium is trifoliate or has the aspect of Thalamopordla
or of Steganoporella (fig. 6). On the lower face of the zoarium, the zooecia are
elongated, hexagonal, convex, and bear a projecting hydrostatic tuberosity (fig. 3).
The opesiules placed between the polypidian convexity and the opesial processes
are hardly visible because they are thus perpendicular to the zooecial plane. But
with the reduction of the processes they become visible in the form of rounded
lateral openings (fig. 4).
In some specimens from the Vicksburgian the proximal border of the onycho-
rellarian opesium is straight and the opesium itself is oval.
224 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL -MUSEUM.
In its most usual aspect and when altered by fossilization, the opesium of
the onychocellarium resembles a small bottle, whence our specific name.
Affinities. — Floridina laguncula differs from F. antiqua Smitt, 1873, in its
smaller micrometric measurements (Lz 0.40 mm.), in its more apparent mural
rims, in its .smaller opesiules rarely visible exteriorly, and in its opesium which
is reduced to the opercular region.
It differs from Floridina asymmetrica in the bottle shaped opesium of the
onychocellarium, in its more elongated, regular zooecia, and in the symmetry of its
opesium.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (very common).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 63985, U.S.N.M.
FLORlfllNA ASYMMETRICA, new species.
Plate 35, figs. 6-8.
Description. — The zoarium is unilamellar, tubular, growing over algae or
incrusting their radicles. The zooecia are broad, distinct, hexagonal, somewhat
ogival in shape; the cryptocyst is shallow, a little larger than the opesium, granu-
lar, without mural rim ; the opesium is trifoliate and divided by two salient proc-
esses serving as upper limits to two incomplete and unsymmetrical opesiules; the
polypidian convexity is deep, not prominent, and unsymmetrical. The onychocel-
larium is larger than the zooecium, pentagonal, very elongated; its opesium is
triangular, denticulated.
Measurements. — Opesium [7(0=0.20 mm. „ . fZs=0.36-0.40mm.
(including opesiules) Uo=0.16-0.20 mm. ml fe=0.36-0.40 mm.
(Lon=0.5Qmm.
Onj^chocellanumj , _no-
Variations. — We have stated that irregularity is the rule in this genus. The
symmetry of the zooecia is not absolute; on nearly all the zoaria there are asym-
metrical zooecia. In this species the phenomenon is more general and symmetrical
zooecia are rarer. The opesiular indentations and the polypidian convexity also
lack symmetry, following the obliquity of the polypide in its lodging place occa-
sioned by the eccentric attachment of the retractor muscles.
Affinities. — -This species differs from Floridina laguncula in the absence of
mural rim and in its irregular, although more visible, opesiules.
It differs from Floridina antiqua Smitt in its smaller micrometric measure-
ments (Ls=OAO mm), its less developed opesiules, and in its irregular and less
visible polypidian convexity.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Bainbridge, Georgia
(rare) ; Old Factory. H miles above Bainbridge, Georgia (rare).
Cotypes.— Cat.*No. 63982, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
225
mb
Genus SMITTIPORA Jullien, 1881.
1SS1. Smittipora JULLIEN, Note sur line nouvelle division des Bryozoaires Cheilostomes,
Bulletin Societfi Zoologique de Fi-iince, vol. G, p. 14.
The cryptocyst which is deep and concave, exhibits three facets of which
the two lateral ones are formed by the mural rim; the two lateral furrows which
separate the mural rim from the cryptocyst are constant. The mandible of the
onychocellarium is bimembranous ;
the onychocellarium and its opesium
are little different from the zooecia.
Genotype. — Smittipora ( Vincu-
/,//•/,/} nhi/Kx'/cola Smitt, 1873.
Range. — Senonian — Recent.
Historical, — It is not certain that
the European Cretaceous species
classified by Jullien in this genus
really belong to the group of Vincu-
laria abyssicola Smitt. To the best of
our knowledge the ovicells have never r JK ,.
been observed on the fossil forms, and
Smitt's species has not yet been re-
discovered. We have been unable to
make any new observations on the
specimens studied from the Midwayan
which are of the type observed in the
European Cretaceous. We are there-
fore obliged to follow Jullien's classi-
fication as Canu did in 1900.1
Neither Gabb and Horn in 1862
nor Ulrich and Bassler in 1907 have
intimated the existence of Smittipora in the American Cretaceous. If this be con-
firmed, it will be necessary to admit that at the beginning of the Eocene a change
occurred in the direction of the Atlantic marine currents.
SMITTIPORA MIDWAYANICA, new species.
Plate 4, figs. 1G-19.
Description. — The zoarium is vincular, articulated (?), formed of cylindrical
segments containing eight longitudinal series of zooecia. The zooecia are much
elongated, hexagonal, confluent through their mural rims; the cryptocyst is deep,
very narrow, as long as the opesium, little distinct from the mural rim. The
opesium is elliptical.
„, ~ . f^0=0.16mm. . f£2 = 0.34 mm.
Measurements. — Opesium 7 _nnQ Zooecium^
A
FIG. 59. — Genus Smittipora Jullien, 1881.
A-C. Smittipora ( Vincularia) abyssicola Smitt, 1872.
A. Zoarium in the vincularian method of growth. B,
C. Incrusting zoaria. (After Smitt, 1872, and Ilincks,
1881.) cry, cryptocyst; mb, mandible; op, opesium;
r, channel of the cryptocyst.
7
lfo=O.OS mm.
3=0.16 mm.
"Canu. Revision des Bryozoaires du Cr£tac6 figures par D'Orbigny, Bulletin Societe G£ologique de
France, ser. 3, vol. 28, p. 407.
55899— 19— Bull. 106 15
226
BULLETIN 106, .UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Affinities. — It is not certain that the zoarium was articulated. The only
claviform segment (fig. 18) observed contained radicular zooecia at its base; but this
might well be considered as the base itself of the zoarium. Nevertheless we have
never observed branched segments.
ople..
/occl
..-ople
,-ci-ypt
A »279
FIG. 60. — Anatomy of the subfamily Mleroporidae.
A. Micropora unicifera Busk, 1SS4. Sketch showing anatomy of polypide, X 270. (After
Jullien. 1888.)
B. Micropora coriacea Esper, 1791. Transverse section through the endozooecial ovicell,
X 40. (After Levinsen, 1909.)
C. Sketch combining frontal (to the left) and basal (to the right) views of Micropora.
(After Harmer, 1902.)
'•rii/it, cryptocyst.
/. intestine.
mdfi, dilator muscles of the tentacular sheath.
mg, large retractor muscles of the polypide
(of the sheath and of the lophophore).
mop, opercular occlusor muscles.
mp, parietal muscles.
occl, occlusor muscles of the operculum.
oe, esophagus.
ople, opesiule (frontal view).
ople', opesiule (basal view).
pli. pharynx.
/, tentacles (10 in number).
This fragile species is very close to Smittipora (Vincitlaria) canalifera Hage-
now, 1851 of the Maestrichtian. from which it differs in its smaller micrometric
measurements (Lz 0. 34 mm and not 0.44 mm.) and in its elliptical instead of
subcircular opesium.
AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BKYOZOA.
227
i'. — Midwayau (Clayton limestone) : Mabelvale, near Little Rock,
Arkansas (common) ; 1 mile west of Fort (iaiues. (teoriria (rare) ; 23 miles north-
east of Ripley, Mississippi (rare) ; Luverne. Crenshaw County. Alabama (rare).
< (>t i/pcs.— Cat, No. (WS02, U.S.N.M.
K. Aechmella F. Micropora G. Hoplocheilina H. Vibracella 1. Lunularia
FIG. 61. — Genera of subfamilies Microporidae Hincks, 1SSO, and Lunulariidae Levinseu, 1909.
A. FloridineUa vicksburgica Canu and Eassler, 1!MT. : 20. Vicksbnrgian, one mile
north of Monroeville, Alabama.
I'., h'tisxcliuiui IHII T//""'". n«'\v species, X 20. Yicksburgian, one mile north of Monroeville,
Alabama.
C. Dacryonella octonrtria C'auu and Bassler. 1937, X 20. Middle Jacksonian, Wilmington,
North Carolina.
D. Garyantiiu liili'ns Busk. 1859. Crag of England.
E. AcchmeUa flUmargo Canu and Bassler. 1917, X 20. Upper Jacksonian, Escarnbia County,
Alabama.
P. Micropora. coriaccu Esper, 1791. X 20. Middle Jacksonian, Wilmington, North Carolina.
G. Boplocheilina gin'i-tahilin Canu, 1911. Rocanean of Argentina.
H. Yibracella trapesoidca Reuss, 1864. Priabonian of the Yicentin.
I. Luntilaria distant! Lonsdale, 1845, X 20. Middle Jacksonian, Wilmington, North Carolina.
Subfamily MICROPORIDAE Hincks, 1880.
Bibliography (Anatomical). — 1886, JITLLIEN, Mission scientifique du Cap Horn, Bryozoaires,
vul. 6, pi. 14. — 1900. CALVET, Contribution a Fhistoire uaturelle des Bryozoaires ectoproctes
marins. Travaux de 1'Institut de Zoologie de 1'Universite1 de Montpellier, Mem. No. S, pi. S.
figs. 11, 12. — 1902. HARMER. On the Morphology of the Cheilostomnta. Quarterly .Tcnirn:il
Mirrosfdiiirnl Science, vol. 46, p. 316, pi. 17, fig. 51 : pi. 18. figs. 57. 58.— 1900. LEVINSEX. Mor-
phological and Systematic Studies on the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa, p. 361, pi. S, fig. 3.
The ovicell is enclozooecial. The parietal muscles, attached to the ectocyst,
pass through the calcareous cryptocyst. either by the opesiular indentations or
228 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES 'NATIONAL MUSEUM.
by true perforations called opesiules. The semi-circular aperture has generally
a more or less strongly chitinized (or calcareous) , simple operculum, more seldom
an opercular valve. Avicularia present.
Historical. — The family Microporidae as delimited by Hincks and by Jullien
does not appear very natural because the ovicell system has not been considered;
indeed Levinsen in 1909 made some modifications.
The family may be made more exact by including in it only those genera having
an endozooecial ovicell. There is no important difference between the Micro-
poridae and the Onychocellidae; the onychocellaria simply disappear or are re-
placed by the avicularia.
As Canu in 1900,1 has demonstrated, the replacement of the onychocellaria by
avicularia is constant in the general line of descent. It is simply adaptation to new
conditions of existence.
In our opinion, the Onychocellidae and Microporidae with the Lunulariidae
form one and the same family for which we have adopted Jullien's name Opesiu-
lidae, but have retained the first three mentioned as subfamilies.
Genus ROSSELIANA Jullien, 1888.
1SSS. Rosseliana JULLIEN, Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn, Bryozoaires, vol. 6, p. 78.
The frontal of the zooecium is a cryptocyst of little depth. The opesium is
semicircular. The ovicell is endozooecial but prominent. Septulae uniporous. No
avicularia.
Genotype. — Rosseliana (Flustra) rosselii Audouin, 1826.
Canu, in 1900, has badly interpreted Jullien's genus, for the species which he
considered as Rosseliana are more often typical Onyckocella.
The fossil species are:
Rosseliana (M embranipora) incompta Reuss, 1874. Miocene.
Rosseliana (M embranipora) reussiana Manzoni. 1874. Miocene, Pliocene,
ROSSELIANA PARVIPORA, new species.
Plate 82, fig. 16.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa. The zooecia are elongated, dis-
tinct, separated by a deep furrow; the mural rim is thin, salient, complete, and
distinct. The cryptocyst is flat, shallow, much larger than the opesium and very
finely granulated; the opesium is semilunate, transverse, with a proximal concave
border. The ovicell is endozooecial, protruding, and smooth.
rAo=O.OSmm. . r£s=0.34-0.36 mm.
Measurements. — Upesium {, - 1 _ Zooecium 7
\Z0=0.10mm. [Z2=0.16-0.20 mm.
Affinities. — There is no polypiclian convexity in this species and the opesiular
indentations are only visible on rare zooecia. The ovicelled zooecia have a little
larger opesium, the breadth of which ranges from 0.12 to 0.14 mm.
1 Canu, Revision des Bryozoaires du Cr<Stac6 figures par D'Orbigny, Bulletin Soci^te Gdologique 'de France,
ser. 9, vol. 28, p. 345.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 229
This species resembles closely AWv, /;,///,/ rosselii Audouin, 1826. a recent form,
which, however, appears first in the Priabonian of Vicentin, Italy. Rossdiana
parvipora differs, however, in its smaller micrometric measurements (Z.s=0.36 mm.
instead of 0.44 mm.) and principally in its small transverse opesium.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian ("Chimney rock" of Marianna limestone): One
mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (rare).
Bolotypc.—G&t. No. 64253, U.S.N.M.
Genus FLORIDINELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. FloridineUa CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cueilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 28.
The ovicell is endozooecial and separated from the zooecia by a fold The
polypidian convexity is not prominent. The opesiular indentations are large and
rounded. The opesium is constricted by two symmetrical lateral teeth at the level
of the opercular articulation.
Genotype. — FloridineUa vicksbnryica Canu and Bassler, 1917.
This genus is a true Floridina -without onychocellarium. The following species
must be classed in this genus :
FloridineUa (M arginaria) deshayesi Hagenow, 1851.
FloridineUa (Membrani.pora) formosa Eeuss, 1874.
FLORIDINELLA VICKSBURGICA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 82, figs. 17-26.
1917. FloridineUa vicksburyica CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary
Cheilostome Bryozoa. Bulletin United States National Museum, p. 28, pi. 3, fig. 3.
Description. — The zoarium is unilamellar, hollow, cylindrical, and incrusts the
stems or small roots of algae. The zooecia are elongated, distinct, separated by
a deep furrow ; the mural rim is incomplete, rather broad, distinct from the crypto-
cyst. The cryptocyst is shallow, smooth, or finely granular, longer than the
opesium; the polypidian convexity is but slightly projecting; the opesiular indenta-
tions are large, symmetrically rounded; the opesium is elongated, constricted
superiorly by two lateral teeth placed at the level of the operculum.
,, t/i 0—0.20 mm. . r 7,3=0.50 mm.
Measurements. — Upesium 7 . , Zooecia .
lZ0=0.16mm. 1/2=0.30-0.40 mm.
Variations. — Species with tubular zoaria are quite polymorphic, for the zooecia
are easily deformed on account of irregularities in the substratum. In the present
species there are wide zooecia (fig. 21) and narrow zooecia (fig. 19). The opesium
becomes very small and the opesiules become linear (fig. 22). We have observed
some cases of total regeneration (fig. 26) and closed zooecia perforated by a slit
or by a pore (fig. 26).
The noncelluliferous face (figs. 23-25) always presents small hydrostatic tuber-
osities designed to detach the zoarium from the substratum, to creep on the
ectocyst, and to increase the volume of the zoarium. Here the zooecia are dis-
230 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
tinctly marked (figs. 24, 25) or invisible (fig. 23). There are two pairs of lateral
septules. The cryptocyst is a compact olocyst with the elements scattered.
Affinities. — This form should not be confounded with species of the genus
Amphiblestrum because it is without avicularia and its ovicell is endozooecial.
The ovicell unfortunately is very rare. On 100 specimens collected only
two had ovicells. The great abundance of specimens in the Vicksburgian, to
which it seems restricted, has given rise to the specific name.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Monroe-
vine, Alabama (abundant) ; West bank of Conecuh Eiver, Escambia County,
Alabama (abundant) ; Murder Creek, east of Castlebury. Alabama (abundant) ;
near Claiborne. Monroe County, Alabama (abundant) ; 2-J miles north of Millry,
Washington County, Alabama (abundant).
Cotypes.— Cat.' No. 64254, U.S.N.M.
ople
A ^
FIG. 62. Genus Gargantua Jullien, 1888.
A-C. Gargantua Widens Busk, 1859. Three views showing zooecial structure. (After Busk,
1859.) cp, polypidian convexity: oplc, opesiular indentations: ec, calcined zooecium.
Genus GARGANTUA Jullien, 1888.
1888. Gargantua JULLIEN, Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn, Bryozoaires, vol. 6, p. 78.
The polypidian convexity projects but little. The opesiules are incomplete
and consist of two small symmetrical indentations. No avicularia.
Genotype. — Gargantua (Mcmbranipora) bidens Busk, 1859.
Range. — Miocene, Recent.
Jullien took for the type of this genus, Cellopora (M arginaria} Widens Hage-
now, 1851, which was figured very imperfectly, but he certainly had before him
the beautiful figure given by Busk in 1859. We are not certain of the identity
of the Cretaceous form with the Pliocene species.
Furthermore, Waters in his work on Membraniporidae in 18981 described and
figured a Membrqnipora bidens living off Capri at a depth of 220 meters. This
species certainly belongs to the same genus as that of Busk; but it differs in its
perforated ovicell, a character which we have never observed, on the numerous
specimens in our possession of typical Gargantua bidens from the Crag.
The recent species ought to be taken as typical of the genus, and it is evident
that a more complete study of the whole subject ought to be made. Gargantua is
1 Journal Linnean Society London, Zoology, vol. 26, p. 681, pi. 40, fig. 1.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 231
Rosseliana with clearly marked and constant opesiules. Membranipora ociiralix
Seguenza 1879 is classed in this genus.
Genus DACRYONELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1017. Dacriionclla CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 28.
The polypidian convexity protrudes very little and is inconstant. The
opesiules are large, round, lateral indentations. The ovicell is endozooecial. There
are no opesial processes (therefore an opercular valve) . The opesium is elongated
(therefore the parietal muscles are much developed). The avicularia are very
small, constant, placed in all the interzooecial angles, and have the form of small
tear drops.
Genotype.- — Dacryonella octonaria Canu and Bassler, 1917. Jacksonian.
This is a Rosseliana ornamented with avicularia. As in this genus also, the
opesiules are inconstant and placed very far from the aperture in consequence of
the great development of the parietal muscles.
DACRYONELLA OCTONARIA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 36, figs. 9-20.
1917. Dacryonella octonaria CANU and BASSLEK, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary
Cheilostome Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 28, pi. 3, fig. 4.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts small shells or more often creeps over
algae; very frequently it consists of many superposed lamellae. The zooecia are
somewhat elongated, confluent among themselves, vaguely polygonal; the mural
rim is broad, especially below, flat, smooth, oblique. The cryptocyst is terminated
distally in a small polypidian convexity. The avicularia are straight, interopesial,
triangular, projecting chiefly at the point.
. (A0=0.10mm.
Measurements. — Opesia ot large zooecia^, _n-M
Large zooecia (Lz= 0.40 mm.
\lz— 0.30-0.40 mm.
Opesia of fAo=0.18mm.
small zooecia 1 70=0.10 mm.
. f£s=0.40mm.
Small zooecia 4 ,
U;?=0.30 mm.
Variations and affinities. — The polymorphism of this species is very remarkable.
On the same zoarium. without apparent reason, the zooecia are considerably in-
creased in size, chiefly at the extremity of the fronds. The larger zooecia are
always grouped together, none of them being isolated; then their opesium becomes
transverse and almost triangular.
The polypidian convexity is here symmetrical, but as usual is not constant.
However the proximal border of the opesium is nearly always straight or convex
and very rarely concave. We know that this phenomenon may be observed in
other genera of different families and that it can not serve as a generic character.
232 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The zoarium is more often multilamellar. The lamellae consists of zooecia
piled upon zooecia (figs. 11, 14). The outermost zooecia often experience some
reduction (fig. 13) or deformations (fig, 17).
The small avicularia are interopesial. They appear almost circular in tan-
gential sections. These same sections also show the olocyst constitution of thf
zooecial wall (fig. 19).
The inner face of the zoarium exhibits convex hexagonal zooecia bearing the
hydrostatic tuberosities. Many of these latter terminate in a small pore whose
function is unknown to us (fig. 20).
Affinities. — In Dacryonella minor the zoarium is bilamellar and free, and its
dimensions much smaller. The great persistence of Dacryonella octonaria may be
attributed to its perfected hydrostatic system.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (abundant);
Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (common) ; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina
(rare) ; 3-£ miles north of Grovania, Georgia (rare) ; 18 miles west of Wrightsville,
Johnson County, Georgia (rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : 7 miles above Bainbridge, Georgia (com-
mon) ; Old Factory, 1| miles above Bainbridge, Georgia (common) ; West bank
of Sepulga Eiver, Escambia County, Alabama (common) ; Chipola Eiver. east
of Marianna, Jackson County. Florida (rare) ; 9 miles north of Ocala. Florida
(rare) ; Alachua, Florida (rare).
Jacksonian (Zeuglodon zone) : South side of Suck Creek, Clarke County.
Mississippi (rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. Nos. 62584, 63987-63990, U.S.N.M.
DACRYONELLA MINOR, new species.
Plate 36, figs. 7, 8.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bifurcated, and formed of two lamellae
placed back to back. The zooecia are small, elongated, indistinct, confluent;
the marginal rim is broad, flat, enlarged at the base into a concave cryptocyst.
The opesium is entire, subelliptical with a straight or convex proximal border;
the polypidian convexity is very inconstant. The ovicell is a very small distal
convexity. The avicularia are triangular and project but slightly.
Measureinents.-Zooe^
Affinities. — Although quite variable the polypidian convexity is actually pres-
ent as in Dacryonella octonaria., but the small dimensions and the free zoarium
distinguish the two species very well.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola Eiver, east of
Marianna, Jackson County. Florida (common).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 63986, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 233
Genus AECHMELLA Canu and Bassler, 19f7.
1917. AirliiiicUa CANU and BASSLEK, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cueilostome
Hryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 29.
The polypidian convexity is little prominent. The opesiules are round, lateral
indentations. The opesium is often contracted by two lateral teeth at the level of
the opercular hinge. The ovicell is endozooecial. The avicularium is interzooecial,
smaller>than a zooecium, lozenge shaped, with the form of the head of a lance.
Genotype.- — Aeclimflla filimarr/o Canu and Bassler. 1917.
Range. — Cenomanian-Miocene.
The genus Aechmella is in effect Gargantua with avicularia. It may also be
regarded as Floridina with avicularia replacing the onychocellaria.
The species of the genus are :
Aechmella (Cellepora) michaudiana D'Orbigny, 1850.
Aechmella (Cellepora) hippocrepis Hagenow, 1851.
Aechmella (Cellepora) roemeri Lonsdale.
Aechmella (Cellepora) xiphia D'Orbigny, 1852.
Aechmella (Cellepora) xanthe D'Orbigny, 1852.
Aechmella (Cellepora) urania D'Orbigny, 1852.
Aechmella (M embranipora) depressa MacGillivray. 1904.
Aechmella (MembrQnipora) concinna MacGillivray, 1904.
Aechmella (Membranipora) ambigua MacGillivray, 1904.
It is probable that one part of Homalostega Marsson, 1887. may be classed in
this genus.
AECHMELLA CRASSIMARGO, new species.
Plate 37, figs. 1, 2.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are small, slightly
elongated, joined by their mural rims; the mural rim is incomplete, projecting in
front, thick on the borders, distinct from the cryptocyst. The cryptocyst is shallow,
a little convex, and smooth ; the opesium is almost transverse, trifoliate, contracted
by two lateral teeth at the level of the opercular pivot; the polypidian convexity
is scarcely visible; the opesiular indentations are shallow and symmetrical. The
ovicell is endozooecial. The ancestrula is a small zooecium of the same form as the
normal ones. The avicularium ir interzooecial, smaller than the zooecia, lozenge-
shape, with a small distal canalicule and an elliptical oppsium.
[7(0=0.08-0.10 mm.
Measurements. — Opesium , ,, .,
Uo~0. 12-0.14 mm.
Ls^32_OAO mm_
?,=0.24_0.30mm_
Zooecium
(including the opesmlar
indentations)
Affinities. — We have observed only a small number of specimens which were
thought for a while to represent forms of ancestrula r zooecia of Aechmella fiH-
marc/o. Nevertheless, we now believe it necessary to consider this a distinct
234 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
species on account of the thickness of the mural rim and the elliptical form of
the avicularian opesium.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare) ;
Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 63991, U.S.N.M.
AECHMELLA FILIMARGO Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 3T, figs. 3-5.
1917. AecluiiclJa fllininrgn CANU and BASSLEK, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary
Cbeilostonie Bryozoa, Bulletin 90. United States National Museum, p. 29. pi. 3, fig. 5.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts Orbitoides. The zooecia are elongated,
distinct, separated by a furrow or united by their mural rims: the mural rim is
thin, incomplete, convex, distinct from the cryptocyst. The cryptccyst is shallow.
oblique toward the opesium, flat, finely granulose; the opesium is transverse, con-
stricted by two lateral teeth at the level of the rotary axis of the operculum; the
polypidian convexity projects but little; the opesiular indentations are large, round,
and symmetrical. The ovicell is endozooecial and small. The ancestrula is a
small zooecium, but otherwise identical with the others. The avicularium is inter-
zooecial, smaller than the zooecia. lozenge-shaped, with a small distal canal and a
round opesium.
[7; ^=0.12 mm.
Measurements. — Opesium ,, . . . . ,
1/0=0.16 mm. (including the opesiules)
. .
Marginal zooecia { , ,, „„
[,72=0.30mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Rhaf/asostoma lewic/atum, in having an
endozooecial ovicell. It may be distinguished from Aedimelln c-rasshnargo by its
filiform mural rim.
Very often the proximal border of the opesium is simply undulated and the
opesiules are visible only on account of the opesiular teeth. The opesia of the
ovicelled zooecia seem a little larger than the others.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : West bank of Sepnlga
River, Escambia County, Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.— Cut. No. 62555, TJ.S.N.M.
Genus MICROPORA Gray, 1848.
1848. Hicropora GRAY, Catalog List British Animals in British Museum, pt. 1. Ceutroniae,
p. 115.
The two opesiules, which are more or less constant, have the form of simple
perforations. Spines may appear. The ovicells are endozooecial, but very promi-
nent, and the small avicularia. which are situated proximally in the aperture, are
furnished with a complete crossbar (after Levinsen). Dietellae with few pores.
Genotype. — Micropora, (Flustra) corlacea Esper, 1791.
Kcnige. — Midwayan. — Recent.
X(>KTH AMKKICAX KAULY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
235
The species of the gomis :nv:
Micropora coriacca Esper, 1791.
Micropora. perforata MacGillivray, 1859.
Micropora normani Levinsen. 1909.
Micropora brevissima Waters. 1904.
Micropora mimita Reuss, 1874.
MICROPORA CORIACEA Esper. 1791.
Plate 4, figs. 20-22.
Bibliography (Zoological).
1791. Flustra coriaccn ESPER, Die Pflanzenthii-re, etc., on Histoire naturelle des Zoophytes
pi. 7, fig. 2.
1852. Flustra coriacca LANDSBOROUOH, A popular history of British Zoophytes or Coral-
lines, p. 353.
1816. Discopora coriacca LAMARCK, Histoire naturelle des animanx sans vertebres, ed. 2.
vol. 1, p. 168: idem.
1S36, vol. 2, p. 251.
1824. Discopora coriacca LA-
MovRorx. Encyclopedic
Methodique, Histoire
Naturelle des Zoo-
phytes on Animaux Ra-
yonnes, vol. 14, p. 255.
1830. Discopora coriacea
BLAINVILLE, Diction-
naire ties Sciences Na-
turelles, vol. 60. p. 411.
1S30. Dixci,!,,,!-,, i- <> r iacea FlG- 63.— Genus Micropora Gray, 1848.
BLAINVILLE, Manuel A-C. Micropora coriacea Esper, 1791. Three views, X 25,
d'Actinologie ou de showing structure of this species. (After Hincks, 1880.)
Zoophytologie, p. 446.
1S4S. Micropora coriacea GRAY, List of British animals in the collection of the British
Museum, p. 115.
1854. Membranipora coriacca BUSK, Catalogue of the Marine Polyzoa in the collection of
the British Museum, pt. 2. p. 57.
1872. Micropora coriacea, SJIITT, Floridan Bryozoa . . . Kougl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akade-
miens Handlingar, vol. 10, No. 11. p. 13.
1880. Micropora coriacca HINCKS. A History of the British Marine Polyzoa, p. 174.
1884. Micropora coriacea BUSK, Report on the Polyzoa collected by the Challenger, Report
on the Scientific Results of the voyage of H. M. S. Challenger. Zoology, pt. 1,
vol 10, pt. 30, p. 71.
1SSS. Micropora coriacca KIRKPATRICK, Polyzoa from Port Philip, Victoria, Annals Magazine-
Natural History, ser. 6, vol. 2, p. 75.
1887. Micropora coriun a MACGILLIVRAY, A Catalogue of the Marine Polyzoa of Victoria.
Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, vol. 23, p. 209.
1X.X9. Microiiora corian u JELLY, A Synonymic Catalogue of Marine Bryozoa, p. 176.
1889. Micropora corinccu WATERS. Bryozoa from Madeira, Journal Royal Microscopical
Society, p. 16.
T.HI4. Micropora coriacca WATKUS, Antartiqm- Voyage dn Itcli/icn, p. 39.
236 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
190S. Micropora coriacea ROBERTSON, The incrusting cheilostomatous Bryozoa of the west
coast of North America, University of California Publications, Zoology, vol. 4,
p. 275, pi. 17, fig. 26 (Bibliography).
1909. Micropora coriacea NOBMAN, On the Polyzoa of Madeira, Journal Linnean Society,
Zoology, vol. 30, p. 293.
Bibliography ( Paleontological ) .
1862. Reptescharellina diaparilis GABB and HOKN, Journal Academy Natural Science, Phila-
delphia, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 147, pi. 20, fig. 29.
1S69. Membranipora gracilis REUSS, Die fossilen Anthozoen und Bryozoen der Schichten-
gruppe von Crosaro, Denkschriften der k. Akademie der Wisseuschaften, Wieu, vol.
59, Abth. 1, vol. 29. p. 291, pi. 29, fig. 13.
1891. Micropora cnrinccn WATERS. North Italian Bryozoa, Quarterly Journal of the Geologi-
cal Society of London, vol. 47. p. 13, pi. 11, fig. 9.
1896. Micropora coriacea PERGENS, Bryozoaires des environs de Buda, Bulletin Societe Beige
de Geologie, vol. 10, p. 365.
1896. Micropora.. (Peneclausa) coriacea NEVIANI, Briozoi postpliocenici di Spilinga
(Calabrie), Atti Academia Gioenia di Scienze, Natural! in Cantania, ser. 4, vol. 9,
p. 17, fig. 3.
1900. Micropora (Peneclausa) coriacea NEVIANI, Briozoi i neogeuici delle Calabrie, Paleon-
tographia italica, vol. 6, p. 166 (Italian bibliography).
1904. Micropora coriacea CANU, Les Bryozoaires du Patagonien, Memoires Societe Geo-
logique de France, vol. 12, No. 32, p. 10. pi. 1, fig. 15.
1905. Micropora (Peneclausa) coriacea NEVIANI, Briozoi fossile di Carrubare (Calabrie),
Bollettino della Societa geologica italiana, ser. 2, vol. S. p. 521.
1906. Micropora r/racilis CANU, Bryozoaires des Terrains du Sud-Ouest de la France, I,
Aquitanien, Bulletin Societe Geologique de France, ser. 4, vol. 6, p. 513, pi. 12, fig. 10.
1910. Micropora coriacea CANU, Bryozoaires des Terraines du Sud-Ouest de In France,
Bulletin Soci£t£ Geologique de la France, ser. 4, vol. 10, p. 845.
This species has been known for a long time in America, where Gabb and
Horn described it under the name of Reptescharellina '//'.v/w/V/.v. More recently
Canu has noted it in the Patagonian of Argentina. In Europe, Waters observed
the species in the Priabonian. As the living examples are found at Madeira and
in the Gulf of Mexico, its presence in American Eocene strata was inevitable.
Without ever being abundant it has been collected at a number of localities.
We have already called the attention of the reader to this peculiarity of occur-
rence, and we will later note still other examples. It is apparent that the course
of the great Atlantic currents was at the end of the Eocene absolutely identical
with that prevailing today. We lack bryozoan material from the middle Eocene
in America and the lower Eocene in Europe, so that this problem can not be
studied for the beginning of Eocene time.
Variations. — The opesiules in the fossil forms of Micropora coriacea are often
closed by fossilization. The ancestrula is unfortunately broken on the beautiful
specimen from Wilmington, North Carolina, figured. The ovicell is endozooecial,
but very prominent and always visible. The cryptocyst is smooth or very finely
granulated.
f ^o=0.08 mm. „ . fZs=0.50-0.62mm.
Measurements. — Opesium , /ooecium 7
1 7(7=0.14 mm. U3=0.38mm.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 237
These micrometric measurements differentiate it clearly from Micropora minu-
ticella •which is exceptionally small.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : One mile west of Fort Gaines,
Georgia (very rare).
Middle Jacksonian (Castle Haync limestone) : Wilmington, North Carolina
(rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : \\ miles above Bainbridge, Georgia;
4 miles below Bainbridge, Georgia; 7 miles above Bainbridge, Georgia; Chipola
River, east of Marianna, Florida.
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : West bank of Conecuh River, Escambia
County, Alabama (rare); deep well, Escambia County, Alabama; near Claiborne,
Alabama (rare) ; Salt Mountain, 5 miles south of Jackson, Alabama (rare).
Postpliocene : Santa Barbara, California (Gabb and Horn).
Patagonian: Argentina (Canu).
Geological distribution. — Auversian of France (Canu) ; Priabonian of the
Vicentin (Reuss, Waters), of Hungary (Pergens) ; Aquitanian of France (Canu) ;
Burdigalian of France (collection Canu) ; Sicilian and Quaternary of Italy
(Neviani).
Habitat. — Atlantic: Off France, England. Azore Islands, Madeira and Florida
(36-136 fathoms,). Mediterranean (80 meters). Antarctic (500 meters). Pacific:
Off Queen Charlotte Island and California (45 fathoms). In the Antarctic the
species lives at a temperature of 9° Centigrade.
Plesiotypes.—C&t, Nos. 63803, 63801, U.S.N.M.
MICROPORA MINUTICELLA, new species.
Plate 4, fig. 23.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts small shells. The zooecia are small, dis-
tinct, separated by a furrow, elongated; the cryptocyst is shallow, very finely
granulated : the mural rim is thin, distinct, nearly complete ; the aperture is semi-
lunar, transverse, surrounded by a peristome. The ovicell is smooth and endozooe-
cial. A pair of very small lateral opesiules is present.
i ho=0.04: mm. . [Lz = 0.25-0.27 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture , . A^ Zooecium , nnn
\7o~0.0tmm. l/s=0.20mm.
Affinities. — This is the smallest of the known species of Micropora. Its anoes-
trula, however, is not much smaller than the other zooecia.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : One mile west of Fort Gaines,
Georgia (very rare).
Nolotype.—Cat. No. 63S05, U.S.N.M.
Genus HOPLOCHEILINA Canu, 1911.
1911. Hoplochellina CANU, Iconnitrapliie ilcs Bryozoaires fossik-s <k' 1'Argentine, pt. 2, Anales
del Museo Is'acional de Buenos Aires, vol. 21, p. 261.
The polypidian convexity is little salient. The opesiules are round, indenta-
tions of little depth. The opesium is ogival. The cryptocyst is little deep. The
ovicell is endozooecial. There are two large, oral avicularia.
238 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genotype. — Hoplocheilina spectabilis Canu, 1911.
Range. — Cenomanian-Maestrichtian.
The species of this genus are :
Hoplocheilina (Eschara) osculifera Eeuss, 1877. Cenomanian, Germany.
Hoplocheilina (Eschara'] ichnoidea Hagenow. 1851. Muestrichtian. Belgium.
Hoplocheilina (Reptescharellina) prolifera Gabb and Horn, 1862, Danian of
New Jersey.
Hoplocheilina (LepmH.a) russetti Pergens, 1893. Maestrichtian, Belgium.
Hoplocheiliiui up, ctnli'ilis Canu, 1911, Rocanean, Argentina.
Subfamily LUNULARIIDAE Levinsen, 1909.
The zoarium is a Lunulites — that is, a conical, cupuliform disk. Vibracula are
present. The opesiular indentations are very inconstant.
The only known genus is Lumdaria, the structure of which is described below
as a result of our own studies.
Genus LUNULARIA Busk, 1884.
1SS4. Litnularia BUSK, Report on Polyzoa collected by Challenger, Cheilostouiata, vol. 10,
pt. 30, p. 208.
The zoarium has the Lunulites form. The avicularia are symmetrical. Ex-
teriorly and interiorly the zooecia are arranged in radial rows. The cryptocyst is
more or less developed. Both radicular and hydrostatic zooecia are present. The
ovicell is endozooecial.
Genotype. — Lunulites capitlus Busk, 1884.
Range. — Cenomanian — Recent.
Historical. — Lunulites Lamarck 1812 is not a definite generic type, but is
merely a zoarial form adopted for certain reasons. This style of growth obtains
in many genera of cheilostomatous bryozoa, as Otionella and Trochopora in the
Anasca McAacostega; Lunnlaria and Selcnaria in the Anasca Coilostega and
Stichopora, Fedora, and Bipora in the Ascophora.
All of the fossils hitherto grouped under the general name of Lunulites must
now be classified according to their affinities. In 1900. Canu made the first and
timid attempt. In 1912, Waters brought forth anatomical proof, which will be
cited when the occasion demands.
Structure of the Lunulites. — The hydrostatic zoarial system of the Lunulites
bryozoa is very complicated and we are still ignorant of many of the details. The
larva ordinarily attaches itself firmly on a grain of sand. The ancestrula which is
derived from it immediately gives rise to some closed hydrostatic zooecia which
by their lightness permit the zoarium to commence its growth by ascending away
from the sand dangerous to its development. (Aborted zooecia of D'Orbigny.)
When in the vicinity of algae, the zoarium remains fixed under their fronds.
When they do not offer sufficient shelter, the closed zooecia transform themselves
into perforated, calcified zooecia which are radicular; the radicles then attach the
zoarium to shells, stones, or small algae. The zoarium continues to develop in
J^OETH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
239
a more or le-> widened cone and always with the apex below. It maintains its
normal position by the aid of long articulated filaments called vibranila, which are
thus organs for the maintenance of stability.
:
:
a»i
. .
r«7«fq.!r«j
•rH*J«y
Dx25
I x60
B x25
Ex25 Gx25
FIG. 64. — Subfamily Luuulariidne Levinsen, 1909.
A-C. Lunularia capulus Busk, 1SS4. A. Zoarium, natural size. B, C. Outer (celluliferoust
and inner faces of the zoarium, X 25. (After Busk. 1884.)
D-F. Lunularia patelliformis Maplestone, 1903. D. Inner face, X 25. E, F. Vibracular
cavity and vibraculum. X 25. (After Maplestone, 3903.)
G, H. Lunularia rcpandus Maplestone. 1903. Vibracular cavity and vibraculum, X 25.
(After Maplestone, 1903.)
I. Internal cast of Luntitiiriu- liar/encnoi Bosq, 1851. (After Beissel, 1865.)
J. Vertical section of Luinilnria, traversing an ovicelled zooecium. or, ovicell; s. septula :
;octi; zoarium; cp, proximal zooecium.
K. Vertical fracture of Luiiulurin- tintinalnila, new species, X 10. showing that the zoarium
is composed of plurilamellar segments commencing at the center or at a bifurcation.
The choice of a substratum by the larvae is instinctive but not infallible.
Often they affix themselves on very heavy objects on which, nevertheless, the zoa-
I'ium developes. (Reptolunulites of D'Orbigny.)
240 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
As they are a form of floating life, the Lunulites are subject to variations
from hydrostatic pressure quite as much as the more mobile fish. To avoid this
the zoarium increases or diminishes its volume by the aid of parietal muscles at-
tached to the ectocyst; it also increases its volume by the development of tuberosities
on its noncelluliferous face or by special tubules on the same face. This organi-
zation, infinitely varied in details, permits the animal to be assured of its existence
under a rather constant depth of water and to avoid the great strain of hydrostatic
pressure.
Geological distribution, — Many Cretaceous Lunulites are possessed of opesiular
indentations and endozooecial ovicells and consequently ought to be classed in the
genus Lunularia. The figures of the authors are often inaccurate and it is necessary
to have recourse to direct observation. By this means we have established that the
following species are true species of Lunularia:
Lunulites piano, D'Orbigny, 1852.
Pavolunulites elcgans D'Orbigny, 1852.
Pavolunulites costata D'Orbigny, 1852.
Lunulites munsteri Hagenow, 1851 ( = L. patclliformis Marsson, 1877).
Lunulites radiata Lamark, 1816.
Lunulites urceolata Cuvier, 1822.
Lunulites beisseli Marsson, 1887.
Lunulites salebrosa Marsson, 1887.
Lunulites goldfussi Hagenow, 1851.
Structure of the ovicell. — The ovicell is truly endozooecial and closed by the
opercular valve. Because of the elevation of the zooecial axis it forms only a small
distal cavity underneath the operculum and is situated on an enlargement of the
distal zooecium (pi. 83, fig. 2). On account of its minuteness the ovicell has
escaped observation, but with a little attention it is easy to discover it and to do
so rather frequently.
Zoarial growth. — The zoarial growth is very different from Trocfwpora, which
increases in size by successive disks. It is made by pluricellular segments radiating
from the zoarial center (pi. 83, fig. 8) or from a bifurcation (pi. 13, fig. 12). This
is quite visible chiefly on the fractures (pi. 83, fig. 7), but it may also be seen on
the sections (pi. 83, fig. 10).
LUNULARIA REVEESA Ulrich, 1901.
Plate 1, figs. 17-19.
1901. Lunulites rercrsa ULBICH, Jinn-land Geological Survey, Eocene, p. 217, pi. GO,
figs. 19, 20.
Description. — Zoarium flabellate (perhaps originally discoid or depressed coni-
cal). Zooecia subquadrate or pentagonal, usually widest in the anterior half,
arranged in rather irregular radiating lines, about six in 2 mm., with an impressed
line separating the rows; area depressed, its surface grano-lineate. Margin strongly
raised, thick, and straight or slightly concave across the posterior end and much
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 241
thinner along the sides, the anterior end appearing to be overlapped by the posterior
ridge of the next succeeding zooecium. Aperture surrounded by a thickened rim,
generally rounded in front and straighter behind, sometimes subquadrate, its
anterior border close to the prominent end of the next cell, and the length and
width averaging about half the corresponding dimensions of the entire zooecium.
Vibracular cells fusiform or elongate oval, rather large, one usually at each
angle of junction between four zooecia. A constriction occurs near the center of
each, sometimes on one side only, at other times on both. A narrow area may
surround the opening. Under surface marked by irregular depressed lines radiat-
ing from the narrow lower extremity of the zoarium. Between these lines the
surface is convex and rather coarsely pitted and granulate. (After Ulrich.)
The vibraculum is symmetrical and has two lateral condyles. The figured
specimen has no opesiular indentations. However, the presence of the calcified
cryptocyst is an indication that the parietal muscles are really attached to the
ectocyst.
Occurrence. — Lowest Eocene (Bryozoan bed at base of Aquia formation) :
Upper Marlboro. Maryland (rare).
Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 63799, U.S.N.M.
LUNULARIA OVATA, new species.
Plate 9, figs. 11, 12.
Description.- — The zoarium is a slightly convex Lunulites, bearing at the center
a large number of hydrostatic zooecia. The polypidian zooecia form the four or
five exterior, circular rows; they are hexagonal, little distinct, elongated; the mural
rim, smooth and thick, is distinct from the little developed cryptocyst ; the opesium
is elongated, oval, the narrow end in front, entire. The ovicell is a small, indistinct
distal convexity. -The vibracula are arranged in distinct and regular rows; they
are interzooecial, symmetrical, fusiform, without lateral condyles. On the inner
side the ribs are disposed in longitudinal series under the hydrostatic zooecia and
in radial series under the polypidian zooecia. They are furnished with many rows
of tuberosities.
!/io=0.15 mm. . \Lz— 0.25mm.
\lo=012 mm Zooecia |fe=0 2g mm>
, fZfl=0.25-0.30 mm.
Vibracula \7 nie
\t'«=0.16 mm.
Affinities. — This species is the American representative of Lunularia radiata
Lamarck 1818, a common species in the Parisian Lutetian, but it is much smaller
in zooecial dimensions.
It differs from Lunularia verrucosa in its oval opesium and in the large
tuberosities which ornament the sides of the inner face.
Occurrence. — Wilcoxian (Bashi division.) : Woods Bluff, Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.—Cai. No. 63834, U.S.N.M.
55899— 19— Bull. 106 16
242 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
LUNULARIA? GRANDIPORA, new species.
Plate 12, figs. 3, 4.
Description. — The zoarium is probably a slightly convex Lunulites. The
zooecia are disposed in radial and circular rows ; they are large, elongated, distinct,
separated by a furrow, and are without cryptocyst ; the mural rim is thin, complete,
nearly level, with the summit sharp. The opesium is irregularly elliptical, very
finely crenulated. The ovicell is typically endozooecial, very distinct, somewhat
convex and separated from the mural rim. The vibracula are arranged in distinct
rows ; they are interzooecial, elliptical, symmetrical, and bear in their distal half
two lateral condyles. On the inner side the ribs are convex and bear large tuber-
osities.
Affinities. — Lunularia grandipora differs from the other species of the genus
Lunularia in certain essential characters which fact makes us doubt its position
in the genus ; the large opesium is that of the Membranipores ; the ovicell is not of
the ordinary type, but is the typical endozooecial ovicell which we have observed
in one group of Membranipores; finally, the vibraculum itself, although symmetri-
cal, is elliptical and not lozenge-shaped and fusiform. We are probably dealing
with an especial genus which must be classified near Vibracellina from which it
differs in its orbicular zoarium and its symmetrical nonauriculated vibracula.
Only three fragments of this interesting species have been collected, which is
far too few upon which to base a new genus.
Occurrence. — Claibornian (Lisbon formation) : Wautubbee Hill. 4 miles south
of Enterprise, Clarke County. Mississippi (rare).
Holotype.—Cat. No. 63840, U.S.N.M.
LUNULARIA VERRUCOSA, new species.
Plate 37, figs. 6-9.
Description. — The zoarium is a convex Lunulites bearing at the center a large
number of closed hydrostatic zooecia quite verrucose. The polypidiaii zooecia are
distinct, separated by a furrow, rectangular, transverse; the mural rim is little
distinct from the cryptocyst and is somewhat projecting; the cryptocyst is much
larger than the opesium, shallow, flat, and smooth; the opesium is elliptical and
transverse with a proximal border sometimes convex. Its vibracula are arranged
in special rows ; they are small, lozenge-shaped, and without lateral condyles. On
the inner side the ribs are flat, radial, and a little granulated on certain zoaria.
. 1 7(0=0.10 mm. . rZ0=0.24mm.
Measurements. — OpesiaJ, iA>7 Zooecia \ , nc.K
[70=0.07 mm. \ 7.3=0.25-0.30 mm.
Vibracula! ,
1 fa =0.07 mm.
Affinities. — This species also belongs to the group of Lunularia racliata Lamarck
from which it differs in its very small zooecial dimensions.
It differs from Lunularia ovata because its opesium is transverse and not oval,
and by the sides of the inner face, which are flat and almost smooth.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 243
De Gregorio in his Monograph on the Eocene of Alabama has created for the
group containing L. radiata, Lamarck, 1816, L. fenestrata De Gregorio, 1890, and
L. punctata Leymerie, 1845, a special genus Dimiclausa, in which L. ovata and
L. vemtcosa could be introduced. The essential character is the presence of hydro-
static cellules (cellulis medianis clausia). It is undeniable that the group of species
just cited forms a rather homogenous assemblage characterized chiefly by the great
development of the calcareous cryptocyst. But, though the hydrostatic cellules
may be constant, they are not peculiar to it, for hot only do they exist on many
other species of Lunularia. but they have the same constancy in the genus Trocho-
pora, where the mode of growth is totally different. These species of Lunularui
are perhaps identical or closely related forms, but they do not have different func-
tions from other species, so that they can not be separated generically.
In the interior (fig. 9) the zooecia exhibit a convexity, often supporting the
ovicell. This convexity is characteristic of the genus.
The larva always attached itself to a large grain of sand, which fact explains
the large number of hydrostatic zooecia permitting the zoarium to lighten itself
and thus escape the dangerous zone of the sand.
In the transverse sections the very thick zoarium is formed of many celled
segments radiating from the center or from a bifurcation.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (common);
Eich Hill, Crawford County, Georgia ; 18 miles west of Wrightsville, Johnson
County, Georgia (rare) : 12 miles southeast of Marshallville, Georgia (rare) : Bal-
dock, Barnwell County, South Carolina (rare) ; 3£ miles south of Perry, Georgia
(rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola Kiver. east of Marianna.
Florida (rare); Bainbridge, Georgia (rare).
Vicksburgian (" Chimney rock " of Marianna limestone) : One mile north of
Monroeville, Alabama.
Cotypes.— Cat. Nos. 63992, 63993, U.S.N.M.
LUNULARIA LIGULATA, new species.
Plate 13, figs. 10-12.
Description. — The zoarium is a concave Lunulites. much expanded. The zooecia
are rectangular, transverse, distinct ; the mural rim is thick and distinct from the
cryptocyst, which is deep, smaller than the opesium, and very -finely granulated.
The opesium, orbicular or elliptical, is surrounded by a prominent collar. The ovicell
is a large distal convexity. The hydrostatic zooecia have a false opesium partially
obstructed by a wide calcareous tongue. The vibracula are elongated, narrow
fusiform, deeply embedded, disposed in distinct rows. The inner side lias flat or
slightly convex radial ribs, perforated with small, scattered pores.
|/io=0.16 mm. . fZs=0.20mm.
/ooeciai-,
= U.:jO mm.
Yibracula] 7
Ui»=0.10mm.
244 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Variations. — The hydrostatic zooecia which surround the ancestrula are very
variable. The small tongue, which partially obstructs the false opesium, is more
or less developed; it becomes transformed into a median column and it is then
bordered by four small symmetrical pores. It is evident that the lateral fissures
are opesiules through which the parietal muscles pass.
Affinities. — This species differs from Lunularia verrucosa in its larger micro-
metric dimensions and in its hydrostatic zooecia. which are not wartlike. but are
ornamented with a small tongue.
Although closer still to Lunularia radiata Lamarck 1816, it differs from it in
its smaller micrometric measurements (Zs=0.20 mm. instead of 0.36 mm.), and
in its transverse, and not elongated zooecia, and in its hydrostatic zooecia furnished
with a tongue.
It belongs to the group Dimiclausa De Gregorio, 1890, for which we have as
yet no constant characteristics.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian: 3i miles southeast of Shell Bluff post office,
Georgia( rare).
Claibornian (Cook Mountain formation) : Moseleys Ferry, Calclwell County,
Texas (very common).
Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (abundant).
Jacksonian (Zeugloclon zone) : Bluff on south side of Suck Creek, Clarke
County, Mississippi.
Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : Red Bluff. Wayne County, Mississippi (rare).
Cotypes.—C&i. No. 63846, U.S.N.M.
LUNULARIA FENESTRATA De Gregorio, 1890.
Plate 37, figs. 10-13.
1890. Dimiclausa fenestrata DE GKEGOEIO, Monographic de la Faune Eocenique de Alabama.
Ann.iles de Geologie, et de Paleontologie, Livraisons 7, S, p. 249, pi. 42, figs. 23-27.
Description. — The zoarium is a small, convex, expanded Lunulites with the
zooecia and vibracula in distinct, alternating radial rows. The zooecia are rec-
tangular, somewhat transverse, distinct, ogival ; the mural rim is thick ; the crypto-
cyst very small; the opesium large, elongated, elliptical. The ovicell is a large
distal convexity. The ancestrular zooecia are hydrostatic and calcified with four
opesiular openings like a window. The vibraculum is long, narrow, fusiform, deep,
primoserial in the middle, but in distinct rows along the margins. The inner side
is formed of large, radial, convex ribs with small pores far apart. A large, distal
septula and two pairs of large, lateral septulae are present.
,, . fA0=0.20mm. . \La= 0.22-0.26 mm.
Measurements. — (Jpesia , ... Zooecia , . n
120=0.14 mm. lZs=0.24-0.26mm.
Affinities and variations. — As we have not observed a polypidian convexity
or an opesiule, we can not affirm that this species should be classed in the Coilostega ;
but on account of its resemblance to Lunularia distans Lonsclale 1845, we must
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 245
provisionally place it in the same vicinity. It differs from L. d titans, however,
in its solid and not hollow zoarium and its smaller zooecia.
From Lunularia vicksburgensis Conrad it may be distinguished by the arrange-
ment of its vibracula in all the interzooecial angles.
Its closest affinities are with Lunularia ligulata from which it differs in its
larger zooecial dimensions and its hydrostatic zooecia. which are always perforated
by four rectangular pores which are really opesiules.
We have seen some zoaria without hydrostatic zooecia.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (com-
mon) .
Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 63994, U.S.N.M.
LUNULARIA TUBIFERA, new species.
Plate 37, figs. 14-18.
Description. — The zoarium is a Lunulites. small, irregular, little convex, with-
out fibrous base. The zooecia are hexagonal, somewhat elongated; the mural rim
is scarcely distinct from the cryptocyst, which is quite shallow. The opesium is
oval, very finely crenulated. The ancestrular zooecia are ordinary zooecia trans-
formed into radicular zooecia by total regeneration. The vibracula are small,
symmetrical, without lateral condyles, embedded deeply when they are in distinct
rows. On the inner side the zooecia are visible as hollow tubes, salient, closed or
wide open.
Variations. — Toward the center of the zoarium the vibracula are not in distinct
rows. They are scattered among the zooecia and are very large (fig. 15).
The hydrostatic zooecia are radicular (fig. 15). We have observed (fig. 16)
that the ordinary zooecia may be transformed in radicular zooecia by total regen-
eration. These zooecial transformations through regeneration according to the
necessities of the zoarial life, demonstrate the vital unity of the zoarium and the
importance of its special hydrostatic system.
On the inner face only the hydrostatic zooecia appear to be tubiferous. We
can not explain the reason for this absence of the basal zooecial wall. Evidently
the ectocyst covers all of the zoarium, but must be extremely fragile (fig. 18).
Affinities. — Lunularia tubifera is close to L. ovata, but differs from it in its
ancestrular zooecia, which are radicular, and in the complete absence of ribs on
the inner face.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : One-half mile southeast of Georgia Kaolin
Company mine, Twiggs County, Georgia (rare).
Cotypes.—G&i. No. 63995, U.S.N.M.
LUNULARIA DISTANS Lonsdale, 1845.
Plate 38, figs. 1-20.
1845. Lunulites dislans LONSDALE, Account of twenty-six species of Folyparia obtained from
the Eocene Tertiary formation of North America, Quarterly Journal Geological
Society London, vol. 1, p. 531, fig.
246 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
1862. Lunulites distans GABB and HORN, Monograph of the Fossil Polyzoa of the Secondary
and Tertiary formations of North America, Journal Academy Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 119.
1890. LunuUtes distans DEGREGOEIO, Monographic de la Faune Eocenique de 1'Alabama et
surtout de celle de Claiborne de 1'Etage parisien, Aunales de Geologie et de
Paleontologie, Livraisons 7, 8, p. 250, pi. 42, fig. 29. .
1858. LunuUtes contigua EMMONS, Geological Survey North Carolina, Paleontology, p. 311,
figs. 250, 251 '(not L. contigua Lonsdale, 1845).
Description. — The zoarium is a large, convex Lunulites, on which the rows of
zooecia alternate with rows of vibracula. The zooecia are disposed in radial and
circular rows, and are distinct, elongate, hexagonal, or ogival. The cryptocyst is
not distinct from the mural rim ; it is deep, flat, very finely granulated ; more de-
veloped in the small than in the large zooecia; the opesium is elongate, ogival,
with a slightly concave proximal border. The ovicell reposes on the distal wall; it is
a small convexity, distinct from the mural rim. The vibraculum is elongated, narrow,
lozenge-shaped, symmetrical, provided with two lateral condyles. The interior of
the zoarium is hollow; the zooecia are devoid of basal walls and are wide open
into the zoarial cavity. The inner side is a thin calcareous or chitinous pellicule
provided in the interior with numerous tuberosities. The ancestrula is a zooecium
identical with the others. The ancestrular zooecia are sometimes hydrostatic or
radicular.
Variations. — The zoarium generally is of large dimensions (figs. 3, 4, 5).
To insure the upright position it is necessary to have an extensive hydrostatic
system, because lime is much heavier than the water. This is the reason for the
absence of all fibrous tissue.
This exceedingly light apparatus is very fragile and breaks very easily, for en-
tire zoaria are never found. In calcareous sediments the mud fills up the internal
cavity and preserves the fragile lamella which covers the zoarium. On these rather
common fossils, it may be noted that the inner side (fig. 18) of this lamella bears
numerous tuberosities. The radial rows of zooecia are separated by vertical parti-
tions supporting the frontal cryptocyst which has been worn away on account of
its fragility, although it is easy to reconstruct it in the mind's eye (figs. 1-5).
The inner side of the zoarium is extremely fragile. Upon the supposition that
one of our specimens is a mold of the exterior, an impression of it in wax (fig. 19)
gives the external aspect of the inner side, but we have no confirmation of this
structure from actual specimens. Quite frequently the zoaria are found with a
large cavity representing the place where some incrusting bryozoan or other
organism has strengthened the fragile inner side.
We have found some zooecia with a polypidian convexity (fig. 7) ; the parietal
muscles are therefore attached to the cryptocyst.
The size of the zooecia is quite variable and must depend on the size of the
ancestrula and the convexity of the zoarium. Figure 11 illustrates the rare case
of a gigantic ancestrula surrounded by large zooecia; generally the zoarium com-
mences with radicular zooecia (fig. 8), a zone of small zooecia appears next (figs.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 247
1-i, 20), and finally the normal zooecia are developed (figs. 7, 9, 10, 12). The zone
of small zooecia does not always develop (fig. 11), but fragments containing the
two sorts of zooecia are very common.
The endozooecial ovicell is clearly apparent on the splendidly preserved speci-
men shown in figure 9. Generally it has the more voluminous aspect shown in
figures 7 and 10.
In the interior the fragile partitions limit the radial rows of zooecia (fig. 15),
and the opesium and the cryptocyst have the same form. The zooecia have
no basal wall (fig. 16) ; the very oblique and much-developed distal wall has an
ovicell (ov., fig. 16). Certainly chitinous walls must have taken the place of
the usual calcareous walls here absent in order to limit the general cavity which
contains leucocytes, ovula, spermatozoa, and the polypide, and separates it from
the large partitioned zoarial cavity which can only contain sea water.
The vibracula are as large as the zooecia ; they are present in all the interzooecial
angles, whereas in Lunularia vicksburg en-sis and in L. contigua there is in one row
only one vibraculum to two zooecia.
The same large, partitioned zooecial cavity exists also in Lunularia contigua;
but the latter species has smaller zooecia and is provided with a complete basal
wall.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (common),
Lonsdale's type locality; near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (common); Eutaw
Springs, South Carolina (common) ; 18 miles west of Wrightsville, Georgia (com-
mon) ; 3i miles north of Grovania, Georgia (rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : West bank of the Sepulga River. Es-
cambia County, Alabama (rare).
Jacksonian (Zeuglodon zone) : Bluff south side of Suck Creek, Clarke County,
Mississippi (rare) ; Cocoa post office, Choctaw County, Alabama (rare).
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Monroeville, Alabama
(rare) ; west bank of Conecuh River, Escambia County, Alabama (rare).
Pleslotypes.—Q&i. Xos. 63997, 63998, U.S.N.M.
LUNULARIA CONTIGUA Lonsdale, 1845.
Plate 39, figs. 1-5.
1845. Lunulites contigua LONSDALE, Account of twenty-six species of Polyparia obtained
from the Eocene Tertiary formations of North America, Quarterly Journal Geo-
logical Society of London, vol. 1, p. 533, fig. (not Ernmons 1858= L. di-stans Lons-
dale, 1845).
Description. — The zoarium is a large conical Lunulites in which the zooecia
and avicularia are disposed in distinct rows. The small zooecia are ogival, little
distinct, transverse. The cryptocyst is of little depth and is as long as the opesium;
the opesium is semilunar with a nearly straight proximal border. The large
zooecia have no cryptocyst. Each zooecium has the form of an isolated, closed
sac, situated in a large, partitioned zoarial cavity. The vibracula are long and
narrow, with two lateral, improminent condyle*. disposed in special rows, but with
248 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
two to every two zooecia. The inner side is chitinous or very little calcified and
bears small tuberosities.
Measurements :
Opesium r#0=0.15mm. Opesium jA0=0.30mm.
of small zooecia lZ0=0.17mm. of large zooecia i?o=0.26 mm.
fZs— 0.35mm. . fZ2=0.40mm.
Small zooecia {fe=0>34r_0.40mm. Large zooecia )fe=0_50mm.
Variations. — The zoarial organization of this species is analogous to that of
Lunulites di-stans Lonsdale, 1845, with this difference, however, that the zooecia are
quite calcified on their basal side (fig. 4). The concave molds (figs. 2. 4) show
this remarkable character very well. The convex casts which have lost the frontal
wall of the zooecia (fig. 1) show the internal side of the inner face of the zoarium;
the rows between the partitions are ornamented with numerous tuberosities. in
which character the species does not differ from L. distans Lonsdale.
Another characteristic of this species is its zooecial dimorphism, which is
unique in this genus. We are ignorant of the function of the large zooecium.
Vibracula are not placed in all of the interzooecial angles, as in most of the
species of Lunularia; there is only one for two zooecia in this way — namely, that the
circular rows with vibracula alternate with circular rows without vibracula. Gabb
and Horn have proposed the genus Oligotresium for this special character. We
can not believe that the simple elongation of the small distal canal in which the
vibraculum may be lodged is a sufficient generic character.
Lunularia vicksburgensis Conrad 1847, presents the same arrangement of the
vibracula, but L. contigua differs in its zooecial dimorphism.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian ( Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington. North
Carolina (rare).
Plesiotypes—Cat. No. 63999, U.S.N.M.
LUNULARIA (OLIGOTRESIUM) CLAIBORNICA, new species.
Plate 13, figs. 13-15.
Description,.- — The zoarium is a convex, expanded Lunulites, formed of radial
rows of zooecia and vibracula. The zooecia are ogival, transverse, distinct: the
mural rim is very thick; the cryptocyst is small, finely granular. The opesium
is semilunar and surrounded by a small collar; the proximal border is a little con-
cave or convex. The ovicell is a distal convexity often covered by the external
calcification. The vibracula are elongated, elliptical, disposed in radial rows in
the interzooecial angle for two zooecia; joined between them by a small canal; its
opesium is narrowed in the lower part by a calcareous lamella, which ends in two
condyles. On the inner side the radial rows are convex and pierced by large closely
arranged pores.
ffl0=0.17 mm. „ . lLz=O.Z(} mm.
Measurements. — Opesium^, .,„ Zooecium , - .-
170=0.16 mm. ,1 Js=OAOmm.
(7>=0.30mm.
Vibraculum ,
I /?'=0.18mm.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 249
Affinities. — The vibracula arc arranged two to ever}' two zooecia (Olir/otresium
of Gabb and Horn) in which feature the species agrees with Lunularia contigua
Lonsdale, 1845, and L. vicksburgensis Conrad, 1847.
It differs from Lunularia contigua in its solid zoarium without hydrostatic
zoarial cavity (fig. 13).
It may be distinguished from Lunularia vicksburgensis Conrad, 1847, by its
vibracular condyles which are without depressions, by its opesial, proximal border
which is often convex, by the pores of the rows on the inner face which are much
more numerous and closer together, and by its smaller zboecial dimensions.
Occurrence. — Claibornian (Gosport sand) : One mile southwest of Rockville,
Clarke County. Alabama (common) ; Gopher Hill. Tombigbee River, Alabama
(common) ; Claiborne, Alabama (rare).
Cotypcs.—Cnt. No. 63847, U.S.N.M.
LUNULARIA (OLIGOTRES1UM) VICKSBURGENSIS Conrad, 1847.
Plate S3, figs. 1-11.
1.S47. I.iinuUtcx rii-kxliiiriirnsis CONRAD. Observations on the Eocene formation, and descrip-
tions of one hundred and five new fossils of that period, from the vicinity of Vicks-
burg, Mississippi, with an appendix, Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences Phila-
delphia. vol. 3, p. 296: idem 1S48, Journal Academy Natural Sciences Philadelphia,
ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 127.
1862. Oligotresium vicksburgensis GABB and HORN, Monograph of the fossil polyzoa of
the Secondary and Tertiary formations of North America. Journal Academy Natural
Sciences Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 139, pi. 19, fig. 22.
Description. — The zoarium is a convex expanded Lunulites, without hvdrostatic
zooecia. The zooecia .are distinct, ogival, somewhat transverse; the mural rim is
very thick; the cryptocyst is very small and finely granulated. The opesium is oval,
narrowest at the top, the proximal border quite concave; it is bordered by a small
collar. The ovicell is a distal convexity hidden by the external calcification. The
vibraculum is very long; its opesium is large and narrowed in the upper third
by two large condyles with a small fossette. The vibracula are arranged in radial
rows, but there is only one to every two interzooecial angles. On the inner side the
radial lines are convex and garnished with large scattered pores. One pair of
lateral septulae.
[7w=0.20mm. ,, . [£,3=0.35 mm
Measurements. — Opesium , nnn „,,_ Marginal zooec-iunai, „ „
lw=0.20-0.2o mm. ? • .?* ;^tl n ;U2=0.3
fZ-y=0.35mjn.
\ ibraculum , n nn
U'tf=0.20mm.
I ~ii nation*. — The micrometric dimensions of the zooecia and opesia are quite
variable and are notably larger on the zoarial margins. The ectocyst which floats
in the hypostege secretes a thin calcareous granular layer, which is deposited chiefly
on the primitive olocyst of the cryptocyst and ovicell (fig. 2).
The vibraculum is not always elliptical; it has sometimes a distal callosity
in the form of the leaf of Sagittaria (fig. 3).
250 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
As usual in the genus, there is a pair of large, lateral septulae (fig. 7) and a
large, distal septula (fig. 10).
Growth is accomplished by segments irradiating from the center or from a
bifurcation (figs. 8, 9); this is, moreover, very irregular (fig. 5). The segments
are inserted the one into the other (fig. 10).
The small interzooecial canals are very close together (fig. 7).
The ancestrula is a hydrostatic and radicular zooecium (fig. 4) ; indeed only
the larva is attached to large objects (fig. 9). There are no other hydrostatic
zooecia.
The pores of the inner face are at the extremity of the tubules which perforate
the test even to the zooecia.
Affinities. — This species differs from Lunularia daibornica in its larger micro-
metric dimensions, its shallow pit in each vibracular condyle, and in its proximal,
opesial border, which is quite concave and never convex.
It differs from L. contigua which has the same arrangement of vibracula, in
the complete absence of the entire zoarial cavity.
All the other Lunulites forms observed have their vibracula placed in all the
interzooecial angles and therefore can not be confounded.
As noted before, Gabb and Horn have created the genus Oligotresium because of
this especial disposition of the vibraculum; but we do not believe it necessai'y to
adopt this genus.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Byram marl) : Vicksburg, Mississippi (rare) ;
J mile west of Woodward, Wayne County, Mississippi (common) ; Byram. Mis-
sissippi (common).
Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : Red Bluff, Wayne County, Mississippi (rare).
Pleswtypes.—Cnt. No. 64255, U.S.N.M.
LUNULARIA JACKSONENSIS. new species.
Plate 37, figs. 19-22.
Description. — The zoarium is a somewhat convex Lunulites. The zooecia are
distinct, rectangular, disposed in radial and circular rows; the mural rim is
salient. The cryptocyst is smooth, sunken, little developed ; the opesium is large,
oval, enlarged at the base. The vibracula are placed in distinct radial rows in all
of the interzooecial angles: they are symmetrical and bear two lateral condyles.
The hydrostatic zooecia are numerous, closed by an irregular, nonperforated olocyst.
The inner side bears large, radial tuberose costules.
r/<.0=0.22mm. . Lz=OMmm.
Measurements. — Opesia \ , /ooecia ,
Uo=0.20mm. fe=0.
Affinities. — In the form of its zooecia this species is close to Lunulites fenestrata
Gregorio 1890; it differs from it in the inner face, which is tuberculose and non-
perforated.
It differs from Lunularia tintinabula in its flatter zoarium and in its inner
side, which is tuberose and not perforated.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 251
It differs from Lurwlaria ovata in its much larger zooecial dimensions.
This species has only been found in the single locality at Jackson, where it
appears abundant in association with Lunularia fenestrata De Gregorio 1890.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (com-
mon).
Cotypcs.—Cat. No. 63996, U.S.N.M.
LUNULARIA TINTINABULA, new species.
Plate 83, figs. 12-10.
Description. — The zoarium is a Lunulites in the form of a little bell with
hydrostatic zooecia. The zooecia are distinct, elongated, ogival; the mural rim is
thin; the cryptocyst is quite concave, smooth, much shorter than the opesium.
The opesium is oval, elongated, largely surrounded by a salient peristome. The
vibracula are arranged in radial rows ; they are symmetrical, oval ; their opesium is
narrowed laterally by two teeth ; the anterior portion is much larger than the
inferior portion. The hydrostatic zooecia bear a prominent thread, distal semi-
lunar. On the inner side the radial rows are quite convex and garnished with large
scattered pores. The zoarial surface is pelliculoid.
„, ~ . r /io=0.25 mm. ,7., , fZ/v=0.30mm.
Measurements. — Opesium { , V ibracula 7
(20=0.15 mm. l?y=0.12mm.
. r £2=0.35-0.40 mm.
Marginal zooecia], noKrton
1/3=0.25-0.30 mm.
Variations. — The exterior surface of the zooecia is very fragile; it is easily
detached. The zooecia then appear under another aspect. There is no cryptocyst;
the peristome of the opesium does not exist. There are no condyles to the vibracula.
These two aspects are quite visible on figure 14. An analogous phenomenon has
been observed on Lunularia conica Busk, 1859, as Canti has noted it in 19] 6.
Only the distal half of the opesial peristome exists on the hydrostatic zooecia.
This is a very important character, but it is not constant. It is sometimes replaced
by a furrow of the same form and limiting a long tongue as in Lunularia ligulata
(%. 15).
'Affinities. — This species differs from Lunularia ligulata and from Lunularia
fenestrata in which the opesium is also bordered by a peristome in its much larger
micrometric dimensions (Zs=0.35 mm. instead of 0.20 mm.).
In its exterior aspect it much resembles Lunularia. jacksonensis ; it differs from
it in its much more conical zoarium, in its hydrostatic zooecia provided with a semi-
elliptical, distal thread, and in its inner side which is porous and not tuberous.
It differs from Lunularia vicJesburgensis Conrad, 1847, in the disposition of
its vibracula placed in all the interzooecial angles; it is this feature which does not
permit it to be classified in the Oligotresium group.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Byram marl) : One-fourth mile west of Wood-
ward, Wayne County, Mississippi (very common).
252 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Yicksburg, Mississippi (rare in the lower
beds).
Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : Red Bluff, Wayne County, Mississippi (rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 64256, U.S.N.M.
KEY TO SPECIES OP LUNULAKIA.
[ Vibracula in all the interzooecial angles 4
'| Vibracula only in alternate interzooecial angles (Oligostresium) 2
(Zoarium hollow, zooecia dimorphic L. contigua
" \ Zoarium solid
[ Condyles with fossette; large, oval opesium L. vicksburgensis
^ \ Condyles without fossette: small semilunar opesia ._. L. claibornica
J Zoarium hollow, without ribs on inner face__. . . 5
[ Zoarium solid, with ribs on inner face 6
Small zooecia (Ls 0.25 mm), tubular, no partitions '. /.. tubifera
Large zooecia (LeO.50, 0.70 mm.), zoarial partitions L. distans
I Inner face with perforated ribs 7
1 j Ribs of inner face not perforated but tuberose __._ S
Ancestrular zooecia with a partition ; bordered opesium L. ligulata,
Ancestrular zooecia with four pores L. fenestrata
Ancestrular zooecia tuberous, cryptocyst larger than the opesium L. verrucosa
Ancestrular zooecia with a semicircular salient thread L. tintinabula
I Opesium bordered L. jacksoncnsis
' [ Opesium not bordered — 9
J Small oval opesium (Jw 0.15 mm.) - -L. ovata
| Large opesium (ho 0.30 mm.) L. grandipora
Family ASPIDOSTOMIDAE Canu, 1908.
Bibliography (Anatomical). — 1886. JULLIEN. Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn, Bryozoaires
vol. 6, p. 77.— 18S9. WATERS. Scientific Results Voyage Challenger, Suppl. Rep. 31, p. 28, pi. 1.
figs. 16-18: pi. 3, figs. 20, 21. — 1905. WATERS, Bryozoa from near Cap Horn, Journal Linnean
Society, vol. 29, p. 243 pi. 29, figs. 1-3. — 1909. LEVINSEN, Morphological and Systematic Studies
Cheilostomatus Bryozoa, p. 171.
The zooecia have a raised margin, often indistinctly or incompletely devel-
oped. The two opesiules appear as narrow incisions, which join the zooecial
aperture; the short polypide tube, which is not continued under the cryptocyst
cover, is in most cases provided with marginal flanges. Avicularia are always pres-
ent. Ovicells are hyperstomial.
In 1886 Jullien discovered the relationship of Eschara (Aspidostoma) gigantea
Busk, 1854, with the Onychocellidae. In 1889 Waters figured the opercnlum and
noted its resemblance to Rhagasostoma Koschinsky, 1885. In 1905 he confirmed the
fact that the opesiular indentations serve as a passageway for the opercular muscles.
He established that in Rhagasostoma the operculum is borne by the ectocyst. In
1909 Levinsen thought that the lateral indentations were opesiules and classified
the family in the Coilostega tubifer, because he discovered a sort of polypidian tube.
Moreover, he discovered in Crateropora falcata Levinsen an avicularium analogous
to that of Eschara antiopa D'Orbigny of the Cretaceous; finally, he noted the re-
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
253
semblances of Eschara aegon D'Orbigny and E. atalantha D'Orbigny to Aspidos-
toma. Different species were described by Canu in 1904, 1908, and 1911.
The known genera of this family are: —
Aspidostoma Hincks, 1881.
Rhagasostoma Koschinsky, 1885.
Euritina Canu, 1900.
Odontiondla Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Foraminella Levinsen, 1909.
Cratcropora Levinsen, 1909.
Labiopora Levinsen. 1909.
FIG. 65. — Family Aspidostomidae Canu, 1008.
A-G. Aspidostoma giganteum Busk, 18S4. A. Several zooecia, two of them with ovicells,
X 23. B. A longitudinal section through two zooecia, X 23. C. A transverse section through two
y.ooecia. X 23. Uppermost a distal wall is seen and to the left of this the arched distal end of
the zooecium. Further down an intersected polypide tube is seen and on each side of this a
recess which extends to the basal wall. D. A transverse section through n zooecium, X 23. The
median projection of the zooecium is seen beneath the polypide tube. (A-D After Levinsen,
3909.) E. Avicularian mandible, X 85. F. Operculum, X 85. (E, F after Waters, 1SS8.) G.
Distal connections and lateral connections through the septulae, : 85. (After Waters,
1905.)
Genus RHAGASOSTOMA Koschinsky, 1885.
1885. Rhagasostoma KOSCHINSKY, Ein Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Bryozoenfauna der alterer
Tertiarschichten Bayerus, Paleontographica, vol. 32, p. 29.
The ovicell is hyperstomial and opens above the opercular valve; it has no
lateral expansions (compressed process). The avicularia are interzooecial.
Genotype. — Rhagasostoma hcxagomnn Koschinsky, 1885.
Range. — Eocene-Miocene.
The definition of this genus, established by Koschinsky in 1885. wa.s extended
by Canu in 1900 to all the species provided with opesial incision. The number of
254
BULLETIN 10G, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
the species is now therefore rather large, and it may become convenient perhaps to
make some restrictions. The avicularia are quite variable. Rhagasostoma cingens,
R. hexagonum, and R. circumvallatum Koschinsky, 1885, from the Lutetian of
Bavaria, have falciform onychocellaria. Rhagasostoma dutempleanum D'Orbigny,
] 852, and R. pugeti Canu, 1907, of the Parisian Lutetian, have an avicularium with
double orifice. Rhagasostoma prominens, Canu, 1907. also from the Parisian Lute-
tian, possesses an avicularium with two to four false opesiules. Many Cretaceous
species of Rhagasostoma possess the delicate avicularia called reticulocellaria by
Canu.
Such variations exist likewise in Aspidostoma. Aspidostoma giganteum Busk,
1854, and A. globifemm Canu, 1911, have only small frontal or marginal avicularia.
The other species have interzooecial avicularia. Aspidostoma poriferum Canu, 1904,
on
it-
Bx17
Cx30
A x17
FIG. 66. — Genus Rliagasostoma Koschinsky, 1SS5.
A. Rhagasostoma hexagonum Koschinsky, 1885. Zooecia, X 17 (after Koschinsky, 1885). B.
('. Rhagasostoma crassa, Beissel, 1865. B. Several zooecia and onychocellaria, X 17. o, passage
of the occlusor muscles of the mandible ; on, onyehoeellarium ; o\>, opesiule ; r, passage of the
elevator muscles of the mandible.
C. Internal cast, X 30. (B, C after Beissel, 1865.)
has an avicularium with lateral teeth, as has also A. incrustans Canu, 1908. There
is an avicularium with pivot in Aspidostoma flammulum Canu, 1908. Finally,
Aspidostoma onychoceUiferum Canu, 1911, has perhaps a real onychocellarium.
Rhagasostoma is the Aspidostoma of the northern hemisphere. In Europe the
genus dies out in the Lutetian. Here, in America, it survives into the Vicksburgian.
In Australia it is found in the Miocene.
Rhagasostoma dutempleanum D'Orbigny, 1852, and R. spiniferum Canu, 1913,
appear to form a distinct genus on account of the nature of their ovicells.
RHAGASOSTOMA LEVIGATUM, new species.
Plate 39, figs. 6, 7.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are distinct, elongated,
separated by a furrow ; the mural rim is complete, salient, a little broader at the
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 255
base. The cryptocyst is deep, smooth, and somewhat convex ; the polypidian con-
vexity is improminent and the opesiules somewhat linear. The ovicell is globular,
salient, smooth, opening in a large orifice above the opercnlar valve. The avicularium
is interzooecial, smaller than the zooecium, fusiform, terminated by a small but wide
canal; its opesium is median and very small.
f 7(0=0.10 mm. . , . \Lav= 0.40-0.50 mm.
Measurements. — Opesium , Aviculariunvi 7
[lo=0.1o mm. (lav=0.2Q mm.
Zooe.cium j£s=0.55-0.60 mm.
(including opesiules) \lz= 0.35-0.40 mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Aechmella filimargo in its hyperstomial
ovicell. It may be distinguished from BJiagasostoma minusculum by its larger
dimensions. Specimens from both the Jacksonian and Vicksburgian have been
discovered. It appears to us that there were no essential differences between them,
so we have united them under the same species.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington, North
Carolina (very rare).
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain, 5 miles south of Jackson,
Alabama (very rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. Nos. 64000, 64001, U.S.N.M.
RHAGASOSTOMA MINUSCULUM, new species.
Plate 39, fig. 8.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa. The zooecia are very small, oval,
distinct, separated by a furrow; the mural rim is prominent, slightly thickened,
enlarged at the base, complete. The cryptocyst is deep, smooth, flat ; the polypidian
convexity is improminent; the opesiules are rounded incisions. The ovicell is
globular and prominent. The avicularium is interzooecial, elongated, fusiform, ter-
minated by a very short but wide canal.
f/w=0.07mm. . fZai>=0.20mm.
Measurements. — Opesium , -..- Avicularmm ,
U0=0.10mm. Ua?'=0.10mm.
Zooecium [Zs=0.30-0.35 mm.
(including opesiules) 1/3=0.24-0.28 mm.
Affinities. — This is one of the smallest bryozoans known. It is difficult to con-
ceive how such a small structure could contain tentacles, pharynx, stomach, intes-
tines, muscles, and ovaries and lodge a creature much more perfected than an oyster
or a Tridacne.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (very rare);
Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (very rare).
Holotype.—Cat. No. 64002, U.S.N.M.
256
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL, MUSEUM..
Genus ODONTIONELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Odontionella CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis American Early Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, U. S. National Museum, p. 12.
Ovicell hyperstomial. No condyle for the opercular valve. The opesium is not
symmetrical. The proximal border of the opesium bears irregular spinous proc-
esses, short, flat, more or less wide. The opesiular indentations are dissymmetrical.
The operculum projects beyond the ridge. Sixteen tentacles. The avicularium is
placed on the gymnocyst.
Genotypes. — Odontionella (Membranipora) hians Hindis, 1885, and Odontio-
nella (Membranipora) occultata Waters, 1887.
Range. — Pliocene-Recent.
I
C x25
FIG. 67. — Genus Odontionella Canu and Bassler, 1917.
A-E. Odontionella (Membranipora) hians Hincks, 1885. A. Zooecia, X 75. (After Hincks,
1885.) B. Distal wall with septulae, X '25. C. Lateral wall with septulae, X 25. D. Operculum,
X 85, showing chitinous ridge (cr) and expansion (eo). E. Zooecia, X 25. (B-E after
Waters, 1898.)
In 1917 we included in this genus species of Acanthodesia, new genus, but later
researches have shown that the type of Odontionella has opesiular indentations.
The latter genus thus really belongs to the Aspidostomidae Canu, 1908.
Genus EURITINA Canu, 1900.
1900. Eiiritina CANU, Revision des Bryozoaires du Cretace figures par d'Orbigny, Bulletin
Societe Geologique, France, ser. 3, vol. 28, p. 411.
Ovicell hyperstomial, never closed by the opercular valve; avicularium inter-
zooecial ; cryptocyst well developed, with three facets separated by two longitudinal
grooves; no dietellae.
Genotype.- — Euritina (Eschara) eurita D'Orbigny, 1852.
Range. — Turonian — Eocene.
We are ignorant of the physiological function of the lateral grooves of the
cryptocyst, but as they are very constant in this group of species, they must be
XORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY ERYOZOA.
257
considered. We luive studied i\ number of species with a faceted cryptocyst, notably
Membranipondra spissimuralis. It is not certain that the Cretaceous species are
provided with onychocellaria. for these structures are perhaps interzooecial avi-
cularia, of a special type now extinct. In the interior the polypidian tube is
analogous to that in .\f!i>idoxtoma Ilincks, 1881; it is a thick-
ening of the proximal border of the aperture.
The species of the genus are :
Euritina (Eschara) eurifa D'Orbigny. 1.8r>i_'.
Euritina wclxehi Canu, 1900.
Euritina lata Canu, 1911.
Euritina elongata Canu, 1911.
EuritiiKt inti'i-incd/n Canu, 1911.
Euritina (Biflustra) tort a Gabb and Horn, 1862.
Euritina (Vincitlaria) rmtcHis D'Orbigny, 1852.
EURITINA TORTA Gabb and Horn, 1862.
Plate 1. fig. 16.
1862. Bifluntt-ii torta GABR and HORN, Monograph of the Fossil
Polyzoa of the Secondary nnd Tertiary formations of
North America, Journal Academy of Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, ser. 2, p. 152. pi. 20, fig. 36.
1901. Biflustra turta ULBICH, Maryland Geological Survey, Eocene, p
1909. Biflustra torta WELLES, Cretaceous Faunas, Geological Survey
p. 332.
. rA0=0.25mm. . \Lz-
Aleasurements. — Opesia { , Zooccia{ 7
7o=0.12-0.15 mm. lfe=
FIG. 68.— Genus Euri-
tina Canu, 1900.
Euritina (Eschara) eu-
rita D'Orbigny, 1852.
Zooecia with ovicells,
X 20.
214, pi. 60, fig. 7.
of New Jersey, vol. 4,
=0.40-0.45 mm.
0.25-0.30 mm.
The zoarium is bilamellar; the two lamellae are back to back and may be
separated. The cryptoeyst is deep and the two grooves which separate it from the
mural rim are quite visible.
The onychocellarium is straight, symmetrical, oval; the beak is salient in front
of the zooecial plane; there is no pivot.
At the base of our figure there is a regenerated zooecium.
"Although rather variable this is still to be counted as an easily recognized
species. Ovicells occur but rarely, only four or five specimens out of fifty or more
in my collection having any at all. They are cucullate often with a delicate longi-
tudinal ridge across them and uniformly convex." (Ulrich 1901.)
Occurrence. — Lowest Eocene (Bryozoan bed at base of Aquia formation) : Upper
Marlboro, Maryland (rare).
Geological distribution. — Upper Cretaceous (Vincentown limesand) : Mullica
Hill. Timber Creek, and Vincentown, New Jersey.
Plesiotype—Cat. No. 63778, U.S.N.M.
55899— 19— Bull. 106 - IT
258
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
EURITINA TECTA, new species.
Plate 5. figs. 1-7.
Description. — The zoarium is free and bilamellate. The zooecia are distinct,
very elongate, vaguely oval; the mural rim is thin, thickened laterally, and forms
the two lateral facets of the cryptocyst. The cryptocyst is smooth, flat, oblique
toward the opesium. The opesium is elongate entire, elliptical, or it may have a
proximal border more or less straight. The ovicell is hyperstomial, never closed by
the opercular valve, globular, salient, smooth. The primoserial
zooecia have special avicularia without pivot, marked with a distal
convexity protruding much above the zooecial plane.
f £0=0.22 mm.
Measurements. — Upesia {-.
—
Zooecia
=0-12 mm.
Zs=0.45-0.50mm.
?s=0.25mm.
Variations. — The lateral grooves are very constant on the
fSTfl' "•.•:-'|6-V| bilamellar zoaria, but on specimens which contain supple-
mentary lamellae, the zooecia are devoid of them and appear
FIG. 69. — Genus to belong to another species (fig. 1). The cryptocyst and
Labiopora Lev- ^jie murai rim are formed of very large but very compact
olocystal elements (fig. 3). They are a little oriented on the
a lopora mural rim according to the general rule. The crvptocyst is
ulata Levmsen, ...... . , . ,.
1909 Zooecia x often divided into two symmetrical parts by a longitudinal
23 (After Levin- linear junction (fig. 3). The bottom of the zooecia is the
sen, 1909). ordinary olocyst (fig. 4). The interior of the zooecia (figs.
5, 6, 7) does not correspond at all to the exterior. There is no
trace of the grooves in the cryptocyst, and the lower opesial border is much thick-
ened as in Aspidostoma Hincks, 1881.
The primoserial zooecia. quite different in form at the surface, have in the
interior a shape exactly identical with the other zooecia, although plainly nar-
rower. The exterior distal convexity of these zooecia is very constant and reminds
one somewhat of a little roof. Figure 2 shows a regenerated zooecium of quite
unusual character. Here a normal zooecium succeeds a "calcified" one.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : One mile west of Fort Gaines,
Georgia (common) ; Mabelvale, near Little Rock, Arkansas (common).
Cotypes.—C&t. No. 63807, U.S.N.M.
Genus LABIOPORA Levmsen, 1909.
1909. Labiopora LEVINSEN, Morphological and systematic studies on the Cheilostomatous
Bryozoa, p. 171.
No ovicell; distinct raised margins; frontal wall of polypide-tube not quad-
rangular and not surrounded by projecting flanges. Polypide-tube bilabiate, on
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
259
either side connected with the lateral wall by a vertical calcareous lamina; multi-
porous septulae.
Genotype. — Lablopora wenulata Levinsen, 1909.
Genus CRATEROPORA Levinsen, 1909.
1909. Crateropora LEVINSEN, Morphological and systematic studies on the Cheilostomatous
Bryozoa, p. 171.
No ovicell; distinct raised margins; frontal wall of polypide-tube not quad-
rangular and not surrounded by projecting flanges. Polypide-tube not bilabiate,
with an expanded distal margin, not connected with the lateral walls by vertical cal-
careous laminae; uniporous septulae. (Levinsen, 1909.)
Genotype. — Crateropora falcata Levinsen. 1909.
Aspidostoiiia flammulum Canu. 1908, of the Pata-
gonian of Argentina may perhaps belong to this genus,
although it bears ovicells.
Family STEGANOPORELLIDAE Levinsen, 1909.
Bibliography (Anatomical). — 1900. HARSIER, A revision of the
genus Stegauoporella, Quarterly Journal Microscopical Science,
vol. 43, pp. 225-295, pi. 12, 13.— 1902. HARMEE, On the Mor-
phology of the Cheilostomata, Quarterly Journal of Microscopi-
cal Science, p. 317, pi. IS, figs. 64, 65, 66.— 1909. LEVINSEN,
Morphological and systematic studies on the Cheilostomatous
Bryozoa, p. 167, pi. 6, figs. 2-7. — 1913. WATERS, Bryozoa from
Zanzibar, Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, p.
498, pi. 72, figs. 12-20.
The zooecium is divided into two chambers. The
proximal chamber contains the polypide and the ovaries ;
it is terminated by an ascending tube, the polypide
tube, in which the tentacles are lodged when the polypide is retracted. The upper
chamber contains the parietal and opercular muscles. The retractor muscles of the
polypide are attached in one of the lower angles of the zooecium, which causes the
general assymetry of the zooecium. No ovicells, no avicularia. Generally two
forms of zooecia : a and B. The two opesiules are generally not separated from
the aperture of the zooecium. The operculum. which is sometimes bounded by a
chitinous sclerite proximally. sometimes continued immediately into the frontal
membrane, is, as a rule, very large, and then suspended by strong hinge-teeth.
The structure in this family is remarkable and of great interest. The figures
that are reproduced permit the reader to easily comprehend its details, despite the
complexity of the terminology. The two known genera are Steganoporella Smitt.
1873, and Siphonoporetta Hincks 1880.
FIG. 70. — Genus Crateropofc
Levinsen, 1909.
Crateropora falcata Levin-
sen, 1909. Zooecia, X23. (Af-
ter Levinsen, 1909).
Genus STEGANOPORELLA Smitt, 1873.
SMITT, Floridan Bryozoa, Kongl. Svenska
Vetinskaps-Akadeniiens
1873. Steganoporella
Handlingar. vol. 11, No. 4, p. 15.
The whole of the calcined part of the frontal area lying proximally to the
aperture is a depressed cryptocyst; the aperture of the zooecium is surrounded
260
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
FIG. 71. — Family Steganoporellldae Levinsen. T.iOH.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. V2()l
FIG. 71. — Family Steganoporellidae Levinsen, 1909.
A-H. Stcganopon-Ilii iniiiniiliilirix Busk 18.r>2. A. View showing the a and B zooecia, X 20.
B, C. Operculimi of B zooecium : X 40 Mini < 50. D. B. Opercula of a zooecia ;' X 40. F.
nperculum of a zooecia; X 50. G. Section cut through an operculum showing a membrane ( »i >
between the main sclerites, X 50. H. Operculum, X 85. Decalcified distal end seen from in-
side with the basal wall removed. The tentacular sheath (ts) is held by four bands (6) at-
tached to the distal wall; also there are muscles (tsm) from the distal end of the tentacular
sheath to the wall (a) which divides the zooecium. The large retractor muscles (r) are seen
attached to a tendon, while below there is a smaller pair of muscles (d) not attached direct to
the operculum, but to the frontal wall quite close to the operculum.
I. Back of zooecium.
J. View, X 50, showing the tentacular parts attached to the side wall of the proximal corner,
while the stomach, etc., is in the other corner connected by a long, narrow esophageal tube,
i A. B. D, E. I after Harmer, 1900; C, F. 11. J after Waters, 1915.)
K-M. Steganoporella alvcolata Harmer, 1900. K. B operculum with its occlusor muscles,
seen from the inner side, and somewhat distally so as to be considerably foreshortened; cored,
condyles, united to the basal sclerite (6s) of the operculum by the strong ligaments liy ; occl,
proximal occlusor muscle, the tendon (1cnil\ of which is inserted into the occlusor tubercle
(orcl, t.\ of the oi>errulum and gives off a fascia (ft which connects it with the projecting proxi-
mal end of the main sclerite (ms) ; occl' distal occlusor. inserted into the fascia /', #, line along
which the operculum passes into the roof of the vestibule.
L. Basal view of a B zooecium (basal wall removed). The cryptocyst (crypt) is seen from
its basal surface; part of the floor of the lateral recesses (Ir) is broken away. Between the
two recesses is the passage (tube) by which the tentacle sheath passes to the orifice; occl' . distal
occlusors, with their transverse facia (/') : occl, proximal occlusor with its tendon (tend) ; dc/tr,
depressor muscles of frontal membrane; <7/r, divaricator muscles of operculum ; ms, main sclerite
of operculum. The movements of the tentacle sheath are restrained by four delicate muscles, two
of which originate from the wall of the tube.
M. Frontal view of a B zooecium: occl. 1.. occlusor tubercle: lig, binge-ligaments, connecting
the condyles (cond) with the ends of the basal sclerite (6s) ; fm, frontal membrane, into which
the depressor muscles (dcpr) are inserted: mpr, median process, arising from the roof of the tube;
other letters as in fig. O. (K-M after Harmer. 1902.)
N. Steganoporella lateralis MacGillivray, 1895. Back of zooecium.
O. Steganoporella neoxolanica Busk. 1861. Typical form. Part of transverse section of the
colony seen from the distal side; 6. basal wall; 7i, vertical proximal wall of one of the lateral
recesses; mp, distal wall of the flask-shaped cavity of the median process; t, opening into the
subopercular cavity of the zooecium.
P. Steganoporella buskii Harmer, 1900. Proximal wall of a zooecium showing the insertion
of the cryptocyst and the two fragmented septulae. (N-P after Harmer, 1900.)
262 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
distally and laterally by a projecting margin; the zooecia frequently, occurring in
two forms a and B and provided with a large operculum armed with teeth, which
is suspended by strong hinge-teeth ; the polypide-tube is never continued proximally
beneath the cryptocyst cover. (After Levinsen, 1909.) 25 tentacles.
Genotype. — Steganoporella (Memoranipora) magnilabris Hincks, 1881.
Range. — Lutetian-Recent.
The known fossil species of this genus are :
Steganoporella (Gaudryanella] asymetrica Canu, 1907, Lutetian of the Paris
Basin.
Steganoporella (Gargantua) firma Canu. 1007, not Reuss, Lutetian of the
Paris Basin.
Steganoporella similis Koschincky, 1885, Lutetian of Bavaria.
Steganoporella (Vincularia) haidingeri Reuss, 1869. Priabonian of the Vicentin.
Steganoporella (Lepralia) firma Reuss, 1867. Priabonian of the Vicentin.
Steganoporella (Escliara) elegans Milne-Edwards, 1838, Aquitanian-Helvetian
of France.
Steganoporella elegans Smitt, 1873 (not Milne-Edwards, 1838), still lives off
the coast of Florida at a depth of 15-37 fathoms.
STEGANOPORELLA JACKSON ICA, new species.
Plate 39, figs. 9-16.
Description.— The zoarium is bilamellar formed of two layers back to back
and easily parted. The a zooecia are very elongated, narrow, distinct; the mural
rim is thin, salient; the cryptocyst is deep, granular, and porous; the opesium is
semilunar and transverse; there is no polypide-tube. but a small polypidian convexity
is present; the two opesiules are small, rounded, lateral incisions, quite indistinct;
the inner partition is very oblique. The B zooecia are twice as large, ogival, larger
at the top than at the bottom; their polypide-tube is salient and complete: the two
opesiules are two deep, rounded incisions; the opesium is bordered by a double
collar (oral arch); the distal niche is large, smooth, deep; the B zooecia always
engender two new rows of a zooecia.
'Z2=0.46-0.50 mm. [ Ao=0.12 mm.
measurements. — a zooecia •, 7 nri. Opesium , ,. .
!fo=0.24mm. lZo=0.16-0.20mm.
. (7,3=1.20 mm.
B zooecia \ 7 „ _ .
us=0.50mm.
Variations. — It is rather remarkable that if the a zooecia become enlarged
the B zooecia are shorter.
The frontal is a direct tremocyst (fig. 14) in which the granulations of the
cryptocyst often fill up the perforations.
Only the B zooecia have a distinct polypide tube (figs. 10, 16). After wearing
away the frontal the a zooecia are seen to have an oblique partition more elevated
at the top than at the base (fig. 13). Similar abrasion on the dorsal side permits
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 263
(fig. 12) one to ascertain how the polypide may project between the partition and
the opesial collar.
Affinities. — The a zooecia are much narrower than in Steganoporella rectan-
ffularia (fe=0.24 mm. instead of 0.36 mm.).
Steganoporella jacksonica differs from Steganoporella incrustans in its bila-
mellar zoarium and its perforated cryptocyst.
It differs from Steganoporella viclcsburgica in its much smaller micrometric
dimensions. The widespread occurrence of this species in the Jacksonian has
occasioned its specific name.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian: Jackson, Mississippi (rare).
Middle Jacksonian: Baldock, Barnwell County, South Carolina (very abun-
dant) ; 18 miles west of Wrightsville, Georgia (rare) ; 3J miles south of Perry,
Georgia (rare) ; 17 miles northeast of Hawkinsville, Georgia (rare) ; 3^ miles west
of Grovania. Georgia (rare) ; ^ mile southeast of the Georgia Kaolin Company
Mine, Twiggs County, Georgia (rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : West bank of Sepulga River, Escambia
County, Alabama.
Cotypes.—Cnt. Nos. 64003-64005, U.S.N.M.
STEGANOPORELLA RECTANGULARIA, new species.
Plate 40, fig. 1.
Description. — The zoarium is bilamellar. The a zooecia are short, wide, dis-
tinct, ogival, with the distal walls sinuous; the mural rim is thin and salient; the
cryptocyst is deep and porous; the polypide tube is somewhat salient and dis-
tinct; the two opesiules are rounded, broad, and scarcely visible; the opesium is
semilunar and transverse. The R zooecia are much larger; their polypide tube
is very salient, and the two opesiules are deep.
1 7(0=0.12-0.14 mm. fZz=0.44mm.
Measurements. — Opesium {, ^or,™,. '•' • zooecium , » „„
\Z0=0.22-0.24 mm. I7s=0.36mm.
n f £3=1.15 mm.
ti zooecium 7 n __
U3=0.55mm.
Affinities.- — Only two specimens have been found, but they appear distinct from
Steganoporella jaclcsonica because of their great zooecial width, and by the sinuosi-
ties of the distal walls of the mural rim. The species requires further examination.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (very
rare).
Holotyps.—Czt. No. 64006, U.S.N.M.
STEGANOPORELLA INCRUSTANS, new species.
Plate 40, figs. 2-6.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells, sometimes forming broad expan-
sions. The a zooecia are small, elongated, distinct; their mural rim prominent,
thin; the cryptocyst is deep, smooth or finely granulated; the opesium is semi-
264 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
lunar, transverse; there is not a complete polypide tube; the polypidian convexity
is prominent; the two opesiules are rounded, asymmetrical, rather distinct. The B
zooecia are of greater size and much enlarged in their distal part; the polypide
tube is median, quite prominent, complete; the opesiules are large, rounded or linear
nearly alike ; the oral arch is single or double and salient ; the distal niche is large,
of slight depth, and smooth.
[^0=0.05-0.10 mm. I £5 = 0.50 mm.
Measurements. — Opesmm<, nnA a zooecmm ' OA
[(0=0.20 mm. U?=0.30-0.36 mm.
(-7,3=0.70-0.80 mm.
B zooecmm { ,
I ?s=0.34mm.
Variations. — The micrometric dimensions are extraordinarily variable. The
B zooecia attain a length of 1.10 mm. in the specimens from the vicinity of Bain-
bridge, Georgia ; they always engender two new rows of zooecia.
The partition of the a zooecia is very oblique and begins at one of the upper
distal angles (fig. 5). It becomes very visible after rubbing away the zoarial sur-
face. The polypide slips between this partition and the opesiule in order to emerge
from the polypidian convexity.
The polypide tube of the B zooecia is median, straight (see fig. 4, w), or
curved nearly at a right angle. The contortions of the polypide in order to emerge
from the zooecium (<£), are really considerable (fig. 4) ; we are in ignorance regard-
ing the use of this complicated structure; the embryos developed at the base of the
distal chamber are not the cause of it.
One of the zoaria before us covers 5 square centimeters of surface.
Affinities. — This species differs from Steganopordla jacksonica in its incrusting
zoarium, in its a zooecia, which are shorter, and its nonperforatecl cryptocyst.
It is distinguished from Strganoporella (LepraUa) firm a Reuss, 1867. by its B
zooecia, which are much larger.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola River, cast of
Marianna, Jackson County, Florida (common) : West bank of Sepulga River,
Escambia County, Alabama (very rare) ; 4 miles below Bainbridge. Georgia (very
rare) ; Old Factory, H miles above Bainbridge. Georgia (very rare).
Middle Jacksonian : 17 miles northeast of Hawkinsville, Georgia.
Cotypes.—C&t. Nos. 64007-64009, TJ.S.N.M.
STEGANOPORELLA VICKSBURGICA, new species.
Plate 84, figs. 1-7.
Description. — The zoarium is formed of two lamellae placed back to back and
easily separable. The a zooecia are large, distinct, elongate, without distal niche;
the mural rim is thin and salient; the cryptocyst is deep and perforated with very
small pores; the opesium semilunar, transverse; the polypide tube is complete but
very little prominent, and the opesiules are hardly visible. The B zooecia are larger
and have a deep, smooth distal niche; the polypide tube is large and very promi-
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
265
nent; the opesiules are large, round, and dissimilar; the opesium is surrounded
by a small, improminent collar (oral arch).
T, .-. fAo=0.30mm.
Measurements. — Opesium -L _n,0 a zooecia
/? zooecia |f 3=L25mm-
(is=0.60mm.
Variations. — This species is rather constant in its characters.
[Zz=0.75-O.S5mm.
•,
lfe=0.55mm.
The partition
which separates the two chambers is horizontal in the a and B zooecia, so that both
kinds of zooecia are provided with a polypide tube, a condition which does not
exist in the preceding species studied (Steganoporclla jacksonica, etc.) (figs. 3, 4).
The tube is seen complete after very gently rubbing away the surface of the
zoarium (fig. 5).
The dissymmetry of the opesiules is constant, but it is not very great, and cer-
tainly the retractor muscles of
the polypide were not attached in
one of the proximal angles of
the zooecium.
In this section it appeared
to us that the frontal was a
tremocyst resting on an olocyst,
but this is a point to be verified.
The zooecial mural rim is an
olocyst whose elements are
grouped in radial rows around
the opesium (fig. 6).
The zoarium may attain a
length of 2 centimeters ; the size
FIG. 72. — Genus Siphonoporella Hincks, 1880.
A-D. Siphonoporella delicatissima Busk, 1840. A. View
of zooecia, X 40, with covering membrane removed. B.
Zooecium of same, X 75. C. Zooecium, X 75, showing
proximally directed part of polypide tube. D. View from
the basal surface, X 40. (A-D after Levinsen, 1909.)
of the zooecia permits its deter-
mination with a simple hand
lens. This is a good-sized fossil
and can be readily employed in
field determinations.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : West bank of Conecuh
River, Escambia County, Alabama (common) ; Salt Mountain, 5 miles south of
Jackson. Alabama (common) ; Murder Creek, east of Castlebury. Conecuh County,
Alabama (common) ; Claiborne. Monroe County, Alabama (common).
Cotypes.—C&t. No. 64257, U.S.N.M.
Genus SIPHONOPORELLA Hincks, 1880.
1880. Siphonoporella HINCKS, General History of Marine Polyzwi, I. Maileiran Polyzoa,
Annals Magazine Natural History, ser. 5, vol. 6, p. 22.
The proximal calcified pad of the frontal wall is formed by a larger or smaller
arched gymnocyst; the aperture is not surrounded by a projecting margin; the
zooecia occurring only in a single form and provided with a small, always unarmed
266
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
T. rozieri prominens T . rozieri
T. expanse Levlnsen. T. mam! liar is Lam.
T. expansa Levinaen
T. novae hollandiae T. falc if era IHncke
T. rozieri Audouin
FIG. 73. — Family Thalaiuoporellidae Levinsen, 1909.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 267
FIG. 73. — Family Thalamoporellidae Levinsen, 1909.
A. Thalamoporella novae hollandiae Ha swell, 18S1. Three zooecia with their operculum
and an onychocellariuin, X 40. (After Levinsen, 1909.)
B-D. Thalamoporella rozieri Audouin. 1826. B, C. Onychocellarium, X 50, and mandible,
< 85. D. Section of ovicell, X 85, showing two larvae, of which the right one is clearly older
than the left. (B-D after Waters, 1908.)
E. Thalamoporella granulala vnr. tubifera Leviusen, 1909. Two gonozooecia. X 40. (After
Levinsen, 1909.)
F-J. Thalamoporella lioticha Ortman. 1890. F. Median section of ovicell, X 40. G. Sche-
matic longitudinal section through ovicell, X 40. H. Ovicell with frontal half cut away, showing
the operculum, X 40. I. Opercula. J. The distal end of a zooedum after the removal of the
basal surface ; the independent basal wall of the polypide tube is seen, X 40.
K. Thalamoporella mamillaris Lainouroux, 1816. Five opesiules of different zooecia, show-
ing the variation in shape of the opesiular outgrowths and in the number and structure of the
protecting spinous processes; X 75.
L. Spicula of Thalamoporella novae hollandiae Haswell, 1881, X 200.
M. Basal surface of the Thalamoporella granulata Levinsen, 1909, X 23, where may be seen
the polypidian tube and the opesiular chambers. (F-M after Levinsen, 1909.)
268
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
opercular valve; the polypide tube is continued, proximally beneath the cryptocyst
cover. (After Levinsen, 1909.)
Genotype. — Siphonoporella (Membrampora) delicatissima Busk, 1861.
Family THALAMOPORELLIDAE Levinsen, 1909.
The tubifer zooecia have calcareous spicula in the shape of compasses and
bows. The ovicells are hyperstomial, with two calcareous layers, springing from
the whole anter of the apertura ;
they are closed by a horizontal
cup-shaped chitinized operculura
which is connected at its basft
with the operculum of the gono-
zooecium. The opesiulae are al-
ways completely separated from
the apertura. The opercular
valve is membranous or chitin-
ized. and more or less completely
separated from the ectocyst by a
single or double chitinous scle-
rite. Interzooecial avicularia
occur.
The principal characters of
this family are shown in figure
73. Hitherto it has been consid-
ered as appearing first in the
Miocene. The only specimens
which we have found occur in
the topmost beds of the Vicks-
FIG. "4. — Genus Thalamoporella Hincks, 1887.
A-E. Thalamoporella rozieri Audouin, 1826. A. A'iew of
the typical form, X 25. (After Waters, 1908.) B. Zooecia,
X 20, of var. prominens Levinsen, 1909. C. Zooecia, X 20,
of var. californica Levinsen, 1909. D. Zooecia, X 20, of var.
sparsipunctata Levinsen, 1909. E. Zooecia, X 20, of var.
labiuta Levins?n, 1909. (B-E after Levinsen, 1909. )
burgian.
The known genera are Thala-
moporella Hincks, 1887; Thairo-
pora MacGillivray, 1887, Manzonella Jullien. 1888, and ~Woodipora Jullien, 1888.
Genus THALAMOPORELLA Hincks, 1887.
1887. ThalamoporeJla HINCKS, Critical Notes on Polyzoa, Annals Mag.-izine Natural History,
ser. 5, vol. 19, p. 164.
Characters same as for the family. 17-19 tentacles.
Genotype. — Thalamoporella (Flustra) rosien (Savigny) Audouin (1812)
1826.
1846.
Range. — Aquitanian — Recent.
Fossil species of this genus: Thalamoporella (Eschara) andegavensis Michelin.
NORTH AMERICAN' EARLY TERTIAEY. BRYOZOA. 269
THALAMOPORELLA PRIMA, new species.
Plate So, fig. 14.
Description. — The zoarium is bilamellar. The zooecin are distinct, elongated,
rectangular, and their mural rims are intimately united among themselves; the
iTyptocyst is deep, flat, with numerous i reinopores. The apertura is orbicular or
somewhat transverse, the poster is narrower than the sinter; it has a large, distal,
vestibular arch; the polypidian tube is invisible. The onychocellarium is straight,
oval, narrow, and perforated by a single elliptical orifice.
I A0=0.1_M).15 mm. . |Zs=0.5.">mm.
Measurements. — Opesium 7 Zooecia 7 -„„ ,
[lo =0.1-2-0. 15 mm. |fe=0.3o-0.40mm.
A-ffin/fics. — Only a few specimens of this species have been found. They are
difficult to determine for all the species of the genus are quite polymorphic. To
us the present form appeared to differ from Thalamoporella rozieri Savigny-
Audouin (1826) in its smaller micrcmetric dimensions (?s=0.55 instead of
0.72 mm.).
Occurrence. — Uppermost Vicksburgian (Byram marl) : Leaf River. Smith
County. Mississippi (very rare).
HoIo/ype.—Cat. No. 64265, U.S.N.M.
Division III. PSEUDOSTEGA Levinsen, 1909.
There are no parietal muscles. The hydrostatic system is external; there is
a special hypostege on each zooecium.
The families of this division are :
Membranicellariidae Levinsen 1909.
Cellariidae Hincks 1880.
Coscinopleuridae Canu 1913.
We are ignorant of the exact working of the hydrostatic system in the species
of this division. It is probable that the lateral incisions of the opesium, other-
wise very constant, are in intimate relationship with the entrance or egress of the
polypide, for they serve as passage for the liquid of the general cavity in the
hypostege or vice versa.
The endocyst covers a hypostege. Its presence is often revealed by supple-
mentary calcareous deposits which may always be distinguished by their irregu-
larity.
Other genera certainly belong to this division, but it has not been possible
for us to class them in the families cited. It would be absurd to create a special
family for each of them since we lack absolutely the necessary anatomical features.
Here the opesium being entirely dosed by a constant operculum of the same
form, becomes a real aperture, as in the Ascophora.
Family CELLARIIDAE Hincks, 1880.
KiMiiiuraiiliit (Anatomical). — 1900. CALVET. Contribution a 1'Historie naturelle de Bryozouhvs
Ectoproetes marines, Montpellier. Mi'in. S, pi. fi, fig. 11 ; pi. S, ft;.'. 14; pi. 10. fig. 4; pi. 11,
figs. 10. 11, 12; pi. 12, figs. 7. 8, 9: pi. 13, figs. 12 to 18. — 1904. WATERS, Resultats du voyage
flu S. Y. lii'lgiru, Brj-nzoa (Expedition .•iiitaretique beige), pi. 2, fig. 9. — 1909. LEVINSEN Mor-
phological and systematic studies on the Cheilostoinatons Bi-yozoa. p. 209, pis, 7 and S
270
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Fio. 75.— Family Cellariidae Hlncks, 1880.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 271
FIG. 75. — Family Cellariidae Hincks, 1880.
A-D. Cellaria flstulosa Linnaeus, 1768. A. Profile view of larva. B. Aboral face. C. Lateral
face. (A-C after Calvet, 1900.)
&a, palette of pigmentary spots of the larva. plv, vibratile plume,
co?, calotte (terminal bud). spa, palleal furrow.
co. corona. xgs, superior glandular system.
fc, ciliated cleft. ta, pigment spots.
D. Longitudinal frontodorsal section of a bryozoid. (After Calvet, 1900.)
<in. anus. <ji, tentacular sheath.
on, cardiac region of the stomach. U, hypostege.
caec, stomachic caecum. mpd, parietal diaphragm muscles.
chi, incubation cavity. mupae, periesophagial muscular fibers.
cry, cryptocyst. muop, muscles of the operculum of the ovicell.
d, vaginal diaphragm. oe, external orifice of the ovicell.
t, embryo. oi, internal orifice of the ovicell.
ect, ectocyst. op, operculum.
el, interzooecial partition. pic, communication plates (septulae).
eph, hypostegial epiderm (endocyst). rm, mesenchyme covering of the polypide.
est, stomach. s, membraneous sac in which the embryo is
fnc, central funicular cord. evolved.
gn, nerve ganglion. t, tentacles.
E. Cellaria rigida MacGillivray, 1S87. Longitudinal section through a zoarium, X 64. (After
Hennig, 1910.)
F. Cellaria atlantica Busk, 1884. Interior from the basal aspect after the removal of the
basal surface. The cavities of the zooecia and the ovicells are visible and here and there ex-
ternal ridges which divide the frontal surface into areas. (After Levinsen. 1909.)
G. H. Cellaria dennanti MacGillivray, 18S7. G. Section X 85, showing the large nvicularian
chamber, also the outer membranes united at certain points only, and between which there has
been a calcareous deposit; the basal portions of the intermediate zooecia are shown at c. In the
lower zooecium the full number of tentacles is not shown.
H. Section of tentacles, X 750. (G, H after Waters, 1904.)
I-X. Opercula (to the left) and aviculariau mandibles (to the right) of Cellaria. (I, M
after Waters, 1885 and 1904, and N after Calvet, 1910.)
272
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The whole frontal wall of the zooecia is a cryptocyst and they have a well
chitinized, bilaminar. simple operctilum with a straight or concave proximal margin.
Within the proximal and sometimes also within the distal margin of the aperture
is placed a pair of (or sometimes a single broad) supporting teeth. The subo-
percular area of the avicularia has an unusually strongly developed, sometimes
almost complete cryptocyst. The ovicells are endotoichal. (After Levinsen. 1909.)
The genera known are Cellaria Authors, Cianotremella Canu, 1911, Melicerita
Milne-Edwards, 1838. Knffinoma Jullien. 1882, and Erina Canu, 1908.
D "50
C '50
FIG. 70. — Genus Cellaria Lamouroux, 1812.
A-D. Cellaria sinuosa Hassall, ]841. A. Zoarinm, natural size. B. Usual form of zooecia,
X 50. C. Zooecia, X 50, with an aviculariuiu. D. Two zooecia, X 50. with ovicells. (A-D
after Hincks, 1880.)
There are certainly generic divisions still to be made in the very important
genus Cellaria when we better understand the function of the oral armature and
the working of the hydrostatic system.
Genus CELLARIA Authors.1
The zoarium is articulated, with cylindrical segments (internod.es) . The
ovicell is endotoichal and is closed by a peculiar, chitinous operculum moved by
especial muscles. The operculum is formed of a chitinized inner part, closing the
aperture, covered by the exterior ectocyst. 13-15 tentacles.
Genotype.— Cellaria fistulosa Linnaeus, 1768.
1 The genus Cellaria was named by Lamouroux in 1812, but we cite it as " Authors " to show that we
agree with the great majority of the authors of the nineteenth century in regard to this genus. Recently
Norman (1903) and Levinseu (1909) have found good cause for bibliographic reasons, to change Cellular in
to Cellaria, and Cellaria to CeUularia. We are absolutely indifferent to these disputes for they do not
iniTciis.- mil- irrlmiriil k HUH In 1 i;i\ Tin* wui'il f'rllnria is a century old. and as it has always had a distinct
meaning, why should we change it?
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 273
Range. — Jacksonian-Recent.
In the Eocene and the Oligocene we still recognize the single species Cellaria
reussi D'Orbigny, 1852, of the Priabonian of Vicentin, Italy.
CELLARIA STRICTOCELLA. new species.
Plate 40, figs. 7-10.
Description. — Zoarium articulated; the segments cylindrical and symmetrical.
The zooecia are elongated, narrow, confluent among themselves; the cryptocyst is
of little depth, concave, smooth. The aperture is transverse, elliptical, without
oral denticles. The ovicell is small, rectangular with an orifice of the same form.
j.r |Aa=0.08 mm. . (Lz= 0.40-0.45 mm.
Measurement*.— Aperture Zooecia{7 noert0«
ua=0.10mm. Us=0.25-0.30 mm.
Affinities. — Most of the time there is no oral armature; but sometimes deeply
embedded lamellae are visible.
The micrometric dimensions are greater in the middle of the segments than at
their extremities.
This species differs from Cellaria reussi D'Orbigny, 1852, in the form of its
zooecia, which are not hexagonal and in their quincunx arrangement.
It differs from Cellaria dimorpha, new species, in the absence of all zooecial
dimorphism.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
Xorth Carolina (uncommon).
Cotypes.—Czt. Xo. 64010, U.S.KM.
CELLARIA DIMORPHA, new species.
Plate 40, figs. 11-13.
Description. — The zoarium is articulated ; the segments are large, symmetrical,
somewhat conical, formed of a dozen longitudinal rows of dimorphic zooecia. The
small zooecia are rectangular, elongated, confluent through their mural rim; the
cryptocyst is smooth, deep; the aperture is elliptical and transverse. Within the
interior of the aperture there are two oblique symmetrically arranged lamellae.
The ovicell is endotoichal; its orifice is circular and completed by a small canal
the point of which is below and directed toward the proximal ovicell of the neigh-
boring row. The large zooecia have the same characters as the small.
Measurements. — Aperture of fAa=0.10 mm. Aperture of|Aa=0.20mm.
small zooecia [Za=0.12 mm. large zooecia U«= 0.24 mm.
. fZs=0.50mm. T . fZ3=0.45-0.55 mm.
small zooecia <, Large zooecia , „ _ „
lfe=0.20mm. 1^=0.26 mm.
Affinities. — This species is very curious; and for the genus its characters are
quite divergent. Unfortunately the different oral organs of ihe living species have
not been thoroughly studied.
55899— 19— Bull. IOC 18
274 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The oral lamellae are analogous to those in the genus Chaperia where they
serve for the insertion of opercular muscles. They are not constant in the large
zooecia, where they are sometimes replaced by two lateral denticles.
The orifice of the ovicell has much resemblance to that of avicularia. for it is
often constricted by two lateral denticles.
The frontal is an olocyst in which the elements are crowded and regularly
disposed. The zooecial dimorphism is inexplicable.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington.
North Carolina (common).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 64011, U.S.N.M.
CELLARIA BIFACIATA, new species.
Plate 40, figs. 14-17.
Description. — The zoarium is articulated; the segments are cylindrical and
unsymmetrical. On the posterior face the zooecia are small, ogival, joined by
their margins ; the cryptocyst is smooth and shallow ; the aperture is transverse and
elliptical. The ovicell is endotoichal; its orifice is large and circular. On the
anterior face the zooecia are large, hexagonal, and united among themselves; the
cryptocyst is deep, but much smaller than the aperture which is transverse and
elliptical. Between the zooecia there are large falciform avicularia in which the
pivot is indicated by two large lateral teeth.
Measurements. — Aperture of fAa=0.09mm. Q ,. . (Zs=0.30mm.
small zooecia I Zo=0.10-0.12 mm. k lalfe=0.16mm.
Aperture of lka=0.12 mm. . (Zs=0.35 mm.
large zooecialfe=0.15-0.20mm. Laife=0.33-0.35mm.
Affinities. — This species is as remarkable, as it is problematical. We know abso-
lutely no other bryozoan with which it can be compared. There are only two rows
of the large zooecia, which have considerable resemblance to those of Onychocella;
the irregularity of the orifice is indicative of an opesium and not an aperture.
The avicularium is analogous to that in Callopora tenuirostris Hincks. The small
zooecia are arranged in six rows. Their aperture is rather small and is without
all internal armature. Its ovicell is endotoichal.
Cellaria lifacinta certainly belongs to a new genus, but unfortunately the
rarity of specimens has not allowed us to make a detailed study.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington. North Carolina (rare): near
Lenud's Ferry, South Carolina (rare).
Co-types.— Czt. No. 64012, U.S.N.M.
Genus CIANOTREMELLA Canu, 1911.
1911. CianotremelJa CANU. Iconographie des Bryozoaires fossiles de 1'Argentine, pt. 2.
Anales del Museo Naci'onal de Buenos Aires, vol. 21, p. 257.
Zooecia separated laterally by a thin mural rim. The opesium is formed of a
semicircular anter and of a convex poster. The ovicell is endotoichal and opens
exteriorly by a salient and transverse pore.
Genotype.— :Cianotremella gigantca Canu, 1911. Rocanean of Argentina.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
275
Family COSCINOPLEURIDAE Canu, 1913.
1913. Coscinopleuridae CANU, Etudes morphologiques sur trois nouvelles families de Bryo-
zoaires, Bulletin Society Geologique de France, ser. 4, vol. 13, p. 145.
The apertura is semilumar. marginatecl. anterior, never terminal. The ovicell
is hyperstomial, embedded in the distal zooecia, never closed by the operculum.
The onychocellaria are straight but typical.
The known genera are :
C ' oscinopleura Marsson, 1887.
Escharipora D'Orbigny, 1851.
Macropora MacGillvray, 1895.
Genus COSCINOPLEURA Marsson, 1887.
1887. Coscinopleura MARSSON, Die Bryozoeu der weissen Schreiblcrekle der Insel Riigeu,
Palaeoutologische Abhandlungen, vol. 4, p. 71.
The margins of the zoarium are bordered by large vibracula. The frontal is
deprived of pores and avicularia.
Genotype. — Coscinopleura (Eschara) cle-
</«nsi Hagenow. 1840.
Range. — Cenomanian-Thanetian.
This genus is quite remarkable; it realizes
the type of special adaptation to the mobile sub-
Ptratum. Very certainly the zoaria were at-
tached to algae in agitated waters. The zoarial
equilibrium, constantly compromised, was as-
sured by the vibracula and the hydrostatic
zooecia.
The vibracula are powerful and their cilium
must be very long; these are the zooecia whose
frontal is perforated by large scattered pores;
the upper lip of the apertura' is quite salient,
oblique, truncated, conical. They belong to
the type of vibracula of the family of the Lun-
ulariidae. They are placed laterally on the
zoarial margins (fig. 13) and at the bifurcations they are often accompanied by
hydrostatic zooecia (fig. 12).
The hydrostatic zooecia in our opinion, contained the liquid destined for the
zoarial hydrostatic system; they are therefore intended to augment the exterior
volume when they empty, and consequently diminish the weight and assure the
capacity to float. They are placed laterally (fig. 12) or they are grouped in large
number (fig. 21).
Canu, in 1913, cited the known fossil species of this genus.
COSCINOPLEURA D1GITATA Morton, 1834.
Plate 2. figs. 7-22.
1834. Eschara digltata MORTON. Synopsis of the Organic Remains of the Cretaceous Group
of the United States, p. 79, pi. 13, fig. S.
FIG. 77. — Genus Cianotremella Canu,
1911.
Cianotremella gigantea Canu, 1911.
View of zooecia showing salient trans-
verse pore opening [of ovicell. (After
Canu, 1911.)
276 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
1845. Eschara digitata LONSDALE, Account of six species of Polyparia obtained from Timber
Creek, New Jersey, Quarterly Journal Geological Society of London, vol. 1, p. 73,
figs, c, d, g (a and 6 ? exclus. e and /).
1850. Eschara digitata D'OEBIGNY, Prodrome de paleontologie stratigraphique, vol. 2. p. 264.
1S62. Eschara digitata GABB and HORN, Monograph of the fossil Polyzoa of the Secondary
and Tertiary formations of North America, Journal Academy of Natural Sciences
of Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 114.
1901. Eschara 1 digitata ULRICH, Maryland Geological Survey, Eocene, p. 216, pi. 60.
figs. 11, 12.
1907. Onyclwcella digitata WELLER, Geological Survey New Jersey, Paleontology, vol. 4,
p. 330. pi. 23, figs. 7-10.
Description. — " Zoarium bifoliate, branching dichotomously : branches flattened,
acutely elliptical in cross section, usually 2.5 to 3.0 mm. wide. Zooecia hexagonal,
regularly arranged in quincunx, about 0.55 long and 0.38 wide, bounded by a
slightly impressed line; surface concave, especially toward the aperture, which
is situated usually just in front of the center. Aperture semielliptical, rounded in
front, straight behind, 0.10 to 0.12 mm. wide. Normally developed and perfect, the
posterior border of the aperture is slightly raised and bears a delicate lunarium-
Jike curved plate, which extends into the aperture. Abortive cells, possibly of the
nature of vicarious avicularia, are frequent but seem to be entirely restricted to
the edges of the zoarium and to those portions lying just beneath the axes of
bifurcation. They are distinguished from the other cells by their subcircular and
usually smaller apertures. Ooecia unknown." (After Ulrich.)
| ha= 0.15 mm. . [Zs = 0.60mm.
Measurements. — Aperture \ , „ ., _ Aooecium , . ...
Ua=0,15 mm. (Z0=0.40mm.
This species was discovered in the Eocene by Ulrich in 1901. The descrip-
tion which he gave is correct; nevertheless its "abortive cells" are the vibracula
of a perfect and well known type.
The Eocene specimens are a little narrower than those of the Cretaceous at
Vincentown.
Occurrence. — Lowest Eocene (Bryozoan bed at base of Aquia formation) :
Upper Marlboro, Maryland (rare).
Geological distribution. — Upper Cretaceous (Vincentown marl=Danian) :
Vincentown and other localities in New Jersey.
Plesiotypes.—C*t. Nos. 63785, 63786. U.S.X.M.
Genus MACROPORA MacGillivray, 1895.
1895. Macroporri MACGILLIVRAY, Monograph Tertiary Polyza Victoria. Transactions Royal
Society Victoria, vol. 4, p. 54.
"The zooecia very thick-walled, provided with pores, but without spines and
without opesiulcs. The zooecial structure is provided with a well-developed ves-
tibular arch. Ovicells and avicularia wanting, but among the zooecia we find
some which have an aperture of a different form and whose distal margin is fur-
nished with three membraneous feeler-like filament-. Dietellae." (Levinsen. 1909.)
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
277
Genotype. — Macropora central!* MacGillivrny. 1895.
Range. — Jacksonian-Eecent .
Levinsen classed this genus in the Microporidae, but the absence of the opesiules
and parietal muscles oblige us to place it under the Pseudostega. Perhaps it will
be convenient to create a family of Macroporidae : but we arr absolutely without any
knowledge of its anatomical features.
MACROPOBA AQUIAE, new species.
Pliite 1. figs. 20. 21.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts small shells. The zooecia are hexagonal,
somewhat elongated, distinct, separated by a more or less salient thread; the crypto-'
cyst is very slightly concave and quite finely porous. The aperture is semilunar.
transverse ; its proximal border
is straight with two small lateral
characteristic indentations; the
vestibular arch is very small.
There are two pairs of lateral
dietellae.
Measurements.— j Aa— 0.04 mm.
Aperture lZa=0.08mm.
„ . [7,3=0.40 mm.
Zooecia , . ...
l?.3=0.20mm.
Variations and affinities. —
The micrometric measurements •*• c ,M
are quite variable. The ances-
trilla is a zooecium identical with FlG- 78-— Genus Macropora MacGillivray, 1895.
the Others. The thread separat- A~D- ^"^opora centralis MacGillivray, 1895. A. Three
ing the zooecia often becomes zooecia'X 23.; ra, vestibular arch. B. The aperture of a
, rr,, .., ,
quite attenuated. The vestibular
special lorm of zooecium (avicularium?1, X 40. C An
Operculum with its surrounding x 40. I) A dietella )
arch is visible only when greatly 40. CA-D after Levinsen, 1909.)
magnified.
The frontal occasionally bears some perforations which appear to be opesiule*.
This small species is extremely fragile. It is not rare in the Aquia forma-
tion. to which it appears to be restricted.
Occurrence. — Lowest Eocene (Bryozoan bed at base of Aquia formation):
Upper Marlboro, Maryland (not uncommon').
Holotype.—Cat. No. 63780. F.S.N.M.
MACROPORA MULTILAMELLOSA, new species.
Plsite 41. figs. 1-3.
Description. — The zoarium is multilamellar and incrusts algae or creeps over
the sand ; the zooecia of the upper and external lamella only are living. The ex-
ternal zooecia are hexagonal, elongated, distinct, separated by a prominent thread ;
278 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
the cryptocyst is smooth, slightly convex. The aperture is semilunar, transverse;
the proximal border is straight with two small lateral slits. The zooecia of the
internal lamellae have a granulated cryptocyst and their apertures are closed by
a calcareous lamina. Five dietellae are present.
fha=0.12mm. , \ £2=0.85-0.90 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture -L „,_ Zooecia , ,. „„ _„,.
\la= 0.17mm. Us=0.65-0.75 mm.
Variations. — This species is a true Macropora; the aperture does not occupy
all the distal extremity and is provided with a decided peristome and a small
vestibular arch; the zooecia are exactly hexagonal; there are five dietellae.
The granular constitution of the inner zooecia is quite remarkable. These
granules are. equivalent to the "hydrostatic tuberosities; " their object is to keep
the upper zooecial lamella at a distance to avoid an intimate contact analogous to
that of other multilamellar bryozoa. They are secreted by the endocyst which
floats in the hypostege (Calvet) and forms a special pleurocyst. These 'zooecia
were without polypide, since their aperture was closed by a calcareous lamina
secreted by the endocyst; but they might have continued to live, to be traversed
by the mesenchymatous filaments of the endocyst, since the granulations are formed
only at the moment of the formation of the upper lamella.
The zoarial unity of the bryozoa is incontestable since the larva is unique, but
it often manifests itself in a rather obscure fashion in the incrusting species.
In the present instance it appears as if a real intelligence presided over the vital
manifestations at the moment of their necessity.
The utility of the frontal granulations is not evident at first glance, but it is
easy to find their explanation by examining the whole of the zoarium. The granules
are really hydrostatic and are also designed to' augment the volume and the lightness
of the zoarium. The larva affixes itself to sand grains, over which the zoarium
spreads rapidly. This is a very dangerous habitat, as the sand is in danger from
the least movement of the water. To avoid this the animal multiplies its lamellae,
preparing for itself in this way its own foundation ; by the specific lightness thus
acquired it may have the power to elevate itself above the sand and avoid this
dangerous zone. It is evident that the zoarium is entirely surrounded by the
ectocyst and that the disruption of this would impede the working of the hydrostatic
system.
At the bottom of each zooecium there are two oblique, projecting lamellae
which serve as supports for the upper lamella.
Affinities. — We have not found an ovicell, and in spite of its appearance this
species is not a C oscinopleura. It differs from Macropora ccntralis MacGillivray.
1895, and from Macropora clarkei Tenison Woods in its frontal tuberosities and in
its multilamellar zoarium. These two species are from the Miocene of Australia.
The genus Macropora is unknown in Europe. However, in the English
Cretaceous there is Homolostega cuniformis Brydone, 1900, which may be either
a Macropora or a C oscinopleura, but of which the ovicell is not yet known.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 279
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (common) ; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (common) ; near
Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (common).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 64015. U.S.N.M.
Genus QUADRICELLARIA D'Orbigny, 1850.
ISoO. QiiddriceUnria D'ORBIGNY, Palfiontologie franchise, Terrain cr6tac6, Bryozoaires, p. 32.
Zoarium articulated; segments quadrangular; two opposite faces with large
zooecia and the other two with small zooecia.
Genotype. — Quadricellaria elegans D'Orbigny.
Range. — Turonian-Senonian.
D'Orbigny's genus is rather well delimited, but it has been extended to include
all forms with rectangular zoaria. Moreover, it is more of a zoarial form than a
thoroughly established genus.
The two species which we doubtfully classify in Quadricellaria have in effect
quadrangular segments, but their affinities are with Macropora. The specimens are
not ovicelled and can not be positively classified generically at the present time.
QUADRICELLARIA (?) LACINIOSA, new species.
Plate 40, figs. 18-20.
Description. — The zoarium is articulated, with segments quadrangular; each
face bears on each zooecium a large slit in the form of a crescent. The zooecia
are quite elongate, distinct, formed of two parts. A shallow, very finely punctate
cryptocyst and an inferior triangular gymnocyst. The aperture is semilunar and
surrounded by a prominent peristome; the proximal border is straight with two
small lateral slits. The ovicell is endotoichal.
fA#=0.08mm. . fZs=0.50mm.
Measurements. — Aperture , „ ,.„ /ooecia 7 _,__,
Ua=0.06 mm. (13=0.22 mm.
Affinities. — The zooecia are joined back to back and arranged in alternating
pairs at right angles, as in Dimetopia.
This species is not a Quadricellaria and certainly belongs to a new genus,
nlthough different from the genus represented in Quadricellaria burnsi. To create
this genus one should know the ovicell and possess many specimens. We have only
collected three segments.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington. North
Carolina (very rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 64013, U.S.N.M.
QUADRICELLARIA <?) BURNSI, new species.
Plate 40, fig. 21.
Description. — The zoarium is articulated and radicellated ; it contains a row
of zooecia on each of the four faces. The zooecia are quite elongate, distinct, bor- .
dered by a very slightly elevated mural rim ; the cryptocyst is smooth and shallow.
280 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The aperture is semilunar or ogival and is surrounded by a prominent peristome;
its proximal border is straight with two small lateral slits; there is a vestibular arch.
[/<a=0.08mm. . fZs=0.44-0.46mm.
- Zooecia
I Is =0.20 mm.
Breadth of the segments 0.20-0.36 mm.
Affinities. — This species is articulated as in CeUaria; but in its other charac-
teristics it is nearer to Macropora. As in that genus, there is a peristome, an oral
arch, and two oral slits. We have not seen an ovicell. It" is impossible to estab-
lish a new genus on such insufficient material as we possess, since the figured
specimens are the only ones which have been found. We dedicate this species to
Dr. Frank Burns, who collected many species of Tertiary
bryozoa for our study.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) :
Wilmington, North Carolina (very rare).
Holotype.—C&t. No. 64014, U.S.N.M.
-,P.b. Suborder ASCOPHORA Levinsen, 1909.
The zooecial hydrostatic system is a sack or compensatrix
the Aecophora Levin- 1*0.^ u- v. Au
sen 1009 • placed under the frontal and m which the sea water is Intro-
Transverse section of a duced. The parietal muscles are attached to this sack.
zooecium. cs, compen- Trip fO^TTTT AF
satrix; ect, ectocyst; fp,
parietal fibers (muscles); (Family CRIBRILINIDAE Hincks, 1880.)
pi.basal skeleton wall; The zooecia have their frontal wall formed of flattened
pf, frontal skeletal wall.
ribs ordinarily hollow, radiating from the outer border
toward the median line of the zooecia, where they are intimately joined together;
these ribs are united to one another, sometimes by a more or less large number of
transverse passages, and sometimes border to border, the ribs, however, always
remaining apparent.
This family is not natural, for its essential characters are too much at variance.
We indicate, therefore, the anatomical bibliography for each of the genera studied.
In the future, these genera will probably be distributed in the Malacostega and
Ascophora. The anatomical researches published have shown the presence of a
compensatrix, for which reason we classify the group in the Ascophora; but we
recognize that certain genera are unprovided with this organ.
Terminology. — The internal structure of the Costulae has been carefully studied
by Norman.1 The costula (A) (bar of Norman) always has its proximal extremity
rounded (fig. 80), forming the loop of Norman or talon of Jullien (C). This
structure is hollow ; the hollow part is the lumen line or more simply the lumen.
There are often openings in the lumen called lumen pores. The sides of the costules
are the lateral lines (D) ; the pore-like openings generally developed between them
1 1903, Annals and Magazine Natural History, scr. 7, vol. 12, p. 90.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
281
are the lateral lacunae; the openings developed at the extremities are median
lacunae. A lateral lacuna consists then of two parts divided horizontally (E),
taking their origin in the lateral walls of two adjacent costules. A median lacuna
consists of twp vertical portions formed by the distal extremities of two opposite
costules (F).
Classification. — For the reception of species of this family, D'Orbigny in 1852
created the two families of Escharellidae (without avicularia) and Eschariporidae
(with avicularia). These names prevailed for 30 years.
In 1880 Hincks showed that Cribrilina Gray, 1848, has priority over Eschari-
pora D'Orbigny, 1852, and made this genus the type of the Cribrilinidae.
In 1886 J. Jullien1 established ih&t.Membraniporella was not a true member
of the Cribrilinidae. Thus regarding the family of Hincks in a different sense,
especially since he added to it the Steginoporidae D'Orbigny. he gave it another
name — the Costulidae.
The classification adopted by the French author is based chiefly on the form
of the aperture and on the development of the oral spines. Most of his genera may
be preserved with some modification
of diagnosis.
In 1909 Levinsen established
that Hincks' family was not nat-
ural, that "certain genera have affini-
ties with the Anasca and others with
the Ascophora.
Our studies of the American
bryozoa confirm Levinsen's views,
but we can not discover the true
lumen pore
,. -lumen
median lacuna
lateral lacuna
FIG. 80. — Sketch showing structure of a costule.
ter Norman, 1903.)
(Af-
affinities of each genus, because it is from the larva alone that these can be dem-
onstrated. The attention of the zoologists is called to this, as well as to the great
number of other unsolved problems in the science of bryozoology.
Spines more or less joined together occur in the genus Scmpocellaria and in
the family Catenicellidae. but the formation of the costules is the enigma of
bryozoology.
The accompanying figures give a summary of the principal genera known in this
so-called family.
Genus MEMBRANIPORELLA Smitt, 1873.
1873. Membraniporella SMITT, Floridan Bryozoa, Kougl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens
Handlingar, vol. 10, No. 11. p. 10.
Bibliography (anatomical). — 1877. BARROIS, Recherches sur 1' embryologic des Bryozoaires,
pi. 8, figs. 27, 29, 32. — 1899. WATERS, Bryozoa from Madeira, Journal of the Royal Micro-
scopical Society, pi. 3, figs. IS. 19. — 1903. 0. NORMAN, Notes on the Natural History of East
Finmark, Annals Magazine Natural History, ser. 7. vol. T2, pi. S, fig. 8. — 1909. LEVINSEN.
Morphological and Systematic Studies on the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa. pi. 9. fig. 9.
The costules are provided with a large lumen of greater or less size, without
pores, and are completely joined or are separated by long slits; usually no lumen
Costulidae, Bulletin de la SociiHc? Zoologique de France, vol. 11. p. 2.
282
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL, MUSEUM.
A. Mcmbraniporella
T«14f ./rf
C. Puellina D. Distansescharella £. Gephyrotes
H. Acanthocella
t . Metracolposa G. Corbulipora I. Cribrendoecium J' Arachnopusia
K. FiEularia
L. Aspidelectra M. Barroisina
N. Recinella
O. Lyrula
P-. Decurtana
_
R. Murinopsia S. Steginopora T. Fhoracophora
FIG. 81. — Genera of the Costulae.
U. Ubaghsia
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 283
FIG. 81.— Genera of the Costulae.
A. MemlraiilporcUa nitida Johnston, 1S3S. Recent.
B. Cribrilina punctata Hassel, 1841. Recent.
C. PuclUna radiata Moll, 1803. Recent.
D. Distansescharella jacksonica. new species, X 30. Middle Jacksouian of Georgia.
E. Gepltyrotes nitida-punctata Smitt, 1868. Recent.
P. Metracolposa grandis, new species, '. -0. Middle Jacksonian, Wilmington, North
Carolina.
G. Corbulipora ornata MacGillivray. 1895. Miocene of Australia.
H. Acantlwcella tubuttfcra Hincks, 1881, X 25. Recent.
I. Cribrendoecium tenuicostvltitinn (.'anu and Bassler, 3917. Middle Jacksonian, Wilming-
ton, North Carolina.
J. Arachnopusia monocerus Busk. 1880, X 25. Recent.
K. Fiffularia figularis Johnston, 1847, X 30. Recent.
L. Aspidclcctra melolontlia Busk. 1852, X 25. Recent.
M. Barroisina elegantula Von Hagenmv, 1851. Cretaceous of Aachen.
N. RcgineUa furcata Hincks, 1882. Recent.
O. Lyrula hippocrepis Hincks, 1882. Recent.
P. Decurtaria cornuta Beissel, 1864. Cretaceous of Aachen.
Q. Collarina cribrosa Heller, 1867. Recent.
R. Hurinopsis galeata Beissel, 1864. Cretaceous of Aachen.
S. Steginopora ocellata Jullien, 1886. Cretaceous of France.
T. Thoracopliora horrida D'Orbigny, 1852. Cretaceous of France.
U. Ubaghsia arcifera Jullien, 1886. Cretaceous of France.
284
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
pores. There are two pairs of lateral dietellae and a distal dietella. The ovicell is
hyperstomial and is always closed by the operculum. The avicularia are always
lumen line
Lumen pore-
FIG. 82. — Genus ilenihruitiiivnllii Smitt. 1873.
A. Mem bran iporeUa ilistans MacGillivray, 188?. A. Zooecium, X 55, showing terminology.
(After Levinsen, 1909.)
B-K. Membraniporella nitida Johnston, 1838. B. Larva, oral face, X 75. C. Aboral viexv
of larva, X75. D. Free larva seen in profile, X 100. (B-D after Barrois, 1877.)
V. D., digestive cavity. o, mouth of the gastrula.
ce, obscure portion of the cavity of the body Pit, pharynx,
included between the two branches of the rv, border of the terminal bud.
stomach. si. furrow separating the terminal bud and the
ml, aboral mesoderm. lower portion of the nboral face.
ms, oral mesoderm (labial).
E. Outline showing the structure of the cell, X 50. (After Hincks, 1880.)
F, G, H. Various forms of this species. I. Ancestmla. (F-I after Hincks, 1880.) J. Mandible,
X 250. K. Operculum, X 85. showing it continuous with the membrane (opprcular valve).
(J, K after Waters, 1890.)
dependent. The aperture is closed by an opercular valve. The larva is that of the
Escharines (Ascophora).
Genotype. — Membraniporella (Lepralia} nitida Johnston, 1838.
Range. — Cenomanian-Kecent.
NORTH AMERICAN EAI5LV TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 285
Levinsen believed that this genus was very close to Callopora Gray, 1848, and
that it could well be classified in the same family. But the larva is that of the
Ascophora, although it is true that Barrois's determination of the larva has never
been verified, and that we have no information on the anatomy or larva of species
of Callopora. Therefore, while awaiting more information, we must be content
with a classification which, if it is not natural, is at least very convenient.
The intervening slits are often accompanied by lacunae, as in the other genera
of this group. The presence of the latter is therefore not an exclusive character
if the other important characters, absence of lumen pores, and the ovicell always
closed by the opSrculum. are present.
MEMBRAN1PORELLA MODESTA Ulrich, 1901.
Plate 1, figs. 22-25.
1901. CrilriUnn iiinilmtn. ULRICH, Maryland Geological Survey, Eocene, p. 218, pi. 60, fig. 14.
Original description. — "Zoarium forming a delicate parasitic patch upon for-
eign bodies. Zooecia ovate, not very regularly arranged, about 0.4 mm. in length
and 0.28 mm. wide, bordered by a thin rim. Front wall gently convex, usually
with six (five to seven) radiating and transverse furrows, or triangular space,
including five or six similar pores placed in obscure transverse furrows. Apertures
rounded, prominent, oblique, the posterior edge highest and often thickened in its
central portion. Small avicularian cells occur near or attached to one part or
another of the apertural rim of most zooecia, generally one to each, rarely two.
Ooecia cucullate, moderately arched."
This is a true Membraniporella; the slits are wide and complete. The lumen
is often visible. The ovicell is embedded in the distal zooecia and its orifice is
lower than the labial mucro.
Occurrence. — Lowest Eocene (Bryozoan bed at base of Aquia formation) :
Upper Marlboro, Maryland (rare).
s.—Crt.. No. 63781, U.S.N.M.
MEMBRAMPORELLA CRASSULA Ulrich, 1901.
Plate 1, fig. 26.
1901. Cribrilina crassula ULRICH, Maryland Geological Survey, Eocene, p. 21S, pi. 60, fig. 14.
Original description. — "Zoarium encrusting. Zooecia oblong, quadrate, or
hexagonal, irregularly arranged, with a heavy, strongly elevated margin, clithridate
in outline. Front wall with a narrow raised ridge running down its center, and
five or six transverse and radiating rows of minute punctures lying in furrows.
Apertures rounded or subovate, the outline often less curved on the posterior side
than elsewhere. Avicularian cells small, raised, variously distributed, sometimes
one or two and three to a zooecium; or a cell may have none at all. Ooecia un-
known. Zooecia 0.5 to 0.6 mm. in length. 0.-25 to 0.30 mm. wide; about seven in
4 mm. measuring lengthwise."
Occurrence. — Lowest Eocene (Bryozoan bed at base of Aquia formation) :
Upper Marlboro, Maryland (rare).
286 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
MEMBRANIPORELLA CRASSICOLLIS, new species.
Plate 4, figs. 24, 25.
Description. — The zoarium is bilamellar and free. The zooecia are little dis-
tinct, being confluent by their mural rims, elongated, fusiform; the area is cribri-
form, contains three to five pairs of transversal slits, and is deep and flat. The
aperture is suborbicular, somewhat transverse, and is surrounded by a thick, promi-
nent peristome. The ovicell is small, salient, convex, smooth; it is always closed
by the operculum. There is often a large, simple, round avicularium placed on the
mural rim to the right or the left.
JA0=0.12mm. . f?,?=0.35mm
Measurements. — Aperture , „.,„ Zooecmm r _,...
l?a=0.15mm. [Ls=0.70m
Affinities. — The prominence of its peristome characterizes this species. It
differs from Membraniporella planula in its costules, which are not flat, and in
the zooecial mural rims, which are joined to one another.
From M ' cmbraniporella bioculata it may be distinguished by its less numerous
slits and by the entire absence of an oral mucro.
Occurrence. — Midwayan: One mile Ave«t of Fort Games, Georgia (rare);
Mabelvale, near Little Rock, Arkansas (rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 63806, U.S.N.M.
MEMBRANIPORELLA PLANULA, new speeies.
Plate 5, figs. 8-10.
Description. — The zoarium is free and bilamellar. The zooecia are distinct,
separated by a furrow, elongated, fusiform, bordered by a thin mural rim; the
cribriform area is of little depth, formed of flat costules. and contains five or six
pairs of transverse slits. The aperture is semilunar. The two small oral avicularia
are symmetrically placed on the distal part of the mural rim; the pivot is indicated
by two lateral denticles.
,, J7*a=0.10-0.12 mm. . [7,2=0.85 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture \ , -,_ Zooecia,, A0
lfa=0.12 mm. 1 73=0.36 mm.
Affinities. — The micrometrical measurements are rather variable. Those given
above correspond to figure 9, but in figure S the zooecia are smaller. In the interior
(fig. 10) the measurements are from 0.95 to 1.10 mm. for the length and from
0.30 to 0.35 mm. for the width.
This species differs from M embramporella cm-ssicottis in its more numerous,
flat costules. in the absence of a prominent peristome. and in its zooecia. which
are separated by a deep furrow.
Compared with Membraniporella ulrichi it may be distinguished by its much
smaller and less constant oral avicularia (Lv 0.15 mm. and not 0.25 mm.) and by
the much larger slits of the cribriform area (0.05 mm. and not 0.01 mm.).
Occurrence.- — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Mabelvale, near Little Rock,
Arkansas (rare) ; Luverne, Crenshaw County, Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. Nos. 63808, 63809, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 287
MEMBRANIPORELLA ULRICHI, new species.
Plate 41, figs. 4, 5.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar, bush-like. The zooecia are
little distinct, joined together by their mural rim, thin, very elongated, lozenge-
shaped; the cribriform area is shallow, flat, and contains 10 to 12 very narrow trans-
verse slits; the axis of the suture of the costules is salient. The aperture is elon-
gated, semilimar; its proximal border is provided with a quite salient thorn-like
projection. The ovicell is large, embedded in the distal zooecia, salient, globular,
always closed by the operculum, and formed of two calcareous lamellae, of which the
outer one is porous. The two oral avicularia are large, fusiform, and prominent;
the pivot is indicated by two small, lateral teeth.
=.ii. .
Measurements. — Aperture , . .. r Zooecia
Ua=0.15 mm.
Affinities. — This fine species is very constant in all its characters. A tangential
thin section (fig. 5) shows that the costules are formed of rather large, scattered
olocystal elements, regularly placed.
M embraniporella ulrichi differs from Menibraniporetto planula in its mural
rims, which join each other; in its much larger avicularia (Zv=0.25 mm.) ; in the
extreme thinness of the lumen (0.01 mm.), and in the sharpness of the proximal
border of the aperture.
It can be distinguished from M embraniporella Itioculata by its small and non-
bifurcated oral prominence, by its much smaller and more numerous costules. by its
larger avicularia (Z-y=0.25 mm.) and by its much longer ovicells (hov 0.20 mm.
instead of 0.15 mm.).
We dedicate this species to Dr. Edward O. Ulrich, whose brilliant work on
the Paleozoic bryozoa has a world-wide reputation, and who was among the first
to take up the serious study of the American Tertiary forms.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (abun-
dant) ; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (abundant) ; Wilmington. North Carolina
(rare).
Ootypes.—Cat. No. 61016, U.S.N.M.
MEMBRANIPORHLLA BIOCULATA, new species.
Plate 41, figs. 11-13.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa. The zooecia are distinct, sep-
arated by a furrow, elongate, elliptical; the cribriform area is very convex, con-
taining five or six pairs of radial slits. The costules have a lumen pore at the loop.
The aperture is semilunar; the proximal edge has a large bifurcated mucro, the
branches of which frequently rejoin the oral avicularia, thus forming a new orifice
above the aperture; distal spines are sometimes present. The ovicell is prominent,
globular, smooth, little sunken in the distal zooecia, always closed by the operculum.
The two oral avicularia are salient, oval, the point at the top; the pivot is cal-
careous or simply indicated by two lateral denticles.
288 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
,, JAa=0.10mm. . f 7,3 = 0.60 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture i , . , Zooecia {,
I ?«=0.15 mm. I Zs=0.35 mm.
Affinities. — The development of the oral mucro is remarkable; it is well illus-
trated in figure 12. The two nearly vertical arches situated under the two bifur-
cations of the mucro circumscribe two large pores (or eyes), which may be dis-
tinguished clearly from the underlying radial lumen on the cribriform area. In
the Cretaceous there are other spinose growths still more remarkable, as in the genus
Steginopora D'Orbigny. 1852.
The secondary orifice, which results from this development of the oral mucro,
is smaller and more irregular than the primary one or apertura, which is only
slightly visible.
The oral spines are rarely seen ; when they exist, they are four in number and
are never borne by zooecia with avicularia.
This species differs from Membraniporella ulrichi in its incrusting zoarium,
its very convex cribriform area, its smaller oral avicularia (Lv 0.20 mm. and not
0.25 mm.), and in its smaller ovicell.
We have seen only three specimens of this remarkable species, so we are unable
to make a more detailed study.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare).
Cotypes.—C&t. No. 64021, U.S.N.M.
MEMBRANIPORELLA COMPRESSA, new species.
Plate 41, fig. 6-S.
Description. — The zoarium is free, cylindrical, or compressed. The zooecia
are distinct, elongated, elliptical, separated by a furrow, and surrounded by a
more or less developed gymnocyst. The .frontal is quite convex ; the costules are
delicate without lumen pores, largely separated by a Ions' initial slit following two
lacunae. The ovicell is unknown. The aperture is transverse, semi-elliptical, and
provided with a slightly salient and very thin border.
T., (ha—OWmm. . [Zs=0.50mm.
Measures. — Aperture {, „ 1 Zooecia'
l?<z=0.12mm. [fe=0.30mm.
Affinities. — Norman l has shown that in the variety intermedia of Membrnni-
porella nitida, the type of the genus : " the radiating ribs coalesce with each other by
crossbars so as to form roundish openings, lateral lacunes;" and that, "in fact,
this Madeiran form in its structure is in all respects a true Cribrilina."
We have noted also that Membraniporella subagassizi with reference to the
separating slits of the zooecia may or may not have such lacunae.
Here the lacunae are constant. But we can not classify the species in Cribrilina
because of the initial slit and the absence of lumen pores, nor in Puellina
because of the great size of the lacunae and of the initial slit. Provisionally at
least, the species may be retained in Membraniporella Smitt.
1 1909. Norman On the Polyzoa of Madeira and neigbborins islands. Journal Linnean Society, vol. 31.
p. 288, pi. 36, fig. 7.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 289
The g-ymnocyst which surrounds the cribriform area is very inconstant and is
developed chiefly in the lower part of the zooecia.
This species differs from M cmbraniporella subagassizi in its zoarial dimensions,
its much smaller micrometric measurements, and its numerous frontal lacunae.
Occurrence. — Middle Jaeksonian: Eighteen miles west of Wrightsville, John-
son County, Georgia (rare) ; one-half mile west of Georgia Kaolin Company's Mine,
Twiggs County, Georgia (rare).
Cotypes— Cat. Nos. 64017, 64018, TJ.S.N.M.
MEMBRANIPORELLA MONILIFERA, new species.
Plnte 41? figs. ',>. 10.
Desi-ri/>/!ini. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are distinct, separated
by a furrow, elongated, elliptical, wide; the frontal is convex; the costules are
radially arranged, united near the zoarial axis, separated by long, rather wide slits,
and ornamented with two tuberosities of which one is a talon. The aperture i-
semi-elliptical and is limited by a thin peristome which bears at least two. large,
hollow spines and, in front, by a calcareous thickening in the form of a T. The
ovicell is closed by the operculum. There is a vestibular arch and four spines,
of which the first pair is the larger.
fAa=0.07mm. . I Ls=0.50 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture,, _ „_ /ooecia
U«=0.0i mm.
Variations. — This species is characterized by its two costular tuberosities;
one is at the aperture itself and the other is close to the zooecial axis. The general
effect of these tuberosities is that of a double necklace around the zooecia.
The part formed by the union of the costules forms in front of the zooecia a
sort of shield of variable size.
Very often the costular tuberosities do not exist; the zooecia then have the
;i-|>rct of a very simple MembraniporeUa.
There are no lumen pores.
Affinities. — This species differs from Mcmbraniporella bioculata in its smaller
micrometric dimensions, the absence of oral avicularia, and the presence of tuberosi-
ties on the costules. In its incrusting zoarium it differs from all the other species
of MembraniporeUa studied.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: near Leimds Ferry, South Carolina (rare) ;
Eutaw Springs. South Carolina (rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. Nos. 64019, 64020, TJ.S.N.M.
MEMBRANIPORELLA (?) SUBAGASSIZI, new species.
Plate 84, figs. S-13.
Description. — The zoarium is free, cylindrical, formed of five or six longitudinal
rows of zooecia. The zooecia are large, distinct, separated by a furrow, elliptical;
the frontal is very convex and formed by a cribriform area surrounded by a
smooth gymnocyst; the cribriform area contains 10 to 12 transversal and radial
costules. Each costule is separated from its neighbor by a large lacuna followed
r,f.SM— in — Bull. 106 -- 19
fA«=0.29mm.
Measurements. — Aperture-, ..„,. Zooecia
Ua=0.2omm.
290 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
by a smaller circular lacuna. The aperture is suborbicular with a concave lower lip.
The ovicell is enormous, globular, very prominent, pierced with small pores widely
spaced. The ovicelled zooecia bear at the right and left of the aperture two large,
symmetrical lamellae forming a sort of peristomie. The operculum never closes the
ovicell. On each zooecium there are one or two large, oval avicularia very promi-
nent and triangular, with a pivot, the point turned toward the aperture.
[£3=1.00-1.10 mm.
1/3=0.45 mm.
Variations. — The more or less complete arch which is formed above the aper-
ture of the ovicelled zooecia is evidently designed to facilitate the passage of the
eggs and is a pseudo peristomie. The small lacuna is not always present (figs.
11, 12) ; the aspect is then that of a true M embraniporella. On the old zoaria
(fig. 11) the gymnocyst is thickened and shows a mural rim around the cribriform
area.
In this species the lateral clefts are the intercostal spaces. In figure 12 notably
the lumen is clearly visible in the costules and in the broken zooecia. The costules
appear to be hollow.
We note again that the operculum does not close the ovicell as in the other
species of the genus.
In the future it may be necessary to classify this species in the genus Corbulipora
MacGillivray, 1895, when we are better acquainted with the structure of that genus.
Affinities. — This species is very close to M embraniporella agassizi Smitt. 1873,1
which lives to-day in the Gulf of Mexico and in the waters off Florida. It is dis-
tinguished by the absence of a transverse rib on the ovicell, by the different form
of the avicularia and the larger micrometric dimensions (Za=0.25 mm. and not
0.16 mm.).
The genus Corlulipora, is a member of the Cribrilinidae with a vincular
zoarium, but quadriserial. In our species the zooecia are in six series and appear
to differ otherwise generically.
It is moreover quite remarkable to find in the Eocene species almost identical
with those now living off the coast of Florida. This is proof of the calm tectonic
conditions in this region during all the Tertiary period.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian ("Chimney rock" of Marianna limestone): One
mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (common).
Cotypcs.— Cat. No. 64258, U.S.N.M.
Genus CRIBRILINA Gray, 1848.
1848. Cribrilina GEAY, List British Animals in British Museum, pt. 1, Centroniae, p. 116.
ItiliUographv (Anatomical). — 1894. LEVINSEN, Zoologica dauica, p. 61, pi. 5, figs. 7-22. — 1900.
WATERS, Bryozoa from Franz Joseph Lflnd, Linnean Society Journal, Zoology, vol. 28. p. 52,
pi. 8, figs. 21, 22. — 1903. NOKMAN, Notes on the Natural History of East FinruarU, Annals
Magazine Natural History, ser. 7, vol. 12, p. 93, pi. 8, fig. 10. — 1909, LEVINSEN, Morphological
nnd Systematic Studies on the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa, p. 158, pi. 9, fig. 11.
1 1875, Smitt, Floridan Bryozoa, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, vol. 10, p. 11,
pi. 5, figs. 103-106.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
291
The zooccium is closed by an opercular valve. The costules are generally
closely consolidated together; the lacunae are large and few in number; the lumen
more or less distinct. The dietellae are irregular in number (at least three
-
lateral pairs) . The ovicell is hyperstomial and is always closed by the operculum.
The orifice often has a naucro. The avicularia are dependent.
Genotype. — Cribrilina punctata Gray. 1848.
Range. — Midwayan-Recent.
O »iso
G -45
FIG. S3. — Genus Cribrilina Gray, 1848.
A-X. Cribrilina punctata Hnssal, 1841. A-D. Various forms of the species, X 25. (After
Hincks, 1880.) E. Ovicell, X 40. The endooecium (olocyst) (cndo) is visible through the
broken ectooeciuru ckto. F. Dietellae are seen on the three marginal zooecia, of which the central
abnormal one has no aperture, X 55. G. Sagittal section through a zooecium with ovicell. The
ovicell is inclosed in a kenozooeciinn (canty), X 55. The distal end of a zooecium with ovicell,
from the basal surface. The dietellae of the zooecium and kenozooecium are seen, X 40. I. Die-
rellae from the basal surface, X 40. (E-I after Levinsen, 1909.) J. Zooecium seen in profile,
X 40: f, septula. K. Ovicell and avicularian cavity, X 40. L-N. Schematic sections through the
dietellae, X 35. (J-N after Levinsen, 1894. ) O. Crilriliiia • annvlatu Fabricius, 1780. Three bars
i if the zooecium of a very simple form, X 150. (After Norman, 1903.)
CRIBRILINA VERRUCOSA, new species.
Plate 5, figs. 12-14.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts other bryozoa. The zooecia are distinct,
separated by a deep furrow, elongated, elliptical, crenulated on their borders.
The cribriform area is convex and formed of large, radial costules; the lacunae
are very large, prominent, irregularly placed at the rate of 1 to 2 to each pair
of adjacent costules. The aperture is semilunar and is at the bottom of a very
292 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
small vestibule. The two small oral avicularia are peristomial, simple, and
without pivot.
,, {ha=O.Wmm. . 1 1, z~ 0.40-0.45 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture , 7 Zooecia , . ori . or
U«=0.10-0.11 mm. lfe=0.30-0.35 mm.
Variations. — The general effect of the lacunae gives to the zooecia a very char-
acteristic warty aspect. These small ornaments are very fragile; they are much
attenuated by fossilization, which gives the species such a very variable aspect. It
is likewise often difficult to perceive the costular radiations.
On the proximal lip of the aperture there is often a convex sinuosity or a kind
of indistinct mucro.
The lumen line is rarely visible (fig. 14).
Affinities. — This species differs from Cribr'tHna rathbwnae in its larger dimen-
sions, its more prominent lacunae, and its more regular zoarial margins.
Occurrance. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Mabelvale, near Little Rock,
Arkansas; Luverne, Crenshaw County. Alabama (common) ; 1 mile west of Fort
Gaines, Georgia (common) ; Brundige, Alabama (common).
Cotypcs.—C-Ai. Xos. 63811, 63812. U.S.N.M.
CRIBRILINA LATICOSTULATA, new species.
Plate 5. fig. 11.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are distinct, separated
by a deep furrow and are somewhat elongated and elliptical; the frontal is quite
convex and formed of 12 to 14 large and wide costules, separated from each other
by 5-6 lacunae; and united at their extremities. The apertura is semicircular.
bordered by a salient peristome bearing two spines on the distal part and a salient
and thick mucro on the proximal part. The ovicell is hyperstomial placed on the
distal zooecium, it is globular, salient and never closed by the operculum. Above
each zooecium there is a small, simple, orbicular or elliptical avicularium.
r/M=0.05mm. . fZs=0.36mm.
Measurements. — Apertura ', n A0 /ooecmm ,
lto=O.OSmm. Us=0.2
Varl fit-ions. — This species is quite rounded, which causes the lacunae to dis-
appear. The mucro is quite salient and is raised in front of the orifice of the
ovicell; it manifestly protects the passage of the eggs. The spines are extremely
fragile and have been observed only in two cases.
The costules are intimately joined on the median axis. We have never ob-
served the pores of the papillae. For these reasons we class this species provi-
sionally in Cribrilina, but we believe that the operculum does not close the ovicell.
It is evident that the latter character is always problematic on the fossils.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Brundidge, Alabama (rare).
Holotypc.—C-At. No. 63810, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 293
CRIBRILINA RATHBUNAE, new species.
Plate 5, figs. 15-17.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts other bryozoa. The zooecia are elongated,
distinct, elliptical; the cribriform area is somewhat convex and formed t>f trans-
verse costules; the lacunae are large and prominent, 1 to -2 to each pair of adjacent
costules. The aperture is semilunar. transverse, bordered by a thin, smooth, i in-
prominent peristome. The two small oral avicularia are simple, peristomial. and
without pivot.
e { *fl = °;°n7 nim' Zooeciaif *=™j">-** «""•
I7a=0.10nun. us=0.2omm.
Variations and affinities. — The lacunae are variable in number on each zooe-
cium : their prominence is much lessened by fossilization.
This species differs from CrilirRina verrucosa in its smaller zooecial dimen-
sions and its less convex cribriform area.
This interesting species is named in honor of Miss Mary J. Bathbun. of the
United States National Museum, as a slight appreciation of her valuable work upon
marine invertebrates.
Occurrence. — Midwayan: Mabelvale. near Little Eock, Arkansas (very rare).
Cotypes.—C-Ai. No. 63813, U.S.N.M.
Genus PUELLINA Jullien, 1886.
1S86. PueUina JULLIEN, Les Costulidees. Bulletin Soci£te Zoologique France, vol. 11, p. 7.
Bibliography (Anatomical). — 1902. HARMER, On the Morphology of the Cheilostomatn. Quar-
terly Journal of Microscopic Science, vol. 4t;. pp. 2, 293, 326, pi. 15. fig. 7. — 1903. NORMAN,
Notes on the Natural History of East Finmark, Annals Magazine Natural History, ser. 7,
vol. 12, p. 96, pi. 9, figs. 3, 4, 5.— 1909. LEVINSKN, Morphological and Systematic Studies on the
Cheilostoniatous Bryozoa, p. 159, pi. 9. fig. 12.
The lacunae between the costules are very small; the lumen, more or less visible,
bears many pores, of which the first in the shield is larger than the others. The
aperture is semicircular. The operculum is simple and entirely chitinous. The
ovicell is hyperstomial and always closed by the operculum. Between the costular
shields are papillae. The dietellae number at least three lateral pairs.
Irt-notypes. — PueUina (CrU/rHina) aattyae Busk. 1852. and Piiclli/i<i (< riliri-
liufi) radiata Moll, 1803.
Range. — Senonian-Eecent.
The papillae are short, tentaculiform evaginations. The first pair, near the
aperture, is always the larger by far. They have been considered as true avicularia
(Jullien) as sensorial vibracula (Smitt) or as simple appendages corresponding to
the spines of the ancestrula (Harmerl. Their place is almost invisible on the
fn^ils. Levinsen limits this genus to species provided with an interzooecial
uvieularium. However, it would be difficult for us to classify our PucWna bi«j-»'nosa
and PueUina simulator in another eenus.
294
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
papillae-. J2
papilla hoi
lumen
FIG. 84. — Genus Pitdlina Jullipn, 1SS6.
A-E. PueUlna galtyae Busk, 1S52. A. Zooecia and ovicells. X 26. (After Hincks, 1880.)
B. Zooecia from the basal surface. The dietellae (psch) surround the zooecia and their ovicells,
X 40. (After Levinsen, 1909.) C. Opercular valve. X S~>. (After Waters, 187S.) D. Anterior
portion of a zooecium of the ordinary form. E. Variety, with interesting duplicated lateral
lacunae. (Figs. D. E. After Norman, 1903.) din, duplicated lateral lacuna; la, lacuna : ;//).
papillae holes.
F. PueJlina innominata Couch, 1844. Sketch showing terminology. Three costules of a zooe-
cium showing the lateral papillae and a small opening outside the arch of the costule, into the
body of the polyzoon, which a papilla has occupied. (After Norman, 1903.)
G-J. Puellina radiata Moll, 1803. G. Zooecia with avicularia. X 25. H. Avicularian man-
dibles. X 50. (G, H. After Hincks, 1880.) I. Avicularian mandible, X 85. (After Waters, 1885.)
J. Primary zooecium (pz) and three younger zooecia. The frontal flustrine membrane (;>-) is
overarched by a proximal scutum-like spine (sc) while the ten other spines bear minute horizon-
tal calcareous lobes which project from the inner sides. The oral spines of the zooecium bear
similar lobes. In all except the primary zooecium i anoestrula) the series of oral spines is con-
tinued by the pair of elongated membraneous spines <xp) (papillae of Norman) on either side
of the median pore <mp) and further by the small papillae (sp') (papillae holes of Norman i
which correspond with the marginal spines of the primary zooecium. The series of pores are in
the same radii as those modified spines. The pore chambers (dietellae) are not indicated,
i After Harmer. 1902.)
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 295
PUELLINA, species undetermined.
Plate 5, fig. 21.
We have found a single specimen of a small Pucllina in the Midwayan at
Luverne, Alabama, which is figured on plate 5. We believe it is Puellina, radiata
Moll, 1803, or one of its varieties, but unfortunately the specimen has no ovicell
and the avicularia are incomplete. It is preferable to wait for good material before
making a definite identification.
Occun'ence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Luverne, Crenshaw County,
Alabama.
PUELLINA RADIATA Moll, 1803.
Plate 41, figs. 14-18.
Bibliography (zoological).
1803. Escliara radiata MOLL, Die Seerinde, p. G3, pi. 4. fig. 7.
1SS9. CriltrUina radiata JELLY, A synonymic catalogue, p. 68 (Bibliography general).
1909. Cribrilina radiata WATEKS, Report on the Bryozoa of the Sudanese Red Sea, Linneau
Society Journal, vol. 31, p. 143.
19091. Cribilina radiata NORMAN, On the Polyzoa of Madeira and neighboring islands, Journal
Liimean Society, vol. 30, p. 291 (zoological bibliography).
Bibliography (paleontologic references with illustration*).
1847. Ccllcpora scripta REUSS, Die fossilen Polyparien des Wiener Tertierbeckeus, Haid-
ingers' naturwissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, vol. 2, p. 82, pi. 9, fig. 28.
1847. Cellepora meoacephala REUSS, Die fossileu Polyparien des Wiener Tertierbeckens, Haid-
inger's uaturwissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, vol. 2, p. 83, pi. 10, fig. 5.
1852. Semiescharipora pulcheUa D'ORBIGNY, Paleoutologie franchise, Terrains cretaces, p. 480.
1864. Lepralia scripta REUSS, Zur Fauna der deutschen Oberoligiciins, Sitzungsberichte der
k. Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol. 50, p. 641. (28), pi. 15, fig. 3.
1869. Lepralia innominata MANZONI, Bryozoici pliocene! italiani, Sitzungsb. d. k. Akademie
der Wissenschaften, ser. 1, vol. 59, p. 8. pi. 2, fig. 13.
1874. Lepralia scripta et rarecosta REUSS, Die fossilien Broyozoen des Osterreichisch-uuga-
rischen Miocans, I ; Denkscriften der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol. 33, p. 25,
pi. 1, fig. 7 ; pi. 6, fig. 1.
1875. Lepralia cribrilina MANZONI. I Briozoi del pliocene autico di Castrocaro. vol. 46, p. 27,
pi. 3, fig. 40.
1ST.". Lepralia innominata MANZONI, I Briozoi del pliocene antico di Casthocaro, vol. 40, p. 17,
pi. 7, fig. 85.
1875. Lepralia scripta MANZONI, I Briozoi del pliocene antico di Castrocaro, vol. 46, p. 18,
pi. 11. fig. 25.
1875. Lepralia rarccnsta MANZONI, I Briozoi del pliocene autico di Castrocaro, vol. 46, p. 28,
pi. 6, fig.. 76.
1895. Cribilina radiata DE ANGELIS, Descripci6n de los Briozoos fosiles pliocenicos de Cata-
luiia, p. 11. pi. B, fig. 10.
1895. Cribrilina radiata NEVIANI, Briozoi fossil! della Farnesina e Monte Mario, Paleonto-
graphia italica, vol. 1, p. 103 (27), pi. 5. fig. 20 (not 21).
1900. Cribrilina radiata NEVIANI, Brozoi neogenici delle Calabrie Paleontographia italica,
vol. 6, p. 170 (56), Italian bibliography.
1891. Cribrilina radiata WATERS, North Italian Bryozoa, Quarterly Journal Geological So-
ciety, vol. 47, p. 16.
1904. Cribrilina radiata CANU, Etude des Bryozoaires tertiaires recueillis en 1885, dans la
region sud de la Tunisie, Exploration scientifique de la Tunisie, p. 18. pi. 34, fig. 23.
1909. Cribrilina radiata CANU, Bryozoaires fossiles des Terraines du sud ouest de la France,
III. Burdigalien, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, ser. 4. vol. 9, p. 499, pi. 15, fig. 12.
1912. Cribrilina radiata CANT;, Etnde des Bryozoaires helve'tiens de 1'Egypte, Memoires 'le
1'Institut Egyptien, vol. 6. p. 206. pi. 10. fig. 13.
296 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL, MUSEUM.
The bibliography of this species is somewhat confused. Cribrilina innominata
Couch, 1844, is a distinct species, as was established by Neviani in 1900 and by
Norman in 1909. We have done away with the old synonyms.
According to Neviani, Cribrilina raricosta Reuss, 1874. is a good variety, recog-
rizable by its very small dimensions.
There is one variety which has a frontal ascopore, namely, Lepralia innominata
Busk, 1859, or Lepralia, scripta Manzoni, 1870, which we have not included in the
preceding bibliography. However, according to Norman, it is subject to great
variation, and, awaiting agreement among the zoologists, it has not been made a
distinct variety.
To these varieties we add two others, anaticula and carolincnsis.
The characteristics of the typical form of the species are: First, the aperture
is semilunar and surrounded by four or five large spines. Second, the ovicell is
keeled in front and always closed by the operculum. Third, the very long, inter-
zooecial avicularium is terminated by a very thin little canal.
The number of costules, in the recent specimens, is generally from 16 to 18.
In the fossil forms their number is from 10 to 12. It is impossible to establish a
variety upon this difference, for the costular variations in this species are extraor-
dinary.
Certain specimens have very prominent costules; on others they are scarcely
visible.
The ancestrula is a zooecium of the Membranipore type, surrounded with spines
(figs. 16, 17).
The micrometric measurements are useless, for they are too variable.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (common);
near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (common) ; Eutaw Springs. South Carolina
(common) ; 3^ miles south of Perry, Georgia (Common) ; 18 miles west of Wrights-
ville. Johnson County, Georgia (common).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola River, east of Marianna, Jack-
son County, Florida (common).
Vicksbui-gian (Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Monrooville, Alabama
(common) ; Salt Mountain, 5 miles south of Jackson, Alabama (rare) ; 3 miles south-
east of Vosburg, Jasper County. Mississippi.
Geological distribution. — In Europe Puellina radiata is found in all the forma-
tions since the Lutetian.
Habitat. — The living form is cosmopolitan in the two hemispheres. It has
been found in the Atlantic at Madeira, Florida, France, and the British Isles;
in the Indian Ocean at Zanzibar : in the Pacific at the Philippine Islands, Australia,
and Tahiti; and in the Mediterranean, France, Algeria, Tunis. Italy, and the
Adriatic.
Specimens have been dredged to a depth of 180 meters, but they live habituallv
near the shores in the shallower waters. Its occurrence in the Priabonian of the
Vicentin and in the waters of Madeira renders its presence inevitable in the Ameri-
can Upper Eocene.
Plcshfypes.—Cut Nos. 64022-64024, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMI.RICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 297
PUELLINA RADIATA ANATICULA, new variety.
Plate 41, fig. 19.
This variety is characterized by the little canal of the avicularium. which
is enlarged like the beak of a duck. All the other characters are identical with
the type form.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Seventeen miles northeast of Hawkinsville,
Georgia (very rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Seven miles above Bainbridge, Georgia
(very rare) ; Bainbridge. Georgia (very rare) ; 4 miles below Bainbridge, Georgia
(very rare).
Vicksburgian (Byram marl) : Byram, Mississippi (rather rare).
Holotype.—C,ai. No. 64025, U.S.N.M.
PUELLINA RADIATA CAROLINENSIS Gabb and Horn, 1862.
Plate 41, fig. 20.
1862. Reptescharella carolinensis GABB and HORN, Monograph Secondary and Tertiary
1'olyzoa of North America, Journal Academy Natural Science, Philadelphia, vol. 5,
p. 136, pi. 19, fig. IS.
This variety is characterized by its smooth peristome, without tuberosities,
nnd by the small distal canal of the avicularium, which is larger than in the type.
In reality the spines have not disappeared; on the perfect specimens they are
still visible ; but they never have the size and the importance of those which decorate
the type. The zooecia are a little larger and have 16 costules.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : West bank of Sepulga River, Escambia
County, Alabama (rare).
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Monroeville, Alabama
(rare).
Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : Seven and one-half miles southwest of Bladen
Springs, Alabama (rare).
PJesiotype.—Cat. No. 64026, U.S.N.M.
PUELLINA BISPINOSA, new species.
Plate 41, fig. 22.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells (chiefly Ostrea vicksbwrgensis) and
other bryozoa. The zooecia are elongated, distinct, separated by a furrow, ellip-
tical; the frontal is convex and formed of from 16 to 18 thin costules separated
by very small lacunae and traversed by a line of lumen pores. The aperture is
formed of a semilunar anterior and of a very convex posterior portion separated
by two very small cardelles: the posterior portion is hidden by a small, prominent
mucro. The ovicell is globular, salient, always closed by the operculum. On each
side of the aperture there are two small triangular avicularia pointed, longitudinal,
between which occur two large spines.
298 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Affinities.- — This variety differs from Puellina calamorpha Reuss, 1866, in
that the avicularia are longitudinally disposed, the point toward the top. instead
of being oblique and even transverse, in the two large oral spines instead of five
small ones and especially in its elongated (not transverse) and much larger
ovicell.
The micrometric measurements are very variable.
fAa=0.04mm.
Measurements. — Aperture 7 „ „„
Ua=O.QG mm.
Long. Medium. Short.
(Z3=0.50 mm. 0.40mm. 0.34 mm.
Zooecium 7 .n.
lfe=0.24mm. 0.30mm. 0.24mm.
This species differs from Puellina radiata Moll. 1803. only in the presence of
two oral avicularia. However, Hincks calls attention to some small similar avicu-
laria in Moll's species. In our opinion he discussed a distinct species, a fact which
he had not noticed. It could very well be, also, that Puellina, calamorpha Reuss,
1866. is also a living species.
This species differs from Puellina simulator in the presence of an oral mncro
and in the constancy of the two oral avicularia on all the zooecia and not on
ovicelled zooecia alone.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Seven miles above Bain-
bridge, Georgia (very rare).
e.—Crt.. No. 64028. U.S.N.M.
PUELLINA SIMULATOR, new species.
Plate 41, fig. 21; -plate 84, fig. 14.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells, bryozoa, or Orbitoides. The zooecia
are distinct, separated by a furrow, elongated, elliptical ; the frontal is convex and
formed of 20 to 24 thin costules separated by the very small lacunae and traversed
by a line of small lumen pores. The aperture is semilunar, bordered by a peristome
bearing four indistinct distal spines. The ovicelled zooecia bear two thin oral
avicularia, placed longitudinally, the point above; in the junction angles of the
zooecia without avicularia there are some thin avicularia a little longer than usual.
The ovicell is imbedded in the distal zooecium, small, globular, improminent, and
always closed by the operculum.
,, iha=0.01mm. £3=0.36-0.40 mm.
Measurements.— Aperture 7 - - „ Zooecia ,
Ua=0.06 mm. fe=0.22mm.
Affinities. — This species simulates Puellina calamorpha. Reuss, 1866, in its
ovicelled zooecia ornamented with two avicularia. It differs from it in its semi-
lunar aperture with neither mucro nor proximal convexity, in the larger number
of its costules, and in the long avicularia placed in the junction angles of the non-
ovicelled zooecia. These latter are much smaller (0.15 mm. and not 0.30 mm.)
than the interzooecial avicularia of Puellina radiata Moll, 1803.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 299
It differs from Puellina bispinosa in that the ordinary zooecia are deprived
of avicularia and in the much smaller nvicell.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Monroe-
ville, Alabama (rare) ; near Claiborne. Monroe County, Alabama (rare) ; west
bank of Conecuh River, Escambia County. Alabama.
Jacksonian (Zeugiodon zone) : Cocoa Post Office, Choctaw County, Alabama.
Cotypcs.— Cat. Nos. 64027. 61259, U.S.5T.M.
PUELLINA INARMATA. new species.
Plate 84, fig. 15.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts Orbitoides and bryozoa. The zooecia are
distinct, separated by a furrow, elongated, elliptical; the frontal is only slightly
convex; the costules are fine, radial, separated by very small lacunae, and orna-
mented with a double row of very fine granules; there are nine or ten pairs; in
the shield there is a very visible lumen pore. The aperture is semilunar, trans-
verse, larger on the ovicelled zooecia. surrounded by a smooth peristome. The
ovicell is imbedded in the distal zooecium. improminent, always closed by the
operculum; very rarely there is a small, simple avicularium in the zooecial junction
angles.
.-.. . .
Measurements. — Aperture , ,, . „ Zooecia i7 nn. A ori
[fa=0.06 mm. U3=0.24-0.30mm.
Affinities. — The total absence of avicularia characterizes this species. How-
ever, sometimes on the peristome a very small pore is visible and again, in some
of the zooecial junction angles there is a small, round, and simple avicularium.
The double row of small granules which ornament the costules also characterize
this species; however, this character is inconstant and many of the zooecia have
some costules sculptured as in Puellina calamorpha Reuss. This last species has
two very constant, oral avicularia.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgiau (Marianna limestone) : Murder Creek, east of
Castlebury, Conecuh County, Alabama (rare) ; west bank of Conecuh River,
Escambia County, Alabama (rare).
Holotype.—Csk. No. 6-1260, U.S.N.M.
Genus DISTANSESCHARELLA D'Orbigny, 1852.
1S52. Distansescharella D'OREIGXY, Paleontologie Fnni<;;iise. Terrain CitftfK-e. Bryozoaires,
p. 451.
In the interval which separates the zooecia there may be noted very small
accessory cellules hardly a fourth the size of the others but of the same form.
These smaller zooecia are always primoserial; there are always two or three. of
them following a preceding normal zooecium.
Genotype. — Distansescharella (Ccllepora) familiaris Hagenow, 1839.
Range. — Senonian- Jacksonian.
300 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
DISTANSESCHARELLA JACKSONICA, new species.
Plate 42, fig. 1.
Only the figured specimen has been found, and it is unfortunately very incom-
plete. The function of the thick smaller zooecia is unknown. Smitt has cited
something analogous to them in Membramporella agasstsi Smitt. 1873,1 where they
are rare.
The zoarium incrusts an Idmonca.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: One-half mile southeast of Georgia Kaolin
Company Mine, Twiggs County, Georgia (very rare).
Holotype.—C&t. No. 04029, U.S.X.M.
FIG. 85. — Genus Gcphyrotcs Norman. 1903.
A-E. Gephyrotcs nitido-punctata Smitt, 1808. A. Zooecia, X 19. (After Smitt, 1868.)
B. Zooecia, showing avieularia (at'), ovicell loci, ami spiramen (.«/>). C. Var. spitzbcrgensis
Norman, 1903. Anterior portion of an ovicelled zooecium. (After Norman, 1003.) I). The
anterior portion of a zooecium, to show the structure of the bridge and oral opening, a, costula
bifurcated; b, solid outspread costula; c, spiramen; d, lateral foramen; I. lumen; Ip, lumen pore.
E. Costular system, X 83. (After Nordgaartl. 1903.) rf, loop of the costula; la, lacuna; Ip,
lumen pore.
Genus GEPHYROTES Norman, 1903.
1903. Gephyrotcs NORMAN, Notes on Natural History of East Finmark, Annals and Magazine
Natural History, ser. 7 ,vol. 12, p. 100.
The costules are narrow. They are at first largely separated for half of their
length; they are afterwards curved and join the adjacent costules, thus forming
n complete arch; this ai-ch is followed by large lateral lacunae. The two distal
costules bifurcate to form a spiramen in the zooecial axis. A pair of avieularia
with mandible pointing upwards is developed on the side walls of the aperture.
The ovicell is subglobose and imperforated. No dietellae.
' Genotype. — Gephyrotes (Cribilina} nitido-punctata Smitt, 1863.
Range. — Jacksoniau-Recent.
We have classified in this genus all the Costulidae provided with a spiramen.
But, under these conditions, all the costules are not identical. In their general
1 1875, Smitt, Floridan Bryozoa, Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handling:)!-, vol. 19, p. 11, pt. 5, fig. 10(i.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 301
aspect the various species of this genus have the aspect of the more typical Gctleopsis.
If the family Galeopsidaf. Canu, 1913, is natural, it may become necessary to include
also the genus Gephyrotes, although at present we do not think so.
GEPHYROTES LEVIGATUM, new species.
Plate 6. figs. 1-4.
Desmption. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are distinct, elongated,
aliform; the frontal is a convex gymnocyst encircling a cribriform area formed of
three or four pairs of costules without lateral median lacunae. All of the zooecia
bear an oblique spiramen. The aperture is elliptical, transverse, surrounded by
a thin, sharp peristome. The ovicell is embedded in the distal zooecia. rather large,
smooth, and globular. The two oral avicularia are rather large; their point is
directed toward the center of the aperture. One pair of lateral dietellae and a
distal dietella are present.
,, /, ,7 =0.06-0.07 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture , 7 .
[fa=0.
..
Aooecia 7 . no- /-IT i
[fe=0.30-0.3o mm. (including avicularia).
Variations. — Our description agrees most with figure 1, which shows the gen-
eral aspect of our specimens. We have illustrated two others (figs. 2 and 3) of
a little different aspect. The gymnocyst is very small in figure 2 : it is absent in
figure 3; the costules are then larger. As the micrometric measurements, the
avicularia. and the ovicells are identical, we have not created a new species for
these less typical specimens.
There are no lateral lacunae. The costules seem to us to be those of Mem-
branipon-llu, but we have not been able to discover their nature by a tangential
thin section because of the rarity of the specimens. The presence of the dietellae
would still be a reason for classifying the species in Mejnbraniporella. However,
the operculum appears to close the ovicell only when opening.
The patient collector who will secure a score of specimens of this species and
of the following, will be sure of making important discoveries on the structure of
the Costulae.
Affinities. — This species differs from Gephyrotes sailtans in its less prominent
peristome and in its oral avicularia. which are much smaller (Lav 0.15 mm. and
not 0.25 mm.) and are lacking the calcareous pivot.
In its smooth ovicell. it differs from Gephyrotes convexa and from Gephyrotes
spectdbilis.
Occm r< in'''. — Mitlwayan (Clayton limestone) : One mile west of Fort Gaines,
Georgia (rare).
C'otypes.—Cnt. No. (>:',si<;. T.S.X.M.
GEPHYROTES SAILLANS, new species.
Plate 5, figs. 18-20.
Description. — The zoarium creeps over algae. The zooecia are distinct, elon-
gated, separated by a furrow, aliform ; the frontal is a convex gymnocyst, encircling
302 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
a small cribriform area formed of three or four pairs of costules, without lateral
median lacunae. Many zooecia bear a spiramen. The aperture is elliptical, trans-
verse, provided with a vestibular arch, and surrounded by a very salient peristome.
The ovicell, embedded in the distal zooecium, is large, globular, improminent; it
opens into a false peristome in front of the spiramen ; it is closed by the operculum
when the latter is open. The oral avicularia are very oblique, almost transverse,
large (Lav 0.25 mm.), quite pointed, provided with a calcareous pivot, and directed
toward the interior of the aperture.
[Aa=0.13mm.
Measurements. — Aperture \ , _ 1 _
Urt=0.l5 mm.
[7,3=0.55-0.60 mm.
, _ . ,. ,. ....
l/3=0.4o mm. ( including avicularia).
Variations and affinities. — The spiramen is present on all the zooecia and is
situated at the distal extremity of the cribriform area, nearly perpendicularly to
the plane of the zooecia. It is necessary to incline the specimen preparation in
order to see it clearly, and in our figures it has disappeared because of perspective.
This species differs from Gephyrotes If cic/otum in its very prominent peristome
and its large avicularia (Lav 0.25 mm. and not 0.15 mm.). Like that species, it
shows such undoubted resemblances with Membraniporella that further examination
of numerous specimens is required. On the other hand, the presence of a spiramen
seems to indicate that there is a compensatrix buried under the costules. as in
Figularifi.
In its smooth ovicell it differs from Gephyrotes convexa and from G. spectalnlis.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Luverne, Crenshaw County,
Alabama (rare).
s.—Crt. No. 63814, U.S.N.M.
GEPHYROTES CONVEXA, new species.
Plate 42, figs. 2. 3.
Description. — -The zoarium incrus'ts Orbitoide?. The zooecia are distinct, sepa-
rated by a deep furrow, elongated, elliptical, distended ; the frontal is very convex
and consists of a small gymnocyst surrounding a cribriform area ; this area is formed
of six or seven pairs of thick costules closely united and decorated with at least two
quite prominent lumen pores. The aperture is semilunar. transverse: the proximal
border is somewhat concave, and the distal border bears four hollow spines. The
ovarian zqoecia alone bear the ovicell, the spiramen, and the oral avicularia. The
ovicell is hyperstomial and little distinct, convex, transverse, bordered in front;
it opens into the peristomie formed by the avicularia and the lamella which bears
the spiramen; it is closed by the operculum at the moment the latter is opened.
The two avicularia are very prominent, triangular, the point toward the proximal
border of the aperture. The spiramen opens above the aperture. No dietellae.
lha=0.08 . . fZs=0.52-0.60mm.
Measurements.-A.pert™ ffc=0.l(WU2 mm. Zooecia{7,,=0.40-0.4fi mm.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 303
Affinities. — This species is very interesting in showing that the production
of a peristomie and of a spiramen is a phenomenon in intimate connection with the
passage of the eggs and the evacuation of the larvae. Jullien 1 believed that the
spiramen was in relation with the opening of the operculum and consequently with
the hydrostatic system. Here the operculum of the ordinary zooecia operates with-
out a spiramen. The function of the latter therefore is problematical, indeed it
may be only a pseudo-spiramen.
The characters of the species are the thick confluent costules and the fact that
the ovicelled zooecia only are provided with a spiramen.
This species differs from Gephyrotes saillans in its more numerous and united
costules and in the points of the avicularia which are directed backward.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : West bank of Sepulga
Kiver, Escambia County, Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 64030. U.S.N.M.
GEPHYROTES SPECTABILIS, new species.
Plate 84, fig. 16.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are distinct, elongated,
elliptical, separated by very long interzooecial cavities. The frontal is convex
and is formed of six pairs of widely separated costules. Each intercostular slit
is followed by a lacuna ; each costule bears a small but prominent lumen pore on
the loop and a larger one at the other extremity. The first pair of costules bifurcates
to surround the spiramen which opens obliquely above the aperture. The ovicell
is embedded in the distal zooecia; it is globular, projecting, transverse, and bears
in front a hollow collar; it opens into the peristomie formed by the avicularia
and the prominent lamella which bears the spiramen. The two oral avicularia
are quite prominent, triangular, oblique, the point directed toward the upper
extremity of the zooecial median axis; provided with a calcareous pivot.
Measurements. — External aperture -.,
. 1 13=0.50-0.60 mm.
ial?3=0.35-0.40mm. (excluding avicularia).
Variations. — This superb species is perfectly characterized by its cribriform
area. The lumen pore of the shield is frequently wanting. The two opposite
lacunae are frequently joined to form a small transversal slit. The large inter-
zooecial cavities are very irregular in form and size; it is impossible to consider
them as avicularia and their function is therefore problematical.
The marginal zooecia shown in our figure appear to be of young zooecia : they
are without spiramen and avicularia, and their aperture is transverse with a con-
cave, proximal border. In the junction angles there is a minute pore, probably
a small, simple avicularium.
1 1903, Jullien. Br.vozoaires provenant de campagnee dTHiroiulrllr. p. 74.
304 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Tliis species is somewhat like the Cribrilina clielys Koschinsky, 1885. of the
Priabonian of the Vicentin. The latter, however, is provided with interzooecial
-avicularia.
We unfortunate!}' possess only the figured specimen.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Byram marl) : Byram. Mississippi (very rare).
Holotype.—C*t. No. 64-261, U.S.N.M.
GEPHYROTES QUADRISERIALIS. new species.
Plate 42, figs. 4, 5.
Description. — The zoarium is free, cylindrical, bifurcated, formed of four longi-
tudinal rows of zooecia opposed to each other, two by two. The zooecia are dis-
tinct, elongated, separated by a furrow. The frontal is very convex and formed
of nine pairs of closely united costules. Each costule bears at least two lumen
pores; the first pair bifurcates to form the spiramen and the peristomial lamella.
The aperture is elliptical and transverse and buried at the bottom of the peri-
stomice.
. f/:.?=0.65-0.75mm.
Measurements. — Zooecia , . ,
17.2=0.40 mm.
Affinities. — The spiramen is not constant and is sometimes replaced by a pseu-
dorimule cut at the middle of the lower lip of the peristomice.
As the spiramen is almost vertically placed, it is clearly visible only when the
specimen is inclined : then, viewing it transversely, the proximal border of the
aperture beneath it is quite visible. The lacunae are so small that they can not
be shown in the figure.
The genus Corl>ulipoi-a of MacGillivray also has quadriserial zoaria, but the
zooecia have no spiramen.
The structure of the costules is identical with that in Gcphyrotes convexa;
but G. quadrherii.il>* differs in its free and nanincrusting zoarium, in its nonovi-
celled zooecia bearing a spiramen. and in the entire absence of a zooecial gymnocyst.
The species under discussion is the equivalent of Cribrilina crenatimargo-
I,, nieri Eeuss, 1847, of the Priabonian of the Vicentin, but differs from it in its
quadriserial and not bilamellar zoarium and in the presence of the spiramen.
Gephyrotes quadriserialis furthermore has no oral avicularia and is of such
an aberrant type that it will be convenient perhaps to separate it generically when
the ovicell has been discovered.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola River, east of
Marianna, Jackson County, Florida (rare).
Cotypes.—CsA. No. 64031, U.S.N.M.
Genus METRACOLPOSA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Metracolposa CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 34.
The costules are separated by numerous lacunae. The aperture is semilunar.
The operculum in opening closes the ovicell. The ovicell is large and deeply em-
bedded in the distal zooecia. The ovicelled zooecia have a large aperture.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 305
Genotype. — Metracolposa robusta Canu and Bassler, 1917. Jacksonian.
This genus differs from Cribrilina Gray, 1848, in its opercular dimorphir.ni.
Moreover, the operculum probably closes the ovicell during the whole period of
development of the embryo, as this is the habit in those species where the operculuia
closes the ovicell in opening. The ovicell occupies a large part of the distal
zooecia, the capacity of which is thus much reduced. The lumen pores are scarcely
visible, irregular, never prominent.
METRACOLPOSA BREVIS. new species.
Plate 42, figs. 6, 7.
Description. — The zoarium is free, and bilamellar. The zooecia are large, ellip-
tical, short. The frontal is little convex; the costules are triangular, radial, seven
or eight pairs in number, separated by five or six lacunae concentrically arranged ;
no lumen pores. The aperture is transverse, semielliptical, bordered distally by a
very thin incomplete peristome. The ovicell is enormous, globular, smooth, opening
above the operculum but able to be closed by it. No avicularium.
r7,.fl=0.14mm. . [£3=0.80-0.90 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture^ 7 n no Zooecia{ , . ... . ._-
1 7a=0.28 mm. 1 fe=0.60-0.70 mm.
Affinities. — This very elegant species may be distinguished from Metracolposa
grandis by its less length, greater width, the radial arrangement of the costules,
and the absence of avicularia.
It differs from Metracolposa robusta in its greater width, its larger costules,
and the absence of avicularia.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare) ;
18 miles west of Wrightsville, Johnson County, Georgia (rare).
Holotype.—C&t. No. 64032, U.S.N.M.
METRACOLPOSA GRANDIS, new species.
Plate 42, figs. 8-13.
Description. — The zoarium is large, free, bilamellar. The zooecia are distinct,
elongated, large, elliptical. The frontal is convex; the costules are thick, nearly
transverse, little distinct, numbering from five to seven pairs and separated by
large circular lacunae. The aperture is transverse, semielliptical, bordered distally
by a very thin, incomplete, improminent peristome. The ovicell is very large,
elongated, prominent, globose, perforated by small irregular pores and decorated
in front by a large deltoid carina. A very large transverse oral avicularium above
each aperture.
Measurements. — Aperture f/>a=0.14-0.24 mm. Aperturef/ia=0.16 mm.
(ordinary) 1^=0.22-0.26 mm. (ovicelled) lZa=0.36 mm.
™
= 0.54-0.56 mm.
55899— 19— Bull. 106 - 20
306 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Variations. — The number of the costules is rather variable ; they are arranged
horizontally at the top and radially below. The lumen pores are sometimes visible
(fig. 9) ; they are irregularly placed and never prominent.
There are sometimes two distal avicularia (fig. 9) ; their points touch above
the aperture on the median zooecial axis ; there are some zooecia unprovided with
avicularia (fig. 9).
In the interior (fig. 10) the proximal border of the aperture is bordered by a
thick collar. The avicularia are interzooecial.
The margins of the costules are invisible in tangential section (fig. 12) ; the
lumen pores are visible, but not the lumen itself. In figure 12 the lacunae are
seen to be surrounded by a polygonal network, which indicates the boundary of
the primitive spines.
Affinities. — This species differs from M etracolposa brevis in the presence of
large distal avicularia and in its greater zooecial length, and from M etracolposa
robusta in its larger zooecia and its much larger and more numerous avicularia.
On account of the size of its zoarium this is an easily recognized fossil.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (common);
near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (common).
Holotype.—C&t. No. 64033, U.S.N.M.
METRACOLPOSA ROBUSTA Canu and Bassler. 1917.
Plate 43, figs. 1-7.
1917. Hetracolposa robusta CANU and BASSLEB, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary
Cheilostome Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 35, pi. 3, fig. 6.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar, large (1 to 2 centimeters in
width), solid, robust. The zooecia are distinct, elongated, elliptical; the frontal
is somewhat convex ; the costules are transverse at the top, radial below ; they num-
ber from seven to nine pairs and are separated by four or five large lacunae;
the lumen pores are small and irregular. The aperture is transverse, semielliptical
with a straight or slightly convex proximal border; it is bordered distally by a
very thin, incomplete peristorne. The ovicell is large and deeply embedded in the
distal zooecia, elongated, salient, convex, decorated in front with a deltoid carina;
it opens above the aperture and probably was closed by the operculum when it
opened. The aperture of the ovicelled zooecia is larger. A small, triangular distal
avicularium is placed either on the right or left of the aperture.
T,, t i- \ ra=.nun.
Measurements. — Aperture (ordinary H, _ . g_
/ • 11 j\ I ha— 0.12-0. 14 mm.
Aperture (ovicelled) >.. A ao nnn
' 1^=0.28-0.30 mm.
. fZs=0.96-1.00mm.
Zooecia J ...
= 0.44-0.46 mm.
Variations. — The zooecial width is rather variable; there are some zooecia
which measure 0.51 mm., in which case the costules are radially arranged (fig. 2).
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIAKif BRYOZOA. 307
The avicularia are rather rare; their point is directed toward the median
axis of the zooecia above the aperture; sometimes they are vertical; when well
preserved they have a calcareous pivot.
In the interior (fig. 7) the ovicell is seen to occupy the larger part of the
cavity of the distal zooecia — a condition which is better visible on the vertical
section (fig. 5). This section also permits one to understand the movements of the
operculum. This structure closes the ovicell at the moment of the passage of the
eggs and during the evolution of the embryos. After the expulsion of the latter
it closes only that zooecium in which the aperture has preserved its distal but
deeply buried margin.
In thin section the zooecial walls are thin, and composed of scattered olocystal
elements. The avicularia appear to be interzooecial.
It may be that the costules are not hollow, for the lumen has never been
observed.
The two lamellae forming the zoarium are inseparable.
There are four or five lateral septulae (fig. 6).
Affinities. — Metracolposa robust a differs from Metracolposa brevis in the pres-
ence of an avicularium and in its smaller zooecial width.
It differs from Metracolposa grandis in its smaller general dimensions and its
much smaller and rare avicularia. and from Metracolposa cylindrica in its bila-
mellar zoarium.
The zoarial dimensions are such that this is a good-sized fossil and easily
recognized.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (very com-
mon) ; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 6258G, U.S.N.M.
i
METRACOLPOSA CYLINDRICA, new species.
Plate 42, figs. 14-20.
Description. — The zoarium is free, cylindrical, formed of six rows of zooecia.
The zooecia are distinct, much elongated, elliptical; the frontal is convex; the
costules are thick, numbering eleven or twelve pairs, separated by four or five
rather large lacunae, without lumen pores. The aperture is transverse, semi-
elliptical, with a straight or slightly concave proximal border. The ovicell is
very large, embedded in the distal zooecium, elongated, prominent, convex, decorated
in front with a deltoid carina; the ovicell opens above the aperture and probably
was closed by the operculum. The avicularia are triangular and are placed in the
junction angles of the zooecia; their point is turned toward the median axis of
the zooecia.
Measurements. — Aperture 1^=0.10-0.14 mm. AperturefA«=0.17 mm.
(ordinary) l?a=0.16-0.1S mm. (ovicelled) I7a=0.35 mm.
. \Lz= 1.10-1.20 mm.
Zooecia i -, n .
I?2=0.40-0.4L' nun.
308 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Variations. — The distal avicularia are inconstant; they are sometimes atten-
uated (fig. 16) and even absent (fig. 18).
The keel of the ovicell, very clear in figure 17, is much attenuated in figure 15.
We have observed (fig. 17) an aperture closed by a calcareous operculum.
This phenomenon is frequent in all the Cheilostomes, but as yet zoologists have not
learned its significance.
Certain zoaria are narrow at their lower extremity (fig. 18) as if they were
formed of segments for articulation. The base of such segments (fig. 20) bears
three pores, which is not the case in articulated zoaria.
The zooecial walls (fig. 19) are very thin. The ovicell occupies a portion of
the cavity of the distal zooecia. As in the other species of the same genus the
costules are apparently not hollow.
Affinities. — This species is distinguished from all others of the genus by its
cylindrical zoarium, but it is very close to Metracolposa robusta of which it might
be a variety if we had intermediate forms. It differs from the latter in having a
larger number of costules, in the presence of two larger distal avicularia and in
the smaller zooecial breadth, and from Metracolposa grandis in its much smaller
lacunae and its very different micrometrical dimensions.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington. North Carolina (common);
near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (very common).
Cotypes.—C&t. No. 64034, U.S.N.M.'
Genus CORBULIPORA MacGillivray, 1895.
1895. CorbuKpora MACGII.LIVKAY, Monograph Tertiary Polyzoa Victoria, Transactions Royal
Society Victoria, vol. 4, p. 60.
"Zoarium erect, zooecia quadriserial, facing to the four sides, much elongated,
calcareous, readily separating longitudinally. Anterior part wider, raised, formed
by a series of vertical ribs on each side, .turning abruptly inwards and uniting to
form a flat plate; posterior part of zooecia narrow, smooth, and entire; thyrostome
with the upper lip arched, thickened; and smooth." (MacGillivray.)
Genotype. — Corbulipora omata MacGillivray, 1S95.
Range. — Eocene-Miocene.
This genus is purely zoarial. The figures given by MacGillivray are incom-
plete. Two specimens that have been sent to us by Mr. Maplestone are somewhat
different from MacGillivray's description. The costules have lumen pores; the
initial slit 'separating two costules is very small. The genus has the costular struc-
ture of GephyTotex.
CORBULIPORA COLLAKIS, new species.
Plate 43, fig. 14.
Description. — The zoarium is free, quadriserial, bifurcated. The zooecia are
distinct, separated by a prominent thread or a furrow, and are much elongated,
elliptical; the frontal is convex; the costules are fine, numerous, ornamented with
very small lumen pores; separated by a large, initial slit, followed by two lacunae;
the superior costules are more or less united to form a sort of collar. The aperture
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 309
is semilunar; the distal part is bordered by a very thin, incomplete peristome.
There are one or two small, triangular, transverse, oral avicularia touching each
other at their tips.
<ha=0.0i> mm. . \ Ls=0.6Q mm.
Measurements. — Aperture i, . , Zooecia , _ on
\la=Q,llmm. 1/2=0.30 mm.
Affinities. — All of the zooecia are not provided with the characteristic collar
which arises from the more or less complete union of the first three pairs of costules.
The number of pairs of costules varies from 12 to 17.
Only a few specimens have been found, none of which shows an ovicell. The
quadriserial zoarium and the costules with lumen pores are the only reasons we
have for classifying this species in CorbuHpora, a genus which must be considered
ns inadequately described.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington, North
Carolina (rare).
Holotype.—Cai. No. 64085. U.S.N.M.
Genus ACANTHOCELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Acantkocella CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Oheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 35.
The costules bear a row of very prominent lumen pores and are separated
by lacunae of greater or less size. The aperture is semilunar. The ovicell is
hyperstomial and its orifice is not in contact with the operculum.
Genotype. — Cribrilina tubulifcra Hindis, 1881, from Australian seas.
Range. — Jacksonian-Recent.
ACANTHOCELLA EKINACEA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 43, figs. 10-13.
1917. Acanthocella crinai-fu- (.'AM and BASSLKR, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96. United States National Museum, p. 36, pi. 4, fig. 1.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells and bryozoa or creeps over algae.
The zooecia are distinct, very slightly elongated, subcircular; the frontal is very
convex; the costules are thick, separated by the lacunae and ornamented by three
very prominent, hollow spines corresponding to the lumen pores. The aperture
is semilunar with a straight proximal border; the peristome is distal and bears
four large, hollow spines. The ovicell is hyperstomial, buried in the distal zooecia,
globose, not closed by the operculum. ornamented with small, remote punctations.
,, ;/m=0.09mm. . (£.3=0.75-0.80 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture , Zooecia,1 ,
/« = 0.11-0.12 mm. [7,;=0.50-0.6o mm.
Variations. — The sharp points which decorate this species give it the spinous
aspect of a hedgehog. It is very variable in its micrometer dimensions and its
gemmation ; the zooecia are oriented in the most unexpected and divergent manner.
The costules are separated first by an initial slit (fig. 13) hidden and almost ver-
310 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
tical, and are followed by large (fig. 10) or smaller (figs. 11, 13) lacunae, which
vary in number, although there are always at least two.
The tangential sections show very clearly the existence of a lumen and of large
lumen pores (fig. 12).
Affinities. — This species differs from the recent Acanthocclla tu'bulifera Hincks,
1881, in its larger number of lumen pores (3 or 4 instead of 2).
It differs from Cribrilina suggerens Waters, 1881, in its zoarium. which is not
bilamellar and in its larger micrometric dimensions (la— 0.12 mm. and not
0.06mm.).
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington, North
Carolina (rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 62587, U.S.N.M.
Genus CRIBRENDOECIUM Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Cribrendoccium CANU and BASSLEB, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilo-
stome Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 36.
The ovicell is endozooecial. The costules are separated by a small initial slit
and some medium-sized lacunae; they have no lumen pores. The aperture is formed
of a semilunar anterior portion and a larger and concave posterior part separated
by two cardelles. The aperture of the ovicelled zooecia is larger. Large iriter-
zooecial avicularia are present.
Genotype. — Cribrendoecium tenuicostulatum, Canu and Bassler, 1917.
This genus shows the closest resemblance to Hippopodina Levinsen, 1909, in the
nature of its ovicell and its oral dimorphism. On the other hand, its interzooecial
avicularia and the structure of its ovicell marked with two lateral cicatrices, relate
it to Figularia Jullien, 1880. It is therefore very probable that the species of Cri-
brendoecium are provided with a compensatrix, just as in the two genera cited and
as the nature of its aperture would predict.
CRIBRENDOECIUM TENUICOSTULATUM Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 43, fig. 8.
1917. Cribrendoecium tenuicostulatum CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early
Tertiary Cheilostome Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 36,
pi. 4, fig. 1.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are distinct, elongated,
separated by a furrow, elliptical, fusiform; the frontal is convex; the costules are
very thin, numerous, without lumen pores, and separated by very small lacunae.
The apertures of the ordinary zooecia are formed of a semilunar anterior and a
very large, straight posterior part separated by two small cardelles; the aperture
of the ovicelled zooecia is larger and its posterior portion is convex. The ovicell
is endozooecial and exteriorly is prominent and transverse; it is formed of two
calcareous deposits; the outer one is incomplete and leaves two lateral cicatrices
in the form of a cross. The avicularia are interzooecial and are elongated, spatu-
late, perforated by a long slit and generally without pivot.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 311
•., . j. =.
Measurements. — Ordinary aperture ,
\ 7(7=0.11 mm.
f ha=O.W mm.
~ . „ j
Ovicelled aperture^ .,„
l=0.13 mm.
. [7",s=0.50-0.60mm.
ZooeCiaU=0.25-0.35mm.
Affinities. — The discovery of a member of the Cribrilinidae provided with an
endozooecial ovicell is very important, as it indicates clearly that the structure of
the frontal has no connection with the various organs (ovarian) of the polypide.
At the same time the presence of the costules does not imply the muscular system
of the Anasca, since the form of the aperture indicates a characteristic compen-
satrix of the Ascophora ; this frontal has no connection with the hydrostatic system.
The costular structure has no special function, being only a decoration or,
to be exact, an adaption for a particular purpose, and it can not be employed to
characterize a natural family.
This species must not be confounded with any species of the genus Figularia
Jullien, which is provided with a hyperstomial ovicell.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington, North
Carolina (rare).
Holotype.—Cat. No. 62588, U.S.N.M.
Genus ARACHNOPUSIA Jullien, 1886.
' Bibliography (Anatomical). — 1881. HINCKS, Contribution! toward a general History of the
Marine Polyzoa, Annals Magazine Natural History, ser. 5, vol. 8, p. 57, pi. 3, fig. 6. — 1884. HINCKS,
Contribution toward a general History of Marine Polyzoa, Annals Magazine Natural History,
ser. 5, vol. 4, p. 129, pi. 8, fig. 5.— 1884. BUSK, Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage
of the Challenger, pt. 1, Cheilostomata, vol. 10, pt. 30, p. 133, pi. 19, fig. 8. — 1887. WATERS,
Bryozoa from New South Wales, North Australia, Annals Magazine Natural History, ser. 5,
vol. 20, p. 187, pi. 6, fig. 7. — 1SSS. JULLIEN, Mission scientific du Cap Horn, vol. 6, Zoology,
Bryozoaires, p. 63, pi. 3, figs. 8, 9. — 1906. WATERS, Bryozoa from Chatham Island, Annals
Magazine Natural History, ser. 7, vol. 17, p. 16, pi. 1, fig. 11.
The cribriform area is formed by the coalescence of hollow branched spines
attached to the lateral walls. The lacunae are concentrically arranged and semi-
lunate with an interior denticule. The opercular valve is membranous. The ovicell
is hyperstomial and opens into a small peristomie above the operculum ; it is closed
by a special operculum and is formed by a double calcareous deposit. The lateral
walls have septular disks with 1 to 3 pores; the distal walls bear only septules; 17
tentacles.
Genotype. — Arachnopusia (Lepralia) monoceros Busk, 1854.
Range. — Vicksburgian-Recent.
ARACHNOPUSIA VICKSBUKGICA, new species.
Plate 85, figs. 1-3.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are distinct, separated
by a furrow, at the bottom of which there are some small, elliptical, wide pores;
312
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
the frontal is convex, formed of calcareous polygonal pieces perforated by a large
pore; each pore is semilunate and has an interior denticle; the convex side of this
pore is turned toward the exterior, but the denticle is directed toward the zooecial
axis; the cribriform area is surrounded by a smooth collar, composed of adjacent
polygonal pieces. The aperture is elongated and formed of a semilunar anter and
D -25 H «40 I '
FIG. 86. — Genus Arachnopusia Jullien, 1SS6.
A-J. Arachnopusia monoceros Busk, 1854. A, B. Zooecium and one of the large marginal
uvk-ularia. (After Hincks, 1881.) C. Young cells. (After Hincks, 1884.) D. Zooecia, X
!'.:>. E. Orifice of zooecium, X 50. F. Immersed aviculariuni, X 50. (D--F after Busk, 1884.)
G. Avicularian mandible, X 85. (After Waters, 1887.)
H. Young zooecia, X 40, bearing two or three marginal spines. There are other colonies
of zooeeia which have four of them. These marginal spines disappear promptly, except that
one which is nearest the posterior lip of the orifice, and whose base alone persists ; It is from
the base of the spine that the species derives its name. The avicularian cavity forms here in
great relief, and its circumference must soon increase on account of the calcareous deposit.
(After Jullien, 1886.) I. Ancestruhi, X 70, with a young zooecium with five spines. (After
Jullien, 1886.) J. Growing ends, X 25, showing the calcareous projections n rising from the
side, thus forming pores. In the left-hand zooecium (a) the lower calcareous wall below the
<>r:il aperture is not complete. Above the zooecia (distally) the basal and lateral walls are found
before there is any other sign of growth, and in the division thus formed above the right-hand
zooecium the calcareous front wall is commencing aud has made a semicircular growth. Be-
tween the zooecium a and 6 there was another, but this has been omitted. (After Waters. 1906.)
a concave poster without carclelles; the peristome is salient, smooth, and bears a
distal lip, very prominent and oblique, and an acute, proximal mucro. The ovicell
is hyperstomial, opening in the peristomie above the operculum; its ooecial cover
is formed of various rectangular, calcareous pieces. A large elliptical aviculariuni
is placed near the aperture.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 313
./ui=0.l5mm. . (£3=0.65-0.72 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture { 7 „.„ Zooecia<7 AOC
i '" — n i P. rv.rm |/s=:t).o5 mm.
Variations. — The structure of this species is quite remarkable. The lacunae are
transformed into true areolae serving for the passage of the mesenchyme fibers,
and of the endocyst, which is situated under the ectocyst; the endocyst continues
its calcareous secretion over each areola and carves out a great number of polygonal
pieces on each zooecium.
The smooth collar which surrounds the cribriform area is formed of as many
pieces as it has areolae and covers the shield of the primitive costules.
The ooecial cover is composed of many calcareous pieces arising from as many
pores of the distal zooecia and even the adjacent zooecia; nevertheless, the frontal
arch terminated by two lateral appendages seems to have an exterior origin. This
activity of calcareous secretion about each areola is very remarkable and tangential
sections of the living Arachnopusia monoceros would be of great interest.
The mucro is not at all constant ; it is replaced in the nonovicelled zooecia by
a calcareous thickening bearing a cicatrix. Its development appears therefore
according to rule to be in connection with the formation of a peristomie and with
the passage of the eggs in the ovicell.
Affinities. — This species differs from Arachnopusia (Cribrilina) terminata
Waters in its zoarium, which is incrusting and not free; in its much smaller oral
dimensions (0.15 mm. and- not 0.25 mm. by 0.14 mm.) : and in the presence of
larger avicularia.
The affinities of the Tertiary fauna of .the American Gulf region are greatest
with that of Europe, but in Arachnopusia we have a genus which has been observed
in the fossil state only in the Southern hemisphere, chiefly in the Australian
deposits. This single example is insufficient to prove communication with the
Pacific of the American Tertiary Gulf, for the study of the Eocene deposits of the
Pacific is still to be made. Arachnopusia 'monoceros Busk, 1854, was discovered
recently in Florida waters at the Tortugas by Osburn.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Byram marl) : Byram. Mississippi (rare) ; one-
fourth mile west of Woodward, Wayne County, Mississippi (rare).
Holotype.—CvA. No. 64262, U.S.N.M.
Genus FIGULARIA Jullien, 1886.
18S6. Figvlaria JULLIEN, Les Costulidies, Bulletin de la Society Zoulogique de France, vol.
77, p. 608. (Figulina Levinsen, 1909.)
HibUograiilty (Anatomical). — 1888. JULLIEN, Du testicule chez Lepralia figularis Memoires
SociSte Zoologique France, p. 2. pi. 10, figs. 1, 2. — 1902. HASMER, On the Morphology of the
Cheilostomata, Quarterly Journal Microscopical Science, vol. 46, p. 292, pi. 15, figs. 8, 9. —
1903. NORMAN, Notes on the Natural History of East Finmark. Annals Magazine Natural
History, ser. 7, vol. 12, p. 98, pi. 9, fig. 7. — 1887. WATERS, Bryuzna I'rom New South Wales,
Annals Magazine Natural History, ser. 5, vol. 20, p. 187. pi. G. fig. 1. — 1889. WATERS, Bryozoa
from New South Wales, Annals Magazine Natural History, ser. 6, vol. 4, p. 5, pi. 1, figs. 6-9.
3 1 4
BUU.KTIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSKUM.
I *8i
opercular valve
.lumen pore
FIG. ST.— Genus Figularla Jullien, 1886.
NORTH AMERICAN KAMA' TKRTIAUY BRVOZOA. 315
FIG. 87.— -Genus Fiijularia Jullien, 1886.
A-F. Figularia figularis Johnston. 1847. A, B. Zooecia and avicularia, X 25. (After
Hincks. 1880.) pf, pyriforru fossa of Hincks=\vide stigma of Busk. C. Detail of costules.
(After Norman. 1003.) D, E. Two zooecia seen on the dorsal face, exhibiting the internal
structure of their contents. (After Jullieu, 1SS6.) In fig. D the testicle is still without
spermatozooids : the ovary possesses an esg already in process of development; at the base
of the ovicell is seen an epithelial covering. In fig. E the testicle contains spermatozooids,
indicated by very fine lines; the ovary contains three nonfertile ovules, and the ovicell a larva
or an egg in full development, a, lophophore in the tentacular sheath ; 6, mouth ; c, pharynx ;
d, esophagus; e, stomach; /, gastric caecum; ;/, intestine; h, anus, i, retractor muscles of
the operculuni; /, parietal muscles; k, testicle; I, deferent oanal ; m, irisoid (obturator dia-
phragm of the tentacular sheath): ». ovicell: o, ovary; p, egg in process of development
(larva) ; q, epithelium of the base of the ovicell; r, pseudo-cellular debris of the browil body,
sometimes containing diatoms and radiolaria: s, brain (so-called esophagal ganglion); t, cer-
vical nerve: «, cellular tissue, under the abdominal wall; v, rectractor muscles of the polypide;
x, folds of the tentacular sheath ; ~. orifice of the ejaculatory canal on the irisoid. F. A
s-ooecium decalcified, X 25. (After Waters. 1889.)
G-I. Figularia cUtliridiata, Waters, 1887. G. Avicularian mandible, X 85. H. Opercu-
lum of ovicelligerous zooecium, X 85. I. Operculuni of ordinary zooecium, X 85. (G-I after
Waters, 1887.)
J, K. Figularia philomela Busk, 1S84. J. Basal view of the zooecium. The distal parietal
muscles pm' are stronger than the other groups pin. cs, compensatrix ; occl, oeclusor muscles. K.
Zooecium illustrating terminology. The frontal shield is composed of hollow calcareous costulae.
alternately arranged on the two sides of the zooecium. The rows of pores correspond with the in-
tervals between the costulae. The compensatrix and some of the parietal muscles are indicated.
(After Banner, 1902.)
316 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The costules are bound together by the intercostal cross pieces, producing at
the bottom of the intercostal spaces a line of lacunae; each costule is provided at
its talon with a large lumen pore. The aperture is formed of an anterior part
and posterior part separated by two cardelles; it is closed by a wholly chitinized
compound operculum. The ovicell is hyperstomial ; it is provided with a median
suture and with at least two pear-shaped perforations. The avicularia are inter-
zooecial. No dietellae.
Genotype. — Figularia (Lepralia) figularis Johnston, 1847.
Range. — Jacksonian-Recent.
The species of this genus are :
Figularia (Leprolia) figularis Johnston. 1847.
Figularia (Hemesehara) philomela Busk. 1884.
Figularia (Cribrilma) cUthridiata Waters, 1887.
In the last the aperture of the ovicelled zooecia is very large.
Levinsen believed that this genus had some relationship with the Membrani-
pora pyrula group. Its operculum and its compensatrix approach moreover Hippo-
porina, which is a true member of the Ascophora.
It is doubtful whether this genus is represented in the Eocene of the United
States, but as it is the only one of which the anatomy has been studied, we have
illustrated it in some detail.
The oral glands so often described by Waters are here the testicular glands
(Jullien).
FIGULARIA (?) CRASSICOSTULATA. new species.
Plate 43, fig. 9.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are little elongated,
wide, elliptical, separated by a furrow; the frontal is convex; the costules are
thick, transverse, separated by a small initial slit followed by two or three lacunae,
in number from 8 to 10 pairs. The aperture of the ordinary zooecia is formed
of an anter much arched and a poster a little wider and nearly straight, separated
by two small cardelles: the peristome bears laterally two small tuberosities ; the
aperture of the ovicelled zooecia is larger and transverse. The ovicell is hyper-
stomial and exteriorly very convex; it is formed of two calcareous deposits, of
which the outer one is incomplete, and leaves two cicatrices in the form of a crescent.
The avicularium is interzooecial and large and wide.
,. [Aa=0.08mm.
Measurements. — Ordinary aperture _nin
v . JA«=0.10 mm.
Ovicelled aperture ,
Ua=0.15 mm.
. [£3=0.73 mm.
/ooecias .
\lz= 0.30-0.40 mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Cribrendoccium tenuicostulatum in the
greater size of its costules and in its hyperstomial ovicell. There is no pore on
the shield of the costules as in all the other species of this genus.
NORTH AMERICAN EAICLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
317
Occwvencp. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone): Chipola River, east of
Marianna, Jackson County, Florida (very rare); Old Factory, 14 miles above
Bainbridge, Georgia (very rare).
Holoti/pc.—C-At. No. 64036, U.S.N.M.
Genus ASPIDELECTRA Levinsen, 1909.
UiblioyrapJii/ (Zoological). — 1903. NOKMAN, Notes on the Natural History of East Fiunmrk.
Anuals Magazine Natural History, ser. 7, vol. 12, pi. 8, fig. — 1909. LEVINSEN, Morphological
and Systematic Studios Cheilostomatous Bryozoa. pi. 160.
" The proximal part of the zooecium with one or two thick, projecting, hollow
spines; the frontal shield perforated by slits: each distal wall with two multi-
porous septular disks, and the distal half of each lateral wall with a single septula,
the aperture in the frontal shield with an opercular valve; no avicularia ; no
ovicell." (Levinsen.)
FIG. 88. — Genus Aspidetectra Levinsen, 1909.
A-E. Aspidelecini iiirlolontlm Busk. 1852. A. B. Zooeciuin, X 20, and zoarium, natural size.
(After Hincks, 1880.) C. Lateral view of a zooecium, X 40. D. Lower side of the zoarium, >
12. (C. D after Levinsen, 1894.) E. Structure of the costules. (After Norman, 1903.)
Genotype. — Aspidelectra (LeprttUa) melolontTta Busk. 1852.
Levinsen thought that this genus belonged to the Electrinidae. It is not rep-
resented in the American Eocene, and we cite it to show how heterogeneous the
Cribrilinidae are, and to suggest the importance of the ontogenetie works which
'might be undertaken on this subject.
Family ACROPORIDAE Canu, 1913.
The zooecia are indistinct and their frontal is thickened. The ascopore, per-
forating the frontal, opens into the zooecia below the operculum. The ovicell is
hyperstomial. deeply immersed and invisible exteriorly. The apertura is buried
at the bottom of a long peristomie. There are some frontal avicularia and some
peristomial avicularia.
The characteristics of this family are not yet sufficiently studied; the recent
specimens are rare and the sections made of the fossil forms are often difficult to
interpret.
318
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
We are able to distinguish the principal genera only by the nature of their
frontal.
Following the Membraniporae, these are the most ancient Cheilostome fossils
known.
Genus ACROPORA Reuss, 1869.
1S69. Acropora RETJSS, Die fossilen Anthozoen und Bryozoen der Schichtengruppe von
Crosaro, Denkschriften der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, vol. 29, p. 277.
The zoarium is free and escharian. The frontal is a thick tremocyst with
tubules. The avicularia are grouped on the peristome.
Genotypes. — Acropora (Eschara) gracilis Milne Edwards, 1836, of the Aus-
tralian seas and Acropora (Cellaria) coronata Eeuss, 1847, a fossil of the Vicentin.
Range. — Jacksonian-Recent.
A. Acropora. B. Gastropella. C. Pachytheca. D. Beisselina.
FIG. 89. — Genera of the family Acroporidae Canu, 1913.
A. Acropora saillans, new species, X 20. Vieksburgian, 1 mile north of Mouroeville. Alabama.
B. Gastropella ventricosa Cnnn and Bassler, 1917, X 20. Midwayan of Arkansas.
C. Pachytheca stipata, new species, X20, Midwayan, Crenshaw County, Alabama.
D. Beisselina trulla, new species, X 20. Lower Jacksonian. Jackson, Mississippi.
The known species of this genus are:
Acropora (Eschara) coronata Von Hagenow, 1851 (not Reuss). Maestrichtian.
Acropora (Cellaria) coronata Reuss, 1847. Priabonian.
Acropora (Entalophora) gmteloupi D'Orbigny, 1851. Lutetian.
Acropora (Porina) contorta Canu. 1910. Auversian.
Acropora (Pustultpora) mamillata D'Archiac, 1846. Auversian.
Acropora (Eschara) gracilis Milne Edwards, 1836. Recent.
ACROPORA TRITA, new species.
Plate 6, figs. 5, 6.
Description. — The zoarium is free, cylindrical, bifurcated. The zooecia are
indistinct ; their frontal is confused with the zoarial surface and it is formed of a
tremocyst with small scattered pores. It has no salient peristomes. The peristomice
is oblique, elliptical, transverse.
. \hpe—Q.Wmm.
Measurements. — Jreristomice \ , _ 1 _
(lpe=0.1o mm.
NORTH AMERICAN EAELY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
319
Affinities. — The aspect of this species is that of a worn zoarium, thus recalling
Heteropora. The examination of the transverse section indicates clearly a Cheilos:
tome despite this deceptive appearance. The ascopore is not regularly placed and
it is often little discernible as in Acropont mamillata D'Archiac, 1846; it differs
from the latter species in the absence of a salient peristome.
E ««
FIG. 90. — Genus Acropora Reuss, 1S69.
A-E. Acropora gracilis Milne-Edwards, 1836. A. Zooecia. (After Milue-Ethvards, 1830.)
B. Zooecia and avicularia. (After Hiucks, 1881.) C. Zoaria, natural size. D. Operculum, X
140. E. Longitudinal section. (C-E after Levinsen, 1909.)
F-K. Acropora coronata Reuss, 1S69. F, G, H. Three views of zooecia, showing variations
of the avicularia, X 95. I. Termination of a branch, natural size, and X 12 showing openings
for articular tubes. J. Small form (cf, Acropora labrosa Reuss). K. Diagrammatic section
through a zooeciurn; asc, ascopore; op, operculum; <&, tubules. (F-K after Waters, 1891.)
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : One mile west of Fort Gaines,
Georgia (rare).
Cotypes.—G&i. No. 63817, U.S.N.M.
ACROPORA SAILLANS, new species.
Plate 85, figs. 4-12.
Description. — The zoarium is free, cylindrical, bifurcated, formed of 5 or 6
longitudinal rows of zooecia. The zooecia are distinct, large, elliptical ; the frontal
320 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
is convex and formed of a tremocyst with small scattered pores; it is prolonged
into a long peristomie, smooth or a little granular ; the ascopore is large and salient.
The peristome is salient and it supports 2 to 5 small avicularia with pivot; the
peristomice is elliptical, transverse, oblique.
( hpe=0.10 mm. . [Zs=0.75-0.80mm.
Measurements. — Feristomice {, /ooecia 7 nAnnKn
[lpe=0.20mm. [{2=0.40-0.50 mm.
Variations. — The diagrammatic section (fig. 6) illustrates the structure of this
species; the small peristomial avicularia are visible as small cavities.
The ascopore is perfectly visible in the interior (fig. 10). It opens manifestly
into the zooecium below the operculum. The frontal is formed of a tremocyst with
tubules placed on a very thin perforated olocyst; these tubules have thick walls;
it is difficult to see them on the transverse sections (fig. 9).
The longitudinal thin section is very curious (fig. 12). It shows on the median
axis a series of fusiform zooecia disposed in chaplet, the latter resulting fiom the
alternation of zooecia as seen in perspective.
Affinities. — This species is much larger than Acropora coronata Reuss, 1847; the
zooecia are more distinct ; the peristomial avicularia are smaller.
It differs from Gastropella asperula in its frontal with numerous tremopores
and in the absence of areolae.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (" Chimney rock " of Marianna limestone) : One
mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (very common).
Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : Seven and one-half miles southeast of Bladon
Springs, Alabama (very rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. No.' 64263, TJ.S.N.M.
Genus GASTROPELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1017. Gastropclla OANU aud BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Oheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 37.
An Acropora having a smooth frontal garnished laterally with areolae.
Genotype. — Gastropella ventricosa Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Range. — Midwayan:Jacksonian.
GASTROPELLA VENTRICOSA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 6, figs. 7-12.
1917. Gastropclla ventricosa CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis American Early Tertiary Cheilos-
tome Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 38, pi. 4, fig. 3.
Description. — -The zoarium is free, cylindrical, bifurcated. The zooecia are
large, elliptical, swollen; the frontal is smooth, convex, garnished laterally with
some large areolae. The ascopore is very large, not salient, placed in the upper
third of the zooecia. The peristome is salient and sharp; the peristomice is oblique,
orbicular or elliptical. The ovicell is entirely hidden within the thickness of the
frontal of the distal zooecium.
XORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 321
»/• . I7i/?c=0.10-0.15mm. r/ . fZs=0.8f>nnn.
Mi asurements. — I enstomice Zooecia-1 T
[fe=0.40mm.
Affinities. — There is frequently a very small peristomial avicularium (fig. 10).
On longitudinal sections the ascopore manifestly opens below the apertura (fig.
12) ; it often appears like a large funnel (fig. 12). On the ovicelled zooecia there
is a sort of clamp (pi) which is perhaps intended to fasten the operculum during
the expulsion of the larva (fig. 11) ; but it is difficult to comprehend the exact posi-
tion of this operculum and perhaps we have located it badly if the ovicell is
peristomial.
This species differs from Gastropella asperula in the more elevated position
of the ascopore, in the absence of the numerous avicularia on the peristome, and
in the very large areolae.
Occurrence. — Midwayan : Mabelvale, near Little Rock. Arkansas (common) ;
one mile west of Fort Gaines, Georgia (common) ; Luverne. Crenshaw County,
Alabama (rare).
( 'otypes.—Czt. Xo. 62589, U.S.N.M.
GASTROPELLA ASPERULA. new species.
Plate 43, figs. 15-1S.
Description. — The zoarium is free and cylindrical. The zooecia are large.
elongated, little distinct; the frontal is smooth, convex, surrounded by small areolae.
The ascopore is large, not salient, placed at the middle of the frontal. The peri-
stome is very salient and bears 2 to 6 small avicularia; the peristomice is elliptical.
transverse, oblique toward the bottom of the zoarium; the apertura is semielliptical
with a concave proximal border.
,, . [^=0.12-0.14 mm. „ . ] £2 = 0.70-0.72 mm.
Mcasuri m< /if*. — reristomice 7 Zooecia ) 1 n or A . ,
\lpe- 0.20 mm. j /.e= 0.35-0.40 mm.
Affinities. — This beautiful species is rather constant in its characters. We
have never been able to find an ovicell in our sections.
It differs from Gastropella i-entricosa in its smaller areolae, its smaller ascopore,
and in the presence of many small avicularia on the peristome.
It differs from Phoceana simulator with which it occurs and much resembles
exteriorly in the presence of an ascopore.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington.
North Carolina (rare).
Cotypcs.—Cat. No. 64037, U.S.X.M.
Genus PACHYTHECA Canu, 1913.
1913. Pachytheca CANU, Contribution a 1'etude ties Bryozoaires fossiles, 12, Bryuzuaiix's
jurassiques, Bulletin Societe Geologique France, ser. 4, vol. 13. p. 142.
The frontal is a thick olocyst. The zoarium is free, and subcylindrical. The
ascopore is large and opens exteriorly quite a distance from the peristome.
.-I.-.S99— 19— Bull. 106 -- 21
322 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genotype. — Pachytheca (Pori.no) filiformis D'Orbigny, 1852.
Range. — Campanian-Midwayan.
PACHYTHECA STIPATA, new species.
Plate 6, figs. 13-15.
Description. — The zoarium is free, cylindrical or escharian, bifurcated. The
zooecia are little distinct, elongated ; the frontal is somewhat convex, smooth. The
ascopore is large, deeply imbedded, placed at the middle of the zooecia 011 the
median line. The peristome is salient, wide, supporting four small avicularia;
the peristomice is orbicular.
. rZz=0.45-0.50mm. \hpe=Q.lQmm.
Measurements. — Zooecia^ 7 _ „„ , „. l eristoimce \ ,
((2=0.30 (?) mm. (tpe=Q.Wrcim.
Affinities. — The peristomes are crowded qnite close to one another as in
Beisselina. The species differs from Pachytheca (Eschara) defrancei Hagenow,
1851, in the presence of avicularia on the peristome.
It differs from Pachytheca (Porina) filiformis D'Orbigny, 1852, in its rarely
cylindrical zoarium and in the presence of many (and not of one alone) .peristomial
avicularia.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Luverne, Crenshaw County,
Alabama (common).
Cotypes.—Cnt. No. 63819, TJ.S.N.M.
Gtnus BEISSELINA Canu, 1913.
1933. Beisselina CANU, Contributions a 1'etucle des Bryozoaires fossiles, 13, Bryozoaires
jurassiques, Bulletin Societe Geolofeique, France, ser. 4, vol. 13, p. 138.
The tubules are large and often are replaced by some small avicularia; they
hide the true zooecial form. The zoarium is free and escharian.
Genotype. — Beisselina (Eschara) striata Goldfuss, 1820.
Range. — Cenomanian-Jacksonian.
It is impossible to confuse the genera Acropora Reuss. 1869, and Beisselina
Canu, 1913. However, it is difficult to find any physiologic character clearly
different. It is true that we are always ignorant of the function of the avicularia
and of the tubular tremopores.
BEISSELINA FORATA, new species.
Plate 6, figs. 16-20.
Description. — The zoarium is free, escharian; the two lamellae, back to back
are inseparable. The zooecia are indistinct. The peristome is thin, sharp, very
little salient; the peristomice is orbicular. The frontal pores are large, orbicular.
numbering 5 or 6. The ascopore is large and in aspect little different from the
other pores.
.
Measurements. — Peristomice
thpe=O.Q9mm.
t •,
\tpe=0.09mm.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
323
Affinities.— The elements' of the olocyst (fig. 20) are regularly disposed in
quincunx.
~i x 14
R -,?n
A X20
FIG. 91. — Genus Pachytheca Canu, 1913.
A, B. Pachytheca filiformis D'Orbigny, 1852. A. Zoarium, X 20. B. Longitudinal section,
X 20. (A, B after Canu, 1913.) a, ascopore; ap, apertura ; /, frontal thickening; p, peristomie;
pis, peristomice; z, zooecium.
C, D. Pachytheca bosqueti Beissel, 1863. C. Cast of the interior, X 35. D. Extremity of a
branch, profile view, X 14. E. The same extremity seen from the top, X 14. (C—F after
Beissel, 1S63.)
This species differs from Beisselina midwayanica in its very large frontal pores,
in the somewhat larger diameter of the peristomice (0.09 mm. instead of 0.06 mm.),
and in its somewhat prominent peristome.
A '20
FIG. 92. — Genus Beisselina Canu, 1913.
A, B. Beisselina boryana von Hagenow, 1S51. A. Surface of zoarium, X 20. B. Longitudi-
nal section, X 20. (A, B after Canu, 1913.) a, ascopore; ap, aperture; av, avicularian cavky:
/. frontal thickening ; ov, ovicell ; p, peristomie ; pis, peristomice ; z, zooecium.
C Beisselina striata Goldfuss, 1S27. Longitudinal section, X 20. Lettering same as
on fig. B.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Mabelvale. near Little Kock.
Arkansas (rare).
Cotypes.—C&t. No. 63820, U.S.N.M.
324 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
BEISSELINA MIDWAYANICA. new species.
Plate 7, figs. 1-13.
Description. — The zoarium is a bifurcated Eschara; the fronds are compressed,
little thick ; the two lamellae, back to back, are inseparable. The zooecia are indis-
tinct; the frontal is perforated with some pores irregularly placed. There is no
peristome; the peristomice is small and orbicular. The ascopore is large and placed
on the median axis of the zooecia.
=.06 mm.
Measurements. — .reristomice \ ,
(lpe=0.06mm.
Variations. — The frontal pores are absent (fig. 3), rare (fig. 4), or abundant
(fig. 2). In the interior (fig. 5) the pores appear like perforations direct in the
olocyst. The transverse sections (fig. 7) indicate some lateral walls, quite thin and
intimately joined. On the transverse thin section the two lamellae are distinct and
the olocyst al elements are grouped in a transversal line. These elements are very
dense, quite crowded, and it is difficult to obtain sections sufficiently transparent
(fig. 11). The longitudinal section (fig. 12) is difficult to interpret; but our schematic
figure is perfectly exact.
Affinities. — This species differs from Beixseliiia forata in its smaller orifice
(0.06 instead of 0.09 mm.), in its rarer and smaller frontal pores, and in the absence
of the peristome.
Sometimes there are some large salient ayicularia with pivot as in Beisselina
labiata Gabb and Horn, 1862, of the Vincentown marl (see plate 7, fig. 14). It
differs from this Cretaceous species in the absence or the rarity of the large frontal
avicularium, in the smaller diameter of its peristomice (0.06 mm. and not 0.11 mm.),
in its smaller ascopore, and in the absence of the peristome.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : One mile west of Fort Gaines.
Georgia (very common) ; Mabel vale, near Little Bock, Arkansas (common) ;
Luverne, Crenshaw County, Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.—Cut, Xo. 63821, U.S.N.M.
BEISSELINA TRULLA. new species.
Plate 43, figs. 19-21.
Description. — The zoarium is an Eschara with wide and rounded fronds; the
two lamellae are inseparable. The zooecia are elongated, distinct; the frontal is
ornamented with 6 or 7 large pores of which one is an ascopore. The peristome
is salient, thin, and sharp ; the peristomice is orbicular.
lhpe=0.1lmm. . fis=0.55mm.
Measurements. — Jreristomice \ , Zooeciai, „ n
(lpe=0.1lmm. U3=0.24mm.
Affinities. — This species is easy to recognize by its distinct zooecia and its
frontal perforated like a colander. It differs from Beisselina im.plicata in the size
of its frontal pores which attain 0.04 mm. in diameter and in its much larger
peristomice (0.11 and not 0.06 mm.).
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 325
It differs from Beisselina forata, which is also provided with large frontal
pores, in its larger zooecial and zoarial dimensions.
Ocffiirrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (rare).
Holotype.—C&i. No. 64038, U.S.N.M.
BEISSELINA IMPLICATA. new species.
Plate 44, figs. \-A.
Description. — The zoarium is an Eschara with fronds linear and elongated.
The zooecia are hardly distinct; the frontal bears 2 to 4 pores, an ascopore, and a
small, salient avicularium; the peristome is salient; the peristomice is orbicular.
(A»e=0.06-0.07mm.
Measurements. — Peristomice • , A _ „ A nfT
\lpe-O.OQ~0.07 mm.
Affinities. — This species, complicated in appearance, differs from Reisselina
f>'u7la in its little distinct zooecia, in its smaller frontal pores, and in the smaller
diameter of its peristomice (0.07 mm. instead of 0.11 mm.).
Figure 3 perhaps represents a distinct species, but it is the only specimen
found.
In the geologic column this is the last Beisselina observed. We have no knowl-
edge of the genus in the Miocene or Pliocene.
The small salient avicularium is far from being constant and many specimens
are deprived of it.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Alachua. Florida (com-
mon) : 9 miles north of Ocala, Florida (rare) ; 14 miles above Bainbridge, Georgia
(rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. Nos. 64039, 64040, U.S.N.M.
Family HIPPOTHOIDAE Levinsen. 1909.
The zooecia become calcified from behind in successive zones forward, leaving
at the surface more or less salient lines, the lines of growth, and are furnished
with a variable number of dietellae.
The genera of this family are as follows:
Hippothoa Lamouroux, 1821.
CJwrizopora Hincks, 1880.
Trypostega Levinsen, 1909.
Haplopoma Levinsen, 1909.
Dacryopora Lang, 1914.
This family, in spite of its exterior appearances, is not a natural one. The
larva of Chorizopora is not identical with that of Hippothoa and Haplopoma.
The ovicell of Trypostega is not like the gonoecia of other genera. We have
therefore not given a general table for the family, but have indicated the zoological
bibliography for each genus.
326
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genus HIPPOTHOA (Lamouroux, 1821) Hincks, 1880.
Zoological bibliography. — 1877. BAKROIS, Eecherches sur 1'eiubryologie cles Bryozoaires, Tra-
vaux de 1'Institut de zoologie, fasc. 1, p. 149, pi. 0, figs. 4, 16. — 1S86. JUIXIEN, Mission scien-
tifique du Cap Horn, vol. 6, Zoology, p. 28, pi. 4, figs. 1-4. — 1900. WATEES, Bryozoa from Franz
Joseph Land. Journal Linnean Society. London, vol. 28, p. 70, pi. 8, figs. 16-18. — 1900. LKV-
INSEN, Morphological and systematic studies on the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa, p. 276, pi. 18,
fig. 9. — 1904. WATERS, Expedition Antarctique. beige, Bryozoa, p. 53, pi 3, fig. 8.
FIG. 93.— Genus Hippothoa Lamouroux, 1821 (Hincks, 1880).
A-I. Hippotlwa hyalina Linnaeus, 1758. A. Portion of zoarium, X 25. B. Zoarium with
ovicelled zooecia, X 36. (After Hincks, 1880.) C. Free larva, profile view, X 75. D. Oral
face of larva, showing the singular structure of the stomach, X 75. E. Aboral face of larva,
X 75, showing the simplicity of the structure of the terminal bud. (G-E after Barrois, 1909.)
<:&, digestive cavity ; ce, obscure portion of the body cavity included between the two branches of
the stomach (=orifice of the external sack) ; est, stomach; fl, flagellum ; o, mouth of the gas-
trula (=ciliated cleft); oc, oculiform points (=pigment spots); ph, pharpnx ; pi, vibratile
plume; rv, border of the terminal bud (=calotte). F. Operculum of male zooecium, X 85. G.
Operculum of ordinary zooecium, X 85. H. Operculum of ovicelligerous zooecium, X 85. (F-H
after Waters, 1900.) I. A sagittal section through a gonozooecium. The ovicell is surrounded by
a kenozooecium. (After Levinsen, 1909.) J, K. Hippothoa bougainvillei, D'Orbigny, 1839.
J. Young, uniserial zoarium with a spinous ancestrula and with a gonoecium without poly-
pide. X 53. f J, K after Jullien, 1S88. ) K. Young zoarium exhibiting spinous ancestrula with
opesium, X 53.
The frontal of the zooecia is not porous. The operculum is compound. The
aperture is provided with two much developed hinge-teeth and with a more or less
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 327
angular rimule. The gonoecia are larger than the other zooecia and have a dif-
ferent form ; they never contain a polypide ; they contain an ovary and an incuba-
tion cavity which is a sort of endozooecial ovicell. There are male zooecia smaller
than the normal zooecia.
Genotype. — Hippothoa divaricata Lamouroux. 1821.
Range. — Lutetian-Recent.
Historical. — Lamouroux created this genus for all uniserial incrusting zoaria
of Ascophora bearing generally zooecia very much narrowed behind. The genus
was based entirely on zoarial features. By juggling the definition, it was trans-
formed in 1880 by Hincks into a genus based on zooecial features, and included
only those species in which the aperture bears a small rimule. It is evident that
we may observe hippothoiform zooecia provided with a different hydrostatic system
and consequently with an aperture of a different form.1 Furthermore, Jullien in
1886 dismembered the old genus Hippothoa and applied the name of Diazeuxia
to the group of the species with a small rimule. Waters, in 1900, and Levinsen, in
1909, preserved the definition of Hincks.
HIPPOTHOA (?) CONJUNCTA, new species.
Plate 7, figs. 15, 16.
This species is certainly not a Hippothoa, for its aperture is elliptical and
without a small rimule. The four specimens discovered are too few for the study
of characters sufficient to establish a new genus, especially as they bear no ovicell.
The zooecia are provided with a caudal portion, which is very long, thin, and
stoloniform. When such a portion encounters another they join together and the
gemmation of a branch is arrested. This is a peculiarity which we have never
observed in Hippothoa.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Luverne, Crenshaw County,
Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.—Cnt. No. 63823, U.S.N.M.
HIPPOTHOA ? species undetermined.
Plate 44, fig. 5.
The specimen collected is very mediocre and bears only a single zooecium
intact. In the form of its aperture it is neither Hippothoa nor Dacryopora. We
have mentioned it simply to call attention to the occurrence.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola River, east of
Marianna. Jackson County, Florida (rare).
Genus TRYPOSTEGA Levinsen, 1909.
Zonlogifal bibliography. — 1909. LEVINSEN, Morphological and systematic studies on the Cheilo-
stomatous Bryozoa, p. 280, pi. 19, fig. 1 ; pi. 23, fig. 13.— 1913. WATERS, The Marine Fanr.a of
British East Africa and Zanzibar, Proceedings Zoological Society, London, p. 507.
'This is notably so in the case of the genus Dacryopora Lang, 1914 (Geological Magazine, ser 6, vol. 1,
p. 440, pi. 34, figs. 4 and 5).
323
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The zooecia have a compound operculum ; they are surmounted by a small, elon-
gated, constant zooeciule which is closed by a chitinous operculum. The female
zooecia bear a hyperstomial ovicell which is always closed by the operculum.
Genotype. — Trypostega (ScMzoporella) venusta Norman, 1864.
Range. — Jacksonian-Eecent.
The organization of the female zooecia is very different from that of the
gonoecia of Hippotlwa. There is certainly a polypide; the larvae develop in an
ovicell embedded in the distal zooecia, but the ovicell is closed by the operculum.
It is probable that the larvae are different from those of the other genera. The
zooeciules (=suprazooecial chambers of Waters and dwarf zooecia of Levinsen)
•are the organisms whose functions are unknown ; they are unprovided with polypide.
E*150
F«75
FIG. 94. — Genus Tryiiostcya Levinsen, 1909.
A-H. Trypostvga vcnusta Norman, 1864. A. A zooecium and two zooeciules, X 75. B.
Drawing showing three zooeciules and a larger one surrounding an ovicell, X 40. C. View from
the basal surface, X 40. Two ovicells are seen surrounded by zooeciules, which, like the ordinary
zooecia, are furnished with dietellae, X 40. D. Apertura, X 75. E, F. Opercula, X 150 and 75.
G. Apertura of zooeciule with operculum, X 200. H. Operculum of a zooeciule, X 200. (A-JI.
After Levinseu, ]909.)
TRYPOSTEGA ELONGATA, new species.
Plate 9, fig. 17.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are distinct, elongated,
fusiform; the frontal is convex and perforated with numerous pores scattered and
disposed in quincunx. The apertura is formed of a large semicircular anter sepa-
rated by two cardelles from a small, somewhat convex poster. The ovicell is large,
salient, porous, elongated, carinated; it is hyperstomial and always closed by the
operculum. The zooeciules are elongated, fusiform ; their small orifice is elliptical.
[Lz—OAO mm.
T| f » /< It W.VV/ 111111. _, . J^t& \J,^C\J 1I111J
Measurements. — Apertura 7 „ _0 Zooecia , . -„
[?a=O.OSmm. lte=0.28mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Trpostega venusta Norman, 1864, of the
Vicksburgian, in the greater length of its zooeciules (Zz=0.20 mm. instead of
0.10 mm.), and in its slightly smaller apertura.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 329
In spite of the imperfections of the few specimens discovered it was interesting
to note this species, for it completes the geologic series in the distribution of the
genus. We are acquainted with Tn/postega species from the Lutetian of southern
France and Trypostega aquitanica Canu, 1906, from the Stampian of southern
France.
Occurrence. — Wilcoxian (Bashi formation) : Woods Bluff, Alabama (rare).
Holotype.—Czt, No. 63836, U.S.N.M.
TRYPOSTEGA UNDULATA. sew species.
Plate 44, figs. 6, 7.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells and bryozoa. The zooecia are small,
distinct, elongated, pyriform; the frontal is convex, ornamented with transverse
undulations and often with an infra-oral gibbosity, and unprovided with visible
pores. The ovicell is elongated, prominent, smooth, globular, hyperstomial, and
always closed by the operculum. The aperture is semilunar; the proximal border
is straight and bears a large rectangular rimule. The zooeciules are small, elliptical,
perforated by a very small circular orifice.
[A«=0.07mm. . rZs=0.3G-0.40mm.
Measurements. — Apertures, _ .., /ooecia^, nn,
U-a=0.05 mm. Us=0.24 mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Trypostega inornata Gabb and Horn,
1862, in its distinctly smaller dimensions (Z.s=0.40mm.), its frontal undulations
and its infra-oral gibbosity.
It differs from Trypostega vemista Norman. 1864, in its smooth, nonporous
frontal and its smaller oral dimensions.
It differs from Trypostega aquitanica Canu, 1906, of the French Stampian,
in the absence of a distally much developed peristome.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Rich Hill 5J miles southeast of Knoxville,
Georgia (rare) ; 18 miles west of Wrightsville, Georgia (rare) ; Baldock, Barnwell
County, South Carolina (rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Near Georgia Kaolin Company's mine,
Twiggs County, Georgia (very rare) ; Old Factory, li miles above Bainbridge,
Georgia (very rare).
Cotypes.—G&i. No. 64042, U.S.N.M.
TRYPOSTEGA INORNATA Gabb and Horn, 1862.
Plate 44, figs. 8-10.
1862. Ccllepora inornata GABB and HORN, Monograph Polyzoa Secondary and Tertiary
North America, Journal Academy Natural Science, Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 5v
p. 127, pi. 19, fig. 10.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are elongated, distinct,
pyriform; the frontal is smooth and nearly flat. The aperture is formed of an
330 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
anterior semilunar portion and of a wide rounded rimule. The ovicell is large,
somewhat globular, smooth. The zooeciules are small, elliptical, smooth, perforated
by a very small orifice.
. fZs=0.44-0.50 mm.
Zooecia|fe=0.26-0.30mm.
Affinities. — Smitt, in 1873, identified this species with T.rypostega venusta
Norman, 1864. We can not subscribe to this identification, for the American
authors do not mention the frontal pores at all. Another part of their description
corresponds much better to the present species than to Trypostega undulata in
which the zooecia are very convex. They write as follows : " Cellules slightly con-
vex, oval . . ." and " The oval plain, small cellules, with the mouth ovoid to sub-
triangular. . . ." They confound the zooeciules (figured) with the ovicells, yet
they say in the text, that " the ovarian vesicle is something much broader than
shown in the figure, sometimes attaining as great a width as the cellule itself."
This species differs from Tri/postega undulata in its less convex frontal, its
larger micrometric dimensions (Z0, 0.44—0.50 mm. instead of 0.40 mm.), in the
larger aperture, and in the absence of undulations and frontal gibbosities.
It differs from Trypo.^te.ga- venusta Norman, 1864, in its larger micrometric
dimensions and its smooth frontal, which is not perforated by scattered pores.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola Eiver, east of
Marianna, Florida (rare) ; west bank of the Sepulga River, Escambia County,
Alabama (rare).
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain, 5 miles south of Jackson,
Alabama (rare) ; Murder Creek, east of Castlebury, Alabama (rare) ; near Clai-
borne, Monroe County. Alabama (rare) ; west bank of Conecuh Eiver. Escambia
County, Alabama (rare) ; one mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (common) ;
three miles southeast of Vosburg, Jasper County, Mississippi (rare) : deep well,
Escambia County, Alabama (very rare).
PUsiotypes.—Csti. Nos. 64043-64045, U.S.N.M.
TRYPOSTEGA VENUSTA Norman, 1864.
Plate So, figs. 15, 16.
1851. Mollla tubcrculata D'ORBIGNT, Paleontologie Frangaise, Description des animaux in-
vertebr^s, Terrain eretnce', vol. 5, Bryozoaires, p. 3SS, not figured; see Waters,
Annals Magazine Natural History, ser. 7, vol. 15, p. 6.
1864. Lepralia venusta NORMAN, On unclescribed British Polyzon, Annals Magazine Natural
History, ser. 3, vol. 13, p. 84, pi. 10, figs. 2, 3.
1873. Gemelllpora glalira, form stria{ula SMITT, Floridan Bryozoa, pt. 2, Kongl. Svenska
Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar, vol. 11, No. 4, p. 37, pi. 11. p. 207.
1880. Schizoporella venusta HINCKS, British Marine Polyzoa, p. 276. pi. 30, figs. 6. 7.
1882. Lepralia striatula MACGILLIVBAT, Descriptions of new or little known Polyzoa, Trans-
actions of the Royal Society of Victoria, pt. 2. vol. 19, p. 134, pi. 3, fig. 17.
1885. SchisoporeUa striatula WATEES, Cheilostomatous Bryozoa from AJdinga and the River
Murray Cliffs, South Australia, Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society of Lon-
don, vol. 41, p. 301.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 331
1SS7. Gemcllipora striatula MACGILLIVRAY, Bryozoa in McCoy's Prodromus of the Zoology
of Victoria, vol. 2, dec. 14, p. 150, pi. 138, fig. 10.
1S8S. SchixoporeUa venusta KIRKPATKICK, Polyzoa of Mauritius, Annals Magazine Natural
History, ser. 6, vol. 1, p. 76.
1890. SchKoporclla venusta KIRKPATRICK, Hydroida and Polyzoa from the China Sea,
Annals Magazine Natural History, ser. 6, vol. 5, p. 17.
1890. ScJiixoporeUa venusta KIRKPATRICK, Proceedings Royal Society Dublin, n. s. vol. 6.
p. 612.
1S99. Schizoporella striatitta PHILLIPS, Report on the Polyzoa from Loyalty Isles, New
Guinea and New Britain. Zoological Results. A. Willey, pt. 4, p. 440.
1902. Tnjpostcga venusta LEVINSEN, Studies on Bryozoa, Vidensk Medd. fra den Naturh.
Foren. i Kj0beuhaven. p. 23.
1907. ScTiizoporclla venusta CALVET, Expedition Scientific du Tnn-aiUrur et Talisman, vol. S,
p. 416.
1909. Trypostcga venusta LKVINSEN, Morphological and Systematic Studies on Cheilosto-
matous Bryozoa, p. 281, pi. 19, figs. la-Id; pi. 22, figs. 13a-13d.
1909. Tri/postega venusta NORMAN, Polyzoa from Madeira, Jourual Linnean Society Zoology,
vol. 30, p. 299.
1912. Crcmellipora glabra, form striatula THOHNELY, Marine Polyzoa Indian Ocean, Trans-
actions Linnean Society Zoology, vol. 15, p. 149.
1913. Trypostcga venusta WATERS, The Marine Fauna of British East Africa and Zanzibar,
Proceedings Zoological Society London, p. 506.
1914. Trypostcga venusta OSBURN, The Bryozoa of the Tortugas Islands, Florida, Publica-
tion Carnegie Institution Washington, No. 1S2, p. 198.
Measurements.-^^* i**'™ mm- Zooecia [f
S mm. l?s=
Affinities. — Doctor Osburn has been kind enough to send us a recent specimen
from Beaufort, and we have thus been able to make all the comparisons with great
facility. . Undoubtedly our specimens belong to the recent species, everywhere very
cosmopolitan, although their micrometric dimensions are slightly smaller.
The frontal pores are rather large and scattered. The zooeciules. are small
and pyriform : their orifice is orbicular and quite variable in size.
This species differs from Trypostega undulata in which the dimensions are
very close, in its frontal perforated by a larger orifice (ha= 0.08-0.10 mm. instead
of 0.06-0.07 mm.), and in the absence of a rectangular rimule at the aperture.
It differs from Trypostega inornata Gabb and Horn, 1862, in its perforated
frontal and its smaller micrometric dimensions (Lz smaller than 0.45 mm.).
It differs from Trypostega aquitaniea Canu, 1906, in the absence of a distal
thickening at the peristome. This character is unimportant, and it may be that
the French species is only a variety of the recent form.
Abrasion of the surface of the zooecia permits of the ready discovery of
dietellae (fig. 15) ; their number is variable; there are none around the zooeciules.
The frontal gibbosity is not constant on the recent species; the specimen re-
ceived from Doctor Osburn notably, is deprived of it and oar fossil specimens
resemble the recent one absolutely.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Byram marl) : Byram, Mississippi (rare) ; one-
fourth mile west of Woodward, Wayne County. Mississippi (rare).
332
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Near Claiborne, Monroe County. Alabama
(rare).
Geological distribution. — Miocene, South Australia. (Waters.)
Habitat.— Atlantic : In the English Channel, off Madeira, Azores and Cape
Verde Islands, Florida. Pacific: China seas (45 m.). Torres Strait, Amirante
(36-140m.), Saya de Malha (48-200 m.), Mauritius. Wasin (16m.), British East
Africa.
Plesiotypes.—Ca.t. No. 64266, U.S.N.M.
J »40
FIG. 95. — Genus Haplopoma Levinsen, 1909.
A-I. Haplopoma impressum Audouin, 1826. A. Free larva in profile, X 75. B. View of
larva, aboral face, X 75. showing the arrangement of the striations of the terminal bud. C.
Oral face of larva, X 7n, exhibiting the general form of the stomach. (A-C after Barrois,-
1877.) ce, orifice of the internal sac; est, stomach; o, mouth of the gastrula ; /)/(, pharynx; pi,
ciliary plume ; KV, border of the terminal bud ; vt, terminal bud. D. Group with primary
zooecium (=ancestrula), X 55. In the margin of the zooecia internal dietellae are visible.
E. The operculum of the ancestrula of fig. D, X 140. F. Zooecia with ancestrula, X 55.
G. Operculum, X 140. H. Operculum of the ancestrula of fig. F, X 140. I. View from the
basal surface. The zooecia and the kenozooecia surrounding the ovicells are furnished with
dietellae, X 40. (D-I after Levinsen, 1909.)
Genus HAPLOPOMA Levinsen, 1909.
Zoological bibliography. — 1877. BARROIS, Recherches sur I'embryologie des Bryozoaires. p. 171,
pi. 9, figs. 1-3. — 1909. LEVINSEN, Morphological and Systematic Studies on the Cheilosto-
matous Bryozoa, p. 280, pi. IS, fig. 11 ; pi. 22, figs. 9, 10.
The frontal of the zooecia is garnished with scattered pores; it is perforated
by a median ascopore opening into the compensation sac. The operculum is simple.
The ovicell is closed by the operculum. The ancestrula has no ascopore, but the
aperture bears a rimule which opens into the compensation sac. Fifteen tentacles.
Genotype. — Haplopoma (Flustra) impressa Savigny-Audouin, 1826.
Range. — Tortonian-Recent.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
Genus CHORIZOPORA Hincks, 1880.
333
Zoological bibliography.— 1SSO. HINCKS, British Marine Polyzoa, p. 222, pi. 32, figs. 1-1.—
1900. CAI.VET, Contribution ;1 riilstoire naturelle des Bryozoaires ectoproctes marins, p. 348,
pi. 11, flgs. 13-15. — 1909. LEVINSEN, Morphological and Systematic Studies on the Cheilo-
stomatons Bryozoa, p. 276, pi. IS, fig. 10a.
The zooecia are more or less distant, connected by a tubular network; the
aperture is semicircular with the inferior margin entire. The ovicells are covered
by avicularia.
Genotype. — Chorizopora (Flustra) bronf/iitarti Savigny-Audouin, 1826.
Recent.
FIG. 96. — Genus Ghorixvpora Hiucks, 1880.
A-II. Cliorisopora brongniitrti Audoulu, 1S26. A. View of dorsal or aboral face of larva. B.
Larva seen laterally and from its left face. C. Ventral (oral) face of larva. (A-G after Calvet,
1900.) ba, palette of the pigment spots; cal, calotte; co, corona ; /c, ciliated cleft; /o, oral face;
wi: orifice of the internal sack; plv, vibratlle plume; spa, pnlleal furrow; 1a, pigment spots.
D. Zooecia with ovicells, X 25. E. Zoarium, natural size. F. Zooecia, X 25. G. Zooecia, X
-~i. H. Detached zooecia, X 25, showing the tubular connections around the edge. (D— H after
Hincks, ]SS2. ) I. Longitudinal section of an ovicelled zooecium, X 55. The ovicell is surrounded
by an avicularium. (After Levinsen, 1909.)
Genus DACRYOPORA Lang, 1911.
1914. Dacryopnra LANG, Cretaceous Cheilostome Polyzoa, Geological Magazine, ser. 6. vol. 1,
p. 440.
Desci'i/ifion. — Incrusting, uniserial Cheilostome Polyzoa, normally with bilat-
eral branching; zooecia monomorphic. divided into a proximal caudal and a distal
capitular portion: termen, except distally. indicated by a contour on the complete
334
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
front wall at which the slope of the front wall changes; distally it coincides with
the lateral and distal edges of the orifice, and bears one or more pairs of spines;
extraterminal front wall comparatively small and slightly arched; intraterminal
front wall entirely calcareous, highly arched, often bearing
a median ridge; aperture semicircular or slightly cribrilinid.
(After Lang.)
Genotype. — Dacryopora gutta Lang, 1914.
Range. — Cenomanian-Senonian.
Genus HARMERIA Norman, 1903.
1903. Harmeria NORMAN, Notes on Natural History of East Fin-
mark, Annals and Magazine Natural History, ser. 7,
vol. 12, p. 107.
" The zooecia lack a covering membrane ; the cal-
careous matter is very thin and brittle and there are no
spines. They present a larger or smaller distinctly
defined frontal area, provided with numerous pores. A
compound operculum, feebly chitinized. Rosette plates
with few pores. No ovicell and no avicularia. The disci-
form colony presents two different sizes of zooecia. larger
inner and small outer." (Levinsen, 1916.)
Genotype. — Harmeria (Lepralia) scutulafaHusk. Recent.
FIG. 97. — Genus Dacryopora
Lang, 1914.
Dacryopora gutta Lang,
1914. (After Lang.) Two
zooecia, X 20. Senonian,
Chatham, Kent,' England.
Family ESCHARELLIDAE Levinsen, 1909.
The ovicell is hyperstomial. The operculum is rigid and chitinous; it closes
the aperture, the compensatris and often the ovicell; its form is in rapport with
the hydrostatic system and the
passage of the eggs into the ovi-
cell.
Historical. — This family is the
reunion of the old families of
Microporellidae, Myriozoidae and
Escharidae (part) of Smitt and
Hincks. Levinsen, in 1909, having
proved the identity of the larvae
formed the family of Escha.relli-
doe, but the name is badly chosen,
for it is based on an archaic
genus which the more recent
work will not permit us to em-
A B
FIG. 98.— Genus Harmeria Norman, 1903.
A, B. Harmeria scutulata Busk. (After Levinsen, 1916.)
A. Colony with an ovate membraniporoid ancestrula sur-
rounded by five large and three smaller zooecia. B. An-
cestrula with the five surrounding larger zooecia.
ploy.
Division. — According to the form of the operculum we may class the numerous
genera of this family in the following four large groups, although there are some
aberrant genera:
Schizoporellae. Microporellae.
Hippoporae. Peristomellae.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 335
Evidently the hydrostatic and reproductive functions are identical in each
but they operate in a quite variable manner. These variations added to those of
calcification, which is also an important function, permits the establishment of a
large number of genera almost all rather natural however, which facilitate the
study of this very important family. The anatomical structure is given in detail
for each group.
Group 1. SCHIZOPORELIAE Canu and Sassier, 1917.
Bibliography (Anatomical). — 1S77. BABBOIS, Recherches sur 1'embryologie des Bryozoaires,
pis. 7, S, figs. 8, 10, 11, 21: pi. 8, figs. 30, 33, 35.— 1888. JULLIEN. Mission scientiflque du Cap
Horn, p. 48. — 1892. WATERS, Observations on the Gland-like Bodies in the Bryozoa, Linnean
Society Journal, vol. 24, pi. 19, figs. 6-13.— 1000. CAI.VET, Contribution a 1'Histoire naturelle
des Bryozoaires ectoproctes inarins, pi. 10. figa 8, 9 ; pi. 11, figs. 16, 17. — 1900. WATERS, Bryozoa
from Franz Josef Land, Linnean Society Journal, vol. 28. pi. 9, fig. 11; pi. 12, fig. 5. — 1902.
HARMER, On the morphology of the Cheilostomata, Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science,
p. 301, figs. 48-52 ; p. 303, fig. 46.— 1909. WATERS, Reports on the Marine Biology of the Sudanese
Red Sea, The Bryozoa, Linnenn Society Journal, vol. 31, pi. 12, fig. 11.
The operculum is semilunar ; the proximal border bears a slit or rimule which
opens the compensatrix. The muscular attachments are two small, symmetrical
tuberosities more or less removed from the border. When the proximal border
of the aperture is linear it serves as a pivot for the operculum ; when it is arched
and the rimule very large the pivot of the operculum is formed by two projecting
interior condyles.
The text figure gives a presentation of the anatomical structure of the species
of this group.
The classification was attempted successively in 1899, 1904. and 1913 by
Waters in considering the muscular attachments of the operculum. In 1888 and
1903 Jullien formed many genera based on the nature of the frontal or on zoarial
peculiarities. We will continue the work of these authors by considering the
relationship of the operculum to the ovicell (passage of the eggs and escape of
the larvae) .
After the elimination of the genera created by Jullien and Levinsen, approved
besides by Waters, a large number of very different species are still placed in
the large genus ScMsoporella Hincks. 1880.
The group of Schizoporella viridis forming a part of the genus Watersipora
Neviani, 1895, is provided with an endozooecial ovicell, and belongs provisionally
to the family Hippopodinidae.
The Schizoporclla sinvofta group, in which the operculum does not correspond
to the apertura and which is provided with a rimule spiramen, belongs to our
family Stomachetosellidae.
The SchizoporeTla unicomis group is quite well characterized ; the orifice of
the ovicell is closed by a special membrane. This is our genus Schisopodrella.
Hincks did not designate a type for his genus Schisoporella; the first species
described is Schizoporella unicornis Johnston, 1S47. We could (but it is not
obligatory) preserve the name 'of SchiznpOrcTla for this group, but it seems to
If,
--( -proai
FIG. 99. — Anatomy of the Schizoporellae.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 337
A-D. Schizoporella spinifera Johnston, 1S47. A-C. Lateral (A), oral (B) aud aboral (C)
face of the larva. D. Embryo. (A-D after Barrels, 1877.) cal, calotte (terminal bud) ; cd,
digestive cavity; co, corona; est, stomach: fc, ciliated cleft; fl, flagellum ; fo, oral face; /=»
aboral face; mi, aboral mesoderru ; ing, oral (labial) mesoderm ; osi, orifice of internal sac; ph,
pharynx; plv, vibratile plume; RV, terminal bud; S=s, oral (vestibular) face; spa, palial fur-
row ; sc, inferior pigmented zone ; zs, superior pigmented zone.
E-S. Schizobrachiella snnguinca Norman, 1SGS. E, F. Larva from the left lateral face (E)
and from the ventral face (F). G. Median sagittal section of the embryo. (E, F after Calvet,
1900.) cal calotte (terminal bud) ; co, corona; d, vaginal diaphragm; ecto, oral ectocyst: epm,
mesodermnl thickening; fc, ciliated cleft; fit in, neuro muscular bundles ; fs, superior fosette; one,
central nervous organ of embryo ; pfse, nerve plexus under ectoderm : pplv, papilla of vibratile
plume; sga, superior glandular system ; si, internal sac;spn, palial furrow; sgi, inferior glandular
system. H. Zooeria and ovicells, X 25. (After Hi neks, 1SSO.) I, J. Opercula, X 85. (After
Waters, 1S7S. ) K. Basal view of zooecium from which the basal wall has been removed, c. s.,
compensation sac; op. gj., opercular glands; p. m., parietal muscles; r. rimule; t, tentacles. L-S.
Glandular system. (After Waters, 1892.) L. Gland-like body, X 500. M. Opercular and distal
end; the gland-like bodies are shown in section, X 85. N. Same as M, showing (a) growth
from tissue at the opercular end. The right gland-like body is shown in section and with an
attachment to the zooecial wall, X 85. O. The prolongation of tissue shown in fig. N. has now
grown into the median body (a) which lies diagonally across the upper part of the zooecium,
X So. P. The same, hanging from the center, attached merely by a fine cord, X 85. Q. Longi-
tudinal section of a median body showing the refracting masses, X 250. R. Transverse section
of the same, X 250. S. Nucleated cells of glands, X 500.
T-X. Schizopodrdla (Schizoporella) unicornis Johnston, 1847. T. Free larva, lateral view.
U. Oral face of same. V. Aboral face of larva. W. Ancestrula with terminal bud and two
lateral buds, X 35. (T-W after Barrois, 1877.) X. Sketch showing the diagonal position of the
zooecia, X 25. (After Waters, 1908.)
Y-B'. Schizopodrdla (Schizoporella) nirea Busk 1884. Avicularian glands of the small
avicularia. (After Waters, 1913.) The two glands separated, X 320 (Y) ; the same, X 100 (Z) :
glands united, X 320 (A') ; gland, X 320 (B').
C'-E'. Schiznpodrella ( SchKoporella) linearis Hassall, 1841. C'. Two zooecia. X 50,
figured near together but not in the same row, and placed together to save space. A sac-
like structure (sc) is shown at the base of each ovicell (oc) but of the numerous muscles
in this sac only about half of those in focus are drawn. It seems that the ovum (or)
passes into this sac which is tljen ruptured (r), and the ovum is pressed forward into the
ovicell, where it segments. The small oral galnds are shown (gl). After Waters, 1913.)
D'. Sketch showing a gigantic avicularium (arc) ; proy, proximal end of the zooecium,
into which the polypide extends, beneath the avicularium. (After Harrner, 1902.) E'.
Zooecium. showing the compensatrix (c.s.). The emargination of the frontal shield con-
taining the sinus of the operculum enlarges as it passes through the thickness of the calcareous
wall, so that its outline on the inner side of the frontal shield is represented by the line x.
(After Harmer, 1902.)
F'. Schizoporella gelida Waters, 1904. Interior, showing condyles (denticles), X 25. (After
Waters, 1904.)
G'. Schizoporella magniporata Nordgaard, 1906. Sketch, X 26, showing the distal (tp) and
lateral dietellae. (After Nordgaard, 1906.)
55899— 19— Bull. 106 22
338 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
us more useful to preserve it. at least provisionally, for all the species imperfectly
studied and classed.
All the other species have the ovicell closed by the operculum and form a
heterogeneous group.
The function of the avicularia is unknown, but it has certainly not the univer-
sality of the hydrostatic system. However, on many bryozoa, the avicularia
appear to be indispensable, for they are constant in form and position. For
example, the group of Schizoporella auriculata (genus Schizomavella) is orna-
mented by a very constant median avicularium.
On other species the avicularia occupy a lateral or eccentric position. They
belong to the still poorly denned groups of Schizoporella vulgaris, including the
fossil forms, Eschara phymatopora Eeuss. 1869, and Lepralia schizostoma MacGil-
livray, 1898, of SchisoporeUa argentea with the fossil representative Schizoporella
terebrata Maplestone, 1901, and of Schizoporella spinifera.
A number of Schizoporellae are absolutely deprived of avicularia; they have
been divided into the genera Phonicosia, Arthropoma, and Dakaria, according to
the special function of the rimule.
A rather important group appears to have a little chitinized operculum. The
functions of this important organ are then assumed by the peristome specially devel-
oped; this is the curious genus Metroperiella. The group of Waters with large
operculum does not appear a natural one to us.
Genus SCHIZOPODRELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Schisopodrella CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 40.
The ovicell is hyperstomial. It opens above the aperture by a special opening
closed by a special membrane and without connection with the operculum; it
surmounts this aperture without inclosing it. The inferior border of the aperture
is somewhat concave and bears a narrow rimule. The frontal is a tremocyst
direct or covering a very thin olocyst finely perforated. The muscular attach-
ments are generally at a distance from the border of the operculum. There are
oral glands. 16-21 tentacles.
Genotype. — Schizopodrella (Lepralia} unicornis Johnston, 1847.
Range. — Lutetian-Recent.
Waters in 1913 (p. 505) differentiated this genus without naming it. Schizo-
podrella differs from Stephanosella in the tremopores which ornament its frontal
and ovicell. It differs from Lacerna in the absence of areolae.
The recent species of this genus are :
Schizopodrella (Lepralia) unicornis Johnston, 1847.
Schizopodrella (Schizoporella) longirofstris Hincks, 1888.
Schizopodrella (Lepralia) errata Waters, 1879.
Schizopodrella (Schizoporella) elmwoodiae Waters, 1900.
Schizopodrella (Schizoporetta) nivea Busk, 1884.
Schizopodrella (Lepralia) linearis Hassall, 1841.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
339
pu.
D. Buffonella F SchizobiMchiella F. Schizomavella
- t^-
L. Me
Niinba P- Characodoma Q Ge™^ R. Gemell.porella
jpenella .VI. Kmballotheca
FIG. 100. — Genera of the subfamily Schizoporellae Canu and Bassler, 1917.
A. Scliizopodrella unicornis Johnston, 1847, X 30. Recent.
B. Stephanosella biaperta Michelin, 1845, X 30. Recent.
C. Lacerna hostecnsis Jullien, 1888, X 25. Recent.
D. Buffonella ridleyi MacGillivray, 1882, X 30. Recent.
E. Schizobrachiella sanguinea Norman, 1885, X 30. Recent.
F. Schizomavella aurlculata Hassall, 1842. X 50. Recent.
G. Arthropoma cecilii Audouin, 1826 X 30. Recent.
H. Dakaria cnevreuxi Jullien, 1904, X 20. Recent.
I. Phonicosia jonsseaumi Jullien, 1888, X 25. Recent.
J. Stylopoma spongites Pallas, 1766. Recent
K. Schisolarella vulgaris Moll, 1803, X 25. Recent.
L. Mctroperiella lepralioides Calvet, 1904, X 35. Recent.
M. Emballotheca quadrata MacGillivray, 1880, X 23. Recent.
N. Tetraplaria australis Tenison-Woods, 1878. Tertiary of Australia.
O. Nimla pretexta Jullien, 1904, X 25. Recent.
P. Characodoma halli Maplestone, 1900. Miocene of Australia.
Q. Qemellipora glabra Smitt, 1872. Recent.
R. Gemelliporella vorax, new species, X 20. Miocene of South Carolina.
340 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
SCHIZOPODRELLA LINEA Lonsdale, 1845.
Plate 45, figs. 10-18.
1845. Eschara linea LONSDAI.E, Account of twenty-six species of Polyparia obtained from
the Eocene Tertiary formation of North America, Quarterly Journal Geological
Society London, vol. 1, p. 530, fig.
1862. Escharinella f linea GABB and HORN, Monograph of the fossil Polyzoa of the Sec-
ondary and Tertiary formations of North America. Journal of the Academy of
Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 140.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar; the two lamellae are insepar-
able. The zooecia are large, elongated, distinct, elliptical; the frontal is convex
and formed by a thick tremocyst closely united with a very thin inner olocyst,
the interior of which is very finely perforated. The aperture is semilunar; the
proximal border is a little concave and bears a narrow rimule. The hyperstomial
ovicell is salient, globular and smooth. Two small avicularia are symmetrically
disposed on each border of the aperture; they have a fragile pivot; the beak is
directed toward the median zooecial axis.
,, |7i<7=0.15mm. (including rimule).
Measurements. — Aperture { ,
l/ff=0.12mm.
( Z3=0.75-0.90 mm.
.
Zooecia< -, „ . r ~ „-
[lz— 0.45-0. 65 mm.
Variations. — There are some zooecia which are narrow (fig. 12), some wide
(fig. 13), and others very irregular. Often the zooecia are surrounded by a
prominent thread (fig. 14). The ovicell is always smooth. This is a peculiarity
which is very rare in the bryozoa, as the ovicell and the frontal are generally of
the same nattu-e. The small oral avicularia are very constant; sometimes there
is one of them which is abortive (figs. 13, 14) ; the pivot (fig. 14) is very fragile
and often missing on the fossils.
The interior is furnished with a thin perforated olocyst (fig. 17). Upon
rubbing away the interior it may be noted that the tremopores are bound together
by a system of small canals radiating from the median axis of the zooecia. Their
intersection with the calcareous deposit over the tremopores form reticulations
visible in tangential sections (fig. 16). The tremopores are funnel shaped and are
much larger on the exterior than on the interior.
On account of the size of its fronds this is an easily recognized bryozoan.
Affinities. — This species is very close to ScMzopodrella unicornis Johnston,
1847, but differs in its smaller, less prominent avicularia, which are turned toward
the interior of the aperture and not toward the exterior of the zooecia.
It differs from Schisopodrella viminea Lonsdale, 1845, in its wider zooecia,
and its two symmetrical avicularia.
It differs from Schisopodrella marginata in its micrometric dimensions which
are twice as large, and in the presence of the two oral avicularia.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Type-locality, Eutaw Springs. South Caro-
lina (very common) ; near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (abundant) ; Wilming-
ton, North Carolina (rare).
Plesiotypes.—Czt. No. 64052, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRVOZOA.
341
r*_ T Schlzopodrc] lr -nlccrnis JpnusLtJn
P— S-
K-1SU
T o -85
K— 0, ruHilEOpOclroiltt nlvca Bu.i
0 "85 N »85
M w *8 x X85 Y
U»85 A >85
V V-Z. SchltopodrellB liiinorls Rassal
FIG. 101.— Genus Schizopodrella Canu and Bassler, 1917.
A. Schizopodrella unicornis Johnston, 1847. Zooecia with ovicells and avicularia, X 25.
(After Hincks, 1880.)
B. Schizopodrella nivea Busk, 1884: Zooecia, X 25. (After Waters, 1913.)
C. Schematic section through the ovicell of Schizopodrella unicornis Johnston, 1847. (After
Levinsen, 1909.) ect, ectocyst; ol, olocyst ; on, ovicell operculum; op, operculum; tr, tremocyst;
v, vestibulum.
D. Schizopodrella nivea Busk, 1884. The two zooecia figured X 50, were near together, but
not in the same row, and are placed together to save space. A sac-like structure (sc) is shown
at the base of each ovicell (oc), but of the numerous muscles in this sac only about half of those
in focus are drawn. It seems that the ovum (ov) passes into this sac, which is then ruptured
(r), and the ovum is pressed forward into the ovicell, where it segments. The small oral
glands are shown (go).
E-J. Schizopodrella. unicornis Johnston, 1847. E, F, G. Mandibles, X 85. H, I, J. Oper-
cula, X 85. (After .Waters, 1913, and Nordgaard, 1905.)
K-O. Schizopodrella nivea Busk, 1884. K. Basal avicularium, X 150. L. Lateral avicu-
larium, X 150. M. Mandible, X 85. N. Oral aperture closed by calcareous wall. ) ', 85.
O. Operculum, X 85. (After Waters, 1913.)
P-S. Schizopodrella longirostris Hineks, 1886: P. Avicularium, X 75. Q. Mandible, X 75.
R. Oral aperture X 75. S. Operculum, X 100. (P-S after Levinsen, 1909.)
T. Stylopoma spongitcs Pallas, 176G. Opercula, X 100. (After Levinsen, 1909.) (Intro-
duced by error.)
U. Schizopodrella elmwoodiae Waters, 1900. Operculum, X 85. (After Waters, 1900.)
V-Z. Schizopodrella linearis Hassal, 1841. V, W. Mandibles, X 85. (After Levinsen and
Waters.) X, Y, Z. Opercula, X 85. (After Waters and Nordgaard.)
A'. Schizopodrella errata (Waters, 1875). Operculum, X 85. (After Waters, 1879.)
342 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
SCHIZOPODRELLA ? MARGINATA, new species.
Plate 44, figs. 11, 12.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar, with much compressed fronds.
The zooecia are distinct elongated, rhomboidal, separated by a prominent thread;
the frontal is flat and formed by a tremocyst with small pores. The aperture is very
small and semilunar, its proximal border is intersected by a small rimule relatively
wide and of little depth. On the margins there are two or three very simple,
small avicularia.
Aa=0.09mm. . Ls—O.oOmm.
Measurements. — Aperture 7 _ _„ /ooecia 7 .. „.
fa=0.05 mm. fe=0.30 mm.
Affinities. — This species is characterized by its very small dimensions. It
differs from Buffonella microstoma in the presence of .the frontal tremocyst and
in its free zoarium.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (very rare).
Ootypes.—Cnt. No. 64046, U.S.N.M.
SCHIZOPODRELLA VIMINEA Lonsdale, 1845.
Plate 45, figs. 1-9.
1845. Eschara viminea LONSDALE, Report on the Corals from the Tertiary formations of
North America, Quarterly Journal Geological Society, London, vol. 1, p. 520, fig.
1845. Eschara incumbent* LONSDALE, Report on the Corals from the Tertiary formations of
North America, Quarterly Journal Geological Society, L«ndon, vol. 1, p. 529.
1862. Eschara viminea GABB and HORN, Monograph of the Fossil Polyzoa of the Secondary
and Tertiary formations of North America, Journal Academy Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 116.
1862. Esclwra incumlens GABB and HORN, Monograph of the Fossil Polyzoa of the Secondary
and Tertiary formations of North America, Journal Academy Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 116.
1862. Eschara texta GABB and HORN, Monograph" of the Fossil Polyzoa of the Secondary
and Tertiary formations of North America. Journal Academy Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 5, pi. 17, pi. 19, fig. 1.
Description. — The zoarium is free bilamellar, formed of two lamellae, back
to back, and rarely separable ; the Ironds are wide, flat, or undulated. The zooecia
,are very long, fusiform, or cylindrical; the frontal is convex and formed of a
tremocyst, with numerous pores in quincunx. The apertura is semilunar, trans-
verse, with a straight proximal border, with a very small linear rimule; the peri-
stome is very thin and hardly salient. The ovicell is hyperstomial, much embedded
in the distal zooecia, quite large, globular, salient, 'smooth ; its orifice, placed much
above the apertura, is very large. Near the apertura, there is a triangular avicu-
larium, the beak directed toward the exterior.
iAa=0.10mm. . fZs=0 80-1
Measurements. — Apertura L Zooecia] i.
lZa=0.18 mm. | fe=0.30-0.45 mm.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 343
Variations. — The oral sinus disappears frequently on account of the consid-
erable thickening of the frontal (fig. 2), but it persists at the base of the peristomie
and is always visible in the interior (fig. 8).
Eschara incumbens Lonsdale, 1845, is merely this same species provided with
its ovicells. They, are very large ; their frontal is thickened considerably on the
parietal olocyst — a very rare phenomenon in the Cheilostomes, where the ovicell
is almost always of the same nature as the frontal. By dissecting the ovicell the
apertura is always visible and very constant in form and size. The oral avicularium.
is not at all constant; it disappears over entire fronds when they have the aspect
of Eschara texta Gabb and Horn, 1862. Another character common to the two
species is " The alternate elevations and depressions of the cellular surface of this
remarkable species give it, to the naked eye, very much the appearance of a woven
fabric," quite visible in our figure 3, and noted in 1862 by Gabb and Horn.
According to the tangential section (fig. 6) the tremocyst does not appear to
repose on a calcified olocyst.
Affinities. — This species differs from SchisopodreUa linca Lonsdale, 1845, in
its less zooecial width (Zs=0.3Q-0.45 mm. instead of 0.45 mm.-0.65 mm.), and
in a single avicularium placed below the apertura and not above it.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi, (very
common).
Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (very common); Eutaw
Springs, South Carolina (common, type locality) ; Baldock, Barnwell County,
South Carolina (common) ; near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (common) ; 3| miles
north of Grovania, Georgia (rare) ; 3£ miles south of Perry, Georgia (common) ;
17 miles northeast of Hawkinsville, Georgia (rare) ; one-half mile southeast of
Georgia Kaolin Co. Mine, Twiggs County, Georgia (rare).
Jacksonian (Zeuglodon zone) : Cocoa Post Office, Choctaw County, Alabama
(rare).
Plesiotypes.—Czt. No. 64051. U.S.N.M.
Genus STEPHANOSELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Stephanosella CANTJ and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 40.
The ovicell is hyperstomial and embedded in the distal zooecia. It opens
above the aperture by an especial orifice. The frontal is a smooth olocyst. No
spines. The ovicelled zooecia have a large aperture and their avicularium is frontal.
Genotype. — Schizoporella (Lepralia) Maperta Michelin, 1845.
Range. — Jacksonian-Eecent.
Our genus does not exactly correspond to the Schizoporella biaperta group
of Waters, 1913. We prefer to take into consideration the nature of the frontal
rather than the muscular attachments, which are impossible to verify on the fossils.
If the areolae were more frequently observed in the species of this genus, it would
be preferable to unite them with the genus Lacerna Jullien. 1888.
Stephanosella, differs from Lacerna in its oral avicularia and in the absence
of spines.
344
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The known fossil species of this genus are :
Stephanosella (Lepralia) entomostoma Reiiss, 1847.
Stephanosella (Lepralia) seriata Eeuss, 1874.
Stephanosella strictifissa MacGillivray, 1895.
The genotype Schisoporella biaparta Michelin, 1845, lives ta-day off the Azores
(Norman), in the waters of Florida (Smitt), and off the eastern coast of the
United States (Osburn). The currents have also carried the species along the
western coasts of the United States (Roberston).
The simultaneous occurrence in Europe and America of Stephanosella (ScMso-
porella) entomostoma Eeuss, 1847, shows again that the equatorial currents were
already in existence in the Vicksburgian age.
Q
E xB
-mf
D -85
FIG. 102. — Genus Stephanosella Canu and Bassler, 1917.
A-D. Stephanosella biaperta Michelin, 1845. A. Zooecia, X 30. B. Zooecia with ovicells
and avicularia, X 30. (After Hincks, 1880.) C. Operculum of the variety divergens. (After
Norman, 1903.) D. Operculum, X 85. mf, muscular insertion.
E. Mandible, X 85. (After Nordgaard, 1906.)
STEPHANOSELLA PARVIPORA, new species.
Plate 85, fig. 22.
Description. — The zoariurn incrusts bryozoa. The zooecia are distinct, some-
what elongated, subhexagonal, irregular; the frontal is smooth, little convex,
bordered by widely spaced, very small areolae. The aperture is very small, -trans-
verse, and is provided with a wide rimule. The ovicell is large, salient, sur-
rounded by a collar. One or two irregular, oral avicularia are placed at dif-
ferent heights and deform the zooecia.
JAa=0.04-0.045 mm. . [7,2=0.35 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture \i n -_ n nfr Zooecia ,
Ui7,=0.06-0.07mm. lfe=0.25mm.
Affinities. — The frontal of the ovicell is very fragile and does not always
exist on the fossils ; only the outer collar persists.
This species differs from Stephanosella entomostoma Eeuss, 1847. in its much
smaller aperture (7(2=0.06 mm. instead of 0.12 mm.). Its other micrometric
dimensions are also much smaller than those of Stephanosella (Schizoporella)
biaperta Michelin, 1845.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Three miles southeast of
Vosburg, Jasper County, Mississippi (rare).
Holofype.—Csit. No. 64270. TJ.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. . 345
STEPHANOSELLA ENTOMOSTOMA Reuss, 1847.
Plate 85, figs. 19-21.
1S47. Cellc/iora cntoiiittstoma REUSS, Die fossilen Polyparien des Wiener Tertiarbeckens,
Haidinger's naturwissenschaftliche Abbandlungeu, vol. 2, p. 92, pi. 11, fig. 7.
1M14. L< in-alia cntoinostoma REUSS Zur Fauna der deutschen Oberoligocans, Sitzuugsberichte
der U. Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol. 50, p. 27, pi. 13, fig. 6.
1874. Lepralia cntomostoma REUSS, Die fossilen Bryozoen des Ocsterreichisch-Ungarischen
Miocans, vol. 1, pi. 17, p. 4, fig. 11.
MeasuremeKts.-Aperture '™™*- Zooecia ^32-0.36 mm.
73=0.20 mm.
Variations. — The frontal is an olocyst absolutely smooth when there are no
areolae (fig. 21) ; it is covered with small granulations of pleurocystal origin when
very small, scattered areolae appear. More often there is only an oral avicu-
lariuni; it is small, elliptical, without pivot on the ordinary zooecia (figs. 19, 20)
but elongated, thin, with pivot on the ovicelled- zooecia; moreover, on the latter
it changes place, is removed from the aperture and becomes frontal (fig. 21).
The ovicell is globular, salient, and bears in front a fragile finely ribbed
callosity of olocystal origin; it is bordered by a very thick circular collar. The
aperture of the ovicelled zooecia is larger (Za=0.10 mm. instead of 0. 07 mm.).
The aperture is oblique, which, on account of perspective, diminishes the length
of the rimule.
Affinities. — This species differs from Stephanosella (Schizoporella) biaperta
Michelin, 1845, living and fossil, in the position of the avicularium. which is always
placed below the aperture, and in its smaller micrometric dimensions.
It differs from Stephanosella parvipora in its larger aperture and in the
avicularium, which is placed below the aperture.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : West bank Conecuh River,
Escambia County, Alabama (common) ; Claiborne, Monroe County. Alabama
(rare) ; 1 mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (very common).
Geological distribution. — Chattian of Germany (Reuss) and Tortonian of
Austria-Hungary (Reuss).
Plesiotypcs.—Cat. No. G42G9, U.S.N.M.
Genus LACERNA Jullien, 1888.
188S. Lacerna JULLIEN, Mission Scientifiqne du Cap Horn, p. 48.
The ovicell is hyperstomial and is provided with a special orifice, which can
be closed by the operculum for the passage of the eggs. The aperture is arched
anteriorly; its proximal border is straight, with a small, rounded rimule. The
nperture and the rimule are surrounded by the same peristome, which is provided
with spines. There is a vestibular arch. The frontal and the ovicell are formed
df an oloc3Tst surrounded with areolae, above which an incomplete and granular
pleurocyst is deposited. 14 tentacles.
Genotype. — Lacerna hosteenxis Jullien. 1888.
Ranr/e. — Lutetian-Recent.
346
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSKUM.
The recent species of this genus are :
Lacerna hosteensis Jullien, 1888.
Lacerna (Schizoporella) eatoni Busk, 1879.
Lacerna (Schizoporella) ornata Calvet, 1909.
Lacerna (Schizoporella) insignis Hincks, 1881.
The fossil species are :
Lacerna (Lepralia) sequenzai Reuss, 1869.
Lacerna (Lepralia) siissi Reuss, 1869.
Lacerna (Schizoporella) fissa Koschinsky, 1885.
Lacerna (Lepralia) fuchsii Reuss, 1874.
Lacerna (Schizoporella) convexa MacGillivray. 18!)5.
Lacerna (Schizoporella,) nitens MacGillivray, 18!)f>.
O
C '25
1888.)
(After
D
E'8s F
FIG. 103. — Genus Lacerna Jullien, 18SS.
A-D. Lacerna hosteensis Jullieu, 1888. A. Zooecia, X 25. (After Jullien,
B. Zooecia with ancestrula, X 25. C. Ovicelled zooecia, X 25. D. Operculum, X 85.
Waters, 1904.)
E, F. Lacerna eatoni Busk, 1879. E. Operculum, X 85. (After Waters, 1904.) F. Oper-
culum of the variety areolata, X 85. (After Calvet, 1910.)
Lacerna (Schizoporella) nitidissima Maplestone, 1901.
Lacerna (Schizoporella) cavolini Neviani, 1895.
Lacerna (Schizoporella) ovalis Maplestone, 1901.
This genus is very closely related to Stephanosella. Lacerna differs in the
larger and more numerous areolae, the presence of spines, and the place of the
avicularium below the aperture.
LACERNA JACKSONENSIS, new species.
Plate 44, figs. 13-16.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts other bryozoa. The zooecia are distinct,
very little elongated, separated by a furrow; the frontal is somewhat convex,
smooth, and bordered by a line of large closely arranged areolae; a pleurocyst
NOKTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 347
more or less granular and complete is deposited on the frontal, chiefly in the vicinity
of the areolae. The aperture is semilunar; the proximal border is linear and bears
a narrow, linear rather long rimule; the peristome is salient; it surrounds the
aperture and its rimule and it bears anteriorly six hollow spines. The ovicell is
large, salient, elongated, of the same nature as the frontal; it is formed of a
smooth, orbicular callosity (olocyst) surmounted by a prominent collar, and by
areolae ; it is never closed by the operculum. The avicularium is triangular, long,
salient, placed laterally below the aperture and deforming the zooecia; it is
transverse or oblique ; its point to the outside.
fAa=0.15mm. . \Li— 0.45-0.50 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture-L Zooecia ,
\la-O.W mm. U2=0.30-0.40 mm.
Variations, — The avicularium is sometimes far removed from the aperture (fig.
13) ; it is transverse (fig. 13) or oblique (fig. 14).
The part of the peristome which surrounds the rimule forms an elegant festoon
above the aperture.
The pleurocyst and olocyst are closely united. The smooth zooecia are young
zooecia in which the subjacent olocyst is still visible. The pleurocystal calcification
operates according to rule, the areolae toward the aperture with the formation of
small, interareolar, incomplete costules.
On the ovicell the calcification is more regular and finer ; the physiological use
of this structure is unknown ; the length is 0.25 mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Lacerna hexagonal^ in its small dimen-
sions and the presence of the prominent festoon which surrounds the rimule.
It differs from Lacerna seguenzai Eeuss, 1869, in the absence of the oral mucro,
and from Lacerna siissi Eeuss, 1869, in the place, the size, and the form of its
avicularia.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (com-
mon).
Cotypes.—C&t, No. 64047, U.S.N.M.
LACERNA HEXAGONALIS, new species.
Plate 44, figs. 17-20.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts Orbitoides, bryozoa, and shells. The
zooecia are distinct, little elongated, hexagonal; the frontal is little convex, formed
of an olocyst more or less covered by a pleurocyst and surrounded by a line of
large areolae. The aperture is semilunar; the proximal border is linear and notched
by a narrow, linear, rather long rimule ; the peristome is salient, and surrounds at the
same time the aperture and its rimule forming exteriorly an oval peristomice ;
the peristome bears six large, hollow spines. The ovicell is large, salient, elongated,
of the same nature as the frontal ; it is formed of a circular callosity surrounded by
very small areolae and a thick, salient collar; it is often closed by the operculum
when the latter opens. The avicularium is long, thin, triangular, little salient,
disposed in the same manner as the zooecial walls, without pivot.
348 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
fA<z=0.125-0.15mm. . (Lz=0.6
Measurements. — Aperture -L „.,., __„ /ooecuu , . „,
[ la= 0.1 5-0.20 mm. \ls—0.5(
fAa=0.125-0.15mm. •„ . f Ls=0.65-0.72 mm.
'.50 mm.
Variations. — The calcification is here rather remarkable and more visible than
in Lacerna jacksonensis. The frontal is an olocyst, entire and smooth (fig. 17) ;
on the young zooecia; the pleurocyst develops at first over the areolae (fig. 18),
then spreads over all the zooecia (fig. 20). As Usual, the pleurocyst is irregularly
granulated, quite variable in its texture and its deposits.
The calcification of the ovicell is absolutely identical. Originally the latter
'was formed by a thin olocyst thickened on its border into a circular crown; the
frontal callosity is surrounded by very small areolae (fig. 17) and may be covered
by a granular pleurocyst (fig. 20). On the young zooecia the operculum may
never close the ovicell (fig. 17), but on the much calcified zooecia the operculum in
opening may close the ovicell (fig. 20). Figure 20 presents a remarkable zooecium;
for in the total regeneration an avicularium replaces a normal polypide.
The species appears to have some dietellae, variable in number (fig. 19).
Affinities. — This species differs from Arthropoma (Lepralia) speyerl 'Reuss,
1864, in which the aperture is identical in its nonporous frontal and its larger
avicularium.
It differs from Lacerna jacksonensis in its larger micrometric dimensions and
its oval and nonfestooned pcristome.
It differs from Lacerna (Schisoporella) nitens MacGillivray, 1895, in its deeper
rimule and in the point of the avicularium turned toward the bottom and not
toward the top.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain, 5 miles
south of Jackson, Alabama (rare) ; west bank of Conecuh River, Escambia County,
Alabama (rare) ; near Claiborne, Monroe County, Alabama (rare) ; Murder Creek,
east of Castlebury, Conecuh County, Alabama (rare) ; 1 mile north of Monroe-
ville, Alabama (rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola River, east of Marianna,
Florida.
Cotypes.— Cat. Nos. 64048, 64049, U.S.N.M.
Genus BUFFONELLA Jullien, 1888.
1SS8. Buffonella JULLIEN, Mission scientifique du Cap Horn, vol. 6, Zoologie, p. 47.
The operculum in opening closes the ovicell. The aperture is semilunar: its
proximal border is straight and bears a rimule at its middle. The frontal and
ovicell are absolutely smooth. The operculum has a wide sinus and two muscular
points distant from the border. In front of the aperture there is often a small
avicularian chamber.
Genotype. — Buffonella (Schisoporella) ridleyi MacGillivray, 1882.
Range. — Senonian-Recent.
The recent species of this genus are according to Waters :
Buffonella (Schizoporella} ricUeyi MacGillivray, 1882.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
Buffonella (Schisoporella) simplex D'Orbigny, 1833.
Buffonella (Schisoporella) rimosa Jullien, 1888.
Buffonella (Schisoporella) marsupifera Busk, 1884.
Buffonella (Schizoporella) rumida Kincks, 1881.
Buffonella (Schisoporella) levata Hincks, 1882.
Buffonella (Schizoporella) laevigata Waters, 1889.
Buffonella (Schisoporella) edwardsiana D'Orbigny, 1839.
Buffonella (Escharella) stylifera Levinsen, 1886.
BujfoneUa (Schisoporella) hexagona Nordgaard, 1905.
849
B *85
Cx85
A "50
FIG. 104. — Genus Buffonella Jullien, 1888.
A, B. Buffonella ridleyi MacGillivray, 1882. A. Zooecia, X 50. (After Jullier, 1888.)
B. Operculum, X 85. (After Waters, 1904.)
C. Buffonella hexagona Nordgaard, 1905. Operculum, X 85. (After Nordgaard.)
D, E. Buffonella stylifera Levinsen, 1886. D. Aperture of zooecium. E. Operculum.
(After Levinsen, 1886.)
The known fossil species of the genus are :
Buffonella (Lepralia) incisa Eeuss, 1874.
Buffonella (Lepralia) pauper Keuss, 1874.
Buffonella (Schisoporella) nuda Canu, 1908.
Buffonella (Schizoporella) crenulata MacGillivray, 1904.
Buffonella (Schizoporella) arachnoides MacGillivray. 1882.
Buffonella (Schisoporella) clerici Neviani, 1895.
Buffonella (Schizoporella) carinata Hennig, 1892.
BUFFONELLA HEXAGONALIS, new species.
Plate 46, fig. 1.
Description. — The zoarium is formed of many superposed lamellae and incrusts
stones. The zooecia are distinct, elongated, hexagonal, separated by a prominent
350 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
thread; the frontal is convex, smooth, with the radial nerves visible by transpar-
ency. The aperture is small and bears on its proximal border a rather wide trian-
gular rimule. Above the aperture there are two small, simple avicularia.
fAa=0.12mm. . \Lz= 0.65-0.75 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture 7 _,_ Zooecia^ 7 - .„ . _.
lZa=0.10mm. us=0.45-0.50mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Buffonella rhomboidalis in its longer
zooecia, in the sajient separating thread, and the presence of two small supraoral
avicularia.
The same characters also differentiate it from Buffonella incisa Reuss, 1874.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington, North
Carolina (rare).
Holotype.—Cnt. No. 64053, U.S.N.M.
BUFFONELLA RHOMBOIDALIS, new species.
Plate 46, fig. 2.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa. The zooecia are distinct, elon-
gated rhomboidal, separated by a furrow; the frontal is convex and absolutely
smooth. The aperture is small, without peristome; the rimule is large and rectan-
gular.
j,f :'Aa=0.12mm. . |Z2=0.55-0.65 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture i, Zooecia 7 n An n ~n
U3=0.40-0.50rnm.
Affinities. — This species resembles Buffonella incisa Reuss, 1874, very much,
in its extreme simplicity of structure. It differs from it only in its larger
micrometric measurements (Z3=0.55-0.65 mm. instead of 0.36-0.40 mm.).
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (very rare).
No. 64054, U.S.N.M. .
BUFFONELLA MICROSTOMA, new species.
Plate 46, fig. 3.
Description.- — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are very small, elon-
gated. distinct; the frontal is smooth and convex. The aperture is very small; the
rimule is wide and triangular. The ovicell is globular, salient, and smooth; it
opens above the aperture by a small slit ; it may be closed by the operculum.
„, |A«=0.06mm. . fZs=0.35mm.
Measurements. — Apertures, . .„ Zooecia{7
U<z=0.06mm. lfe=0.20 mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Buffonella incisa Reuss, 1874, in its
slightly smaller micrometric dimensions and in its. rimule. which is triangular and
not rectangular. Moreover, the European fossil sometimes bears a small, lateral
ayicularium, which we have not observed on the American specimens.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
351
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola River, east of
Marianna, Florida (very rare) ; Old Factory, H miles above Bainbridge, Georgia
(rare).
Hole-type.— Cut, No. 64055, U.S.N.M.
Genus ARTHROPOMA Levinsen, 1909.
1009. Arthropoma LEVINSEN, Morphological and Systematic Studies on the Cheilostomatoua
Bryozoa, p. 332.
The ovicell is hyperstomial and always closed by the operculum. The frontal
is a tremocyst with scattered pores. The operculum bears a mobile, small tongue
in the middle of the straight, proximal border. The rimule of the aperture is
straight and rectangular.
FIG. 105. — Genus Arthropoma Leviusen, 1909.
A, D. Arthropoma cecilii Audouin, 1826. A. Zooecia, X 30. (After Hincks, 1880.)
B. Avicularian zooeoia. (After Kirkpatrick.) C. Operculum with its mobile tongue, X 85.
(After Waters, 1904.) D. Operculum, X 120. (After Busk, 1884.) cs., connected part of the
coinpensatrix, which by foldings has assumed the longitudinally striated appearance.
E. Arthropoma circinata MacGillivray, 1868. Operculum and mandible, X 120. (After
Busk, 1884.)
F, G. Arthropoma pesanseris Smitt, 1879. Operculum and mandibles, X 85. (After
Waters, 1899.)
Genotype. — Arthropoma (Flustra) cecilii Savigny-Audouiii (1812) 1826.
Range. — Jacksonian-Eecent.
The little mobile tongue of the operculum is attached to the compensatrix.
This is the only character which differentiates this genus from Phonicosia Jullien,
1888, and if this be judged insufficient, it will be necessary to reunite the two
genera under the latter name, which has the right of priority.
The mobility of the little tongue is evidently intended to protect from rupture
the compensatrix, which is an extremely fragile organ.
Kirkpatrick has discovered a zooecium transformed into an interzooecial avicu-
larium •with special mandible. Such zooecia are not rare in other genera and we
have sometimes noted them on the fossil forms.
352 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The recent species of this genus are according to Waters, 1904, and Levinsen,
1909:
Arthropoma (Flustra) ccciUi Savigny-Audouin (1812) 1826.
Arthropoma (HippotJioa) pesanseris Smitt, 1872.
Arthropoma (Lepralia) circinata MacGillivray, 1868.
Among the fossil species we may doubtfully cite Arthropoma (Lepralia) speyerl
Reuss. 1865.
ARTHROPOMA METULA, new species.
Plate 46, fig. IS.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar. The zooecia are elongated,
distinct, in the form of quills; the frontal is convex and is a tremocyst with very
small pores. The aperture is transverse ; the proximal border is linear and bears
a small rectangular rimule. The ovicell is very large, salient, globular, smooth;
its orifice is very regular and is closed by the operculum itself. The avicularium
is placed laterally below and close to the aperture ; it is elliptical and salient ; two
lateral denticles serve as pivot.
fAa=0.20mm. . (£3=0.85 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture 7 . n/. Zooecia , nnt.
( la =0.20 mm. U2=0.25 mm.
„ . ,. A
(Jviceli 7
Affinities. — This species differs from Arthropoma speyeri Keuss, 1865, in its
much larger and higher placed avicularium. This latter species is of Tongrian
age (to be exact, from the Rupelian). It is remarkable to note that this genus
appears almost simultaneously in Europe and America. The figured specimen is
the only one which has been found.
Arthropoma metula differs from the recent Schizoporella acuminata Hincks,
1881, in its transverse and not straight avicularia and probably in the nature of
the ovicell.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington. North
Carolina (very rare).
Holotype.—C&t. No. 64061, U.S.N.M.
Genus PHONICOSIA Jullien, 1888.
1888. Phonicosia JULLIEN, Mission scientifique du Cap Horn, vol. 6, Zoology, p. 51.
Orifice with posterior lip, straight, and bearing an elongated notch at its
middle, with the extremity cut squarely. (Translation after Jullien.)
Genotype. — Phonicosia jousseaumi Jullien, 1888. Recent.
Waters, 1904, remarked that the genus Phonicosia was described from one
small dead specimen, without opercula. The published figure does not permit the
observation of the closing of the ovicell by the operculum, and we therefore leave,
to the genus Phonicosia the limits established by its author.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
353
SCHIZOBRACHIELLA, new genus.
The oviccll is hyperstomial and closed by the operculum. The frontal is a
tremocyst. The operculum boars a straight poster notched by a small, narrow,
rounded rimule. The tongue of the operculum is rigid and is not attached to the
compensatrix ; the muscular attachments are placed near the border. No avicularia.
Genotype. — Schizobrachiella (Hemeschara) sanguined Norman, 1868. Range:
Helvetian — Recent.
The recent species of this genus are :
Schizobrachiella (H emeschara) sanguinea Norman, 1868.
iSchizobrachiella (Lepralia) Candida Stimpson, 1853.
Schizobrachiella (ScMsoporella) levinseni Nordgaard, 1905.
C "85
A '30
FIG. 106. — ScJiizobracMella, new genus.
A-D. Schteobrachiella sanguinea Norman, 1868. A. Zooecia, X 30. (After Hincks, 1880.)
B, C. Operculum, X 85. (After Waters, 1879.) D. Operculum, X 85. (After Nordgaard,
1905.)
E. SchigobrnchieUa levinseni Nordgaard, 1905. Operculum, X 85. (After Nordgaard, 1005.)
The known fossil species are :
Schizobrachiella (Lepralia) goniostoma Reuss, 1847.
Schizabrachiclla (Lepralia) granoso-porosa Reuss, 1874.
Schizobrachiella (Lepralia) crassipora Reuss, 1874.
Kchizobrachiella (Schizoporclla)alata MacGillivray, 1895.
Schizobrachiella (Schizoporella) stibsinuata MacGillivray, 1895.
This genus differs from Dakaria Jullien, 1904, in a much smaller rimule, in the
muscular attachments very near the border of the operculum, and in the absence of
interior condyle.
This genus differs from Schizolavelfa and Schizomavella in the absence of
'avicularia.
Genus SCHIZOMAVELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Schizomavella CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa. Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 40.
The operculum closes the ovicell. The muscular attachment is generally in
the immediate vicinity of the border of the operculum. The rimule is wide and
55899—19— Bull. 106 23
354
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
arched. The frontal is a tremocyst. A median avicularium occurs on the front
wall. There are small oral glands. 23 tentacles.
Genotype. — Schizomavella (Lepralia) auriculata Hassall, 1842.
Range. — Jacksonion-Kecent.
Q <85
R
N "85 p ,85
FIG. 107. — Genus Scliixomavella Canu and Bassler, 1917.
A-H. Schizomavella auriculata Hassal, 1842. A. Zooeeia, X 30. B. Zooecia with ovicells,
X 50. C. Avicularia. (After Hincks, 1880.) D, E. Avicularian mandibles, X 85. F. Oper-
culum, X 85. (After Waters, 1879.) G Operculum, X 85. (After Norman, 1903.)
H, I. Schisomavella reticulato punctata Hincks, 1877. H. Tentacular sheath with oral
glands attached near the oral aperture and connected to the lateral walls, X 85. (After
Waters, 1900.) I. Operculum, X 85. (After Nordgaard, 1906.)
J-L. Schizomavella montferrandi Savigny-Audouin, 1826. J, K. Mandibles. X 250 and
X 85. L. Operculum, X 85. (After Waters, 1908.)
M. Schizomavella port/era Smitt, 1867. Operculum, X 85. (After Nordgaard, 1905.)
N-P. Schisomavella lineata Nordgaard, 1895. N. Operculum, X 85. O. Apertura, X 85.
P. Operculum, X 85. (After Nordgaard, 1905.)
Q. R. Schisomavella ambita Waters, 1889. Q. Operculum, X 85. (After Waters, 1889.)
R. Operculum, X 85. (After Calvet, 1904.)
The recent species are :
Schizomavella (Schizoporella) harmsworthi Waters, 1900 (=Schi&oporella
reticulata punctata Hincks, 1877).
Schizomavella (Lepralia) galeata Busk, 1859.
Schizomavella (Flustra) montferrandi Savigny-Audouin, 1826.
Schizomavella (Schizoporella) lineata Nordgaard. 1895.
Schizomavella (Escharella) porifera Smitt, 1867.
Schizomavella (Schizoporella) ambita Waters, 1889.
Schizomavella (Schizoporella) scabra Waters.
Schisomavella (Schisoporella) fayalensis Calvet, 1903.
Schizomavella (Lepralia) auriculata Hassall, 1842.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 355
The fossil species are :
Schizomavella (Schizoporella) lata MacGillivray, 1895.
Schizomavella (Schizoporella) plagiostoma MacGillivray, 1895.
Levinsen in 1909, thought that median avicularia characterized the Smittinidae
and that they might not exist in the Escharellidae. The Schizoporellae provided
with a median avicularium might be reunited with the Smittinidae under the name
of Smittina. The work of Harmer in 1902 J showed that in Schizoporella lineai'is.
the compensatrix and the hydrostatic system are analogous to those of the other
Schizoporella and are notably different from those of Smittina trispinosa. Under
these conditions we think we must maintain the primitive nomenclature. To
facilitate the determination we have created the genus Schizomavella for the species
provided with a very constant median avicularium.
The distinction between Schizomavella and certain species of Hippoporina is
easy to make on the recent specimens by an examination of the muscular attach-
ments on the operculum. On the fossil forms, the interior may furnish some
useful points, but very often the problem is insoluble, so we must content our-
selves with simple comparisons.
SCHIZOMAVELLA GRANULIFERA, new species.
Plate 46, figs. 4-12.
Description. — The zoarium is free, with flat or undulated fronds formed of
two lamellae, back to back, and inseparable. The zooecia are distinct, elongated,
fusiform, separated by a furrow or a prominent thread; the frontal is convex,
ornamented with small tremopores and small granulations. The aperture is trans-
verse, elliptical ; the rimule is very wide and separated from the anter by two
small cardelles. The aperture of the ovicelled zooecia is larger. The ovicell is
globular, very salient, ornamented by the same tremocyst as the frontal; it is
hyperstomial, but always closed by the operculum. The median avicularium is
small, round or triangular, adjacent to the rimule.
f#a=0.10-0.12mm. . fZs=0.54-0.70mm
Measurements. — Aperture \ 7 Zooecia ,
U«=0.r2-0.14mm. U2=0.34-0.50mm.
Variations. — This species is very variable and its study has given us much
trouble. The numerous specimens collected at many localities permit the recog-
nition of the principal variations. The micrometric dimensions vary in unusual
proportions; the zooecial length varies from 0.50 mm. to 0.80 mm. and the width
from 0.30 to 0.52 mm. It is the same with the aperture, the dimensions of which.
rather fixed on a single specimen, vary a great deal, according to localities. The
frontal granulations are attenuated (fig. 10) or very salient (figs. 5, 8). The
zooecial margins are sometimes very salient (fig. 10), but they are wanting most
of the time (figs. G, 8). The avicularium is generally round, but it may be much
removed from the aperture and become triangular (fig. 9). The ovicell covers
1 1902. Harmer, ou the Morphology of the Cheilostomata, Quarterly Journal Microscopical Science, new
ser., vol. 46, p. 301, pi. 17, figs. 42, 46, 4S.
356 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
much of the aperture (fig. 7); it is therefore always closed by the operculum;
meanwhile the orifice of the aperture persists in the interior (fig. 8) ; we have come
to the conclusion that the operculum is lowered to allow the escape of the larvae.
The tangential section (fig. 12) reveals clearly a tremocyst surmounting an
olocyst closely united with it; the tremopores are very small and wide open. In
the interior (fig. 11) the olocyst appears absolutely smooth, but when greatly
magnified it is easy to distinguish the small pores corresponding to the tremopores.
Affinities. — This species differs from Dakaria laxata in its bilamellar zoarium
and its smaller zooecial width, always less than 0.50 mm. instead of 0.60 mm. It
differs from SchizomaveMa elongata in its lesser zooecial length, which is 0.70 mm.
instead of 1.00 mm.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Baldock, Barnwell County, South Carolina
(very common) ; 12 miles southeast of Marshallville. Georgia (rare) ; 3} miles south
of Perry, Georgia (rare) ; Rich Hill, Georgia (rare) ; 5^ miles southeast of Knox-
ville, Georgia (rare) ; 18 miles east of Wrightsville, Georgia (rare) ; \ mile south-
east of Georgia Kaolin Company Mine, Twiggs County, Georgia (rare) ; 3£ miles
north of Grovania, Georgia (rare) ; Wilmington, North Carolina (rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola River, east of Marianna, Jackson
County, Florida (common).
Cotypes.—C?A. No. 64058, U.S.N.M.
SCHIZOMAVELLA GRANULOSA, new species.
Plate 46, figs. 13-16.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa. The zooecia are elongated, dis-
tinct, fusiform; the frontal is little convex and formed of a granular tremocyst
with very small pores. The aperture is formed of a semilunar anter and of a
wide rounded rimule, separated by two inner condyles. The ovicell is Very large,
salient, formed of a large area surrounded by a small, salient collar; it entirely
surrounds the aperture, but without forming a peristomie. The median avicu-
larium is quite small, little prominent in the immediate vicinity of the aperture.
/i«=0.10 mm. „ ILs=O.GOmm.
'claU=0.40mm.
Affinities. — The granular frontal is characteristic of this species; it resembles
strangely in its granulations, in its bordered ovicell, and in its avicularium, placed
near the aperture, the recent Schizoporella marsupifera Busk, 1884. It differs from
the latter only in its more elongated zooecia and its nontransverse aperture.
We have observed (fig. 15) a regenerated avicularian zooecium in the interior
of a primitive zooecium, where another one has succeeded it with a very small
mandible.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Old Factory, H miles
above Bainbridge, Georgia (rare).
Cotypes.—Czt. No. 64059, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 357
SCHIZOMAVELLA ELONGATA, new species.
Plnte 46, fig. 17.
Description. — The zoarium is free, formed of two lamellae, back to back and
inseparable; the zooecia are distinct, very elongated, fusiform, separated by an
improminent thread; the frontal is flat and ornamented with small, wide open
tremopores. The aperture is suborbicular ; the rimule is very wide, concave, scarcely
distinct from the anter. The ovicell is globular and salient, ornamented with a
tremocyst analogous to that of the frontal. The median avicularium is small.
triangular, without salient beak and imbedded in a cavity.
=.ni. [7.3=1.10 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture { 7 Zooecmm ,
[7a=0.10mm. l?3=0.30mm.
Affinities. — This species is characterized by its very great zooecial length. We
have observed two cnlcified zooecia ; the aperture is covered by the tremocyst and
replaced by a small pore. The physiologic role of such zooecia is unknown to us.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Three and one-half miles north of Grovania,
Georgia (rare).
ftolotype.—C&t. No. 64060. U.S.N.M.
SCHIZOMAVELLA ARBOREA, new species.
Plate S6, figs. 1-G.
Description. — The zoarium is free, arborescent, rectangular, or cylindrical.
The zooecia are disposed in four longitudinal rows, alternating and placed back
to back; they are hexagonal, very little elongated, separated by a prominent thread.
The frontal is a direct tremocyst with large pores. The aperture is small, oblique
and formed of a semilunar anter and of a very wide rimule of little depth. The
ovicell is large, globular, salient, punctate; it is closed by the zooecial operculum
which is larger on the ovicelled zooecia. The median avicularium is elliptical,
salient, separated into two parts by a wide pivot.
[A#=0.10mm. . fZ2=0.80mm.
Measurements. — Aperture { , . . n Zooecia , _ _n
U<z=0.10 mm. lfe=0.72 mm.
Variations. — The median avicularium is very variable on the same fragment;
it is quite small (Z=0.08 mm.) or very long (Z=0.25 mm.), but it always remains
elliptical (figs. 2, 5).
The zoarium is square (figs. 2, 6) or quite rounded (figs. 4, 5).
The ovicell does not entirely surround the aperture and is quite different from
the ovicell of other species of the same genus.
Affinities. — This species is well characterized by the arborescent form of its
zoarium. In its direct tremocyst and in the form of its aperture, it differs from
species of the same genus.
It differs from Cellaria schrcil>( rsi Reuss. 1869. in which the zoarium is vin-
cularian in its median avicularium and its bifurcated
358 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian ("Chimney rock" of Marianna limestone): One
mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (abundant).
Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : Seven and one-half miles southwest of Bladen
Springs, Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.—Cnt. No. 64271, U.S.N.M.
•
SCHIZOMAVELLA LONGIROSTRIS, new species.
Plate 85, fig. 13.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar, very small; the two lamellae are
easily separable. The zooecia are elongated, distinct, oval; the frontal is convex
and formed of a tremocyst with large pores. The aperture is orbicular or trans-
verse; the anter is large and semihmar : the rimule is wide and concave. The ovicell
is globular and salient; its orifice is always closed by the operculum. The median
avicularium is long, salient, provided with a pivot and a long triangular beak.
•,, ] IIM — u.j.umiu. . f Zs=0.65-0.80mm.
Measurements. — Aperture 1 , Zooecia \ ,
Uffl=0.12 mm. 1/3=0.40 mm.
Affinities. — We possess only a few small specimens of this species, and it has
therefore been impossible for us to make a careful study of it. It appears to present
some interesting peculiarities in its ovicell and in the disposition of its large
avicularium ; but it is necessary to await more material.
There is a similar recent species, Schizoporella longirostrata Hincks, 1882, but
its avicularium is not median.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : Red Bluff, Wayne County, Mis-
sissippi (rare).
Holotype.—Cnt. No. 64264, U. S. N. M.
SCHIZOLAVELL-V new genus.
The ovicell is closed by the operculum. The operculum bears a variable
rimule. The frontal is a tremocyst. There are two lateral avicularia.
Genotype. — Schizoporella vulgaris Moll, 1803.
Range. — Rupelian — Recent.
This genus differs from Schizomavella only in the lateral position of the avicu-
laria and in the muscular attachments of the operculum, which are more distant
from the border.
The functions of the avicularia seem to be multiple: but they are not well
known. The generic divisions based on these organs always present a relative
uncertainty which only further studies can eliminate.
The fossil species of this same genus are :
SchizolavelJa (Eschara) phymatopora Reuss, 1869.
Schizolavella (Lepralia) schizostoma MacGillivray, 1895.
1 ror=abbreviation of " lateral avicularin."
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
Genus STYLOPOMA Levinsen, 1909.
359
1909. Stylopoma LEVINSEN, Morphological and Systematic Studies on the Cheilostomatous
Bryozim. pi. 18. (Name only.)
The ovicell is hyperstomial. It covers the apertura and the avicularia en-
tirely. The frontal is a tremocyst. The apertura is provided with a small linear
rimule.
Genotype. — Stylopoma (Eschara) spongites Pallas, 1766.
Range. — Miocene — Recent.
Levinsen proposed this name for Eschara spongites and Schizoporella longi-
rostris Hincks, 1886; but having recognized that the size of the rimule is not a
generic character, he suppressed it. We reestablish the genus, basing it upon the
function of the passage of the eggs, which operates in a very different manner from
FIG. 108.— Genus Dakaria Jullien, 1904.
Dx20
A-C. Dakaria condylata Nordgaard, 1906. A. Sketch of zooecia, X 26. B. Sketch showing
dietellae, X 26. C. Operculum, X 85. (After Nordgaard, 1906.)
D. Dakaria chevreuxi Jullien, 1904. Young zooecia, X 20. (After Jullien, 1904.)
E. Dakaria magniporata Nordgaard, 1906. Operculum, X 85. (After Nordgaard, 1906.)
F. G. Dakaria gelida Waters, 1904. F. Operculum, X 85. G. Interior of zooecium showing
the oral condyles, X 25. (After Waters, 1904.)
that in Schizopodrella, where the species would otherwise have been placed. The
great development of the ovicell above the apertura assures this function.
Genus DAKARIA Jullien, 1903.
1903. Dakaria JULLIEN, Resultants des Campagnes scientifiqups du Prince de Monaco, fasc.
23, Bryozoaires provenant des Campagnes de rHirondeUe (1886-88), p. 90
The ovicell is hyperstomial and closed by the operculum. The frontal is a
tremocyst. The operculum bears a wide rimule and articulates often on two con-
dyles; its muscular attachments are elongated on the border. No avicularia.
Genotype. — Dakaria chevreuxi Jullien, 1903.
Range. — Lutetian-Recent.
The recent species of this genus are :
Dakaria chevreuxi Jullien, 1903.
360 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Dakaria (Schizoporella) condylata Nordgaard, 1906.
Dakaria magniporata Nordgaard, 1906.
Dakaria gelida Waters, 1904.
The known fossil species are :
Dakaria (Lcpralia) squamoidea Reuss, 1864.
Dakaria (Cellaria) beyrichi Stoliczka, 1862.
Dakaria (Schizoporella) subsquammoidca Koschinsky, 1885.
This genus differs from Phonicosia in a wider sinus of the apertura. Perhaps
it may be necessary to introduce here all the Schizoporellae, having the same form of
operculum, the same frontal, and provided with lateral avicularia, as long as the
special function of the latter is not clearly defined.
All the species of this genus have not the special form of apertura mentioned
by Jullien for Dakaria chevrcuxi. But as this species must enter normally into the
new genus we have adopted Jullien's name so as not to encumber the literature
with a new term.
DAKARIA BREVIS, new species.
Plate 46, fig. 19.
Description. — The zoarium is uni to multilamellar and incrusts shells or
bryozoa. The zooecia are distinct, fusiform, short; the frontal is convex and almost
smooth, ornamented with very small granules. The aperture is small, transverse;
the rimule very wide and little distinct from the anter. The ovicell is salient,
globular, elongated, of the same nature as the frontal. There is no median avicu-
larium.
i£a=0.05mm. . J £3=0.50-0.60 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture , _ .,_ /ooecia^, -_„ ,, OK
[/a=0.07mm. Us= 0.25-0.35 mm.
Affinities. — The ovicelled zooecia are somewhat larger than the others: their
operculum is also slightly larger. We have observed an ordinary calcified zooecium
and an ovicelled zooecium presenting the same phenomenon. We had supposed
before that these zooecia corresponded to the diseased polypides.
Dakaria brevis differs from D. laxatu in its smaller zooecial dimensions
(Z0=0.50 mm. instead of 0.80 mm.), in a smaller aperture, and in its elongated
ovicell.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (rare).
Holotype.—C&t. No. 64062. U.S.N.M.
DAKARIA LAXATA. new species.
Plate 4G, fig. 20.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are distinct, elongated,
wide, fusiform; the frontal is convex and finely granulated. The aperture is sub-
orbicular ; the rimule is very wide and scarcely distinct from the anter. The ovicell
is globular, very salient; it is closed by the operculum, for it covers much of the
it's surface is granulated like the frontal. No median avicularium.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 361
[Aa=0.12mm. . |Zs=0.20mm.
Measurements. — Aperture, Zooecia ^ _ n « n fin,™
lZffl=0.12 mm. \Lz =0.55-0.61) mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Schizomavella granulifcra and Schizoma-
vella elongata in the absence of the median avicularium and in its incrusting
zoarium.
It differs from Ddkaria brevis in its much larger zooecial dimensions.
It is probable that the. granulations hide very small tremopores.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Old Factory, 1| miles
above Bainbridge, Georgia (rare).
Holotype.—Crt. No. 64063, U.S.N.M.
Genus METROPERIELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Metroperiella CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, r>. 40.
The ovicell is hyperstomial and completely surrounds the aperture. The
rimule is a large rounded sinus. The frontal is a tremocyst bearing a median
avicularium.
Genotype. — Metroperiella (Schisoporella) lepralioides Calvet. 1903.
Range. — Jacksonian-Eecent.
The known fossil species of the genus are:
Metroperiella (Lepralia) trigonostoma Reuss, 1847.
Metroperiella (SchizoporeUa) lata MacGillivray, 1882.
There are some avicularian zooecia with a large mandible in all the species
of this genus.
METROPERIELLA (?) ALBORA, new species.
Plate 47, figs. 1, 2.
Description. — The zoarium is unilamellar. The zooecia are elongated, distinct.
nearly cylindrical; the frontal is a tremocyst with irregular pores, and is very
little convex. The aperture is oval; the rimule is semielliptical, very wide and
separated from the anter solely by two lateral denticles on which the transverse
axis of the operculum is inserted ; a wide, white, improminent peristome surrounds
the aperture. The median avicularium is small, little salient, elliptical, the beak
turned toward the bottom.
f/<a=0.15mm.
.
'cia 7^0.35-0.40 mm.
Affinities. — The frontal tremocyst reposes on a very thin and finely perforated
olocyst. The tremopores are very short tubules with their section visible on the
olocyst. Around each aperture there are four large tremopores: two placed on the
distal zooecia and each of the two others on adjacent zooecia.
This species differs from Metroperiella (irandipora in its much narrower
zooecia (0. 35 mm. instead of 0.45 mm.), its wide white peristome and the four
large pores around the peristome.
362 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
We have not discovered the ovicell.
It differs from Metroperiella porosa in its larger aperture, less regular tremo-
pores and much shorter median avicularium.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Wilmington, North Carolina (rare) ; Bal-
dock, Barnwell County, South Carolina (rare).
Holotype.—C&t.. No. 64064, U.S.N.M.
METROPERIELLA GRANDIPORA, new species.
Plate 47, figs. 3-6.
'Description. — The zoarium creeps over algae; it is formed of many lamellae
superposed on the same side. The zooecia are distinct, very little elongated,
hexagonal; the frontal is convex; the tremocyst has wide-open pores surmounting
a very thin, finely perforated olocyst. The ovicell is large, very prominent, com-
pletely surrounding the aperture. The aperture is large, oval, with a very wide
rimule separated from the anter by two condyles. The median avicularium is
salient, triangular, small and provided with very small lateral denticles.
f7«=0.15-0.16mm. . f £3=0.60-0.70 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture {, Zooecia {, n ... n Kn
{Aa=0.15-0.16mm. L13 »_ M \Z2=0.45-0.50mm.
Variations. — There are some wide zooecia (fig. 4) and some long zooecia
(fig. 6), sometimes both kinds may be adjacent (fig. 3).
Certain regular zooecia are transformed into interzooecial avicularia (fig. 6) ;
the aperture is closed by a large spatulate mandible and articulates on two lower
condyles.
On the normal zooecia the condyles, on which the operculum articulates, are
visible in the interior by turning the specimen.
The ovicell has in front a large fragile area, which easily disappears in the
process of fossilization (fig. 6).
Affinities. — This species differs from Metroperiella acervata, which is also
pleurilamellar in a larger aperture (Z<z=0.15 mm. instead of 0.12 mm.), the much
smaller avicularium, its large tremopores and the absence of a salient thread around
the zooecia.
It differs from Metroperiella porosa in its nonbilamellar zoarium, its median
avicularium much smaller (0. 15 mm. instead of 0.35 mm.), and in its somewhat
larger aperture (Z«=0.15 mm. instead of 0.12 mm.).
It differs from Metroperiella albora in its wide zooecia (fe=0.45 mm. and not
0.35 mm.), and in the absence of a wide peristome, which is white and nonsalient.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington. North
Carolina (rare).
Cotypes.—Crt. No. 64065, U.S.N.M.
METROPERIELLA POROSA, new species
Plate 47, figs. 7-11.
Description. — The zoarium is free, formed of two lamellae, which are irregular,
back to back, and separable. The zooecia are distinct, elongated, hexagonal; the
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 363
frontal is little convex and formed by a tremocyst with numerous wide open pores.
The aperture is oval, with a wide, rounded rimule, separated from the anter by
two condyles visible in the interior. The ovicell is large, globular, salient: it
completely surrounds the aperture, forming around it a prominent peristomie;
it is formed of a large frontal area surrounded by a salient collar. The median
avicularium is long, very thin, remote from the aperture.
,, f Aa=0.12-0.14 mm. . fZs=0.60-0.70mm
Measurements— Aperture Zooecia] 7 ft Kn
[Za=0.12-0.14 mm. [?2=0.50mm.
Variations. — The beak of the avicularium is very long, thin, and fragile ; it
is only visible on the best preserved specimens (fig. 11) ; on others it has the aspect
of a small triangular pore (fig. 8), but always remote from the aperture and not
salient.
The zooecia with a thick tremocyst are sometimes bordered by a small salient
thread (fig. 8).
The frontal area of the ovicell is fragile ; it often disappears in the process of
fossilization.
The orifice of the ovicelled zooecia is quite variable. The operation of the
operculum appears to be complex. It must be lowered much externally to permit
the extrusion of the tentacles, which ought, moreover, to be very thin. The oper-
culum never closes the ovicell because the outer orifice does not exactly correspond
to its form, but in opening it offer a shelter sufficient for the passage of the eggs.
It is probable also, as in many other Schizoporeltae that it remains closed during
the escape of the larvae.
In figure 8 the reader may note two zooecia which are transformed into inter-
zooecial avicularia analogous to the zooecia of Arthropoma cecilii Savigny-Audouin,
1812-1826, figured in 1890 by Kirkpatrick and which we have reproduced on text
figure 105.
We have observed (fig. 8) a calcified zooecium whose aperture is covered by
the tremocyst.
The median avicularium is the result of the development of an inner bud,
as it is easy to note on inner surfaces.
Affinities. — -This species differs from Metroperiella biplanata, in which zoarium
is also bilamellar, in its much larger instead of very minute tremopores.
It differs from Metroperiella grandipora in its smaller aperture (Za=0.12 mm.
instead of 0.15 mm), its median avicularium, which is very large and remote from
the aperture, and its zoarium, which is bilamellar and not pleurilamellar.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (com-
mon) ; Wilmington, North Carolina (common) ; 3J miles south of Perry, Georgia
(rare).
Cotypes.—Cnt. No. 64066, U.S.N.M.
364 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
METROPERIELLA BIPLANATA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 47, figs. 12-19.
1917. Metroperiella Uplanata CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary
Cheilostome Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 41, pi. 4,
fig. 4.
Description. — The zoarium is free, formed of two flat lamellae, back to back,
and inseparable. The zooecia are much elongated, distinct, fusiform: the frontal
is convex and formed of a tremocyst with numerous very fine pore?. The aperture
is oval, formed of a semilunar anter, and with a wide, rounded rimule. separated
by two inner condyles. The ovicell is hyperstomial, large, globular, salient; it
completely surrounds the aperture, forming about it a very pronounced peristomie,
in which is placed its special orifice; the peristomie is very irregular. The median
avicularium is small, little salient, in the immediate vicinity of the rimule.
fAa=0.16-0.18mm. , f£s=1.00-1.10mm.
Measurements. — Aperture \, 1 . Zooecia f 7 - .,„ - „„
Urt=0.14mm. us= 0.50-0.60 mm.
Variations. — As in the preceding species, the passage of the eggs into the
ovicell is singularly aided by the development of the special peristomie, in which
even the operculum itself is completely concealed when it opens. This operculum
can not open without allowing the water to get into the compensation sac. and in
consequence without extending its tentacles ; it is therefore rather probable, especially
if the larvae are large, that the operculum remains closed during their escape
and that the ovicell is indeed closed by a special operculum, as in ScMzopodrella
(fig. 15).
We have observed some avicularian zooecia, as in Metroperiella porosa and
Metroperiella grandipora.
There are some wide zooecia of 0.65 mm. (fig. 12) and some narrow ones of
0.40 nun (fig. 16). Very frequently the zooecia are margined (figs. 12, 16): we
know that this arrangement has for its object the separation of the ectocyst of the
zoarium for a purpose unknown for these rigid species.
Above many of the zooecia (fig. 16) can be observed a crescent-shaped cicatrix,
the morphological significance of which is unknown to us.
The median avicularium disappears on the ovicelled zooecia.
The closed zooecia (fig. 15) are, perhaps zooecia which have lost their polypide
by accident.
Affinities. — This species differs from MctropericUa porosa, in which the zoarium
is 'also bilamellar, in its tremocyst with numerous and very small pores, its small
avicularium placed quite near the rimule and its larger zooecial dimensions.
It differs from Metroperiella grandipora in its bilamellar zoarium, its tremocyst
with small pores and its long zooecia.
Of all the species of Metroperiella this is the only one in which the zooecial
length may be 1 mm.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington, North
Carolina (very common).
t. No. 62590, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 365
METROPERIELLA ACERVATA, new species.
Plate 48, figs. 1-5.
Description. — The zoarium is formed of many lamellae piled up on one
another, all on the same side; it probably creeps over algae. The zooecia are
distinct, elongated, hexagonal, bordered by a regular, salient thread. The frontal
is little convex, nearly flat, smooth. The aperture is small suborbicular provided
with a vestibular arch, formed of a semilunar anter and of a wide, rounded rimule,
separated by two internal condyles. The ovicell is globular, salient, completely
surrounding the aperture to form around it a peristomie. The median avicularium
is long, thin, much removed from the aperture.
iha=0.1imm. „ . \lz =0.56-0.65 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture , .,_ /ooecia{ T nf...
[to=0.12mm. [Ls—O.tomm.
Affinities. — The characteristic of this species is its smooth and nonporous
frontal ; this is an exception in the genus.
It differs from M etroperiella grandipora, in which the zoarium is also multi-
lamellar in its larger micrometric dimensions and its nonporous frontal.
It differs from M etroperiella porosa, in which the median avicularium is long
and distant from the aperture, in its multilamellar zoarium, its smooth zooecia
and its larger zooecial length (0.75 mm. instead of 0.65-0.70 mm).
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (common);
near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare) ; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina
(rare).
Cotypes.—Cnt. No. 64068, U.S.N.M.
METROPERIELLA LATIPORA, new species.
Plate 47, fig. 20.
Description. — The zoarium is free and formed of two lamellae, back to back
and separable. The zooecia are distinct, polygonal, surrounded by a prominent
thread; the frontal is flat, formed of a tremocyst with small pores. The apertura
is large, transverse, elliptical, provided with a very wide rimule; it is larger and
provided with an elevated peristome in the ovicelled zooecia. The ovicell is lar^e,
salient, globular, somewhat embedded in the distal zooecia, smooth, completely
surrounding the apertura. The median avicularium is distant from the apertura.
long. thin, triangular, very little salient, garnished with a pivot.
f/i,a=0.14mm. - ". "(.£3=0.72 mm.
Z°0eCia|/.r=0.30mm.
Affinities. — This species much resembles the variations in Metroperiella po>«.<,i.
It differs from M. porosa in its larger and transverse apertura (7a=0.17 and
not 0.14 mm.) and in its much wider and not triangular rimule.
Occurrence.— Middle Jacksonian : Rich Hill, Crawford County, Georgia (very
rare) ; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (very rare).
Holotypc.—C-at, No. 64067, U.S.N.M.
366
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genus EMBALLOTHECA Levinsen, 1909.
T.«I:I. Emballothcca LEVINSEN, Morphological and Systematic Studies on the Cheilostomatous
Bryozoa, p. 333.
The ovicell is hyperstomial and opens above the aperture by a wide orifice which
the operculum may close when it opens the aperture. The aperture bears a concave
proximal border and a wide rounded rimule. The operculum has muscular attach-
ments near the border; that of the ovicelled zooecia is larger. The frontal and the
ovicell are covered by the same tremocyst with large pores surmounting a very finely
perforated olocyst.
Genotype. — Emballotheca (Eschara) quadrata MacGillivray, 1880.
Rang e . — Jack-
sonian-Kecent.
The known recent
species of this genus
are:
Em ~b allo theca
(Schizoporella) fur-
cata Busk, 1884.
Emballothrca
(Eschara) quadrata
MacGillivray, 1880.
E mb allo theca
(Lepralia] subii7i-
tiK'i-sd. MacGillivray,
1879.
I *75
D E,x23
FIG. 109. — Genus Emballotheca Levinseii, 1909.
A-D. Emballotheca subimmersa MacGillivray, 1879. A. Zooecia, X 25.
B. Decalcified cell, showing lateral tubular connections of the avicularian
chamber. C. Operculum of ordinary zooecium, X 85. D. Operculum of
ovicelligerous zooecium, X 85. (A-D after Waters, 1889.)
E-I. Emballotheca quadrata MacGillivray, 1880. E. Zooecia, X 23.
Six different zooecia take part in the formation of the ovicell figured.
F. Aperture of zooecium, X 75. G. Operculum of ovicelligerous
zooecium, X 55. H. Operculum of ordinary zooecium, X 55. I. Avicu-
larian mandible, X 75. (E-I after Levinsen, 1909.)
EMBALLOTHECA LATI-
CAPITATA, new species.
Plate 48, fig. 6.
Description. — The
zoarium is free and
bilamellar. The zoo-
ecia are large dis-
tinct, very little elongated, polygonal, enlarged distally; the frontal is convex,
formed of a tremocyst closely united to the subjacent, finely perforated olocyst;
the tremopores are wide and separated by small tuberosities. The aperture is
large, elongated, with a very large, semicircular rimule, with two salient denticles
serving as pivot. The ovicell is enormous, somewhat embedded in the distal zooecia,
globular and salient. Two large, triangular avicularia are placed above the aper-
ture ; their beak is directed toward the medium axis of the zooecia ; they have a
strong calcareous pivot.
Measurements. — Aperture of (Aa=0.25 mm.
ordinary zooecia I Za=0.20 mm.
. . . rAff=0.32mm.
Aperture of ovicelled zooecia , _ 0
I fa =0.30 mm.
. (Zs=0.80mm.
Zooecia-' ^
Uz=0.70mm.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
367
Affinities. — The distal part of the zooecia is often wider than the proximal
part, which gives them the aspect of a broad head.
This species differs from the recent Eniballotlieca quadrata MacGillivray, 1880,
in its smaller micrometric dimensions and the entire absence of a mucro concealing
the rimule.
This is a magnificent species, of which only two specimens have been found.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington, North
Carolina (rare).
Holotype.—Czi, No. 640G9, U.S.N.M.
FIG. 110. Genus Tetraplaria Tenison-Woods, 1S7S.
A. Tetraplaria australis Teuison-Woods, 1878. Zooecia. (After MacGillivray 1895.)
B, C. Tetraplaria (Pollaploccium) yilbcrtcnsis Maplestone, 1909. Zoarium, X 12, and
aperture. (After Maplestone, 1909.)
D-F. Tetraplaria (Arliorclla) dichotoma Osburn, 1914. D. Zooecia. E. Portion of colony,
showing mode of growth. F. Operculum. (D-F after Osburn, 1914.)
Genus TETRAPLARIA Tenison-Woods, 1878.
1878. Tetraplaria TENISON-WOODS, On some Australian Tertiary fossil corals and Polyzoa,
Journal arid Proceedings of the Royal Society New South Wales, vol. 12. p. 61. —
Synonyms PoUnploeciaiii MAPLEKTONE, 1D09, and Arborclta OSBITRN, 1914.
The zoarium is articulated. The zooecia are arranged in pairs, back to back,
facing four ways; the opposite pairs of two sides alternating at right angles with
the other two.
Genotype. — Tetraplaria australis Tenison-Woods. 1878.
The known species of this genus are :
Tetraplaria australis Tenison-Woods, 1878. Fossil.
Tetraplaria (Pollaploccium) gilbertensis Maplestone, 1909. Recent.
Tetraplaria (Arborella) dichotoma Osburn, 1914. Recent. Florida.
Tetraplaria (Cellaria) schreibersi Reuss, 1869. Fossil.
368 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
This genus is purely zoarial. The articulation is only an adaptation to some
special circumstances, particularly to life on large marine algae whose mobility
is very great. It is therefore not astonishing to note some apertures of different
form. On the other hand, the characters of adaptation can very well become fixed
in general descent and transform themselves into essential characters One must
not forget that the bryozoan individual is the zoarium issued directly from the
larva, and not the zooecium, which is only a bud of the aforesaid larva.
In the present case our knowledge of the ovicells and the operculum is of little
importance. It is better, therefore, to admit the genus such as Tenison-Woods
has conceived it.
The genus still exists in the waters off the coast of Florida, which is still
another proof in favor of the continuity of the faunas in the Gulf of Mexico.
TETRAPLARIA TUBERCULATA. new species.
Plate 48, figs. 7-10.
Description. — The zoarium is articulated, the segments are composed of a
dozen zooecia placed back to back, disposed in four series, placed two by two at
right angles. The zooecia are little distinct, elongated, subcylindrical ; the frontal
is convex and formed of a tremocyst with small pores. The aperture is semilunar;
the proximal border is somewhat concave and bears a triangular rimule. On each
margin of the aperture there are two large symmetrical tubercles.
. f/,3=0.12mm.
Measurements.- — Zooecia , „ 1
U3=0.11mm.
Affinities. — In the distinctly schizoporelloid form of its aperture this species
resembles very much Tetraplaria australis Tenison-Woods, 1878.1 It differs
in its nonoblique aperture and the presence of two oral tubercles.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola Eiver, east of
Marianna, Florida (rare).
Cotypes.—Cnt. No. 64070, U.S.N.M.
TETRAPLARIA CAUDIFERA, new species.
Plate 48, figs. 11-14
Description. — The zoarium is articulated ; the segments are formed of four longi-
tudinal rows of alternate zooecia, placed at right angles. The zooecia are distinct,
very elongated, narrowed in the back in the form of a tail; the frontal is convex
and formed of an incomplete tremocyst surrounding a sort of smooth plastron.
The aperture is elongated, elliptical, bearing two small, lateral denticles; there is
a small vestibular arch. On each side of the aperture there are two small, very
simple avicularia without denticle or pivot.
I ha— 0.19mm. . f Zs=1.3-1.5 mm.
Measurements. — Apertures \ 7 Zooecia . „ .„
I ia—0.l?> mm. I /2=0.40 mm.
1 It is to be noted that the figure given by Tenison-Woods 1878, resembles but little the figure of
MacGillivray, 1895. The first is smooth with a lepralioid aperture; the second is punctate with a schizo-
porelloid aperture.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
369
Affinities. — The form of the aperture is rather indeterminate; it is impossible
to say whether this species belongs to the Schizoporellae or to the Hippoporae.
It resembles for this reason Cellaria schreibersi Eeussv 1869, of the Priabonian,
but differs from it in the form of its zooecia, which are very thin in the posterior,
in their great length, and in its incomplete tremocyst.
It differs from Tetraplaria tuberculata, not only in the form of its orifice, but
in the replacement of the two lateral tubercles by two small avicularia.
'i nee.- — Middle Jack-
sonian: Baldock, Barnwell County,
South Carolina (rare).
Cotypes. — Cat. No. 64071,
U.S.N.M.
Genus GEMELLIPORA Smitt, 1872.
1S72. Gem eUipora SMITT, F 1 o r i il a n
Bryozoa, pt. 1, Kongl. Svenska
Vetenskaps-Akaderniens Hanrt-
lingar, vol. 10, No. 11, p. 33.
The opercula are subtriangu-
lar with two small lateral projec-
tions, corresponding with two small
lateral teeth in the apertura; the
muscular attachment is close to the
side of the operculum. The aper-
tura of the ovicelligerous zooecia
differs in shape from that of the
ordinary zooecia, in most species be-
ing wider with a flatter sinus.
(After Waters, 1904.)
Genotype. — Gemellipora gldbra
Smitt, 1872.
Range. — Miocene-Recent.
This genus requires further ex-
amination.
The recent species are :
Gemellipora (Schizoporetta)
triangula Hincks, 1881.
Gemellipora (Lepralia) arrogata Waters, 1879.
Gemellipora (ScMsoporetta) fata MacGillivray, 1882.
Gemellipora glalra Smitt, 1872.
Gemellipora protitsa Thornely, 1905.
The fossil species are:
Gemellipora eler/antissima MacGillivray, 1904.
5589O— -JO— Bull. 106 24
FIG. 111.— Genus Gemellipora Smitt, 1ST-'.
A. Gemellipora r/labra Smitt, 1872. Zoarium, natural
size, and zooecia, enlarged. (After Smitt, 1872. i
B-D. Gemellipora protusa Thornely, 1905. B. Ovi-
celled zooecia, X 25. C. Interior of a zooecium, show-
ing the oral aperture, X 85. D. Operculum, >
(B-D after Waters, 1913.)
E. Gemellipora triangula Hincks, 1SS1. Operculum,
X 85. (After Waters, 1887.)
F. Gemellipora arrogata Waters, 1879. Operculum,
X 85. (After Waters, 1904.)
370
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
""' K V
peristome ^
operculum
-cardelle
-poster
. avicu-
larium
--frontal "*
FIG. 112. — Anatomy of the Hippoporae.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIABY BRYOZOA.
371
FIG. 112. — Anatomy of the Hippoporae.
A-L, N. Hii>i>o<Hi>losia paUasianu Moll, 1S03. A. Sketch showing anatomy. B. Portion of a
longitudinal section in the region of the pharynx. C. Transverse section of a tentacle.
D. Transverse section of the lophophore passing through the orifice of the circular canal.
E. Longitudinal and transverse sections of the vaginal glandular organ. F. Transverse section
of a bryozooid. G. Median sagittal section of an embryo of this species. H. Tangential section
of a multiporous septula. (A-H after Calvet. 1900.)
an, anus;
co, cardiac region of the stomach ;
cal, calotte (terminal bud) :
caec, caecum ;
to, corona ;
cry, cryptocyst (skeleton) ;
ct, tentacular canal ;
(I, vaginal diaphragm ;
dap, deutospermntoblast morula ;
em, rnesenchyrne elements;
c/nii, mesoderinal thickening;
epe, ectodermal thickening;
cst, stomach ;
etc, external tentacular epithelium ;
ep, epiderm of the hypostege;
glv, vaginal glands (=opercular glands of
Waters and Harmer).
mnop, opercular muscles;
ni up, parietal muscles;
mupd, parietal-diaphragm muscles;
mupli, peripharyngeal muscular fibers ;
mupoe, periesophageal muscular fibers;
I-L. Lateral face, ( T ) oral face, I J )
(After Barrels, 1877.)
c, corona ;
ce, cavity between the two branches of the
stomach ;
cd, digestive cavity ;
cst. stomach ;
ft, flagellum ;
ins, oral (labial) mesoderm ;
inupo, parieto- vaginal muscles;
np, peripharyngeal nerves;
or, orifices of the circular canal ;
ocs, esophagus ;
1 1 ca, ovary ;
pc, septule ;
ph, pharynx ;
lilc, communication plates ;
plv, vibratile plume;
jipJr, papilla of vibratile plume;
psp, protospermatoblast morulae ;
py, pylorus ;
re, rectum ;
nn, mesenchyme covering of polypide;
sal, inferior glandular system ;
sf/s, superior glandular system ;
si, internal sac ;
xp, spermatoblast morulae ;
spv, ciliated tritospermatoblast morulae r
tin, mesenchyme;
/r, transverse muscular fibers of the circular
canal
aboral face, (K) dorsal face, (L) of the larva.
o, ciliated cleft.
PL, ciliated plume;
pli, pharynx ;
RV, border of the terminal bud ;
si, separating furrow ;
.«. oral or vestibular face;
rt, terminal bud (=cnlotte of Oalvet).
in i, aboral mesoderm ;
N. Young zooeciurn. The compensatrix I c. s.) is still small. The pores extend around the
distal margin of the operculum. (After Harmer. 1902.)
6 polypide bud ; p. m.. parietal muscles ;
-l, occlusor muscles of operculum; pvm, parieto-vaginal muscles;
opercular glands (=vaginal glands of s. c., compensatrix.
Calvet) ;
M. Ltpralin lintuli/x Jullieu, 1903. Sketch of zooeoium, showing terminology.
372 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Geme.llipora polita MacGillivray, 190-1.
Gemeltipora auriculata Maplestone, 1901.
Under the name of GemdUpom, Sinitt has described two sorts of apertures.
The first species described belongs to the genus Pasythea Lamouroux, 1812. The
orifice of GemcUipora glabra is the one which has been considered as typical. In
1904. Waters gave a list of species of this genus; but it will be necessary to redis-
tribute them into the genera SchizomaveUa and Ti*ypostega.
GEMELLIPORELLA, new genus.
The ovicell is hyperstomial and deeply embedded in the distal zooecium. The
operculum does not close the ovicell and operates in a locella. The form of the
aperture is like a keyhole. The frontal is garnished with lateral areolar pores
and with a granular pleurocyst.
Genotype. — Gemelliporella vorax, new species. Kange : Miocene, Pliocene.
The genus Gcm-cllipora Smitt, 1872, comprised species with both a tremocyst
and a pleurocyst; we group the latter in this new genus. The type species will be
described in a forthcoming volume.
Genus NIMBA Jullien, 1903.
1903. ^'iitibn JULLIEN, Bryozoaires provenant des eampagnes de I'Hirondelle, Monaco, p. 93.
The frontal is smooth or granular. The orifice is semilunar, with a rimule
on the poster which is almost entirely formed of two large cardelles. which the
rimule separates ; the anter is smooth ; the peristome forms a sort of aureola around
the orifice, and the globular ovicell occupies the anterior region of the aureola. The
opening of the ovicell is always closed by the operculum, which must lower itself
to give passage to the larvae. (Translation after Jullien.)
Genotype. — Nimfia praetexta Jullien, 1903. Recent (Azores).
Genus CHARACODOMA Maplestone, 1900.
1900. Characodoma MAPLESTONE, Further descriptions of the Tertiary Polyzoa of Victoria,
pt. 4, Proceedings Iloyal Society of Victoria, vol. 13 (n. s.), pt. 1, p. 7, pi. 2, fig. 17.
" Zoarium in elongated quadrate internodes. Zooecia uniserial on each face
of the zoarium. Apertura ovate with a sharp denticle on each side pointing down-
ward over the lower or distal triangular portion." (Maplestone.)
Genotype. — Characodoma halli Maplestone. 1900. Miocene of Australia.
Group 2. HIPPOPOKAE Canu and Bassler, 1917.
(LEPRALIIDAE Jullien. 1903.)
Anatomical bibliography. — 1865. SMITT, Om Hafs-Bryozocrnas utvekling och fett kroppar Ofver-
sight, Kongl. Veteuskaps-Akadeniiens Forhamllingar, vol. 22. pp. 7, 28, pi. 1, figs. 11, 12; pi. 2,
fig. 1. pi. 5, figs. 20-22. — 1877. BARBIOS, Reeherches sur IVuibryologie des Bryozoaires, Trav.iux
de 1'Institut de Zoologie de Lille, fasc. 1, pi. 7, figs. 9, 13, 17, and 20. — 1900. CALVET, Contribu-
tion a 1'histoire uaturelle des Bryozoaires ectoprocfps marins, Montpellier, pi. 0. — 1903. HARMER,
JMORTH A.\LKi;i( AX KAF.LY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
373
Ou the morphology of the Cheilostimialn, Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, vol.
46, pi. 17.
The classification has been the object of study of Waters in 1898, 1909, and
1913.
The operculum has a projection on each side for muscular attachment: it is
generally thick. The aperture bears two lateral denticles or cardelles- serving as
a pivot for the operculum. The ovicell is always hyperstomial.
A Hippoporma
e
B. Hippoponella
C. Hippo-
menella
D. Hippo-
diplosia
F. Hippadenella
G. Hippoporella
K. Hippozeug-
osella
FIG. 113. — Genera of the subfamily Hippoporae Cauu and Bassler, 1917.
A. Hippo porina porcellana Busk, 1860. Recent.
B. HippoponcUn liippoptis Smitt, 1SG7. Recent.
C. Hippmnenclla mucroncUiforiirix Waters, 1898, X 25. Recent.
P. Hippodiplotiia pallasiana Moll, 3803, X 20. Recent.
E. Hippozeugosella arcuata, new species, X 20. Lower Jacksonian, Jackson, Mississippi.
F. Hippadenella margaritifera Quoy and Gaymard, 1833, X 55. Recent.
G. Hippoporella perforata, new species. X 20, Vicksburgian of Alabama.
The distal part of the aperture is the anter; the proximal part is the poster.
The cardelles separate the porta from the vanna. The porta serves for the passage
of the tentacles. The vanna opens the compensation sac. which becomes filled
during the extrusion of the polypide. We may suppose that the larger the vanna
!-"• the larger the compensation sac must be. and that consequently the polypide
'>e:ir-? more tentacles and that they ore larger.
374
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genus HIPPOPORINA Neviani, 1895.
1895 Hippoporina NEVIANI, Bryozoi fossili della Farnesina Monte Mario presso Roma,
Paleontologia Italica, p. 107.
The operculum is much contracted laterally. The cardelles are very large
and always placed at the bottom of the aperture. The vanna is much smaller than
the porta. The proximal border of the aperture is straight or somewhat concave.
The ovicell is hyperstomial and closed by a special membrane without any connec-
tion with the operculum. The frontal is an olocyst.
Genotype. — Hippoporina (Leprdl-ia) /lori'^llnnn Busk, 1860.
Range. — Daman-Recent.
H -85
I *85
B V '
FIG. 114. — Genus Hippoporina 'Neviani, 1895.
A. Hippoporina Integra Neviaui, 1895. A. Ovicelled and ordinary zooecia, X 25. (After
Neviani, 1900.)
B-E. Hippoporina porcellana Busk, I860. B. Zooecia. (After Smitt, 1872.) C, D. Oper-
cula of same colony, X 85. (After Waters, 1898.) E. Operculum. (After Norman, 1909.)
F, G. Hippoporina collaris Jullien. 1S88. F. Operculum, X 85. (After Waters, 1900.)
G. Operculum. (After Norman, 1909.)
H. Hippoporina elimata Waters, 1887. Operculum, X 85. (After Waters, 1885.)
I. Flustra poissonii Audouin, 1826. Operculum, X 85. (After Waters, 1887.) (Intro-
duced by error.)
The recent species of this genus are :
Hippoporina (Lepralia) porcellana Busk, 1860.
Hippoporina (Lepralia') collaris Jullien, 1888.
Hippoporina (Lepralia) elimata Waters.
The fossil species are :
Hippoporina integra Neviani, 1900.
^.Hippoporina (Lepralia} sulcifera Reuss, 1874.
^Hippoporina (Eschara) conferta Reuss, 1847.
^.Hippoporina (Eschara) delicata Manzoni. 1877.
Hippoporina parvula Canu, 1909.
Hippoporina hexagonalis Canu, 1916.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 375
Historical. — The genus Lepralia was created in 1838 by Johnston for all the
incrusting species in which the frontal was calcined. This conception was followed
by the paleontologists until 1880, when, the zoarial classification having been recog-
nized as poor, Hincks applied the name Lepralia to only those species having
cardelles. At the time that he resurrected this old name he should have followed
the rules of nomenclature, but he did not do so, for under his discussion of
Lepralia he did not include a single one of the species originally placed there by
Johnston. Norman in 1905 suggested that the name Lepralia could be employed
only for the species of which Lepralia (Mcmbraniporella) nitida Johnston is the
type.1
The first species placed under Lepralia by Johnston was L. hyalina (Linnaeus)
which belongs to the earlier described genus Hippothoa Lamarck. Lepralia nitida,
the second species, was therefore selected by Norman as the genotype, but unfortu-
nately this same form had been selected by Smitt as the genotype of Membrani-
porella in 1873.
The paleontologists were much disturbed by the change in meaning' attributed
to the name Lepralia, for the number of fossil species published by Reuss, Busk,
Manzoni, and others was considerable. Moreover, in 1895, Neviani changed the
name of Lepralia, to Hippoporina, employing it in the meaning given by Hincks.
Canu, as a paleontologist, adopted Hippoporina immediately. Waters thought
that it might be employed with restriction. In reality Neviani's genus was not yet
precisely established. Of the three primitive species which he introduced, Eschara.
foliacea Solander, 1786, is of contested generic position, Lepralia palla-siana Moll,
1803, .does not correspond exactly with the definition, and Lepralia adpressa Busk,
1854, has endozooecial ovicells. It is impossible to characterize a genus bv the
examination of a single function (hydrostatic in this case). Fortunately he estab-
lished in 1900 the true characters of the genus Hippoporina, by the publication of a
superb figure of Hippoporina Integra. A fossil species should not be taken as a
genotype if a recent equivalent species can be found. All the species of the first
group of Waters correspond to it exactly, and in this group Lepralia porcellana
may be chosen as type of the genus Hippoporina.
In 1898 Waters thought that the genus Lepralia Hincks, 1880, might be sepa-
rated according to the form of the operculum. His first group was provided with
an operculum much contracted laterally. As mentioned before, it became the genus
Hippoporina. The second group was provided with an operculum with straight
or nearly straight borders. It is not a natural group, and two of the species,'
which Waters included have been chosen as genotypes by ourselves.
HIPPOPORINA MIDWAYANICA, new species.
Plnte 7, figs. 17-19.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts other bryozoa. The zooecia are small,
distinct, ovoid; the frontal is convex and smooth. The aperture bears a circular
1 But this is not an obligation as he claims it is ; rules are not laws. See Norman, 1905, Annals and
Magazine Natural History, ser. 7, vol. 12, p. 99.
376 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
anter separated by two large cardelles from a convex rather large poster; it is
surrounded by an incomplete peristome bearing 6 large spines. The ovicell is
prominent, globular, smooth; it opens above the aperture. The avicularian zooecia
are provided with a long, thin beak rounded at the extremity.
fAfl=0.10mm. . fZs=0.40mm.
Measurements. — Aperturei, n nfr /ooecia<7 A nc _ an
lZa=0.07mm. [Iz=Q.25-O.SO mm.
Affinities. — The avicularian zooecia are very interesting; the beak develops
around the aperture which does not preserve its form. The extensor muscle of
the mandible passes by a sort of very narrow rimule (fig. 19) or by a wider one
(fig. 18).
Such transformations exist in the Celleporidae. Waters noted very similar
avicularian zooecia in Holoporella pigmcntaria Waters, 1909.1
Another interesting peculiarity is the complete absence of dorsal olocyst. easy
to see on the broken zooecia of figure 19. This economy of calcification is rather
frequent on the incrusting species. This new species differs from Hippoporina
lucens and Hippoporina porcellan-a Busk, 1860 (=Lepralia cleidostoma Smitt,
1872), in the presence of avicularian zooecia and the absence of frontal avicularia.
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 63824, U.S.N.M.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : One mile west of Fort Gaines,
Georgia (rare).
HIPPOPORINA LUCENS, new species.
Plate 48, figs. 15-17.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are small, distinct,
ovoid; the frontal is smooth, convex, polished. The aperture is elongated; the
almost circular anter is separated by two large cardelles from a poster rather wide
and straight. The ovicell is globular, salient, smooth; it is hyperstomial and opens
above the aperture by an arched crescent shaped slit. The avicularium is very
salient; its mandible is nearly perpendicular to the zooecial plane: it has a cal-
careous pivot.
JAa=0.10-0.12 mm. . fZs=0.36-0.40mm.
Measurements. — Aperture i, n nn _ ., Zooecia,
Ua=0.09-0.10 mm. jfe=0.20-0.2J: mm.
Variations. — The avicularium is very inconstant; it does not exist on all
zooecia; its rupture causes the formation of an irregular cavity (fig. 15). The
ovicell is formed of two calcareous lamellae perfectly distinct when broken (fig.
17). The frontal also becomes covered with a more or less granulated calcareous
deposit (figs. 15, 16) of the origin of which we are ignorant.
Affinities. — This species is very close to Hippoporina cleidostoma Smitt, 1872
(=H. porcettana, Busk, 1860), which is still living in the regions of Madeira and
Florida. It differs from it in the position and form of its avicularium and the
much smaller width of its aperture (0.09-0.10 mm. instead of 0.10-0.13 mm. men-
1 Reports on the Marine Biology of the Sudanese Red Sea, XII, Journal I.innean Society, vol. 31, p. 16H,
pi. 17, flg. 22.
l^OKTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 377
tioned by Smitt). This biologic persistence through the ages proves the constancy of
the oceanic areas in the Tertiary period. Moreover, the recent species having
been discovered fossil in the European Miocene proves that the great equatorial
current already existed around the Sargasso Sea.
This species differs from Hippoporina biporosa in a single ventral avicularium
(instead of two oral avicularia), and in a longer aperture (7wz=0.10 mm. instead
of 0.08 mm.).
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : West bank Sepulga Eiver;
Escambia County, Alabama (rare) ; Alachua, Florida (very rare) ; Bainbridge,
Georgia (very rare).
Vicksburgian (Byram marl) : Byram, Mississippi (rare).
Vicksburgian (" Chimney rock " of Marianna limestone) : One mile north of
Monroeville, Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.—CiLt. Nos. 64073, 64074, U.S.N.M.
HIPPOPORINA BIPOROSA, new species.
Plate 49, figs. 1-3.
Descnption. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa. The zooecia are small, distinct,
ovoid; the frontal is convex and smooth. The aperture is small and elongated; the
anter nearly circular, is separated by two large cardelles from a poster wide and
straight. The ovicell is globular and salient; it is hyperstomial and opens above
the aperture. There are one or two small, lateral avicularia placed on the side
of the aperture.
fAa=0.
Affinities. — This species differs from Hippoporina lucens and Ilippoporina
cleidostoma in the position of its small oral avicularia disposed on each side of the
aperture.
. Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington, North
Carolina.
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 64076, U.S.N.M.
HIPPOPORELLA, new genus.
The operculum is much contracted laterally. The cardelles are large. The
vanna is much smaller than the porta. The proximal border of the apertura is
somewhat concave. The, ovicell is hyperstomial and never closed by the oper-
culum. The frontal is bordered by areolar pores.
Genotype. — Hippoporella perforate,, new species.
Range. — Jacksonian-Recent.
The presence of the areolar pores and of an almost smooth pleurocyst differ-
'entiates this genus from Hippoporina Neviani, 1895. The pleurocyst of the ovicell
is formed of 3 pieces which are often visible on the fossils.
378 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
HIPPOPORELLA MULTILAMELLOSA. new species.
Plate 48, figs. 18-22.
Description. — The zoarium is free and forme'd of many lamellae superposed
on the same side; the base in contact with the subjacent algae presents some hexa-
gonal zooecia striated transversely and sometimes perforated. The zooecia are
distinct, hexagonal, separated by a very salient thread; the frontal is smooth,
convex, ornamented with some lateral areolae. The aperture is elongated; the
anter is almost circular and separated by two very salient cardelles from a poster
rectilinear exteriorly and concave interiorly. The ovicell is large, globular, salient,
imbedded in the distal zooecia; it opens above the aperture and can not be closed
by the operculum. The avicularium is large, transverse, without pivot; it is placed
on the frontal irregularly.
Measurements.— Aperture JAa=0.13 mm. „ . f £3=0.50 mm.
(exterior) Ua=0.10-0.11 mm. Us=0.35-0.40 mm.
Variations. — In the interior (fig. 21) the two cardelles are represented by
two transverse condyles, somewhat salient. The avicularium is most character-
ized by its mandible lodged in a calcified area, spatulate in form and of little depth ;
the orifices which serve as passage for the retractor and extensor muscles of the
mandible are separated or joined together. The frontal is a compact olocyst per-
forated simply by some lateral areolae.
Affinities. — In its exterior aspect and its multilamellar zoarium, this species
may be confounded with Dalcaria brevis. It differs from the latter in its aperture,
of which the anter is rectilinear, in its hexagonr,! and much larger zooecia and in
its ovicell imbedded in the distal zooecia.
It differs from Hippoporella perforata in its smaller micrometric measure-
ments and in its inferior face, where all the zooecia are not regularly perforated.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (common).
Cotypes.—Cnt. No. 64075, U.S.N.M.
HIPPOPORELLA PERFORATA, new species.
Plate 86. figs. 7-13.
Description. — The zoarium creeps on algae forming orbicular lamellae, free
and irregular. The zooecia are hexagonal, very little elongated, distinct, sep-
arated by a furrow ; the frontal is smooth and convex : it is an olocyst perforated
laterally by some large areolae. The aperture is semilunar, transverse; two deep
cardelles separate a large anter from a small rectilinear poster. The ovicell is
very large, imbedded in the distal zooecium and is hyperstomial. It opens above the
aperture by a large opening without connection with the operculum. On the lower
face of the zoarium the zooecia are convex, hexagonal, perforated in front of the
aperture by a round pore, and striated transversely. The ancestrula is membrani-
poroid.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 379
, "_ I /.s =0.48-0.50 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture) ' Zooecia 1 7.3=0.35 mm. (lower face)
1 7<7.=0.08 mm. . N
I 0.40mm. (upper face)
Variation*. — The exterior surface of a zoarium creeping on the roots of algae
is naturally larger than the surface in immediate contact with the substratum.
When the calcification is intense and the walls thick, the micrometric difference
for each zooecinm becomes perceptible, as we have established in this species. The
number of lateral areolae is about six; they are frequently above the aperture;
their place is inconstant, in no wise regular. The orbicular zoarium contains at
the center some zooecia somewhat different; they are erect and ornamented with
a large auriculated vibraculum; they arise from the exaggerated development of
one of the areolae (fig. 11). The perforations of the lower face of the zoarium
serve probably as a passage for radical fibers ; they are often surrounded by hollow,
hydrostatic tubcrosities (fig. 13). The tangential section (fig. 10) shows that the
olocystal elements of the frontal wall are grouped in lines radiating from the
aperture toward the areolae; perhaps a very compact pleurocyst covers the olocyst.
Hippomenella radicata, and SchizoporeUa geminopora Eeuss, 1847, have also
some radicular pores on their lower face, but they belong to different genera easy
to differentiate.
This species differs from Hippoporella multilamettosa in its unilamellar and
orbicular zoarium, in the absence of a separating salient thread, in the constant
presence of the pores, and in its transverse aperture.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Glendon member of Marianna limestone) : West
bank of Conecuh Eiver, Escambia County. Alabama (common).
Cotypes.—C-At. No. 64272, U.S.N.M.
HIPPOPONELLA, new genus.
The operculum is contracted laterally. The ovicell is hyperstomial and
always closed by the operculum. The frontal is bordered with areolar pores.
Genotype. — Hippoponella (Lepralia} hippopus Smitt, 1867. Eecent.
Genus HIPPOMENELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Ilippomenella CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Eary Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 41.
The aperture bears two small cardelles placed very low and separating a large
porta from a small vanna; it is always semielliptical (in the interior). The
ovicell, hyperstomial, is deeply imbedded in the distal zooecia ; it opens by a large
opening above the aperture, but it is never closed by the operculum. The frontal
is formed of an olocyst perforated laterally by some areolae and supporting a
pleurocyst more or less developed. The ovicell bears laterally two areas in the
form of a lunar crescent and more or less perforated. There are nearly always
spines and some avicularia.
Genotype. — Hippomenella (Lepralia} mucronelliformis Waters, 1899.
Range. — Lutetian-Becent.
380
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The species belonging to this genus are :
Hippomenella (Mucronella) perforate/, Maplestone, 1902. Recent, Australia.
IHippomenella (Lepralia) pcrlstomata Waters, 1899. Recent, Madeira.
Hippomenella (Lepralia) miicronelliformis Waters, 1899. Recent. Madeira.
E F G
FIG. 115. — Genus Hipixjfinnclla, new genus.
hippopus Smitt, 1S67. A. Ordinary zooecia, magnified. B. Upper part of a
xooeduni, showing the aperture and two triangular hinge teeth. C. Zooecia with ovate avicu-
laria. D. Zooecia and zooecia with sutural lines. E-H. Opercula. (A— G after Levinsen. 1916;
H after Waters.)
Hippomenella (Petmlia) convene/ Canu. 1013. Lutetian.
Hippomenella (Petralia) mucronata Canu. 1913. Lutetian.
Hippomenella (Lepralia) semilevis Reuss. 1869. Priabonian.
This genus, of which we describe 15 new species, is a very natural one; the
examination of our plates reveals no aberrant type. Un-
fortunately, on account of an extraordinary polymor-
phism, the determinations are exceedingly difficult, and
the classification of these species has given us great
trouble.
A singular anomaly is the disappearance of the
genus in the recent waters off Florida, where no species
has been cited by Smitt in 1872, or by Osburn in 1914. In
Europe the genus made its first appearance in the Lute-
tian in the vicinity of Bordeaux; it occurs fossil in the
Priabonian, and it still exists at Madeira. It is correct
to say that it is extremely rare, for only the type of
Waters species exists in the Funchal Museum.
This genus is intermediate between Hippoporina
Neviani, 1895, and Peristomella Levinsen. 1902; it con-
tains some species which in their exterior aspect have exactly the appearance of
species of the latter genus, but they are provided with cardelles.
A v25
FIG. 116. — Genus Hippomen-
ella Canu and Bassler, 1917.
A, B. Hippomenella mucro-
nelliformis Waters, 1898. A.
Zooecium with its avicularia
and areolae, X 25. B. Oper-
culum, x 85. (A, B after
Waters, 1S9S.)
NORTH AMERICAN' EARLY TERTIARY BKYOZOA.
381
This is truly an American genus and it furnishes us with many important
>trati graphic data, as noted in the table below:
distribution, species of Hippomenella.
Lower
Jackson-
ian.
Middle
Jackson-
ian.
Upper
Jufksnn-
Vioks-
burgian.
HippomeneUa rotula, new species
Hippontcnclla transrcrsatti. new specie .
Hippomttitll'i ttngn.ft'itiit.'!, new species..
Hippomcinll' inco < Hi > . aew s]u> ics
HippomfticU'i captiimortis, new species..
Hipimnittull'l cnstitlttti, new species
Hippomt iii ll'i alifcni, ne\v species
Ilipftoinftnll'i nitUf.'r i. new species
Hif.>l.iowt in !h transversora, new species .
Hifi/tonninll'i punijmx. now species
HippomeneUa i»inct<tt'i, new species
Hipponnndl'i (iffulata, new species
flippant t:n i. llu tnhtrosn, new species
Hippomcncll'i ariculat'i, new species. . ..
HippomfncUa crassicoHis, new species...
Thus the lower Jacksonian is characterized by Hippomenella rotula alone ; the
middle Jacksonian by Hippomenella tran&versata, H. angustaedes, H. Hgulata, H.
axiculata, and H. tubcrosa; the upper Jacksonian by no species. The Vicksburgian
is characterized by H. capitimortis, H. costulata, E. transversora and H.
H. roiTienl,!. and H. alifcra range through the entire Jacksonian.
Group 1. ZOARIUM BILAMELLAR.
HIPPOMENELLA ROTULA, new species.
Plate 49. figs. 4-14.
Description. — The zoarium is free, formed by two lamellae, back to back, and
inseparable. The fronds are flat or undulating and may measure 2 centimeters in
length. The zooecia are distinct, very elongated, fusiform; the frontal, little con-
vex and smooth, is garnished laterally with a double row of areolae much crowded.
The aperture is elliptical (in the interior) ; it presents exteriorly a mucronoid
convexity very salient on its proximal border; there are two very small cardelles.
The ovicell is large, globular, salient, much imbedded in the distal zooecia; the
two lateral areas bear three of four large cavities separated by radial projections.
The avicularia are small, inconstant, placed laterally below the aperture, provided
with a pivot, and with a triangular beak directed toward the base. No spines.
J/- asurements. — Aperture f#a=0.l7 mm.
(interior) u<z=0.15 mm.
Vnriiitions, — The micrometric variations are extraordinary; they vary from
one to two times. There are sometimes narrow zooecia (fig. 5), again there are
wide zooecia (fig. C), and often giant zooecia (fig. 7). The avicularia are absent
(fig. 5) or present (figs. 7-9),- generally small. The mucronoid convexity is promi-
neiit (fig. 5) or absent (fig. 7). The cavities and the pores of the ovicell are
variable in size and in position (figs. 7. 8).
. fZ3=0.60-1.00mm.
Zooecia!/,=0.40-0.50mm.
382 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
In the interior (fig. 10) the olocyst is in juxtaposition with a tremocyst with
tubular pores; the areolae are therefore of the same nature as the tremopores. The
olocyst in the upper part of the frontal is covered with a pleurocyst in which the
elements are oriented toward the mucro according to rule (fig. 11).
Figure 4 represents a monstrosity in which an abnormal bud has caused the
formation of inverted zooecia; these monstrosities may moreover be perfectly
oriented but superposed upon other zooecia. This kind of gemmation, which is
here only a monstrosity, is, on the contrary, the rule in the Celleporidae.
Affinities. — This species differs from Hippomenella arigustaedes in its aper-
ture, which is not elliptical exteriorly, in its zoarium of large spreading fronds,
and in the absence of oral spines.
It differs from Hippomenella incondita in the pores of its ovicell, which are
larger, less numerous, and more regularly disposed.
It differs from Hippomenella capitimortis in its ovicell with many pores
(instead of two diaphragmed pores).
It differs from Hippomenella costulata in the absence of fine costules on the
ovicell and in its much smaller avicularia.
It differs from all the other Hippomenellae save //. fransversata in its broad
bilamellar zoarium. In the latter species the avicularia are oriented transversally.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (very
common).
C'otypes.—Cnt. No. 64077, U-S.N.M.
HIPPOMENELLA TRANSVERSATA, new species.
Plate 49. figs. 15-17.
Description. — The zoarium is bilamellar. The zooecia are elongated, distinct,
elliptical; the frontal is little convex and garnished laterally by a double or triple
row of triangular areolae separated by very short costules. The apertura is some-
what elongated, elliptical; two very small cardelles separate a large anter from
a somewhat smaller poster. The avicularia are placed symmetrically on each side
of the apertura; they are small, triangular and oriented almost transversal! i/.
JA«=0.18mm. . fZs=0.80-lmm.
Measurements. — Apertura, A1,, Zooecia<7
lte=0.16mm. 1/3=0.60 mm.
Affinities. — Unfortunately we have no knowledge of the ovicell of this species,
but the peculiar disposition of the avicularia is absolutely characteristic and almost
unique in the genus.
The species differs from Hippomenella transversora, in which avicularia are
in the same place, in the triangular form of the avicularia and in the absence of
the large oral mucro.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington, North
Carolina (rare).
Cotypcs.—Ca,t. No. 64078, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 3»3
HIPPOMENELLA ANGUSTAEDES, new species.
Plate 49, figs. 18, 19.
Description. — The zoarium is free and formed of two lamellae, back to back,
and inseparable; the fronds are of little width, flabellate, and do not contain more
than six longitudinal rows of zooecia. The zooecia are elongated, distinct, oval;
the frontal is convex, smooth, and garnished with a double lateral row of areolae,
numerous and small. The aperture is elliptical, elongated, divided into equal parts
by two cardelles; the peristome very little salient, bears 4 to 6 large distal spines.
The avicularia are placed laterally in the vicinity of and below the aperture ; they
have a pivot and their triangular beak is directed downward ; they are never equal
in size.
,, ffl<z=0.16mm. . 1 7.2=0.70-0.80 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture i7 „..,. ZooeciaX .,
I /0=0.12 mm. 1 7?=0.46 mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Hippomenella transversata in its smaller
micrometric measurements (Zs<0.80 mm.) and in its lower placed avicularia.
which are larger and more oblique.
It differs from Hippomenella incondita in its much smaller avicularia and
its orifice exteriorly elliptical and not semilunar.
It differs from Hippo?nenella capitimortis in the size of its avicularia and in
its aperture exteriorly elliptical (and not semilunar).
It differs from Hippomenella costiilata in its avicularia placed lower and
with a beak turned downward (and not laterally) and in the presence of oral spines.
It differs from Hippomcnclla rotula in its narrow fronds and its elliptical
aperture garnished with spines.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (rare).
Holotype.—C&i. No. 64079, U.S.N.M.
HIPPOMENELLA INCONDITA, new species.
Plate 50, figs 1-8.
Description. — The zoarium is free, formed of two lamellae, back to back, and
inseparable; the fronds are wide, irregular, and undulated. The zooecia are dis-
tinct, somewhat elongated, elliptical, swollen; the frontal is convex and garnished
laterally with a double row of large areolae. The aperture is exteriorly semi-
lunar; the proximal border has a very convex mucronoid protuberance. The ovicell
is hyperstomial, salient, globular, much imbedded in the distal zooecia, never closed
by the operculum, very irregularly punctate. The avicularia are placed laterally
on the line of the areolae. close to and somewhat below the aperture; they are
small, little prominent, and their beak is directed downward. No spines.
Measurements.— Aperture I £a=0.13 mm. „ . |Zs=0.75-0.90mm.
(exterior) |?a=0.15 mm. 173=0.24-0.25 mm.
Variations.— The zooecia are long (fig. 2) or short (fig. 3). The punctations
of the ovicell are very irregular (figs. 5-7) and rarely (fig. 6) it is possible to
384 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
?ee two lateral primitive areas. The lateral avicularia are rarely wanting (fig. 2) :
we have observed (fig. 4) an inexplicable case of an avicularian monstrosity. The
zooecia apparently never have spines; however, our figure 3 presents some traces
of them.
Affinities. — This species differs from Hippomenella angustaedes and from Hip-
pomenella transversata in its aperture exteriorly semilunar (and not elliptical)
with mucronoid convexity.
It differs from Hipp <omen ella rotula, from Hippomenella capitimortis. and
from Hippomenella costulata in the extremely irregular punctations of its ovicell.
It differs from all other Hippomenellae in its bilamcllar zoarium.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Rich Hill, 5J miles south of Knoxville,
Georgia (very common) ; 3J miles south of Perry, Georgia (common) ; 18 miles west
of Wrightsville, Georgia (rare) ; 17 miles northeast of Hawkinsville, Georgia (com-
mon) ; 3^ miles north of Grovania, Georgia (common) ; Twiggs County, Georgia
(several localities) ; 12 miles southeast of Marshallville, Georgia (common) ; near
Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare) ; Baldock, Barnwell County. South Carolina
(rare) ; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (common).
Jacksonian (Zouglodon bed) : Suck Creek, Clarke County, Mississippi (rare) ;
Shubuta, Mississippi (very rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. Nos. 64080-64082, U.S.N.M.
HIPPOMENELLA CAPITIMORTIS, new species.
Plate 85, figs. 17, 18.
Description. — The zoarium is free, lamellar, formed of two lamellae, back
to back, and inseparable. The zooecia are large, elongated, elliptical, or oval ; the
frontal is convex, smooth, garnished laterally with a double row of numerous
areolae. The orbicular aperture (in the interior) is exteriorly formed of a semi-
lunar anter and of a very convex and mucronoid poster. The ovicell is hyper-
stomial, embedded in the distal zooecia ; the two lateral areas are perforated by a
very large pore in part occupied by a denticle shaped like the head of a lance.
The avicularia are absent or very small.
Measurements. — Aperture (7uz=0.20 mm. „ . /Zs=0. 70-0.90 mm.
(exterior) Ua=0.15-0.18 mm. ia l?3=0.45-0.55 mm.
Variations. — The rows of areolae are often three in number; on certain parts
of the zooecia they have thus the aspect of tremopores. The small avicularia
develop in the place of an areola ; they are placed at a distance from the aperture ;
they have a pivot and there is only one to each zooecium. The ovicell is very
characteristic; it gives the zooecium the vague aspect of a death's head. We are
absolutely ignorant of the physiologic use of the large perforations and of the little
tongue in the form of a head of a lance which they contain.
Affinities. — This species much resembles Hippomenella semilevis Eeuss, 1869. of
the Priabonian. It differs from it in the presence of the little tongue in the pores
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 385
of the ovicell, in its convex anter and in the absence of the large vibraculum which
according to Waters develops at the side of the aperture in the European species.
The ovicell of this species is very characteristic, but unfortunately it is very
rare; in its absence the determination offers some difficulties. It resembles con-
siderably HippomcneUa rotula, but differs in the larger aperture (Aa=0.20mm.
instead of 0.15 mm. exteriorly) and in the small avicularium placed much lower.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : West bank of Conecuh
River, Escambia County. Alabama (common) ; Salt Mountain, 5 miles south of
Jackson, Alabama (common) ; Murder Creek, east of Castlebury, Conecuh County,
Alabama (common) ; near Claiborne, Monroe County, Alabama (common) ; deep
well, Escambia County, Alabama.
C'otypes.—Cat. Nos. 64267, 64268, U.S.N.M.
HIPPOMENELLA COSTULATA, new species.
Plate 86, figs. 14-19.
Description. — The zoarium is free, more or less cylindrical, most often com-
posed of six longitudinal rows of zooecia. The zooecia are elongated, distinct, oval,
separated by a furrow ; the frontal is very convex, finely granulated, surrounded by
a single line of small triangular areolae, separated by some short, interareolar
costules. The aperture is little elongated and suborbicular in the interior; on
the exterior it shows a proximal lip more or less convex and salient ; the peristome
bears 4 to 6 spines. The ovicell is hyperstomial, much imbedded in the distal
zooecia, garnished with two perforated areas with a large pore and radial costules.
The avicularia placed on each side of the aperture are disposed obliquely or trans-
versally; they are prominent, subtriangular, and are provided with a pivot.
Measurements. — Aperture [Aa=0.15 mm. . \Lz -=0.65-0. 75 mm.
Zooecia
(exterior) I 7a=0.15 mm. lfe=0.40-0.45 mm.
Variations. — The two large pores of the ovicell are often divided into two
parts by a small tongue or by an internal crossbar (fig. 17) : the costules are some-
times altered (figs. 18. 19). The proximal lip of the aperture becomes sometimes
a veritable mucro (fig. 19). The interareolar costules are attenuated (figs. 15, 16)
or very complete (fig. 18). The avicularia are constant and symmetrical. The
zoarium may have more than six rows of zooecia (fig. 19) and even be incrusting.
Affinities. — In its ovicell this species approaches Hippomenella capitimortis ;
it differs from it in the presence of the costules on the ovicell, the greater length
of the avicularia and their lateral place on the side of the aperture, and the pres-
ence of a single row of areolae (instead of two).
It differs from Hippomenella rotula in its nonlamelliform zoarium. its some-
what larger oral dimensions, the finer costules of its ovicell, and the presence of
spines.
It differs from Hippomenclla angustacdes in its transversal or very oblique
avicularia (and not almost longitudinal), in their symmetry and a single row of
areolae.
55899—19— Bull. 106 25
386 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (".Chimney rock " of Marianna limestone) : One
mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (very common).
Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : Seven and one-half miles southwest from
Bladen Springs, Alabama (common).
Cotypes.—C&t. No. 64273, U.S.N.M.
Group 2. ZOARITJM TJNILAMELLAR (Semieschara).
HIPPOMENELLA ALIFERA, new species.
Plate 50, figs. 9-18.
Description. — The zoarium is unilamellar and creeps over algae. On the inner
face in contact with the substratum the zooecia are convex, hexagonal, formed of
an olocyst covered by a pleurocyst and often ornamented by hydrostatic tuberosi-
ties. The zooecia are elongated, distinct, hexagonal or oval ; the frontal is convex,
smooth, surrounded by two or three rows of small and numerous areolae. The
aperture is elliptical, elongated; the peristome very little salient, bears six large
spines; two small cardelles separate a large anter from a smaller poster. The
ovicell very large, very prominent, globular, and smooth, is hyperstomial and little
embedded in the distal zooecia : a small median nerve separates the two areas. The
avicularia are very large and salient : they are placed below and close to the aper-
ture; their beak is triangular and directed obliquely toward the bottom; they have a
calcareous pivot.
|A.a=0.18-0.20mm. . [7^=0.70-0.80 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture , ni Zooecia 7 _ .,. _ „.
[7(7=0.14— 0.16mm. 162=0.40-0.60 mm.
Variations. — This species represents the height of polymorphism; there is not
a single specimen comparable with another and not a single zooecium resembles its
neighbor.
The areolae are often disposed in two or three rows (figs. 10, 13). sometimes
spreading over all the frontal (fig. 11) and becoming true tremopores. The avicu-
laria may be short and unsymmetrically disposed (fig. 10), but are generally very
large and very salient, like extended wings (figs. 11, 14). The ovicells, globular
(fig. 13) or pyriform (fig. 11), are almost always smooth.
The lower face of the zoarium is smooth (fig. 15) ; each dorsal is formed of
two separable calcareous layers (fig. 16), a pleurocyst on an integral olocyst; the
hydrostatic tuberosities are rare but may become very large (fig. 17). The zoa-
rium may be incrusting.
In the interior the apertura shows a porta larger than the vanna, separated
by two cardelles (fig. 8).
Affinities. — Its smooth ovicells and large avicularia characterize this species
rather well. It differs from Hippomenella radicata in its larger aperture, its
smooth ovicell, it avicularia symmetrically disposed, and in its dorsal not regularly
perforated.
It differs from HippomeneUa transversata in its elongated aperture (and not
transverse) , in its more salient avicularia and more than two rows of lateral areolae.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 387
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Wilmington, North Carolina (very com-
mon) ; S\ miles south of Pcrr}'. Georgia (rare) ; 3£ miles north of Grovania. Georgia
(very rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Alachua, Florida (rare) ; West bank of
Sepulga River, Escambia County, Alabama (rare).
Jacksonian (Zeuglodon zone) : Shubuta, Mississippi (rare).
Cotypes.—G&t. No. 64083, U.S.N.M.
HIPPOMENELLA RADICATA, new species.
Plate 50, figs. 19-24.
Description. — The zoarium is unilamellar and creeps over algae; the lower
face presents some elongated zooecia, smooth or striated transversallv and regularly
perforated by a radicular ( ?) pore, The zooecia are elongated, distinct, oval, sepa-
rated by a furrow; the frontal is smooth, convex, garnished laterally by a double
row of triangular areolae often separated by short pleurocystal costules. The
aperture is elongated, elliptical, provided with two very small cardelles; it is
surrounded by a peristome little salient, garnished with 6 large spines; there is a
vestibular arch. The ovicell is globular, salient, hyperstomial, embedded in the
distal zooecia, never closed by the operculum ; the two areas are smooth or punctate.
The avicularia are placed below the aperture ; they are salient, triangular, the beak
pointed toward the bottom, rarely symmetrical.
,, [M=0.16mm. „ . fZ0=0.70mm.
measurements. — Aperture \ 7 n .. Zooecia , ~ 0
Ua=0.14 mm. 1^=0.36-0.40 mm.
Variations. — The areas of the ovicell are not always visible and are replaced
by punctations (fig. 20). Of the two avicularia there is one almost always larger
than the other; nevertheless symmetry is possible (fig. 22). The dorsal perforation
is placed just below the aperture; it corresponds perhaps to some radicells as in
the genus Petralia MacGillivray, 1881, it is rather constant ; nevertheless we have
some specimens which are deprived of it. The interareolar costules are absent or
accentuated (fig. 21).
Schizoporella geminipora Reuss, 1867, and Hippoporina perforata are also
provided with pores on the under side as in the genus Petralia MacGillivray. 1881.
But the nature of their ovicell, never closed by the operculum, does not permit
their arrangement in this genus.
Affinities. — This species differs from Hippomenella alifera in its less promi-
nent and nonsymmetrically placed avicularia, in its larger interareolar costules. its
smaller micrometric dimensions, and in its dorsal radicular pores.
It differs from Hippomenella tra.mversora in its elongated aperture (and not
transverse) and in the absence of a labial convexity at the aperture.
It differs from Hippomenella punctata in which the ovicell is porous in its
smaller micrometric dimensions (=0.70 mm. and not 1.00 mm.) and in its free
and nonincrusting zoarium.
388 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (com-
mon).
Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington, North Carolina
(common).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Alachua, Florida (very rare).
Cotypes.—C&t. Nos. 64084, 64085, U.S.N.M.
HIPPOMENELLA TRANSVEESORA, new species.
Plate 86, figs. 20-24.
Description. — The zoarium is unilamellar and creeps over algae or incrusts
Orbitoides. The zooecia are elongated, distinct, ovoid; the frontal is convex, sur-
rounded by a double row of triangular areolae separated by short costules. The
aperture is transverse exteriorly; the peristome is complete and bears six distal
spines and a salient, proximal mucro. The ovicell is globular, prominent, hyper-
stomial, embedded in the distal zooecia, never closed by the operculum; the two
lateral areas are small and each is perforated with a large pore. The avicularia
are small, transverse, triangular, placed below the aperture on the line of areolae.
The ancestrula is a small zooecium. Three large lateral septules.
r/ia=0.12mm. . i £3=0.80-0.90 mm.
Mcasurements.-Aperturz j fa=(U4_0 16 ^ Zooecialz3=0.40-0.44 mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Hippomenella alifera and Hippomenella
radicata in its transverse aperture and in the presence of an oral mucro. Its greater
affinities arc with Hippomenella costulata, from which it differs in its transverse
aperture, its much-developed mucro, the more constant presence of the spines, and
in its lamellar zoarium.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : West bank of Conecuh
River, Escambia County, Alabama (rare) ; 1 mile north of Monroeville, Alabama
(very rare) ; Murder Creek, east of Castlebury, Conecuh County, Alabama (very
rare) .
Cotypes.—C&t. Nos. 64274, 64275, U.S.N.M.
HIPPOMENELLA PUNGENS, new species.
Plate 87, figs. 1-4.
Description. — The zoarium is free, unilamellar, creeping over algae. The
zooecia are regular, hexagonal, very little elongated, separated by a furrow. The
frontal is finely granulated, convex, surrounded by a double row of numerous very
small areolae. The aperture is in the form of a horseshoe and is provided very
inferiorly with two small cardelles; the anter is very large and the poster is small
and slightly concave; the peristome is thin and bears four small distal spines.
The ovicell is hyperstomial, globular, salient, embedded in the distal zooecia; it
bears superiorly some costules more or less prominent and inferiorly two areas
perforated by a large pore. The avicularia are small, triangular, symmetrically
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIAKY BRYOZOA. 389
disposed below the aperture. On the lower face, the zooecia are smooth, convex
and ornamented with numerous small hydrostatic prickles.
,, |A«=0.23mm. „ . [7,3=0.75-0.85 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture \ , .1tr /ooecia , -„_ „ orv
Ua=0.17mm. lfe=0.65-O.SOmin.
Affinities. — This is the species which has the most resemblance to the type
of the genus Hippomenella mucronclliformis Waters, 1899. from Madeira as much
in its frontal as in the form of its aperture. It differs from it in its much larger
aperture (7i«=0.23 and not 0.16 mm.), in its avicularia of the same size, in the
absence of a small oral mucro, and in its hydrostatic prickles.
It differs clearly from the other species of Hippomenella in the hexagonal form
of the zooecia.
The frontal is formed of a very thin pleurocyst (fig. 4). very distinct from the
subjacent olocyst, from which it may be separated.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian ("Chimney rock" of Marianna limestone) : One
mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (very common).
Cotypes.—Q.*.\. No. 64278, U.S.N.M.
Group 3. ZOARIUM INCRTJSTING.
HIPPOMENELLA PUNCTATA, new species.
Plate 51, figs. 1-3.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts" shells and bryozoa, especially the Celle-
pores. The zooecia are distinct, very elongated, fusiform, separated by a furrow;
the frontal is convex, smooth in the middle, surrounded by a double row of small
areolae and formed of an olocyst surmounted by a distinct pleurocyst. The aper-
ture is elliptical, elongated, provided with two small cardelles placed very low;
the peristome is thin and garnished with six distal spines. The ovicell is globular,
salient, little imbedded in the distal zooecia, never closed by the operculum; the
lateral areas almost disappear under a tremocyst, which has numerous small pores
in quincunx. The avicularium is small, salient, triangular, placed eccentrically
before the aperture ; it is provided with a pivot and its beak is pointed downward.
f^a— 0.18-0.20 mm. . f £3=0.80-0.90 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture , ,,... «.,- Zooecia {, „„_ ,,._
Ua=0.14—0.15 mm. 1/3=0.35-0.45 mm.
Affinities. — It is easy to understand in this species the deposit of the pleuro-
cyst, the elements of which begin to be deposited around the areolae. The buds
of the internal endocyst of which the areolae are the traces, reunite by coalescence
1o form a superior endocyst and continue therefore to be able to secrete and deposit
the pleurocyst.
This species differs from Hippomenella rotula in the presence of its spines, its
ovicell with small pores and not with large costules, and its zoarium incrusting and
not bilamellar.
It differs from Hippomenella radicata in its larger dimensions, its ovicell with
pores more numerous and smaller, its unique avicularia and its zoarium incrusting
and not unilamellar.
390 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
It differs from the other incrusting species in the entire absence of oral mucro.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (com-
mon ) .
Middle Jacksonian: Eighteen miles west of Wrightsville, Georgia (very rare) ;
Rich Hill, 5£ miles southeast of Knoxville, Georgia (rare) ; one-half mile south-
east of Georgia Kaolin Co. Mine, Twiggs County, Georgia (rare).
Cotypes.—C&i. No. 64086, U.S.N.M.
HIPPOMENELLA LIGULATA, new species.
Plate 51, figs. 6-9.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa, Orbitoides, or creeps over algae.
The zooecia are short, distinct, oval ; the frontal is very convex, smooth, surrounded
by a double row of very small triangular areolae separated by some small inter-
areolar costules. The aperture is somewhat elongated, semielliptical; a mucro
strap shaped, verjr salient, oblique or erect, hides the aperture more or less; the
peristome is ornamented with six large distal spines. The ovicell is globular,
salient, imbedded in the distal zooecia, elongated, with two very large lateral areas.
The two avicularia are placed below the aperture, they are of the same size and
very projecting.
Measurements. — Aperture fAa=0.14 mm. „ . jZs=0.60-0.70mm.
(exterior) tZa=0.14mm. ' [Z,3=0.40-0.44mm.
Variations. — Most of the time the zoarium is incrusting, but free zoaria are not
rare; the lower face is smooth and. according to circumstances, garnished by the
hydrostatic apophyses (fig. 7). When the mucro is erect the aperture is quite
visible and without the peristomial thickening the species may be confounded with
Hippomcnclla aMfera (fig. 6). When it is oblique it hides the aperture more or
less (fig. 8). In fossilization the small areolae are easily filled up and disappear
(figs. 6, 8, which are the most habitual aspects) ; but superb specimens with areolae
are not rare (fig. 9). Then they are triangular and the frontal is covered by very
fine interareolar costules coalescent at the mucro.
Figure 9 perhaps represents a variety, for the two avicularia are much smaller
and adjacent to the aperture.
Affinities. — This species differs from Ilippomendla alifera in the salient mucro
which ornaments its aperture and which in perspective completes the large peri-
stome.
It is again in this same mucro that it differs from Hippomenella radicata
and in the absence of perforated base.
It differs from HippomeneHa tuberosa in its smaller micrometric dimensions
(Z3=0.70 and not 0.84 mm.) and in its nontuberose frontal.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Wilmington, North Carolina (common) ;
near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (common) ; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina
(rare) .
Cotypes.—Cat. Nos. 64088, 64089, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 391
HIPPOMENELLA TliBEROSA, new species.
Plate 51, Ggs. 4, 5.
Description. — The zoariuni incrusts bryozoa. The zooecia are large, elongated,
elliptical, or hexagonal, separated by a deep furrow; the frontal is very convex,
surrounded by a double row of areolae and decorated with tuberosities grouped in
lines radiating from the mucro. The aperture is semielliptical in the interior
with two cardelles placed very low ; on the exterior it is surrounded distally by a
peristome garnished with six large spines and proximally by a salient mucro.
The ovicell is large, elongated, salient, hyperstomial. little imbedded in the distal
zooecia, never closed by the operciilum; the two areas are garnished laterally with
an arched slit. The two avicularia are of equal dimensions; they are small, little
snlient, triangular, provided with a pivot, placed at some distance below the aper-
ture ; their beak is pointed downward and toward a neighboring aperture.
,, I fia— 0.14-0.16 mm. . f 7,3=0.84 mm.
Measurements— Aperture 7 A 1 Zooecia , . „-
Uo=0.14mm. [fe=
Affinities. — This is a splendid species. The frontal tuberosities are of pleuro-
cystal origin and the olocyst is easily visible below.
The species differs from Hippomenella Ugulata. which shows some radial
granulations, in its larger micrometric dimensions (£.3=0.84 and not 0.70 mm.)
and in its much less salient avicularia.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (very rare).
Holoti/pe.—C&i. No. 64087, U.S.N.M.
HIPPOMENELLA AXICULATA. new species.
Plate 51, figs. 10-13.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa. The zooecia are distinct, wide,
irregular in position ; the frontal is little convex, smooth, surrounded by three lines
of small and triangular areolae. The aperture is semielliptical with two cardelles,
placed quite low; the peristome supports six to eight distal spines; an enormous,
salient mucro, oblique or erect, lobate. hides the aperture more or less. The ovicell
is large, salient, imbedded in the distal zooecium, is hyperstomial and is never closed
by the operciilum; it frontal area is perforated with an arched slit. The avicularia
placed near the aperture are small and irregular.
ffia=0.16mm. . ( Zs= 0.68-0.70 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture , n ., Zooecia { ,
[?a=0.14mm. \ 70=0.50 mm.
Variations. — The mucro forms in front of the aperture a small pallet, quite
variable in form and dimensions. We are ignorant of the physiologic use of this
organ, but it appears essential and analogous to that of the spines. If it be true
that their existence is for the purpose of capturing the diatoms, our species must
have been excessively voracious. What is strange is the absolute irregularity of the
mucro ; no one of them has any resemblance to the other and they are of all dimen-
sions.
392 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Affinities. — The zooecia with a small mucro resemble Hippomenella ligulata,
but the present species differs in its wider zooecia (lz=0.50 and not 0,44 mm.), in the
presence of three rows of areolae and in the occurrence of a single avicularium.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (rare) ; Eutaw
Springs, South Carolina (rare).
Cotypes.—dd. No. 64090, U.S.N.M.
HIPPOMENELLA CKASSICOLLIS. new species.
Plate 51, figs. 14-19.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa or shells. The zooecia are little
distinct, elongated ; the frontal is convex, surrounded with a double row of areolae,
covered by a very thick and finely granulated pleurocyst. The aperture is semi-
elliptical in the interior, with two cardelles placed very low; on the exterior it is
surrounded with a peristome, salient, very thick, supporting two to six large distal
spines. The ovicell is globular, salient, hyperstomial, embedded in the distal zooecia
and ornamented with large radial costules. On the frontal there are two or three
small triangular avicularia with pivots.
[Aa=0.18mm. . fZs=0.60mm.
Measurements.- — Aperture , -..,. Zooecia <7 - ,
lZffl=0.12mm. lfe=0. 50mm.
Variations. — The variable aspect of this species depends on the active intensity
of the pleurocystal calcification, which may be found shown in figures 16-19. The
small avicularia are irregularly placed (fig. 19) ; nevertheless they may be sym-
metrical (fig. 16) ; they are elongated in proportion to the deposition of the pleu-
rocyst with the result that they are always salient. The large costules of the
ovicell are placed above the two lateral areas, sometimes perforated.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Alachua, Florida (rare).
Vicksburgian (Byram marl) : One-fourth mile west of Woodward, Wayne
County, Mississippi (very rare).
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Near Claiborne, Monroe County, Alabama
(rare).
Cotypes.—C&t. Nos. 64091-64093, U.S.N.M.
KEY TO SPECIES OF HIPPO.MEXELLA.
fZoariuui bilamellar.. __ 2.
l.jZoarium uuilaruellar 5.
IZoarium incrusting 10.
[Orifice elliptical, spines__ __3.
"'|Orifice uouelliptical exteriorly, few or no spines. _. __4.
[Very small, transverse, lateral avicularia __ff. transversata.
'[Beak of the large avicularia turned toward the bottom __ H. angustaedes.
Ovicell with two large pores with a small tongue H. capitiniorti^.
Ovicell with large ribs and large pores H. rotula.
Ovicell with small, irregular pores H. incondita.
Ovicell with radial costules and two large pores H. costulata.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 393
. [Exterior aperture transverse and mucronate__ _-6.
°' | Aperture elliptical 7.
[Two small lateral avicularia — H. transversora.
''\Two large avicularia below the aperture—. .H. ligulatn.
. | Avicularia very small; zooecia hexagonal H. pungcns.
'') Large avicularia 8.
| Lower face smooth or tubercular, two large avicularia -.H. alifcni.
* [ Lower face of the zoarium perforated; one large and one small avicular'mm_.ff. radicatn.
.' No mucro 30.
q J
| Mucro present 11.
fPeristome thin; two large nvicularia, ovicell smooth ._ H. ulifcra.
10. jPeristome thin; one submedian avicularium, ovicell with small pores II. punctata.
Iperistome very thick; two or three small avicularia; ovicell smooth H. crassicollis.
[Two large avicularia H. ligulnta.
(Two small avicularia-- _ 12.
[Enormous mucro with pallet; three rows of areolae — H. axiculata.
'"•[Small mucro; tuberosities radial on the frontal H. tuberosa.
Genus HIPPODIPLOSIA Canu, 1916.
1916. Hippodiplosia CANU, Les Bryozoaires du Sud Quest de la France, Bulletin SocieK-
Geologique France, ser. 4, vol. 14, p. 326.
The poster is nearly as large as the anter. The operculum is somewhat nar-
rowed laterally at the site of the cardelles. The operculum always closes the ovicell,
which is hyperstomial. The frontal is a tremocyst. There are some spines and
some avicularia. 16-18 tentacles.
Genotype. — Hippodiplosia (Eschara) pallasiana Moll, 1803.
Range. — Jacksonian-Eecent.
In this genus the vanna is very large ; it is the opening of a compensation sac,
probably larger than in Hippoporina Neviani, 1895. Consequently the tentacles
ought to be more numerous or larger. Calvet reports 16 to 17 tentacles in the
genotype. On the other hand, one can suppose that a larger vanna permits simply
more rapid egress of the tentacles as an immediate compensation, since the com-
pensatrix is smaller in this group than in Schizoporclla.
The Eocene species of the genus are rather different from those of the Miocene.
It is probable that when the physiology of the avicularia is better known some
restrictions will be necessary.
The living species of this genus are :
Hippodiplosia (Eschara) pallasiana Moll, 1803.
Hippodiplosia (Lepralia) vestita Hincks, 1885.
The fossil species are:
Hippodiplosia (Lepralia) rarepuncta Reuss, 1847. Tortonian.
Hippodiplosia (Lepralia) planiceps Reuss, 1847. Tortonian.
Ilippodiploxia (Lepralia) semieristata Reuss, 1847. Tortonian.
Hippodiplosia (Lepralia) clavata. Manzoni, 1874. Tortonian.
Hippodiplosia (Leprnlia) auingcri Reuss, 1847. Tortonian.
394
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Hippodiplosia (Lepralia) asperrima Reuss, 1847. Tortonian.
Hippodiplosia (Lepralia) aperta Manzoni, 1874. Tortonian.
Hippodiplosia (Lepralia) megalota Reuss, 1847. Tortonian.
Hippodiplosia. (Eschara) ampla Reuss, 1847. Tortonian.
Hippodiplosia (Eschara) biauriculata Reuss, 1847. Tortonian.
Hippodiplosia (Eschara) oculata Manzoni. 1871. Tortonian.
Hippodiplosia granulosa Canu, 1915. Aquitanian.
Hippodiplosia verrucosa. Canu, 1915. Aquitanian.
HIPPODIPLOSIA VESPERTILIO, new species.
Plate 52, figs. 5-12.
Description. — The zoarium is free, formed of two lamellae fused together and
inseparable; the fronds are narrow and bear 4 to 6 longitudinal rows of zooecia.
The zooecia are long,
distinct, sinuous, clavi-
forin; the frontal is
convex; it is a thick
tremocyst with tu-
bules resting on a
very thin, perforated
olocyst. The aper-
ture is elliptical, elon-
gated, provided with
two very small, in-
constant cardelles.
The ovicell is globu-
lar, little salient, little
FIG. 117. — Genus Hiinioiiiinosia (_anu, 1916. , •,, , . , ,.
imbedded in the distal
A-F. Hippodiplosia pallasiana Moll, 1803. A. Ordinary zooecia, X 30. . , , , ,
B. Ovicelled zooecia, X 20. (A, B after Hincks, 1880.) C. Young la, C
zooecium, X 40. D. Multiporous septula. E. Distal wall, X 20. F. operculum when it,
Lateral wall, X 20. (C-F after Levinsen, 1894.) opens; it is surround-
ed by areolae. Two
tubular symmetrical avicularia open on each side of the aperture.
Measurements.—
2Mb.,. ._
Aperture , ., ,
I, I fa=0.11 mm.
Zooecia
Lz= 0.60-0.75 mm.
mm.
Variations, — In the interior (fig. 9) the aperture is oblique; the tubules are
visible by transparency through the very thin olocyst. The longitudinal section
(fig. 7) shows zooecial alternation due to the closeness of the border of the zoarium ;
there is a large distal septula and we are able to verify five or six lateral septulae.
The longitudinal section (fig. 10) indicates that the operculum ought to close the
ovicell in opening, although we cannot be rigorously certain of this. It is evident
rhat if the ovicell was closed by a special membrane, it would be necessary to create
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 395
:i new genus to receive this species. The ovicelled specimens are very rare and
we were not able to prepare many sections.
The last tubules of the distal zooecia form on the ovicell a circle of areolae; it
appears to be formed by a thickening of the olocyst. The two avicularia are very
constant ; they give to the zooecia a vague aspect of a 'bafs head.
Affinities. — The zooecia much resemble those of the genus Hippozeugosella;
they differ from it in the absence of a small, distal tongue; their mode of gemma-
tion is also different.
This species differs from Hippodiplosia petiolus Lonsdale, 1845, and from
Hippodiplosia falcifcra in the very constant presence of two oral symmetrical
avicularia and in its very narrow zoarium.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (common);
near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (common) .
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 64095, U.S.N.M.
HIPPODIPLOSIA PETIOLUS Lonsdale, 1845.
Plate 52, figs. 1-4.
1845. Eschara petiolus LONSDALE, Account of twenty-six species of Polyparia obtained from
the Eocene Tertiary formation of North America, Quarterly Journal Geological
Society, London, vol. 1, p. 528, text figure.
(ha,— 0.15 mm. . [£3=0.80-0.90 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture {-, A 1 A /.ooecia< 7
U2=0.30-0.32 mm.
AVe have had the good fortune to find some specimens of this species which no
observer has noted since 1845. There are no cardelles present. The ovicell is little
salient ; it is bordered by areolae and garnished with short radiating costules ; it is
open above the aperture, but lower than the poster; it may therefore be closed by
the operculum, for its exterior orifice is identical with the interior aperture and
with the neighboring apertures (fig. 4). The frontal is a tremocyst with tubules
supported by a very thin olocyst (fig. 3), with which it is closely joined. These
tubules are rather large; they are developed irregularly and give to the zooecia this
"increased convexity," noted by Lonsdale (fig. 2). There is sometimes a small
avicularium to the right or left of the aperture. The tremopores are easily filled
up in fossilization.
Affinities. — Its zoarium is formed of large bilamellar fronds like Hippodiplosia
falcifera, but the present species differs in the practical absence of avicularia and
in its smaller tremopores.
The species differs from Ilippodiplosia vespertilio in the absence of avicularia
and in its large, expanded fronds.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (rare).
Plcsiotypes.—C*t. No. 64094, U.S.N.M.
HIPPODIPLOSIA FALCIFERA, new species.
Plate 52, figs. 13-16.
Description. — The zoarium is free, formed of two lamellae, back to back, and
inseparable; the fronds are wide, large, and flabellate. The young zooecia are
396 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
distinct, elongated, elliptical; the frontal is convex and formed of a thick tremocyst
with large tubules resting on a very thin perforated olocyst. The aperture is
elliptical, somewhat elongated; the anter is separated by two very small cardelles
from a poster somewhat smaller. The avicularium is long, thin, provided with a
pivot; it is placed laterally under the aperture; the beak is falciform. The old
zooecia are indistinct.
fAa=0.15mm. . <Ls= 0.60-0.70 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture 7 Zooecia' „„/»/•. o-
lZa=0.12 mm. 1 Zs=0.30-0.3u mm.
Affinities. — Only the two figured specimens have been found; apparently the
proliferation of this species does not correspond to the zoarial vigor. In the old
zooecia the tubules are very long; the avicularia immersed between them are hardly
visible.
The species differs from Hippodiplosia vcspertilio in the presence of its large
falciform avicularium, which attains a length of 0.35 mm.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington, North
Carolina (very rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 64096, U.S.N.M.
HIPPODIPLOSIA MAGNIPOROSA, new species.
Plate 87, figs. 7-9.
Description. — The zoarium is hollow, cylindrical, branched, unilamellar, rarely
plurilamellar ; it incrusts small algae. The zooecia are little distinct, elongated,
almost cylindrical ; the frontal is a tremocyst with large funnel-shaped pores rest-
ing on an olocyst perforated by small corresponding pores. The aperture is almost
orbicular and formed of a large anter separated from a small concave poster by
two very salient, triangular cardelles; the peristome is often very wide, smooth,
and very little salient. The ovicell is embedded in the distal zooecium, it is
hyperstomial and opens above the aperture by a thin slit; it is of the same
nature as the frontal. Often the coalescence of two tremopores determines the for-
mation of a small lateral avicularium with pivot.
[Aa=0.20mm. . r 7,3=0.75 mm.
Measurements.- — Aperture {, n .. ., Zooecia ^ , „ ,„
\h=OAOmm.
Variation*. — The lateral avicularium is very inconstant. The young zooecia
(fig. 7) have a thin peristome, somewhat prominent in front. Sometimes the
tremocyst is detached from the underlying olooyst (fig. 9).
Affinities. — This species differs from Hippodiplosia petiolus Lonsdale. 1845,
in its hollow zoarium and its shorter zooecia.
It differs from Hippodiplosia stranqulata in its shorter aperture and in the
absence of a peristomial avicularium.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain, 5 miles
south of Jackson, Alabama (rare).
Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : Seven and one-half miles southwest from
Bladen Springs, Alabama (rare).
Uotypes.—Czt. Nos. 64278, 64279, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EABLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 397
HIPPODIPLOSIA BACCATA, new species.
Plate 87, Bgs. 5, 6.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are short, little distinct ;
the frontal is somewhat convex; it is formed of a tremocyst with widened pores
surmounting an olocyst with very small pores; between the tremopores there are
some very small pearl-like tuberosities. The aperture is somewhat oval, the point
below; the peristome is wide, smooth, a little salient, complete. The ovicell is
hyperstomial and very fragile. On the same peristome. and placed laterally, there
is a small avicularium (?).
,, (7><7=0.10 mm. . jZs=0.30mm.
Measurements. — Aperture 7 _.,,. Zooecia \ , nr.n
Ua=0.10mm. 1/3=0.20 mm.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Byram marl) : Byram. Mississippi (common).
Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : Red Bluff, Wayne County. Mississippi
(rare).
Cotypcs.— Cat. No. 61277, U.S.N.M.
HIPPODIPLOSIA STRANGULATA. new species.
Plate 87, figs. 10-13.
Description. — The zoarium is unilamellar; it incrusts algae or shells. The
zooecia are elongated, distinct, fusiform; the frontal is convex and formed of a
thick tremocyst with large pores. The apertura is elliptical, quite elongated, a
little constricted in its lower parts, and formed of a large anter, separated from a
smaller poster by two salient cardelles; it is buried by the development of a small
peristomie; the peristome is thin, salient, without spines. The ovicell is large,
globular, salient, ornamented with pores somewhat smaller than those of the frontal ;
it is hyperstomial, imbedded in the distal zooecium; it opens into the peristomie.
In the peristomie itself or on the peristome there is a quite small orbicular avicu-
larium.
J 7; a= 0.20-0.22 mm. . f/,3=0.70-0.77mm.
Measurements. — Apertura 7 A1 Zooecium 7 n on - „,.,
Uffi= 0.14-0.15 mm. I As =0.30-0.35 mm.
Variations. — The micrometric dimensions of this species vary much and are
of little use ; this is the habitual rule of species growing upon various kinds of sub-
strata; there are some wide zooecia (fig. 11), some narrow zooecia (fig. 10) and some
bordered zooecia (fig. 12).
Exteriorly this species has the aspect of Porclla; it has all the essential char-
acters; tremocyst, peristomial avicularium and ovicell opening into the peristomie.
The two cardelles alone reveal to us a different hydrostatic system. The reader
may be convinced of this by consulting our anatomical tables of the Hippoporinae
and Smittinidae and in comparing their compensatrices. Moreover, species of this
sort have a chitinous operculum very different from the opercula of Smittinidae,
as it is easy to observe, notably in Eschara lamellosa. The absence of the chitinous
appendages and of the polypide is often very unfortunate for the paleontologist.
398 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
because he must draw on his personal experience for the positive elements of appre-
ciation.
Affinities. — The species differs from Plippodiplosia magniporosa, in which the
zoarium is also unilamellar, in the greater length of its apertura and zooecium.
chiefly in the presence of the median peristomial avicularium.
Occurrence.- — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : West bank of Conecuh
Eiver, Escambia County, Alabama (very rare) ; Murder Creek, east of Castlebury,
Conecuh County, Alabama (rare) ; near Claiborne. Monroe County, Alabama (rare).
Vicksburgian (Byram marl) : Byram, Mississippi (very rare) ; Vicksburg.
Mississippi (rare in the upper beds).
C'otypes.—Cai. Nos. 64280, 64281, TJ.S.N.M.
Genus HIPPOZEUGOSELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Hippozeugosella CANU and BASSLEE, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 42.
The ovicell is hyperstomial, its orifice is large, without rapport w-ith the oper-
culum, and is closed by a special membrane. The- aperture is elliptical ; two small
cardelles separate the anter from the somewhat smaller poster. The frontal is a
tremocyst with small pores. The zoarium is free; the zooecia are joined two by
two. No spines. Avicularia present.
Genotype. — Hippozeugosella (Bactridium) hagenowi Reuss, 1847.
Range. — Priabonian-Miocene.
The only species known are Bactridium hagenowi Reuss, 1847, of the Priabonian
and Cucullipora tetrasticha MacGillivray, 1895, from the Miocene.
This genus embraces the two ancient genera Bactridium Reuss. 1869, and
Cucullipora MacGillivray, 1895, with limits still more extended.
Bactridium was created in 1847 by Reuss with unilamellar and biserial species.
The first three species belong to Scrupocellaria. Again, in 1869, he maintained his
genus, but with Bactridium hagenowi Reuss, 1847, as a type and with a definition
based upon the zoarium. In 1891, Waters in studying this species discovered that
it had a schizoporellidan aperture. It is very difficult to establish the limits be-
tween the schizoporellidan and hippoporinan apertures in the fossil forms.
The genus Cucullipora MacGillivray, 1895, embraces the bilamellar and biserial
species in which the orifice is provided with labial processes. The inconstance of
the latter does not permit them to be considered as generic characters. They occur
in other genera, such as Watersipora, Lagenipora, etc.
In the American Tertiary we have one unilamellar, biserial species. Five
other species are bilamellar and biserial ; the edge of the two lamellae is visible
laterally with a very characteristic aspect. This edge is hidden in a single species
(Hippozeugosella scxordinata) by the addition of two supplementary rows. In
all these species the mode of ramification is identical. Each new branch is formed
by the union of two zooecia arising from two consecutive zooecia (pi. 53, fig. 4).
Finally, the mode of gemmation and of the pairing of zooecia reminds one of
Catenicella Audouin, 1826, Ichthyaria Busk, 1884. and Urccolipora MacGillivray,
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 399
1880, but it is impossible to confuse them, as these genera have quite different
characters. Catenicella possesses gonoccia; Urceolipora is provided with an endo-
zooecial ovicell and Ichthyaria has no avicularia.
HIPPOZEUGOSELLA TEGES Canu and Basslcr, 1917.
Plate 53, figs. 1-6.
1917. HippozcugoseUa tegcs CANU and BASSLKB, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary
Cheilostome Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 42, pi. 4, fig. 5.
Description. — The zoarium is free, erect, unilamellar, formed of two longi-
tudinal rows of zooecia ; on the dorsal the zooecia are convex, alternate, and they
have the aspect of a mat. The zooecia are distinct, elongated, hexagonal; the
frontal is convex and formed of a tremocyst with very small pores. The aperture
is orbicular and formed of a large anter and with a smaller poster separated by
two very small cardelles; the peristome is complete, broad, and infundibuliform.
On the peristome itself and near the zoarial axis, there is a small round avicularium
provided with a pivot. Ovicell?
fAa=0.11mm. „ . rZs=0. 70-0.75 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture •(, _ ., Zooecia {, _ . „
lZffl=0.11mm. 1^=0.45 mm.
Affinities. — The frontal pores are very small and are easily filled up. The
frontal and the dorsal are covered with very small granulations. The formation
of the branches is effected by the union of two zooecia arising from two superposed
zooecia (fig. 4).
This species differs from Bactridium liagenowi Eeuss, 1847. in the absence of
a frontal avicularium, in the absence of two peristomial tubercles, and in the absence
of areolae on the dorsal.
Waters,1 in 1891, when studying the species from the Vicentin described the
aperture as schizoporellidan. We have not exactly verified this form in our Ameri-
can species. We have discovered two triserial specimens (figs. 5, 6) which are
perhaps the bases of the zoaria.
Occurrence. — Jacksonian (Zeuglodon zone) : Cocoa post office, Choctaw County,
Alabama (very rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola River, east of Marianna, Jack-
son County, Florida (common).
Cotypes.—CvA. Nos. 62591, 64099, U.S.N.M.
HIPPOZEUGOSELLA DISTORTA. new species.
Plate 52, figs. 19-21.
Description. — The zoarium is free, subcylindrical ; it is formed of two lamellae,
back to back with two zooecial rows not united by the lateral zooecia. The zooecia
are elongated, distinct, fusiform ; the frontal is very convex and formed of a
tremocyst with small pores. The aperture is elliptical, elongated, imbedded; the
peristome is irregular and formed of three distorted lamellae leaving between them
1 1891. Waters, North Italian Bryozoa, Quarterly Journal Geological Society, London, vol. 47, p. 7.
400 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
a double rounded indentation. The ovicell is globular, salient, ornamented with
small pores, as the frontal ; its orifice is very large and placed above the aperture.
In the peristomie itself there is a small avicularium.
(A,a=0.13mm. „ . fZ.
Measurements. — Apertures, - ... Zooecia '
Ua=0.09mm. lfe
Variations. — The labial processes which form the peristomie give to the species
a deformed and curious aspect; they are very fragile and break very easily in fos-
silization. The broken portion shows the small peristomial avicularium.
The mode of gemmation is interesting. It occurs on the edge; the visible
zooeciules form the base of the distal zooecia of the other face.
Affinities. — This species differs from Hippozeugosclla (Cucuttipora) tetrasti-
ch-a MacGillivray, 1895, in its smaller dimensions and its avicularium much smaller
and never frontal.
It differs from Hippozeugosetta arcuata in the absence of the peristomial tongue
and in the larger development of its labial processes.
The only specimen found in here figured.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Eighteen miles west of Wrightsville, John-
son Coimty, Georgia (very rare).
Holotype.—Cat. No. 64098, U.SN.M.
HIPPOZEUGOSELLA ARCUATA, new species.
Plate 53, figs 21-25.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar; each lamella is biserial. The
zooecia are distinct, elongated, arched; the frontal is very convex; it is formed of
a direct tremocyst with rather large pores. The aperture is oblique, elliptical or
orbicular, imbedded. The peristome is somewhat salient, and its distal part is a
little isolated tongue. The ovicell is hyperstomial, globular, salient, covered with
tremopores like the frontal ; it is opened by a large orifice above the aperture. No
avicularia.
. |£a=0.13-0.14mm. „ . [£3=1.10-1.20 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture 7 Zooecia{7 n on mm
Ua=0.11-0.12 mm. =U.dU mm.
Affinities. — This species is very well characterized by its much arched zooecia.
Certain fragments are narrowed toward the bottom as if the zoarium might have
been articulated. We have also found a triserial fragment (fig. 25) growing from a
single zooecium. The zooecia and the little tongue are quite visible on the edge of
the zoarium (fig. 21, 23) ; between the zooecia there are no zooeciules as in the
other species of the same genus.
This species differs from Hippozeugosella distorta in its much less developed
labial processes and in its arched and much longer zooecia (Zs=1.10 instead of
0.75 mm.).
It differs from Hippozeugosella marginata in its nonmarginated zooecia, its
smaller tremopores, and its zooecial length greater than 1 mm.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (com-
mon).
Cotypes.—Ca*,. No. 64103, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMKKK'AN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 401
HIPPOZEUGOSELLA MARG1NATA. new species.
Plate 53, figs. 9-11.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamollar; the two lamellae are separated
by some zooeciules; they are biserial. The zooecia are little elongated, distinct,
rhomboidal, separated by a salient thread; the frontal is convex and formed by a
tremocyst with large polygonal pores. The aperture is elliptical, oblique; the
peristome is thin, little salient, interrupted toward the back by a small, inconstant
tongue. The ovicell is hyperstomial, globular, salient, covered with tremopores like
the frontal.
,, f Affl=0.15 mm. . I £3=0.85-0.95 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture), _,_ Zooeciau -.„ . „„
[(.0=0.1.0 mm. u.s=0.4o-0.55 mm.
Affinities. — This new species differs from HipposeugoseUa arcuata in the
zooeciules which separate the lamellae (fig. 11) and in its zooecial length smaller and
less than 1 mm.
It differs from Hipposengosella inflata in the absence of peristomial avicularia
and in the size of its tremopores.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (rare).
Cotypes.—Ctit. No. 64100,U.S.N.M.
HIPPOZEUGOSELLA INFLATA, new species.
PInte 53, figs. 12-20.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar; each lamella is biserial. The
zooecia are elongated, distinct; the frontal is very convex and formed of a tremo-
cyst with very small pores. The aperture is somewhat elliptical or orbicular;
two very small cardelles separate the anter from the smaller poster; the peristome
is little salient and is interrupted by a small, distal tongue. Two large tubular
avicularia are placed symmetrically on each side of the aperture.
(fla=0.12-1.14mm. . | £3=0.60-0.80 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture \ , . , /ooeciai, - .-
Ua= 0.10mm. us=0.40mm.
Variations. — The young zooecia are provided with a small distal tongue (fig.
12) and the avicularia there are replaced by some tuberosities. The edge of the
zoarium sometimes presents some intercalated zooeciules (figs. 17, 19), although
sometimes they are wanting (fig. 18). Under the influence of calcification the
zooecia are flat or very convex (fig. 14) or very wide (fig. 16).
Affinities. — This species differs from Hipposeugosella marginata and Hippo-
seugosella arcuata in the spesence of the two avicularia.
In its general aspect and its avicularia it has much resemblance to Hippo-
zeugosella sexordinata; but it differs in the disposition of its zoarium, which
possesses only four longitudinal rows of zooecia.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: One-half mile southeast of Georgia Kaolin
Co. Mine, Twiggs County, Georgia ; Baldock, Barnwell County, South Carolina.
C'otypes.—Cat. Nos. 64101, 64102, U.S.N.M.
55899— 19— Bull. 106 26
402 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
HIPPOZEUGOSELLA SEXORDINATA, new species.
Plate 53, figs. 7, 8.
Description. — The zoarium is free, cylindrical, or foliaceous, formed of six
longitudinal rows of zooecia. The zooecia are distinct, elongated, elliptical or
fusiform; the frontal is very convex and formed of a tremocyst with very small
pores. The aperture is suborbicular. somewhat imbedded; the peristome is wide,
little salient, interrupted by a small distal tongue. The ovicell is globular, salient,
hyperstomial, covered with tremopores like the frontal. On the peristome of each
side of the aperture there are two small tubular avicularia with a pivot, the beak
of which is turned toward the interior of the aperture.
.. . fZ.s=0.85mm.
Measurements. — Aperture 7 ..... Zooecia i , _ „,, . ..
1Z<2=0.10 mm. lfe=0.35-0.40mm.
Affinities. — In its exterior aspect, its convex zooecia, and the smallness of its
tremopores, this species much resembles Hippozeugosella inftata. It differs from it
in the somewhat larger zooecial dimensions, and especially in the disposition of its
zoarium, parts of which are occupied by two supplementary rows of zooecia.
It therefore approaches close to Eippodiplosella vespertilio, but it differs in
its mode of bifurcation, which is identical with that of the other species of the
same genus. It may be verified by the examination of the interior of the zooecia.
Moreover, its ovicell is closed by a special membrane and not by the operculum.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Alachua, Florida.
Cotypes.—C&t. No. 64100, U.S.N.M.
Genus HIPPADENELLA Canu and Sassier, 1917.
This new genus is based upon Porella (Flustra) margaritifera Quoy and
Gaymard, 1883, and is described on page 497 under the Smittinidae. We believe
the genus to be more naturally placed under the Hippoporae, and for that reason
have mentioned it at this point.
Group 3, PEB.ISTOMELLAE Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Anatomical bibliography. — 1ST7. BARROIS, Recherches sur 1'embryologie ries Bryozoaires, pi. 8,
figs. 22, 31, 40. — 1885. WATEBS, On the use of the avicularian mandible in the determination
of the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa, Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, ser. 3, vol. 5,
pi. 14, fig. 25.— 1888. JITLLIEN, Mission scientifique du Cap Horn, pi 9, fig. 2.— 1909. LEVINSEN,
Morphological and systematic studies on the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa, p. 317, pi. 17.
The aperture is oblique without lyrula, cardelles, or rimule. The ovicell is
hyperstomial and embedded in the distal zooecia. It opens above (and nearly
opposite) the oblique aperture and below the frontal mucro in a locella, where the
operculum operates.
The disposition of the ovicell in respect to the operculum is close to that of
the Smittinidae. Nevertheless the family differs from the Smittinidae in the
absence of a peristomie. Between the aperture and the orifice of the ovicell there
is, as it were, a sort of chamber or locella in which the operculum moves and takes
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
403
shelter from extraneous influences. The orifice of this chamber is irregular; it is
not a peristomice, since it has no pcristome. The tentacles must necessarily be
long and flexible.
The locclla is the equivalent of the peristomie ; it assumes the same functions
with great economy of calcification.
cal mi
F ,85 G "23
E >»> T ,210 H •«»
FIG. 118. — Anatomy »( the I'eri.stomellae Canu and Bassler, 1917.
A-G. PeristorneUa coccinea Abildgaard, 1805. A. Free larva seen in profile, showing the
slightly exposed disposition of the corona and the relatively small size of the terminal bud,
X 75. B. Free larva, oral face, X 50. C. Free larva, aboral face, X 50. (A-C after Barrois,
1877.) cal. calotte (terminal bud): CO, digestive cavity: fl, flngellum ; mi, aboral ruesoderm;
ins, oral (labial) mesoderm ; oc, oculiform points; pl\, pharynx; PI, vibratile plume; RV, border
of the calotte. D. Zooecia, X 30. (After Hincks, 1880.) E. Operculum, X 85. (After
Waters, 1878.) F. Mandible, X 85. (After Nordgaard, 1904.) G. Avicularian mandible, X
23. (After Waters, 1885.)
H. Pcrixtouiella prestans Hincks, 1882. View from the basal surface showing dietellae, X
23. (After Levinsen, 1909.)
I. Exochella Imiyirostris Jullien, 1SSS. Polypide seen anteriorly, X 210 ; the aviculariurn
has been drawn at its place ; its muscular fibers are erect. The feeble development of the
stomach is to be noted. (After Jullien, 1888.1 est, stomach -^int, intestine (?) ; mav, elevator
muscles of the avicularian mandible; mo, opercular muscles: nir, large retractor muscles of
the polypide ; oes, esophagus ; ph, pharynx.
The principal genera of this group are :
BathoseHa Canu and Bassler, 1917.
jRomanch-eina Jullien, 1888.
PeristorneUa Levinsen, 1902.
404
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Exochclla Jullien, 1888.
Didymosetta Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Trypematella, new genus.
They are differentiated from one another in their functions of calcification and
their aviciilaria.
D. Exochella £ Didymosella r~- Trypematella
FIG. 119. — Genera of the subfamily Peristomellae Canu and Bassler, 1917.
A. Bathosella aspera Ulrich, 1901, X20. Lowest Eocene of Maryland.
B. Romancheina martiali Jullien, 1888, X 20. Recent.
C. Peristoniella coccinea Abildgaard, 1805. Recent.
D. Exochella longlrostris Jullien, 1888, X 31. Recent.
E. Didymosella crassa Canu and Bassler, 1917, X 20. Vicksburgian of Alabama.
F. Trypematella papulifcra, new species, X 20. Pleistocene of California.
Genus BATHOSELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Bathosella CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 43.
Cheilostome
The aperture is oblique without lyrula, cardelles, or rimule. The ovicell is
embedded in the distal zooecia. It opens above the aperture and below the frontal
mucro in the locella. The frontal is a thick olocyst more or less covered by a
pleurocyst,. The zooecia are indistinct. The avicularip, are simple and irregularly
placed. The areolae are very rare. No spines.
Genotype. — Bathosella (Mucronella) aspera Ulrich, 1901.
Range. — Upper Cretaceous-Midwayan.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 405
BATHOSELLA ASPERA Ulrich. 1901.
Plate 1, figs. 27-31.
1901. Hiicronella aspcra ULRICH, Maryland Geological Survey. Eocene, p. 221, pi. GO. figs.
17, 18.
1907. Mucronella aspcra WELLER, Geological Survey New Jersey, Paleontology, vol. 4, p. 354,
pi. 26. figs. 14, 15.
"Zoarium incrusting, consisting of one or more layers; surface under a low
power of magnification, presenting a decidedly rough aspect. Zooecia varying
from ovate-hexagonal to subrhomboidal, indistinct externally, arranged more or
less irregularly, though the rows are more regular than they may appear at first
sight ; about six in 2 mm. Apertures rounded or subquadrate, 0.13 mm. in diameter,
rendered oblique by the elevation of the more or less strongly swollen posterior
margin and the depression of the anterior part. The central portion of the raised
lip forms a 'mucro' of greater or less thickness and prominence, the same hiding
a minute central tooth beneath it and forming, with the rest of the thickened por-
tion of the lip, a more or less obscure resemblance to the figure W. Behind the lip
the surface slopes rapidly and in the most nearly perfect example is granulose. In
the depressed space in front of the. aperture there are, normally, three small raised
avicularia (vibracula?) while a few larger avicularia, differing further from the
others in being divided into two unequal parts by a crossbar, are scattered without
order among the zooecia. Ooecia are not often seen. When present, they occupy
the depressed space in front of the aperture, are cucullate. about as large as the
zooecial aperture, and usually bear a furrow running from the summit to the
concave edge."
rZ,s=0.40-0.50 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture foz=0.12mm. Zooecia-L
lfe=0.30-0.32 mm.
There is very little to add to Ulrica's excellent description quoted above. The
wall of the ovicell is formed of two calcareous layers, but the upper layer is incom-
plete and often forms a very narrow collar around the lower one. The avicularia
symmetrically disposed on each side of the aperture are not rare. The zoarium
is incrusting small shells.
Occurrence. — Lowest Eocene (Bryozoan bed at base of Aquia formation) :
Upper Marlboro, Maryland (rare).
Geological distribution. — Cretaceous (Vincentown limesand) : Vincentown,
etc., New Jersey and Delaware.
Plesiotype.—Czt. No. 63782, U.S.N.M.
BATHOSELLA CINGERANS, new species.
Plate 3, figs. 7-10.
Description. — The zoarium is unilamellar, hollow, cylindrical; it creeps on
the stems of the small algae which it often entirely surrounds. The zooecia are
very little distinct, elongated; the frontal is convex and surrounded by a line of
rather large areolae. The aperture is oblique, semilunar. and its proximal border
406 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
is concave. The ovicell is little salient. The avicularium replaces an areola; it is
elongated and inconstant.
fZ2=0.65-0.70mm.
Measurements. — Zooecia < , „ „ - A . A
\lz= 0.35-0.40 mm.
Affinities. — The abnormal zooecia (fig. 10) are probably hydrostatic zooecia
which are intended to buoy up the zoarium when the subtratum is very feeble.
The apertures do not appear to be of equal size (fig. 8) ; but as it is very difficult
in drawing under the camera lucida to discover their true plane, it is very probable
that the great differences result from deformations due to perspective.
This species differs from Batliosella aspera Ulrich, 1901, in its line of areolae
and its free and not incrusting zoarium.
It differs from Bathosella undo-to, in the presence of a continuous line of
areolae around the zooecia and in its unilamellar and not bilamellar zoarium.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Mabelvale, near Little Rock,
Arkansas (common).
Crt. No. 63828, U.S.N.M.
BATHOSELLA UNDATA, new species.
Plate 8, figs. 3, 4.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar, the two lamellae, back to back,
and inseparable. The fronds are undulated. The zooecia are indistinct, elongated ;
the frontal is smooth, very little convex ; it bears laterally 3 to 5 areolae. The aper-
ture is very oblique and buried in the locella by a convex mucro and very finely
denticulated. The ovicell is scarcely salient; it is deeply imbedded in the distal
zooecia and it opens into the locella by a transverse slit.
fZ3=0.50-0.60mm.
Measurements. — Zooecia > ,
Affinities. — This species much resembles Bathosella aspera Ulrich. 1901, when
the latter is deprived of its avicularia with pivot. It differs from it in its bilamellar
and not incrusting zoarium, in its much smaller and more buried ovicell, and in
the absence of all frontal avicularia.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Mabelvale, near Little Eock,
Arkansas (very rare) ; 1 mile west of Fort Gaines, Georgia (rare).
Holotype.—Czt. No. 63827, U.S.N.M.
Genus ROMANCHEINA Jullien, 1888.
18S8. Romancheina JULLIEN, Mission Scientiflque du Cap Horn, vol. 6, Zoologie, Bryozoaires,
p. 62.
The aperture is oblique without lyrula, cardelles or rimule. The ovicell is
imbedded in the distal zooecia. It opens above the aperture and below the frontal
mucro in a locella. The frontal is a tremocyst with pores more or less large. The
ovicell is much smaller than the zooecia ; the mucro is wide and convex. The
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
407
avicularia are triangular, thin, transverse, rarely disposed symmetrically. Four
spines. Back of the apertura there is a distal armature bearing laterally two large
condyles; these condyles limit the orifice of the compensatrix.
Genotype. — Romancheina martiali Jullien, 1888.
Range. — Jacksonian-Recent.
ROMANCHEINA HEXAGONA, new species.
Plate 53, fig. 26.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts free bryozoa. The zooecia are large, some-
what elongated, hexagonal, enlarged in the median part; the frontal is convex and
formed of a tremocyst with numerous small pores in quincunx. The apertura is
semilunar somewhat elongated, removed from the distal border of the zooecium;
C '35
A »20
FIG. 120. — Genus Romancheina Jullien, 1888.
A. Romancheina martiali Jullieu, 1888. Zooecia, X 20. (After Jullien, 1888.)
B-D. Rwnanclielna, prestans, var. Waters, 1889 (not Hincks). B. Zooecia with cleft
mucro, X 25. 0. Operculum X 85. D. Avicularian mandible, X So. (After Waters, 1889.)
the peristome is little salient, very thick, ornamented with 4 distal, hollow spines
with a proximal mucro little salient. The ovicell is large, little convex, of the
same nature as the frontal; it is hyperstomial, deeply imbedded in the distal
zooecium and it opens into the peristomie. The two symmetrical avicularia are thin
very long, disposed transversally, and with very pointed beak.
(7,3=0.60-0.80 mm. . ffo=0.10mm
1^=0.60-0.70 mm. a|Aa=0.12mm.
Measurements. — Zooecia
Affinities. — This species differs from Romancheina parvipunctata in its non-
terminal and nonoblique apertura, the distal part of the peristome being on the same
level as the proximal portion, in its less salient mucro and in its greater zooecial
width.
408 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The only specimen found has been figured.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington, North
Carolina (very rare).
Holotype.—Cdt. No. 64104, U.S.N.M.
ROMANCHEINA PARVIPUNCTATA, new species.
Plate 54, figs. 1-4.
Description. — The zoarium is incrusting. The zooecia are distinct, irregular,
very wide ; the frontal is convex and formed of a tremocyst with small pores placed
on a perforated olocyst; the mucro is distinct, salient, tubular. The aperture is very
oblique and hidden in the locella by a mucro. The ovicell is small, little salient, of
the same nature as the frontal ; it opens well below the mucro. The avicularia are
transverse, triangular, with a pivot, placed on each side of the aperture.
Measurements.— Aperture ha=O.U mm. Zooecia {f ^l^'0;?,0 mm>
\lz= 0.50-0.60 mm.
Variations. — The two avicularia are small and rarely placed symmetrically;
more often one of them is of much larger dimensions. Their disconcerting irregu-
larity is inexplicable, for utility takes precedence of fantasy in the animal kingdom.
The ancestrula is a quite small zooecium with a frontal much reduced (fig. 4). The
number of spines varies from two (figs. 1, 2) to four (fig. 4). The ovicell is always
less wide than the zooecia (figs. 1, 2). The tremopores are so small that they are
easily filled up ; the frontal appears more or less smooth. In the interior the aper-
ture is bordered laterally by two large condyles (fig. 3).
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (rare) ; near
Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare) ; Eutaw Springs. South Carolina (very rare).
Cotypes.—C&i. No. 64105, U.S.N.M.
Genus PERISTOMELLA Levinsen, 1902.
1902. Peristomella LEVINSEN, Studies on Bryozoa, Yldenskabelige Meddelelser fra den
unturbistoriske Forening Kjobenhavn, p. 26.
The aperture is oblique without lyrula, cardelles, or rimule. The ovicell is
hyperstomial and embedded in the distal zooecia. It opens above the aperture
and below the frontal mucro in a locella. The frontal is an olocyst perforated by
some areolae and covered by a pleurocyst; the mucro is very salient, generally small
and triangular. The avicularia are large and transverse; four distal spines.
Dietellae. Neither armature nor condyles back of the apertura.
Genotype. — Peristomella (Cellepora) coccinea Abildgaard. 1805.
Range. — Lutetian-Recent.
The fossil species of this genus are :
Peristomella (Lepralia) peregrina Manzoni, 1889.
Peristomella (Lepralia) fu7.gura.ns Manzoni, 1870.
Peristomella (Lepralia) mamillata Wood, 1857.
Peristomella (Eschara) alifera Reuss, 1869.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 409
Peristomella (Mucronella) inhabHis Koschinsky. 1885.
Peristomella (Lepralia) strcimift Manzoni. 1869.
Peristomella (Lepralia) laciniata Seguenza, 1879.
The recent species are :
Peristometta (Smiitia) jacksoni Waters, 1896.
Peristomella (Mucronclla) praestans Hincks, 1882 (not Waters, 1904).
Peristomella, (Miicronella) contorta Busk, 1854.
Peristomella (Mucronella) labiata Busk, 1876.
Peristomella (Escharella) costifcra Osburn. 1914.
PERISTOMELLA COCCINEA Abildgaard, 1805.
Plate 87, fig. 18.
General bibliography.
1805. Cellcpora coccinea ABILDGAAHD, in Miiller Zoologica danica, vol. 4, p. 30.
1810. Ccllepora coccinea LAMOTJROUX, Histoire des polypiers corralligenes flexible.?, p. 92.
1824. Cellepora coccinea LAMOUKOUX. Encyclopedic Methodique, Histoire naturelle des
Zoophytes ou animaux rayonnfis, vol. 14, p. 183.
1828. Bercnicea coccinea FLEMING, History of British Animals, p. 533.
1834. Bercnicea coccinea BLAINVILLE, Manuel d'Actinologie on de Zoophytologie, p. 445.
1836. Cellcpora coccinea LAMARCK, Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertebres, ed. 2,
vol. 2, p. 259.
ls:i'.!. (.'ctlciinni i-iii-rinca D'ORBIGNY, I'aleontologif 1'ranc.aise, Terrain Cretace, vol. 5,
pt. 4, p. 399.
1840. Lepralia coccinea THOMPSON, Additions to the fauna of Ireland. Annals Mn.ea7.ine
Natural History, ser. 1, vol. 5, p. 253.
1841. Lepralia appcnsa HASSALL, Supplement to a catalogue of Irish Zoophytes, Annals
Magazine Natural History, vol. 7, p. 367.
1841. Lepralia coccinea HASSAI.L, Supplement to a catalogue of Irish Zoophytes, Annals
Magazine Natural History, vol. 7, p. 367.
1842. Lepralia appensa HASSALL, Remarks on the genus Lepralia of Dr. Johnston, with
descriptions of six undescribed species and notices of two other Zoophytes, Annals
Magazine Natural History, vol. 9, p. 408.
1844. Lepralia coccinea COUCH, A Cornish Fauna, pt. 3, p. 115.
1844. Lepralia tridendata COUCH, A Cornish Fauna, pt. 3, p. 155.
1847. Lepralia ballii JOHNSTON, A History of the British Zoophytes, ed. 2, p. 321.
1847. Lepralia coccinea JOHNSTON, A History of the British Zoophytes, ed. 2, p. 322.
1845. Escharina ballii GRAY, List of the specimens of the British animals in the collection
of the British Museum, pt. 1, Ceutroniae or Radiated Animals, vol. 1, p. 124.
1848. Escharina coccinea GRAY, List of the specimens of British animals in the collections
of the British Museum, pt, 1, Centronine or Radiated Animals, p. 124.
1850-52. Distansesliarclliiia pteropora D'ORISIGNY, Paleontologie franchise Description ties
animaux invert6bres, Terrain Cretacf, vol. 15, p. 451, Bryozoaires.
1852. Lepralia ballii LANDSBOROUGH. A popular History of British Zoophytes or Coral-
lines, p. 323. '
1852. Lciinilia coccinea LANDSnoiJOUGH, A popular History of British Zoophytes or Corallines,
p. 323.
1S53. Lepm/ia coccinea SARS, Bemaerkninger over det Adriatiske Havs Fauna sammenlignpt
ined Nordhavets, Nyt Magazin for Naturvidenskab, vol. 7, p. 379.
1sn4. J.ciiniliii c'ln-inea BUSK, Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa in the British Museum, Cheilo-
stomata, pt. 2, p. 70.
1S.">7. Lepralia coccinea AI.DER, A Catalogue of the Zoophytes of Northumberland and Dur-
ham, Transactions Tyneside Naturalists' Field Club, vol. 3, p. 143.
410 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
1SG1. LepraUa coccinca BRADY, Notes of Algae, etc., found in the Isle of Man and ou the
coasts of Northumberland and Durham, Annals Magazine Natural History, ser. 3,
vol. 7, p. 70.
1862. Lepralia coccinca, HINCKS, A catalogue of Zoophytes of South Devon and South Corn-
wall, Annals Magazine Natural History, ser. 3, vol. 9, p. 202.
1864. Lepralia oicornigera REUSS, Die Foraminit'eren, Anthozoen und Bryozoen des
Deutschen Septarienthones, Denkschriften der k. Akademie der Wissenschafteu.
Wien, vol. 25, Abth. 1, p. 37, pi. 12, fig. 9.
1S67. Discopora appensa SMITT, Kritisk fiirteckning ofver Skandinavieus-Hafsbryozoer,
Ofversigt af Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Forhandlingar, vol. 24, Bihang, p. 27.
1SG7. Discopora coccinea SMITT, Bryozoa Marina in regionibus articis et borealibus viven-
tia . . . Ofversigt a fk. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Fiirhaudlingar, 24 Agr., p. 457.
1SGS-9. Cellepora pteropora EEUSS, Die fossilien Anthozoen und Bryozoen der Schichteu-
gruppe von Crosaro, Denkschrifteii der k. Akadeniie der Wissenschaften, Wien,
vol. 29, Abth. 1, p. 2GO.
1869. Lepralia pteropora MANZONI, Bryozoi fossili italiani, 3d contribution, Sitzungsber-
ichte der kaiserlichten Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, vol. 60, Abth. 1, p. 934.
?1S69. Lcprali-a fulgurans SEGUENZA, Le forniazioni terziare nella Provincia di Reggio
(Calabria), Reale Accademia dei Lincei Memorie della classe di Scienze Fisiche,
Matematiche e Natural), Roma., ser. 3, vol. 6, Bryozoa, p. 200.
1869. LepraUa pcregrina MANZONI, Briozoi fossili italiani, 3d contribution, Sitzungsberichte
der kaiserlichen Akademie der Wisseushaften, Wien, vol. 60, Abth. 1, p. 946.
1869. Lepralia pteropora REUSS, Die fossilen Polyparien des Wiener Tertiiirbeckeus,
Haidinger's Naturwiss. Abhandlung, vol. 2, Wien, p. 263, pi. 30, fig. 4.
1869. Lepralia pteropora MANZONI, Briozoi pliocenici Italiani, Sitzungsb. der k. Akademie
Wissenshaften, vol. 60, Wien, pi. 1, fig. 1.
1870. Discopora coccinea FISCHER, Bryozoaires, Eohinodermes et Foraminiferes Marins du
Departement de la Gironde et des cotes du sud-ouest de la France, Actes de la
Socie'tS Linneene de Bordeaux, vol. 27 (3 ser. vol. 7), p. 24.
1874. LepraUa coccinea REUSS, Die fossilien Bryozoen des Osterreichisch Uugarischeu
Miocans, Deukschriften der k. Akademie der Wissenschaft, vol. 33, Wien (see Mau-
zoni), p. 155, ser. 15, pi. 6, fig. 11.
1875. Lepralia coccinea MANZONI, I Briozoi del pliocene antico di Castrocaro, Bologna, p. 16,
pi. 2, fig. 19.
1S75. Lepralia coccinea KIRCHENPAUER. Bericht iiber die Untersuchungsfahrt der Pom-
merania in der Nordsee, 1872, VI, Bryozoer, Jahresbericht der Commission zur wis-
senschaftlichen Untersuchunsr der deutchen Meere in Kiel, vols. 2 and 3, p. 187.
1875. Lepralia fulgurans MANZONI, I Bryozoi del pliocene antico di Castrocaro. p. 16,
Bologna.
1875. Lepralia rcsupinata MANZONI, I Bryozoi del pliocene antico di Castrocaro, p. 20.
1878. LepraUa coccinea WATERS, Bryozoa (Polyzoa) from the Pliocene of Bruccoli (Sicily),
Transactions Manchester Geological Society, vol. 14, p. 470.
1878. LepraUa resupinata WATERS, Bryozoa (Polyzoa) from -the Pliocene of Bruccoli
(Sicily), Transactions Manchester Geological Society, vol 14, p. 474.
1879. Lepralia coccinea WATERS, On the Bryozoa (Polyzoa) of the Bay of Naples, Annals
Magazine Natural History, ser. 5, vol. 3, p. 40.
1879. Lepralia coccinea SEGUENZA, Le formazioni terziarie nella Provincia di Reggio
(Calabria), Reale Accademia dei Lincei Memorie della classe di Scienze, Fisiche,
Matematiche e Natural! Roma, ser. 3, vol. 6, pp. 81, 199, 294, 328. 36S.
71879. Lepralia fulgurans SEGUENZA, Le formazioni terziare nella Provincia di Reggio
(Calabria), Reale Aecademia dei Lincei Memorie della Classe di Scienze Fisiche.
Matematiche e Natural!, Roma. ser. 3, vol. 6, Bryozoa, p. 200.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 411
1879. Lcpralia resupinata SEGUENZA, La formazioni terziarie nella Provincea di Reggio
(Calabria), Reale Accadeinia del Lincei Memoire della Classe di Scienze, Fisiche,
Matematiche e Natural!, ser. 3, vol. 6, p. 81, 201.
1880. Mucronella coccinea HINCKS, British Marine Polyzoa, p. 371.
1882. Mucronella coccinea WATERS, On fossil Cheilostomatous Bryozoa from Mt. Gambler,
South Australia, Quarterly Journal Geological Society, London, vol. 38, p. 266.
1885. Mucronella loricata KOSCHINSKT, Beitrag zur Kenntniss der Bryozoan-fauna der
alterer Tertiarschichten des siidlichen Bayerns, I, Cheilostomata, Paleontographia,
vol. 32, p. 56, pi. 3, fig. 8.
1886. Lcpralia pteropora GOTTARDI, Bryozoi Fossili di Montechio Maggiore, Atti della Societa
Veneta Trentina di Scienze Natural!, vol. 9, p. 302.
1S8G. Lepralia coccinea GOTTAUDI, Briozoi Fossili di Montechio Maggiore, Atti delle Societa
Veneta Trentina di Scienze Natural!, vol. 9, p. 302.
1SSG. Mucronella coccinea LEVINSEN, Bryozoer fra Kara-Havet Dijmphna-Togtets Zool. bot.
Udbytte, p. 19.
18S7. Mucronella coccinea PEEGENS, Les Bryozoaires du Tasmadhan a 'Belgrade, Bulletin
des Stances SocietS Royale Malacologique de Belgique, vol. 22, p. 22.
1889. Mucronella coccinea PERGENS, Notes succinctes sur les Bryozoaires III. Bryozoaires
drogue's par M. Lennier aux environs de Cherbourg (Brest in error), Bulletin des
Stances Society Royal Malacologique de Belgique, vol. 24, p. 61.
18S9. Mucronella coccinea JELLY, A synonymic catalogue of the recent marine Bryozoa,
p. 191.
1891. Smittia coccinea WATERS, North Italian Bryozoa, pt. 1, Cheilostomata, Quarterly
Journal Geological Society, vol. 41, p. 21, pi. 3, fig. 8.
1S95. Smittia (Mucronella) coccinea NEVIANI, Briozoi fossili della Farnesina e Monte.
Marino presso Roma, Paleontologica Italica, vol. 1, Pisa.
1896. Smittia (Mucronella) coccinea NEVIANI, Briozoi postpliocenci di Spilinga (Cnlabria)
Atti Academia Gioenia Scienze Naturalli, vol. 9, ser. 4, p. 43.
1897. Mucronella coccinea CALVET, Resultats scientifiques de la Campagne du Caudan dans
k- srolfe de Gascogne, Annales de University de Lyon, vol. 26, p. 262.
1899. Smittia coccinea WATERS, Bryozoa from Madeira, Journal Royal Microscopical
Society, p. 16.
1900. Smittia (Mucronella) coccinea NEVIANI, Briozoi neogenici delle Calabrie, Paleonto-
graphia Italica, vol. 6, p. 209, ser. 95, pi. 18, ser. 3, fig. 9.
1900. Mucronella coccinea NORDGAARD, Deu Norske Nordhar's expedition, p. 14.
1902. Mucronella coccinea CALVET, Bryozoaires ruarins des cotes de Corse, Travaux de 1'In-
stitute de Zoologie de 1'Universite1 de Montpellier, ser. 2, Memoire 12, p. 33.
1902. Mucronella coccinea CALVET, Bryozoaires marins de la region de Montpellier, Travaux
de 1'Institut de Zoologie de 1'Universite de Montpellier, ser. 2, Memoire 11, p. 60.
1905. Escharoidcs coccinea NORMAN, On the Polyzoa of Madeira, Linnean Society Journal,
vol. 30, p. 304.
1906. Pcristoinella coccinea NORDGAARD, Die Bryozoen des \vestlicheu norwegens, Bergens
Museum Meers fauna von Bergen, p. 94.
1908. Peristomella coccinea CANU, Bryozoaires des Terrains tertiares des environs d? Paris,
Annales de Paleontologie, vol. 3, p. 87, pi. 10, fig. 12.
1909. Escharoides coccinea LEVINSEN, Morphological and Systematic Studies on the Cheilo-
•stomatous Bryozoa, p. 218.
1912. Mucronella coccinea GUERIN-GANIVET, Contributions a 1 'etude des Bryozoaires des
cotes armoricaines. III. Bryozoaires de la region de Concarneau et de 1'archipel
de Glenan, Travaux scientifiques du Lahoratoire de Zoologie de Concarneau,
vol. 4, p. 16.
412 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
This cosmopolitan species is very widespread in Europe since the Lutetian,
in its normal form. Here in America it does not begin until the Vicksburgian and
it is not abundant.
The characteristics of this species are: (1) A peristome complete in front and
with 6 spines behind; (2) a small mucro placed in a groove of the peristome;
(3) two large oblique avicularia. The orifice is an orbicular external aperture
without any connection with the real aperture which is invisible and buried below
the mucro.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : West bank of Conecuh
River, Escambia County, Alabama (common) ; Murder Creek, east of C'astlebury,
Conecuh County, Alabama (rare).
Geological Distribution. — Lutetian of Bavaria (Koschinisky) and of Paris
(Canu) ; Priabonian of the Vicentin (Eeuss, Gottardi,- Waters) , of Transylvania
(Pergens^ ; Chattian of Germany (Reuss) ; Burdigalian of the Gard (Pergens) ;
Helvetian of Servia (Pergens), of Italy (Seguenza, Neviani), of the Gard and
the Herault (Canu), of Touraine (Canu) ; Tortonian of Austria-Hungary (Reuss) ;
Zanclean of Italy (Seguenza); Sahelian of Algeria (Canu); Plaisancian of
Italy (Manzoni, Neviani) ; Astian of Italy (Seguenza) ; Sicilian of Italy (Segu-
enza, Neviani) ; Quaternary of Italy (Seguenza, Neviani) ; Miocene of Australia
(Waters).
This species is chiefly littoral. It has been observed in the eastern Atlantic from
Madeira to Spitzberg, and in the western Mediterranean from 0 to 100 meters of
depth. Nevertheless it has been dredged from 180 meters in the Gulf of Gascony
and from 349 meters north of Norway. In this last station the temperature of the
depths was +3.5° C.
PJesiotypes.—C&i. No. 64285, U.S.N.M.
PERISTOMELLA COCCINEA RESUPINATA Manzoni, 1875.
Plate 87, fig. 14.
1875. Lepralla resupinata MANZONI, Briozoi del pliocene antieo di Castrocari, p. 20, p. 11,
- fig. 26.
1900. Mucronella coccinea, var. resupinata NEVIANI, Bryozoa neogenica delle Calabrie
Paleontographia Italica, vol. 6, p. 216 (96) (Bibliography regional).
This variety is characterized by the length of the false peristome. Below the
external aperture there is an elongated tubular part which is not a true peristomie,
but a simple modification of the frontal. This modification probably aims to give
a tubular form to the locella and to thus facilitate the extrusion of the tentacles.
The interareolar costules are also much accentuated. On the proximal part of the
peristome there is a small overhanging mucro.
In France we have never observed this variety. In Italy, according to Segu-
enza, it is not rare to find some specimens marking the intermediate stages from
the type. Here in America the zoarium is incrusting sometimes ; more often it is
free and more or less vincularif orm ; it is probable that the axis of such zoaria is
formed by a tier of thin filaments of algae around which the zooecia are grouped.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 413
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (" Chimney rock " of Marianna limestone) : One
mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (rare).
In Europe this variety has been observed since the Helvetian in the same
countries as the type species itself, but it has never been mentioned as recent.
It is remarkable that Peristomella c.occinea Abildgaard, 1805, has disappeared
from the western Atlantic and from' the Gulf of Mexico since the commencement
of the Miocene.
Plcsiotype.—Cat. No. 64282, U.S.N.M.
PERISTOMELLA LATICELLA, new species.
Plate 54, figs. 5-7.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells and bryozoa or creeps over algae.
The zooecia are distinct, wide, aliform; the frontal is convex, smooth, surrounded
by a line of crowded areolae; it is formed of an olocyst covered over and intimately
united with a pleurocyst. The aperture is very oblique (about 45°) semilunar,
transverse, hidden under a salient and wide mucro; the proximal part of the
peristome bears four large spines. The ovicell is hyperstomial, but embedded in
the distal zooecia ; it is salient, wide, transverse, globular, smooth, surrounded by
very small areolae, identical with the frontal. The two avicularia are large, tri-
angular, with pivot, transverse, symmetrically placed. The ancestrula is small.
Measurements. — External aperture lpi=0.15 mm.
[7.3=0.55-0.60 mm.
Zooecialfe=0.50-0.60mm.
Affinities. — The analogy of the ovicellarian walls with the frontal is easy to
observe on this species (fig. 6) ; the pleurocyst is more or less thick. The ances-
trula is a small ordinary zooecium.
In its form and general aspect this species is close to Peristomella alifera Eeuss,
1869, from the Vicentin. It differs from it in its incrusting and non-bilamellai
zoarium and in its wide zooecia.
It differs from Peristomella coccinca Abildgaard. 1805, in its transverse ovicell,
the entire absence of a false peristomie, its much wider zooecia (7s=0.50-0.60mm.
and not 0.30 mm.), and the presence of six spines (and not four).
Tt differs from Perixtomella erect a, and P. fulf/urans Manzoni, 1870; in its
avicularia disposed transversely and not longitudinally.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (rare).
Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (very common); near Lenuds
Ferry, South Carolina (rare) ; 18 miles west of Wrightsville, Johnson County,
Georgia (very rare) ; 3i miles north of Grovania. Georgia (very rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : "West bank of Sepulga River, Escambia
County, Alabama (common).
Cotypes.—Cnt. No. 64107, U.S.N.M.
PERISTOMELLA ERECTA. new species.
Plate 87, figs. 16, 17.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are distinct, elongated,
elliptical; the frontal is convex, smooth, bordered by areolae and covered by a thick
414
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
pleurocyst filling up the interareolar costules. The aperture is very oblique, invis-
ible, hidden by the mucro; the peristome is little salient, elongated, elliptical; it
bears proximally a small mucro triangular and salient; it bears laterally and
distally 6 to 8 spines. The hyperstomial ovicell is imbedded in the distal zooecia;
it is globular, salient, orbicular, of the same nature as the frontal. The avicularia
Ak
A<20
D
B. Young un-
H -75
FIG. 121.— Genus Exochella Jullien, 1888.
A-G. Exochella, longirostris Jullien, 1888. A. Ovicelled zooecia, X 20.
ovicelled zooecia, X 30. C. Young zooecia, X 30, provided with marginal articulated spines,
3 or 4 in number. In this singular species the peristome in growing has an abnormal tendency
to bear either to the right or to the left, abandoning some of the marginal spines of the orifice.
The latter are then isolated outside of the orifice, close to the line of separation of the zooecia.
This curious occurrence is observed chiefly on the zooecia bearing only a single avicularium.
The appearance of the avicularium seems, therefore, to be the cause of the change of direction
of the peristomes of such zooecia. D. Orifice bearing two spines, X- 100. E. Avicularia, X
100, one of which is provided with the retractor muscle. (After Jullien, 1888.) F. Interior,
showing the aperture and the locella, X 75. G. Opercula, X 100. (After Levinsen, 1909.)
H, I. Exochella looata Levinsen, 1909. H. Interior, showing the apertura, locella, and the
vestibular arch, X 75. I. Operculum, X 140. (After Levinsen, 1909.)
J, K. Exochella trlcuspis Hincks, 1881. J. Interior, X 75, showing the vestibular arch, the
apertura, the locella, and three coalesced teeth. K. Operculum, X 140. (After Levinsen, 1909.)
are straight, very long triangular, with pivot, placed symmetrically and longi-
tudinally.
Measurements.- — External aperture Ipi—O.li mm. Zooecia , " ' ' mm'
I lz = 0.35 mm.
Variations. — The exterior aspect is quite variable, as in all the species with
a pleurocyst; this is not deposited on the young zooecia. The interareolar costules
are formed first (fig. 1) ; their intervals become filled up and the zooecia are then
covered by this finely granulated deposit which is characteristic of the pleurocyst.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 415
The texture of the frontal of the ovicell is identical, but the areolae are much
smaller. In front of the ovicell 2 or 4 spines often persist. The direction of the
avicularia is not very constant; they are sometimes somewhat oblique.
Affinities. — This is the American representative of Peristomella fulgurans
Manzoni, 1870, of the Italian Pliocene. Our species differs from it in a lesser
convexity of the frontal and in the avicularia, which are straight (and not some-
what arched) and which never touch the peristome.
This species differs from Peristomella laciniata Seguenza, 1879, in the absence
of a false peristomie and in the elliptical, elongated form of its external aperture.
It differs from Perist&mdla laticclla and P. coccinea Abildgaard, 1805, in its
avicularia placed longitudinally (and not transversally).
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Near Claiborne, Monroe
County, Alabama.
Cotypes.—Cnt. No. 64284, U.S.N.M.
PERISTOMELLA FALCIFERA, new species.
Plate 54, figs. 8-10.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are large, elliptical,
erect; the frontal is very convex, smooth, surrounded by a double line of very
small areolae, quite crowded; it is terminated distally by a salient mucro, bifid,
oblique. The peristome is quite prominent, thick, garnished with six spines; the
locella is very large; the apertura (in the interior) is suborbicular, oblique, entirely
hidden by the mucro. The ovicell is very large, globular, quite salient, smooth;
it is hyperstomial, placed on the distal zooecium; it opens into the locella by a
large orifice, facing the mucro. On each side of the apertura there are two long
falciform avicularia, parallel to the zooecial axis, the beak above.
. rZs=0.75mm.
Measurements. — Zooecia {^ „ __
lfe=0.60mm.
Affinities. — In the disposition of the avicularia, this species is near to
Peristomella fulgurans, but differs in the form of the straightened avicularia and
its larger micrometric dimensions.
It differs from Lcpralia complicates Keuss, 1847, in its much larger bifid mucro
hiding the apertura.
The convexity of the zooecia gives to the interior of the zooecia a very peculiar
geometric aspect; the locella appears as a simple slit between the zooecia and the
ovicell (fig. 10).
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington.
North Carolina (very common).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 64108, U.S.N.M.
Genus EXOCHELLA Jullien, 1888.
1S88. Exochella JTJLT.IEN, Mission scientifique du Cap Horn, vol. 6, Zoologie Bryozoaires,
p. 55.
The aperture is oblique without lyrula, cardelles or rimule. The ovicell is
hyperstomial and imbedded in the distal zooecia. It opens above the aperture and
416
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
below the frontal mucro in a locella. The operculum is slightly chitinizecl and not
distinctly marked off from the compensatrix. The peristome has three, sometimes
coalesced teeth, a median and two lateral. Normally there is an avicularium on
each side. Three dietellae. Spines. The frontal is surrounded by areolae.
Genotype. — Exochella longirostris Jullien, 1888.
Range. — Rocanean-Recent.
Genus DIDYMOSELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Didymosella CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilostouie
Bryozoa, Bulletin 90, United States National Museum, p. 43.
The frontal is a tremocyst. Below the aperture there are two large pores
which open into the zooecia, under the operculum. Spines. There is a large mar-
ginal avicularium, triangular, with pivot, arranged transversally.
Genotype. — Didymosella (Porina) larvalis MacGillivray, 1868.
Range. — Vicksburgian-Recent.
We do not know the ovicell of this species
and we are ignorant of the function of the
two frontal pores. The latter have appeared
to us to have some relationship with those re-
sulting from the coalescence of the three labial
teeth of ExocJiella; and this simple relation,
combined with the presence of a large, margi-
nal avicularium, causes us to classify the
genus in the Peristomellae. In reality we
have not sufficient data.
FIG. 122. — Genus Didymosella
Bassler, 1017.
A-C. Didymosella larvalis MacGillivray,
1868. A. Zooecia. (After MacGillivray,
1895.) B. Zooecia, X 12. (After Waters,
1882.) C. Avicularian mandible, X 85.
(After Waters, 1887.)
DIDYMOSELLA CRASSA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 88, figs. 1-7.
1917. Didymosella crassa CANU and BASSLER,
Synopsis of American Early Tertiary
Cheilostome Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United
States National Museum, p. 43, pi. 4, fig. 6.
Description. — The zoarium is unilamel-
lar and very thick; it creeps over algae.
The zooecia are elongated, distinct, in the form of a bottle; the frontal is convex
and formed of a tremocyst with large, crowded, tubular pores. The aperture is
elliptical and transverse; the salient peristome bears the traces of very small spines;
two enormous pores are adjacent to the peristome. The avicularium is marginal,
triangular, very large, with pivot, and arranged transversally. The lower face is
smooth and presents some large, scattered concavities.
Measurements. — Aperture
Aa=0.10mm.
,
Ua= 0.11-0.12 mm.
Zooecia
Zs=O.GO-0.70 mm.
fe=0.40mm.
Variations. — In longitudinal section we are better able to comprehend the
organization of this species. In particular the dorsal wall is a very thick olocyst,
NORTH AMERICAN EARIA" TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 417
the cavities observed on the exterior do not perforate it; they limit the zooecia
between which they are hollowed out. The large frontal pores open into the same
zooecia (fig. 4) ; the tremopores are tubules: finally the aviculariiun is a very large
chamber hollowed in the thickness of the frontal wall.
The tangential section (fig. 5) reveals the remarkable size of the avicularium,
a size which must correspond to a powerful musculature; the frontal is a tremocyst
with large pores in the form of tubules; the olocyst which surround the large frontal
pores show small vacuoles.
Affiniti, .v. — This is the American representative of Didynwsclla.liioculata Waters
of the Priabonian. It differs from this European species in its frontal which is a
tremocyst and not garnished with lateral areolae.
It differs from DidymoscUa (Porina) lar-vali-s MacGillivray, 1868, in its much
more numerous tremopores and in its two pores placed lower.
" In recent specimens there is usually a thick epitheca (ectocyst) covering the
front of the zooecia, but not closing the peristomial pores. It may possibly be a
Hiantopora." ( MacGillivray. )
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone): West bank of Conecuh
River, Escambia County, Alabama (common) ; Murder Creek, east of Castlebnry,
Conecuh County, Alabama (common) ; near Claiborne, Monroe County. Alabama
(rare) ; 1 mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (rare) ; deep well, Escambia County,
Alabama (very rare).
Gotypes.—C&t. No. 62592, U.S.N.M.
TRYPEMATELLA, new genus.
Trypemos, in allusion to the numerous perforations of the zoarium.
The ovicell is hyperstomial and closed by the operculum for the passage of
the eggs. The apertura is semilunar. with proximal border a little concave. The
frontal bears some lateral areolar pores (pleurocyst on olocyst). Two large lateral
avicularia are placed below the apertura.
Genotype. — Trypematella papulifera, new species. Pleistocene of California.
The type of this genus will be described in a forthcoming publication.
Group 4, MICROPORELLAE.
The orifice of the compensatrix (ascopore) is distinct and at some distance
from the apertura. The ovicell is hyperstomial and closed by the operculum.
The presence of a frontal micropore was considered by Hincks in 1880 as an
important family character, but the comparison of the larvae do.es not bear out
this conclusion.
According to Jullien the. ascopore, is the orifice of a horn-shaped process allow-
ing the exterior to communicate with the tentacular sheath. Planner and Levinsen
believed that this was an optical illusion, and that the ascopore Is really the orifice
of the compensatrix.
55899—19 — Bull. 106 27
418
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
N
© S » 3
K..IOO
FIG. 123. — Anatomy of the Microporellae.
M «4S
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
419
FIG. 123. — Anatomy nf Hit' Mieroporellae.
A-E. Micropurclla ciliatu I'allas. 1VGU. A. Profile view of free larva, X 75. B. Free
larva, oral view, showing the large radiating elements of the oral mesoderm. X 50. C. Free
larva, aboral view, showing the radiating aspect of the calotte, 50. (A-C after P.arrois, 1877.)
ms, oral mesoderm ;
<>. dilated cleft;
oc, oculiform points ; •
////, pharynx ;
JfV, horder of the calotte.
c, corona ;
c»/. calotte (terminal bud);
CD. digestive cavity;
«•, obscure part between the two branches of
the stomach ;
mi. ahoral mesoderm;
D. Median sagittal section of an embryo in one of the last stages of development. (After
Calvet, 1900.) E. Ancestrula and two zooocia. The original aperture of the ancestrula. which
is surrounded by spines, is almost closed to a pore, X 5o. (After'Levinsen, 1909.)
F-N. Microporella malusi Audouin, 1S26. F. Median sagittal section of an embryo just
before it emerges. (After Calvet. ItiOO. ( In the course of the neuro-muscular bundles passing
from the central nerve organs to the pyriform organ some cellules are seen. The internal sack
has a simple form almost regularly c-ylindrical.
c. mantle; fum. neuro-muscular bundle;
cal, calotte ( terminal bvicl ) ; one, central nervous organ of the embryo ;
co, corona; pfse, sub-ectoderm nerve plexus;
d, tampon or inner sac; pplt; papilla of the vibratile plume;
ect, ectoderm; si, internal sac;
eye, ectoderm thickening; scis, superior glandular system;
I'pin. mesoderm thickening; .,71. inferior glandular system.
fc, ciliated cleft ;
G. Longitudinal section of a bryozoid. (After Calvet, 1900.)
i 'a i. stomachic caecum;
ft. incubation cavity ;
cry. cryptocyst. or skeleton
d, diaphragm ;
cph, hypostegal epithelium
epi, spine;
fc, central funicular cord:
fl, lateral funicular cord ;
fin. nervous ganglion;
fit, sub-diaphragm region
sheath ;
(if, subrliaphragm region;
liii. liypostege;
H. Zooecia, X 50. (After Wad r>.
of the tentacular
mud, dilator muscles of the incubation cavity ;
in H fir. large retractor muscle;
»/ni: retractor muscles of the frontal walls
of the lower ovlcellarian vesicle ;
ocs, esophagus :
op, operculum ;
ox. zooecial orifice ;
lime, median frontal pore:
pit. pyloris ;
rr, rectum :
/, tentacles ;
roi. lower ovicellarian vesicle ;
ms, upper ovicellarian vesicle.
I. Ancestrula. The frontal membrane (fin)
1903.)
is typically flustrine and bears an oprrcular valve; its calcareous margin bears ten spines, of
which three are oral spines (op). The brown body (hft) may be noted. (After Harmer, 1902.)
J. Frontal pores, X 250. (After Waters. 1914.1 K. Aperture, X 100. (After Levinsen, 1909.)
L. Basal view of a zooecium which has lost its polypide. (After Ilarmer. 1902.)
'«. polypide bud; n«-l. opercular muscles;
lii:. brown body; p. c.. dietellae :
corn, cornicula : ~. neighboring zooecia.
< g, rompensatrix opening by the ascopor"
(m. p.) :
420 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
M. Zoariuni decalcified, seen posteriorly. X 45. N. Anterior view of a xooecinm containing
only a young polypide, X 115. (M, N after Jullien, 1888.)
co, cardiac region of the stomach: »">.», occlusnr muscles of the operculum ;
caec, caecum of the stomach: >nrp, large retractor muscles of the polypide;
corn, cornicula : ov ovary ;
<li<; dietella ; /'/'. pharynx and esophagus;
cst, stomach; /»«. parietal muscles;
fit, tentacular sheath: i\ intestine and rectum;
ir. irisoid; t, tentacles.
O. Microporclla ftabcllaris Busk. 1852. Pietellae, from the basal surface. Besides the
basal \vall of flu> dietellae, the small triangular basal surface of the vibracular chamber is seen
lowest down to the riirht on the four zooecia. On some zooecia the basal surface shows a sep-
tula, and on others an opening corresponding with a septula in an opposite zooecium, X 40.
(After Levinsen, 1909.)
P-W. Opercula of ^[icml)orcUa. M ciliatn Pallas, 170(5. X 85. Q. M. muliisi Audnuin.
1826, X 85. (P, Q after Waters, 18T8.) R. M. imrriixirn Waters, 1904, X 85. (After Waters,
1906.) S. M. tUunricataCsmn, 1903, X 85. (After Waters, 1904.) T. M. flabelligera Levinsen,
1909, X 85. U. M. decorata Reuss, 1847, X 100. V. .!/. iiittrninnta Krauss, 1837, X 100. W. M.
flabellaris Busk, 1852, X 140. (T-W after Levinsen, 1909.)
Levinsen, in 1909, did not recognize the different genera established by authors
according to the form of the aperture. We have been able to adopt a number of
these genera, employing the principle of the great variations in the function of
calcification.
Many species hitherto believed to belong to the Microporellae have been recog-
nized to belong in reality to the Adeonidae.
Microporella Hincks, 1S77. Flustramorpha Busk. 1884. and Diponila Hincks.
1S79, are referred to this group, the general anatomy of which is illustrated in
figure 123. A discussion of the group will be deferred until the publication of our
monograph on the later Tertiary Bryozoa of North America.
Group 5, DIVERS GENERA.
The, genera of this section have some peculiar characters which do not permit
of their classification in any of the large groups cited; but they appear really to
belong to the same general family. The principal of these genera are:
Ilouzcauina Pergens, 1889.
Cyclicopora Hincks, 1884.
Kymclla (.'ami and Bassler, 1917.
C'yclocolposa, new genus.
< 'ycloperiella, new genus.
Aimulosin Jullien, 1888.
Anarthropora Smitt.
This last genus, devoid of ovicells, belongs perhaps to a distinct family.
NORTH AMKKH AN KA1ILY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
421
Genus HOUZEAUINA Pergens, 1889.
1SS9. Jlaiizi'iiitina PERGENS, Sur fossilen Br.vozoenfauna von \Yola Lnzanska, Bulletin
Societe Beige cle Geologie. vol. 3, p. GS.
The ovicell is hyperstomial and imbedded in the distill zooecia; it is closed
by the operculum. The frontal i> an olocyst perforated laterally by some areolae.
The avicularium is derived from a lateral areola, but it develops at the middle
of the frontal.
1). Anarthropora E. Aimulosia F. Cyclocolposa G. Cyc
FIG. 124. — Miscellaneous .iieneru of the Escharellidae.
A. Houzcinihin cnUoxn, new ^iiecies, Y. 20. Middle .Tacksoiiian of Georgia.
B. C'lirlii-iiiiiii-u cot inn, now srn'i-ics, Y. -t\. Yifksburgian of Alabama.
C. Kymella polaris Waters, 1904. X 16. Recent.
] >. Aiinrthroi>oi-/i nmicoxii, new species, K uu. Midwayan of Georgia.
E. Aimulosia australis Jullien. 1SSS. X 25. Recent.
F. Cyclocolposti pcrforata. new spiM-ies. X 20. Pliocene of South Carolina.
<;. ('/"''"/" >'i< 'II" I'libi'ii, new specie's. • I'd. Miocene of North Carolina.
Genotype. — llouscaitlint (Kxi-lmni) jnu'<ill<l<t Reuss, 1869.
Range. — Jacksonian-Priabonian.
This <renus is very remarkalile and we have no recent equivalent. ~\\"e think
that the operculum closes at the same time the ovicell and the /ooecia : the height
of the real aperture is, in effect, somewhat larger than that of the external aper-
ture. This common operculum is of different form from the operculum of the
nonovicelled zooecia.
The mode of formation and the origin of the median avicularium is as remark-
able as unexpected. It was in -tudying the interior of the zooecia that we made this
422 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
discovery. The avicularium develops on a lateral areola slipping under the frontal
in the form of a triangle and developed longitudinally at the middle of this frontal
(pi. 54, fig. 17).
HOUZEAUINA ORNATA, new species.
Plnte 54. figs. 12-17.
Description. — The zoarium is an Eschara the fronds of which reach frequently
more than a centimeter. The zooecia are quite elongated, distinct, rectangular,
separated by a salient thread; the frontal is flat, smooth, ornamented laterally with
numerous areolae often very large. The aperture is subcircular. The ovicell is
buried in the distal zooecia, globular and salient and has a very fragile olocystal
frontal. The aviciilarium is median, somewhat salient, triangular, the beak turned
toward the bottom and provided with a pivot.
[Aa=0.1Smm. Aperture of \ka=0.10 mm.
|7fl=(m_0 16 ovicelled zooecia |?a=0.14 mm.
. I £2=0.80-0.90 mm.
Zooecia 7 nn. n „
Us=0.24-0.30 mm.
Variations. — The dimensions of the aperture which we mention are the maxi-
mum; most of the time they vary around 0.12-0.14 mm. by 0.12mm. The aper-
ture of the ovicelled zooecia is transverse: nevertheless in looking at the base of the
locella the zooecial aperture is perfectly visible with a greater height (0.12-0.18 mm.
and not 0.10 mm.). If this aperture were closed by an ordinary operculum it would
not be able to open exteriorly to allow the passage of the tentacles. It is this
which makes us suppose that the ovicelled zooecia have a special operculum. The
areolae are small (fig. 14) or large (fig. 13).
The active formation of the pleurocyst gives to the zooecia a remarkable orna-
mentation (fig. 16) impossible to describe. In the interior (fig. 17) we see a thick
olocyst perforated laterally by some very small areolae, and the triangular cavity
which is the lodging of the aviciilarium by which the mesenchymatous elements
pass through one of the lateral areola. When the aviciilarium does not exist (fig.
13) the areolae are larger.
Affinities. — This is the American representative of TJouzcauina parallela
Reuss. 1869. It differs from it in its orbicular orifice (and not semilunar) with-
out a straight proximal border.
It differs from Houseauina < allota in its smaller oral dimensions (Za=0.14,
and not 0.18 mm.) in its larger areolae and the much larger frontal callosity.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Rich Hill. Crawford County, Georgia (com-
mon) ; Balclock, Barnwell County, South Carolina (very common) ; 3-i miles north
of Grovania, Georgia (rare) ; 3| miles south of Perry. Georgia (rare) ; 18 miles
west of Wrightsville. Georgia (common); Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 64111, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 423
HOUZEAUINA CALLOSA, new species.
Plate 54, fig. 11.
Description. — The zoarium is an Eschara; the partition which separates the
two lamellae, back to back, is unique. The zooecia are much elongated, distinct,
rectangular, separated by a very prominent thread; the frontal is smooth. Hat.
garnished laterally with small areolae, of which the two lower are larger than the
others. The hyperstomial ovicell is imbedded in the distal zooecia ; it is salient
and globular and bears in front a perforated callosity. The median avicularium
is small, triangular, the beak turned toward the bottom, salient, without pivot, but
with an opening for the passage of the extensor muscles of the mandible.
,, fAa=0.20mm. . \Lz— 0.70-0.85 mm.
Measurements. — Aperture { -, n , Zooecia {
(la= 0.1 8-0.2 Omm. 1/3=0.30 mm.
Aperture of f Aa=0.15 mm.
ovicelled zooecia[Za=0.18-0.20 mm.
Affinifti's. — This species differs from Houzeauina ornata in the small perforated
frontal callosity of the ovicell. in its smaller areolae and its larger oral dimensions.
Only the figured specimen has been found.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Eighteen miles west of Wrightsville, John-
son County, Georgia (very rare).
Holot'ype.—Ca.t. Xo. 64109, U.S.N.M.
HOUZEAUINA LIBRATA, new species.
Plate 52, figs. 17, 18; Plate 55, figs. 1-4.
Description. — The zoarium is bilamellar, its fronds often claviform. The
zooecia are indistinct, elongated; the frontal is convex, smooth, garnished laterally
with some very widely spaced areolae, the lower two of which are the larger; a
finely granulated pleurocyst is closely united with a thick subjacent olocyst. The
aperture is imbedded, semilunar, with a proximal border nearly straight; there are
two very small cardelles placed quite low. The avicularium is median, little salient,
elliptical: it does not exist on the zooecia provided with two large lower areolae.
r Aa=0.10-0.14 mm.
. fLs—O.GO (max. 0.74mm).
Zooecia V
lfe=0.30-0.40 mm.
Variations. — The dimensions of the aperture vary very little and oscillate
around 0.12 mm., nevertheless it is sometimes slightly transverse (0.10 by 0.14 mm.)
and sometimes a little elongated (0.14 by 0.10 mm.). By rubbing away one face
we are able to study the interior of the zooecia; the avicularium is indeed that of
Houzeauina as it results from a development of the lateral areolae. through which
pass the mesenchymatous fibers which unite it to the zooecia. It establishes a
phenomenon of 7,,>J,, //,-,', of equilibrium between this avicularium and the other
areolae, chiefly the lower ones, which do not exist on the zooecia deprived of the
424
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
median avicularium. Canu 1 has already cited an analogous case of equilibrium in
Exochclla mutablis Canu, 1911, from the Kocanean of Argentina. The olocyst is
very thick (pi. 55, fig. 5). Finally we have observed two monstrous zooecia
(pi. 55, fig. 3).
Affinities. — This species is very deceiving, and, without the study of the zooecial
interior, it would be impossible to classify it properly. The absence of prominent
threads separating the zooecia will suffice to differentiate it from all the others.
A Bx20
FIG. 125. — Genus Oi/r/iVo/jon/ Ilincks, 1884.
A-E. Cyclieoiiora longipora MaoGillivray, 1882. A. Ovlcelled zooecia. (After MacGilli-
vray, 1882.) B. Zooecia, X 20, indicating; that the lateral pores are areolar. C. Tangential
section of the inner face of the frontal wall, X 48, showing the tremopores along the suture
lines. D. Tangential section of the external face of the frontal wall, X 48. (After Hennig,
1910.) E. Operculum showing the border very thick and chitinous.
Oceuivence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (common);
near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (very rare).
Ootypes.—C&t. No. 64097, U.S.N.M.
Genus CYCLICOPORA Hincks, 1884.
1SS4. ('in-Hrn/iora HINCKS, Polyzna from Victoria, Annals and Magazine Natural History,
ser. 5, vol. 14, p. 279; 1893. ser. G. vol. 12, p. 143.
The, ovicell is hyperstomial and always closed by the operculum. The frontal
is a tremocyst with pores in quincunx. There are no cardelles, but the operculum
1 Iconographie Bryozoaires fossiles de 1'Argenttne, pt. 2. Anales del Museo National de Buenos
Airi's, vol. 21, p. 263.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 425
function- ;is if they existed (as in the genus flipped ij>l(i*!<i.)- The proximal
border of the apertura is straight or somewhat concave. No spines.
Genotype. — Cyclicopora (Lepralia) longipora MacGillivray. 1882.
Range. — Jacksonian-Eecent.
The simplicity of the structure of this genus has been much exaggerated on
account of an incomplete observation of the operculum, the ovicell, and the frontal.
The axis of rotation of the operculum is at the middle of the aperture; its anterior
part is reenforced by a baud much more chitinized.
Cyclicopora polaris Waters, 1904, belongs to a closely related genus; the oper-
culum bears indeed the same distal sclerite, but its form is different, the frontal is
a pleuroc3-st proceeding from lateral areolae, and there are some spines; this is
the genus Kymella described on page 428.
Hincks has introduced Cyclicopora into a special family, the Cyclicoporidae.
This family is perhaps really a good one; the frontal of the two known genera
appear to be formed by the consolidation of the primitive costules. as the figures
of Hennig and of Waters, which we reproduce, seem to prove. Finally, the oper-
culum has a broad, thickened border, reminding us of the. opercula of some Mem-
branipora, such as Meiribranipora tcnuirostms Hincks. 1880.
CYCLICOPORA FISSURATA, new species.
Plate 55, fig. 7.
Description. — The zoarium is unilamellar and creeps on algae. The zooecia
are elongated, distinct, elliptical: the frontal is convex and covered by very large
tremopores. The apertura is semilunar with a proximal border somewhat concave;
the peristome is wide, complete, hardly salient. On each side of the apertura there
are two avicularia, elongated, thin, adjacent to the peristome, the beak directed
toward the top.
fAa=0.20mm. . fZs=0.80-0.95mm.
Measurements. — Apertura , _.,. Zooecia,,
Ua=0.15-0.17 mm. \lz=QA5 mm.
Affinities. — The avicularia are seen in perspective; they have the aspect of
two fissures in the zooecia.
This species differs from Cyclicopora longipora MacGillivray, 1882, in its
enormous tremopores and its two large oral avicularia.
It differs from Cyclicoporn colum in its much larger dimensions.
Oceuwence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (very rare).
Holotype.—Cak. No. 64113, U.S.N.M.
CYCLICOPORA COLUM. new species.
Plate 87, fig. 15.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa. The zooecia are elongated, dis-
tinct, separated by a deep furrow, the frontal is convex and covered with large
tremopores, widely spaced. The aperture is semielliptical or semilunar; the proxi-
426 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL, MUSEUM.
mal border is straight or somewhat concave. The ovicell is globular, salient, cov-
ered with smaller tremopores than those of the frontal; it is hyperstomial and
always closed by the operculum. One of the lateral tremopores, near the aperture,
transforms itself into a small avicularium, simple, somewhat salient, and elliptical.
f/w=0.12-0.14mm. . f Zs=0.55-0.60mm.
Measurements. — Aperture { 7 Zooecia , n .,.
U<z=0.14-0.16 mm. 17,3=0.40 mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Cydicopora longipora MacGillivray, 1882,
in its large tremopores which give it the aspect of a colander.
It differs from Cydicopora fissurata in its much smaller dimensions and the
absence of elongated, lateral avicularia.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian ("Chimney rock" member of Marianna lime-
stone) : One mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (very rare).
Holotype.—Cat. No. 64283, U.S.N.M.
CYCLICOPORA SPONGIOPSIS De Gregorio, 1890.
Plate 88, figs. 8-16.
1890. Eschanr siinnriiopsis DE GKEGOKIO. Monographic de la Faune Eocenique de Alabama,
Annales Geologie et ele Taleontologie, Livr. 7, 8, p. 241, pi. 40, fig. 2.
Description. — The zoarium is unilamellar, cylindrical, hollow; it surrounds
the radicells of small algae. The zooecia are very little distinct, elongated, fusi-
form; the frontal is little convex, very thick and formed of a tremocyst with large
tubular pores resting on a very thin olocyst. The apertura is oval, at the base of
a deep peristomie ; the peristome is smooth, not salient, and bears from 1 to 4 simple
avicularia. The ovicell is hyperstomial. buried in the distal zooecia; it opens into
the peristomie, it is ornamented with large pores analogous to those of the frontal.
rAa=0.20mm. . f £0=0.60-0.70 mm.
Measurements. — Apertura <7 A1K Zooecia , n „„
[te=0.1omm. 1/3=0.50 mm.
Variations. — There are occasionally some zooecia bordered by a prominent
thread (fig. 14). The number of small simple, peristomial avicularia is quite
variable; sometimes one (fig. 15) sometimes 3 or 4 (fig. 10). The frontal walls
are very thick and the tubules themselves have thick walls. In the transversal
sections (fig. 9) this same phenomenon is quite visible. The tangential section
(fig. 13) shows the large frontal tremopores and the black, sinuous lines of inter-
section with the olocyst.
Affinities. — This species resembles much the young zoaria of Porellacrasso paries
which surround also the small algae and their distinction is often quite difficult : it
differs from the latter in the complete absence of the median avicularium.
It seems to us that this species resembles the figure given by De Gregorio of
his Eschara spongiopsis, but we have not been able to check this observation with
his type.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Monroe-
ville, Alabama (very common) ; near Claiborne, Monroe County, Alabama (com-
mon).
NORTH AMERICAN KARI.Y TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 427
Vicksbiirgian (Red Blurt' clay) : Seven and one-half miles southwest of Bladen
Springs. Alabama (common).
Plesiotypes.—Cnt. No. (IJ^'sc,. U.S.X.M.
CYCLICOPORA FILIFERA, new species.
riiitf 83, iK's. 17-1 !i.
Description. — The zoarium inrrusts shells. The zooecia are large, elongated,
elliptical, distinct, separated by a prominent thread, often quite thick; the frontal
is somewhat convex and porous: it is formed of an olocyst with small scattered
pores surmounting a tremocyst with larger, corresponding pores. The apertura is
orbicular and placed at the base of a large, oblique peristomie; the peristome is
thin, salient, sharp, bearing on its proximal border a very small avicularium; in
the. peristomie, there is often a verv Miiall mucro. The ovicell is hyperstomial,
placed on the distal zooecium, globular, salient; it opens in the peristomie by a
small orifice.
,. (ha— 0.20-0.25 mm. „ . fZs= 0.85-0.95 mm.
Measurements. — Apertura 7 Zooecia<7 .. .,„
1 la=0.2Q mm. (te=0.5o mm.
Affinities. — We are not quite certain of the genus of this species. The tremocyst
in fact, is visible onljr on the very well preserved zooecia; usually it does not exist
and is replaced by a thick pleurocyst deposited between the threads which become
very salient (fig. 18) ; finally there is a peristomice which does not correspond to
the apertura.
In this last character, in its <>viee!l which opens into the peristomie, in its
small perislomial avicularium this species is not, without analogy with the genus
Smittina. Perhaps it will be necessary to make a special genus but the small num-
ber of specimens collected does not permit us to do so.
Occurrence. — Vicksbiirgian (Marianna limestone) : Well at depth of 140 feet,
Escambia County, Alabama ( very rare ) ; near Claiborne, Monroe County, Alabama
Cotypes.—CuA: Xos. (U2s7. 64288, U.S.X.M.
CYCLICOPORA LATICELLA, new species.
Plate r>5. fi£. 6.
De»d'//i/niti. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are distinct, some-
what elongated, very large, wide, elliptical: the frontal is convex and garnished
with large tremopores scattered and funnel-shaped. The peristome is salient, com-
plete: the apertura and the peristomice are suborbicular. On one of the sides of
the zooecia there is a small elliptical avicularium somewhat straightened.
. f £3= 1.00 mm.
Measurements. — Zooecia j ^__0 JQ mm
Affinffi'i .v. — The only specimen collected has been figured. It bears no ovicell.
We classify it here from its apertura and its frontal. But it is evident that these
characters are insufficient and that this species could also belong to the Hippopo-
dinidae.
428
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
cin-rt n<; . — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (very rare).
Holotype.—Cat. No. 64112, U.S.N.M.
Genus KYMELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. KymcUa CANT and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 44.
The hyperstomial ovicell is always closed by the operculum. The frontal is
bordered laterally by areolae. The apertura bears a very thin wide rimule.
Genotype. — Kymetta (Cyclicopora) polaris Waters. 1904. decent.
C F «85
FIG. 126. — Genus Kymi'lla Canu and Bassler. 1917.
A-F. Kijmella polaris Waters, 1904. A. Zooecia of bilamiuate form, X 25. B. Operculum,
X 85. C. Lateral wall, showing multiporous septulae. D. Distal wall, showing uniporous
septulae. E. Zooocia of adnate form, X 25. F. Opprculum, X 85. (After Waters, 1904.)
Genus AIMULOSIA Jullien, 1888.
1888. Aimulosia JULI.IEN, Mission Scientifique du Cap Horn, vol. G, Zoologie Bryozoaires,
p. 59.
The ovicell is hyperstomial and never closed by the operculum. The apertura
is semilunar; the poster is somewhat concave. The frontal is an olocyst bordered
with areolae. A small round or elliptical avicularium is adjacent to the apertura.
Genotype. — Aimulosia australis Jullien. 1888.
Range. — Wilcoxian-Recent.
As in the genus Exochella., the stomach is rudimentary; it is replaced by the
esophagus, which Jullien calls a gastroid esophagus.
Lepralia /lungens Reuss, 1866. of the German Oligocene appears to belong to
this genus.
NORTH A.MKRirAX EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
AIMULOSIA CLAVUI.A, new species.
429
H:lk> 9. figs. 13-16.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa and shells. The zooecia are
distinct, short, a little elongated: the frontal is smooth, convex, surrounded with
h'.rge. triangular areolae. The apertura is somilunar with n concave poster. The
ovicell is large, globular, hyper-tomial: it is opened largely above the apertura.
oes
ph
mr
B »220
FIG. 127. — Genus .iiiintlosia Jullien, 1888.
A-C. Aiiiiiilnisin auntrnlis Jullien, 1SSS. A. /ooecia, X 25. B. Polypide in place seen from
the dorsal face. X 220. It is rather strange that often in the digestive apparatus of bryozoa
the stomach .shows as an appendage of the esophagus, and that the latter appears to replace
in its abnormal volume the functions of the stomach (gastroid esophagus). C. Avicularium of
the frontal face witii its two musdi-.. • r_'o. (After Jullien, 1888.) gt, tentacular sheath;
miir, elevator muscle of the aviculariau mandible: mr, large retractor muscles of the polypide;
ocs, gastroid esophagus; ph, pliaryn.N ; /. tentacles.
The frontal avicularium is adjacent to the apertura; it is small, round, with pivot,
and it opens externally.
|f<7.= .
M , asun mi nts. — Apertura •,,
) mm.
mm.
. [7,3=0.50 mm.
Zooecia ,
lfe=0.25-0.30 mm.
a. — The areolae are originally small (fig. 15) ; they become larger in
becoming funnel shaped (fig. 13). They probably allow to pass the endocystal
buds, which are developed above the frontal and which deposited an irregular
pleurocyst (fig. 15). Very frequently the ovicell is wider than the zooecium. which
thus assumes the form of a nail.
430
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
On the young zooecia (fig. 14) the ovicell is more salient and the frontal avicu-
larium is farther removed from the apertura. Thus the variations of the pleuro-
cyst extraordinarily deform the primitive characters.
Occurrence. — Wilcoxian (Bashi formation): Woods Bluff, Alabama (rare).
t'otypes.—Czt. No. 63855, U.S.N.M.
Genus ANARTHROPORA Smitt, 1867.
1867. AiHirthroiJora SMITT, Kritisk fiirteckning iifver Skandinaviens Hafsbryozoer, Ofver-
sig't Kongl, Vetenskaps-Akaclemiens Forhamlinglar, vol. 24, Bihang, p. 7.
"Zooecia with the oral extremity slightly produced and free, subtubular ; orifice
terminal, semicircular; an avicularian pore on the elevated portion of the cell in
front; special pore wanting." (After Hindis, 1880.)
Genotype. — Anarthropora (Lepralia) monodon Busk. 1860.
Range. — Latdorfian-Recent.
The anatomy was described by Jul-
lien in 1904.
This genus, deprived of ovicell,
may perhaps be better classed in the
family Adeonidae.
ANARTHROPOSA (?) VERRUCOSA. new specie x
Plate 7. fig. 20.
l'i xrr//>tion. — The zoarium incrusts
liryozoa and shells. The zooecia are
elongated, distinct, fusiform; the
frontal is convex and rcrrucose.
The aperture is semilunar; the proxi-
mal border is somewhat concave;
the peristome is complete, salient,
garnished with some distal spines.
No ovicell. The avicularia are small,
them, one above the aperture and two
D *200
Fin. 12S.— Genus Anarthropora Smitt, 1867.
A-D. Anarthropora monodon Busk, ISfiO. A
Zooecia, X 30. (After Hincks, 1880.) B. Operculum.
C. Section of tentacle, seen in profile, greatly magni-
fied. (B, C after Jullien, 1903.) D. Stellate pores of
the frontal, X 200. (After Levinsen, 1909.)
salient, simple, orbicular; there are three of
lateral ones.
JAa=0.06-Q.07
M< iixiii't in/ nt-x, — Aperture \,
Lto=0.06mm.
mm.
£3=0.35-0.40 mm.
, - __ nnn
fc= 0.25-0.30 mm.
iitirs. — The stellate pores which ornament the frontal of Anarthropora
monodon Busk, 1860, are only visible on the young zooecia. On our specimens we
have never observed them ; we are not even very certain that the verrucosities ob-
served are hollow. Nevertheless the very special arrangement of the avicularia
obliges us to classify our specimens in Anartkropora.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limc.-tonc) : One mile west of Fort Gaines,
Georgia (rare) : Luverne, Crenshaw County. Alabama (very rare).
IJo7otype.—C&t. No. 63825, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 431
CYCLOCOLPOSA, new genus.
The apertura is suborbicular, or elliptical, without cardelles. The frontal is
an olocyst, perforated by a double row of areolar pores and covered by a granular
detachable pletirocyst. The ovicell is hyperstomial, never closed by the operculum,
embedded in the distal zooecium.
Genotype.— Cyclocolposa ptrfomta, new species.
Kange. — Miocene-Pliocene.
In spite of appearances this genus is very different from Cyclicopora Hincks,
1884. The frontal pores are really areolar pores, and not tremopores, for they are
separated by short costules ; the granulations reveal also the detachable pleurocyst,
moreover, and are often visible on the altered zooecia. Tn Cyclicopora the oper-
culum always closes the ovicell to assure the passage of the eggs. Here this func-
tion is assured by the embedding of the ovicell in the distal zooecium, and in the
great thickness of the frontal. The orifice is thus arranged in the locella in front
of the tentacular sheath.
The description of the type species is reserved for a later publication.
CYCLOPERIELLA, new genus.
Greek: Peri, around. In allusion to the form of the ovicell.
The ovicell is hyperstomial, globular, not embedded in the distal zooecium,
and entirely covers the apertura. The apertura is formed of a semilunar anter
and of a very concave poster. The frontal is formed of a very thin olocyst sup-
porting a tremocyst with large widened pores.
Genotype. — Cycloperidla rubra, new species.
Range. — Miocene-Pliocene.
This genus offers the same frontal and apertural characters as Cyclicopora
Hincks, 1884. It differs from it in its ovicell, never closed by the operculum.
The passage of the eggs is assured by the form of the ovicell itself, which entirely
covers the apertura.
The type species will be described in our volume on the later Tertiary Bryozoa
of North America.
"viiiily STOMACHETOSELLIDAE Canu and Bassler, 1917.
The frontal is thick and occasions the formation of a peristomie. The apertura
is generally orbicular or semilunar with a very concave proximal border. The
peristomice is always different in form; it is notched below by a rimule-spiramen
designed to conduct the water into the compensatrix. The ovicell is hyperstomial,
imbedded in the distal zooecia: it opens above the apertura in the peristomie. No
peristomie, lyriila, or cardelles.
This family differs from the Reteporidae in the absence of vibices, vacuoles
and reticulated zoarium, in the cleft on the ovicell and in the presence of a peri-
stomie. It resembles this family in its imbedded ovicell and its rimule-spiramen.
It differs from the Smittinidae in the, absence of lyrula. cardelles, median
avicularium, and of a peristomo with spines. It possesses the same imbedded ovi-
432
BULLETIN 106. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
cell opening into the peristomie. In the Smittinidae the peristomie is formed by
the development of a peristome with spines; in the Stomachetosellidae it is formed
by the thickening of the frontal.
We have founded our generic classification on the aspect of the ovicell and on
the variations of the escape of the larvae, an important function. All the other
A. Stomachetosella B. Enoplostomella
C. Metradolmm
D. Schizemiella E. Leiosella F. Metrocrypta G. Ochetosella
FIG. 129. — Genera of Stomachetosellidae Canu and Bassler, 1937.
A. Stomachetosella crussicollis Canu and Bassler, 1917, X 20. Vicksburgian of Alabama.
B. Enoplostomella defixa Canu and Bassler, 1917, X 20. Vicksburgian of Alabama.
C. Metradolmm obliqiium, new species, X 20. Jacksonian of North Carolina.
D. Schizcmirlla clnibornirn Canu and Bassler, 1917, X 20. Claibornian of Alabama.
E. Leiosella rostrifera Canu and Bassler, 1917, X 20. Vicksburgian of Alabama.
F. Metrocri/iita bi//'i'iilcul/i Canu and Bassler, 1917, X 20. Middle Jacksonian of North
Carolina.
G. Ochetosella jacksonica Canu and Bassler, 1917, X 20. Middle Jacksonian of North
Carolina.
functions, reproduction, hydrostatic, calcification, and passage of the eggs, remain
exactly the same.
Genus STOMACHETOSELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Stomachetosella CANU and BASSLER. Synopsis American Early Tertiary Cheilo-
stonie Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 45.
The ovicell entirely surrounds the apertura. The frontal is a tremocyst with
wide-mouthed tubules. No avicularia. The peristomice of the ovicelled zooecia
possesses a straighter rimule-spiramen.
Genotype. — ^fninnr/ii-fosrfJti crassicollis Canu and Bassler, 1917. Vicksburgian.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 433
STOMACHETOSELLA CRASSICOLLIS Cann and Basslcr, 1917.
Plate 89, figs. 1-11.
1U17. Stomachetoaella cnifssifiiilia CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis American Early Tertiary
Claeilostome Brj-ozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 45, pi. 4, fig. 7.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar. formed of broad, undulated
branching fronds, more or less flabelliform. The zooecia are elongated, little dis-
tinct; the frontal is convex, smooth, thick and salient around the apei'tura and
formed by a tremocyst with large tubules resting on a thin olocyst. The a pert ura
(interior) is orbicular; the peristomice is provided with a triangular rimule-spira-
men; the false peristome is thick and smooth. The ovicell is hyperstomial, buried,
globular, salient, ornamented with tubular tremopores; it opens into the peristomie;
it is possibly closed by the operculum ( ? ) ; the rimule-spiramen of the ovicelled
zooecia is longer and linear. Laterally, near the apertura there is often a triangular,
improminent avicularium, the beak directed above, with pivot.
Measurements. — Peristomice f Ape=0.10-0.15mm. . fZs=0.90mm.
(exterior) I fy<?=0.15-0.20 mm. ial/.?=0.30-0.40mm.
Apertura | Aa=0.12-0.15 mm.
(interior) I fa =0.12-0. 15 mm.
Variations. — The variations are very important and apply to all the organs. The
smooth peristome is altered in the old zooecia; it loses its anterior projection (figs.
5, 6) ; it is not always salient (figs. 6, 7, 9). The tubules are rather constant in
size (figs. 2, 3, 6, 9); they are obliterated, however, by the fossilization (fig. 8).
The zooecia are sometimes separated by a prominent thread (fig. 5). The walls are
very thick (figs. 12. 13. 14) and there is a special one for each zooecium (fig. 14) ; all
the walls are united among themselves but perfectly distinct; there are no walls
in common.
In the interior the apertures are orbicular; they appear elliptical and trans-
versal in perspective because they are oblique. The wall is an olocyst with small
perforations on which the tubules of the tremocyst are visible on account of its
thinness.
The tangential section (fig. 10) made at the level of the olocyst shows quite
well the superposition of the two secretions.
In vertical section it is easy to see that the passage of the ova is assured.
It is not the same, however, for the evacuation of the larvae. However the con-
stancy of the forms of the peristomice and ovicelled zooecia seems to indicate that
the operculum could always close the ovicell; but it is necessary to suppose some
very long, special opercular muscles.
This species with its enormous, solid walls, appears robust and resistant.
Nevertheless this is not the case. It was rapidly exterminated and never had a
large geographic distribution. This is frequent in the bryozoa where pliancy is
a better sign of longevity and resistance.
55899—19 — Bull. 106 28
434 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : West bank of Conecuh
River, Escambia County, Alabama (very common) ; near Claiborne, Monroe
County, Alabama (rare).'
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 62593, U.S.N.M.
Genus ENOPLOSTOMELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Enoplostomella CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 46.
The apertura and peristomice of the ovicelled zooecia are identical with the
apertura and with the peristomice of the ordinary zooecia. The frontal is a
tremocyst with wide-mouthed tubules. The ovicell does not entirely surround the
peristomice. There is an avicularium in the peristomie in the immediate vicinity
of the peristomice.
Genotype. — Enoplostomella defixa Canu and Bassler. 1917.
Range. — Jacksonian, Vicksburgian.
ENOPLOSTOMELLA SYNTHETICA, new species.
Plate 90, figs. 1-9.
Description. — The zoarium is free, formed of from 2 to 4 lamellae, back to
back, and separable. The zooecia are indistinct and irregular (exteriorly) ; the
frontal is formed of a tremocyst with very large wide-mouthed tubules superposed
on a thin olocyst perforated with small pores. The apertura (in the interior) is
semihmar with a concave proximal border; the peristomie is very deep; the
peristomice is orbicular, imbedded, with a wide and short rimule-spiramen limited
by the peristomial avicularium. The ovicell is hyperstomial, much imbedded, little
salient covered also with large tremocystal pores ; it opens into the peristomie. In
each peristomie there is a small triangular avicularium, little visible externally.
On the frontal, laterally a small or very large avicularium is formed by the
coalescence of the tubules.
Measurements. — Apertura Iha— 0.15-0.17 mm. „ . fZz=0.80-0.90mm.
(interior) Uz=0.16 mm. La 123=0.35-0.50 mm.
Variations. — The function and transformation of the tubules give to this
species a disconcerting aspect of irregularity, augmented still more by the orienta-
tion of the zooecia, which is not constant (figs. 2, 3). The interior aspect (figs.
4, 5, 8) shows, on the contrary, a more simple organization. Through the thinness
of the olocyst, perforated with small pores, the tubules regularly placed in
quincunx can be seen ; the frontal avicularium is visible only if it is very large.
The development of the buds of the endocyst and the result of their coalescence
form here a very remarkable synthesis. The ,buds. revealed by the very similar
openings of the olocyst become transformed into adventitious organs more or less
complicated, which engender small simple avicularia with pivot, some avicularian
cavities and large avicularia with or without pivot, in which the mandibles ought
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 435
to be quite variable. The proliferation of the tubules obstructs even the aportura
(fig. 7) which is nevertheless visible in the interior (fig. 8) as in Myriozoitm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Enoplostomella crassimuralis, in its large
zooecial dimensions, its external irregularity and its many layered zoarium which
:s never vincularoid.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (By ram marl): Byram. Mississippi (common);
one-half mile west of Woodwards, Wayne County, Mississippi (very rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 64290. U.S.N.M.
ENOPLOSTOMELLA CRASSIMURAHS, new species.
Plate 01. figs. 1-11.
Description. — The zoarium is urdlamellar, cylindrical, hollow; it incrusts
small radicles of algae. The zooecia are little distinct, elongated, separated from
each other by a thick, smooth projection: the frontal is thick, concave; it is formed
of a tremocyst with very large tubules superposed on a very thin olocyst with
minute pores. The apertura (in the interior) is formed of a semilunar anter and
of a concave poster; it is transverse and oblique; the peristomice is triangular,
buried; the rimule-spiramen is wide and bordered laterally by the peristomial
avicularium. The avicularium is adjacent to the peristomice; it is triangular pro-
vided with a pivot and its beak is directed toward the top.
Measurements. — Apertura |7ifl=0.12 mm. Peristomice \hpe =0.20 mm.
(interior) i Z«=0.16 mm. (exterior) tZpe=0.20 mm.
. fZ2=0.70-0.75 mm.
Zooecia I , nn . ._
lfe=0.32-0.45 mm.
Variations. — On account of the thickness of the walls, the variations of the
frontal are extraordinary (figs. 2-5) ; the exterior aspect does not correspond at
all with the view of the interior (figs. 6. 7) which is fortunately more regular.
The zooecia have no special walls (figs. 8, 10) ; they are invisible in thin sections:
an energetic consolidation must take place on the very young zooecia; the latter
moreover do not bear any kind of prominent separating mural rim. The tubules
are seen with difficulty on the transverse sections (figs. 9, 10).
In the interior the avicularium appears as a triangular chamber adjacent to
the apertura. The olocyst is very thin: the tubules are visible as round white
spots by transparency. Their pores are all very small (figs. 6, 7) ; this is the
reason that in tangential section^ the tremopores are large, round, and obscure
spots feebly lighted by a luminous point.
The zoarium is formed sometimes by two superposed lamellae. Very rarely
it is bifurcated.
Affinities. — In the external aspect of the zoarium. this species resembles
Enoplostomella rhomboid nils, but it differs from it in its hollow zoarium and the
much thicker, separating mural rim.
436 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Occurrence, — Vicksburgiaii (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain, 5 miles
south of Jackson, Alabama (very rare) ; near Claiborne, Monroe County, Alabama
(rare) ; deep well in Escambia County, Alabama (very rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 64293, U.S.N.M.
ENOPLOSTOMELLA RHOMBOIDALIS, new species.
Plate 90. figs. 10-16.
Description. — The zoarium is free, cylindrical, or somewhat compressed, bi-
furcated, formed of two lamellae, back to back, and inseparable. The zooecia are
little distinct, elongated, rhomboidal, separated by a prominent thread ; the frontal
is somewhat convex and formed by a thick tremocyst with very large tubules resting
on a thin olocyst irregularly perforated. The aportura is very oblique, semilunar.
with a proximally concave border; the peristomice is elongated, much buried, with
a triangular rimule-spiramen. The ovicell is hyperstomial, opening into the per-
istomie, little salient, globular, ornamented with large tremopores. In the peris-
tomie there is a small triangular avicularium with pivot, placed transversely.
Measurements. — Peristomice |Ape=0.16 mm „ . |Zs = 0.65-0.75 mm.
(exterior) \lpe=0.12 mm. laUs=0.45-0.60 mm.
Variations. — The thread separating the zooecia is quite variable and changes
the external aspect considerably; it is thickened laterally (fig. 12) or only near
the apertura (fig. 14). It gives to the zooecia a greater width (fig. 13) or less
(fig. 15).
In the interior, the structure is more regular, but it may be noted that the
small perforations of the olocyst are not regularly arranged in quincunx, an occur-
rence which is very rare.
Affinities. — This species differs from Enoplostomella crassimuralis, in which
the zoarium has some resemblance, in its rhomboidal form, its solid and not hollow
zoarium and its peristomice still more imbedded.
It differs from Enoplostomella defixa, also with a cylindrical zoarium. in its
smaller and more hidden peristomial avicularium. its much less salient ovicell and
in its less zooecial width.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Mon-
roeville, Alabama (rare) ; 2^ miles north of Millry, Washington County, Alabama
(rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 64291. U.S.N.M.
ENOPLOSTOMELLA DEFIXA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 91, figs. 12-21.
1917. Eiioiilostomclla deft.ra CAKU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary
Cheilostome Bryozoa, Bulletin 96. United States National Museum, p. 40, pi. 4, fis. 8.
Description. — The zoarium is free, cylindrical, vinculariform. formed of six
to seven longitudinal rows of zooecia. The zooecia are indistinct; the frontal is
little thickened, convex, formed of a tremocyst with large pores placed above an
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 437
olocyst with tubules. The apertura (interior) is formed of a semilunar anter and
of a concave poster; the peristomice (exterior) is elongated, imbedded, provided
with a triangular rimule-spiramen. The ovicell is hyperstomial, buried in the distal
/ooecia, globular, salient, decorated with large tremopores; it opens largely into
the peristomie. The oral avicularium is adjacent to the peristomice and placed
somewhat obliquely; it is triangular, rather long, and provided with a pivot; the
beak is turned outward.
Measurements. — Apertura f^<z=0.15 mm. . , . r/i«e=0.14- 0.16mm.
,. , . N 4, -reristomice^, .-.-,„ nnn
(interior) \la=Q.15 mm. \lpe= 0.18-0.20 mm.
. fZ.2=0.90-1.00mm.
Zooecia ,
[h=OAOmm.
Variations. — The zooecial walls are relatively little thickened (figs. 19. -20. 21) ;
also the exterior aspect is rather constant. The variations observed are principally
those of the avicularium; it is often long and salient (figs. 14, 15), often short
(fig. 13), often worn (figs. 17. 18). The tremopores are large, but they are smaller'
when they are more numerous (figs. 16. 18). The zooecia are sometimes bordered
by a thread (fig. 14) which may become very prominent.
The tangential section shows the frontal tremopores. Because of the general
convexity of the zoarium it is impossible to obtain a preparation which shows all
of them. In figure 21 the lateral tremopores occur alone and in the middle, the
subjacent olocyst appears.
Affinities. — This species differs from Enoplostomella rhomboidalis, in its zoa-
rial form, in the absence of large separating threads between the zooecia, and in
the much more globular ovicell.
It differs from Enoplostomella lif/uJifcra, which is also vinculariform in the
absence of lateral tongues to the peristomice and in its oral avicularium of much
less strength. (Lav=0.25 mm. and not 0.40 mm.)
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian ("Chimney rock" of Marianna limestone) : One
mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (very common).
Cotypes.—C&t. No. 62594, U.S.N.M.
ENOPLOSTOMELLA LIGULIFERA, new species.
Plate 90, figs. 17-22.
Description. — The zoarium is free, cylindrical, sometimes bifurcated. The
zooecia are distinct, elongated, fusiform; the frontal is convex, thick, formed of a
tremocyst with tubules surmounting a thin olocyst with small scattered pores. The
apertura is very oblique and orbicular; the peristomice is large, elongated, pro-
vided with a wide, triangular, short rimule-spiramen, garnished laterally with two
salient, widespread tongues. The ovicell is hyperstomial, globular, salient, gar-
nished with tremopores; it opens largely into the peristomie. The avicularium is
very long, transversal, provided with a pivot; the beak is directed outward.
438 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Measurements. — Apertura f hn=0.15 mm. Peristomice 1 #/?*>= 0.20 mm.
(interior) 1 70=0.15 mm. (exterior) \ 7pe=0.l5 mm.
. rZs=d.75-0.85 mm.
Zooecia i, rt ...
lfe=0.45 mm.
Variation ft. — The peristomice is somewhat round with the avicularium adja-
cent. When the rimule-spiramen is much developed, there are no avicularia. The
two occurrences may be observed on the same zoarial fragment. The lateral tongues
are quite variable in form and size.
Affinities. — This species differs from E ' noplostomella deflxa in its very long
avicularium (0.40 and not 0.25mm.) and in the tongue-like processes of the peri-
stomice.
It differs from Enoplostomella rho-mboidalis in its zooecia separated by fur-
rows and not by prominences, and in its much more globular and salient ovicells.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : Seven and one-half miles south-
west of Bladon Springs, Alabama (very common).
Cotypes.—C-At. No. 64292, U.S.N.M.
ENOPLOSTOMELLA VALLATA, new species.
Plate 92, tigs. 1-10.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bifurcated, compressed, formed of three or
four longitudinal rows of zooecia arranged on one side; on the dorsal face the
zooecia are separated by projections or stockades and ornamented with tremopores.
The zooecia are elongated, rectangular, separated by projections; the frontal is
convex, thick, formed of a tremocyst with tubules surmounting a perforated olocyst.
The apertura is very oblique and semilunar with a straight proximal border; the
peristomice is somewhat elongated and is provided with a wide and triangular
rimule-spiramen. The avicularium is placed on the border itself of the rimule-
spiramen, which it bounds laterally; it is triangular and provided with a pivot;
the beak is turned outward.
Measurements. — Apertura f ha=0.l-2 mm. . f hpe=Q.20 mm.
. . \ 7 .Peristomice \ ,
(interior) 1 /«=0.15 mm. [lpc=0.1S mm.
. rZz=0.85-0.95 mm.
Zooecia 7 .
I fe=0.45 mm.
Width of branches=0.85-1.00 mm.
Variations. — The projections which bound the zooecia on the two faces of the
zoarium are not constant; certain branches are deprived of them (figs. 5, 6).
However, on the dorsal face, the two lateral rows are alone visible ; on account of
their alternate arrangement they appear irregular on the transverse section (figs.
7, 8) and only one may be visible (fig. 9). The tubules are longer on the dorsal
of the zoarium (fig. 10). We have never been able to discover the ovicell on any
of our numerous specimens.
Affinities. — This species is not vinculariform, as are the other species of the
same genus previously described. The zooecia are arranged on but one side of the
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 439
zoarium. We do not think that it would be of any advantage to create a special
genus for this particular arrangement as the functions are exactly the same as
those of the other Enoplostomella. We can not logically separate it without a
complete study of the ovicell.
The species differ from Enoplostomella magniporosa in its much smaller
tremopores, and its less wide zooecia.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : West bank of the Conecuh
River, Escambia County, Alabama (very common) ; Murder Creek, east of Castle-
bury, Conecuh County, Alabama (very common).
Cotypes.—Cnt. No. 64295, U.S.N.M.
ENOPLOSTOMELLA MAGNIPOROSA, new species.
Plate 89, figs. 15-20.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bifurcated, compressed, formed of four
longitudinal rows of zooecia arranged on one side only; on the dorsal face the
zooecia are separated by projections and ornamented with large tremopores. The
zooecia are distinct, elongated, hexagonal ; the frontal is flat or convex and formed
of a tremocyst with very large pores. The apertura is suborbicular ; the peri-
stomice is elongated and is provided with a wide and rounded rimule-spiramen.
The ovicell is hyperstomial, small, salient, ornamented with tremopores. The
avicularium is placed almost within the peristomie ; it is oval, provided with a
pivot ; the beak is directed outward.
Measurements. — Peristomice(/tpe=0.20mm. 7 • (£3=0.75 mm.
(exterior) [lpe=Q.18 mm. aife=0.55 mm.
Variations. — On the young branches (fig. 19) the avicularium is not placed in
the peristomie and the zooecia are more convex and are separated by furrows. We
have found only the single ovicell figured, and on a young branch (fig. 19). The
tremopores, by their coalescence, give to certain zooecia a fantastic aspect (fig. 16).
Affinities. — The zoarium has the aspect of that of Enoplostomella vallata; it
differs from it in the size of its tremopores and in its avicularium placed within
the peristomie.
Occurrence. — Yicksburgian (Byram marl) : Byram, Mississippi (common).
Cotypes.—C&t. No. 64289, U.S.N.M.
Genus SCHIZEMIELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Schizeniiella CANU and BASSI.EK, Synopsis American Early Tertiary Cheilostorue
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 47.
The frontal of the ovicell is very fragile. The apertura is schizoporellidan
with wide rimule. The rimule-spiramen is inconstant. The tubules are reunited
on their commonage.
Genotype. — Schizemiella claibornica Canu and Bassler, 1917. Claibornian.
440 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
SCHIZEMIELLA CLAIBORNICA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 14, figs. 2-4.
1917. Schisemiella claibornica CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis American Early Tertiary
Cheilostome Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 47, pi. 4, fig. 9.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar, with inseparable lamellae. The
zooecia are indistinct; the frontal is thickened, little convex, formed of a tremocyst
with large, irregular tubules placed on a thin olocyst with very small pores in
quincunx. The apertura is formed of an ogival anter and a concave poster with
a very wide rimule; the peristomice is elongated, embedded, with a very wide,
irregular rhnule-spiramen. The ovicell is hyperstomial and opens largely into the
peristomie; it is little globular, hardly salient; covered by a smooth or perforated,
very fragile wall; the peristomice is elliptical and transverse. The avicularium is
triangular, the point directed above, adjacent to the peristomice which it deforms,
provided with a pivot.
Measurements. — Peristomice ihpe=0.20 mm. Apertura [7)a=0.12 mm.
(exterior) l?/?e=0.14-0.16 mm. (interior) IZa=0.11 mm.
ZooecialZs=0.54 mm.
(interior) 113=0.30 mm.
Variations. — In the interior the tremopores are regularly placed in quincunx ;
on the exterior they are very irregularly disposed, larger and less numerous.
The frontal of the ovicell is so fragile that we are unable to get an exact idea
of it from our few specimens. This organ requires further examination.
The rimule of the peristomice is very irregular. In reality the form of the
apertura belongs (fig. 4) to the group of very typical ScMzoporella, and the oper-
culum ought to be chitinized enough to sufficiently insure the opening of the com-
pensatrix by itself.
Occurrence. — Claibornian (Gosport sand) : Claiborne, Alabama (rare) ; 1 mile
southwest of Rockville, Clarke County, Alabama (rare) ; Gopher Hill. Tombigbee
River, Alabama (rare).
Claibornian (Cook Mountain formation) : Moseleys Ferry. Caldwell County.
Texas (rare).
Cotypes.—CvA,. No. 62595, U.S.N.M.
Genus METRADOLIUM Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Metradolium CANU and BASSI.EK, Synopsis American Early Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 47.
The ovicelled zooecia, different in form from the others, have a peristomice
in the form of a lunar crescent without rimule-spiramen. The frontal is a tremo-
cyst with tubules.
Genotype. — Metradolium dissimile Canu and Bassler. 1917. Jacksonian.
Eschara tiiberosa Reuss. 1866, of the Stampian of Germany, belongs without
doubt to this genus.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 441
The ovicells have the aspect of the gonoccia of the Adeonidao. Employing
sections it may be seen (pi. 57, fig. 10) that this aspect is deceptive and that the
ovicells are hyperstomial and open in the peristomie; only the form of the peri-
stomice is changed. This change is in certain relationship with the physiologic
peculiarity which is difficult of analysis and of precise description. We believe
that the ovicelled zooecia exist only for the larva. After the passage of the eggs,
the polypide and the. compensatrix disappear by histolysis, so that the peristomice
lunar-crescent in shape, serves only for the escape of the larvae. It is, in fact.
very difficult to suppose the persistence of a polypide, in the absence of hydrostatic
apparatus (rimule) and in a peristomial system so long and so complicated. More-
over, these same zooecia are provided with a much reduced avicularium ; this organ
was useful in nutrition ; its reduction proves its inutility and consequently the dis-
appearance of the polypide. There is nothing analogous in the recent species.
The species of this genus are quite polymorphic. Their classification has re-
quired much time, much patience, and much trouble. The alterations due to fos-
silization often occasion problems difficult of solution.
The individuals were very voracious; they therefore did not persist in the
successive stages of a region.
These ovicells are not without analogy with those of the Tubucellariidae
(text fig. 159 E) and the histological phenomena ought to be somewhat analogous.
The Tubucellariidae are always provided with an ascopore and not with a spiramen,
that is to say, a pore which opens into the compensatrix itself and not into a
peristomie.
METRADOLIUM LABRATULUM, new species.
Plate 55, figs. 8-11.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar. with rounded and bifurcated
fronds. The zooecia are little distinct, elongated, elliptical; the frontal is a
tremocyst with tubules placed on a very thin olocyst in which very thin perfora-
tions correspond to the tubules. The apertura (interior) is orbicular; the peri-
stomice bears a rimule-spiramen on the zooecia with an oral avicularium; the
peristomice is orbicular on the zooecia provided with an enormous proximal mucro
at the base of which is the spiramen. The avicularium is very much projecting,
oval, furnished with a pivot ; its beak is directed toward the exterior.
Measurements. — Peristomice ?/>e=0.16-0 20 mm. Zooecia j j ~Q g0_0
Variations. — This species is curious and instructive. On the same zoarium
we may note the existence of a rimule and of a spiramen. both of which must
have the same function, namely, of conducting the water below the apertura to
sway the operculum and to open the compensatrix. One must not confound this
spiramen with the ascopore of the Microporellae ; the latter is the same opening
as that of the compensatrix.
Here the large oral mucro replaces exactly the avicularium; it therefore has
the same nutritive use. This is why in many mucronated species we see the mucro
442 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
much elongated in the buried parts of the zoarium. This species then permits us.
according to Calvet, to determine the physiologic equivalence of the two organs.
The size of the avicularian mandible indicates a voracious species, which did
not live long.
The mucro is quite variable in form and it is sometimes a sort of very irregular
salient Up.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: One-half mile southeast of Georgia Kaolin
Co. Mine, Twiggs County, Georgia (rare) ; 3£ miles north of Grovania, Georgia
(rare) ; Baldock, Barnwell County, South Carolina (rare) ; 18 miles west of
Wrightsville, Johnson County, Georgia (very rare) ; H miles southeast of Lily,
Dooly County, Georgia (rare).
Jacksonian (Zeuglodon beds): Shubuta, Mississippi (rare).
C'otypes.—Cut, No. 64114, U.S.N.M.
METRADOLIUM DISSIMILE Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 56, figs. 1-15.
1917. Metradolium dissimile CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis American Early Tertiary Cheilo-
stoine Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 48, pi. 4, fig. 10.
Description. — -The zoarium is free, bilamellar, branching; the fronds are wide,
thick, distorted, or undulated, dichotomous. The zooecia are distinct, elongated,
elliptical. The frontal is a tremocyst with tubules resting on an olocyst with very
small pores corresponding to the tubules. The peristomie is deep and very oblique ;
the apertura is small and suborbicular ; the peristomice is orbicular; the spira-
men is median, more or less distant from the peristomice. There are two oral
avicularia symmetrically placed but dissimilar in form and size; the smaller is
round, simple, nonsalient; the larger is enormous, oval, salient, with pivot. The
ovicell is enormous, buried in the distal zooecia, hyperstomial but opening largely
into the peristomie, salient and globular; its peristomice has the form of a lunar
crescent; the ovicelled zooecia bear only a small avicularium with pivot.
Measurements. — Peristomice \hpe= 0.14-0. 16 mm. Zooecia rZs=0.74— 0.76 mm.
(exterior) I Ipe— 0.15-0.20 mm. ( exterior) \ls-OAO-0.50 mm.
Variations. — The two avicularia are often symmetrical and tubular (fig. 9),
especially on young zoaria (figs. 10, 11) ; there are some entire branches consti-
tuted in this way, but presenting here and there some normal avicularia. The
external micrometric dimensions are evidently smaller on the young zoaria (figs.
10. 11) ; the more the frontal becomes thickened the more the peristomice becomes
"•u-ater and the more robust the large avicularia become.
The spiramen is often replaced by a rimule-spiramen (fig. 7), a phenomenon
visible in the interior (fig. 12) on account of the great obliquity of the peristomie.
When the spiramen is quite large (figs. 2, 3), the oral avicularia disappear or are
much reduced; the fronds with this structure do not belong to a distinct variety
for it is a common occurrence to find fronds containing a mixture of such zooecia
and normal zooecia.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 443
The ovicell is globular, salient, with trcmopores analogous to those of the
frontal (fig. 5) ; the zooecia which bear them have also an avicularium and a
spiramen, bu£ the latter invariably becomes closed and it does not appear in vertical
sections (fig. 15). The ovicell is enormous, almost as large as the zooecia (fig. 15).
If it contains only larvae, as is probable, their expulsion through a peristomice
so small would present some difficulty.
Tangential sections (figs. 13, 14) show numerous tremopores; the reticulations
are not visible on account of the distance of the olocyst.
Affinities. — This species differs from Metradolium labratulum in the absence
of the large oral labruin.
It differs from Mctradol/n/n pan>irimulatum in the rarity of the zooecia with
rimule-spiramen, in the much smaller dimensions of the peristomice (0.12 instead
of 0.14mm.), and in the constant presence of the large oral avicularium.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (very com-
mon) ; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (rare.^ ; near Lenuds Ferry, South Caro-
lina (common) ; Rich Hill. Crawford County, Georgia (common) : 12 miles south-
east of Marshallville, Georgia (rare) ; 3£ miles south of Perry, Georgia (very com-
mon).
Cotypes.—CaL No. 62596, U.S.N.M.
METRADOLIUM PARVIRIMULATUM, new species.
Plate 55, figs. 15-20.
.Description. — The zoarium is free, compressed, bilamellar ; the fronds are flat,
narrow, bifurcated; the lamellae are inseparable. The zooecia are little distinct;
the frontal is convex, thick, formed of a tremocyst with numerous tubules. The
apertura (interior) is semilunar; the peristomice is small, transverse; it bears a
small unsymmetrical rimule-spiramen. one side being higher than the other; the
peristomice of the zooecia with spiramen is wide, elliptical, transverse. There are
two symmetrical, oral avicularia, of which one is much larger than the other; the
latter is salient, elliptical, the beak turned toward the exterior.
Measurements. — Peristomice 1,
. upe=0.1-2mm. Zooecia £.3=0.56-0.60 mm
(exterior) J
'Variations. — The principal avicularium is very small (fig. 17), medium sized
or very large (fig. 19). The zooecia with spiramen are rare; they are arranged
in groups in the midst of the others. AVe are unable to learn what influence causes
their formation. The ovicell is unknown.
Affinities. — Tliis species differs from Mct/'iiJolhim ///xt/inUe in the rarity of
its zooecia with spiramen and its much smaller micrometric dimensions
(lz= 0.56-0.60 and not 0.74-0.76111111.1 .
The specimens unprovided with zooecia with spiramen are difficult to dis-
tinguish from Metradoliwm ol>li'imtm. It differs from it in its smaller micrometric
dimensions (^=0.56-0.60 and not 0.70-0.80 mm.), in its much smaller rimule,
nearly symmetrical and not oblique.
444 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington. North Carolina (rare); near
Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (common) ; Eutaw Springs. South Carolina (very
common) ; Eich Hill, Crawford County, Georgia (common) ; Baldock, Barnwell
County, South Carolina (common) ; one-half mile southeast of Georgia Kaolin
Company Mine, Twiggs County. Georgia (common).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Alachua, Florida (very rare) ; west
bank of Sepulga River, Escambia County, Alabama (very rare) .
Cotypes.—C&t. No. G4118, U.S.N.M.
METRADOLIUM TRANSVERSUM, new species.
Plate 57, figs. 1-3.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar. erect; the fronds are foliaceous
or nearly cylindrical ; the two lamellae, back to back, are inseparable. The zooecia
are indistinct, elongated, and large; the frontal is convex, thick, and formed of a
tremocyst resting on an olocyst, with small corresponding pores in quincunx. The
aperture is elongated, semilunar, with a concave proximal border; the peristomice is
oblique, wide, transverse,' the rimule-spiramen is wide but little deep ; its form
and its position are irregular. The oral avicularium is small, rare, and inconstant.
Measurements. — Apertura (^#=0.20mm. „ . rZs=0.80mm.
(interior) IZa=0.17mm. }ls=QAQmm.
Peristomice ]7)pe=0.15 mm.,
(exterior) I lpe= 0.1 8-0.20 mm.
Variations. — On well-preserved specimens the tremopores are placed at the
bottom of small sulci. These tremopores are small, numerous, regularly arranged
in quincunx; they are easily altered by fossilization. The peristomice is very
irregular; the rimule is often placed quite laterally (fig. 2). and it is replaced
on the proximal border by a salient convexity, which augments still more the trans-
verse aspect of the peristomice. In old zooecia the rimule disappears, the peri-
stomice becomes orbicular and deep ; the species is then unrecognizable.
Affinities. — This species differs from Metradoliwn farvmmulatum in the in-
constance of its rimule-spiramen, its large micrometric dimensions (Ls—O.SO and
not 0.60 mm.), and in the absence of zooecia with spiramen. It differs from
Metradolium grande in its much smaller rimule, its smaller peristomice (lpe=0.20
and not 0.25 mm.), and its more numerous and smaller tremopores.
It differs from Metradolinm sulciferum in its less deep and more transitory
sulci, in its very small rimule-spiramen, and the absence of the largo oral avicu-
larium.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (very common).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola River, east of Marianna, Jack-
son County, Florida (common).
Jacksonian (Zeuglodon zone) : Shubuta. Mississippi (very rare).
Ootypes.—Czt. No. 64120, U.S.N.M.
NORTH A.MEIMCAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 445
METRADOLIUM GRANDE, new species.
Plate 55, figs. 12-14.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar. erect; the fronds are dicho-
toiuous, foliaceous or subcylindrical ; (In- two lamellae are inseparable. The zooecia
are very lar<i<\ elongated, indistinct laterally; the frontal is convex, thick, formed
of a tremocyst with large pores. The peristomice is large, elongated; the rimule-
spiramen is large, rounded. The oral avicularium is large, transverse adjacent to
the peristomice or placed in the peristomie.
Measurements.- — Peristomice /i;>r>= 0.35-0.45 mm. „ . fZs=0.90-1.00 mm.
„ .
(exterior) lZpe=0.25-0.40 mm. ia IZ2=0.50 mm.
Affinities. — When the avicularium is exterior the rimule-spiramen is quite well
formed (fig. 13) ; when it is hidden in the peristomie the rimule becomes very
irregular and deeper. It is the lengthening of the tubules of the tremocyst which
increase and deform the peristomice and augment the external dimensions of the
zooecia.
This species differs from HI etradoliitm transversum in its large rimule. its
elongated and nontransverse peristomice (hpe=Q.%5 and not 0.15 mm.) and its
large tremopores.
It differs from Mc.tradoli.um sulciferum in the absence of frontal sulci and its
smaller general micrometric dimensions.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Near Lenucls Ferry, South Carolina (very
rare) ; Rich Hill, Crawford County, Georgia (rare) ; Eutaw Springs, South Caro-
lina (rare) ; one-half mile southeast of Georgia Kaolin Company Mine. Twiggs
County. Georgia (rare).
Jacksonian (Zeuglodon zone) : Bluff on south side of Suck Creek. Clarke
County, Mississippi (very rare).
Cotypes.—G&t. Nos. 64116, 64117, U.S.N.M.
METRADOLIUM CONVENIENS, new species.
Plate 56, figs. 16-21.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar, erect; the fronds are foliaceous,
fiat, or undulated, branching; the two lamellae, back to back, are inseparable. The
zooecia are elongated, little distinct laterally ; the frontal is convex, thick ; it is
formed of a tremocyst with small tubules arranged in quincunx, placed on a very
thin olocyst with small corresponding pores. The apertura is subround; the peri-
stomice is very elongated, elliptical ; the rimule-spiramen is more or less visible and
always symmetrical. The ovicell is globular, little salient, ornamented with tremo-
pores similar to those of the frontal; its peristome is transverse in the form of a
lunar-crescent; it is hyperstomial, very large, and opens largely into the peristomie.
Near the peristomice there are two elliptical avicularia, replaced often by a single
larger and more salient one.
446 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Measurements. — Apertura \ka=Q.ll nun. Peristomicef^/?c=0.18 mm.
(interior) )Z«=0.11 mm. (interior) 7/?e=0.12 mm.
. I £0=0.50-0.60 mm.
Zooecia.' A OA A 1A
1/3=0.30-0.40 mm.
Variations. — The peristomice is quite variable in its general form: it is often
provided with a rimule-spiramen (figs. 17, 18). but there are some entire fronds
which are. entirely without it (fig. 20). The ovicells are quite variable in form
and size (figs. 17-19). The two oral avicularia are symmetrical (fig. 20). but very
often there is only one large oval avicularium with pivot, having its beak turned
outward (fig. 19).
The longitudinal section (fig. 21) shows that the ovicell is almost as large as
the zooecium itself, and that the apertura of the ovicelled zooecium is smaller than
that of the other zooecia.
Affinities. — The symmetry of the rimule-spiramen is very characteristic and
permits one to easily distinguish this species.
It differs from Metradolium grand e. in which the rimule-spiramen is often
symmetrical, in its smaller micrometric dimensions (Ls—O.QO and not 0.90 mm.)
and its smaller and more numerous tremopores.
It differs from Metradolium.: disshnile. in which the rimule-spiramen is vaguely
symmetrical, in the absence of zooecia with spiramen, and in the somewhat smaller
dimensions (Lz=0.60 and not 0.76 mm.).
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington. North
Carolina (very common).
Cotypcs.— Cat. No. 64119, U.S.N.M.
METRADOLIUM OBLIQUUM, new species.
Plate 57. figs. 4-10.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar, erect; the fronds are fiat, bifur-
cated ; the two lamellae are back to back and inseparable. The zooecia are elon-
gated, very little distinct ; the frontal is thick, convex ; it is formed of a tremocyst
with tubules surmounting an olocyst, which is very thin and finely perforated with
corresponding pores. The apertura is oblique, suborbicular; the peristomice is
formed of a subcircular anter with poorly defined outlines and of an unsymmetrical
rimule-spiramen oblique with respect to the zooecial axis. The ovicell is globular,
salient, hyperstomial, largely open into the peristomie. deeply embedded in the distal
zooecium ; it is covered with tremopores like the frontal ; the peristomice is large,
transverse, in the form of a lunar crescent, of which the convexity is proximal.
Two avicularia are symmetrically placed on each side of the rimule; the larger is
salient, transverse, oval, provided with a pivot, its beak turned outward.
Measurements. — Apertura 1 , Peristomice),
. . f?a=0.15mm. . !foe=0.15mm.
(interior )J (exterior) I
„ . (Zz=0.70-0.80mm.
Zooecium^
lfe= 0.40-0.50 mm.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 447
Variations. — The rimule-spiramen is unsymmetrical and oblique; it is formed
of two lateral lips not arranged on the same plane; one is always higher than the
other; the lower is always adjacent to the large avicularium. When the two oval
avicularia are symmetrical the rimule is symmetrical. There is, therefore, a certain
relation between the functions of the avicularia and the hydrostatic system. The
longitudinal section shows a very large ovicell opening into the peristomie above
the operculum, and a large septula (multiporous) at the base of the zooecia (fig. 10).
The tangential section (fig. 8) shows the structure of the frontal, which is a
tremocyst with tubules. The convexity of the zooecia allows one to note the sub-
jacent olocyst at the edge of the tremocyst (fig. 9).
Affinities. — In the interior the apertura bears a proximal spine forming a sort
of lyrula (fig. 7) which disappears easily in fossilization. This species differs
from M etradolium sulciferum in its smaller tremopores not arranged at the base
of the sulci.
It differs from M etradolium dissimile in the general absence of zooecia with a
spiramen and in the lesser width of the peristomice (lpe—0.15 and not 0.20 mm.).
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (very com-
mon) ; 3J miles north of Grovania, Georgia (rare) ; 12 miles southeast of Marshall-
ville. Georgia (common) ; Rich Hill, Crawford County, Georgia (very common) ;
IS miles west of Wrightsville, Georgia (rare) ; 3^ miles south of Perry, Georgia
(common) ; near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (very common).
Cotypes.—C&i. No. 64121, U.S.N.M.
METRADOLIUM SULCIFERUM, new species.
Plate 14, figs. 5-15.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar, erect; the fronds are com-
pressed, narrow, bifurcated. The zooecia are large, elongated, indistinct: the
frontal is convex, thick, formed of a tremocyst with tubules, supported by a very
thin olocyst, finely perforated with corresponding pores and closely joined. The
apertura is formed of a semilunar anter and of a concave poster supporting a very
short median lyrula; the peristomice is oblique and is formed of an anter with
undefined outlines and an unsymmetrical rimule-spiramen. There are two avicu-
laria symmetrically placed on each side of the rimule ; the larger is provided with
a pivot and with a very large mandible.
Measurements. — Aperture}, n 10 Peristomice],
. Ua=0.12 mm. foe=0.16-0.20mm.
(interior) J (exterior) J
. \Lz=l. 00-1.25 mm.
Zooecia , „ OA . ...
170=0.30-0.40 mm.
Variations. — On the young fronds (figs. 6, 12) the median zooecia are unpro-
vided with oral avicularia : the lateral zooecia bear only large avicularia. In the
normal zooecia, there are two avicularia; the larger is adjacent to the lower lip of
the rimule (fig. 8). In the old zooecia the large avicularium is lost among the
tubules and opens then into the peristomie (figs. 9, 10. 11). The more the tubules
448 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
are elongated the. more the peristomice is enlarged and the more the micrometrio
measurements are increased. These are, therefore, often inferior to those which
we give above; it is not rare to observe; Zs=O.SO-1.00 by fe=0.40-0.45 mm. (fig. 8)
Very rarely a thin separating thread limits the zooecia (fig. 6).
One of the distinctive characters of this species is a sort of small lyrulfi
which is visible on the proximal border of the apertura in the interior of the
zooecia (fig. 13).
The specific character of the species is the presence of the frontal sulci at the
base of which the tubules open ; they give to the tangential sections an especial and
strange aspect (fig 15).
Affinities. — The species differs from Metradolium. obliquum in which the
rimule-spiramen is identical, in its frontal sulci and in its larger dimensions
(Zs>0.80mm).
It differs from Metradolium transversum also provided with sulci in its very
large and unsymmetrical rimule-spiramen and in the almost constant presence of
two oral avicularia.
Occurrence. — Claibornian (Gosport sand) : One mile southwest of Eockville,
Clarke County, Alabama (rare).
Lower Jacksonian (Mooclys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (very common).
C'otypes.—Cat. No. 63850, U.S.N.M.
ANALYTICAL KEY TO SPECIES OF METRADOLIUM.
fSpiramen present 2.
[No spirameu 3.
f Large, salient lip between the spiraruen and the peristomice-. M. labratulutn.
[No lip to the peristomice if. dissimile.
JSmall. little distinct rimules 4.
[Large, very distinct rimules__ 5.
[Large, transverse peristomice, often with sulci M. transversum.
[Small peristomice (Zj»e=0.10-0.12 mm.) ..-M. parvirimulatvm.
c fLarge, symmetrical rimule, straight, rounded.. M. conveniens.
[Large, unsymmetrical rimule, one lip being much lower than the other 6.
Large tremopores, large micrometric dimensions M. grande.
Small tremopores, oblique rimule M. obliquum.
Tremopores at the base of the sulci M. sulciferum.
Genus LEIOSELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Leiosella CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis American Early Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 4S.
The frontal is an olocyst. The peristomice of the ovicelled zooecia is of different
form from that of the other zooecia ; it is a lunar crescent and deprived of rimule-
spiramen.
Genotype. — Leiosella rostrifera Canu and Bassler. 1917. Vicksburgian.
This genus differs from Metradolium only in the nature of the frontal which
is here a very thick olocyst.
Of the three species mentioned. 'one only bears ovicells. Further researches
are necessarv.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 449
LEIOSELLA ROSTRIKERA Canu and Bassler. 1917.
Plate 92, tigs. 11-17.
1017. Lciosel/a rust rif era CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis American Early Tertiary Cueilo-
storne Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 48, pi. 5, fig. 1.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar; the fronds are narrow, flat,
claviform, bifurcated. The zooecia are elongated, distinct, ovoid; the frontal is
smooth, convex, formed by a thick olocyst. The peristomice is irregular; the
rimule-spiramen is bordered laterally by the oral avicularium. The aperturu is
elongated, ovoid, very oblique. The oral avicularium is large, transverse, salient,
with the beak strong and curved ; it is provided with a pivot and a large mandible,
more or less spatulate. On the frontal, there are two small, elliptical aviculariu
with round mandible.
,, -p • t • \/ipe=0.30mm. Apertura jAa=0.11 mm.
Measurements. — Peristomice ,5
I lpe=0.25 mm. (interior) l7a=0.10 mm.
ZooeciaJZs=0.90-1.00 mm.
( interior) 1/3=0.25-0.30 mm.
Variations. — At the exterior the measurements are quite variable because of
irregularity in calcification and the unequal development of the avicularium. The
apertura is very oblique and elongated; in perspective in the interior (fig. 16) it
appears transverse and elliptical. The oral avicularium on account of its great
prominence is very fragile and easily broken (fig. 13) ; it is more or less lost in the
thickness of the olocyst (figs. 14, 15). The small frontal avicularia are not always
visible (fig. 15).
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian ("Chimney rock" of Marianna limestone): One
mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (very common).
Vicksburgian (Eed Bluff clay) : Seven and one-half miles southeast of Blaclen
Springs, Alabama (common).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 62597, U.S.N.M.
LEIOSELLA GRANDISORA, new species.
Plate 92, fig. IS.
Description. — The zoarium is free, subcylindrical. The zooecia are indistinct,
somewhat elongated ; the frontal is small, hardly convex, and is formed of a thick
olocyst. The peristomice is very large, funnel-shaped, provided with a large
rimule-spiramen, little distinct; the apertura is large, elongated, somewhat oval.
The ovicell is large, prominent, transverse ; the peristomice of the ovicelled zooecia
is elliptical and transverse. In the peristomie there is a large thin, triangular
avicularium.
Measurements. — Peristomice J hpe= 0.40-0.45 mm. Apertura J ha=0.30 mm.
(exterior) Upe=0.30mm. (interior) lZa= 0.25 mm.
. JZs=0.70mm.
Zooecia 7
(73=0.40-0.45 mm.
55899—20 — Bull. 106 29
450 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Affinities. — As the figured specimen is the only one found we are able to get
only an imperfect idea of this very remarkable species. The attenuation of the
rimule-spiramen in this species and in some other species of the same family is
always an indication of a reinforcement of the operculum more chitinizecl and
more rigid.
The species differs from Leiosella orliiculnria in its larger micrometric dimen-
sions and the absence of small frontal avicularia.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian ("Chimney rock" of Marianna limestone): One
mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (very rare).
Holotype.—C&t. No. 64296, U.S.N.M.
LEIOSELLA ORBICULARIA, new species.
Plate 01. figs. 22, 23.
Description. — The zoarium is free, cylindrical, formed of two separable
lamellae. The zooecia are distinct, almost orbicular; the frontal is smooth and
convex, formed of a very thick olocyst. The peristomice is large, orbicular, placed
in the middle of the zooecia; the rimule-spiramen is formed on one side by the
oral avicularium; the aperture is elongated, very oblique, somewhat oval, the point
below. On the border of the peristomie there is a large oral avicularium triangular,
not salient, with thin wall, provided with a pivot. There are some small frontal
avicularia, simple and orbicular, scattered among the peristomices.
Measurements. — Peristomice f#pe=0.20-0. 30 mm. „ . jZ2=0.50mm.
(interior) I7pe=0.25 mm. ia 1^=0.40-0.45 mm.
Affinities. — Only two specimens have been found. The great difference in
form and position between the peristomice and the apertura is very remarkable.
We are ignorant of the ovicell.
The species differs from Leiosella grandisora in its smaller micrometric dimen-
sions and the presence of small frontal avicularia.
Occurrence.— Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : Red Bluff, Wayne County, Mis-
sissippi (rare).
Holotype.—C&t. No. 64294, U.S.N.M.
Genus METROCRYPTA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Metrocrypta CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis American Early Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 49.
The frontal is a tremocyst with tubules. The rimule-spiramen is wide and
of very little depth. Ovicell unknown.
Genotype. — Metrocrypta 'bucculenta Canu and Bassler, 1917. Jacksonian.
The ovicell of this genus is unknown and it is therefore very doubtful that it
should be introduced into this family. The oral avicularium is very rare ; how-
ever, its presence seems to us the best character for classification.
XORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 451
METROCRYPTA BUCCULENTA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 58, figs. 1-10.
1917. Metrocrypta bucculenla CANTJ and BASSLER, Synopsis American Early Tertiary Cheilo-
stome Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 49, pi. 5, fig. 2.
Description. — The zoarium is free, cylindrical, bifurcated. The zooecia are
elongated, large, little distinct; the frontal is convex, porous, formed of a tremo-
cyst placed on a thick olocyst. The peristomice is somewhat elongated, oval, its
lower point formed of a wide rimule-spiramen ; the peristomie is somewhat salient;
the apertura (interior) is much smaller, orbicular, very oblique. The oral avicu-
larium is very rare; it is quite large, prominent, triangular, adjacent to the peristo-
mice, provided with a pivot placed very low.
Measurements. — Peristomice (Ape=0.30-0.35 mm. ( Apertura Aa=0.15 mm.
(exterior) 1^6=0.30 mm. [ (interior) Za=0.15 mm.
. fZz=1.00mm.
Zooecia ,
U2=1.23mm.
Variations. — The zooecia are sometimes distinct and separated by a prominent
thread (fig. 3). The peristomie (fig. 6) is very wide and in proportion with the
size of the peristomice; the apertura being small, we are ignorant of the use of
the exaggerated development of this tube. The exterior and frontal walls are very
thick (figs. 6, 7) ; but the interior walls are thin and very fragile (fig. 10). In the
interior the apertura is almost invisible, because it is almost perpendicular to the
plane of the frontal (fig. 10).
We have observed some interzooecial swellings ; they are globular, porous, pro-
vided with an orbicular orifice (fig. 9). They are superposed on the tremocyst
and always appear in connection with a peristomie (figs. 2, 8). Can this be the
ovicell?
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington, North
Carolina (common).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 62598, U.S.N.M.
Genus OCHETOSELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Ochetosella CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis American Early Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 49.
The ovicell is hyperstomial and deeply imbedded in the distal zooecium. The
rimule-spiramen is replaced by a small canal supported by a peristomial projection.
The frontal is an olocyst perforated laterally by some areolao and covered by a
uniform pleurocyst.
Genotype. — Ochetosella jncksonica Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Range. — Claibornian, Jacksonian.
At first glance, this genus appears close to Palmiccllarln, but this is an error.
The large avicularian mucro of that genus is replaced here by a small canal which
is evidently the equivalent of the rimule-spiramen of the other genera of the family
452 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Stomachetosellidae. When it exists, the oral avicularium is indeed in its place
in the immediate vicinity of the peristomice and of the rimule-spiramen.
OCHETOSELLA JACKSONICA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 15, figs. 1-10.
1917. Oclietosella jncksonica CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis American Early Tertiary Cheilo-
stome Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 50, pi. 5, fig. 3.
Description. — The zoarium is free, erect, cylindrical, bifurcated, often anasto-
mosing. The zooecia are elongated, distinct, hexagonal, separated by a salient
thread ; the frontal is concave, bordered by large areolae, formed of a thin olocyst
and covered by a uniform and finely granulated pleurocyst. The apertura is semi-
lunar and invisible externally; the peristomice is very oblique, with undefined
outlines, vaguely triangular. The ovicell is globular and deeply imbedded in the
distal zooecia. The oral avicularium is rare.
. 17:2=1.10-1.20 mm.
Measurements. — Zooecia , n ,.„
{(3=0.50 mm.
Variations. — The young zooecia have no separating thread (figs. 3-6) ; they
have a mucro much developed and quite prominent (figs. 4, 5) which bears the
characteristic small canal. The zooecia are thickened by the development of the
pleurocyst which is deposited at first around the areolae (fig. 9) and afterwards
over all the frontal (fig. 8). In these conditions, the .mucro is of less and less
prominence, but the small canal-like spiramen always persists. This same pleurocyst
covers the ovicell (figs. 3, 10).
At the bifurcation of the branches, there is a large zooecium which bears a
large special avicularium whose purpose is still to be learned.
Affinities. — This species is very easy to determine. It differs from Ochctosclla
robusta in its smaller zoarium, in its large, lateral areolae and in the absence of
the zooecial peristomie.
Occurrence. — Upper Claibornian (Gosport sand) : One mile southwest of
Rockville, Clarke County. Alabama (very rare) ; Gopher Hill, Tombigbee River.
Alabama (rare).
Lower Jacksonian (Mooclys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (very common).
Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (very common) ; near Lenuds
Ferry, South Carolina (common) ; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (common) ;
3^ miles south of Perry, Georgia (common) ; 18 miles west of Wrightsville, Georgia
(common) ; Rich Hill, Crawford County, Georgia (very common) ; Baldock, Barn-
well County, South Carolina (very common) ; 17 miles northeast of Hawkinsville,
Georgia (rare) ; one-half mile southeast of Georgia Kaolin Company mine. Twiggs
County, Georgia (rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : West bank Sepulga River. Escambia
County, Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.—Czt No. 62599, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 453
OCHETOSELLA ROBUSTA, new species.
Plate 57, figs. 11-17.
Description. — The zoarium is free, cylindrical, branching. The zooecia are
large, elongated, cylindrical; the frontal is very convex: it is terminated distally
by a salient and almost complete peristomie ; it is formed of a tremocyst with very
small pores. The oral mucro bears a trenched spiramen and avicularium; the
peristomice is very oblique; its outlines are undefined. The oral avicularium is
round, simple and without pivot.
(£2=1.20-1.30 mm.
Measurements. — Zooecia , __,,
U2=0.6o mm.
Variations. — The development of the calcification gives to the zooecia some
quite variable aspects which it is impossible to analyze, but which figures 14 to 17 rep-
resent sufficiently. Figure 12 represents a very curious case of an inversion of
zooecia on the same branch.
Affinities. — This species is always easy to distinguish from Ochetosella jack-
sonica by its large branches and the absence of areolae.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (common);
near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare).
Cotypes.—G&t. No. 64122, TJ.S.N.M.
Family SMITTINIDAE Levinsen, 1909.
Anatomical bibliography. — 1SG5, SMITT, Skandinaviens Hafs-bryozoer, Ofversigt Kongl. Vet-
enskaps-Akademieus Forhandlinger, vol. 22, pi. 3, figs. 9, 10, 11; pi. 5. fig. 4. — 1892. WATERS,
Observations on the Gland-like Bodies in the Bryozoa, Journal Linnean Society, London,
Zoology, vol. 24, pi. 19, figs. 15, 16. — 1900. WATERS, Bryozoa from Franz Joseph Land, pi. 10,
figs. S-17; pi. 12, figs. 3, 4. — 1904. WATERS. Expedition Antarctic Beige, Bryozoa, pi. 4,
figs. 1, 2. — 1909. WATERS. Reports on the Marine Biology of the Sudanese Red Sea. XIII.
The Bryozoa, Journal Linnean Society, Lo ndon, vol. 31, pi. 14, fig. 14 ; pi. 15, fig. 11.
The ovicell which is hyperstomial and imbedded in the distal zooecia opens
into the peristomie. The peristome is produced and channeled in front. The
operculum is (not universally) very thin; the lower edge is straight or slightly
curved inward and hardly separated from the ectocyst; the muscular attachments
are usually a ridge on the border. There are very small oral glands often partly
attached to the tentacular sheath. Spines.
This family is a very important one, but unfortunately our knowledge of the
anatomy and embryology is too little to allow us to fix its exact limits. The de-
velopment of the peristome is one of the essential characters; we continue to follow
the same terminology as for the preceding families. The orifice of the peristome is
the peristomice (secondary orifice of Hincks) ; it is irregular and its outlines are
vague and undefined. The apertura is the zooecial orifice closed by the operculum ;
it is not always visible externally. The internal tube formed by the development
of the peristome is the peristomie.
The calcification functions as in other genera. Nevertheless, the pleurocyst is
a frequent occurrence, and the greater part of the time the two calcareous layers
are separable.
454
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
orifice of ovicell \o.
cardelle
median avicularitan-
interareolar costule
areola
pleurocyst--
V
pivot of avicularium
"beak
N oo
ovicell
-l.yrula
peristome
peristomice
peristomie
~lyrula
areolar pore
*- -olocyst
I
granular pleurocyst
FIG. 130.— Anatomy of the SmittinUae.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 455
FIG. 130. — Anatomy of the Smittinidae Levinsen, 1909.
A, B. Porella lews Fleming, 1828. A. Free larva, X 75. B. Ancestrula. (A, B after
Barrels, 1877.)
ca, calotte (terminal bud) ; ph, pharynx;
CD, digestive cavity ; si, furrow ;
ce, portion of the body between the two g, disseminated fat globules seen in the stages
branches of the stomach; following fixation;
est, stomach ; pvl, rudiment of the polypide ;
mi, aboral mesoderm ; sp, spines of cell.
ms, oral mesoderm ;
C-E. Mucronella peachi Johnston, 1848. C, D. Ciliated embryoes. E. Zooecial anatomy.
The place of the rectum does not appear to be exact. Letters as in figure G. (C-E after
Smitt, 1S65.)
F, G. Porella cervicornis Pallas, 1766. F. Polypide with the tentacles arranged in the
tentacular sheath. G. The same with the tentacles extended. (F, G after Milne-Edwards,
1838.)
bg, edge of the tentacular sheath ; /, filiform appendages of alimentary canal ;
coec, caecum of the stomach ; ph, pharynx ;
est, stomach ; r, rectum ;
mr, retractor muscles of the polypide ; t, tentacles.
H. Smittina trlspinosa Johnston, 1838, var. arborea Levinsen, 1886. The compensatrix (cs)
is attached to the operculum (op). Its orifice is overhung by a median lobe of the frontal
shield. The condyles (cond) are at a much deeper level and are long recurved denticles, which
are crossed by the submarginal lateral sclerites (scl) of the operculum. The author has not
figured the parietal muscles. (After Harmer, 1902.)
I. Smittina tripora Waters, 1904. Section showing aperture with operculum, and below it
the avicularian glands, with the mandible above the glands; X 85. (After Waters, 1904.)
J. Smittina protecta Thornely, 1907. Polypide removed from the zooecium, showing the
small oral (vaginal of Calvet) glands (</), the diaphragm (d), and the tentacles (t), X 85.
(After Waters, 1908.)
K. Smittina ophidiana Waters, 1878. Distal extremity showing the oral glands, X 85.
(After Waters, 1892.)
L. Kmitiina trispinosa Johnston, 1838. Distal end, showing oral glands, X 85. (After
Waters, 1892.)
M, N. Porella acutirostris Smitt, 1S67. M. Piece mounted in balsam, showing the avicu
larian glands through the seniitransparent shell, X 50. N. Section of avicularian gland, X
250. (M, N after Waters, 1900.)
O. Sketch of several zooecia, showing terminology.
456
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genus SMITTINA Norman, 1903.
1880. Smittia HINCICS, British Marine Polyzoa, p. 340 (preoccupied).
1903. Smittina NOBMAN, Notes on the Natural History of East Finmark, Annals and
Magazine Natural History, ser. 7, vol. 12, p. 120.
In the apertura there is a lyrula and two cardelles. The frontal is an olocyst,
perforated laterally with areolae and supporting a granular or costulate pleurocyst.
E. Cystisella
F. Porella
H.
Bryocryptella
G. Umbonula
FIG. 131. — Genera of the family Sniittlnidae, Levinsen, 1909.
A. Smittina reticiilata MacGillivray, 1842.
B. Plagiosmittia rcgularis Canu and Bassler, 1917, X 20. Jacksonian of North Carolina.
C. Mucronella peachi Johnston, 1847, X 50. Recent.
D. Ramphostomclla costata Lorenz, 1886. Recent.
E. Cystisella saccata Busk 1856, X 25. Recent.
F. Porella cervicornis Pallas, 1766, X 20. Recent.
G. Umbonula verrucosa Esper, X 25. Recent.
H. Phoceana columnar is Jullien, 1913, X 10. Recent.
I. Bryocryptella torqitata Jullien, 1903. Recent.
The anterior indentation of the peristome contains an avicularium very often tri-
angular. 13-19 tentacles.
Genotype. — Smittina (LcpraUa) reticulata MacGillivray, 1842.
Range. — Lutetian-Recent.
The difference between Smittina and Porella appeared very difficult in the old
days, and the form of the avicularium was alone taken into consideration. A form
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 457
is not a good generic character, for semicircular avicularian mandibles of the
Porella type are observed in three genera on the following species :
Smittina (Lepralia) concinna Busk, 1854.
Smittina (Smittia} unispinosa Waters, 1889.
Vmbonula (Cellepora) vrrrucosa Esper, 1791.
Ramphostomella (Eschara) scdbra Fabricius, 1780.
We prefer to consider the function of calcification clearly distinct on the geno-
types of the two genera. It is for this reason that Smittina majuscula Nordgaard,
1905, seems to be a Porella even though a lyrula is present. Likewise Porella gla-
ciata Waters, 1900, Porella laevis Fleming. 1828, and Porella piano, Hincks are true
Smittina on account of their frontal with pleurocyst, in spite of the presence of
semicircular mandibles and the absence of lyrula.
Certain Smittina are ornamented with false tremopores, but in the interior
areolar pores alone are visible.
Historical. — Hincks did not indicate a genotype. The first species described
in his work is Smittia landsborovi Johnson, 1847, but unfortunately this is a quite
variable species, very difficult to determine and whose synonymy is not yet exactly
fixed. We prefer to adopt the second species Smittia reticulata MacGillivray
which has been found fossil in the Miocene.
In 1903, Norman changed the name of Smittia to Smittina because the former
was preoccupied in the Diptera. In 1909, Levinsen extended the meaning of the
genus Smittina to inacceptable limits. Under the same name he has combined
two absolutely different genera.
With Waters we can accept Norman's term but in the exact sense fixed by
Hincks, for Smittina is one of the most natural genera of the family.
SMITTINA COLLUM, new species.
Plate 58, figs. 11-17.
Description. — The zoarium is plurilamellar ; it incrusts shells or algae over large
surfaces. The zooecia are large, somewhat elongated, distinct, limited by a fur-
row or by a salient thread; the frontal is smooth, convex, bordered by a row of
triangular areolae ; it is formed of a smooth pleurocyst, placed on an olocyst per-
forated laterally, often separable. The peristomice is semilunar and bears a short
rimule-spiramen ; the peristomie visible externally is salient and bears laterally
an avicularium; the peristome is thin and sharp; the lyrula is much imbedded,
little visible, wide and flat. The ovicell is hyperstomial, placed on the distal
zooecia, opening largely into the peristomie. The avicularium is straight, tri-
angular, with pivot, the beak directed above.
,, <hpe=0.20mm. . fZs=1.00-1.10mm.
Measurements. — Peristomice { , , , K Zooecia ,
[Zpe=0.12-0.15 mm. Us=0.50mm.
Variations. — On one zoarium the zooecia are not regularly arranged; they
radiate from false ancestrulae forming thus many subcolonies. This phenomenon
is frequent in the multilamellar zoaria.
LYHULAE
OPERCU1A MANDIBLES
C "50
Lr-U ,50
JDL
K-12
H xl2
L«2S
unlsptr.osa Waters
458
FIG. 132. — Genus Smittina Norman, 1903.
Smllllna concli.no Busk
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 459
FIG. 132.— Genus Smittina Norman, 1903.
A-E. Smittina reticulata MacGillivray, 1882. A. Zooecia with ovicells, X 50. B. Young
cell, X 50. C. Outline of a single adult zooecium, X 50. (A-C after Hincks, 1880.) D. Lat-
eral view of a zooecium, X 40. E. End view of same, X 32. (D, F after Levinsen, 1894.)
F. Smittina trispinosa, var. munita, Hincks, 1880. Section showing denticles, op, oper-
culum, aiul spines. (After Waters, 1889.)
G-I. Smittina antarctica Waters, 1909. G. Transverse section showing lateral septulae,
X 25. H. Section showing lateral septulae, X 12. I. Section showing aperture (op), tentacu-
lar sheath (ts), and gland-like bodies (gl), X 85. (After Waters, 1904.)
J, K. Smittina inclusa Waters, 1904. Longitudinal section, X 12. K. Transversal sec-
tion, X 12. (After Waters, 1901 and 1904.)
L. Smittina directa Waters, 1904. Transverse section of a zooecium showing (rp) sep-
tulae, (ly) lyrula, X 25. (After Waters, 1900.) M (right half of page). Lyrulae, opercula,
and mandibles of Smittina. (After Waters, 1889, 1900, 1904, and Nordgaard, 1905.)
4 GO BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The line of areolae is often double or triple (fig. 11) ; they are generally
small but they may become larger (fig. 12) when there is a formation of inter -
areolar costules. In the interior the olocyst is smooth (fig. 15) ; the wide lyrula
is quite visible.
Affinities. — This species is quite well characterized by its avicularium placed
on the peristome which forms a sort of collar about the zooecium. In this char-
acter it differs clearly from Smittina grandifossa and from Smittina coronata.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (common);
near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare).
Cotypcs.—Czt. No. 64123, U.S.N.M.
SMITTINA LABIATULA, new species.
Plate 59, figs. 7-10.
Description. — The zoarium is free, cylindrical, formed of from 4 to 6 longi-
tudinal rows of zooecia. The zooecia are distinct, a little elongated, elliptical; the
frontal is somewhat convex and surrounded by a row of irregular areolae. The
apertura is much imbedded ; it is hardly visible. The peristomice is limited later-
ally by two salient lips, between which is a large sinus terminated by a median
avicularium. The ovicell is hyperstomial and is imbedded in the distal zooecia ;
it opens into the peristomie above the apertura.
Variations. — This species is remarkable in its pleurocystal variations, according
to which the areolae are large (fig. 9) or small (fig. 7). The coalescence of the
peristomie and the avicularium occasions in the vertical sections (fig. 10) an arma-
ture quite variable and difficult to comprehend. The oral, median avicularium
sometimes becomes frontal; it is distant from the peristomice and triangular.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington. North
Carolina (rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 64125, U.S.N.M.
SMITTINA GRANDIFOSSA, new species.
Plate 59, figs. 1-6.
Description. — The zoarium is plurilamellar, and incrusts shells or algae over
Jurge surfaces. The zooecia are large, somewhat elongated, distinct, hexagonal,
separated by a thread more or less prominent; the frontal is smooth, little convex,
bordered by a row of large, triangular areolae; it is formed of an olocyst per-
forated laterally, in which the elements are oriented toward the lyrula and which
supports a smooth or costulate pleurocyst. The peristome is little salient, some-
what thick; it bears inferiorly a pseudo-rimule ; the lyrula is salient and triangular;
often there are two wide rimules. The ovicell is hyperstomial, globular, little
salient, imbedded in the distal zooecia; it bears a porous area surrounded by a
prominent collar; it opens largely into the peristomie.
. (Ape=0.20mm. . (7,2=1.00-1.20 mm.
Measurements. — renstomice , Zooecia, „ „„
\lpe=0.20mm. lfe=0.70 mm.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 461
Variations. — On the same zoarium the zooecia are not regularly arranged ;
they radiate from false ancestrulae, forming thus so many subcolonies that they
result in zooecial deformation. The line of areolae is often double or triple in the
lower part of the zooecia (fig. 3). The separating thread is little salient (fig. 1)
or very thick (fig. 4). In the latter case of great pleurocystal calcification the
areolae are quite large.
The area of the ovicell is formed of a thin olocystal layer covered by a pleuro-
cystal layer ; it is very fragile and is very easily broken.
Affinities. — This species differs from Smittina collum in the absence of an
avicularium on the peristome.
Smittina grandifossa differs from Smittina coronata in its larger dimensions
(Lz=l.QO mm. and not 0.50 mm.) and in its smooth and not granular pleurocyst.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington, North
Carolina (common).
Cotypcs.— Cat. No. 64124, U.S.N.M.
SMITTINA CORONATA, new species.
Plate 59, fig. 11.
Description. — The zoarium is unilamellar and creeps over algae. The zooecia
are somewhat elongated, distinct, hexagonal, separated by a salient thread; the
frontal is little convex and bordered laterally by a row of triangular areolae ; the
olocyst perforated laterally supports the granular pleurocyst, bordered with short
interareolar costules. The peristome is thin and little prominent; the peristomice
bears a pseudo-rimule, at the base of which is the lyrula. The ovicell is hyper-
' stomial, placed on the distal zooecia, completely surrounding the apertura ; it is
formed of a porous area surrounded by a collar or crown, salient and smooth.
,, T> • , \hpe=0.15 mm. „ . \Lz=0.55-O.Q5 mm.
Measurements. — Feristomice , Zooecia ,
(lpe~0.la mm. [/s=0.4o mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Smittina grandifossa in its smaller micro-
metric dimensions (Lz=0.55 mm. and not 1.00 mm.) and in the granulations of the
pleurocyst.
It differs from Smittina collum in its smaller dimensions, in the absence of an
oral avicularium, and in the presence of the pleurocystal granulations.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington. North
Carolina (rare).
Holotypc.—Cat. No. 6412G, U.S.N.M.
SMITTINA ANGULATA Reuss, 1865.
Plate 60, figs. 1-16.
1865. Cumulipora angulata REUSS, Die Foraminiferen, Anthozoen und Bryozoen des
deutschen Septarienthones, Denkschriften der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Wien, vol. 25, Abth. 1, pi. 8, fig. ]2.
Description. — The zoarium is large, massive, irregular, with lobed branches,
multilamellar, hollow; it incrusts large algae or shells. The zooecia (in the more
462 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
common form) are elongated, distinct, claviform; the frontal is convex, bordered
by a line of round or triangular areolae; it is formed of a smooth olocyst, perfo-
rated laterally, supporting a porous pleurocyst. The apertura is semilunar with a
convex proximal border; the peristomice is semilunar; the peristome is little
salient; there is no lyrula. The ovicell is rare, placed on the distal zooecia, some-
what convex, completely surrounding the apertura, of the same nature as the
frontal area. The median avicularium is peristomial and little elliptical, with
pivot. On the line of the areolae there is another small elliptical avicularium, with
pivot.
Variations. — The zooecial variations are extraordinary; they are occasioned
by the pleurocystal calcification. The pleurocyst is developed above the olocyst
(fig. 6) and may be detached from it; the calcareous deposit, at first irregular (fig.
5), is spread around the special pores (fig. 4) ; this is the most habitual aspect of
the zooecia. The calcification increasing still more, the zooecia surround them-
selves by a salient thread and with interareolar costules (fig. 8) and when the
thickness is great there is no trace of the zooecial divisions (figs. 12, 13). It is
easy to distinguish a porous pleurocyst from a tremocyst by the inspection of the
zooecial interior; here (fig. 14) the interior is smooth and only perforated laterally
by small pores corresponding to the areolae.
The transversal section (fig. 10) shows the zooecial lamellae regularly super-
posed; the very thick walls (fig. 9) are perforated by tubules allowing the zooecia
to communicate among themselves. The oldest lamellae of the zoarium are filled
up with calcite (fig. 11) and thus form a more rigid substratum for the later
lamellae; we do not know whether this calcification is of chemical or physiological
origin.
The absence of the lyrula might permit this species to be separated in a special
genus, but its mode of calcification is the same as all the other species of the genus
Smittina.
Its large zoarial dimensions render this species very easy to determine; it is
a good sized and characteristic fossil. Nevertheless, small zoaria are not rare and
there are even some bilamellar ones.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (com-
mon).
Middle Jacksonian : Three and one-half miles north of Grovania, Georgia
(rare).
Jacksonian (Zeuglodon zone) : Bluff on south side Suck Creek. Clarke County,
Mississippi (rare); Cocoa post office, Choctaw County, Alabama (very common).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola River, east of Marianna,
Florida; H miles above Bainbridge. Georgia (rare).
Vicksburgian (Eed Bluff) : Red Bluff, Wayne County, Alabama.
Geological distribution. — Rupelian (Stampian) of Germany (Reuss).
Pl€siotypes.—Cz.t. No. 64133, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BBYOZOA. 463
SMITTINA EXIGUA. new species.
Plate 59, figs. 17-19.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar with flat or undulated fronds;
the lamellae, back to back, are separable. The zooecia are elongated, distinct,
elliptical ; the frontal is convex bordered by a line of areolar pores ; the pleurocyst
is porous with short interareolar costules. The apertura (interior) is transverse.
semilunar with a proximal border very little convex; the peristomice is elongated,
deformed inf eriorly by the oral avicularium ; the lyrula is very small and pointed.
The ovicell is small, much imbedded in the distal zooecia ; the frontal area is quite
fragile. The median avicularium is very small, elliptical with pivot.
-,, • [Ape=0.14mm. fAa=0.12mm
Measurements.— Peristomice Apertura ,
lZpe=0.12mm. lZa=0.13.-0.14 mm.
. [7,3=0.60-0.80 mm.
Zo°eCialfe=0.30-0.32mm.
Variations. — Like all the species with porous pleurocyst, this one has some
zooecia of quite variable aspect; even in fossilization the pores are closed and the
zooecia appear absolutely smooth.
Some closed zooecia, in which the apertura is replaced by a simple pore,
appear quite frequently; they never have an avicularium. Their physiologic role is
unknown.
Affinities. — This species differs from Smittina strcmibecki Eeuss, 1865, in its
larger micrometric dimensions (Lz=0.6Q mm. and not 0.44 mm.), its porous and
not costtilar pleurocyst. and in its smaller ovicell.
It differs from Smittina sordida in its pleurocyst, which is porous and not
granular, and in the absence of all frontal avicularia.
Certain variations of PoreUa portentosa assume somewhat the aspect of this
species, which differs, however, in the pleurocyst and nontremocystal frontal and
in the nonbeaded peristome.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (rare):
Baldock, Barnwell County, South Carolina (rare) ; 3^ miles west of Grovania.
Georgia (very rare) ; Rich Hill. Crawford County, Georgia (rare) ; •£ mile south'
east of Georgia Kaolin Company Mine, Twiggs County, Georgia (very rare).
Cotypes.—C&t No. 64122, 64131, TIS.N.M.
SMITTINA STROMBECKI Reuss, 1865.
Plate 59, figs. 12-14.
1865. Lepralia strom'bccki REUSS, Die Foraniinifera, Anthozoen uncl Bryozoen des deutsehen
Septarienthones, Denkschriften der k. Akad. der wisscnschaften Wien, vol. 25,
Abth. 1, pi. 8, fig. 12.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells and bryozoa. The zooecia are small,
elongated, fusiform, separated by a furrow or by a salient thread; the frontal is
somewhat convex and bordered laterally by a line of small areolae; the pleurocyst
i? costular on the borders, apparently smooth in the middle, but actually porous
464 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
under great magnification. The peristome is very little salient; the peristomice is
semilunar and deformed inferiorly by the avicularium; the apertura is semilunar,
with a proximal border slightly convex. The ovicell is hyperstomial placed on the
distal zooecia; it opens above the apertura in the peristomie. The median avicu-
larium is small, a little salient, oblique, nearly round.
I kpe=O.OQ-0.08 mm. „ - (£3=0.40-0.50 mm.
Measurements.-Penstomice \/* = 0.20-0.30 mm.
Affinities. — This small species is remarkable on account of the great facility
with which the zooecia are more or less bordered on the same zoarium. We have
not seen an appreciable difference from Reuss' species, and we believe our identi-
fication is good.
It differs from Smittina exigua in its much smaller micrometric dimensions
(Zs=0.50 mm. and not 0.60 mm.), in its costular pleurocyst not porous in appear-
ance, and in its incrusting zoarium.
It differs from Rmittina, sordida in the absence of lyrula, and of frontal avicu-
larium and in the presence of interareolar costules.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Eighteen miles west of Wrightsville, John-
son County, Georgia (rare) ; 3^ miles north of Grovania, Georgia (rare) ; one-half
mile southeast of Georgia Kaolin Company Mine, Twiggs County, Georgia (rare) ;
17 miles northeast of Hawkinsville, Georgia (rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Old Factory, 1^ miles above Bainbridge,
Georgia (rare) ; Chipola River, east of Marianna, Jackson County, Florida (rare).
Geological distribution. — Rupelian (Stampian) of Germany (Reuss).
Piesiotypes.—Cnt. Nos. 64127-64129, U.S.N.M.
SMITTINA PUNCTURATA, new species.
Plate 61, figs. 5-8.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa or shells. The zooecia are large,
swollen, utricular, distinct, elongated; the frontal is very convex, bordered by a
line of small scattered areolae; it is formed of a pleurocyst very finely porous;
the much developed peristomie bears an avicularium. The peristomice bears in
front a short, false rimule ; the peristome is thick and sharp ; the lyrule is wide and
bifurcated. The ovicell is small, globular, hyperstomial, of the same nature as the
frontal. The avicularium is median, elongated, with pivot, its beak directed toward
the top. The ancestrula is small, bordered by a mural rim and provided with a
semilunar apertura.
,, -D • , • \hpe=0.16 mm. „ . (7,3—0.75-0.80 mm.
Measurements. — -renstomices' Zooecia{, . „,. .,.„
[Z;>6=0.15mm. \lz= 0.60-0.70 mm.
Affinities. — In the external aspect and its large dimensions this species is close
to Smittina, collum. It differs from it in the median position (and not lateral)
of its avicularium and in its porous and never costular pleurocyst.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian ( Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington, North
Carolina (common).
Cotypes.—Csat. No. 64135, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EAKLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 465
SMITTINA SORDIDA, new species.
Plate 59, figs. 15, 16.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are elongated, distinct,
separated by a furrow or a very thin salient thread, vaguely elliptical: the frontal
is convex and formed by a thick pleurocyst, smooth or finely granulated. The
peristome is salient and often bears two quite prominent lateral lips ; the peristomice
is elongated, irregular ; the lyrula is little salient, acute, accompanied sometimes by
two cardelles. The ovicell is large, salient, placed on the distal zooecia ; it is hyper-
stomial and opens largely into the peristomie above the apertura ; it is formed of a
large area bordered by a salient collar. The small oral avicularium is triangular,
the beak directed above. Quite frequently, a small frontal avicularium. salient and
round, is placed laterally.
-r, . , . \hpe=0.15 mm. . \Lz = 0.55-0.70 mm
Measurements. — Peristomice { , ^ Zooecia ,
Vpe=0.11 mm. 1 h = 0.3o-0.40 mm.
Variations. — This species is not beautiful ; its aspect is sordid; the zooecia
• have neither regularity nor symmetry. On the same fragment there are some
zooecia with notched peristomes and other zooecia with perfect peristomes. At
the same time there are some fragments entirely deprived of frontal avicularium.
This species is deprived of areolae; this is the reason that we suppose its
frontal to be a pleurocyst ; an olocyst would never have this irregularity and would
be absolutely smooth. The presence of cardelles and of the lyrula is as usual for
the genus. The very small number of specimens collected has not permitted us
to study the interior to clear up the mystery of the constitution of its frontal.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : One and one-half miles
above Bainbridge, Georgia (rare) ; below the Plant System railroad wharf, Bain-
bridge, Georgia (rare).
Holofype.—Cat. No. 64130, U.S.N.M.
SMITTINA COPHIA, new species.
Plate 92. figs. 21-23.
Description — The zoarium is hollow, unilamellar, cylindrical; it incrusts very
small algae. The zooecia are distinct, elongated, claviform, separated by an espe-
cially thick mural rim; the frontal is almost flat and formed of a pleurocyst with
interareolar costules. The peristome is wide, salient, thick; the peristomice is
elongated, elliptical; a very small lyrula is visible at the base of the peristomie.
The ovicell is globular, quite salient, hyperstomial, placed on the distal zooecia ; it is
formed of a very large area quite finely porous, surrounded by a smooth, salient
collar which surrounds it like a cap; it opens into the peristomie There is some-
times a small median avicularium on the proximal lip of the peristome.
/< 7*2=0.20 mm. . [Zs=0.80-0.90mm.
^^^^ Zooecia{fe=0.30mm.
55899— 20— Bull. 106 30
466 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Variations and affinities. — The young zooecia (fig. 21) have thin margins and
the ovicell is quite, salient. The old zooecia are covered by the pleurocyst; the
areolae are larger and the ovicell is immersed in the cap (fig. 23).
The present species differs from Smittina telum in which the zoarium is
identical, in the absence of a large frontal avicularium and in the presence of a
lyrula.
It differs from Sinitt'nm rctic'uloides, which is also provided with large
costules, in its much larger micrometric dimensions and in the absence of the oral
avicularium.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Glendon member of Marianna limestone) : West
bank Conecuh River, Escambia County. Alabama (rare).
Cotypcs.—Czt. No. 64298, U.S.N.M.
SMITTINA AMPLA, new species.
Plate 93, figs. 10-16.
Description. — The zoarium is an Eschara in which the two lamellae, back to
back, are inseparable. The zooecia are large, distinct, elongated, elliptical; the
frontal is very convex and bordered with a line of large triangular areolae; it is
formed of an olocyst partially perforated with large lateral pores, surmounted by
a pleurocyst with large interareolar costules. The apertura (interior) is elliptical,
transverse and bears a small lyrula, cylindical and salient; the peristome is thin,
sharp, little salient, garnished with 4 thin spines ; the peristomice is elongated ellip-
tical or oval. The ovicell is large, globular, salient, carinated; it is formed of a
smooth area surrounded by a salient collar; it covers much of the peristomice
which it deforms; it is hyperstomial and opens largely into the peristomie. The
oral avicularium is small, elliptical, very salient, deforming inferiorly the peri-
stomice. At the side of the apertura there is often a large lateral avicularium,
with pivot and a spatulate beak directed towards the top.
•>, . fAa— 0.18mm. . f A»e=0.30mm.
Measurements. — Apertura Peristomice , f
Ua=0.20 mm. l7/?e=0.22mni.
„ . (£3=0.90-1.00 mm.
Zooecia s,
U3=0.22mm.
Variations. — The lyrula. seen from the interior (fig. 14) appears short and
cylindrical; on the exterior (fig. 11) it appears flat and broad. But the interest of
this species is in its calcification (fig. 14) ; there is here as it were a juxtaposition
of the olocyst and of a tremocyst; the latter only exists at the base of the zooecia;
on the sides the line of the areolae become unique. This augmentation of the
number of the areolae appears to correspond with a more intense pleurocystal cal-
cification. There appears therefore to be a relationship between the tremopores
and the areolae, both allowing the buds of the endocyst and the mesenchymatous
fibers to pass at the same time.
The vertical section (fig. 16) shows how the apertura is oblique on the zooecial
plane.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 467
Affinities. — The presence of the very salient avicularian mucro characterizes
quite well this species and permits us to differentiate it from the other large
costtilate species such as Smittina colum, S. yrandifossa, and S. corona fa.
Occurrence.— Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain 5 miles
south of Jackson, Alabama (common) ; west bank of Conecuh River, Escambia
County, Alabama (common) ; Murder Creek east of Castlebury, Conecuh County,
Alabama (rare) ; near Claiborne. Monroe County. Alabama (common).
No. 64300, U.S.N.M.
SMITTINA RETICULOIDES, new species.
Plate 96, figs. 1-9.
Description. — The zoarium is free and bilamellar; the fronds are narrow or
wide, flat or undulated; the two lamellae back to back are inseparable. The
zooecia are elongated, distinct, narrow, fusiform, separated by a thread more or
less salient; the frontal is flat surrounded by a line of triangular areolar pores
numerous and quite large. The apertura is semilunar with a proximal border
somewhat convex; the peristomice is oval and irregular; the peristome is little
salient quite wide, smooth, enlarged at the base to bear the median avicularium.
The ovicell is globular, salient; it is formed of a small circular area perforated
by some large pores and with a large smooth collar ; it is hyperstomial, placed on
the distal zooecia and it opens into the peristomice. The median avicularium is.
small, triangular, with pivot, the beak above; it is placed on a thickening of the
peristome.
,, . rZ3=0.70mm.
Measurements. — Zooecia/ ,
Variations. — The pleurocystal calcification is very intense and gives to the
zooecia the most fantastic aspect sufficiently represented by figures 4, 5, 6. We
have been successful with two tangential sections. The first (fig. 9) is taken at the
level of the olocyst where one sees the elements irregularly grouped around the
median axis; the areolae are large and round. The second section was made a
little nearer the surface (fig. 8) ; it gives the construction of the interareolar
costules, the elements of which are grouped transversely.
Affinities. — This species is very close to the recent Smittina reticulata Mac-
Gillivray, 1842 ; it differs from it in the area of the ovicell which is much smaller,
ornamented only with some large pores and in the median avicularium which is
much smaller and always placed on a thickening of the peristome and not on the
•frontal itself.
It differs from the variations of Smittina telum with very small avicularia
in the much larger number of areolae (10) and in a less zooecial width (0.30 and
not 0.40 mm.).
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (" Chimney rock " of Marianna limestone) : One
mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (very common).
C'otypes.—Cat. No. 64309, U.S.N.M.
468 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
SMITTINA TELUM, new species.
Plate 93, figs. 1-9.
Description. — The zoarium is free, cylindrical, hollow, unilamellar; it incrusts
the small roots of algae. The zooecia are distinct, elongated rectangular ; separated
by a salient thread ; the frontal is convex, bordered by a line of large areolae and
almost entirely occupied by an enormous avicularium. The apertura is semilunar,
somewhat transverse with a very little convex, proximal border; the peristomice
is not deformed by the avicularium; there is no lyrula apparent; the peristome
little salient in its distal part, is ornamented laterally with two large, smooth,
salient lips. The ovicell is globular, salient; it is formed of a fragile and porous
area surrounded by a little prominent collar ; it is hyperstomial and opens into the
peristomie. The avicularium is gigantic, salient, triangular like a dart, with pivot,
the beak directed toward the bottom.
Aa=0.10min. . f £2=0.60-0.90 mm.
Zooecia{fe=:0.3iM).4() mm.
Variations. — The median avicularia are not always constant in size; one may
follow their successive development on figures 1 to 7. The lateral lips of the
peristome are small (fig. 2) or very large (fig. 4) ; they may even be wanting
(fig. 5) or be joined with the avicularium (fig. 4). The ovicells are smooth (fig. 6)
or granular (fig. 7), according to the fineness of the grains of the pleurocyst. In
the interior (fig. 8) the olocyst is perforated by very small areolar pores which are
nevertheless very large exteriorly. A lyrula does not appear to be present.
The tangential section (fig. 9) indicates that the avictilarian chamber is rather
small and that it is the same as the one which covers the frontal of the zooecium.
The white line which surrounds the zooecium and the size of the areolae indicate
that this section has been made superficially at the level of the interareolar costules.
Affinities. — This species with its giant avicularium is very close to Smittina
canavarii Neviani, 1900, of the Sicilian of Italy. It differs from it in the absence
of lyrula, in the narrower zooecia, and in the larger number of areolae.
In its zoarial form of a hollow cylinder it approaches somewhat Smittina
cophia, but S. telum differs in the presence of the gigantic avicularium.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian ("Chimney rock" of Marianna limestone): One
mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (very common).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 64299, U.S.N.M.
SMITTINA GRANULOSA, new species.
Plate 92, figs. 19, 20.
Description. — The zoarium is cylindrical and hollow. The zooecia are
elongated, distinct, fusiform; the frontal is convex and formed of a very finely
grantilose pleurocyst The peristome is salient, thin, sharp; its anterior cleft con-
tains a small elliptical avicularium; the apertura (interior) is semilunar. The
ovicell is globular, salient; it is formed of a finely granular area, surrounded by
a small improminent collar; it is hyperstomial, placed on the distal zooecium and
XORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
469
opens largeh' into the peristomic.
pivot.
Measurements. — Peristomice
The median avicularium is elliptical, without
hpe=OAOmm.
. fZs=0.55-0.60mm.
Zooecia |7 „„_
U3=0.25mm.
(lpe=OAOmm.
Affinities. — The areolae disappear very easily through alteration in fossiliza-
tion. Their absence on the fossils is therefore not a proof of a difference in struc-
ture. We do not hesitate to classify this species in Smittina, for the frontal is decep-
tive in this genus. Moreover the few specimens figured are the only ones found.
It is probable that when better ones are discovered they
will be found provided with areolae as usual in the
genus.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna lime-
stone) : West Bank Conecuh River, Escambia County,
Alabama (very rare) ; well in Escambia County, Ala-
bama (very rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 64297, U.S.N.M.
SMITTINA ORBAVICULARIA, new species.
Plate 61, figs. 1-4.
Description. — The zoarium is unilamellar and
creeps over algae. The zooecia are large, elongated,
distinct, wide, claviform or turbinate. The frontal is
little convex, surrounded by large crowded areolae and
short interareolar costules. The peristome is thick and
little salient; the peristomice is orbicular; the apertura
(in the interior) is semilunar, transverse with a straight
or somewhat concave proximal border; the lyrula is
visible only in the interior ; it is short and rectangular.
The ovicell is small, little salient ; it is formed of a very
fragile area surrounded by a collar which is little visi-
ble; the ovicell is hyperstomial and opens into the peri-
stomie. The avicularium is orbicular, with pivot; it is
large, placed eccentrically with at least two orifices for the passage of the muscles
which raise the semicircular mandible.
FIG. 132n. — Genus Smittina
Norman, 1903.
A, B. Smittina okaroensis
Levinsen, 1909. A. Several
zooecia, X 55, showing vibra-
cula provided with trabecular
pivot. B. Operculum, X 100,
with form different from the
ordinary. (After Levinsen,
1909.)
Measurements. — Peristomice [ A^e=0.12 mm.
(exterior) \lpe=Q.l2mm.
. rZs=0.90-1.00mm.
Zooecia{^=0.40-0.50mm.
Apertura j ha=O.W mm.
(interior) [Za=0.15mm.
Affinities. — The avicularium of this species resembles that of Smittina
okaroensis Levinsen, 1909 (fig. 132w)- dredged off New Zealand. "Its chamber
which is separated from the zooecium by a broad, arched line, is provided at the
margin with 3-5 pores, and the transverse bar (pivot) which divides the frontal
470 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
area into two parts, is provided with a short, proximally directed process. The
subopercular area, which is turned toward the aperture, has a transversally oval
opening." 1
This is a very unusual type of avicularium which well characterizes this fossil
species.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (common):
Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (rare) ; Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare).
Cotypes.—Vrt.. No. 64154, U.S.N.M.
SMITTINA (?) PUPA, new species.
Plate 95, figs. 1-9.
Description. — The zoarium is subcylindrical, hollow, bifurcated, unilamellar,
or plurilamellar. The zooecia are long, distinct, fusiform, or elliptical ; the frontal
is convex, smooth, bordered by a line of large rather widely spaced areolae. The
peristome is thick, salient; the peristomice is suborbicular ; the apertura is oblique
and semilunari The ovicell is orbicular, little salient, ornamented by some large
irregular pores. On the line of the areolae, there are two small, salient avicularia.
with pivot, orbicular more or less symmetrically disposed.
•,, T. . , f A;;>e=0.15 mm. „ . f Z3=0.75-0.85 mm.
Measurements. — Peristomice ,' n-m n-, Zooecia^, „„_
| ^e=0.12-0.15 mm. | fe=0.35 mm.
Affinities. — This species is unprovided with lyrula and the median avicularium
is rarely visible; we must doubt its place in the genus Smittina. Nevertheless the
other functions, ovarian and calcification are identical. It is remarkable to note
that the larger the areolae are, the less numerous they are. The lateral avicularia
always replace one of these areolae.
This species differs from. Smittina tubidata Gabb and Horn, 1862, in the
presence of two lateral avicularia and in the absence of median avicularium. In
practice, the distinction between the two species is often difficult; there are many
specimens of Smittina tubulata which resemble S?nittina pupa.
On account of the size of the zoarium. this is a well characterized fossil.
Occurrence. — Vicksbnrgian ("Chimney rock" of Marianna limestone): One
mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (very common).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 64307, U.S.N.M.
SMITTINA TUBULATA Gabh and Horn, 1862.
Plate 94, figs. 1-11.
1862. Semieschara tubulata GABB and HORN, Monograph of the fossil Polyzoa of the
Secondary and Tertiary formations of North America, Journal Academy Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 5. p. 122, pi. 19, fig. 5.
1890. Semiesehara tubulata DEGKEGOKIO, Monographic de la Faune Eocenique cle 1'Ala-
bama et surtout de celle de Claiborne de 1'Etage Parisien, Annales de Geologie
et de Paleontologie, Livraisons 7 and S, p. 242, pi. 40, figs. 8, 24-28.
Description. — The zoarium is cylindrical, hollow, tubular, uni or plurilamellar ;
it incrusts small algae. The zooecia are large, long, elliptical, or tubular; the
1 I/«vlnsen, Morphological and Systematic Studies on the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa, p. 342, pi. 18. fig. 12.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 471
frontal is convex and surrounded by a line of areolae; it is formed of a smooth
olocyst, perforated laterally, surmounted by a smooth or porous pleurocyst. The
peristome is salient, thin, sharp; the peristomice is elongated and elliptical; the
apertura is semilunar with a very concave proximal border; the lyrula is quite
small and very fragile. The ovicell is hyperstomial and placed on the distal zooecia
but is little salient ; it is widely open in the peristomie. The median avicularium is
small, orbicular, with a fragile pivot.
Measurements.-Peristomice J ?7>pe=™° mm' Apertura [ *a=
[tpe=Q.15mm. u«=0.1omm.
ry • (Zs=O.SO-0.!)Omm.
Zooecia
[?3=0.35 mm.
Variations. — The aspect of this species is quite variable; the most habitual
(figs. 2, 3) shows a pleurocyst with much scattered pores. But on the younger
zooecia (fig. 4) the pleurocyst is smooth and there is a line of areolae around
each zooecium. The zooecia are sometimes separated by a salient thread on speci-
mens strongly calcified (fig. 6).
On the plurilamellar zoaria the zooecia are irregularly oriented and often
wider (fig. 7). The transversal sections show that the zooecia are provided with
a very thick frontal (figs. 9, 11).
Affinities. — This species differs from Smittina pupa in the presence of a small
median avicularium and the absence of lateral avicularia. Under the microscope
the distinction is often very difficult.
Certain small specimens of Smittina angulata Reuss, 1866, resemble this
species and their differentiation is difficult for the two species are quite variable.
Smittina tubulata is deprived of lateral avicularia and the zooecia are longer.
The size of the zoarium makes this an easily recognized fossil.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (" Chimney rock " of Marianna limestone) : One
mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (very common).
Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : Seven and one-half miles southwest of Bladen
Springs, Alabama (rare).
Plesiotypes.—C&t. No. 64302, U.S.N.M.
Genus PLAGIOSMITTIA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Plagiosmittia CANU and BASSI.EE, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilos-tome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 9ti, United States National Museum, p. 51.
The ovicell opens into the peristomie. The frontal is a tremocyst. The
avicularium is placed in the peristomie. The zooecia are oriented transversally to
the zoarial fronds. Two large condyles are placed in the interior back of the
apertura; they limit a small canal leading to the orifice of the compensatrix.
Genotype. — Plagiosmittia regularis Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Range. — Jacksonian-Vicksburgian.
This genus differs little from Pordla Gray, 1848, in the nature of its func-
tions. The difference lies in the irregularity of the place of the median avicularium
472 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
and in the disposition of the zooecia on the fronds. Possibly it should be considered
as only a subgenus.
PLAGIOSMITTIA KEGULARIS Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 61, figs. 9-13.
1917. Plagwsmittia rcgularis CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary
Cbeilostome Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 51, pi. 5, fig. 4.
Description. — The zoarium is bilamellar; the fronds are flat, narrow bifurcated.
The zooecia are much elongated, distinct, separated by a thread or a furrow and
are much narrowed proximally. The frontal is flat or little convex and formed of
a tremocyst with numerous crowded pores. The peristome is thin, salient; the
apertura is semilunar with a very concave proximal border; the peristomice is
irregular, but it often contains a false rimule limited by the avicularium. The
ovicell is globular, little prominent; it is formed of a large circular area with
small numerous pores, surrounded by a smooth collar, little salient; it is imbedded
in the distal zooecia and opens into the peristomie. The avicularium is peristomial,
placed more or less laterally ; the mandible moves in the peristomie.
f/i»e=0.16mm. |Aa=0.06mm
Measurements. — reristomice < , Apertura , n ne
[lpe=0.10 mm. [la=OM mm.
Affinities. — This species is quite constant on the whole; many zooecia, how-
ever, are marginated.
It differs from Plagwsmittia porelloides in its larger dimensions (Lz=Q.75
and not 0.60 mm) and in its avicularium always placed laterally 'in the peristomie.
It differs from Plagwsmittia virgula in its larger micrometric dimensions
(Ls=0.l5 and not 0.56 mm.) and in the absence of the large median avicularium.
Occurrence.— Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (common).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Old Factory one-half mile above Bain-
bridge, Georgia (rare) ; west bank Sepulga River, Escambia County, Alabama
(common) ; Chipola River, east of Marianna. Jackson County, Florida (common).
Cotypes.—Czt. No. 62600, TJ.S.N.M.
PLAGIOSMITTIA PORELLOIDES, new species.
Plate 61, figs. 14-18.
Description. — The zoarium is bilamellar; the fronds are flat, narrow, bifur-
cated. The zooecia are much elongated, distinct, separated by a furrow or a salient
thread, much narrowed inferiorly; the frontal is flat or a little convex and formed
of a tremocyst with numerous and crowded pores. The peristome is thin, salient ;
the peristomice is oval ; the apertura is semilunar with a concave lower border. The
ovicell is little salient, imbedded in the distal zooecium; it is formed of a large
area with very fine pores, surrounded by a small, very thin collar; it opens into
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 473
the peristomie. The small median avicularium is placed in the peristomie or in
the peristomial sinus.
T,, • fA»e=0.06-O.OSmm . fis=0.56-0.60 mm
Measurements.— Penstomice , ^ "' Zooecia ,
4 mm. Us=0.16mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Plagiosmittia regularis in its smaller
micrometric dimensions (Lz=Q.6Q and not 0.75 mm.) and in its avicularium which
is median.
It differs from Plagiosmittia virgula in the absence of the large median
avicularium, and in its smaller dimensions (Ls=0.50 and not 0.56 mm.).
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (very com-
mon) ; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (common) ; near Lenuds Ferry, South
Carolina (very common).
Cotypcs.—Ciit. No. 64136, U.S.N.M.
PLAGIOSMITTIA VIRGULA, new species.
Plate 62, figs. 1-7.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar; the fronds are narrow and
bifurcated. The zooecia are elongated, elliptical, distinct, separated by a furrow;
the frontal is little convex and formed of a tremocyst with much crowded pores.
The peristome is thin, salient, sharp ; the peristomice is oval ; the apertura is semi-
lunar with a straight proximal border. The ovicell is large, little salient; it is
hyperstomial, imbedded in the distal zooecia, and opens largely into the peristomie;
it is formed by a very finely porous circular area surrounded by a thin, little
salient collar. The avicularium is median, placed in the peristomie; it is often
developed and transformed into large unguiculate avicularia assuming the form
of a comma.
. . . pe=.mm. (a = .mni.
Measurements. — Penstomice . Apertura ,
\lpe=O.W mm. [ la = 0.10 mm.
. (Zs=0.45-0.50mm.
Zo0ecia!fe=0.20-0.25mm.
Affinities. — The large frontal avicularium is not always developed; it is
replaced by a small peristomial avicularium. The difference between this species
and Plagiosmittia porelloides is then very small ; only the micrometric dimensions
are smaller (Lz—0.5Q and not 0.60 mm.). The tangential section shows (fig. 4)
that the median avicularium is often replaced by two peristomial avicularia.
The three species of Plagiosmittia are distinguished quite well from each other
by their zooecial length :
Plagiosmittia, regularis—Q.lS—'l.OQ mm.
Plagiosmittia porettoides=Q.56-O.QO mm.
Plagiosmittia mrffula=0.4:5-0.50 mm.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (very common).
Cotypes.—Cnt. No. 64137, U.S.N.M.
474 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSKUM.
Genus MUCRONELLA Hincks, 1880.
18SO. Mucronella HINCKS, British Marine Polyzoa, p. 360.
The frontal is surrounded by areolae and covered by a pleurocyst, costulate or
granular. There is a lyrula and often some cardelles in the peristomice inferiorly.
N "50
P x50 Q
FIG. 133.— Genus MucronclJa Hincks, 1880.
A-G. Mucronella peachi Johnston 1S47. A. Zooecia, X 50. B. Zooecia with ovicells, X
25. C, D. Old conditions, X 50, showing the growth of the pleurocyst over the surface E. Sep-
tulae, X 18. (A-E after Hincks, 1880.) F. Operculum, X 60. (After Levinsen, 1894.)
G. Lyrula, X 50. (After Waters, 1889.)
H-U. Lyrulae, species of Mucronella. H-I. M. ventricosa Hassall, 1841, X 50, and X 85.
(After Waters, 1889.) J. M. labiata Boeck, 1861, X 85. (After Nordgaard, 1861.) K. M.
abyssicoJa Norman, 1868, X 85. L. M. laqueata Norman, 1868, X 85. M. M. peachi Johnston,
1847, X 85. (K-M after Nordgaard, 1905.) N. M. porosa Hincks, 1881, X 50. O. M. variolosn
Johnston, 1S3S, X 25. P. M. elleri MacGillivray, 1868, var. biamculata Waters, 1889, X 50.
Q. M. biincisa Waters, 1882, X 50. R. M. rostrata Hincks, 1880, X 50. S. M. levis MacGilli-
vray, 1882, X 25. T. M. spinosissima MacGillivray, 1879, X 25. U. M. diaphana MaoGillivray,
1879. X 50. (N-U after Waters, 1889.)
Genotype. — Mucronella (Lepralia) peachi Johnston. 1847.
Range. — Jacksonian-Eecent.
The limits of this genus were rigorously established in 1904, by AVaters. It
differs from Smittina in the replacement of the avicularium by a mucro, that is to
say, by an organ which we know to be almost equivalent.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 475
The recent species of this genus are:
Mucronella (Lepralia) peachi Johnston, 1847.
Mucronella (Lepralia) ventricosa Hassall, 1841.
Mucronella (Lepralia) vanolosa Johnston, 1847.
Mucronella teres Hincks, 1881.
Mucronella crozetensis Waters, 1904.
The known fossil species are :
Mucronella (Lepralia) horncsi Keuss, 1865. Oligocene of Germany.
M uc-ronella (Lepralia) grotriani Reuss, 1865. Oligocene of Germany.
MUCRONELLA PATENS, new species.
Plate 62, fig. 10.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are distinct, wide,
hexagonal ; the frontal is convex, and surrounded by a double row of small areolae,
much crowded. The peristome is salient, wide, its proximal portion is a very
salient and erect mucro ; the lyrula is small and triangular. The ovicell is hyper-
stomial and is placed on the distal zooecium ; it is small, globular, salient, smooth ;
its orifice is placed just at- the level of the mucro.
,, . \/tpe=O.Wmm. . [7.3=0.60-0.70 mm.
Measurements. — Penstomice 7 Zooecia 7
\lpe=0.15 mm. [fc=0.7o mm.
Affinities. — This species is quite well characterized by its great zooecial width :
all the known species have some elongated zooecia.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington, North
Carolina (rare).
Holotype.—Czt. No. 64139, U.S.N.M.
MUCRONELLA GRANULOSA, new species.
Plate 62, figs. 8, 9.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa. The zooecia are distinct, little
elongated, hexagonal ; the frontal is convex, surrounded by a line of small areolae
and formed by a regularly granular pleurocyst. The peristome is thin, sharp, little
salient; it bears on the anter 4 to 6 spines and on the poster a lamellar mucro,
oblique, very prominent and partially hiding the apertura ; a small lyrula and two
very small cardelles are visible at the base of the peristomie.
Measurements. — Peristomice
A»e=O.OS mm. . (Z.?=0.51mm.
Zooecia L
lpe=O.Umm. ^1^=0.40 mm.
Affinities. — This species is very elegant; it is rather rare that the elements of
the pleurocyst are deposited with such regularity ; however, this phenomenon exists
in Mucronella variolosa Johnston, 1847. A single specimen has been found, in-
complete, for the ovicell is wanting, but it appears interesting to us on account of
its elegance alone.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (very
rare) .
Holotype.—Cat. No. 64138, U.S.N.M.
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genus RHAMPHOSTOMELLA Lorenz, 1886.
18SG. Rhamphostomella LORENZ, Bryozoen von Jan Mayen, Die Oesterreichische Polarstation
Jnn Mayen, vol. 3, p. 11.
^ C J Lx
b*a3 Tx83
P ,250 Q *251
FIG. 134. — Genus Rhamphostomella Lorenz, 1886.
A-G. Rhamphostomella costata Lorenz, 1886. A. Zooecia, X 30. (After Lorenz, 1886.)
B. Section showing the oral glands terminating near the diaphragm, X 85. C. Gland, X 250.
D, E Operculum and avicularian mandible, X 85. (B-E after Waters, 1900.) F, G. Oper-
culum and avicularian mandible, X 60. (After Lorenz, 1886.)
H-K. Rhamphostomella plicata Smitt, 1867. H. Ovicell and the anterior part of the
zooecium, X 50. (After • Nordgaard, 1906.) I, K. Operculum and avicularian mandible, X
85. (After Waters, 1900.) J. Avicularian mandible, X 83.
L. Avicularian mandible, X 85.
M, N. Rhamphostomella contigua Smitt, 1S67. Operculum and avicularian mandible, X 83.
O. Rhamphostomella scabra Smitt, 1867. Avicularian mandible, X 83. (J-O after Nord-
gaard, 1905.)
P, Q. Rhamphostomella radiatula Hincks. 1877. Avicularian mandibles, X 250. (After
Lorenz, 1886.)
R. Rhamphostomella bilaminata Lorenz, 1886. Avicularian mandible, X 150. (After
Lorenz, 1886.)
S, T. Rhamphostomella spinigera Lorenz, 1886. Different forms of lyrula, X S3. (After
Nordgaard, 1906.)
The operculum closes the ovicell. which is hyperstomial ; it is thin and delicate,
but there is a raised circular ridge. There is a very narrow lyrula. before an
asymmetrical sinus. The frontal is a pleurocyst with costules. Before the orifice
of the ovicell and at the same height, there is a very large avicularium. oblique.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 477
salient and placed eccentrically; 18 tentacles. The oral glands are much devel-
oped.
Genotype. — Rhamphostomella coxtata Lorenz, 1886.
Range. — Priabonian — Recent.
The only known fossil species is Rhamphostomella ~brendolensis Waters. 1891,
from the Priabonian of Vicentin.
RHAMPHOSTOMELLA SIMPLEX, new species.
Plate 8, figs. 11, 12.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are little distinct; the
frontal is convex and formed of a pleurocyst very finely granulated. The apertura
is oblique, imbedded, hidden; it bears a very small lyrula. The peristome bears
two spines. The ovicell is hyperstomial, placed on the distal zooecia; it opens
largely above the apertura and in front of the avicularium ; it is formed of an area
with very fine pores surrounded by a scarcely distinct collar. The avicularium is
enormous, quite salient above the apertura ; it is always placed obliquely and opens
at the side of the apertura. The ancestrula is a small membraniporoid zooecium.
. fZs=0.30 mm.
Measurements. — /ooecia \, nnn
[h — 0.20mm.
Affinities. — This species is rather difficult to study because of its small dimen-
sions. Our specimens are well preserved, and at an enlargement of 40 diameters
they show very clearly the essential characters of Rhamphostomella in their more
simple and more regular manifestations. The areolae are very rarely visible be-
cause of their very small dimensions.
Rhamphostomella simplex differs from Rhamphostomella convexa in its indis-
tinct zooecia and in the opening of the avicularium which is invisible exteriorly
and turned toward the apertura.
It differs from Rhamphostomella brendolen»is in the absence of the large
frontal avicularium.
Occurrence. — Wilcoxian (Bashi formation) : Woods Bluff, Alabama (rare^ .
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 63829, U.S.N.M.
RHAMPHOSTOMELLA BRENDOLENSIS Waters, 1891, var. AMERICANA, new variety.
Plate 62, fig. 11.
1891. Rhamphostomella brcndolensis WATERS, North Italian Bryozoa, Quarterly Journal
Geological Society London, vol. 47, p. 23, pi. 3, figs. 10, 11.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are little distinct,
elongated; the frontal is convex and formed of an irregularly and finely granu-
lated pleurocyst. It has no peristome ; the peristomice bears an asymmetrical sinus
placed between two very salient avicularia of which one is always larger than
the other; the apertura is oblique, deep, hidden; the lyrula is flat and rather long.
The ovicell is imbedded in the distal zooecia; it is little salient and smooth. On the
478 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
frontal and placed in all directions there is a very large avicularium with small
opcsium and of which the mandible is rounded like the beak of a duck.
. \Ls=Q.2>5 mm.
Measurements. — Zooecia \ , . _..,
[73=0.25 mm.
Affinities. — The European type has distinct and marginatecl zooecia ; the large
frontal avicularium appears to us as placed nearer the' apertura. These insignifi-
cant differences do not permit us to make a distinct species out of our American
specimens.
The presence of the large frontal avicularium differentiates clearly this species
from Rhamphostomella simplex and Rham.pliosfomella convexa.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (rare) ; Eutaw
Springs, South Carolina (very rare).
Geological distribution. — Priabonian of the Vicentin (Waters).
JJolohjpe.—Cat. No. 64140, U.S.N.M.
RHAMPHOSTOMELLA CONVEXA, new species.
Plate 62, fig. 12.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa. The zooecia are distinct, ellip-
tical, a little elongated, separated by a furrow; the frontal is very convex and is
formed of a pleurocyst very finely and very irregularly granulated. The peristome
is little salient and bears two symmetrical spines ; the peristomice bears an asym-
metrical sinus formed by a quite salient oral avicularium with pivot and opening
exteriorly ; the aperture is oblique, imbedded, hidden by the oral avicularium. The
ovicell is small, salient, placed on the distal zooecium ; it is very widely open above
the apertura and faces the avicularium.
,, . (£3=0.35-0.45 mm.
Measurements. — Zooecia \ ,
U3=0.25-0.30mm.
Affinities. — In this species it is absolutely impossible that the operculum could
close the ovicell ; it is closed by the ectocyst itself or by a special membrane. We
can only form an hypothesis, for we are totally ignorant of the larval system of
the Smittinidae in general.
This species differs from Rhamphostomella simplex in its zooecia distinct and
convex, and in its oral avicularium, which opens exteriorly and not in the peri-
stomie.
It differs from Rhamphostomella l>rendolensis Waters, 1891, in the absence of
the large frontal avicularium.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Rich Hill, Crawford County, Georgia
(rare) ; near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Old Factory, H miles above Bain-
bridge, Georgia (rare).
Holotype.—Cnt. No. 64141, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 479
Genus CYSTISELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Cystisclla CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis American Early Tertiary Oheilostome Bryozoa,
Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 53.
The frontal is an olocyst. It bears a very wide avicularian chamber in which
there is a pair of large glands. The mandibles have a lucida in the middle.
(Waters).
Genotype. — Cystisella (Porella) saccata Busk, 1856.
Range. — Midwayan-Recent.
"In Porella saccata it [the ovicell] is many layered, as thin calcareous layers,
presumably gymnocyst [our olocyst] layers, continually grow over the ooecium, not
only from the distal zooecium but also from the two neighboring zooecia, and
we can see as a rule three, distinctly separated, thin covering plates on their sur-
face." (Levinsen, 1909, p. 336.)
CYSTISELLA MIDWAYANICA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 8, figs. 5, 6.
1917. Cystisclla midwayanica CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis American Early Tertiary
Cheilostome Bryozoa, Bulletin 9G, United States National Museum, p. 53. pi. 5, fig. 6.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are distinct, somewhat
elongated, hexagonal, separated by a furrow or a thin salient thread ; the frontal is
very convex and very finely granulated. The peristome is thin, little salient in its
distal part; it bears some spines; the peristomice is elliptical and deformed infe-
riorly by the avicularium. The avicularium forms a long chamber, median and
conical ; its orifice is little circular and turned toward the apertura.
.* Ihpe=0.l0mm. „ . [Zs=0.40 mm.
Measurements. — Feristomice i , Zooecia , 7
[Ipe—O.limm. lfe=0.30mm.
Occurrence.- — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Luverne, Crenshaw County,
Alabama (very rare) ; one mile west of Fort Gaines, Georgia (rare).
Cotypes.—Czt. No. 62606, U.S.N.M.
Genus PORELLA Gray, 1848.
1848. Porella GRAY, List of British Animals in collection British Museum. Ceutroniae,
pp. 127, 148.
The ovicell opens into the peristomie; it is porous, imbedded in the distal
zooecium. The apertura is semilunar. Neither lyrula nor cardelles. The oper-
culum is almost straight in its proximal part, with rounded corners: there is a
muscular prominence a little distance from the edge. In front of the apertura
there is an avicularium; the mandible is semicircular and has well marked thick-
enings formed of diagonal bars. The frontal is a tremocyst with tubules. 20 tenta-
cles.
Genotype. — Porella (Millepora) cervicornis Pallas, 1766.
Range. — Lutetian-Recent.
480
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
~-Vl - *7 w
, 11
; Orft-'-
FIG. 135. — Genus Cystisella Canu and Bassler, 1917.
A-J. Cystisella saccata Busk, 1856. A. Zoarium, natural size. (After Nordgaard, 1905.)
B. Specimen boiled in caustic potash showing the large avicularian chamber, that of the left
zooeciurn broken away ; also showing the pores at the base of the avicularian chamber, X 25.
C. The interior of a portion, X 85, in which there are no polypides showing the glands re-
duced to two small globes attached to the fleshy tissue. In the avicularian chamber there are
two very long muscles, and at the base there are the two characteristic pores. D. Section show-
ing the position of the oral glands (gl), which are behind the tentacles so that they are not
seen in the zooecia cut through near the frontal surface, (ov), ovum, X 25. E. Transverse sec-
tion showing the large oral glands (ffl), the avicularian sheath (ov), the tentacles (t) in their
sheath, esophagus (oe), caecum (c), testes (te), X 50. F. Oral gland, X 250. In the upper
part the cells are partly absorbed. G. Diagrammatic section, X 25, showing the frontal pore
connected through a rosette plate with the avicularian chamber, which farther down is simi-
larly connected with the zooecium. av. ch., aricularian chamber ; m, mandible ; op, operculum ;
ov, ovicell ; sch, zooecial chamber. H. Operculum, X 85. I, J. Avicularian, mandible, X
250 and X 85.
K, L. Cystisella elegantula D'Orbigny, 1852. Operculum, X 85, and avicularian man-
dible, X 85.
M-Q. Cystisella frarjilis Levinsen, 1916. M. Zooecia and ooecia, frontal surface. N. Aper-
ture, much enlarged. O. Operculum. P. Zooecia in lateral view. Q. Basal wall of the zooecia.
(After Levinsen, 1916.)
XORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOXOA. 481
This genus differs from Xm/lthiii only in tin1 calcification; the tremocyst re-
places the pleurocyst. There are, however, some other secondary differences. The
mandible of the aviculariuiu is semicircular; it is generally (but not universally)
triangular in Smittinn. The lyrula is wanting in Porclla; however. Porclla •»tf/}u*-
c-iila Xordgaard. 100.5. Porclla in inn fa Xorman. 1868, Porclla iri-<></iil<irix. new specie-.
and Porclla- roronata, new species, have an apparent lyrula.
The median avicularium is quite variable. In the same species it may be quite
salient or buried in the peristomie, according to the thickness of the tremocyst;
these variations make the determination of the species very difficult. Some species
have the avicularium always salient; others, on the contrary, have an invisible
avicularium, and only abrasion of the surface will reveal it.
Hixfoi'icul. — The genera Sin iff inn and Porella are two quite natural genera
which have been admirably described by Hincks, but of which he has not given the
exact limits, occasioning thus some hesitation among collectors. Waters, in 1900,
recognized the necessity of making two groups in the genus Porella, according to
the nature of the mandible. The first group is very homogeneous and is the genus
Porella as Levinsen limited it in 1909, and as we now understand it. The second
group is less homogeneous, for the presence of a lucicla on the mandible does not
appear to correspond to an important physiologic function. In 1909 Levinsen
thought Porclla xiiccatii Busk. 1S56, belonged to a distinct genus; this is also our
opinion and we have created the genus Cystisella, Likewise he thought that Por< //</
acutirostris might serve as genotype for another genus. On the other hand, we
think that Porclla marc/aritif/era Quoy and Gaymard, 1833, may belong to a dif-
ferent genus, for which we propose IllppuJ< m II a (see p. 402). Still further studies
are necessary. Pol mi cell aria is a zoarial subgenus which may be conveniently pre-
served.
PORELLA OBLIQUA. new species.
Phite 14. fig. 17.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are small, a little
elongated, little distinct; the frontal is little convex and formed by a tremocyst with
large pores. The apertura is semilunar: the peristome is smooth, thin, more or less
salient. The ovicell is hyperstomial and opens into the peristomie; it is formed of
a porous area surrounded by a smooth collar. The median avicularium is trian-
gular. salient, oblique: its orifice is disposed laterally. Often two adventitious
avicularia hide the frontal more or less.
Affin'ttlcx. — This small species is quite fragile and of a disconcerting irregu-
larity. The very special arrangement of the avicularium. which opens on the side
in a very <>l>li<j>i< manner, is characteristic of the species. The rarity of the speci-
mens has not permitted us to make a careful study, but we have thought it worth
while to call the species to the attention of collectors.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian : Three and one-half miles southeast of Shell
Bluff post office, Georgia (rare).
Holot!/p,'.—('-A\. No. (13s.-)2. U.S.X.M.
.V,s99— lit— Bull. 106 - 31
Porella plana Hincks
].-[,;. i:;i;. — <;eiius Porelia Gray, 1848.
NORTH AMKRK'AX EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 483
FIG. i:J.(!.— Ccnus I'oi-'lln <iray, 1S4S.
A-Q. PurcUii nrriconiix Pallas. ITiit!. A. /.oariiun. natural size. B. Zooecia with median
avicularia, X 20. C. Calcified zooecia. X 20. (A-C after Calvet. 19114.) I>. Opercuhnn with
its occlusor muscles. E-I. Different forms nf the peristomice. J. Anatomy of a zooecium.
( D-.I after Milne-Ethvards, 1S3S. ) coc. caecum of the stomach; est, stomach; gt, tentacular
sheath; pit, pharynx; r, rectum. K. Transversal section. L. Ovicelled zooecia. M. A fossil
form of frequent occurrence. ( K-M after Manzoni, 1877.) X, (). Opeivulum, X rill, ami
avicularian mandible, X 130. (After Calvet l!MKi. I 1>. (.). Orifice, X r>o. and avicularian man-
dible, X 250. (After Waters, 1002. 1
R-T. Pon-lln i>r<ii>iiuiua Smitt, 18o7. K. Itelative arrangement of the ovicell, peristomie,
ami median avicularium. S. Lateral view of a zooecium, X 50. an, avicularian umbo; or,
ovicell; pa, areolar pore; sp. lateral septula. T. Operculum, X 85, showing a special occurrence
of the occlusor muscles. (R-T after Nord.Lraard. 1!)05.)
484 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
PORELLA IRREGULARIS, new species.
ri.-ite 02. fiiis. 18-21.
De*c/'!/>f!/>n. — The zoariuni inerusts shells and bryozoa. The zooecia are dis-
tinct, elongated and of irregular form, separated by a furrow; the frontal is convex
and formed of a tremocyst with numerous irregular pores. The a pert lira is visible
at the base of the peristomie: the peristome is thin, oval, salient. The ovicell is
globular, somewhat salient, little imbedded in the distal zooecia ; it is hyperstomial
and opens into the peristomie above the apertura; it is formed of a large area very
finely porous, surrounded by a small, very little salient collar. The oral avicu-
larium is median, placed in the sinus of the peristome, little salient, smooth.
\hpe= 0.06-0.08 mm. „ . (£3=0.55-0.65 mm.
Measurements. — Penstomice ,.' Zooecia , nnr An.
1/^=0.12 mm. |Zs=0.35-0.2.> mm.
Variations. — The zooecia are quite rnrialili' in their form and in their micro-
metric dimensions even in the zoarial regions distant from the ancestrula (figs.
19, 20). In the interior (fig. 21) the small lyrula is visible. Figure 18 shows
numerous traces of incompletely developed ovicells; there are some semicircular
olocystal traces on the distal zooecia. The formation of the ovicell is therefore
much posterior to that of the zooecia : it probably ought to coincide with the maturity
of the ovary, as Jolliet thought in 1STT.1 But what is the origin of the endocystal
bud which secretes the ovicellarian olocyst ?
Affinities. — This species differs from Poi'clla granul^osa in its polygonal tremo-
pores and its irregular zooecia.
It differs from Porella coronata in the absence of all adventitious avicularia.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moody s marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (com-
mon).
Cotypcs.—Cat. Xo. 64145, U.S.KM.
PORELLA GRANULOSA, new species.
Plate 02. fig. 13.
Description. — The zoarium inerusts bryozoa. The zooecia are distinct elon-
gated, elliptical ; the frontal is convex, grunulose, and formed by a tremocyst with
numerous pores, separated by prominent granulations. The apertura is semilunnr
and scarcely visible exteriorly; the peristome is thin, somewhat salient, semilunar,
deformed below by the avicularium. The ovicell is globular, little salient, some-
what imbedded in the distal zooecia : it is formed of a large area, very finely porous,
surrounded by a smooth or granulose collar; it is hyperstomial and opens into the
peristomie above the apertura. The avicularium is very little salient; it deform-
the peristome and opens into the peristomie.
rfi/>c'=0.07mm. . [7,2=0.45 mm.
Measurements. — 1 enstomice • , Zooecia ,
[Ipe=0.l2 mm. 1/3=0.30 mm.
1 Jolliet. Contributions :i 1' Uistovie nnturelle lies o>t>-s de t'nuiiT. Arc-hives de Zoologie experiment;!! i>t
ucniTiili', l':iris. 1ST", p. 75.
NORTH AMEIMCAX EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 485
Affinities. — One may follow, from the zoarial extremity, the formation of the
avieularium. In the peristomial sinus first formed there develops a small avieu-
larium which increases and is transformed in small, somewhat salient chambers.
This species differs from I'm-dln irrtyuhii-iis in the frontal granulations and
the regular form of the zooecia.
i>i;-in-i'Cn<'<1. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl): Jackson, Mississippi (very
rare).
Holotype.—C&t. No. 6414-2. U.S.X.M.
PORELLA CORONATA, new species.
-I'l.-itp ilj. ti::s. 1.V17.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa. The zooecia are Mimewhat elon-
gated, little distinct,, rather irregular: the frontal is convex and formed of a
tremocyst with large pores in quincunx. The apertura is little visible at the base
of a deep peristomie; the peristome is thin, salient, garnished with 1 to 5 small,
round avicularia; the lyrula is very small and supports a median avicularium.
The ovicell is large, transverse but little salient; it is formed of a large area finely
porous and very fragile, surrounded by a little salient collar. The median avicu-
larium is very little salient, opening outward and borne on a small lyrula. Some-
times there are some small adventitious lateral avicularia.
-,, . {kpi'=O.Wmm. . fZ2=0.60mm.
Measurements. — .renstomice <, Zooecia ,
[Zpe=0.14 mm. j.fe=0.30mm.
Variations. — The young zooecia (fig. 15) or marginal zooecia are separated
by a prominent thread; their avicularium is buried in the peristomie, and the
avicularia of the peristome are very small. On the adult zooecia the avicularia of
the peristome form a sort of crou-n around the apertura; but their number is quite
variable and the formation of the ovicell causes them to disappear (fig. 16) ; they
have a pivot. The frontal of the ovicell is very fragile; its absence complicates
still more the very irregular aspect of this species.
Affinities. — This species differs from Porella irrr</iil<ir/x and Porclln gramilosa,
which also have incrusting zoaria. in the presence of the avicularia on the peri-
stome.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl): Jackson. Mississippi (rare).
Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington. Xorth Carolina
(very rare).
Cotypes.—Ca.t. Xo. G4144, U.S.X.M.
PORELLA DENTICULIFERA, new species.
Plate G3. figs. 1-3.
1>< xrription. — The zoarium is hilamellar: the two lamellae are back to back
and separable. The zooecia are indistinct: the frontal is little convex and formed
of a tremocyst. with pores enormous and little numerous. The apertura (in the
interior) is semicircular and quite oblique with a proximal border somewhat con-
486 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
cave; the peristomice has the form of a trapezoid; the peristome is absent. The
ovicell is small, entirely imbedded in the distal zooecium, not salient; its frontal
is perforated with numerous small pores. The median avicularium is rather large,
smooth: it makes a prominence in the peristomie in the form of a denticnlate/1
tube with its distal part.
. f£yw>=0.13mni. . f £2 =0.65-0.70 mm.
Measurements. — renstomice 7 /ooecia 7
[tpe=0.l5 mm. us=0.3,j mm.
Affinities. — Under the microscope it is rather easy to instinctively separate
this species from Porella jacksoiiii-n. but upon analysis it is difficult to find the
clearly separating characters. It appears to differ from it in the small denticles
which often terminate the median avicularium and in the size and rarity of the
tremopores.
The tangential section (fig. 5) is that of a tremocyst resting on an olbcyst;
the ovicell is here confounded naturally with the peristomie.
The tremopores are tubular and as long as the thickness of the zooecium.
Occurrence. — Claibornian (Gosport sand) : One mile southwest of Rockville,
Alabama.
Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl): Jackson, Mississippi (common).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 64146,' U.S.X.M.
PORELLA JACKSONICA, new species.
Plate (33, figs. 6-17.
Description. — The zoarium is bilamellar, formed of two lamellae, back to back,
difficultly separable; the fronds are flat or undulated. The zooecia are distinct.
very elongated, fusiform; the frontal is convex and terminated distally by an
enormous, oblique avicularian mucro making a projection at 45° and covering
in part the apertura ; the frontal is formed by a tremocyst with large tubular
pores resting on a thin perforated olocyst. The apertura is transverse, semilunar,
oblique, buried at the base of the peristomie. The peristome is not salient. The
ovicell is entirely imbedded in the walls of the distal zooecia and is not salient: its
frontal area is pierced with pores and very fragile. The median avicularium is
smooth, enormous, very salient: it opens on the <ide of the apertura. There are
some small, inconstant adventitious avicularia formed by the coalescence of two
tremopores.
. ! hpe=Q.W mm. „ f/,3=0.5J-O.SOmm
Mcusuri'mt'iitx. — I enstomice • ' Zooecium {-.
^e=0.10-0.12 mm. 1^=0.^4-0.30 mm.
Variations. — This species is of a disconcerting irregularity and it is with much
trouble that we have been able to assemble the various forms which appear at first
sight absolutely distinct. The irregularity arises chiefly from the alteration dur-
ing fossilization, as is the habit in the species with great relief; the breaking of
:he median avicularium, the obliteration of the tremopores, and the rupture of the
avicularian area are other causes which give to the specimens absolutely divergent
aspects. Their illumination even under the microscope changes their aspect; the
XOUTIL AMKUK'AX EARLY TEUTIARY BRYOZOA. 487
illumination from below is preferable. The most usual aspects are those of the
figures 7-10. 13. Finally the species which is quite vigorous in tlu> lower J nek-
son iun (Zr = 0. 70-0.80 mm.) appears to become stunted in the middle and upper
Jacksonian (/,:=<>. ">4— 0.60 mm.) (fig. 1C). The zooecia are not always distinct
(figs. 10. 1C,).
In the interior (fig. 15) the tubules are well marked by the white circle which
surrounds the small pores of the olocyst. Moreover, there is a short lyrula and two
small cardelles (fig. !.">).
This species has been found in man}* localities of the Jacksonian. which fact
occasions its name.
Occ>/fi'c/ic(. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl): Jackson. Mississippi (very
common ) .
Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington. Xorth Carolina (common); Baldock, Barn-
well County. South Carolina (rare).
Jacksonian (Zeuglodon zone) : South side of Suck Creek, Clarke County. Mis-
sissippi (very rare) ; Shubuta. Mississippi (rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Alachua, Florida (rare).
.v.— Cat. Xos. G4147-<-,41.V>, F.S.X.M.
PORELLA PUNGENS. new species.
Plate G2, fig. 14.
Des>'i-!i>ti<»i. — The zoarinm incrusts oysters. The zooecia are distinct; quite
elongated, fusiform, separated by a deep furrow ; the frontal is convex, formed
of a tremocyst. with four rows of large scattered pores. The apertura is hidden
at the base of the peristomie by the median avicularium; the peristome is very
thin and somewhat salient. The ovicell is large, globular, salient, formed of an
area with numerous small pores surrounded by a smooth collar. The median
avieularium is enormous, very salient: elevated obliquely at 45°; it covers in part
the apertura and opens on its side.
f/(/>?=0.08mm. . fZz=0.70-0.80mm.
Measuremt nfs. — 1 eristomice , Zooecia ,
Upe=0.10mm. Us= 0.26-0.30 mm.
K. — This species differs from the inerusting species, such as
iti'ii it iilitsa, Porella irregularis, and Porelln coronato, in its enormous and salient
median avicularium.
Its aspect is similar to Pon-Uii jn-ckKonica, of which it is perhaps only the
incrusting form. It differs from it nevertheless in its avicularium still more
elevated and its salient ovicell. little imbedded in the distal zooecium. It differs
from Li')>r(i.J!ii monoctros Eeuss. Is47. and Lf /iri/fia ceratomorpha Reuss. 1847. of
the European Miocene, in the presence of tremopores and not of areolae. The
zoarium appears to be bristling with sharp points.
Od-un-i IK-I . — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl): Jackson, Mississippi (com-
mon ) .
Holotype.-^Cat. Xo. 64143, U.S.X.M.
488 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
PORELLA UNGUICULATA, new species.
Plate 64, figs. 1-5.
Description. — The zoarium is unilamellar and creeps on algae. The zooecia
are distinct, elongated, fusiform: the frontal is convex and is terminated distally by
a long ungulate mucro covering the apertura : it is formed of a tremocyst with
scattered pores, disposed in quincunx. The apertura is invisible exteriorly ; the
peristome is wanting. The ovicell is hardly salient ; the pores of the area are much
smaller than those of the frontal: it is hyperstomial and opens into the peristomie.
The median avicularium is large, oblique, smooth, totally burying the apertura.
[7, s =0.72 mm.
Measurements. — /ooecia , 0_
lfe=0.3i mm.
Affinities. — This species much resembles Porella jacksonica^ of which it is per-
haps the creeping form. It differs from it in its smaller tremopores. the exagger-
ated length of its median avicularium. which always covers the apertura on the
well preserved specimens, and in the absence of all adventitious avicularia.
In the interior (fig. 5) the olocyst is thick; the proximal border of the apertura
is convex; the mucro is visible.
On the zoarial margins the avicularium is more fragile and more easily broken
(% 3).
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian ( Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington, North
Carolina (common).
Cotypcs.—Cnt. No. 64151, U.S.X.M.
PORELLA PLANULATA, new species.
Plate 64, figs. 6-9.
Description. — The zoarium is bilamellar and formed of two lamellae, back to
back and inseparable. The zooecia are distinct, elongated, rounded in front, nar-
i-owed behind, separated by n salient thread; the frontal is fat and formed of a
tremocyst with large tubules resting on an olocyst with small pores. The apertura
(in the interior) is formed of a semi lunar anter and of a very concave poster; at
the exterior the peristomice is elliptical and the peristome very thin. The median
avicularium is very small, buried in the thickness of the tremocyst and opens into
the. peristomie; it is visible only by abrasion of the surface. Sometimes avicularian
zooecia are intercalated among the normal zooecia.
rfy;e=0.22 mm. . f 7,2=0.90-1. 10 mm.
Measurements. — Peristomice L1 Zooecia 7
\lpe=0.l8 mm. [fc=0.40-0.45 mm.
Affinities. — This grand and beautiful species is remarkable, but we still possess
no specimen with an ovicell. The median avicularium is absolutely invisible ex-
teriorly: by properly inclining the preparation its orifice is visible: upon abrasion
of the surface it appears like a small cavity in the thickness of the tremocyst (fig. 9).
In the interior certain zooecia are divided in two parts by a partition, of
whose use we are absolutely ignorant (fig. 8).
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 489
Finally, the avicularian zooecia are rather frequent: they are characterized
liy a very large opening. narrowed in its median part. We know that the operculum
is replaced there by a mandible and that the polypide has disappeared by histolysis.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hay ne limestone) : Wilmington, North
Carolina (rare) ; near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare).
.—C&t. No. r4l.V>. U.S.N.M.
PORELLA ABDITA, new species.
Plate 65, figs. 1-3.
Description. — The zoarium is large, bilamellar, and formed of two lamellae,
back to back, and inseparable. The zooecia are indistinct: the frontal is convex
and formed of a tremocyst with irregular pores. The peristomice is orbicular or
elliptical. The median avicularium is very small, buried in the thickness of the
tremocyst, opening in the peristomie, hardly visible exteriorly. Often a small
adventitious avicularium is placed in the vicinity of the peristomice.
,, . thpe=0.20mm. „ . [7,2=0.70-0.75 mm.
Mi axurements. — Peristomice L Zooecia ,
\lpe=0.15 mm. |/~=0.30-0.3o mm.
Affinities. — We have collected only a small number of specimens and it is
possible, therefore, that they are related to another species of which they may be
the strongly calcified representatives. This is, in fact, the habitual variation in
Porella dent iculif era and Porella jacksonica. To be certain of the identification
with the latter species it TV ill be necessary to find a greater number of specimens
in the same localities.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Alachua. Florida (rare) ;
9 miles north of Ocala, Florida (rare).
t'otypes.—Cnt. Nos. G4154. G4155, U.S.N.M.
PORELLA PORTENTOSA, new species.
Plate 04, figs. 10-23.
Description. — The zoarium is bilamellar; the fronds are flat or a little un-
dulated. The zooecia are distinct, quite elongated, tubular; the frontal is convex
and formed of a tremocyst with large tubular pores, supported by a very thin,
perforated olocyst; the tubules have thick walls and are separated from one
another. The apertura is semilunar, with the proximal border convex; the peri-
stome is very thin, hardly salient. The ovicell is much embedded in the distal
zooecium, hardly prominent; its frontal is a perforated area: the ovicell is hyper-
stomial and opens into the peristomie. The avicularium is placed entirely within
the peristomie.
. lhpe=0.nmm. . \L*=Q.SO-0.90mm
Measurements. — Peristomice \ ^ Zooecia ,
I ipe=Q.I2 mm. 1/2=0.26 mm.
Variations. — This species is quite remarkable. The tubules are not adjacent
and are separated from each other; this results in the frontal having a fantastic
aspect which is impossible to describe. When these tubules are adjacent (figs. 11,
490 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
12) the determination remains rather difficult, and it is necessary to assemble a
considerable number of specimens to make it. The thickness of the walls of the
tubules is quite visible on the tangential sections (fig. 23). Their length is visible
on the transversal sections, which are always difficult to make on account of the
irregularity of the frontal network. The olocyst is perforated with very small
pores corresponding to the ^nperpused tremopores (fig. 21).
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Baldock, Barnwell County, South Carolina
(very common) ; Eich Hill. Crawford County, Georgia (common) ; 18 miles west
of Wrightsville, Georgia (common).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Alachua. Florida (rare).
Cotypes.—CsA. No. 04153, U.S.N.M.
PORELLA CKASSOPARIES, new species.
Plate 95. figs. 10-21.
Description. — The zoarium is hollow, cylindrical, branched, unilamellar: it
incrusts small algae. The zooecia are distinct, elongated, tubular; the frontal is
convex and formed of a thick tremocyst with large tubules placed on a very thin
perforated olocyst. The apertura is sernilunar, very oblique, situated at the base
of a deep peristomie: the peristome is thin or thick, hardly salient, interrupted in
front. The ovicell is salient, globular, of the same nature as the frontal ; it is hyper-
stomial and opens into the peristomie. The median avicularinm is sunk in the
thickness of the tremocyst; it opens into the peristomie where it often forms a
tubular prominence.
MCI/XI/I •' in, nt*. — Apertura f Aa= 0.12 mm. Peristomicef hpe=Q.~20 mm.
(interior) [ Z«=0.15 mm. ( exterior) | fye=0.14 mm.
. \Lz= 0.64-0.70 mm.
/ooecia, 7
1/3=0.36-0.44 mm.
Variations. — The great variations of this species evidently depend on the
thickness of the tremocyst. The young zooecia (fig. 12) are bordered and appear
smaller. The old zooecia (figs. 13, 14) appear larger; the avicularium is there
little visible (fig. 13), and even invisible (fig. 14); the great thickness of the
frontal may be seen in the transversal sections (fig. 21) and in the longitudinal
sections (figs. 15-17^ . where the tremopores are transformed into very long tubules.
In the interior the lateral walls are very thin (fig. IS) ; the avicularium is
only visible there as a small convexity below the apertura. The abrasion of the
olocyst (fig. 19) shows that it is very small.
Figure 20, though badly oriented is however very interesting. On top the sec-
tion is in the tremocyst and the pores are white. Below the section is in the
olocyst for the pores are closed. The black rings indicate the section; on some
pores we see the small pore which perforates the olocyst in the middle of the
large ring formed by the tremopore.
The zoarium may be formed of many superposed lamellae (fig. 15).
XOKTH AMF.KIc AX KAIMA TEKTIAKY BKYOZOA. 491
Affinities. — This species differs t'rnni I'«rill<i abdifa in its distinct x.ooeria and
in its /.oariiim creeping over algae and not bihunellar.
In its exterior aspect and in the nature of its zoarium it may bo easily con-
founded with <'i/c1if(>pi>i-ii xj>/»)i/!ujix!x I)e (iregorio, 1882. It differs from it in the
regular and constant presence of the median avicularium.
Occur n ni'i -. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : West Bank Conecuh River,
Escambia County. Alabama (common) : Murder Creek, east of Castlebury, Conecuh
County, Alabama (common) ; Claiborne, Monroe County, Alabama (common):
.—^i\t. Xo. (5430s. r.s.x.M.
PORELLA CYLINDRICA. new species.
Plate 04. tiss. 14-17.
Description. — The zoarium is free, <'i//in<lr/<'<il, bifurcated, formed by four
to six longitudinal rows of zooecia. The zooecia are distinct, elongated, separated
by a salient thread; the frontal is somewhat convex and is formed of a thick trenio-
cyst with large tubules. The apertura is deep and partially hidden by the median
avicularium: it has no peristome. The jnedian avicularium is enormous, very
salient, very straight with an orifice turned toward the side of the apertura.
\lm='. \\n\\. . [£2 = 0.80 mm.
Mciixin-i mi'iifs. — Apertura , /ooccia 7
[la=0.ll mm. I fe=0.40mm.
Affinities;. — The vincularian form of its zoarium clearly distinguishes this
species from the species with large median avicularium, such as Porella denti-
culifera, Porcllit jacksonica, Porelln /unit/ens, and Porella unguiculata.
Occam n< ,. — Vicksburgian ("Chimney rock" of Marianna limestone): One
mile north of Monroeville. Alabama (common).
Cof>/i><'x.—t\\t. Xo. 04304, F.S.X.M.
PORELLA ERECTA. new species.
Pliiti- '.I-. iif;s. 17-20.
Dexcrljifiun. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar, formed of two lamellae, back
to back, and inseparable: the fronds arc narrow and bifurcated.
The zooecia are distinct, long, tubular; the frontal is convex and formed
of a tubular tremocyst placed on a thin oloeyst with small pores. The apertura
is semilunar. oblique, buried, by the umbo when the latter is entire; it has no
peristome. The ovicell is globular, salient, with a finely porous area ; it is hyper-
stomial and opens into the peristomie. The median avicularium forms a very salient
umbo little oblique above the aperture, almost erect, very thin, and very fragile at
the extremity.
\kpe=0.1f> mm. Apertura tha—O.OS mm.
llpe=tU(]mm (interior) U«=0.10 mm.
[£.3=0.70 mm.
Zooecia<7
492 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
nx. — This species is not very variable in itself, but the frontal avicu-
larinin is so fragile that the fossils are generally deprived of it; it is replaced
by a large irregular cicatrix.
A-ffin/t/cx. — This species is rather close to Ponlla jnclcsonirfi. It differs from
it in its much less oblique avicularium. its smaller tremopores, and its zoarial
fronds much less wide and containing only from five to six longitudinal rows of
zooecia at most.
• The young fronds differ from Porella cylindrical in its nonbordered, cylindrical
zooecia and in its smaller tremopores.
It differs from Porella compactu, in which the zoarial fronds are identical, in
the thinness of the avicularium and in its more numerous and much smaller
tremopores.
Occurrt nfc. — Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : Seven and one-half miles south-
west from Bladen Springs, Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 64301, U.S.N.M.
PORELLA COMPACTA, new species.
Plate 94. fljts. V2, 13.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar, formed of two lamellae, back
to back, and easily separable; the fronds are very narrow and bifurcated. The
zooecia are distinct, somewhat elongated, wide; the frontal is convex and formed
of a tremocyst with tubules coalesced into very large tremopores, placed on an
olocyst with numerous small pores. The apertura (interior) is elongated, semi-
lunar, oblique; it has no salient peristome. The ovicell is very small, not salient,
ornamented also with large tremopores. The avicularium forms an enormous
limbo, large, short, thickset, oblique, hiding a part of the aperture, costulated
longitudinally.
(A»e=O.K'>mm. AperturaJAa=0.12mm.
Measurements. — Penstomice ' ... . ,i,
U/tc— 0.14mm. (interior) u«=0.10mm.
f £3=0.50-0.60 mm.
Zooecia -L
1 72=0.22-0.24 mm.
Variations. — In the interior the zooecial width (0.22-0.24 mm.) is evidently
smaller than the exterior (0.30 mm.).
There is no correspondance between the number of perforations of the olocyst
(10 to 12) and the large exterior pores (5 and 6) : that is. in fact, in their com-
monage, the tubules become confluent and reunite among themselves.
The mandible of the median avicularium is small, semicircular; it is placed
at the extremity of the umbo and turned toward the apertura.
Affinities. — This species differs from Ponlla. erecta. in which the fronds are
identical, in its umbo, which is large and short and not long and thin and its
much larger tremopores.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
493
It di tiers from Porellu jncL'xonicn in its zoarial fronds ;.ot spread out and
very narrow, in its much wider uml><> and in its still larger tremopores.
<><-<_-]irrcn<-c. — Vieksburyiaii (Hyraui marl): Byram, Mississippi (very rare);
one-fourth mile west of Woodward, Wayne County. Mississippi (common).
.—Cat. No. 64303. T.S.X.M.
Geological ilixtrilniiinn of American species of Pordln.
Name.
Cluiborn-
ian.
Jacksonian.
Vicks-
burgian.
Lower
Jackson-
ian.
Middle Jacksonian.
Upper
Jackson-
ian.
Wilming-
ton zone.
Rich Hill
zone.
+
+
+
+
Pmdln iritgttlarix. nc\v species
+
+
+
rorilln tit nt ic till ft ra, new species
-t-
+
+
+
PoreRajacfoomca, new species
+
+
+
Pnrdln unqiiiciilata, new species
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
ANALYTICAL KEY TO AMElilCAX SPECIES OF PORBLLA.
Zoariuui vincuhii1
Zoariuin incriisting
Zonriuiu eseharian
Zc'iarium inii lamellar
fAviciilarium median, trianjrul:ir_-
2JAvicularium quite salient on nmbo_-
I Avicularium little salient__
—Porclla ci/Uiiilrifit.
9
JAvicularium adventitious on the peristome__
[ Avicularium not adventitious on the peristome_
[Frontal granular
|Xo granules, zooeeia irregular--
[Aviciihirimn median, very s;ilient on uml>i>_-
| Aviriilarinm small, not salient _.
, ft'iiiho nearly straight
|Avicnlarian nmbo oblique__
10
.Porella
.Porrllti limit/ens.
-Porella coronatn.
.4
.Porella {irnntilosa.
-Pordln irri'iniliirix.
fAvicnlariaii limbo Inrge and short-
7{AvirnIaria
MAvicniarian uinbo thin, denticulate, very large tremopores-
[Avicularian umbo thin, tremnpi>res--
-Poreltii ci'iftii.
_7
I'nri'llil rniHiiitrttl.
I'ni-i lln ih ntii-iiUfrrii.
10
Large zooeeia CL?=1.10 mm.L avieularia invisibUv. .
| Siiiallc-r y.niici-ia .
fFronlal \viih separated tremopon s
Frontal with adjacent tremopoivs : avicnlaria -hardly visible
Large a\ iciilarian umbo very salient--
Avicularium not salient, small.
I'nfi'lln /inr/i'iilosa.
I'm-i'llii uli/litii.
I'm-* tin unguiculata.
-Pordln crassoparies.
494
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genus UMBONULA Hincks, 1880.
f'niliiiiiiila HIXCKS. British Marine Polyzna. p. 31 G.
There is neither lyrula nor cardelles. The apertura is suborbicular. The ovi-
cell is hyperstomial and opens largely above the apertura. The frontal is a pleuro-
cyst with costules surrounded by areolae. A prominent umbo immediately below
•the month supporting an avicularium. '20-30 tentacles.
FIG. 137. — (ieiuis I'liiljriiiuJii Hincks. ]ssu.
A— D. L'tnbfiinila rcrnicusa Esper. 1791. A. Ordinary xnoecia. X -~>. B. Ovicelled zooecia.
< 3(j. (A, B after Hincks, 1880.) C. Avieularian mandible, X 85. (After Waters, 188.1.)
D. Young zooecium. The frontal shield is represented by a crescentic calcareous film, already
divided by radiating buttresses mi the upper surface intn distinct areolae («»•) in the flour of
each of which is a pore (/>). The distal wings ( /. .\7/. <1 } of the shield are distinctly indicated.
The parietal muscles (p. HI.) are seen through the calcareous Him. ^CHI, parieto-vaginal muscles.
(After Harmer, 1902.) rex/, vcstibulum; u\>. ill., uperi'iilar glands; occl, occlusor muscles of tlnj
operculum ; /. s., tentacular sheath; /). iiolypide bud. K. ( iperculum, X 40. F. Avieularian
mandible, X 200. ( E, F after Calvet, 1903.1
Genotype. — Umbonula (C'ellepo-nt) n n-in-ns// Esper. 1791.
Range. — Lutetian-Recent.
The ovicell is analogous to that in Rhampkostomella Lorenz, 189G, but there is
no lyrula. It has not a deep peristomie as in Pon-Ha and Xniittin<i, into which the
ovioell opens. The place of this genus in this family is doubtful. Harmer in 1002
considered it as the type of a special family.
UMBONULA (?) MISER, new species.
Plate 94. fig. 19.
l>< .w, 'i/if/nit. — The xoarinm is unilamellar and creeps on algae. The zooecia
are elongated, distinct, quite irregular, little symmetrical, of an ugly aspect; the
frontal is convex, formed of a smooth pleurocyst surrounded by small triangular
areolae. The peristome is thick, irregular, hardly salient. The ovicell is small.
NORTH AMERICAN KAULY TKUT1AKV BUYOZOA. 495
littli1 prominent; it is hyperstomial and opens into the peristomie. The median
avicularium is small, little salient: it deforms the peristomice inferiorly.
,, . , . \Jtpe=O.W nan. • |X3=0.44mm.
Measurements. — I eristonnce ' /ooecia 7
'Jpe=O.W mm. [?2=0.24-0.30 mm.
Affinities. — The aspect of this species is lamentable; without grace or elegance,
it can not compare with any of the elegant Vicksburgian species.
It differs from J'ml>oin/l/> fcrntitmorplia Renss. 1847. in its smaller dimensions
(Zs=0.44 and not 0.60 mm.) and in its much smaller areolae.
Occi/rri'/ici'. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain, o miles south
of Jackson, Alabama (rare).
Holott/pr.—Cat. No. 64300, U.S.N.M.
UMBONULA CERATOMORPHA Rcuss, 1847.
Plate 94, fig. 18.
1S47. Cclleimrn ccnitfimnriilia REUSS, Die fossilen Pqlypnrien <les Wiener Tertiarbeckens,
Haiclinger's Naturwissenscbaftlicbe Abhandlungen, vol. '2. p. SO. pi. 9, fig. 25.
1SG3. I{i'i>tc>tf]iitn-IJ<t i-nrinitii UOMKI;. I'.esrlnvibung tier norddeutschen tertiiiren I'olypnrien,
Paleontographira. vol. !), p. '21-, pi. 3<>, tig. G.
1874. Lrpraliu cerntoniorplia REUSS, Die fossilen Bryozoen lies Oesterreichisch-TJngarischen
Miocans, Ahth. 1. p. 3~>, pi. 3, figs. 6-S.
The bibliography of this species is rather confused, and as we have not at hand
the data for a serious discussion, we can consider therefore only the published
figures. Even in these narrow limits its cosmopolitanism is quite manifest.
Our American specimens are escharian, whereas the European specimens are in-
crusting. According to present ideas this character is not specific.
\fipe=0.lC,mm. • [£.==0.00-0. 70 mm.
Measurements. — Peristomice . /ooecia ,
\hx'=(ll-2 mm. I Iz =0.30-0.34 mm.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : West bank of Conecuh
River, Escambia County. Alabama (rare) ; Murder Creek, east of Castlebury. Cone-
cuh County, Alabama (rare) ; Salt Mountain, 5 miles south of Jackson. Mississippi
(rare).
Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : 7£ miles southwest from Bladen Springs. Ala-
bama (very rare).
Geological rtixfriliiifitin. — Chattian (Upper Tongrian) of (irei-many (Roemer) :
Tortonian of Austria Hungary (Reuss).
Plesiotypes.—C&i. No. (U:'.!!."). F.S.N.M. .
Genus PHOCEANA Jullien, 1903.
llMtt. I'luict'tiiiit JUI.I.IKX. r.ryozojiires proveuant cles Campajnies de I'Hiriiiiih'llc. p. H>7.
The apertura is semicircular with poster slightly concave: it is deprived of
cardelles and bears a pseudolyrula formed by the elevation of the peristomial wall.
The operculum bears a chitinous mural rim incomplete at the level of the convexity
of the upper border and little removed from the lateral borders.
lii-notype. — Phori'/niit colutrmaris Jullien. 1903.
Range. — Jacksonian — Recent.
496
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
PHOCEANA (?) SIMULATOR, new species.
Plate 65. figs. J-S.
Description. — The zoarium is free, cylindrical, never branched, and formed of
four to five longitudinal rows of zooecia. The zooecia are indistinct; the frontal is
little convex and smooth. The peristome is salient, entire or irregularly perforated ;
the peristomice is irregulai-, orbicular or elliptical, and transverse; the peristomie
is deep, and the apertura is invisible.
*. — Peristomice
(^6=0.06-0.15 mm.
Zooecia
f 7,3= 0.65-0.70 mm.
1 1 r, 1 n t/<J'jr^i<l i ? n t-
Upc=0.lS mm. \ls=0:2o mm.
Aflin!t!i'x. — The pseudolyrula is visible only on the specimens with feeble peri-
stomie (fig. r>). The longitudinal section of a zooecium (fig. 8) shows that the
peristome often bears a small avicularium.
FIG. 138. — Genus Bryocryptellrt Cossmaii, ]006.
A-E. Bri/ocriiirtclla < Cruiitclla) torquata Jullien, 1903. A. Zoarium natural size. B, C. Zoa-
rium enlarged and two zooecia of same. D. Dorsal face of a zoarium. (A-D after Norman.
1909.) E. Zooecial orifice, X 30. (After Jullien, 1903.) F. G. liritocriipteUa koehleri Calvet,
1S96. Operculum, X 90, and avicularian mandible, X 2GO. (After Calvet. 1903.)
This species much resembles Acropora as/>< n//ti. whose exterior aspect it simu-
lates absolutely. It differs from it, however, in its smaller micrometric dimensions,
in the absence of an ascopore, and in the presence of the peristomial psendolyrula.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington. North
Carolina (common).
Cotypcs.—Cat. No. (U156, U.S.N.M.
Genus BRYOCRYPTELLA Cossman, 1906.
1903. Cnjiiti'Un .IVLLIICN. Brvozoaires proveuant des Campagnes de J'lFirondclle, p. 76. (Pre-
occu|iicil. i
V.Miii. liriim-riiiili'llii COSSMAN, Revue critique paloo/oolojjie, vol. 10, p. 196.
The ovicell is not dosed by the operculum; it opens into the peristomie. The
apertura is subquadrilateral, deprived of lyrula and cardelles. The frontal is a
l>leiinicyst surrounded by a border of areolae, which often form a collar around
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
497
the orifice. There is a median avicularium developed on the poster. The zoarium
is escharoid, flattened and branched, formed of a single layer of zooecia.
Genotype, — Ch'yptella torquata Jullien, 1903. Recent.
mr
esl
FIG. 139. — Genus Hippadenella Canu and Bassler, 1917.
A-C. Hippadenella margaritifcra Quoy and Gayruard, 1833. A. Zooecia, X 55. The primary
ribs of the frontal wall are seen at the bottom of the avicularia. Both the ovicells and the
avioularian chambers show concentric deposits of lime, X 55. (After Levinsen, 1909.) B. Sec-
tion exhibiting contents of avicularian chambers with double gland-like bodies and the proto-
plasmic mass and a section of the larger body, X 250. (After Waters, 1888.) C. Fragment of
decalcified zoarium, X 64, seen from the dorsal face. The growth of the polypide from the
young stage, figured in the upper part of the figure to the more advanced stages in the lower
part, is exhibited. The stomach is enormous. (After Jullien, 18S8. )
est, stomach ; gt, tentacular sheath ; mr, retractor muscles of polypide ; r, rectum ; t, tentacles.
Genus HIPPADENELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Hippadenella CANU and BASSLEB, Synopsis American Early Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 54.
The frontal is a pleurocyst surrounded by areolae. The apertura bears two
cardelles. The mandibles have a lucida in the middle. The avicularian chamber
shows a double gland-like body and the protoplasmic mass.
55899— 19— Bull. 106 32
FIG. 140. — Anatomy of the Reteporidae Smitt, 1867.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 499
FIG. 140. — Anatomy of ihe Keteporidae Smitt, 1867.
fl!. oral glands; mp, parietal muscles; nir. retractor muscles of the polypide; s, septula ;
x/i. spiraii-.cn: /«, tentacular sheath; r, vibrncula.
A-C. Schizellozoon solmulcria Risso. 1S20. A. B. Anterior and posterior sides, X 25. < After
Waters, 1S92.) C. Detail of the peristomie showing the spiramen, the spines, and the slit of the
ovicell, X 75. (After Calvet, 1902.)
D-G. Rctcpora ccUulosa Smitt, 1867. D. The proximal part of an old colony cut across
transversally. The superficial kenozooecial layer is seen, X 12. E. The same piece as shown
in fig. D, hut the transversally cut surface is seen. The three groups of small round aper-
tures, almost in the center of the section; are intersected zooecial chambers, which on
both sides are covered by kenozooecia, X 12. F. A part of the transverse section in Fig. E,
more highly magnified. The separating walls furnished with uniporous septulae are seen
between the kenozooecia placed above each other. X 40. (D-F after Levinsen. 1909.) G. Sec-
tion showing vicarious avicularia with gland-like bodies. Each avicularium is connected through
septulae with two zooecia, X 85. (After Waters. 1892.)
H, I. Sclii;cllo.:ooit impcrnti Busk, 18X4. Hooting process, X 25, and section of the same,
X 12. (After Waters, 1888.)
J-L. Rctepora anlarctica Waters, 1004. J. Calcareous section showing the internal (no)
condyles (teeth) near the base of the operculum : also the lateral septula with "watch-glass"
cover, X 85. K. Avicularian chamber with branches leading to the proximal end of the zooeciuui.
X 85. L. Zooecium showing the oral (vaginal) glands (gl], and also the parietal muscles
(mi)). X 85.
M-O. HippclJozoon Jiippocrcpis Waters. 1004. M. Section of zooeciuui showing the oper-
culum (o), below which is the fleshy mass, with a tubular process from each side. To this
fleshy mass the gigantic oral glands (oril) are also attached, X 85. N. Section showing the
lubular process (/6) below the operculum (o). X 250. O. Section of joint of oral spine, X 250.
(J-O after Waters, 1904.)
Figs. P, Q. Rctcpora ccllitloxa Smitt. 1SC7. P. Section showing the gland-like sacks at the
side, X 85. Q. Double sack, X 250. ( P, Q after Waters, 1888. )
R. TrjipliyUo~oon nioniUfcra vnibnnata MacGillivary, 1885. Operculum wtih its muscular
attachments. (After MacGillivray, 1885.)
S. T. Retepora tieaniana King, 1846 . S. A developing colony consisting of one. ancestrnla,
two fully developed zooecia, and two developing zooecia, X 40. T. A somewhat older colony
in which a root expansion of kenozooecia is already formed, X 17. (See figs. H, I.) (S. T after
Levinsen, 1909.)
U. Calcareous section of Rctcpora showing the zooecial and dorsal layer with the lines of
the vibices also visible, a, suboral pore entering the zooeeial chamber considerably lower down
than the aperture: or, avicularian chamber : or. ovicell: r. vibracula. This is a typical Rctcpora,
but is practically drawn from Retc/mm i-raxw Busk, X 85. (After Waters, 1904.)
V, W. Two zoaria of Retepora natural size. (After Nordgaard.)
500 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genotype. — Hippadenella (Flustra) margaritifera Quoy and Gaymard, 1833.
Recent.
It seems to us that it would be better to classify this genus in the Hippoporae,
although all other authors are agreed in considering the genotype as belonging to
the genus PoreUa; we can not maintain it there, the frontal being a pleurocyst and
the apertura bearing cardelles.
Family RETEPORIDAE Smitt, 1867.
Anatomical bibliography. — 1878. HINCKS, Notes on the Genus Retepora, Annals and Magazine
Natural History, ser. 5, vol. 1, pi. 19. — 1S89. WATERS, Supplementary Report on the Polyzoa
collected by H. M. S. Challenger, pi. 3, figs. 5 to 13, 39, 40. — 1892. WATERS, Observations on the
Gland-like Bodies in the Bryozoa, Linnean Society Journal, Zoology, vol. 24, pi. 19, fig. 14. —
1894. WATERS, On Mediterranean and New Zealand Reteporidae and a fenestrate Bryozoan,
Linnean Society Journal, Zoology, vol. 25, pi. 7. — 1903. JULLIEN, Bryozonires provenant des
Campagnes de VHironrleUe, pp. 36, 62. — 1904. WATERS, Expedition antarctique beige, p. 77. pi.
6. — 1909. LEVINSEN, Morphological and systematic studies on the Cheilostomntous Bryozoa,
p. 290, pi. 10, pi. 23, figs. 1, 2, 3.— 1909. WATERS, Reports on the Marine Biology of the
Sudanese Red Sea. The Bryozoa, Linnean Society Journal, Zoology, vol. 31, p. 175, pi. IS. —
1913. WATERS, Bryozoa from Zanzibar, Proceedings Zoological Society, London, pi. 72, figs. 1 to
11, p. 52 (classification).
The ovicell is hyperstomial, much immersed in the distal zooecium ; it is largely
open into the peristomie. The zoarium is generally reticulate ; the dorsal face pre-
sents some projections or vibices without connection with the zooecia and contains
interiorly some kenozooecia (lacunae of Waters) more or less numerous ami
elongated. The reteporidan pore placed in front of the apertura is according to
its situation an ascopore or a spiramen: 11 to 16 tentacles.
Figure 140 sums up our anatomical knowledge of this family. We are
ignorant of the larva and the generic classification is necessarily impossible to be
stated with exactitude.
The classification has been given in 1892 and 1914 by Waters. We have given
names to the principal groups which he formed. Levinsen introduced into this
family the genera Schizotheca Hindis, 1880, and Rhynchozoon Hincks, 1891. It is
evident that the four genera formed by Waters are in rapport with the hydrostatic
system. It is now necessary for the zoologist to study the function of calcification
with all the care possible.
Genus RETEPORA Imperato, 1599.
1599. Retepora IMPERATO, Dell' historia naturale, libre XXVIII.
" This group has a fissure in the ovicell. The proximal edge of the operculum
is nearly straight, and very similar throughout this group ; labial avicularia occur
in some but not in all. The oral glands are very well developed." (Waters.) The
reteporidan pore is a spiramen.
Genotype. — Retepora ceUulosa Linnaeus-Smitt, 1867.
Range. — Jacksonian:Eecent.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 501
Historical. — It is in this group as defined by Waters that the two genera
Retepora and Sertella created by Jullien in 1903 may be classified. Following
are their descriptions :
^Retepora, Smitt 1867. Orifice transversely oval, deprived of denticules, an
internal border to the ovicell and a spiramen on the frontal. Genotype: Retepora
cellulosa Linnaeus-Smitt, 1867.''
If the form of the operculum corresponded to this form of the apertura, the
genus Retepora might be admitted into these limits, but the operculum of the geno-
type published by Waters in 1900 (see fig. 141) is identical with the other opercula
of the same group and not at all elliptical.
"Sertella Jullien, 1903. Orifice elliptical with large transversal diameter, of
which the anterior lip or anter is festooned and the posterior or poster is smooth
and curvilinear; these two lips are separated from each side of the orifice by a very
delicate and fragile cardelle. The frontal is here smooth and with some origells
(=areolar pores). Genotype: Retepora Beaniana King, 1846."
We are ignorant regarding to Avhat functions the festoons of the anter corre-
spond exactly and it does not seem possible to us to accept a genus based on a
character so insignificant. On the other hand, the presence of areolae indicates a
special mode of calcification, a perfectly distinct function. Jullien's genus may
therefore be maintained, but with this essential character. The study of the frontal
of the Eetepores has not yet been made with much care, and it is prudent to await it.
We are not certain that the reteporidan pore may really always be a spiramen,
for Waters indicated an ascopore for Retepora crassa Busk, 18S4. Our American
species belong to this group, as defined by Waters.
RETEPORA RAMOSA, new species.
Plate 65, figs. 15-25.
Description. — The zoaritim is free, somewhat compressed, branched, dichoto-
mous: it contains only three or four longitudinal rows of zooecia. The dorsal is
smooth or very finely granular; the vibices are transverse, irregular, very little
salient; some pores are disseminated between them. The zooecia are indistinct; the,
frontal is smooth and convex. The apertura is deeply imbedded, hardly visible;
its anter is finely denticulated: the peristomice is ogival with a concave lower lip;
the spiramen is an elongated slit, often united to the peristomice. The ovicell is
hyperstomial, very deeply imbedded in the distal zooecia. hardly salient, smooth;
it is perforated by an upper slit.
Measurements. — Peristomice • ,
Variations. — On each side of the apertura there are usually some very salient
tuberosities (fig. 18). The vibices are often replaced by furrows (fig. 20) on the
same zoarium; then the small dorsal pores disappear. The ovicell is very fragile;
the rupture of its frontal brings about the formation of a false slit (figs. 19, 21) ;
its orifice is absolutely buried: it is never closed by the operculum (fig. 24).
502
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL .MUSEUM.
K Retopora ab»sslr.lca Waters
ulllen
R. porccllaKD WacG R. flssa WacQ
Retepora trlstu Julllcn
Fin. 141.— (iiruns Retepora Imperato. 1500.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 503
FIG. 141. — Genus Retcpora Imperato, 1599.
A, B, C. Retepora celtulosa (Linnaeus) Suiitt, 1867. A. Several zooeeia, X 25. B. Avicu-
larium. C. Operculuni and mandible, X S5. (A-C after Waters, 1894, 1900.)
D. Itctcpora, (SerteUa) graeilis Jullien, 1903. Zooecium, X 115.
E. Retcpora (Sertella) acqiiitanica Jullien, 1903. Several zooecia, X 70.
F. Rclcpora (SerteUa) nccanica Jullien, 1903. Portion of a branch, X 70. (D-F after
Jullien, 1903.)
G. Retepora incditcrranea Sinitt, 1867. Oral aperture and operculum, X 85. (After Waters,
1894.)
H. Retepora complanata Waters, 1894. Operculum, X 85, and mandible, X 250 (After
Waters, 1894.)
I. Retcpora (Scrtclla) bcaniana King, 1846. Zooecial orifice and reteporidan avicularium,
X 85. (After Jullieu, 1903, and Waters, 1894.)
J. Retcpora coucliil Hiucks, 1SSO. Zooecinl orifice and opercula, X So and 250. (After
Jullien. 1903. and Waters, 1878, 1885.)
K. Retcpora abyssinica Waters, 1909. Zooecial orifice, operculum, and mandibles, X 85.
(After Waters. 1909.)
L. Retcpora jermanensis Waters. 1909. Zooecial orifice, operculum, and mandibles, X 85.
(After Waters, 1909.)
M. Retcpora (Sertella) tristis Jullien, 1909. Operculum, X ISO. (After Jnllien, 1903 )
N. Retcpora porcellana MacGillivray. 1S6S. Operculum, X 85. (After MacGillivray, 1885.)
O. Retcpora flssa MacGillivray, 1868. Operculum, X 85. (After MacGillivray, 18S5.)
P. Retepora grimaldi Jullien, 1903. Zooecial orifice. (After Jullien, 1903.)
Q. Retcpora producta Busk, 1884. Opercula and mandibles. (After Busk, 1SS4.)
R. Retepora atlantica Busk, 1SS4. Opercula and mandibles. (After Busk, 1SS4. )
S. Retcpora jncksonicnsis Busk, 1884. Opercula and mandibles. (After Busk, 1884.)
504 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Affinities. — Busk, in 1884, created the genus Reteporella for the Ketepores not
reticulated ; Jullien, in 1903. appears to have admitted this genus, but we can not
recognize a genus based purely upon a zoarium, unless its zooecial characters are
at the same time perfectly delimited.
This species differs from Retepora simplex (Busk) Eeuss, 1869, in the absence
of a labial mucro on the peristomice and of two oral avicularia.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington. North Carolina (common) ; near
Lemids Ferry. South Carolina (common) ; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (rare).
Cotypes.—C&t. Nos. 64158, 64159. U.S.N.M.
RETEPOKA SCUTULATA, new species.
Plate 65, figs. 9-14.
Description. — The zoarium is free, reticulate ; with narrow and elongate meshes
or fenestrae ; the dorsal is smooth or very finely granulated ; the vibices are rare
and hardly salient. The zooecia are indistinct; the frontal is smooth and convex.
The apertura is deep, buried, transverse; the peristomice is oblique, ogival; its
anterior lip bears on one side a small avicularium, thin and elongated. The ovicell
is little salient, smooth ; it bears an upper," almost round cleft ; its orifice is not
visible.
w . -p • , .. lhpe=0.05mm. „ r£/=0.75-1.35 mm.
Measurements. — Jreristomice- , Fenestrae<7, ~ .„ .. „.
(lpe=0.10 mm. If— 0.45-0.50 mm.
Affinities.— This species differs from Retepora ramosa and Retepora laciniosa
in its invariably reticulated zoarium.
It differs from Retepora marginata Eeuss, in its indistinct and nonborderecl
zooecia. and from Retepora vibicata Goldfuss, 1827, in the absence of lateral
areolar pores.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola River, east of
Marianna, Jackson County, Florida (common) ; Alachua, Florida (rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 64157, U.S.N.M.
RETEPOKA LACINIOSA. new species.
Plate 96. figs. 12-22.
Description. — The zoarium is free, branched, not reticulated, bifurcated, some-
what compressed, formed of three longitudinal rows of zooecia. The dorsal is
smooth or granular; the vibices are very little salient, and circumscribe some irregu-
lar lozenge-shaped areas. The zooecia are indistinct; the frontal is smooth and
convex. The apertura is semilunar (interior) and bears a minute proximal rimule
irregularly placed; the peristomice is very oblique; it bears on its proximal lip
a small tuberosity and a small oral avicularium separated by a slit or rimule-
spiramen. The ovicell is hyperstomial but very deeply imbedded in the distal
zooecia; its orifice is not visible; it bears superiorly a small slit, somewhat elon-
gated. The small labial avicularium is frequently transformed into a large frontal
avicularium.
Measurements. — Peristomice. — ?/>e=0.11 mm.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 505
Variations. — The dorsal is sometimes smooth (fig. 16) and sometimes granular
(figs. 15. 17) ; in the latter case the lozenge-shaped areas contain a round avicu-
larium and an elliptical aviculnrium. In the young zooecia (fig. 14) when the
small labial avicularium is not yet formed the rimule-spiramen is lateral and a
median mucro separates it from another symmetrical slit. The aspect of the
frontal changes completely when the labial avicularium is much developed (fig.
20) ; it is elongated, triangular with a somewhat rounded beak and it occupies
then a part of the frontal.
Affinities. — This species differs from Retepora ramosa in which the zoarium
is not reticulate, in the presence of a labial avicularium.
The rimule spiramen is the exact equivalent of the spiramen itself. A generic
division may not be seriously established on their differentiation. They are more-
over often observed together on the same zoarium.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : West bank Conecuh River,
Escambia County, Alabama (common) ; Salt Mountain, 5 miles south of Jackson,
Alabama (rare) ; 2-J miles north of Millry, Washington County. Alabama (rare) ;
1 mile north of Monroe.ville, Alabama (common).
Vicksburgian (Byram marl) : One-fourth mile west of Woodward. Wayne
County Mississippi (common).
Cotypes.—C&t. Nos. 64311-64313, U.S.N.M.
Genus HIPPELLOZOON Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Hippellozoon CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 55.
The ovicell is widely open. There is neither labial avicularium nor reteporidan
pore. The operculum is contracted in the middle, having long bands at the sides
for the muscular attachments; the proximal edge is not straight. The aperture
has two cardelles.
Genotype. — Hippellozoon (Retepora) novaezelandiae Waters, 1894. Recent.
Levinsen having introduced the genus Rhynchozoon Hincks. 1891. in the
Reteporidae, we have decided to adopt the suffix " zoon " as characteristic of the
family. It is evident that if the study of the larvae does not confirm the observa-
tion of Levinsen the names which we have given should not be preserved. There
should be no law of priority in these attempts at synthetic nomenclature.
Genus SCHIZELLOZOON Canu and Bassler, 1917.
IfHT. Scliizcllozoon CANU and BASSLEB, Synopsis American Early Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 55.
The ovicell is widely open and provided with a semicircular slit. It has neither
labial avicularium, nor reteporidan pore. The operculum has a broad thickened
border; the proximal edge is not straight. The poster of the apertura bears a wide,
little deep sinus.
Genotype. — Schizellozoon (Retepora) imperati Busk, 1S84. Recent,
The spiramen (reteporidan pore of Waters) is replaced by a pseudo-spiramen,
tvhich is a groove in the proximal lip of the peristomice.
506
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genus TRIPHYLLOZOON Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Triphylloxoon CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis American Early Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96. United States National Museum, p. 56.
"The ovicell has a 'trifoliate stigma.' There is generally a minute avicularium
on the lip to one side. The opercula generally are fairly similar with a nearly
straight proximal edge, and in shape rather wider than long, with the muscular
attachments rather high up and near the border. Apparently all have the labial
J -85
Hlppolozoon hippocrepls ffatepa
FIG. 142. — Genus HippeUoxoon Canu and Bassler, 1917.
A-G. HippeUoxoon novaeselandi-a-e Waters, 1894. A. Zooecia without ovicellfi, X 35.
B. Aperture after the opercuHim has been removed. X 200. C. Zooecia with ovicell, X 85.
D. Operculum, X 250. E. Aviculariau mandible, X 250. F. Young zooecium, X 85. G. Dorsal
surface, X 5. (A-G after Waters, 1894.)
H-J. Opercula and mandibles. H. HippeUoxoon lepralioldes Waters, 1894. I H. gelida
Waters, 1904. J. H. hippocrcpis Waters, 1904. (H-J after Waters.)
pore which is often the end of a long tube opening into the zooecium ( = ascopore),
proximally to the operculum." (Waters.)
Genotype. — Triphyllosoon (Retepora) moniliferum MacGillivray, 1860. Re-
cent.
Genus RHYNCHOZOON Hincks, 1891.
1881. Rbynchopora HINCKS, British Marine Polyzoa, p. 3S5. (Preoccupied; replaced by
Rhynchoxoon in ISlU.
"This genus seems to be characterized by the possession of a more or less well-
developed sinus on the apertura, by its ovicell, which has an entire frontal surface
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
507
L '25 N
FIG. 143. — Genus Schixellozoon Canu and Bassler, 1917.
A-D. Scliiscllozoon solandcria Risso, 1826. A. Portion of u colony at the point of bifurc.i-
tiun showing the frontal structure of the adult zooecia and of the ovicells, X 25 (sp=pseudo spi-
ramen). B, C. Ojierculum, X CO; seen normally and in profile. D. Mandible of a frontal avi-
culariurn, X 120. (A-D after Calvet, 1902.)
E-L. SchiseUoxoon imperati Busk, 1884. E. Zooecia provided with a pseudo-spiramen, X 25.
F. Frontal avicularium, X 25. G. Ovicell, X 25. H, I. Operculum, X 85. (After Waters. 1S58.)
J. Mandible of a small frontal avicularium, X 85. K. Mandible of a large frontal avicularium.
L. Posterior side of a zoarium, X 25. (K-H, .T-I. after Busk, 1884.)
M. Schisellozoon tessellatum Hincks, 1878. Group of opercula and mandibles. (After
Busk, 1S84.)
N. ScMzelloznon clongatum Busk, 1S84. Opereula and mandible. (After Busk. 1884.)
508
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
and is provided with an incomplete ooecial cover and by the possession of pore-
chambers (dietellae)." (Levinsen.)
Genotype. — Rhynchozoon (Lepralia) ~bii<pinoxa Johnston, 1849. Recent.
G » H
T. hirsutum Bufik f. donxiculatum Busi:
tubulatum Busk
T. victorieneis Busk
FIG. 144. — Genus Triphyllozoon Cami and Bassler, 1917.
A-D. Tripliylloeoon moniliferum MacGillivray, I860. A. Zooecia of var. mtinita Hincks,
1880; X 40. B. Ovicelled zooecium of var. m unit a Hincks, 1880, X 85, showing the trifoliate
stigma (tstg) of the ovicell and the spiramen (sp) of the peristomie. (A, B after Waters, 1804.)
C. Zooecia showing articulated spines. D. Opereulum of the principal varieties. (C, D after
MacGillivray, 1SS5.)
E-L. Opercula and mandibles. E. TripUyHoxoon formosum MacGillivray. (After Mac-
Gillivray. 1885.) P. T. hirsutum Busk, 1884. (After Waters, 1909.) G. T. hirsutum Busk, 1884.
H. T. denticulatum Busk, 1884. I. T. tubulatum Busk, 1884. J. T. columniferum Busk. 1SS4.
K. T. contortoplicatum Busk, 1884. L. T. victorienste Busk, 1884. (G-L after Busk, 1884.)
Genus SCHIZOTHECA Hincks, 1877.
1877. Schisotheca HINCKS, On British Polyzoa, Pt. II, Classification, Annals Magazine
Natural History, ser. 4, vol. 20, p. 528 ; 1880. British Marine Polyzoa, p. 283.
"Zooecia with a suborbicular primary orifice, the lower margin sinuated; the
secondary orifice raised, tubular, notched in front. Ovicell terminal, with a fissure
in the front wall, never closed by the operculum."
Genotype. — Schizotheca (Lepralia) •fissa Busk, 1858. Recent.
Levinsen classified this genus in the Reteporidae, where we also believe it better
placed.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
509
Genus LEPRALIELLA Levinsen, 1916.
1916. Lepraliella LEVINSEN, Bryozosi Denmark-Ekspeditioueu
1906-1908, vol. 3, No. 16. p. 466.
til Groulauds Nordostkyst
"The zooecia are provided with a distinct, not beaded or faintly so, vestibular
arch, and with two well-developed hinge-teeth. A well chitinized operculum.
Avicularia of different size and position. The ovicells-, the proximal portion of
which is not pedicel-shaped or shaft-like, have no pores and are not provided with
an inwards directed tongue." (Levinsen.)
Genotype. — Lepraliella (Cellepora) contigua Smitt, 1867. Recent.
E «ioo
Fxioo
FIG. 145. — Genus Rhynchosoon Hincks, 1S01.
A-G. Rhynclioxoon angulatum Levinsen, 1909. A. Zooecia, X 55. B. A zooecium. seen from
the left side wall. On the left side is seen an avicularium, X 55. C. Zooecia seen from the
basal side after removal of the basal wall. X 55. D. Ovicelled zooecia, X 55. E. Operculnni,
X 100. F. The aperture with the operculum in situ. The beaded vestibular arch is seen shining
through the operculum, X 100. G. Avieiilarian mandible. X 100. (A-G after Levinsen. 1909.)
H-J. Opercula and mandibles. H. Rhyncliozoon scintillans Hincks, 1885, X 140. (After
Levinsen, 1909. ) I. R. profundum MacGillivray, 1881. (After Waters, 1887.) J. R. comigatum
Thornely, 1905, X 85. (After Waters, 1909.)
Family GALEOPSIDAE Jullien, 1903.
1903. JULLIEN, Bryozoa provenant des Campagiies de I'Hirondclle, pi. 14.
The ovicell is hyperstomial and opens into the peristomie above the operculum.
A spiramen introduces into the peristomie the water destined afterwards for the
compensatrix.
In the family of the Adeoniclae, as in that of the Reteporidae, this spiramen
also exists: it is in evident relation with the hydrostatic system, as is proved by the
510
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
examination of the young zooccia. In most of the species of Galeopsidae the spira-
men, if it be in rapport with the hydrostatic system, might have another use. another
function, unfortunately still unknown. It is not possible, for example, to compare
the size of the spiramen of Galeopsis with the smallness of the orifice of the com-
pensatrix simply closed by a rimule or by a poster of an operculum. On the other
hand, it is quite frequent to find on the same zoarium some zooecia deprived of
spiramen and which nevertheless are still living and contain a polypide.
In the family of the Tessaradomidae Jullien. 1903, the spiramen opens into
the peristomie just at the level of the operculum; exteriorly it is placed much lower,
always eccentrically and may be confused with the
ascopore of the Acroporidae.
We have no knowledge of the larva of the Gale-
opsidae and Tessaradomidae, and we think that it
is preferable to unite them provisionally in a single
family; the distance of the spiramen from the oper-
culum does not seem to us a character sufficient to
influence the larval system.
In the species with thick frontal the tubules cover
the ovicell, which becomes invisible exteriorly; the
sections permit of their discovery in the vicinity of
the zoarial axis.
Genus GALEOPSIS Jullien, 1903.
1903. Galeopsis JULLIEN. Bryozoa provenant cles Cam-
pagnes de VHirondellc, p. 94
The spiramen is very large and salient. The
apertura has two cardelles. The frontal is a tremo-
cyst or an olocyst.
Genotype. — Galeopsis 'rabidus Jullien, 1903.
Range. — Maestrichtian — Recent.
The nature of the frontal is not always evident
in this genus. As we have not been successful with
our tangential sections, we have accepted the genus
as it was defined by its author.
The known fossil species of this genus are:
Galeopsis, new species. Cretaceous (Vincentown), Xew Jersey and Delaware.
(liilropsis (Eschara) heterostoma Reuss, 1869. Priabonian.
Galeopsis (Eschara) duplicata Reuss, 1869. Priabonian.
t't'ti'opsis (Porina) cribrana MacGillivray, 1895. Miocene of Australia.
Galeopsis (Porina) tuberculosa Maplestone, 1902. Miocene of Australia.
Galeopsis (Porina) columnata AVaters, 1881. Miocene of New Zealand.
/fi, new species, Plaisancian of England (Collection, Canu).
FIG. 146. — Genus Schizotheca
Hincks, 1877.
SchizothccaJissaEusk, 1858. Zooe-
cia, X 45, with and without ovicell.
(After Hincks, 1880.)
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
511
The recent species are:
Galeopsis rabidus Jullien, 1903. Atlantic (Azore Islands).
<;<ilcopsi& pupa Jullien, 1903. Pacific (Gambier Islands).
Galeopsis (Hippothoa} fmestrata Smitt. 1872. Atlantic (Florida).
FIG. 147. — Genus LcpraUella Levinsou. 1010.
A-M. LepraUeUa contigua Smitt, 1SG7. A. Zooecia with avicularia. B. Zooecia with oral
spines. C, D. Spines. E. Ooeciferous zooecia. F. Zooeeia provided with pores. G. Zooecia
with apertures of different forms. H. Avicularium. I. Operculum showing the marginal riilt;es.
J. Zooecium with a mucrouate peristonie. K. Triangular mandible. L. Aperture with oral
teeth. M. Ancestrula. C After Levinsen, 1916.)
GALEOPSIS (?) CONVEXA. new species.
Plate 8, figs. 1, 2.
Description. — The zoarium is an Eschara with claviform fronds; the two
lamellae are inseparable. The zooecia are distinct, elongated, elliptical; the frontal
is smooth, quite convex. The peristomice is orbicular; the peristonie is thin, sharp,
and bears laterally a very large triangular avicularium with pivot. The ovicell
is large, salient, imbedded in the distal zooecium, and opens into the peristomie.
On the frontal there is a large semicircular ascopore surmounted by two small
pores.
thne=O.Umm. . f 13=0.60-0.80 mm.
Zooecia ,
512
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Affinities. — The few specimens found have not permitted a detailed study of
this species. We are ignorant of the exact nature of the frontal pore. It is by
analogy simply that we have classified the species in Galeopsis.
Occuwence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : One mile west of Fort Gaines,
Georgia (rare).
Cotypes.—Cnt. No. 63826, U.S.N.M.
Gigantopora F. Gephyrophora G. Tessarodoma H. Tremotoichos
FIG. 148.— Genera of the family Galeopsidne Jullien, 1903.
A. Galeopsis rabidus Jullieu, 1903, X 25. Recent.
B. Schizaropsis convexa Canu nnd B:issler, 1917, X 20. Jacksonian of Mississippi.
C. Haswettia australiensis Busk, 1884, X 25. Recent.
D. Bemihaswellia proooscidea Waters. 1889, X 12. Recent.
B. Gigantopora lyncoides Ridley, 1881. Recent.
F. Gephyrophora polymorpha Busk, 1884, X 25. Recent.
G. Tessarodoma gracile Sars, 1S50, X 60. Recent.
H. Tremotoichos rectifurcatvm Canu and Bassler, 1917, X 20, Jacksouiau of North Carolina.
GALEOPSIS LONGICOLLIS, new species.
Plate 60, fig. 1.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa. The zooecia are distinct, elon-
gated, convex ; the frontal bristles with hollow spines ; the peristomie is very long,
cylindrical, smooth. The spiramen is salient, transverse, elliptical, placed at the
base of the peristomie; the peristomice is irregular, very oblique, suborbicular; the
peristome is thin and sometimes bears a quite small avicularium.
. rZs=0.75-1.00mm.
Measurements. — Zooecia 7 ,.„., n .„
I ?s= 0.35-0.40 mm.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
513
This species differs from Galeopsis vernicosa in its much smaller spiramen
and in its narrower zooecia.
It differs from Galeopsis ennaceus in its spiramen much smaller than the
peristomice and in the greater length of the peristomie (=0.45 mm.).
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
Xorth Carolina (very rare).
nolof>/pc.—Cat. No. G4160, U.S.N.M.
JJL,
A "25
FIG. 149.— Genus Galeopsis Jullieu, 1903.
A. Galeopsis pupa Jullien, 1903. Zooecia, X 25.
B. Galeopsis rabidus Jullien, 1903. Zooecia, X 25.
C. Schematic view showing the general organization of a zooeciuin. (A-C after Jullieu.)
av, avicularium; c, compensatrix; /, frontal wall; gt, tentacular sheath; mi; retractor
muscles of polypide ; opo, operculuru ; or, true orifice or apertura ; /), polypide ; pe, peristome ;
pis, peristomice; sp. spiramen.
GALEOPSIS VERRUCOSA, new species.
Plate 66, fig. 3.
Description. — The zoarium is unilamellar, incrusting algae or shells. The
zooecia are elongated, distinct, elliptical, or oval; the frontal is very convex and
ornamented with numerous salient and pointed wartlike nodes. The apertura,
hidden at the base of the peristomie, is formed of a large anter and of a somewhat
smaller poster separated by two cardelles; the peristomice is orbicular; the peri-
stomie is recumbent on the distal zooecia; the peristome is thin, sharp, and often
bears a small, triangular avicularium with pivot. The ovicell is hyperstomial; it
opens largely into the peristomie. The spiramen is immense, salient, elliptical and
transverse.
fAa=0.14r-0.16mm. . (£3=0.80 mm.
7 Zooecia'
to=0.14r-0.18 mm. It0=0.50mm.
55899— 19— Bull. 106 33
514 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Affinities. — This species much resembles Galcopsix crmaceus. It differs from it
in its greater zooecial length (greater than 0.60 mm.) and in its spiramen which
has not the form of a transversal slit.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (rare).
Holotype.—C&t. No. 64162, IT.S.N.M.
GALEOPSIS ERINACEUS. new species.
Plate 66, fig. 2.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zoopcia are elongated, distinct,
elliptical, little regular; the frontal is convex and bristles with small points. The,
apertura hidden at the bottom of the peristomie has two cardelles placed a little,
low ; the peristomice is orbicular ; the peristome is thin, salient, irregular, notched ;
the peristomie is recumbent on the distal zooecia. The spiramen is very large,
transverse, elliptical, salient, much wider than the peristomice.
=0.60 mm.
£-JW\~\sA.t I i ,-. f, n
[la=O.W mm. Us=0.36mm.
Affinities. — This species is quite well characterized by its spiramen in the form
of an elongated and narrow slit. It differs in addition from Galeopsis verrucosa
in its smaller micrometric dimensions.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (rare).
Holotypc—Czt. No. 64161, U.S.N.M.
GALEOPSIS CYCLOPS, new species.
Plate 66, figs. 4, 5.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are elongated, distinct,
fusiform, or cylindrical; the frontal is a little convex and formed of a tremocyst
with much scattered pores. The peristome is salient, thin; it bears distally a small
round amculariwm without pivot; the peristomice is orbicular; the peristomie is
quite oblique and is recumbent on the distal zooecium. The spiramen is large.
orbicular, not salient, smaller then the peristomice.
•,, . ihpe—O.lOmm. . i 7^=0.45-0.50 mm.
Measurements. — Peristomice , Zooecia ..
r/ia=0.08-0.10mni. . fZ*
Measurements. — Apertura , ,..,-. Zooecia 7
Za=0.10mm. \lz-
Variations. — The young zooecia have no spiramen; it is replaced by a deep
sinus of the peristome as in the Stomachetosellidae (fig 4). The ancestrula (fig.
5) is an ordinary zooecium.
Affinities. — This species much resembles Escliara heterostoma Keuss, 1869, of
the Priabonian from the Vicentin. It differs from it in its incrusting and not
escharian zoarium and in the presence of the small distal avicularia.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 515
It differs from GaJeopsis < r//i</c> us and Galeopsis verrucosa in its much smaller
and not salient spiramen.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Alachua, Florida (very
rare).
nolotype.—G&i. No. 64163, U.S.N.M.
Genus SCHIZAROPSIS Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1017. Schizaropsis CANU and BASSI.ER, Synopsis American Early Tertiary Cheilostoine
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 57.
The apertura bears a straight proximal border notched by a small rectilinear
rimule. The frontal is garnished laterally with areolae; it is formed of a very
finely granulated pleurocyst placed on a thick olocyst. The spiramen is almost as
large as the peristomice.
Genotype. — ScMsaropsis conrcxa Canu and Bassler, 1917. Jacksonian.
SCHIZAROPSIS CONVEXA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1'hite 06, figs. 6, 7.
1917. $chi:aropsis convcacus CANU and BASSLEE, Synopsis American Early Tertiary Olieilo-
stome Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 57, pi. 5, fig. 7.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts oysters; the zooecia are grouped in linear
longitudinal lines. The zooecia are distinct, a little elongated, elliptical, or rec-
tangular; the frontal is very convex, smooth, or very finely granular, bordered
laterally with six large, widely spaced areolae. The apertura is formed of a semilunar
anter and of a straight proximal border notched by a small rectilinear rimule. The
spiramen is elliptical, transverse, placed on the exterior peristomie, almost as wide
as the peristomice. The ovicell is globular, salient, smooth; it is hyperstomial and
opens by a very large orifice above the apertura and opposite the spiramen. Two
small triangular avicularia are placed' symmetrically 011 each side of the apertura.
rha=O.Q5mm. (without rimule).
Measurements. — Apertura L „ nfr
\ln~ 0.07mm.
7:2=0.35-0.50 mm.
7 n ori
fe=0.30mm.
Variations. — The young zooecia have no superior arch and are deprived of
spiramen. On the adult zooecia when the superior arch is not formed the lateral
lips of the peristomie limit a rimule-spiramen. The lateral areolae are little visible
because of the very large convexity of the frontal; they are quite apparent when
the preparation is properly inclined.
The spiramen is little visible by perspective because it is in a plane almost
perpendicular to the zooecial plane.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl): Jackson, Mississippi (rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 62603. U.S.N.M.
516
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genus HASWELLIA Busk, 1884.
1S84. Ilasioellia BUSK, Report on the Polyzoa collected by H. M. S. Challenger, pt. 1, p. 171.
The apertura has its pi'oximal border notched by a very wide rimule not sep-
arated from the anter. The frontal is a very thick tremocyst. The spiramen is a
small salient tube. The zoariuin is cylindrical.
Genotype. — HasweUia (Myriozoum) austraUensis Haswell, 1880.
Range. — Jacksonian — Recent.
sp
M
J <" K
FIG. 150.— Geuus HasweUia Busk, 18S4.
A-K. HasweUia austraUensis Haswell, 1889. A. Zooecia, X 25. B, C, D, E. Successive
aspects of the visible orifice, X 50, showing development of the peristomie. F. Zoarium natural
size. (A-F after Busk, 1884.) G. Operculum, X 85. (After Waters, 1881.) H. Operculum,
C 75. (After Levinseu, 1009.) I. Transverse section. (After Busk, 1SS4.) J. Longitudinal
section, X 25. (After Waters, 1909.) K. Longitudinal section, X 17. (After Levinsen, 1909.)
ap, apertura ; op, operculum closing the apertura ; ov, ovicell ; pe, peristome ; pi, peristomie :
pis, peristomice; sp, spiramen; tr, frontal tremocyst.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
517
HASWELLIA GRACILIS, new species.
Plate 66, figs. 8-10.
Description. — The zoarium is free, cylindrical, slender. The zooecia are dis-
posed all around the zoarium ; they are quite long and indistinct ; the frontal is a
thick tremocyst with small, numerous pores. The peristome is salient, almost per-
pendicular to the zoarium ; the peristomice is orbicular ; the peristomie is invisible
exteriorly, but it is as long as the zooecia. The spiramen is a small, salient, oblique
tube placed on the median zooecial axis just below the peristome.
Measurements. — Apertura
Ue=0.09 mm.
Zooecia. — Z2=0.75-1.50 mm.
avd
Affinities. — In spite of its very simple structure this species has necessitated
long study. Success
with the longitudinal
sections (fig. 9) has
permitted us to clas-
sify it generically.
The spiramen is
higher than the peri-
stomie and quite dis-
tant from the aper-
tura.
This species much
resembles the recent
Porina proboscidea
Waters, 1888. It dif-
fers from it in its
much smaller micro-
metric dimensions
and in its zooecia dis-
posed all round the
zoarium and not on
one side alone. It
sometimes has a small
avicularium placed in
the vicinity of the
apertura.
FIG. 151. — Genus Semihasu-ellia Canu and Bassler, 1917.
A-C. Semihaswellia proboscidea Waters, 1889. A. Zoarium natural size.
B. Fragment of branch with ordinary and ovicelled zooecia, X 25. C. Pos-
terior face without zooecia, X 12. (A-C after Waters, 1889.)
ai'd, dorsal avicularium ; a;/, frontal avicularium; ov, ovicell; pis, exte-
rior orifice or peristomice, never closed by the operculum; s, sulci; sp, spi-
ramen.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone ): Wilmington, North
Carolina (very common).
Holotype.—Csit. No. 64164, U.S.N.M.
Genus SEMIHASWELLIA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Semihaswellia, CANU and BASSLEB, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Clieilostonie
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 58.
The zooecia are disposed only on one side of the zoarium ; the dorsal bears only
avicularia. The frontal and the dorsal are of the same nature and are formed of
a tremocyst with sulci.
518 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genotype. — Por/nn proboscidae Waters, 1889.
Range. — Jacksonian — Recent.
This genus is zoarial; no special distinct zooecial function separates it from
Haswellia. Nevertheless, it has some important zoarial functions susceptible of
giving generic characters; the very constant presence of small dorsal avicularia
seems to be a very good character. The recent specimens are extremely rare and
it is still not possible to study them in detail.
SEMIHASWELLIA TRIPORA, new species.
Plate 66, figs. 24-27.
Description. — The zoarium is free, somewhat compressed, not branched, bear-
ing laterally large apophyses quite salient; there are three longitudinal rows of
zooecia indicated on the dorsal by as many rows of small round avicularia. The
zooecia are small, indistinct; the frontal is a tremocyst with sulci. The peristome
is quite salient, perpendicular to the zooecial plane, thin and garnished with two
small distal avicularia, almost symmetrical; the peristomice is orbicular. The
spiramen is a small pore placed just below the peristome, not salient.
< hpe—O.Oo mm. „ T
Measurements. — Peristomice ^ , Zooecia. — /,2=0.35-0.40 mm.
[lpe=O.Qo mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Semihaswellia exilis in its very salient
peristome and in its much shorter zooecia, less than 0.50 mm.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare).
Cotypes.—Cat, No. 64167, U.S.N.M.
SEMIHASWELLIA EXILIS, new species.
Plate 06, figs. 11-23.
Description. — The zoarium is free, cylindrical, thin, formed of three longitudi-
nal rows of zooecia opening on only one side; it often bears laterally some cylindri-
cal hollow appendages. The zooecia are indistinct ; the frontal is confused with the
zoarial surface ; it is formed of a thick tremocyst with tubules, placed on a perfo-
rated olocyst; the dorsal is of the same construction and bears a small round
salient avicularium without pivot. The peristome is salient, thin, almost perpen-
dicular to the zooecial plane; the peristomice is orbicular. The spiramen is small,
not salient, and placed on the median axis of the zooecium immediately below the
peristome.
Measurements. — Peristomice], Zooecia. — Lz = 0.45-0.50 mm.
[Ipc—O.Oo-O.Ot mm.
Variations. — The peristome quite often bears two small avicularia symmetri-
cally placed (fig. 15). The sulci (figs. 15, 16) do not always appear with clearness
on our fossils (figs. 12, 14) ; these are the very fragile ornaments which fossiliza-
tion much attenuates.
We have made numerous longitudinal sections without ever discovering the
ovicell; the 50 specimens observed have shown none of them visible exteriorly as
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BKYOZOA.
519
in the genotype. However we have not yet concluded that they are absent, as in
such small zoaria they are fragile. One of the sections taken through the zoarial
apophyses shows that these are hollow ; we are absolutely ignorant of their use, for
we have no analogous case in the recent species.
Affinities. — This species is easy to differentiate from SemihasvieUia tnpora;
its small peristomial pores are much smaller and hardly visible; its zooecial length
is larger (more than 0.40 mm.) ; the zoarial apophyses are smaller.
Occurrence. — Jacksonian (Zeuglodon zone) : Cocoa post office, Choctaw County,
Alabama (very rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola River, east of Marianna.
Florida (rare) ; Old Factory, about 1-J miles above Bainbridge, Georgia (rare).
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : West bank of Conecuh River, Escambia
County, Alabama (very common) ;
2^ miles north of Millry, Washington
County, Alabama.
Cotypes.—C-Ai. No. G4166, U.S.N.M.
SEMIHASWELLIA (?) CLARA, new species.
Plate 66, figs. 28, 29.
Description. — The zoarium is free,
a little compressed, formed of three
rows of zooecia disposed on only one
side ; the dorsal is granular and bears
two lateral rows of alternate salient
avicularia with pivot. The zooecia
are distinct, oval, a little elongated;
the frontal is convex and ornamented
with some tremopores irregularly disseminated. The peristome is salient, thin,
bearing one or two very small avicularia ; the peristomice is orbicular. The spira-
men is placed on the median axis of the zooecium in the vicinity of the peristomice.
lhpe=O.Q5 mm.
FIG. 152. — Genus Gigantopora Ridley, 1881.
A-E. Gigantopora lyncoides Ridley, 1881. A. B.
Zooecia, seen from the front and in profile. (After
Ridley, 1881.) C. Young zooecium. D. Normal zooe-
cium. E. Operculum. (C-E after Kirkpatrick, 1888.)
Measurements. — Peristomice
, ...
llpe—O.Qo mm.
Zooecia
Affinities. — We have only found the two specimens figured. They form a rather
divergent type in this genus in the distinct form of the zooecia and in the nature
of the walls. Some further study is necessary to properly classify this species.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 64168, U.S.N.M.
Genus GIGANTOPORA Ridley, 1881.
1881. Gigantopora RIDLEY, Zoological collections made during survey of H. M. S. Alert.
Proceedings Zoological Society London, p. 47.
The apertura bears a rimule. The frontal is an olocyst. The spiramen is
inconstant ; it is almost as large as the apertura.
520
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genotype. — Gigantopora lyncoides Ridley, 1881.
Range. — Jacksonian — Recent.
GIGANTOPORA FILIFORMIS, new species.
Plate 66, figs. 30-35.
Description. — The zoarium is free, filiform, somewhat compressed, bifurcated,
with two rows of alternate zooecia on the anterior face; the dorsal is smooth and
convex. The zooecia are indistinct; the frontal is smooth and little convex. The
apertura is formed of a semilunar anter and of a straight proximal border notched
by a small linear rimule; the peristomie is formed by two large lateral peristomial
avicularia, which can be transformed into bifurcated spines. An arch which unites
FIG. 153. — Genus Gcphyrophora Busk, 1SS4.
A-G. Gcplii/rophora poli/morpha Busk, 1SS4. A. Zooecia, X 25. (After Busk, 1SS4.)
B. Zooecia, X 25. O, D. Longitudinal section, X 4 arid X 25, showing the ovicell (ov) opening
in the peristomie above the operculum (op). E. Operculum, X 85. (B-E after Waters, 1889.)
F, G. Operculum and avicularian mandible, X 85. (After Waters, 1887.)
these two avicularia separates the peristomice from the spiramen. The hyper-
stomial ovicell is small, globular, smooth.
\ha=OMmm. . fl2= 0.40-0.45 mm.
Measurements. — Apertura J, ... Zooecia, „ „„
|i(7=0.04 mm. (/s=(j.6vmm.
Variations. — -The spiramen is rare on our specimens; some zooecia only are
furnished with it (fig. 35). The dorsal (fig. 34) is smooth; nevertheless it is
porous on one of our specimens. The avicularia have no pivot, but they have two
lateral denticles; they are quite salient.
Affinities. — The mode of formation of the spiramen is identical with that of
Gigantopora lyncoides Ridley, 1881. It differs from it in its peristomial avicu-
laria, which are not vibraculoid and which are much larger, and in its spiramen,
which is not much larger than the apertura.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 521
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola River, east of
Marianna, Jackson County, Florida (rare).
Cotypes—Cai. No. 64169, U.S.N.M.
Genus GEPHYROPHORA Busk, 1884.
1SS4. Gephyrophora BUSK, Keport cm the Polyzoa collected by H. M. S. Challenger, pt. 1,
p. 67.
The apertura bears a proximal rimule. The frontal is a tremocyst.
Genotype. — Gephyrophora polymorpha Busk, 1884.
Range. — Tongrian — Recent.
The known species of this genus are :
Gephyrophora polymorpha Busk, 1884. Recent.
Gephyrophora (Hippothoa) fenestrata Smitt, 1872. Recent (Florida).
Gephyrophora (Schisoporella) biturrita Hincks, 1884. Recent.
Gephyrophora (Eschara) tuberosa Reuss, 1865. Rupelian.
Gephyrophora (Schiz&porella) tuberosa, var. angustata, Waters, 1887. Mio-
cene.
Levinsen thought that the ovicell was endozooecial. If this observation be
confirmed the genus must be removed from this family.
Genus TESSARADOMA Norman, 1868.
1868. Tessaradoma NORMAN, Report 3Sth Meeting British Association Advancement of
Science, p. 309.
The apertura is provided with cardelles. The frontal is surrounded by areolae
and covered by a pleurocyst. The spiramen opens at the level of the operculum.
The operculum in opening closes the spiramen.
Genotype. — Tessaradoma (PustuJopora) gracile Sars, 1850.
Range. — Jacksonian — Recent.
In spite of Jullien's observations, the exact nature of the spiramen is still
doubtful ; its place and its function are not yet elucidated.
TESSARADOMA ORNATA, new species.
Plate 67, fig. 1.
Description. — The zoarium is free, compressed, formed of three longitudinal
rows of zooecia and on one side only ; the dorsal is a tremocyst with sulci and gar-
nished with a row of salient avicularia with semicircular mandible. The zooecia
are distinct, elongated, gibbose ; the frontal is convex, smooth, surrounded by areolae
and ornamented with one or two simple, salient avicularia. The peristome is
salient and bears two small lateral avicularia; the peristomice is orbicular; the
peristomie is visible exteriorly, long and very oblique. The spiramen is a large pore
placed quite distant from the peristomice.
JA»e=0.09mm. . [£3=0.60-0.75 mm.
Measurements. — Peristomice , Zooecia^ ,
[]pe=0.09 mm. 1/2 = 0.25 mm.
522
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL, MUSEUM.
Affinities. — The only specimen found has been figured. It is very pretty,
but it has no ovicell. It much resembles Scmihaswellia clara, but is distinguished
from it in the place of the spiramen, which is much more distant from the peri-
stomice.
It differs from Tessaradoma grandipora in the much smaller diameter of the
peristomice (0.09 and not 0.11 mm.) and in its thin peristome, measuring 0.10
and not 0.15 mm.
FIG. 154. — Genus Tessaradoma Norman, 1868.
A-G. Tessaradoma gracile Sars, 1850. A. Zoarium, natural size. B. Portion of zoariuni,
X 20. C. Zooecia, X 60. (After Hincks, 1880.) D. Schematic drawing of a longitudinal sec-
tion through the zooecium. E. Drawing showing the introduction of the water by the spiramen
in the peristomial tube just at the level of the operculum and above it. (B, D, E after Jullien,
1903.)
a, anter; c, compensatrix ; d, dorsal zooecial wall; f, frontal zooecial wall; gt, tentacular
sheath ; mr, retractor muscles of the polypide ; opf, closed operculum ; opo, open operculum ; or,
zooecial orifice or aperture ; p, polypide ; pe, peristome ; pis, peristomice ; po, poster ; sp, spira-
men ; spm, membraneous portion of the spiramen.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (very rare).
Holotype.—Cat. No. 6-4170, U.S.N.M.
TESSARADOMA GRANDIPORA, new species.
Plate 67, figs. 2, 3.
Description. — The zoarium is free, compressed, branched, formed of 3 longi-
tudinal rows of zooecia ; the dorsal is a tremocyst with sulci bearing a median row
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 523
of avicularia with semicircular mandibles. The zooecia are distinct, elongated,
separated by a furrow of little depth; the frontal is smooth, convex, ornamented
with some lateral areolae. The peristome is large, salient, very thick, and bears two
small lateral avicularia; the peristomice is orbicular; it has no peristomie, visible
exteriorly. The spiramen is little distant from the peristomice; it, is elongated into
the form of a buttonhole.
•,, . f A»e=0.11 mm. . (£2=0.35 mm.
Measur< ments. — Jreristomice \ , ' Zooecia' ,. _„
Affinities. — Only the two specimens figured have been found, and we, therefore,
have not been able to make a detailed study of the species.
This species differs from Tcssaradoma ornata in its spiramen which is median
and close to the peristomice and in its wide peristome which may attain 0.15 mm.
in diameter.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : West bank Sepulga Kiver.
Escambia County, Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 64171. U.S.N.M.
Genus TREMOTOICHOS Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Tremotoichos CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cbeilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 59.
The frontal and the dorsal are tremocysts with sulci. The spiramen opens
interiorly at the level of the operculum ; exteriorly it is distant from the peristomice
and almost never placed on the median axis of the zooecin.
Genotype. — Tremotoichos rectifurcatum Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Range. — Jacksonian.
This genus possesses all the characters of Semihaswellia, the difference being
little perceptible and consisting solely in the place of the spiramen. As the latter
does not appear to exercise the same physiological function (according to Jullien)
as in SemihasivcUia we believe it necessary to create a new genus.
TREMOTOICHOS RECTIFURCATUM Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 67, figs. 4-23.
1917. Tremotoichos rectifurcatum CANU and BASSLEB, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary
Cheilostome Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 59, pi. 6, ti«. 1.
Description. — The zoarium is free, subcylindrical, branched almost at a right
angle. The dorsal is very thick ; deprived of avicularia and formed of a tremocyst
with tubules and with sulci. The zooecia are indistinct; the frontal is a tremocyst
with sulci placed on an olocyst with very small perforations. The peristome is
salient, perpendicular to the zoarial plane, thick, and provided with a small proxi-
mal avicularium; the peristomice is orbicular. The spiramen is a pore of the
frontal placed on the right or left of the median axis and distant from the pori-
stomice.
thpe=0.10mm. n »n
Measurements. — Peristomice )7 Zooecia. — Lz = Q.<0 mm.
<lpe=0.iOmm.
Variations. — The spiramen is not always apparent (fig. 7) ; it is confused with
the tremopores. The peristome of the young zooecia (fig. 5) is thin. The sulci
524 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
are not always apparent on the dorsal. The peristome may bear two small avicu-
laria (fig. 7). The branches are sometimes quite close together.
The transversal section (figs. 14, 15) shows some very thick, external walls;
the tremopores are tubular and thin. The frontal abrasion (fig. 18) often makes
apparent a median axis (am) by no means analogous to that which results from
the union of the dorsal walls of the two lamellae of the Eschara ; it is due to the
prolonged wall of the zooecia that they are disposed as in figure 15 and that the
zoarium is cut according to axis (c, am, d).
It is almost impossible to be successful with a longitudinal section showing
the spiramen because of its eccentric position.
In a schematic one we obtain figure 16, in which it is very difficult to place
the operculum. However, it is necessary to remark that the examination of the
interior (fig. 20) reveals no corresponding frontal perforations. The zooecia
communicate between themselves by some very apparent septules on figure 19.
In thin section (fig. 17) the tubules of the tremocyst are always confused.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (very com-
mon) ; near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (very common).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola Elver, east of Marianna,
Jackson County, Florida (rare).
Co-types— Cat. Nos. 62606, 64172, IT.S.N.M.
Family HIPPOPODINIDAE Levinsen, 1909.
The frontal is calcified. The ovicell is endozooecial.
We have extended the meaning of Levinsen's definition, since we include in
this family all species provided with an endozooecial ovicell. Evidently, we can
not affirm that they all have the same larva, but the identity of the ovicell implies
that the larvae are at least closely related.
The known genera of this family are listed below :
Cheilopora Levinsen, 1909.
Hippopodina Levinsen, 1909.
Metrarabdotos Canu, 1914.
Watersipora Neviani, 1895.
There are certainly other genera which will be referred to this family.
1. The specimens which we possess of Escharopsis sarsi Smitt, 1867, have endo-
zooecial ovicells ; therefore the genus Escharopsis Verrill, 1879. may belong to this
family.
2. Levinsen1 thought that Flustramorpha flabelligera Krauss, 1837, had endo-
zooecial ovicells; therefore the genus Flustramorpha Busk, 1884. may be maintained
and introduced into this family.
3. Levinsen 2 thought that Harmeria diaphana MacGillivray, 1879, was pro-
vided with endozooecial ovicells ; Harmeria Norman may then belong to this family.
The type of the genus, Harmeria scutulata Busk, 1855, has no known ovicell.
1 Morphological and Systematic Studies on the Cheilostomatoiis Bryozoa, p. 328. - Idem, p. 316.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
525
4. Levinscn 1 also believed firmly that Eschanna pesanseris Smitt, 1875, had
endozooecial ovicells. If this observation be confirmed, this species is the type of'
a new genus of this family. Waters in 1909, thought, on the contrary, that it could
be placed in Phonicosia Jullien, 1888.
5. Nyriozoum mariownse Busk, 1884, could perhaps also belong to the same
family.
A "30
D "85
mov -
ory
FIG. 155. — Genus CJtcHopora Levinsen, 1000.
A-E. Cheilopora sinccra Sniitt, 1S67. A, B. Ovieelled zooecia, X 30. (After Nordgaard,
1000.) C. Lateral view of two zooecia showing the septulae, X 23. (After Levinsen, 1900.)
D, E. Opereulum and avicularian mandible, X 85. (After Nordgaard, 1905.)
F, G. Cheilopora Jiaddoni Harrner, 1902. F. Showing an avicularium and the two kinds of
opercula, X 44. G. Basal views of a zooecium with trifoliate operculum, from the same slide,
X 44. (F, G after Banner, 1902.)
avic, avicularium; mov, muscles of the ovisac; op, operculum; ory, ovary; ov, ovisac; t, ten-
tacles.
All these species require further examination and we can not yet introduce
them into a regular nomenclature.
Genus CHEILOPORA Levinsen, 1909.
1909. Cheilopora LEVINSEN, Morphological and Systematic Studies on the Cheilostomntmis
Bryozoa, p. 353.
The frontal is a tremocyst with pores in quincunx, not separable from the
olocyst, subjacent and perforated with very small corresponding pores. Two
1 Morphological and Systematic Studies on the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa, p. 326.
526 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
dietellae. " The distal wall has no expansion, partly separating the ovicell from
the zooecium; multiporous septulae; peristome present in the form of a lip-like
projection." (Levinsen. 1909.)
Genotype. — Cheilopora (Lepralia) sincera Smitt, 1867.
Range. — Aquia — Recent.
The genotype is unprovided with cardelles. We think that the species pro-
vided with cardelles and a different operculum might be introduced into a new genus.
CHEILOPORA (?) LABIOSA Ulrich, 1901.
Plate 2, figs. 1-3.
1001. LcfiraUa labiosa UI.RTCH, Maryland Geological Survey, Eocene, p. 220, pi. 60, figs. 10. 10.
Description. — "Zoarium forming thin crusts over shells and other foreign
bodies. Zooecia rhomboidal, hexagonal, or subovate arranged more or less irregu-
larly in curved series, five or six in 2 mm., often separated by a depressed line.
Front wall punctate, slightly convex, flat, or depressed, the last when the margin
on one or both sides is thickened and elevated. Aperture subquadrate or semi-
elliptical, sometimes contracted near the middle, always enclosed by a more or less
strongly thickened rim. Avicularia occur on the raised apertural border, usually
one to each zooecium, or two. as shown in the figures. Ooecia unknown."
The figure published by Ulrich is somewhat theoretical; notably the area as
drawn is scarcely visible and only on a single zooecium of the type. We reproduce
two very frequent variations. None of the specimens examined bears ovicells; our
generic determination, made by analogy, necessarily remains somewhat doubtful.
The zooecia are convex, elliptical, rather little distinct. The peristome is in-
complete in its proximal part; it bears laterally one or two very salient avicularia
of the more simple type.
Occurrence. — Lowest Eocene (Bryozoan bed at base of Aquia formation) :
Upper Marlboro, Maryland.
Plesiotype.—Cat. No. 63783, U.S.N.M.
CHEILOPORA (?) ORBIFERA, new species.
Plate 14, fig. 16.
Description. — The zoarium is unilamellar. The zooecia are distinct, a little
elongated, lozenge-shaped ; the frontal is somewhat convex and formed of a tremo-
cyst, each pore of which is surrounded by a special orbicular collar quite distinct
from the neighboring ones. The apertura is transverse, semielliptical ; the distal
half is surmounted by a peristomie with a border thin and sharp. The avicularium
is lateral, provided with a pivot; its beak is turned toward the bottom.
fAa=0.10mm. . \Lz— 0.80mm.
Measurements. — Apertura •' . ..„ Zooecia, ..,,,
[Za=0.l7 mm. \h— 0.6a mm.
Affinities. — In the form of its zooecia and in the nature of its frontal this species
very close to Cheilopora prelucidioidcs; it differs, however, in the length of its
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 527
pcristomio, in its much larger and more numerous tremopores, and in its lateral
avicularium.
The figured specimen bears no ovicell and its generic determination remains
therefore somewhat doubtful.
Occurrence.— Claibornian (Gosport sand) : Bluff on Tombigbee River, Gopher
Hill. Alabama (very rare).
Holotype.—Q&l. No. 63851, U.S.N.M.
CHEILOPORA PRELUCIDIOIDES, new species.
Plate 68. figs. 1, 2.
Description. — The zoarium is free, formed of two lamellae, back to back, sep-
arating with difficulty. The zooecia are distinct, somewhat elongated, regular,
elliptical, separated by a thread; the frontal is convex; the tremopores are large
and are placed at the bottom of small hexagonal cavities. The apertnra is large.
ogival, with a proximal border, rigorously straight; the proximal border of the
peristomice is somewhat convex; the peristome is complete, but salient only in its
lateral and distal parts. Frequently near the apertura there are two small, simple
avicularia disposed symmetrically.
-,, |^fl=0.27 mm. . [7^=1.25 mm.
Measurement*. — Apertura , n „„ ZooeciaL
lto=0.30mm. \/3— 0.80mm.
Variations. — In the interior the zooecia are lozenge-shaped, as is usual in this
genus (fig. 2). They bear on their lateral walls two large, fusiform dietellae,
as in the other species of Cheilopora with cardelles. We have not yet discovered
the ovicell.
Affinities. — This species much resembles the recent Chciloporaprelucidia Hincks,
1883. living still in American waters; it differs from it only in its bilamellar
zoarium and in its peristome, which is not salient in its proximal portion.
It differs from the other fossil Cheilopora in the absence of cardelles.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare).
Holotype.—C&t. No. 64174, U.S.N.M.
CHEILOPORA STRICTOCELLA, new species.
Plate 68, fig. 12.
Description. — The zoarium is free, plurilamellar, formed of lamellae, back to
back, and inseparable. The zooecia are distinct, narrow, fusiform, separated later-
ally by a salient thread; the frontal is somewhat convex and perforated with large
tremopores in quincunx. The apertura is elongate; the anter is large and semi-
elliptical; it is separated by two cardelles from a very small poster, of which the
proximal border is convex; the peristome is incomplete, salient, and sharp. The
avicularian zooecia have a very elongated orifice.
[fifl=0.15-0.17mm. . (7^=0.85 mm.
ZooecialZs=0.40-0.45 mm.
528 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Affinities. — We have not found the ovicell of this extremely rare species and
its generic determination naturally remains somewhat doubtful.
We have already mentioned the presence of analogous avicularian zooecia in
Porella planulata and in Metroperiella grandipora.
The great narrowness of its zooecia absolutely characterizes this species and
does not permit it to be confused with any other.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian; Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (very
rare) ; Baldock, Barnwell County, South Carolina (very rare).
nolotype—G&i. No. 64177, U.S.N.M.
CHEILOPORA GRANDIS, new species.
Plate 68, figs. 3-5.
Description. — The zoarium is unilamellar and creeps over algae. The zooecia
are very large, ogival, separated by a salient thread ; the frontal is somewhat convex
and perforated with numerous tremopores. The apertura is oval, elongated; two
triangular cardelles separate a large semilunar anter from a smaller convex poster.
On each side of the apertura are two salient avicularia with pivot, symmetrically
placed.
[Aa=0.30mm. ,, . (7:3=1.00-1.25 mm.
Measurements. — Apertura 7 _ Zooecia] A7niop;rv
(?<z=0.27mm. |t?=0.70-l.'2omm.
Variations.— As in all the species which are attacked by gigantism, a disease
which the bryozoa as well as other organisms suffer, as shown by Larger, this
also is quite variable in its micrometric measurements. Very often the zooecia are
elongated, and the width oscillates between 0.70 and 0.80 mm. The length, some-
what more constant, is never lower than 1 mm. On the dorsal face of the zoarium
the zooecia have exactly the form of a more or less elongated lozenge.
We are ignorant of the ovicell, but the generic determination does not offer
any doubt.
Affinities. — This species differs from Cheilopora saillans in its much larger
micrometric dimensions and in its unilamellar zoarium.
It differs from Cheilopora transversa in its elongated and nontransverse aper-
tura.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (common);
3J miles north of Grovania, Georgia (rare) ; 4r| miles southeast of Marshallville,
Georgia (very rare).
Cof.ypes.~Cnt. No. 64174, U.S.N.M.
CHEILOPORA SAILLANS. new species.
Plate 68, figs. 9-11.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar, formed of two lamellae, back
to back, and more or less separable. The zooecia are distinct, elongated, lozenge-
shaped, separated from each other by a thick, very salient thread; the frontal is
somewhat convex and formed of a tremocyst on a thin perforated olocyst. The
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 529
aportura is somewhat elongated, suborbicular. and formed of a large seinilunar
anter and of a very convex, somewhat smaller poster; the two carclelles are pro-
longed in the. interior as far as the lateral zooecial walls. The ovicell is endozooe-
cial, small, little salient, transverse, of the same nature as the frontal. The two
oral avicularia are orbicular, without pivot, very salient.
,, (Atf =0.16-0.18 mm. . rZ2=1.00mm.
Measurements.— Apertura Zooecia ,
[ta=0.16-0.1S mm. (fe=O.GO mm.
Variations. — Evidently the oral avicularia arc not always equally salient, but
their presence is very constant.
The cardelles are very characteristic. They are prolonged as a prominence in
the interior of the zooecia as far as lateral walls ;md thus form two powerful
condyles.
That which we take for dietellae are perhaps only the cavities of the avicularia
(fig. 11). We do not believe this for the following reasons:
1. In Cheilopora preliicidioides these cavities are visible on the specimens
which have no exterior avicularium apparent.
•2. In Cheilopora saiUans. if we illuminate strongly from below the prepara-
tion showing the zooecial interior, we note that the apertura becomes naturally
brilliant, but that the cavities remain dark, and that they have therefore no orifice
in common with the avicularia.
Nevertheless a relationship between these dietellae and the avicularia is
always possible. The width of the apertura of the ovicelled zooecia is 0.30 mm.
Affinities. — It is rather difficult to separate this species from Cheilopora
transversa and Cheilopora transversoides in which the exterior aspect is similar.
but it differs from them in its more salient avicularia and in its apertura never
transverse, but always round or pyriform.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Wilmington, North Carolina (common) ;
3J miles south of Perry, Georgia (rare) ; 17 miles northeast of Hawkinsville,
Georgia (rare) ; one-half mile southeast of Lily, Georgia (rare).
Cotypes.—f.'Ai. No. 641T6, U.S.N.M.
CHEILOPORA TRANSVERSA. new species.
Plate 69, figs. G.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar, formed of two lamellae, back
to back. The zooecia are distinct, lozenge-shaped, entirely surrounded by a sepa-
rating, salient thread; the frontal is somewhat convex and perforated by numerous
small tremopores, disposed in quincunx. The apertura is transverse, subelliptic. and
provided with two large cardelles; the anter is less convex than the poster, but
it is wider. The peristome is complete and somewhat salient. The ovicel! is
endozooecial, little salient, convex, transverse, of the same nature as the frontal.
The two oral avicularia are a little salient, orbicular, without pivot.
/w=0.12-0.16mm. . r£.» =
Zft=0 .20 mm> !Clajfe=0.70-0.90 mm.
55899— 19— Bull. 106 - 34
530 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Variations. — The apertura of the ovicelleil zooecia is twice as large
(/«=0.40mm.).
In this species, as in the preceding- Cheilopora, many of the apertures are
closed by a smooth, calcareous lamella. We have examined this lamella in the
interior; it is there quite distinctly visible, placed at the middle of the peristomie;
it is not in direct continuity with the olocyst. We do not think that it represents
a calcareous operculum. but it is probably the closure of the diseased zooecia
which have lost their polypide. This is evidently only a hypothesis.
We can not affirm that the oral avicularia are true avicularia. for certain
ones among them have much resemblance to the auriculate vibracula.
Affinities. — This species much resembles Cheilopora sailJans, but differs from
it in its quite manifestly transverse apertura.
It differs from Cheilopora transversoides in its nonsymmetrical apertura. in
its larger micrometric dimensions, and in the very large apertura of its ovicelled
zooecia.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington. North Carolina (common);
near Lenuds Ferry. South Carolina (rare).
Holotype.—CsA. Xo. G4179, U.S.N.M.
CHEILOPORA TRANSVERSOIDES, new species.
Plate 68, figs. 6-8.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar, formed of two lamellae, back
to back, and inseparable. The zooecia are distinct, elongated, lozenge-shaped, or
ogival, separated by a salient thread, wide and variable; the frontal is convex and
formed of a tremocyst with numerous pores placed on an olocyst finely perforated
with pores corresponding to the tremopores. The apertura is transverse, elliptical,
symmetrical ; the anter is perceptibly equal to the poster ; there are two strong
median cardelles. The ovicell is endozooecial, small, little salient, convex, smooth.
The two oral avicularia are small, suborbicular, little salient.
fAa=0.14-0.18mm. . [£2=0.90-1.00 mm.
Measurements. — Apertura i, „ ., Zooecia, nnnm™
1 70=0.18-0.24 mm. 1/3=0.60-0. < 0 mm.
Variations. — The apertura of the ovicelled zooecia is identical with the apertura
of the ordinary zooecia.
In the interior we have observed that the two cardelles are only the extremities
of two condyles, supported on the zooecial walls. The two dietellae are also very
constant. The zooecial walls are very thin.
Affinities. — This species differs from Cheilopora, transversa in its symmetrical
apertura, in its smooth and much smaller ovicell. and in its smaller micrometric
dimensions.
It differs from Cheilopora saillans in its transverse and not suborbicular aper-
tura, and in its ovicells with small orifice.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 531
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington. Xorth Carolina (rare); near
Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (common) ; IT miles northeast of Hawkinsville,
Georgia (rare).
Ootypes.—C&i. No. 641 75, U.S.X.M.
CHEILOPORA SPECULA, new species.
Plate 09, tigs. 1-5.
Description. '..-1\\& zoarium incrusts bryozoa and shells. The zooecia are
large, elongated, distinct, utricular; the frontal is convex, with numerous tremo-
pores. The a pert lira is elliptical, transverse; the poster is as large as the anter;
there are two salient cardelles ; the peristome is incomplete in front : the distal
part is extraordinarily developed, very long, semicylindrical. The ovicell is
endozooecial, convex, globular, somewhat salient, covered with tremopores like
the frontal. The two frontal avioularia are small, symmetrical, tubular.
)A,(/=0.1-2-0.15mm. . rZz=0.90-1.00mm.
Measurements. — Apertura i, Zooecia^,. ,. ,__
Ufl=0.18-0.20 mm. lZs=0.7o-0.8o mm.
Variations. — This species is quite remarkable in the great development of a
part of its peristome. which forms a sort of wat-chtoicer above the apertura. This
appendage is often lobed or bifurcated. It is very often broken on our fossils
and it assumes the most varied and incoherent forms. It does not exist on the
ovicelled zooecia, which bear only two long, lateral, very salient palettes. It is
evident that this peristome is not in rapport with the passage of the eggs. It
appears to us to be simply like an apparatus (or more exactly like a trap) destined
to retain the diatoms serving as the habitual nourishment for the bryozoa. The
funnel-shaped gullet which terminates it superiorly confirms this hypothesis, for
it facilitates the issue of the streams of water. It is a perfect adaptation to the
principle of the flow of the liquids and of their decantation. For a long time the
bryozoa have invented such " spouts."
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
Xorth Carolina (common).
Cotypes.— Cat. Xo. 64178, U.S.X.M.
CHEILOPORA SULCIFERA, new species.
Plate 69, figs. 7, S.
Description, — The zoarium is unilamellar and creeps on algae. The zooecia
are distinct, lozenge-shaped, utricular: the frontal is convex; it is covered with
tremopores often transformed into sulci. The apertura is oval, transverse; it is
formed of a semilunar anter, separated by two condylcs from a wide, concave and
triangular rimule. The ovicell is endozooecial, small, transverse, little salient,
porous. The two frontal avicularia (?) are oblique, tubular, symmetrically placed.
fAar=0.15 mm. [£2=0.90-1.00 mm
- Zooecia
532
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Variations. — The four specimens which we have found of this species have not
permitted an attentive and detailed study. We think that it may serve as type
of a special genus. In fact the apertura has not the "Hippo" form of the other
species of the genus, for it appears to be more " Schizo " — that is to say, with rimule ;
the two lateral avicularia are rather vibracula, analogous to those of Schizoporella
rulgaris Johnston, 1847.
The zooecia are elongated (fig. 8) or transverse (fig. 7).
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington, North
Carolina (rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 64180, U.S.N.M.
A »20
B»20
1x85
FIG. 15G. — Genus Hippopodina Levlnsen, 19CI9.
A-J. Hippnpotlina fecgeensis Busk, 1884. A, Ovicelled zooecia, X 20. B. Zooecia without
ovicell and with avicularia, X 20. C. Zooecium with another form of avicularia, X 20. D. Avi-
cularia in another position, X 20. E. Avicularian mandible, X 25. F. A zooecium with ovicell,
xtvu from the left side wall, X 20. (A-F after Levinseii, 1909.) G, H. Zooecia with avicularia
and with large ovicell. (After MacGillivray, 1891.) I, .T. Operculuin and avicularian mandible.
X 85. (After Waters, 1913.)
Genus HIPPOPODINA Levinsen, 1909.
1909. Hippopodina LEVINSEN, Morphological and Systematic Studies on the Cheilostouuitmis
Bryozoa, p. 353.
The apertura is provided with two cardelles." The frontal is a tremocyst placed
on a finely perforated and very thin olocyst. The ovicell is endozooecial. "The
horizontal part of the distal wall is continued into an expansion which forms a
partial partition between the ovicell and the zooecium; uniporous septulae; no
peristome." (Levinsen, 1909.)
Genotype. — Hippopodina (LepraMa) feegeensis Busk, 1884.
Range. — Jacksonian — Recent.
HIPPOPODINA VIBRACULIFERA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 69, figs. 9-14.
1917. Hippopodina riliracitUfcra CANU and BASSLEE, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary
Cheilostome Bryozoa, Bulletin 96. United States National Museum, p. 61, pi. 5, fig. 8.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar; the two lamellae, back to back,
are easily separated. The zooecia are elongated, large, hexagonal; the frontal is
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 533
convex and formed of a tremocyst Avith very numerous pores placed on a very
finely perforated olocyst, from which it is separable. The apertura is formed of
a very large orbicular anter and of a narrower poster with proximal lip straight
and denticulated; the vestibular arch is clearly visible. The endozooecial ovicell
is immense and takes the place of a zooecium; it is convex and perforated with
tremopores; the apertura of the ovarian zooecia is much larger. Two auriculate
vibracula are placed symmetrically on the distal part of the zooecia.
Measurements. — Apertura Art = 0.25mm. . r/^=0.90-1.10mm.
of ordinary zooecia la= 0.28 mm. ""' ia[7.?=O.SO-1.00mm.
Apertura of | ha=0.25 mm.
ovarian zooecia V«=0.35 mm.
Variations. — Numerous zooecia are closed at the level of the vestibular arch
by a sort of finely perforated operculum. They probably do not contain a polypide,
which perhaps died of disease.1 The phenomenon is frequent in the family. The
two superposed frontals are clearly visible in figure 12; the tremopores are tubular
(fig. 11).
The vibracula are quite constant. We think that the zoarium was not fixed
at the bottom of the seas,' that it was attached to the algae, and that the vibracula
assure stabilization. There were five septulae.
Occu-rrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (common);
3J miles north of Grovania. Georgia (very rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Old Factory, H miles above Bainbridge,
Georgia (rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 62604, U.S.N.M.
Genus METRARABDOTOS Canu, 1914.
1914. A[etraral>dotos OAXV. r.r.vuzoaires des Terrains clu Sud-Ouest de la France, Bulletin
SociSti? G£ologique, France, vol. 14, p. 472.
The ovicell is endozooecial. The apertura is semilunar, with a rimule and
lyrula. The frontal is surrounded with lateral areolae and formed of an olocyst
surmounted by a pleurocyst.
Genotype. — Metrarabdotos (Km-haw) monififeruiii Milne-Edwards, 1S36.
Range. — Priabonian-Astian.
METRARABDOTOS MONILIFERUM Milne-Edwards, 1836.
Plate OS, figs. 1-10.
1S3C. KscJiarn Monilifcra MII.NI:- EDWARDS, lieeherches auatouiiqnes, physiologiques et zoo-
logiques sur les Escliares, Annales Sciences Nntunilles Zoologie. ser. 2, vol. 0. i>. 27.
pi. 9, fig. 1.
1844. Eschara pvnctata PHILIPPI, Reitrage zur Kenntniss dor Tertiarversteinerungen des
nordwestlichen Deutschlands, pp. 38, 68, pi. 1, fig. 19.
1 For the palcopnthology the reader should consult the following: 1913-1 Old. Dr. Rene Larger. La
centre evolution ou de'ge'ne'rescenee par 1'he'redite pathologique cause naturelle de 1'extinction des grmipes
animaux. Essai de palvopntholo^ie ^rnrral-i n.mpare'e, Bulletin et M^moires de la Societe1 d'Anthropologie
de Paris, 1913.
534
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
1845. Escliara munilifera MICHELIN, Iconographie zoophytologique : Description par localities
et terrains des Polypiers fossiles de France et pays environnants, Paris, p. 327, pi.
78, fig. 10.
1S47. Eschiini punctata REUSS, Die fossilen Polyparien des Wiener Tertiarbeckens, Haid-
iiiger's naturwissenschaftliehe Abhandlungen, vol. 2, Wien, p. 091, pi. S. fig. 25.
1851. Eschara punctata REUSS, Ein Beitrag zur Paleontologie der Tertiarschichten Ober-
schlesieus, Zeitschrift Deutscheu Geologischeu Gesellschaft, vol. 3, p. 164.
1859. Eschara monilifera BUSK, A Monograph of the Fossil Bryozoa of the Crag, Publics -
tions of the Paleontological Society of London, p. 68, pi. 11, figs. 1-3.
1861. Eschara iiionilifL-ra STOMCZKA, Oligocaue Bryozoeu von Latdorf en Bernburg, Sit-
zungsberiehte der k. AUadeuiio der Wissenschaften, Wien. vol. 45. Abth. 1, ]). 88.
Axl
D -25
Fio. 157. — Genus Metrarab&otos Canu, 1914.
A-D. Mctriii-ttlxlntvs iiioiiilifcnini Milne Edwards, 1836. A. Zoarium, natural size. B. Zooe-
cia with avicularia, X 25. C. Zooecia showing ovicell, X 25. I>. Zooecia with neither ovicells
nor avicularia, X 25. (A-D after Busk, 1859.)
1862. EschareUa, mivropora GABB and HORN, Monograph of the fossil Polyzoa of the Sec-
ondary and Tertiary Formations of North America, Journal Academy Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 136, pi. 19, fig. 17.
1864. Eschara moniUfera STOLICZKA, Fossile Bryozoen nus dem tertiaren Griinsandsteine
der Orakei-Bay bei Aukland, mit Betrachtuugen iiber ueue oder weniger bekannte
Bryozen-Sippen und deren Classification, Reise der Oest. Fregatte Novara, geol.
Theil, vol. 1, Abth. 2, Paleontologie, p. 32, pi. 19, figs. 15, 16.
1SI14. Kwlitirti iiiiinilifcra REUSS, Zur Fauna des deutschen Oberoligoeiins, Abth. 2. Sit-
zungsberichte der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, vol. 50, p. 35.
1S66. Eschara mrjiiilifera REUSS, TJeber die Foraminiferen, Anthozoen und Bryozoen des
deutschen Septarienthoues. Denkschriften der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Wien, vol. 25, Abth. 1, p. 182 (sep. 66).
1876. Exclaim iiifinilif<-ni MANZONI. I Briozoi fossili del miocene d'Austria ed Ungheria,
Denksch. math.-natur. Classe der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, vol. 37,
Abth. 2, p. 50. pi. 5, fig. 20; pi. 6, fig. 21.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 535
1880. Escliara monilifcra SEGUENZA. Le formazioni terziarie nella Provincia di ISeggio
(Calabria), Reales Accad. Lincei, Memorie della Classe di Sci. Fisiche, Matt-mat.
Nat, Roma. ser. 3, vol. 6. pp. 131. 2OS. :$71.
1883. Esclittni monilifcrn Fucns. Beitrjige zur Kenntniss der mioeaenfauna Kjryptens und
der libyscheu Wiistn (Oase Siuah), Palaeontographica. vol. 19. p. 34. pi. 13. fig. 8.
18S3. Escliara moniUfera PEROI-.NS, Les Bryozoaires du Tasninjdan a Belgrade, Stances SIM-.
Roy. Malacologique de Belgique, vol. 22, p. 9.
1887. EscJiara nwnilifcra PEKGENS, Note pr£liminaire sur les Bryozoaires fossiles des
environs de Kolosvar, Bull. Stances Soc. Roy. Malacologique de Beige, p. 7.
1887. Eschura monilifcra PERGENS. Pliociine Bryozopn von Rhodes, Ann. dos k. k. naturtiist.
Hofniusenins. Wien, vol. 2, p. 27.
1SSD. Eschara moniUfera PERGENS. Zur fossileu Bryozoenfauna von Wola Lu' zanska.
Bulletin Soci£te Beige Geologie, vol. 3. Memoires, p. 70.
1891. Escliaroidcs monilifcra NEVIANI, Cout. alia conoscenza dei Briozoi fossili ital, Bri.
postpliocenici del sottosuolo di Livorno. Bull, della Soo. Geol. Ital.. Roma. vol. '10,
p. 125 (sep. 29).
1892. Esctiara monilifcra VAN PER BROECK. Bulletin de la Societf- Bi-lge de Geologie, p. 3.
1894. EscJiaroiilcs monilifcra NEVIANI. Terza Cont. alia conoscenza dei Briozoi fossili ital,
Di alcuni Briozoi ])lioceniei del Rio Lamia, illustrati da Ferdinando Bassi in-l. 17"i7.
Boll. Soc. Geol. Ital., Roma. vol. l:>. p. 667 (sep. 11).
1895. LepraUa monHifcra MACGILLIVRAY, A Monograph of the Tertiary Polyzoa cf Victoria.
Transactions Royal Society Victoria, vol. 4, p. 76, pi. 14, fig. 28.
1895. Escliaroidcs monilifera PE ANGELIS, Pescripcion Briozoos fosiles Plioceuioos de Oata-
luna, Vertida del Latin ]ior el Rio. Canonigo Pr. P. Jaime Almera, Barcelona, p. lt>.
pl. B. fig. 13.
1895. SchizoporeJla monilifera NEVIANI, Briozoi neozoic! di alcune localita d. Italia, Bollet-
tina Societa Romana per gli Studi Zool., vol. 2, p. 238 (14).
1896. ScliixofmrcUa monilifcra NEA'IANI, Briozoi neozoici di alcune localita d'ltalia, Bollet-
tina Sdi-ieta Romana pe-r gli Studi Zool., vol. 3, p. 122 (sep. 21).
1897. Schi,:'(>i>oi'i'Ha monilifera XEVIANI, Corallarl i Briozoi neogenici di Sardegna. Bolletthm
Societa Geologica Italia, Roma, vol 15, p. 587.
1898. Escliaroides monilifcra PE ANGELIS, Los primeros antozoos y Briozoos miocenicos
recogidos en Catalufla, Memorias de la Real Aeademia de C'iencias y Artes de
Barcelona, p. 24.
1898. Ksi-liiiniiilcx iiiniiilifcrn NEVIAXI, Briozoi neozoici di alcune localita d'ltalia, Bollettino
SocietA Romana per gli Studi Zool., pt. 5, pp. 7, 13.
I'.KIII. ,w//<:o;, ni'/'Hii nidiiilifcru NEVIAM, Rriozoioi neozoici di alcune localita d'ltalia, BolK-t-
tiuo Societa, Roma per gli Studi Zool., pt. 6. (2) 1, p. 4.
1900. Sctihfipni-rlln inonilifrrn NKVIANI, Briozoi Terziari i Poster/iari della Tnscana, Bollet-
tino Societa Geologica Italia, vol. 19. p. 22.
1900. 8c>ii:ni>iin'll<i innnilifcrn NEVIAXI. Briozoi neogenici dele Oalabrie, Paleontograpliia
italiana. vol. 6, p. 197 (sep. S3).
1912. Srlii-.iiiinri-llii iiiiiiiilifi-ni CANT, Bryozoaiivs helvetiens de 1'Egypte, Memoiivs de 1'In-
stitut egyptien. vol. 0, p. 210.
1914. Metrarabdotos monilifcnun CANU. Bryozoaires des Terrains du Sud-C»uo<t ile la
France, Bulletin Society Geologique, France, vol. 14. p. 472.
II isforicirf. — In 1912, Canu published the bibliography of only the illustrated
forms, but now we publish ;i complete bibliography. The generic determination has
varied little and corresponds to the general ideas of each time. Before 1805, the
species was known as Eschara, the classification being zoarial. The influence of
Hincks and the introduction of the knowledge of the hydrostatic system then
536 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
caused it to be classified in ScMzoporclla. In 1914, the recognition of the ovicell
system obliged Canu to create a new genus in which he classed in addition
Mi trarabdotos (Eschnra) polymorphvm Reuss, 1869.
This species made its appearance in Europe in the uppermost beds of the
Priabonian; it does not exist in the bryozoan marl of the Priabonian. Its occur-
rence is therefore valuable for the synchronism of the American formations, and
it confirms the equivalence of the Vicksburgian with the Tongrian. It appears to be
exterminated in the Upper Pliocene.
Variations. — This species has not remained exactly identical, throughout its
long geologic persistence. The ovicell of the specimens from the English Crag
(Pliocene) is hardly costulate: the costules are quite visible and very clear in the
French Miocene ; they are finally very salient and quite vigorous in our American
specimens. These variations do not seem to us of specific order, for the calcifica-
tion of the zoaria depends much on the richness of the waters in lime.
The restoration which we have attempted (fig. 1) indicates a ramose zoarium
branching dichotomously in the same plane; its total length seldom exceeds 3 or 4
centimeters.
The sinus of the apertura shows a small, very fragile lyrtila whose function is
unknown for it does not appear identical with the lyrula of Smittina.
The zooecia are convex (fig. 3) or marginate (fig. 2) ; but always bordered
with numerous and triangular, large areolae generally visible in the interior (fig. 6).
The frontal of the ovicell (fig. 5) is very fragile and moreover often wanting
on the fossils. The longitudinal section (fig. 10) is the habitual section of the
endozooecial ovicells: the larvae ought to be very large. The orifice of the ovicelled
zooecia is three times larger (la=O.W instead of 0.10 mm.)- than the apertura of
the ordinary zooecia. The tangential section (fig. 8) shows by its lateral reticula-
tions and its sinous median line, the presence of a pleurocyst reposing on the
olocyst ; but this appears very thin and is never seen exteriorly.
1^=0.08 mm. . f£s=0.60mm.
Measurements. — Apertura ,, Zooeciai,
IZa=0.10mm. (fe=0.30-0.3G
Maximum width of the fronds =2 mm.
Occurrence. — Yicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Mon-
roeville, Alabama (very common) : near Claiborne, Monroe County, Alabama (com-
mon) ; 2i miles north of Millry, Washington County, Alabama (rare) : Vicksburg,
Mississippi (common in the lower beds).
Geological distribution. — Priabonian of Transylvania and Galicia (Pergens).
Latdorfian of Germany (Reuss, Stoliczka). Rupelian of Germany (Reuss). Chat-
i inn of Germany (Reuss). Burdigalian of Spain (DeAngelis), of the Gard (Canu).
Helvetian of Touraine (Michelin). of Spain (DeAngelis). Tortonian of Servia
(Pergens), of Austria -Hungary (Reuss), of Italy (Seguenza). Sahelian of Oran
(Coll. Canu). Zancleen of Italy (Seguenza). Plaisancian of Italy (Seguenza,
Xeviani), of England (Busk), of Belgium (Van den Broeck). Astian of Italy (Se-
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 537
guen/.a). of Belgium (Van den Broeck). Miocene of Australia (MacGillivray)
and of New Zealand (MacGillivray).
PI, ••*;ot>/i>c*.— Cat. No. 64316, U.S.N.M.
METRARABDOTOS GRANDE, new species.
Plate 98, figs. 11-15.
Description. — The zoarium is free, arborescent, branched dichotomously in the
same plane. The fronds are narrow, compressed, often twisted. The zooecia are
elongated, distinct, fusiform, the frontal is convex, surrounded by areolae, and
formed of a granular pleurocyst united to the olocyst. The apertura is oval and
formed of a semilunar anter and of a broad, triangular rimule. in which a very
small lyrula is placed. The peristome is hardly salient. The ovicell is endozooecial,
enormous, with a frontal ornamented with larger, radial costules.
}ha=O.Wmm. . [£2=0.90 mm.
Measurements. — Apertura , Zooecia- 7 nn
lte=0.10mm. lfe=0.24 mm.
Width of branches=3 to 5 mm.
Variations. — The zoarium bears some tuberosities (fig. !.">), partitioned in the
interior, which serve perhaps as zoarial hydrostatic apparatus.
The frontal walls of the zooecium are very thick (fig. 15), whereas the lateral
walls are quite thin (fig. 14).
This species is very abundant in the locality in Jasper County, Mississippi.
It alone numbers many more specimens than all the others combined and constitutes
almost alone the Cheilostome fauna of this locality. It occurs here in clay, which
habitat it seems to prefer. This is also the case in the MetrardbdotoB polymorphum
Eeuss, 1869, which lived in France in the clay of Gaas.
We have attempted a restoration of this remarkable species ; the zoarium must
attain from 7 to 10 centimeters in length.
Affinities. — This species differs from Metrarabdotos monittferum Milne-Ed-
wards. 1836. in its longer zooecia (Z.3=0.90 instead of 0.60 mm.), in the absence of
small oral avicularia. and in a much larger zoarium, and with wider fronds (3-5 mm.
instead of 2 mm.).
Occurrence. — A7icksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Three miles southeast of
Vosburg, Jasper County. Mississippi (very common).
Yicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : Seven and one-half miles southwest of Bladen
Springs. Alabama (rare) ; Ecd Bluff, Wayne County. Mississippi (rare).
Cotypes.—Czt. No. 64317, U.S.N.M.
Genus WATERSIPORA Neviani, 1895.
1S95. Wutcnti/iorfi XEVIANI. Brioxoi neox.oici cli alcunp loeatitn d'ltalia. Bollettino ilelln
Societa Romaiiii per gli Studi Zoologici, pts. 2, 4, p. 231.
The operculum is membranous or very slightly chitinous on the borders; it ex-
hibits a chitinous axial band of a brown color, marking out from the rest of the
operculum two lateral spaces, which are clearer and which correspond to the two
538
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
powerful cardelles borne by the zooecial orifice. The frontal is a tremocyst. 23-24
tentacles.
Genotype. — Wafersipora (Lepralla) eucullata Busk. 1853, variety labiosa Cal-
vet, 1903.
Range. — Helvetian — Recent.
The genotype is quite variable; the published figures resemble it but little
because of the very irregular development of the two labial appendages of the
aperture. In 1895 Neviani. ignoring the operculum, created for it a subgenus of
G -35
FIG. 158. Genus Watersipora Neviani, 1895.
A-I. Watcmii>nra i-in-iillata Busk, 1853. A. Zooecium, X 50. B. Section of aperture with (cs)
compensatrix, (/,-) knob of operculum. (op) operculum open, (ah) frontal walls of zooecium,
(t) tentacles, (/.si tentacular sheath; X 85. C. Aperture with operculum nearly closed;
(d) diaphragm, X 85. D. Transverse section of a zooecium near the distal end. showing the
larva near the base of the zooecium, X 85. E. Operculum membraneous or somewhat chitineous,
X 85. F. Commencement of glands growing on the operculum, X 250. (A-F after Waters.
1909.) G. Zooecia of var. labiosa Calvet, 1903, X 35. H. Operculum of var. labiosa, X 90.
I. Apertura of var. labiosa, X 90. (G-I after Calvet, 1903.)
Smittia under the name of Watersipora. The great difference of the operculum
by its rigor may justify the existence of a new genus, although the function remains
identical. Moreover, in order to preserve the genus, it will be necessary to complete
the description by further studies.
WATERSIPORA (?) ERECTA, new species.
Tlate 69, fig. 15.
Description. — The zoarium is free, erect, with two lamellae, back to back. The
zooecia are elongated, little distinct; the frontal is smooth and little convex. The
NORTH AMERICAN KARLV TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 539
aperture is buried at the bottom of a peristomie; it is irregular and formed by
the development of two lateral lips, separated by a pseudotinuile. No avicularia.
,, rr • (£3=0.50 mm.
Measurements. — Zooecia ,
I? 2=0.25 mm.
Affinities. — Only the figured specimen has been found; it bears no ovicell. It
differs from the type of the genus in its smooth and nonporous frontal and in its
zoarium, which is free and does not incrust algae.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Alachua, Florida (rare).
Ilolotype.—C&t. No. 64181, U.S.N.M.
Family TUBUCELLARIIDAE Busk, 1884.
/libUograplii/ (Anatomical). — 1907. WATERS, Tubucellsiria : its Species and Ovicells, Journal
Linneaii Society, London, Zoology, vol. 30. p. 126, pis. 15, 16. — 1909. LF.VINSKN, Morphological
and systematic studies on the Cheilostomatous Bryozon, p. 304, pi. 16, figs. 3, 4, 5.
The zooecia have no spines ; their frontal is formed of long tremocystal tubules
surmounting a thin perforated olocyst. The septulae are numerous, scattered,
and mnltiporous. The ovicell is vestibular, being formed by a great expansion of
the peristomie, which is always very long. The frontal bears an ascopore opening
into the compensation sac.
Terminology. — The very considerable thickening of the frontal develops a very
long peristomie^ the lower orifice of which is closed by the operculum and forms
the true apertura; its outer orifice is the peristomiee, which is more irregular in
form. The latter is surrounded by a more or less thickened and salient penstome.
Exteriorly, the upper part of the zooecia, which corresponds to the peristomie, is the
peristomiale.
Anatomical stnicture. — The zooecia are provided with closely placed pits or
areas separated by ridges, each surrounding a pore. This disposition is the rule
when the tremocyst covers a perforated olocyst. These pits or areas are the ex-
tremities of well developed tubules, as in the family Myriozoumidae.
The ovicelled zooecia have a particular form like the gonoecia of the Adeonidae;
but they have not at all the same structure. The larvae develop in a large expan-
sion of the peristomie, forming a peristomial ovicell. In its interior, there is at
first a normal polypide. This disappears by histolysis and a diminutive and very
vigorous polypide succeeds it. in which the circular canal and the ganglion may be
observed. This communicates with the opening of the ovicell and is accompanied
by a voluminous ovary.
The diaphragm (irisoid) is attached to the operculum and to the Avail.
There is a large number of delicate muscles attached to the compansation sac,
a'nd the latter communicates with the exterior by the ascopore.
The zoarium is free, unilamellar, bilamellar. or cylindrical. It is often articu-
lated and radicellated. The articulated zoarium generally lives among algae, the
mobility and flexibility of which it must share.
op
ts
.-Periatomiale
' Apertura
Periatoniale
. -Ascopore
-Frontal
Peristomial ovicell--
Peristome
P.eristomice
Apertura
Asoopore
. Base of se^nent
Articulation of segment
;,KI Fi<i. 150.— Aiuitoiniciil structure of the family TubucelUinidae BusU, 1884.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 541
FIG. 159.— Anatomical structure of the family Tubucellariidae Busk, 1884.
A-D. TubucelJaria cereoides Ellis and Solander var. clntakensis Waters, 1907. A. Section
through two ordinary polypides and two peristoruial ovicells. This is an absolute copy of one
section, though in two or three cases where the operculum had not been well cut through that
detail had to be taken from the following section. In the peristomial ovicell the plug is seen
withdrawn from the opening, but this may only be the result of decalciflcation and preparation
as changes are sure to take place when the calcareous support is removed. The operculum (op)
has opened the peristomial ovicell for the passage of the diminutive polypide. and the position
of the tentacular sheath (ts) and diaphragm (d) can be followed. In this case there is no
larva in the ovicell, but apparently there has been one and the ovaria (ov) would "probably soon
furnish others. The parenchym passing through the rosette plate is seen at rp; X 85. B. Sec-
tion of the poristoniial ovicell containing a larva (I). The diminutive polypide is shown and the
plug (;*/) to close the opening; also the remains of the rectum (r) and the encysting portions of
the digestive tube (dt) are cut through. The ovarium (or) is immediately below the diminutive
polypide, and there are parenchym threads (niesenchyme) from it to one of the cysts. This
apparently shows an earlier stage than fig. A, as we still have the indications of the complete
polypide; X So. C. Section showing the diaphragm (d) retracted; op, operculum; ts. tentacular
sheath: rs, septulae; /), polypide folded in the zooecium; X 85. D. Transverse section showing
compensatrix, X 85. (A-D after Waters, 1007.)
E. Tulucellaria opuntioidcs Pallas, 1706. Longitudinal section of a zoarium. X 25, intro-
duced to show terminology. (After Levinsen, 1909.)
542
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Generic TaWe.
Zoariuin articulated. No avicularia-- —Tutmccllarid.
Zoarium fixed, bilarnellar. Avicularia very rare—. Tubucella.
Zoarium unilaniellar. Avicularia on each ssooeciuin__ ._ TuUporeUa.
The prefix "tub" might well remain the characteristic of the family in the
creation of new genera.
^=^
d^YK *> '
$$*$& K-85
o
H .75
I »200
FIG. 160. — Genus Tubuccllaria D'Orbiguy. 1S52.
A-C. TubuceJlaria cercoides Ellis and Solander, 17S6. A. Portion of a zoarium, X 12.
B. Operculum, X 85. C. Operculum of var. chiiakcnsis Waters, 1907, X 85. (A-C after Waters,
1907.)
D-F. Tultucellaria opuntioides Pallas, 1766. D. Portion of a zoarium, X 12. E. Aspect
of tue surface of a zooecium. The ascopore is seen distally. F. Operculum, X 75. (D-F after
Levinsen, 1909. )
G-I. TubiiceUa-ria tiirsuta Lamouroux, 1816. G. A part of the surface of the zooecium. The
ascopore is seen distally. H. Operculum, X 75. I. A separating wall with septulae, the position
of which is at the proximal end of each of the thread-shaped appendages ; X 200. (G-I after
Levinsen, 1909. )
J. Tubucellaria zanzibarensis Waters, 1907. Operculum, X 85.
K. Tu'bvcellana fusiformis D'Orbigny, 1852. Opereulum, X 85. (J, K after Waters, 1907.)
Genus TUBUCELLARIA D'Orbigny, 1852.
1852. Tubuccllarla D'OKBIGNY, Paleontologie francaise, Terrain Cretace, vol. 5, Bryozoaires,
p. 335.
The, zoarium is articulated and radicellated. The operculum is simple and
separable. No vestibular arch, no avicularia. 22-27 tentacles.
Genotype. — I \tlmcellaria (Cellaria) cereoidcs Ellis and Solander, 1786.
Range. — Lutetian — Recent.
The oldest species is Tubucellaria fra-gilis Michelin, 1845, from the French
Lutetian. In Europe the known Oligocene species are rather confused and do not
permit useful comparisons with the American forms; their occurrence, moreover,
is A'ery rare.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 543
TUBUCELLARIA PARVIPOROSA, new species.
Plate 70, figs 1-4.
Description. — The zoarium is articulated; the segments are cylindrical and very
long. The zooecia art- much elongated, distinct, fusiform ; the frontal is convex
and covered with small closely arranged pores; the peristomiale occupies the upper
fourth of the zooecia and is separated from the frontal by a small furrow. The
peristome is round, little thickened, salient, arranged obliquely or normally on the
segment. The ascopore is situated on the frontal below the peristomiale. The
ovicelled zooecia have a much larger external aperture.
-., . (£.3=1.30 mm. Peristome=0.22 mm.
Measurements. — Zooecia i ,
1/2=0.40 mm.
Affinities. — The system of branching is the same as in Tulnn-cllaria fall in-; l»ut
T. parviporosa is distinguished from that species by its much smaller frontal pores
and by its greater zooecial length (1.30 mm. instead of 1.10 mm.).
It differs from Tuhucellnria vicksbwrgica in its smaller pores, its less zooecial
length (1.30 mm. and not 1.40 mm.), and in its system of branching not borne on
a large calcareous process.
"We. have observed a closed zooecium in which only the ascopore persists. What
could be its physiologic use in the absence of the rjolypide ?
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Baldock. Barnwell County, South Carolina
( common ) .
Cotypes.—Cat. Xo. 64182, U.S.N.M.
TUBUCELLARIA FALLAX. new spceies.
rinte 70, figs. 5-10.
Description. — The zoarium is articulated; the segments are cylindrical and
short. The zooecia are elongated, distinct, fusiform; the frontal is convex and
covered with polygonal pores: the peristomiale occupies the upper fourth of the
zooecia and is not separated from the frontal. The peristome is round, thin, salient,
and arranged very obliquely to the segment. The ascopore is situated on the frontal
below the vestibular area. The ovicelled zooecia have a much larger external
aperture.
7",? = 1.10 mm.
Measurements. — Zooecia 7s=0.35 mm.
Peristome=0.20-0.25 mm.
I Ovicelled zooecia=0.20 mm.
Peristomice , , , ,.
(( ordinary zooecia=0.12 mm.
Variations. — The articulation in the American species is rather different from
that which we have observed on the recent forms. On the latter, in the immediate
neighborhood of the peristome, there is a large pore or sort of chitinous joint which
maintains the upper segment. On Tubucrllnria falla-x and T. parriporosa there
are two pores in the vicinity of the external aperture, and the zooecia which bear
544 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
them are not provided with an ascopore. We have as yet collected no segment
preserving the base, and we arc therefore ignorant of the signification of these pores.
It may be presumed that one pore is intended for the chitinous joint and the other
for a radicell (figs. 6. 7).
The tubules in becoming elongated also increase the diameter of the segments
and the width of the zooecia (figs. 8, 9) : but this is a very rare variation. The
peristomiale presents pores a little larger and arranged at the base of longitudinal
canals.
The ovicells are large convexities, of which the external apertures (0.20 mm.)
are much larger than those of the ordinary zooecia (0.12 mm.).
At the locality near Perry. Georgia, a segment was found with large pores
and with very thick peristomes. which we think belongs to this species (fig. 10),
but of this we are not absolutely certain.
Affinities. — This species differs from Tubucellaria parviporosa in having some-
what larger pores and much shorter zooecia (Zs=1.10 mm. instead of 1.30 mm.).
It may be distinguished from Tulmcellaria vicksburgica by its smaller frontal
pores, its shorter zooecia (1.10 mm. instead of 1.40 mm.), and by its system of
articulation, which does not have a very salient process.
This species is rather deceiving in its qnite variable external aspect. It may
only be determined with certainty by the aid of micrometric measurements; it is
the smallest of the American Tvbucellaria.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: 18 miles west of Wrightsville, Johnson
County, Georgia (rare) ; 3J miles south of Perry, Georgia (rare) ; one-half mile
southeast of Georgia Kaolin Co. mine, Twiggs County, Georgia (rare) ; 17 miles
northeast of Hawkinsville, Georgia (very rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : West bank Sepulga River. Escambia
County, Alabama (rare).
Ootypes.—Ca.t. Nos. 64183-64185, U.S.N.M.
TUBUCELLARIA VICKSBURG1CA, new species.
Plate 97, figs. 1-16.
Description. — The zoarium is articulated, composed of large, long, cylindrical
segments ; the younger segments' have only one basal pore, but the older ones have
two of them. The zooecia are much elongated, distinct, swollen; the frontal is
covered with large, polygonal pores ; the peristomiale is not distinct from the frontal.
The peristome is very salient, oblique, thin in the young zooecia. very thick in the
old ones. The ascopore is large (0.02 mm.). The ovicelled zooecia have a larger
external aperture.
Old zooecia. Yonns zoofcia.
I Peristomice=0.16 mm. =0.12 mm.
Measurements.—'^ .
lPenstome=0.30 mm. —0.18 mm.
„ . fL,3=1.40mm. =1.40 mm.
I/.? =0.60-0.65 mm. =0.50-0.60 mm.
NORTH AMERICAS, EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 545
Variations. — In the recent species of this genus calcification is rather regular,
and the upper segments of the zoarium are essentially identical with the lower
ones. This is not the case with Tubi/<-< //</>'></ r/'cksburf/ica, where the progress of
calcification is not equal in either one or the other. This has resulted in very dif-
ferent external aspects, but it is easy to find good intermediate stages, for, fortu-
nately, the species is not rare.
On the young zooecia the peristome is very salient (figs. 2, 3) or slightly
salient (fig. 4) : the pores are then disposed at the base of the small longitudinal
canals. The peristome is thicker on the intermediate specimens (fig. 15), and on
the segments of the base of the zoarinm it is very large and hides all of the peristo-
miale (fig. 8).
The system of ramification is very remarkable. The zooecium bears in place
of the usual peristomie an enormous, very prominent apophysis perforated by two
(fig. 15) or four (fig. 8) very large pores. The base of the branched segments
presents the same disposition of two (fig. 11) pores. We must therefore admit
that the segments are thus united to each other by means of a corneous double joint :
the apophysis with four pores bears perhaps two segments of ramification. At the
end of the segments the branching takes place in the same manner, but without
prominent processes (fig. 8). The zooecia which branch and articulate in this way
are unprovided with an ascopore. We have attempted a restoration (fig. 1) of the
base of the. zoarium; the number of specimens did not permit us to complete it with
young segments. The latter bear only a single pore at their base and are joined
to the other segments only by a single chitinous joint, according to the general rule.
The tubules are not cylindrical; their diameter is augmented without cessation;
consequently the frontal pores are smaller on the young segments (figs. 3, 4) than
on the old segments (figs. 8, 15). The progress of this calcification deforms the
zooecia and the peristomiale is separated from the frontal by a small furrow.
There are six longitudinal rows of zooecia to each segment.
The longitudinal section (fig. 13) unfortunately does not include an ovicell.
The tangential thin section (fig. 16) shows a tremocyst, of which the pores are
separated by a complex and very characteristic network.
In the interior (fig. 13) we note a very thin olocyst, of which each small per-
foration engenders a funnel-shaped tubule. This same arrangement may be easily
studied on the living specimens. This sort of tubule may not be ramified as in
Myriosffum, since its successive widening offsets the increase of volume.
Tubiecellaria vicksbwrgica is one of the most notable species of the ancient
early Tertiary Gulf.
The great distribution of this species in the Vicksburgian occasions its name.
Occurrence. — Yickshurgian (Marianna limestone) : West bank Coneciih River.
Escambia County. Alabama (common) : 1 mile north of Monroeville. Alabama ( very
common) ; Salt Mountain. 5 miles south of Jackson. Alabama (rare) ; Murder Creek,
east of Castlebury, Alabama (rare).
55899—19— Bull. 106— —35
546 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Vick=burgian (Byram marl) : Byram, Mississippi (rare) ; Woodward, Mis-
sissippi (very rare).
Vicksburgian (Red Bluff cla}') : Seven and one-half miles from Bladon Springs,
Alabama (rare) ; near Claiborne. Monroe County, Alabama (rare) ; 2£ miles north
of Millry, Washington County, Alabama (rare) ; Vicksburg, Mississippi (very rare
in the lower beds) ; deep well, Escambia County, Alabama.
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 64314, U.S.N.M.
TUBUCELLARIA NODIFERA, new species.
Plate 70, figs. 11-17.
Description. — The zoarium is articulated and formed of rather long cylindrical
segments. The zooecia are very elongated, distinct, fusiform; their frontal is
convex and ornamented with polygonal pores ; the peristomiale is not separated from
the frontal. The peristome is salient, thin, disposed obliquely on the segment. The
ascopore is large and placed on the frontal ; it opens into the zooecia. Certain
verticells of zooecia present a very salient, extremely nodose frontal, which charac-
terizes the species.
,, fPeristome=0.10 mm. . Zz= 1.00-0.10 mm.
Measurements. — ,, . , . Zoowia -, n OA no-
!Peristomice=0.20 mm. fe=0.30-0.3o mm.
Affinities. — The nodosities which ornament the segments of this species are
quite original ; they result from the considerable growth of the tubules over the
ascopore (fig. 16). Probably on account of equilibrium there are always two series
of nodose verticells to each segment (fig. 14) ; the three thick upper zooecia are
placed in quincunx with the three thick lower zooecia. These verticells have not
always exactly the same volume (fig. 12). We can hardly conceive what particular
adaptation could correspond to this special arrangement.
No fossil or living species presents the peculiar character of this species and
comparisons are therefore not necessai'y.
Occurrence.— Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Alachua, Florida (com-
mon ) .
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 64186, U.S.N.M.
Subgenus TUBUCELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1017. TubuceUa CANU and BASSLEB, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilostoine
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 62.
The zoarium is free, bilamellar, firmly attached, rigid. The avicularia are
very rare. The peristomiale is equal to the frontal.
Genotype. — Tubucella (Eschara) mammillaris Milne-Edwards. 1836.1
Range. — Lutetian- Jacksonian.
The articulation is not a function; it is a mode of adaptation on a mobile
substratum. We are, therefore, not able to consider the nonarticulated species as
1 1908. Canu, Bryozoa of Tertiary formations of the environs of Paris, Annales de Paleontologie, vol. 3.
p. 73, pi. 9. figs. 3-6.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 547
forming a special genus. An artificial subgenus appears to us useful for classifi-
cation.
The only known described species of this genus are Tubucella mammillaris
Milne-Edwards, 1836, of the Lutetian-Sannoisian of Europe and TubuceHa pn/ttf-
losa Keuss, 1817, of the Priabonian of the Vicentin. We have discovered two
species in the American deposits.
TUBUCELLA MONILIFERA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate TO, figs. 1S-25.
1917. Tubucella monilifcra CANU aucl BASSLEB. Synopsis of American Early Tertiary
Cheilostorue Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 63, pi. 5,
fig. 9.
Description. — The zoarium is free; the two lamellae are placed back to back
and intimately joined; the fronds are broad, compressed, distorted, and branch-
ing. The zooecia are much elongated, fusiform, little distinct, surrounded by a
collar of large pores; the frontal and the peristomiale are of equal length, sepa-
rated by the ascopore and perforated with small hexagonal pores. The peristome
is salient, thick, oblique. The avicularia are very rare, large, transverse, elliptical,
usually with two denticles for a pivot.
\Lz= 0.90-1 .00 mm.
Measurements. — Zooecia • -,
U3=0.32 mm.
Variations. — The zooecia are very constant in their exterior aspect. The
larger pores surround the peristomiale and are three times larger than the others.
Certain fronds bear some zooecia (fig. 20) closed not by the olocyst, but
by the tremocyst, the tubules of which have encroached upon the peristome. The
physiological function of these zooecia is unknown.
The avicularia are scattered, are very large, and form a very large frontal
(fig. 21), the origin of which is one of the lateral pores of the peristomiale.
We have often noted before the faculty of the tremocystal buds to transform
themselves into avicularia.
Ovicelled zooecia have been observed and are illustrated in figure 22. where,
also, an avicularium with pivot may be noted.
In the interior (fig. 2-1) we have noted a very thin perforated olocyst sur-
mounted by a tremocyst with tubules. The ascopore opens very far from the aper-
ture and the peristomie. In comparing the extreme simplicity of this internal
structure with the beauty and regularity of the exterior ornamentation, we must
admire the splendor of the work of the buds of the endocyst. whose calcareous
deposits so successfully modify the aspect of the zooecia.
Affinities. — This species differs from Tubucella mammilaris Milne-Edwards,
1S36. in its nonprominent ascopore and the absence of large globular ovicells.
It differs from Tubucclln ]>apiUosa Reuss. 1847, in the absence of the arched
ovicelled zooecia and its much straighter fronds.
548
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
It differs from Tub well u f/ibbosa in the absence of large zoarial gibbosities
around certain peristomies.
On account of the size of the fragments this is an easily recognized fossil.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (common):
Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (very rare),
Gotypes.—C&t. No. 62605, U.S.N.M.
TUBUCELLA GIBBOSA, new species.
Plate 71, figs. 1-9.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar. diohotomously branched; the
fronds are wide and compressed. The zooecia are indistinct; the peristomiale is
FIG. 161. — Genus Titbiporella Levinsen, 1909.
A-D. TuWporcllii mui/nirnstris MacGillivray. 1S82. A. Group of z-ooecia showing two peri-
stomial ovieells, X 23. B. View after removal of the basal surface. Two ovicells are seen and
the three zooecia show a distinct vestibular arch. X 23. C. A part of the surface of a zooecium,
X 55. D. A sagittal section through the zoarium. An ovicell is seen proximally and the two
zooecia show a vestibular arch at the beginning of the peristomial tube, X 17. (A-D after
Levinsen, 1909.)
a little smaller than the frontal and they are separated from each other by a
small ascopore; the pores of the frontal are a little smaller than those of the peri-
stomiale. The peristomie is salient, little thickened: the peristomie is very long
and arched. Around the peristomie of certain zooecia the tubules are much de-
veloped, forming on the zoarium very prominent gibbosities.
. fPeristome=0.20mm.
M casurement*. — Zooecia ,.
lZ.~=O.Somm.
Affinities. — The gibbosities which characterize this species are quite original.
The sections which we have prepared (figs. 8, 9) show that they result from the
extraordinary development of the tubules around certain peristomies. The zooecia
which bear them are without ovicells. In Tubucellaria nodosa it is. on the con-
NORTH AMKUIr.VX E.UMA TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
549
triry. the frontal tubules which are much developed about the ascopore; this is a
fundamental difference. We are also ignorant of the physiological purpose of the
development of the peristomial tubules
The length of the tubules is ahvay^ very variable, as can be noted on the figured
sections (figs. 6, 7).
We have been rather fortunate in reconstructing a part of the zoarium, the
dimensions of which ought to
attain about four or five centi-
meters in length.
It is very easy to distinguish
this species from all known
forms.
We have not had the chance
to discover the ovicell in the
eight sections which have been
studied.
Occurrence. — Middle Jack-
xmian: Lenuds Ferry, South
Carolina (common).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. G4187,
U.S.X.M.
Genus TUBIPORELLA Levinsen,
1909.
1909. TubiporcJla LEVINSEN, Mor-
phological and System-
atic Studies on Cheilosto-
matous Bryozoa, p. 305.
A membraneous opercnlar
valve. A vestibular arch, each
zooecium with one or two avicu-
laria at the height of the asco-
pore. The colony occurs as a
free, foliaceous expansion with a
single layer of zooecia (Levin-
>en ) .
Genotype. — Tubiporella (/.</; /•<///«) n/,i</i,/,'0f<tris MacGillivray, 1882.
Range. — Miocene — Eecent.
FIG. 162.— Genus Siphonicytam Busk, 1884.
A-C. Siphonicytara semdata Busk. 18S4. A. Frontal side
of zooeduni. enlarged. B. Zoarium, natural size. C. Dor-
sal side showing radical tubes. (A-C after Busk, 1884.)
Genus SIPHOMCYTARA Busk, 1884.
ftiiilioniriitara ~Busl;, Report on the I'nly/'.a collected \<\ II. M. S. rlnilli iiiirr. p. 101.
Busk, in 1884, placed in thi- family his new genus X!/>/it>iiic>/t<-/m. specimens
of which have never been found since and for which reason it has not been possible
to make supplementary studies His original description and figures follow.
550 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
"Zoarium continuous, radicate, branched, branches alternate, subcylindrical
quadriserial, subsecund. Zooecia completely immersed below, flattened in front.
Peristome tubular, extended. A circular median pore below the middle of the front.
A large circular orifice (avicularian?) near the top of most of the lateral zooecia
behind."
Genotype and only species. — Siphonicytara scrrulata Busk, 1884. Recent, East
Indies.
Family CATENICELLIDAE Busk, 1852.
Genus CATENICELLA D'Orbigny, 1852.
CATENICELLA SUBSEPTENTRIONALIS Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 96. fig. 11.
1917. CateniceUa siibseptentrionaUs CANIT and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Ter-
tiary Cheilostome Bryozoa. Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 63, pi. 5.
fig. 5.
The Catenicellidae are bryozoa peculiar to the southern hemisphere. They
abound in the recent seas off Australia, and their fossil forms are frequent in the
same region. However, Waters * discovered in the Priabonian of the Vicentin two
species having some affinities with this family ; namely, CateniceUa septentrionalis
Waters, 1891, and CateniceUa continua Waters, 1891. According to Waters 2 the
latter species is a Yittaticella and the first belongs to a new genus.
The single and unique fragment found in America is very close to CateniceUa
septentrionalis Waters, 1891. It differs from it in its somewhat larger micrometric
dimensions, more closely arranged frontal pores and in the presence of a small,
oral avicularium.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian : Salt Mountain, five miles south of Jackson, Ala-
bama (very rare).
Holotypc.—Cat. No. 62601, U.S.N.M.
Family ADEONIDAE Jullien, 1903.
Bibliography (Anatomical). — 1SS91. WATERS, Bryozoa from New South Wales, Annals Magazine
Natural History, sei1. 6. vol. 4, pi. 1, fig. 5. — 1903. JULLIEN, Bryozoaires provenant des campagnes
de I'HironcleUe, pi. 14, fig. 4. — 1912. WATERS, A structure in Adeonella (Laminopora) contorta
Michelin, with remarks on the Adeonidae, Annals Magazine Natural History, ser. 8, vol. 9.
p. 400, pis. 10 and 11. — 1913. WATERS, The Marine Fauna of Zanzibar, Proceedings of the
Zoological Society of London, pi. 73, figs. 1-8. — 1909. LEVINSEN, Morphological and Systematic
Studies of the Cheilostornatous Bryozoa, p. 282. pi. 14, figs. 1-5 ; pi. 23, fig. 9.
The zooecia are provided with a compensatrix, but are devoid of spines and
oral glands. The areolae are always closed and excavated out of the wall substance
itself. The frontal is composed of an olocyst covered by a very thick pleurocyst.
The operculum opens at the bottom of a peristomie. The female zooecia are of the
kind termed gonoecia and are often larger than the others; they contain an ovicell
'North Italian Bryozoa, Quarterly Journal Geological Society. London, vol. 47, 1891, p. 5, pi. 1, figs. 1-8.
* Marine Fauua Zanzibar, Proceedings Zoological Society. London. 1913, p. 483.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 551
snc. in which the embryo is developed. The septules are numerous, placed in linear
rows, arranged to correspond to the areolae. The avicularia are frontal or inter-
zooecial : the latter have no pivot. 13-16 tentacles.
History. — The history of this group has been given by Gregory * in some detail.
Primarily the name of Adeona Lamouroux, 1816, was applied to species which had
a fenestrated zoarium provided with radicular fibers. It was created simply for
a form of zoarial growth and it should never have changed in meaning. In 1884
Busk created the family and characterized it by the trimorphic zooecia and the
presence of an ascopore. In 1907 Cami discovered in the French Lutetian a group
of species devoid of ascopores, and formed for them the family Meniscoporidae. In
1909 Levinsen confirmed the fact that Bracebridgia was indeed a member of the
Adeonidae. whence Canu's family Meniscoporidae became superfluous. The family
Adeonidae is now well established on ovarian characters and important anatomical
features.
Structure and terminology. — It is always easy to recognize a species of the
Adeonidae by rubbing away one face of the zoarium so as to reveal the areolar
cavities of the walls (parietal areolae). This character is a general one and
has no exception. In all the other families of the sub-order Ascophora, the
areolar pores communicate directly with the interior itself of the zooecium. but
in the Adeonidae the areolar cavities do so by means of the septules. These cavities
serve for the passage and protection of the endocystal elements which must secrete
and deposit the pleurocyst.
The gonoecia are often larger than the other zooecia ; their aperture is dif-
ferent and their frontal pores are more numerous. They develop first a normal
polypide, which soon disappears by histolysis and is replaced by a small polypide
placed at the distal extremity and a large ovicell sac occupying the greater part of
the gonoecium ; here the embryo is developed. The form of the gonoecia is rather
variable, as noted by Canu,2 who has made a special study of this subject.
The great thickness of the pleurocyst causes the formation of a peristomie, at
the bottom of which is the aperture (primary orifice of Hincks) closed by the
operculum and of which the form is constant. The external orifice of this peri-
stomie is the peristomice (secondary orifice of Hincks) ; its form is irregular and
it is surrounded by a more or less salient peristome. The form of the aperture is
often hidden, and in order to discover it, it is necessary to rub away the posterior
face of the zoarium to examine the interior of the zooecia.
The hydrostatic system is quite variable. We have found all the variations
noted in the other families of Ascophora. The genera, which are without frontal
ascopores, have an operculum like Schisoporella, Hippoporina, etc., of which the
anterior part serves to close or to open its compensatrix. The operculum of the genera
provided with frontal ascopores is semilunar and water penetrates into the com-
pensatrix by means of the ascopores. Finally, as in Galeopsis, the water passes
firet into the vestibule by a spiramen before penetrating into the compensatrix.
'British Palaeogene Bryozoa, Transactions Zoological Society, London, vol. J3, 1893, p. 241.
- Bryozoa Environs Paris, Annales de Paleoutologie. 1907, p. 411.
552
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
op ^
\j&ar^ ~\
'gt
H "25
FIG. 163. — Anatomical structure of the family Acleonidae Jullien,
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 553
FIG. 163. — Anatomical structure of the family Adeonidae Jullien, 1903.
A. Adeona grisea Lamouroux, 1S1G. Specimen natural size, with radicles and fenestrae.
(After MacGillivray, 1SSO.)
B, C. Adeona append-icuJatu Busk, 1SS4. B. A zooecium with ascopore and avicularium,
X 50. C. Operculum and mandibles, X 50. (B, C after Busk, 1SS4.)
D. Structure of zooecium and polypide of Adeona. (After Jullien, 1888.)
av, avicularium ; c, compensatrix ; tl, dorsal ; f, frontal ; gt, tentacular sheath ; mi; retractor
muscles of the polypide; op, operculum ; p, polypide; psp, ascopore.
E, F. Adeonella platalea Busk, 1S52. E. Section of a zooecium, X 250, showing a mass with
several bodies and a part of a bud (6) by the side, but not inclosed in the mass; pore tubes (p)
or tubulae full of dark cells; outer membrane or ectocyst (oin) of the zoarium ; operculum (op)
walls of the zooecium (if. c. ). This specimen is somewhat difficult to understand, as it has the
appearance of being reversed. (After Waters, 1912. ) F. Section, X So, showing the ovicellular
znoecium nearly filled by the embryo (emb), with an ovarium (ova) now proximal to the embryo.
(After Waters, 1913.)
G, H, Adeonellopsis coscinoijhora Reuss, 1847. G. Interior, X 40, showing the ascopore,
parietal areolae, and aperture. (After Levinsen, 1909.) H. Longitudinal section, X 25. (After
Waters, 1889.)
ap, aperture: asc, ascopore: «r, avicularium; //;, lamina perforata ; pee, peristoiuice ; pi,
peristomie.
554
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
A. Meniscopora
B. Bracebndgia
C. Schizostoma
K ,
•".. :i; .7- w -.1- ^*B4
f$$§lf
'.',,.$3j
G. Adeonellopsis H. Dimorphocella I. Tremadeona
FIG. 164. — Genera of family Adeonidae Jullien, 3903.
A. Meniscopora bigibbera Gregory, 1893, X 55.
B. Bracebridgia aculeata, new species, X 20. Middle Jacksonian of Georgia.
C. Schizostoma crassa Canu, 1902, X 20. Lutetian of France.
D. Smittistoma mortisaga Stoliczka, X 20. Lutetian of France.
E. Adeonella. follKitlata Canu and Bassler, 1917, X 20, Middle Jacksonian of North
Carolina.
F. Adeona violacea Johnston, X 40. Recent.
G. Adeonellopsis foliacea MacGillivray, 1895, X 40. Recent.
H. Dimorphocella triton MacGillivray, 1895. Miocene of Australia. (Ordinary zooecia with-
out ascopore and gonoecia with ascopore.)
I. Laminopora contort a Miclielin, 1842, X 25. Recent. (Tremadeona in error.)
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
555
The mode of calcification of the Adeonidae is more complicated. The primi-
tive olocyst secreted by the endocyst is rather thin. It is covered by a pleiimcyst
secreted by the endocystal elements which pass through the parietal areolae.and
deposit over all of them more or less considerable quantities of lime. When the
deposit is somewhat thick the parietal areolae are transformed into true tubules
(pi. 15, fig. 14, and text fig. 163H). In transverse thin sections the pleurocystal
elements superimposed and oriented in radial fibers (pi. 99, fig. 16) can be clearly
seen.
The frontal avicularium is never visible in the interior; it early has no com-
munication with the zooecia, and it is therefore nourished exteriorly by the endocyst
proceeding from the areolae and covering the skeleton.
In tangential thin section these pleurocystal elements are very irregular and
are grouped in still more irregular fila-
ments (pi. 15, fig. 15). This is the
characteristic of this secretion, which is
very rare in the Anasca, but which de-
velops frequently in the other Asco-
phora, and attains its maximum of de-
velopment in the Adeonidae.
Classification. — The essential char-
acters of classification of the Adeonidae
have been given by Waters and Levin-
sen. There are three principal groups.
The first comprises the species which
FIG. 165. — Genus Meniscopora Gregory, 1893.
A. Meniscopora bigibbera Gregory, 1893. Zooe-
are without frontal ascopores. This is «a, X 55. (After Gregory, 1893.)
the family Meniscoporidae Canu, 1907, B- Mmvmpam simehi Canu, 1907. Views of Per-
, „ 0 .... , ,, . istomice and apertura, X 80. (After Canu, 1907.)
composed of himttistomft. Mi'iinscopora^ • , . .
1 ae, peristomice of zooecium; ai, apertura ol a zooe-
£>CrllZO8tonui, L alvetltUli and brave- pjum; ge, peristomice of a gonoecium; gi, apertura
oridf/ia. The second group is composed of a gonoecium.
of the species which are provided with
a spiramen and contains the single genus Adeonella. The third group contains
the species which are provided with frontal ascopores and embraces the genus
Adeona, if the ascopore is simple and the genus AdeoneUopsis if the ascopore is
stellate.
Genus MENISCOPORA Gregory, 1893.
1893. Meniscopora GREGORY, British Palaeogene Bryozoa, Transactions Zoological Society,
London, vol. 13, p. 250.
The zooecia are trimorphic. The normal axial zooecia have an external aper-
ture straighter than that of the marginal zooecia; the aperture is formed of a
semilunar anterior and of a very concave posterior part. The gonoecia are larger
than the ordinary zooecia and their aperture is of different form. The peristomie
is of slight depth. Interzooenal avicularia are rare. Certain lateral areolae are
transformed into small frontal avicularia.
556 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
ti< iiotype. — Meniscopora bigibbcra Gregory, 1893.
Ranyc. — Thanetian-Helvetian.
MENISCOPORA SUBPLANA Ulrich, 1901.
Plate 2, figs. 4, 5.
1001. Leprnlia subplatia UI.KICH, Maryland Geological Survey, Eocene, p. 210. pi. 59,
figs. 17, 18.
Orif/in-al description. — " Zoarium, as seen in three specimens, forming a hollow
cylinder, composed of numerous layers, each 0.8 to 0.35 mm. in thickness, and
varying in diameter according to the number of layers from 7 to 13 mm. Zooecia
not very regularly arranged, sometimes siibovatc. at other times hexagonal or
subquadrate. longer than wide, the length averaging about 0.45 mm. Upper sur-
face nearly flat, the outline of the zooecia, in aged conditions especially, scarcely
distinguishable and mainly by a double row of pores which, as shown by frac-
tures, are the mouths of small tubes transversing the wall in a vertical direction.
Front wall slightly convex, perforated, the pores usually smaller than those
outlining the zooecia, distinctly visible on the inner surface, sometimes wanting
over a varying space just behind the aperture. The latter is rounded in front,
nearly straight behind, with the angles rounded, generally semielliptical. the
width and length averaging, respectively, 0.15 and 0.13 mm. Small round or
oval avicularia generally present. Their position is variable, though usually close
to the rim of the aperture. While an occasional zooecium may occur, having no
avicularia, as many or more will be found having one on each side of the aperture.
Ooecia unknown.
Fractures dividing the zooecia vertically (fig. 4) show that the walls (side
and front) are traversed by minute, wavy, vertical tubuli, and that the zooecial
cavities are connected by two series of pores, the larger set near the bottom and
a row of smaller pores above the midheight. The openings of the larger set are
often irregularly distributed over the concave floors of the zooecia."
Ulrich 's description is quite exact. The zoarium is multilamellar and incmsts
algae; the lower face, in contact with the substratum is smooth or ornamented
with numerous small hydrostatic tuberosities.
In the interior, the areolar cavities are quite visible.
The gonoecia are identical in form with the other zooecia. but they are some-
what larger.
Occurrence. — Lowest Eocene (Bryozoan bed at base of Aquia formation) :
Upper Marlboro. Maryland (not uncommon).
MENISCOPORA ELLIPTICA, new species.
Plate 07. figs. 17-21.
Dexi-ri jitiini. — The zoarium1 is an Eschara form composed of two lamellae,
placed back to back and easily separable. The zooecia. are little distinct, elon-
gated, straight; the frontal somewhat convex bears some pores which are little
NORTH AMKKH'AX KAULY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 557
different from the lateral arenlae. The peristomice is irregular, pyriform. the
narrowest part below; the peristome is thick and complete; the peristomie is shal-
low, but it hides the real form of the aperture which (seen from the interior* i-
elongated and elliptical. On the line of the areolae, in the vicinity of the peri-
stomice, there is a small, simple, elliptical avicularium somewhat pointed.
Measurements. — Aperture f&a.= 0.10 mm. 7 • fZ0=0.55-0.65 mm.
(interior) \1a =0.0" mm. ' Us=0.25 mm.
Affinities. — The frontal pores and the avicularia are quite variable.
This species is very close to M<'ni*<-npora (Eschara) semitubulo'sa Retiss. 1869,
of the Priabonian of the Vicentin. Unfortunately the latter has not yet been
found again and no direct comparison is therefore possible.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Byrain marl) : One-fourth mile west of Wood-
ward. Wayne County, Mississippi (common).
('<>fi;pcs.—Cnt, No. 64515, F.S.X.M.
Genus BRACEBRIDGIA MacGillivray, 1886.
18SC. Bi-(i<-<-lirk]ffitt MACGILLIVRAY. Descriptions of new or little known polyzoa. part 0,
Transactions Royal Society of Victoria, p. 8.
(Syn. Porosloma CANU. 1907.)
"Zoarium bilaminate, erect. Apertura subcircular. straighter below, with
an internal denticle; peristome thickened, smooth or with a small apicnlate
mucro; frequently in the fossils, but rarely in recent specimens, a triangular
avicularium immediately below the lower lip; lateral avicularia on the free edges
of the zoarium " (MacGillivray). The gonoecia are larger than the usual zooecia.
The frontal is partially or totally covered over by a pleurocyst which is more or
less confluent with the subjacent olocyst.
Genotype. — Bracebridgia (Porella} cmendata Waters, 1881.
/t'i'/if/c. — Jacksonian — Recent.
The genus Porostomn Canu. 1007, differs from Bracebridr/in only in tin-
place of the oral avicularium, which is placed entirely within the peristomie. Its
function does not appear different, so it will be necessary to unite the two genera.
The known species of Bracebridgia are as follows :
Bracebridgia (Porella) emevilittn Waters, 1881, Miocene and Australian waters.
lii-iici'briilgia (Porinn) mibxiiJi'itfn Smitt. 187:2. Recent. Florida.
Bracebridgia (Eschar//) />/_>! i/mut'pha Reuss, 1864. Tongrian.
Bracebridgia (Kscham) !i/m>biUs Reuss, 1866. Middle Tongrian (=Rupelian).
Bracebridgia (Porostomn) polymorphum Canu, 1907, not Reu», lsi;'.». (=B.
i/i ii/ifiTiiiii. name new) Ypresian.
liriii-i'liriili/ia incisum Canu. 1907. Ypresian.
Bracebridgia (Porostomn) ,l,ii',itnin Gregory. Lutetian.
Bracebridgia (Men!srt>/><>ni) */'7»'renulata Canu, 1907. Ypresian-Lutetian,
Bartonian.
558
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Bracc~bridgia (Porina) subsulcata Smitt, 1872. has been dredged at depths
from 10 to 48 fathoms. Osburn found it again off the Tortugas from 16 to 19
meters. He was kind enough to send us some specimens. The examination of their
interior has proved to us that the species has no ascopore nor spiramen.
I.X40
iNx80
FIG. 166. — Genus Bracebri&gia MacGillivray, 1886.
A-M. Bracebridgia pyriformis Busk, 1884. A. Specimen, natural size. B. Young specimen
growing from an incrusting base; natural size. C. Portion toward the periphery, showing
normal zooecia. D. Two avicularian cells from the margin of a lobe. E. Older zooecia toward
the base of the specimen, two completely closed. F. Two zooecia from incrusting part, showing
apiculate process and oral avicularium. G. Mandible of avicularinm. H. Opercula from edge
of a lobe. (A-H after MacGillivray, 1888.) I. Zooecia with parietal areolae. X 40. J. A por-
tion of the margin of a zoarium with two avicularia, X 55. K. Four zooecia from the basal
aspect after removal of the basal surface, X 55. L. An avicularian mandible, X 140. M. Oper-
culum. X 140. (I-M after Levensen, 1909.)
X. Bnn-clriiJgiii (PoriccJIa) clongata Canu, 1907. Outlines, X 80. (After Canu, 1907.)
(ic, peristome of a zooecium; ui, aperture of a zooecium ; gc, peristome of a gonoeeium ;
gi. aperture of a gonoeeium ; pp. frontal niicropore seen from the interior.
BRACEBRIDGIA ACULEATA, new species.
Plate 71, figs. 10-12.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilaminar, composed of two lamellae placed
back to back and separable. The zooecia are elongated, fusiform, distinct, sep-
arated by a furrow and surrounded by an especial line of areolae; the frontal is
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 559
formed of thin, prominent interareolar costulcs, and of a false area due to incom-
plete pleurocystal calcification. The peristomie is of little depth; the peristome
is thin, prominent, developed distally only; the aperture (as seen from the interior)
is semilunar with an almost straight proximal border. The avicularium is median,
simple, triangular; its point projecting, like a spur.
. f^=0.10mm.1 . (£3=0.50-0.60 mm.
Measurements. — Penstomice { , Zooeciai, n „- „ „„
U/>=0.10 mm. Us=0.25-0.30 mm.
Observation. — Photography does not give exactly the aspect of this species;
it does not show sufficiently the very great projection of the avicularium above the
plane of the figure.
Bracebtddgia aculeata differs from the other known species by its straight and
median avicularium. which is never oblique, or sublateral.
In the interior the avicularium is invisible, and it is therefore of exterior or
pleurocystal origin.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Three and one- fourth miles south of Perry,
Georgia (common).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 64188, U.S.N.M.
BRACEBRIDGIA POLYMORPHA Reuss, 1864, var. COSTULATA, new variety.
Plate 71, figs. 13-23.
1864. Eschara polymorpha RKUSS, Fauna deutschen Oberoligocau, Sitzungberichte der k.
Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, vol. 50, p. 651. pi. 12. fig. 6.
1868. Eschara polymorpha Ricuss, Bryozoa deutschen Septarieuthones. Sitzungberlchte der
k. Akademie der Wissensehaften, Wien, vol. 52, p. 61. pi. 8, figs. 8-10.
1867. Eschara polymorpha REUSS, Fauna Steinsalzablagerung. Sitzungberichte der k. Akade-
mie der Wissensehaften, Wien, vol. 55. p. 144.
..
Measurements. — Aperture], rt ir>
(la=O.W mm.
Variations. — The areolae form a line of small pores around each zooecium (figs.
15, 20). Between them short costules often develop (figs. 17, 20).
The pleurocyst is not very regular; it forms a prominent collar around each
zooecium, in the form of an interrogation point. Below the avicularium there is
an irregular, triangular area, the depth and size of which depends upon the pleu-
rocystal activity, which is always very irregular.
The avicularium. when it is well preserved, deforms the external aperture
(figs. 15, 18, 21) ; it is oblique (figs. 15, 18) or transversal (fig. 17) : the two posi-
tions may be observed on the same zoarial fragment (fig. 21).
The gonoecia (figs. 14, 22) are larger than the usual zooecia.
All these characters are lessened by fossilization (fig. 23) and the zooecia
appear very polymorphic.
1 In the Adeonidae we give the dimensions of the peristomice or external aperture when this is somewhat
constant, in preference to the dimensions of the apertura which can be measured only in the interior of
the zooecia.
560
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
In the interior the aperture is semilunar and transverse with a slightly concave
proximal border.
In examining the figures of Reuss we can note only a few differences of little im-
portance; the interareolar costules appear less salient and the avicularium there
appears smaller and more removed from the external aperture. At the most, our
specimens form a variety.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Eighteen miles west of Wrightsville. Johnson
County, Georgia (rare) : Rich Hill. 5} miles southeast of Knoxville, Georgia (rare) ;
1-2 miles southeast of Marshallville, Georgia (rare) ; one-half mile southeast of
Georgia Kaolin Company Mine, Twiggs County, Georgia (rare).
Geological distribution. — In Europe the species occurs in the Latdorfian of
1/atdorf (Reuss). Rupelian of Germany (Reuss), Chattian of Germany (Reuss).
D *ioo
F«75
C«*°
FIG. 167. — Genus Adcona Lamouroux, 1816.
A-F. Adeona violacca Johnston, 1S49. A. Portion of zoarium, X 22, showing numerous
marginal zooecia with frontal wall still uucalcified. B. Four zooecia, X 40, two of which have
the avicularium replaced by an elongated cavity which opens by means of a. round pore. C. Three
zooecia, X 40, viewed from the basal side after removal of the basal surface. The primary
aperture and the proximal margin of the secondary are visible. D. Aviculariau mandible, X
100. E. Two gonoecia, X 40. furnished with a cavity instead of an avicularium, like the zooecia
in fig. B. F. Operculum, X 75. The transverse oval part, somewhat more chitinized, corresponds
with the secondary aperture. (A-F after Levinsen, 1909.)
These three are the substages of the Tongrian. Finally. Reuss cited it from the Tor-
tonian of Wieliezka in Pologne, but he did not give a figure.
Cotypes.—Cnt. Xo. 64190. U.S.N.M.
Genus ADEONA (Lamouroux, 1816) Levinsen, 1909.
1909. Adeona LEVINSEN, Morphological and vSystematic Studies on Cheilostomatous Bryozoa,
p. 2S3.
The frontal is perforated by an ascopore opening into the compensatrix. The
operculum is semilunar. The gonoecia are distinct and larger than the ordinary
zooecia.
Genotype. — Adeo-na (C ellepora) hf.ckell Reuss, 1847.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
561
Genus ADEONELLA (Busk, 1884) Waters, 1888.
1884. Adeotiella BOSK, Report on the Polyzoa collected by H. M. S. Challenger, 1873-76,
vol. 10, pt. 30, p. 183.
"Zoarium erect, very variously branched or lobate, attached by a contracted
base or pedicle, often containing radical fibers and affixed usually on a more or less
flexible support (Busk)." "The zooecia without such median ascopores; the proxi-
^ »
o
A. atlaralca Ba<--k '"•
A . Jelleyae Levlnnen
Busk A. Inlrlcarln Eusfc A. polycorpha Eua'K.A. polyst.O2clla Pu3k
FIG. 168.— Genus Adeonella (Busk, 1SS4) Waters, 1888.
A-C. Adeonella polymorplia Busk, 1SS4. A. Young cells, the lower one showing the com-
mencement of the bridge, X 85. B. Ovicelligerous cell with double pore, X 85. C. Cell with
bridge forming a peristomial pore or spiramen, X 85. (A-C after Waters, 1888.)
D-B. Adeonella serrata Levinsen, 1909. D. Two gonozooecia, an independent (interzooeci.-il)
avicularium and an ordinary zooecium, X 55.
a, operculum of a gonozooecium, X 55 : 6, operculum of a zooecium, X 85 ; c, the mandible
of a dependent (frontal) avicularium, X 85; d, the mandible of an independent (interzooecial)
avicularium, X 55.
E. The zooecia, from the basal aspect, after the removal of the basal surface, showing the
interior, X 55. (D-E after Levinsen, 1909.)
F-J. Opercula, X 85. (After Waters.) F. Adeonella atlantica Busk, 1884. G. A. platalea
Busk, 1852. H. A. intricaria Busk, 1884. I. A. polymorpha Busk, 1S84. J. A. polystomella
Reuss. 1847.
K. Operculum of Adeonella jellcyae Levinsen, 1909. a, gonozooecium ; &, ordinary zooecium.
(After Levinsen, 1909.)
mal part of the secondary aperture, which appears sooner or later, is transformed
by a coalescence of two calcareous processes into a pore, which leads into the space
between the primary and secondary aperture." (Levinsen, Waters.)
The peristomie is perforated by a spiramen. The aperture bears a concave lower
lip, which is the opening of the compensatrix. The operculum is at the bottom
of the peristomie and below the spiramen. 13-16 tentacles.
55899— 19— Bull. 106 - 36
562 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genotypes. — Adeonella polymorpha Busk, 1884, and AdeoneUa (Eschara)
polystomella Reuss, 1847.
Range. — Jacksonian — Recent.
ADEONELLA FOLLICULATA Cann and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 72, figs. 1-8.
1917. AdeoneUa foUiculata CANTI and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cbeilo-
storne Bryozoa, Bulletin 96. United States National Museum, p. 66, pi. 6, fig. 3.
Description. — The zoarium bilamellar with two lamellae, back to back, and sep-
arable. The fronds are lobed, very thin, and fragile. The zooecia are very long,
distinct, separated by a furrow, little convex, bordered with numerous parietal
areolae (10-12 pairs). The peristomie is short, somewhat projecting exteriorly
and is perforated by a spiramen ; the peristomice is semilunar with a convex lower
lit); the aperture (interior) presents a proximal concave border. The gonoecia
are (0.30 mm.) larger than the other zooecia; their external aperture is greater
(?«=0.10 mm.) and the spiramen is more removed from the aperture. There is a
very small, simple avicularium on the peristome.
. JZ.3=0.65-0.75 mm. . . fZs=0.50mm.
zooecia(??=a20_0 Axial
Qonoec-aj/^==0.50mm. Peristomice of fAp=0.04mm.
' U2=0.30mm. zooecia I lp= 0.07 mm.
Peristomice of |Aj$>=0.04 mm.
gonoecia I Zp=0.10 mm.
Variations. — The zooecial walls are so thin and fragile that it is difficult to
obtain a good interior presenting all the characters of the species, and it is neces-
sary to study this feature by successive rubbing away of the substance.
The axial zooecia are shorter than the lateral ones (figs. 3, 6), nevertheless there
are fronds composed uniquely of long zooecia alone (fig. 4).
Often one of the parietal areolae is transformed into a small, simple avicu-
larium, slightly pointed (fig. 2) and of inconstant position. Just as the zooecial
areolae may be transformed into avicularia, the parietal pores resulting from a
growth of the ectocyst are susceptible to continuation of evolution, according to
the needs of the zoarium.
The small peristomial avicularium is round; its place is very variable, but
always on the distal border.
The gonoecia are somewhat larger (0.30 mm.) and their external aperture also
larger (0.10 mm.) ; the spiramen is placed farther from the external aperture and
perhaps it opened exactly at the level of the operculum, instead of being above it
(fig. 6).
Figure 5 represents a very common alteration by fossilization.
The fronds have the thinness of a leaf and are very fragile.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian ( Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington. North
Carolina (common).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 62608, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
Genus ADEONELLOPSIS MacGillivray, 1886.
563
18S6. Adconellopsis MACGILLIVRAY, Description of Xew Polyzoa, pt. 0, Transactions Kojal
Society Victoria, p. 7.
"The zooecia provided i;i the central line with one or several ascopores" (Lev-
insen). The ascopores are grouped at the base of a cribriform area. Interzooecial
avicularia and gonoecia are present. 13-16 tentacles.
K x20
FIG. 169. — Genus Adeonellopsis MacGillivray, 1886.
A-E. AileoiieUopsis foliacea MacGillivray, 1886. A. Four zooecia, X 55. B. Group 'of zooecia,
including a gonozooecium, X 40. C. Operculum, X 140. D. Avicularian mandible, X 100.
E. Interior of zooecia as seen from basal surface. X 40. showing ascopore, apertura, and
parietal areolae. (A-E after Levinsen. 1909.)
F-K. Adeonellopsis (Critricellui ijixtfnnn Busk. 1858. F, G. Fragment of zoarium. natural
size and X 50. H. Operculum. I. Mandible. (F-I after Busk, 1884.) J. Young zooecia, X 20.
K. Old zooecia, X 20. (J, K after Mine. Guerin Ganivet, 1911.)
Genotype. — Adeonellopsis fol/<teea MacGillivray, 1886.
Range. — Wilcoxian — Recent.
We are entirely ignorant of the physiological use of the stellate pores, and
also of the true mechanism of the hydrostatic system in the majority of the species.
The gonoecia are not alway* apparent: certain species are deprived of them;
on others they are distinct but little different from the other zooecia.
Historical. — Incompletely defined in isSfi by MacGillivray, this genus has for
a long time remained unrecognized. In 1900 Maplestone created a genus Ovaticclla
564 BULLETIN 100, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
based on a badly preserved example provided with a cribriform area. In 1902
Levinsen formed a genus Lobopora for the species having Eschara coscinophora
Reuss, 1847, for type. In 1904 Canu, not yet having learned of Levinsen's work,
formed the genus Cribricella with the same genotype. He added a genus Poricella
for a similar species, but without median -avicularium. In 1909 Levinsen abandoned
his genus Lobopora and classed in the genus AdeoneTlopsis MacGillivray, 1886. all
the species provided with stellate ascopores. We adopt Ms classification because all
the preceding genera have no different functions and therefore can not be accepted.
However, Cribricella and PoriceUa may be admitted as artificial subgenera in
order to facilitate the classification.
The first subgenus, the group of A. distoma-coscinophora, ought to be the sub-
ject of special research, for it is much involved.
Under the name Eschara coscinophora Reuss, 1847. authors have united several
different species.
First. Cribricella (Eschara} distoma Busk. 1878. This species is found living
in the Atlantic from Madeira to the coasts of Brittany, where Madame Guerin-
Ganivet recently found it.1
Second. Cribricella (Eschara'} coscinophora Reuss, 1847, refigured by Manzoni
in 1877. This is a Miocene fossil adorned with a small avicularium, small cribri-
form area, and very small parietal areolae.
Third. Cribricella (Eschara} coscinophora Reuss. 1864. 1866. This is an
Oligocene species which Canu believed he had rediscovered in the Parisian
Lutetian and to which he gave the new name of Cribricella puncta.ta.
Fourth. Cribricella (Eschara} coscinophora Stoliczka, 1862. -According to
the excellent figure of the author, this is not Reuss's species, but is the Cribricella
(Adeonellopsis} loetherelli Gregory, 1892, and probably also Cribricella (Lobopora)
coscinophora Canu. 1907. However, this latter is provided with an adventitious
avicularium on the old zooecin — a peculiarity not mentioned by Gregory or
Stoliczka.
The differences between these various species are rather small ; in effect they
depend principally upon the micrometric dimensions. However, they are of real
value upon serious analysis. As always, the German Oligocene species are the most
problematic because for a long time we have been unable to obtain any specimens,
either by purchase or exchange. It may be possible that the Oligocene species are
identical with the Miocene, as Reuss himself believed, but this is not clearly appar-
ent from the published figures.
The known species of this genus, in addition to the genotype, are :
Adeonellopsis ( Poricella) maconnica C'anu. 1904. Upper Eocene of Tunis.
Adeonellopsis (Poricella} elongata Canu, 1907. Lutetian of Paris.
Adeonellopsis obliqua MacGillivray, 1895. Miocene of Australia.
1 Contributions a l'6tude des Bryozoaires des cotes armoricnines, I. Bryozoaires provenant du Haut
Fond de la Chapelle et recueilli eu 1900 par 1'expedition de la Viennc, Travaux du Laboratoire de Zoologie
de Concarneau, vol. 3, 1911, p. 9, pi. 2, figs. 1, 2.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 565
Adeonellopsis distoma Busk, 1S58. Atlantic.
Adeonellopsis (Eschara) coscinophora Reuss, 1847. Oligocene of Germany.
Adeonellopsis wetherelli Gregory, 1892.
ADEONELLOPSIS POROSA, new species.
Plate S, fig. 13.
The specimen figured is the only one which has been found. It incrusts
a shell. It is characterized by_ its large cribriform area, perforated by a dozen
pores. It is possibly the base of a bilamellar zoarium.
Occurrence. — -Wilcoxian (Bashi formation) : Woods Bluff, Alabama (very
rare).
Holotype.—CsA. No. 63813, U.S.N.M.
ADEONELLOPSIS MAGNIPOROSA, new species.
Plate S, figs. 14-20.
Description. — The zoarium is bilamellar; the fronds are wide and lobed.
The zooecia are distinct, elongated, elliptical, much narrowed toward the back,
separated by a deep furrow. The peristomice is transverse and semielliptic. The
cribriform area is deep and perforated by large stellate pores. The median avicu-
larium is triangular or orbicular, without pivot or denticle.
Measurements. — Zooecia |'Z.s=0.45-0.55 mm. Zooecia |Z^=0.50 mm.
(exterior) 1^=0.25-0.30 mm. (interior) 1^=0.20 mm.
Total area: Z=0.25 mm.
Width of apertura=0.09mm.
Variations. — The normal, adult zooecia have a transverse, semilunar, external
apertura below which is a rather large, elliptical arid oblique avicularium. The
cribriform area is deep and contains from five to seven stellate pores (figs. 16, 20).
On old zooecia there is produced a strong pleurocystal incrustation in conse-
quence of which the avicularium and the cribriform area become buried. Then the
apertura, the avicularium, and the area are only visible in a single total area ; the
avicularium becomes triangular and pointed (fig. 15). Sometimes on the old
zooecia there is an adventitious, round avicularium (?) below the total area
(fig. 17).
In spite of the considerable variations of the exterior, the internal aspect
(fig. 18) is, on the contrary, very constant, and in it are revealed the true charac-
ters of the species.
Affinities. — The new species differs from. Adeonellopsis wetherelli Gregory,
1892, which it much resembles in the large size of the pores of the cribriform area.
As this character is very constant we are obliged to give it specific importance.
This is also the American species which has the largest ascopores.
Occurrence. — Wilcoxian (Bashi formation) : Woods Bluff, Alabama (com-
mon).
Cotypes.—Ca.i. No. 63830, U.S.N.M.
566 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
ADEONELLOPSIS QUISENBERRYAE, new species.
Plate 15, figs. 20-26.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar, formed of widened fronds
branching dichotomously ; the two lamellae are placed back to back and are sep-
arable. The zooecia are elongated, distinct, separated by a furrow, surrounded by
an especial line of numerous parietal areolae. The total area contains the aperture,
the avicularium, and the cribriform area; the apertura in the interior is semilunar
and transverse; the avicularium is very large, triangular, pointed and placed
obliquely, its point touching one of the lateral walls ; the cribriform area, little visible
exteriorly, bears from five to seven small stellate pores on the interioi. A salient,
i-lliptical, adventitious avicularium is located at the base of each zooecium.
Lz= 0.52-0.56 mm.
Measurements. — Zooecia
la— 0.30-0.36 mm.
and 0.20 mm. (in the interior)
Length of the total area=0.16-0.30 mm.
Length of the avicularium=0.20 mm.
Variations. — On the young zooecia the cribriform area is small, exterior and
externally entirely uniporous (fig. 21). The old specimens have a total area; the
avicularium and the aperture are surrounded by a thick pleurocystal covering
(figs. 22, 23, 25). This latter is so active on the undulating lamellae that the
exterior zooecial measurements are larger than the interior measurements.
The zooecial walls are very thick; they are striated and show clearly the
deposit of the pleurocyst, which is formed by the addition of successive layers on
the exterior (fig. 24).
The basal zooecia (fig. 23) are covered with a calcareous deposit and lose their
polypide. The parietal areolae and the avicularium alone persist.
Affinities. — This species is characterized by its avicularium, which is so oblique
that its point touches one of the parietal walls of the total area. In Adeonellopsis
magniporosa and Adeonellopsis coscinophora Keuss, 1847, the avicularium is
straighter and in the total area never touches the walls.
It accompanies Adeonellopsis transversa in the same localities and in which
the avicularium is also very oblique; it differs from it in its larger dimensions and
in its cribriform area uniporous exteriorly and multiporous interiorly.
We dedicate this species to Adelaide C. Quisenberry in appreciation of the in-
terest she has taken in this work and of her help in its preparation.
Occurrence. — Claibornian (Gosport sand) : One mile southwest of Eockville,
Clarke County, Alabama (rare) : Gopher Hill, Tombigbee River, Alabama (rare).
Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (rare).
Cotypes.—C&i. Nos. 63856. 63857, U.S.N.M.
ADEONELLOPSIS TRANSVERSA, new species.
Plate 15, figs. 11-19.
Description. — The zoarium is free and bilamellar, the two lamellae being sep-
arable. The ordinary zooecia are elongated, little distinct, separated by a furrow.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 507
elliptical in the interior, and surrounded by a score of areolae. The peristome is
complete, somewhat projecting and rather thick. The peristomice is oval and elon-
gated; the peristomie is shallow; it contains proximally a small pointed triangular
avicularium almost transverse, and distally the aperture, which in the interior is
semilunar with a slight convex proximal border. The stellate ascopore is placed
on the median part of the zooecia close to the peristome. One of the areolae is
transformed into a round, rather large, irregularly placed avicularium, giving to
the zooecia a strange and undefinable aspect. The gonoecia are larger than the
ordinary zooecia and bear three ascopores arranged in a triangle and placed in a
cavity of the frontal.
Measurements. — Apertura|Aa=0.07mm. . |Za= 0.40-0.44 mm.
(interior) 1/^=0.08 mm. ia 1.7.3=0.16-0.20 mm.
Height of peristomie=0.14-0.16mm.
. f£.?r/=0.40-0.50mm.
(jronoecia ,
(7zg=Q.30 mm.
Variations. — The variations are very numerous and the species is quite irregu-
lar, but only the pleurocyst is affected externally, for in the interior the zooecia
and the apertura are very constant in their form and their micrometric dimensions.
The peristomial avicularia. which are salient and visible (figs. 16, 19). are
often more or less deeply imbedded and then become invisible (figs. 17. 18).
The ascopore. more or less removed from the peristomice (figs. 16, 17). ap-
proaches it (fig. 18). and even rather frequently opens into the peristomie itself
(fig. 19).
The species may have two adventitious avicularia on a zooecium (fig. 17).
which still more complicates the zooecial irregularities. Their occurrence appear
much less constant on the ovarian zooecia (fig. 12).
In the interior (fig. 13) the ascopore is stellate and of rather variable form.
In tangential section (fig. 14) it will be noted that the adventitious avicularia
result often from the coalescence of many areolae. Above many of the zooecia
there is a pore hardly visible exteriorly but which is much more constant in the
other species. The pleurocystal elements are rather large, scattered, without mani-
fest orientation. Finally, the line of juncture of the zooecia is finely undulating, a
feature which is very rare. The zooecial walls are very thick and the areolar
cavities are true pore-tubes.
Affinities. — This species differs from Adeonellopsis (Poricella) elongata Canu.
1907, from the French Lutetian, in its somewhat larger micrometric dimensions,
in its prominent adventitious avicularia. its ascopore smaller externally, and in the
proximal lip of the aperture, which is convex and not concave. It differs from
Adeonellopsis grandis in its very small zoarium and in the absence of a cribriform
area on the gonoecia.
Occuwence. — Claibornian (Gosport sand) : One mile southwest of Rockville,
Clarke County, Alabama (common).
Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (rare).
Cotypes.—Cat, No. 63854, TJ.S.N.M.
568 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
ADEONELLOPSIS GRANDIS, new species.
Plate 99, figs. 11-18.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar, dichotomously branched, often
attaining more than 2 centimeters in length; the two lamellae are placed back
to back and are separated with difficulty. The ordinary zooecia are elongated,
distinct, lozenge-shaped, and separated by a furrow. The peristome is almost
complete and bears a large distal pore; the peristomie, which is rather deep, con-
tains a small, straight avicularium, triangular on the old zooecia and round on the
young, and a well-hidden aperture ; the peristomice is in the form of a crescent on
the young zooecia and rather regularly elliptical on the old ones. The ascopore is
stellate, very small, and close to the peristomial avicularia. On the line of the
areolae there are one or two round, simple, and little salient avicularia. The
gonoecia are larger than the ordinary zooecia; their ascopore is replaced by a
deep cribriform area perforated by four to six pores.
. f £2=0.44 mm. . |Zs(7=0.44-0.50 mm.
Measurements. — Zooecia -L nonnm Gonoeciaj, '
[lz= 0.20-0.22 mm. (lsg=Q.30mm.
External aperture f Zooecia =0.06 mm.
(width) lGonoecia=0.10mm.
Variations. — The peristomial avicularium is round when it is prominent (figs.
12, 15), but on the old zooecia with very thick walls it becomes triangular and
pointed; this transformation is quite remarkable, but it still does not permit one
to discover the function of the organ itself. The ascopore is visible only on the
young zooecia (fig. 14). On the others it is placed in the peristomice below the
avicularium but always quite visible.
In thin transverse sections (fig. 16) the zooecia are very thick. The pleu-
rocystal elements, piled one on the other are grouped in transversal filaments.
In tangential section, the ascopore is rarely distinct from the avicularium
(figs. 17, 18) because they are very close to one another.
Affinities. — This species differs from Adconellopsis transversa in its peristomial
avicularium, which is straight and not oblique, and in the size of the zoarium.
The zoarial dimensions permit the species to be classified among the good-sized
fossils useful in field determination.
In its distal pore it resembles Adeonellopsis cy clops, but differs from it in the
absence of the cribriform area on the ordinary zooecia.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian ("Chimney rock" of Marianna limestone): One
mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (very abundant).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 64319, U.S.N.M.
ADEONELLOPSIS GALEATA, new species.
Plate 99, figs. 1-10.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar, erect, formed of short, dichoto-
mously divided fronds; the two lamellae, placed back to back, are inseparable.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 569
The zooecia are elongated, distinct, elliptical, surrounded by numerous parietal
areolae. The cribriform area is wide, perforated by at least seven stellate pores.
The peristome is much developed above the aperture and caps the zooecia with a
large convexity, supporting a small, round avicularium. The aperture is trans-
verse and semielliptical; the peristomie is quite deep. At the base of each zooecium
there is a small, simple, adventitious, very salient avicularium.
. fZs=0.45-0.52mm.
Measurements. — Zooecia,, „-.„
173=0.25 mm.
Width of the peristomice=0.14 mm.
Length of the total area=0.15-0.20 mm.
Variations.— Our description is based on young zooecia (fig. 2). Quite fre-
quently the development of the pleurocyst reunites in a single total area the aper-
ture, median avicularium, and the cribriform area.
The median avicularium normally round, is more elongated and pointed if
it be deeply imbedded (figs. 3, 4). The small distal avicularium is not very con-
stant on the old zooecia (fig. 6). The adventitious avicularium is less prominent on
the old zooecia, but it remains visible (fig. 7). The distal thickening of the peri-
stome which caps most of the zooecia disappears at the base of the old fronds
(figs. 4, 6).
The older zooecia as usual lose their polypide and consequently their hydro-
static system. They contain only parietal areolae and avicularia (fig. 6). The
latter persist even after regeneration.
There are sometimes two and three pores on the distal part of the prominence
above the zooecia (figs. 2, 3).
The longitudinal section (fig. 10) shows very well the identity in structure of
this fossil form with that of the recent species so well figured by Waters. The
depth of the vestibule accounts for the invisibility of the aperture.
The tangential thin section (fig. 8) indicates that the pleurocystal elements
are rather large.
Affinities. — The old zooecia are exactly like those of Adeonellopsis cydops,
but the young zooecia differ from that species in their zooecial cap and in the fact
that they lack a thin peristome.
Adeonellopsis galcata differs from A. quisenberryae in its median avicularium,
which is straight and which never touches the walls of the total area.
It differs from Adeonellopsis magniporosa in the distal thickening of its
peristome and the presence of a small distal avicularium.
Occurrence.- — Vicksburgian (Byram marl): Byram, Mississippi (common).
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Two and one-half miles north of Millry,
Washington County, Alabama (rare) ; Deep well, Escambia County, Alabama.
Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : Red Bluff, Wayne County, Mississippi (rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 64318, U.S.N.M.
570 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
ADEONELLOPSIS CYCLOPS, new species.
Plate 100, figs. l-ll.
Description. — The zoarium is free, erect, bilamellar, formed of small clicho-
tomously branching fronds; the two lamellae, placed back to back, are inseparable.
The zooecia are distinct, elongated, elliptical, bordered by numerous parietal areolae.
The marginal zooecia are very long, and without distal avicularia on the peristome
or median avicularium and with a very small cribriform area. The median zooecia
are wide; their cribriform area is large and of little depth, and the median avicu-
larium is round and prominent. The peristomice is crescent shaped ; the peristome
thin and sharp, bears a small, round avicularium. The zooecia bear in their inferior
part one or two small adventitious avicularia. The old zooecia have thick walls
and their aperture, cribriform area and avicularia ai*e arranged at the bottom of
a total area.
fZs=0.50-0.'56 mm. [A«=0.06 mm.
Measurements.-?^^ {^=0 3(M) 32 mm Aperture(^=0 ^ 15 mm
Variations. — On very young zooecia the parietal areolae are quite large (fig. 6)
but they are somewhat smaller on the others (fig. 3).
The thickening of the pleurocyst is visible on figures 3, 4, 6, 8. When the
zooecia are old the total area occurs constantly. But in this species, this condition
is retarded and the normal zooecia are much greater in number than the old zooecia.
At the base of the zoaria the zooecia, no longer having a polypide. have closed
apertures; only the avicularium and the areolae persist (fig. 7). The small peri-
stomal pore is absent in the marginal zooecia (fig. 3) and very small at the ends
of the fronds (fig. 6) ; but it is constant and rather large in the axial zooecia.
On the old zooecia. which are much thickened (fig. 9). it disappears or is irregu-
larly placed. This pore, situated on the thin peristome and the rarity of the old
zooecia provided with a total area, characterize this species.
The adventitious avicularia result from the coalescence of two or three areolar
cavities; they never have a pivot and are of the most simple type.
Affinities. — This species differs from AdeoneUopsis galeata in the occurrence
of the marginal zooecia different from the others and in its thin peristome. It may
be distinguished from Adeonellopsis magniporosa and from A. quisenberryae by
the presence of a small distal peristomial avicularium.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : West bank Conecuh Biver,
Escambia County, Alabama (abundant) ; Murder Creek, east of Castlebury, Ala-
bama (abundant); near Claiborne. Alabama (abundant).
Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : Seven and one-half miles southwest of Bladon
Springs, Alabama (very rare).
Vicksburgian (Byram marl) : Byram. Mississippi (very rare).
Cotypes.—C&t. No. 64321, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
571
Genus DIMORPHOCELLA Maplestone, 1903.
1903. Dimorpltocella MAPI.ESTONK, Further descriptions of the Tertiary Polyzoa of Victoria,
Article IX, Transactions Roy.il Society Victoria, p. 140.
"Two distinct forms of cells. Zooecial cells elongated or rhomboidal. distinct.
Thyrostome [aperture] arched above, with a sinus in the lower lip. Ooecial cells
[gonoecia] much larger than the zooecia, elongate, pyriform or oval, with a hrnad
aperture and a perforated area in front." (Maplestone.)
Genotype. — D'nno-rphocclla (Adeonella) triton MacGillivray, 1895. Miocene.
The other known species of this genus are :
Dimorphocella pyriformis Maplestone, 1903. Miocene.
Dimorphocella porfmarina Maplestone, 1903. Recent.
FIG. 170. — Genus Dimorphocella Maplestone, 11303.
A, B. Dimorphocella triton MacGillivray, 1895. A. Group of zooecia, including gonoeeia.
B. Normal zooecia. (A, B after MacGillivray, 1S95.)
0. Dimorphocella jiortmnriitu Maplestonc, 1903. Group of zooecia, X 24. (After Maple-
stone, 1903.)
According to the definition and examination of the figures the ordinary zooecin
have no ascopores, whereas the. gonoecia are provided with them. On the recent
species Dimorphocella port-marina there are some ascopores on tlje two kinds of
zooecia. Further studv is therefore necessary to establish the validity of this genii-;.
Genus LAMINOPORA Michelin, 1842.
1842. Laminopora MICHELIN, Magasiu de Zoologie, pi. 3.
The apertura is very elongate; the anter is semielliptical ; the poster bears a
long, rounded rimule; two small cardelles separate the two latter parts; the oper-
culum bears two lateral denticles articulating on the cardelles. The frontal is a
tremocyst with pores not stellate. The gonoecia have no special form. 13-15
tentacles.
Genotype. — Laminopora contorts Michelin. 1842. Recent.
Gemellipora arbmcula Calvet. 1907, belongs to this genus.
572
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Family PHYLACTELLIDAE Canu and Bassler, 1917.
The ovicell is recumbent ; its orifice is very large and closed by a special
operculum. " The larvae are large
and more fully developed within the
ovicell than is usual ; the corona and
cilia are very distinct."
In 1900 Waters J
larva of PJiylactella.
FIG. 171. — Larva of Phylactellidae.
A, B. Phylactella labiata Smitt, 1867. Two views of
the large larva in the ovicell, X 85, showing the larva
to be more fully developed than in other bryozoa.
Hincks, but he has not completely defined it.
discovered the
It is quite dis-
tinct from all others in its form and
its large dimensions, and evidently it
characterizes a special family. The
principal genus was outlined by
A. Phvlactella
B. Perigastrella
C Hemicyclopora
D. Mastieophora
E. Schizobathysella f Lauenipora G. Ascosia H. Temachia
FIG. 172. Genera of the family Pbylactellidae Canu nud Bassler, 1917.
A. Phylactella labrosa Busk, 1852, X 30. Recent.
B. Perigastrella hexagonalis, new species, X 20. Jacksoniau of North Carolina.
C. Hemicyclopora parajuncta Canu and Bassler, 1917, X 20. Jacksonian of South Carolina.
D. Ufastigophora hyndmanni Johnston, 1847, X 30. Recent.
E. SchizobatJtysella saccifera Canu and Bassler. 3917, X 20. Jacksonian of North Carolina.
F. Lagenipora socialis Hincks, 1877, X 25. Recent.
G. Ascosia pandora Jullien, 1SS2, X 10. Recent.
H. Temachia opulenta Jullien, 1881, X 8.5. Recent.
1 1900, Waters, Bryozoa from Franz Josef Land, Journal Linnean Society London, Zoology, vol. 28, p. 90,
pi. 12, figs. 3, 4.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
573
The special ovicell which Waters called recumbent is placed on the distal
part of the zooecium itself between the apertura and the distal zooecium. Viewed
laterally it appears attached like a sack on the back of a porter. Evidently it is
also more or less supported on the distal zooecium, but frequently it is completely
separated from it. In its form, position, and large opening it is eminently adapted
to the size of the larvae.
We know but little of the opercular system. The three opercula which we
know have been figured by Waters.
The determination of the species presents some difficulties. The tremopores
and the areolae are very small ; they become obliterated quite easily and the true
nature of the frontal is diffi-
culty discernible.
For the classification of
the genera we apply always
the same principal functions,
working of the operculum.
compensatrix, calcification.
This classification may not al-
ways be definite, nor complete
for we have only fossil forms
at our disposition.
Generally the ancestrula
is a very small zooecium pro-
vided with a very large ellip-
tical aperture.
Genus PHYLACTELLA Hincks, 1880.
1880. Phylactella HINCKS,
British Marine Poly-
zoa, p. 356.
FIG. 173.— Genus Phylactdla Hincks, 1880.
A, B. Phylactdla labrosa Busk, 1852. Two groups of zooe-
cia, X 30. (After Hincks, 1880.)
C. Operculum, X 85.
D. Phylactdla punctigera Waters, 1899. Operculum, X 85.
(C, D after Waters, 1899.)
The apertura is more or
less circular; it bears either a
lyrule or some cardelles. The
thick band of the operculum is
at a small distance from the edge. The apertura is surrounded by a peristoruie
more or less funnel-shaped; the peristome is interrupted distally and replaced by
a small tongue. The frontal is a tremocyst with very fine pores. No spines.
Genotype.- — Phylactella labrosa Busk, 1852.
Range. — Jacksonian — Recent.
The fossil species of this genus are :
Phylactella (Lepralia) ttrfnceps Reuss, 1865, Chattian of Germany.
Phylactella porosa MacGillivray, 1895, Miocene of Australia.
The recent species are:
Phylactella (Lepralia) labrosa Busk, 1852.
574 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Phylactella (Leprnlia) collaris Norman, 1866.
Phylactella (Lepralia) eximia Hincks, 1877.
Phylactella punctigera Waters. 1899.
Phylactella columnaris Kirkpatrick, 1888.
PHYLACTELLA INFUNDIBULUM Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 71, figs. 24-20.
1917. PhylactcUa infundttmlum CANU and BASSLEB, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary
Cueilostome Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 67, pi. 6. fig. 2.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts other bryozoa. The zooecia are large,
distinct, elongated, oval; the frontal is quite convex; it is formed of a tremocyst
with very small pores separated from each other by fine granules. The.apertura
is formed of a large semicircular anter, separated by two cardelles from a very
concave poster; the peristome is long, tubular, depressed in front, and interrupted
behind by a wide distal tongue; the peristomie forms a sort of funnel around
the apertura. The ovicell is large, salient, globular, finely porous and granular;
it is hyperstomial, recumbent, and it opens into the peristomie.
.. „ . fZs=1.25mm.
Measurements. — Apertura <7 _.,- ,.1f. Zooecia 7 _ _n
Ua=0.16-0.17 mm. lfe=0.72 mm.
This superb species is unfortunately quite rare.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (rare).
C'otypes.—Csit. No. 62607, U.S.N.M.
PHYLACTELLA PARVICOLLUM, new species.
Plate 72, fig. 9.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are distinct, elongated,
elliptical or oval; the frontal is convex and formed of a tremocyst with very small
pores separated by small salient granulations. The apertura is orbicular; it is
formed of a large anter separated by two small cardelles from a small concave
and finely denticulated poster; the peristome is small, little salient, often inter-
rupted .distally by a small salient tongue.
(ha=0.l5mm. „ • \Ls=O.GOmm.
Measurements.- — Apertura 7 ni!. Zooecia 7
|/a=0.1o mm. |/.J=0.45-0.oOmm.
Affinities. — This charming species is unfortunately rare and we have not had
the good fortune to discover the ovicell.
It differs from Phylactella infundibulum in its micrometric dimensions, which
are twice as small. On the other hand, its zooecial length, 0.60 mm., is much
greater than that of Phylactella parvicella (Ls=OAO mm.).
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington, North
Carolina (rare).
Holotype.—CsLi. No. 64192. U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EAJRLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 575
PHYLACTELLA PARVICELLA. new species.
Plate 71, fig. 27.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa. The zooecia are relatively small,
short, distinct, elliptical ; the frontal is convex and formed of a tremocyst with very
small pores separated by very minute granules. The apertura is elliptical; the
peristome is thin, salient, complete.
,, . JArt=0.10mm. „ . f 7,3=0.40 mm.
Measurements. — Apertura i, „.,_ Zooecia 7 .. __
Utf,=0.10 mm. Uz=0.30 mm.
Affinities, — This is the smallest of our Phylactella; it is therefore easy to de-
termine. Unhappily, only the figured specimen has been found, so we are ignorant
of the ovicell.
Occurrence.. — -Middle Jacksonian : Baldock, Barnwell County, South Carolina
(very rare).
Holotype.—Czt. No. 64191, U.S.N.M.
PHYLACTELLA CRIBRATA, new species.
Plate 96, fig. 10.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa. The zooecia are elongated, dis-
tinct, ovoid ; the frontal is convex and formed of a tremocyst with numerous pores
in quincunx. The apertura is suborbicular, oblique, little visible exteriorly; the
peristome is thin, complete, salient, bearing on its proximal border a wide salient
mucro, placed facing the orifice of the ovicell. The ovicell is small, transverse,
smooth; it is hyperstomial and recumbent. A triangular avicularium somewhat
salient, the point directed toward the top, is placed laterally on a single extremity
of the transversal axis of the zooecia.
JAa=0.16mm. . / 7,2=0.65-0.75 mm.
Measurements.— Apertura ] , .,„ Zooeciai, . .- ,. ...
Ua— O.lSmm. l?c=0.40-0.45mm.
Affinities. — This species is very well characterized by its sieve-like frontal of
tremopores, larger than ordinary, and by its lateral avicularium.
It is to be noted that most of the known Phylactella have an aperture whose
diameter is close to. 0.15-0.17 mm. The genus is a perfectly natural one.
Phylactella (Lepralia) tubiceps Eeuss, 1865, of the German Rupelian, is quite
close on account of the size of its tremopores and in the presence of an avicularium ;
it differs from it solely in the absence of a peristomie, an exterior which has given
the name to the European species.
Upon examination of more numerous specimens it may be that the two species
will be recognized as identical.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian ("Chimney rock" of Marianna limestone) : One mile
north of Monroeville, Alabama (rare).
Holotype.—Cat. No. 64310, U.S.N.M.
576
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genus PERIGASTRELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Perigastrella CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilostorne
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 68.
The apertura is semicircular. The band of the operculum is on the border.
The frontal is surrounded by one or two rows of small areolae ; it is formed of an
olocyst supporting a smooth or finely granular pleurocyst. Spines.
Genotype.- — Perigastrella (Lepralia) labiata Boeck. 1861.
Range. — Lutetian — Recent.
The recent species are:
Perigastrella (Lepralia) labiata Boeck, 1861.
Perigastrella (Lepralia) contracta Waters, 1899.
The fossil species are :
Perigastrella (Mucronella) semi-
erecta Koschinsky, 1885.
Perigastrella (Lepralia) grotriani
Stoliczka, 1862.
PERIGASTRELLA ANSATA, new species.
Plate 14, figs. 18, 19.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts
shells. The zooecia are distinct, short,
little elongated; the frontal is con-
vex and formed of an olocyst per-
forated laterally by widely spaced
areolae and surmounted by a finely
granular pleurocyst. The apertura
is formed of a large ogival anter and
of a concave poster; the peristome
is little salient, very thin, with an in-
ferior lip salient or somewhat de-
pressed on the frontal. The ovicell is small, recumbent, little salient and hyper-
stomial. On the peristome itself there are sometimes two small, round avicularia.
FIG. 174. — Genus Perigastrella Canu and Bassler, 1917
A-E. Perigastrella contracta Waters, 1899. A. Zooe-
cia, X 25. B, C. Operculum and apertura, X 85.
(A-C after Waters, 1899.) D, E. Zooecia and apertura.
(After Norman, 1909.)
„, a
Measurements.— Apertura
mm.
=0 J2_0-14 mm.
„ . \Lz= 0.40 mm.
ZooeciaU=0.30-0.34mm.
The form of the apertura, like the handle of a basket, is rather characteristic.
Widely spaced areolae have not been observed in any other species. The olocyst
and the detachable pleurocyst are clearly visible on figure 19.
Occurrence. — Claiborniaii (Gosport sand) : One mile southwest of Rockville,
Clarke County, Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.— €at. No. 63853, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EAKLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 577
PERIGASTRELLA HEXAGONALIS. new species.
Plate 72, fig. 10.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa. The zooecia are large, distinct,
hexagonal; the frontal is little concave and surrounded by a double row of quite
crowded areolae ; it is formed of a granular pleurocyst. The apertura is transverse,
oblique, trapezoid, little visible exteriorly; the peristome is little salient, oblique
with an inferior lip in the form of a mucro, which is elevated and prominent. The
ovicell is small, transverse, globular, granular; it is hyperstomial and recumbent.
,, |Aa=O.OS-0.10mm. . [Z,3=0.80mii..
Measurements.— Apertura Zooecia 7 A _A
- Us=0.70-0.80mm.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (rare).
Holotype.—Czt. No. 64193, U.S.N.M.
PERIGASTRELLA RHOMBOIDALIS, new species.
Plate 72, fig. 11.
Description. — The zoarium is bilamellar; the two lamellae, back to back, are
inseparable. The zooecia are distinct, large, elongated, rhomboid 'al; the frontal
is convex, surrounded by a double line of small triangular areolae and formed of
a finely granular pleurocyst. The peristomice is semilunar, transverse, complete,
with a concave proximal border; the peristome is thin, sharp, little salient. The
ovicell is small, transverse, little salient, finely granular; it is always closed by the
operculum.
-., fha=0.l6mm. „ . \Lz= 1.00-1.20 mm
Mcamrements. — Apertura \ 7 Zooecia 7
Ua=0.22-0.24 mm. Us=0.60-O.SOmm.
Affinities. — The figured specimen only has been found. It appears to repre-
sent a type rather divergent in the genus. We believe in making a new genus only
when the material is sufficient.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (very rare).
Holotype.— Cat.' No. G4104, U.S.N.M.
PERIGASTRELLA CYCLORIS Gabb and Horn, 18C2.
Plate 72. figs. 12-14.
1862. Cellcpnra cyclorig GABB and HORN, Monograph Polyzoa Secondary and Tertiary forma-
tions of North America, Journal Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, ser. 2.
vol. 5, p. 127, pi. 19, fig. 9.
1890. Ccllepnra cycloris DE GREGORIO, Monograph Fauna Eocenique de 1'Alabama, Annales
Geologie et Paleontologie, Livr. 7 and 8, p. 247, pi. 43, fig. 1.
Desc/ription. — The zoarium incrusts shells and bryozoa. The zooecia are dis-
tinct, large, hexagonal ; the frontal is very convex and surrounded by a triple
row of very small areolae; it is formed of a smooth or very finely granular pleu-
55899— 19— Bull. 106 - 37
578 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
rocyst. The apertura is hidden at the base of a- large peristomie; it is transverse
(interior) and formed of a semielliptical anter separated by two small cardelles
from a somewhat concave poster; the peristome is very salient, thin; its distal
part supports eight spines ; its proximal part bears a wide, very salient mucro per-
pendicular to the zooecial plane or depressed on the frontal. The ovicell is small,
salient, globular, smooth; it is hyperstomial and recumbent.
| /ta=0.12 mm. „ • f £2=0.80-1.00 mm.
Measurements. — Apertura i, Zrooecia,, _ -,. ft QA
Uo=0.14-0.18 mm. I Iz=0.i0-v.b0 mm.
Affinities. — This large and beautiful species has been known for a long time.
The transversal schematic section of a zooecium given by Gabb and Horn is per-
fectly exact. The labial mucro is placed in such a position that our photographs
can not show their important saliency.
The operculum may never close the ovicell.
This species differs from Pcriyastrc-Tla semierecta Koschinsky, 1885. in its
larger dimensions (Ls=0.80 and not 0.70 mm.) and the different disposition of
the labial mucro.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Wilmington, North Carolina (common);
near Lenuds Ferry. South Carolina (very rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : West bank Sepulga River, Escambia
County, Alabama (rare).
Pte&iotypes.—CnA. No. 04195, TT.S.N.M.
PERIGASTRELLA OSCITANS. new species.
Plate 72, figs. 15-18.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells, often over a very large surface.
The zooecia are distinct, elongated, elliptical; the frontal is convex and surrounded
by a line of round or triangular areolae; it is formed of a granular pleurocyst.
The apertura (interior) is oblique, transverse, trapezoid; the peristomie, rather
deep, often bears two or three very prominent denticles; the peristome is thin,
salient, complete; it bears six spines on its distal part and the proximal part is
a wide salient mucro. erect, and partially hiding the apertura. The ovicell is
• small, transverse, salient, very widely open ; its pleurocyst does not entirely cover
the olocyst, thus leaving a very apparent frontal area.
[Art— 0.08 mm. . f£z= 0.60-0.70 mm
Measurements. — Apertura \, Aooeciai, „ OA „ ...
(la=O.OS-0.lO mm. 1/2=0.30-0.40 mm.
Variations. — It is difficult to find good specimens of this species, for they are
easily altered by fossilization ; the apertura is always more or less closed by the
calcareous deposit. AATe have succeeded, however, in preparing a superb specimen
(fig. 15) in the vicinity of the ancestrula; the areolae are there quite small and the
labial mucro is much attenuated. The more habitual aspect of the species is that
of our figure 10.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 579
On the well-preserved specimens (notably those from Wilmington), by inclining
the preparation, we can see in the peristomie two or three salient denticles of whose
physiologic significance we are ignorant.
The frontal is often smooth (fig. 17).
The orifice of the ovicelled zooecia has somewhat the aspect of a human mouth
opened to yawn.
Affinities. — This species is distinguished from Perigastrella elegans l>y its large
general dimensions and the absence of three rows of areolar pores.
It is distinguished from Perigastrella ovoidea in the elliptical form of its
zooecia, its lesser zooecial length (Zs=0.70 and not 0.80 mm.), its less convex
frontal, its wider and larger ovicell with two quite visible lamellae.
It is distinguished from Pemgaxtrella plana in its smaller micrometric dimen-
sions (fe = 0.40 and not 0.50-0.60 mm.) and in its pleurocyst, which is complete
instead of being lateral only.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (rare).
Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (common); 3} miles south
of Perry, Georgia (rare) ; 12 miles southeast of Marshallville. Georgia (rare) : Rich
Hill, Crawford County, Georgia (rare) ; Eutaw Springs. South Carolina (rare) ;
one-half mile southeast of Georgia Kaolin Company Mine, Twiggs County. Georgia
(rare) ; 17 miles northeast of Hawkinsville, Georgia.
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : West bank of Scpulga River, Escambia
County, Alabama (rare) ; old factory. H miles above Bainbridge, Georgia (rare).
f'ofypes.— Cat. No. 64196, U.S.N3L
PERIGASTRELLA ELEGANS, new spcciea.
Plate 73, fig. 1.
Description. — The zoarium incru^ls shells. The zooecia are distinct, a little
elongated, small, elliptical; the frontal is convex and surrounded by two or three
rows of round or triangular areolar pores; it is formed of a very finely granular
pleurocyst. The apertura is deep, trapezoid ; the peristome is complete, thin, salient :
its inferior lip is a very salient mucro. hiding somewhat the apertura or depressed
on the frontal. The ovicell is very small, little salient, and formed of a pleurocyst
and an olocyst which are distinct from each other.
Aa=0.08mm. . \ £.2=0.55 mm.
'cialZ,=0.30-0.35 mm.
Affinities. — This elegant species much resembles PerigaxtreUa oscitans in the
absence of decided characters and appears to be a minor variety of it. It differs
from it in its much smaller micrometric dimensions, less than 0.55 mm., in its
smoother ovicell, and its three rows of areolar pores.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Baldock, Barnwell County, South Carolina
(rare).
Holotype.—Cnt. No. 64197. U.S.N.M.
580 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
PERIGASTRELLA OVOIDEA Canu and Hassk-r, 1917.
Plate 73, figs. 2-4.
1917. Perigastrella ovoidea CANU and BASSLEK, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilo-
stome Bryozoa, Bulletin 9C, United States National Museum, p. 68, pi. 6, fig. 8.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are distinct, elongated,
large, ovoid; the frontal is very convex, bordered by very small areolar pores and
formed of a very finely granular pleurocyst almost smooth, The apertura, almost
invisible exteriorly, is trapezoidal and oblique; the peristomie is deep; the peristome
is very oblique and bears six to eight spines; it is sometimes interrupted in front,
but more often it bears a salient mucro, oblique or erect, hiding more or less the
apertura ; there is a small lyrula in the apertura. The ovicell is small, salient,
globular, almost entirely detached from the distal zooecium ; it is hyperstomial and
recumbent; its frontal is finely granular like the zooecja. The ancestrula is very
small, but identical in form with the other zooecia.
,, |Aa=0.05mm. „ . fZ2=0.75-O.SOmm.
Measurements. — Apertura 7 Zooecia , __-
Ua=0.08-0.10 mm. Us=0.50 mm.
x. — This beautiful species is quite recognizable by its very large zooecial
convexity. It differs from Perigastrella semierecta Koschinsky, 1885, in the presence
of spines and in its somewhat larger dimensions.
It differs from Perigastrella oscitans in its very small and nearly invisible
areolae, its large frontal convexity, and its peristomice, three times smaller, and
in its oral lyrula.
It also resembles the ancestrular zooecia of Perigastrella cycloris Gabb and
Horn, 1862, but differs in the apertura, which bears a lyrula and no cardelles.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (common).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Plant System Railroad wharf at Bain-
bridge, Georgia (common) ; Old Factory, 1| miles above Bainbridge, Georgia
(rare)* Keel Bluff, on Flint River, 7 miles above Bainbridge, Georgia (rare) : west
bank Sepulga River, Escambia County, Alabama (rare) ; Chipola River, east of
Marianna Jackson County, Florida (very rare).
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Well, Escambia County, Alabama.
Cotypes.—Czt. No. 62613, U.S.N.M.
PERIGASTRELLA MAXILLA, new species.
Plate 73, figs. 5-7.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells and other bryozoa. The zooecia are
distinct, short, ovoid, erect; the frontal is very convex, almost smooth, surrounded
by minute areolae, revealed only by some scarcely visible roughnesses. The aper-
tura is deep, oblique, trapezoid, with a straight or somewhat convex proximal
border; the peristomie is tubular, large; it is terminated by a peristome with
usually eight spines and by a very large, rounded, salient, erect mucro, exposing
to view the apertura and almost invariably depressed on the frontal. The ovicell
NORTH AMERICAN EARIA' TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 581
is transverse, globular, salient, and formed of a pleurocyst on an olocyst ; it is
hyperstomial, recumbent, and somewhat supported on the distal zooecium.
i/ifl.=0.06mm. . ( Ls—O.GOmm.
Measurements. — Apertura 7 /ooecia- 7
l/a—0.12 mm. I fe=0.36-0.40 mm.
Variations. — The mucro arises just in front of the orifice of the ovicell; its
size depends strangely enough on the development of the ovicell. But its aspect
is very irregular; sometimes it is erect (fig. 5). Sometimes it appears as depressed
on the frontal (fig. 6). The greater part of the time the frontal appears smooth
and the areolae are discernible only on perfect and very well cleaned specimens.
Affinities. — This species differs from Periijastrclla ovoid ea in its small dimen-
sions (Ls=O.GO and not 0.80 mm.), in the absence of lyrula, in the aperturn, and
in its larger ovicell.
It differs from Periffastrella t)'(tj>ezoiih'<i, /'. th'/u'cssa, and P. rectilineata,
whose aspect is equally smooth, in its more convex frontal, and especially in the
great development of its peristomie and its labial mucro.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Rich Hill. Crawford County, Georgia (rare) ;
18 miles west of Wrightsville, Johnson County, Georgia (rare).
es.—Cat. Nos. 64198, 64199, TJ.S.KM.
PERIGASTRELLA TRAPEZOIDEA, new species.
Plate 73. figs. 8, 0.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa and shells. The zooecia are dis-
tinct, somewhat elongated, irregularly hexagonal; the frontal is little convex,
without distinct exterior peristomie. surrounded by a double line of very small
areolae and formed of a finely granular pleurocyst. The apertura is trapezoidal,
visible exteriorly, sometimes a little deformed by the mucro; the peristome is
little salient ; it bears six to eight spines on its distal part and a wide mucro erect,
projecting in the form of a proximal lip. The ovicell is globular, salient, trans-
verse, somewhat supported on the distal zooecium, finely granulated; it is hyper-
stomial and recumbent.
fA<z=0.06mm. „ . fZs=0.50mm.
Measurements. — Apertura 7 -,, Zooecia<, . n „ ,,„
[la=0.lO mm. [73=0.40-0.50 mm.
Variations. — The areolae and the frontal granulations are so small that the
zooecia often seem nearly smooth. The tongue, which serves as a mucro, is gen-
erally erect and very prominent just in front of the orifice of the ovicell, but
often it is somewhat oblique and partially hides the apertura.
Affinities.- — This species differs from Periyastrella oscitans in its less elongated
zooecia, its much smaller granulations, its ovicell with no distinct and visible
olocyst, and in its very small, scarcely visible areolae.
The difference from P< ri<i<ixtrcUa ma.i'illa- is little apparent in superficial
observation. It differs from it in its less elevated zooecia, its natter frontal, its
mucro never depressed on the frontal, and chiefly in the absence of an exteriorly
visible peristomie.
582 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
It differs from Perigastrella depressa, of which it has the zooecial form and
general appearance, in the presence of its spines, in its frontal granulations, and in
its labial mucro.
The difference between it and ILinicuclopora parajuncta is quite small; it
differs from it, however, in its visible areolae. its much larger labial mucro, and
in its frontal granulations.
It differs from Perigastrella ovoidca in its smaller dimensions. (Ls=0.50 and
not 0.75 mm.) and in its transversal and trapezoidal apertura.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (common);
near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (common).
C'otypes.—Cnt. No. fi4200. U.S.N.M.
PERIGASTRELLA DEPRESSA, new species.
Plate 73. figs. 10-13.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa and shells. The zooecia are
very little elongated, distinct, irregularly hexagonal ; the frontal is little convex,
bordered by very small areolae, and formed of a nearly smooth pleurocyst detach-
able from the subjacent olocyst. The apertura is semilunar, transverse, with a
straight or slightly convex proximal border; the peristome is scarcely salient; its
proximal border is depressed, never salient, sometimes inclined toward the aper-
tura. The ovicell is large, smooth, partially fixed to the distal zooecium: its orifice
is little visible exteriorly.
,, {^,7=0.06-0.08 mm. . {7^=0.50 mm.
Measurement*. — Apertura i, „,„ nl /ooecium ,
Ua=0.l2-0.l4 mm. Ife=0.40-0.o0 mm.
Variations. — The zooecial form of this species is rather variable and can not
serve for determination. The areolae are invisible most of the time ; only the
perfect specimens are provided with them. But the essential characters of this
species are easy to recognize : orifice of the ovicell invisible, entire absence of salient
labial mucro.
Affinities. — This species much resembles Perigastrella trapezoidea; it differs
from it in its still flatter frontal, in the absence of a salient labial mucro, and in its
almost smooth zooecia.
It differs from Hemicyclopora parajuncta in its areolae, sometimes Visible, in
the absence of labial mucro, and in its ovicell, which is better attached, more fixed
to the distal zooecium.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (common) ; near
Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare).
Gotypes.—C&t. No. 64201, U.S.N.M.
PERIGASTRELLA RECTILINEATA. new species.
Plate 73, figs. 14-19.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells and bryozoa; the zooecia are disposed
in linear rows. The zooecia are distinct, elongated, elliptical ; the frontal is smooth,
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 583
surrounded by a line of minute areolae: it is convex transversely and concave longi-
tudinally. The a pert ura is little visible exteriorly, transverse, semielliptical with
a proximal border slightly convex: the peristome is very little salient and bears
six distal spines; its proximal lip is a little salient palette more or less oblique;
partially hiding the apertura, and whose lateral borders are straight. The ovicell
is globular, smooth, salient, fixed in part on the distal zooecium: it is hyperstomial
and recumbent: its orifice is rarely visible exteriorly.
,, |^« = 0.0. ,
Measurements. — Apertura , 7 Zooecia 7
(to=O.OS-0.12 mm. lfe=0.30 mm.
T ariations. — The zooecia grouped in long, linear, adjacent series, characterize
quite well this species (fig. 19) ; however, many zoaria have their zooecia regularly
disposed in quincunx (figs. 16, 17).
The areolae are rarely visible; the aspect of the frontal is then absolutely
smooth. However, after brushing and washing with patience some specimens,
we have been able to discover the areolae: they are extremely small, but their
reality is not to be doubted. At the extremity of the large zoaria the zooecia are
rather large.
This species may easily be recognized at first glance by the peculiar disposition
of its labial mucro; it has straight borders and is clearly detached on the wider
apertura, which appears thus ornamented laterally with two sorts of linear or
circular opesiules.
In the interior the olocyst presents some kinds of fibers radiating from the
apertura (fig. 18).
On one specimen we have observed a membraniporoid ancestrula.
Affiniti 's. — In its smooth zooecia it resembles flemicyc7v/>ii/ii />i//'iijini<-t(t; it
differs from it in its smaller zooecia (Zs=0.30 and not 0.50 mm.), never longi-
tudinally concave, in larger labial mucro, and in being bordered by false opesiules.
It differs from Perigastrella depressa in its smaller zooecia (Zs=0.40 and not
0.50 mm.), in the presence of a labial mucro. and in its much more convex frontal.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (rare).
Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington. North Carolina (common).
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain, 5 miles south of Jack-
son, Alabama (rare) : 1 mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (rare).
Cott/pes.—Cnt. Nos. 64202, 64203. U.S.X.M.
PERIGASTRELLA PLANA, new species.
Plate 100, figs. 18-21.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are distinct, elongated,
rather large, oval; the frontal is almost flat, bordered by a double row of small
prominent areolae and formed of a smooth or granular pleurocyst. The apertura
is semielliptical, transverse, with a straight, finely crenulated proximal border;
the peristome is complete, salient, thick; it bears six distal spines and a wide, convex.
salient, oblique, labial mucro. The ovicell is salient, transverse : its orifice is quite
584 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
visible exteriorly and placed just in front of the labial mucro; it is hyperstomial,
recumbent, somewhat supported on the distal zooecium; it is smooth and formed
like the frontal of an olocyst under a pleurocyst.
SHORT HEXAGONAL ZOOECIA.
rZs=0.60mm.
„ .
Zooedafa=0.4<W>.50 mm.
LONG ZOOECIA.
\hft-O.Wmm. „ . \Lz= 0.64-0.70 mm.
Apertura •, ~ , . /ooecia , A EA „ cr.
Vrt=0.14 mm. lis=0.50-0.60 mm.
Variations. — The exterior peristomie is little visible by the illumination from
above in our figures; it is more accentuated under the microscope by illumination
from below. The young zooecia have a complete peristome (figs. 20, 21) and the
areolae are quite visible. On old zooecia the pleurocystal calcification is intense in
the vicinity of the areolae, so that the zooecia appear to be surrounded by a wide
collar (figs. 18, 19). Sometimes in the interior of the peristomie there are two
or three denticles; their fragility is perhaps the cause of their rarity.
Affinities. — The greater affinities of this species are with Pcrigastrella oscifans,
and near the ancestrula confusion is possible. Perlgastrella plana differs from it
in its greater width (7.3=0.40-0.60 and not 0.30-0.40 mm.) ; in the oval, nonellip-
tical form of the zooecia. and in the proximal border of the crenulated apertura.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : West bank Conecuh River,
Escambia County, Alabama (rare) : Murder Creek, east of Castlebury. Conecuh
County, Alabama (common) ; near Claiborne Monroe County, Alabama (very com-
mon) ; one mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (very common) ; Salt Mountain,
five miles south of Jackson, Alabama (common).
Vicksburgian (Byram marl) : Byram, Mississippi (rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. Nos. 63918, 64324, U.S.N.M.
PERIGASTRELLA? COSTIFERA, new species.
Plate 100, figs. 12-17.
Description. — The zoarium is incrusting cylostome bryozoa. The zooecia are.
distinct, elongated, fusiform, provided at their extremity with a long exterior
peristomie; the frontal is somewhat convex and bordered laterally with widely
spaced areolae ; it is formed of a pleurocyst with interareolar costulcx more or less
long. The apertura, invisible exteriorly, appears orbicular and oblique. The
peristomice is irregular, oblique, with four distal spines. The ovicell is small,
hyperstomial, recumbent, opening into the peristome.
f/:s=0.35-0.45mm.
Affinities. — On account of its orbicular orifice and its large peristomie. this
ies may l>e classed approximately in Lagenipora Hincks, 18SO. Waters, in 1899,
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 585
limited this genus to only those species whose ovicell is provided with a cribriform
area. We are ignorant of the physiologic significance of this area, and we are
nimble to discuss the subject from a study of more or less well-preserved fossil forms.
This species differs from Perigastrella tulmlosa, which is also provided with
a long peristomie, in its iuterareolar costules. and in its smaller micrometric dimen-
sions (Z2=0.45 and not 0.65 mm.).
Perig'astreUa grotiani Reuss, 1865, is also provided with an exterior tubular
peristomie, but our species differs in its more scattered areolae and in the presence
of interareolar costules.
It is to be noted that this species does not spread out into flabelliform zoaria.
We- have observed it only on very narrow substrata, such as would be offered by
the cyclostome bryozoa. It is not possible to comprehend how a wide substratum
is capable of destroying larvae; we must therefore admit that a larva is capable
of choosing its substratum, which is marvelous in the obscure depths of the sea.
Such symbiosis is frequent everywhere in the bryozoa.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : West bank of Conecuh
River, Escambia County, Alabama (common) ; Murder Creek, east of Castlebury,
Alabama (very rare).
Cotypes.—G&i. No. 64323, U.S.N.M.
PERIGASTRELLA? TUBULOSA, new species.
Plate 74, fig. 1.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are distinct, long,
lageniform; the frontal is very convex, smooth, surrounded by very fine areolae.
The apertura is deep, suborbicular, and formed of a large semilunar anter separated
by two small cardelles from a very concave poster; the peristome bears six distal
spines. The ovicell is smooth, globular, salient; it, is hyperstomial. recumbent,
opening largely in the peristomie; it is surrounded by a very little salient collar.
,. .. . .
Measurements. — Apertura , /ooeciai, n
\la— 0.13mm. ife=0.30mm.
Affinities. — This species presents all the characters which would permit its
classification in Lagcnipora Hincks, 1888. However, its ovicell is not placed as
in Lagenipora socinlis Hincks, 1877, and does not bear the cribriform area noted
by Waters. On the other hand, the apertura with cardelles is a little different
from the semielliptical apertura of the other species of Perigastrella. Finally the
peristomiale is not free, which was u fundamental character according to Hincks.
The generic place of this species is therefore doubtful.
It differs from Perigastrella.'* cost if era of the same lageniform group in its
zooecial size (Ls=O.Go and not 0.45 mm.) and in its smooth frontal.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola River, east of
Marianna, Jackson County, Florida (common).
Holotypc.—C&t. No. 64204, U.S.N.M.
586 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genus HEMICYCLOPORA Norman, 1894.
1S94. Hcmicyclopora NORMAN, A Month on the Trondhjem Fiord, Annals and Magazine
Natural History, ser. <>, vol. 13, p. 124.
The ovici-11 is recumbent. The apertura is provided with very low cardelles
and formed of a large anter and of a small concave poster. The frontal is smooth
and formed of an olocyst. Spines.
Genotype. — Hemicyclopora (Lepralia) polita Hincks, 1880.
Range. — Hel vet i an — Recent.
Another known recent species is flemicydopora (Lepralia) labiosa Jullien,
1903.
The only known fossil species is Hemicyclopora o'beliscus Manzoni, 1875.
HEMICYCLOPORA PARAJUNCTA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate T4, figs. 2. 3.
1917. Hcmiciicloponi purajuncta CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary
Cueilostorne P.ryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 69. pi. 6, fig. 6.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are distinct, some-
what elongated, ogival; the frontal is somewhat convex and absolutely smooth.
The apertura is oblique, suborbicnlar; the peristome bears 8 distal spines and a
proximal small mucronoid lip. The ovicell is globular, very salient, smooth, very
little joined to the distal zooecium; it is recumbent, hyperstomial.
f/i«=0.10mm. . [7,2=0.50-0.55 mm.
Measurements. — Apertura 1 7 „ „„ /jooecia,, A ,A -. KK
Ua=0.09 mm. lfe=0.40-0.5o mm.
Affinities. — This species offers the exterior aspect of Pci-i<i<ixtn'Jl<t with very
small areolae which generally appear smooth.
It differs from Perigastrella depresfta in the presence of the small labial
mucro and in its ovicell almost completely detached from the distal zooecium.
It, differs from Per'ujaxtreTla trapezoidea in the absence of areolae and in its
much smaller ovicell more detached from the distal zooecium.
Occurrence. — Middle. Jacksonian : Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (com-
mon).
Cotypes.—C&t. No. 62610, U.S.N.M.
Genus MASTIGOPHORA Hincks, 1880.
1880. Mastigopliora HINCKS, British Marine Polyzoa, p. 278.
The ovicell is small and recumbent. The apertura is semilunar; its proximal
border is straight and bears a rimule elongated and rounded. The frontal is a
tremocyst with small pores placed on an olocyst. Vibracula.
Genotype. — Mastigophora ht/ndmanni Johnston, 1S4T, and Mastigophora
(Flustra) dutertrei Savigny-Audouin, 1826. Lutetian — Recent.
The fossil species of this genus are :
Pachycraspedoum zittcll Koschinsky, 1885.
Pachycraspedoum lautum Koschinsky, 1885.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 587
MASTIGOPHORA HYNDMANNI Johnston. 1847. ,
Plate 74, fin. 10.
Zoological bibliography.
1847. f.rpralia hynilnianni JOHNSTON, History of British Zoophytes, ed. 2. p. 306.
isls. l/irciitin lii/niliii<niiii (JiiAv. Catalogue British Museum, Animals, vol. 1. p. 122.
1852. Lcpralia In/ nd HI mini LANOSROROUGH, History of British Zoophytes, p. 306.
1854. LcprnUa liiiinlinnnni BUSK, Catalogue Marine Polyzoa in British Museum, vol. 2. p. 74.
1868. Lcpralitt lii/inliiiiiiiii! NORMAN, Shetland Final Dredging Rep't, 3Sth Meeting British
Association, p. 307.
1ST.",. Hiiipiitlioii lii/inliiiiiiiiii SMITT. Floridan Rryozoa, 2, p. 41; Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-
Akad. Handl.. vol. 11, No. 4.
1SSO. Mastigophora hj/nilmaiini HINCKS, British Marine Polyzoa, p. 281.
1880. MaKtiijoplinrn lii/inlinuniii JELLY, A Synonymic Catalogue of Marine Bryozoa, p. 141.
1903. Mastigophora liyndtniiiini JVLI.IEN and CALVET, R6sultats des Campagnes scientifiques
du Prince de Monaco. Fasc. 23. Bryozoaires provenaut des campagnes de
I'Hirondellc (1SS6-1SSS), pp. 91. 146.
1900. Kxcliariiin Jiiiniliiiniiiii NORMAN. The Polyzoa of Madeira and Neighboring Islands,
Journal Linneau Society Zoology, vol. 30, p. 302.
1911. Mastigophora lii/ii/liiniinii MMK. GUERIN-GANIVET, Bryozoaires des Cotes armor icaines,
I, Travaux Scientiflques Laboratoire Zoologie de Concarneau. vol. 3. p. 6.
Palcontitlnffical biblinr/i-nptiii.
1875. Lrpralin ci-n.txil<ibra MANZONI. I Briozoi del pliocene autico di Castrocaro, p. 25, pi. 3,
fig. 38.
IsT'.i. Li'iintliii friix.iilnbrii SKurKxzA. I.e forma/.ioui terziarie della Provincia di Reggio
(Calabria). Reale Accademia Lincei, Mem. della Classe science Fisiehe. Matemat. e
Nat., pp. 81. 202.
1893. Mastigophora ltin«linnnni NEVFANI, Seconda cont. alia conoscenza Briozoi foss. italiani,
Bolletino Societa Geologia Italiana. vol. 12, p. 25.
1900. Sc)ii:<>pon~lln lii/inlmfinni NEVIANI, Bryozoi Neozoici di alcune Localita d'ltalia, jit. 6.
Bolletino Societa Zoologia Italia, p. 9 (66).
1900. Schizoporella lii/mimanni NEVIANI, Briozoi fossili di Carrubare (Calabria), Bolletino
Societa Geologia Italiaua, vol. 23, p. 532 (30).
The operculum always closes the ovh'ell. Among the specimens found in
America, we have discovered a variation a little more elongated, which we have
figured.
It is remarkable that this species which existed on both shores of the Atlantic
at the end of the Eocene epoch no longer exists in America, even in the Gulf of
Mexico.
Occurrence. — Lower .Tacksonian: Jackson. Mississippi (rare).
Middle Jacksonian: 34 miles south of Perry, Georgia (very rare).
Vicksburgian : West bank of Conecuh River, Eseambia County, Alabama
(very rare) ; 1 mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (rare).
Geological distribution— Helvetian of Italy (Seguenza, Xeviani) of Touraine
(Cunu) ; Zanclean of Italy (Seguenza); Plaisancian of Italy (Manzoni) ; Sicilian
of Italy (Xeviani).
Habitat. — Atlantic in British waters. Ci.")-179 meters; in the British Channel;
in the Gulf of Gascony, 16G-250 meters; at the Azores, 120-130 meters; south of
Africa. Mediterranean, along the French shores.
588
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
This is a deep-water species for it has never been dredged at less than a
depth of 65 meters.
Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 64207. U.S.N.M.
MASTIGOPHORA DUTERTREI Savigny-Audouin, 1826.
Plate 74, fig. 11.
Zoological bibliography.
1809. Flustra dutertrei SAVIGNY, Zoology Egypt, pi. 9, fig. 2.
1826. Flustra dutertrei ArnouiN, Explication des planches de M. Savigny, p. 67.
FIG. 175. — Genus Mastitjoplioru Hincks. 1SSO.
A, B. ilastigophorn Injiitlmanni Johnston, 1847. A. Zooecia with tremopores. X 30. B. Zo-
ot-i'ia with ovicells, X 30.
C-F. Mastigophora dutertrei Audouin, 1826. C. Zooecia, X 30. (A-C after Hincks. 1SSO.)
D. The distal end of a zooecium, X 50. from the basal aspect after the basal surface has been
partly removed. The high hinge teeth are seen, and also the vestibular arch and the processes
springing from the latter. E. View showing the vestibular arch and also the distal margin
of the hinge teeth, which for the most part are internal, X 75. F. Operculnm, X 100. (D-F
after Levinsen, 1909.)
1852. Reptescharelliiia dutertrei D'ORBICNY, I'aleontologie Frangaise. Terr, cretaces, vol. 5,
p. 453.
1861. LepraUa woodiana BUSK, New Folyzoa at Madeira, Quarterly Journal Microscopical
Society, vol. S. p. 284.
1862. LepraUa woodiana HINCKS, Annals Magazine Natural History, ser. 3, vol. 9, sep. 2.
1868. Lcpralia, woodiana PEACH, A New British Eschara, etc., Journal Royal Instit. Corn-
wall, vol. IS, sep. 2.
1S80. Mastigophora dutertrei HINCKS, British Marine Polyzoa, p. 279.
1SS5. Mastigophora dutertrei WATERS, Cheilostoiuatous Bryozoa from Aldinga, etc. Quar-
terly Journal Geological Society London, vol. 41, p. 301.
1889. Mastigophora dutertrei JELLY, A Synonymic Catalogue of Marine Bryozoa, p. 141.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY' TERTIAEY BRYOZOA. 589
1S90. Maxtiijopliora dutertrei KIKKPATRICK, Report upon the Hydrozoa and Polyzoa col-
lected by P. W. Bassett-Smitli, during survey of the Tizard and Macelesfield hanks.
in the China Sea, Annals Magazine Natural History, ser. 6, vol. 5. p. 17.
1890. Mastiflitpliorn dutertrei ORTMANN, Die japanische Bryozoan-Fauna, Archiv fiir Naturg.,
vol. 50. pt. 1. p. 51. pi. 4, fig. 5.
1903. Mastigopliora dutertrei JULI.IEN and CALVET, Resultats des Campagnes sci. du Prince
de Monaco, Fasc. 23, Bryozoaires provenant des campagnes de VHirondelle, pp.
91, 146.
190S. Srhizopnrclta dutertrei WATERS. Report on the Marine Biology of the Sudanese Red
Sea, Journal Liunean Society London, vol. 31, p. 128.
PaJeontntogicnJ biWingrapJiy.
1S44. Millepora punctnta PIIILLIPI, Beitrage Kenntniss Tertiiirversteinerungen des nordwest-
lichen Deutschlnnds. p. 67, pi. 1, fig. 13.
1859. LeprnUa woodiana BUSK, A Monograph of the Fossil Polyzoa of the Crag, Publications
Paleontographical Society London, p. 42, pi. 7. figs. 1, 3.
1865. Lepralia aitrita REUSS. T'eber die Forarnin., Anthozoen und Bryozoen des deutscheu
St'ptarienthones, Denksch Akad. Wissensch., Wien, Abth, 1, p. 62, pi. 7, fig. 13.
1875. Lcprnlw otuptiura MANZOM (not Reiiss), I Briozoi del pliocene antico di Castrocaro,
p. 23, pi. 3, fig. 30.
1880. LeprnUa bracliHccphnla SEGUENZA, Le formazioni terziarie nelle Provincia di Reggio
(Calabrai), Reale Acad. Lincei, Mem. Classe, Sci. Fisiche, Matema, e Naturali.
pp. 82, 129.
1885. llastigopliora dutertrei WATERS. Cheilostomntous Bryozoa from Aldinga and the River
Murray Cliffs, South Australia, Quarterly Journal Royal Microscopical Society,
p. 301.
1898. ScliizoporcUa dutertrei NEVIANI, Briozoi fossili della Farnesina e Monte Ma rip presso
Roma. Paleontograiihiea Italica. Piza. vol. 1. p. 113, sep. 37.
1S9S. RcJiizoporclla dutertrei NEVIANI, Briozoi Neozoic! di alcune localita d'ltalia. Bolletino
Societa Romana JUT gli Studi Zool., p. 14.
1900. SchizoporcUa, dutertrei NEVIANI, Briozoi neogenicl delle Calabrie. Paleontograjihia
italica. vol. 6, p. 197 (S3).
The geographical distribution of this species is considerable, but, like the
preceding, it no longer exists on the American shore. However, at the end of the
Eocene, it existed on the two sides of the North Atlantic. This phenomenon is
inexplicable, all the more as the same genus is actually represented in the waters
of Florida by two species. As in the preceding, we are quite certain that the ovicell
is recumbent, placed on the distal part of the zooecium itself and that it does not
rest on the distal zooecium.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Alachua, Florida (very
rare).
Vicksburgian ("Chimney rock" member of Marianna limestone) : One mile
north of Monroeville, Alabama (rare).
Geological distribution.~-Tiupelia.Ji and Chattian of Germany (Eeuss) ; Hel-
vetian of Italy (Seguenza) : Tortonian of Italy (Seguenza) ; Plaisancian of Eng-
land (Busk), of Italy (Manzoni) ; Sicilian of Italy (Neviani).
Habitat. — Pacific, off Japan, 163 meters, and off Chili, 44 meters. Atlantic;
in British waters, 97-277 meters, at Madeira off the Azore Islands. 130 meters,
and in the British Channel. Mediterranean, and the Red Sea.
Xo. fi420S. U.S.N.M.
590 BTLLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genus SCHIZOBATHYSELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. HchizHliiitliii.tcUa CANU and BASSLER. Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilo-
stome Bryozoa, Bulletin 96. United States National Museum, p. 69.
The apertura presents on its straight proximal border a small linear rimulc.
The ovicell is recumbent and opens widely above the apertura. The frontal is a
tremocyst. The peristomie is greatly expanded and is interrupted in front by an
immense incomplete spiramen. The avicularium is vibraculoid-
Genotype. — S'cMzobathysella ftaccifera Canu and Bassler. 1917. Jacksonian.
This genus differs from Mastigophora only in the nature of the peristome,
which is much more salient and interrupted in front by a pseudo-spiramen,
It differs from Gigantopora Ridley, provided also with a spiramen. in the dif-
ferent form of the operculum. and in the smooth frontal of the latter.
To Jullien the spiramen seemed part of the hydrostatic apparatus. Here it
appears to us as in rapport with the extrusion of the larvae.
SCHI7.OBATHYSELLA SEMILUNATA, new species.
Plate 74, figs. 4-6.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are elongated, distinct,
swollen, elliptical ; the frontal is very convex and formed of a tremocyst with
numerous pores in quincunx. The peristome is thin, irregular, distally laciniate;
the peristomie is long and recumbent on the distal zooecia ; the apertura is semi-
lunar; the anter is ogival and the poster straight; there are two small cardelles
quite low. The spiramen is elliptical, transverse, much larger than the peristomier.
A small, round avicularium near the spiramen.
[Aa=0.10mm. . \L&— 0.60-0.70 mm.
ia[Z2=0.30-0.40mm.
Ytirlnt'ions. — The spiramen is not always complete; the transversal arch which
separated it from the peristomice is not always formed, but the lateral walls of
the peristomie are always salient. The appendages which ornament superiorly
the peristome are analogous to those of Galcopsis rabid us Jullien. 1903. Accord-
ing to the French author these are the spines more or less united among them-
selves.
Affinities. — This species differs from Galcopsis vcmicosci and Galeopsix
erinaceus in the replacement of the frontal tuberosities by tremopores and in the
semilunar and not elliptical form of the apertura.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (rare); 3J
miles north of Grovania, Georgia (very rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 64205. TJ.S.N.M.
SCHIZOBATHYSELLA SACCIFERA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 74. lifts. 7. S.
1917. SchiziilHitliiisn-Iln sncrifcrn CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary
Cheilostome Bryozoa, Bulletin 90. United States National Museum, p. 70. pi. 6, fig. 7.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are distinct, elon-
gated, irregularly elliptical; the frontal is convex and formed of a tremocyst with
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 591
small pores. Tin1 apertura is semilunar; it bears on its straight proximal bonier
a small linear rimule; the peristome is much developed into two la rye. lateral lips
circumscribing a sort of incomplete and very large spiramen. The ovicell is hyper-
stomial and recumbent: it t'urms a sort of small, punctured .tack placed on the
bottom of the zooeoium. A small vibraculoid avicularium is developed laterally
near the aperture.
,, |/m=0.08mm. . (Zs=0.60-0.70mm.
Alea&uremfntx. — Apertura-, Zooecun, nonn^n
I 7fl— 0.10 mm. I Is— 0.30-0.40 mm.
Variations. — The peristome is quite variable. The tremopores are often
obliterated by fossilization. The ovicell is truly recumbent or partially supported
on the distal zooecium (fig. 8). To accommodate so great a peristomial complexity
it is probable that the tentacles were very long and fine.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Wilmington. Xorth Carolina (rare) : one-
half mile southeast of Georgia Kaolin Co. mine, Twiggs County, Georgia: 18
miles west of Wrightsville, Georgia.
Cotypes.—Cat. No. refill. F.S.N.M.
Genus LAGENIPORA Hincks, 1877.
1877. Lngrniiinra HINCKS, On British Polyzoa, Annals Magazine Natural History, ser. 4,
vol. 20. p. 215.
" Colonies consisting of a number of cells immersed in a common calcareous
crust. Zooecia recumbent, contiguous, lageniform: oral extremity free, tubular,
with a terminal orbicular orifice." (Hincks.)
Genotype. — Lagenipora .sv«-/W/.s' Him-lcs, 1STT.
Range. — Jacksonian — Recent.
Waters and Jullien did not admit that a long. free, peristomie could charac-
terize a genus.
The first of these authors has preserved Hincks's name for all the species more
or less erect and provided with a cribriform area on the ovicell. Levinsen, in
1909, called Si.n-i-opeJta. the group of the species of Waters in which the growth
is that of the Cellepores.
We have not the data for a discussion, and we preserve Hincks's genus. in his
exact meaning. It is indisputable that the genotype is one of the Phylactellidae on
account of the nature of its ovicell, and that the specimens discovered in our
Eocene are well classified in this family.
LAGENIPORA AMERICANA, new species.
Plate 74, figs. 0.
1>< Ki-riptioii. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The zooecia are distinct, long,
lageniform, composed of two parts; the frontal is convex and garnished with
tremopores; the peristomiale is very long, oblique, smooth, terminated by an ex-
panded peristome. Ovicell unknown.
592 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Old Factory, H miles above Bainbridge,
Georgia (very rare).
Vicksburgian ("Chimney rock" member of Marianna limestone): One mile
north of Monroeville, Alabama (very rare).
Holotype.—Cnt. No. 64206, TJ.S.N.M.
Genus ASCOSIA Jullien, 1882.
1SS2. Ascosia JUT.LIEN, Dragnges du Travailleur, Bryozoaires, Bulletin Society Zoologique de
France, vol. 7, p. 9.
Zooecia erect joined together only at the base; orifice oval from the front
backward, beveled on the top of the zooecia and looking forward, surrounded by
a flat border; ovicell globular sunken in a hood on the back of the zooecia which
bear it; one or two vibracula placed on the sides of the orifice. Dorsal face of
the zoarium formed by the convex base of the zooecia which are separated by
furrows.
Genotype. — Ascosia pandora Jullien, 1882. Recent.
Genus TEMACHIA Jullien, 1882.
1S82. Temachia JULLIEN, Dmgages du Travailleur, Bryozoaires, Bulletin Soeie'to' Zoologique
France, vol. 7, p. 509.
The zooecia are suberect. dilated at the base, and narrowed like the neck of a
bottle toward the top ; the peristome is cleft anteriorly and deprived of spines ; the
ovicell is globular, and its opening corresponds to the cleft of the peristome. The
ancestrula has a frontal wall entire and covered with lattice work, with two strong
lateral spines at the level of the orifice. (Translation after Jullien.)
Genotype. — Temachia opulenta Jullien, 1882. Recent.
Family CELLEPORIDAE Busk, 1852.
An/itomical bibliography. — 1877. BARKOIS, Kecherches sur 1'embryologie des Bryozoaires, Travaux
de 1'Institut de Zoologie, Lille, fasc. 1, pi. S, figs. 34, 38, 39.— 3888. JULLIEN, Mission scientific du
Cap Horn, vol. 6, Zoologie, p. 03, pi. 1, tig. 4 ; pi. 13. figs. 1-1.— 1900. CALVET, Contributions a 1'liis-
torle nat. des Bryozoaires ertoproi-tes nmrins, Travaux de 1'Iustitut de Zool. de ITniversite de
Montpellier Stat. marit. Catle, N. S., Memoire, No. S, p. G, fig. 12; pi. 13, fig. 1G.— 1SW4. WATERS,
Bryozoa, Result, voyage Belgica, Zoology, p. 75. — 1909. WATERS, Heport on the Marine Biology
of the Sudanese Red Sea, from collections made by Cyril Crossland, etc., XII, Journal Lin-
nean Society London, vol. 31, pi. 14, fig. 13; pi. 16, figs. 7, S.— 1909. LEVINSEN, Morphological
and Systematic Studies on the Cheilostomatous Bryozoa, p. 345. — 1913. WATERS, Marine Fauna
of British East Africa and Zanzibar. Proceedings Zoological Society London, p. 508.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 593
The ovicell is recumbent. The budding is double, terminal and superficial.
The zooecia are more or less erect and cumulate.
Figure 176 illustrates the anatomical knowledge of this important family.
The only known larva is of the schizostomatous group. Levinsen in 1909
created a special family for the holostomatous group, which is perhaps a valid one,
but as we are ignorant of the larva we have not recognized it, Our clithridiate
group is perhaps also a distinct family.
The budding is superficial ; it occurs on all the zooecial walls. Certain frontal
pores are therefore not areolae but veritable septules. The consequence is the piling
up or accumulation of the zooecia, In the distal budding the zooecia are always
oriented : in the superficial budding they are arranged in all directions. However,
the zooecia issuing from the larva and those which are in contact with the sub-
stratum are always oriented. In some rare fossil species the cumulate zooecia are
rare. The power of superficial budding is then apparently not spontaneous, but
it is generalized gradually.
Among the Cheilostomes the Cellepores have appeared last (about the Lutetian)
and in the tropical seas. They are multiplied to excess in the Miocene. At pres-
ent they have overrun the seas, where often they multiplied in immense numbers;
they dominate the recent fauna by their extraordinary numbers. In the size of
their zoarium, the extreme rapidity of their budding, the infinite pliancy of their
aptitude for adaptation, and in their astonishing fertility, they show an over-
whelming vitality. They accommodate themselves to all areas, to all depths, to all
temperatures, and to all kinds of foods. These are the most vigorous and the most
perfected of all the bryozoa.
Historical. — An authoritative history of the genus Ccttepom was given in 1852
by D'Orbieny.1 He attributed it to Fabricius, 1780; this it appears was an error
that Hincks repeated later; Levinsen, in 1909. noted that its founder was Linnaeus
himself, in 1767. In 1913 Waters rewrote the history with a scrupulous exactitude;
his conclusion was that the interpretation of the poor figures of the early authors
has caused most vexatious confusion and that it is more scientific to adopt the types
of Busk and Hincks, who recognized the true nature of the bryozoa,
It was in 1836 that Milne-Edwards, in the second edition of "Animaux sans
vertebres" of Lamark. gave the name of Cellepores to the species with cumulate
zooecia. Whether wrong or right, this opinion has prevailed in the science. There
has been nothing of scientific interest added to the discussion after three-quarters
of a century. Moreover, the word indicating only a special and complex mode of
budding, ought necessarily to disappear from the generic nomenclature, since by
definition even, a genus is a union of creatures having the same functions, the bud-
ding being only one of these functions.
We have preserved the word C'ellepora as an invalid genus only for the species
requiring further study, as we are often forced to do in paleontology.
1 Paleontologie francaise, Terrains Cretaces, p. 389.
55S9&— 19— Bull. 106 38
594
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
interzooccial
avicularium
"frontal avicularlura
H -85
Deep zooccium-' _„-'
ovicell-"
•superficial
incomplete zooccium---
^•incomplete zooecium
"/^' -..oriented zooecia
^ — avicularian mandible
N "*
Fid. 176.— Anatomical structure of the family Celleporidae Busk, 1852.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 595
FIG. 176. — Anatomical structure of the family Celleporidae Busk, 1852.
A-C. Free larva of ScMsmopnra pumicosa Busk, 1854. A. Lateral view, X 75. showing
the reduction of the calotte, the extension of the corona with the disappearance of the cilia
replaced by a general covering of shorter cilia and, finally, the flattening of the oral face.
B. View of the oral face showing the thick band of the oral mesoderm and in the middle a small
portion of the stomach, X 50. C. View of the aboral face showing the aspect of the calotte and
the epithelial structure of the stomach, X 50. (A-C atter Barrels, 1877.) c, corona; cd,
digestive cavity; est, stomach; fl, flagellum : mi, aboral mesoderm; ms, oral (labial) mesoderm;
o, ciliated cleft: pji, pharynx; pj, vibratile plume; si, furrow of separation.
D-G. Anatomical structure of OstJiimosia evexa Jullien, 1888. D. Zooecium viewed pos-
teriorly. The funiculus seems to exist after the stomachic caecum, X 150. E. An isolated
zooecium. The buds of the endocyst have developed to produce an avicularian cavity and to
lodge in the areolar pores of the frontal face, X 115. F. A larva in its ovicell, after decalci-
fication of the zoarium, X 75. G. Arrangement of the muscles in the avicularian cavity.
(D-G after Jullien, 1888.) or, avicularium ; l>a, buds of the areolar pores; coe, stomachic
caecum; mb, muscular bundles; mo, occlusor muscles of operculum ; mp, parietal muscles; mr,
large retractor muscles of the polypide ; 7-, rectum : t, tentacles.
H. Holoporella alHrostris Smitt. 1867. Polypide showing the long oral (vaginal) glands. X
85. (After Waters, 1913.)
I. Schismopora pumicosa Busk, 1S54. Glandular vaginal organ (oral glands of Waters).
Longitudinal section. (After Calvet, 1900.)
J, K. Costazzia costata MacGillivray, 186S. The muscles are attached to the opereulum
and the avicularian mandible. (After MacGillivray, 1888.)
L. Holoporella apiculata Busk, 1884. Chitinous appendages.
M. f-chismopora bidentictilata, var. subacqualte Busk, 1884. Chitinous appendages. (L, M
after Busk. 18S4.)
N-P. Schismopora coronopus Wood, 1850. X. Portion of a zoarium, X 24, showing termi-
nology. (After Jullien, 1903.) O. Mandible of the interzooecial avicularium, X So. P. The
avicularian mandible of the frontal avicularium, X 85. (O, P after Waters, 1885.)
596 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Terminology. — The zooecia parallel to each other are called oriented. They
are generally axial or marginal.
The nonparallel zooecia, erect in every meaning of the word, are the cumulate
zooecia. Sections through such zoaria are very complicated and very difficult to
comprehend.
The complete zooecia, the more exterior ones, are the superficial zooecia; they
give the better characters for classification, but they are often broken on the
fossils.
The deep zooecia separate the superficial zooecia, but at a lower level; their
frontal is buried; their apertura and their avicularia are alone visible. Often
their avicularia are more salient than those of the superficial zooecia because they
endeavor to reach the level of the latter.
The zoarial surface is in perpetual growth; the formation of the zooecia is
not simultaneous; there are therefore some incomplete zooecia. These are cavities
of greater or less size, which must not be confused with the avicularia.
The interzooecial avicularia are very large. Their mandible is symmetrical
and articulates on a pivot or on two lateral denticles. These avicularia bear some
powerful muscles and they are adjacent to the superficial zooecia.
The frontal avicularia of the deep zooecia appear interzooecial when they are
very salient; but they remain always attached to the deep zooecia, and they are
completely isolated from the superficial zooecia.
Waters has best studied the classification of the Cellepores. In 1913 he gave
a first grouping, which certainly will be perfected in the future. The table below
sums up his opinion.
Schizostomatous division (=Schismopora MacGillivray, 1888) :
C. coronopiis-piimicosa group (Cellcpora Waters, 1915; CeUcpora Levinsen, 1909; Osthimosia
Waters, 1913).
C. eatoncnsis group (Osthimosia Jullien, 1SSS; Waters, 1904, not 1913).
C. costazzii group (Costazzia Neviani, 1S95; Lagcnipora Waters, 1S99; Siiiiopcita Leviusen,
1909).
Holostornatous division (=Holostoma, MacGillivray, 1S8S) :
C. descostilsii group (HoloporcUa Waters, 190.")).
C. sardonica group.
C. ramiilosa group.
To this we add a third division :
Clithridiate division :
Acanthionella Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Kleidionella Canu and Bassler, 1917.
We will adopt provisionally this classification and will discuss the names
adopted for each genus. But the natural classification may only be made by the
application of our system of physiological functions and in considering before all
the connection of the operculum with the ovicell. It will be necessary to commence
this work on the recent species.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
597
The Cellepores are very difficult to study. Good specimens are rare, for the
erect zooecia are very fragile and are easily broken. The technique of their study
is quite difficult and still poorly established; the tangential sections are almost
impossible; the obliquity of the apertura renders the interpretation of the interior
difficult; the transverse sections give little information for their orientation is
difficult. The illustration by photography is quite deceiving and by drawing it
is very delicate. The preparation of the true illustration of a group of zooecia
of Cellepores has not yet been realized.
A. Schismopora
B. Osthimosia
C. Costazzia
D. Holoporella E Acanthionella F. Kleidionella
FIG. 177. — Genera of tlae family Celleporidae Busk, 1852.
A. Scliismopora pumicosa Busk, 1894, X 30. Recent.
B. Osthimosia evexa Jullien, 1S8S, X 35. Recent.
C. Costazzia postazzii Savigny-Audouin, 1828, X 30. Recent.
D. Holoporella descostilsii Savigny-Audouin, 1S28, X 25. Recent.
E. Acanthionella oeeioporosa, new species, X 20. Claiboruian of Alabama.
F. EleidioneUa grandis Canu and Sassier, 1917, X 20. Jacksonian of North Carolina.
The recent specimens are more easily determinable ; their chitinous appendages
give excellent characters. Busk, MacGillivray, Waters, and Nordgaard have
arranged excellent comparative tables ; but they are still only of secondary impor-
tance to paleontologists.
We are studying at this moment different processes of technique which cer-
tainly will give us excellent results in the future but the essential condition is
that our collectors should procure a large number of specimens in perfect preser-
vation.
598 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genus SCHISMOPORA MacGillivray, 1888.
1888. Schismopora MACGILLIVRAY, Bryozoa in McCoy's Prodroums of the Zoology of Vic-
toria, vol. 2, dec. 17, p. 253.
The ovicell is perforated. The frontal is smooth. The apertura bears a
proximal rimule. No spines. 15-20 tentacles.
Genotypes. — Schismopora (GeUepora) coronopus S. Wood, 1850. and Schis-
mopora (Cellepora) pumicosa Busk, 1854.
UniHje. — Jacksonian — Recent.
Historical. — This is the Pumicosa group of Waters, for which he has always
preserved the name of Cellepora until 1913, when certainly it was by error that he
called it OstMmosia. The latter genus of Jullien is perfectly limited as he described
it in 1904 and 1909. The genus Schismopora MacGillivray. 1888, has a much more
general meaning, since he applied it to all the Cellepores with proximal rimule.
We preserve it, however, with a more restricted meaning so as not to create a new
name.
Certain recent species classified in this genus are provided with tremopores;
it will be necessary to create a special genus for them.
SCHISMOPORA GLOBOSA. new species.
Plate 75, figs. 7-15.
Description. — The zoarium is massive, globular, measuring as much as 18 milli-
meters in diameter. The superficial zooecia are distinct, little erect, irregularly
ovoid ; the frontal is smooth and convex and bears an avicularium as large as the
apertura. The apertura is oval and garnished with a wide triangular rimule. The
deep zooecia are visible only through their apertura. The incomplete zooecia are
rare. No interzooecial avicularium.
rA«=:0.15min.
Measurements. — Apertura ,
[ta==0.10 mm.
Variations. — The frontal avicularium is almost always broken; it leaves a wide
cicatrix of little depth (fig. 11).
The. transversal section (fig. 13) perfectly oriented is very instructive: it is
the perfect type of the Celleporid accumulation. Above each zooecium there is
a small triangular chamber which appears to correspond to the frontal avicularium ;
the plates of these small chambers unite two by two, outlining the zooecial contours.
The skeletal tissue is an olocyst whose elements are scattered or piled together
(fig. 14).
Affinities. — In its large zoarium and its frontal avicularium this species much
resembles Holoporella (jlomerata Gabb and Horn, 1862. It differs from it in the
different form of its apertura, in the absence of areolae, and its very little elevated
zooecia.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Mooclys marl) : Jackson. Mississippi (com-
'mon).
Cotypes.—C**,. No. 64213, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
599
o
M
s. canallr
ulata Busk
Q N
Schlaiiopora tubcrosa Smitt
?^>K
S. anericana OsDurn
P x75
cervlcornlo Bask
Q.
Schlsnopora zanzlbarensls Paters
Schlsmopora coronopus Wood
FIG. 178. — Genus Schismopora MacGillivray, 1SSS.
A-F. Scliiftniojiorii iiumk'osa Busk, 1S54. A. Zooecia, X 30. B. Zooecium with ovicell, X 30.
C. Side outline of zooecium, X 30. D, E. Zoaria, natural size. (A-E after Hiucks, 1SSO.)
F. Operculum and avicularian mandible. (After Nordgaard, 1903, and Waters, 1SS5.)
G-P. Opercula and avicularian mandibles. G. Schismopora ariciilaris Hiucks, 1SSO. (After
Waters, 1885, and Xordgaard, 1003.) H. S. tuberosa Smitt, 1S67. (After Nordgaard, 1903.)
I. S. xanzibarensis Waters, 1913. (After Waters, 1913.) J. S. nodulosa Loreuz. 1886. (After
Nordgaard, 1905, and Lorenz, 1886.) K. S. ventricosa Lorenz, 1886. (After Nordjiaard, T.nu.
and Lorenz, 1886.) L. S. coronoints Wood, 1850. (After Waters, 1885.) JI. S. caiialieulata
Busk, 1884. (After Osburn, 1912.) N. S. americnna Osburn, 1912. (JI, N after Osburn, 1912.)
O. S. dicliotoma Hincks, 1880. (After Nordgaard, 1903.) P. S. cerrii-ornis Busk, 1856. (After
Lorenz, 1886.)
600 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
SCHISMOPORA UMBONATA, new species.
Plate 75, figs. 1-3.
Description. — The zoarium is discoidal. convex, incrusting; the marginal zooecia
are oriented; the central zooecia are heaped up. The superficial zooecia
are erect, salient, very oblique, orbicular; the frontal is smooth and prolonged
into a strong itmbo, deforming or hiding the apertura. The apertura bears a wide,
triangular, proximal rimule; it is little visible exteriorly. The deep zooecia are
little visible and are revealed only by their apertura; they have no umbo. The
marginal zooecia are oriented; their frontal is very convex and terminated by a
large umbo completely hiding the apertura. The incomplete zooecia are rare.
\ha= 0.07mm.
\Ja=QM mm
Affinities. — In its large umbo and its oriented" marginal zooecia this species
resembles f'ellepora pmnicosa Busk, 1852. It differs from it in the absence of a
visible avicularium on the umbo.
It differs from Holoporclla fissurata, which is also surrounded by oriented
zooecia, in a larger umbo. in smaller dimensions, and the absence of areolae.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Alachua, Florida (very
rare) ; West bank Sepulga River, Escambia County, Alabama (rare).
Holotype.—C&t. No. 64211, U.S.N.M.
SCHISMOPORA ORBICULARIS, new species.
Plate 75, figs. 4-6.
Description. — The zoarium is unilamellar, little convex, incrusting algae.
orbicular, garnished inferiorly with an epitheca smooth or slightly striated con-
centrically. The superficial zooecia are buried, distinct, elliptical, almost always
oriented ; the frontal is smooth and little convex ; the apertura is oval, oblique with
a wide triangular sinus, and often accompanied by a small avicularium. The ovicell
reclines on the distal zooecia ; its orifice is at the level of the proximal border of the
peristomice. The deep zooecia have only their apertura visible.
f A/? =0.11-0.12 mm.
Measurements. — Apertura < ,
mm.
Affinities. — The simplicity of structure of this species is remarkable. The
cumulate zooecia are rare and are at the very center of the zoarium. The zoarium
is manifest ty orbicular and can attain 7 millimeters in diameter; unfortunately,
we possess only the figured specimen.
This species differs from Holoporclla, discus in its very numerous oriented
zooecia, in its apertura. which is smaller and of different form, and the absence of
perforations on the basal epitheca.
In the determination of the Cellepores it is necessary to distrust the zoarial
resemblances.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
601
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : One and one-half miles southeast of Georgia
Kaolin Company Mine, Twiggs County, Georgia (very rare).
Holotype.—C&t. No. 64212, U.S.N.M.
Genus OSTHIMOSIA Jullien, 1888.
1SS8. Osthimosia JUJ.LIEN, Mission scientific clu Cap Horn, vol. 6, Zoologie, p. 64.
The ovicell is not perforated. The frontal is surrounded by areolae.
a pert lira bears a proximal rimnle. There are no spines.
The
Hx35
Gx35
FIG. 179. — Genus Osthimosia Jullien, 1888.
A-F. Osthimosia eatonetusis Busk, 1884. A. Zooecia seen in profile. B. Frontal view of
zooeciurn. C, D. Two views of the interzooecial avicularium closed by the inaudible. E. Zoarium
natural size. F. Aperture, operculum, and avicularian mandible. (A-F after Busk, 1SS4.)
G. Osthimosia otopcta Jullien, 1SS8. Zooecia, X 35. (After Jullien.)
H, I. Osthimosia evexa Jullien, 1888. H. Zooecia, X 35. (After Jullien, 1SSS. ) I. Oper-
culum and avicularian mandible, X 85. (After Waters, 1904.)
J. Ostliimosia clavata Waters, 1SS4. Operculum and avicularian mandibles, X 85. (After
Waters, 1904.)
(jiiiottj/H. — (•txfh'niioxiii (('cll<'i>o>'t.t) cfitunfmsix Busk, 1884. Jack-
sonian — Eecent. The genotype of Jullien was Osthimosia evcxa Jullien, 1888.
The recent species of this genus are :
Osthimosia, (CeUepora} catanensis Busk, 1884.
Osthimosia otopeta Jullien. 1888.
Osthimosia. clavata Waters. 1884.
Osthimosia (CeUepora) signata Busk, 1884.
Osthimosia > tfexa Jullien, 1888.
602 ' BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Osthimosia evexa Jullien, 1888.
The known fossil species are;
Osthimosia tub if era Canti, 1908, Patagonian of Argentina.
Osthimosia, crassatina Canu, 1908, Patagonian of Argentina.
Osthimosia parvicella Canu, 1908, Patagonian of Argentina.
OSTHIMOSIA GLOMERATA Gabb and Horn, 1862.
Plate 74, figs. 12-19.
1862. Ccllepnraria glomcrata GABB and HORN, Monograph of the fossil Polyzoa of the Sec-
ondary and Tertiary formations of North America, Journal Academy of Natural
Sciences, Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 134, pi. 19, fig. 15.
Description. — The zoarium is massive, globular, measuring as much as 2i
centimeters in diameter. The superficial zooecia are scattered, distinct, oval, quite
erect: the. frontal is smooth and surrounded by some large areolar pores: it bears
a median avicularium, with pivot, oval, with the point directed toward the base.
The apertura is orbicular and is provided with a very wide and rounded rimule. The
ovicell is large, smooth, transverse, recumbent; its orifice is very large and placed
above the apertura. The deep zocecia have a reduced frontal; the apertura and the
much enlarged aviculariiim are alone visible. The incomplete zooecia are quite
numerous and irregular. There are some interzooecial avicularia, small and with-
out pivot.
\ha= 0.10 mm.
Measurements. — Apertura , 7 . , „
17(7 = 0.10 mm.
Variations. — The superficial zooecia are generally quite erect (figs. 15, 17, 19),
but they are sometimes simply oblique (fig. 16). When the frontal avicularium is
broken we have then the aspect of the figure given by Gabb and Horn. In reality
hhe specimens of Schismopora globosa more often resemble this same figure. The
American authors cite their specimen as from Vicksburg. In this locality we have
only discovered the present species. We think, therefore, that our specimens really
represent the species described by Gabb and Horn, from a specimen which appears,
moreover, quite mediocre.
The considerable enlargement of the frontal avicularium in the deep zooecia
is a useful phenomenon to note, for it occurs quite frequently.
Specimens of this species are often covered with incomplete zooecia, which do
not allow serious determinations. Often, in fact, the zoarium of the Cellepores
dies suddenly without apparent reason before the complete formation of the zooecia.
In this species, as in all the massive or branched species, there are zooecia of all
sizes and forms.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (very
common).
Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (common) ; 3J miles south of
Perry, Georgia (rare).
Vicksburgian (Byram marl) : Vicksburg, Mississippi (common).
Plesiotypfs.—Ca,t. No. 64209, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
603
Genus COSTAZZIA Neviani, 1895.
1895. Costazzia NEVIANI, Briozoi ueozoiei ill alcune localita d'ltalia, Bolletino Societii
lioman.i per gli Studi /oolcifjirji, pt. 2, vol. 4, p. 235 (sep. 11) ; Synonyms Lagenipora
WATKRS, 1S99-1913 : fSiniopclta LEVINSEN, 19091.
"The ovicell at the side of the peristome has a flat area and pores round the
border" (Waters). " I zoeci, acervulati, hanno la frontal molto rigonfia. variamente
perforata ed ornata da leggere costule ; 1'apertnra zoeciale subtrigona con labbro
calloso: grand! aviculari scafoidi sono sparsi fra i zoeci." (Neviani.) 14 tentacles.
Genotype. — Costuzzia (CeUepora) costassii Savigny-Audouin, 1826.
Range- -Yicksburgian — Recent.
Historical. — Waters, under the name of Lagenipora, and Levinsen, under the
name of Siniopelta, designated an assemblage of identical forms appearing to con-
Coaiazzla Ignota Norman
G>«
Coalazzia lucida Blncko
C. tuDulosa FlncV.s
o?loz:la coolata MacCilllvray
FIG. ISO. — Genus Costazzia Neviani, 1895.
A-C. Costaxzia costazzii Audouin, 1826. A, B. Ordinary zooecia and ovicells, X 30. (After
Hiucks, 1SSO.) C. Operculuui and avicularian mandible. (Aiter Busk, 1884.)
D-G. Opercula and avicularian mandibles. D. Costaxxla tubiilosa Hincks, 1880. (After
Busk, 1884.) K. C. ignota Norman, 1909. (After Norman, 1909.) P. 0. costata MacGillivray,
1868. (After MacGillivray, 1868, and Waters, 1885.) G. C. Incida Hincks, 1884. (After Waters,
1899.)
stitute a rather natural genus. However, the type itself of Lagenipora sociolis
Hincks, 1880, is not comprised in the list given by Levinsen. and he himself classed
it in Schismopora. Considering that the zooecia of Lagenipora soc/ialis are oriented
and by no means cumulate, we have maintained the genus of Hincks with its primi-
tive definition in the family of Phylactellidae. For the genus Siniopelta Levinsen,
1909, we substituted the genus Costazzia Neviani, 1895, which has priority. Never-
theless, the definition given by the Italian author is incomplete and the acceptance
of this genus is questionable. The frontal area of the ovicell does not correspond
to a distinct function. Under our system of classification we can not admit this
genus. Most of the species must be put in Schizmopora. The following species
is described under Costazzia to call attention to this type of structure in American
strata.
604
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
COSTAZZIA ANTIQUA, new species.
Plate 100, fig. 22.
Description.- — The only specimen found has been figured ; its state of preserva-
tion is mediocre and does not permit of a serious study and a complete description.
The zoarium is hollow and appears to incrust the radicells of an alga. The apertura
is large and appears to have a large and wide proximal rimule. The ovicell is
deeply imbedded in the distal zooecia. and probably may be always closed by the
operculum ; its area is large and fragile. There are small interzooecial avicularia
provided with a pivot and a pointed beak.
/;~" B .as
'H .descostilsii Savl^ny
Holoporella plgmentarla tfatera'
FIG. 181. — Genus Holoporella Waters, 1009.
A, B. HoloporeUa decostilsii Savigny-Audonin, 1826. A. Zooecia, X 2.j. B. Operculum and
avicularian mandible, X 85.
C-E. Opercula and mandibles. C. HoloporeUa pcrlnsa Smitt, 1872. D. H. vcrmiformis
Waters, 1909. E. H. pigmentaria Waters, 1909. (A-E after Waters, 1909.)
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Glendon member of Marianna limestone) : West
bank of Conecuh River, Escambia County, Alabama (very rare).
Holotype.—Cat. No. 64326, U.S.N.M.
Genus HOLOPORELLA Waters, 1909.
1909. HoloporeUa WATERS, Reports on the Marine Biology of the Sudanese Red Sea, etc.,
XII. The Bryozoa, Journal Linnean Society London, vol. 31, p. 159.
" The lower lip of the aperture is more or less straight; the operculum has the
muscles attached near the border, sometimes with a ridge (for the attachment of
the tentacular sheath) running inward. The ovicell is a widely open cap. There
are usually oral and vicarious (interzooecial) avicularia. and the mandible of one
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 605
of the two usually has a small projection from the base or columc'Ha" (Waters,
1909). Spines. 16-18 tentacles.
Genotype. — HoloporcUa (Cellepord) JescostUsii Savigny-Audouin, 18-26.
Range. — Claibornian — Recent.
HOLOPORELLA ORBICULIFERA, new species.
Plate 16, figs. 10-15.
Description. — The zoarium is small, massive, convex, incrusting shells. The
superficial zooecia are prominent, oi-bicular, separated; the frontal is smooth gar-
nished with a very few areolae; it is terminated by a very fragile aviculiferous
beak. The apertura is somewhat elongated, finely crenulated; the anter is semi-
lunar and is separated from a concave poster by two small cardelles placed very
low ; the peristome is very thin and bears two large spines. The ovicell is recum-
bent, hyperstomial, transverse. The deep zooecia have a deep peristomie; they
have neither spines nor avicularia. The incomplete zooecia are accompanied by a
small elliptical or round avicularium with pivot.
f Aa— 0.09 mm.
Measurements. — Apertura 7 „ no
l«z=0.06mm.
Variations. — Usually the beak is broken and leaves a broad cicatrix on the
frontal. The very small zoarium does not permit of good photography of the
characters. The thin section shows some more or less large pores between the
zooecia; they are irregular and do not appear to correspond to a definite organ.
Some zooecia have a small, triangular upper chamber; this is the cavity of the
aviculiferous beak (fig. 15). The walls are formed of scattered olocystal elements
(fig- 11).
Affinities. — In the smallness of the zoarium and in its zooecial aspect this
species approaches somewhat Iloloporella separata. It differs from it in its im-
bedded zooecia without pedunculate avicularia.
Occurrence. — Claibornian (Gosport.sand) : Claiborne, Alabama (rare) ; 1 mile
west of Eockville, Clarke County, Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.—Czt. No. 63859, U.S.N.M.
HOLOPORELLA FISSURATA, new species.
Tlate 76, figs. -1-G.
Description. — The zoarium forms small, convex masses on shells or on the
radicells of algae; on oysters it is surrounded by a large zone of oriented zooecia.
The superficial zooecia are salient, round, erect; the frontal is smooth, surrounded
by four to seven large areolae; it is terminated by a pointed mucro deforming the
apertura and bearing an oral avicularium, rather large and with a bar. The aper-
tura is semilunar; the anter is large and the poster is concave: the peristome is very
thin and very little salient and bears two large, symmetrical spines. The ovicell
is salient, transverse, recumbent; it opens by a very large opening above' the aper-
tura ; it bears a long arched fissure. The oriented zooecia are marginal ; they are
606 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
long, surrounded by areolae; the oral mucro bears no avicularia. The deep zooecia
are visible only by their apertnra. The incomplete zooecia are rare.
fAa=0.10-0.12 mm.
Measurements. — Apertura , -,,, r.nn
\la— 0.10-0.12 mm.
Variations. — This species is well characterized by its large, oral avicularium and
by the fissure of its ovicell. The marginal zooecia exist only on the solid substratum
(shells or bryozoa) (fig. 4). They evidently do not exist on the hollow tubular
zoaria, which surround the radicells of algae. Likewise the incomplete zooecia
exist only on the latter (fig. 5). In the interior the operculum articulates on two
small condyles.
Affinities. — This species much resembles Holoporella altirostris. It differs from
it in its larger apertura and in the absence of pedunculate avicularia on the deep
zooecia.
It differs from Iloloporella albirostris Smitt, 1872, of the waters of Florida,
in the, absence of the interzooecial avicularia, but it is very closely related.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (com-
mon ) .
Jacksonian (Zeuglodon zone) : Shubuta, Mississippi (rare).
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : AVest bank of Conecuh River, Escambia
County, Alabama (rare) ; Murder Creek, east of Castlebury, Conecuh County,
Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.—Czt. Nos. 64216, 64217, U.S.N.M.
HOLOPORELLA ALTIROSTRIS, new species.
Plate 7D, figs. 16-20.
Description. — The zoarium forms small globular masses attached to other
bryozoa, shells, or algae. The superficial zooecia are very salient, erect, irregular ;
the frontal is smooth and terminated by a prominent beak, bearing an enormous
oral avicularium with pivot; the terminal portion of the beak is fringed and
partially hides the apertura. The apertura is oblique, semilunar and formed of
a large, finely crenulated anter, separated by two small cardelles placed very low
from a concave poster ; the peristome, thin and little salient, bears two symmetrical
spines. The ovicell is recumbent, hyperstomial, transverse, smooth, globular,
widely open above the apertura and at the level of the large oral avicularium;
it bears in front either a small, fragile, cicatrix or a fissure. The deep zooecia
have no frontal; their apertura is visible and the oral avicularium is quite salient
and pedunculate. The incomplete zooecia are rare.
rAa=0.09mm.
Measurements. — Apertura <, ... ., -
lZa=0.10mm.
Affinities. — In its zoarium and in its ovicell. sometimes fissured, this species
much resembles Holoporella fissurata. It differs from it in its much larger oral
avicularium becoming pedunculate on the deep zooecia.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 607
This fossil species bears the largest oral avicularium (0.18 by 0.15 mm).
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Wilmington, North Carolina (common) ;
Rich Hill, Crawford County, Georgia (very common).
Cotypes.—C&t. Nos. 64214. 64215, U.S.N.M.
HOLOPORELLA GRANULOSA, new species.
Plate 16, figs. 1-9.
Description. — The zoarinm is massive and formed of small globular masses
fixed to bryozoa or to shells, which it surrounds completely. The superficial
zooecia are little erect, oblique, large, elliptical; the frontal is convex, surrounded
by widely spaced areolae and formed of a granular pleurocyst placed on the olocyst.
The apertura is large, semilunar, with a concave, proximal border; the peristome
bears laterally one to two lateral avicularia. The ovicell is hyperstomial, recum-
bent, transverse, small, somewhat salient, granular, widely open above the apertura.
The deep zooecia have a normal apertura and a very salient, peristomial avicularium.
The incomplete zooecia are rare. The interzooecial avicularia are rather large,
oval, little salient, without pivot.
,, 1^/7=0.15 mm.
Measurements. — Apertura \ ,
i«z=o.rr mm.
Variations. — The zooecia in contact with the substratum (fig. 5) are oriented;
on the lower face of the zoarinm the zooecia are visible, irregular ; their walls have
two or three calcareous layers. The granular pleurocyst is detachable from the sub-
jacent olocyst (fig. 81 and the two calcareous formations are often visible. In the
interior (fig. 6) the apertura is oblique and without cardelles. The ovicell is of
the same nature as the frontal (fig. 4). The interzooecial avicularia (figs. 3, 7)
are quite remarkable in the absence of pivot.
Affinities. — By its zooecial aspect this species much resembles Holoporetta
descostilsii Savigny-Audouin, 1826, of recent seas. It differs simply in the presence
of peristomial avicularia.
Occurrence. — Claibornian (Gosport sand) : Claiborne, Alabama (rare) ; Gopher
Hill, Tombigbee River, Alabama (rare) ; 1 mile southwest of Rockville. Clarke
County, Alabama (very common).
Claibornian (Cook Mountain formation) : Moseleys Ferry, Caldwell County,
Texas (rare).
Claibornian (Lisbon formation) : Wautubbee Hill, Clarke County. Mississippi
(very common).
Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (common).
Cotypes.— Cat, No. 63858, U.S.N.M.
HOLOPORELLA CRASSICOLLIS, new species.
Plate 76, figs. 11. 12.
Description.- — The zoarium is unilamellar and incrusts shells. The zooecia are
little erect, almost always oriented ; the frontal is smooth and convex. The aperlura
608
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
is small, elongated, and formed of a large circular anter separated by two small
triangular cardelles from an almost straight poster; the peristome is very thick,
salient; it bounds an infimclibuliform peristomie and bears eight spines. The ovi-
cell is hyperstomial, recumbent, very small, little salient, smooth ; it is widely open
in the peristomie. Laterally and near the apertura there is a small, oblique, little
salient avicularium.
f7iffl=0.15mm.
Measurements. — Apertura • , „ , .
I la =0.10 mm.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (rare); Rich
Hill, Crawford County, Georgia (rare).
Holotype.—Cnt. No. 64219, U.S.N.M.
HOLOPORELLA PISIFORMIS, new species
Plate 77, figs. 8-11.
Description. — The zoarium is formed of small, globular masses, of the size of
a pea. The superficial zooecia are small, raised, and entirely smooth. The apertura
is semilunar and provided with two large cardelles;
the peristomice is very irregular; its proximal edge
bears two lips more or less coalescent and sometimes
a small oral, elliptical avicularium. The ovicell is
hyperstomial, recumbent, globular, smooth, widely
open above the apertura. The deep zooecia are visi-
ble only by their apertura.
,, Aa=0.08mm.
Measurements. — Apertura , ......
7<z=0.07 mm.
P-...S
PIG. 182. — Holoporella pisiform/is,
new species.
A-C. Sketches showing varia-
tions in the form of the peristomice.
D. Sketch of apertura. a, mucro;
c, cardelles; p, lateral apophysis;
psp, pseudospiramen; r, rimule.
Variations. — This small species is remarkable in
the disconcerting irregularity of its peristomice
hiding the apertura. Certain zooecia have a salient
mucro (fig. 11) ; then the two cardelles are replaced
by two peristomial apophyses separated from the
mucro by two pseudorimules. Other zooecia bear two
apophyses separated by a rimule (fig. 9); the latter may be joined (fig. 10),
surrounding thus a sort of spiramen. All these details have the most minute
dimensions.
Affinities. — This species is well characterized by its small dimensions and its
peristomial variations. It differs from Holoporella separata in its smaller zooecia
and in the absence of pedunculate avicularia issuing from the deep zooecia.
It differs from Holoporella mieropora with small zooecial dimensions, in its
more elevated zooecia, its smaller zoarium and in its much larger apertura (ha—
O.OS and not 0.05 mm.).
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (common);
Rich Hill, Crawford County, Georgia (rare).
Cotypes.—C&t. No. 64223. U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 609
HOLOPORELLA DAM1CORNIS. new species.
Plate 77, figs. 1-7.
/description. — The zoarium incrusts, first, the radicels of an alga to form an
attachment for suspension; it then develops freely into a small irregular mass
ornamented with horns of greater or less length. The superficial zooecia are little
erect, simply oblique; the frontal is smooth and quite convex; it is terminated by
an aviculiferous umbo more or less developed ; the avicularium is open under the
umbo toward the apertura. The apertura is semilunar, very finely crenulated ; the
anter is separated from the poster, which is smaller and concave, by two minute
cardelles. The ovicell is hyperstomial, very salient, globular, smooth, provided
with a large opening. The deep zooecia are rare; they have no frontal: their umbo
forms an interzooecial prominence. The interzooecial avicularia are large, ellip-
tical, with pivot. The incomplete zooecia are suborbicular and not rare
iha —0.15 mm.
Measurements. — Apertura L „ ., „
{?a=0.13mm.
Variations. — The zoarium with its eccentric shape is very curious; no one
specimen resembles another and yet all have a general indefinable facies which
permits their immediate determination. Evidently this is not altogether a phenome-
non of symbiosis in its entirety, but it is very close to it. It is even probable that
the alga chosen by the larva was always the same and that its disappearance has
caused at the same time the death of the Cellepore.
The umbo is rather fragile and is easily broken (fig. 6) ; often it is even not
developed at all (fig. 5).
Figure 7 shows the ordinary cumulation of the zooecia. Such sections indicate
the complicated structure of the zooecial walls, which sometimes appear to con-
tain dietellae. The interpretation of the sections of the Cellepores are really
problems of descriptive geometry.
Affinities. — In its zooecia this species somewhat resembles Holoporetta albi-
rostris Smitt, 1872, which still lives in the Floridan waters. It differs from it
however in its symmetrical umbo and the absence of areolae.
Occurrence. — Jacksonian (Zeuglodon zone) : Suck Creek, Clarke County, Mis-
sissippi (rare) ; Cocoa post office, Choctaw County, Alabama (common) ; Jack-
son, Mississippi (very rare).
Cotypes.—Ca.t. No. 64222, U.S.N.M.
HOLOPORELLA SEPARATA, new species.
Plate 76, figs. 13-19.
Description. — The zoarium is massive and is formed of small irregular masses
fixed to bryozoa, to the convexity of shells, or to the radicells of algae. The super-
ficial zooecia are erect, suborbicular, separated one from the other; the frontal is
smooth. The apertura is orbicular and formed of a large, semilunar anter sepa-
.ws'.i:i —ID — Bull. 10(3 3!)
610 BULLETIN 106, UXITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
rated from a convex poster by two small cardelles. On the frontal is an oval
avicularium with pivot and pointed beak and placed obliquely with respect to the
apertura. The ovicell is hyperstomial, salient, globular, smooth. The deep zooecia
have an analogous apertura and an oral pedunculate avicularium quite salient,
just to the level of the superficial zooecia. The incomplete zooecia are abundant;
they are formed either by simple cavities or by zooecia deprived of frontal.
|7wz=0.06mm.
Measurements. — Apertura i , rt - „
Ua=0.06mm.
Affinities. — This species resembles absolutely Holoporella altirostris in all its
general characters. It differs from it only in its smaller micrometric dimensions,
the smaller oral avicularium, and the absence of the two spines of the peristome.
It appears like a minor variety. The true difference is in the appearance of the
zoarium which particularly affects the convexity of shells.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Baldock, Barnwell County. South Caro-
lina (very common) ; one-half mile southeast of Georgia Kaolin Co. mine, Twiggs
County, Georgia (rare) ; 3i miles north of Grovania. Georgia (rare).
Jacksonian (Zeuglodon zone) : Shubuta, Mississippi (rare).
Cotypes.—C&t. No. 64220, U.S.N.M.
HOLOPORELLA MICROPOKA, new species.
Plate 76, figs. 7-10.
Description. — The zoarium is free, massive, and globular. The superficial
zooecia are small, little erect, simple, oblique; the frontal is smooth and convex;
it is terminated by an aviculiferous salient beak. The apertura is quite small
and semilunar; two small cardelles separate the concave poster from a larger
anter. The deep zooecia have their umbo completely developed. The interzooecial
avicularia are rather large, elliptical, rare.
rh a —0.04 mm.
Measurements. — Apertura { , „ „,,
l&z=0.06mm.
Affinities. — This species is characterized by the extreme smallness of its
apertura. It differs from Holoporella pisiformis in its larger zoarium, which
may attain 1-| cm. in diameter, in its oblique and not erect zooecia, and in its
still smaller apertura.
•Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Below Plant System Rail-
road wharf, Bainbridge, Georgia (very rare) ; Old Factory, H miles above Bain
bridge. Georgia (common).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 64218, U.S.N.M.
HOLOFORELLA SEPOSITA, new species.
Plate 102, figs. 7-9.
Description. — The zoarium is free, massive, globular, and of the size of a
pea or fastened on the bryozoa in small, very convex masses. The superficial
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 611
zooecia are completely erect, orbicular, quite scattered from each other; the frontal
is smooth and surrounded by from 4 to 6 large, widely spaced areolae. The aper-
tura is ogival very finely crenulated with two minute cardelles placed quite low;
the peristome is funnel shaped and bears four spines. The ovicell is hyperstomial,
recumbent, salient, transverse, smooth; it opens very widely above the apertura.
Very often the frontal bears a submediau triangular avicularium, with pivot. The
deep zooecia are almost entirely visible. The incomplete zooecia and the oral,
incomplete avicularia are very abundant.
[A«:= 0.09 mm.
Measurements. — Apertura \ ,
Uffl=0.08mm.
Variations. — It is quite rare that a zoarium dies when its superficial zooecia
are completely formed (fig. 9). The most habitual aspect is that of figure 8;
the oral avicularium is reduced to the state of a cicatrix of more or less depth;
the spines are almost always absent and the incomplete zooecia are very abundant.
The Cellepores are not always marred by fossilization ; they are often incom-
pletely developed.
Affinities. — This species differs from Holoporella orblcitlifera in its larger
and more scattered zooecia and in having four spines instead of two.
It differs from Holoporella, pisifornris in its larger micrometric dimensions
and in the absence of a peristomice with simple or double apophysis.
It differs from Holoporella separata in the absence of a large pedunculate
avicularium between the superficial zooecia and in the presence of four spines
and some areolae.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : West bank Conecuh River,
Escambia County, Alabama (common) ; Murder Creek, east of Castlebury, Conecuh
County, Alabama (rare) ; near Claiborne, Monroe County, Alabama (rare) ; Salt
Mountain, 5 miles south of Jackson. Alabama (common).
Cotypes.—Czt. No. 64329, U.S.N.M.
HOLOPORELLA PERISTOMARIA, new species.
•Plate 102. figs. 5, 6.
Description. — The zoarium is a small, irregular mass. The superficial zooecia
are erect, tubular; the frontal is convex, surrounded by some large areolae. The
apertura is oval, the poster being very concave; it is surrounded by a very long
peristomie, sometimes fissured in front; the peristome is more or less thick, accord-
ing to its proximity of the apertura. The deep zooecia have a small avicularium
on their peristome. The marginal zooecia are recumbent, somewhat elongated,
very convex; their frontal is terminated by an aviculiferous beak, salient and not
symmetrical.
,, ..
Measurements. — Apertura- , . .„
U«=0.06 mm.
Affinities. — The only specimen collected has been figured: although it bears
HO ovicell, it appears to us to be sufficiently characterized to be described. Mani-
612 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
festlv the frontal is formed of a pleurocyst with extremely fine granules superposed
on the olocyst. The considerable development, attaining 0.15 mm. in length, of
the peristomie is very characteristic ; it seems to us that it was uniquely of pleuro-
cystal origin.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Byram marl) : Byram, Mississippi (very rare).
Holotype.—C&t. No. 64328, U.S.N.M.
HOLOPORELLA DISCUS, new species.
Plate 102, figs. 10-13.
Description. — The zoarium is free and discoidal, of 8 millimeters in diameter
at the most. On the lower face the zooecia are oriented, irregularly hexagonal,
perforated by a small submedian pore (corresponding perhaps to the radicles).
The superficial zooecia are erect or quite oblique, distant from one another; the
frontal is convex and granular, surrounded by seven or eight widely spaced areolar
pores. The apertura is formed of an anter almost circular and of a small, somewhat
concave poster, separated by two very small cardelles; the peristome is wide crenu-
lated; it limits an infundibuliform peristomie. The deep zooecia are deprived of
frontal. The incomplete zooecia are large and rare.
Measurements. — Apertura 7 " „
(la— 0.13mm.
Variations. — We have supposed that the pores of the inner face are the radicles
which permit the zoarium to attach itself to stones or shells. The larva is fas-
tened on a minute fragment of bryozoa or shells and never on a large surface. The
absence of vibracula, that is to say, of all system of stabilization, does not allow us
to believe that the zoarium could attach itself to the algae or float freely below
their fronds in the manner of the Lunulites.
Affinities. — The affinities of this species are chiefly with Holoporella crassi-
collls, in which the peristomie is also infundibuliform and the dimensions very
close. Holoporella discus differs from it in the presence of areolae. in the absence
of multiple spines, and in its free, discoidal, nonincrusting zoarium.
It differs from Schismopora orbiculata, in which the zoarium is also discoidal,
in the form of its apertura deprived of rimule, in its very erect zooecia and in the
presence of perforations on the lower face.
Occurrence. — Yncksburgian (" Chimney rock ' member of Marianna limestone) :
One mile north of Monroeville, Alabama (very common).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 64330, U.S.N.M.
HOLOPORELLA BIROSTRATA, new species.
Plate 76, figs. 20-24.
Description. — The zoarium forms a small convex mass, incrusting stones. The
superficial zooecia are erect and salient; the frontal is convex, smooth, and bears
two or three small salient avicularia, with pivot; it is prolonged into a bifid beak.
which partially masks the apertura. The ovicell is hyperstomial, recumbent, salient,
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 613
globular, transverse, smooth. The deep zooecia are entirely hidden; their apertura
is alone visible. The submarginal zooecia are oblique, oriented ; the frontal is very
convex, smooth, and terminated by a double beak, of which one at least is avicu-
liferous; there are three small elliptical avicularia with pivot on the frontal; the
oral avicularium is curved and opens into the locella. The marginal zooecia are
oriented; the frontal is terminated by two aviculiferous beaks entirely hiding the
apertura; there is only one avicularium in the vicinity of the apertura; the apertura
is very oblique, and disposed at the base of the locella. The interzooecial avicu-
laria are elongated like the beak of a duck; the pivot separates a small pore in
crossing the subtriangular orifice; the mandible was lodged in two-thirds of a
calcified area.
Affinities. — In the interior on the apertura there are two small cardelles sep-
arating a large anter from a smaller, very concave and broader poster (fig. 24).
The apertura is very finely denticulated.
Some zooecia are perforated in their median portion by a longitudinal tube,
the external relations of which have not been discovered because of the lack of
specimens.
The marginal zooecia much resemble the Cellepora verrucosa Reuss, 1847. The
present species differs from it in the presence of two oral avicularia opening into
the locella.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hay ne limestone) : Wilmington. North
Carolina (very rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 64221, U.S.N.M.
ANALYTICAL KEY TO HOLOPORELLA.
,/The frontal is bordered with areolae 2.
I The frontal is entirely smooth (new genus) 3.
Zoarium discoidal H. discus.
Ovicell fissured H, Jisswata.
Two or three salient avicularia on frontal H. birostrata.
Long peristomle H. peristomaria.
Spines. Oral avicularium on the frontal H. seposita .
No spines. Oral avicularium disposed laterally on the perittome H. granulosa.
rNo oral avicularium or aviculiferous beak on the frontal H. crassicollis.
\Avicularium or beak 4.
I- No large interzooecial avicularia 6.
[Large interzooecial avicularia 5.
[Zoarium massive, very small zooecia H. micropora.
' \Zoarium large and with hornlike processes; large aviculiferous umbo H. damicornis.
r Avicularium of more than 0.20 mm. in length H. allirostris.
\Avicularium of less than 0.20 mm. in length 7.
rPedunculated avicularium between the superficial zooecia H. separata.
\No salient avicularium 8.
jSpines. Zoarium free H. separata.
\No spines. Zoarium incrusting H. orbiculifera.
According to the nature of the frontal there are really two distinct genera. We
have not formed them, because on the fossils not only are the areolae not always
visible, but also they are often closed. Moreover, our technique was too elementary..
614
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
CLITHRIDIATE GROUP.
The orifice is oval. The frontal is a very thick olocyst perforated by some
scattered avicularia. The ovicell is hyperstomial and lodged in the thickening of
the olocyst.
It would be convenient, perhaps, to make a special family for this group; but
we are ignorant of the larva, and it is necessary to search first and find the analogous
or closely related recent species.
Some species have very little of cumulate zooecia.
Genus ACANTHIONELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Acanthionella CANTT and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Clieilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United Slates National Museum, p. 72.
The apertura is oval and bears a long lyrula. The frontal is a very thick
olocyst, in which are lodged some avicularia. The ovicell is hyperstomial: it is
lodged in the thickening of the
(> ~~\Z5r~v frontal of the distal zooecia ; it
opens into the peristomie.
G enotyp e. — Acaiithionella
(Eschanfora) typicaGabb and
Horn, 1862.
Range. — M aastrichtia n —
Jacksonian.
This genus differs from Klei-
dionella in the presence of a
\'\ jHfiaS- lyrula and the rarity of cumu-
late zooecia.
B '50
ACANTHIONELLA OECIOPOROSA, new
species.
Plate 17, figs. '1-14.
FIG. 183. — Cellepora ramulosa Busk, 1854.
A. Zoarium, natural size. B. Zooecium, X 50. C. Portion
of zoarium, X 25. (A-C after Busk, 1854.)
Description. • — The zoarium
is free, bilamellar, with fronds
more or less rounded. The
oriented zooecia are indistinct; the frontal is a very thick olocyst perforated
by two to five small avicularia. The apertura (interior) is oval and garnished
by a long proximal lyrula; the peristomice (exterior) is orbicular; the peristomie
is very deep and contains sometimes an avicularium bearing the lyrula. The
ovicell is buried in the distal zooecia; it opens into the peristomie; it bears a
frontal area closed by a much branched spine. The young zooecia and the cumulate
zooecia are distinct, elongated, gibbose. The interzooecial avicularia are rare, of
the size of the zooecia, elliptical, and provided with a pivot.
Measurements. — Apertura iha=O.W mm. Zooecia fis— 0.35 mm.
(interior) U«=0.14 mm. (interior) |fe=0.26 mm.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
615
Variations. — Most of the time the zooecia are oriented; nevertheless the species
is quite variable. The young zooecia (fig. 7) and the cumulate zooecia (fig. 10)
on the same zoariiun (fig. 6) have a thin and gibbose frontal wall. These gibbosi-
ties are much smaller on the zooecia with thick frontal (fig. 2) and are placed
FIG. 184. — Cellepora sardonica Waters, 1879.
A. Oriented zooecia, X 25. B. Cumulate zooecia, X 25. O. Operculum, X 85. D. Apertura,
X 85. E, F. Avieularian mandibles, X 85. (A-F after Waters, 1879 and 1885.)
between the avicularia. We have nothing to prove that the perforations of the
frontal are really avicularia and contain neither denticle nor pivot: but on the
genotype there are some true avicularia with pivot. The peristomial avicularium
is very curious; it is placed obliquely (fig. 5) and is little visible exteriorly: it bears
FIG. 185. — Cellepora janthina group.
A-E. Cellepora janthina Smitt, 1867. A. Group of zooecia, X 25. B. A single zooecium,
X 50. C. Operculum, X 85. (A-C after Waters, 1899.) D. Group of ovicelled zooecia.
E. Operculum. (D, E after Norman, 1909, as Cellepora rotundora.)
the habitual lyrula. The porous area of the ovicell is of a unique type; it is formed
by a much branched spine forming a sort of filtering apparatus and breaking very
easily (fig. i).
In the tangential sections (figs. 11, 12, 14) the zooecia are separated by white
lines caused by the frontal convexity. The oloeystal elements (figs. 12, 14:) are
616
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
oriented in radial fibers around the lyrula. These fibers are visible even on the
internal walls (fig. 6). When the section is deeper (fig. 13) the zooecia are sep-
arated by the habitual black line; the olocystal elements of the walls are grouped
in more or less diffused links. The transversal fracture of the zoarium (fig. 9)
indicates a concentric lamellar structure, the use of which is yet to be demonstrated.
n
'• .
...
'* «'*'• '.*
. ,r
pic ....
Bx20
Cx20
FIG. 186. — Genus Acanthionella Canu and Bassler, 1917.
A-F. Acanthionella tyjnca Gabb and Horn, 1862. A. View of the bifoliate zoarium («, b),
the incrusting base, natural size (c), the two lamellae (a), and the surface (e), enlarged, show-
ing the lyrula and the pores. (After Gabb and Horn, 1862.) B. Schematic drawing of a vertical
section, X 20. ap, apertura ; ol, olocyst ; ov, ovicell ; pic, peristomice ; z, zooecium. C. Photo-
graph of the surface, X 20. The lyrula and the olocyst frontal with avicularia are shown.
D. Interior of the zooecia, X 20, illustrating occurrence of lyrula. E. Another interior, X 20,
with the ovicell showing in three of the zooecia (at the top). F. Tangential thin section through
the frontal of the zooecia, X 25. The olocystal structure of the frontal is shown. Cretaceous
(Vincentown), Vincentown, New Jersey.
Affinities. — This species differs from Acanthionella typica Gabb and Horn,
1862, in its frontal gibbosities and in the presence of a porous area on the ovicell.
Occurrence.- — Claibornian (Gosport ?and) : Claiborne. Alabama (common) ;
1 mile south of Eockville, Clarke County, Alabama (very common) ; Gopher Hill,
Tombigbee Biver, Alabama (rare).
Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jacksoi. Mississippi (( imon).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 63861, U.S.N.M.
NOKTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 617
ACANTHIONELLA SIMPLEX, new species.
Plate 2, fig. 6.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar, bifurcated. The zooecia are
indistinctly oriented; the frontal is formed of a thick olocyst bearing a large
suborbicular and salient avicularium. The peristome is very deep ; the peristomice
is oval and bears on its proximal lip a sort of flat and very prominent lyrula. The
ovicell is hardly visible exteriorly; it is hyperstomial and opens widely into the
peristomie.
Affinities. — The only specimen found has been figured. We have not been
able to study this species in detail; but it was urgent to mention the occurrence
of the genus in this stage.
It differs from Acanthionclla typica Gabb and Horn, 1862. in the presence
of a single frontal avicularium (and not 3 or 4) and in its lyrula attached to the
peristomice (and not to the apertura).
It differs from Acanthionella occioporosa in the absence of frontal gibbosities
and in the rarity of its frontal avicularia.
Occurrence. — Lowest Eocene (Bryozoan bed at base of Aquia formation) :
Upper Marlboro. Maryland (very rare).
Holotype.—V&t. No. 63784, U.S.N.M.
Genus KLEIDIONELLA Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Klcidionclla CANU and BASSLER, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 72.
The apertura is oval. The frontal is a very thick olocyst. The ovicell is
hyperstomial and lodge'd in the olocyst of the distal zooecia; it opens into the
peristomie. There are some small and some large interzooecial avicularia. No
lyrula.
Genotype. — Kleidionella grandis Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Range. — Claibornian — A'ricksburgian.
The abundance of cumulate zooecia and the absence of lyrula distinguishes
this genus from the preceding one, Acanthionella.
KLEIDIONELLA GRANDIS Canu and Bassler, 1917.
Plate 78, figs. 1-17; plate 79, fig. 1.
1917. KleidioneUa grandis CANU and BASSLEB, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary
Cheilostome Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 72, pi. G,
figs 9, 10.
Description. — The zoarium is very large, compressed, formed of bifurcated
fronds almost in the same plane, attaining toward the base 2 cm. 5 mm. in width.
The zooecia are disposed in two groups, back to back, and inseparable. The
axial zooecia, back to back, are oriented; all the other zooecia are cumulate. The
superficial zooecia are distinct, urceolate, little raised, very oblique; the frontal
is quite convex, smooth, bearing 0 to 3 improminent avicularia with pivot; the
618 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
frontal is formed of a very thick olocyst. The apertura is oval, deeply imbedded
at the base of a peristomie; the peristomlce is irregular, suborbicular. The deep
zooecia have a flat frontal, their avicularia are prominent between the super-
ficial zooecia. The interzooecial avicularia are distinct, elliptical, of the size of
zooecia; they have a pivot; their orifice is like the beak of a duck; the passage
of the reflexor muscles of the operculum is indicated by the very small perfora-
tions on the inferior cavity; the beak is salient above the zoarium. The incom-
plete zooecia are quite numerous. On many zoaria there are some distinct groups
of large zooecia and of small zooecia.
Measurements. — Aperttirajfoi=0.15 mm. Zooecia fZs=0.60 mm.
(interior) 'Za=0.15 mm. (interior) lfe=0.°30-0.35 mm.
Variations. — Following the rule, the variations of these Cellepores are quite
great, but the species is always rather easy to determine by its zoarial size.
The two primitive lamellae of the Eschara are back to back and their zooecia
are oriented. It is easy to verify this phenomenon in the longitudinal sections
(pi. 78. fig. 14). in the transversal section (pi. 78, fig. 15), in the interior (pi. 78,
fig. 17). The Cellepores are therefore Cheilostomes perfected by the superficial
budding which does not exist in other families. The exterior zooecia are cumu-
late but never very much raised. Many zoaria (pi. 78, fig. 11) have some groups
of large zooecia (pi. 78. fig. 9) perfectly distinct from the groups of smaller, flat
zooecia (pi. 78, figs. 10, 12, 13). The reason for this dimorphism is absolutely un-
known to us; to determine it, it would be necessary to examine a very large num-
ber of specimens as complete and perfect as possible. The total regeneration
appears to have affected many of the interzooecial av:cularia and some small
frontal avicularia, as in figure 7 of plate 78.
The tangential sections are very difficult to interpret, but they are very in-
structive. We there note above all the disorder characteristic of the Celleporidae ;
no regularity, no symmetry. Figure 1, plate 79, shows a section nearest the sur-
face; the structure of the frontal walls appears in place or is only manifested by
the black circles, for the olocyst is very compact ; the white marks which surround
these walls result from the convexity of the zooecia. which are only adjacent at
their base. Figure 16 of plate 78 shows a deeper section at the level where the
zooecial walls are adjacent; the zooecial convexity is raised and the zooecia are
white.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (com-
mon) ; 2^ miles north of Roberts, Mississippi (common).
Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (common): 3i miles south
of Perry, Georgia (common).
Jacksonian (Zeuglodon zone) : Cocoa post office, Choctaw County. Alabama
(very common) ; Pachuta, Clarke County, Mississippi (very common) ; south side
of Suck Creek, Clarke County, Mississippi (common).
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. G19
Yicksburgian (Bed Blnff clay) : Seven and one-half miles from Bladen Springs,
Alabama (rare) ; Red Bluff, Wayne County, Mississippi (rare).
Cotypes.—Cnt. Nos. 02613, 64225, 64226, U.S.N.M.
KLEIDIONKLLA PARASITICA, new species.
Plate Hi, figs. 17-22.
Description. — The zoariiun is massive, originally spread out over the radicles
of algae; it afterwards emits bilamellar and eschariform fronds, in which the axial
zooecia are oriented. The superficial zooecia are salient, globular, oblique; their
frontal is very convex, smooth and formed of a very thick olocyst; it bears 0 to 3
small, elliptical avicularia, somewhat salient, with pivot. The apertura is oval.
very deep: the peristomice is elliptical. The avicularia of the deep zooecia are
more salient. The interzooecial avicularia are as large as the zooecia, elliptical,
provided with a pivot and with a rounded beak. On the bilamellar branches the
zooecia are oriented ; they are elongated, somewhat distinct ; the frontal is smooth,
convex and garnished with three elliptical avicularia, little salient, with pivot.
The very young zooecia have a large peristomice.
. . ..
.1/1. itxn foments. — Apertura (interior) , . _„ ~o
Peristomice
„ . ,. . , s=
Zooecia (interior) •' OA - „
73=0.30-0.36 mm.
Variation*. — The fronds with oriented zooecia and with two lamellae, back to
back, are not rare (figs. 18, 20. 21) ; at their base they bear some cumulate zooecia.
The latter (fig. 22) are abundant on the incrusting zoaria. They have a distinct
but little salient peristome. The lower face (fig. 19) of the incrusting zoaria
presents nothing particularly remarkable.
Affinities. — This species differs from Kleidionalla grandis in its very small
zoarium and in its smaller zooecia.
It differs from Kleidionella lolxtta in the constant presence of the cumulate
zooecia, the rarity of the oriented zooecia. and the presence of the large interzooecial
avicularia.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian: Three and one-half miles southeast of Shell
Bluff Post Office, Georgia (common).
Cotypes.—Q.tf.. No. 6a860, F.S.N.M.
KLEIDIONELLA LOBATA, new species.
Plate 79. figs. 2-14.
Description. — The zoarium is free, compressed, formed of lobed bifurcated
fronds borne on an expanded base; it is formed of two lamellae, back to back, and
it bears some zooecia almost always oriented and very rarely cumulate. The ori-
ented zooecia are indistinct : their frontal is thick, little convex, and bears one to
620 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
five small elliptical avicularia, little salient, with pivot. The apertura is oval,
deeply imbedded at the base of the peristomie; the peristomice is elliptical, elon-
gated, not garnished with a peristome. The ovieell is hyperstomial, little salient,
convex, transverse, smooth ; it opens into the peristomie by a very large opening.
The interzooecial avicularia are of the size of the zooecia; they have a pivot placed
quite low; their beak is round and not salient. The cumulate zooecia are very rare;
they are globular, oblique, very convex and bear one or two frontal avicularia.
. lhpe=.:.
measurements. — 1 enstomice (exterior) 7
(Ipe—O.Wmm.
. |Z3=0.40-0.48mm.
Zooecia , n „.
Us=0.30mm.
Variations. — The peristomice may be mistaken for the apertura in the very
young zooecia (fig. 4) at the extremities of the fronds. .The ovicell is formed rather
slowly (fig. 4) and is easily broken (figs. 5,8). The cumulate zooecia are extremely
rare; they sometimes appear isolated (figs. 5, 9); but at other times they are
grouped (figs. 10, 11} . Their presence, even accidental, proves that this species
is well classed in its true genus and that it is a Celleporid.
The olocyst is so compact that it is impossible to obtain its microstructure
(fig. 12) in tangential section; as in the other Celleporidae the zooecial limits are
not visible in such sections.
The longitudinal section shows (fig. 13) short zooecia with thick walls and
an oblique apertura.
Affinities. — This species differs from Kleidionetta parasitica and Kleidionella
grandis in the almost complete absence of cumulate zooecia and in its very char-
acteristic zoarium.
It differs from Kleidionetta cristata in the fronds of the zoarium. which are
wider and deprived of median crest.
Its zoarium often exceeds one centimeter in length, and we may consider it
as a good-sized fossil.
Occun'ence. — Middle Jacksonian : Wilmington, North Carolina (very com-
mon) ; near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (common) ; Eutaw Springs, South
Carolina (rare) ; Balclock, Barnwell County, Georgia (rare).
Cotypes—Czt. Xo. 64227, U.S.N.M.
KLEIDIONELLA CRISTATA, new species.
Plate 77, figs. 12-21.
Description. — The zoarium is formed of elongated, bilamellar fronds, com-
posed of two lamellae, back to back; the cumulate zooecia are grouped on the
zoarial axis, thus thickening it and forming a characteristic longitudinal crest.
The oriented zooecia are elongated, little distinct, rhomboidal ; the frontal is thick,
little convex, formed of a little compact olocyst; it bears one or two elliptical
avicularia, little salient with pivot. The peristomice is elongated, elliptical; the
apertura is oval, very finely denticulated. The ovicell is hyperstomial, transverse,
salient, convex, smooth; it opens widely into the peristomie. The cumulate zooecia
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 621
occupy the median part of the young fronds, but they totally overspread the
fronds at the base of the zoarium ; they are globular, very salient, and bear a
frontal avicularium. The interzooecial avicularia are as large as the zooecia;
they have a pivot; they are elliptical and their beak is round and little salient;
they are chiefly disposed on the edge of the fronds.
{hpe=Q.-2()mm. . fLs=O.GOmm.
7
.
Measurements. — r'enstomice 7 ,
!7/>f =0.15 mm. 1^=0.35-0.40 mm.
Variations. — There are three sorts of branches. The younger ones are formed
entirely of oriented zooecia (fig. 14) ; the median crest exists, however, and the
zooecia are there distinct. The older ones have some cumulate zooecia on the
median crest (figs. 15, 16, 19). Finally, the fragments of the base are uniquely
covered with cumulate zooecia (fig. 17), among which are found some interzooecial
avicularia. The presence of the interzooecial avicularia on the edge of the zoarium
(fig. 18) is inexplicable. The phenomenon is rather frequent in many Cretaceous
Cheilostomes with olocystal frontal.
The tangential section (fig. 20) is interesting because it shows the structure
at different depths; the olocystal elements (fig. 21) are scattered.
Affinities. — This species differs from Kleidionella lobata in the almost con-
stant presence of the cumulate zooecia and in its narrower and more elongated
fronds.
It differs from Kleidionella parasitica in its smaller zooecial dimensions and
in the very peculiar nature of the fronds.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Xear Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (very
common).
Cotypes.—C&t.. No. 64224, TJ.S.N.M.
KLEIDIONELLA VERRUCOSA, new species.
Plate 101. figs. 1-11; plate 102, figs. 1-4.
Description. — The zoarium is free, formed of two layers, back to back, of
cumulate zooecia, bilamellar at the summit, multilamellar at the base: the fronds
are thick, compressed, elongated, bifurcated. The young zooecia are oriented, dis-
tinct, elongated; the frontal is smooth, very convex, bears an elliptical avicu-
larium, salient, with median pivot. The apertura is oval and deep; the peristomice
is elliptical. The ovicell is hyperstomial, salient, convex, smooth; it opens widely
into the peristomie. The cumulate zooecia are salient, ovoid, smooth, often deprived
of frontal avicularium. The interzooecial avicularia are salient, somewhat larger
than the zooecia ; they have a pivot and their beak is very round.
. I £3=0.50-0.60 mm.
Zooecia , A0
|fe=0.30mm.
Variations. — The cumulate zooecia are often grouped together as wart-Wee
projections among the oriented zooecia (pi. 101, fig. 6). The latter are visible
622 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL ilUSEUM.
only on the bilamellar zoaria (pi. 1<>1, fijr. 3). they are visible in transverse sec-
tions (pi. 102, fig. 2) or longitudinal sections (pi. 102, fig. 4) of the other zoaria.
There are all sorts of transitions between the frontal avicularia (pi. 101, fig. 4) and
the interzooecial avicularia. The zoarium may attain H centimeters in length and
may be considered as a good-sized fossil, easy of determination in the field.
In tangential sections (pi. 102, fig. 3) the zooecial walls are seen to be formed
of very dense olocystal elements.
Affinities. — This species differs from Kleidionella cristata, in which the fronds
have almost the same form, in its larger cumulate zooecia, never grouped especially
in the middle of the fronds, and in the rarity of the oriented zooecia uniquely ar-
ranged at the extremity of the branches.
It differs from Kleidionella lobata in the presence of its numerous cumulate
zooecia.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (" Chimney rock '' member of Marianna lime-
stone) : One mile north of Monroeville. Alabama (extremely common).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 64327, TJ.S.N.M.
Family CONESCHARELLINIDAE Levinsen, 1909.
The. zooecia are erect; the apertura is terminal. The gemmation is always and
uniquely lateral. The ovicell is hyperstomial and recumbent. There is both a
zooecial and a zoarial hydrostatic system.
Historical. — The first specimens discovered were confused with Selenaria
Busk, 1852, and Lunulites. In 1887 Whitelegge formed the genus Bipora for the
species whose apertura were provided with a rimule. In 1910 Maplestone created
the family Biporae. Prior to that, in 1900. Xeviani grouped the genera Batopora
Reuss, 1847, and Conescharellina D'Orbigny in his family of the Batoporidae,
whereas Stichoporina Stoliczka, 1861, and Orbitulipora Stoliczka., 1861, remained in
Lepraliidae. Bipora Whitelegge, 1887, was classed in 1895 in Schizoporellidae by
MacGillivray. In 1909 Levinsen made a somewhat serious study on the recent
genera Bipora Whitelegge, 1887, Conescharellina O'Drbigny, 1851. and Flabellipora
D'Orbigny, 1851, and all of the group with rimule of the Biporae; he omitted the
recent genus Fedora Jullien, 1882. No author has regarded the family in its en-
tirety and the right of priority does not exist.
This is a very mysterious group, which has given the zoologists much trouble
until, in 1910, when Maplestone 1 presented some details on the zoarial life.
Almost all our specimens belong to a new American genus, Schisorthosecos.
The zooecial hydrostatic system is analogous to that which we have described
for Lunularia Busk, 1884, but with some variations still very imperfectly studied.
Around the ancestrula there are some hydrostatic and radicular zooecia and often
between the zooecia there are some hydrostatic zooeciules and some zooeciules of
reenforcement or compensation. The inner surface of the zoarium being smaller
than the external surface, the latter have for their object the making up the dif-
ference.
1 1910. On the Growth' and Habits of Biporae, Proceedings Royal Society Victoria, vol. 23.
XORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
Genus FEDORA Jullien, 1882.
623
1SS2. Fedora JTJLLIKX, r/rafiajtes du Trnraillcur, Bulletin Society Zologique France, vol. 7,
p. 17. (KionidcUa Koschinsky, 18S5.)
FIG. 1ST. — Genus Fedora Jullien, 1882.
A-C. Fedora edicanlsi Jullien, 1882. A. Zooecia, X 44. B. Operculum, X 85. (After
Waters, 1891.) 0. Zoarium, X 11. (A, C after Jullien, 1882.)
D-L. Fedora cxcelsa Koschinsky, 1885. D. Zoarium, X 2. (After Waters. 1891.) E. Zoa-
rium, magnified. F. Ovicelled zooecia, X 25. (After Waters, 1801. i G. Ordinary zooecia,
X 22. H. Transversal section showing the zooecia arid the basal septules, X 22. I. Transversal
break showing that the zooecia arise on the internal walls of the zoarium. J. Tangential sec-
tion, X 22, taken just below the surface. K. Longitudinal section through a zoarium, X 11.
L. Enlargement of a longitudinal section, X 22, showing the basal septules (p), parietal septules
i ./• i, and the hydrostatic cavity (;). (E, G— L after Koschinsky, 1885.)
"Zooecia subhexagonal with circular orifice, thick but not salient, notched on
its posterior fourth where it is thin; finally placed a little above the center of the
624 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
zooecium, of which it occupies about a third of the diameter ; the ovicell nonsalient,
indicated exteriorly by a smooth stripe forming an obtuse angle, of which the
summit is turned toward the orifice. Avicularia not constant, situated on the
sides and outside of the orifice." ( Jullien, 1882.)
Genotype— Fedora edwardsi Jullien, 1882.
Range. — Lutetian — Eecent.
The known species of this genus are:
Fedora edwardsi Jullien. 1882. Recent.
Fedora (Kionidella) obliqueseriata Koschinsky, 1885. Lutetian.
Fedora (Kionidella) excelsa Koschinsky, 1885. Lutetian.
Fedora (Discoftvstrellaria) dactylus D'Orbigny, 1881. Lutetian.
The recent species has been dredged at a depth of 2,018 meters.
FEDORA PUSILLA. new species.
Plate 102, figs. 14-17.
Description. — The zoarium is small, very conical, hollow. The zooecia are
tubular, indistinct, separated exteriorly by some hydrostatic zooeciules. The aper-
tura is suborbicular and formed of a large anter separated by two small cardelles
from a smaller poster. The ovicell is hyperstomial, very little salient; it is opened
by a very thin slit above the operculum; it is borne by a larger zooecium. Six
inferior septules.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Byram marl) : One-fourth mile west of Wood-
wards, Wayne County, Mississippi (rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 64331, U.S.N.M.
Genus STICHOPORINA Stoliczka, 1861.
1861. Stichoporina STOLICZKA, Oligocilne Bryozoen von Latdorf in Bernburg Sitzungsber-
ichte cler k. AUademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, vol. 45, Abth. 1, 1S62, pp. 71-74.
pis. 1-3.
The zoarium is cupuliform. The apertura is orbicular or elliptical with two
cardelles; the apertura of the ovarian zooecia is larger and transverse. The avicu-
laria have some vibraculoid mandibles.
Genotype. — Stichoporhia reussi Stoliczka, 1861.
Range. — Lutetian — Eecent.
The known species of this genus are :
Stichoporina reiissi Stoliczka, 1861. Lutetian. Latdorfian. Eecent. (
porina simplex Koschinsky. 1885.)
Stichoporina protecta Koschinsky, 1885. Lutetian. Priabonian.
Stichoporina crassilaliris Koschinsky, 1885. Lutetian.
Stichoporina. (Lepralia) minutissima Seguenza. 1880. Helvetian.
Stichoporina pcrsimplex Neviani. 1895. Plaisancian.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
625
STICHOPORINA PROTECTA Koschinsky, 1885.
Plate 79. figs. 15-18.
1885. Stichoporina protecta KOSCHINSKY, Ein Beitrag zur Bryozoenfauna der illteren Ter-
tiiirschiehten des siidlichen Bayerns, Abth. 1, Cheilostomata, Paleontographia,
vol. 32, p. 65, pi. 6, figs. 8-11.
1891. Stichoporina simplex WATERS, North Italian Bryozoa, Quarterly Journal Geological
Society, London, vol. 47, p. 31, pi. 4, figs. 16-18.
1909. Sticlioporina protecta CANU, Bryozoaires des terrains tertiaires des environs de Paris,
. Annales de Paleontologie, vol. 4, p. 101, pi. 11, fig. 8.
FIG. 188. — Genus Stivhoporina Stoliczka, 1861.
A-H. Sticlioporina simplex Koscbinsky, 1885. A. Zoarium, natural size. B. Zooecia, X 25.
C. Operculuni of an ordinary zooecium, X 60. D. Operculum of an ovicelled zooeeiuni, X 60.
E. Avicularian mandible, X 100. (A-E after Kirkpatrick, 1890.) F. Zooeeia, X 11. G. Internal
face, X 15. H. Longitudinal section. X 15. (F-H after Koschinsky, 18S5.)
I, J. Stichoporina cranilabris Koschinsky, 1885. I. Isolated zooecia, X 22. J. Longitudinal
section, X 22, showing the lateral septulae. (I, J after Koschinsky, 1885.)
K. Sticlioporina protecta Koshchinsky, 1885. Longitudinal section showing the parietal
septulae, X 22. (After Koschinsky, 1885.)
Variations. — Our specimens very well resemble the specimens previously de-
scribed by other authors. The apertura of the ovicelled zooecia is larger than
55899— 19— Bull. 106 40
626 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
the others and transverse (fig. 15) : its operculum probably closes the ovicell in
opening, in order to facilitate the passage of the eggs. On the lower face (fig. 16)
there are often some circular imbrications difficult to explain. In transverse sec-
tion the zooecia (fig. 18) are tubular; their peristomie forms a narrow gullet.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian ( Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington, North
Carolina (common).
Geological distribution. — Lutetian of Bavaria (Koschinsky) and of the Paris
Basin (Canu). Priabonian of the Vicentin (Waters).
Plesiotypes.—G&i. No. 64228, U.S.N.M.
Genus SCHIZORTHOSECOS Canu and Bassler, 1917.
1917. Schizorthosecos CANU and BASSLKK, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary Cheilostome
Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 74.
The zoarium is cupuliform. The apertura is oval with a proximal rounded
rimule. There are numerous interzooecial zooeciules capable of being transformed
into avicularia, into radicular zooeciules, and into compensation zooeciules. The
ovicell is hyperstomial, placed on the distal zooecium and never closed by the oper-
culum.
Genotype. — Schizorthosecos (Orbitolites) interstitia Lea, 1833.
Range. — Claibornian — Jacksouian.
This genus is exclusively American ; it characterizes the Claibornian and the
base of the Jacksonian, where it is exterminated unexpectedly.
It differs from Conescharellina D'Orbigny, 1851. and Bipora Whitelegge, 1887,
in its distinct zooecia and in the absence of lunoecia.
SCHIZORTHOSECOS INTERSTITTA Lea, 1833.
Plate 18, figs. 1-9.
1833. Orbitolites interstitia LEA, Contribution to Geology. Philadelphia, p. 191. pi. 6. fig. 204.
1862. Lunulitcs interstitia GAEB and HORN, Monograph fossil Polyzoa Secondary and Tertiary
formations North America, Journal Academy Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, ser. 2,
vol. 5, p. 120.
1890. Lunulites (Cupularia) interstitia DE GREGOBIO, Monographic Fauna Eoceuique de Ala-
bama, Annales de Geologie et de Paleontologie, Livr. 7 and 8, p. 249, pi. 42, figs.
16-22.
1917. Schizorthosecos interstitia CASU and BASSLEB, Synopsis of American Early Tertiary
Cheilostome Bryozoa, Bulletin 96, United States National Museum, p. 75, pi. 6,
figs. 4, 5.
Description. — The zoarium is cupuliform, little deep. The zooecia are distinct,
tubular, erect, terminated by a narrowed peristomie. The apertura is placed at
the base of the peristomie ; in its rimule, it often has a flat lyrula : the peristomice
is of the same form as the apertura. Between the peristomes, on the external sur-
face, there are numerous zooeciules, which are transformed according to their
position into radicular zooeciules, into avicularia with pivot, or into compensation
zooeciules. On the inner face each zooecium is indicated by a hexagon perforated
with six to ten large tremopores, which are the orifices of long tubules; some large
avicularia with pivot surround the ancestrula.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 627
The ovicell is hyperstomial, placed on the distal zooecium; it is never closed
by the operculum; its orifice is large; it is formed of two calcareous layers, of which
the external one is frequently incomplete and circumscribes a more or less large
frontal area.
Variations.- — In the interior of certain apertures there is a calcareous arched
lamella or indeed a, tooth when this lamella is incomplete.
In the interior (fig. 2) the ancestrula is an ordinary zooecium; viewed from
the inner face it has the aspect of a circle perforated by three pores (fig. 5) sur-
rounded by a calcareous ring and by six hexagons perforated by three, four or five
pores. On the exterior it is surrounded by radicular zooeciules, as is the habit of
all the species attached to submarine bodies (figs. 7, 8).
The zooecia are regularly cylindrical ; the internal surface is smaller than the
external surface; the discrepancy is filled by the zooeciules, which we call com-
pensation zooeciules; they are more or less numerous (fig. 3).
On their inner face, near the ancestrula, there are some large avicularia with
bar; their mandible was semielliptical and transverse (figs. 4, 5).
On the external face (fig. 6) there are large membraniporoid zooecia superposed
on the others and always situated near the center. Their function is unknown.
The base of the zooecia is perforated; these pores are the extremities of the
long tubules which open also on the external face. These tubules must be intended
to give lightness to the zoarium.
Occurrence. — Claibornian (Gosport sand) : Claiborne, Alabama (very com-
mon) ; Gopher Hill, Tombigbee River, Alabama (common) ; one mile southwest
of Rockville, Clarke County. Alabama.
Claibornian (Lisbon formation) : Wautubbee Hills, four miles south of Enter-
prise,.Clarke County, Mississippi (common).
Claibornian (Cook Mountain formation) : Moseleys Ferry, Caldwell County,
Texas (very rare).
Lower Jacksonian : Three and one-half miles southeast of Shell Bluff post office,
Georgia (rare).
Lower Jacksonian: Jackson, Mississippi (very common).
Plesiotypes.—Csit. No. 62809, U.S.N.M.
SCHIZORTHOSECOS GRANDIPOROSUM, new species.
Plate 18, figs. 30-15.
Description. — The zoarium is cupuliform and little concave. The zooecia are
distinct exteriorly, tubular, terminated by a contracted peristomie. The apertura
is placed at the base, of the peristomie; it bears a rounded rimule; the peristomice
is oval. The peristomes are separated by some compensation zooeciules with irregu-
lar orifices. On their inner face the zooecia are indistinct; they each contain one
large and one small pore. At the base of each zooecium there are a dozen very
small pores.
628
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Affinities. — This species differs from ScMzorthosecos interstitia Lea, 1833, in
the totally different nature of its inner face, which does not bear very numerous
small pores of tubules.
Bipora eburnea, Mapleston, 1909, is a recent species bearing pores somewhat
analogous, but the author has not explained their use.
Occurrence. — Claibornian (Gosport sand) : Claiborne, Alabama (common).
Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 63863, TT.S.N.M.
SCHIZORTHOSECOS RADIATUM, new species.
Plate IS. figs. 1C-19.
Description. — The zoarium is cupuliform. very little concave. The zooecia are
indistinct exteriorly, tubular, terminated by a contracted peristomie; before each
peristomice there are four to
six small radial costules; above,
in the interzooecial angles there
are two small compensation
zooeciules or avicularia. The
apertura is placed at the base
of the peristomie and has a
rounded, distal rimule ; the
peristomice has also a very wide
and quite variable lower inden-
tation. On the inner face, the
radial series are separated by
lateral mural rims, very thick
and quite salient; the zooecia
appear between them in hexagons, smooth, much elongated, little distinct, ter-
minated by an enormous perforation.
Affinities.- — This species is extremely rare; it is very easily confused with the
very abundant specimens of the 8chasorth.os.ecos interstitia Lea. 1833. To discover
specimens of it one must study under the microscope the inner face of all the
specimens found. The enormous salient- collars, as well as the small frontal radia-
tions, well characterize this species.
Occurrence. — Claibornian (Gosport sand) : Claiborne, Alabama (rare).
Claibornian (Lisbon formation) : Wautubbee Hills, four miles south of Enter-
prise, Clarke County, Mississippi (very rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 63864, U.S.N.M.
Genus ORBITULIPORA Stoliczka, 1861.
1861. Orbittili-pora STOLICZKA, Olizocane Bryozoeu von Latdorf in Bernburg Sitzungsber-
iflite der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, vol. 45, Abth. 1, p. 90.
The apertura is orbicular. The frontal is a tremocyst. The zoarium is or-
bicular and formed of two lamellae with zooecia back to back.
FIG. 189.— Genus Orbitulipora Stoliczka, 1861.
A-C. Orbitulipora petiolus Lonsdale, 1850. Natural size
and magnified views of a zoarium. (After Reuss, 1867. i
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
629
Genotype. — Orbitulipom haidingeri Stoliczka, 1861.
Range. — Auversian — Tortonian.
Orbitulipora petiolus Lonsdalc, 1850, Orlntulipora lenticular^ Reuss, 1867, and
Orbitulipora excentrica Se-
guenza, 1880, are the only
known species in addition to
the genotype.
Genus BATOPORA Reuss, 1867.
ISO". Butopora REUSS, Ueber
einige Bryozoen aus
dera deutschen Un-
teroligocan Sit- A
zun.ssbericlite der FIG. 190. — Genus Batopora Reuss, 1867.
k. Akadeinie der A-C. Batopora rosula Reuss, 1867. Frontal, dorsal, and lateral
Wissensch a f t e n , views of a zoarium, magnified. (After Reuss, 1867.)
Wien, Abth. ], p. 16.
The apertura is orbicular. The frontal is a granular olocyst. The zoarium is
conical, never hollow. The
ancestrular zooecium is
ornamented with radicu-
lar pores.
Genotype. — Batopora
stolicskai Reuss, 1867.
Range. — Lutetian,
Tortonian.
The species of this
genus are :
Batopora stolicskai
Reuss, 1867. Latdorfian.
Batopora scrobifulnto
Koschinsky, 1885. Lu-
tetian.
Batopora conica Se-
guenza, 1880. Tongrian.
B at op or a conica
A C B
FIG. 191. — Genus Diplota.ris Reuss, 1867.
A-E. Diplotaxis placcnttila Reuss, 1867. Various views of the
zoarium magnified. (After Reuss, 1867.)
(according to
1887). Pria-
H a nt ken
Pergens,
bonian.
Batopora rrvilt!r<i<li-
ata Reuss, 1869. Tortonian.
Genus DIPLOTAXIS Reuss, 1867.
1807. Diplotaxis REUSS, Ceber einige Bryozoen aus dem dentsclien Unteroligocan, Slt-
zungsberichte der k. Akademie der AVissenscliaften, Wien, Abth. 1, p. 16.
The zoarium is discoidal and formed of two lamellae, back to back. The
zooecia of the external face are oriented toward the zoarial margins; the zooecia
of the inner face are oriented toward the center. The apertura has a distal rimule.
Genotype. — Diplotaxi* plnccritnla Reuss. 1867. Latdorfian.
630 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genus CONESCHARELLINA D'Orbigny, 1851.
1851. ConescJiarellina D'OKRIGNY, Paleontologie franchise. Terrain Cretace, vol. 5, p. 446.
The zoarium with lunoecia. The zoaria, which have the form of a low cone
or an arched disk, only show a single layer of zooecia. while their inner cavity is
J$&
»*S :*>*U
'W'M.TpS
-):«.•
"-T~-
K «ioo
Fio. 192. — Genus Conescharellina D'Orbigny, 1851.
A-H. Conescharellina canceUata Busk, 1852. A. Zoarium, natural size and magnified.
B. Internal face magnified. (A, B after MacGillivray, 1895.) C. Zooecia, X 25. D. Aperture,
X 50. (C, D after Waters, 1882.) E. Avicularian mandible, X 85 and X 250. F. Operculum,
X 85. (E, P after Waters, 1S87.) G. Ovicell, X 55. H. Ovicell from the side, X 55. (G, H
after Leviusen, 1909. )
I-N. Conescharellina angulopora Tenison-Woods, 1880. I. Between the two avicularia is
seen one of the peculiar crescentic apertures belonging to certain kenozooecia (zooecia of com-
pensation), X 75. J. A crescentic aperture and two avicularia, X 75. K. Operculum, X 100.
L. A transverse section of the operculum, X 200, M. Aperture, X 75. N. Avicularian mandible,
X 200. (I-N after Levinsen, 1909.)
O-P. Conescharellina incisa Hincks, 1881. O. Avicularian aperture, X 25. P. Oral aper-
ture, X 25. (O, P after Waters, 1887.)
Q. Conescharellina philippinensis Busk, 1852. Five zooecia are seen from the basal side
(after removal of the frontal wall), showing a number of avicularian chambers, which are con-
nected partly with the zooecial surface and partly with each other through septules and pore
chambers. There is also seen one of the peculiar kenozooecia, which are provided with a narrow
semilunate aperture, X 75. (After Levinsen, 1909.)
occupied by numerous avicularia placed in horizontal layers; ovicells may occur.
(After Levinsen, 1909.) The apertura has a distal rimule.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
631
Genotype. — C ' onescharellina cancellata Busk, 1852.
Range. — Miocene — Recent.
The lunoecia are the openings of special compensation zooeciules.
All the unilamellar Bipora of Whitelegge, 1887, are classified in this genus
by Levinsen.
Genus BIPORA Whitelegge, 1887.
1S87. Bipora WHITELEGGE, Notes on some Australian Polyzoa, Proceedings Linnean Society
New South Wales, ser. 2, vol. 11, p. 337.
The zoarium with lunoecia. The
zoaria are plate-like or fan-shaped
with two layers of zooecia ; ovicells
are not found. (After Levinsen,
1909.) The apertura has a proximal
rimule.
Genotype. — B ip ora umbonata
Haswell, 1880. Recent.
C 100
Genus FLABELLIPORA D'Orbigny, 1852.
1852. Flabellipora D'Orbigny, Paleon-
tologie Prancaise Terrain Cre1-
tacg, vol. 5, p. 432.
The zoaria, which have no lunoe-
cia, are plate-like, two layered; no ovicells.
tura has a proximal rimule.
Genotype. — Flabellipora elegans D'Orbigny, 1852. Recent.
FIG. 193.— Genus Bipora Whitelegge, 1887.
A-D. Bipora umbonata Haswell, 1880. A. Zoarium,
natural size. B. Zooecia and lunoecia magnified.
(After Haswell, 1880.) C, D. Bipora crassa Tenison-
Woods, 1880. Operculum and avicularian mandible,
X 100. (After Kirkpatrick, 1890.)
After Levinsen, 1909.) The aper-
FIG. 194. — Genus Flabellipora D'Orbigny, 1852.
A-P. Flabellipora elegans D'Orbigny, 1852. A-D. Four views of the enlarged zoarium.
(After D'Orbigny, 1852.) E. Various aspects of a zoarium natural size. P. Zooecia and
avicularia, X 25. (E, P after Waters, 1887.)
632 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genus MAMILLOPORA Smitt, 1872.
1872. Hamillopora SMITT, Floridan Bryozoa, Pt. 1. Kong. Svenska Veteuskaps Akademiens
Handlingar, vol. 10, No. 11, p. 33.
The zoarium is cupuliform. The apertura is elliptical with two submedian
cardelles. There are some avicularia between the zooecia. The ovicelled zooecia
are much larger ; their apertura is not transverse.
Genotype. — M amillopora (nipula Smitt, 1872. Recent (Florida).
A B
Fin. 195. — Genus Mamillopora Smitt, 1872.
A, B. Mamillopora cupula Smitt, 1872. Zoarium, natural size, and zooecia, enlarged. (After
Smitt, 1872.)
Order CYCLOSTOMATA Busk.
Zooecia very simple, cylindrical, calcareous tubes arising from a proximal tube
by some special mode of gemmation, usually without transverse partitions; orifice
plain, inoperculate, not contracted; walls thin, minutely porous; apertural por-
tion of zooecial tubes more or less raised, bent outwards, free or in bundles.
Marsupia and appendicular organs wanting. Ovicell an enlarged zooecium or
an inflation of the zoarial surface.
Hitherto the families and genera of Cyclostomata have been founded almost
entirely upon the form of the zoarium and the arrangement of the zooecia.
Various classifications have been proposed, but it is needless to review them here
because Gregory in 1909 1 gave a good account of them and discussed the general
problem of classification at some length.
The distinction between the families of Cyclostomata, like the other orders, of
Bryozoa, is or should be based on their larval forms, each family being chara-
terized by a special larva. The larvae of the Cyclostomata are very similar to
each other and difficult to discriminate, but fortunately they show their differences
by the evolution of the embryos in ovicells of very different size, form, and
position.
We believe that the same principles of classification as are applied to the
apparently more complicated Cheilostomata (see pp. 70, 71) can be employed in
the study of the Cyclostomata. indeed, that a natural classification can be built
up by a study of the physiologic functions of the organs. In the Cheilostomata
it will be noted that the form of the aperture and of the operculum, the presence
of the cardelles, occurrence of lyrula and the ovicell were the essential characters
of generic and family classification. In the Cyclostomata the aperture is always
more or less circular, the operculum, cardelles, and lyrula are wanting, leaving
the ovicell as the single remaining essential character showing on the zooecium.
The value of the ovicell in the classification of the Cyclostomata is therefore of
utmost importance, but unfortunately until very recently its study has been much
neglected.
The most important work on the ovicells of recent species is that of Waters,
published in 18942 and 19143. In 1893* the remarkable phenomenon whereby
a single egg can engender a considerable number of lai'vae was discovered by
Harmer. This discovery of the fissiparity of the primary embryo explains the
rarity of ovicells.
1 Catalogue Fossil Bryozoa in Department of Geology, British Museum, vol. '2, pp. xxiv-xli.
! 1894. Waters, Ovicells of Cyclostoroatous Bryozoa, Linnean Society Journal, vol. 20, pp. 275-285, pi.
14, 15.
3 1914. Waters, The marine fauna of British East-Africa, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, pp.
834-836.
1 1893. Harmer. Embryonic Fission in Cyclostomatous Bryozoa, Quarterly Journal of Miscroscopical
Science (n. s.), vol. 34, pp. 199-241, pis. 21-24.
633
634 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The ovicells on the fossil forms have not escaped observation as D'Orbigny,
Hagenow, Reuss, and Pocta have figured them, although these students did not
recognize their great value in classification. In 1897 1 Canu discovered the ovicell
of the Melicerititidae, and in 189!) 2 that of the Ceidae. In 1898 3 he published
some special variations and indicated the great necessity for the study of the
ovicell. In 1918 4 he published a summary of his new ideas on the classification
of the Cyclostomata with descriptions of a number of new genera, a work which
was preliminary to the present one where these ideas are more fully developed.
GENERAL CONSIDERATION OF THE CYCLOSTOMATA.
THE TUBES.
The zooecia of the cyclostomatous bryozoa are tubular.. Whatever may be the
zoarial form, each tube grows from a proximal tube by a special mode of gem-
mation (fig. 196 A, B).
Considering the form of the tubes there are :
(a) Club-shaped tubes or typical Cyclostomata.
(&) Cylindrical tubes or Cyclostomata resembling the trepostomatous bryozoa
(c) Tubes with facets.
(d) Tubes with rhomboidal orifice.
This division, however, is not an absolute one. Hollow zoaria (in the Cavaria
form of growth) often have shortened tubes the exact nature of which it is im-
possible to determine. In the zoarium of Lichenopora. the polypidian tubes are
club-shaped and the accessory tubes cylindrical.
Considering their functions the tubes are classed as follows:
(a) Polypidian tubes.
(&) Accesory tubes (= aborted tubes of authors).
(c) Adventitious tubes.
The tubes are often grouped in longitudinal, transversal, or radial bundles
(fascicles) which may be monoserial or pluriserial.
Calcification. — The ectocyst is formed of two thin, flexible membranes between
which the calcareous skeleton is located (fig. 196 C)5; the tubes are therefore
not strictly adjacent. The disappearance of the external membrane leaves a
space which, in thin sections, appears as a clear line. This intercellular space is
quite variable in size and is linear or vesicular. At the center of the agglomerate
zoaria the tubes are often adjacent by reduction, reabsorption or filling up; rarely
they are so in the entire zoarium (see Exochoecia).
1 1897. Canu, Bryozoaires <Ju Turonien des Janieres, Bulletin Soci^tS Ggologique de France, ser. 3, vol.
25, p. 155.
2 1890. Canu, Les Ovieelles des Ceidees, Bulletin Societe Ggologique de France, ser. 3, vol. 27, p. 326.
3 1898. Canu, Etude sur les Ovieelles des Bryozoaires du Bathonien d'Occaignes, Bulletin Societe
Geologique de France, ser. 3, vol. 26, p. 259.
4 1918. Canu. Les Ovieelles des Bryozoaires Cyclostomes, Bulletin Socie'tg Gfiologique de France,
ser. 4, vol. 16, pp. 324-335.
B 1900. Calvet. Contributions a 1'histoire naturelie des Bryozoaires ectoproctes marins, Travaux In-
stitut Zoologique University Montpelller Mem., No. 8, p. 166.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
635
The calcareous skeleton is exteriorly porous (fig. 196 A, D). At each pore
in the general cavity1 there are corresponding spherular leucocytes (fig. 196 E).
4-
A
D xioo
FIG. 106. — Structure of the tubes.
A. Longitudinal section of Entalophora raripora D'Orbigny enlarged, showing that each tube
grows from the dorsal of the proximal tube. (After Beissel, 1865.) B. Tangential section of the
dorsal side of Plngioecia concreta new species, X 12, illustrating the spindle-shaped aspect of the
tubes. C. Transverse thin section of a branch of Crisia dcnticulata Lamarck, 1836; ect repre-
sents the ectocyst. (See text figure 229 for complete description.) D. Tangential thin sec-
tion, X 100, of the frontal of Filisparsa Ingens new species, illustrating the porous walls. E.
Tangential thin section of the ectocyst of Crisia dentifwJata Lamarck, 1836. Each of the pores
corresponds to a spberular leucocyte. (C, E after Calvet, 1900.)
The pores serve therefore for respiration. The tubes communicate by septulae
(fig. 196 A), which are more or less numerous, very small and irregularly placed.
1 Calvet. Contributions a 1'histoire naturelle des Bryozoaires ectoproctes marins, p. 239.
636
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
These septulae serve as in the Cheilostomata. for the passage of the mesenchyma-
tous fibers.
A x16
Cx16 Dx60
FIG. 197. — Structure of the cylindrical tubes.
A. Longitudinal thin section, X 16, of a massive species Ceriopora vesicutosa new species.
The walls are vesicular throughout their course. B. Transverse thin section, X 16, of Tretocy-
cloecia dicliotoma Reuss from the Helvetian of France. The tubes are of the same size at both
the center and circumference. C. Longitudinal thin section of a ramose species Tretocycloecia
K-lii-iiliita. new species, X 16. The interzooecial spaces are vesicular only at the extremity of the
tubes. L). Portion of longitudinal thin section, X 60, of Heteropora constanti D'Orbigny, show-
ing the great size sometimes attained by the vesicles.
Cylindrical tubes or trepostomatous-like Cyclostomata. — In this division the
inferior part of the tube is developed, but this part is very short. These tubes
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 637
are parallel to each other and their length is unlimited. They give rise easily
to adventitious tubes.
In transverse section all such tubes appear of the same size at the center
as at the periphery; the smaller tubes dispersed irregularly between the large ones
are the young tubes (fig. 197 B).
In longitudinal section the interzooecial spaces are generally vesicular through-
out their course in the massive forms (fig. 197 A), but only at their extremity
in the ramose forms (fig. 197 C). However there are numerous exceptions to
this. These vesicles are sometimes quite large (Fig. 197 D) ; we are ignorant
of their function. There is no zone of growth visible, since the tubes have the
same diameter.
The ancestrular tubes are short and not strictly parallel to each other. They
rise more or less in a spiral around the ancestrula and form the nuclear region,
with nonoriented tubes (=immature region of the Trepostomata) (fig. 197 A).
Club-shaped tubes or typical Cyclostomata. — These increase regularly in diame-
ter during the greater part of their length. They are slightly oblique to each
other and always have a part at the exterior of the zoarium. Their length is
limited. They rarely give rise to adventitious tubes. They become cylindrical
when near the zone of growth or when they bend toward the exterior, or finally
when they curve at a right angle with production of adventitious tubes. The
last case is without exception.
In transverse section these tubes appear smaller at the center than at the cir-
cumference (fig. 198 A, B). In longitudinal section they are separated generally
by a linear space, rarely vesicular (fig. 198 C).
The zone of growth is the ensemble of the small orifices of the incompletely
developed tubes; it is quite variable in form and size (fig. 198 D, E). The
lamella on which the new tubes are developed is called the basal lamella (=germinal
lamella of D'Orbigny).
Tubes with facets (Mctopoporinn}. — These are expanded tubes in which the
peristome is closed by a facet (D'Orbigny) or zooecial area (Levinsen). This
area (fig. 199) is perforated by an orbicular or semilunar orifice destined for
the passage of the tentacles. The orifice is often closed by a sort of calcareous
operculum. The zooecial walls are thickened at their extremity.
This form of tubes has completely disappeared from the recent seas; they
correspond therefore to some anatomical features rather difficult to reestablish.
Such a form exists in many families: Melicerititidae, Lobosoeciidae, Plagioeciidae.
and other families.
Tubes with rhomboidal orifice.— These are cylindrical or funnel-shaped. Their
aperture is oblique to the zooecial axis; it is not orbicular, but is elongated and
rhomboidal (fig. 200). The bundles are caused by the reunion of many tubes and
form zoarial and lateral expansions symmetrically arranged, called pinnules. They
comprise many genera of the family Cytisidae. This form of tubes has disappeared
from the recent seas.
638
FIG. 198.— Structure of the tubes and apertura.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. ' 639
FIG. 198. — Structure of the tubes and apertura.
A. Transverse section, X 25, of Mccynoecia corniita, new species, a species with club-shaped
tubes. These appear smaller at the center. B. Transverse section, X 25, of IiJmoiica matjna, new
species, with the tubes smaller at the center of growth, here laterally placed. C. Longitudinal
thin section of Idinoin-a marmircrersa, new species, X 25, showing linear space separating tubes.
D. A branch of Entalopliora ccnomana D'Orbigny, enlarged, showing zone of growth. E. The
zone of growth and basal lamella of Plagioecia (Diastopora)latom(irginata, D'Orbigny. F.
Sketch showing relations of tentacular sheath and zooecial walls in a cyclostomatous bryozoan
(after Calvet, 1900) ; ox, zooecial orifice; d, diaphragmatic orifice: gt. subdiaphragmatic region
of the tentacular sheath ; gt', super diaphragmatic region of the tentacular sheath ; miipd, parie-
tal diaphragmatic muscles: /, tentacles. G. Surface of Plngioecia prolifera Busk, with orifices
closed by finely perforated lamella. H. Surface of Mesenteripora meandrina Busk. 1875, showing
lamella perforated at the middle. I. Plagioecia sarniensis Hincks. 1880, illustrating lamella sur-
mounted by a projecting tubule. (Figs. H-J after Busk.) J. Longitudinal thin section, X 12, of
Hornera concatenata Reuss showing deeply placed lamella. K. Section of Mecynoetia nigosa
Waters, 1S77, illustrating that the lamella is placed where the tube rises free from the zoarium.
L. Section of Ascosoecia Ititernlis D'Orbigny preserving a double lamella. (J-L after Waters.)
640
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The orifice or apertura. — The orifice of the zooecial tubes is always open.
Figure 198 F represents the relations of the tentacular sheath and of the walls of
the zooecia in their superior or distal region.1 It is therefore by tnrgescence that
the polypide may extrude or retract its tentacles.
When the polypide dies from disease or accident, a calcareous lamella im-
mediately closes the tube. This lamella is superficial and finely perforated (fig.
FIG. 199.— Tubes with
facets.
Loboscoecia (Meli-
ceritites ) aemicln IIXH
Michelin from the
Cenomanian at Le
Mans, Prance, X 14.
Surface of branch
showing zooecia with
facets.
x25
FIG. 200. — Tubes with rhomboidal orifice.
An ovicelled specimen of Homocosolen gam-
blei Gregory, 1909, X 25, from the Turonian
at St. Calais, France, illustrating rhomboidal
form of apertures.
198 G) and varies much in form and position. It is sometimes perforated at the
middle (fig. 198 H) or surmounted by a projecting tubule (fig. 198 I). Again it
may be deep and invisible ; it is formed then about the point where the zoarial tube
rises free from the zoarium (fig. 198 J, K). It is sometimes double (fig. 198 L).2
Diaphragms. — The diaphragms are rare and accidental in the club-shaped
ttilies, but are abundant and specific in the cylindrical; they are sometimes formed
in ijoth the accessory and the adventitious tubes. Their physiologic function is
unknown.
Like the lamellae of closure they are entire or perforated; the perforation is
central or excentric. Figure 201 A, B will be useful in the interpretation of thin
sections. In our American Tertiary formations species with diaphragms are rare.
1 1900. Calvet, Histoire naturelle des Bryozoaires ectoproctes, p. 180, fig. 24.
- 1S84. Waters, Closure on the Cyclostomatous Bryozoa, Journal Linnean Society, p. 400, 404, pi. 17
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
ACCESSORY TUBES.
641
These are the zooecia closed or open which appear deprived of polypide. They
may occur on the dorsal (tergopores, firmatopores, nematopores) or on the frontal
(oactylethrae, cancelli).
A B A
FIG, 201.— Diaphragms.
A. Sketches showing aspect where a zooecium with a centrally perforated diaphragm is cut
longitudinally (B) and transversely (A) ; aa and 6&, intersection of the two longitudinal sections.
B. Sketches showing aspect where zooeciuni with a laterally perforated diaphragm is cut longi-
tudinally (B) and transversely (.4). C. Longitudinal thin section of Heteropora alvcolata new
species, X 25, with more numerous diaphragms than usual in the genus.
Tergopores. — The tergopores are ascending, transverse, accessory pores on
the dorsal which are parallel to each other and as large as the polypidian tubes.
They emanate from each other by successive bifurcations of their walls which are
never adjacent; the new tergopores therefore always commence by the spreading of
two neighboring walls. They are formed, first, of a longitudinal end portion soine-
55899— 20— Bull. 106 11
642
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
what oblique, and club-shaped, and as short as it is distant from the polypidian
tubes; second, of a large, transverse, and cylindrical part. The orifice on the
dorsal of the zoarium is polygonal and on fossils always open.
When a tergopore is aborted (fig. 202 A), it is immediately replaced by two
others, formed by the simultaneous bifurcation of the distal and proximal tergo-
pores.
Cx12
Dx12
B x25
A "25
FIG. 202. — Tergopores.
A. Longitudinal thin section of Jtesonea subpcr-
tusa, new species, X 25, illustrating structure of ter-
gopores (to right) and zooecial tubes. B. Transverse
section, X 25, of the same species showing the
zooecial tubes in the upper half and the tergopores
below. C. Broken branch of same, X 12, with the
layer of the tergopores separated from the zooecial
tubes. D. Dorsal of same, X 12, exhibiting large
tergopores.
FIG. 203. — B'irmatopores.
Longitudinal thin sec-
tion of Idmidronea coro-
iiopus Milne Edwards,
1838, illustrating struc-
ture of firmatopores (to
right).
The ectocyst of the tergopores was much thicker than that of the polypidian
tubes, for its disappearance shows a much larger, interzooeoial space (fig. 202 A).
As the tergopores give rise to one another independently of the polypidian
tubes, their ensemble is easily separated from the frontal of the zoarium (fig.
202 C). They evidently form part of the system of basal fixation of the zoarium.
Tn sections, they have the appearance of mesopores but they differ in their forma-
tion for these are tubes and not ramifications.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
643
The tergopores have so far been observed only in the genera Mesonea and
Pleuronea.
Firmatopores. — The firmatopores (=canal of reenforcement of Pergens) are
longitudinal, cylindrical, capillary tubes on the dorsal of the zoarium. They
arise on the basal lamella at all heights and are directed toward the base in the
opposite direction to the zooecia which are ascending; they form by their opening
on the substratum, the basal system of fixation of the zoarium (fig. 203).
FIG. 204. — Nematopores.
Longitudinal thin section, X
25, of Diplodcsmopora oppo-
sita new genus and species
from the Coniacian at Tours,
Prance, showing zooecial tubes
to right and nematopores to
left.
A x25
B x12
FIG. 205.— Dactylethrae.
A. Longitudinal thin section of Erkosonca
scmota new species, X 25, showing dactyle-
thrae (to right) and zooecial tubes. B. Dorsal
of the same species, X 12, illustrating dactyl e-
thrae closed by a lamella. C. Longitudinal
thin section of dausa hetcropom D'Orbigny,
showing dactylethrae (to right) and zooecial
tubes.
Nematopores. — The nematopores are inferior and opposite ramifications of
the oriented tubes; they are always rectilinear and their orifice is oblique. Their
walls are thin or thick, but always adjacent. They are sometimes closed by a
calcareous cpitheca (fig. 204). They are distinguished from firmatopores, which
have the same threadlike aspect, in their ascending and not descending arrange-
ment.
644
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Dactylethrae. — The dactylethrae are club-shaped tubes without polypide, with
the same diameter as the polypidian tubes; their orifice is polygonal and closed
by a calcareous lamella very finely perforated (fig. 205). They resemble the
tergopores in longitudinal sections but they differ in their calcareous closure.
Exteriorly the dactylethrae resemble cancelli but differ from them in longitudinal
Fio. 206. — Cancelli.
A. Transverse thin sections, X 35, of two cancelli of TAchenopora holdsworthi Busk, 1875,
showing spinules of the interior. (After Waters, 1894.1 B. Tangential thin section of the dorsal,
X 25, of Liciicnopora grignoncmis Milne Edwards, 1S38. C. Longitudinal thin section, X 25, of
Lichenopora goldfussi Reuss, 1864. The cancelli are superposed and ramified.
section, in their club-shaped cylindrical form, and in the absence of internal
spinules. They differ from the tergopores in their aspect which is oblique and not
at right angles, and in their calcareous closure.
The physiological function of the dactylethrae is unknown.
Cancelli. — The cancelli have been interpreted in many different ways,1 but fol-
lowing the principle of least change we have adopted the meaning held by the
zoologists. They are the cylindrical tubes closed by a finely perforated calcareous
lamella, which are garnished in the interior with numerous spinules. At the center
of the zoaria the cancelli are completely cylindrical: on the margins their lower
part is club-shaped (fig. 206).
'For their history see Gregory, Catalogue Cretaceous Bryozoa, vol. 1. p. 12; vol. 3, p. xx.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
645
ADVENTITIOUS TUBES.
These are ramifications of the polypidian tubes and arise only on the frontal
part of the latter. This difference is fundamental and permits no confusion. The
adventitious tubes are classed as vacuoles and mesopores.
Vacuoles. — The vacuoles are parietal perforations with nonadjacent walls be-
tween them. They open at the base of longitudinal furrows called sulci and bend
outward at a right angle. Vacuoles seem to characterize the family Horneridae
(fig. 207), although they have been noted in at least one other family (Ascosoe-
ciidae).
Mesopores. — The mesopores are
superior and cylindrical ramifications
of the bent tubes; they are without
polypide and arc always parallel to the
superior part of the tubes. In the
club-shaped zooecia their walls are
generally simple (= maculae, cancelli,
of Gregory) (fig. 208 C), but on cy-
lindrical zooecia their walls are usu-
ally vesicular (fig. 208 A). However,
there are numerous exceptions to this.
Mesopores are almost always of
smaller diameter than the generative
tubes; they seem to be almost always
closed by a very fragile calcareous
lamella little resistant to fossilization.
and finally they may branch among
themselves (fig. 208 D).
Ulrich. the author of the word
mesopores, defined them in 1890 as
" angular or irregular cells occupying
interzooecial spaces in certain Paleo-
zoic genera." The accessory tubes, like
25
FIG. 207.— Vacuoles.
A. Longitudinal thin section, X 25, of Hornera
a it tii ret ica Waters, 1904, showing vacuoles on
both the frontal (to the left) and dorsal (to the
right). B. Longitudinal thin section, X 25, of
I'nliiaxcosoccia coronupus, new genus, anil species
showing difference between the vacuoles (on the
left) and the mesopores (HI) (to the right).
the adventitious tubes, are included in this definition in spite of their difference in
origin and probably function. In 1896 Gregory defined them more precisely as
" aborted zooecia, which are smaller in diameter than the normal zooecia," and
in 1899 as " rudimentary zooecia."
Aborted or nonabortcd, a zooecium is a zooecium; it should have the same
origin as a polypidian zooecium and should grow from another zooecium by a
special mode of gemmation and before its complete calcification. Any cellular
cavity not having this origin is not a zooecium (=tube) but is only a ramification.
This consideration of origin obliges us therefore to change the nomenclature some-
what. Two solutions are possible, first, to preserve Ulrich's definition and apply
the term " mesopore " to all structures which are not polypidian tubes in conform-
ity with the ideas of the author, or second, to restrict it to the zooecial ramifica-
tions onlv.
646
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
In the first alternative we would be obliged to create a new work for the zoo-
ecial ramifications which would change the description of most of Ulrich's genera
E x25
FIG. 208. — Mesopores.
A. Longitudinal thin section, X 25, of Tretocycloecia f attenuata Ulrich, 1882. The rneso-
pores are short and few. B. Longitudinal thin section, X 25, of Heteropora avails new species.
The mesopores are very short. C. Longitudinal section of Sparsicavea carantina D'Orhigny.
(After Gregory.) The zooecia are club-shaped and the walls are simple. D. Longitudinal sec-
tion of Ascosoecia (Zonopora) arborea Koch and Dunker, 1837. (After Pergeus, 1899.) The
mesopores are ramified. E. Longitudinal section of Parleiosoecia jacksonica, new species, X 25,
showing branching mesopores with vesicular walls.
and species. In the second, on the contrary, very few descriptions would have to
be changed. By application of the principle of least change we have thought that
the restriction of the term " mesopore " to zooecial ramifications would be preferable
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
GEMMATION.
647
In principle, gemmation is independent of the form of the tubes and their re-
union in bundles. Gemmation may be divided into juxtaposed, peripheral, or
oriented.
In juxtaposed gemmation the tubes are parallel and open at their two ex-
tremities. In transverse section, they are larger at the center of the zoarium.
Such gemmation exists only in the family Corymboporidae, which became extinct
in the Cretaceous (fig. 209 A).
FIG. 209. — Methods of gemination.
Sketches showing (A) juxtaposed, (B) peripheral, (C) triparietal,
(D) intrazoarial, (B) dorsal, and (F) axial methods of gemination.
Peripheral gemmation results from the bifurcation of the tubes at all heights
and in all directions. It is observed most frequently in bryozoa with cylindrical
tubes, (Trepostomata, Ceriopora), but it has been noted in genera with other forms
of tubes (Ceriocava).
Oriented gemmation occurs in a definite manner on a single or on two sides
of a basal lamella or of an axial zone. It is triparietal or biparietal.
In triparietal gemmation each tube in longitudinal section is, at its base,
adjacent to three other tubes. The latter are always short. This kind of gem-
648 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
mation characterizes the Cryptostomata, but it has also been noted in many different
families of the Cyclostomata and with varied forms of tubes, cylindrical (Cyr-
topora, Grammascosoecia, Crisina) or funnel-shaped (Gea).
In biparietal gemmation the tubes in longitudinal section are, at their base,
adjacent to two other tubes. It is dorsal, axial, or intrazoarial.
Dorsal gemmation occurs on the basal lamella. The tubes grow on the dorsal,
one from the other, early, before the formation of the polypide; the zone of
growth is visible and regular. The expanded tubes adopt chiefly this mode of gem-
mation (zoarial forms called Entalophora, Berenicea, etc.) in a large number of
families.
Axial gemmation occurs by bifurcation in the vicinity of the zoarial axis.
The zone of growth is visible but irregular. It has no basal lamella, but there
is almost always an opposite plane formed of adventitious zooecia (Reteporidea,
Dcsineopora, Osculipora) .
Intrazoarial' gemmation occurs at all heights and at all places in the interior
of the zoarium. The dorsal of the zoarium is not a basal lamella; it is formed
by the reunion of the tubes coming from the interior of the zoarium (Frondipora) .
There are all stages between axial gemmation and intrazoarial gemmation. In
tabular form gemmation is therefore as follows :
By juxtaposition.
Peripheral.
(Triparietal.
Oriented--
Biparietal
Dorsal.
Axial.
Intrazoarial.
ZOARIUM.
Form. — The form of growth in the Cyclostomata is quite variable and the
number of zoarial forms known is quite large. Generally the same species always
assumes the same zoarial form. Each form of growth has a particular name,
and in the old classification they constituted many distinct genera. The reader
will find these zoarial forms described in great detail in Gregory's Catalogue of the
Cretaceous Bryozoa.
Basal system of -fixation. — The basal system of fixation of the free zoaria is
little known. This is an absolutely new study to be undertaken when sufficient
material has been collected. The scarcity of such specimens has prevented us from
attempting this study. Certain accessory dorsal tubes undoubtedly form part
of the system of fixation and it will be useful to know their reciprocal rela-
tionships.
Growth. — The growth of the zoaria when there are no mesopores occurs:
1. By zooecial superposition, if the tubes are cylindrical.
2. By indefinite zooecial multiplication if the tubes are club-shaped.
3. By superposition or agglomeration of subcolonies.
The growth of the zoaria with mesopores is difficult to understand ; the section
of a small zoarium is identical with that of a large one. It is necessary therefore
to suppose that the animal constantly recommences its tube. This consideration
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
649
had induced Lee 1 to formulate his theory of reabsorption which is summarized
in figure 210.
Branching. — Branching of a zoarium is not a spontaneous accidental or rapid
phenomenon in close relationship with the mechanical movements of the water,
but is a true physiological phenomenon. Its object is the increase of the zoarial
surface, that is in reality, the surface of oxygenation. Moreover, as seen in
H
FIG. 211. — Branching of zoa-
riuin.
Longitudinal thin section of
Trctocycloecia rcticuhita new
species, X 12, showing that the
separation between the two
axial tubes of ramification oc-
curred near the base of the
cylindrical branches.
FIG. 210. — Growth of zoarinm.
Diagram of a branching tre-
postomatous bryozoan showing
in black the colony as seeu in
longitudinal section, in stip-
pling the terminal portion of
the same during an earlier
period and supposed to have
been resorbed, and in broken
lines, the terminal portion as it
might have been had growth
continued. (After Lee, 1912.)
sections (fig. 211), the divergence of the axial tubes of ramification begins early,
almost at the base of the primitive branch.
The necessity of the dichotomous, arborescent, or bushy architecture requires
the formation of accessory tubes of padding and of consolidation ; they often oppose
the free development of the poorly placed zooecia, the degenerate polypide of
which and the orifice are closed by lamellae.
During the Paleozoic era the atmospheric pressure may have been greater
and consequently the quantity of oxygen dissolved in the sea water was greater.
In the following eras the rarification of the oxygen has caused an increase in the
1 1012. Lee, British Carboniferous Trepostomata, pi. 14, fig. 3, p. 14-1.
650
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
number of the ramified species, the symmetry of the zoaria, and the diminution
of the adventitious tubes.
Origin of the aoarium. — The first tube of a zoarium is the ancestrula and its
lower part is a dilated blisterlike form called the protoecium. It is in this dilation
that (1) the histolysis of the fixed larva and (2) its replacement by the first normal
polypide living in the ancestrula occurs.
FIG. 212. — Origin of zoarium. FIG. 213. — Protoecium.
Section of a Fenestella, X 60, cutting Zoarium, X 25, of Stonwtopora parvi-
exactly in the plane of the axis and of pora new species, showing the orbicular
the zooecial apertures to the right (1-10) . protoecium.
The initial zooecium (protoecium) is at
o; the thickening of the axis (ax) com-
mences at &'; the apex of the cone of ex-
pansion of the colony is at p; the vesi-
cular tissue (c') above p is of secondary
origin forming during the mature and
senile life of the colony. (After Gum-
ings, 1904.)
The protoecium is visible on all incrusting species in which the zoarial form
is that of Probosdna or Berenicea (fig. 213). In the free species it is visible
only in the section properly made in the base of the zoarium (fig. 212). The
scarcity of specimens has not allowed us to make a special study t of this feature.
'The reader will find excellent models in the studies of Cummings.
1904. -Development of some Paleozoic Bryozoa, American Journal of Science, pp. 49-78, with 83 figures.
1905. Development of Fenestella, American Journal of Science, pp. 169—178, 3 pis.
1905. Development and Systematic Position of the Monticuliporoids, Proceedings of the Paleontological
Society, vol. 23, pp. 357-366, with plates.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
651
/*'-^''w
jj^^wtL
iJlj^Ki-~'»
OVICELLS.
The ovicells of the cyclostomatous bryozoa are usually rare. Moreover, they
are very fragile and resist fossilization very poorly. Their form and nature give
the essential characters of an entirely nat-
ural classification. This new conception
has obliged us to greatly modify and
correct the zoarial classification hitherto
generally recognized.
The ovicells allow the larva to escape
by an orifice called the oeciopore, which
is surrounded by a more or less salient
collar called the oeciostome. In another
group the escape of the larva occurs by
the rupture of the walls and there is no
oeciostome.
The studies concerning the ovicells
of the fossil bryozoa are still very incom-
plete; it is often impossible to discover
the oeciostome on a single specimen and
consequently to find a good generic char-
acter immediately. The special mode of
formation of the larva is the cause of
this rarity of the ovicells. The fertile
egg is developed by successive segmenta-
tion into a large primary embryo occupy-
ing almost all the ovicell. In the latter,
by fissiparity secondary embrj'oes are de-
tached which are evolved in the ordinary
manner and escape by the oeciostome. In
this manner 150 larvae may be sent out
from a single ovicell (fig. 214).
Figiire 226 gives the form of the
ovicell in each family discussed in this
volume.
•n.4.
FIG. 214. — Fissiparity of primary embryo.
Section of a mature ovicell of Crisia ebunca
Linnaeus, 1758, X 200, showing the primary em-
bryo (prim, emb) giving off buds (sec. emb)
and also larvae (lar). (After Robertson.)
SYSTEMATIC DESCRIPTION OF THE CYCLOSTOMATA.
Our studies have caused us to reject for the present all of the former major
classifications of the Cyclostomata and to retain simply for convenience the two
larger divisions of the Inovicellata and Ovicellata. Under the first of these terms
we recognize two subdivisions (a) the typical Cyclostomata, or those with club-
shaped tubes and (&) trepostomatous-like Cyclostomata, or those with cylindrical
tubes.
652 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Division INOVICELLATA
(a) TYPICAL CYCLOSTOMATA
Family DIASTOPORIDAE Gregory, 1899.
Cyclostomata tubulnta in which the zooecia are simple, open tubes, which
either grow as linear series or as incrusting or erect sheets. The sheets may be
coiled into hollow tubes. The zoarium is exceptionally massive. The zooecia may
be wholly immersed or partly free. Appendages absent. (After Gregory, 1899.)
Forma STOMATOPORA Bronn, 1825.
1825. Stomatopora BHONN, System Urweltlichcn Pflanzenthiere, p. 27, pi. 7, fig. 3.
1896. GREGORY, Catalogue of the Jurassic Bryozoa in the British Museum, p. 42. — 1904.
LANG, The Jurassic Forms of the Genera Stomatopora and Proboscina, Geological
Magazine, ser. 5, vol. 1, pp. 315-322. — 1905. Stomatopora antiqua Haime and its re-
lated Liassic forms, Geological Magazine, ser. 5, vol. 2, pp. 258-268. — 1907. The evo-
lution of Stomatopora clichotomoicles, Geological Magazine, ser. 5, vol. 4, pp. 20-24.
Zoarium flat, adnate, branching dichotomously, composed of imiserial sub-
tubular zooecia.
Genotype. — Stomatopora dichotomy, Lamouroux, 1821.
Range. — Ordovician-Recent.
The tubes are oval when the peristome is of less width than the width of the
tubes. They are cylindrical when the diameter of the peristome and of the tube is
practically equal. Again there are some fusiform tubes and others having a club
shape. The peristomie is the free part of the tubes forming a prominence above
the general zoarial surface ; in the fossil forms it is never very large. The peris-
tome is always round ; it remains so when the peristomie is perpendicular to the
zooecial plane. Most of the time the peristomie is oblique and by rupture the peris-
tome becomes elliptical.
In our descriptions we never give the size of the aperture. This is a measure-
ment which is absolutely inconstant on the same zoarium and the consideration of
the diameter of the peristome appears to us sufficient. The determination of
species of Stomatopora and of Proboscina is extremely difficult. A knowledge of
the ancestrula would probably make the work less difficult, but unfortunately no
study of this part of the subject has yet been made.
The genus Stomatopora has been the subject of much study by Lang, who has
established the following points:
The development of a zoarium is comparable with and follows the same laws as the de-
velopment of the zooecium.
In the genera Stoinatnpnrn and Proboscina the method of branching is of paramount im-
portance.
Two ways of branching may be noticed, namely, lateral branching (ramifica-
tion) and dichotomy (dichotomisation).
In lateral branching a new zooecium arises from any point in a chain of old zooecia,
and generally diverges at a wide angle, (see diagram 2, fig. 1, fig. 215R).
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
653
In dichotomy, two new 'zooecia arise from the end of an older zooeciuui; the angle at
which the.v diverge varying from ISO0 to 20° or 30°, and varying in a definite manner (see
diagram 2, figs. 2-9).
Dichotomy in the forms under consideration occurs in three types, one of which is
intermediate between the other two. In that termed type I the two new zooecia are separate
B
FIG. 215. — Forma Stomatopora Bronu, 1S25.
A. Diagram to show the changes in the method of branching and in the shape of the zooecium
in Stomatopora antiqua Haime and its related Liassic forms. B. Diagram showing the method
of branching in Jurassic forms of Stomatopora and Proboscina. 1, lateral branching; 2, type I
with large angle ; 3, type I with small angle ; 4, type II with small angle ; 5, type II with large
angle preceded by intermediate type with large angle; G, intermediate type with small angle; 7,
intermediate types with large angle; S, type II with an angle of 0° ; 9, type I with an angle of
180° ; 10, the first dichotomy is after type II with an angle of 0° ; 11, the arrangement of the
peristomes is irregular from the first.
from one another throughout their whole length (diagram 2, figs. 2, 3, 9), only touching at
their bases. In type 2 they are contiguous throughout their length (figs. 4, 5, S) ; and they
are contiguous for part of their length in the intermediate type (figs. 5, 6, 7). The angle
of divergence of the two new branches tends to diminish distally.
The frequency of branching is measured by the number of peristomes between two
dichotomies. The number of peristomes between the first two or three dichotomies Is small
(nearly always one or two), then suddenly increases largely (anagenesis) and finally becomes
small again (katagenesis).
The ratio of length of zooecium to breadth is progressive (anagenetic) at first and
reaches its acme at the third dichotomy, after which it is retrogressive (katagenetic).
654 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Generally the zooecia are either cylindrical or pyriform. In many of those forms which
have cylindrical zooecia throughout the greater part of the zoarium, the zooecia between
the first and third dichotomies tend to be slightly pyriform ; while in those forms with
pyriform zooecia, the zooecia between the first and third dichotomies are generally more
pyriform than the rest.
Ribbing, when present, is usually faint at its first appearance, becoming stronger later
on, and in some cases becoming fainter again finally. The point at which the acme is reached
varies a great deal.
Finally, Lang has demonstrated that the method of branching and the shape
cf the zooecia varies sensibly in time and according to the successive geologic
stages (fig. 215A).
In the application of these observations Lang, in order .to characterize a
ppecies of Stomatopora, made a large table,1 which is an excellent example of
bookkeeping. We are unfortunately not able to adopt this method in our work as
we do not possess a sufficient number of specimens of our various species.
Before Lang's studies, Gregory, in 1896, had also devised a system of descrip-
tion, which, however, was given up in the succeeding volumes of the Catalogue of
the British Museum. In order to make the species collected in our American
Tertiary formations of stratigraphic value we have no other method than that
of good illustrations always on the same scale (X12 and X25).
The branches of the same zoarium of Stomatopora or of Proboscviw. never
grow over each other (see pi. 105, fig. 1) ; a branch is arrested hi growth when it
encounters another. What is the mysterious force which permits the minute
branches of the same colony to be cognizant of each other in the eternal night of
the oceanic depths? Evidently this is a manifestation of a kind of cerebral activity
of which the nerve ganglion of the bryozoa is the organ. But how does the trans-
mission of the sympathetic vibrations occur and by what magic do they become
synchronized? Although microscopic the biologic mechanism of a zoarium is
sublime.
STOMATOPORA OPPOSITA, new species.
Plate 107, fig. 25.
Description. — The zoarium is not dichotomous ; the branches are opposed and
are emitted symmetrically at the distal extremity of a tube. The tubes are short,
finely punctate, elliptical. The peristome is orbicular, thick, little salient.
Diameter of tube 0.36 mm.
Length of tube 0.50-0.70 mm.
Diameter of peristome 0.20 mm.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Mabelvale, near Little Eock,
Arkansas (very rare).
ffolotype.—C&t. No. 65247, U.S.N.M.
1 Lang, Geological Magazine, vol. 2, 1005, p. 262 ; vol. 4, 1907, p. 23, etc.
Measuremen ts. —
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 655
STOMATOPORA CONTRACTA, new species.
PlMte 105, figs. 1, 2.
Description. — The zoarium creeps over shells (T ere/bra tula) forming irregular
polygons; the dichotomization occurs almost at right angles. The tubes are oval,
contracted at their extremity, finely striated transversely. The peristome is orbic-
ular, thick, little salient.
Diameter of tube 0.36 mm.
Measurements. — Length of tube 0.50-0.60 mm.
Length of peristomie 0.16 mm.
In the specimen shown in our figure, three tubes appear to have undergone
total regeneration.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Well at Brundidge, Alabama
(very rare).
Eolotype. — Cat. No. 65249, U.S.N.M.
STOMATOPORA EXIGUA, new species.
Plate 107, fig. 26.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells. The tubes are fusiform, narrow,
striated trausversally. The peristome is thin, oblique, round, or ellipticaJ ; the peris-
tomie is very oblique.
I Diameter of tube 0.20 mm.
Length of tube__ _ 0.56 mm.
Measurements. — \ „. ,. .
Diameter ot peristome 0.12 mm.
( Length of peristomie 0.16 mm.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Well at Brundidge, Alabama
(very rare).
Holotype.—C&t. No. 65248, U.S.N.M.
STOMATOPORA PARVIPORA, new species.
Plate 131, figs. S, 9.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts oysters and other shells. The tubes are
cylindrical, very small, striated transversally ; the protoecium is orbicular. The
peristome is thin, salient, oblique, round, or elliptical; the peristomie is short.
Diameter of tube _ 0.14-0.18 mm.
Measurements. —
Length of tube _ 0.40-0.50
mm
Diameter of peristome 0.12-0.14 mm.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (very
rare).
Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : AVilmington, North Carolina
(rare).
Vicksburgian ("Chimney rock" member of Marianna limestone): One mile
north of Monroeville, Alabama (very rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. Nos. 65361, 65362, U.S.N.M.
656 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
STOMATOPORA POLYGONA, new species.
Plate 115, figs. 9-11.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells and orbitoid foraminifera on which
it forms more or less regular polygons; the angle of dichotomization is very obtuse
and close to 120°. The tubes are thin, cylindrical. The pcristome is thick, round,
little salient.
Diameter of tube 0.10-0.12 mm.
Measurements. — Length of tube 0.56-0.60 mm.
Diameter of peristome 0.10 mm.
This very interesting species is easily recognized by its small polygonal zoaria.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Mooclys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (rare).
Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (very common), Eutaw Springs
(rare), and near Lenucls Ferry, South Carolina (very rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : West bank Scpulga River, Escambia
County, Alabama (rare) ; Old Factory about H miles above Bainbridge, Georgia
(rare) ; and below Plant System Railroad Wharf, Bainbridge, Georgia (very
rare).
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Monroe ville, Ala-
bama (very1 rare) ; and Salt Mountain, 5 miles south of Jackson, Alabama (rare).
botypes.—Czt No. 65277, U.S.N.M.
STOMATOPORA MINUTA, new species.
Plate 162, fig. 21.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts orbitoid foraminifera. The tubes are
cylindrical, small, smooth. The peristome is thin, salient, elliptical.
Diameter of tube 0.10 mm.
Length of tube. 0.20 mm.
Diameter of peristome 0.10 mm.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Murder Creek east of Cas-
tlebury, Conecuh County, Alabama (very rare).
Holotypc.—Cat. No. 65475, U.S.N.M.
STOMATOPORA EXCAVANS, new species.
Plnte 115, fig. 1.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells, in which it appears to excavate
furrows. The tubes are club-shaped, very narrow behind and raised almost ver-
tically at their extremity. The peristome is thin, oblique, orbicular, or elliptical.
Length of tubes__ . 0.48-0.50 mm.
Measurements. —
Measurements. — \ ,-,.
Diameter of peristome__ 0.10-0.12 mm.
Affinities.— This species differs from Stomatopora cornu, in which the tubes
are also club-shaped, by its smaller micrometric dimensions.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 657
Occurrence.— Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (very rare).
Holotypc.— Cat. No. 65274, U.S.N.M.
STOMATOPORA CORNU. new species.
Plate 130, fig. 14.
Description.— The zoarium incrusts shells. The tubes are long, in the form
of a horn. The peristome is thick, salient, round.
f Length of tube 0.80 mm.
Measurements. — \ ^. , . , mi\ H\IA
I Diameter of penstome__ _ 0.10 (0.14 mm.).
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola River, east of
Marianna, Jackson County, Florida (rare).
Holotype.—G^i. No. 65455, U.S.N.M.
STOMATOPORA PRATTI, new species.
Plate 136, figs. 1-3.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa and shells, forming very irregu-
lar polygons. The tubes are oval, wide, wrinkled transversally, of quite variable
width. The peristome is thin, salient, orbicular.
Diameter of tube 0.40 mm.
Lengtlrof tube 0.60-1.20 mm.
Diameter of peristome 0.22 mm.
This species is well characterized by its great zooecial width. The specific
name is in honor of Dr. J. H. Pratt, State geologist of North Carolina.
Occurrence.- — Middle Jacksonian : Wilmington, North Carolina (common) ;
near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare) ; 3J miles south of Perry. Georgia
(very rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : West bank of Sepulga River, Escambia
County, Alabama (very rare) ; Chipola River, east of Marianna. Jackson County,
Florida (very rare).
C'otypes.—Cnt. No. 65268, U.S.N.M.
STOMATOPORA STRIATULA, new species.
Plate 116, figs. 4, 5.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells, orbitoid foraminifera and bryozoa ;
the angle of dichotomization is very acute and about 00° at the most. The tubes
are oval, wide, striated transversally. The peristome is thin, salient, orbicular,
The peristomie is short. The angle of divergence is sometimes so small that two
priiuoserial tubes are adjacent and the zoarium partially assumes the aspect of a
Proboscina.
55899— 20— Hull. 100 1'J.
Measurements. —
658 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Measurements. — .
Diameter of tube 0.24-0.30 mm.
Length of tube 0.70-0.80 mm.
Length of peristome 0.16-0.20 mm.
Length of peristomie 0.20 mm.
Affinities. — This species may be confused with Stomatopora pratti in its gen-
eral size. It differs from it in the smallness of the angle of divergence of the
branches and in its zooecial width which is never more that 0.30 mm.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare) ;
Wilmington, North Carolina (rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Alachua, Florida (very rare).
Cotypes—C&i. Nos. 65269, 65270, U.S.N.M.
STOMATOPORA FASCIOLATA, new species.
Plate 116, figs. 10, 11.
Description.- — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa. forming irregular rectangles.
The tubes are oval, very wide, often ornamented with salient, transverse bands.
The peristome is thin, round, somewhat oblique, salient.
Diameter of tube 0.50 mm.
Measurement*. — Length of tube 0.70-1.00 mm.
Diameter of peristome 0.2-1 mm.
Affinities. — The large species is clearly characterized by its zooecial width,
which is much greater than that of Stomatopora pratti. The transverse bands are,
moreover, very inconstant.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Old Factory, about 1£
miles above Bainbridge, Georgia (very rare).
Holotype.—Gat. No. 65273, U.S.N.M.
Forma PROBOSCINA Audouin, 1826.
1826. Proboscina AUDOUIN, Explication sommaire des planches de Polypes de 1'Egypte
et de la Syrie. ... In Savigny's Description de 1'Egypte. Histoire Naturelle,
vol. 3, p. 236.
The zoarium consists of multiserial elongate bands, which may be simple or
branched, and are always flat and adnate. The zooecia are cylindrical and narrow.
The peristomes are flush with the surface of the zoarium, or slightly raised; and
they are usually distributed irregularly, but are occasionally quincuncial or in trans-
verse linear series.
Range.— Ordovician— Kecent.
Historical.— Proboscina boryi Audouin, 1826, was the first species of this genus
and has been quoted as the genotype, although the genus Proboscina has never
been considered as more than a multiserial Stomatopora. Numerous species rang-
ing from the Middle Ordovician to the Recent have been referred to the genus and
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 659
for almost a hundred years it has been recognized by all authors in a zoarial sense.
However, the original figures of Proboscina boryi showed the presence of an ovicell
formed by an enlargement of the peristomie, a character which we believe of more
importance that the form of growth, hitherto depended upon for the recognition
of the genus. On the principle of least change we believe it best to retain the
name Proboscina for the many multiserial incrusting species in which the ovicell
is unknown and to refer the few ovicelled species elsewhere. In this case Probos-
cina boryi becomes a member of the new genus Peristomoecia described on page 692.
The bi- and tri-serial species of Proboscina have a family likeness, which ren-
ders them easily discernible. A single ovicell was figured by Waters in 1904 and
it is known in another Cretaceous species in the Canu collection.
The multiserial species of Proboscina are quite variable in their development.
Many ovicelled species are known, and, as indicated elsewhere in this work, they
belong to different genera and even different families.
Terminology. — This is the same as that of Stomatopora. We add only the
maximum width of the zoarium, and sometimes the separation of the tubes. The
latter is measured by the distance between two tubes placed at the same height,
their peristome being included in the measurement (see text figure 216).
PROBOSCINA VARIABILIS. new species.
Plate 105, figs. 3, 4.
Description. — The zoarium is biserial and incrusts shells. The tubes are oval,
smooth, alternately arranged. The peristome is thick, round, salient; the peri-
stomie is short, almost perpendicular.
Maximum width of zoarium ______________ 0.32 mm.
°f *6" - 0-0-60 mm.
Measurements.-
Diameter or peristome-- ________________ 0.12-0.14 mm.
Length of peristomie _____________________ 0.16 mm.
Occurrence. — Midwayan: (Claxton limestone). Well at Brundidge, Ala-
bama (very rare).
Holotype.—C&t. No. 65250, U.S.N.M.
PROBOSCINA ADMOTA, new species.
Plate 105, figs. 7-11.
Description. — The zoarivun is multiserial and incrusts shells or algae; it is
formed of thick, claviform fronds, bifurcated and not ramified, more or less sym-
metrically arranged on each side of the ancestrula. The tubes are indistinct and
arranged in transverse series. The peristomie is thin, salient, orbicular. The peri-
stomes are very close to each other.
f Maximum width of zoarium ___________________ 1.10 mm.
Measurements.- | Diameter of peristome ________________________ 0.12 mm.
Measurements. —
660 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Variations. — We have figured some zoarial variations, one of which has a very
remarkable triangular palm tree shape. The zoarium is quite often free and the
basal lamella is smooth. The peristomie disappears sometimes; in which case
the zoarium offers the aspect of Cellulipora.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : One mile west of Fort Gaines,
Georgia (common) ; Luverne, Crenshaw County, Alabama (very rare).
Cotypcs.—Cat. No. 65252, U.S.N.M.
PROBOSCINA RUGOSA, new species.
Plate 116, figs. 8-9.
Description. — The zoarium is biserial and incrusts shells and bryozoa. The
tubes are cylindrical, arranged alternately and covered with large transverse and
very salient wrinkles. The peristome is orbicular, thick, little salient. The
branches commence with a single zooecium .and terminate in two, three, or four
nonalternated ones. There are some secondary branches which commence with two
zooecia.
Maximum width of zoarium 0.40 mm.
Length of tubes. _. 0.80-0.90 mm.
Diameter of peristome 0.20 mm.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (rare).
Holotype.—C&t. No. 65272, U.S.N.M.
PROBOSCINA PROJECTA, new species.
Plates 116, figs. 6-7.
Description. — The zoarium is biserial and incrusts bryozoa, emitting branches
at the principal points of curvature. The tubes are indistinct, arranged alternately,
striated transversally. The peristome is thin, orbicular, oblique. The peristomie is
very salient and oblique. The branches commence always with an isolated tube.
Maximum width of zoarium 0.60 mm.
Length of tube 1.40 mm.
Diameter of peristome 0.24-0.30 mm.
Length of peristomie 0.30 mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Prosboscina geminata in its larger peri-
stome (more than 0.20 mm.) and in its larger peristomie.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington, North
Carolina (rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ooala limestone) : West bank Sepulga River, Escambia
County, Alabama (very rare).
Holotype.—Cat. No. G5271, U.S.N.M.
Measurem ents. —
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 661
PROBOSCINA GEMINATA, new species.
Plate 120, figs. 1-3.
Description. — The zoarium is biserial, and incrusts cyclostomatous bryozoa. The
tubes are cylindrical, rarely distinct, arranged alternately, striated transversally.
The peristome is round, horizontal, little oblique, very thick ; the "peristomie is very
long, scarcely oblique. In the short branches, the tubes are not alternated ; the per-
istomes are at the same height and appear geminate, but this phenomenon is rather
rare.
Maximum width of zoarium 0.48 mm.
Diameter of tube 0.24 mm.
Measurements. — Length of tube 1.00-1.40 mm.
Diameter of peristome 0.20 mm.
Length of peristomie , 0.24-0.30 mm.
Affinities. — This large species is quite close to Proboscina projecta, but differs
from it in its peristome of smaller diameter (0.20 mm. instead of 0.24 mm.) and its
peristomie a little shorter and much more erect.
Occurrence.- — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (rare).
Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne, limestone) : Wilmington, North Carolina
(rare).
Cotypcs.—C&t. No. 65278, U.S.N.M.
PROBOSCINA ANCEPS, new species.
Plate 120, figs. 4, 0.
Description. — The zoarium is biserial and incrusts shells emitting sublinear
branches. The tubes are indistinct, geminate, striated transversely. The peristome
is orbicular, thick, little salient, irregularly fringed. The branches are often uni-
serial. This species is provided with the largest peristome of all the American
species.
Maximum width of zoarium 0.40 mm.
Length of tube 1.40 mm.
Diameter of peristome 0.30-0.34 mm.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (rare).
Cotypes.—C&t- No- 65279, U.S.N.M.
PROBOSCINA EXPATIATA, new species.
Plate 120, figs. 9, 10.
Description. — The zoarium is biserial and incrusts shells emitting wide branches
which are not all dichotomous. The tubes are very wide, little convex, depressed,
irregular, as if expanded, short. The peristome is thick, orbicular, or elliptical,
very little salient.
Measurements-
Measurements. —
662 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Maximum width of zoarium 0.60-0.80 mm.
Measurements. — Length of tube 0.60 mm.
Diameter of peristome 0.20 mm.
This very curious species with a flaccid aspect is easy to determine.
Occurrence.— ^Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (rare).
Holotype.—Ctf,. No. 65281, U.S.N.M.
PROBOSCINA ALTERNATA, new species.
Plate 120, figs. 11, 12.
Description. — The zoarium is biserial and incrusts shells in narrow branches.
The tubes are distinct, cylindrical, arranged alternately, striated transversely.
The peristome is thin, obliquely orbicular; the peristomie is very salient, oblique,
directed toward the exterior and alternately on each side of the median axis. The
branches commence with an isolated zooecium.
Maximum width of zoarium 0.28 mm.
Length of tube 0.40-0.60 mm.
Diameter of peristome 0.12 mm.
Diameter of peristomie 0.24 mm.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington.
North Carolina (very rare).
Holotype.—C&t. No. 65282, U.S.N.M.
PROBOSCINA DIVERGENS. new species.
Plate 120, fig. 13.
Description. — The zoarium is biserial and incrusts shells, and bryozoa in recti-
linear branches. The tubes are cylindrical, alternated or opposite, finely striated
transversally, short. The peristome is thin, elliptical; the peristomie is rather
large and diverges from the median axis of the zoarium.
Maximum width of zoarium 0.35 mm.
Length of tube 0.30-0.40 mm.
Diameter of peristome 0.10 mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Proboscina alternata in its smaller tubes
(less than 0.40 mm.) and in its peristomes opposite and not alternated.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (very
rare) .
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola River, east of Marianna, Jack-
son County, Florida (very rare)-
Holotype.—CsA. No. 65283, U.S.N.M.
Measurements. —
Measurements. —
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 663
PROBOSCINA COLUBRA, new species.
Plate 120, figs. 7, 8.
Description.- — The zoarium is triserial and incrusts shells and branched, linear
or massive bryozoa. The tubes are little distinct, cylindrical, arranged in transverse
irregular rows and with adjacent peristomes. The peristome is thin, orbicular, little
salient. The zoaria with branches widened like the head of a snake are rather
rare; generally they are linear. The peristomes of a transverse series are never
all adjacent; there is always one isolated- At the base of the branch, the peristomes
are arranged in quincunx.
Maximum width of zoarium 0.80 mm.
Length of tube 0.80-1.00 mm.
Diameter of peristome 0.20 mm.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian, Wilmington, North Carolina (very rare) ;
Eutaw Springs (rare), and near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare).
Holotype.—Czt. No. 65280, U.S-N.M.
PROBOSCINA CLAVATULA, new species.
Plate 119, figs. 1, 2.
Description. — The zoarium is multiserial, symmetrical on each side of the
ancestrula, incrusting shells; the branches are widened at their extremity in the
form of a peg and commence with an isolated zooecium. The tubes are distinct,
cylindrical, rather long. The peristome is round, oblique, salient, thin.
Maximum width of zoarium 0.68 mm.
Length of tube 0.55 mm.
Diameter of peristome 0.12 mm.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (rare); 18
miles west of Wrightsville, Johnson County, Georgia (very rare) ; 3^ miles south
of Perry, Georgia (very rare) ; Eutaw Springs (very rare) ; and near Lenuds
Ferry, South Carolina (very rare).
Upper Jacksonian: (Ocala limestone). Alachua, Florida (very rare); west
bank Sepulga Eiver, Escambia County, Alabama (rare).
Holotype.—CnA. No. 65284, U.S.N.M. .
PROBOSCINA STRIATIJLA, new species.
Plate 119, figs. 5-8.
Description. — The zoarium is triserial and incrusts shells and cheilostomatous
bryozoa in short branches enlarging at each bifurcation. The tubes are distinct,
arranged in quincunx, regular, finely striated transversally. The peristome is thin,
round or elliptical, little salient.
Maximum width of zoarium 0.60 mm.
Measurements. — Length of tube 0.70-0.80 mm.
Diameter of peristome 0.16 mm.
Measurements. —
Measurements. —
664 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (rare);
Wilmington, North Carolina (very rare).
Cotypes.—Crt. Nos. 65286, 65287, U.S.N.M.
PROBOSCINA PROMINENS. new species.
Plate 119, figs. 9-11.
Description. — The zoarium is triserial and incrusts bryozoa in long and un-
dulated branches. The tubes are distinct, cylindrical, punctate, arranged in
quincunx. The peristome is thin, orbicular, oblique ; the peristomie is very' salient
oblique, and often elevated to the vertical.
Maximum width of zoarium 1.00 mm.
Length of tube 0.60-0.80 mm.
Diameter of peristome 0.14 mm.
Length of peristomie 0.20 mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Proboscina undulata in its triserial
zoarium (and riot quadriserial) and in its much longer tubes (0.60 mm. and not
0.40mm).
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (common).
Cotypes.-Q.rt.. No. 65288, U.S.N.M.
PROBOSCINA UNDULATA, new species.
Plate 119, figs. 3, 4.
Description. — The zoarium is quadriserial and incrusts shells in undulated
branches. The tubes are little distinct, arranged in quincunx, slightly striated trans-
versally. The peristome is thin, orbicular, oblique; the peristomie is rather large
and oblique.
( Length of tube 0.40 mm.
Measurements. — \ Diameter of peristome-- - 0.12-0.16 mm.
1 Length of peristomie-- 0.24 mm.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (very rare).
Holotype.—Crt. No. 65285, U.S.N.M.
PROBOSCINA PARVIANGULATA, new species.
Plnte 118, figs. 1-6.
Description. — The zoarium is bi- or tri-serial and incrusts bryozoa, orbitoid
foraminifera, and shells in curved branches, diverging at the dichotomization at a
very small angle. The tubes are distinct, cylindrical, a little wrinkled transversally.
The peristome is thin, oblique, orbicular, or elliptical; the peristomie is oblique,
sometimes elevated until it is vertical, curved, and rather long.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 665
Measurements. —
Diameter of tube 0.26 mm.
Maximum width of zoarium 0.60 mm.
Length of tube__ - 0.60-0.90 mm.
Diameter of peristome 0.16-0.24 mm.
Length of peristomie 0.30-0.40 mm.
Variation*. — This species is very peculiar and easy to determine by its small
angle of divergence. The branches begin always with an isolated zooecium and each
recommences a series analogous to that which issues from the ancestrula itself. We
have thus successively: Zooecia 1. 2, 2, separated, bifurcation; 1, 2, 3, bifurcation;
1, 2, 3, 4 (in transverse rows), bifurcation. The variations of this species are con-
siderable, but invariably the angle of dichotomization remains very small.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (com-
mon) ; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (rare) ; Wilmington, North Carolina (com-
mon ) .
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 65289, U.S.N.M.
PROBOSCINA SUBECHINATA, new species.
Plate 152, figs. 1-2.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells in claviform and triserial branches.
The tubes are distinct, cylindrical, arched, wrinkled transversally, in quincunx or in
transverse series. The peristome is thin, orbicular, oblique; the peristomie is rather
long and elevated to 45°.
Maximum width of zoarium __ . 1.6 mm.
Mi iisurements. —
Length of tube.- _ 0.70-0.80
mm.
Diameter of peristome 0.18 mm.
Affinities. — The angle of divergence appears to be small. The zooecia arranged
in transverse series are frequent; the peristomies are always free and isolated.
In zoarial aspect this species much resembles Proboscina ecMnata Reuss, 1865.
Unfortunately we are ignorant of the micrometric measurements of this species and
no specimen is known in the European museums. Canu in 1909 believed it ought to
be compared with Proboscina major Johnston, 1847, but this was only a suggestion.
The specimens of Proboscina. major Johnston, 1847, collected in the Mediterranean,
have a peristome somewhat wider than that of our American specimens of the
present species.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Near Claiborne, Monroe
County, Alabama (rare) ; Salt Mountain 5 miles south of Jackson, Alabama (rare).
HoJotype.—C&t. No. 65375, U.S.N.M.
PROBOSCINA EXIGUA, new species.
Plate 118, figs. 7-9.
Description-. — The zoarium is multiserial and incrusts shells in branches en-
larged distally. The tubes are small, distinct, cylindrical, arranged in quincunx or
in transverse series. The peristome is thin, orbicular, salient. The branches are
Measurements. —
Measurements. —
666 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
sometimes regularly rectilinear; they never commence with an isolated zooecium.
The distance apart of the zooecia in quincunx is from 0.40 to 0.50 mm.
Maximum width of zoarium 1.6 mm.
Length of tube 0.40-0.50 mm.
Diameter of peristome 0.10-0.12 mm.
Affinities. — In the arrangement of its tubes and in the aspect of the zoarimn,
this species much resembles Proboscina coliibra; it differs from it in its much smaller
micrometric measurements.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola River east of
Marianna, Jackson County, Florida (rare).
Cotypes—C&t. No. 65290, U.S.N.M.
PROBOSCINA RECTALINEA. new species.
Plate 152, figs. 3-7.
Description. — The zoarium is multiserial and incrusts shells in linear branches.
The tubes are little distinct, cylindrical, arranged in quincunx, feebly striated trans-
versally. The peristome is thin, salient, orbicular, somewhat oblique.
Maximum width of zoarium 0.80 mm.
Length of tube — 0.35-0.48 mm.
Diameter of peristome 0.12 mm.
Variations. — The first branches are triserial; they never start with an isolated
zooecium. The branches are directed in a straight line with remarkable regularity.
The protoecium is orbicular and very small ; its diameter is 0.12 mm.
Affinities. — The tubes are of the size of those of Proboscina exigua, but the
present species differs from it in its much more salient peristome, and in its zooecia
arranged in more crowded quincunx.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain, 5 miles
south of Jackson, Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.—C'&t. No. 65376, U.S.N.M.
PROBOSCINA CONVENIENS, new species.
Plate 152, figs. 10-12.
Description. — The zoarium is multiserial and incrusts shells; the branches are
arranged symmetrically on each side of the ancestrula; they have the form of an
elongate palm leaf. The tubes are indistinct, arranged in regular quincunx. The
peristome is thick, salient, orbicular.
Maximum width of zoarium 1.00 mm.
Measurements. — Length of tube 0.30 mm.
Diameter of peristome 0.12 mm.
Affinities. — This species much resembles Diaperoecia clava, new species, but
differs in its much thicker peristome and in its micrometric measurements. We be-
lieve that the discovery of the ovicell of this species would classify it in Diaperoecia.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. G67
Occurrence- — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain, 5 miles
south of Jackson, Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.—Czt. No. 65378, U.S.N.M.
PROBOSCINA CLAVATIRAMOSA. new species.
Plate 153, figs. 1, 2.
Description. — The-zoarium inc rusts shells in multiserial claviform branches.
The tubes are scarcely distinct, cylindrical, arranged in quincunx 0.3G mm. apart.
The peristome is thin, salient, orbicular.
Maximum width of zoarium _ 1.00 mm.
Measurements —
Length of tube-- - 0.40
mm.
Diameter of peristome 0.10 mm.
Affinities — -This species differs from Proboscina conve.ni.ens in its claviform
branches, much narrowed at their base, and in the much more scattered arrange-
ment of the peristomes.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain, 5 miles
south of Jackson, Alabama (rare) ; near Claiborne, Monroe County, Alabama
(rare).
Holotype.—Czi. No. 65379, U.S.N.M.
PROBOSCINA LATOBREVIS. new species.
Date 118, figs. 10-12.
Description- — The zoarium is biserial and incrusts shells and orbitoid forami-
nifera in short and undulated branches. The tubes are distinct, wide and short,
punctate, arranged alternately. The peristome is thin, salient orbicular, oblique.
The branches commence with a very large zooecium.
Maximum width of zoarium 0.70-0.80 mm.
Length of tube 0.60-0.80 mm.
Diameter of peristome 0.22-0.30 mm.
Variations. — The tubes in the vicinity of the ancestrula have no constant mi-
crometric measurements; the peristome increases gradually from 0.11 to 0.22 mm.;
the length of the tubes grows from 0.50 to 0.70 mm. Sometimes the branches are
triserial ; when two zooecia are adjacent their peristomes remain free.
The phenomenon of rejuvenation is rather rare. Here the branches commence
indeed in a single zooecium, but it is enormous when the ancestrula is very small.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Old Factory about 1^
miles above Bainbridge, Georgia (rare).
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Near Claiborne, Monroe County, Ala-
bama (rare).
s.—CAt. Nos. 65291, 65292, U.S.N.M.
Measurements. —
Measurements. —
668 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
PROBOSCINA CRANEI, new species
Plate 152, figs. 8, 9.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells in large, short, triserial claviform
branches. The tubes are indistinct, large, short, arranged in quincunx or in trans-
verse rows. The peristome is very thick, orbicular, somewhat oblique. The zooecia
are generally adjacent, two by two, but they are sometimes isolated.
We dedicate this vigorous species to our friend, Mr. W. E. Crane, who has col-
lected many bryozoa for us both in Europe and America.
Maximum width of zoarium- - - 1.00 mm.
Length of tube 0.40 mm.
Diameter of peristome 0.28. mm.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain, 5 miles
south of Jackson, Alabama (very rare).
Ho1otype.—C&i. No. 65377, U.S.N.M.
PROBOSCINA IDMONEOIDES, new species.
Plate 117, figs. l-A.
Description.—^^ zoarium incrusts shells in rectilinear, multiserial branches.
The tubes are distinct, cylindrical, arranged in divergent rows on each side of the
zoarial axis. The peristome is thin, salient, elliptical, with a distal extremity often
pointed ; the peristomie is short, bent upward, oblique, directed toward the lateral
margins of the zoarium. All the branches are not clearly idmoneiform, but the
zooecia are always arranged in oblique rows. Evidently the peristomes are always
free and wide spread.
I Maximum width of zoarium 1.5 mm.
Measurements. — • Length of tube 0.30-0.40 mm.
Diameter of peristome-- 0.14 mm.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Old Factory about H
miles above Bainbridge, Georgia (rare) ; Eed Bluff on Flint River, 7 miles above
Bainbridge, Georgia (rare).
Cotypes.—Cni. No. 65293, U.S.N.M.
i
PROBOSCINA MAGNIKAMOSA, new species.
Plate 11', figs. 6, 7.
Description. — The zoarium is multiserial and incrusts Cellepores in undulated
large brandies. The tubes are little distinct, cylindrical, arranged in quincunx,
rather regular and crowded. The peristome is orbicular, very oblique, thin : the
peristomie is long and oblique.
[Maximum width of zoarium . 2.00 mm.
Length of tube— - 0.30-0.40 mm.
Measurements. — { _. £ . . , -1-
Diameter of peristome__ - 0.16 mm.
Length of peristomie _ 0.32 mm.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
669
Variations. — Our zoarium is unfortunately incomplete. We can note, however,
the great irregularity in the arrangement of the tubes; they are more scattered on
one branch than on another; the length of their peristomie is quite variable; the
separation of the peristomes varies from one to two times. It is impossible to
clearly characterize this species.
Occurrence. — Jacksonian (Zeuglodon zone) : Bluff on south side of Suck
Creek, Clarke County, Mississippi (very rare).
Holotype.—Cnt. No. 65295, U.S.N.M.
Forma BERENICEA Lamouroux, 1821.
1821. lici'cniccn LAMOUBOVX, Exposition Methoilique des polypiers, p. 80.
The zoarium is a thin, unilamellar, incrusting sheet. It is generally orbicular,
suborbicular, or flabelliform.
Genotype. — Berenicea prominens Lamouroux, 1821.
Range. — Ordovician-Eecent.
Like Proboscina the ancient name Berenicea is retained in a zoarial sense to
include those species of lamellar incrusting Cyclostomata, showing no ovicell. As
basal lamella--
zone of
distance
peristonie \
peristone— -'*'• P
FIG. 236. — Forma Berenicea Lamouroux, 1821.
A-C. Two species of Berenicea showing the terminology employed in this and similar Cyclos-
tomata.
noted on subsequent pages, species of Berenicea preserving ovicell are referred to
several distinct genera and indeed families. A large number of species have the
ovicell of Plagioecia, but others belong to Oncousoecia, Mecynoecia, Microecia,
Diaperoecia, and Diplosolen.
BERENICEA PALMULA, new species.
Plate 105, figs. 5, 6.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells and is formed of flabettifonn, bifur-
cated, short, pluriserial branches. The zone of growth is much reduced. The tubes
are little distinct, oval, smooth, arranged in quincunx. The peristomie is short,
Measurements. —
670 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
oblique, or raised vertically. The peristome is thick, orbicular, somewhat oblique.
The ancestrula is very small, with an orbicular protoecium.
Diameter of the peristomes 0.12 mm.
Distance between the peristomes 0.50 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.44 mm.
Diameter of the zooecia 0.24-0.30 mm.
The length of the tubes is extremely variable ; it is even very difficult to find
a place where the tubes are arranged in quincunx, permitting the exact measurement
of their separation.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : One mile west of Fort Gaines,
Georgia (very rare).
Hol-otype.—G&i. No. 65251, U.S.N.M.
BERENICEA UNDATA, new species.
Plate 105, fig. 12.
Description. — The zoarium is orbicular and incrusts shells ; the zone of growth
is thick, but very narrow. The tubes are cylindrical, little distinct, little erect at
the extremity; ornamented with small, overlapping wrinkles. The peristome is
salient, thin, elliptical, elongate.
Diameter of the peristome 0.08-0.10 mm.
Measurements. —
Distance between the peristomes 0.50 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.32-0.36 mm.
Affinities.— This species differs from Diaperoecia mgosa, new species, in its
much smaller and less salient overlapping undulations.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Luverne, Crenshaw County,
Alabama (very rare).
Holotype.—CsA. No. 65253, U.S.N.M.
BERENICEA STIPATA, new species.
Plate 106, figs. 1-2.
Description. — The zoarium is irregularly orbicular ; the zone of growth is very
narrow and thick. The tubes are cylindrical, indistinct, erect at the extremity, much
crowded against each other. The peristome is thin, orbicular, very oblique.
Diameter of the peristome 0.14 mm.
Measurements. — . Distance between the peristomes 0.08mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.12 mm.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Luverne, Crenshaw County,
Alabama (very rare).
Holotype.—C&t. No. 65419, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 671
BERENICEA BREVISSIMA. new species.
Plate 106, fig. 3.
Description. — The zoarium is orbicular and incrusts shells ; the zone of growth
is very narrow. The tubes are indistinct, very erect, quite short, pressed against
each other. The peristome is thin, orbicular, oblique.
Diameter of the peristome 0.10 mm.
Measure me n ts. —
Distance between the peristomes 0.32 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.35 mm.
Occurrence — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : One mile west of Fort Gaines,
Georgia (very rare).
Holotype.—C&t No. 65420, U.S.N.M.
BERENICEA INGENS, new species.
Plate 117, fig. 5.
Description. — The zoarium is flabelliform and incrusts bryozoa. The tubes are
very large, punctate and horn-shaped. The peristome is thin, orbicular or ellipti-
cal, salient.
Diameter of the peristome 0.18 nun.
Measurements. —
Distance between the peristomes 0.80 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.42 mm.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian: Three and one-half miles southeast of Shell
Bluff post office, Georgia (very rare).
fJolotype.—C&t. No. 65294, U.S.N.M.
BERENICEA BENJAMINI, new species.
Plate 117, tigs. 8, 0.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells; it is orbicular or irregular; the zone
of growth is very small. The tubes are distinct, cylindrical, scattered, striated
transversally. The peristome is thin, salient, orbicular; the peristomie is much
bent upward and erect.
Diameter of the peristome 0.20 mm.
Distance between the peristomes 0.60-0.70 mm.
j Separation of the peristomes 0.80 mm.
The specific name is in honor of Dr. Marcus Benjamin, of the United States
National Museum, who has taken an interest in our work since its inception, and to
whom we are indebted for many courtesies.
Occurrence.— Middle Jacksonian: Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (rare).
t. No. 65296, U.S.N.M.
Measurements. —
672
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
BERENICEA INCONDITA, new species.
Plate 121, figs. 10, 11.
Description.— The zoarium incrusts bryozoa; it is developed in wide dichoto-
mous, irregular lobes. The tubes are distinct, cylindrical, arranged in quincunx,
smooth. The peristome is thick, orbicular, or elliptical, little salient.
Diameter of peristome 0.16 mm.
Zooecial diameter 0.20 mm.
Diameter of the orifice 0.08-0.10 mm.
Distance between the peristomes 0.20-0.50 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.20-0.40 mm.
This species is possibly a Proboscina.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Rich Hill, 5J miles southeast of Knoxville,
Crawford County, Georgia (rare).
e.—£rt. No. 65301, U.S.N.M.
Measurements. —
FIG. 217. — Forma Diastopora Lamouroux, 1821.
A. The initial stornatoporoid cell of Diastopora davidsoni Haime, 1S54, showing expansion to
berenicoid condition. B. Base of Diastopora davidsoni Haime, 1854, showing basal berenicoid
encrustation and erect frond. C. Section through frond of Diastopora lamcllosa cervicornis
Michelin, 1846, to show multiple growth. D. Longitudinal section through a frond of Diastopora
showing zoarial lamina. E. A Diastopora, giving off shoots in the condition of Entalaphora. F.
Transverse section across part of a zoarium of Reptomultisparsa showing concentric layers.
(Figs. A-F after Gregory, 1896.)
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 673
Forma DIASTOPORA Lamouroux, 1821.
1821. Diastopora LAMOUROUX, Exposition M(?thorlique des PolMiiers, p. 42.
The zoarium is unilaminar.
Historical. — Gregory, 1899 (p. 127), included" in the genus Diastopora all the
free forms, uni- or bi-laminar, branched or bush}'. Even thus understood, this is
not a natural genus, because the ovicell is of a quite varied form and nature.
Under these conditions we believe it necessary to recognize the zoarial forms in the
exact sense of their authors. The discovery of their ovicells will later permit the
classification of the species. According to D'Orbigny, Diastopora is unilamellar,
Bidiastopora is bilamellar and branched, and Mesenteripora is lobate. bushy, and
meandriform.
DIASTOPORA TUBAEDES, new species.
Plate 106, figs. 4, 5.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts small branched algae ; it is cylindrical, tubu-
lar, branched; the zone of growth is very small. The tubes are cylindrical, ar-
ranged in regular quincunx, straight, and never bent upward. The peristome is
thin, orbicular, oblique; the peristomie is salient, rectilinear.
Diameter of the peristome 0.14 mm.
Measurements. —
Distance between the peristomes 0.40-0.50 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.52 mm.
Length of the peristomie 0.16 mm.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Luverne, Crenshaw County,
Alabama (very rare).
Holotype.— Cat, No. 65421, U.S.N.M.
DIASTOPORA TUBIFORMIS, new species.
Plate 121, fig. 8.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts the delicate branched radicells of algae;
it is hollow, cylindrical, branched; the zone of growth is rather wide. The tubes
are distinct, cylindrical, somewhat bent upward, striated transversally. The peris-
tome is elliptical, thin, a little salient, often closed by an entire smooth lamella.
There is no peristomie.
Diameter of the peristomes 0.12 (0.12-0.16) mm.
Measurements. —
Distance between the peristomes 0.44-0.60 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.50 mm.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Near Lenucls Ferry, South Carolina (rare).
Holotype.— Cat. No. 65299, U.S.N.M.
55899— 20— Bull. 106- 43
674
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Measurements. —
DIASTOPORA STRIATISEMOTA, new species.
Plate 121, fig. 9.
Description. — The zoarium is formed of wide, expanded fronds. The tubes are
indistinct at their base, cylindrical at their extremity, arranged in widespread
quincunx, garnished with small thin and scattered striations. The peristome is
thin, orbicular, oblique, or elliptical when it is horizontal ; the peristomie is salient,
oblique, erect. The basal lamella is smooth.
Diameter of the peristome 0.10 mm.
Distance between the peristomes 0.40-0.50 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.40 mm.
Length of the peristomie 0.12 mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Diaperoecia ruyosa, new species, by the
transverse, little salient wrinkles and a lesser
zooecial length.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala
limestone) : Chipola Eiver, east of Marianna,
Jackson County, Florida (very rare).
Middle Jacksonian: Seventeen miles
northeast of Hawkinsville, Georgia (rare).
Holotype.—Cnt. No. 65300, U-S.N.M.
DIASTOPORA MAGNIPORA. new species.
Plate 153, figs. 3, 4.
Description. — The zoarium is formed of
a unilamellar and flabellate frond. The
tubes are enormous, wide, oval, distinct at
their base, somewhat upward bent. The
peristome is very thick, orbicular, or ellipti-
cal, very salient; the peristomie is short,
raised to 45°.
Diameter of the peristomes 0.20-0.24 mm.
Diameter of the apertura 0.10-0.12 mm.
Distance between the peristomes 0.70-0.80 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.64 mm.
Length of the peristomie 0.32 mm.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain, 5 miles
south of Jackson, Alabama (very rare).
Holotype.—Qrt. No. 65380. U.S.N.M.
Forma SPIROPORA Lamouroux, 1821.
1821. Spiropora LAMOURODX, Exposition Melhodique de* Polypiers, p. 47.
The apertures of the zooecia open in regular annular or spiral lines. The
zooecia are regularly cylindrical.
FIG. 218. — Forma Spiropora Lamouroux,
1821.
A. Zoariuui, of Spiropora Mragona
Lamouroux, 1821. B. Longitudinal sec-
tion, through half of zoarium of
Spiropora riclimondensis Vine, 1S84.
(After Gregory, 1896.)
Measurements. —
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 675
Genotype. — Spiropora elegans Lamouroux, 1821.
The ovicell of Spiropora has never been found, in spite of the large number of
specimens collected. It is probable that it does not exist and that the larva is
developed in a small distal sack of an ordinary tube. An important character ic
the presence of diaphragms in the tubes at different heights.
SPIROPORA MAJU3CULA, new species.
Plate 128, figs. 8-13. - ' ^
Description. — The zoarium is formed of very large, cylindrical and dichoto-
mous branches. The tubes are distinct, flat, separated by a salient thread. The
fascicles form annular, salient, regular verticells, broken and incomplete at the
bifurcations.
f Diameter of the peristome 0.33 mm.
Measurements.- »]*™*** of the tubes 0.25 mm.
Distance between the verticells 1.08 mm.
[ Diameter of the branches 1.50-2.00 mm.
Affinities. — This is the largest species of Spiropora known. Its regularity is
rather remarkable. In longitudinal section the diaphragms appear not only at the
base of the tubes, but at different heights; they are scattered or close together. In
transversal section the zooecia are separated by a clear line, the calcification of
the tubes being more intense in the interior.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (very
common); Eutaw Springs. South Carolina (common).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 65322, U.S.N.M.
(b) TREPOSTOMATOUS LIKE CYCLOSTOMATA.
Family HETEROPORIDAE Pergens and Meunier, 1886.
1886. PERGEXS and METTNIER, La faune des Hryozoaires garuuiniens de Faxe, Annales de la
Soci£te Royale malacologique de Belgique, vol. 21, p. 223.
Xo ovicell. The tubes are cylindrical.
Historical. — We here reunite in the same family the species grouped formerly
under the two well-known families — Heteroporidae and Cerioporidae. We now
know that the presence of mesopores is not a family character. The family Ceri-
oporidae not having been created until 1894- by Hennig, priority is secured by the
family of Pergens and Meunier.
Organization. — All the known anatomical features have been summarized in
figure 219; they are of little importance. They show us, however, that the parietal
vesicles do not contain any special organ and do not constitute a character of classi-
fication of great value. We know (see General Consideration, on page 634) that
the tubes are not exactly adjacent : they are separated (according to Calvet) by the
676
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
\
P -4(1
PIG. 219. — Family Heteroporidae Pergens and Meuuier, 18S6
NORTH AMERICAN EAKLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 677
FIG. 219. — Family Heteroporidae Pergens and Meunier, 1S86.
A-D. Heteropora claviformis Waters, 1904. A. Zoarium, natural size. B. Portion of a sur-
face, X 25. C. A broken colony, X 3, showing the transverse section. D. Longitudinal decalci-
fied section, X 85, showing closures traversed by the mesenchyme and the vesicular wall. His-
tolysis had commenced. (After Waters, 1904.)
E-F. Heteropora neozelanica Busk, 1S79. E. Zoarium, natural size. F. Portion of the sur-
face, enlarged. (After Busk, 1S79.)
G-P. Heteropora pelliculata Waters, 1870. G. Zoarium, natural size. H. Longitudinal sec-
tion, X 25, drawn with the growing end downward. I. Surface, X 25, with portion to right
showing thin covering removed. 3. Transverse section, X 25. K. Portion of the transverse sec-
tion, X 50. (G-K after Waters, 1879.) L. Section showing the interzooecial pores and the hair-
like spines, X 50. M. Interzooecial pores, X 150. (L, M after Waters, 1884.) N. Portion of
the surface of a colony, X 40, showing the projection of the zooecial tubes beyond the surface
(zoe) when in a sheltered position. O. Portion of the surface of a branch X 40, showing the
zooecial apertures (soe. op.) and the apertures of the interstitial canals (ruesopores) (inter.
can.). P. Portion of the surface of a colony, X 40, in which the interstitial canals are covered
by a delicate calcareous layor. The zooecial apertures only are visible (soe. ap.). (N-P after
Robertson, 1910.)
678
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
membraneous ectocyst, the disappearance of which leaves a clear line as seen in
thin sections. The vesicles are formed by contractions of this ectocyst in front of
the communication pores. We know also, according to C'alvet. that in the general
cavity of each polypide a large group of leucocytes are placed in proximity to
each of these pores.
Classification. — We have adopted the classification of Gregory, 1909, be-
cause at present it is impossible to do otherwise. It is evident that many of our
species will have to be changed to other families, if, as we. suppose, the discovery of
their ovicell is possible.
FIG. 220. — Forma Ceriopora Goldfuss, 1827.
A-E. Ceriopora glol>osa . Michelin, 1846. A, B. Zonriuin natural size. (After Mi chelin, 1846. )
C. Portion of the surface, X 22. D. Longitudinal section through marginal zooecia, showing dia-
phragms, X 12. E. Transverse section through central zooecia, X 12. (C-E after Gregory, 189(3.)
F ,G. Ceriopora tuberosa Romer, 1839. F. Zoarimn, X 2. G. Vertical section, X 10, sh.iwing
vesicular wall. (After Gregory, 1909.)
Genus CERIOPORA Goldfuss, 1827.
1827. Ceriopora GOLDFUSS, Petrefacta Germaniae, Abbililungen und Beschreibungen der
Petrefacten Deutschlands und der angrenzenden Lander, Dusseldorf, vol. 1, p. 33.
The tubes are prismatic or subcylindrical. No mesopores. The diaphragms
are numerous and horizontal. The zoarium is massive or branched.
Genotype. — Ceriopora micropora Goldfuss, 1827.
Range. — Triassic-Miocene.
The tubes are branched at all heights. Externally they are not all of the
same diameter; the smaller are not mesopores, but are rudimentary zooecia, which
are developed superiorly. Many successive polypides occupy, in fact, the same
tube.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 679
Ceriopora micropora Goldfuss, 1827, has been identified by Ulrich in the
Eocene of Maryland, but the single specimen found is not sufficient for a detailed
study.
CERIOPORA VESICULOSA, new species.
riate 111, figs. 5-10.
The zoarium is massive and subelliptical. The orifices are polygonal and are
0.10 mm. in width at the maximum. The walls of the tubes are vesicular. Dia-
phragms are rare. There are many concentric lines of large vesicles.
Affinities.. — The concentric lines of large vesicles give this species, in longi-
tudinal sections, the aspect of Reptomulticava. However, there is no real separa-
tion between the successive layers apparent and there are no superposed subcol-
onies.
Occurrence.— Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Mabelvale, near Little Rock,
Arkansas (rare) ; Luverne , Crenshaw County, Alabama (very rare) ; 1 mile west
of Fort Gaines, Georgia (common).
Holotype.—Cat. No. 65255, U.S.N.M.
CERIOPORA ALDRICHI, new species.
Plate 151, figs. 11-17.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts small cylindrical bodies, rootlets, small
algae or branching bryozoa; it is hollow or solid. The walls of the cylindrical
tubes are vesicular only at their extremity. The orifices are polygonal and measure
0.14-0.16 mm. in width.
This interesting and abundant species is named in honor of Mr. T. H. Aldrich,
of Birmingham, Alabama, in recognition of his work upon the Tertiary paleon-
tology of the United States.
Occurrence.— Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington
North Carolina (common).
Cotypes.—C-ii. No. 65370, U.S.N.M.
CERIOPORA (?) PROPOSITA. new species.
Plate 151, figs. 7-10.
Description. — The zoarium is spread out, in irregular masses, much compressed,
nonglobular, with the lower face covered by a striated epitheca. The orifices are
polygonal and measure 0.12 mm. at the maximum. The walls of the tubes are
irregularly vesicular. There are many concentric lines of large vesicles.
Affinities. — The species, in longitudinal sections, somewhat resembles Ceriopora
vesiculosa in its concentric lines of large vesicles, but differs from it in its expanded,
nonmassive, and nonglobular zoarium.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Three and one-fourth miles south of Perry,
Georgia (common).
Holotypc.—Czt. No. 65369, U.S.N.M.
680 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genus REPTOMULTICAVA D'Orbigny, 1852.
1852. ReptomuUicava D'OBBIGNY, Paleontologie franchise, descriptions des animaux in-
vertebres, Terrain Cr6tace, vol. 5, p. 1032.
The zoarium is multilamellar, branched or massive. The zooecia are short
and expand rapidly.
Genotype. — ReptomuUicava "heteropora Romer, 1839.
Range.— Neocomian, Miocene.
I «6
J ,6
FIG. 221. — Forma ReptomuUicava D'Orbigny, 1852.
A-C. ReptomuUicava heteropora Romer, 1839. A. Zoarium, natural size, from the Neoco-
mian of Germany. B. Section showing the multilamellar structure, X 10. C. Portion of the sur-
face, X 13.
D, E, F. ReptomuUicava, loliosa Keeping, 1883. D, E. Zoarium, natural size, and portion of
the surface enlarged, from the Lower Greensand of England. (After Keeping, 1883.) F. A verti-
cal section across part of a zoarium, X 13.
G-J. ReptomuUicava fungiformis Gregory, 1909. G. Zoarium, natural size, from the Lower
Greensand of England. H. Portion of the surface, X 10. I. Transverse section across a zoarium,
X 6. J. Vertical section across the same zoarium, X 6. (A-C, F-J, after Gregory, 1909.)
Genus DEFRANCIOPORA Hamm, 1881.
1881. Defranciopora HAMM, Die Bryozoen des Maastrichter Ober-Senon. Part 1, Die
Cyclostomen Bryozoen, Berlin, p. 39.
" The zoarium is formed of several saucer-shaped or discoid subcolonies in a
vertical series. The apertures cover the upper, outer rim of the subcolonies: the
lower exposed surface of each subcolony is covered by a calcareous layer (epizo-
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
681
arium). The zooecia on the upper surface are radially arranged around a central
area of crowded apertures." (Gregory, 1909.)
Genotype. — Defranciopora (Defrancia) cochloidea Hagenow, 1851. Maas-
trichtian.
J x17
Lx|2
Fin. 222.— Forma Heteropora de Blainville, 1830.
A-G. Heteropora cnjptoiiora Goldfuss, 1S27. A. Zoarium, natural size. B, G. Portion of
the surface, X 15 find X 5. (Figs. A-C after Hagenow, 1851.) D. A zoarium, X 2. E. Portion
of the surface of the same zoarium, X 13. (Figs. D, E after Gregory, 1909.)
F, G. Zoarium of Heteropora cryptopora var. tcnera Hagenow, 1851, and surface, X 15.
(After Hagenow, 1851.)
H, I. Heteropora conifera Lamouroux, 1821. H. Transverse section through central zooecia,
X 12. I. Longitudinal section through marginal zooecia, X 12, showing diaphragms and meso-
pores. (After Gregory, 1896.)
J, K, L. Heteropora pelliculata Waters, 1879. Longitudinal, tangential, and transverse thin
section.
Genus HETEROPORA Blainville, 1830.
1830. Heteropora DE BLAINVILLE, Dictionnaire des Sciences naturnlles, vol. 60, p. 381.
The tubes are cylindrical and long. Mesopores are present. The zoarium is
massive or branched.
Genotype. — Heteropora (Ce.riopora} cryptopora, Goldfuss, 1827.
Range. — Neocomian-Recent.
682 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
HETEROPORA TECTA Ulrich, 1901.
Plate 104, figs. 14-20.
1901. Hetcropora f tecla ULBICH, Maryland Geological Survey, Eocene, p. 210, pi. 59,
figs. 15, 16.
Description. — The zoarium is subcylindrical, solid or hollow. The orifices are
orbicular and measure 0.10 mm. in diameter. The mesopores are polygonal, wide
open, as large as the tubes. The tubes have vesicular walls at their extremity.
The small number of specimens found does not permit a more complete study.
The various aspects of this species are shown in Ulrich's figures, which we produce,
and in our new illustrations.
Occurrence. — Lowest Eocene (Bryozoan bed at base of Aquia formation) :
Upper Marlboro, Maryland (rare).
Plesiotype.—Q.&t. No. 65458, U.S.N.M.
HETEROPORA ALVEOLATA, new species.
Plate 111. figs. 1-4.
Description. — The zoarium is massive and gives forth cylindrical branches.
The apertura is large, hexagonal, and measures 0.16 mm. in diameter. The meso-
pores are irregular, polygonal, and are often closed by a calcareous pellicle. In
sections, the tubes are cylindrical, traversed by diaphragms which become very
numerous at their extremity in the region of the mesopores; the walls are quite
thick and are formed of a continuous series of very large vesicles. The mesopores
are long and have diaphragms.
Diameter of the apertures 0.16 mm.
Measurements. —
Distance between the apertures 0.30-0.40 mm.
Diameter of the branches 3.00 mm.
Affinities. — The diaphragms are so numerous that they give to the longitudinal
section an alveolar aspect absolutely characteristic and very peculiar. However,
such a structure is not rare in the Paleozoic formations. The section does not
always cut exactly across the mesopore ; when it cuts only through the wall it re-
veals a complicated structure resulting from the coalescence of the sectioned
vesicles.
This species differs from Eeteropora oralis in the form of its aperture and in
the great number of its diaphragms.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Mabelvale, near Little Eock,
Arkansas (rare).
Holotypc.—Ctit. No. 65254, U.S.N.M.
HETEROPORA OVALIS, new species.
Plate 150, figs. 1-6.
Description. — The zoarium is free, branched, arborescent or dichotomous; the
branches are cylindrical. The apertures are somewhat oval, slightly salient, and
Measurements —
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 683
measure 0.10 mm. in diameter. The mesopores are numerous and polygonal. In
sections the tubes are cylindrical, the walls are not vesicular. The mesopores
are short, regular and parietal.
Diameter of the orifices 0.10 mm.
Distance between the orifices 0.50 mm.
Diameter of the branches 2.00 mm.
Affinities. — This is a very disconcerting species. The tubes are cylindrical
and yet the walls are not vesicular; they are simply separated by a sort of small
canal resulting from the disappearance of the ectocyst; this is the habitual ar-
rangement of the club-shaped tubes. The zoarial walls are regular as in the zoarial
form Petalopora. and sometimes lamellar (in transverse section) as in Hornera.
The mesopores are regular, parietal as in the forms Petalopora and Sparsicavea,
which also have the club-shaped tubes.
This mingling of peculiar characters of the different families appears to indi-
cate that this species must be ovicelled. Unfortunately we have not found many
specimens of it.
This species differs from Parascosoecia consimilis Ulrich, 1882, in a greater
diameter of the orifice (0.10 and not 0.08 mm.) in its solid and never hollow
branches, in its much less numerous and shorter mesopoi'es, and in its cylindrical
tubes.
It differs from Parlciosoecia jacLsonica, in which the exterior aspect is identical,
in its solid branches, its much shorter mesopores, and its cylindrical tubes.
Although very close to Heieroporct subreticulata Reuss, 1869. it differs from it
in the exterior aspect of the mesopores. which, however, do not conform to the
published figures.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (rare).
Middle Jacksonian: Three and one-half miles north of Grovania, Georgia
(rare) ; one-half mile southeast of Georgia Koalin Company's Mine, Twiggs County,
Georgia (rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 65371, U.S.N.M.
HETEROPORA AMOENA De Gregorio, 1890.
Plate 113, figs. 16-18.
1890. Entalophora amoena DE GREGORIO, Monographie de la Faune Eocenique de 1'Alabama
et surtout de celle de Claiborne de 1'etage Parisien, Annales de Geologie et de
Paleontologie, livr. 8, p. 240, p. 39, fig. 21.
Description. — The zoarium is free, subcylindrical, hollow, ornamented with
large lateral and alternate apophyses> forming pseudobranches. The orifices are
orbicular, widely spaced, and measure 0.10 mm. in diameter. The mesopores are
numerous, irregular, polygonal. The tubes are cylindrical.
Affinities. — We believe that this species is Kntalophora amoena de Gregorio.
1890, for it has the same lateral apophyses and the same cellular surface. To be
684
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
certain of the determination the originals should be examined, but this has not been
possible.
This species differs from Heteropora ovalis in its orbicular orifices and in its
zoarial apophyses.
Occurrence. — Claibornian (Gosport sand) : One mile southwest of Rockville,
Clarke County, Alabama (rare).
Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (very rare).
Plesiotype.—C&i. No. 65433, U.S.N.M.
H *>
FIG. 223. — Forma Multicrescis D'Orbigny, 1852.
A-G. Multicrescis variabili-s D'Orbigny, 1852. A. Different forms of the zoarium, natural
size. B. A zoarium, X 4, showing the superposed layers of tubes. C. Portion of the surface
much enlarged. (A-C after Novak, 1877.) D. A claviform zoarium, X 5. B, F. Two aspects of
the surface enlarged, showing the zooecia varying in size according to that of the mesopores. G.
Portion of transverse section through a zoarimn. (D-G after D'Orbigny, 1852.)
H. Multicrescis tuberosa Romer, 1839. Part of vertical section, X 7, showing the beginning
of an upper layer. (After Gregory, 1909.)
Genus MULTICRESCIS D'Orbigny, 1852.
1852. Multicrescis D'ORBIGNY, Palfiontologie frangaise, Description des animaux invertSbres,
Terrain O&tac6, vol. 5, p. 1073.
The zoarium is massive or branched and composed of successive thin layers of
zooecia.
Genotype. — Multicrescis varidbilis D'Orbigny, 1852.
Range. — Neocomian-Helvetian.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 685
Genus FUNGELLA Hagenow, 1851.
1851. Futigclla HAGENOW, Die Bryozoen der Maastrichter Kreidebildung Cassel, p. 37.
The zonriuin is simple and capitate. Tlie peduncle is narrow, the head usually
club-shaped.
Genotype. — Fungetta dujardini Hagenow, 1851. Maastrichtian.
A x2
B MO
FIG. 224. — Genus Fungella Hagenow, 1851.
A-C. Fungella. dujardini Hagenow, 1851. A. Side view of zoarium, X 2, from the Cretaceous
at Maastricht, Holland. B. Upper surface, X 10. C. Horizontal section, X 10.
Genus BIFLABELLARIA Pergens, 1894.
1894. Biflabellaria PEKGENS, Nouveaux Bryozoaires du Cretace du Lirnbourg, Bulletin
tie la Society Beige de Geologie, vol. 7, p. 172.
The zoarium is flabelliform, and consists of two layers on a median lamella.
Genotype. — Biflabclleria apathyi Pergens, 1894. Maastrichtian.
*$3l?M&
FIG. 225.— Genus Biflabellaria Pergens, 1894.
The flabelliform zoarium natural size and surface, X 17, of /ti/lubi-Uiirin aixitlnji Pergens,
1894, from the Maastrichtian of Holland. (After Pergens, 1S94.)
686 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Division OVICELLATA.
The majority of species of American Tertiary Cyclostomata are provided with
ovicells and therefore belong to the division of the Ovicellata. Waters has pro-
posed the two subdivisions Parallelata and Kectangulata, which we have found
valuable in classification. The following key is introduced for the determination
of the families considered in this volume:
KEY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF THE FAMILIES OF OVICELLATA.
I The axis of the ovicell is perpendicular to the zooeeial axis LO (Rectangulata).
' (The axis of the ovicell is parallel to the zooeeial axis 2 (Parallelata).
The tul>es adjacent to the ovicell are not disarranged 3.
The tubes adjcent to the ovicell are disarranged. The ovicell is formed
before them 8.
The ovicell is formed during the calcification of the adjacent tubes;
! it is isolated 4.
'' I The ovicell is formed after the calcification of the adjacent tubes and is
supported upon them 5.
JThe oeciopore is not different from the zooecia apertures Oncousoeciidae.
'[The oeciopore is of different form Crisiidae.
| The longer axis of the ovicell is parallel to the zooeeial axis G.
| The longer axis of the ovicell is not parallel to the zooeeial axis 7.
| The oeciostonie is terminal or subterminal Terviidae.
' ]The oeciostonie is lateral Horneridae.
| The ovicell is lobed (or lobate) Tubuliporidae.
'' | The ovicell is not lobed Diaperoeciidae.
The longer axis of the ovicell is perpendicular to the zooeeial axis
(Orthogonal development) Plagioeciidae.
The longer axis of the ovicell is parallel to the zooeeial axis 9.
| A very large oeciopore is present (larva enormous) _.Macroeciidae.
:]Small oeciopore (ordinary larva) ._ Mecynoeciidae.
jOvicell lobate (or lobed) — Lichenoporidae.
' | Ovicell noulobate (or not lobed) 11.
(Ovicell not traversed by the tubes Leiosoeciidae.
' |Ovicell traversed by the tubes 12.
Ovicell flat Tretocycloeciidae.
12. Ovicell globular, placed on the zoarial surface.- — Ascosoeciidae.
Ovicell placed between the fascicles Frondiporidae.
The order of description of the various species is that of the geologic appear-
ance as known at present.
Subdivision PARALLELATA Waters, 1887.
The ovicell is developed parallel to the zooeeial axis between the tubes (and not
between the peristomies) .
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
Family ONCOUSOECIIDAE Canu, 1918.
687
The axis of the ovicell is parallel to that of the tubes. The ovicell is developed
at the same time as the adjacent tubes, which are not disarranged in their respective
position.
We have been able to recognize two genera, Oncousoecia Canu, 1918, in which
the ovicell is a dilation of the entire exterior part of the tube, and Peristomoecia
when the peristomie alone forms the ovicell.
FIG. 226. — Genus Oncousoecia Canu, 191.8.
A, B. Ovicellecl zoariuni natural size and enlarged of Oncousoecia (Tvbnlipora) lobulata
Hincks, 1880. Recent.
C. Ovicelled zoarium of Oncoiisoecia (Crisia) schmitzi Pergens, 3890. Cenomanian.
D. Ovicelled zoarium, X 12, of Oncousoecia (Filisparsa) bifnrcata Ulrich and Bassler, 1907.
Cretaceous (Vincentown) of New Jersey.
Genus ONCOUSOECIA Canu, 1918.
1918. Oncousoecia CANU, Les ovicelles des bryozoaires cyclostomes, Bulletin Societg Geo-
logique de France, ser. 4, vol. 16, p. 325.
The ovicell is a dilation of the entire exterior visible part of the tube. The
oeciostome is not turned toward the base. Fourteen tentacles.
Genotype. — TubnUpora lobulata Hincks, 1880.
Range. — Maastrichtian-Recent.
The exact limit between this genus and Mecynoecia is rather difficult to de-
termine when one can not verify the abortion or the derangement of the adjacent
tubes by dissection.
The ovicells are generally pyriform, but they are differently arranged; some
have the point above and others have it below. This distinction does not appear
Cytisidae
Tretocycloeciidae
PIG. 227.— Families of Ovicellata.
12
Ascosoeciidae
Frondipondae
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 689
FIG. 226.— Families of Ovicellata.
A. Oncousoeciidae Canu, 1918. On-cousoecia (Filisparsa) bifurcata Ulrich and Bassler, 1907,
X 12; Upper Cretaceous of New Jersey.
B. Crisiidae Johnston, 1847. Crisidia (Crisia) franciscana Robertson, 1910. (After Robert-
son.) Recent.
C. Terviidae, new family. Tervia irregularis Meneghini, 1844, X 12. (After Waters. 1888.)
Recent.
D. Horneridae Gregory, 1S99. Hornera antarctica Waters, 1904, X 25. (After Waters.)
Recent.
E. Tubuliporidae Johnston, 1838. Tubulipora flabellaris Fabricius, 1780. (After Smitt,
1867.) Recent.
F. Diaperoeciidae Canu, 1918. Diaperoeoia intricaria Busk, 1875. (After Harraer, 1915.)
Recent.
G. Plagioeciidae Canu, 1918. Plagioecia patina Lamarck, 1816, X 12. Recent.
H. Macroeciidae Canu, 1918. Macroecia (Diastopora) lamellosa Michelin, 1845, Jurassic.
I. Mecynoeciidae Canu, 1918. Mecynoecia (Entaloptiora) proboscidea Milne-Edwards, 1838.
(After Harmer, 1915.) Recent.
J. Lichenoporidae Smitt, 1866. Lichenopora radiata Audouin, 1826. (After Hiucks, 1884.)
Recent.
K. Leiosoeciidae, new family. Leiosoecia (Hiilticreseis) parvicella Gabb and Horn, I860,
X 12. Upper Cretaceous of New Jerseyv
L. Cytisidae D'Orbigny, 1854. Discocytis (Pelagin) eudesi Michelin, 1844, X 12. Cenoman-
ian of France.
M. Tretocycloeiidae, new family. Partretocycloecia porosa new species, X 12. Eocene of
South Carolina.
N. Ascosoeciidae, new family. Parascosoecia (Cavea) cosstata D'Orbigny, 1851, X 12. Cre-
taceous of France.
O. Frondiporidae Busk, 1875. Frondipora, verrucosa Lamouroux, 1821, X 12. Recent.
55899— 20— Bull. 106 44
690 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
to us of generic value, for we are ignorant as to what difference in function it
corresponds.
The zoarial form Filisparsa D'Orbigny, 1852, contains species showing several
sorts of ovicells, particularly those pertaining to Tervia and Oncousoecia, but the
great majority of the species show no ovicells. The two American species of
Oncousoecia are precisely like Filisparsa in zoarial growth. To facilitate the de-
termination we place this old genus at the end of this family and maintain it for
the species showing 110 ovicells.
ONCOUSOECIA VARIANS Eeuss, 1869.
Plate 157, figs. 17-24.
1847. Eornera biloba REUSS, Die fossilen Polyparieu des Wiener Tertiarbeckens. Haidin-
ger's naturwissenchaftliche, Abh. 2, p. 43, pi. 6, fig. 24 (fide Reuss).
1847. Pustulopora anomola REUSS, Idem. (p. parte), p. 41, pi. 6, figs. 19, 20, (fide Reuss).
1862. Filisparsa tenella STOLICZKA, Oliogociine Bryozoen von Latdorf in Sternhurg, Sit-
zungsberichte der k. Akademie der Wisseuschaften, Wien, vol. 45, p. 80, pi. 1, fig. 5.
1869. Filisparsa various REUSS, Die fossilen Polyparien des Wiener Tertiarbeckens,
Haldinger's naturwiss. Abhand, vol. 2, pp. 286, 291, pi. 35, figs. 14-15.
1869. Filisparsa various REVSS, Zur fossilen Fauna der Oligociinschichten von Gaas,
Sitzungsberichte der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, vol. 59, p. 479 (34).
1877. Filisparsa varians MANZONI, I Briozoi fossili del Miocene d'Austria ed Ungheria,
Denkschrifte der mathernatiseh-naturwissenschaftliche Klasse der k. Akademie
der Wissenschaften, Wien, pt. 2, vol. 37, p. 9, pi. 7, fig. 27.
1877. Hornera biloba REUSS-MANZONI, I Briozoi fossili del Miocene d'Austria ed Ungheria,
Denkschriften der mathematische-uaturwissenschaftliche Klasse der k. Akademie
der Wissenschaften, Wien, vol. 38, p. 9, pi. 7, fig. 25.
1877. Filisparsa, species MANZONI, Bryozoaires du pliocene superieur de 1'ile de Rhodes,
Memoires Soci£t£ g^ologique de France, ser. 3, vol. 1, p. 69, pi. 3. fig. 18.
1877. Filisvarsa delvauxi PERGENS, Pliociine Bryozoen von Rhodes, Annales des k. k.
Naturhistorischen Hofrnuseums, Wien, vol. 2, p. 6.
1877. Filisparsa varians PEKGENS, Note preliminaire sur les Bryozoaires fossiles des
environs de Kolosvar, Annales Soci£t6 royale malacologique Belgique, vol. 22, p. 6.
1889. Filisparsn delvauxi PEEGENS, Note succincte sur les Bryozoaires du Miocene de
la Russie m£ridionale, Bulletin Societe royale malacologique Belgique, vo. 24, p. 2.
1891. Filisparsa varians NEVIANI, Contribuzione alia coiioscenza dei briozoi fossili
italiani, Briozoi postpliocenici del sottosuolo di Livorno, Bolletino Societa geologica
italiana, vol. 10, p. 139 (43), pi. 4, fig. 21.
1892. Filisparsa varians WATERS, North Italian Bryozoa, Pt. 2, Cyclostomata, Quarterly
Journal Geological Society, vol. 47, p. 157.
1896. Filisparsa varians PEEGENS, Bryozoaires des environs de Buda, Bulletin Societfe
beige da ggologie, paleontologie et d'hydrologie, vol. 10, p. 362, fig. included.
1900. Tubulipora (Filisparsa) rarians NEVIANI, Briozoi neogenici delle Calabrie, Paleonto-
graphia italica, vol. 6, p. 234 (regional bibliography).
1904. Tubulipora. (Filisparsa) varians NEVIANI, Briozoi fossili di Carrubare, Bolletino
Societa geologica Italiana, vol. 23, p. 548 (sep. 46).
1908. Filisparsa varians CANU, Les Bryozoaires fossiles des Terrains du Sud-Ouest de
la France, Bulletin de la Soeiete geologique cle France, ser. 4, vol. 8, p. 884.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 691
1908. Filisparsa varians BEUTLER. Beitrag zur kenntnis des Bryozoenfauna der alterer
TertUirschicliten des sudlicheu Biiyeru, II, Palentographica, vol. 54, p. 233. pi. 24,
figs. 14-16.
1909. Filisparsa varians CANU, Les bryozoaires tertiares des environs de Paris, Annales
de Paleontologie, vol. 4, p. 115, pi. 14, figs. 6, 7, 8.
1913. Filisparsa rations CANU, Contributions a 1'etude des Bryozoaires fossiles, pt. 5, Bulle-
tin de la Societe g£ologique de France, ser. 4, vol. 13, p. 125.
1914 Filisparsa i-arians CANU, Les bryozoaires fossiles des Terrains du Sud-Ouest de
la France, Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France, ser. 4, vol. 14, p. 473.
Diameter of the peristome 0.24—0.28 mm.
Zooecial width- . _ 0.30 mm.
Measurements. —
Distance between the peristomes 1.00 mm.
Width of the branches 1.25 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 1.00 mm.
Length of the peristomie 0.30 mm.
Variations. — The ovicell of this species was long ago discovered by Canu in
a specimen from the Priabonian strata of the Vicentin, but a figure of it was not
published until 1916. It is pyriform. the point below ; the oeciostome is transverse
and of the same diameter as that of an ordinary tube. This ovicell moist be
extremely rare, as we have not observed it on our large number of American
Vicksburgian specimens.
The tubes are porous ; the length of the peristomie very inconstant. In longi-
tudinal or transversal section, the thickness of the exterior wall is very great.
Affinities. — The micrometric measurements are rather close to Filisparsa
ingens, but the present species differs from it in a greater zooecial length and espe-
cially in its bra/nches, which are only half as large.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : West bank Conecuh Eiver,
Escambia County, Alabama (very common) ; Salt mountain, 5 miles south of
Jackson, Alabama (common) ; near Claiborne, Monroe County, Alabama
(common) ; Murder Creek, east of Castlebury, Conecuh County, Alabama (very
common ) .
Geological distribution. — Lutetian of Paris, the Pyrenees, Bavaria (Canu) ;
Priabonian of the Vicentin (Reuss, Waters), of Transylvania (Pergens) ; Latdor-
fian of Germany (Stoliczka) ; Eupelian (=Stampian) of the southwest of France;
Burdigalian of Gard (Collection of Canu) ; Helvetian of Gard (Collection of Canu)
and of Italy (Seguenza) ; Tortonian of Italy (Seguenza), of Austria-Hungary
(Reuss), of Russia (Pergens); Zanclean of Italy (Seguenza); Plaisancian of
Italy (Seguenza) ; Astian of Italy (Seguenza), of southern France (Canu) ; Sicilian
of Italy (Xeviani) ; Quaternary of Italy (Neviani).
Habitat. — Mediterranean (Waters) .
Plesiotypcs.—C-it. No. 65402. U.S.N.M.
692 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
ONCOUSOECIA QUINQUESSRIATA, new species.
Plate 157, figs. 9-16.
Descriptions. — The zoarium has the Filisparsa growth, thin, bifurcated with
short branches; the dorsal is smooth and the tubes are there visible longitudinally.
The tubes are long, distinct, convex, arranged in five longitudinal rows, curved
upward into a long, very oblique peristomie; the peristome is thin and orbicular.
The ovicell is large, salient, pyriform, the point below, placed at the extremity of
a branch ; the oeciostome is elliptical, transverse, salient, of the same diameter as the
tubes.
Diameter of the peristome 0.16 mm.
Distance between the peristomes 0.80-1.00 mm.
Separation of the salient tubes 0.90 mm.
Separation of the nonsalient tubes 0.76 mm.
Length of the peristomie 0.30 mm.
Width of the branches-- - 0.50 mm.
Measurements. —
Variations. — The two series of lateral tubes open on the side and they are
sometimes even completely turned around so that they open in the plane of the
dorsal.
The peristomies opening nearly at the same height form very irregular kinds
of verticells. On other branches, they are arranged in quincunx.
Affinities. — This species is very characteristic and very easy to determine.
Some branches are similar to Filisparsa bini, but the present species differs in the
presence of its five longitudinal rows of tubes and in the greater diameter of the
peristomes (0.16 and not 0.12 mm.).
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Monroe-
ville, Alabama (rare) ; west bank Conecuh River. Escambia County, Alabama
(rare).
Vicksburgian (Byram marl) : Byram, Mississippi (common).
Vicksburgian (Eed Bluff clay) : One-fourth mile west of Woodward, Wayne
County, Mississippi (very rare).
Cotypes.—C&t. Nos. 65400, 65401. U.S.N.M.
PERISTOMOECIA, new genus.
The peristomie alone is enlarged to form the ovicell.
Genotype. — Stomatopora divergens Waters, 1904.
Range. — Recent.
Other species of this genus are :
Proboscina lamourouxi Savigny-Audouin, 1826.
Prdboscina boryi Savigny-Audouin, 1826.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
Forma FILISPARSA D'Orbigny, 1853.
1853. FiHsparsa D'ORBIGNY, Description des animaux inverte'bre's Terrain Cre'tace' Paleon-
tologie fraugaise, vol. 5, ]i. S14.
The zoarium consists of linear, ribbonlike branches, which are erect. The
branches dichotomize and may anastomose. The base is expanded. Zooecia open
in one face only. The apertures are irregularly distributed. (After Gregory,
1899.)
FIG. 228. — Peristomoeeia, new genus.
A. Ovicelled zoarium natural size and enlarged of Peristomoeeia (Proboscina) boryii Savigny
Audouin, 1826. Recent.
B. Ovicelled zoarium of Peristomoeeia (Proboscina) lamourouxi Savigny- Audouin, 1826.
Recent.
C-E. Peristomoeeia (Stomatopora) diveraens Waters, 1904. C. Ovicelled zoarium (ov, ovi-
cell), X 10. D. View, X 25, showing ovicell developed all around the free peristomie. E. Pro-
toecium, X 85. Recent.
Genotype. — Filisparsa neocomiensis D'Orbigny. 1853.
Zoarial forms of the type described as Filisparsa occur in several distinct fam-
ilies, but unfortunately ovicells on species with this method of growth are still
rare. When the ovicell appears on the noncellular posterior face the species be-
longs to Tervia Jullien, 1883, but if on the anterior face it occurs as an elongated
median sack formed by the dilation of the terminal part of a tube. Species of the
latter type form the genus Oncousoecia Canu, 1918. The species without ovicells
much resemble those of Oncousoecia and for that reason we placed the zoarial form
I-'/li'sparsa in the Oncousoeciidae.
FILISPARSA FALLAX, new species.
Plate 142, figs. 1-11.
Description. — The zoarium is filiform, slightly compressed, formed of two to
three longitudinal rows of tubes. The tubes are little visible, convex, very finely
striated transversally, cylindrical. The peristome is thin, orbicular or elliptical.
694 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Measurements. —
Diameter of the peristome 0.16 mm.
Distance between the peristomes 1.00 mm.
Width of the branches 0.40 mm.
Variations. — This species is quite deceiving, as it closely simulates the abun-
dant and widespread Mecynoecia proboscidea Milne-Edwards, 1838 ; but it has only
a single celluliferous face. At Jackson, Mississippi, the specimens are more often
biserial: at the locality near Monroevlle, Alabama, they are triserial. The tubes
are rarely verticellate.
Affinities. — This species differs from Filisparsa laxata which has the same per-
istomial diameter, in its much smaller branches and in the number of its longitudi-
nal rows of tubes which are only two to three.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (very
common).
Middle Jacksonian: One-half mile southeast of Georgia Kaolin Company's
Mine, Twiggs County, Georgia (rare) ; 12 miles southeast of Marshallville, Georgia
(rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : West bank Sepulga Kiver, Escambia
County, Alabama (very rare).
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Monroeville, Ala-
bama (very common).
Cotypes.—Czt. Nos. 65325, 65326, U.S.N.M.
.FILISPARSA INGENS. new species.
Plate 142, figs. 12-21.
Description. — The zoarium is formed of large dichotomous branches, pluri-
serial and compressed; the dorsal is ornamented with large, transverse wrinkles.
The tubes are distinct, very convex, arranged in very regular quincunx ; the peris-
tome is thick, orbicular, oblique.
Diameter of the peristome 0.20-0.24 mm.
Distance between the peristomes 0.80 mm.
Measurements.- \ Separation of the peristomes 1.00-1.20 mm.
Width of the branches 1.5-2.00 mm.
Variations. — The great number of specimens collected, and chiefly their large
size, has permitted us to make numerous sections for study. In transversal section
the great thickness of the frontal walls is to be observed. In longitudinal section
the tubes are short and issue on the dorsal at different heights; a short peristomie
is often developed. The ablation of the dorsal shows the habitual lozenge-shaped
areas formed by the projection of the tubes on the plane of the dorsal. The
tangential section of the frontal shows the usual tremocysts of the Cyclostomata.
The tangential section of the dorsal shows the same structure.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 695
Occurrence.— Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (very com-
mon; near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (common); Eutaw Springs South
Carolina ( common "1 .
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain, 5 miles south of Jackson,
Alabama (very rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 65327, U.S.N.M.
FILISPAKSA BIN1, new species.
Plate 159, figs. 1-7
Description. — The zoarium is formed of filiform, sinuous, dichotomous, very
little compressed branches, whose dorsal is very finely striated transversally. The
tubes are distinct, convex, much elongated, arranged alternately in pairs on each
side of the longitudinal axis, terminated by a narrowed peristomie, bent upward
and salient ; the peristome is thin and orbicular.
Diameter of the peristome 0.12 mm.
Measuremcn is. —
Distance between the peristomes 1.20-1.60 mm.
Diameter of the tubes 0.18-0.20 mm.
Width of the branches . 0.38 mm.
Affinities.- — -The tubes which form each pair have their peristomes close together
but not adjoining; they do not therefore form lines as in Idinonea bialternata
Gregory, 1893. The present species differs from FiUsparsa fallax not only in this
very important character, but also in its smaller peristomial diameter (0.12 and
not 0.16 mm.).
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Bed Bluff clay) : Seven and one-half miles south-
west of Bladen Springs, Alabama (rare).
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : One mile north Monroeville, Alabama
(rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. Nos. 65406, 65407, U.S.N.M.
FILISPAKSA GRACILIS, new species.
Plate 159, figs. 8-11.
Description. — The zoarium is formed of slender, rectilinear branches bifurcated
at a very acute angle, compressed, formed of three longitudinal rows of tubes.
The tubes are distinct, cylindrical, hardly curved at their extremity, finely striated
transversally and irregularly placed; the peristome is thin, orbicular or elliptical.
Diameter of the peristome 0.16 (0.14-0.18 mm.).
Measurements. —
Distance between the peristomes 0.60-0.80 mm.
Width of the branches 0.40 mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Filisparsa bini in its rectilinear, not
sinuous, branches and in its shorter peristomial distance (0.80 and not 1.20 mm.).
In the number of longitudinal rows, its affinities are chiefly with Filisparsa fallax;
Measurements. —
696 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM. •
but it differs from it in its very acute bifurcations and in a smaller distance between
the peristomes (0.80 and not 1.00 mm.).
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : Seven and one-half miles south-
west from Bladen Springs, Alabama (common).
Cotypes.—G&i. No. 65408, U.S.N.M.
FILISPARSA TYPICA Manzoni, 1877.
Plate 159 figs. 12-18.
1821. Horn-era opuntia DEFKANCE, Dictionnaire des Sciences naturalles, vol. 21, p. 432.
1877. Filisparsa typica MANZONI, I Briozoi fossili del Miocene d'Austria ed Ungheria,
Denkscbriften der rnathenifitiscbe-nnturwissenscbaften Klasse der k. Akademie
der Wissenschaften, Wien, pt. 3, vol. 38, p. 10, pi. 8, fig. 30.
1895. Tubulipora (Filisparsa) typica NEVIANI, Briozoi fossili della Famesina e Monte
Mario presso Roma, Palaeontographia Italica, vol. 1, p. 132 (56).
1909. Filisparsa typic, CANU, Bryozoaires tertiaires des environs de Paris, Annales de
Paleontologie, vol. 4, p. 115, pi. 14, figs. 25, 26.
1913. FiUspama typica CANTJ, Contributions a I'e'tude des Bryozoaires fossiles, Bulletin
de la Societg Geologique de France, ser. 4, vol. 13, p. 127.
Diameter of the peristome 0.20 mm.
Distance between the peristomes 0.60-74 mm.
Distance between the transverse rows 0.50 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.56-0.60 mm.
Variations. — Usually the peristomes are grouped in transverse rows to the
number of three to six; they are not adjacent when the peristomie is developed.
This peristomie is rather short, moreover, and where it is a little reduced the
peristomes are adjacent and the tubes show as pseudo fascicles, whose separation is
0.50 mm. The peristomes arranged in quincunx are a little more widely spaced,
their distances being from 0.60 to 0.74 mm. ; this arrangement is always very
irregular. The zone of growth is large and triangular.
There are in the Canu collection more than 200 specimens of this species from
the faluns of Touraine, none of which shows an ovicell. However, according to
certain indications, it is possible that the ovicell, if it exists, is of the type of
Diaperoecia. It is also possible that in this and similar species the larva is devel-
oped in an ordinary tube in the vicinity of the tentacular sheath.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain. 5 miles
south of Jackson, Alabama, (rare) ; west bank of Conecuh River, Escambia County,
Alabama (very common) ; deep well, Escambia County, Alabama (very rare) ;
near Claiborne, Monroe County. Alabama (rare) ; Murder Creek, east of Castle-
bury, Conecuh County, Alabama (common).
Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : Seven and one-half miles southwest from
Bladen Springs, Alabama (very rare).
Geologic distribution. — Lutetian of the Paris Basin (Canu) ; Burdigalian of
Gard (Canu); Helvetian of Touraine (Canu) and of the Rhone valley (Canu);
Tortonian of Austria-Hungary (Manzoni) ; Sicilian of Italy (Neviani).
Plcsiotypes.—Cnt. Nos. 65485, 65409, U.S.N.M.
Measurements.-
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 697
FILISPARSA SIMULATOR, new species.
Plate 159, figs. 19-28.
Description.- — The zoarium is formed of rectilinear branches much compressed
and pluriserial. The tubes are distinct, arranged in irregular quincunx or in
transverse or oblique rows ; they are terminated by a short upward bent peristomie ;
the peristome is thin, orbicular or elliptical. The dorsal is transversally striated.
Diameter of the peristome 0.16 mm.
Distance between the peristomes 0.40 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.50 mm.
Width of the branches 1.00 mm.
Variations. — The arrangement of the peristomes is quite variable, being some-
times in quincunx, and occasionally in oblique rows, when the species simulates
Idmonea. More often, they are grouped in transverse rows and the specimens
resemble Filispersa typica Manzoni 1877 but F. simulator differs in its smaller
micrometric dimensions (D=0.16 and not 0.20 mm.).
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Monroe-
ville. Alabama (very common).
Cotypes— Cat. No. 65410, U.S.N.M.
FILISPARSA ATOMICULA. new species.
Plate 157, figs. 25, 26.
Description.— -The zoarium is very small and formed of rectilinear haiiiike,
triserial branches. The tubes are very small, distinct, wrinkled transversally,
arranged in irregular quincunx, terminated by an upward bent peristomie; the
peristome is thick and orbicular, salient.
Diameter of the peristome 0.10 mm.
Diameter of the apertura 0.07 mm.
Distance between the peristomes 0.30-0.50 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.30-0.36 mm.
Width of the branches 0.30 mm.
This is the smallest of the American species of Filisparsa and occurs very
rarely.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Monroe-
ville, Alabama (very rare).
Holotype.—C^. No. 65403, U.S.N.M.
FILISPARSA LAXATA, ntw species.
Plate 160, figs. 1-4
Description. — The zoarium is formed of much compressed branches enlarged
at the bifurcations, pluriserial. The tubes are distinct, cylindrical, finely striated
transversally, arranged in regular quincunx, terminated by a peristomie upward
bent and salient. The peristome is thin and orbicular.
Diameter of the peristome 0.14-0.16 mm.
Measurements.-
Aleasuremen ts. —
Distance between the peristomes 0.70-1.00 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.60 mm.
Width of the branches at the bifurcations 1.20 mm.
698
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
FIG. 229. — Auatoiny of the family Crisiidae Johnston, 1847.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 699
FIG. 229. — Anatomy of tlie family Crisiidae Johnston, 1847.
A-I. Crisia denticulata Lamarck, 1836. A. Zoarium, natural size. B. Polypide isolated from
the tube. (After Milne-Edwards, 1838.) a, tentacles; &, tentacular sheath; c, retractor muscle
of the polypide; d, alimentary tube; e, anus. C. Portion of longitudinal section through the
polypide. The contour of the cardiac region which has not been covered by the section is repre-
sented by stippling. D. Transverse section of a branch of the colony. E. Tentacle, transverse
section. F. Strip of a tangential section of the ectocyst. Each of the pores corresponds to a
spherular leucocyte. G. Portion of a longitudinal section of the wall of the ovicell. The spheru-
lar leucocytes are always abundant in the vicinity of the pores. H. Leucocytes of the^general
cavity of a zooecium. (O-H after Calvet, 1900.) coco, stomachic coecum ; cl, interzooecial par-
tition; ect, ectocyst; ect', ect", the two cuticular leaves of the ectocyst; em, mesenchyme; ep,
endocyst ; cph, epiderm of the pharynx; esf, stomach; ete, external tentacular epithelium; eti,
internal tentacular epithelium ; gt, tentacular sheath ; mttpoe, muscular perioesophagial fibers ;
mugr, great retractor muscle ; met, anhistous membrane of the tentacles ; oes, oesophagus ; ph,
pharynx ; pi/, pylorus ; psp, protospermatoblast morules ; re, rectum ; sm, mesenchymatous lining
of the polypide; t, tentacles. I. Section through the inner wall of a zooecium showing the con-
nectons from zooecum to zooecum (c) X 330. (After Waters, 1914.)
J. Crisia. geniculata Milne-Edwards, 1878. Polypide with the tentacles evaginated. (After
Milne-Edwards, 1838.) a, tentacles garnished with vibratile cilia; b, stomach; c, intestine; d,
anus ; e, retractor muscle of the polypide.
K. Crisia elongata Milne-Edwards, 1838. Proximal end of zooecium, showing connection (a)
to the two neighboring zooecia, through numerous tubes in which there is a septum in the middle
of the zooecial walls (w); X 250. (After Waters, 1914.)
L. Crisidia cornuta Ellis, 1755. Decalcified segment. (After Pergens, 1899.) a. j., link of
juncture ; est, stomach ; ep, ectocyst ; p, parenchyme.
700
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
M
FIG. 230.— Family Crisiidae Johnston, 1847.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIAEY BRYOZOA. 701
FIG. 230.— Family Crisiidae Johnston, 1847.
A-G. Crisia ebiirnea Ellis, 1755. A. Larva seen in profile. B. Aboral pole of larva. C. Oral
pole. (A-C after Barrois, 1877.) CD, digestive cavity; s, oral face or from the vestibule. D. E,
F. Embryos (after Smitt, 1865). G. Ovicell showing internal sac containing the primary em-
bryos (after Smitt, 1S65).
H-M. Crisia dcnticulata Milne-Edwards. 1838. H. Section of a primary embryo. Two of .
the lobes of this embryo are provided with a central cavity and the two cellular distinct layers.
The constriction which must cause the separation of the rest of the embryos is rather marked. I,
J, K, L. Meridian sections showing different stages in the development of the secondary embryo. M.
Sagittal section of an ovicell inclosing two primary embryos and a rather large number of sec-
ondary embryos, cal, calotte; cce, external cellular layer of the secondary embryos; cci, internal
cellular layer of the secondary embryo : co. coronna ; eb, primary embryo ; 662, secondary embryo ;
ect' ect", the two cuticular leaves of the ectocyst; ect a, aboral ectocyst; ecto, oral ectocyst; ep,
endocys ; gt, tentacular sheath; one, central nervous organ of the embryo; o, orifice; p, pores; si,
internal sac ; tm, mesenchymatous tissue ; va, valvule.
N. Crisidia (Crisia) franciscana Robertson, 1910. Cross section of an ovicell in an older
stage of growth showing a relatively large embryo (emb.) and a septum (sep) whose growth is
about completed. The chitinous tube (clii. t) growing down into the ooecial cone (oe. c) shows
only at intervals in this section.
O. A cross section of an ovicell containing a developing embryo on a young stage (emb) and
showing, also, an early stage in the growth of the septum (sep).
P. Crisia edwardsiana D'Orbigny, 1839. Diagrammatic representation of a cross-section of
the ovicell showing the cellular septum (scp) with the chitinous tube (chi. t) and chitinous floor
(chi. fl). (O, P. After Robertson, 1910.)
Q-S. Crisia ramosa Harrner, 1891. Sketches showing development of ovicell. The ovicell
has in each case been numbered 4 in order to admit of ready comparison between the three stages.
T. Crisia, eburnca Ellis, 1755. A young internode decalcified, with a developing ovicell.
(Q-T after Harmer, 1893.) A. B, O. Summits of an imaginary triangle.
Measurements. —
702 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Affinities. — -This species differs from Filisparsa gracilis in the greater distance
of the peristomes (more than 0.70 mm.) and in the presence of multiserial and
claviform branches. The young branches are triserial.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Murder Creek, east of
Castlebury, Conecuh County, Alabama (rare) ; west bank Conecuh River, Escam-
bia County, Alabama (rare).
Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : Seven and one-half miles southwest from
Blaclen Springs, Alabama (rare) .
Cotypes.—Cat. Nos. 65411, 65412, U.S.N.M.
FIHSPARSA BISERIATA, new species.
Plate 157, fig. 27.
Description. — The zoarium is formed of thin, rectilinear, biserial branches.
The tubes are little distinct, alternate, terminated by a short peristomie ; the peris-
tome is thin and orbicular.
Diameter of the peristome 0.10 mm.
Distance between the peristomes 0.44 mm.
Width of the branches 0.24 mm.
Affinities. — This species greatly resembles Crisia. but the zoarium does not
appear articulated. D'Orbigny called zoarial forms of -this kind Uniffrisia. The
species differs from Filisparsa fallax, which is often biserial, in its smaller peris-
tomial diameter (0.10 and not 0.16 mm.).
Occurrence.— Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : West bank Conecuh River,
Escambia County, Alabama (very rare).
Holotype.—Cnt. No. 65404, U.S.N.M.
KEY TO THE DETERMINATION OP AMERICAN SPECIES OF THK ONCOL'SOECIIDAE
Zoarium biserial
Zoarium pluriserial 3.
Peristome of 0.10 mm Filisparsa biscriata.
Peristome of 0.10 mm Filisparsa fallaj-.
Tubes arranged iu alternate series, branches sinuous Filisparsa liini.
Tubes arranged in transverse series 4.
Tubes arranged in quincunx 5.
Peristome of 0.20 mm Filisparsa typica.
Peristome of 0.16 mm Filisparsa simulator.
Peristome of 0.10 mm ^-.Filisparsa alomicula.
Peristome of 0.20-0.24 mm., large branches,- __. Filisparsa ingens.
Peristome of 0.24-0.28 mm .-.Oncousoecia varians.
Peristome of 0.16 nun— _ 6.
Branches always triserial .- 7.
Branches pluriserial .-8.
~ \ The peristomes are distant, 1.00 mm_. -.Filisparsa fallax.
The peristomes are distant from 0.60 to 0 SO mm Filisparsa gracilis.
Lateral tubes turned toward the dorsal Oncousoecia quinqueseriata.
Zoarium much compressed with claviform branches Filisparsa laxata.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
703
Family CRISIIDAE Johnston, 1847.
Anatomical biblingraiiliu. — 1877. BARROIS, Recherches sur 1'embryologie des Bryozoaires, Travaux
de 1'Institut de Zoologie, Lille, fasc. 1, pi. 3, figs. 22, 23, 24. — 1838. MILNE-EDWARDS,
Memoire sur les Crisies, les HiJrneres et plusieurs autres Polypes, Annales des
Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, ser. 2, vol. 9, pp. 1-11, pi. 6, fig. 1 ; pi. 7, fig. 1. — 1891.
HABMEE, On the British species of Crisin, Quarterly Journal of the Microscopical
Society, new ser., vol. 32, pi. 12. — 1,893. HABMER, On the occurrence of embryonic fis-
sion in Cyclostomatous Polyzoa, Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science, new
ser., vol. 34, pis. 1-3. — 1900. CALVET, Contributions a. 1'liistoire naturelle des Bryo-
zoaires ectoproctes inarins, Travaux Institut zoologie Universite Montpellier Stat
Marit, Catle, new ser., Memoire No. 8, pi. 7, fig. 15 ; pi. 8, fig. 22 ; pi. 10, figs. 15-20. —
1914. WATERS, The Marine fauna of British East Africa and Zanzibar, Proceedings
of the Zoological Society of London, p. 834, pis. 55, figs. 5, 6. — 1916. WATERS, Some
Species of Crisia, Annals and Magazine of Natural History, ser. 8, vol. 18, p.
470, pi. 16.
The ovicell is regular, symmetrical, sacciform, isolated. The oeciopore is termi-
nal, as large as the aperture of the tubes. The zoarium is articulated and radicated.
This family is often erroneously attributed to Busk, 1859, but it was established
in 1847 by Johnston under the name of Crisiadae. The terminology adopted has
no importance from the standpoint of priority, since scientific observation alone
ought to be considered.
The best known genus of this family is Crisia. Perhaps it will be necessary
to erect a distinct genus for the Crisia denticulata group which is without a salient
oeciostome. It is evident that here the function of the escape of the larvae has
become different.
We possess rather good anatomical material of this family but unfortunately
the determination of the specimens is always laborious and often doubtful.
The bathymetric distribution of the Crisiidae is deceiving. They live in fact
on marine algae and
after death fall to
greater depths often
very far from their
place of origin. /'_ ' .//. segment
Genus CRISIA Lamouroux,
1816. 'I ^ -tube
1816. Crisia LAMOU-
BOUX, Historic
des Polypiers
C o r a 1 li g feues
flexibles, p. 136.
The zooecia are bi-
serial.
Genotype. — Crisia
(Sertularia) e'burnea
Linnaeus, 1758.
Range. — Lutetian. Fl°- 231.— Genus Crisia Lamouroux, 1816.
Recent. A branch showing the terminology in this genus.
--/-^;-- oeciostome
base of branch
704 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
CRISIA HORNESI Reuss, 1847.
Plate 141, figs. 1-A.
1847. Crisia hornesi REUSS, Die fossilen Polyparien des Wiener Tertiarbeckens, Haidinger's
naturwissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, pt. 2, Wien, p. 54, pi. 7, fig. 21 ; pi. 11, fig. 23.
1847. Coelophyma glabrum REUSS, Die fossilen Polyparien des Wiener Tertiiirbeckens.
Haidinger's naturwissenschaftliche Abbandluugen, pt. 2, p. 99, pi. 11, fig. 28.
1866. Crisia hornesi REUSS, Die Foraruiniferen, Antbozoen und Bryozoen des Deutscben
Septarientbones, Ein Beitrag zur fauna der mitteloligocanen Tertiarschichten.
Denkschriften der k. Akad. der Wissensch., Wien, vol. 25, p. 191 (75), pi. 11, fig. 12.
1867. Crisia hornesi REUSS, Die fossile Fauna der Steinsalzablagerung von Wieliczka
in Galizien, Sitzungsbericbte der k. Akademie der Wissenscbaften, Wien, vol. 55,
Abtheil. 4, p. 121, no. 30.
1877. Crisia hornesi (Reuss) MANZONI, I Briozoi fossili del Miocene d' Austria ed Ungberia,
Denkscbriften der k. Akad. der Wissensch., Wien, vol. 25, p. 191 (75), pi. 11, fig. 12;
pt. 2, vol. 37, p. 4. pi. 1, fig. 3.
1889. Crisia hornesi TEREIGI, I Macco di Palo, p. 104, pi. 2, fig. 5 (fide Neviani).
1900. Crisia hornesi NEVIANI, Bryozoi Terziari e Posterziari della Toscana, Bolletino d.
Society Geologica italiana, vol. 19, p. 27.
1900. Crisia hornesi NEVIANI, Briozoi neogeuici della Calabrie, Paleontographa italiaua,
vol. 6, p. 224 (110) (local bibliography).
1891. Crisia hornesi NEVIANI, Contribuzione alia conoscenza dei briozoi fossili italiani,
Briozoi postpliocenici del sottosnolo di Livorno, Bolletino della Societa geologica
italiana, vol. 10, p. 131 (35) pi. 4, fig. 3.
1896. Crisia hornefii NEVIANI, Briozoi neozoic! di alcune localita d'italia, Bolletino clella
Societa Romana per gli Studi Zoologici, pt. 3, vol. 5, p. 123 (22).
1909. Crisia hornesi CANU, Bryozoaire des terrains tertiaires des environs de Paris,
Annales Paleontologie, vol. 4, p. 103, pi. 12, fig. 12.
Distance between the apertures 0.24-0.30 mm.
Measurements-
"Wiclth of the zooecium and of the peristome_ 0.06-0.08 mm.
Width of segments 0.30 mm.
The ovicell is very salient, somewhat pyriform. The oeciopore is placed in the
vicinity of the zoarium and the oeciostome is not salient. It is similar to that of
Crisia denticulata Lamarck, 1812,1 in which the measurements are also almost
identical.
Affinities. — This species differs from Crisia dentwulata Lamarck, 1812, in
having 16 or 17 tubes to the segments (in place of 11) and in the interapertural
distance less or equal to the zoarial width, but never greater.
It differs from Crisia cribraria Stimpson, 1853, in a lesser number (17 or 18) of
tubes on the segments.
It differs from Crisia lowei in its larger zooecial dimensions (0.08 and never
0.06 mm.).
1 Crisia elongata Harmer. 1915, to which that author adds Crisia denticulata Waters, 1910, is not the
Crisia elongata Lamarck, 1812. The micrometric measurements given are slightly less than those of Crisia
denticulate, as Milne-Edwards who figured Lamarck's type wrote in 1838 : " Elle ressemble beaucoup a la
Crisie dentele£, mais s'eu distingue par ses branches plus greles, ses cellules tubuleuses beaucoup plus
petites et par la longueur considerable des espaces comprises entre deux etranglements ou articulations
(=segments) ; le nombre des individees dont se compose une de ces portions du polypier s'eleve lei a
environ vingt. . . ." The figure of Milne-Edwards, magnified 24 diameters, is excellent and gives rise
to no confusion. The species of Harmer Waters must therefore be determined anew.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 705
•
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Mooclys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi
(common).
Yicksburgian (Bed Bluff clay) : Seven and one-half miles southwest of Bladen
Springs, Alabama (rare).
Geological distribution. — Lutetian of Paris (Canu) ; Stampian of Germany
(Reuss); Burdigalian of Gard (Canu); Helvetian of Herault (Canu), of Italy
(Seguenza) ; Zanclean of Italy (Seguenza, Neviani) ; Tortonian of Italy, (Segu-
enza), of (iermany (Eeuss) : Astian of Italy (Seguenza); Sicilian of Italy
(Neviani) ; Quaternary of Italy (Neviani).
Plesiotypcs.— Cat." No. 65336, U.S.N.M.
CRISIA EDWARDSI Reuss. 1847.
Plate 141, figs. 5-7.
1S47. Crisia edicurdsi REUSS, Die fossileu Polyparien des Wiener Tertiiirbeckeus, Hai-
dinger's naturwissenscnaftliohe Abliaudhmgen, Wieu, vol. 2, p. 53, pi. 7, tig. i'<>.
1851. Crisia cilicardisi EEUSS, Ein Beitrag zur Palaeontologie dev Tertiarschichten Ober-
schlesiens, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Geologischen Gesellschaft, Berlin, vol. 3. p. 170.
1S66. Crisia edicardsi REUSS, Die Forauiiniferen, Anthozoeu und Bryozoen des Deutschen
Septarientliones, Ein Beitrag zur fauna der mitteloligociiuen Tertiiirschichteii,
Denk. der k. Akademie der Wissenschafteu, Wien. vol. 25, p. 191 (75), pi. 11, fig. 16.
1867. Crisia edicardsi REUSS, Die fossile Fauna der Steinsalzablagerung von Wieliczka
in Galizien, Sitzungsbericlite der k. Akademie der Wisseuschafteu, Wien, vol.
55, Abtheil. 1, p. 122.
1896. Crisia edicardsi REUSS, Zur fossilen Fauna der Oligociinschichten von Gass, Sitz-
ungsbericbte der k. Akademie der Wisseuscbaften, Wien, vol. 50, Abtli. 1, p. 33.
1869. Crisia edicardsi REUSS, Palitontologische Studien iiber die alteren Tertiarschichten
der Alpen, Abth 2 Die fossilen Anthozoen und Bryozoen der Schichtengruppe von
Crosaro, Sitzungsbericlite der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, vol. 5S,
Abth. 1, p. 07.
1877. Crisia edicardsi MANZONI, I Briozoi fossili del Miocene d'Austria ed Ungheria, Denk
srhriften der Math, natur. Classe der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien
pt. 3, vol. 38, p. Ill, pi. 1, fig. 2.
1879. Crisia edicardsi SEOUKNZA, Le fonnazioni terziarie nella Provincia di Reggio, (Cala-
bria), Reale Accademia del Liucei, Meuiorie della Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Mat-
ematiche e Natural!, ser. 3, vol. 6, pp. 84, 132, 208, 296.
1900. Crisis edwardsi NEVIANI, Estratto della Palaeontographica Italica, Memoircs di
Palaeontograpbica. vol. 6, Briozoi neog. della Calabria, p. 224 (110).
1909. Cm/a edicardsi, CANU, Bryozoaires des terrains tertiaires des environs Paris. An-
nales de Paleontologie, vol. 2, p. ]<>."">, pi. 12, figs. 13, 14.
I Distance between the apertures 0.30 mm.
Measurement*. — Width of zooecia including peristome _ 0.08 mm.
Zoarial width-.. .__ 0.-26-0.28 mm.
Our measurements arc smaller than those of the specimens from the Tertiary
formations of the environs of Paris.
The characteristic of this species is that the distance between the apertures is
greater than the width of the segments. But to be certain of the determination
it is necessary to know the micrometric dimensions of the. type and the nature of
its ovicell, two features of which we are ignorant.
55899— 20— Bull. IOC }.">
706 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
•
The peristomes are more salient laterally than in Crisia hornesi Reuss, 1847,
with which it is scarcely possible to confuse it.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare).
Geological distribution. — Lutetian of Paris (Canu) ; Priabonian of the Vicen-
tin (Eeuss) ; Eupelian ( = Stampian) of Germany (Eeuss) and of Gaas (Reuss) ;
Burdigalian of Gard (Canu) ; Helvetian of Italy (Seguenza) and of Gard (Canu) ;
Tortonian of Austria Hungary (Reuss) and of Italy (Seguenza) ; Zanclean of
Italy (Seguenza) ; Astian of Italy (Seguenza).
Neviani in 1900 affirmed that this species lived in the Mediterranean. This is
possible, but we have not j'et sufficient proof of this fact.
Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 65337, U.S.N.M.
CRISIA CRIBRARIA Stimpson, 1853.
Plate 141, figs. 9-11.
1853. Crisia cribraria STIMPSON, Synopses of the marine Invertebrata of Grand Manan
or the region about the mouth of the Bay of Fuudy, New Brunswick, Smithsonian
Contributions to Knowledge, vol. 6, no. 5, p. 18.
1910. Crisia cribraria OSBURN, The Bryozoa of Woods Hole Region, Bulletin of the
Bureau of Fisheries, vol. 30, p. 215, pi. 18, fig. 7.
Distance between the apertures 0.24 mm.
Measurements. —
Width of zooecia, including peristome 0.08 mm.
Zoarial width— - 0.28 mm.
In the separation of the apertures, which is less than the zoarial width, this
species is close to Crisia Mrnesi Reuss, 1847. It differs from it in its micrometric
dimensions, and especially in a larger number of tubes on the segments (27 in
place of 18).
We have based our determination on Osburn's figure.
The ovicell is pyriform, salient; its oeciopore is terminal and placed against
the zoarial wall ; it has no salient oeciostome.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (rare).
Habitat — Coasts of the United States (28 meters) at Crab-Ledge on Cape
Cod, and of Canada.
Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 65339, U.S.N.M.
CRISIA LOWEI, new species.
Plate 141 fig. 8.
Description.— The segments are short and are formed of 14 to 15 lateral and
alternate tubes. The peristomes are orbicular, somewhat salient laterally to one-
half of their diameter; their separation is less than the zoarial width. The ovicell
is pyriform.
Distance between apertures 0.20-0.24 mm.
Diameter of the zooecia and peristome.- _ 0.06-0.07 mm.
Measurements.— „ . , ,.
Zoarial diameter 0.28 mm.
Number of tubes to a segment 14-15
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 707
Affinities. — This species is very close to Crisia hornesi Reuss. 1847, in the dis-
tance between its tubes, which is less than the zoarial width. It differs from it
simply in the smaller micrometric measurements.
We dedicate this species to Mr. E. N. Lowe, State geologist of Mississippi, to
whom we are indebted for many courtesies.
Occut^rencc. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (very
rare).1
Holotypc.—Cnt. No. 65338, U.S.N.M.
Genus CRISIDIA Milne-Edwards, 1838.
1838. Crisidia MILNE-EDWARDS, Memoire sur les Crisies, les Hornfires et plusieurs
autres Polypes, Annnles des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologie, ser. 2, vol. 9, p. 11.
The zooecia are uniserial.
Genotype. — Crisia (Sertularin) cornuta Ellis, 1755.
Range. — Miocene-Recent.
This genus has not been recognized, but we are ignorant of the reasons. We
have recognized it in the application of our fundamental principle : the genus is a
natural one when any function operates in a different manner. Here the gemma-
tion is different and more simple than in the genus Crisia Lamouroux, 1816.
Family PLAGIOECIIDAE Canu, 1918.
The longitudinal axis of the ovicell is perpendicular to the zooecial axis.
The ovicell is formed before the calcification of the neighboring tubes, the forma-
tion of which it hinders. The oeciostome is small.
This family is quite well characterized by the orthogonal development of
the ovicell. In all the other families this development is directed parallel to the
zooecial tubes. The generic divisions are hard to determine because of the variations
of the oeciostome which is always difficult to discover as it is so small or so much like
a tube. Often it is only by dissection of the ovicell that the oeciostome may be
found with certainty; unfortunately the ovicelled specimens are still too rare in
collections.
The principal known genera are Plagioecia Canu, 1918, and Desmeplagioecia,
new genus. However, it is certain that the first of these genera will be dismembered
later according to the function of evacuation of the larvae.
Genus PLAGIOECIA Canu, 1918.
1918. Plagioecia CANU, Les ovicelles des bryozoaires cyclostomes, Bulletin cle la Soci£t6
Geologique, France, ser. 4, vol. 16, p. 327.
The ovicell is transversal. The oeciostome is small, equal to or less than the
zooecial diameter. The tubes are isolated from each other. No adventitious tubes.
1 We have found segments of Crisia in the Claibornian at Claiborne, Alabama, which are close to Crisia
subaequalis Reuss, 1869, but which are, however, very poorly preserved. We have also found very beautiful
specimens in the Vicksbnrgian, but unfortunately they were broken in transit through the mails.
708
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genotype.— Plagioecia (Diastopora) patina Lamarck, 18 1G.
Range. — Jurassic-Recent.
V
B D £°j
FIG. 232.— Genus Crisidia Milne-Edwards, 1838.
A. Zoarlnm natural size of Crisidia (Sertitlaria) cornuta Ellis, 1755.
B. Portion of a colony, X 36, of Crisidia (Crisia) franciscana Robertson, 1910, showing
method of branching, and formation of ordinary and of ooecial internodes. The ordinary uui-
serial interuode consisting of a zooecium (zoe) giving origin to two other zooecia (fir). The
(oe) the second member, the zooecium s3, a third member. Arising from a basal ramus (ba. r.)
on the third zooecium is a fourth zooecium («'), which serves to continue the branch upward.
The prominent ooecium (oe) having a well developed tube (ocst. t.) at its summit, bent slightly
backward. (After Robertson, 1910.
C. Ovicell of Crisidia cornuta Ellis. (After Harmer, 1891.)
D. Branch of Crisidia cnrmita Ellis, 1755, X 36, showing uniserial arrangement of zooecia.
(A-H after Hincks, 1SSO.)
The other known species belonging to this genus are :
Berenicea latomarginata D'Orbigny, 1852. Piocene-Recent.
Diastopora lactea Jullien, 1884. Recent.
Proboscina sartha-censis Pergens, 1890. Cenomanian.
Mesenteripora compressa. Goldfuss, 1827. Cretaceous.
Reticulipota obliqua D'Orbigny, 1850. Cretaceous.
Discosparsa clypeiformis D'Orbigny, 1853. Turonian-Senonian.
Entalopliora ramosissima D'Orbigny, 1850. Cenomanian-Coniacian.
Diastopora echinata Pocta, 1892. Cenomanian.
Berenicea folium Novak, 1877. Cenomanian.
Berenicea archiaci Haime, 1854. Jurassic.
Berenicea diluviana Lamouroux, 1821. Bathonian.
Diastopora michclin.i Blainville, 1830. Bajocian-Bathonian.
Berenicea undulata Michelin, 1846. Bajocian-Bathonian.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
PLAGIOECIA SUBRAMOSA Ulrich. 1901.
Plate 104, Ogs. 5, 6.
709
1901. t'asdpora sitbraiiwsa
figs. 1, 2.
ULRICH, Maryland Geological Survey, Eocene, p. 207, pi. 19,
Description.— Zoarium consisting of small flattened branches, varying from
subcylindrical to flabellate, usually about 1.5 mm. in thickness. Ends of branches
convex, occupied by the mouths of numerous subequal, thin-walled, angular tubes,
usually about 0.12 mm. in diameter. Sides of branches with rather obscure trans-
rerse wrinkles and the apertures of the true or fully developed zooecia. The latter
are somewhat scattered, though a tendency to arrangement in series — chiefly longi-
D «20
A XI2
FIG. 233. — Genus Plagioccia Canu, 191S.
A. Complete ovicellecl zoariimi. X 12, of I'lttyinccia patina Lamarck, 181C>, from tlie English
channel.
B. Sketch, X 15, of Plagioecia lalomarginata D'Orbigny, 1852. (After Neviaui, 1905.)
C. Two views, X 20, of ovicellecl portions of Plagiorcia sarniensis Norman, 1864. (After
Harnier, 1915.)
tudinal — is commonly apparent. Zooecial apertures ovate, about 0.14 by 0.18 mm.,
with about five in 2 mm. Interapertural space as well as apertural covers,
minutely punctate. In vertical fractures the tubes are shown to be very long
and that they approach the surface very gradually. Ooecium. a mere inflation of the
surface through which one or more of the zooecial tubes pass. In the general form
of its zoarium this species agrees very well with F. pavonina (Michelin) , D'Orbigny's
type of the genus, but its zooecia are much smaller and not nearly so prominent.
The above description by Ulrich is excellent, but Fascipora, to which he re-
ferred the species, is only a zoarial form and not a natural genus. Judging by the
ovicell, this is a very typical Plagioecia.
Occurrence. — Lowest Eocene (Bryozoan bed at base of Aquia formation) :
Upper Marboro, Maryland (rare).
710 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
PLAGIOECIA LOBATA, new species.
Plate 106, figs. 6 — 14.
Description. — The zoarium is formed of bilamellar, rounded and flabellate
lobes, branched in the same plane. The tubes are indistinct, arranged in regular
quincunx, ornamented with salient, widely spaced, and overlapping wrinkles. The
peristome is little salient, thin, elliptical, often acuminate distally. The ovicell is
large, globular, very convex, arranged transversely in the upper part of the lobe.
The zone of growth is thick, but not very wide.
Measurements. — Diameter of the peristome 0.10-0.12 mm.
Variations. — The lobes are very irregular in dimension; their base is more
or less narrowed.
In tangential section we note that the tubes are perforated with the usual
tremopores. Their arrangement in fusiform, elongate, lozenge-shape areas proves
that their system of branching offers no peculiarity.
The irregularity of the transverse sections is occasioned by the unequal diver-
gence of the tubes.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone). Luverne, Crenshaw Counfy,
Alabama (very common) ; one mile west of Fort Gaines, Georgia (rare).
C'otypes.—Cai. Nos. 65422, 65423, U.S.N.M.
PLAGIOECIA CLAVIOEDES, new species.
Plate 106, figs. 15, 16.
Description. — The zoarium is flabslliform and incrusts shells. The tubes are
distinct, regularly clariform arranged in regular quincunx, the peristome is little
salient, elliptical, horizontal. The ovicell is large, globular, little distant from
the zoarial margin. The zone of growth is quite visible, but of little width and
thickness.
Diameter of the peristome 0.12 mm.
Measurements. —
Distance between the peristomes 0.30-0.40 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.44-0.48 mm.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : One mile west of Fort Gaines,
Georgia (very rare) ; Mabelvale, near Little Rock, Arkansas (rare).
Holotype.—C&t,. No. 64424, U.S.N.M.
PLAGIOECIA SUPERPOSITA, new species.
Plate 106, figs. 17, 18.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts terebratuloid brachiopods; it is formed
of orbicular subcolonies adjacent and superposed. The tubes are little distinct,
cylindrical, short, arranged in quincunx at the center and in radial rows on the
margins, never bent upward; the peristome is thin, elliptical or orbicular, accord-
ing to its obliquity. The ovicell is long, convex, parallel to the zoarial margins.
The zone of growth is thick and is supported by the projecting basal lamella.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 711
Measurements. — Diameter of the peristomes 0.13 mm.
Affinities. — In its zooecial arrangement this species is very close to Plagioecia
concreta, but differs from it in its incrusting habit of growth, and in its somewhat
smaller micrometric measurements.
The only specimen so far discovered has been figured and comparisons with
other species are evidently provisional.
Occurrence. — Midwiiyan (Clayton limestone) : Well at Brundidge, Alabama
(very rare).
Holotype.—C&t. No. 65425, U.S.N.M.
PLAGIOECIA BRUNDIDGENSIS, new species.
Plate 109, figs. 13, 11.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts terebratuloid brachiopods, in irregular
lobes. The tubes are small, distinct, cylindrical, somewhat bent upward at their
extremity; the peristome is thin, little salient, elliptical. The ovicell is very
convex, transverse, short. The zone of growth is invisible.
Diameter of the peristomes 0.08-0.10 mm.
Measurements. —
Distance between the peristomes 0.28-0.31 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.28 mm.
Occunvnce. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Well at Brundidge, Alabama
(very rare).
PLAGIOECIA TUBIFER, new species.
•
Plate 112, figs. 9-12.
Description. — The zoarium creeps over shells or on algae and emits tubular
hollow expansions. The tubes are indistinct, with porous surface, arranged in very
irregular quincunx; the peristome is large, salient, very thin, orbicular. The
ovicell is short, little convex, transverse, elliptical. The zone of growth is scarcely
visible.
Measurements. — Diameter of the peristome 0.11-0.16 mm.
Occurrence. — Wilcoxian (Bashie formation) : Woods Bluff, Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.—C&t. No. 65265, U.S.N.M.
PLAGIOECIA CONCRETA, new species.
Plate 123, tigs. 1-14.
Description. — The zoarium is free, unilamellar, formed of aggregated sub-
colonies, orbicular, adjacent, and superposed. The tubes are distinct, cylindrical,
terminated by a short, oblique, peristome, slightly striated transversally, arranged
in quincunx. The peristome is round and oblique, or horizontal and elliptical.
The ovicell is large, arched, parallel to the zoarial margins, very convex. The
zone of growth is narrow and somewhat thick on the aggregated zoaria; it is
very wide on the simple zoaria.
712 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Diameter of the peristome 0.12 mm.
Distance between the peristome ••; 0.30-0.40 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.52 mm.
Variations. — The zoarial variations are very great. The simple zoaria are
typical Discosparsa with large zoarial margins and wide zone of growth. The
basal lamella is striated concentrically (fig. 4), sometimes pedunculate. Some-
times the zoaria are superposed in the form of Domopora (figs. 7, 14) ; but more
often they are aggregated in a manner to form large, colonies (Multisparsa) having
a measurement of 2 centimeters in diameter. This zoarial proliferation occurs
by rejuvenescence; each zoarium is emitted from a vigorous tube of another zoarium
which thus serves as a pseudoancestrula. It is remarkable to note how an identical
phenomenon is the cause of numerous zoarial forms as varied as they are absolutely
unexpected.
On the zoarial margins, the tubes are close together and are grouped in radial
rows and even in short fascicles (fig. 13) an arrangement, similar to that in
Actinopora.
The. tubes are often closed by smooth diaphragms. According to Waters,
this arrangement reveals a long peristomie, of which the diaphragm is the base.
The aspect of our fossils is not therefore the real one.
The ablation of the basal lamella reveals the habitual lozenge-shaped areas,
showing that the tubes grow one upon another from their lower dorsal (fig. 9).
The phenomenon of rejuvenescence begins always in a central zooecium
(figs. 5, 6) prolonged more or less directly from the primitive zoarial
ancestrula. In this kind of Domopora, the peristomie, well visible (figs. 10) in the
median sections of the isolated zoaria, disappears completely (fig. 14).
Finally, it is not unusual to encounter incompletely developed ovicells
(fig. 12). '
This species is especially well developed at Wilmington, North Carolina, and
Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina. The specimens from other localities are small
and doubtful.
Affinities. — The simple and free forms differ from Plagioccia discoidea in
which the tubes have the same diameter in that the tubes are grouped in radial
rows on the zoarial margins and in the greater separation of the peristomes (0.52
and not 0.32 mm.).
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian; Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (com-
mon) ; Wilmington, North Carolina (very common).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola River, east of Marianna,
Jackson County, Florida; Old Factory, about one and one-half miles above
Bainbridge, Georgia (rare).
• Cotypcs.— Cat. No. 65303. U.S.N.M.
PLAGIOECIA DIVAGANS, new species.
Tlate 121, figs. 1-7.
Description. — The zoariiun incrusts shells, bryozoa, and algae on their flat sur-
faces; it is orbicular or eccentric; the zone of growth is thick but rather narrow,
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 713
with numerous incomplete tubes. The tubes are cylindrical, very erect and wide
apart at the center, recumbent and very close together on the zoarial margins.
The peristome is orbicular at the center, elliptical on the margins. The ovicell is
large, transverse, smooth, quite convex.
Diameter of the peristome 0.10 mm.
Measuremen ts. —
Distance between the peristomes 0.30-0.40 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.40 mm.
Variations. — This species sometimes emits subcolonies. The larva is affixed
somewhat at hazard and the zoaria are then deformed by the irregularities of the
substratum, which gives them the most varied aspects. Figure 5, plate 121, repre-
M'uts a multiple zoarium fixed on the radicell of an alga and which thus assumes a
very aberrant form. The tubes are frequently closed by a calcareous compact,
smooth lamella.
This species is well characterized, first, by the thickness of the zone of growth;
second, by its tubes, which are more erect and more salient at the center than at the
circumference; and, third, by its peristomes, which are very close to each other in
the vicinity of the zoarial margins.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (rare).
Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (rare); near Lenuds Ferry,
South Carolina (rare) ; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (rare) ; Rich Hill, 5i miles
southeast of Knoxville, Crawford County, Georgia (very rare).
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Three miles southwest of Yosburg, Jas-
per County, Mississippi (rare).
Cotypes.—Czt. Nos. 65297, 65298, U.S.N.M.
PLAGIOECIA GLOBULOSA, new species.
Plate 115, figs. 2-0.
Description. — The zoarium is a cylindrical, hollo-w Entalophora; it incrusts
very fine radicclls at their ramifications. The tubes are little visible, somewhat
convex, bordered by a very narrow thread ; the peristome is oblique, elliptical, reg-
ular, little salient, thin. The ovicell is very large, (jlobuhir, transverse, very salient,
smooth.
Diameter of the peristome and of the tubes_ 0.14 mm.
Distance between the orifices. _ _ 0.40-0.74 mm.
Measurements. — { <-, .. , , . , . „-
separation of the peristomes 0.60-0. <0 mm.
Diameter of the branches 1.2 mm.
Almost all the tubes of our specimens are closed by a calcareous lamella. As the
lamella of growth is very small, we must suppose that there is a long peristomie.
Affinit'irs. — This species has the exterior aspect of Mecynoecia quisenberryae,
but differs from it in its hollow zoarium with a threadlike cavity in its interior, in
the absence of overlapping wrinkles upon the tubes, and in its ovicell which is larger
and of a different form.
Measurements.-
714 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
It differs from Diastopora tubiformis in which the zoarium is almost identical,
in the absence of overlapping wrinkles on the tubes, and in the presence of a sep-
arating thread between the tubes.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (rare).
Cotypcs.—Czt. No. 65275, U.S.N.M.
PLAGIOECIA LAMELLOSA, new species.
Plate 122, figs. 10-13.
Description. — The zoarium is unilamellar. The tubes are indistinct at their
base, cylindrical, rectilinear, striated, terminated by a very oblique peristomie,
arranged in quincunx; the peristome is orbicular and oblique or more often elliptical
and horizontal. The ovicell is convex, transverse, in the form of a crescent whose
convexity is proximal and not parallel to the zoarial margins. No zone of growth
is visible.
Diameter of the peristome 0.12 mm.
Distance between the peristome? 0.50 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.58 mm.
Affinities.— The difference between this species and Diastopora striatisemota is
very slight; they perhaps represent the same species. The present species differs
from it in its larger zooecial diameter (0.12 and not 0.10 mm.) and chiefly in the
great separation of the peristomes (0.58 and not 0.40 mm.). This has the same
ovicell as Plagioecia botula, but it differs from it in its peristome of 0.12 and not
0.16 mm. More numerous specimens will permit us perhaps to reunite these three
species.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (rare).
Cotypes.—C&t. No. 65429. U.S.N.M.
PLAGIOECIA BOTULA, new species.
Plate 124, figs. 1, 2.
Description.— The zoarium is discoidal, incrusting shells, and emits flabelliform
expansions. The tubes are distinct, long, cylindrical, or somewhat in the shape of
a horn, bent upward at their extremity, arranged in regular quincunx, slightly
striated, terminated by a short very oblique peristomie; the peristome is orbicular
or elliptical when the peristomie is incomplete. The ovicell is rectilinear, convex in
the form of a sausage. The zone of growth is invisible.
(Diameter of the peristomes (when not salient) _ 0.12-0.16 mm.
Measurements. — {Distance between the peristomes 0.40-0.60 mm.
|Separation of the peristomes 0.40-0. 50mm.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 715
Variations. — A large number of specimens present in their inferior part two
inexplicable fractures, always almost identically arranged and of the same size.
We have figured them on plate 124.
Affinities. — The aspect of this species is similar to that of Plagioecia kirta, but
differs from it in its tubes bent up a little (and not rectilinear), and more widely
spaced in every sense.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Nine miles north of Ocala, Florida
(very rare); Chipola River, east of Marianna, Jackson County, Florida (rare).
Holotype.—G&t. No. 65304, U.S.N.M.
PLAGIOECIA HIRTA, new species.
Plate 124, figs. 3-11.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells and bryozoa; it is flabelliform,
orbicular, rarely linear. The tubes are distinct, rectilinear, hornshaped, narrowed
at the back, very slightly striated, arranged in regular quincunx, prolonged into a
very oblique peristomie; the peristome is elliptical, horizontal, very thin, often
sharply pointed distally. The ovicell is short, elliptical, not arched, placed near
the zoarial margins. There is no visible zone of growth.
Diameter of the peristome 0.10 mm.
Measurements. —
Distance between the peristomes__- 0.40 (0.30-0.60 mm.)
Separation of the peristomes 0.40 mm.
Length of the peristomie 0.20 mm.
Variations. — This species is very well characterized by its rectilinear, salient
tubes which give a bristling aspect to the zoarium. The zoarium, however, is rather
variable, but it remains quite orbicular when the substratum is flat. We figure
(fig. 3) a curious case of the influence of the substratum on the ovicell; in conse-
quence of the zoarial envelopment about a thin bryozoan, the ovicell appears
elongate by perspective and not transverse. It is not rare to encounter many
zoaria side by side, but each is provided with a distinct ancestrula. Following
observations already made, these zoaria do not grow over each other.
We have seen that in the Stomatoporoids the branches of the same zoarium
never grow over each other; the same phenomenon occurs also in the Berenicea
forms. In the latter the zoarial superpositions are produced by rejuvenescence.
How can these animals, growing on the same substratum but proceeding from
different larvae, recognize each other in order not to overlap? The life of these
small beings is as mysterious as marvelous.
Affinities. — In its zoarial aspect and the bristling arrangement of the tubes,
this species has given resemblance to Berenicea verrucosa Milne-Edwards, 1838 ; it
differs from it in its smaller peristome (0.10 and not 0.16 mm.), its smaller zooecial
716 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
distance (0.40 and not 0.70 mm.) ; besides, according to the figures given by Canu
in 1898, the ovicell is much more elongated.1
This species is also close to Plagioecia suborbicularis Hincks, 1880, as it was
figured by Canu in 1909, based upon specimens from the Lutetian ; but the micro-
metric dimensions of the species are smaller than those of the American species.
It differs from Microecia vibri.o in its rectilinear (and not serpentiform)
zooecia; in its peristomial diameter of 0.10 mm. (and not 0.08 mm.), in its incrust-
ing zoarium (and not unilamellar) and finally in its larger ovicell.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi
(common).
Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (rare) ; near Lenuds Ferry,
South Carolina (rare) ; Kich Hill, 5| miles southeast of Knoxville, Crawford
County, Georgia (rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Eed Bluff on Flint River, 7 miles above
Bainbridge, Georgia (rare) ; Chipola Eiver, east of Marianna, Jackson County,
Florida (rare) ; Pachuta, Clarke County, Mississippi (very rare) ; Old Factory
about 14 miles above Bainbridge, Georgia (common).
Jacksonian (Zeuglodon bed) : Bluff on south side of Suck Creek, Clarke
County, Mississippi (rare).
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain, 5 miles south of Jackson,
Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.—Czt. Nos. 65305-65308, U.S.N.M.
PLAGIOECIA MARGINATA, new species
Plate 125, figs. 1-8.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar. bushy, formed of undulated
lobes branching in every direction. The tubes are distinct, elongated, flat, bordered
by a salient thread, oval, arranged in irregular quincunx, striated transversally; the
peristome is orbicular or elliptical frequently closed by a smooth calcareous lamella,
thin and little salient. The ovicell is convex, little transverse, suborbicular. The
zone of growth is hardly visible.
Diameter of the peristome 0.14 mm.
Diameter of the zooecia 0.20 mm.
Distance between the peristomes 0.70-0.90 mm.
Variations. — The peristomie of the tubes was much longer than usually found
in these species; a good specimen incrusted by a species of Floridina shows that it
may be more than 1 millimeter in length. The unilamellar forms are not rare.
Affinities. — This species much resembles Dinxtopora foliacca Lamouroux. 1821,
of the Bajocian and Bathonian of Europe, but differs from it in its smaller micro-
metric dimensions.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (com-
mon) ; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 65461, U.S.N.M.
1 1898. Canu, Etude sur les ovicelles deis Bryozoaires du Batbonien d'Occaignes, Bulletin de la SoeielS
Geologique de France, ser. 3, vol. 26, p. 260.
Measure m e i its. —
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 717
PLAGIOECIA DISCOIDEA, new species.
Plate 155, figs. 12-17.
Description. — The zoarium is free, orbicular, with the form of true Discosparsa.
The tubes are distinct, cylindrical, smooth, bent upward at their extremity, ar-
ranged in regular quincunx; the peristome is elliptical, horizontal, thin. The zone
of growth is hardly visible.
Diameter of the peristome 0.12 mm.
.]/. iixurc/iii lifx. —
Distance between the peristomes 0.30 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.32 mm.
Zoarial diameters -LOO mm.
We have not found an ovicell well enough preserved to figure.
Affinities. — This species differs from the free forms of Plagloecia concreta in
its zooecia regularly arranged in quincunx on the zoarial margins.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Mon-
roeville, Alabama (common).
(. 'ot i/pcs. — Cat. No. 65461, U.S.N.M.
KEY TO DETERMINATION* OF PLAcauKC'IA AND BERENICEA.
Most of the species of Berenicea and Diastopora which we have examined probably belong,
according to their exterior resemblances, to Plagioecia. We have therefore thought it necssary
to combine them in the same key for determination. This will facilitate the identification of
specimens coming from localities which have been studied. It is evident that such keys are
purely artificial and that they can not serve as a basis for a natural classification. Moreover
they are necessarily only approximations.
IZoarium bilamellar 2.
jjZoarium uuilamellar 4.
IZoarium incrusting 8.
IZoarium composite 16.
9fZoarium in thick, regular fronds I'lagioecia siibramosa.
"IZoarium in thin lamellae 3.
[Tubes margiuate Plagioecin in<ir</hiut<i.
3] Tubes with large overlapping wrinkles-- Plagioecia lobata.
[Tubes with thin widely spaced wrinkles.-. .-.Diastopora striatisemota.
4/ Zoarium discoidal (Discosparsa) 5.
IZoarium not discoidal (Diastopora) 6.
5/ Tubes in quincunx on the borders I'lagioecia discoidca.
[Tubes in radial rows on the borders Plagioecia concreta.
6<Tubes margiuate ._ .Plugivccin marginutn.
'•Tubes not niarginate 7.
( Peristome of 0.20-0.24 mm Diastopora mugniiiuru.
Peristome of 0.14-0.10 mm., zooecia indistinct ._ Plagloecia tubifn-.
Peristome of 0.14 mm., tubes distinct Plagioecia tuboedcs.
] Peristome of 0.12 mm., zoarium tubular ._ Diastopora tubifonnix.
Peristome of 0.12 mm., zoarium lamellar Plagioecia laiitcllosa.
[Peristome of 0.10 mm : _ Diastopora striatisemota.
SfThe tubes are decorated with large overlapping wrinkles ._ Berenicea undata.
\The tubes are smooth or striated
qfThe tubes are very close together nearly adjacent _.30.
\The tubes are widely spaced 11.
f Din meter of the peristome=0.14 mm Berenicea stipata.
10\ Diameter of the peristome=0.10 mm__ — Berenicea Itrerissiinn.
718
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Berenicea ingens.
Berenicea benjamini. .
Berenicea incondita.
12.
Berenicea palmula.
13.
Plagioccia divagans.
14.
Plagioecia concreta.
15.
Plngioeda clavioedes.
Plagioccia brundidgensis.
Plagioecia botula.
Plagioecia Jiirta.
Plagioccia superposita.
Plagioecia concreta.
fPeristome=0.18 mm., tubes horn-shaped
11 1 Peristome=0.20 mm., tubes cylindrical
iPeristome 0.16 mru
iPeristoine smaller
12fZoarium palm-shaped, dichotomously branched and successive
\Zoarium orbicular or irregular '.
(The zone of growth is very thick; the tubes are grouped in rows on
13< the zoarial margins; P=0.10 mm
I Zone of growth little thick or invisible
j4/ Ovicell very long
lOvicell short
|Peristome=0.12 mm., tubes claviform
Peristome=0.08-0.10 mm., tubes bent upward at the extremity __
Peristome=0.12-0.16 mm., tubes cylindrical
Peristome=0.10 mm., tubes horn-shaped, rectilinear, not bent up-
ward
jgf Separation of the peristomes=0.44 mm
I Separation of the peristomes=0.52 mm
DESMEPLAGIOECIA, new genus.
Plagioecia, in which the tubes are grouped in fascicles.
Genotype. — Berenicea lineata MacGillivray, 1885.
Range. — Turanian-Recent.
This genus includes the genus Actinopora D'Orbigny, 1852, that is to say, the
assemblage of species with orbicular zoarium. It is necessary to classify in it also
certain species of Reticulipora of the group
Reticulipora obliqua D'Orbigny, 1852. We
include in it also some species of the old
group of Reptotubigera; these are the in-
crusting dichotomous forms. We do not
think that the zoarial dichotomization cor-
responds to a special function. In spite of
the yery great exterior difference between
the zoarial forms Actinopora and Reptotu-
bigera, we class in the same genus all the
species in which the ovicell is identical and
which are provided with fascicles. This
ovicell is transverse and it interrupts or de-
' o forms the fascicles just as in Plagioecia it
FIG. 234.— Desmeplagioecia, new genus. obstructs, separates, or deforms the isolated
A colony of Desmeplagioecia (Actinopora) , , r,,, • n • -j 4.1 f j u
,. ' „.„ "_ .. , ' tubes. The ovicell is evidently formed be-
hneata MacGillivray, 1885, X 12, in which J
the ovicells form an almost complete ring. fore the calcification of the neighboring
o, oeeiostome. (After Harmer, 1915.) tubes.
The principal species hitherto described are;
Desmeplagioecia (Berenicea} lineata MacGillivray, 1885. Recent.
Desmeplagioecia (Pavotubigera} gambierensis Waters, 1884. Miocene.
Desmeplagioecia (Pavotubigera} dimidiata Waters, 1884 (not Reuss, 1847).
Miocene.
Desmeplagioecia (Semitubigera) doll/usi Canu, 1909. Lutetian.
Desmeplagioecia (Actinopora} organisans D'Orbigny, 1851. Cretaceous.
XORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 719
DESMEPLAGIOECIA DICHOTOMA, new species.
Plate 125, figs. JKL1.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells upon which it forms claviform,
dichotomously branched lobes. The fascicles are crowded and arranged alternately
on each side of the zooecial axis; they are formed of three to six zooecia. The
tubes are short, distinct, little convex; the peristome is thin. The ovicell is con-
vex, short, transverse; it interrupts five fascicles. The protoecium is very small
in rapport with the ancestrula.
Width of the fascicles 0.12 mm.
Separation of the fascicles 0.16 mm.
Measurements. —
Width of the branches— . 1.2-2.5
mm.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Old Factory about 1|
miles above Bainbridge, Georgia (rare).
Coiypes.—C&t. No. 65311, U.S.N.M.
DESMEPLAGIOECIA COMPRESSA, new species.
Plate 125, figs. 16-19.
Description. — The zoarium has the Rcticulipora form of growth with com-
pressed fronds. The fascicles are incomplete, irregular, perpendicular to the zone
of growth. The tubes are distinct, little convex. The peristome is orbicular, thin,
salient. The zone of growth is very broad.
Variations. — According to fragments observed, the ovicell appears to be that
of Desmeplagioecia; but this must be confirmed.
The fascicles are very irregular in length; they are often even replaced by
cellular rows, in which the peristomes are not adjacent.
The Reticulipora form appears to develop chiefly in very calcareous waters.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola River, east of
Marianna, Jackson County, Florida (rare).
Cotypcs.—Cnt. No. 65315, U.S.N.M.
DESMEPLAGIOECIA LOBATA, new species.
Plate 126, figs. 4-7.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bilamellar, composed of lobes which are
rounded, irregular, undulated, ramified. The fascicles are very short, formed of
four or five tubes, scarcely salient, arranged on each side of the axis of folding
or undulation of the lobes. The tubes are indistinct, isolated at the center and
scattered on the margins. The zone of growth is thick and rather wide.
It is at hazard that we classify this species in the genus Desmeplagioecia as
we possess only two nonovicellcd specimens.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (rare).
Cotypes.—G&t. No. 65317, U.S.N.M.
720 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
DESMEPLAGIOECIA PLICATA, new species.
Plate 125, figs. 12-15.
Description. — The zoarium is bilamellar, formed of folded, irregular, undu-
lated, flabellate or linear lobes. The fascicles are inconstant, irregular, little
salient, long, perpendicular to the zearial margins; the tubes are little distinct,
isolated on the axis of undulation of flabelliform branches.
The zone of growth is wide and very fragile.
Measurements. —
Diameter of the peristome 0.12-0. 14 mm.
Separation of the fascicles 0.20 mm.
Variations. — This species is quite remarkable, but unfortunately we know
only a small number of specimens of which we have been unable to make a de-
tailed study.
The species has the zoarial form of Retieulipora, but very irregular ; the lobes
are folded on themselves, but they are not elongated and linear. The flabelliform
specimen is unilamellar.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Wilmington, North Carolina (rare) ; near
Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala lime-stone) : Nine miles north of Ocala, Florida
(very rare) ; Alachua, Florida (very rare).
C'otypes.—Cnt. Nos. 65313, 65314, U.S.N.M.
DESMEPLAGIOECIA (ACTINOPORA) BREVIS, new species.
Plate 126, figs, 1-3.
Description. — The zoarium is orbicular and incrusts oysters. The fascicles
are short, irregular, discontinuous, formed of three or four tubes, very salient,
quite close together, arranged radially. The tubes are invisible; the peristome
is thin, orbicular or quadrangular. The zone of growth is invisible, or much
reduced.
Diameter of the peristome 0.12 mm.
Distance between the fascicles 0.09 mm.
Diameter of the disks 0.70 mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Desmeplagloecla tenuissima and D. tennis
Eeuss, 1869. in its greater peristomial diameter (0.12 and not 0.08 mm.) and in
the much smaller zone of growth.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Bed Bluff on Flint Eiver,
7 miles above Bainbridge, Georgia (rare) ; Old Factory about H miles above Bain-
bridge, Georgia (very rare).
Cotypes.—Czt. No. 65316, U.S.N.M.
Measure men ts. —
Measurements. —
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 721
DESMEPLAGIOECIA (ACTINOPORA) TENUIS Reuss. 1869.
Plate 155, figs. 1-6.
3SG4. Dcfrancia iimiiosticha REUSS, Ueber Anthozoen und Bryozooii der Mainzer Tertiiir-
beckens, Sitzungsbericlite der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wein, vol. 50, p. 11,
pi. 3, fig. 1.
1809. Discospnrsa tennis REUSS, Palaontologische Studien tiber die alteren Tertiiirschichten
der Alpen, Crosaro, Denkschriften der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien,
vol. 29, p. 280, pi. 34, figs. 9, 10.
1869. Discosparsa regvlaris REUSS, Idem, p. 280, pi. 34, fig. 11.
1887. Discosparsa tennis PERGENS, Note preliminaire sur les Bryozoaires fossiles de
environs de Kolesvar, Bulletin de la Soci£t(? royale Malacologique de Belgique,
vol. 22, p. 37.
1892. Diastopora. tennis WATERS, North Italian Bryozoa, Cyclostomata, Quarterly Jour-
nal of the Geological Society of London, vol. 47, p. 154.
Description. — The zoarium is free, discoidaJ, pedunculate or not. The fascicles
are salient, very close together, arranged radially, almost continuous. The tubes
are indistinct; the peristome is orbicular Or quadrangular. The ovicell is very
long, convex, parallel to the zoarial margin. The zone of growth is narrow. The
lower face is concave, striated concentrically.
Diameter of the peristome 0.13 mm.
Separation of the fascicles '. 0.13 mm.
Diameter of the zoaria 3.00-6.00 mm.
Affinities. — Our determination has been based on the figures and not upon
German specimens. In aspect our figures are similar to those of Defrancia mo-no-
sticha Reuss, 1864, but the American zoaria are larger. We see no difference from
Discosparsa tennis Reuss, 1869.
This species differs from Desmeplagioecia brevis in its fascicles, which are con-
tinuous and not interrupted, and in its free zoarium. It differs from Desme-
plagioecia tenuissima in its larger zoarial diameter.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Mon-
roeville, Alabama (common).
Geological distribution. — Priabonian of Vicentin (Reuss, Waters) and of
Kolosvar (Pergens) ; Rupelian of Germany (Reuss).
Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 65459, U.S.N.M.
DESMEPLAGIOECIA (ACTINOPORA) TENUISSIMA, new species.
Plate 126, figs. 8-10.
Description. — The zoarium is discoidal, free or incrusting shells, eccentric.
The fascicles are very thin, arranged radially, very salient, discontinuous. The
tubes are invisible; the peristome is thin, orbicular, or rectangular. The ovicell is
very long, thin, little convex. The zone of growth is thick and rather wide.
Diameter of peristome 0.08 mm.
Measurements. —
Separation of the fascicles 0.12-0.15 mm.
Diameter of the zoaria 0.7 mm.
55899— 20— Bull. 106 46
722 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
This species is well characterized by its small peristomial diameter and its
very little convex ovicell. Desmcplagioecia brevis and Desmeplagioecia, tennis
Beuss, 1869, have a larger zooecial diameter (0.12 mm.).
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola River, east of
Marianna, Jackson County. Florida (rare) ; Red Bluff on Flint River, 7 miles above
Bainbridge, Georgia (very rare) ; Old Factory, about 1£ miles above Bainbridge,
Georgia (rare).
Cotypcs.—CvA,. Nos. 65318, 65319, U.S.N.M.
Family MACROECIIDAE Canu, 1918.
1918. Macroeciadae CANU, L/es ovicelles des bryozoaires cyclostomes, Bulletin Societe
Geologique de France, ser. 4, vol. 16, p. 328.
The longitudinal axis of the ovicell is parallel to the axis of the tubes. The
ovicell is formed before the calcification of the neighboring tubes whose order and
arrangement are disarranged. The oeciostome is immense and terminal.
This family is characterized by the size of its larva established by that of the
oeciostome. No American species have so far been discovered.
Genus MACROECIA Canu, 1913.
»
1918. Macroccia CANU, Les ovicelles des bryozoaires cyclostomes, Bulletin Societe Geo-
logique de France, ser. 4, vol. 16, p. 328.
The ovicell is elongate, elliptical, very salient. The oeciostome is not turned
toward the bottom.
Genotype. — Macroecia (Diastopora) lamellosn Michelin, 1845. Jurassic.
Family MECYNOECIIDAE Canu, 1918.
Anatomical bibliography. — 1914, WATERS, Bryozoa from Zanzibar, Proceedings of the Zoological
Society of London, p. 840, pi. 2, figs. 1-49. — 1918. CANU, Les ovicelles des bryozoaires cy-
clostomes, Bulletin de la Societe Geologique de France, ser. 4, vol. 16, p. 326.
The ovicell is developed parallel to the tubes. It is formed before them and
disarranges their respective position. The oeciostome is anterior and nonterminal.
The principal genera of this family are: Mecynoecia Canu, 1918, Microecia
Canu, 1918, and Exochoecia, new genus.
Genus MECYNOECIA Canu, 1918.
1918. Mecynoecia CANU, Les ovicelles des bryozoaires cyclostomes, Bulletin de la Societe1
Geologique cle France, ser. 4, vol. 16, p. 326.
The ovicell is symmetrical with indefinite contours. The oeciostome is ellipti-
cal, transverse, turned toward the base, generally supported by a tube.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 723
Genotype. — Mecynoecia (Entalophora) pro'boscidea Milne-Edwards, 1838.
The principal known species of this genus are:
Entalophora australis Busk, 1875. Recent.
Entalophora dclicatula Busk, 1875. Recent.
Entalophora defiexa Smitt, 1872. Recent.
FIG. 235. — Genus ilacroecid Canu; 1918.
A-I. Mao-oecia (Diastopora) lameUosa Michelin, 1845. A, B. Zoarium, natural size and en-
larged. C. Cross section of branch, enlarged. D. Surface with ovicell, enlarged. (A-D. After
D'Orbigny, 1854.) E. Another view. X 12, of an ovicelled specimen. F, G. Two views, X 18,
showing the ovicell well developed. H. Example with two adjacent ovicells, X IS. I. A broken
ovicell, X 18, showing the opening of the inferior tube of which it is only the dilated part. (F-I,
after Canu.)
Entalophora pulchclla Reuss, 1847. Priabonian.
Entalophora madrfporacea Goldfuss, 1827. Cretaceous.
Entalopora cretacea D'Orbigny, 1850. Turonian-Senonian.
Proboscina radiolitorum D'Orbigny, 1851. Cenomanian.
Entalophora cettarioides Lamouroux, 1821. Jurassic.
Proboscina, angustata D'Orbigny, 1851. Cretaceous.
Later otubig era flexuosa D'Orbigny. Coniacian.
724
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
C *85
A ,?
E. Mecynoecia soror 1'ucla. 1892. Longitudinal section through the ovk-ell, X 13.
A-D. Mecynoecia dclicatula Busk, 1875. A. Fragment of zoarium, X 25, showing the elon-
gated ovicell with transverse oeciostome. B. View of the embryo, X 270. C. Section of the ovi-
cell containing embryos, X 85. D. Section of the surface pore tubes, X 330. The exterior mem-
brane (m) is the ectocyst. (A-D after Waters, 1914.)
E. Mecynoecia soror Pocta, 3892. Longitudinal section through the ovicelli, X 13.
FIG. 237. — Genus Mecynoecia Canu, 1918.
A, B. Two ovicelled specimens of Mecynoecia deiicatula Busk, 1S75. (After Smitt, 1872.)
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
725
Laterotubigera tit!rrt>/n>rn D'Orbigny, 1852. Coniacian.
Entalophora vendinnensis D'Orbigny, 1850. Cenomanian.
Berenicea tennis D'Orbigny, 1850. Oxfordian.
pr
FIG. 238. — Mecynoccia (EntalopJiora) jtrobosvidea- Milne-Edwards, 1S38.
A. Ovicelled branch enlarged. (After Harmer, 1915. ) B. Another ovicelled specimen, X 12.
(After Waters.) C. A third illustration of the ovicell, X 20. (After Neviani, 1905.) D. Longi-
tudinal section of a slender colony. E. Longitudinal section of a thick, old branch of variety
ruxtica Hagenow, 1850, with a central elongated cavity and with numerous septa. F. Longitudi-
nal section of a part of the internal wall, X 1250. c. i., interskeletal cavity; (/., denticles; pr.,
prolongation. (D-F after Pergens, 1889.)
Diastopora escharoides Michelin, 1847. Cenomanian.
Proboscina parvitubulata Gregory, 1896. Bathonian.
Diastopora davidsoni Haime, 1854. Bajocian-Bathonian.
726 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The known species of the zoarial form known as Entalophora are classified
when the ovicell is known in the three genera Diaperoecia, Mecynoecia, and
Plagioccia. Those which belong to Plagioecia have compact fronds of hollow
zoaria, incrusting roots of algae, and in which the primitive berenicoid form is
thus modified by the substratum. The species belonging to the genus Diaperoecia
are relatively rare and have an aspect of regularity unknown in the other genus.
The species belonging to the genus Mecynoecia are the most common. For the
forms without ovicell we maintain as heretofore the zoarial genus Entalophora.
MECYNOECIA PEOBOSCIDEA Milne-Edwards. 1838.
Plate 108, figs. 1-15.
1900. Entalophora proboscidea NEVIANI, Briozoi neogenici clelle Calabrie, Paleontographia
italica, vol. 6, p. 242 (128) (regional bibliography).
1909. Entalophora proboscidea CANU, Bryozoaires des Terrains Tertiares des environs d"
Paris, Annales de Paleoutologie. vol. 5, p. 118, pi. 15, figs. 11, 12. (illustrated
paleontologic bibliography).
1915. Entalophora proboscidea CANTJ, Bryozoaires fossiles des terrains du Sud-Ouest de la
France, Bulletin de la Societe geologique de France, ser. 4, vol. 15, p. 331 (regional
bibliography).
1915. Entalophora proboscidea HARMER, The Polyzoa of the Sibo/ja expedition, p. 108, pi.
10, fig. 12 (recent bibliography ) .
Diameter of the aperture 0.16 mm.
Diameter of the peristome 0.16-0.20 mm.
Width of the zooecia 0.40 mm.
Distance between the peristomes 1.20-1.40 mm.
Length of the peristomie 0.30-0.40 mm.
Variations. — This species is quite variable like all the common species, but its
micrometric measurements are rather constant and it is very difficult to discover
important varieties. The ovicell is not very constant in its form as may be noted
from the published figure? (fig. 225). Probably under the name of Entalophora
proboscidea, there are many species of which it will be necessary to discover the
constant characters.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Mabelvale, near Little Rock,
Arkansas (very common).
Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (very common); near
Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (very common) ; 3£ miles of Perry, Georgia (very
common) ; Rich Hill, 5£ miles southeast of Knoxville, Crawford County, Georgia
(very common) ; one-half mile southeast of Georgia Kaolin Co. mine, Twiggs
County Georgia (rare) ; 12 miles southeast of Marshallville, Georgia (very com-
mon) ; Baldock, Barnwell County, South Carolina (very rare) ; 18 miles west of
Wrights ville, Johnson County, Georgia (rare) ; 3i miles north of Grovania, Geor-
gia (rare) ; 17 miles northeast of Hawkinsville, Georgia (very rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : West bank Sepulga River, Escambia
County, Alabama (common) ; Chipola River, east of Marianna, Jackson County,
M c asi ire me n ts. —
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 727
Florida (common) ; Old Factory, about H miles above Bainbridge, Georgia (very
rare).
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain, 5 miles south of Jackson,
Alabama (common) ; West bank Conecuh River, Escambia County, Alabama (very
rare) ; One milo north of Monroeville, Alabama (very common) ; Murder Creek,
east of Castlebury, Conecuh County, Alabama (very common).
Geological distribution. — Cretaceous-Recent. Cosmopolitan in Europe and
America.
Habitat. — Cosmopolitan in both hemispheres and in the warm and temperate
zones. This is a species of the depths; it appears first at 40 meters; attains its
maximum of abundance toward 100 meters, and may descend almost to 330 meters.
It affords, therefore, a very useful measure of depth.
Plesiotypes.—Cnt. Nos. 65437, 65438, U.S.N.M.
MECYNOECIA LUVERNENSIS, new species.
Plate 10», figs. 10-12.
Description. — The zoarium is an unbranched Filisparsa in which the noncellu-
liferous dorsal face is transversally wrinkled. The tubes are short, little visible,
elevated at their extremity and terminated by a very short peristomie elevated
almost vertically; the peristome is thick, orbicular. The ovicell is large, salient,
globular; the oeciostome is elliptical, salient, transverse, supported on another
tube.
Diameter of the peristome 0.20-0.22 mm.
Diameter of the apertura 0.16 mm.
Diameter between the peristomes 0.25 mm.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Luverne, Crenshaw County.
Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 65257, U.S.N.M.
MECYNOECIA CYLINDRICA, new species.
Plate 127, figs. 1-7.
Description. — The zoarium is an Entalophora, regularly cylindrical, bifurcated.
The tubes are cylindrical, visible, separated by a very thin, salient thread; the
peristomes are salient, orbicular, regularly arranged in quincunx. The ovicell is
a large pyriform sack whose oeciostome is isolated.
Diameter of the peristome 0.10-0.12 mm.
Distance between the peristomes- _ _ 0.42-0.46 mm.
J/« nxiin HK-ntS. — o . .- - .1 n or
separation of the penstomes__ (J.6(5 mm.
Diameter of the branches 1.00 mm.
Affinities. — This species is very well characterized by its pyriform ovicell, its
cylindrical and regular branches, and by its zooecial margins. It is much smaller
Measurements. —
728 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
(peristome=0.10 and not 0.16 mm.) than Mecynoecia lunata, in which the branches
are also quite cylindrical.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (very com-
mon) ; near Lenuds Ferry, Soiith Carolina (rare) ; 18 miles west of Wrightsville,
Johnson County. Georgia (very rare) ; 8^ miles north of Grovania, Georgia (rare).
Cotypes.—C&i. No. 65465. U.S.N.M.
MECYNOECIA PUSILLA, new species
Plate 127, figs. 19-22.
Description. — The zoarium is a small bifurcated EntalopTiora. The tubes are
distinct, cylindrical, convex; the peristomes are salient, thin, oblique, orbicular,
arranged in irregular quincunx. The ovicell is elliptical, very long, striated trans-
versally ; the oeciostome is elliptical, large, salient.
Diameter of the peristomc 0.10 mm.
Meamrem en ts. —
Distance between the peristomes 0.50-0.70 mm.
Diameter of the branches 0.40 mm.
This is a small species provided with very large ovicell. We might suppose
that it was very prolific and coarse, but this is not so, as it is very delicate and its
life was ephemeral. This is within the domain of the pathologist who must
search for the causes of these unexpected occurrences. It is the smallest species
of the genus.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (very
rare) ; 3^ miles north of Grovania, Georgia (very rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestome) : Chipola River, east of Marianna, Jack-
son County, Florida.
Cotypes.—Cnt. Nos. 65470. 65471, 65484, U.S.N.M.
MECYNOECIA BREVIS, new species.
Plate 127, figs. 8-18.
Description. — The zoarium is an Entalophora with branches claviform, com-
pressed, and bifurcated. The tubes are cylindrical, distinct, little convex, termi-
nated at their extremity by a long peristomie upward bent; the peristomes are
orbibular, thick, and arranged in irregular quincunx. The ovicell is large, short,
very finely porous; the oeciostome is elliptical, transverse, attached to the peristome
of a tube. The zone of growth is very short and rounded.
Diameter of the peristome 0.16 mm.
Diameter of the orifice 0.10 mm.
Diameter of the tubes 0.20 'mm.
Distance between the peristomes 0.40-0.60 mm.
Maximum length of the peristomie 0.40 mm.
Variations. — The zoarium is formed of claviform branches sometimes termi-
nated by irregular ramifications ; cylindrical branches are rare. The length of
Measurements.-
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 729
the peristomie depends upon how well the fossils are preserved. The quincunx
arrangement, of the peristomes is not very regular and we figure a specimen where
they are arranged in transversal rows.
Affinities. — This species differs from Mecynoecia compressa in its much shorter
ovicell, its zoarium less lamellar, and its shorter distance between the peristomes.
It differs from Ent+tlophora suhcompressa Eeuss, 1866, of which it is the American
representative, in the length of its peristomie.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Eighteen miles west of Wrightsville,
Georgia (very rare) : Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (very rare) ; Georgia Kaolin
Company's mine, Twiggs County, Georgia (very rare) ; Eich Hill, five and one-
fourth miles south of Knoxville, Crawford County, Georgia (rare).
Jacksonian (Zeuglodon zone) ; Shubuta, Mississippi (very rare) south side
of Suck Creek. Clarke County, Mississippi (very rare).
Cotypcs.—Cnt. Nos. 65466-65469 U.S.N.M.
MECYNOECIA MAGNICELLA, new species.
Plate 12S, figs. 1, 2.
Description. — The zoarium is an Entalophora with cylindrical branches. The
tubes are cylindrical, distinct, disposed in irregular quincunx, striated transver-
sally, vej^y large; bent upward at their extremity and terminated by an oblique,
little salient peristomie; the peristome is thick, orbicular, oblique.
Diameter of the peristome : 0.24 mm.
Diameter of the apertura 0.18 mm.
Diameter of the zooecia 0.30-0.36 mm.
Distance between the peristomes 1.40 mm.
Separation of the peristomes . 1.40 mm.
Maximum length of the peristomie 0.30 mm.
Diameter of the zoarium 1.25 mm.
This species is the largest of the American fossils described in the present
memoir. Its determination is therefore very easy. The ovicell is unknown. Only
the figured specimen has been collected.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Alaehun, Florida (very
rare).
MECYNOECIA COMPRESSA, new species.
Plate 155, figs. 1S-22.
Description. — The zoarium is formed of lamellar, cylindrical or slightly com-
pressed, fronds. The tubes are distinct, convex, striated transversally ; the peri-
stomes are little salient, thin, orbicular or elliptical, arranged in very irregular
quincunx. The ovicell is elliptical, very elongate, subsymmetrical ; the oeciostome
i^ transverse and placed on the peristomie of a tube.
Diameter of the peristome O.l!> mm.
Measurements-
.]/< ilfilli'i mi. lit*.
Distance between the peristomes 0.60 mm.
Separation of the peristomes__ 0.52 mm.
730 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Variations. — The quincunx arrangement of the peristomes is very irregular
and it is not rare to find them adjacent to each other. The oeciostome appears
to open into the peristomie of the tube to which it is attached, but this is only an
illusion, for by scraping it with a scalpel we were able to verify that it really
opens into the ovicell.
Ajft-niti.es. — This species is easy to determine on account of its much com-
pressed branches. It differs from Mecynoeda brevis, in which this character ap-
pears, in the absence of the long peristomies and in its much elongate ovicell.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Monroe-
ville, Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 65462, U.S.N.M.
MECYNOECIA QUISENBERRYAE, new species.
Plate 156, figs. 26-30.
Description— The zoarium is an Entalophora with cylindical and bifurcated
branches. The tubes are little visible, garnished with transverse, overlapping
wrinkles, arranged in quincunx or in oblique verticells; the peristome is thick,
orbicular, little salient. The ovicell is very elongate, symmetrical, smooth; the
oeciostome is supported on the tube and has the form of a lunar crescent.
Diameter of the peristome 0.18-0.20 mm.
Distance between the peristomes 0.50-0.60 mm.
Separation of the peristomes^-. .___ 0.50-0.60 mm.
Diameter of the branches 1.00 mm.
Affinities. — This species is very close to Mecynoeda 1 mutt a in the general ar-
rangement of the tubes. It differs from it in its larger peristome (more than 0.16
mm. ) and in its tubes which are closer together.
We dedicate this species to Miss Adelaide C. Quisenberry, of the United States
National Museum, in appreciation of her help and interest in the preparation of
this work.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain, 5 miles
south of Jackson, Alabama (common).
Cotypes.— Cut. No. 65396, U.S.N.M.
MECYNOECIA LUNATA, new species.
Plate 156, figs. 1-8.
Description. — The zoarium is an Entalophora, regularly cylindrical and bifur-
cated. The tubes are distinct, cylindrical, separated by a little salient thread ; the
peristomes are thick, orbicular, arranged in quincunx or in Peripora. The ovicell
is very elongate, very finely punctate; the oeciostome is very large, transverse, at-
tached to a tube and has the form of a lunar crescent.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 731
Measurements. —
Diameter of the peristome 0.14—0.10 mm.
Diameter of the apevtura 0.08 mm.
Distance between the peristomes 0.70 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.50 mm.
Diameter of the branches 1.00 mm.
Variations. — The young zooecia are convex and are not bordered by a salient
thread. The peristomie. is not constant and is never very salient. The peristomes
are often grouped in obliqife verticells, an arrangement which characterizes the
form Peripora of D'Orbigny.
Affinities. — This species differs from Mecynoecia cylindrica in its larger peris-
tome (0.16 and not 0.10 mm.). It differs from Mecynoecia quh<'-nl>crryae in the
absence of overlapping wrinkles and in its smaller peristome (0.16 and not 0.20
mm.), and from Mecynoecia semota in the lesser distance between the peristomes.
in the less salient peristomies, and in its never claviform zoarium.
The immense oeciostome characterizes this species very well.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : West bank C'onecuh River,
Escambia County, Alabama (very common) ; near Claiborne, Monroe County,
Alabama (common) ; Murder Creek, east of Castlebury, Conecuh County, Alabama
(very common).
Ootypcs.—Cnt. No. 65391-65393, U.S.N.M.
MECYNOECIA SEMOTA, new species.
Plate 15G, figs. 9-25.
Description. — The zoarium is a cylindrical or claviform Entalophora never
containing more than eight longitudinal rows of zooecia. The tubes are horn-
shaped, narrowed at the back, enlarged in the vicinity of the peristome, distinct,
convex, striated transversally, bent upward at their extremity and terminated by
a free peristomie; very oblique and salient; their peristomes are widely separated
from each other, orbicular or elliptical. The ovicell is in elongate and symmetrical
sack.
Diameter of the salient peristome 0.12 mm.
Diameter at the base of the peristomie 0.16 mm.
Distance between the peristomes 0.90 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.60 mm.
Length of the peristomie 0.31 mm.
Diameter of the zoarium 1.00 mm.
Variations. — The micrometric dimensions of this species are quite variable and
one should not attempt to determine isolated specimens. Our measurements (ex-
cept the first) are only the most frequent averages. On certain specimens the dis-
tance is only 0.50 mm. and abruptly on others it attains 1.00 mm.; in the latter
case its distinction from Mecynoecia elongatotuba is very slight. The separation
of the peristomes is a little less variable; it varies, however, between 0.50 and
0.60 mm.
Measurements. —
732 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The zoarium is never exactly cylindrical and claviform fronds are not rare.
The zoarial base is a little hook and not a calcareous basal expansion.
Affinities. — This species differs from Mecynoecia lunata in its thinner branches
with 8 rows of tubes instead of 12, and in its smaller peristome (0.12 and not
0.1G mm.). It differs from Mecynoecia elongatotiiba in 8 rows of tubes instead
of 6, and in its generally much smaller distance between the peristomes (0.90 and
not 1.20 mm.), and from Entalophora pulcheUa Reuss, 1847. in its longer peristomie.
Occurrence.— Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : West bank of Conecuh
River, Escambia County, Alabama (very common) : Salt Mountain, 5 miles south
of Jackson, Alabama (rare) ; Murder Creek, east of Castlebury, Conecuh County,
Alabama (rare) ; deep well, Escambia County, Alabama (rare) ; 1 mile north of
Monroeville, Alabama (very common).
Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : One-fourth of a mile of Woodwards, Wayne
County, Mississippi (rare).
Cotypes.^Cnt. Nos. 15394, 65395, U.S.N.M.
MECYNOECIA ELONG ATOTUBA, new species.
Plate 155, figs. 23-29.
Description. — The zoarium is a cylindrical and bifurcated Entalophora with
six longitudinal rows of zooecia. The tubes are distinct, convex, very long, striated
transversally, bent upward at their extremity and terminated by a short very
oblique peristomie; the peristome is thin, orbicular, oblique.
Diameter of peristome 0.12 mm.
Measurem en ts. —
Distance between the peristomes 0.90-1.20 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.44-0.50 mm.
Diameter of the branches 0.90 mm.
Variations. — The length of the tubes is very characteristic but it is not con-
stant; on certain branches it is only 0.80 mm.; it is never more than 1.20 mm. The
branches are never exactly cylindrical : their base is often narrowed.
The ovicell and the base are unknown.
Affinities. — This species differs from Mecynoecia semota, of which the diame-
ter of the peristome is identical in its thinner branches with six rows of zooecia
instead of eight and in the long distance between the peristomes — almost always
greater than 0.90 mm.
It differs from Mecynoecia parvituba, of which it has a little the general
aspect, in its larger peristomial diameter (0.12 and never 0.10 mm.).
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : Seven and one-half miles south-
west of Bladen Springs, Alabama (common).
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Murder Creek, east of Castlebury,
Conecuh County, Alabama (very rare).
C otypes.— Cat. No. 65463. U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 733
MECYNOECIA CORNUTA. new species.
Plate 155, figs. 30-36.
Description. — The zoarium is a cylindrical and bifurcated Entalophora. The'
tubes are little distinct, convex, widened at their extremity, horn-shaped, little
narrowed at the base, slightly striated transversally ; the peristome is thin, elliptical,
very little salient. The ovicell is quite elongate, smooth, globular, salient; the
oeciostome is elliptical transverse, supported on a peristome.
Diameter of the peristome 0.14 mm.
M<-<IXII,'< mcnts. —
Distance, between the peristomes 0.60 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.50-0.52 mm.
Diameter of the branches 0.66 mm.
Affinities, — This species differs from Mecynoecia semota, in which the tubes are
also horn-shaped, in its peristome of 0.14 and not 0.12 mm., and in its lesser peris-
tomial distance (0.60 and not 0.90 mm.).
It differs from Mecynoecia lunata in which the separation of the peristomes
is very similar in the thinner branches, never containing more than eight longi-
tudinal rows of zooecia, and in the absence of a salient thread between the tubes.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Monroe-
ville, North Carolina (common) ; deep well, Escambia County, Alabama (very
rare).
Cotypes.—Csit. No. 65464, U.S.N.M.
MECYNOECIA PARVITUBA, new species.
Plate 128, figs. 3-7.
Description. — The zoarium is a thin Entalophora, with six longitudinal rows
of zooecia. The tubes are small, little distinct, slightly striated transversally,
bent upward at their extremity, and terminated by a salient peristomie; the
peristome is thin, orbicular, oblique.
Diameter of the peristome 0.10 mm.
Measurements. —
Distance of the peristomes 0.60-1.00 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.40-0.60 mm.
Diameter of the branches 0.50 mm.
Affinities. — This small species is quite well characterized by its small peristomial
dimensions. It differs from Mecynoecia pusilla in which the diameter is identical
in its zooecial length, much more than 0.70 mm. It differs from Mecynoecia
elongatotuba in its still thinner branches and in its peristomial diameter of 0.10
mm. (never 0.12 mm.).
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Monroe-
ville, Alabama (common).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Old Factory, about 1| miles above Bain-
bridge, Georgia (very rare).
Cotypes.—Ca,t No. 65321, U.S.N.M.
734 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
MECYNOECIA LOBATA, new species.
Plate 157, figs. 1, 2.
Description. — The zoarium is a Proboscina, creeping on shells; it is formed
of pluricellular branches, bifurcated, and irregularly lobed. The tubes are in-
distinct and very short; the peristomes are thin, very near one another and ar-
ranged in quincunx. The ovicell is small, little salient, little elongate; the
oeciostome is as large as a tube, transverse, placed on the peristomie of a tube.
f Distance between the peristomes- _ _ 0.14-0.16 mm.
Measurements. — \ „ .. , .
I separation or the peristomes 0.40 mm.
Occuwence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Near Claiborne, Monroe
County, Alabama (rare).
Holotype.—G&t. No. 65397 U.g.N.M.
MECYNOECIA GLOBULA, new species.
Plate 157, figs. 3, 4.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa; it is a Proboscina with club-
shaped branches. The tubes are short, little distinct, somewhat striated trans-
versally, bent upward at their extremity and terminated by a short peristomie
elevated vertically; the peristome is thin and orbicular. The ovicell is little
elongate, globular, smooth, symmetrical; the oeciostome is elliptical, transverse,
as wide as the tube by which it is supported.
Diameter of the peristome 0.10 mm.
Measuremen ts. —
Distance between the peristomes 0.40 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.46-0.50 mm.
Occurrence. — Vicksburginn (Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Monroe-
ville. Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 65398, U.S.N.M.
Forma ENTALOPHORA Lamouroux, 1821.
We introduce in this zoarial genus or forma the species with the tubes open-
ing on all sides of the cylindrical branches, but in which no ovicells have been
discovered. Most of the species hitherto referred to Entalophora, have the elon-
gated ovicell of Mecynoecia.
ENTALOPHORA ST1PATA, new species.
Plate 108, fig. 16.
Description. — The zoarium is cylindrical, club-shaped ; the tubes are indis-
tinct, arranged in regular quincunx and transversal verticells; the peristomes
are quite close, thin, little salient, orbicular.
Diameter of the peristome 0.12 mm.
Measurements. —
Distance between the peristomes 0.30-0.36 mm.
Diameter of the branches 1.00 mm.
The figured specimen only has been found, but it is quite characteristic.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 735
Occurrence. — Miclwayan (Clayton limestone) : Mabelvale, near Little Rock,
Arkansas (very rare).
Holotype.—CsA. No. 65439, U.S.N.M.
ENTALOPHORA CRASSA, new species.
Plate 133, figs. 1-5.
Description. — The zoarium is free, cylindrical, very large. The tubes are cy-
lindrical, very little distinct, often wrinkled transversally ; the peristomes are
thick, very salient, orbicular, close to- one another, sometimes adjacent two by two.
Diameter of the peristome 0.1-1 mm.
Diameter of the apertura 0.06-0.08 mm.
Measurements, —
Distance between the peristomes 0.40-0.54 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.46-0.70 mm.
Diameter of the branches 3.00 mm.
Variations. — In longitudinal section the tubes are very long, rarely branched.
In transversal section they are polygonal.
Occurrence. — Claibornian (Gosport sand) : One mile southwest of Rockville,
Clarke County, Alabama (rare).
Holotype.—Cnt. No. 65431, U.S.N.M.
Genus MICROECIA Canu, 1918.
1918. Microecia CANLT, Les ovicelles des Bryozoaires cyclostomes, Bulletin Societe Geologique
France, ser. 4, vol. 16, p. 325.
The ovicell is very small and is spread between only four tubes; the oeciostome
is small and hardly salient.
Genotype. — Bcrcnicea samiensis Norman, 1864.
Range. — Senonian-Recent.
The previously known species belonging to this genus are :
Berenicea sarniensis Norman, 1864. Recent.
Diastopora tubulus D'Orbigny, 1851. Senonian.
Berenicea suborbiculans Hincks, 1880. Recent.
In the absence of the oeciostome the differentiation of this genus from Oncou-
soecia is very difficult.
MICROECIA FLABELLATA, new species.
Plate 128. figs. 19, 20.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells and bryozoa ; it is flab ell ate, eccen-
tric. The tubes are little distinct, flat, smooth, horn-shaped, very narrow proxi-
mally, grouped on the zoarial margins in false radial rows; the peristome is
elliptical, thin, sharp. The ovicell is small, globular, salient; the oeciostome is
isolated and hardly salient. The zone of growth is thick but little wide.
Measurements.— ( Diameter of the peristome— _i 0.14 mm.
I Distance between the peristomes 0.60-0.70 mm.
736 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Some zooecia are closed by a calcareous septum. We know that the latter
is always placed at the base of the peristomie. Most certainly this species was
provided with tubes with long peristomies, as the elliptical form of the apertura
proves.
Affinities. — This species differs from Berenicea regularis D'Orbigny, 1852, of
the Cenomanian, and from Diastbpora siiborbieularis (Hincks, 1880), Canu, 1909,
of the. Lutetian in its wider peristome (0.14 and not 0.06-0.10 mm.), and in the
arrangement of its peristomes in false radial series.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (rare).
Ho7otype.--Ciit. No. 65324, U.S.N.M.
MICROECIA VIBRIO, new species.
Plnte 128, figs. 14-18.
Description. — The zoarium creeps on algae or more often on Orbitoid
f oraminifera and shells ; it is orbicular or elliptical, almost always eccentric. The
tubes are indistinct at the center, distinct and serpentiform on the zoarial margins ;
arranged in quincunx; the peristome is elliptical or triangular, thin, salient, or
placed at the extremity of a short peristomie. The ovicell is globular and small.
The zone of growth is very little visible.
Diameter of the peristome 0.08-0.10 mm.
Distance of the peristomes 0.30-0.40 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.26 mm.
The central part of the large zoaria and the young zoaria do not have distinct
tubes; they are only visible in their peristomie more or less salient and elevated.
The serpentiform tubes are only visible on the completely developed zoaria; often
even the separating furrow disappears in fossilization. The presence of closed
zooecia indicates a more salient peristomie than that persisting on the fossils.
Affinities. — This species differs from Microecia hirta in the somewhat larger
diameter of the peristome (often more than 0.08 mm.) and in the form of its
zooecia.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola River, east of
Marianna, Jackson County, Florida (rare) : below Plant System railroad wharf.
Bainbridge, Georgia (rare).
Vkksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain, 5 miles south of Jackson.
Alabama.
Cotypes.—Cai. Nos. 65323, 65486, U.S.N.M.
MICROECIA HIRTA, new species.
Plate 157, figs. 5-8.
Description. — The zoarium is free, unilamellar, suborbicular. The tubes are
hardly distinct, bent up at their extremity and terminated by a long, very oblique
Meosurem ents. —
Measurements.-
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 737
peristoinie; the peristonic is thin, elliptical. The ovicell is small, globular, little
salient; the oeciostome is not salient. It has no zone of growth.
Diameter of the peristome 0.08-0.10 mm.
Distance of the peristomes 0.40 ram.
Separation of the peristomes 0.30 mm.
Length of the peristoinie 0.10-0.16 mm.
Affinities. — The zoarium appears as a disk garnished with points; but we have
not had the fortune to collect a single complete disk, for it seems extremely fragile.
This species differs from Microecia vibrio in its free, orbicular zoarium and
in its rectilinear, never serpentiform, zooecia. It differs from Plagioecia lamellosa
not only in the nature of the ovicell, but also in its smaller peristome (0.08 and
not 0.12 mm.) and in its other dimensions, which are always smaller. The zoaria
are absolutely identical.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : West bank Conecuh River,
Escambia County, Alabama (rare).
GotypesJ—C&t. No. 65399, U.S.N.M.
EXOCHOECIA, new genus.
Greek: Exoche, prominence; in allusion to the position of the ovicell.
The ovicell is large, symmetrical ; it is placed on the zone of growth which it
grows beyond, forming a large exterior saliency; the oeciostome is small, anterior,
elliptical, turned toward the base.
Genotype. — Exochoccia i^ugosa, new species. Vicksburgian.
EXOCHOECIA RUGOSA, new species.
Plate 158, figs. 1-10.
Description. — The zoarium is a reticulate Mesenteripora; it is formed of
irregular lamellae, presenting a rounded fold opposite the zone of growth. The
tubes are arranged in quincunx in the vicinity of the fold and in radial rows per-
pendicular to the zone of growth on the rest of the zoarium ; they are indistinct
and ornamented with large overlapping wrinkles. The peristomes are orbicular
or elliptical, almost adjacent in the lines. The ovicell is large, pyriform, suspended
on the zoarial margins, ornamented with large, transverse, widely spaced wrinkles ;
the oeciostome is small, elliptical, transverse, turned toward the base.
f Diameter of the peristomes - 0.10 mm.
Measurements. — ,. , ,. ,.
| Separation of the lines _ 0.24mm.
Yiu'liitions. — We know that these reticulate zoaria result from the folding of
a primitive berenicoid zoarium and from the bending back of the folded fronds
at the top. One of the consequences of this bending back is that the axis of the
peristomes no longer coincides with the axis of the median tubes which develop on
the basal lamella and which appear at the zone of growth. The tubes opening
laterally on the fronds are from preceding ramifications; the axis of the peristome
is indeed that of their zooecium, but the lines of the peristome are oriented per-
55899—20— Bull. 106 47
738 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
penclicularly to the zoarial margins and their traces are indicated in thin sections
by their peculiar undulations (fig. 16) regularly spaced. The reader will better
comprehend this peculiar arrangement by consulting figure 12 which shows the
interior of the tubes obtained by the ablation of one of the two lamellae of the
zoarium.
The oeciostome is smaller than a tube as in the genus Microccia, but it is turned
toward the base; it is isolated and is never supported on the peristome of a tube.
In spite of the large transverse wrinkles which ornament the tubes, the tan-
gential section indicates that their walls are absolutely identical with those of all
the other C'yclostomata (fig. 11).
When the transverse section is indeed perpendicular at the time of the folding
and at the zone of growth (fig. 14). the tubes adjacent to the basal lamella are
alone visible. In the other case the tubes appear formed on the basal lamella and
above their ramifications form the peristomial lines (fig. 16).
Affinities— This species differs from Re.tiwlipora mummulitonim D'Orbigny,
1852, and from Ifi'tir-nlijiorfi pVcata Canu, 1000, of the French Lutetian, in its dif-
ferent micrometric measurements and in its larger wrinkles. Moreover, the ovicells
of the two latter species are not known.
This species is quite characteristic of the Vicksbnrgian.
Occurrence.— Vicksburgian (Eed Bluff clay) : Seven and one-half miles south-
west of Bladen Springs, Alabama (rare) ; one-fourth mile west of Woodward,
AVayne county, Mississippi.
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Murder Creek, east of Castlebnry,
Conecuh County, Alabama (common) ; west bank Conecuh Eiver, Escambia
County, Alabama (common) ; Salt Mountain, 5 miles south of Jackson, Alabama
(very rare) ; near Claiborne, Monroe County. Alabama (common) ; one mile north
of Monroeville, Alabama (very common).
Gotypes.—C&t. No. 65405. U.S.N.M.
Family DIAPEROECIIDAE Canu, 1918.
Anatomical hiliHdiiniiilnt. — 1887. WATERS, On tertiary Cyclostomatous Bryozoa, Quarterly Jour-
nal of the Geological Society, vol. 43, pi. 18. figs. 5, 0, 13, 14. 15.— 1903. WATERS, Bryozoa
from Franz Josef Land, Journal Liunean Society, London, vol. 28, p. 173, pi. 19', tigs. 1-13. —
1905. WATERS, Bryozoa from near Cape Horn, Journal Linnean Society. London, vol. 29, p. 247,
pi. 29, figs. 10-14. — 1914. WATERS, The Marine Fauna of British East Africa and Zanzibar,
Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, p. 836.
The-ovicell is formed after the calcification of the distal tubes. It is an irreg-
ular, snbglobular elevation, placed among many tubes which project on the ovicell
itself. The oeciostome is submedian, transverse, salient, often isolated, generally
proximally directed.
We do not know the larva, but this family appears different from the Tubu-
liporidae in its oeciostome which is often isolated and in its expansion by which it
completely surrounds the tubes or the fascicles.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
739
When the ovicell is very thick the tubes appear displaced and more scattered.
This is only an illusion provoked by the elongation of the tubes and their diver-
gence; at their base they have the normal distance. (See Diaperoecia, clava.)
The tubes which traverse the ovicell are often closed by a finely porous, cal-
careous lamella.
D x36
L«I2
FIG. 239. — Anatomy of the Diaperoeciidae Canu, 1918.
A, B. Diplosolen intricaria Smitt, 1871. A. Section through ovicell, X 25, contuiuing ;i large
number of small embryos. B. Section of lobe a, of the same ovicell. (After Waters, 1900.)
C-E. Diaperoecia intricaria Busk, 1875. C. Ovicelled zoarium, X 12 (o, oeciostomei. Alter
Harraer, 1915.) D. Transverse section through a zoarium, X 36, showing in the tubes a large
number of minute rays with club-shaped hearts, on which there are numerous tubercles. E. Rays
included in the tubes, X 250.
F. Diaperoecia rugosa Waters, 1878. Longitudinal section through a zoarium, X 12. The
most usual position for the calcareous plate which closes the tube would seem to be about the
point where the zooecial tube rises free from the zoarium. (D-F after Waters, 1884.)
G-K. Diaperoecia rrgiilaris Mac^illivray, 1882. G. Transverse section, X 25, showing con-
nection through tubes divided by a disk. H. Longitudinal decalcified section, X 25. showing
thick membranous transverse wall. I. The thick membrane projects in the middle, but is not
closed below. X 85. is, tentacular sheath ; at, tissue attached to the tentacular sheaths and to the
zooecial wall. J. There is a thin tube (fb) arising from the transverse membrane, X 85. K. Ap-
pearance of the diaphragm (dp) closing the tentacular sheath. (G-K, after Waters, 190.~>. i
L. Diaperoecia pulrhcrrima Kirkpatrick, ]SfK>. Many ovicells are reunited; they form only
one ovicell with many oeeiostomes (o}. (After Har-ner, 1915.)
K*85
740
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genus DIAPEROECIA Canu, 1918.
1918. Diaperoecia CANU, Les ovicelles des bryozoaires cyclostomes, Bulletin de la Societd
Geologique, France, ser. 4, vol. 16, p. 329.
No adventitious tubes; 10 to 12 tentacles.
Genotype. — Diaperoecia, (Entalophora) intricaria Busk, 1875.
Range. — Cretaceous-Recent.
Waters in 1914 preserved the term "Diastopora".for this genus as we now
understand it. The new ideas necessitate a new nomenclature to avoid all con-
oep.
FIG. 240.— Genus Diaperoecia Canu, 3918.
A— G. Views of ovicelled zoaria showing the oeciostome. A. Diaperoecia intricaria Busk,
1875. B. Diaperoecia pulclierrima Kirkpatrick, 1890. (A, B. After Harmer, 1915.) C-E. Diape-
roecia inter juncta MacGillivray, 1885. (After Waters, 1914, 1887, and Harmer, 1915.) F. Dia-
peroecia ventricosa Busk, 1S75. G. Diaperoecia capitata Robertson, 1910.
fusion, but the insufficiency of the present studies oblige us to preserve provision-
ally the old nomenclature; it is necessary, therefore, to consider the ancient genera
under their best known significance. It is probable that this genus will be dis-
membered according to the form of the oeciostome. Thus the Cretaceous forms
appear to have a very small, oeciostome scarcely salient; if this observation be
confirmed, it will be necessary to create a new genus for them.
The previously known species belonging to this genus are :
Entalophora regrularis MacGillivray. Recent.
Entalophora capitata Robertson, 1910. Recent.
Entalophora, interjuncta MacGillivray, 1885. Recent.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 741
Entalophora rugosa Waters, 1879. Recent.
Idmonea radicata Kirkpatrick, 1888. Recent.
Tubulipora pulcherrima Kirkpatrick, 1890. Recent.
Tubulipora cassiforlnis Harmer, 1915. Recent.
Proboscina expansa Hincks, 1880. Recent.
Diastopora cristata MacGillivray, 1886. Recent.
Proboscina, johnstoni Hincks, 1880. Recent.
Alecto dilatans, Busk, 1850. Pliocene-Recent.
Entalophora palmetto. Busk, 1852. Miocene-Plioc'ene.
Diastopora ftabcUum Reuss, 1847. Helvetian-Tortonia.
Berenicea papillosa Reuss, 1 847. Cretaceous.
Berenicea congesta Reuss, 1846. Cretaceous.
Entalophora echinata Romer, 1840. Cretaceous.
Berenicea polystoma Romer, 1839. Cretaceous.
Discosparsa varians Ulrich, 1901. Upper Cretaceous-Eocene.
All our American species form a perfectly homogeneous group ; their oecio-
stome is always transversely elliptical, adjacent to a tube and directed down-
ward. This function of the escapement of the larva appears most important and
sufficient to justify the formation of different genera.
DIAPEROECIA VARIANS Ulrich. 1901.
Plate 104, figs. 1-4.
1901. Discosparsa rarians ULRICH, Maryland Geological Survey, Eocene, p. 205, pi. 59, fig. 3.
Description. — The zoarium is discoidal or tubular; it incrusts algae or sur-
rounds their small fronds. The tubes are indistinct, arranged in quincunx ; the
peristomes are salient, orbicular, very close to one another. The ovicell is smooth,
nonglobular, traversed by the tubes ; the oeciostome is transverse, elliptical, placed
in the vicinity of a tube.
Affinities. — This species appears to have some relations with the group of
Cellulipora D'Orbigny, 1852. Unfortunately, that genus is still insufficiently
studied. On the other hand, on account of the form and arrangement of its
oeciostome, this species will serve later as genotype for a new genus wlren analo-
gous species have been discovered.
Occurrence. — Lowest Eocene (Bryozoan bed at base of the Aquia formation) :
Upper Marlboro. Maryland (rare).
Geological distribution. — Cretaceous (Vincentown [Daman]) Vincentown,
New Jersey (Ulrich).
Plesiotypes.—Csit. No. 65456, U.S.N.M.
DIAPEROECIA LONGICAUDA. new species.
Plate 115, figs. 7, 8.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts bryozoa; it spreads out flabelliform at the
extremity of uniserial, long branches. The tubes are visible, convex, cylindrical,
742 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
or clavate, striated transversally, bent upward at their extremity and terminated
by a more or less salient peristome; the peristome is orbicular and thick. The
ovicell is large, transverse, globular, traversed by the tubes which conserve their
reciprocal positions.
Diameter of the peristome 0.10-0.12 mm.
Zooecial diameter. _ _ 0.20 mm.
Measurements. — „. , ,, .c n IA
Distance between the orifices 0.40 mm.
Separation of the peristomes__ . 0.40 mm.
Diameter' of the peristome •__ 0.10 mm.
Zooecial diameter 0.16 mm.
Distance between the orifices. _ _ 0.50-0.60 mm.
Measurements of
Stomatoporoid-
portion. —
The micrometric measurements of this species are quite variable; those which
we give are quite approximative.
Affinities. — The species is very remarkable in its zoarial aspect which appears
more often like a palm leaf at the end of a long stem. In the old zoarial classifica-
tion it would be impossible to give this species a generic name, since it affects suc-
cessively the forms of Stomatopora, Proboscina, and Bercnicea. This phenomenon
has been noted, moreover, rather frequently in the literature, and a most con-
vincing example was figured by Hincks as long ago as 1880 in Stomatopora
johnstoni.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (very rare).
Holotype.—Cat. No. 65276, U.S.N.M.
DIAPEROECIA JACKSONIENSIS. new species.
Plate 121, figs. 12-13.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells in claviform branches. The tubes
are distinct, cylindrical, arranged in quincunx, finely punctate, with the peristomie
salient, oblique, and elevated to 60° ; the peristome is orbicular, oblique. The
ovicell is salient, globular, inclosing a dozen tubes; the oeciostome is elliptical,
little salient, joined to a tube.
Diameter of the peristome 0.12 mm.
Distance between the peristomes 0.60 mm.
Width of the zoarium 1.7 mm.
The figured specimen is the only one that has been discovered.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (very
rare. )
Holofype.—Cnt. No. 65302, U.S.N.M.
DIAPEROECIA LOBULATA, new species.
Plate 122, figs. 1-7.
Description. — The zoarium is free and tubular or incrusts shells; it is formed
of successive, flabellate lob-ulex more or less symmetrically arranged on each side
Measurements. —
.17, ,/.v///', iin-nfx. —
NORTH AMKIMCAX EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 743
of the ancestrula. The tubes are distinct, cylindrical or horn-shaped, nearly recti-
linear, arranged in quincunx, very slightly striated; the peristomie is very salient,
raised at the center, quite oblique on the zoarial margins; the peristome is elliptical,
horizontal. The ovicell is globular, salient, transverse, elliptical, located on the
zoarial margin. No zone of growth.
Diameter of the peristome 0.10-0.14 mm.
Distance between the peristomes 0.30-0.40 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.20-0.24 mm.
Variations — The ovicell is almost always placed on the zoarial margin ; how-
ever, when the lobe is large and developed, it may be placed in the middle, and is
oriented more or less longitudinally.
The secondary lobes do not originate from the preceding one by dichotomiza-
tion as in Proboscina; they are produced by rejuvenescence — that is to say, by the
development around a single marginal tube of the preceding lobe, serving thus
as a pseudo-ancestrula.
The zone of growth is very narrow and scarcely visible.
This species is very prolific; one of our specimens shows three successive and
parallel ovicells on the same tube.
The tubes are very often horn-shaped and consequently narrowed in their
proximal portion.
Affinities. — In its micrometric measurements this species is quite close to
Plagioecia botula, but it differs in its zoarial form of successive lobules and in the
very different nature of its ovicell.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (rare); Rich
Hill, five and one-half miles southeast of Knoxville, Crawford County, Georgia
(common).
Cotypes.—Czt, Nos. 65426, 65427, U.S.N.M.
DIAPEROECIA LOBULATA. var. PARVIPORA, new variety.
Plate 122, figs. 8, 9.
This variety presents the essential characters of the species — marginal ovicell
and successive lobules produced by rejuvenescence. The only difference is in the
diameter of the peristome, which measures only 0.06-0.08 mm.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (very
rare) ; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (very rare).
Hototype.—C&t. No. 65428 U.S.N.M.
DIAPEROECIA RUGOSA, new species.
Plate 153, figs. 5-8.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells and especially cheilostomatous
bryozoa ; it emits short, f oliaceous, bilamellar expansions. The tubes are indistinct,
arranged in regular quincunx, garnished with large transverse, overlapping, widely
spaced wrinkles, and are terminated by a very short, oblique peristomie. The
744 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
peristome is elliptical, thin, horizontal. The ovicell is globular, placed around
some tubes, ornamented with wrinkles like the tubes.
Diameter of the peristome 0.10 mm.
Measurcm-en ts. —
Distance between the peristom.es 0.60 mm.
Measurements. — •
Separation of the peristom.es 0.40-0.50 mm.
This superb species is well characterized.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Three miles southeast of
Vosburg, Jasper County, Mississippi (rare).
Holotype.—Crt,. No. 65381, U.S.N.M.
DIAPEROECIA ORBICULATA, new species.
Plate 153, figs. 9-15.
Description. — The zoarium is free, large, orbicular; the basal lamella is
striated concentrically. The tubes are distinct, cylindrical, rectilinear, arranged
in quincunx or more often in irregular radial rows; the peristome is thin, orbicular,
very oblique. The ovicell is large, transversely elliptical, more or less distant
from the zoarial margins.
Diameter of the peristome 0.10 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.36 mm.
Distance between the peristomes in quincunx. 0.40-0.50 mm.
Distance between the peristomes in rows 0.25-0.30 mm.
This beautiful species is admirably characterized by its zoarium in the
Disooparsa form and by its zooecia arranged in radial rows. We have discovered
one specimen with an absolutely smooth ovicell.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Monroe-
ville, Alabama (very common).
Cotypes.—Cnt. No. 65382, U.S.N.M.
DIAPEROECIA CLAVA, new species'.
Plate 154, figs. 1-9.
Description. — The zoarium is a multiserial, thick Proboscina form in which
the branches are short or elongated and are in the form of a club ; it incrusts shells,
bryozoa, Orbitoid foraminifera, and algae. When the zoarium is free, the basal
lamella is striated transversally. The tubes are indistinct, arranged in regular
quincunx, terminated by a very salient peristomie and elevated almost vertically.
The peristome is orbicular, thick, sharp. The ovicell is very large, very globular,
irregularly elliptical; the oeciostome is elliptical, transverse, directed proximally,
adjacent to a tube. The zone of growth is very thick.
Diameter of the peristome 0.10-0.12 mm.
Diameter of the apertura 0.06-0.08 mm.
Measurements. —
Distance between the peristomes 0.30 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.30-0.36 mm.
Width of the branches— . 1.5 mm.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 745
Valuations. — The zoarial variations are in rapport with the substratum. On
the shells, the branches are always longer and the zoaria more complete; on the
algae the branches are broken and detached from one another in fossilization.
The aspect of the ovicell varies with the width of the branches and the number
of the tubes surrounded.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain, 5 miles
south of Jackson, Alabama (very common) ; near Claiborne, Monroe County,
Alabama (rare) ; Murder Creek, east of Castlebury, Conecuh County, Alabama,
(rare) ; west bank Conecuh River, Escambia County, Alabama (rare).
Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : One-fourth of a mile west of Woodwards,
Wayne County, Mississippi (rare).
Cotypes.—Cnt. Nos. 65383, 65384, U.S.N.M.
DIAPEROECIA WALCOTTI, new species.
Plate 154, figs. 10, 11.
Description. — The zoarium has the form of a multiserial Proboscina; it
incrusts orbitoid foraminifera in clavate branches. The tubes are distinct, cylin-
drical, very irregularly arranged, slightly striated, terminated by a peristomie
little salient and bent upward ; the peristome is thin, orbicular, horizontal. The
ovicell is little salient; the oeciostome is adjacent to a normal tube.
Measurement. — Diameter of the peristome 0.10-0.12 mm.
We dedicate this species to Dr. Charles D. Walcott. Secretary of the Smith-
sonian Institution.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : West bank, Conecuh
River, Escambia County, Alabama (rare).
Holotype.—C&t. No. 65385, U.S.N.M.
Genus DIPLOSOLEN Canu, 1918.
1918. Diplosolcn OANU, Les ovicelles des bryozonires cyclostomes. Bulletin Societe1 Geologi-
que de France, ser. 4. vol. 16. p. 329. (Proposed for Diplopora JTTI.I.IEN, 1S8C, pre-
occupied. )
Adventitious tubules are present. The oeciostome is isolated. 12 tentacles.
Genotype. — Diplosolen (Berenicea} obelhtm Johnston, 1847.
Range. — Senonian-Recent.
According to Waters the tubules are developed at the same time that a second
calcareous layer is superposed on the normal skeleton.
The previously described species belonging to this genus are:
Berenicea obelia Johnston. 1838. Helvetian-Recent.
Reticidipora intricata Smitt, 1867. Recent.
RcficuHpora transccnrtata Waters, 1884. Priabonian.
Diastopora compacta Canu, 1909. Lutetian.
Diastopora lineata Gabb and Horn, 1865. Cretaceous (Vincentown).
Diastopora obclioides Pergens, 1889. Coniacian.
The term " Diplopora " of Jullien has been preoccupied two or three times.
746 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
DIPLOSOLEN COMPACTUM, new species.
Plate 103, figs. 15-17.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts stones; it emits tubular unilamellar ex-
pansions. The tubes are distinct, cylindrical, flat; the peristome is elliptical.
horizontal, often closed by a finely punctate calcareous lamella. The adventitous
F «8S
FIG. 241. — Genus Diplosolcn Canu, 1918.
A-F. Diplosolcn obi'lia vnr. arctica Waters. A. Zoarium showing the adventitious tubules
and the ovicell, X 25. B. Calcareous longitudinal section, showing the outer calcareous wall be-
yond the zooecia, X 25. C. Transverse section, X 25. D. Calcareous section, X 25, showing the
irregular wavy position of the zooeeial tubes and also showing small internal projections. E.
Ovicell with one oeciostonie, X 12. At the upper part of the ovicell the base of a lateral branch
is enclosed. F. The end of a zooecium and of an adventitious tubule, X 85, both with closures.
From the ovicell of Fig. E. (A-F, after Waters, 1900.)
tubules are primoserial. The ovicell is large, spread over a score of tubes, little
globular, punctate; the oeciostome is small, isolated, little salient; each tube per-
forating the ovicell is accompanied by its zooeciule.
Diameter of the peristome 0.10 mm.
Measurements. Distance between the peristomes 0.35 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.40 mm.
This species is quite well characterized by the nearness of its peristomes and
by its primoserial zooeciules.
Occurrence. — Lowest Eocene (Bryozoan bed at the base of the Aquia forma-
tion). Upper Marlboro, Maryland (rare).
Holotype.—C&i. No. 65240, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 747
DIPLOSOLEN PLANUM. new species.
Plate 122, figs. 14-16.
Description. — The zoarium is free and bilamellar. The tubes are little dis-
tinct, flat, oval, arranged in irregular quincunx, much scattered; the peristome is
elliptical, thin, horizontal, often closed by a porous calcareous lamella. The
adventitous tubules are indistinct, terminated by an elliptical aperture, arranged
above each tubular peristome. The ovicell is convex, suborbicular, spread over
a dozen tubes.
Diameter of the peristome 0.08-0.10 mm.
Diameter of the tubes 0.14—0.16 mm.
Distance between the peristomes ... 0.70-0.80 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.50-0.55 mm.
Affinities. — This species resembles Diplosolen obclium Johnston, 1847; it dif-
fers from it in its flat tubes, bilamellar zoarium, and scarcely visible zooeciules.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare).
Holotj/pc.—C&t. No. 65430, U.S.N.M.
LEKYTHIONIA, new genus.
Greek: Lefcytfyion, small flask; in allusion to the form of the oeciostome.
The ovicell is not perforated by the adventitious tubules. The oeciostome is
isolated, oval, in the form of a bottle or flask.
Genotype. — LeJc>ythionia (Reticulipora) dichotoma Gabb and Horn, 1862.
Range. — Upper Cretaceous, Lower Eocene.
LEKYTHIONIA DICHOTOMA Gabb and Horn. 1862.
Plate 104, figs. 7-13.
1862. Rcticttlipnra dichotoma GABB and HORN, Monograph Fossil Polyzoa Secondary and
Tertiary Formations of North America, Journal Academy Natural Science,
Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 173, pi. 21, fig. 64.
1901. Reticulipora dichotoma ULBICH, Maryland Geological Survey, Eocene, p. 207, pi. 59,
figs. 9-12.
1907. ReticuUpora dichotoma WELLER, Cretaceous Faunas, Geological Survey New Jersey,
Paleontology, vol. 4, p. 318, pi. 21, figs. 5-14.
Description. — The zoarium incrusts shells and stones; it emits bilamellar
expansions produced by a folding of the primitive lobes; these expansions, with the
large zone of growth develop very irregularly and anastomose in a very compli-
cated network. The tubes are indistinct, arranged in quincunx or in little con-
stant rows. The tubules are irregularly arranged on the zoarium. The ovicell
is orbicular or elliptical, not convex, spread among a dozen tubes, not perforated
(by the adventitious tubules; the oeciostome is isolated, oval, provided with an
oeciostome more or less large.
Measurement. — Maximum diameter of the peristome 0.12 mm.
We have little to add to the excellent description given in 1901 by Ulrich, but
the progress of science permits us to understand the structure of the species better.
748
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The tubules are more interstitial than adventitious, for they do not perforate
the ovicell.
Occurrence. — Lowest Eocene (Bryozoan bed at base of the Aquia formation) :
Upper Marlboro, Maryland (rare).
Geological distribution. — Cretaceous (Vincentown) : Vincentown, New Jersey.
Plesiotypes.—CsA. No. 65457, U.S.N.M.
B
FIG. 242. — Genus Crisulipora Robertson, 1910.
A-C. Crisulipora occidentals Robertson, 1930. A. Zoarium, natural size. B. An ooecial in-
ternode, X 20, showing its origin in two zooecia in wbose walls the first Glutinous joint (j) oc-
curs, and the mode of formation of three branches; also, the ooecium (oc) distinguished by its
coarsely punctate wall, with the tubular aperture (oest. t.) and circular oeciopore. The tubes
at the distal extremity of the internode, the proximal portions of which only are shown, give
rise to another internode. C. A portion of the lower part of a colony showing a rootlet (r) which
grows long, penetrating masses of other material ; another which is shorter and possesses a hook
(li) or process which has laid hold of a grain of sand or a pebble; and a stolonlike process (sto)
which grows horizontally sending up zooecia at intervals which produced new branches. From
the first zooecium (zoe) there arise two tubes one of which gives rise to a double joint (dj.)
giving off branches at an angle to each other and hence in different directions. (A-C, after Rob-
ertson, 1910.)
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 749
Genus CRISULIPORA Robertson, 1910.
1910. Crixulipora ROBERTSON, The Cyelostomatous Bryozoa of the West Coast of North
America, University of California Publications Zoology, vol. 6, p. 254.
Zoarium dendroid, calcareous, composed of segments or internodes united by
chitinous joints. Zooecia tubular, disposed in several alternate rows. Ooecium an
inflation of the surface of an internode. (Robertson) Oeciostome tube narrower
than the zooecial tube, without any terminal expansion. Ten tentacles (Waters).
Genotype. — Crisulipora occidentalis Eobertson, 1910.
Range. — Vicksburgian-Recent.
CRISULIPORA PROMINENS, new species.
Plate 154, figs. 12-20.
Description. — The segments are thin, elongated, somewhat claviform, triserial.
The tubes are distinct, cylindrical, bent upward, terminated by a salient peristomie
elevated to 45°; the peristome is thin, salient, orbicular, oblique. The ovicell is
sacciform, globular, striated transversally, the oeciostome is a tube smaller and
less salient than an ordinary tube, directed upward. The basal lamella is orna-
mented with transverse, much scatered wrinkles.
Diameter of the peristome 0.12 mm.
Distance between the peristomes 0.40-0.60 mm.
Measure m cnts. —
Separation of the peristomes 0.60 mm.
Length of the peristomie 0.20 mm.
Width of the segments _ 0.60-0.80 mm.
Variations. — The segments of the base of the zoarium are not similar to the
others; they are more simple and biserial. The length and width of the segments
are quite variable just as is their general aspect; we have figured some of them.
This species differs from Crisulipora rugosodorsalis in its segments which are
triserial and not pluriserial, and in the dimensions of its much smaller ovicell.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Mon-
roeville, Alabama (very rare) ; West bank Conecuh River, Escambia County,
Alabama (rare). .
Cotypes.— Cat. Nos. 65386, 65387, U.S.N.M.
CRISULIPORA RUGOSODORSALIS, new species.
Plate 154, figs. 25-29.
Description.— The segments are pluriserial, fusiform, swollen. The tubes are
distinct, cylindrical, curved, arranged in regular quincunx, terminated by an
oblique salient peristomie; the peristome is thick, orbicular, little oblique. The
ovicell is very convex, voluminous, punctate and striated transversally, surround-
ing almost all the tubes of a segment; the oeciostome is a smaller tube adjacent to
another. The dorsal face is ornamented with large, transverse, scattered wrinkles;
it is very often concave.
750 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Mi i/xuremcnts.-
Diameter of the peristome 0.10-0.12 mm.
Diameter of the apertura 0.08 mm.
Distance between the peristomes 0.40 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.50-0.60 mm.
Length of the peristome 0.20 mm.
Width of the segments 1.00 mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Crisulipora promimens in its pluriserial
zoarium. It differs from Crisulipora fabcllata in its dorsal surface, which is much
more rugose, and in its nonflabelliform but fusiform and never bifurcated segments.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Monroe-
ville. Alabama (rare) ; west bank Conecuh River, Escambia County, Alabama
(rare).
Cotypes.—C&i. Nos. 65389, 65390, TJ.S.N.M.
CRISULIPORA FLABELLATA. new species.
Plate 154, figs. 21-24.
Description. — The segments are pluriserial, flabellate. bifurcated. The tubes
are distinct, cylindrical, arranged in irregular quincunx, striated; the peristome
is thin, orbicular; the peristomie is well developed only on the lower tubes. The
ovicell is enormous, globular, enveloping all the tubes of a segment ; the oeciostome
is very small. The dorsal face (basal lamella) is ornamented with transverse, very
widely scattered striae.
Diameter of the peristome 0.12 mm.
Distance between the peristomes 0.60 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.50-0.60 mm.
Width of the segments 1.6 mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Crisulipora rugosodorsalis in the flabellate
(and not fusiform) form of its segments, and in its dorsal face ornamented with
much smaller wrinkles. We learn from Miss Robertson's work that the number of
the embryos is very great in the ovicell of Crixnlipom. On the other hand, if
we. note the great size of the ovicell of this species we are surprised at the rarity
of the specimens found. Their extreme fragility and their special mode of habitat
on floating algae must be the cause of this.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Monroe-
ville, Alabama (rare).
Cofypes.—Czt. Nos. 65388, 65483, U.S.X.M.
CRISULIPORA GRANDIPORA, new species,
riate 155. tigs. 7-11.
Description. — We know only the biserial segments of the base of this species.
The tubes are very long and very lui'gf, ornamented with small transverse widely
-paced wrinkles; the peristome is thick, orbicular, salient.
Measurem en ts. —
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
751
Diameter of the peristome 0.20-0.24 mm.
Diameter of the apertura__. 0.12 mm.
-w-^. . , . .
Distance between the penstomes 1.20 mm.
Width of the segments of the base _ 0.2(5 mm.
This species is not as rare as the preceding one, for we possess a score of
fragments which has permitted us to make longitudinal sections. The tubes are
arranged as in Filisparsa. We have supposed that these are the branches of the
base of a Grisulipora, but the discovery of other segments is necessary.
D'Orbigny named this special arrangement of the biserial zoaria, Unicrisia.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Murder Creek east of Cas-
tlebury, Conecuh County, Alabama (rare) ; west bank Conecuh River, Escambia
County, Alabama (common).
Cotypes.—G&t. No. 654(30, U.S.N.M.
DESMEDIAPEROECIA, new genus.
The ovicell surrounds the fascicles. The surface of the tubes is ornamented
with large pores closed by a calcareous lamella.
FIG. 243. — Desmediaperoecia, new genus.
A, B. Zoarimn natural size and a portion, X 7, of Desmediaperoecia (Tnl>ulii><ini) biiliipli-
i-ritu Wafers. 1SS7. C. Portion of xoarium, X 7, of Desmcdiuprnirriit (Tulmlipora)
AVaters, 1887 (not D'Orbigny).
Genotype. — Desmediaperoecia (Tubulipora) campicheana Waters, 1887. Mio-
cene. Another species referred to this genus is Desmedia-peroeda (Tubulipora)
liidii I'linilti Waters. 1887.
We have not observed the species mentioned by Waters, 1887, in the Tertiary
of Xew Zealand. He figured the ovicell well, but did not speak of the oeciostome.
It may lie. therefore, that this genus would be more correctly classified in the
Tubuliporidae.
752
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Family TUBULIPORIDAE Johnston, 1838.
Anatomical bibliography. — 1838. MILNE-EDWARDS, Mgmoire sur les Polypes du genre des
Tubulipores, Annales des sciences naturelle, ser. 2, vol. 8, p. 3, pi. 12. — 1877. BARROIS,
Recherches sur 1'embryologie des Bryozoaires, Travaux de 1'Institut de Zoologie, fasc. 1,
pi. 3, fig. 20. — 1898. HAEMER, On the development of Tubulipora, Quarterly Journal Micro-
scopical Science, vol. 41, pp. 73-117, pis. S, 9, 10.— 1S8S. WATERS, On some Ovicells of
Cyclostomatous Bryozoa, Journal Linnean Society, London, vol. 20, p. 275, pi. 14, figs. 2, 5,
6, 8. — 1914. WATERS, Bryozoa from Zanzibar, Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London,
pp. 835, 846, pi. 2, figs. C, 7, 8, 10.— 1865. SMITT, Om Hafs bryozoernas utveckling och fett-
kropper, Oversight Kongl. Vetenskaps Akademiens. Forhandluugen, p. 20, pi. 4, figs. 9-14.
The ovicell is irregular and located on the zoarium. The oeciopore is sub-
central. The tubes are very salient at their proximal extremity ; they are isolated
or fasciculate.
In studying the anatomy of Tubulipora organisans D'Orbigny, 1839,
Jullien1 wrote :
J'ai vu que 1'ovicelle constituait une vraie g£nesie femelle depourvue de polypide, contennnt
une tres grande quantite d'ovules qui y sout fecondees et en sortent a l'£tat de larves deja
tres developpees.
The limits of this family have never been very precise ; all of the old authors
understood it in a different sense, adding or eliminating genera according to their
personal opinion. The zoarial form and the mode of aggregation of the tubes
were the only characters studied. A discussion of priority is therefore useless,
since we now regard the ovicell as the essential and most important character.
In the establishment of the new genera we must consider the form and posi-
tion of the oeciopore, which is in rapport with the function of the escape of the
larva. Unfortunately, very often sufficient material for a complete study is lack-
ing. As in the Cheilostomata, we must also regard the function of calcification.
We consider the genus Tubulipora Lamarck, 1816, as quite a natural one and
we accept the word " Tubuliporidae " for the family, although the genus Idmonea
is the more important in time and in space.
Classification of ncnora.
No tubules.
Tubules on
1 siie.
Tubules on
2 sides.
Ovicell
Ovicell
not lobed
Idmonea.
Tubulipora.
Platonea.
Centronen.
Idmidronea.
Pleuronea.
Mesonea.
Erkosonea.
Trelonea.
[Ovicell dissymn
lobed. Ovicell subsym-
metrical
letrical
fOvicell
.1 Ovicell
• dian
lateral
f Elongate.. .
me- 1
' ' ' ' ISuborbicuIar. .
" pores " which are the orifices
Many of the Tubuliporidae are provided with
of the special tubes of whose function we are absolutely ignorant. We give
them different names according to the case and to their nature, but we can consider
them only as variations determined by the function of calcification. They appear
to furnish secondary generic characters and nothing more.
1 1888. Mission scientifique du Cap Horn, p. 82.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 753
Genus TUBULIPORA Lamarck, 1816.
]S16. Tubulipora, LAMARCK, Historic naturelle des auiniaux sans vertebres, vol. 2.
The ovicell is irregular, lobed, spread out between tlie fascicles. The tubes
are quite salient, isolated or joined in fascicles, uniserial and irregular. The oecio-
stome is adjacent to a tube and the oeciopore is directed in a direction contrary to
that of an apertura. Eleven or 12 tentacles. Gemmation generally peripheral.
Genotype. — Tubulipora fiabcttaris Fabricius, 1780.
c. — Midwayan-Recent.
Harmer1 defines the genus as follows :
Zoarium with a distinct basal lamina, adnate or erect, beginning as a pyriform or
flabelliforin colony, which may become lobed by tbe division of tbe terminal membrane. Lobes
short and adherent, or longer and dicbotomonsly divided once or more often, sometimes be-
coming erect. Zooecia with a free, cylindrical, terminal portion ; or connate in obliquely trans-
verse series, in which they are separated by flat septa corresponding with the intersection of
two cylindrical zooecia. The series are arranged alternately on opposite sides of the axial
line of the lobe, but the transverse arrangement usually becomes radial in the distal part of
the fertile lobes. Ovicell, an enlarged zooecium, which extends into the intervals between
the parallel or radial series.
Genotype. — Tubulipora UUacca Pallas, 17GG. (=TubuHpora serpens authors).
Canu in 1916 explained why the change of Tubulipora serpens to Tubu-
lipora liliacea is not acceptable. Moreover, this species is badly chosen as geno-
type of the genus, for it is the only one which has an idmoneiform zoarium ; all
the other species are more or less flabellatc. We would rather prefer the Tubuli-
pora fldbellaris Fabricius, 1780, very well figured later, as the true genotype.
It is indeed true that Tubulipora serpens is a Tubulipora. The genus Idmonea
Lamouroux, 1821, is also quite distinct and is characterized by the form and position
of its oeciopore.
TUBULIPORA MIDWAYANICA, new species.
Plate 107, fig. 1.
Descri-ption. — The zoarium is flabellate, small, free, living on algae. The fas-
cicles are salient, crowded, uniserial, complete, radiating from the ancestrula.
The tubes are invisible ; the peristome is thin, round or polgonal.
Diameter of the peristome ____________________ 0.08 mm.
Diameter of the apertura __________________ : ____ 0.06 mm.
Distance between the peristomes _______________ 0.10 mm.
Affinities. — The only specimen found has been figured. The necessities of the
generic classification oblige us to describe it, but it is difficult to establish its rela-
tions with the other known species, especially since it has no ovicell.
It differs from Tubulipora fabeUaris Fabricius, 1780, in its complete and non-
interrupted lines and in its much shorter tubes.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : One mile west of Fort Gaines,
Georgia (very rare).
Holotype.—G&i. No. 65243, U.S.N.M.
1 1898. Harmer, On the development of Tubulipora, Quarterly Journal Microscopical Society, n. s,
vol. 41, p. 99.
55899— 20— Bull. 106 - 48
Measuremen ts. —
754 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
— ov
Q -ss
Fio. 244.— Family Tubuliporklae Johnston, 1838.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 755
FIG. 244. — Family Tubnliporidae Johnston, is:;s.
A-D. Tiiluliporn flnbcllaris Fabricins, 1780. A, B. Free larva and optical section. C, D.
Aspect of the embryo at the beginning of the narrowing, drawing the projection more and more
strongly from the mesodermie thickening and from the mantle, erf. Digestive cavity; cm,
triangular portion of the body cavity between the fatty mass and the pharynx and the stomach;
mt, mantle: mi, fatty mass; o, orifice of the gastrula: s, oral face or from the vestibule. (A-D
after Barrois, ISTT. I
E-G. Tubiiliitora pliirtanijca Couch, 1844. E. Polypide detached from the cell. F. Aspect of
the x.oarium with its polypides evaluated. (E, F, after Milne-Edwards. 1S3S. I <;. I it-generation
of the fertile polypide (stage K), X IT. The tentacles have lost their distinct outlines, and
are obviously degenerating.
H. Stage B of Tubulipora plumnsn Thompson. 1S47. the embryo consisting of two blastomeres.
The caecum of the fertile polypide (which has not yet degenerated) is seen; f. and the corre-
sponding structure to the left are probably the degenerating follicles of eggs which are not de-
veloping. (After Harmer, 1898.)
I-K. TubuUpora serpens (Busk, Smitt, Hincks). I. Polypide detached from the cell. ,T.
Ciliated embryo. (After Smitt, 1865.) K. Formation of the secondary embryos, a, primary
and secondary embryos; c. wall of the stomach; p, pharynx; R, large retractor muscle of the
polypide ; r, anus ; t, tentacles ; r, stomach.
L-O. TuliuUpora plumosa Thompson, 1847. L. Fertile lobe, with one ovicell and the begin-
ning of a second ovicell; from a bilobed colony (proximal ends of oldest zooecia at tin- bottom of
the figure, obscured by foreign substance. M. Ovarian egg, in follicle (stage A). N. Decalcified
preparation of an old ovicell (stage G) with nearly solid embryophore containing numerous sec-
ondary embryos. The axial lobo of the embryophore ends in the oeciostome at o, and gives off
another lobe to the right. The main lateral lobe of the right side is only obscurely bifurcated ;
that of its left side is divided into five lobes. Z, proximal part of the ovicell, corresponding with
a zooecium. Greatest length of solid part of embryophore to tip of most projecting lobe. 2.5 mm.
O. Orifices (apertures) of living zooecia. The terminal membrane has been somewhat re-
tracted. (L-O after Harmer, 1898.)
P-R. Mesonea radians Lamarck, 1810. P. An example, X 25, showing ovicells with oecio-
stome (oe). Q. Section from the anterior to the dorsal surface of the zoarium, X So. showing
the lobes of the ovicell and the oeciostome (or) as well as the polypides (;>). The structure of
the wall of the ovicell is seen at the left (st) with one or two rosette plates at the base of the
broad pore tube. There is an outer membrane (m). R. Longitudinal section of the ovicell, cut
parallel to the anterior and dorsal surfaces. (After Waters, 1914.)
756
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
I x12
Idmidronea
Gx12
Tretonea
FIG. 245. — Genera of the Tubuliporidae.
A. Tubulipora Lamarck, 1816. Tubulipora phalangca Couch.
B. Platonea, new genus. Ovicelled lobe of Platonca (Reptotubigera) phillipsae Harmer, 1915.
C. Centronea, new genus. Ovieelled specimen of Centronea (Multitubigera) micropora
Reuss, 1869, X 12.
D. Mcsonea, new genus. Frontal with ovicell and dorsal of Mesonea (Retepora) radians
Lamarck, 1816.
E. Erkosonea, new genus. Frontal and dorsal sides, X 12, of Erkosonea semota, new species
from the Eocene of Mississippi.
F. Pleuronea, new genus. Frontal with ovicell and dorsal of Pleuronea (Idmonea) fene-
strata Busk, 1859.
G. Tretonea, new genus. Frontal with ovicell and dorsal of Tretonea levis, new species
from the Jacksoniau of Georgia.
H. Idmonea Lamouroux, 1821. Dorsal and frontal with ovicell of Idmonea atlantica Forbes,
1859. (After Harmer, 1915.)
I. Idmidronea, new genus. Frontal, X 12, and dorsal, X 25, of Idmidronea (Idmonea)
maxillaris Lonsdale, 1845, from the Eocene of North Carolina.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
757
FIG. 240. — Oeciopores of Tubulipora.
A. Tubulipora scrpcns (Authors). (After Oshurn, 1910.)
B. Tubulipora concinna MacGillivray, 1885 (o, ooccium). (After Harmer, 1915.)
C-E. Tubulipora flabeUaris Fabricius, 1780. (After Smitt, Osburn, 1910, Harmer, 1898.)
F. Tubulipora phalant/ra Couch, 1844. (After Harmer, 1S9S.)
G. Tubulipora jiaci/ica, Robertson, 1910 (oc, ooecinm ; ocst, ooeciostome).
H-J. TubuUpora aperta Harmer, 1898.
K. Tubulipora Occident aUs Robertson, 1910.
L. TubuUpora jilumona Thompson, 1847 (oc, ooeciostome).
758
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
TUBULIPORA INTERRUPTA, new species.
Plate 134. fig. 22.
Description. — The zoarium is flabellate and incrusts bryozoa. The fascicles
are little salient, irregular, interrupted by isolated tubes or by other incomplete
FIG. 247. — Genus TttbuHitora Lamarck, 1S16.
A-C. Tubulipom pul<-l'ni MncGilUvray, 1S85. A. Example, X 25, showing ovicell and oecio-
liore. B. View, X 85, showing zooecia (protoecium) and dorsal attachments. ('. An-
other view, X 25, showing dorsal attachments of colony. (A-C after Waters, 1887.)
D. Tubulipora flnbellaris Fahrieius, 1780. An entire zoarium, magnified. (After Smitt,
1867.)
E-G. TubuUpora serpent* (Smitt, Hincks, Busk). E. Ovicelled fossil zoarium. (After
Neviani, 1905.) F. Linear branch of a zoarium. G. Ovicelled, flahelliform branch (oe, oecio-
stonie). (F-G after Harmer, 1898.)
series. The tubes are small, with a long but very oblique peristomie ; the peristome
is thin ; the apertura is round or oval.
Diameter of the peristome 0.07 mm.
Measiirements. —
Distance between the peristomes 0.12 mm.
NORTH AMERICAN EAELY TERTIARY BRY020A.
759
13 O
Affinities. — This species differs from TubuHpora midwayanica in its less pro-
jecting, irregular, and incomplete fascicles. In its general aspect it much resembles
Tubvlipora lucida MacGillivray, 1884, from the Australian coasts. It differs from
it in its less salient tubes and its more oblique peristomes. These are insignificant
differences which a knowledge of the micrometric measurements of the Australian
species might overcome.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Kich Hill, 5^ miles southeast of Knoxville,
Crawford County, Georgia (very rare).
Holotype.—Cnt. No. G5335, U.S.N.M.
PLATONEA, new genus.
Greek : -platos, in allusion to the ovicell occupying the entire zooecial width.
The ovicell is subsymmetrical, lobate, median, elongate, spread out between the
fascicles over the entire zoarial width. The gemmation is linear. " Oeciostome a
short tube, developed on the
proximal side of one of the
series of zooecia, near its me-
dian end. Oeciopore directed
frontally, elongated trans-
versely and more or less
oval." (Harmer, 1915.)
Genotype. - - Eeptotubi-
gera philippsae Harmer,
1915.
Range. - - Vicksburgian-
Eeccnt.
Historical. — The form of
the zoarium is that of an
incrusting Idnwnea. Noting
the great difference between
this ovicell and that of Tu-
Intlipoi'n, Harmer in 1915,
believed that the old genus fieptotubigera of D'Orbigny might be restored but
unfortunately all the species of Reptotubigera have not the same ovicell and
to our great regret we, can recognize the genus of the French paleontologist only
for those species deprived of ovicell, in conformity with his definition and figures.
Affinities. — This genus differs from Idmonea, which has the same fascicular
arrangement, in its lobate ovicell spreading between all the fascicles and not limited
to a single median part of the zoarium. It differs from TnbnHpora in its sub-
symmetrical ovicell, in its tubes little projecting above the ovicell, and in its linear
gemmation.
Tubulipora serpens is provided with a zoarium like an incrusting Idmonea.
It is not a Platonea because its ovicell is irregularly lobate, not subsymmetrical
and because its small oeciostome is adjacent to any tube whatsoever. We repeatedly
have to remark that the zoarial form is of no value for generic classification.
Willis.
B "20
FIG. 248. — I'liitoiifii, new
A, B. Ovicelled lobe of. Platonea (Reptotubigera} itliil-
ac Harmer, 1915 o, oeciopore.
760 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
PLATONEA CLAVATA, new species.
Plnte 161, figs. 1, 2.
-Description. — -The zoarium incrusts shells and Orbitoid foraminifera ; it is
elongate, branching, with lobes in the form of a club. The fascicles are symmetri-
cally arranged, alternate or opposite, uniscrial, salient, little oblique. The tubes
are little visible, very little convex ; the peristome is thick, round or polygonal,
elevated almost vertically. The ovicell is quite large, globular, spread out between
the fascicles over the whole zoarial width.
Diameter of the peristome 0.10-0.14 mm.
Measurements.— j Distance between the fascicles 0.20^-0.24 mm.1
Our ovicelled specimen is not an excellent one and the oeciopore is not visible.
Affinities. — Most of the described Reptotubigera have no known ovicell. Their
comparison with our species is therefore absolutely useless.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain, 5 miles
south of Jackson, Alabama (rare).
Cotypcs.— Cat, No. 65441, U.S.N.M.
PLATONEA LAMELLIFERA, new species.
Plate 141. figs. 12-19.
Description. — The fragments of the zoarium are free, idmoneiform, very wide,
short, irregular with subelliptical transverse section. The fascicles are quite
salient, very close together, regular, alternated on each side of the median axis;
they are formed of three to eight zooecia. The zooecia are little visible, somewhat
convex ; the orifice is rectangular and transverse. The basal lamella is smooth ; it
bears salient lamellae as wide as the zoarium, the purpose of which is to remove
the latter from the substratum. The ovicell is lobate; it surrounds the fascicles
more or less completely and spreads over the whole surface of the zoarium; the
oeciostome is little salient and is adjacent to the first zooecium of a fascicle.
Diameter of the tubes. _ _ 0.18 mm.
Measurements. —
Distance between the fascicles.- _ 0.33
mm.
Width of the fascicles 0.18 mm.
Zoarial width 3.00 mm.
Variations. — This species is idmoneiform, but the lobes are very short; they are
very thick at their extremity where the incompletely calcified zooecia are visible in
great number (fig. 14). Our specimens are somewhat altered; the basal lamella is
theoretically smooth (fig. 18), but the tubes are often visible (figs. 17, 19) by
chemical alteration.
The dorsal lamellae rested on the substratum and strengthened the zoarium
which was spread out but very fragile and easily broken; their length is quite
variable (fig. 18).
1 This is the distance between the peristomes and measured on the zoarial margins. To calculate the
visible zooecial length it is necessary to add the diameter of the peristome.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
761
The oviooll which we have discovered is not complete, but it indicates suf-
ficient!}' (fig. 15) that this species is a Platonca and not an Idmonea because of the
presence of the interfascicular lobes and the special position of the oeciopore.
Affinities. — This species differs from the recent Tubulipora serpens in its free
and Inmelliferous zoarium.
It differs from Idmonea arcuata, new species and Idmonea, petri D'Archiac,
1846, in its much larger micrometric dimensions.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian : Three and one-half miles southeast of Shell
Bluff post office, Georgia (common).
Cotypes.—Csit. No. 65340, U.S.N.M.
CENTRONEA, new genus.
Greek : kentron, center, referring to the position of the ovicell.
The ovicell is lobate, subsymmetrical, median, suborbicular. The fascicles are
projecting very little above the ovicell.
Genotype. — Gentronea (Multitubigera) mi-
cropora Reuss, 1869. Priabonian.
As we do not know the oeciopore, the differ-
ence between this genus and Platonea is little
important, but Centronea differs in the form of
the ovicell, which is perhaps only in consequence
of the orbicular form of the zoarium. As a con-
trary argument is also reasonable we prefer to
recognize this genus.
Our specimens correspond exactly to the
genus Multitubigera D'Orbigny, 1850, in their
zoarial form. Following our custom we reserve
this old name for the nonovicelled species. On
the other hand, Multitubigera is formed of ag-
glomerate subcolonies of Actinopora. All the
known ovicelled species of Actinopora belong to a different family and we are
therefore unable to longer employ this old term of nomenclature.
CENTRONEA MICKOPORA Reuss. 1869, variety.
Tlato 135, figs. 1-15.
1SGO. MuJtitu'bigera micropora KEUSS, Paliiontologische Stndien uber die alteren Terti-
arsehichten der Alpen, II Abtlioilung, Die fossilen Anthozoen uncl Bryozoen der
Schichtengruppe von Crosaro, Denksclirifteu der k. Akademie der Wissenscliai'ten,
Wien, vol. 29, Abth. 1, pi. 34, fig. 15.
Description. — The zoarium is formed by the agglomeration of discoidal sub-
colonies superposed and joined by their germinal layer. The fascicles are salient,
radiating,, pluriserial, arranged around a more or less large center. The tubes are
invisible; the peristomie is elevated vertically; the peristome is thin and orbicular.
FIG. 249. — Centronea, new genus.
A. B. Views natural size and en-
larged of a composite zoarium of
Centronea (Multitubigera) micro-
Reuss, 1869.
702 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Variations. — The zoarium is often simple and isolated (figs. 5, 6) ; it is a much
enlarged cone, the lower part of which is ornamented with an epitheca corrugated
concentrically. The germinal layer is quite large (fig. 11) ; it is wanting more
often on the fossils, for it is very fragile. It disappears also and probably by
fossilization at the junction of adjacent subcolonies (fig. 3).
When the zoarium is aggregated (fig. 3) the lower side bears as many pedun-
cles as there are subcolonies (fig. -t). The germination of the subcolonies appears
laterally (fig. 8) or almost centrally.
The fascicles bear two or three series of tubes, rarely more (fig. 12) and only
on the zoarial margins.
The ovicell (fig. 14) is little salient; it is visible on account of the great re-
duction which it occasions in the projection of the fascicles.
The median section (fig. 15) is very instructive. In the center there are some
closed zooecia (z. <?.). The gemmation is habitual and the tubes grow one from
another from their dorsal according to the usual law (right side of fig. 15). The
young subcolonies appear to come from the superior ramification and not the
dorsal of a tube (left of fig. 15).
Affinitii'x. — Our specimens are not exactly identical with the Reuss figures.
The fascicles appear shorter and more irregular, and we believe it useful to con-
sider them as a variety until comparisons can be made with typical specimens of
each. Neither Waters nor ourselves have yet been fortunate enough to discover
Reuss's species in the material from Vicentin.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (very common).
Geological distribution. — Priabonian of the Vicentin (Reuss).
Plesiotypes.—C&t. No. 65343, U.S.N.M.
MESONEA, new genus.
Greek : me-sos, median.
The ovicell is lobate, median, subsymmetrical. The oeciostome curves over
and turns downward. There are curious, lateral, porous windows. The basal sin--
face is ornamented with tergopores. The fascicles are arranged symmetrically on
each side of the zoarial axis. Eight tentacles.
Genotype. — Mesonea (Retepora) radians Lamarck, 181G.
Range. — Priabonian-Recent.
Harmer in 1915 held that Retepora radians was the type of the genus Crisina
D'Orbigny, 1850. The French paleontologist applied this term to species of
Idnionca having a porous, basal lamella, but Crisina normaniana D'Orbigny, 1812,
the first described species of the genus, shows the ovicell and we have adopted it
as the genotype. For Lamarck's species we create the genus Mesonea, which
differs from Idmonea in the presence of tergopores, in the ovicell which spreads
entirely between the fascicles, and in the lateral porous windows.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY- BRYOZOA.
703
ERKOSONEA, new genus.
Greek: erkos, partition in allusion to the ornamentation of the dorsal.
The zoarium is idmoneiform. The dorsal bears dactylethrae, which appear
also on the frontal at the bifurcations. The ovicell is globular, spread out between
three fascicles over the width of the zoarium.
D x25
FIG. 250. — Mcsonea, new genus.
A-G. Mcsnncd. (Rctcpora) radiim/i Lamarck, 1816. A. Ovicellecl zoarinui. .interior face.
(After MacGillivray, 1880.) B. Ovicell, X 25, seen in profile and showing the porous windows.
C. Transverse section of the ovicell, X 85. (After Waters, 1887.) D. Ovicell with the
oeciostome (oc), X 25. (After Waters, 1914.) E. Dorsal, X 20. F. Sketch showing details
>f ovicell (o), and porous windows (w), X 20. (After Harmer, 1915. ) G. Zoarium, natural
size. (After Waters, 1914.)
Genotype. — Erkosonea semota, new species, Jacksonian.
The dactylethrae are the aborted tubes, since they are closed by a calcareous
membrane and do not contain a polypide. They have the same diameter as the
ordinary tubes and grow in the vicinity of the base of the lower tubes (and not
at different heights as the tergopores) ; they become branched but rarely.
These dactylethrae characterize the family Clausidae D'Orbigny, 1853, but
Gregory noted no idmoneiform genus.
Tubulipora camp/cheana Waters. 1887, of which the ovicell is known, must be
put in a genus close to Erkosonea. The ovicell is very close to that of Mes&nea.
Erl-oxonctt. differs from that genus in the presence of dactylethrae instead of
tergopores.
ERKOSONEA SEMOTA, new species.
Plate 13?., figs. 1-13.
Description. — The zoarium is idmoneiform, linear, bifurcated, with oval trans-
verse section. The fascicles are quite sa lient, scattered. Formed of five zooecia,
764 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL, MUSEUM.
they border the zoarial margins and are almost opposite on each side of the
median crest. The tubes are visible convex, separated by a slight salient thread ;
the peristome is thin, round or rectangular. The dorsal is hardly convex; it is
formed by a thick layer of dactylethrae closed by a thin calcareous lamella. The
dactylethrae appear on the frontal at the bifurcations.
Diameter of the tubes 0.16-0.20 (maximum 0.30 mm.).
Distance between the fascicles 0.80-1.00 mm.
Measurements. — ,,7. ,,, ,, , , ,, . ,
Width of the fascicles.- 0.24 mm.
Width of the branches 1.20 mm.
Variations. — This species is quite fragile; the fascicles are very often broken
and the dactylethrae have lost their covering pellicle. Specimens like figure 6
are much more frequent than the good specimens (figs. 2, 3).
In longitudinal section the walls of the dactylethrae (fig. 9) often appear
hollow ; the intercellular tissue is therefore incomplete. The nature of dactylethrae
is easy to see on our figures, but their function is unknown to us. We have not had
the fortune to find the growing extremity of a branch near the zoarial base.
The tangential section of the tubes is analogous to that of all other Cyclosto-
mata.
Affinities. — The species differs from Erkosonea admota in the great distance
between the fascicles and in the absence of radicular lamellae on the dorsal.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (com-
mon).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 65364, U.S.N.M.
ERKOSONEA ADMOTA, new species.
Plate 139, figs. 14-22 ; plate 133, fig. 8.
Description. — The branches of the zoarium are large, linear, bifurcated with
oval transverse section. The fascicles are salient, close together, oblique, divergent,
formed of five zooecia; they are arranged alternately on each side of the median
crest and do not spread beyond the zoarial margins. The tubes are visible, very
little convex ; the peristome is thin and rectangular. On the dorsal the dactylethrae
have very salient margins; there are wide radicular lamellae.
Diameter of the tubes 0.20 mm.
Distance between the fascicles 0.50-O.GO mm.
Width of the fascicles 0.20 mm.
Width of the branches 1.5 mm.
The dorsal is hardly convex ; it frequently bears very wide radicular lamellae.
These are formed of two rows of dactylethrae which bend around at right angles.
In Idmonea grattator there are the habitual branchings of the tubes which form the
radicells. The remarkable facility with which the Cyclostomata modify their
tubes for adaptation proves that the zoarium is not only an animal colony but a
veritable real individuality. The vital unity is assured in the interior of the
zooecia by the mesenchymatous tissue.
Measurements. —
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
765
Affinities.— This species differs from Erkosonea semota in the lesser distance of
the fascicles from each other and in the presence of the radicular lamellae.
Occurrence.— Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (very com-
mon) ; near Lenucls Ferry, South Carolina (rare) ; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina
(rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : West bank Sepulga River, Escambia
County, Alabama (rare).
Coti/pcs.—Cnt. No. 65357, U.S.N.M.
PLEURONEA, new genus.
Greek : pleuron, side, referring to the position of the ovicell.
' The ovicell is situated laterally on one-half of the basal lamella and between
the fascicles on a single side of
the median axis. The oeciopore
appears to be the first tube of a
fascicle. The basal surface is
provided with large tergopores
generally imperfectly oriented.
The zooecia are grouped in fas-
cicles, arranged symmetrically
on each side of the zoarial axis.
Genotype. — Idmonea fenes-
trata Busk, 1859.
Range. — Midwayan-Astian.
This genus differs from
Mesonea not only in the lateral
position of the ovicell but also in
the nature of the canals which
reinforce the basal lamella. If
one can generalize Busk's figure,
1859, these canals would be closed at their extremity by a calcareous, porous
lamella extremely fine and fragile.
PLEURONEA FIBROSA, new species.
Plate 107, figs. 2-9.
Description. — The zoarium is free, idmoneiform, bifurcated, with oval cross
section. The fascicles are salient, uniserial, crowded and formed of five tubes at
the maximum. The tubes have a visible peristomie; the peristome is round or
rectangular. The basal lamella bears a thick layer of tergopores, the orifices of
which are irregular but arranged longitudinally and give a fibrous aspect to the
zoarium. The ovicell is globular, salient, porous.
|Peristome-_ _ 0.10 mm.
FIG. 251. — Plcuronea, new genus.
Views of Pleuronea (Idmonea) fenestrata Busk,
1859, from the Crag of England, showing the zoarium
natural size, the frontal side enlarged, cross section of a
branch and the frontal and dorsal sides much enlarged.
(After Busk, 1859.)
M< IIHKI'I'IIU'llt*.
I Distance between the fascicles- _ _ 0.20
mm.
766 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Affinities.— The ovicelled specimen (fig. 4) bears two ovicells symmetrically
placed to the right and left of the zoarium.
This species differs from Plcuronca alvcolota in the fibrous aspect of the basal
lamella and in the different position of the ovicell.
It differs from Plcuronca- (Idmonea) fenestrata Busk. 1859, in its much smaller
tergopores and its smaller micrometric measurements.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Luverne, Crenshaw County,
Alabama (common).
dotijpes.—G&t. No. 65244, U.S.N.M.
PLEURONEA FENESTRATA Busk. 1859.
Flute 114, figs. 1-1S.
1859. Iiliiuinca fan-strata BUSK, A Monograph of the Fossil Folyzoa of the Crag, Publi-
cations of the Falaeontographical Society of London, vol. 14, p. 105, pi. 15, fig. 6.
1877. Idmonea fenestrata MANZONI, I Briozoi fossili del Miocene d' Austria ed Ungheria;
Part 3, Denkschriften der math, natur. Classe der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften
Wien, vol. 38, Abth. 2, p. 6, pi. 4, fig. 14.
1SSO. Idmonea fenestrata SEGUENZA, Le formazioni terziarie nella Provineia di Reggio
(Calabria), Reale Accademie del Lincei, Memoire della Classe cli Scieuze Fisiche
niateinatiche e Natural!, Roina, ser. 3, vol. 6, p. 132.
1897. Idmonea fenestrata NEVIANI, Corallari e Briozoi neogenici di Sardegna, Bolletino
dell Societa Geologica Italiaua, Ronia, vol. 15, p. 595 (27).
Description. — The zoarium is free, arborescent, bifurcated or reticulated with
oval section, idmoneiform. The fascicles are quite salient, uniserial, scattered,
alternate, adjacent to the median crest. They bear at the maximum five tubes.
The tubes are salient, visible exteriorly, flat, separated by a salient thread; the
peristonie is thin and rectangular. The basal lamella bears a thick layer of tergo-
pores almost as large as the tubes; their orifice forms regular, longitudinal lines
or a complicated network. The ovicell is large, convex, porous; it bears tuberosi-
ties arranged in quincunx.
(Peristome 0.12 mm.
Measurements.— {Distance between the fascicles 0.24-0.30 mm.
Variations. — The basal side of this species is quite variable; there is not a
single specimen exactly like the others. The orifices of the tergopores are large
(fig. 4) or small (figs. 5, 7, 13) in quincunx or in lines; they even overturn the
frontal on the old zoaria (figs. 12, 16); those which are arranged in longitudinal
series are the most frequent. The tergopores sometimes occur at the base of pseudo-
sulci.
Fortunately the frontal is more regular (figs. 3, 14) and permits the determi-
nation more easily.
The ovicell of this species is quite variable in its form, dimensions, and posi-
tion. In our studies on the cyclostomatous bryozoa we figure some interesting
variations which show that the ovicell is as polymorphic as in the genus Tubuli-
pora itself.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 767
The longitudinal section (fig. 18) shows us larger and less entangled tergo-
pores than in Pleuronea alveolata; they are also longer and more oblique.
Affinities. — When the tergopores are arranged in longitudinal series this species
presents the aspect of Pleuronen fibrotw ; but it is distinguished from it by its much
larger orifice and the greater separation of the fascicles.
It differs from Plan-oxen nlreolntn in the greater separation of the fascicles
and in the different position of the ovicell, and from Idmonea reticulntn Reuss,
1869, in the very different form of the orifice of the tergopores.
Occurrence. — Claibornian (Gosport sand) : One mile south of Rockville.
Clarke County, Alabama (rare).
Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (very common).
Middle Jacksonian : One-half mile southeast of Georgia Kaolin Company's mine,
Twiggs County, Georgia (rare) : 12 miles southeast of Marshallville, Georgia
(rare) ; Baldock. Barnwell County, South Carolina (very rare).
Jacksonian (Zeiiglodon zone) : Bluff on south side of Suck Creek, Clarke
County, Mississippi; Shubuta, Mississippi (common).
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain, 5 miles south of Jackson,
Alabama (rare) ; Vicksburg, Mississippi (rare) ; Murder Creek, east of Castlebury,
Conecuh County, Alabama (very rare).
Geological distribution. — Helvetian of Italy (Neviani) ; Tortonian of Austria-
Hungary (Manzoni) and Italy (Neviani); Astian of England (Busk).
Plesiotypcs.—G&t. Nos. 65266, 65267, U.S.N.M.
PLEURONEA SUBPERTUSA, new species.
Plate 113, figs. 6-15.
Description. — The zoarium is free, branched, with suborbicular section,
idmoneiform. The fascicles are quite oblique, opposite, and reunite on the zoarial
axis. The tubes are salient, with the maximum number of six to a fascicle; they
are flat and are separated by a salient thread. The basal lamella bears tergopores,
the diameter of which is perceptibly equal to that of the tubes.
(Diameter of the peristomes 0.10 mm.
' [Distance between the fascicles _ 0.20-0.28 mm.
Vni'tations. — The species is rarely well preserved; it must have frequented
violent currents or agitated waters. The basal lamella with its tergopores is easily
detached from the anterior portion of the zoarium (fig 10).
The tergopores are deprived of polypide; their diameter is that of the tubes.
They grow on the dorsal of the tubes in variable number; they diverge at first
superiorly and then curve abruptly perpendicularly to the zoarial axis, thus form-
ing a right angle (fig. 15). Their walls are thickened, a fact which is perfectly
visible in tangential sections (fig. 12) ; they are orbicular in the interior and
polygonal at the exterior.
Each tergopore has only one point of tangency with each of the other tergo-
pores which surround it. The interstices between the nonadjacent walls are rarely
768 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
calcified (fig. 12) ; they are generally empty and appear white in tangential (fig. 11)
and longitudinal sections (fig. 15). The interstices disappear when the section
passes rigorously through the point of tangency (fig. 15).
The function of the tergopores is evidently zoarial, but we are totally ignorant
of their nature.
Affinities. — This species much resembles Idmonea pertusa Eeuss, 1847, in its
basal lamella, and in the fossils, it is difficult to separate them. It differs from it
in its frontal, the fascicles of which are close together and not spread out from
the median line.
It differs from Idmonea reticulaia Eeuss, 1869, in the very different nature of
its tergopores, and from Pleuronea fusiformis in the exterior polygonal form of
its tergopores and in their larger diameter.
Occurrence. — Claibornian (Gosport sand) : One mile southwest of Eockville,
Clarke County, Alabama (rare).
Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (common).
Middle Jacksonian : Bich Hill 5 j miles southeast of Knoxville. Crawford
County, Georgia (very rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Old Factory, about \\ miles above
Bainbridge, Georgia (very rare).
Vicksburgian (Eed Bluff clay) : One-quarter mile west of Woodwards, Wayne
County, Mississippi (rare).
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Vicksburg, Mississippi (lower bed,
rare).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 65432, U.S.N.M.
PLEURONEA FUSIFORMIS, new species.
Plate 161, figs. 3, 4.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bifurcated, idmoneiform. The bundles are
salient, transverse, alternate on each side of the median axis, and formed of four
to five zooecia. The tubes are little visible; the orifice is rectangular and the
peristome is thin. The basal lamella is convex and bears fusiform tergopores.
The ovicell is large, globular, salient; the oeciostome is adjacent to a bundle and
subterminal.
Distance between the fascicles 0.36 mm.
Width of the fascicles 0.10 mm.
Zoarial width 0.50-0.60 mm.
Dimensions of the tergopores 0.04-0.08 mm.
Affinities. — This species is the American representative of Idmonea reticulata
Eeuss, 1869, of the Priabonian of the Vicentin. It differs from it, however, in the
more elongated form of the tergopores.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain, 5 miles
south of Jackson, Alabama (very rare).
Holotype.—Cnt. No. 65442, U.S.N.M.
Mea-m rements. —
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 769
PLEURONEA ALVEOLATA, new species.
Plate 107, figs. 10-18.
Description. — The zoarium is free, arborescent, bifurcated, idmoneiform with
subcircular section. The fascicles are salient, opposite, crowded, and formed of
five or six tubes at the maximum. The tubes have their upper portion visible and
are separated by a salient line; the peristome is thin and rectangular. The basal
lamella is ornamented with large tergopores with orifices more or less funnel-
shaped, giving them the aspect of alveolae.
(Diameter of the peristome__ _ 0.12 mm.
M, i/xnr, 'HK'nts. — \^. , L. . . .
[Distance between the fascicles 0.20-0.30 mm.
The tergopores are confused in every sense of the word; no section can cut
through their whole length, and they appear as an irregular network with large
meshes (fig. 16). They are polygonal exteriorly (figs. 12, 17). Their walls are
not thick (fig. 17) and the interstices left between them are filled with a compact
calcareous deposit, They are attached to the lamella and appear to be dorsal
ramifications of the zooecia.
Affinities. — The species differs from Pleitronea fibrosa and Pleuronea fenestrata
in the very special funnel-shaped form of the orifice of the tergopores.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Mabelville near Little Rock,
Arkansas (very common) ; 1 mile west of Fort Gaines, Georgia (common).
C otypes.— Cat. No. 65245, U.S.N.M.
TRETONEA, new genus.
Greek: treton^ opening, in allusion to the ovicells which are pierced by the
fascicles.
The ovicell is lobate, subsymmetrical, median, elongated between the fascicles.
There are pores on both faces of the zoarium. The fascicles are arranged sym-
metrically on each side of the median axis. The oeciostome is placed at the be-
ginning of a fascicle.
Genotype. — Tretonea levis, new species. Lower Jacksonian.
The nature of the pores is not known for the specimens were silicified and
it has not been possible to make sections.
TRETONEA LEVIS, new species.
Plate 141, figs. 20-27.
Description. — The zoarium is free, branched, with triangular sections; it bears
special pores on both sides. The fascicles are salient, quite close together, formed
of six to eight zooecia. The tubes are invisible and hidden under the pores; the
peristome is rectangular, thin and salient. The ovicell is smooth; the oeciostome
commences the second fascicle; it is a little larger than the apertures and turned
in the direction of the median axis.
55899— 20— Bull. 106—19
770 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Measurements-
Distance between the fascicles 0.17 mm.
Width of the fascicles 0.11 mm.
Diameter of the peristomes 0.12 mm.
Maximum zoarial width 1.8 mm.
Affinities. — This species much resembles Retecava, in the arrangement of its
pores, but differs in the nature of its ovicell, which is entirely frontal and not
located on a single side of the zoarium.
The knowledge of the nature of the pores and of better ovicells will perhaps
permit of the discovery some day of the true position of this species.
This species differs from Idmonea svbcancellata Manzoni, 1877. in its fascicles,
which are much more salient and formed of more than three to four tubes.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian: Three and one-half miles southeast of Shell
Bluff post office, Georgia (rare.)
Cotypes.—C&t. No. 65341, U.S.N.M.
Genus IDMONEA Lamouroux, 1821.
1821. Idmonea LAMCWROUX, Exposition Methodique des Polypiers, p. 80.
The. ovicell is irregular, little lobed or not at all, subsymmetrical, placed on
the median crest of the zoarium. The fascicles are not entirely enveloped by the
ovicell. The oeciostome is excentric, nonterminal, and replaces the first or the
second tube of a fascicle. The basal lamella is simple and bears no pores.
Accepted genotype. — Idmonea atlantica Johnson. 1847.
Range. — Senonian-Recent.
This genus differs from Tubulipora Lamarck, 1816, in the absence of well-
developed lobes, and in its oeciostome nonsubcentral, and occupying a fixed place
among the fascicles.
Historical. — The genus Idmonea was founded by Lamouroux upon I . triquetra,
an incrusting form found in the Bathonian at Ranville, France. The history of
the genus has been given many times, but the greatest confusion has existed among
paleontologists as to its interpretation. Among the zoologists, however, the name
Idmonea has always been applied to the well-known zoarial form bearing an
anterior ovicell. Former authors were ignorant of the importance of the ovicell
and even of its existence. All speculation on their work is absolutely useless and
idle. Usage and the principle of least change seems to us the only considerations
to be regarded, and we have therefore followed the zoologist in regarding Idmonea
atlantica Johnston, 1847, as the accepted genotype.
Determination. — The, determination of species of Idmone.a is very difficult in
spite of the introduction, due to Pergens, of the micrometric dimensions; this is
in reality because we have only isolated fragments for study. If the ovicell in
rapport with the number of larvae and the fissiparity of the primary embryo is
quite variable in form and position, the oeciostome is more constant, for it is only
in rapport with the form and size of the larvae. But the larvae of the different
families of Cyclostomata are much alike. It is necessary, therefore, to seek another
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
771
character which would permit us to complete our knowledge of their biological
tendencies. This character is furnished us precisely in the study of the base of
the zoarium and in its mode of attachment to the substratum. This manifestation
of the ancestrular zooecia issued directly from the larvae is most important and
it will be necessary in the future to introduce it in descriptions.
A«I2
D«20
FIG. 2o2. — Genus Idmonea Lamonroux, 1821.
A-D. Idmonea atlantica Forbes. A. Anterior face of the zoarium, X 12. B. Posterior face
basal lamella). X 12. C. Base of the zoarium, X 12. D. Ovicell and its oeciostome (o), X 20.
(After Harmer, 1915.)
Species of Idmonea are often attached by an expanded base. The branches are
bushy with their dorsal turned toward the exterior. Very often the branches are
horizontal and parallel to the substratum, but this is a dangerous situation on
account of their fragility and liability to fracture. Certain species remedy this
by the addition of canals of reinforcement or firmatopores. Other species develop
on their dorsal, appendages of more or less length of a kind of calcareous radicell,
more numerous on the branches of the base, which strengthen the whole zoarial
system. Although the word "radicell" is not very appropriate, we have not thought
it necessary to coin a new name in order to designate these structures.
The same species of Idmonfa often presents very different and unexpected
aspects which would lead one to believe in the existence of many species. The
micrometric measurements are in themselves insufficient. We have recourse to
two methods of identification and comparison — the transverse section and the com-
parison of photographs enlarged upon the same scale.
IDMONEA TACTA, new species.
Plate 107, figs. 19-24.
Description. — The zoarium is somewhat claviform, bifurcated, and much com-
pressed. The fascicles are salient, crowded, and formed of two to seven zooecia ;
Measurements. —
772 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
they are alternated on each side of the median line and adjacent to each other on
this line. The tubes are visible, flat, separated by a scarcely salient thread. The
basal lamella is striated transversally ; the zoarial margins are thick and distinct.
Diameter of the tubes 0.06 mm.
Distance between the fascicles 0.12-0.20 mm.
Width of the fascicles 0.10 mm.
Width of the zoarium 0.8 mm.
A-ffkiities—In. the number of the tubes to the fascicles this species approaches
Idmonea arcuata; it differs from it in the separation of the fascicles which is less
than 0.20 mm. and in the rectilinear form of its zoarium.
In the zoarial margins of the basal lamellae the species resembles Idmonea
petri D'Archiac, 1846, but differs from it in the ensemble of its much smaller
micrometric dimensions and in its claviform zoarium.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : One mile west of Fort Gaines.
Georgia (rare).
Cotypes.—Cni. No. 65246, U.S.N.M.
IDMONEA MAGNA, ne»v species.
P'late 137. figs. 1-18.
Description. — The zoarium is large, dichotomously branched, sometimes retic-
ulated, enlarged at the bifurcations, triangular, higher than wide in transverse
section. The fascicles are quite salient, oblique, alternated on each side of the
median crest and quite distant from it ; they bear four to eight zooecia. The tubes
are visible, convex, almost all equal. The basal lamella is striated transversally,
flat, somewhat convex or a little concave; the tubes are often visible; the zoarial
margins are very narrow and 'somewhat thickened.
Diameter of the tubes 0.34 mm.
Distance between the fascicles 0.70 mm. (0.40-0.80 mm.).
Measurements. — ,, , „ . ,
Width of fascicles 0.24-0.30 mm.
Zoarial width 1.40-2.00 mm.
Variations.— The. number of the tubes to the fascicle is more often four or
five (figs. 2, 3) ; at the bifurcations it is larger (eight) (fig. 9). The basal lamella
is convex (fig. 5) or concave (fig. 10) ; the two forms are visible on the same frag-
ment (fig. 8). The fascicles of the reticulated branches are closer (fig. 4). At
the bifurcations the fascicles are transverse (fig. 2), if the branches rest in the-
same plane; when the branches are twisted and are opposite, the fascicles remain
distinct and alternate (fig. 9). .. On well-preserved specimens the tubes are visible
on the basal lamella (fig. 6). The incomplete zooecia in the process of formation
are quite numerous (fig. 10) and give a very crowded appearance.
In transverse section (fig. 18) the zoarium is triangular and the zooecia are
polygonal; but seen from the interior, by abrasion of the basal lamella, they are
round (fig. 15). The longitudinal section (fig. 11) is normal; the tubes grow
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 773
from the basal lamella and branch almost immediately (fig. 12). The zooecial
walls appear hollow (fig. 13) ; there are small diaphragms visible here and there.
On account of its size this species is easy to determine. It characterizes the
Jacksonian in America.
Occwrence. — Middle Jacksonian ; Rich Hill, 5-J miles southeast of Knoxville,
Crawford County, Georgia (very common) ; one-half mile southeast of Georgia
Kaolin Co. mine, Twiggs County, Georgia (common) : 12 miles southeast of Mar-
shallvillc, Georgia (very common) ; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (very rare) ;
Baldock, Barnwell County, South Carolina (rare) ; 17 miles northeast of Haw-
kinsville, Georgia (common) ; 3J miles south of Perry, Georgia (very common) ;
3£ miles north of Grovania, Georgia (very common) ; li miles southeast of Lily,
Dooly County, Georgia (very rare).
Jacksonian (Zeuglodon zone) : Shubuta, Mississippi (rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : West bank Sepulga Eiver, Escambia
County, Alabama (common).
Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl): Jackson, Mississippi (common).
Cotypes.—Cnt. Nos. 65346-65350. U.S.N.M.
IDMONEA MILNEANA D'Orbigny, 1839.
Plate 136, figs. 1-12.
1839. Idmonen miineana D'ORBIGNY, Voyage dans 1'Anierique mtridionale, vol. 5, pt. 4,
p. 20, pi. 9, figs. 17-21.
1850-1852. Idmonea milncana D'ORBIGNY, Paleontologle frarigaise, Terrain CrStace, vol. 5,
Bryozoaires, p. 732.
I860. Idmonea miineana BUSK, Note on the fossil Polyzoa collected near Mount Gambler,
South Australia, Quarterly Journal Geological Society, London, vol. 16, p. 261.
1864. Idmoneti miineana STOLICZKA, Fossile Bryozoen aus dem Tertiilren Griinsandsteine
der Orakei-Bay bei Aukland. Reise der Oest. Fregatte Novara, geologischer
Theil, vol. 1, Abth. 2. Paleontologie, p. 114.
1872. Idmonea, miineana SMITT, Floridan Bryozoa, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad.
Handl., p. 8, pi. 3, figs. 14-17.
1875. Idmonea miineana BUSK, Catalogue of marine Polyzoa in the collection of the
British Museum, pt. 3, Cyclostomata, p. 12 .
1S77. Idmonea miineana ETHEBIDGE, Synopsis of the known species of Australian Tertiary
Polyzoa, Journal Royal Society New South Wales, vol. 11, p. 13.
1881. Idmonea miineana RIDLICY. Account of the zoological collections made during the
Survey of H. M. S. Alert in the Straits of Magellan and on the coast of Patagonia,
Polyzoa, Proceedings of Zoological Society of London, p. 56.
1882 Idmonea miineana HASWELL, On the Cyclostomatous Polyzoa of Port Jackson and
neighborhood, Proceedings of Linnean Society, New South Wales, vol. 4, p. 351.
1882. Idmonea miineana McCoY, Bryozoa in McCoy's Prodromus of the Zoology of Vic-
toria, vol. 1, dec. 7, p. 29. pi. 68. fig. 1.
1884. Idmonea miineana WATERS, On fossil Cyclostomatous Bryozoa from Australia, Quar
terly Journal of the Geological Society, London, vol. 40, p. 684.
1884. Idmonea miineana BUSK, Report on the Polyzoa collected by H. M. S. Challenger,
pt. 1, p. 13.
1887. Idmonea miineana MACGILLIVKAY, Catalogue of the Marine Polyzoa of Victoria,
Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria, vol. 23, p. 287.
774 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
1887. Idmonea milneana WATERS, Bryozoa from New South Wales, Annals Magazine Nat-
ural History, ser. 5, vol. 20, p. 256.
18SS. Idmonea milneana WATERS, On some ovicells of Cyclostomatous Bryozoa, Journal
Linnean Society, London, Zoology, vol. 20, p. 279, pi. 14, fig. 8.
1889. Idmonea milneana JELLY, A Synonymic Catalogue of the Recent Marine Bryozoa,
p. 118.
1890. Idmonea milneana. OKTMANN, Die Japanisclie Bryozoen-Fauna, Archiv. fur Nat-
urgeschichte, vol. 1, Heft 1, p. 59, pi. 4, fig. 21.
1905. Idmonea milneana WATERS, Bryozoa from near Cape Horn, Journal Linnean Society.
London, vol. 29, p. 249 (habitat).
1908. Idmonea, milneana CANU, Bryozoaries fossiles du Sud-Ouest de la France, Bulletin
Societe geologique France, ser. 4, vol. S, p. 386, pi. 7, fig. 16.
1909. Idmonea milneana CANU, Bryozoaires tertiares des environs de Paris, Annals de
Paleontologie. p. 125 (53), pi. 14, figs. 11, 12, 13. ( Paleontologic bibliography).
1910. Idmonea milneana CANU, Bryozoaires fossiles du Sud-Ouest de la France, Bulletin
Societe geologique de France, ser. 9, vol. 10. pi. 840.
1911. Idmonea milneana CANU, Bryozoaires fossiles de Sud-Ouest de la France, Bulletin
de la Societe geologique, ser. 4. vol. 11. p. 451, text, fig. 6. (ind. ).
1914. Idmonea milneana WATERS, The marine fauna of East Africa and Zanzibar, Proceed-
ings of the Zoological Society of London, p. 844.
Description. — The zoarium is bifurcated, compressed with elliptical transverse
section broader than high. The fascicles are scattered, little salient, arranged alter-
nately on each side of the median axis; they are formed of three zooecia, the first
of which is isolated. The tubes are visible, convex, with thin peristome. The
basal lamella is convex, more or less striated transversally ; the tubes are visible
longitudinally.
fDiameter of the tubes 0.16-0.20 mm.
I Distance between the fascicles... _ 0.40-0.60 mm.
Variations. — This species is rather constant in its characters and its determi-
nation is easy. We have not had the chance to discover its ovicell, but this has
been figured by Waters and Smitt ; it must probably occur very rarely.
The width of the zoarium varies between 0.80 mm. (fig. 4) and 1.33 mm.
(fig. 3). The striations of the basal lamella are generally little deep; rarely they
are accentuated (fig. 5).
The dorsal tangential section reveals the spindles characteristic of all the
cyclostomatous bryozoa in which the basal lamella is not reinforced (fig. 12).
The microscopic structure of the tubes is identical on the basal lamella (fig. 9)
and on the frontal face (fig. 8). The basal lamella has therefore no particular
reality; it results simply from the agglomeration of the tubes which are closely
united together.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington.
North Carolina (very common).
Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : One-fourth mile west of Woodwards, Wayne
County, Mississippi (very rare).
Geological distribution.— Ypresiam of England (Gregory) ; Lutetian of the Paris
Basin (Gregory, Canu), of the Bordeaux Basin (Canu), of the French Pyrenees
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 775
(Canu) ; Auversian of the Pyrenees (Canu) ; Latdorfian of Germany (Stoliczka) ;
Rupelian (=Stampian) of Germany (Schreiber) ; Tortonian of Austria-Hungary
(Manzoni) ; Sicilian of Italy (Seguenza, Neviani) ; Quaternary of Italy (Seguenza-
Neviani) ; Miocene of New Zealand (Stoliczka) and of Australia (Waters, Mac-
Gillivray).
Habitat. — Mediterranean. Indian Ocean: Zanzibar (16 meters). Antarctic
Ocean: Terre del Fuego, Patagonia (13-48 meters), Kerguelen Island (122-244
meters. Atlantic Ocean: Azores (733 meters), Chonos Archipelago, Florida
(36-609 meters). Pacific Ocean: Fiji Islands, Queen Charlotte Islands, Australia.
Plesiotypes.—C&t. No. 65351, U.S.N.M.
IDMONEA ARCUATA, new species.
Plate 135, figs. 16-20.
Description. — The zoarium is short, free, arched, lobate, with transverse sec-
tion wide and elliptical. The fascicles are quite salient, regular, arranged alter-
nately on each side of the median axis; they are formed of six to eight zooecia.
The tubes are little visible, small, nearly equal on the same fascicles ; the peristome
is rectangular. The basal lamella is smooth with the convex striations rather
widely spaced.
Diameter of the tubes 0.10 mm.
Distance between the fascicles 0.24-0.28 mm.
Width of the fascicles 0.12-0.14 mm.
Width of the zoarium 1.6 mm.
We have not discovered the ovicell of this charming species ; we are therefore
not certain of its generic classification other than certain lobes are claviform, a
condition which does not exist in the typical Idmonea. Moreover, our specimen
from Lenuds Ferry is incrusting a bryozoan.
Affinities. — This species differs from Idmonea petri D'Archiac, 1846, in the
lesser distance between the fascicles (0.28 and not 0.40 mm.) in its smaller tubes
and the absence of the rectilinear form of the zoarium, and in a larger number of
tubes (eight) to the fascicle.
It much resembles Idmonea tacta in its micrometric measurements, but differs
from it in a greater interfascicular distance (0.24 and not 0.20 mm.), in a greater
number of tubes to the fascicles (eight and not six), and in its nonlinear zoarium.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (rare); near
Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (very rare).
Cotypes.—Ca.t. No. 65344, U.S.N.M.
IDMONEA SLOANI, new species.
Plate 135, figs. 21-26.
Description. — The zoarium is free, linear, bifurcated, with triangular trans-
verse section which is higher than wide. The fascicles are salient, close together,
arranged alternately on each side of a median crest; they contain four or five
Measure-men ts. —
Measurements. —
776 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
zooecia, the first of which is adjacent to the neighboring fascicles and placed on
the median axis. The tubes are small, distinct, separated by a salient thread. The
basal lamella is slightly ornamented with convex striations; it is flat or concave
and bordered by a more or less wide and thickened margin.
Diameter of the tubes 0.10 mm.
Distance between the fascicles 0.20 mm.
Width of the fascicles 0.10 mm.
Affl/nitles. — This species contains sometimes on the dorsal traces of firmato-
pnres. It is very close to Idmonea tacta in its small dimensions and the union of
the fascicles on the median crest, but it differs in that the number of tubes is
always greater than five. It differs from Idmonea petri D'Archiac. 18-46, in its
smaller zoarial dimensions and the much smaller distance (0.20 and not 0.40 mm.)
between the fascicles.
We dedicate this charming and delicate species to Mr. Earle Sloan of Charles-
ton, South Carolina, in appreciation of his excellent work upon the geology of
his State.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (very rare);
near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (common).
Cotypes.— Cat. Nos. 65345, 65480, U.S.N.M.
IDMONEA MAGNIREVERSA, new species.
Plate 136, figs. 13-23.
Description. — The zoarium is long, thin, linear, bifurcated, with oval trans-
verse section much higher than wlide. The fascicles are salient, close together,
adjacent to the median crest, and arranged alternately on each side of it: they
contain three or four zooecia. The tubes are visible, convex, with square or orbicu-
lar peristome. The dorsal is semicylindrical, very large, much larger and thicker
than the frontal, striated longitudinally by the tubes.
Diameter of the zooecia 0.12 mm.
Distance between the fascicles 0.20-0.24 mm.
Width of the fascicles 0.15 mm.
Width of the zoarium 0.40 mm.
Variations. — The fragments of the zoarium are quite regular in their general
aspect, just as is also the number of the zooecia to the fascicles (figs. 15, 16). The
only valuation is in the size of the dorsal, which is in rapport with the proximity
of the base. The great number of the incomplete zooecia at the extremity of the
branches (fig. 16) and the extraordinary development of the dorsal indicates a
very long zoarium and of a relatively rather great solidity.
The longitudinal section (fig. 21) indicates tubes of an extraordinary length.
The habitual small pores are rather difficult to see on the tangential sections (fig.
20), where the length of the lozenge-shaped spindles confirm the early origin of
the tubes and their length (fig. 19).
Measurements. —
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 777
Affinities. — This species is easily confused with Id/niilronca maxttlaris Lons-
dale, 1845, in which the dorsal presents the same great development. It differs
from it in the complete absence of firmatopores which are visible either by abra-
sion, or in longitudinal sections.
It differs from Idmonea tumida Smitt, I860, in the much less separation of
the fascicles (0.20 and not 0.50 mm.).
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (very common).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Alachua, Florida (rare) ; west bank
Sepulga River, Escambia County, Alabama (rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 65352, U.S.N.M.
IDMONEA GRALLATOR, new species.
Plate 138, figs. 1-20.
Description. — The zoarium is small, filiform, linear, bifurcated, horizontal,
with oval transverse section which is a little higher than wide. The fascicles are
salient, little oblique, arranged alternately on each side of the median axis and
quite distant from it. They are formed by four or five zooecia. the last of which
is quite small. The tubes are visible, flat, separated by a salient thread. The
basal lamella is convex, flat, or somewhat concave; it is striated longitudinally
by the tubes and transversally by the convex zones of growth; it bears radicells
of consolidation. The ovicell is quite elongated between six or seven fascicles.
Diameter of the tubes 0.12 mm.
Distance between the fascicles 0.34-0.40 mm.
Width of the fascicles 0.14 mm.
Width of the zoarium 0.8 mm.
Variations. — The fascicles are quite salient and quite divergent from the
median crest (figs. 2, 3); abrasion lessens this character (fig. 6). The dorsal is
quite variable; it is flat on the young branches (fig. 8) ; but the older branches
are convex (fig. 9).
The base of the zoarium is quite wide ; the branches are arranged horizontally
(fig. 19) ; the first bear radicells of consolidation, like small stilts (fig. 20) which
separate all the branches from the substratum. A section (fig. 15) taken through
these radicells shows that they are formed of ordinary zooecia curved as usual
and which were probably deprived of ordinary polypides.
We are not certain that the ovicell shown in figure 12 really belongs to this
species; it is the only fragment found at this locality and the oeciostome is quite
clearly preserved on it.
Affinities. — The calcareous radicells are not rare. They have already bc<-n
noted by Smitt. 1872, in Idmonea milneana D'Orbigny, 1839, by Kirkpatrick. 1888,
in Idmonea radicata, and by Norman, 1909, in Idmonea pedata.
This species differs from Idmonea pedata Norman in its less salient fascicles
and in having five zooecia (and not three) to a fascicle.
Measurements. —
778 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
It differs from Idmonm radioata in the nature of its ovicells; Kirkpatrick's
species belongs to another family.
The difference between the fossil fragments and Idmonea atlantica Johnston,
1847, is quite difficult to determine most of the time. It is preferable not to deter-
mine the specimens which are not very well preserved. They differ from it in a
lesser divergence of the fascicles on the median line and chiefly in the interfascicular
distance which is less than 0.40 (and very rarely more than 0.40 mm.).
In its dorsal it resembles Idmonea sloani, but differs from it in its much
greater interfascicular distance (0.40 and not 0.20 mm.).
The dorsal of this species corresponds well to Lonsdale's description of
Idmonea commiscens; but wie have never observed "the intermingling of mouths"
mentioned and figured by that author. On the contrary, his Idmonea 14 of
Rock Bridge conforms more to the present species.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington. North Carolina (very com-
mon) ; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (rare) ; 18 miles west of Wrightsville,
Johnston County, Georgia (rare) ; near Lenuds Ferry. South Carolina (common).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola River east of Marianna. Jack-
son County, Florida (very rare) ; west bank Sepulga River, Escambia County,
Alabama (rare) ; below Plant System railroad wharf, Bainbridge, Georgia (very
rare).
Vicksburgian (Red Bluff clay) : Seven and one-half miles southwest of Bladen
Springs, Alabama (rare).
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Monroeville, Alabama
(very common) ; near Claiborne. Monroe County, Alabama (very rare).
Cotypes.—O&t. Nos. 65414-65416, U.S.N.M.
IDMONEA ATLANTICA Johnston, 1847.
Plate 140, figs. 1-13.
1847. Idmonea atlantica (FORBES Mss.) JOHNSTON, A History of the British Zoophtyes,
2 ed., p. 278, pi. 48, figs. 3, 3.
1856. Idmonea atlantica BUSK, Polyzon collected by Mr. McAudrew on the coasts of
Norway and Finland in 1856, Annals and Magazine Natural History, ser. 2, vol. 18,
p. 34, pi. 1. figs. 6o-e.
1858. Idmonea atlantica BUSK, Zoophytology, On some Maderian Polyzoa, Quarterly Jour-
nal Microscopical Science, vol. 6, p. 128, pi. 18, fig. 5.
1875. Idmonea atlantica (part) BUSK, Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa in the collection of
the British Museum, pt. 3, Cyclostomata, p. 11.
1880. Idnimiea atlantica HINCKS, History of British Marine Polyzoa, p. 451, pi. 65, figs. 1-4.
1886. Idmonea atlantica (part) BUSK, Report on the Polyzoa collected by H. M. S. Chal-
lenger during the years 1873-1876, vol. 50, p. 10.
1890. Idmonea atlantica ORTMANN, Archiv. fur Naturgeschichte. vol. 1, Heft 1, p. 58, pi. 4,
figs. 20o, 6 (var. disticha Ortmann).
1894. Idmonea atlantica LEVINSEN, Mosdyr. Zoologica Dauica (Danske Dyr.), vol. 4.
1895. Idmonea atlantica (det. R. Kirkpatrick) THURSTON, Ramesvaram Island and Fauna
G. Manaar. Madras Government Museum, Bull. 3, p. 131.
KORTH AMERICAN EAULV TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 779
1000. Idmnnca atlantica NEVIANI, Monographia del genere Idmonea Bryozoa C'iclostomata.
pt. 1, pp. 0, 46 (synonomy) ; 1901, pt. 2, cap. 2, p. 74.
1903. Iilni'iiK-n ntlaiiticn .In.i.iFN and CAIAET. Resultats des Canipagnes seientifiques du
Prince du Monaco, Fascicule 23, p. 113.
1904. Iiliniini'ii uttaiiUca WATERS, Bryozoa from Franz-Josef Land. pt. 2. Journal Liunean
Society, Zoology, vol. 29, pp. 166, pi. 21, figs. 2, 3 (the ovicell here figured is un-
usually short).
1904. Idmonca atlantica WATERS, Bryozoa Resultats voyage Kclijica, Zoologica, p. 90,
pi. 9, fig. 5.
1906. Idmoncii atlantica NORDGAARD. Bryozoa from the 2d Fram Expedition, 1898-1902.
Report Second Norwegian Arctic Expedition 1S9S-1902, No. 8, p. 38.
1907. Idmonca atlantica CALVET, Note par les expeditions du Travailleur et Talisman,
vol. 8, p. 469.
1909. Idmonva atlantica NORMAN. The Polyzoa of Madeira and neighboring Islands, Jour-
nal Linnean Society. Zoology, vol. 30, p. 278, pi. 33, figs. 1. 2.
1912. Idmonea atlantica THORNELV, Marine Polyzoa of the Indian Ocean, Transactions
Liuneau Society, Zoology, ser. 2, vol. 15, p. 156.
1912. Tubulipora atlantica OSBURN, The Bryozoa of the Woods Hole Region, Bulletin of
the Bureau of Fisheries, vol. 30, 1910, p. 217, p. 19, figs. 9, 9<z.
18S6. TubuUpora atlantica. forma erecta SMITT, Kritisk forteckning ofver Skandinaivens
Hafsbryozoer, Ofversigt af. Kongl. Vetenskaps-Akademiens Fordhandlingar, vol. 23,
pp. 399, 434, pi. 3, figs. 6-7. pi. 4, figs. 3-13 (ovicell figured).
1S49. Idmonca radians VAN BENEDEN, Recherches sur les Bryozoaires de la mer du nord
(suite) et projet d'une classification des Bryozoaires, Bulletin ]' Academic Royale
de Belgique, vol. 16. p. 646. pi. 1, figs. 4-6.
1916. Tubulipora atlantica HARMER, The Polyzoa of the Siboga expedition, vol. 1, p. 124,
pi. 10, figs. 4-5.
Description. — The zoarium is free, linear, bifurcated, with subcircular trans-
verse section. The fascicles are salient, quite removed from the median crest,
arranged alternately on each side of it, much protruding beyond the zoarial mar-
gins; they are formed of three to five zooecia the first of which is the longer and
hides the others more or less. The basal lamella is somewhat striated longitudi-
nally by the tubes, striated transversally by quite separated convex wrinkles; it is
round or flat and more or less bordered laterally. The ovicell is much elon-
gated, convex, scarcely lobed, placed on the median crest among five or six fasci-
cles.
Distance between the fascicles 0.48 (0.40-0.60 mm.).
Width of the fascicles 0.14 mm.
Width of the zoarium 0.60 (without the fascicles).
Variations. — The dorsal is round at the base of the branches (fig. 9) and flat
on the younger branches (figs. 7, 8) ; the two forms are often visible on the same
branch (fig. 4). The fascicles are quite fragile and break easily (fig. 6) ; but the
fossils thus altered are exceedingly difficult of determination and are almost iden-
tical with the linear branches of Idmonea petri D'Archiac, 1847.
In a single instance only have we observed a very short radicell (fig. 10).
The tangential (fig. 12) and longitudinal sections (figs. 11) offer no special
features ; but the transverse section has a very special form, for it is almost circular
or semicircular according to the form of the dorsal.
Measurements. —
780 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Affinities. — Our fossil specimens have the aspect of the figures by Smitt, 1866;
Hincks, 1880; Manzoni, 1877; and Busk, 1875. However, the micrometric meas-
urements are generally smaller, although they are, on the contrary, essentially the
same as those of specimens dredged in the Mediterranean.
In general aspect our specimens are quite different from the figures by Os-
burn, 1914, and Harmer, 1916, but the micrometric dimensions are closer.
In 1909, Canu, deceived by an excellent figure by Milne -Edwards, 1838, identi-
fied Idmonea atlantica with Idmonea coronopm Defrance, 1821. He is not now so
sure, for he has been unable to find in the museum Milne-Edwards's type and the
micrometric measurements of the French specimens (interfascicular distance^
0.30-0.40 mm.) are still less than those of our American specimens.
This species differs from Tervia tumid a Smitt, 1871, in an interfascicular distance
somewhat smaller and in its fascicles which are much more protruding beyond the
zoarium.
The difference from Idmonea grallator in the absence of the radicells is quite
difficult to note at sight. It can be made out only under the microscope, the interfas-
circular distance being always greater than 0.40 mm.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Wilmington. North Carolina (very com-
mon) ; one-half mile southeast of Georgia Kaolin Co. mine. Twiggs County,
Georgia (rare); 12 miles southeast of Marshallville, Georgia (rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola Elver, east of Marianna, Jack-
son County, Florida.
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Monroeville, Alabama
(rare).
Plestotypes.—C&t. No. 65353, U.S.N.M.
IDMONEA PARVULA, new species.
Plate 138, figs. 21-23.
Description. — The zoarium is free, very small, linear, bifurcated with triangu-
lar transverse section. The fascicles are little salient, much scattered, arranged
alternately on each side of the median crest, extending very little over the zoarial
margins; they are formed of two or three small, equal zooecia. The tubes are
small, visible, convex. The dorsal lamella is very convex, smooth.
-Diameter of the tubes 0.06 mm.
Distance between the fascicles 0.50—0.60 mm.
Width of the fascicles 0.10 mm.
Width of the zoarium 0.36 mm.
Affinities. — This is the smallest of our American species. It resembles some-
what Idmonea. filiformis in the narrowness of the zoarium : but it differs from it
in the frequent bifurcation of the zoarium and in a lesser interfascicular distance
(0.50 and not 0.90 mm.).
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Eighteen miles west of Wrightsville.
Johnston County, Georgia (rare).
Holotype.—Cal. No. 65417, U.S.N.M.
Measurements. —
M< agun
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 781
IDMONEA FILIFORM1S, new species.
Plate 138, figs. 24-27.
Description. — The zoarium is linear, very long, very thin, filiform. The
fascicles are little salient, arranged alternately on each side of the median line
and extending- very little beyond the zoarial margins; they are formed by two
zooecia only. The tubes are visible and convex. The dorsal lamella is round
and smooth.
Diameter of the tubes 0.15 mm.
Distance between the fascicles 0.90-1.10 mm.
Width of the fascicles 0.15 mm.
Width of the zoarium 0.50 mm.
Affinities. — This species presents the aspect of Idmonca viupora D'Orbignv,
1852, figured by Beissel, 1865, with two zooecia to the fascicle; but the interfas-
cicular separation is much greater.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (rare).
Cofypes.—Cat. No. 65418, U.S.N.M.
IDMONEA PETRI D'Archiac, 1846.
Plate 139, figs. 1-13.
1846. Idmonca petri D'ARCHIAC, Description des fossiles recueillis par il. Thorent dans
les couches nummulitiques des environs de Bayonne, Memoires de la Societe
geologique de France, ser. 2, vol. 2, p. 195, pi. 5, fig. 11.
1908. Idmonca non reticula BEUTLER. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Bryozoenfauna der alteren
Tertiarschichten des siidlichen Bayern, Cyclostomata, Paleontographica, vol. 59,
p. 226, pi. 23, figs. 17, 18.
1911. Idmonca petri CANU, Bryozoaires des Sud-Ouest de la France, Bulletin de la SociSte
geologique de France, ser. 4, vol. 11, p. 452, pi. 8, figs. 1-2 et 10-11.
Description. — The zoarium is large, linear, or somewhat claviform, compressed,
with triangular transverse section. The fascicles are very salient, close together,
not extending beyond the zoarial margins, opposite on each side of the median axis :
they are formed of four to six equal zooecia. The tubes are visible, flat, often
separated by a salient thread. The basal lamella is somewhat concave, excavated,
and bordered by a margin of little thickness : it is smooth, slightly striated trans-
versely and longitudinally.
Diameter of the tubes. _ _ 0.14 mm.
Measuremt nts. —
Distance between the fascicles.- _ 0.30-0.40 mm.
Width of the fascicles 0.12 mm.
Width of the zoarium 1.2 mm.
Affinities. — The determination has been made specimen by specimen with the
French material, but it may be possible that this species has been described under
another name by the paleontologists. Idmonca disticha Reuss, figured by Manzoni
in 1877, is exteriorly very close, but the fascicles are clearly alternated, which is
782 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
not the case in all our specimens. Moreover, the micrometric measurements do not
appear identical, if the small drawing of Manzoni is exact. It is to be noted that
figure 6 represents a branch with alternated fascicles.
A species, also very close, is Idmonea marginata D'Orbigny, 1853, of the Euro-
pean Senonian. If we consider, for example, figure 8, with its eight tubes to the
fascicle, the identity is perfect. The zooecial and zoarial dimensions are also identi-
cal. The only appreciable difference is that the number of the tubes to the
fascicle is frequently larger than in the Tertiary species. The study of bases and
ovicells will perhaps permit us some day to make better comparisons.
This species differs from Idmonea arcuata in the linear form of its zoarium
and in the distance between the fascicles being double. It differs from Idmonea
sloani in its larger dimensions and in its transverse section wider than high.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (very rare);
near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare) ; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (rare).
Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : West bank Conecuh River, Escambia
County, Alabama (very common).
Vicksburgian (Byram marl) : One-fourth mile west of Woodwards, Wayne
County, Alabama (rare).
Geological distribution. — Lutetian of Bavaria (Beutler) ; Auversian at Biar-
ritz (C'anu).
Plesiotypes.—C&t. Nos. 65355, 65356, U.S.N.M.
IDMONEA TRIFORATA Canu, 1911.
Plate 161, figs. 5-24.
1911. Idmonea triforata CANU, Les Bryozoaires tin Sud-Ouest de la France, Bulletin de la
Soctete g6ologlque de Prance, ser. 4, vol. 11, p. 452, pi. 8, figs. 13-14.
Description.— The zoarium is free, linear, bifurcated, with triangular trans-
verse section wider than high. The fascicles are very salient, irregularly spaced,
arranged alternately on each side of the median crest and distant from it, pro-
jecting beyond the zoarial margins; they are formed of three or four zoecia, the
last of which is turned and opens on the dorsal face and the first is isolated on
the young branches. The tubes are visible, long, convex; the peristome is quad-
rangular. The basal lamella is smooth and somewhat convex.
Diameter of the tubes 0.20-0.24 mm.
Distance between the fascicles 0.70-1.00 mm.
Width of the fascicles 0.14-0.16 mm.
Zoarial width 0.75 mm.
Variations. — This species is exceedingly irregular; the distance between the
fascicles has no constancy and varies from 1 to 2 times (0.60 to 1.20). On the
terminal branches the first zooecium of each fascicle is isolated on the median axis
of the zoarium (figs. 7, 8, 14, 15) and measures 0.30 mm. in diameter. On the
branches of the base or lower branches the fascicles are regular and complete
(figs. 12, 13). This double disposition is often visible on the same specimen.
Measurements. —
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 783
Some branches (figs. 14, 15) are beyond all description on account of their great
irregularity. The fascicles are quite salient (figs. 7, 8, 14). but they are fragile
and break easily (fig. 16).
The fascicles are quite distant from the median crest ; also on the longitudinal
sections there are no zooecia with the apertura visible (fig. 22). In order to see the
apertura of the zooecia it is necessary to make a meridian section by the prolonged
abrasion of the frontal (fig. 23).
The miscroscopic structure of the zooecial walls (fig. 24) is rather difficult to
comprehend.
Affinities. — This species is quite odd and easy to determine; it is impossible 1 1
confuse it with the others. One can not determine the isolated branches, for the
reader can believe in the existence of many species of which intermediate stages
appear in large numbers of specimens.
The comparison with the French species has been made specimen with speci-
men and the identification is absolutely certain.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain, 5 miles
south of Jackson, Alabama (common) ; near Claiborne, Monroe County, Alabama
(common) ; Murder Creek, east of Castlebury. Conecuh County, Alabama (very
common) ; west bank Conecuh River, Escambia County, Alabama (very com-
mon) ; Escambia County, Alabama (deep well) (rare).
Vicksburgian (Byram marl) : One-fourth mile west of Woodwards, Wayne
County,- Mississippi (common).
Geological distribution. — Auversian of Biarritz (Canu).
Plesiotypes.—C&t. Nos. 65441-65445, U.S.N.M.
IDMONEA GRANDIORA. new -species.
Plate 162, figs. 1-3.
Description. — The zoarium is free, linear, fixed by an expanded base, com-
pressed. The fascicles are somewhat salient, close together, arranged alternately
on each side of the median line and formed of three equal zooecia. The tubes
are invisible ; the peristome is thin ; the apertura is large.
Diameter of the zooecia 0.20 mm.
Distance between the fascicle? 0.20-0.22 mm.
Width of the fascicles 0.16-0.18 mm.
Width of the zoarium 0.60 mm.
Affinities. — Only the three specimens figured have been found. They ai-e of
interest merely on account of their great apertura and because this species exists in
the strata of Vicentin where Canu has recently discovered it.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Monroe-
ville, Alabama (rare).
Geological distribution. — Priabonian of the Vicentin.
Holotype.—C&i. No. 65472, U.S.N.M.
Measurements. —
784 B-ULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
IDMIDRONEA, new genus.
The zoarium is idmoneiform. The dorsal bears firmatopores or canals of
reinforcement.
Genotype. — Idmidronea coronopus Defrance, 1822.
Range. — Lutetian- Jacksonian.
The firmatopores are small canals, very thin and numerous, which develop on
the dorsal of the zoarium in great thickness. They are parallel and very long, for
we have followed them throughout the length of a branch. In a longitudinal
section they appear somewhat intermingled, for it is absolutely impossible to
prepare a section in a position exactly parallel to their general direction. On the
dorsal they appear as very small, longitudinal striations extremely numerous and
quite close together. In Idmonea, on the contrary, the longitudinal striations are
much more scattered and limit the tubes themselves which are entirely visible. The
tergopores are much larger. The firmatopores are evidently intended to reinforce
the consolidation of the branches. It is almost certain that they indicate a zoarium
which is horizontal or arranged in a much expanded bush-like shape. All of the
branches are not provided with firmatopores and the generic classification is then
very difficult.
We have not found the ovicell, so the place of this genus in the family of the
Tubuliporidae is naturally hypothetical.
IDMIDRONEA ROSACEA, new species.
Plate 132, figs. 11-15.
Description. — The zoarium is supported on a more or less expanded base
•which forms a trunk of greater or less size; the branches are directed horizontally
in all directions from the center like the petals of a rose. They are bifurcated and
their section is triangular. The fascicles are very little salient and bear only two
or three zooecia ; they are alternated on each side of the median line. The tubes
are invisible; the peristomes are thin, round, or rectangular. On the dorsal the
firmatopores are arranged longitudinally; they are rather large and their visible
orifice, which results from abrasion, is polygonal.
Diameter of the tubes 0.16 mm.
Width of the fascicles 0.16 mm.
Distance between the fascicles 0.32 mm.
Width of the branches toward the base 2.00 mm.
Affinities. — This superb species is rather rare. It is remarkable because it
appears to be formed of two symmetrical zoaria arranged horizontally on each
side of the ancestrular center.
It differs from Idmidronea mamUari-s Lonsdale, 1847, in the rotate form of its
zoarium and in its nonsalient fascicles, and from /. culter in its fascicles, which are
more scattered, more distinct, never adjacent on the median line.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : AVilmington.
North Carolina (rare).
Cotypes.—Qnt. No. 65359, U.S.N.M.
Measurements. —
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 785
IDMIDRONEA MAXILLARIS Lonsdale, 1845.
Plate 131, figs. 1-7.
1S45. Idmonca maxUlaris LONSDALE, Account of 26 species of Polyparia obtained from
the Eocene-Tertiary formation of North America. Quarterly Journal Geological
Society, London, vol. 1, p. 523, fig.
1S62. Idmonea iniu-iUaris GABB and HORN, Monograph fossil Polyzoa of the Secondary
and Tertiary formations of North America. Journal Academy Natural Sciences,
Philadelphia, ser. 2, vol. 5, p. 167.
Description. — The zoarium is formed of triangular, linear, irregular branches
more or less distorted and cervicorn. The fascicles are very salient, quite close
together, arranged alternately on each side of the median crest; they are formed
of three zooecia. The tubes are invisible; the peristomes are thin and round.
The dorsal is striated by numerous parallel firmatopores.
-Diameter of the tubes 0.16-0.20 mm.
Mea >nts - I Distance between the fascicles. 0.30-0.40 mm.
{ Width of the fascicles 0.17 mm.
Width of the branches 1.00 mm.
Affinities. — The species is remarkable for the extraordinary development of
the dorsal formed of a great number of firmatopores. They form a very thick
collar on which the fascicles appear to incrust. In this respect the species much
resembles Idmonca magnir ever set-, but differs from it in its totally different longi-
tudinal section, owing to the presence of innumerable firmatopores.
It differs from Idmidronca rosa'cea and Idmidronca culler, which have an
identical transverse section, in the great saliency of the fascicles.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (very com-
mon) ; near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (very common) ; Wantoot, South Caro-
lina (type locality).
Plesiotypes.—Cat. No. 65360, U.S.N.M.
IDMIDRONEA CULTER, new species.
Plate 132. figs. 1-10.
Description. — The zoarium is formed of long, linear branches bifurcated with
triangular transverse section. The fascicles are little distinct, not salient, quite
close together, and formed of three, four, or five zooecia; they are alternated on
each side of the median crest, but they are adjacent to each other with the least
abrasion. The tubes are invisible; the peristome is small, thin, round. The
dorsal is semicylindrical, very thick, striated longitudinally by its large firm-
atopores.
The transverse section is triangular; it has the form of a very thick knife,
round at the back. This is always higher than wide, but the relation of the two
dimensions is not constant.
Affinities. — We have hesitated much to separate this species from Idmonea
maxillaris Lonsdale, 1845, of which it appears to be a condition of weathering.
55399—20— Bull. 106 50
786
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
FIG. 253. — Idmidronea, new genus.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 787
FIG. 1253. — Idmiilrvnca, new genus.
A-L. Idmidronea (Iflmonea) coronopus Defrance, 1822. A. Zoaria, natural size, from
various localities in the Lutetian of France. B. Zoarium, X 6, with layer of firmatopores form-
ing many columns (on rocks). C. Specimen, X 6, with a small basal plate of Hrrnatopores (in-
crusting shells), bearing a branch without firmatopores. D. A concave base of flrmatopores, X 6,
attached to an alga. E. A large base, X 12, without firmatopores. The ancestrular zooecium is
visible. F. A small base, X 12, without firmatopores. The ancestrular zooecium is visible.
G. The same specimen, X 25, showing absence of firmatopores. H. An example. X 6, showing
that the layer of firmatopores is separable. I. Specimen, X 12, showing that there are
many layers of firmatopores. J. The firmatopores occur at the bottom of sulci, X 12. K. Longi-
tudinal section in a thick zoarium through the axis of the fascicles, X 25. The basal lamella
<BB) is visible. The firmatopores are the cylindrical tubes growing on the basal lamella but
directed toward the base while the polypidian tubes are ascending. L. Longitudinal section,
X 25, in the thick zoarium taken between the fascicles and in the axis of a bifurcation. The
tinsal lamella (KB) is visible. M. Thin section in the base of a zoarium, X 25.
788 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
In our very numerous materials we have not been able to discover the transition
forms necessary for the union of the two species. Moreover, the branches with
distinct fascicles are very rare; the branch represented in figure 2 is the usual
occurrence.
The size of the firmatopores is visible on the tangential section, where they
appear under the form of short, rather wide spindles.
This species much resembles Idmonea commiscens Lonsdale, 1845. It differs
from it absolutely only in its dorsal, which is never flat, contrary to what the
author thought (p. 525). It is possible that Lonsdale was considering two species
among his specimens.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Wilmington, North Carolina (very com-
mon) ; near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (very common) ; Eutaw Springs, South
Carolina (rare).
Cotypes.—CvJt. No. 65358, U.S.N.M.
TERVIIDAE, new family.
The longitudinal axis of the ovicell is parallel to that of the tubes. The
ovicell is formed after the calcification of the neighboring tubes. The oeciostome
is directed toward the top.
We recognize three genera in this family. Ttn'/a Jullien, 1882. Prostkenoecia
Canu, 1918, and Lagonoecia, new genus.
Genus TERVIA Jullien, 1882.
1882. Tervia JULLIEN, Dragages du Tmvuilleur Bryozoaires especes dragnfies dans I'oc&in
Atlantique en 1881, Bulletin Societe Zoologique France, vol. 7, p. 4.
The ovicell is developed on the posterior and noncelluliferous (dorsal) face
of the zoarium.
Genotype. — Tervia, (TiibuUpora) irregular!* Meneghini, 1845.
Range. — Lutetian-Recent.
The genus Tervia is characterized not only by its ovicell, but also by the aspect
of its dorsal, for the tubes here are flat and separated by a salient thread. Moreover,
on the frontal the fascicles are never parallel to each other as in Idmonea.
TERVIA GRACILIS, new species.
Plate 147, figs. 1-11.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bifurcated, slender, compressed. The tubes
are distinct, separated by a salient thread, arranged in nonparallel fascicles; the
peristome is thin, elliptical. The ovicell is very long and curves around almost all
the dorsal. The dorsal is convex; the tubes are flat and separated by a salient
thread.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
789
Measure men ts. —
Distance between the fascicles (measured on the
dorsal) 0.36 mm.
Diameter of the peristonic 0.12 mm.
Width of the fascicles 0.10 mm.
Number of peristomes to the fascicles. 3.4
A
G-.2
E.2J
FIG. 254. — Genus Tercia Jullien, 1SS2.
A-F. Terria irrcgularis Meneghini, 1845. A, B. Normal iiml short ovicelli, X 12. (After
Waters, 1888.) C. Cordiform ovicell, X 12. (After Jullien, 1903.) D, E. The two faces of the
zoarium. (After Harmer, 1915.) F. Comb-like process in the zooecial tube near where it be-
comes erect. (After Waters, 1914.)
G, H. Tervia jellyae Harmer. 1015. The two faces, X 12, o, oeciostome. (After Harmer,
1915.)
Variations. — The tubes are arranged sometimes in quincunx, sometimes in
verticells, and sometimes in fascicles; the last arrangement is more frequent. The
convexity of the dorsal is quite variable.
In longitudinal section the tubes are very long.
The fascicles are salient on each side of the zoarium viewed from the dorsal.
Affinities. — This species differs from Tervia irregutaris Meneghini. 1845, in
its smaller interfascicular distance (0.36 and not 0.60 mm.) and in its more narrow
and slender branches.
Measurements. —
790 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
It differs from Tervia bicdternata Gregory, 1892, and from Tervia filiformis
D'Orbigny, 1852, in its large micrometric measurements.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksoriian : Wilmington, North Carolina (very com-
mon) ; near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (very common).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Wast bank Sepulga Eiver Escambia
County, Alabama (very rare) ; Alachua, Florida .(rare).
Cotypes.—Czt .No. 65.434, U.S.N.M.
TERVIA PARVULA, new species.
Plate 147, figs. 12-14.
Description. — The zoarium is formed of small compressed branches. The tubes
are distinct, separated by a salient thread, arranged in quincunx or in irregular
rows; the peristome is thin, small, orbicular, salient. On the dorsal the tubes are
separated by a salient thread and superposed in lozenge-shaped areas.
Diameter of the peristome 0.10 mm.
Distance between the peristomes 0.30 mm.
Width of the branches 0.40 mm.
Affinities. — This species differs from Tervia gracilis in its smaller micrometric
dimensions. The few specimens collected bear no ovicells.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola River, east of
Marianna, Jackson County, Florida (rare).
Cotypes.—Cnt. No. 65435, U.S.N.M.
TERVIA TUMIDA Smitt. 1871.
Plate 140, figs. 14-21.
1871. Tubulipora (Idmonea) tumida SMITT, Krit.iske forteckning ofer Skandinaviens
Hafsbryozoer, Ofversigt af Kougl. Vetenskaps-Akaclemiens Forhandlingar, vol. 28,
p. 1116, pi. 20, figs. 5, 6, 7.
1903. Idmonen tumida WATEBS, Bryozoa from Franz-Joseph Land, Journal Linnean So-
ciety, London, vol. 29, p. 168, pi. 21, figs. 4, 5.
Description. — The zoarium, is free, linear, bifurcated, provided with radicells
at the bifurcations, with subcircular transverse section. The fascicles are salient,
quite far apart from each other and also from the median line, alternately arranged
and extending beyond the zoarial margins; they are formed of three or four
equal zooecia. The tubes are visible, flat, separated by a salient thread. The
dorsal lamella is very convex and striated longitudinally by the tubes. The
ovicell is globular, elliptical, very salient; the oeciostome is small, transverse,
placed near the dorsal of the zoarium.
Diameter of the tubes 0.10 mm.
Distance between the fascicles 0.55—0.80 mm.
Width of the fascicles__. 0.10 mm.
Width of the zoarium! 0.70 mm.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 791
Affinities. — This species constitutes a strong divergent type in the genus. Its
exterior aspect is absolutely that of Idmonea, its ovicell is exactly that of Ternin.
Jt is quite easy to determine in its interfascicular distance greater than in I din u /»,/.
c.tlantica Johnston, 1S47, and all the other small American species.
It offers much the same aspect as Idmonea hornesi Stoliczka, but differs from
it in the very salient thread separating the zooecia and in the alternation of the
fascicles (and not their opposite arrangement) on each side of the median crest.
Our specimens are in agreement with the figure given by Waters, 1903, but
resemble less that of Smitt, 1871. On the latter the first zooecium of each fascicle
is isolated, a feature that does not exist on Waters's figure nor on our specimens.
Idmonea tutnida being an Arctic species, it is curious to find it fossil in an
equatorial sea. However, the bryozoa appear much more sensible to the tempera-
turn of the bottom than to geographic position.
o,-(in'i'ince. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone): Wilmington,
North Carolina (rare).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola Eiver, east of Marianna, Jack-
son County, Florida.
Habitat. — Arctic Ocean.
Plesiotypes.—Czt. No. 65354, U.S.N.M.
TERVIA GLOBULIFERA, new species.
Plate 146, figs. 1-S.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bifurcated almost at right angles; the
branches are elliptical in section and short, claviform in length; the posterior
face is round, smooth, or slightly wrinkled transversally. The fascicles are formed
of seven tubes; they are little salient, close together, invisible on the dorsal. The
tubes are flat, visible, separated by a shallow furrow. The ovicell is globular,
spherical, quite salient, placed at the bifurcations; the oeciostome is salient, trans-
verse, a large lunar crescent in shape.
-Distance between the fascicles 0.25-0.33 mm.
Width of the fascicles— _ 0.16 mm.
Measurements. —
Diameter of the largest tube.. _ 0.16
mm.
Diameter of the zoarium 1.00 mm.
Number of tubes in the fascicles 7
Variations and Affinities.— This species belongs to the Tervia tumida group,
and without the presence of the ovicell placed dorsally it is impossible to classify
specimens generically. It differs from Tervia pyrifera, with which it is associated
in globular form of its ovicell, the smaller interfascicular distance (less than 0.35
mm.), larger tubes, fascicles which do not border the zooecial margins, and short
claviform branches.
The zone of growth is short and thick.
The oeciostome is turned from the side of the dorsal contrary to the direction
observed in the Tervia irregularis group where the oeciostome is turned from t lie-
side of the cellular face.
Measurements.-
792 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina, (rare).
Cotypes.—C&t. No. 65366, U.S.N.M.
TERVIA PYR1FERA, new species.
Plate 146, figs. 9-12.
Description.— -The zoarium is free and formed of bifurcated branches with
elliptical transverse section; the dorsal is round and smooth. The fascicles are
very salient and border the zoarial margins; they always contain about five tubes.
The tubes are little convex, flat, distinct, separated by a slight furrow. The ovicell
is large, globular, elongated, pyrifomi, placed at the bifurcation of the branches;
the oeciostorne is salient, elliptical, transverse.
-Distance between the fascicles 0.50 mm.
Width of the fascicles 0.12 mm.
Average diameter of the tubes 0.08 mm.
Diameter of the zoarium 0.75 mm.
Number of tubes to the fascicle 5.
Affinities. — Like Tervia tumida Smitt, this species belongs to the second group
of Tervia, whose aspect is absolutely identical w,ith that of typical Idmonea. It
differs from it in its larger ovicell placed at the bifurcation of the branches and
ia a lesser interfascicular distance (less than 0.52 mm.).
This species differs from Tervia globulifera in its pyriform ovicell, its greater
interfascicular distance, and in its fascicles bordering the zoarial margins.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (rare).
Holotype.—Cz.t. No. 65367, U.S.N.M.
LAGONOECIA, new genus.
Greek : layon, flank, referring to the position of the ovicell.
The ovicell is symmetrical, globular, suspended on one of the sides of the
zoarium; the oeciostome is transverse, terminal.
Genotype. — Lagonoecia lamettifera, new species. Lower Jacksonian.
LAGONOECIA LAMELLIFERA, new species.
Plate 112, figs. 1-S.
Description. — The zoarium is an Idmonea, with clavifonn, triangular, and
often reticulate branches. The fascicles are formed of five to six tubes; they are
arranged transversally and alternately on each side of the median axis; they are
very salient and form like very oblique lamellae, imbricated one above another. The
tubes are distinct, flat, bordered by a salient thread ; the peristome is thin and
quadrangular. The zone of growth is large, salient, and triangular. The posterior
face (dorsal) is very finely striated longitudinally. The ovicell is large, very con-
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
793
vox, elongated, elliptical, symmetrical, suspended on the lateral edge of the zoariuni ;
the oeciostome is terminal, very large, transverse, fastened to a small isolated tube,
and separated from the fascicles.
-Diameter of the peristoine 0.10 mm.
,, Distance between the fascicles.. _ 0.30 mm
Measurements.— „.. ,,, . , ,. . ,
Width ot the fascicles 0.12 mm.
Width of the branches 2.00 mm.
\'<iri(tticms. — The lamellar fascicles are often oblique
(fig. 3) ; the sixth tube, which composes them and which
is placed in the vicinity of the lateral edge, is often isolated.
The ovicell is always placed laterally (fig. 1) ; its posi-
tion is hardly disarranged at the bifurcations (fig. 2), even
though this takes place at a very acute angle. It is remark-
able that the oeciostome should be joined to a tube, but this
tube does not belong to a fascicle, for it is always
isolated.
The variation of the nature of the ovicells in species with
the Idnwnea form of growth is very great. This is a proof
of the poor method followed even to this day by the natural-
ists is the classification of the cyclostomatous bryozoa.
Idnwnea unrestricted is only a zoarial form common to a
great many families.
Occurrence. — Wilcoxian (Bashi formation): Woods
Bluff, Alabama (common).
Cotypes.—Crt.. No. 65264, U.S.N.M.
Genus PROSTHENOECIA Canu, 1918.
FIG. 255.— Genus Prosthe-
noecia) Canu, 1918.
Two ovicelled zoaria of
Prosthenoecia (Reptotubig-
tra) latcralis, D'Orbigny,
1852, from the Lutetian of
France.
1918. Prosthenoecia CANU, Les ovicelles des bryozoaires cyclostomes, Bulletin Society
g6ologique de France, ser. 4, vol. 16, p. 327.
The ovicell is placed on the celluliferous face; the oeciostome is large and trans-
verse.
Genotype. — Prosthenoecia (Reptotubigera) lateraUs D'Orbigny, 1852.
Lutetian.
Family HORNERIDAE Gregory, 1899.
Anatomical bibliography. — 18S8. WATERS, On some Ovicells of Cyclostoinatous Bryozoa, Journal
Linnean Society, London. Zoology, vol. 20, p. 275, pt. 14, figs. 1, 3, 4,7. — 1003. WATERS, Bryozoa
from Franz-Joseph Land, pt. 2, Journal Linneau Society, London, Zoology, vol. 29, p. 168, pi.
20, figs. 1-6. — 1904. WATERS, Expedition antarctic Beige, Bryozoa, p. 93, pi. 9, fig. 1. — 1911.
HENNIG, Le conglouierat pleistocene a Pecten de 1'ile de Cockburn, Wissenshaftliche ergebuisse
der schwedisctien sudpolar expedition, vol. 3, p. 37, pi. 5, figs. 8-11. — 1914. WATERS, Marine
Fauna British East Africa and Zanzibar Bryozoa, Cyclostomata, Proceedings Zoological
Society, London, p. 836.
The ovicell is symmetrical, sacciform, subglobular. The oeciostome is lateral
and opens on the frontal. The zoarial walls are lamellose and squamous. They are
traversed by vacuoles.
794 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Tx12
'J">tj. — Anatomy of the family Horneridae Gregory. 1899.
N011TH AMKRH'AX KAItLV TKRTIARY BUYOXOA. 795
FIG. 256. — Anatomy of the family Horneridae Gregory, 1899.
A-L. Horncid lichenoidcs Pontoppidaiu, 1752. A. Section of embryo, X 85. Whether the
cilia on the upper part are in two tufts or are continuous is not clear. B. Transverse section of
ovicell, X 25. C. Longitudinal section, X 25, showing the polypide and the ovicell, surrounded
by the wall (if), from which the reticulum (r) has separated, no doubt in consequence of the
processes of preservation and preparation. In the reticulum, on the left-hand side, some ovarian
masses are seen. Six embryos are seen in the section. D. Section of protoplasmic reticulum con-
taining ovarian masses, X 450. This reticulum is shown slightly magnified in fig. O. B. Section
of the wall of the ovicell, X 100. P. Section of the wall of the ovicell, X 250. G. Zoarium,
natural size. H-J. Ovicells, X 15, with lateral oeciostome (ot:)- K. Dorsal of a zoarium, X 15.
The ovicell is broken and shows the interior of the oeciopore (oep). L. Frontal, X 15. (After
Waters, 1903, and Smitt, 1867.)
M. Hornera concatenate! Keuss, 1869. Longitudinal section, X 12, showing terminal closure.
(After Waters, 1884.)
N, O. Hornera fissurata Busk, 1884. N. Dorsal surface (growing end), X 25. O. Section
of zooecial tubes, X 85, showing interior projections. (After Waters, 1888.)
P. Hornera antarctica Waters, 1904. Longitudinal section, X 25. ( F, frontal and D, dor-
sal.) The scaly and lamellar structure is quite visible. The vacuoles (v) perforate the zoarium.
The tubes (t) grow and bud as in the other Cyclostomata ; they do not issue from a central
canal as Hennig has incorrectly represented.
Q. Transversal section, X 25. All the polygonal tubes are approximately equal.
R, S. Frontal and dorsal, X 20, indicating the terminology peculiar to this family. (After
Hoimig, 1910.)
T. Hornera jacksonica, new species. Interior, X 12, showing that there Is no sagittal canal.
796 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The vacuoles1 are the small, oblique, recurved tubules which irregularly
perforate the zoarium. They open at the base of the sulci and they are separated
by nervi or threadlike ridges which are longitudinal on the dorsal and often
oblique on the frontal. The vacuoles apparently are not connected with the
cavities of the zooecia.
The squamous composition of the zoarium seems to indicate an external
origin somewhat analogous to the pleurocyst of the Cheilostomata, but the corre-
sponding division into two of the ectocyst has not yet been observed, although it
may be quite probable.
Hennig (fig. 256P) thought that the polypidian tubes were inserted on a
longitudinal dorsal tube. Our longitudinal sections have not confirmed this obser-
vation. The successive ramification of the tubes is identical with that of other
families. The removal of the dorsal shows the ordinary lozenge-shaped areas.
In horizontal section the tubes are perceptibly equal. They do not diminish
from the circumference to the center as in the zoarial form Entalophora, therefore
they are cylindrical.
The zoarium is often bushy : the frontal bearing the apertures is turned to
the interior of the colony toward the median axis; the dorsal, on the contrary, is
exterior. There are some flabelliform zoaria, but very rarely on the same plane.
The Hornericlae are attached to rocks or algae by an expanded base.
The larva is the largest of the Cyclostomata. There are only a dozen embryos
in the ovicell.
Genus HORNERA Lamouroux, 1821.
1821. Uornera LAMOUROUX, Exposition methoclique cles genres de 1'ordre des Polypiers, p. 41.
The ovicell is large, dorsal ; its punctations or reticulations are large. The
tubes are cylindrical with dorsal gemmation. The apertures are disposed only on
the frontal. The vacuoles are arranged all over the zoarium at the base of longi-
tudinal sulci. There are nine tentacles.
Genotype. — Hornera frondiculata Lamouroux, 1821.
Range. — Lutetian-Recent.
Hornera is quite well known and is a very natural genus. It is very common
among the Tertiary fossils. Certain Cretaceous species have been cited, but we
believe that it is necessary to await the description of their ovicells and of their
sections before assigning them definitely to this genus.
The variations in this genus are extraordinary and it is often useless to
attempt to determine an isolated specimen.
Species of Hornera are bryozoans of deep water. All the recent species live
at variable but always very great depths. At 30 to 100 meters one may hope to
find some examples, but it is at greater depths, from 100 to 300 meters these
animals find the most favorable conditions for their development.
The thermal conditions of their habitat vary evidently with the depth, but
in the rather restricted limits from — 9CC. to +6°C.
1 Intermediate pores (D'Orbisny). Interskeletal cavities (Pergens). Branched maculae (Gregory). Ad-
ventitious pores (Waters).
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
HORNERA JACKSONICA. new species.
797
Plate 143, figs. 1-28.
• Description. — The zoarium is elliptical, ramified in the strict sense at a very
acute angle. The tubes are invisible exteriorly; they bear from two to four
vacuoles, two of which are adjacent to the apertura and are arranged at the base of
FIG. 257. — Genus Honiera Lamouroux, 1821.
A-E. Honiera frondiculata Lamouroux, 1821. A. Complete zoarium, natural size. (After
Milne-Edwards, 1838.) B. Dorsal of branch, X 25. C. An aperture greatly enlarged. . D.
Frontal, X 25. (B-D, after Busk. 1875.) E. Another view of the frontal, X 2o. (After
Waters.) F. Views of the fossil form referred to the species by Busk, 1859.
one or two oblique stilci. The peristome is orbicular and little salient. The dorsal
bears longitudinal sulci narrower than the nervi, and rather large vacuoles. The
ovicell is elongated, elliptical, very globular, and quite punctate.
798 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Diameter of the peristome 0.12 mm.
Diameter of the apertura 0.08 mm.
Distance between the perist.unes 0.40 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.40 mm.
Variations. — The peristome is not alwaj's salient (figs. 4, 5), which reduces the
diameter of the apertura (fig. 7). The frontal nervi disappear easily in fossiliza-
tion (figs. 6, 7). The two large vacuoles adjacent to the apertura are very constant,
but some others may appear. Generally the more vacuoles there are, the smaller
they are. The apertures are grouped quite rarely in transversal lines (fig. 9).
The dorsal face is quite variable. Figure 10 illustrates the most frequent
occurrence. The nervi become sometimes smaller and more numerous (fig. 11) ;
rarely they become wider at the expense of. the attenuated sulci (fig. 12).
The tangential section of the frontal always shows three or four vacuoles
perforating the zoarium (fig. 13) the structure of which is composed of much
crowded elements (fig. 14).
On the dorsal the vacuoles are smaller (fig. 15) and their obliquity is easilv
visible (fig. 16). The removal of the dorsal face by prolonged abrasion shows the
usual lozenge-shaped interior: the cavity mentioned by Hennig, 1910, therefore,
does not exist (fig. 17).
The vacuoles radiate in everj' direction and are rarely parallel. Many succes-
sive longitudinal sections are necessary, then, in order to comprehend the zoarial
structure. Figure 23 shows the great complexity of the dorsal plexus, figure 24,
the frontal vacuoles; figure 25, the dorsal vacuoles; while figure 26 illustrates the
lamellar and squamous structure of the walls.
Affinities. — In the number of frontal vacuoles this species is close to Hornera
frondiculata Lamouroux, 1821, but it differs from this recent species in its orbicular
and nonelliptical orifice and in its ovicell not provided with reticulations.
It differs from Hornera striata Milne-Edwards, 1836, in having more than
two frontal vacuoles and in its dorsal vacuoles being often larger.
It differs from Hornera porosa Stoliczka. 1862. in its much smaller dorsaJ
vacuoles and in its orbicular and nonelliptical orifice.
This species is found in all Jacksonian deep-water localities.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina, (very com-
mon) ; 3^ miles south of Perry, Georgia (common) ; Baldock, Barnwell County,
South Carolina (rare) ; 18 miles west of Wrightsville, Johnson County, Georgia
(common) ; 12 miles southeast of Marshallville, Georgia (very common) ; 17 miles
northeast of Hawkinsville, Georgia (common) ; K miles southeast of Lilly, Dooly
County, Georgia (very common); 3-} miles north of Grovania, Georgia; one-half
mile southeast of Georgia Kaolin Co. mine, Twiggs County, Georgia (common).
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Old factory, about 1| miles above Bain-
bridge, Georgia (very rare) ; Alachua. Florida (common) ; west bank Sepulga
River, Escambia County, Alabama (very common).
Cotypes.— Cat. Nos. 65242, 65312, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 799
HORNERA RETERAMAE, new species.
Plate 144, figs. 1-S.
Description. — The zoarium is large, with reticulated branches, the fenestrae
of which are elongated and fusiform. The tubes are invisible exteriorly ; they bear
two vacuoles adjacent to the peristome and a single sulcus of little depth. The
peristome is little salient and orbicular. The dorsal bears longitudinal sulci of
little depth and very large vacuoles; the nervi are wide.
Diameter of the peristome 0.12 mm.
Diameter of the aperture 0.08 mm.
Distance between the peristomes 0.50 mm.
Separation of the peristomes 0.40-0.50 mm.
Affinities. — This species is quite constant on the whole, and we have observed
only the habitual alterations due to fossilization. It differs from Hornera rete-
poracea Milne-Edwards, 1838, in the special arrangement of the zoarial network
deprived of trabeculae and in which the branches are all of the same size.
It differs from Hornera polyporoides in the absence of trabeculae and in the
larger, zooecial dimensions.
Occurrence.— Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 65328, U.S.N.M.
HORNERA POLYPOROIDES, new species.
Plate 144, figs. 9-13.
Description. — The zoarium is reticulate and formed of compressed branches
joined by short and thin transverse trabeculae. The tubes are invisible exteriorly:
they bear a single wide longitudinal sulcus, at the base of which are three, four,
or five large vacuoles. The peristome is wide, little salient, orbicular. On the
dorsal the nervi are narrow, the sulci wide and deep, and the vacuoles large.
Diameter of the peristome 0.10 mm.
Diameter of the aperture 0.06 mm.
Distance between the peristomes 0.38-0.40 mm.
Variations.— The number of frontal vacuoles is quite variable according to
the form of the branches. The dorsal vacuoles are often smaller when the sulci
are more numerous (fig. 12).
Affinities. — In its zoarium, this species resembles Hornera rcteporacea Milne-
Edwards, 1838, but the American species differs in its more numerous frontal
vacuoles, in its smaller dorsal vacuoles, and in the absence of two large triangular
vacuoles adjacent to the peristome.
It differs from Horm ra nteramae in its zoarium formed of branches joined
by narrow trabeculae and in the very great irregularity of the fenestrae.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi
(common).
Measurements. —
800 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington. North Carolina
(common).
Cotypes.~C.At. No. 65329, U.S.N.M.
HORNERA TENUIRAMA, new species.
Plate 144, figs. 14-23.
Description. — The zoarium is formed of small rami, round, and much branched,
on which the zooecia leave little place for the dorsal. The tubes are invisible
exteriorly; they bear two or three longitudinal sulci, at the base of which there
are two or three vacuoles. The peristome is somewhat salient, thick, orbicular.
The dorsal is very narrow ; it bears some longitudinal sulci with vacuoles of the
same size as the frontal vacuoles.
Diameter of the peristome 0.10-0.12 mm.
Measwreme nts. —
Diameter of the aperture 0.06
mm.
Distance between the peristomes 0.40 mm.
Variations and affinities. — In the frequent annular arrangement of the peris-
tomes, this species much resembles Hornera subannulata Philippi, 1843, and H.
hippohjta Def ranee, 1831. It differs from them in the considerable reduction of the
dorsal, which is extremely narrow and which is not always easy to discern.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (very common).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 65330, U.S.N.M.
HORNERA TUBEROSA, new species.
Plate 145, figs. 1-3.
Description. — The zoarium is erect, of compressed and bifurcated branches.
The tubes are invisible exteriorly ; they bear a very wide, longitudinal sulcus with
a single vacuole. The peristome is salient, thin, orbicular. The dorsal is convex ;
the longitudinal sulci are rather deep; the vacuoles are very small; the nervi
are wide, convex, and bear numerous salient tuberosities.
Affinities. — This species is very well characterized by its dorsal tuberosities,
this character never having been observed in any other known species. The only
specimen found has been figured, but it is very characteristic.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola Kiver, east of
Marianna, Jackson County, Florida (very rare).
Holotype.—C&t. No. 65331, U.S.N.M.
HORNERA POROSA Stoliczka, 18«2.
Plate 145, figs. 4-19.
1862. Hornera porosa STOLICZKA, Oligocene Bryozoen von Latdorf in Bernburg, Sitzuugs-
berichte der k. Aknderuie der Wissenschaften Wien, vol. 45, Abth. 1, p. 79, pi. 1,
fig. 3.
Description. — The zoarium is formed of compressed branches bearing rami
almost opposite. The tubes are invisible exteriorly; they bear two oblique sulci
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
801
Meas urements, —
ornamented with large vacuoles. The peristome is salient, thin, elliptical, or oval.
The dorsal is very porous; the longitudinal sulci are of little depth, the nervi
are wide but little convex; the vacuoles are large but of lesser dimensions than
the frontal vacuoles.
Diameter of the peristome 0.10 mm.
Diameter of the aperture 0.06-O.OS mm.
Distance between the peristomes 0.50 mm.
Separation of the peristomes O.^i mm.
Variations. — The peristome is very salient (fig. 8) or scarcely projecting (fig.
10). When the frontal vacuoles are smaller (fig. 10) they are more numerous.
The dorsal is exceedingly variable and it is impossible to discover the rule of varia-
tion. However, on the J7oung branches the. sulci are very narrow and the nervi
very wide (fig. 14). Somewhat later the vacuoles are more visible (figs. 13, 15).
Normally (fig. 12) the vacuoles are large and the nervi little salient.
D -.'5
FIG. 258. — Genus Crassohornera Waters, 1887.
A, B. Frontal, X 12, and dorsal, X 8, of Crassohornera (Ceriopora) arbuscula Reuss, the
latter showing the ovicell.
C-E. Views of the zoarium, natural size, and the frontal and dorsal, X 25, of Crassohornera.
traipuktire-nsis Waters, 18S7.
The dorsal vacuoles are enlarged at their extremity, for in tangential sections
they appear smaller (fig. 17). As in all the species of the genus the elements are
thick and crowded which makes it very difficult to obtain good thin sections
(fig. 19).
The squamous and lamellar structure of the walls appear to result from the
linear union of the primitive elements (fig. 18).
Affinities. — The species singularly resembles Hornera frondiculata Lamou-
roux, 1821, in the number of frontal vacuoles and in the elliptical form of the
peristomes. It differs from it, however, in a smaller number of longitudinal sulci
55890— 20— Bull. 106 51
802
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
on the dorsal, and in the larger vacuoles. We unfortunately have not yet dis-
covered the ovicell, so that we are not able to confirm the identity of this species
with that of Lamouroux, as
noted by Jelly in 1889.
Occurrence. — Middle
Jacksonian: Wilmington,
North Carolina (rare) ; Bal-
dock, Barnwell County,
South Carolina (very rare) ;
Rich Hill, 5J miles south-
C D
FIG. 259. — Genus Siphodictynm Lonsdale, 1849.
A-D. Siphodictyum gracile Lonsdale, 1849. A. Frontal of
branch, X 8, from the Cretaceous of England. B. A thin
east of Knoxville, Crawford
County, Georgia (very rare) .
Vicksburgian (Marianna
Drancn. A s, ironi uie vjimaceuus ui nuigmuu. u. r*. mm -,• . \ r\ -i ±1
slice from a branch, X 12, showing longitudinal and trans- limestone) : One mile north
verse sections. C. Dorsal of a well preserved specimen,
D. Longitudinal section, enlarged.
X 10. of Monroeville,
(very abundant).
Alabama
Geological distribution.— Lower Oligocene (Latdorfian) of Germany.
Plesiotypes.—Cat. Nos. 65332, 6547S, 65479, U.S.N.M.
Genus CRASSOHORNERA Waters, 1887.
1887. Crassohornera WATERS, Tertiary, Cyclostomatous
Bryozoa from New Zealand, Quarterly Journal
Geological Society, London, vol. 43, p. 349.
Horneridae in which there are no frontal sulci.
Genotype . — Crassohornera waipukurensis
Waters, 1887.
e. — Priabonian-Miocene.
Genus SIPHODICTYUM Lonsdale, 1849.
1849. Siphodictyum LONSDALE, Notes on fossil Zoo-
phytes, Quarterly Journal Geological Society,
London, vol. 5, p. 94.
" Horneridae in which the epitheca on the re- mopo'ra irreguhms Marsson, 1887,
verse side is thick. The apertures are in irregular, from the Cretaceous of the Island of
transverse series. The maculae (=vacuoles) oc- Riigen. (After Marsson, 1SS7.)
cur in single or double longitudinal series below the aperture. The reverse side is
ornamented by ridges (=nervi), which may be reticular." (After Gregory 1899.)
Genotype. — Siphodictyum gracile Lonsdale, 1849. Aptian.
The ovicell is unknown, but the zoarial structure is certainly that of the
Horneridae.
FIG. 260. — Genus PJiormopora Mars-
son, 1887.
Frontal and dorsal and end
views, X 16, of a branch of Phor-
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 803
Genus PHORMOPORA Marsson, 1887.
18S7. Phormopora MARSSON, Bryozoen der schreibkreide der Insel Uiigen, Paleontologische
AbhauJlungen, vol. 4, p. :>2.
Horneridae with cylindrical, dichotomous branches. The apertures are scat-
tered irregularly over the obverse face and not in regular transverse rows. The
reverse face is marked by small or well-developed tubuli.
Genotype. — Phormopora irregularis Marsson, 1887. Senonian. (After Greg-
ory, 1899.)
The section published by Marsson appears to indicate the lamellar and
squamous structure of the Horneridae. but the ovicell is unknown.
Family FRONDIPORIDAE Busk, 1875.
1S75. Frondiporidae BUSK, Catalogue of Marine Polyzoa in the collection of the British
Museum, pt. 3, Cyclostomata, vol. S, p. 137.
The larva is elongated; the orifice of the palleal cavity and the orifice of
the sack do not occupy exactly the two poles of the embryo. The ovicell is
arranged between the fascicles and is traversed by isolated tubes. The tubes are
cylindrical.
The genera belonging to this family are: Frondipora Imperato, 1599. Telo-
pora, new genus, and perhaps the following forms: Fasciculipora D'Orbigny,
1846, Disco f 'as cigera D'Orbigny, 1853, and Apsendesia Lamouroux. 1821.
The zoarium is formed of tubes arranged in fascicles. All the tubes have the
same diameter throughout ; they are not thinner at the base as in the zoarial
forms Entalopora, Idm-onea, etc. In transverse section the tubes of the center
have therefore the same diameter as those of the periphery, as in the zoarial
forms, Heteropora and Ceriopora. There are therefore cylindrical tubes arranged
in bundles. They put forth new tubes by ramification. The basal lamella is very
thick and is formed by the exterior wall of long basal tubes without polypide
which ramify at nearly the half of their length. Each basal tube takes its origin
on the interior of the zoarium which is just the contrary to what is observed on
the basal lamella of forms with conical tubes.
The Frondiporidae are extremely rare in our American Tertiary formations.
They appear to have disappeared from our recent American waters ; neither Smitt.
Robertson, nor Osborn cites a single species of the family. On the contrary, the
specimens of this family swarm in the Mediterranean.
Genus FRONDIPORA Imperato, 1599.
159'J. Frondipora IMPERATO. Dell Ilistoria uaturale, p. 031.
" Frondipora has the ovicell across the anterior surface of a branch, not much
raised, and the oeciostome, about 0.12 mm. wide, with the lower edge straight, also
is but little raised, and is not attached to a group of zooecia." (Waters.) The
fascicles are arranged only on the anterior face of the zoarium.
804
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Fx12
H x12
x12
FIG. 261. — Family Frondiporidae Busk, 1875.
A-H. Frondipora verrucosa Lamouroux, 1821. A, B. Two longitudinal thin sections of a
branch, X 12. C. Transverse section, X 12, through an ovicelled branch showing the position of
the ovicell between the fascicles. D. Transverse section through a branch, X 25, and cutting a
fascicle longitudinally. E. Larva of Frondipora showing internal sac (s). (After Barrois, 1882.)
F, G. Ovicelled branches. X 12. H. Transversal section though an ovicell, X 12, showing that
the isolated tubes form the pillars supporting the upper w;ills.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
805
Genotype. — Frondipora verrucosa Lamouroux, 1821.
Range. — Priabonian-Recent.
The zoarial variations are very great. Generally the zoariuin forms true
bushy masses which assume the most fantastic and elegant forms. Our fossil
specimens are only the insignificant remains of such zoaria.
FIG. 202. — Genus Froml-i/iora Imperato, 1599.
A-K. Frondipora rcrnicos/i Lamouroux, 1821. A, B. Zoaria, natural size. C. Frontal o;
branch, X 25, showing fascicles confluent. D. Dorsal, X 25. (A-D, after Busk, 1875.) E.
Frontal of branch, X 3. F. Dorsal. X H. (.;. Frcntal of a young branch, X 12. H-J. Young
specimens, natural size. K. Colony, natural size, growing on a shell. (E-K, after Waters, 1879.)
806
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
FRONDIPORA LAEVIGATA. new species.
Plate 147, tigs. 15-27.
Description. — The zoarium is formed of compressed and dichotomous branches.
The fciscicles are formed of two to five tubes; they are little salient and arranged in
compact groups or in linear series. The tubes are distinct, separated by a furrow;
the peristome is thin, orbicular, or polygonal. The posterior face is convex, striated
longitudinally by the tubes. The interfascicular spaces are smooth.
Variations. — The arrangement of the fascicles is quite variable; there is not
one which resembles another. They are scattered or in alternate lateral, pluriserial,
or monoserial series, very salient or hardly salient. There are never any isolated
tubes between the fascicles, as in Frondipora interporosa.
FIG. 263. — Telopora, new genus.
A. Telopora (Kupercytis) waters! Harmer, 1915. View of ovicelled zoarium, X 12.
B-D. Telopora (Supercytis) digitata Waters, 1884. B. Top of view of zoarium, X 6. C.
Side view, natural size. D. Basal view, X 2.
In transverse section (fig. 26) all the tubes are of the same diameter. Between
them there are some small pores which appear to be new tubes. The latter
promptly attain their normal diameter, as can be seen in longitudinal section (figs.
24, 25). The peristomie of the tubes makes a more or less acute angle with their
longitudinal axis (figs. 24, 25). There are sometimes diaphragms in the tubes.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian (Castle Hayne limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (rare).
Cotypes.—C&t. No. 65436, U.S.N.M.
FRONDIPORA INTERPOROSA. new species.
Plate 148, figs. 20-23.
We have only collected five specimens of this species. It differs from Frondi-
pora laevigata in the presence of isolated tubes between the fascicles.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Near Loniuls Ferry, South Carolina.
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 65451, U.S.N.M.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
807
TELOPORA, new genus.
Greek : telos, end, in allusion to the position of the ovicell.
Ovicell at the end of the erect colony spreading over the whole width.
Genotype. — Telopora (Supercytis) watersi Harmer, 1915.
Range. — Miocene-Recent.
Telopora (Supercytis) digitata Waters, 1884, belongs to this genus.
This genus presents the greatest zoarial analogy with Supercytis D'Orbigny,
1852. but the ovicell is totally different.
TELOPORA ? PATENS, new species.
Plate 148, figs. 24-27.
Description. — The zoarium is supported on a spreading base attached to algae:
it is formed of wide divergent branches, little erect, irregularly branched. The
anterior or cellular face is covered by the oblique orifices of the tubes. The pos-
terior face bears sulci with large pores at the base.
Affinities. — This species is not a Telopora, for this genus does not present
sulci on the dorsal. The
figured specimen only has
been discovered. We have
thought that it was useless
to form a new genus for a
nonovicelled specimen of
which we are unable to make
a section.
Occurrence. - - Middle
Jacksonian (Castle Hayne
limestone) : Wilmington,
North Carolina (rare).
Hole-type. — Cat. No.
65452. U.S.N.M.
Forma FASCICULIPORA
D'Orbigny, 1846.
1846. Fasciculipora D'Oit-
BIGNY, Voyage clans
on^r^r 5MT 4 FlG 2G4'-Genus Fasciculipora D'Orbigny, 1846.
A-D. Fasciculipora ramosa D'Orbigny, 1846. A. The fungi-
form zoarium, natural size and enlarged (after Busk, ]875).
" Zoarium with long B_D D'Orbigny's original figures of the species, representing
branches, which may be sim- the zoarium, natural side and enlarged, and the zooecial surface
pie or branch into a dendroid enlarged. Recent. South Patagonia.
stipitate zoarium. The capitulum is simple or lobed. The branches are cylindrical
and may be clavate. The sides may be covered by a thick epizoarium, or marked
by interzooecial striae or grooves." (After Gregory.)
808
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Genotype. — Fasciculipora ramosa D'Orbigny, 1846.
Range. — Neocomian-Recent.
This genus differs from Frondipora in its long fascicles not arranged on a
single side of the zoarium. The ovicell has never been discovered. It is therefore
convenient to consider it only as a zoarial form.
FASCICULIPORA SURCULIFERA. new species.
Plate 148, figs. 14-19.
We have discovered only the two small specimens figured ; these are two small
branches of which we have not been able to make a section.
Occurrence. — Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Alachua. Florida (very
rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 65450, U.S.N.M.
D —
FIG. 265. — Forma Discofascigera D'Orbigny, 1852.
A, B. Views of Discofascigera (Defrancia) exaltata Waters, 1884, natural size and X 25.
C, D, E. Various aspects enlarged of a zoarium of Discofascigera ligeriensis D'Orbigny, 1852.
Forma DISCOFASCIGERA D'Orbigny, 1852.
1852. Discofascigera D'ORBIGNY, Paleontologie franoaise Terrain Cre'tace', Bryozoaires,
vol. 5, p. 674.
The zoarium consists of a single, unbranched bundle of zooecia; the zooecia
are short, and the zoarium is fungiform, consisting of a short stalk which rapidly
expands above into a circular or subcircular disk, with a convex upper surface.
Apertures crowded and all on the upper surface of the zoarium; they are either
irregular or subquincuncial in arrangement. (After Gregory, 1909).
Genotype. — Discofascigera ligeriensis D'Orbigny, 1852.
Range. — Albian-Miocene.
The Tertiary species cited by Gregory are :
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
809
Discofascigera (Dcfranda) exaltata Waters, 1884. Miocene of Australia.
I>iscofascigera (Defranna) brendolcnsis Waters, 1892. Priabonian.
I>iscofasci.(jcra (Discotitbigera^ actinoides Manzoni, 1878. Miocene of Europe.
Discofasdgera (Supcrcytis} digitafa MacGillivray, 1895. ( = Telopora.)
All these species are extremely rare. Their ovicells have never been observed.
We therefore consider D'Orbigny's genus as amended by Gregory, as a zoarial
form and we describe it here for convenience in determination. There is no
evidence to show that it is a member of the Frondiporidae.
FIG. 206. — Forma Apscndesia Lamouroux, 18^1.
A-K. Apsendesia cristata Lamouroux, 1821. A-D. Top views of four zoaria, natural size.
E. Basal view of specimen D. F. Young Koarium, natural size. G, H. Top and basal views of a
well-developed example, natural size. I, J. Elevated branches, natural size, and X S. K. The
summit of the same branches, X 8.
Forma APSENDESIA Lamouroux, 1821.
1821. Apsendesia LAMOUROUX, Exposition me'thodiqne des genres de 1'ordre des Polypiers,
avec leur description et celle des principales especes, p. 81.
"Fascigeridae with a massive zoarium, which develops from a small cup-
shaped disk. The zooecial groups in the adult are long, and form irregularly
sinuous series, which may be so crowded that the zoarium becomes massive. Aper-
tures all on the ends of the zooecial bundles." (After Gregory. 1909.)
Genotype. — Apsendesia cristata Lamouroux, 1821.
Range. — Jurassic-Cretaceous.
This is a zoarial form in which the ovicell has not yet been discovered.
Subdivision RECTANGULATA Waters, 1887.
The ovicell is developed perpendicularly to the terminal zooecial axis between
the peristomes and not between the tubes.
rr^
aperture of ovicell
roof of
ovicell
810
_embryophore
fertile brown body
aperture of ovicell
FIG. 267. — Family Lichenoporklae Smitt, 1866.
NORTH AMF.IIICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 811
FIG. 267.— Family Lichenoporidae Smitt, I860.
A. Embryo of Lichenopora at the time of the division of the ectoderm into two distinct halves
of which one is destined to be recovered.
B. Embryo of Lichenoporu liispida Fleming, 1828. Meridian section of an embryo more ad-
vanced in its development than the preceding one. The internal sac (si) the corouua (co) the
thickness of the calotte (cal) and the palleal epithelum (c) are differentiated at the cost of the
external cellular layer. The internal cellular layer forms a lining which continues to the cavity
of the embryo. (After Calvet, 1900.)
C. Larva of Lii-ln'iinpitrn ; it is flat and not elongated as in the other Cyclostomata ( *, in-
ternal sac). The calotte is covered by the mantle, a feature which does not exist in the larva of
the Cheilostomata. (After Barrois, 1886.)
D. E. Protoecium of Liclicitopnrtt seen from the front and in profile. (After Barrois, 1886.)
F-R. Lichenopora i-crnicnsa Fabricius. F-I. Drawings showing development of the ances-
trula and formation of the zoarium.
J. Colony in which the roof of the ovicell -is developing. The aperture of the ovicell is not
yet completely formed. The proximal edge of the basal lamina has nearly reached the protoe-
cium.
K. Part of the growing edge of an adult colony, showing the way in which new zooecia are
formed and representing various stages in the development of the alveoli.
L. Horizontal section of a colony consisting of three complete zooecia only and showing the
anatomical structure.
M. Thick radial section of part of an old colony showing the relations of the ovicell to the
zooecia.
N. Diagram of the growth of the margin of the colony. The thick lines represent two young
zooecia and part of the basal lamina as they would be seen in the radial section, and the dotted
lines represent the condition of the corresponding parts after a certain amount of growth has
taken place ; ACHB is the basal lamina. The zooecium whose point is marked D has its upper
end free, even in the earlier condition, while that marked E is still incomplete on its distal side
(fig. K).
O. Entire colony stained and mounted in Canada balsam. The shaded part shows how-
much of the ovicell is completely roofed. The alveoli which are still unroofed are not specially
indicated. The ovieell has an aperture, at the base of wfiich is the fertile brown body (primary
embryo). Parts of the zooecia which are seen either through other zooecia or through-the roof
of the ovicell are indicated by dotted lines. The colony is left-handed. Z2 is occluded and was
obviously fertile and would hardly have been visible at all in a dry preparation. The embryo-
phore is that part of the ovicell in which the secondary embryos are developed.
P. Zooecia from an old colony. The alveoli are still distinctly visible and the cancelli are
commencing in the interalveolar grooves or at the base of the zooecia. The left hand zooecium is
closed by a porous calcareous cap.
Q. Two zooecia from a very old colony, with secondary thickening. The porous roof of the
ovicell is seen at the bottom of a set of honey comb-like spaces, the so-called " cancelli " ; some of
these are covering the bases of the zooecia, and in the left hand zooecium these are entirely or
partially roofed. Two of the blister-like swellings thus formed have part of their roof still un-
calcified.
R. Diagram to explain the difference between "right-handed" (dextral) and "left-handed"
(sinistral) colonies. (F-R, after Harmer, 1896.)
812 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Family LICHENOPORIDAE Smitt, 1866.
Anatomical bibliofiraphy. — 1884. WATERS, Closure of the Cyclostornatous Bryozoa, Journal Linnean
Society, Zoology, vol. 37, p. 403, pi. 17, figs. 1, 6, 7, 8.— 1886. BARKOIS Memoire sur la Meta-
morphose de quelques Bryozoaires, BibliotMque de 1'Ecole des Hautes etudes; Section des
Sciences naturelles. vol. 32, No. 5, pp. 42. 94. pi. 3. fig. 30; pi. 4, fig. 28.— 188S. WATERS, On ttie
ovicells of some Lichenoporidae, Journal Linnean Society, Zoology, vol. 20, pp. 280-285, pi. 15. —
1896. HAKMER, On the development of Llchenoporji verrucaria Fabricius, Quarterly Journal
Microscopical Science, new ser., vol. 39, pp. 71-144, pis. 7-10.— 1914. WATERS, The Marine
Fauna of Zanzibar and British East Africa, Zoological Society of Loudon, p. 836.
The larva is very large and flattened. It is not elongated as in the other cyclos-
tomes. The. ovicell is lobate; it covers the zoarial center or it is placed between the
fascicles. The oeciostome is very large. The zooecia are joined in radiating
fascicles. The cancelli are placed at the zoarial center and between the fascicles.
The cancelli are adventitious tubes which seem peculiar to the Lichenoporidae.
They are garnished with spinules and are closed by a finely perforated calcareous
lamella, Their structure is constant for each species and characterizes the species.
Their function is unknown.
Generally the tubes are terminated by a long, very fragile point called the
galea (=visor) by Jullien. The part which it protects forms a trap for diatoms.
The first tubes issued from the ancestrula are not parallel to it. This obliquity
explains their peculiar spindle arrangement in the median sections where their
projection on the flat section is alone visible. This arrangement does not exist in
the Tubuliporidae.
The ovicells often cover the cancelli; but in the same species the contrary may
occur and the cancelli may cover the ovicell.
The tubes never creep on the basal lamella. They bend upward immediately
after their formation. The abrasion of the lower face of the zoaria offers, there-
fore, the aspect of a transverse section in the tubes.
Genus LICHENOPORA Def ranee, 1823.
1823. Lichenopora DEFRANCE, Dictionnaire des Sciences naturelles, vol. 26, p. 256.
The zoarium is orbicular, simple or composite. The fascicles are mono- or
pluri-serial. The ovicell is placed in the center of the zoarium. Its oeciostome is
larger than the tubes.
Genotype. — Lichenopora (Discopora) hispida Fleming. 1828.
Range. — Neocomian-Recent,
This genus has been dismembered by the paleontologists into many other genera
according to the zoarial variations. Text figure 269 gives a summary of the genera
as recognized by Gregory, 1899. The zoologists have never recognized them because
the same species is capable of taking a number of zoarial forms and because these
zoarial forms do not correspond to special functions.
The Lichenoporidae are very fragile. They are easily broken. On the fossils
the visors are rarely preserved in their entirety. The determination of the species,
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 813
even the recent ones, presents therefore much difficulty. As the oeciostomes and
the cancelli can only give constant characters, we have given a summary in figure
256 of our knowledge of these important organs. On the fossils we have not yet
discovered the complete oeciostome and this absence of character much weakens
the determinations.
The first two zooecia issued from the ancestrula determines the direction of
the tubes in a given section. We call them directrices and they are always of a
smaller diameter than the other tubes.
LICHENOPORA BOLETIFORMIS Eeuss, 1869.
Plate 130, figs. 1-11.
1869. L'a'iiopora boletiformis REUSS, Paliiontologische Studien liber die iilteren Tertiiir-
scliichten der Alpen, Denkschriften der k. Akaderuie der Wissenschaften, Wien,
vol. 29, p. 81, pi. 28, fig. 7 (1) (not Tecticavea boletiformis D'Orbigny, 1S54, nor
Lichenopora boletiformis Waters, 1884.)
Description. — The zoarinm is free and reposes on the substratum only by a
thin peduncle. It is formed of many lamellae superposed. Each lamella contains
many confluent subcolonies. The basal lamella is thick and striated concentrically.
The subcolonies are orbicular or elliptical with a large central area. The fascicles
are little salient, short, biserial or triserial. The tubes are small and deprived of
visor. The cancelli are larger than the tubes; they are polygonal and their walls
are thin.
Diameter of the tubes _ 0.16 mm.
Measurements. —
Diameter of the cancelli _ 0.20
mm.
Greatest dimension of the zoaria 1 cm.
Variations. — The fascicles become much attenuated and the zoaria have then
much resemblance to Ceriopora (fig. 6). The zoarium has no fixed form, but
a very convex ensemble is the most frequent. Each subcolony has no special basal
lamella. The tubes are polygonal (figs. 7, 8) in the sections but they are round
in the broken portion. The spinules of the cancelli (fig. 8) are small, numerous,
and arranged in longitudinal series.
The median sections vary according to place where they are made. In a
section (fig. 10) perpendicular to the fascicles the tubes are seen from the front.
In section (fig. 11) practically within a fascicle the tubes appear in their length
and parallel to each other.
Affinities. — On account of its multiserial fascicles this species is very close to
Lichenopora mediterranea Michelin, 1848, and to Lichenopora vemtcosa Philippi,
1843. It is distinguished from them by the greater micrometric and zoarial dimen-
sions.
Occi/.t'/'cnci'. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (common);
Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (very common) ; Baldock. Barnwell County, South
Carolina (rare).
Geological distribution. — Priabonian of the Vicentin (Reuss).
Plesiotypes.—C'&t. No. 65453, U.S.N.M.
814
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
FIG. 268.— Genus Lictienopora Defrance, 1823.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 815
FIG. 268.— Genus Lichenopora Defrance, 1823.
A. Fragment of the zoarium, X 25, of Lichenopora hispida Fleming, 1828, showing the can-
celli and the tubes provided with the visor. (After Hincks, 1880.)
B. Ovicell of Lichenopora bullata MacGillivray, 1886, superposed upon eancelli. (After Mac-
Gillivray, 1889.)
C. D. Longitudinal section, X 7, and X 12 of Lichenopora boletifonitis Reuss, 1869, a fossil
from Aldinga, Australia, showing tabulae irregularly placed. (After Waters, 1SS4. )
E. Protoecium of Lichenopora hispida Fleming, 1828.
F. A single cell of Lichenopora verrucaria Fabricius, 1780, showing the acuminate margin.
(E, F, after Hincks, 1880.)
G-U. Figures showing oeciostomes and spinules of the eancelli. G. Lichenopora hispida
Fleming, 1828. (After Hincks, 1880.) H. Lichenopora holdsivorthi Busk, 1S75. (After Waters,
1888.) I. Lichenopora mediterranea Blainville, 1834. (After Harmer, 1915.) J, K. Licheno-
pora echinata MacGillivray, 1883. (After Waters, 18S8.) L, M. Lichenopora radiata Audouiu,
1826. (After Hincks, 1880, and Waters, 1879.) In L the eancelli to the left are closed by a
delicate calcareous cover perforated with about two to ten holes and to the right they show spines
with globular terminations. N, O. Lichenopora novae-selandiae Busk, 1875. (After Harmer,
1915.) P, Q. Lichenopora verrucaria Fabricius, 1780. (After Smitt, 1866, and Harmer, 1896.)
R. Lichenopora reticulata MacGillivray, 1883. (After Waters, 1894.) S. Lichenopora vena-
buluni Jullien, 1888. (After Waters, 1887.) T. Lichenopora fimbriata Busk, 1875. (After
Busk.) U. Lichawpora capillata Kirkpatrick, 1890. (After Kirkpa trick.)
Slli
J-"IG. 2Gi}. — Xuariul forms of Licheno/iuiu.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 817
FIG. 269. — Zoarial forms of Liclienopora.
A, a-e. Discocavca D'Orbigny, 1853. Genotype. Discoeavea irrcgularis D'Orbigiiy, 1853.
Various views of Discocacea elegana Simonowitch, 1871. (After Sinionowitch.)
B, a-c. Liclienopora Defrance, 1823. Genotype Liclienopora turbinata Defrance, 1823.
Liclienopora steUata Goldfuss, 1827. (After Gregory, 1909.) o. Portion of frontal ; 6. tangential
thin section, X 20: c, vertical thin section, X 13*.
C, Or-c. Pyricavea D'Orbigny, 1853. Views of the genotype Pyricavea franqana D'Orbigny,
1853. (After D'Orbigny.)
D, a-c. Bimulticavea D'Orbigny, 1853. Views of the genotype Bimulticavea variabilis D'Or-
bigny, 1853. (After D'Orbigny.)
E, a-<7. Xciiiiiiiiilticarca D'Orbigny, 1853. Semimulticavea landrioti D'Orbigny, 1853. (After
D'Orbigny. )
F, o-(f. Radiopora D'Orbigny, 1849. Zoarium, natural size and enlarged, of the genotype
Radiftpora mendonensis D'Orbigny, 1853. (After D'Orbigny.) c, d,. longitudinal and transverse
sections of Radiopora neocomiensis D'Orbigny, 1850. (After Gregory, 1909.)
G, a-f. Tholopora Gregory. 1909. (Domopora D'Orbigny. 1849.) G. 6, c, d. Zoarium natural
size, the extremity enlarged and a longitudinal thin section of the genotype Domopora clavata
Goldfuss. 1827. G, «, e, f. Similar views of Domopora rirgulosa Gregory, 1909. (After Sirnono-
witcb, 1871.)
55899— 20— Bull. 106 52
818 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
LICHENOPORA VERRUCOSA Philippi, 1843.
Plate 131, figs. 10-13, and plate 130, figs. 12, 13.
1843. Ceriopora verrucosa PHILIPPI, Beitrage zur Kenntuiss der Tertiarversteinerungen
des nordwestlichen Deutschlands, p. 67, pi. 1, fig. 12.
1S64. Heteroporella verrucosa RETJSS, Zur Fauna des deutschen oberoligoeans, Sitzungs-
berichte der k. Academic rter Wissenschaften, Wien, vol. 50, pt. 2, p. 68. pi. 7,
figs. 1, 2.
1865. Heteroporella verrucosa RETJSS, Die bryozoen des deutschen Septarienthones,
Denkschriften der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, vol. 25, p. 201 (sec. 85).
1869. Heteroporella, verrucosa REUSS, Zur Fossilen der Oligociinschichten von Gaas,
Sitzungsberiehte der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol. 59, p. 34.
1SS4. Heteroporella verrucosa SCHREIBER, Beitrage zur Fauna des mitteloligocanen
Grunsandes aus dem Untergrunde Magdeburgs, vol. 2, p. 11, pi. 2, fig. 16.
Description. — The zoarium is simple or composite. When it is simple it is
discoidal, very convex ; the lower face is convex, pedunculate and the basal lamella
is striated concentrically. The central area is large and is occupied by the ovicell.
The fascicles are salient bi- or tri-serial, not continued as far as the zoarial border.
The shorter ones are the more exterior. The tubes are polygonal and smaller than
the cancelli. They have no visor. The cancelli are larger in the central area and
smaller between the fascicles. The spinules are quite long, scattered, and very
fragile. The ovicell is placed under the central area.
Width of the fascicles 0.20 mm.
Diameter of the central cancelli 0.16 mm.
Zoarial diameter 6.00 mm.
Diameter of the interfascicular cancelli 0.12 mm.
Diameter of the tube 0.10-0.12 mm.
Affinities. — The zoaria observed are simple and discoidal ; sometimes they are
superposed (as in Domopora).
This species much resembles Lichenopora defranciana Michelin, 1848, of the
Paris Lutetian. It differs from it in its zoarium, which is not supported by a
large peduncle and not turbinate, and in its convex and hollow lower face.
The comparison with German Oligocene fossils is always a little doubtful,
these fossils neVer having been distributed to the principal museums of the world.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (rare); near
Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare).
Geologic distribution.— Middle and Upper Oligocene of Germany (Eeuss) ;
Stampian of Gaas in France (Keuss).
Plesiotypes.—Cnt. Nos. 65363, 65454, U.S.N.M.
LICHENOPORA GRIGNONENSIS Milne-Edwards, 1838_
Plate 129, figs. 1-11.
1823. Licttenopora crispa DEFRANCE, Dictionnaire des Sciences naturalles, vol. 26, p. 257.
1838. Ttiltilipora grignonensis MILNE-EDWARDS, Meinoire sur les Tubulipores, Annales des
Sciences naturalles, Paris, vol. 9, p. 13, pi. 13, fig. 2.
1845. Tubulipora grignonensis MICHELIN, Iconographie Zoophytologique, Paris, p. 169,
pi. 46, fig. 7.
Measurements. —
Measurements. —
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 819
1852. Unicavea grignonensis D'OHHIGNY, Paleoutologie frangaise, Terrains cretacf, Bryozo-
aires, p. 971.
1S52. Discocavca parnensis D'ORBINOY, Palexmtologie fraugnise, Cryozoaires, p. 958.
1852. Radiotublgcra grignonensis D'ORBIGNY, Pal£ontologie frangaise, p. 756.
1852. Discocavea crispa D'OBBIGNY, Paleontologie frangaise, p. 958.
18S6. DiscoporcUa grignonensis FERGENS and MEUNIER, Les Bryozoaires du SystSme
Montieu, Louvain, p. 14.
1909. Lichenopora grignonensis CANU, Bryozoaires tertiares des environs de Paris, Annales
de Paleontologie, vol. 5, p. 134, pi. 17, figs. 3-7.
Description. — The zoarium is simple, free, and cliscoidal or composite incrust-
ing, formed of a lamella with adjacent subcolonies. The basal lamella is thick and
striated concentrically. The central area is large and concave. The fascicles are
salient, solely in the vicinity of the central area; they are uniserial, short, and never
reach the zoarial margins. The tubes are small, recumbent, provided with a visor;
the}' are arranged in quincunx in the vicinity of the zoarial margins. The cancelli
are polygonal and small. The ovicell placed in the central area covers over the
cancelli.
Diameter of the cancelli 0.06-0.10 mm.
Diameter of the tubes 0.10 mm.
Maximum diameter of the simple zoaria 0.75 mm.
Affinities. — This species is evidently the Lichenopora Mspida Fleming, 1828,
universally distributed throughout all the seas of the globe. The variations noted
in this species are so extraordinary that a revision of the known specimens appears
necessary. The oeciostome figured by Hincks has not been rediscovered ; the ovi-
celled specimens from the Mediterranean have never shown it. The arrangement
in quincunx of the tubes on the zoarial margins does not therefore appear as a
sufficient specific character if it is not supplemented by the character of the ovicell,
the oeciostome, and the cancelli. In adopting the name Lichenopora grignonensis
we are certain of having made a good identification, the comparison of the speci-
mens having been made directly. Some subsequent studies will make the synonyms
more specific.
The composite zoaria appear to incrust algae, forming a greater or less thick-
ness with many lamellae superposed. Two specimens from Cocoa post office,
Choctaw County, Alabama, are hollow and measure 6 by 24 centimeters.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) ; Luverne, C'renshaw County,
Alabama (common) ; 1 mile west of Fort Gaines, Georgia (rare).
Claibornian: Claiborne, Alabama (very rare).
Jacksonian: Three and one-half miles southeast of Shell Bluff post office,
Georgia (common).
Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (common).
Middle Jacksonian: Wilmington, North Carolina (very common); near
Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (very common) ; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina
(common) ; 18 miles west of Wrightsville, Johnson County, Georgia, (rare) ; Rich
Hill, 5J miles southeast of Knoxville. Crawford Count}'. Georgia ; 3J miles south of
Perry, Georgia (rare).
820 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Upper Jacksonian (Ocala limestone) : Chipola River, east of Marianna, Jack-
son Count}', Florida (rare) ; 1£ miles above Bainbridge, Georgia (rare).
Jacksonian (Zeuglodon bed) : Bluff on south side of Suck Creek, Clarke
County, Mississippi (rare) ; Shubuta, Mississippi (rare) ; Pachuta, Clarke County,
Mississippi (rare) ; Cocoa post office, Choctaw County, Alabama (rare).
Geological distribution. — Lutetian of the environs of Paris (Cami).
Plesiotypes.—CuL Nos. 65259, 65260, U.S.N.M.
LICHENOPORA GRIGNONENSIS, var. MULTILAMELLOSA, new variety.
Plate 133, figs. 14-17.
We have discovered some multilamellar zoaria which offer the aspect of true
Cenopora because they are altered by fossilization. The fascicles are hardly
visible, and exact determination is impossible. Nevertheless the cancelli are much
smaller than on the similar masses of Lichenopora holetiformis Eeuss, 1869. The
superposed lamellae are not always intimately joined; in dissecting away a frag-
ment of the upper lamella of a specimen from Rich Hill, Georgia, we have verified
on the well-preserved lower lamella the presence of the fascicles and the visors
characteristic of Lichenopora grignonensis. This latter species never having been
found in all the localities mentioned, we believe it necessary to establish a variety,
but this is very probably only a simple variation analogous to that already men-
tioned in other composite Lichenopora. The ovicell observed was concave at the
center and convex between the fascicles.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: One-half mile south of Georgia Kaolin
Company's mine, Twiggs County Georgia (rare) ; Baldock, Barnwell County, South
Carolina (rare) ; Rich Hill, 5£ miles southeast of Knoxville, Crawford County,
Georgia (common) ; 17 miles northeast of Hawkinsville, Georgia.
Cotypes.—C&t. No. 65365, U.S.N.M.
LICHENOPORA PROLIFERA Reuss, 1847.
Plate 162, figs. 4-7.
1847. Defnincia prolifera REUSS, Die fossilen Polyparien des Wiener Tertiarbeckens,
Haidinger's naturwissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, vol. 2, p. 37, pi. 6, fig. 1.
1851. Dcfrancia prolifera REUSS, Ein Beitrag sur Paleontologie der Tertiarschichten
oberschleseus, Zeitschrift der Deutseheii Geologischen Gesellschaf t, vol. 3, p. 175.
1862. Dcfrancia prolifera STOLICZKA, Oligocane Bryozoen von Latdorf in Bernburg, Sitzuugs-
beriehte der k. Akademie der Wisseuschaften, Wein, vol. 45, p. 82.
1877. Defrancia prolifera MANZONI, I Brozoi fossili del Miocene d'Austria ed Ungheria,
III, Denkschriften der k. Akademie der Wisseuscbaften, Wien, vol. 38. p. 17,
pi. 15, fig. 58.
1895. Lichcnopora prolifera NEVIANI, Briozoi fossili delle Farnesina Monte presso Roma,
Palontographia italica, vol. 1, p. 135 (39).
1S96. Lichenopor/i prolifera NEVIANI, Briozoi postpliocenici di Spilinga (Calabria), Atti
dell'Academie Gioenia di Scienze naturali in Catalina, ser. 4, vol. 9, p. 65.
1898. Lichenopora prolifera NEVIANI, Briozoi neozoici di alcune localita d'ltalia, Bollettino
della Societa Romana par gli Studi Zoologici, pi. 4, vol. 7, p. 16 ; pt. 5, p. 15.
1900. Lichenopora prolifera NEVIANI, Briozoi neogenici delle Calabrie, Paleontograpliia
italica, vol. 6, p. 247 (sep. 133).
Description. — The zoarium is simple, very convex, and discoidal or composite,
and formed of superposed disks; the lower face is concave with a peduncle hardly
Measuremen ts. —
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 821
salient and striated concentrically on the basal lamella. The central area is very
large. The fascicles are salient, regular, from 18 to 22 in number, continued
almost to the zoarial margin, monoserial. The tubes are rectangular, smaller than
the cancelli and without visor. The cancelli are large and polygonal.
Diameter of the cancelli 0.12 mm.
Diameter of the tubes 0.10 mm.
Diameter of the zoaria 3.00 mm.
Affinities. — There is in the Oligocene a species very close to HeteroporeUa
de/oj^mi-s Reuss, 1847, but in which the central area is much smaller. This species
was refigured in 1877 by Manzoni with very different characters from the figure
by Reuss. 1864, not cited, moreover, in the synonymy. On the other hand, Stoliczka,
1861. having found the species of Reuss. 1847, in the Lower Oligocene of Latdorf,
its discovery in the Vicksburgian is not unexpected. Our specimens are much like
the figures of Lichenopora prolifera by Reuss and Manzoni, and our identification
appears to be good.
Neviani cited this species in the Pliocene and in the Quarternary. Perhaps
he confused it with Lichenopora rafdafa Savigny-Audouin, 1826, although dis-
tinction between the two species ought to be easy to determine.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : Salt Mountain. 5 miles
south of Jackson, Alabama (rare).
Geological distribution. — Latclorfian of Germany (Stoliczka) ; Helvetian of
Italy (Neviani) ; Tortonian of Austria-Hungary (Reuss) ; Astian of Italy
(Neviani).
Plesiotypcs.—Cat. No. 65473, U.S.N.M.
LICHENOPORA GOLDFUSSI Reuss, 1864.
Plate 162, figs. 8-20.
1847. Defrancia stcJlata REUSS, Die fossilen polyparien cles Wiener TertTarbeckens, Hai-
dingers" naturwissenschaftliche Abhandlungen, vol. 2, p. 37, pi. 6, fig. 2. (Not
Goldfuss, 1827.)
1864. Radioporfi goldfussi REUSS, Zur fauna cles cleutschen Oberoligocans, Sitzungsbericlite
der k. Akademie der Wissenschafteu. AVien, vol. 5, p. 676 (sep. 65.)
1865. Radiupora goldfussi RETTSS, t'eber die Foraminiferen imd Bryozoeu des deutschen
Septa rienthones, Denkschriften der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften, AVien, vol. 2.~>,
p. 84, pi. 10, figs. 11, 12.
1877. Defrancia steUata MANZONI, I Briozoi fossili del Miocene d'Austria ed Ungheria,
Denkschriften der k. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Wien, vol. 37, p. 16, pi. 16, fig. 63.
Description. — The zoarium is simple, discoidal, very convex ; the lower face
is very concave and striated concentrically. The fascicles are salient, regular, tri-
serial, complete almost to the zoarial margins ; the central area is small. The tubes
are a little smaller than the central cancelli. They are polygonal and deprived of a
visor. The cancelli are large, polygonal, and without spinule.
Diameter of the tubes — . 0.10 mm.
Diameter of the cancelli 0.10-0.14 mm.
M, asurements— Diame{er Of the large zoaria 8.00 mm.
Width of the fascicles.- _ 0.30-0.40 mm.
822
BULLETIX 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Affinities. — In its multiserial fascicles this species much resembles Lichenopora
verrucosa Philippi, 1843. It differs from it in the greater width of its fascicles,
which are continued almost to the zoarial margins. The orifice of the cancelli is
less excavated.
In 1877 Manzoni did not appear to admit the identity of the Oligocene species
with the Miocene; we do not see, however, any essential difference. Our specimens
from Monroeville, Alabama, are very well represented by the figures given for the
Miocene form, although generally the central area is much smaller.
We have not discovered the ovicell, nor the spinules. The species is perhaps not
a Lichenopora^ and it will be necessary to await the collection of a large number of
specimens before placing it definitely.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian ( Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Monroe-
ville, Alabama (very abundant) ; Salt Mountain, 5 miles south of Jackson, Ala-
bama (common) ; near Claiborne, Monroe County, Alabama (rare).
Geological distribution. — Rupelian of Germany (Eeuss) ; Chattian of Germany
(Keuss) ; Tortonian of Austria-Hungary (Keuss).
Plesiotypes.—G&t. No. 65-474, U.S.N.M.
FIG. 270. — Orosopora, new genus.
A. Ovicelled specimen, X 2r>, of Desmeplagioecia (Lichenopora) linetata MacGillivray.
(After Waters, 1888.) (Introduced by error.)
B. Portion of ovicelled zoariuni, X 12, of Orosopora (Lichenopora) ciUata Busk, 1875.
(After Waters, 1887.)
OROSOPORA, new genus.
Greek : oros, signifying border.
The ovicell is placed near the zoarial margin and not at the center of the
zoariuni.
Genotype. — Orosopora (Lichenopora) ciliata Busk, 1875.
Range. — Recent.
Genus TROCHILIOPORA Gregory, 1909.
1909. Trochilioiiora GREGORY, Catalogue Fossil Bryozoa in Department of Geology, British
Museum, Cretaceous Bryozoa, vol. 1, p. 265.
Lichenoporidae with a single top shape or capitate zoarium, composed of a
constricted stem and expanded head. Apertures in vertical series on the margin of
the head. (After Gregory.) The lower face bears cancelli.
Genotype. — TrochiHopora humei Gregory, 1909. Santonian.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 823
Genus CONOCAVA Calvet, 1911.
1911. (-'on ucura CALVET, Diagnoses de quelques especes iiouvelles de Bryozaires C.vclostiniics
provenant des Carupagnes scientifiques accomplies par S.A.S. le Prince de Monaco
a bord de la Pnnccsse Alice, Bulletin Institut oceanographia Monaco, No. 215, p. 8.
Zoarium conical, fixed to the substratum by its enlarged summit and increasing
in size at the base. Lateral surface occupied in part by salient series of tubular
B -J
FIG. 271. — Genus Trochiliopora Greg-
ory, 1909.
Side and top views, X 3, of the type
of the genus Trochiliopora hmnei
Gregory, 1909, from the Chalk of
England.
FIG. 272. — Genus Conocava Cal-
vet, 1911.
Zoarium of Conocava rich-
ardi Calvet, 1911, X 22.
zooecia. arranged side by side, and according to as many generatrices of the colonial
cone as there are series, these being separated from each other by depressions where
the intermediate pores are found. (Calvet.)
Genotype. — Conocava richardi Calvet, 1911.
Range. — Recent.
LEIOSOECIIDAE, new family.
The ovicell is a large, orbicular, smooth, salient swelling, elevated above a
shallow excavation and obstructing a certain number of tubes.
This family offers the greatest analogy with that of the Plagioeciidae with
which it will be necessary to join it if we find intermediate forms. It has only
appeared to differ from it in a greater constancy of the orbicular form of the
ovicell and in the presence of mesopores. The ovicell of the Ceidae is also very
close, as is that of Entalophora ramossissima D'Orbigny, 1851.
LEIOSOECIA, new genus.
Greek : Icois. smooth, in allusion to the aspect of the ovicell.
The tubes are cylindrical. The mesopores are parietal and regular.
Gcnuti/i>c. — Leiosoecia (Multicrescis) -parvicella Gabb and Horn,
Maastrichten.
1860,
824
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
PARLEIOSOECIA, new genus.
The prefix "par" indicates the presence of club-shaped tubes.
The tubes are club-shaped, bent at right angles at their extremity,
mesopores are numerous with vesicular walls.
Genotype. — Parleiosoecia jacksonica, new species. Jacksonian.
The
Dx25
Ex25
FIG. 273. — Leiosoecia, new genus.
A-F. Leiosoeoia (Multicrescis) parvicella Gabb and Horn, 1800. A-C. Three views of ovi-
celled specimens, X 12, showing that the ovicell obstructs a number of the zooecia. D. Tangen-
tial thin section, X 25. E. Transverse thin section, X 25. F. Vertical thin section, X 25,
showing the cylindrical tubes and the mesopores.
Upper Cretaceous (Vincentown marl) at Vincentown, New Jersey.
PARLEIOSOECIA JACKSONICA, new species.
Plate 148, figs. 1-13.
Description. — The zoarium is free, solid or hollow, irregularly cylindrical and
branched; sometimes clinging to algae or to bryozoa, sometimes attached to the
substratum by an expanded base. The tubes are club-shaped in the great part
of their length, bent and cylindrical at their extremity (sections) ; the peristome
is orbicular, thin, somewhat salient. The mesopores are numerous, polygonal
with vesicular walls (section). The ovicell is orbicular, globular, very salient,
absolutely smooth.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
825
Measuremen ts.-
Diameter of the peristome 0.12 mm.
Interior diameter of the tubes (section) 0.06-0.08 mm.
Maximum diameter of the branches 1.8 mm.
Diameter of the mesopores 0.64 mm.
Diameter of the ovicell 1.35 mm.
Affinities. — Exteriorly this species, much resembles Leiosoecia parvicella Gabb
and Horn, 1860, from the Cretaceous of New Jersey; it differs from it in its club-
shaped tubes, its hollow zoarium, and in its larger and more globular ovicell.
Bx12
A x12
Cx12
FIG. 274. — Parleiosoecia, new genus.
A-C. Parleiosoecia jacJcsonia, new species. A. Ovicelled branch, X 12, showing the smooth
ovicell. B. Transverse section, X 12. C. Vertical section, X 12.
Middle Jacksonian of South Carolina.
It appears rather close to Heteropora subreticulata Eeuss, 1869. from the
Priabonian of Vicentin, but it differs from it in the exterior form of the mesopores.
The interior of the branches presents (fig. 13) a successive series of rather regular
constrictions, the utility of which is not yet known. They do not correspond to
the form of an internal substratum, for the branches are naturally hollow and
closed at their extremities. These internal cavities are often traversed by very
convex diaphragms (fig. 12).
At the ramifications the walls of the mesopores cease to be vesicular, trans-
forming themselves thus into firmatopores or canals of reinforcement.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian. Wilmington, North Carolina (rare) ; near
Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare) ; Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (very com-
mon) ; 18 miles west of Wrightsville, Johnston County, Georgia (very rare) : Rich
Hill, 5£ miles southeast of Knoxville, Crawford County, Georgia (rare) ; 17 miles
northeast of Hawkinsville, Georgia (very common).
Cotypes.—Cai. Nos. 65446-65451, U.S.N.M.
826 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Family TRETOCYCLOECIIDAE Canu, 1919.
1919. Tetrocyclucciidae (in error for Trctocyclocciidae) CANU, Etudes sur les Ovicelles des
Bryozoaires Cyclostonies (2), Bulletin Societe Geologique de France, ser. 4,
vol. 17, p. 346.
The ovicell is orbicular, flat, not salient, smooth, regular, and limited, traversed
by tubes and sometimes by mesopores adjacent to the latter.
This family has a resemblance to the Diaperoeciidae, but differs from it in the
flat orbicular and not globular form of the ovicell, and in the presence of the
mesopores.
Genus TRETOCYCLOECIA Canu, 1919.
1919. Tetrocycloecia (in error for Tretocycloecia) CANU, Etudes sur les Ovicelles des
Bryozoaires Cyclostomes (2), Bulletin Societe Geologique de France, ser. 4,
vol. 17, p. 346.
The tubes are cylindrical. The mesopores are irregularly directed; their walls
are vesicular. The tubes which perforate the ovicell are accompanied by the
adjacent mesopores.
Genotype. — Tretocycloecia (Heteropora) dwhotoma Reuss, 1817 (not Hage-
now, 1851).
Range. — Midwayan-Tortonian.
TRETOCYCLOECIA (?) ATTENUATA Ulrich, 1882.
Plate 109, figs. 1-9.
1882. Heteropora attenuata ULKICH, American Paleozoic Bryozoa, Journal Cincinnati So-
ciety Natural History, vol. 5, p. 144, pi. 6, fig. 12.
1909. Sparsicavea attenuata GBEGOBT, Catalogue Fossil Bryozoa in Department Geology
British Museum, Cretaceous, vol. 2, p. 302.
Description. — The zoarium is solid, cylindrical, branched, with branches
rounded at the summit. The tubes are cylindrical, curved at their extremity (in
section). The peristome is smooth, orbicular, not salient, imperfectly visible. The
mesopores are rare, rounded, smaller than the tubes, with very thick walls and
in section very short and with vesicular walls.
Diameter of the aperture 0.08-0.10 mm.
Diameter of the peristomes 0.10-0.16 mm.
Diameter of the branches 2.00 mm.
Diameter of the mesopores 0.06-0.08 mm.
Diameter of the ovicell 1.00 mm.
Variations. — The number of the mesopores surrounding an aperture is rather
variable. More often there is only one mesopore between the peristomes; some-
times the mesopores are in groups of six or seven. The branches are sometimes
dichotomous and sometimes arborescent. The distance between two mesopores is
almost always greater than their diameter.
The only ovicell discovered was broken; we are therefore not exactly certain
of our generic determination.
Measuremen ts. —
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
827
Measuremen ts. —
Affinities. — This species exteriorly resembles worn specimens of Ascosoecia
l»'o>nit>t:ns; it differs from it in the great thickness of the walls of the mesopores.
It differs from Trctoei/flocrin n'tii-ulatu in its branched, nonreticulate and
smaller zoarium, in its much less numerous mesopores, and in its apertures, which
are arranged in somewhat regular quincunx.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Mabelvale, near Little Rock,
Arkansas (rare).
Cotypcs.—Czt. No. 65256, U.S.N.M.
TRETOCYCLOECIA GRANDIS, new species.
Plate 150, dgs. 7-10.
Description. — The zoarium is flat, cylindrical, branched. The tubes are,
cylindrical or polygonal, bent obliquely at their extremity. The peristome is thin,
orbicular, salient. The apertura is large. The mesopores are large, polygonal,
irregularly grouped, and always closed by a calcareous pellicle rather resistant and
finely perforated. The ovicell is orbicular.
Diameter of the apertura 0.10 mm.
Diameter of the peristome 0.15 mm.
Diameter of the branches 3.20 mm.
Diameter of the mesopores . 0.10 mm.
Diameter of the ovicell 1.25 mm.
Affinities. — This species offers much the aspect of the Pustulopora (Clausa)
retifcra Stoliczka, 1861, of the Latdorfian, the type of which we have not been
able to compare. It differs in its mesopores, the diameter of which never surpasses
that of the tubes,' and in larger apertures (0.10 and not 0.06 mm.).
The figured specimen is the only one found. The study of the species is
therefore incomplete.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (very
rare).
Holotype.—Crt,. No. 65372, U.S.N.M.
TRETOCYCLOECIA RETICULATA, new species.
Plate 149, figs. 1-14.
Description. — The zoarium is free, solid, cylindrical, large, reticulate. The
tubes are very long, cylindrical, bent at a right angle at their extremity; the
apertures are orbicular, grouped in irregular zones (in section). The mesopores
are exteriorly small, polygonal, with thin walls, grouped in irregular, transversal
zones, and of a large diameter in section; the walls are vesicular. Diaphragms
in the tubes are rare. The ovicell is orbicular, hardly salient.
Diameter of the apertura 0.12 mm.
Measurement.?. — Diameter of the mesopores 0.05 mm.
Diameter of the branches__ _ 5.00 mm.
828
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
"•
SI- v «j.
Gx15
Hx25
Fio. 275. — Genus Tretocycloeeia Oanu, 1919.
<25
KORTH AMERICAN KARLY TERTIARY BRYOXOA. 829
FIG. 275. — Genus Tretocycloecia Canu, 1919.
A-I. Tretocycloecia (Heteropora) dichotoma Reuss, 1847. A. Zoarium, natural size. B.
Surface, X 25, showing ovicell pierced by the tubes with accompanying mesopores. C. Interior
of the ovicell, X 25. D. Surface of specimen, X 12, showing ovicell covered by a new layer of
tubes and made visible by fracture. E. Another example, X 12, showing the interior of the ovi-
cell. F. Tangential thin section, X 25. G. Surface of zoarium, X 15. H. Vertical thin section,
X 25. I. Transverse thin section, X 25.
Helvetian of Doue la Fontaine (Maine et Loire) and Mus (Card), France.
830 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Variations. — The zoaria are not always reticulate; it is frequent to find
branches free, smooth, or spinous. The relative arrangement of the apertura and
mesopores is that of Sparsicavea; the zones are almost always transversal, but
very irregular (fig. 3). The mesopores are sometimes closed by a calcareous
lamella.
An excellent longitudinal section permitted us to study the branching of
the zoaria (fig. 11). At the center of the zoarium and quite distant from the
bifurcation, two tubes diverge, an axial tube to the left and an axial tube to the
right ; their successive ramifications diverge necessarily in forming the two zoarial
branches.
The mesopores have a diameter almost equal to that of the tubes; this char-
acter is not visible in the tangential sections (fig. 13). The zones of mesopores
appear to be formed of branched mesopores (figs. 11, 12).
Affinities. — In its reticulate zoarium and in the aspect of its surface, this
species is identical with Ascosoecia ulrichi; it differs from it in its somewhat larger
apertura (0.12 and not 0.10 mm.).
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (rare) ;
Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (very common).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 65374, U.S.N.M.
Genus PARTRETOCYCLOECIA Canu, 1919.
1919. Partctrocycloecia (in error for Partretocycloecia) CANTJ, Etudes sur les Ovicelles
des Bryozoaries Cyclostomes (2), Bulletin Soci£t6 G6ologique de France, ser. 4,
vol. 17, p. 346.
The tubes are club-shaped.
Genotype. — Partretocycloecia (Cavaria) dumosa Ulrich.
Range. — -Midwayan-Vicksburgian.
All the known species of this genus have hollow zoaria (Cavaria form of
growth). The tubes are short and their club-shaped form does not appear very
clearly in transversal sections. It would be preferable to chose a genotype with
a solid zoarium.
Another consequence of the contraction is to transform certain mesopores into
aborted tubes ; that is to say, into dactylethrae.
PARTRETOCYCLOECIA DUMOSA Ulrich, 1901.
Plate 103, figs. 1-14.
1901. Cavaria dumosa ULBICH, Maryland Geological Survey, Eocene, p. 208, pi. 59, figs. 4-8.
Description. — The zoarium is free, hollow, branched, dichotomous. arborescent.
The tubes are short, club-shaped, cylindrical, with their extremity bent (in section).
The peristomes are orbicular, hardly salient, thin, irregularly distributed in quin-
cunx. The mesopores are smaller, polygonal, but rounded and (in section) with
thick walls. The ovicell is large, smooth, perforated by the tubes; each tube is
accompanied by a single mesopore.
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 831
Measurcmcn ts. —
Diameter of the orifices 0.08 mm.
Diameter of the mesopores 0.07 mm.
Diameter of the branches 2.20 mm.
Diameter of the ovicell 1.10 mm.
Variations. — This species has been very well described by Ulrich. Even the
ovicell has been well studied and figured. We have nothing new to add.
The zoarial cavities are irregular and as they are closed we have supposed that
they were hydrostatic.
The adventitious tubes are indeed mesopores and not dactylethrae, for they arise
in front of normal tubes and not on their dorsal.
Oceurence. — Lowest Eocene (Bryozoan bed at base of Aquia formation) :
Upper Marlboro, Maryland (very common).
Plesiotypes—Cat. No. 65239, U.S.N.M.
PARTRETOCYCLOECIA REPTANS, new species.
Plate 150, figs. 11-14.
Description. — The zoarium creeps over bryozoa. It probably gives rise to free
and hollow fronds. The tubes are club-shaped. The peristomes are orbicular, very
thin, little salient, irregularly arranged. The mesopores are numerous, polygonal,
closed by a calcareous lamella. The ovicell is large, orbicular, pierced by the tubes,
but never by the mesopores.
Diameter of the peristomes 0.10-0.12 mm.
Diameter of the orifices 0.08-0.10 mm.
Diameter of the mesopores 0.06 mm.
Diameter of the ovicell 2.00 mm.
Affinities. — D'Orbigny classified this zoarial form in Reptomulticlausa. The
absolute identity of its ovicell with the other species of Partretocydoecia requires
its classification here. The figured specimen is the only one found.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Near Lenuds Ferry, South Carolina (very
rare).
Holotype.—Czt. No. 65373, U.S.N.M.
PARTRETOCYCLOECIA POROSA, new spcries.
Plate 151, figs. 1-6.
Description — The zoarium is massive, orbicular, formed of many superposed
layers. The tubes are very short, club-shaped, bent at their extremity (in section) ;
the peristomes are thin, salient, numerous, elliptical or oval, arranged in quincunx.
The mesopores are numerous, polygonal, smaller than the peristomes, with non-
vesicular walls. The ovicell is very large, orbicular, perforated by the tubes, but not
perforated by the mesopores.
Diameter of the peristomes 0.16 mm.
Diameter of the mesopores 0.04-0.08 mm.
Diameter of the zoaria 10.00 mm.
Diameter of the ovicelL. . 0.35-0.38 mm.
Measurements. —
•%sfe*>
832
N x 12 L •
FIG. 276. — Genus Ascosoecia Canu. 1919.
NOI5TH AMERICAN EARLY TEKTIARY BRYOZOA.
FIG. 276. — Genus Ascosoecia Cauu, 1919.
Forma Zonopora D'Orbiguy, 1854 (=Zonatula Gregory, 1909).
A-I. Ascosoecia (Zonopora) arborea Koch and Dunker, 1837. A. Zoarium restored, natural
size, from the Neocomian of France. B. Surface of a well preserved zoarium with salient peri-
stomes. C. Surface of a worn zoarium with nonsalient peristomes. (A-C, after D'Orbigny, 1854.)
D. Longitudinal section. (After Pergens, 1889.) The walls are vesicular. B. Surface of a
zoarium of the variety subnodosa, X 10. F. Transverse section of the same variety, X 10. G.
Transverse section, X 10, showing, like the preceding, that the walls of the tubes are vesicular
(=moniliform of Gregory). H. A transverse section, X 10, showing the apertures and single
circle of mesopores. I. Part of a vertical section, X 10, from the same specimen showing the
moniliform walls of the zooecia. (D-I. After Gregory, 1909.)
Ascosoecia (Zonatula) pscudotorqitata Hagenow, 1851. J. Zoarium, natural size, from the
Cretaceous at Maastricht. K. Portion of the surface, X 20. (After Pergens, 1893.)
L. Part of a vertical section, X 18, near the edge of a zoarium of var. irregularis showing
zooecia cut longitudinally and transversally, and mouiliform distal walls of the outer zooecia.
M. Part of the vertical section, X 18, of a long branch, 5 mm. in diameter, of var. irregu-
laris. (L, M, after Gregory, 1909.)
Ascosoecia (Zonopora) liperiensis D'Orbigny, 1853. N. Ovicell found on a specimen from the
Maastrichtian at Royan, France, X 12. O. Interior of ovicell on a specimen from the same
locality, X 20.
55899— 20— Bull. 106 53
834 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Variations. — The great number of peristomes and mesopores which ornament
the surface of this bryozoan give it a very characteristic porous aspect. Moreover,
the oval peristomes are unique in the genus. The longitudinal sections which we
have made are not very clear. They simply indicate the superposition of the multiple
layers composing the zoarium. The walls of the tubes and mesopores do not appear
vesicular.
In its exterior aspect this species much resembles Lichenopora, especially if
we observe the oval form of the peristomes. But the nature of its ovicell does not
permit that it be classed with these well-known bryozoa.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian: Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (common).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 65368, U.S.N.M.
PARTRETOCYCLOECIA EXILIS, new species
Plate 160, tigs. 5-16.
Description. — -The zoarium is hollow, cylindrical, bifurcated, with large central
cavities and thin walls. The tubes are club-shaped in their lower part and cylin-
drical where the mesopores are developed (in section). The peristomes are thin,
orbicular, hardly salient, arranged vaguely in very irregular, transverse rows. The
ovicell is orbicular, somewhat salient, pierced by tubes each of which is accompanied
by a mesopore.
Diameter of the peristome 0.10-0.12 mm.
Diameter of the mesopores 0.08 mm.
Diameter of the ovicell 1.65 mm.
Diameter of the branches 3.00 mm.
Variations. — The peristomes are salient (figs. 9, 10) or not (figs. 11, 12). The
mesopores are small (fig. 9), medium (fig. 10), or large and polygonal (fig. 12),
according to the degree of weathering.
In the longitudinal section it is impossible to confirm the nature of the tubes,
whether they are cylindrical or club-shaped.
Affinities. — In its exterior aspect this species much resembles Partretocydoecia
dumosa Ulrich, 1901. It is distinguished from it only by its micrometric dimen-
sions, in its smaller ovicell, and in its larger internal cavities. The size of the
latter is in fact very characteristic.
Occurrence. — Vicksburgian (Marianna limestone) : One mile north of Monroe-
ville, Alabama (very common).
Cotypes.— Cat. No. 65413, U.S.N.M.
Family ASCOSOECIIDAE Canu, 1919.
1019. Ascosoeciidae CANTJ, Etudes sur les Ovicelles des Bryozoaires Cyclostomes (2),
Bulletin Soci6t6 G£ologique de France, ser. 4, vol. 17, p. 346.
The ovicell is a large, elliptical, elongate swelling quite salient and perforated
by the tubes ; often a median oeciopore is present.
Measurements.-
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA.
8,35
This family offers the greatest resemblances to the Diaperoeciidae. It differs
from it chiefly in the more constant form of the ovicells and in the presence of
mesopores.
This family includes a great numlier of zoarial forms classified by Gregory
in his families of Petaloporidae and Zonatulae, in which the ovicell is identical.
It includes also the forma Multi<-are(t D'Orbigny, 1852. The ovicell of the latter
and also that of Zonopora of the same author have been discovered by Canu in
the French Cretaceous.
Jg^ :^\:^-^\
Fx12
FIG. 277.— Forma MuHicavea D'Orbigny, 1852.
A-F. MuUit-avca magnified D'Orbigny, 1852. A, B. Zoaria, natural size. C. Transverse sec-
tion of a branch, enlarged. D. Aspect of the zoarial surface, enlarged. E. Longitudinal section.
lA-E, after D'Orbigny, 1852.) F. An ovicelled specimen from the Maastrirhtinn of Royan,
France.
The genera recognized by Gregory are only zoarial forms. Thus the form
called Cavaria, with hollow zoarium. presents ovicells of Ascosoeciidae (as Para-
scosoecia consimilis Ulrich, 1882), of Leiosoeciidae (as Parlciosoecia jacksonica. new
species), and Tretocycloeciidae (as Partrrtocycloecia exilis, new species).
Moreover, the zoarial aspect called Zonopora results simply from the bifur-
cation of the mesopores: it can therefore occur without importance in any family
containing adventitous tubes.
836 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Gregory in 1909 distinguished the genera Petalopora and Sparsicavea by their
ovicells. Our new observations show no fundamental difference between the
ovicells of these two old genera, which appear to be otherwise only zoarial aspects ;
we have included them in the genus Parascosoecia.
Genus ASCOSOECIA Canu, 1919.
1919. Ascosoecia CANU, Etudes sur les Ovicelles des Bryozoaircs Cyclostoiues (2), Bulletin
Societg Geologique de France, ser. 4, vol. 17, p. 347.
The tubes are cylindrical. The walls of the mesopores are vesicular.
Genotype. — Ascosoecia (Zonopora) ligericnsis D'Orbigny, 1852.
Range. — Xeocomian-Midwayan.
In this genus it will be necessary to include the forms Zonopora, with bifur-
cated mesopores (as Z. Ugeriensis D'Orbigny, 1853) and Multicavea, with peri-
stomes arranged in radial rows (as Multicavea magnified. D'Orbigny, 1854).
ASCOSOECIA PROMINENS. new species.
Plate 108, figs. 17-2o.
Description. — The zoarium is solid, arborescent, bushy, sometimes reticulat>;
and borne on an expanded base. The tubes are cylindrical, bent horizontally at
their extremity (in section). The peristomes are thin, orbicular, salient, irregularly
arranged in quincunx. The, mesopores are very small and polygonal. The ovicell
is globular, very salient, orbicular.
Diameter of the peristome 0.14-0.16 mm.
Diameter of the ovicell 1.65 mm.
Diameter of the branches 2.5 mm.
This species is quite well characterized by its salient peristomes; but this
character is easily lessened on the worn specimens. The number of tubes between
the mesopores is irregular. In longitudinal section the mesopores are almost as
wide as the tubes ; they appear, on the contrary, much smaller in tangential section.
There is probably a thickening of their walls at their extremity. The sections of
this species are very difficult to interpret and its structure is still not clearly under-
stood.
Affinities. — Ascosoecia promincns differs from Tretocycloecw attenuata Ulrich,
1882, in the thinness of the walls of the mesopores.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Mabelvale, near Little Rock,
Arkansas (common).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 65440, U.S.N.M.
ASCOSOECIA ? (ZONOPORA) ULRICHI, new species.
Plate 110, figs. 1-5.
Description. — The zoarium is free, cylindrical, solid, bushy, or reticulate. The
tubes are very long, cylindrical, bent at their extremity (in section) . The peristomes
are rather thick, nonsalient, grouped in quincunx in irregular, transversal zones.
Measurements. —
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 837
The mesopores are small, polygonal, separated by thick walls, grouped in trans-
versal zones, alternating with the zones of the peristomes, and (in section) with
vesicular walls and often ramified.
Diameter of the peristome 0.14 mm.
Diameter of the apertura.. _ 0.10 mm.
Measurements. — • -p.- * ±1. i_ i
Diameter of the branches 4.00 mm.
Diameter of the cancelli 0.06 mm.
This species was noted in 1SS-2 l by Ulrich, who discovered the nature of the
tubes and mesopores of Zonopora.
We have not discovered the ovicell, so our generic reference is quite doubtful.
The resemblance of this species to Zonopora ligcriensis D'Orbigny, 1853, has
caused us to classify it provisionally in our new genus.
We know that the large zones of mesopores are formed by their branching;
but the latter appears to be rather irregular, so that the longitudinal sections are
always somewhat confused.
Affinities. — This species differs from Tretocycloecia reticrtlata in its somewhat
smaller micrometric measurements.
Occurrence. — Miclwayan (Clayton limestone) : Mabel vale, near Little Rock,
Arkansas (rare).
Cotypes.—C^t. No. 65261, U.S.X.M.
POLYASCOSOECIA, new genus.
The ovicell is globular, salient, spread between the fascicles whose length it
alignments, placed eccentrically on the frontal. The tubes are cylindrical, oriented,
short; they ramify into numerous mesopores on the frontal. The dorsal of the
zoarium is thick, with lamellar structure, and perforated by vacuoles bent
toward the base.
Genotype. — Polyascosoecia coronopus, new species.
Range. — -Eocene- Pliocene.
Further remarks upon this new genus and a description of the genotype are
included in a study of the cyclostomatous bryozoa now in press.
This genus differs from Plem-onea in which the ovicell is placed identically,
not only in the different nature of the ovicell, but in its cylindrical tubes.
It differs from the genus ErL-i^nm n. equally provided with pores on the two
faces of the zoarium, in its ovicell placed laterally, and in its short cylindrical tubes.
POLYASCOSOECIA JACKSONICA, new species.
Plate 134, figs. 1-21.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bifurcated, or dichotomous, with triangular
section, often reticulated. The fascicles are very little salient, composed of four
tubes, arranged alternately on each side of the median crest and quite close to it.
'1882. Journal Cincinnati Society Natural History, p. 143.
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
The tubes are invisible and hidden by the zoarial calcification; the peristome is
orbicular or rectangular; the frontal supports two vacuoles at least. The sulci
are scarcely visible on the dorsal and the vacuoles appear very small and arranged
in quincunx. The ovicell is very large and quite porous, spread over the median
crest and in six interfascicular spaces.
Kx25
L x25
Mx25
FIG. 2TS. — Genus P&rascosoecia C.'inu, 1910.
A-E. Parascoscecia (Petalopora) costata D'Orbigny, 1851. A. Surface of zoarium, enlarged.
B, C. Longitudinal and transverse section, magnified. (A-C. After Novak, 1877.) D. Longitudi-
nal thin section. (After Pocta.) E. View of zoarium, X 12, showing the ovicell pierced by the
tubes.
F-H. Parascosoecia (Sparsicarea) carantina D'Orbigny, 1853. F, G. Specimens with ovi-
cells, X 10, from Cretaceous of England. H. Longitudinal section, X 14. (F-H. After Gregory,
1899.)
I-L. Parascosoecia (Heteropora) coiisimilis Ulrich, 1SS2. I. Ovicelled specimen, X 12.
from the Mitlwayan at Mabelvale, Arkansas. J. K. M. Transverse, tangential, and longitudinal
thin sections, X 25. L. Vertical section, X 25. showing tubules of consolidation.
Mea-wn-tu, nts.-
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 839
Distance between the lines 0.2-1—0.26 mm.
Width of the lines 0.20 mm.
Diameter of the peristome 0.10-0.12 mm.
Maximum width of the branches 1.25 mm.
Variations. — The polymorphism of this species is unprecedented. If the
number of the specimens found had not permitted the discovery of the intermediate
forms, it. might have appeared that many new species were represented. An inter-
esting variation is that shown by the young branches; the tubes do not bear any
vacuoles: their frontal is concave, bordered laterally, and of a microscopic structure
analogous to that of the other Cyclostomata.
The longitudinal section shows very numerous vacuoles. The successive
lamellae have no regularity; they appear to be formed by very thick walls of
tergopores irregularly branched and entangled. This is therefore only one aspect
of lamellar structure. In transverse section these pseudo-lamellae are still more
irregular; they appear to result from the juxtaposition of the tergopores arranged
parallel to the basal lamella.
The tangential section of the dorsal shows that the vacuoles perforate a sort
of olocyst with large elements.
The abrasion of the dorsal vacuoles and of the basal lamella shows that in the
interior the tubes have the fusiform appearance and are arranged as in the other
free Cyclostomata having only one cellular face.
The zoarium is supported by an expanded base. Only a single specimen with
the base has been found and we have not been able to discover the ancestrula by
successive sections.
Affinities. — This species differs from Polyascosoecia cancellata Reuss, 1847
(not Goldfuss), in its fascicles which are quite close to the median crest.
It differs from Polyascosoeoia foraminosa Reuss. 1865, in its smaller vacuoles
and in its fascicles not distant from the median crest.
This may possibly be Polyascosoecia subcancellata Manzoni, 1877, but that
author has neglected to figure the anterior face of the zoarium, the aspect of which is
unknown to us.
Occurrence. — Middle Jacksonian : Rich Hill, 5^ miles southeast of Knoxville,
Crawford County, Georgia (very abundant) ; Baldock, Barnwell County, South
Carolina (common) ; 17 miles northeast of Hawkinsville, Georgia (common) ; 3^
miles south of Perry, Georgia (very abundant) ; 3^ miles north of Grovania,
Georgia (common) ; one-half mile southeast of Georgia Kaolin Co. mine, Twiggs
County, Georgia (very common). 12 miles southeast of Marshallville, Georgia
(abundant) : Eutaw Springs, South Carolina (rare) ; 18 miles north of Wrights-
ville. Johnson County, Georgia (common) ; H miles southeast of Lilly, Dooly
County, Georgia (common).
This species exists in almost all the localities of the middle Jacksonian, although
it has not yet been found at this horizon at Wilmington. North Carolina.
Cotypes—CsA. Nos. 65333, 65334, U.S.N.M.
Measurements-
840 BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
POLYASCOSOECIA IMBRICATA, new species.
Plate 141, figs. 28-33.
Description. — The zoarium is free, bifurcated, or arborescent, with triangular
section. The fascicles are little salient, formed of three or four tubes and arranged
alternately on each side of the median crest to which they are almost adjacent.
The tubes are invisible and hidden by two or three vacuoles. The peristome is
quadrangular and more salient in its proximal portion. On the dorsal the longi-
tudinal sulci are little deep. The vacuoles are funnel-shaped and close together.
Distance between the fascicles 0.25 mm.
Width of the fascicles 0.25 mm.
Diameter of the tubes 0.20 mm.
Maximum width of the zoarium 1.6 mm.
Affinities. — This species is characterized by the special arrangement of the
fascicles which appear imbricated one above the other, on account of the saliency
of the proximal portion of the peristome.
It differs from Polyascosoecia jack/Monica in its wider tubes (0.20 and not 0.12
mm.) and in its large vacuoles.
Occurrence. — Lower Jacksonian (Moodys marl) : Jackson, Mississippi (rare).
Cotypes.—Cat. No. 65342, U.S.N.M.
Genus PARASCOSOECIA Canu, 1919.
1919. Parascosoecia CANU, fitudes sur les Ovicelles des Bryozoaires Cyclostomes (2),
Bulletin Soci6te G6ologique de France, ser. 4, vol. 17, p. 347.
The tubes are club-shaped. The mesopores have no vesicular walls.
Genotype. — Pcerascosoeda (Cavea) costata D'Orbigny, 1851.
Range. — Cenomanian-Midwayan.
The form Petalopora is characterized by the very great regularity in the
arrangement of the mesopores. The latter are of equal length in Sparsicavea.
Finally, the hollow forms have been termed Cavaria. But all those forms are again
found equally in the other families with mesopores.
PARASCOSOECIA CONSIMILIS Ulrich, 1882.
Plate 110, figs. 6-15.
1882. Heteropora consimilis ULRICH, American Paleozoic Bryozoa, Journal Cincinnati
Society Natural History, vol. 5, p. 144, pi. 6, fig. 11.
1909. Petalopora conximiJis GREGORY, Catalogue Fossil Bryozoa in Department Geology
British Museum Cretaceous, vol. 2, p. 320.
Description. — The zoarium is hollow (Cava/rio.), cylindrical, dichotomous,
arborescent. The tubes are short, club-shaped at first, cylindrical and convex at
right angles at their extremities (in section) ; the peristomes are orbicular, very
NORTH AMERICAN EARLY TERTIARY BRYOZOA. 841
little or not salient, arranged in irregular quincunx. The mesopores are small,
polygonal, numerous, closed by a calcareous lamella. The ovicell is very large,
elliptical, as wide as the branches.
Diameter of the peristome 0.14 mm.
Diameter of the apertura 0.09 mm.
J/Cfi#ut\'»H'nfs.— , Dimensions of the, ovicell 2.00 by 1.40 mm.
Diameter of the mesopores 0.04 mm.
Diameter of the branches 2.00-3.00 mm.
Variations. — The peristome is rarely visible. The zoarial cavities are com-
pletely closed ; they are often laterally constricted, preceded and followed by firm-
atopores, their dimensions and their forms are absolutely irregular, and we have
not yet discovered the reason for their formation.
Affinities. — This species differs from Ascosoecia promincns in its hollow
zoarium and in its club-shaped tubes.
The ovicell is absolutely analogous to that of Cavea costata D'Orbigny, 1851,
but the mesopores are irregularly disseminated and not grouped symmetrically
on a double row between the peristomes.
This species shows by the form of its ovicell that the generic distinction made
by Gregory between Petalopora, Kparsicavea. and Cavaria is useless.
Occurrence. — Midwayan (Clayton limestone) : Mabelvale, near Little Eock.
Arkansas (very common) ; 1 mile west of Fort Gaines, Georgia (common).
Cotypes.—CsLt. No. 65262, U.S.N.M.
Order CTENOSTOMATA Busk.
Fossil representatives of this order of the Bryozoa are extremely rare com-
pared with those of the other orders. In the Recent seas the Ctenostomata are
likewise the least represented group of Bryozoa specifically, although some of the
species are quite abundant and widespread. But a single form of this order has
been discovered so far in the North American Early Tertiary rocks and it is too
poorly preserved to merit description as a well-defined species.
In the Ctenostomata the zooecia are usually isolated and developed by budding
from the internodes of a distinct tubular stolon or stem. The orifice is terminal
and has an operculum of setae. Marsupia are wanting. The zoarium is horny or
membranaceous.
All of the known Paleozoic Ctenostomata have been described by Ulrich and
Bassler in their Revision of the Paleozoic Bryozoa.1 Little study has been put
upon the Mesozoic and Cenozoic forms but the Recent species have been the subject
of numerous papers.
1 1904. Ulrich and Bassler. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, vol. 45, pp. 256-294, 4 pis.
842
BULLETIN 106, UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
Family TEREBRIPOR1DAE D'Orbigny, 1839.
Bibliography. — 1839. D'ORBIGNY. Voyage dans 1'Amerique Meridionale, vol. 5, pt. 4, Zoophytes,
p. 22, pi. 10, figs. 16-19. — 1866. FISCHER, Etude sur les Bryozoaires perforants de la fainille
des Terebriporides, Nouvelles Archives du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, vol. 2, pp. 293-313. —
18SO. JULLIEN, Description d'une nouvelle espece de Bryozoaire perfornut du genre Tercbri-
pora D'Orbigny, Bulletin Soeiete Zoologique de France, vol. 5, p. 5.
Broyozoa perforating very superficially the enamel of shells. The zoarium is
a more or less complicated network of small canals in which the zooecia are inserted.
The latter bear an aperture provided with
a rimule.
The Terebriporidae are not rare on the
present seacoasts; nevertheless they have
never been the object of anatomical research.
Jullien thought that they might belong to
the Hydroids. Their place in the Ctenos-
tomata is doubtful.
There are only two known genera,
Sp.athipora Fischer, 1866, and Terebripora
D'Orbigny, 1839, differing from each other
in the method of branching of the small
canals.
B
FIG. 27ti. — Genus Terebripora D'Orbigny,
1839.
A, B. Terebripora ramosa D'Orbigny,
1839. A. Zoarium enlarged ; primitive
axis longitudinal, secondary axis trans-
verse; many small anastomising canals
between the axes of different orders are
seen. B. Zooecium much enlarged. The
small canals leave the sides of the zooe-
cium toward its middle. (After Fisher,
1866.)
Genus TEREBRIPORA D'Orbigny, 1839.
1839. Terebripora D'ORBIGNY, Voyage clans
1'Amerique Meridionale, vol. 5, pt. 4,
Zoophytes, p. 22.
The zooecia are arranged on the axes of minute canals, which in branching
emerge from the primary axis at the point of attachment of a zooecium.
Genotype. — Terebriporn ramosa D'Orbigny, 1839.
Range. — Jurassic-Recent.
TEREBRIPORA, species undetermined.
Plate 112, fig. 13.
Of this species we have found only a fragment, which is a rather vague imprint
not meriting a detailed description. The zooecia are very elongate; their dorsal,
which is as usual very thin, is sometimes broken. The zoarium is very incomplete,
but the arrangement of the ramifications leaves no doubt as to the generic determina-
tion. It is useless to give a name to such a poor fragment, and the present notice is
simply to indicate the presence of the genus in the Midwayan and to call the atten-
tion of collectors to it.
Occurrence. — -Midway (Porters Creek formation") : Three miles north of
Scooba, Kemper County, Mississippi (very rare)..
INDEX.
A. Page.
abditn, Porella 4v.i. 4!«
Aborted zooccia i>45
abortiva, Aldcrina ( Membranipora) HI
abyssicola, Mucr.Miella 474
Smitiip >ra (Vincularia) 204, 225
abyssinica, Ret >p jra 503
Acanthi jnolla 596, 597, 614. mtj
(Echarifora) typica ''14
oecioporosa 4.3,597.614
simplex 617
typica 616
Acanthocella .. 282,309
erinacea 309
tubulifera '. 283
Acanthodesia 84, 85, 99, 256
(Fliistra) savartii 83,85,99.100
acervata, Metroperiella 365
Accessory tubes 641
Acknow lodgments
acquitanica, Rctepora (Sertella) 503
Acropora •• 317.319
(Cellaria) caronata. - . -- 318,319
(Entalophora) gratebupi 318
(Eschara) gracilis 317,319
(Porina) contorta 318
(Pustulipora) mamillata :u v :il'.i
saillans 31S, 31J
trita 318
Acroporidae 317
actaea, Ogiva 21)4
actinoides, Discofascigera ( Discotubigera) 809
aculeata, Bracebridgia . . J54 . 558
Tegella 166
acutirostris, Porella 455
Adenifera 84.85,101,102
inarmata .. 85,102
(Membranipora) armata 101, 102
marginella... 102
nigrans 102
striata 102
Adesna 551 , 555, 560
appendiculata 553
(Cellepora) heckeli 560
grisea 553
violacea 554, 560
Adeonella .- 551,561
Dim jrphoceila trit MI 571
(Eschara) polystomella 562
folliculata •- 554,562
intricaria 561
platalea .. 553,561
polymorpha 561, 562
polystomella 561
serrata 561
Adeonellopsis .Vi 1, 355,563
coscinophora 553
Page.
Adoonellopsis (Cribricella) distoma :,ii:;,:,ii.".
cyclops 570
(Eschara) coscinophora 565
foliacea 554,563
galeata 568
grandis 568
magniporosa 565
obliqua 564
(Poricella) etongata 564
maconnica 564
porosa 565
quisenberryae 566
transversa 566
wetherelli 565
Adcanidae 550, 552, 553
admota, Erkosonea "64
Proboscina 659
Adventitious tubes 045
Aechmclla .- 227,233
(Cellepora) hippocrepis
michaudiana
roemeri 233
urania 233
xanthe 233
xiphia
crassimargo
fllimargo.: 227,233,234
(Membranipora) ambigua 233
concinna 233
depressa 233
Aetea anguina 1"*
recta I79
truncata 180
Aeteidae 72, 73, 178, 179
Aimulosia 420,421,428,429
australis ...421,428
olavula 429
alata, Schizobrachiella (Schizoporella)
albida, Callopora ( Membranipora) 147
Ellisina (Membranipora) 126
albirostns, Holoporella 595
albora, Metropericlla (?) 361
Alderina 84,140-142
(Biflustra) ovahs 141
crassa 145
(Flustrellaria) franqana 141
lunata
(Membranipora) abortiva 141
cummjngsi 141
imbellis 140-142
irregularis 1 in-l 42
pensparsa 141
solidula 141,142
(?)nodulosa -- 83,143
pulcherrima 144
aldrichi, Ceriopora 679
843
844
INDEX.
Page.
Alecto dilatans 741
alifera, Hippomenella 386,393
Peristomella (Eschara) 408
Alimentary canal 42
almina, Lunulitcs (rtiscotlustrcllaria) bouei 103
Alphabetic List of Formation Names 14
alternata, Proboscina 662
altimuralis, Ellisina (Escharinella) 126
Altirostns, Holoporella 606, 613
alveolata, Heteropora 641,682
Pleuronea 769
Steganoporella 261
Alysidiidae 201
ambigua, Aechmella (Membranipora) 233
ambita, Schizomavella (Schizoporella) 354
ameghinoi, Callopora (Pyriporella) 147
amencana, Lagempora 591
Schismopora 599
Ammatophora 81, 141, 175
noclulosa 141
amocna, Entalophora. 683
Heteropora 683
Amphiblestrum 84, 141, 156
biporosum 159
coriense 15S
curvatum Itj2
cylindnforrms, Ramphonotus 163
flammeum 160
harmeri 158
heteropora 158
(Membranipora) antendes, 15S
argentea 158
flemingii 141,156-158
trifolium 158
umbonata 158
orbieulatum 161
papillatum 119
patens 160
productum 159
(Reptoflustrella) heteropora 158
ampla, Hippodiplosia (Escbara) 394
Smittina 466
amplectens, Heterooraum 78, 79
Anarthropora 420, 121, 430
verrurosa 421,430
Anasca 72, 73
anaticula radiata, Puellina 297
anatina, Stamenocclla 169
Anatomy of Crisudae 698, 699
Diaperoeciidae 739
Hippoporae 370, 371
Horneridae 794
Mt'cynoeciidae 724
Microporellae 419
Schizoporellae 336, 337
Smittinidae 455
anceps, Proboscina 661
aucestrula 56
andegavensis, Thalatnoporella (Eschara) 268
Aneucleithrian hyperstomial ovicell 55
Anguina 179
anguina, Aetea 1 78
Sertularia 179
Anguinaria truncata 180
angulata, Ciunvlipura 461
Page.
angulala Smittina 48,52,461
angulatum, Rhynchozoon 509
angulopora, Conescharellina 630
QHtfw/osa, Ccllepora 205
Membranipora 105
Onychocdla 203-206
angusta, Ellisina (?) 12G, 127
Afembranipora 127
angustaedes, Hippomenella 383, 392
angustata, Proboscina 723
annulata, Cribrilina 291
anomola, Pustulopora 690
ansata, Perigastrella 576
antarctica, Hornera 645,689,795
Rctepora 499
Smittina 459
anter 58
anterides, Amphiblestrurn (Membranipora) 158
antiopa, Eschara 252
antiqua, Costazzia 604
Floridina 63, 204, 219, 220, 222
Mollia 222
Stomatopora 653
antropora 84, 174, 175
( Membranipora) granulifera 83, 176
apathyi, Biflaballeria 685
aperta Hippodiplosia (Lepralia) 394
Tubulipora 757
Apertura 453, 540, 640
and tubes, structure of 638, 639
apiculata, Holoporella 595
appendiculata, Adeona 553
appensa Discopora 410
Lepralia 409
Apsendesia 803, 809
cristata 809
aquiae, Macropora 277
aquitanica, Trypostega 329
arachnoides, Buflonella (Sschizoporella) 349
Arachnopusia 282, 311, 312
(Cribrilina) terminata 313
(Lepralia) monoceros '283,311,312
vicksburgica 311
arborea, Ascosoecia (Zonopora) 646, 833
Conopeum ( Membranipora) 86
Schizomavella 357
Arborella Tetraplaria dichotoma 367
arborcscens, Conopeum 93
arbuscula , Crassohoruera (Ceriopora) 801
Gemellipora 571
arcana, Membraniporina 99
archiaci.Berenicea 708
arcifera, Ubaghsia 283
arctica, Diplosolen obelia 746
arcuata, Hippozeugosella 373, 400
Idmonea 775
areolae '.... ....47,454
areolar pores 454
argentea, Amphiblestrum (Membranipora) 158
Schizoporella 338
armata, Adeuifera (Membranipora) 101,102
arrogata, Gemellipora 369
Arthropoma 338, 339, 351
cecilii 339, 35 1
circinata.., 351
INDEX.
845
Page.
Arthropoma ( Lepralia) speyeri 352
inetula 352
pesanseris 351
Ascophora 280
Ascopore 60, 540
Ascosia 572, 592
pandora 572, 592
Ascosoeeia 832, 833, 836
lateralis 639
prominens 836
(Zonatula) pseudotorquata 833
(Zonopora) arborea 646, 833
ligeriensis 833
Ascosoeciidae 6S6, 6SS, 689, S34
aspera, Bathosella 404. 405
Mucronella 405
asperrima, Hippodiplosia (Lepralia) 394
asperula, Gastropella 321
Aspidelectra 2S2, :U7
melolontha 283, 317
Aspidostoma 254
flammulum 254, 259
gigantea, Eschara 252-254
globiferum 254
incrustans 254
onychocelliierum 254
poriferum 254
Aspidostomidae 201, 252
asymetrica, Steganoporella (Gaudryanella) 262
asymmetrica, Floridina 224
atlant ica, Cellaria 271
Idmonea 756, 770, 771, 778
Re tepora 503
Tubulipora 779
atomicula, Filisparsa 697, 702
attenuata, Heteropora 826
Sparsicavea 826
Tretoeycloecia. .' 646, 823
auingeri, Hippodiplosia (Lepralia) 393
auriculata, Gemellipora 372
Schizomavella ( Lepralia) 339 , 354
Schizoporella 338
aurita, Callopora (Membranipora) 146,147,152
Lepralia 589
australiensis, Haswellia (Myriozoum) 512. 51ti
australis, Ainiulosia 421, 428
Entalophora 723
Tetraplaria " 367
A vicularia 40, 61
frontal or immersed C,4
interzooecial 64, 83
avicularia, Bugiila 41
median 454
pivot of 451
avicularis, Schismopora 599
Avicularium, structure of 02
Axial gemmation HIS
axiculata, Hippomenella 391, 393
B.
baccata, Hippodiplosia 397
baccatus, Ramphonotus 165
Bactrpllaria ins
Bactridiuni .IMS
Bnctridiu m clliplicum IS)
Page.
(Bactridium) Hippozeugosclla hagenowi 393
ballii Escharina 409
Lepralia 499
Barroisina 282
elegantula 283
Basal lamella 669
system of fixation 648
bassleri, Ramphonotus 163
Bathosella 403 404
aspera 404,405
cingerans 405
undata 400
Batopora 629
conica 029
multiradiata 529
rosula 629
scrobiculata 529
stoliczkai 629
beak.... 61,454
beaniana Retepora (Sertella) 499 593
beisseli, Lunulites 2-10
Beisselina 322,323
boryana 323
(Eschara) striata 322
forata _ _ . 322
implicata 325
midwayanica 324
striata 323
trulla 3iS, 324
bellula, Electra (Membranipora) 77
benemunita, Menipea 133
benjamini, Berenicea 571 715
Membraniporina 93
Berenicea 669
archiaci 795
benjamini 671, 718
brevissima 671, 717
coccinea 499
congesta 741
diluviana 793
Diplosoleu obelia 745
folium 798
incondita 672, 718
ingens 671J18
latomarginata 703
lineata vis
palmula ; 669, 718
papillosa V41
polystoma 741
prominens f 69
regularis 735
sarniensis 735
stipata 670, 717
suborbicularis 735
tenuis 72.5
undata ovo, 717
undulata 79?
beyrichi, Dakaria (Cellaria) 309
biaperta, Schizoporella (Lcpralia) 343
Stephanosella 339, 344
biauriculata, Hippodiplosia (Eschara) 394
Membranipora 143
Reptoflustrina 14?
biaviculata Mucronella 474
Bicellariidae 72, 73
846
INDEX.
Page.
bicolor, Electra (Mcmbranipora) 77
bicornigera, Lepralia 410
bicornis, Membranipora 148
bidens, Gargantua 227, 230
Membranipora 230
bidenticulata, Schismopora 595
biduplicata, Desmediaporoecia (Tubulipora) 751
bifaeiata, Cellaria 27 1
Nellia 197
Biflabellaria 685
apathyi 685
Biflustrafencstrella, Stamcnocella 10S
(labellata, Membraniporina 83
form of zoarium 6S
lacroizii 89
megapora, Grammella 130
ovalis, Alderina 141
solea, Callopora 1-17
torta, Euritina 257
bifoliatil, Floridina 221
bifurcata, Oncousoccia (Filisparsa) 687,683
bigibbcra, Meniscopora 554, 55 ">
biincisa, Mucronella 47!
bilamellaria, Rectonychocella 210
bilaminata, Rhamphostomella 476
biloba, Hornera 690
bimarginata, Floridina (Semieschara) 220
Bimulticavea 817
variabi is 817
bini, FHsparsa -.-. 695,702
bioculata, Membraniporella 287
Biparietal gemmation 648
biplanata, Metroperiella 364
Bipora 631
umbonata - 631
biporosa, Hippoporina 377
biporosum, Amphiblestrum 159
birostrata, Ho'.oporalla 612, 613
biseriata, Fi isparsa 702
bispinosa, Puellina 297
Rhynchozoon ( Lepralia) 508
biturrita, Gephyrophora (Scliizoporella) 521
Blind (sealed) zooecium S3
bo'etiformis, Lichenopora 813
Radiopora 813
boryana, Beisselina 323
boryi, Caberea .. 65, 191, 193
Proboscina 658
boryi, Crisia , 191
boryii, Peristomoecia ( Proboscina) 692, 693
bosqueti, Pachytheca 323
botula, Plagioecia 714, 71S
botulus, Lepralia 371
boueialmiia, Lunulites (Discoflustrellaria) 103
concava, Lunulites (Discoflustrellarm) 103
iepressa, Lunulites (Discoflustrellaria) 103
dudosii, Lunulites (Discoflustrellaria) 103
Lunulites (Discoflustrellaria) 103
tiza, Lunulites (Discoflustrellaria) 103
Trochopora 85, 103
truncate, Lunulites (Discofluntrettaria) 104
bouaainvillei, Hippothoa 326
Braeebridgia 551, 555, 557, 558
aculeata 554, 558
dentiferum 557
Pago.
Bracebridgia ( Eschara) ignobilis 557
polymorpha 557, 559
( Meniscopora) subcrenulata 557
po'.ymorpha costulata 559
(Porella) emendata 557
( Poricella) elongata 558
(Porina) subsu'.cata 557, 558
(Porostoma) clavatum 557
polymorphum 557
pyriformis 558
brachyccphala, Lepralil 589
Branching of zoarium 649
bravardi, Conopeum (Membranipora) 86
brendolensis, Rhamphostome'la 477
Brettia 200
brevis, Dakaria 360
Desmeplagioecia ( Actinopora) 720
El.isina 124,128
Mecynoecia 728
Metracolposa 305
brevissima, Berenicea 671, 717
Micropora 235
britannica, Cal.opora (Membranipora) 147
brongniarti, Chorizopora (Flnstra) 333
bnindidgensis, Plagioecia 711, 718
Bryocryptella 496
(Cryptella) torquata 456, 496
Bryozoa, General Description of 39
bucculenta, Metrocrypta 432, 450, 451
Buflonella 339,348,349
(Escharella) stylifera 349
hexagonalis 349
( Lepralia) incisa 349
pauper 349
microstoma 350
rhomboidalis 350
ridleyi 339,349
(Schizoporella) arachnoides 349
carinata 349
clerici 349
crenu'ata 349
edwardsiana 349
hexagons 349
laevigata ". . 349
levata 349
marsupifera 349
n uda 349
ridleyi 348
rimosa 349
rumida 349
simplex 349
Bugula avieularia 41
plumosa 44
sabatieri 63
turbinata 43
Bngularia 168
Bugulopsis 181
bullata, Lichenopora 815
ournsi. Quadricellaria (?) 279
buskii, Steganoporella 261
C.
Caberea 181, 191-193
boryi 65, 191, 193
darwini 193
INDEX.
847
PagC.
Caberea ellisi 193
Caberiella 181
calamorpha, Puellim 298
Calcification 034
Calcified zooecia 68
californica, Thalamoporella rozieri 268
caljforniensis, Callopora (Membranipora) 147
Callopora 84, 141, 145, 146
aurita 146, 152
( Biflustra) solca 147
convexa 151
crassospina 151
craticula 146
cucullata 153
curvirostris 140
dumerilii 146, 148, 149
flloparietis 150
ingens 150
lineata 53, 141, 146
( Membranipora) albida 147
aurita 147
britannica 147
californiensis 147
calveti 147
coralliformis 147
craticula 147
curviro?lris 147
dumorilli 147
horrida 147
invigilata 147
jerseyensis 147
lineata 147
nigrans 147
nordgaardiana : 147
perisparsa 147
plana 147
tenuirostris 147
tuberosa 147
woodwardi 147
mundula 156
( Pyriporella) ameghinoi 147
(Semiflustrina) inornata 147
monilifera 147
sexspinosa 147
stipata 153
tenuirostris 146. 153. 154
tuberosa 155
vicina 153
whiteavesii 147
callosa, Houzeauina 421, 423
calotte 45
calveti, Callopora (Membranipora) 147
Cal vetina 555
campicheana, Desmediaperoecia (Tubulipora) 751.763
canaliculata, Schismopora 599
canilifera, Membraniporina 95
Canals of reenforcement 643
canariensis, Cupuladria ( Cupularia) 65, 85, 103
cancellata, Conescharellina 630
Cancelli 641, 644, 645
Canda 181
retifonnis 184
Candida, Schizobrachiella ( Lepral ia i 353
canui, Floridina (Semieschara) 220
capillaria, Vibraecllini 65, 109, 110
Page.
capillata, Lichenopora S15
capitata, Entalophora 740
capitimortis, Hippomenella 384, 392
capulus, Luuularia (Lunulites) 238, 239
carontina, Parascosoecia (Sparsicavea) 646, 838
Carbasea dissimilis 168
cardelle 454
carinata, Budonella (Schizoporclla) 349
carolinensis radiata, Puellina 297
eassifonnis, Tubul ipora 741
Catenjcclla subseptentrionalis 550
Catenicellidae 550
catenularia, Membranipora 79, SO
Pyripora 79
caudifera, Tetraplaria 368
Cauloramphus 84, 41 74
spinifer 174
cava, Otionella 108
Cavaria 634, 831
Partretocycloecia dumosa 830
Cavea, Parascosoecia eostata 840
cavolini, Lacerna (Schizoporella) 346
cecilii, Arthropoma ( Flustra) 339, 351
Cellaria 272
Acropora coronata 318
atlantka 271
bifaciata 274
Dakaria beyrichi 360
dennanti 63, 271
dimorpha 273
flstulosa 271,272
rigida 271
schreibersi 357
sinuosa 272
strictocella 273
Tetraplaria schreibersi 367
Cellariidae 269-271
cellarioides, Entalophora 723
Cellepora 593, 598
angulosa 205
coccinea 409
eoronopus-pumicosa 596
costazzii 596
crustulenta, Floridina 220
cycloris 577
descostilsii 596
Distansescharella familiaris 299
eatonensis 596
entomosoma 345
form of zoarium 6S
glomnata 602
hippocrepis, Aechmella 233
Holoporella descostilsii 605
inornata 329
janthina 61 5
Lepraliella contigua 509
megacfphala 295
michaudiana, Aechmella 233
Osthimosia signata 601
ptcropora 410
ramulosa 596
roemeri. Aechmella 233
rotundora 615
sardonica 596, 61 5
Schismopora coronopus 598
848
INDEX.
Page.
Cellepora SchismopDra pumicosa 598
scripta 295
Umbonula verrucosa 457
urania, Aechmella 233
xanthe, Aechmella 233
xithia, Aechmella 233
Celleporaria form of zoarium 68
Celleporidae 592, 594, 595, 597
Cellularia 272
cellulosa, Retepora .... 499, 500, 503
celsa, Onyehocella 207
cenomana, Entalophora 639
eentralis, Macropora 277
Centronea 752, 756, 761
(Multitubigera) micropora 756, 761
Ceriopora 678
aldrichi 679
Crassohornera arbuscula 801
microp wa 678, 679
(?) proposita 636, 679
tuberosa 67S
verrucosa -. 818
vesiculosa 636, 679
ceroides, Tubucellaria 541, 542
cervicornis, Diastopora lamelbsa 672
Porella iEllepora 455, 456, 479, 433
Schismopora ' 599
Chaperia spinosa 69
Characodoma 339, 372
halli 339, 372
Cheilopora 524, 525
grandis 528
haddoni 525
labiosa 526
orbifera 526
prelucidioides 527
saillans 528
sineera 53, 525
specula 531
strictocella 527
sulcifera 531
transversa 529
Cheilostomata 41
Early Stages in Development 44
General Anatomy 43
General Considerations 46
Principles of classification 70
Structure of 41
Systematic classification of Early Ter-
tiary 72
chelata, Eucratea 199
ehevreuxi, Dakaria 339, 359
Chlidoniidae .- 201
Chorizopora 325, 333
(Flustra) brongniarti 333
Cianotremella 274, 275
gigantea 272, 274, 275
Cicatrix of ovicell 83
cingens, Rhagasostoma 254
cingerans, Bathosella 405
circinata, Arthropoma 351
circumvallatum, Rhagasostoma 254
Claibornian Bryozoa, Lists 19
localities 15
Claibornica, Lunularia (Oligotresium) 248
Par.
cl libornica, Schizemiella 432, 440
clara, Semihaswellia 519
clarkei, Macropora 27S
Classification 40, 72
of Costulae 2S1
principles of 70
Clausa heteropora 643
Scrupocellaria 190
clava, Diaperoecia 744
clavata, Domopora , 817
Hippodipbsia (Lepralia) 393
Osthimosia 601
Platonea 760
clavatiramosa, Proboscina 667
clavatula, Proboscina 663
clavatum, Bracebridgia ( Porost urna) 557
claviformis, Heteropora 677
Membraniporina 97
clavioedes, Plagioecia 710, 718
clavula, Aimulosia 429
Cleithrian hyperstomial ovicell 55
ovicell 54
clerici, Butlonella (Schizoporella) 349
clithridiata, Figularia (Cribrilina) 315. 316
Clithridiate group, Celleporidae 596, 614
Club-shaped tubes 637
clypeiformis, Discosparsa 708
coccinca Bercnicea 409
Cclkpora 409
Discopora 410
JSscharina .*. 409
Escharoides 411
Lepralia 409
Afucronella 411
Peristomellal 403,404,409,411
Peristomella resupinata 412
Smittia 411
cochloidea, Dcfranciopora (Detrancia) 681
Coelophyma glabrum 704
Coilostega 201
Collarina 282
cribrosa 2S3
collaris, Corbulipora 308
Hippoporina ( Lepralia) 374
Phylactclla ( Lepralia) 574
collum, Smittina 457
colubra, Proboscina 663
colum, Cyclicopora 421, 425
Colummria 194
columnaris, Phoceana 456
Phylactella 574
columnata, Galeopsis ( Porina) 510
columniferum, Triphyllozoon 508
commiscens, Idmonea 788
compacta, Diastopora 745
Porella 492, 493
compactum, Diplosolen 746
compensatrix 58, 314
complanata, Cyphonautes 75
Retepora 503
compressa, Desmeplagioecia 719
Mecynoecia 729
Mesenteripora 70S
concatenata, Homers 639, 795
Nellia ... .... 197
IXDKX.
849
Page.
concarn, Lunulittx (Discnllus/nllaria) liouci 103
concavum, Conopeum 92
concinna, Aeehmella ( Membranipora) 233
Smittini ( Lcpralia) 457
Tulmlipora 757
concreta, Plagioecki 635, 711,717,71s
condylata, Dakariia (Sehizoporella) 359,360
Conescharellina 630
angulopora 630
cancellata 630
ineisa 630
philippinensis 630
Conescharellinidae 622
conferta, Hippoporina ( Eschara) 374
confusn, Cirammella ( Flustrclla) 130
congest;!, Berenicea 741
conica, Batopora 629
Trochopora 103
conifera, Heteropora 681
conjiuifta, Hippothoa 327
Conocava 823
r ichardi 823
Conopeum 84, 85, 86
arborescens 93
concavum 92
damicornis 87
hoockeri 91
lacroix i 85, 86, 89
lamellosum 92
(Membranipora) arborea 86
bravardi 86
langana 86
maplestonei 86
ornatum 87
similior 88
tuberosum 90
wilcoxianicum 88
consimilis, Parascosoecia (Heteropora) 831, 838, 840
Petalopora 840
constant!, Heteropor^ 636
contigua, Lepraliella (Cellepora) 509,511
Lunularia 247
Lunulites 246
Rhamphostomella 476
contorta, Acropora ( Porina) 318
Laminopora 554, 571
Peristomella Mucronella 409
contortoplicatum, Triphyllozoon 508
contracta, Perigastrella (Lepralia) 576
Stomatopora 655
convcniens, Metradolium 448
Proboscina 666
convexa, Callopora 151
Galeopsis 511
Gephyrotes 302
Lacerna (Sehizoporella) 346
Rhamphostomella 478
Schizaropsis 512,515
Stameuocella (Flustrella) 168
cookei, Scrupocellaria 186
cophia, Smittina 465
coralliformis, Callopora (Membranipora) 147
corallines 39
corbula, Membranipora 112
Corbulipora 282, 308
r..jS!!>!»— 20— Bull. 106 54
Page.
Corbulipora collaris 308
ornata 283
coriacca , Discopora 235
Flus/ra 234, 235
Membranlpara 235
Micropora 57, 226, 227. 235
coriense, Amphiblestnim 158
cornicnlitcra, Hincksina (Membranipora) 112
corniger, Larnacius (Membranipora) 124, 140
cornu, Stomatopora 657
cornnta, Crisidia 699
(Sertularia) 707, 708
Decurtaria 2.83
Mecynoecia 639, 733
corona 44
coronata, Acropora (Cellaria) 318, 319
Ellisina (Membranipora) 126
Porella 181, 485, 493
Smittina 461
coronopus, Idmidronea (Idmonea) 642, 684, 787
Polyascosoccia 645. S37
pumicosa, Cellepora 596
Schismopora (Cellepora) 595, 59S, 599
corrugatum, Rhynchozoon 509
coscinophora, Adeonellopsis (Eschara) 5.53, 565
Cribricella (Eschara) 564
Coscinopleura 275
digitata 275
(Eschara) elegans 275
Coscinopleuridae 269, 275
costata, Costazzia 595, 603
Parascosoecia (Cavea) 689, S3S, 840
Pavolunulites 240
Ramphostomella 456, 476, 477
Costazzia 597, 603
antiqna 604
costata 595, 603
costazzii 597, 603
ignola 603
lucida 603
tubulosa 603
costazzii, Cellepora 596
Costazzia 597, 603
costifera, Peristomella (Escharella) 409, 584
Costulae 280, 281, 283
costulata Braccbridgia polymorpha 559
Hippomenella •. 385, 392
costule 280, 294, 314
interare<51ar 454
costuliicra, Hincksina 116, 117
couchii, Retepora 503
cranci, Proboscina 668
crassa, Alderina 145
Didymosella 404, 416
Kntalophora 735
Rhagasostoma 254
Schizostoma 554
crassatina, Osthimosia 602
crassicollis, Hippomenella 392, 393
Holoporella 607, 613
Membraniporclla 286
Stomachetosella 49, 50. 432, 433
crassicostulata, Figularia 316
crassilabra, Lcpralia 587, 588
crassilabris, Stichoporina - 624. 625
850
INDEX.
Page.
crnssimnrginata, CrassimarginatcUa
Grammella (Membranipora) 63, 130. 131
japonira, Orammclla (Membranipora) . . 130
Oochilina 131
Crassimurginatdla crassimargiilala 131
tcnuirostris 154
crassimargo, Acchraclla
crassimuralis, Enoplostomclla
erassipora, Schizobraehiella ( Lepralia)
Crassohornera - ^01, 802
(Ceriopora) arbuscula 801
waipukurensis SOI, 802
crassoparies, Porella 49, 50, 490, 493
crassospi na , Callopora 151
crassula.Cribrilina 2S5
Membraniporclla 285
Crateropora 233, 259
falcata 252, 259
craticula , Callopra (Membranipora) 146, 147
crenulata, BufTonclla (Schizoporella) 349
Labiopora 258
Crepis ...- S4,85,177
longipes 85, 177
cretacea, Entalophora
cribraria, Crisia 706
Cialeopsis (Porina) 310
cribrata, Phylactella 575
Cribrendoecium 282, 310
tenuicostulatum 283, 310
Cribricella 564
Adconellopsis distoma 563, 564
(Eschars) coscinophora 564
Cribrilina -- 283,290,291
annulata 291
Arachnopusia tcrminata 313
crassula 285
Figularia clithridiata 316
gattyae, Puellina 293
Gephyrotes nitido-punctata 300
laticostulal a 292
latimarginata 63
modcsta 285
punctata 2S3. 291
radiata, Puellina ... .. 293, 295
rathbunae 293
verrucosa 291
Cribrilinidae : 280
cribrosa, Collarina 283
Crisia 703
boryi 191
cribraria 706
denticulata. . . . -. 635,699,701
eburnea = 651, 701
edwardsi 705
edwardsiana 701
elongata 699
geniculata 699
hornesi 704
lowei 706
raraosa 701
( Sert ularia ) cornuta 707
Crisidia 707, 70S
(Crisia) tranciscana 689, 701, 708
(Sertularia) comuta 699, 708
Crisudae 686,688,689,698-701,703
Page.
Crtsina norraaniana 762
crispa, Discocavea 819
Lichenopora 818
cristata, Apsendesia 809
Diastopora 741
Kleidionella 620
Crisulipora 748, 749
flabcllata v 750
grandipora 750
occidentalis 748, 749
prominens 749
crozetensis, Mucronella 475
crustulenta, Floridina (Cellepora) 220
Cryptclla 496
Hryocryptella torquata 496, 497
cryptocyst 47, 83
cryptopora, Heteropora 681
var. tenera, Heteropora 681
Cryptostomata 41
Ctenostomata 41, 841
cucullata, Watersipora, labiosa 538
(Lepralia) 1.53, 53s
Cucullipora 398
tetrasticha 398
cummingsi, Alderina (Membranipora) 141
Cumulipom angulata 461
cuniformis, Homolostega 278
cupula, Mamillopora 632
Cupuladria -. 84,85,94,100,103
(Cupularia) canariensis 65, 85, 103
curvatum, Amphil)lestrum 162
curvirostris, Callopora (Membranipora) 146, 147, 153
cuvieri, Stamenocella (Eschara) 168
Cyclieopora 420, 421, 424
colum 421 , 425
fllifera 427
fissurata 425
Kymella polaris 42S
laticella 427
(Lepralia) longipora 425, 524
spongiopsis 426
Cyclocolposa 420, 421, 431
perforata 421 . 431
Cycloperiella 420. 421, 430
rubra 421, 431
Cyclops, Adeoncllopsis 570
Oaleopsis 514
cycloris, Cellepora Perigastrella 577
Cyclostonrata 41, 633
general consideration 634
systematic descriptions 651
cylindrica, Mecynoecia 727
Metracolposa 307
Porella 491 , 493
Stamenocella 168
Cylindrical tubes, structure of 636
cylrndriformis, Ramphonotus (Araphiblestrum) 163
Cyphonautes compressus 75
occidentalis 78
cypraea, Ogivalia 204
Cystisella .- 456,479,480
elegantula 480
fragilis 480
midwayanica 479
(Porella) saccata 456, 479, 480
Cvtisidae... 688,689
INDEX.
851
D. Page.
Dacryonella 227, 231 , 232
octonaria 227
I >:n ryopora 32o, 327
gutta 334
I >:irt ylethrae Ml, 643, 644
dactylus, Fedora (Diseoflustrellaria) (.24
Dakaria 338, 339, 359
brevis :« 0
(Ollaria) beyrichi 3GO
i-hevreuxi 339, 359
eondylata 359, 360
gelkla 59, 359, 360
laxata 360
( Lepralia) squamoidea 3(10
magniporata 359, 360
(Schizoporella) subsquammoidea SCO
damicornis, ronopenm 87
I loloporella 609, 613
daniea, Herpetopora si
Membranipora 77
danvini, Caberea 193
davidsoni, Diastopora 1172. T.'.'i
Decurtaria 2s2
cornuta 283
defensa, Hincksina (Membranipora) 112
defixa. Enoplostomella 4o2, 434,436
deflexa, Enlalophora 723
Defrancia, Discofaseigera exaltata 808, 809
monostieha 721
prolifera 820
stellata S21
Defrandopora 680
( Defrancia ) cochloidea 681
delh'ata, Ilippoporina (Eschara) 374
deliealissima, Siphonoporella 265,268
delicatula, Entalophora 723
Mecynoecia 724
delvaiLxi, Filisparsa 690
dendracantha, Tremopora 124, 139
dennant i, Cellaria i;:-;. _>; 1
dentieulata, Crisia 635,699, 701
dentieulatum, Triphyllozoon 508
denticulifera, Porella 50, 4S5. 4:1:1
denliferum, Braeebridgia 557
depressa, Aechmella (Membranipora) 233
Lunulitcs (Disrnfluilrdlirh) baud 103
Perigastrella 582
descostilsii, Holoporella 590, 597, 604, 005
deshayesi, Floridinella ( Marginaria) 229
Desmediaperoeda 71s. 7.".1
(Tubulipora) biduplicata 751
eampieheana 7."il
Desmeplagioeeia 707
(Actinopora) brevis 720
organisans 718
tennis 721
tenuissima 721
(Berenioea)lineata 7is
compressa 719
dichotoraa 7H»
(Lichenopora) lineata 822
lobata 71s
(Pavotubigera) dimidiala 71s
gambierensis 71s
nlicata..... 723
npsnu plagioccia (Semiiubi'.!era) dollfusi.
Development of Cheilostomata
larva
Diapcroeda
Page.
718
44
44
744
clava 740
interjuneta 740
inlrii-aria 089. 739, 740
jai'ksoniensis 742
lobulata 742
longicauda 74 1
orbiculata 744
pulcherrima 739, 740
regiilaris 739
rugosa 739, 743
varians 7J1
ventricosa 7-10
walcotti 7^.5
Diaperoecudae 686. 6X8, 689, 738
Anatomy of 739
diaphana, Harmeria 69, 524
Mucronella 474
Diaphragms 640, 641
Diastopora 672, 673, 740
compacta 745
cristata 74 1
davidsoni 672, 725
cchinata 708
escharoides 725
flabcllum 741
lactea 70S
lamellosa cervicornis 672
lineata 745
magnipora 674, 717
michelini .' 708
obehoides 745
striatisemota 674, 717
suborbicularis 736
tennis 721
tubaedes : 673
tubiformis 673. 71 7
tubulus 735
Diastoporidae 652
I >iuzt>uxia 327
dichotoma, Desmeplagioecia 719
Lekythionia 747
Reticulipora 747
Schismopora 599
Stomitopora 652
Tetraplaria I Arborella ) 367
Tretocycloecia (Heteropora) 636, S26, 829
Didymosclla 404, 406, 416
crassa 404, 416
larvalis 416
diegensis, Scrupoccllaria 183
Dietellae 51 , 52, ;3
digitata, Coscinopleura 275
Diseofascigera (Supercytis) 809
Kachara 275
Uiiiictinci lift 276
Tclopora ( Supercytis i 806,807
dilatans, Alecto 741
(lil(i\'i;ina, Berenice;! 708
Dimiclausa 243,244
fHH'Strat J 244
dimidiata, Desmeplagioecia (Favotubigera) 718
852
INDEX.
rage.
dimorpha, Celliria 273
Dimorphocella 554, 571
(Adeonella) triton 571
portmarina , 571
pyriformis 571
triton 545
Diplodesmopora opposita 643
Diplopholeos 204, 215
fusiforme 204, 215
lineatum 203, 219
parvuliporum 218
sagittarium 21 S
sagittellarium 217
Diplopora 745
Diplosolen 745, 716
compactura 746
intricaria 739
( Berenicea) obelia 745
obelia arctica 746
planum 747
Diplotaxis 629
placentula 6 g
Diponila 420
directa, Smittina 459
Discocavea 817
crispa 819
elegans S17
irregularis 817
parnensis 819
Discocytis (Pelagia) eudesi 689
Disco fascigera 803, SOS
(Detrancia) exaltata , 808, 809'
(Discotubigera) actinoides 809
ligeriensis 80S
(Supercytis) digitata 809
Discoflustrellaria 84, 85, 176
bouei, Lunulites 103
almina, Lunulites 103
concaia, Lunulites 103
depressa, Lunulites 103
dttclosii, Lunulites 103
tiza, Lunulites 103
truncata, Lunulites 104
doma 85, 176
Fedora dactylus 624
discoidea, Plagioecia 717
Discopora appensa 410
coccinea 410
coriacea 235
Liehenopora hispida S12
Discoporella grignonensis 819
Discosparsa clypejformis 708
reguJaris 721
tenuis 721
varians 74 1
(Discotubigera) Disco fascigera actinoides 809
discus, Holoporella 612,613
dispanlis, Reptescharellina 236
dispersa, Marssonopora 141 , 175
dissimile, Metradolium 440, 442, 448
dissimilis, Carbasea 168
distans, Lunularia 227, 245
Membraniporella 284
Distansescharella 298, 299, 300
(Cellepora) familiaris 299
Page.
Distansescharella jacksonica 2S3
distoma, Adeanellopsis 563, 565
Cribricella (Eschara) 564
distorta, Electra ( Membranipora) 77
Hippozeugosella 399
divagans, Plagioecia 712, 718
divaricata. Ilippothoa '. 327
divergens, Peristomoecia (Stomatopora) 692,693
Proboscina 662
division, Holostomatous 596
Schizostomatous 596
dollfusi , Desmeplagioecia (Semitubigera) 718
doma. Discoflustrellaria s.~>. I7ij
Doraopora clavata 817
virgulosa 817
Dorsal gemmation 647, 648
dubia. Serupocellaria 190
duclosii, Heteractis .' 103
Lunulites (DiscoflustrellaTia) bouei 103
dujardini, Fungella 685
dumerilli, Callopora (Membranipora) 146-149
Flustra 148
dumosa, Partretocycloecia (Cavaria) 830
duplex, Membrendoecium 120
duplicata, Galeopsis ( Eschara) 510
dupliciter, Onychocella 208
dutempleanum, Rhagasostoma 554
dutertrei Mastigophora (Flustra) 586, 587
dutertrei, Reptescharellina. 288
Schizoporella 589
E.
44
Early Stages in Cheilostomata
Early Tertiary Cheilostomata, Systematic Classification
of : 72
eatonensis, Cellepora 596
Osthimosia 601
eatoni, Lacerna (Schizoporella) 346
eburnea, Crisia 651, 701
echinata, Diastopora 708
Entalophora 741
Liehenopora 815
Ectocyst 42, 46, 634
Ectooecium 55
Ectoprocta 40
edwardsi, Crisia 705
Fedora 623, 624
edwardsiana ButTonella (Schizoporella) 349
Crisia 701
Eggs, Passage of
Electra
(Flustra) pilosa
triacantha
(Membranipora) bellula
bicolor
distorta
monostachys .
tenella
parvimater
pilosa
( Tend ra ) zostericola
verticellata...
56
76
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
77
75,76.77
77
77
Electrinidae 72, 73, 74
elegans, Coscinopleura ( Eschara) 275
INDEX.
853
Page
, Discocavea 817
Flabellipora 631
Hincksina 1 IS. 117
Pavoluntilites 240
Perigastrella 579
Steganoporella (Eschara) 262
I'leeantissima, Gemellipora 369
eleRantuIa, Barroisina 283
Cystisella 480
elimata, Hippoporina (Lepralia) 374
ellori, Mucronella 474
elliptica, Foveolaria 174, ITS
Ramphonotus ( Membranipora) 163
Rectonychocella 212
Scrupocellaria 184
i Iliplicu m, Bactridiu m 1 M
ollisi, Caberea 193
Elli-ina 84,124-126
(?) angusta 126. 127
brevis 121, 128
(Escharinella) altimuralis 126
laxa 1 28
(Membranipora) albula 126
coronata 126
humaliata 126
incrustans 126
levata 126
minuscula 126
profunda 126, 129
rhomboidalis 126
( Reptoflustrella) simplex 126
ovalis 126
spiculosa 126, 127
elmwoodiae, Schizopodrella 338, 341
elongata, Adeonellopsis 564
Bracebridgia ( Poricella) 558
Crisia 699
Euritina 257
minor, Ogivalina 119
Ogivalina 118
Schizomavella 357
Tr ypostega 328
elongatotuha, Mecynoecia 732
elongatum, Schizellozoon 507
Emballotheca 339, 366
(Eschara) quadrata 339,366
laticapitata 366
(Lepralia) subimmersa 366
(Schizoporella) furcata 366
i-mondata, Bracebridgia ( Porclla) 557
Endocyst 42, 40
Endooecium 55
Endotoichal ovicell 54, 55
Endozooecial ovicell 54, 55
Enoplostomella 432, 434
crassimuralis 435
deflxa 432, 434, 4;W
ligulifera 437
magniporosa 439
rhomboidalis 43fi
synthetics 4'J, m. 434
vallata 438
734
Acropora grateloupi 318
amoena 683
Entalophora.
Page.
Entalophora australis 723
capitata 740
cellarioides 723
cenomana 639
crassa 735
cretacea 723
deflexa 723
delicatula 723
Diaperoecia intricaria 740
echinata 741
iuterjuncta 740
madreporacea 723
palmata 741
proboscidea 726
pulchella 723
ramosissima 708
raripora 635
regularis 740
rugosa _ 741
stipata 734
vendinnensis 725
entomostoma Stephan osella (Lepralia) 344,345
Entoprocta 40, 41
erecta, Peristomella 413
Porella 491, 693
Watersipora 538
Erina 272
erinacea, Acanthocella 309
erinaceus, Galeopsis 514
Erkosonea 752, 756, 763
admota 764
semota 643, 756, 763
errata, Schizopodrella (Lepralia) 338, 341
(Eschara) Acropora gracilis 317
( Adeonella) polystomella 562
(Adeonellopsis) coscinophora 565
andegavensis, Thalamoporella 268
antiopa 252
( Aspidostoma) gigantea 252
Beisselina striata 322
Bracebridgia ignobilis 557
polymorpha 557
C'ribricella coscinophora 564
distoma 564
cuvieri, Stamenocclla IHS
digitata 275
elegans, Coscinopleura 275
Steganoporella 262
Emballotheca quadrata 366
eurita, Euritina 256,257
form of zoarium 68
Galeopsis duplicata 510
heterostoma 510
Hippodiplosia ampla 394
biauriculata 394
pallasiana 393
oculata 394
Hippoporina conferta 374
delicata 374
Houzeauina parallela 421
ichnoidea, Hoplocheilina 238
Lncumbens 342
lesueuri, Grammella 130
linca 340
Meniscopora semitubulosa 557
854
INDEX.
Page.
(Esehara) Metrarahdotos moniliferum 533
monilifera 533-535
osculifera, Hoplocheilina 238
Peristomella alifera 408
phymatopora 338
punctata 533,534
radiate 295
Hamphostomella scabra 457
Schizolavella phymatopora 35S
Stylopoma spongit es 359
t exta 342
tuberosa 440
Tubucella mammillaris 546
virainea 342
Escharella, Buffonella stylifera 349
Peristomella costifera 40'J
Schlzomavella porifera 354
Esckarella micropora 534
Escharellidae 231, 334
Escharidae 334
Esharifora, Acanthionella typica 614
Escharina ballii 409
coccinea 409
hyndman-ni 587
pesanseris 525
Escharinella 340
altimuralis, Ellisina 126
Escttariporidaf 281
Escharoides coccinea 411
monilifera 535
escharoides, Diastopora 725
Escharopsis 524
sarsi 524
Eucratea 200
chelata 199
Eucratudae 72, 73, 199
eudesi, Discocytis (Pelagia) 689
Euginoma 272
eurita, Euritina (Esehara) 256,257
Euritina 253, 256
( Biflustra) torta 257
elongata 257
(Esehara) eurita 256, 257
intermedia 257
lata 257
tecta 258
torta 257
(Vincularia) gracilis ., 257
welschi 257
evexa, Osthimosia 595,597,601,602
exaltata, Discofascigera (Defrancia) NIX, soy
excavans, Stomatopora 656
excelsa, Fedora (Kionidella) 623
exceutrica, Orbituh'pora 629
Excretory and Nervous Systems 42
exigua, Proboscina 665
Smittina ." 463
Stomatopora 655
exilis, Partretocycloecia .- : 831, 834
Semihaswellia six
fximia, Phylactella (Lepralia) ,i74
i-ximipora, Ogivalina 109,117, 11s
Exochella 414,414,41.-)
lobata 414
longirostris 4 B, 4 4, 414, 41fi
tricuspis 414
Page.
Exochoecia 722, 737
rugoia 737
expansa, Proboscina 741
expatiata, Proboscina 661
F.
Facet 637
falcata, Crateropora - 252, 259
falrifera, Hippodiplosia 395
Peristomeha 41.5
fallax, Filisparsa 693, 702
Tubucellaria 543
familiaris. Distansescharella (Cellepora) 299
Families of Ovk'ellata (588, 689
Family, characters of 71
F'ln-trilin OCUl'itl 19(1
tcnella 190
Farciminaria , 194
Farciminariidae 72, 73, 194
Fasciculipora 803, 807
ramosa 807.808
surculifera 808
fasciolata, Stomatopora P58
Fascipora subramosa 709
fayalensis, Schizomavella (Schizoporella) 35J
Fedora 623
(DiscoHustrellaria) dactylus 624
ed wards! 1123, 624
( Kionidella) excelsa 023, 624
obhqueseriata 624
pusilla 024
feegensis. Hippopodina (Lepralia) 53,532
fene: strata, Dimiclaiisa 244
Galeopsis ( Hippothoa) 511
Gephyrophora ( Hippothoa) 521
Idmonea 765
Lunularia 244
Pleuronea ( Idmonea) 756, 765
fenestrella, Stamenocella (Biflustra) 168
ferox. Membrostega (Lepralia) 174, 176
Scrupocellaria 184
fihrosa, Pleuronea 755
Figularia 282, 313, 314, 315
(Cribrilina) clithridiata 315, 31(i
(?) crassicostulata sie
(Hemeschara) philomela 315
(Lepralia) figularis 283, 315, 316
philomela 315
flgularis, Figularia (Leprah'a) 2S3, 315,316
filifera, Cyclicopora 427
filiformis, Gigantopora '. 5211
Idmonea 7^1
Pachytheca ( Porina) 322, 323
fllimargo, Aechmella 227, 233, 234
Filisparsa 690, 093
alomioula 697, 702
l>ini 695, 702
biseriata 702
delvauxi 690
bllax f,93] 702
gracilis 695, 702
ingens (JS5, 694, 702
laxata 697, 702
neoeorniensis 693
simulator 697,702
teuella 690
INDEX.
855
Page.
Filisparsa typica 696, 702
varians 690
filoparielis. Callopora 150
flmbriata, Lichenopora 815
flrma, Steganoporella (Gargantua) 202
( Lepralia) 262
Firmatopores 011-643
fissa, Lacerna (Sehizoporella) 34fi
Retepora 503
Fissiparity of primary embryo 651
f.sstirata. Cyclicopora 425
Holoporella 605, 613
Hornera 795
flstulosa, Cellaria 271, 272
Fixation, basal system of 648
Of the larva 58
flabellaris, Microporella 426
Tublllipora 689, 753, 755, 757, 750
flabellata,Cnsulipora 750
Membram'porina (Bitlustra) 83
Microecia 735
Flabellipora 631
elegans 631
flabellum, Diastopora 741
FlageUum 64
nammeum, Amphiblestrum 160
flammulum, Aspidostoma 254, 259
flemingii, Amphiblestrura (Membranipora) 141,
148,154,156,158
flexiiosa, Laterotubigera 723
Floridina 204, 219
antiqua 63,204,219,220,222
asymmetriea 224
bifoliata 221
(Cellepora) crustiilenta 220
graniUosa 220
lagiracula 223
onydenta ta 221
(Semiescbara) bimarginata 220
canui 220
vendoma 220
Floridinella 227, 229
( Marginalia ) deshayesi 229
(Membranipora) formosa 229
vicksburgiea 227, 229
Flustra, Arthropoma cecilii 351
rhorizopora bronsniarti 333
coriacea, Micropora 234, 235
dumerilii 148
Hippadenella margaritifera 500
inca, Membranipora 77
isabelleana, Membranipora 78
lacroirii 89
Mastigophora dutertrei 586, 588
pilosa, Electra 77
rosselii , Rosseliana 228
savartii, Acanthodesia 99, 100
Schizomavella mont ferrandi 354
tehuelcba, Membranipora 78
triacantha, F.lectra 77
tubereulata, Membranipora 77
Flustramorpha 420. 524
flabelligera 5?4
Flustrella confusa, Grammella 130
convexa, Stamenocella 16S
Page.
Flustrellaria franqana, Alderina 141
Fluslridae 72, 73
flustroides, Hincksina (Membranipora) 111,112
fohacea, Adeonellopsis 554, 563
folium Berenices 70S
foliiculata, Adeonella 554, 562
Foraminella 253
forata, Beisselina 322
Form and size of zooeeia 66
Form of zoarium 648
Formation of skeleton 46
Formations and Station Numbers 15
formosa, Floridinella (Membranipora) 229
formosum, Triphyllozoon 508
Foveolaria 84, 174, 178
elliptica 174,178
fragilis, Cystisella 490
Vincularia 198
franoiscana,0risidia (frisia) 689,701,708
franqana, Alderina (Flustrellaria) 141
Pyricavea 817
frondiculata, Hornera 796, 797
Frondipora 803, 805
interporosa 806
laevigata 806
verrueosa 689, 804, 805
Frondiporidae 686, 688, 689, 803, 804
Frontal 540
or dependant aviculana 83
immersed aviculana 64
fuchsii, Laeerna ( Lepralia) 346
fulgurans, Peristomella (Lepralia) 408,410
Functions of relation 61
reproduction 53
FungeLa 685
dujardini 685
lungiformis, Reptomulticava 680
ftmiculus 42
furcata, Emballotheca (Schizoporella) 366
Reginella 283
fusiforme, Diplopholeos 204,215
fusiforrms, Pleuronea 768
Tubucellaria 542
G.
galeata, Adeonellopsis 56S
Murinopsis 283
Schizomavella ( Lepralia) 354
Galeopsidae 301 , 509, 512
Galeopsis 510-512
convexa 511
Cyclops 514
erinaceus 514
(Eschara) duplicata 510
heterostoma 510
(Hippothoa) fenestrata 511
longicollis 512
(Porina) columnata 510
cribraria 510
tuberculosa 510
pupa 511,513
rabidus •"'Hi ~'M
gambierensis, Desmeplagioccia (Pavotubigera) 71s
gamble!, Homoeosolen Mil
Gargant ua 227, 230
856
INDEX.
Page.
Gargantua bidens 227, 230
firrna, Steganoporella 262
Gastropella 320
asperula 321
ventricosa 57,318,320
gattyae, Puellina (Cribrilina) 293, 294
Gaudryanella asymetrica, Steganoporella 262
gelida, Dakaria (Schizopovella) 59, 337,359, 360
Hippellozoon 506
Gemellaria 200
loricata 200
prima 200
Gemellipora 339,369
arbuscula 571
arrogata 369
auriculata 372
elegantissima 369
glabra 330, 331, 339, 369
polita 372 '
protusa 369
striatula 331
triangula ' 369
Uemelliporella 339, 372
vorax 339,372
geminata, Proboscina 661
Gemmation 647
axial methods of 647
General Anatomy of the Cheilostomata 43
Consideration of the Cheilostomata 46
Cyclostomata 634
Description of the Bryozoa 39
Generic Table of Membraniporae £4
genieulata, Crisia 699
Genus, characters of 71
Geographic and Geologic Distribution, Lists 17
Geologic Tables of Mesozoic and Cenozoic Formations. . . 12
georgiana, Onychocella 206
Gephyrophora 512, 520, 521
(Eschara) tuberosa 521
(Hippothoa) fcnestrota 521
polymorpha 512, 520, 521
(Schizoporella) biturrita 521
tuberosa 521
Gephyrotes 282, 300
convexa 302
(Cribrilina) nitido-punctata 300
levigatum 301
nitido-punctata 283, 300
quadriserialis 304
saillans 301
spectabilis 303
gibbosa, Tubucella 548
gigantea, Cianotremella 274, 275
Eschara (Aspidostoma) 252-254
Gigantopora 512, 519
filiformis 520
lyncoides 512, 519, 520
gilbertensis, Tetraplaria (Pollaploecium) 367
glabra, Gemellipora 330, 331,339, 369
glabrum, Coelophyma 704
glaciata Porella 457
globiferum, Aspidostoma 254
globosa, Ceriopora 678
Schismopora 598
globula, Mecynoecia 734
Pag?.
globulifera, Tervia 791
globulosa, Plagioecia 713
glomerata, Celleporaria 602
Osthimosia 602
goldfussi, Lichenopora 644, 821
Lunulites 240
Radiopora 821
goniostoma, Schizobracheilla (Lepralia) 353
gracile, Siphodictyum 802
Tessaradoma ( Pustulopora) 512, 521
gracilis Acropora (Eschara) 317,319
Euritina (Vincularia) 257
Filisparsa 695, 702
Haswellia 517
MfinbranipoTd 236
Micropora 236
Retepora (Rertella) 503
Tervia 788
grallator, Idmonea 777
Grammella 84, 124, 130
(Biflustra) megapora 130
crassimarginata 63, 130, 131
(Eschara) lesueuri 130
(Flustrella) confusa 130
(Membranipora) crassimarginata 130
japonica ... 130
papulifera 130
sculpta 130
cuciillata 130
pusilla 124, 132
transversa 132
grande, Metradolium 445, 448, 537
grandifossa, Smittina 52,460
grandiora, Idmonea 783
grandipora, Crisulipora 750
Limularia? 242
Metroperiella 362
Tessaradoma 522
grandiporosum, Schizorthosecos 627
grandis, Adeonellopsis 568
Cheilopora 528
Kleidionella 597, 617
Metracolposa 283,305
Stamenocella 173
Tretocycloecia 827
grandisora, Leiosella 449
granoso-porosa, Schizobrachiella { Lepralia) 353
granulata, Thalamoporella 63
tubifera, Thalamoporella 267
granulifera, Antropora (Membranipora) 83,176
Rehizonmvolla 355
granulosa, Floridina 220
Hippodiplosia 394
Holoporella 607, 613
Mucronella 52, 475
Porella 484, 493
Schizomavella 356
Smittina 468
grateloupi, Acropora (Entalophora) 318
grifBthi, Tegella ( Membranipora) 166
grignonensis, Diseoporella 819
Lichenopora 644,818,819
Radiotubigera 819
Tubulipora 818
I'nicavea 819
INDEX.
857
Pago.
grimaldi, Retepora 503
Krisca, Adeona 553
grotriani, Mncronclla (Lepralia) 475
Perigastrella (Lepralia) 576
Growth o( zoarium 648, 6-19
gut ta, Dacryopora 334
Gymnoeyst 47
(olocystal) 83
(trcmocystal) S3
Gymnolaemata 40, 41
H.
ha 77
Habitat 69
haddoni, Cheilopora 525
hagenowi, Hippozeugosclla (Bactridimn) 398
Lunularia 239
haidingeri, Orbitulipora 629
Steganoporella ( Yincularia) 262
halli, Characodoma 339, 372
Haplopoma 325, 332
impressum 332
harmeri Amphiblestrum 158
Harmeria 334, 524
diaphana 69, 524
( Lepralia) scutulata 334, 524
harmsworthi, Schizomavella (Schizoporella) 354
hasta, Schizopodrella (Schizoporella) linearis 63
Haswellia 512, .116
gracilis 517
(Myriozoum) australiensis 512,516
hockeli, Adeona (Cellepora) 560
Heliodoma 84, 85, 94, 103
implicata 85
(Hemeschara) Figularia Philomela 316
Schizobrachiella sanguinea 353
Hemicyclopora 586
(Lepralia) labiosa 586
obehscus 5S6
parajuncta 572, 586
(Lepralia) polita 5S6
Hemiseptella 100
Hercntia byndmanni 587
Herpetopora 76, 81
danica 81
Hetcractis duclosii 103
Heterocella 198
vieksburgica 198
Heterooeeium 76, 78, 79
amplectens 78, 79
Heteropora 681
alveolata 641 , 682
amoena 683
Amphiblestrum (Reptoflustrella) 158
attenuata '. 826
Tlausa 643
claviformis 677
conifera 681
consimilis 840
constant! 636
cryptopora tenera 681
neozelanica 677
ovalis : 646, 682
Parascosoecia consimilis 838
pelliculata 1,77, IM
Page.
Heteropora Kcptofluslre/la 158
Reptomulticava 680
tecta 682
Trctocycloecia dichotoma 826, 829
Heteroporella verrucosa 818
Heteroporidae 675-677
heterostoma Galeopsis ( Eschara) 510
hexagona Bullonella (Schizoporella) 349
Romancheina 407
hexagonalis, BuiTonella 349
Hippoporina 374
Lacerna 347
Perigastrella 572, 577
hexagonum, Rhagasostoma 253, 254
hians. Odontionella (Membranipora) 256
Hincksina 84, 109, 111
costulifera 11C>, 117
elegans 115,117
flustroides in
jacksonica 113, 117
megavicularia 109, llfi, 117
(Membranipora) corniculifera 112
defensa 112
flustroides 112
inarmata 112
maderensis 112
minuscula 112
pyrula 112
sceletos 112
ocalensis 114, 117
parvavicularia 11.5, 117
pyrula in
reptans 112, 117
sceletos n 1
smithi 113,117
Ticksburgica 09
Hippadenella 373, 402
( Flustra) margaritifera 373, 497, 500
Hippellozoou 505, 506
gelida 506
hippocrepis 499, 506
lepralioides 506
(Retepora) novezelandiae 505, 50*
hippocrepis, Aechmella (Cellepora) 233
Hippellozoon 499, 506
Lyrula 283
Hippodiplosia baccata 53, 397
(Eschara) ampla 394
I'iauriculata 394
oculata 394
pallasiana 59, 373, 393
falcifera 395
granulosa 394
(Lepralia) aperta 394
asperrima 394
auingeri 393
clavata 393
megalota 394
planiceps 393
rarepuncta 393
semicristata 393
vestita 393
magniporosa 49, 396
petiolus 395
strangulata • 397
858
INDEX.
Page.
Hippodiplosh vermcosa 394
vespertilio 394
Hippomenella 373
alifera 386. 393
angustaedes 383, 392
axiculata 391,393
capitimort is 384, 392
costulata 385, 392
crassicollis 392, 393
incondita 383, 392
(Lepralia) miicronelliformis 379,380
peristomata 380
ligulata 393
mucronelliformis 373
(Mucronella) perforata 380
punctata 389, 393
pungens 388, 393
radicata 387, 393
rotula 50, 52, 381, 392
transversal a 3S2, 392
transversora 388, 393
t uberosa 391 , 393
Hippopodina 524, 532
(Lepralia) feegensis 53, 532
Hippopodinidae 524
Hippoponella 373, 379, 380
hippopus 373, 379, 380
Hippoporae 372
anatomy of 370, 371
Hippoporella 373, 377
hippopus 59
multilamellosa 59, 378
perforata 373, 378
Hippoporina 372, 374
biporosa 377
(Eschara) eonferta 374
delicata 374
hexagonalis 374
Integra 374
(Lepralia) collaris 374
elimata 374
sulcifera 374
porcellana 374
lucens 376
midwayanica .- 375
parvula 374
porcellana 373
hippopus, Hippoponella ( Lepralia) 59, 373, 379, 3SO
Hippothoa 325-327
bougainvillei 326
(?) conjuncta 327
divaricata 327
Galeopsis, fenestrata 511
Gephyrophora fenestrata 521
hyalina 326
Itii/iihiniilrli 587
tubcrculum SO
Hippothoidae 325
Hippozeugosella 373, 398
arcuata 373, 400
(Bactridium) hagenowi 398
distorta 399
inBata 401
marginata 401
sexordinata... 402
Page.
Hippozeugosella t eges 399
hirsuta, Tubucellaria 542
hirsutum, Triphyllozoon ' 508
hirta, Microecia 736
Plagioecia , 715, 718
hispida, Lichenopora (Discopora) 811.812,815
ho 77
holdsworthi, Lichenopora 644,815
hole, papilla 294
Holoporella 596, 597, 604
albirostris 595
altirostris 606, 613
apiculata 595
birostrata 612, 613
crassicollis 607,613
damicornis 609, 613
descostilsii 597, 604, 605
discus 612, 613
fissurata 605, 613
granulosa 607, 613
micropora 610, 613
orbiculifera 605, 613
peristomaria 611, 613
pigmeutaria 604
pisiformis 608
separata .. 609, 613
seposita 610, 613
vennifonnis 604
Holostomatous division 596
Homalostega 233
cuniformis 278
Homoeosolen gamble! 640
hoockeri, Conopeum ( Membranipora) 91
Hoplitella 181
Hoplocheiliua 227, 237
( Eschara) ichnoidea 238
osculifera 238
(Lepralia) russelli 238
(Reptescharellina) prolifera 238
spectabilis 227. 238
Hornera 795, 797
antarctica 645, 689, 795
biloba 690
concatenata 639, 795
fissurata 795
frondiculata 796, 797
jacksonica 795, 797
lichenoides 795
polyporoides 799
porosa 800
reteramae 799
tenuirama 800
ttiberosa 800
Horneridae 686, 688, 689, 793, 794, 795
Anatomy of 794
hornesi, Crisia 704
Mucronella (Lepralia) 475
horrida, Callopora ( Membranipora) 147
Thoracophora 283
hosteensis, Lacerna 339, 345, 346
Houzeauina 420, 121
callosa 421, 423
( Eschara) parallela 421
Hbrata 423
ornata 422
INDEX.
859
Page.
bum&li&ta, Elli^ina (Membranipora) 126
htmioi. Trochiliopora 822, 823
Huxleya 200
hyadesi, Memlnanipora 78
hyalina, Hippothoa 32ii
Mt'^apora 177
Hydrostatic Fund ions 57
hyndmanni, Escharina 587
Hi mil in 587
Hi/ilattlma 587
Li[>rntiii 5S7
Mastigophora 572,586,587
Schizttfiorella .588
Hyperstornial ovicel! 54
Hypostege 46, 60
I.
ichnoidea. Hoplocheilina (Eschara) 23S
Idmidronea 7.12, 756, 7M , 7xi>, 7s7
coronopus 642. 7M . 7^7
ctllter 785
maxillaris 7."iil, 7s".
rosacea 784
Idmonea 752, 756, 7.19, 770
areuata 775
atlantica 756, 770, 771 , 77S
commiscens 78.S
fcnestrata 765
f:lifurmis 781
pfallator 777
grandiora 783
(Idmidronea) coronopus 787
maxillaris 756
magna 639, 772
magnireversa 639. 776
maxillaris ~S>
milneana 773
nonreticula 7S1
parvula 780
petri 7S1
( Pleuronea) fenestrata 7.56
radians 779
radicata 74 1
sloani 775
tacta 771
triforata 782
Tubulipora tumida 7yO
idmoneoides, Proboscina 60S
ignobilis, Bracebridgia (Eschara) 557
ignota, Costazzia 603
imbellis, Alrterina ( Membranipora) 140-142
imbricata, Polyascosoecia 840
Immature region 637
Immersed or frontal avicularia 04
imperati, Schizellozoon (Reteporai 4B6, 506,507
implicata, Bcisselina 32.5
Heliodoma 85
Impressum, Haplopoma 332
iuarmata, Adenifera 8.5, 102
Hincksina (Membranipora) 112
Puellina 299
inca, Memhranipora i Flustra) 77
incisa, Buffonella (Lepralia) 34'J
Conescharellina (30
inclusa. Smittiua 459
Incomplete zooecium 594
incompta, Rosseliana (Membranipora) 228
incondita, Berenicea 672,718
Ilippomenella 383,392
incrustans, Aspidostoma. ..
Ellisina (Mcmbraniporat
Steganoporella
incumbens, Eschara
inferayiculifera, Stamenocalla
inflata, Hippozeugosella
infundibiihnn, Phylactella
ingens, Berenicea 671
Callopora
Filisparsa 635, 694
inhabilis, Feristornella (Mucronella)
innominate, Leprnlii
Puellina
inornata, CeUepora 147
inornata, Trypostega
Inovicel ata
insignis Lacerna (Schizoporella)
Integra, Ilippoporina
interarcolar costule
interjuncta, Diaperoecia
Entabphora
intermedia, Euritina
254
126
263
342
172
401
574
718
1.10
702
409
295
294
329
329
652
346
374
454
740
740
Stamenocella 173
jnterporosa, Frondipora 806
interrupta, Tubulipora 758
intcrstitia, OrbitoHtcs (Lunulilcs) 626
Schizorthosecos 626
interzooecial avicularia 64,83
Intrazoarial gemmation 647, 648
jntricaria, Adeonella 561
Diaperoecia (Entalophora) 6S9, 739, 740
Diplosolen 739
intricata, Reticulipora 745
Introvert 42
invigilata, Callopora (Membranipora) 147
irregularis, Alderina (Membranipora) 131, 141, 142
Discocavea 817
Phormopora 802, 803
Porella 484, 493
Tervia (Tubulipora) 689, 7*8, 789
isabelleana, Membranipora (Flustra) 78
3.
jacksonensis, Lacerna 346
Lunularia 250
jacksoni, Peris tomella (Smittia) 409
Jacksonian Cheilostomatous Bryozoa, List 20
Cyclostomatous Bryozoa, List 30
localiti es 15
jacksonica, Distansescharella 283
Hincksina 113, 117
Hornera 795, 797
Ochetosella 52,432,451,452
Parleiosoecia 64H. 824,825, vil
Polyascosoecia S37
Porella 486, 693
Steganoporella 262
jacksoniensis, Diaperoecia 742
Retepora 503
jalloisii, Scrupocellaria 184
janthina, Cellepora 615
860
INDEX.
Page.
jellyae, Tervia 789
jermanensis, Retepora 503
jerseyensis, Callopora ( Membranipora) 147
johnstoni, Proboscina 741
jousseaumi, Phonicosia 339, 352
K.
Key to Plagioecia and Berenicea "17
Kionidella 623
Fedora excelsa 624
obliqueseriata 624
Kleidionella 596, 597, 617
crlstata 620
grandis 597, 617
lobata 619
parasitica 619
verrucosa 621
Kymella -- 420,421,428
(Cyclicopora) polaris 421, 428
L.
la 77
labiata, Mucronella 474
Perigastrella (Lepralia) 576
Peristomella (Mucronella) 409
Phylactella 572
Thalamoporella rozieri 268
labiatula, Smittina 460
Labiopora 253, 258
crenulata ' 258
labiosa, Cheilopora 526
Hemicyelopora ( Lepralia) 526, 586
Watersipora cucullata var 538
labratulum, Metradolium 441, 448
labrosa, Phylactella 572, 573
Lacerna 339,345,346
hexagonalis 347
hosteensis ..-- 339,345,346
jacksonensis 346
(Lepralia) fuchsii 346
sequenzai 346
suessi 346
( Schizoporella) cavolini 346
convexa 346
eatoni 346
flssa 346
insignis 346
nitons 346
nitidissima 346
ornata 346
ovalis 346
laciniata, Peristomella ( Lepralia) 409
laciniosa, Onychocella 63.207
Quadricellaria 279
Retepora 504
lacroixii, Biflustra 89
Conopeum 85, 86, 89
Flustra 89
Mcmbmnipora 86,89, 131
lactea , Diastopora 70S
lacuna 294, 314
lateral 2S1
median 2S1
laevigata, Buffonella (Schizoporella) 349
Frondipora 806
Page.
laevis, Porella 457
Lagenipora 572, 591, 603
americana 591
socialis 572, 591
Lagonoecia 788, 792
lamellifera 792
laguncula, Floridina 223
lamellifera , Lagonoecia 792
Platonea 760
lamellosa cervicornis, Diastopora 672
Macroecia (Diastopora) 689, 722, 723
I'lagioecia 714, 717
lamellosum, Conopeum 92
Laminopora contorta 554,571
lamourouxi, Peristomoecia (Proboscina) 692,693
landrioti. Semimulticavea 817
landsborovi Smittia 457
langana . Conopeum (Membranipora) 86
laqueata, Mucronella 474
Larnacius .- 84,124,140
( Membranipora) corniger 124, 140
Larva 53
development of 44
fixation of 56
larvalis, Didymosella 416
lata, Euritina
Metroperiella (Schizoporella) 361
Schizomavella (Schizoporella) 355
lateral lacunae 281
lines 280
lateralis, Ascosoecia 639
I'rosthenoecia (Reptotubigera) 793
Steganoporella 261
Laterotlit'igera flexuosa 723
micropora 725
laticapitata , Emballotheca 366
laticella , Cyclicopora
Membraniporidra 135
Peristomella 413
laticostulata.Critirilina 292
latimarginata, Cribilina 65
latipora, Metroperiella 365
latobrevis, Proboscina - 667
latomarginata , Berenicea 708
Plagioecia 639, 709
lautum, Pachycraspedoum 586
laxa, Ellisina 12S
Mt mltranipora 96
Membraniporina 96
laxata, Dakaria 360
Filisparsa 697,702
Leiosella •- «2,448
grandisora 449
orbicularis .450
rostrifera 432,448,449
Leiosoecia 823, 824
( Multicrescis) parvicella 689, 823, 824
Leiosoeciidae 686,688,689,823
Lekythionia 747
dichotoma 747
lenticularis, Orbitulipora 629
Lepralia 375
appcnsa 409
Arachnopusia monoceros 311
Arthropoma speyeri 352
INDEX.
861
Page.
Lrpraliu aurita 589
ballii 4U9
bicornigcra 410
luitiiliis 371
brachyct phala 589
Buffonela incisa 349
pauper 349
fhei lopora sincere 520
cntxinea 409
crassilabra '. 587, 588
Cyclicopora longipora -425
Dakaria squamoidea 360
Emballotheca subimmersa 366
entomostoma 345
[erox, Membrostega 176
Figularia figularis 316
firma 262
fulgurans 410
Harmeria scntnlata 334
Hemicyclopora ]abiosa 58*5
polita .".M
Hippodiplosia aperta 394
auingeri 393
asperrima 394
clavata 393
megalota 394
planiceps 393
rarepuncta 393
semicristata 393
vestita 393
Hippomenella mucronelliformis 379. 380
peristomata 380
Hippopo Jina feegensis 532
Hippoponella hippopus 379
Hippoporina collaris 374
elimata 374
porcellana 374
sulcifera 374
hyndtjianni 587
innominata 295
labiosa 526
Lacerna fuchsii 346
sequenzai 346
suessi 346
marl yi 57
( Membraniporella) nitida 375
Mctroperiella trigonostoma 361
in in ilifera 535
Mucronella grotriani 475
hornesi 475
peachi 474, 475
ventricosa 475
olnphara 589
percgrina 410
Perigastrella contracta 576
grotriani 576
lil'iata ' 576
Peristomella fulgurans 408
laciniata 409
mamillata 40S
peregrina 40s
strenuis 409
Phylactella collaris 574
eximia 574
tubiceps 573
Page.
Li'pralia ptcropora 410
pungcns 428
resupinata 410
Rhynchozoon bispinosa 508
russclli, Hoplocheilina 238
Schizobrachiella Candida -353
crassipora 353
goniostoma 353
granoso-porosa 353
schizostoma 35.8
Schizomavella auriculata 354
galeata 354
Schizopodrella errata 338
lincaris 338
unicornis 338
Schizoporella biapcrta 343
scripta 295
Smittina concinna 457
reticulata 456
Stephanosella entomostoma 344
seriata 344
s/rialula 330
strombecki 4f3
tridentata 409
Tubiporella magnirostris 549
venusta 330
Watersipora cucullata 538
u'oodiana 588
Lepraliella 509, 511
(Cellepora) contigna 509, 511
Lepraliidae 372
lepralioides, Hippellozoon 506
• Metroperiella 339,361
lesuenri, Grammella (Eschara) 130
leucocytes... 42
leyata, Bnffonella, (Schizoporella) 349
Ellisina (Membranipora) 125, 126
levigata, Velumella 204, 214
levigatum, Gephyrotes 301
Rhagasostoma H 254
levinseni, Schizobrachiella (Schizoporella) 353
Velumella (Onychocella) 203, 213, 214
leyis, Mucronella 474
Porella 455
Ramphonotus 164
Tretonea 756, 769
librata, Houzeatiina 423
lichenoides, Hornera 795
Lichenopora 634, 812, 814, 815, 817
boletiformis 813
bullata 815
capillata 815
crispa 81S
Desmeplagioecia lineata 822
echinata 815
flmbriata 815
goldfussi 644, 821 4
grignonensis 644, 818-820
var multilamellosa 820
(Discopora) hispida 811, 812. 815
holdsworthi 644, 815
mediterranea 815
novae-zelandiae 815
prolifera 820
radiata 689, 815
862
INDEX.
Page.
(Lichenopora) retirulati 815
stellata 817
turbinata 817
venabulum 815
verrucaria 815
verrucosa '. 811, 818
zoarial forms of 816, 817
Liehenoporidae 686, 688, 689, 810-812
ligeriensis, Ascosoecia (Zonopora) 833
IHscofascigera 808
ligulata, Hippomenella 393
Luniilaria 243
ligulitera, Enoplostomella 437
liliaoea, Tubulipora 753
limosa, Merabranipora 99
line, lumen 284
linen, Eschara 340
Scbizopodrella 34(1
line^ris hastata, Schizopodrella 63
Schizopodrella ( Lepralia) 341, 338
lineata, Berenicea 71s
Callopora 53, 141, 146, 147
Desmeplagioecia 718, 822
Diastopora 745
Mfmbranipora 14S
Schizomavella (Schizoporella) 354
lineatum, Diplopholeos 203, 219
lines, lateral 280
lioticha, Thalamoporella 267
List of Localities 15
Lists of Bryozoi 17-37
Lists Showing Geographic and Geologic Distribution.. . 17
lo 77
lobata, Desmeplagioecia 719
Exochella 414
Kleidionella 619
Mecynoecia 734
Plagioecia 710. 717
Lobopora 5«4
lobosa, Rept:iniulticava 680
Loboseoecia ( Meliceritites) semiclausa 640
lobulata, Piaperoecia 742
Oneousoecia (Tubulipora) 6S7
Locella 54, 55, 402
Ion and Lon 77
longicauda, Diaperoecia 741
longicollis, Galeopsis 512
lougipes, Crepis 85, 177
longipora Cyclicopora (Lepralia) 424, 425
longircstris, Exochella 403, 404, 41 4, 4 1C,
Sehizomavella 358
gehiznpo.lrclla (Sol izop rc'li) 338,341
loop 2 M, 314
lophophore 39
loricata, Gemellaria 200
lowei, Crisia 70S
Membretidoerium 121
Lowest Eocene localities 15
lucens, Hippoporina 376
luciae, Onychocolla 203
lucida, Costazzia 603
lumen 2 <0, 294, 31 i
line 280,284
pore 2 <n. 2*4, 314
lunata, AUerina... 144
Page.
lunata, Mecynoecia 730
Lunularia 227, 238
capulus 239
(Oligotresmm)claibornica 248
contigua 247
distaus 227, 245
fonestrata 244
grandipora 242
ha',renowi 239
jacksoneusis 250
1 igulata 243
ovata 241
patelliformis .- 239
repandus 239
reversa 240
tintinabula 239,251
tnbifera 245
verrucosa 242
(Oligotresium ) vicksburfensis 249
Lunulariidae 201,238,239
Lunulites beisscli 240
capulus 23S
contif/ua 246
Lumilila* (DiKoflustreMHTVi) bvuci 103
almini 103
concava 103
depressa 1 03
iuclosii 103
tiza 103
truncata 104
duclosii 103
form of zoarium 68
goldfussi 240
ilnfrstitii 626
mitra 105
munstcri 240
patelliformis 65
plana 240
radiata 240
repandus 65
salebrosa 240
structure of 23s
urceolata 240
luvernensis, Mecynoe?ia 727
Lv and Iv 77
lyncoides, Gigantopora 512, 519, 520
Lyrula 58, 282
hippocrepis 283
lynila 454
Lzandlz... 77
M.
maconnica, Adeonellopsis (Poricella)
Macroecia 722,
( Diastopora) lamellosa 689, 722,
MaiTOeciidae usii, iiss. tisii
Macropora : 276j
aquiae
centralis
darkei
multihmellosa
Maculae
marulala. Selenaria.. . .
maderensi.s. Hincksina (Membranipora).
madrepora^ea, Entalophora
564
723
723
722
277
277
277
J7v
277
645
65
112
723
INDEX.
863
Page.
magna, Idraonea 039, 772
magnicella. Mecynoecia 729
magniflca, Muitii-avea 831
raagnilabris, Steganoporella (Membraniponi ) 2C>1, 202
magnipora, Diastopora 074,717
magniporata, Dakaria 359, 300
Schizoporella 337
magniporosa, Adeoneilopsis 565
Enoplostomella 439
Hippodiplosia 49, 390
magniramosa, Proboscina 668
magnireversa, Idmonea 639, 776
magnirostris, Tubiporella (Lepralia) 548,549
majuseula, Porella 481
Spiropora 675
Malacostega 72, 73
malusi, Microporella 59,419
mamillaris, Thalamoporella 267
Tubucella (Eschara) 546
mamillata, Acropora 318, 319
Peristomella (Lepralia) 408
Mamillopora 631
cupula 632
Manzonella 268
maplestonei, Conopeum (Membranipora) 86
margaritifera, Hippadenella (Flustra) 373,497,500
Marginaria deshayesi, Floridinella 229
marginata, Hippozeugosella 401
Plagioecia 710, 717
Schizopodrella 342
marginella, Adenifera (Membranipora} 102
marionense, Myriozoum 525
Marssonopora 84, 141, 175
dispersa 141, 175
marsupifera, BulTonella (Schizoporella) 349
martiali, Romancheina 404, 407
martyi. Lepralia 57
Mastigophora 586, 587
(Flustra) dutertrei 586,587,588
hyndmanni 4S6, 572, 587
maxilla, Perigastrella 580
maxillaris, Idmidronea (Idmonea) ~'t(\. 7s.',
mecalliei, Otionella 100
meandrina, Mesenteripora 039
Mecynoeeia 722, 724
brevis 728
compressa 729
cornuta 039, 733
cylindrica 727
delicatula 724
elongatotuba 732
globula 734
lobata 734
lunata 730
luvernensis 727
magnicella 729
parvituba 733
(Entalophora) proboscidea 689,723,725,720
pusilla 72s
quisenberryae 730
rugosa 639
semota 731
Mecynoeciidae 686, 688, 689, 722
anatomy of 724
median avu-ularium. .. 454
Page.
median lacunae 281
mediterranea, Lichenopora 815
Retepora 503
mediaviculitera, Stamenocella 168, 171
megacrphala, Ccllcpnm 295
megalota, Hippodiplosia ( Lepralia) 394
Megapora 14 1 , 176, 177
hyalina 177
ringens 141, 176, 177
megapora, Grammella (ISiflustra) 130
megavicularia, Hincksina 109,116, 117
Melicerita '. 272
melolontha, Aspidelectra 283,317
membranacea, Membranipora 75, 77, 78
Membranicellariidae 269
Membranipora 76-78
abortiva, Alderina 141
albida, Callopora 147
Ellisina 126
arnbigua, Aechmclla 233
Membranipora angulosa 127, 205
anterides, Amphiblestrum 158
arborea, Conopeum 86
argentea, Amphiblestrum 158
armata, Adenifera 102
aurita, Callopora 147
bellula, Electra 77
biauriculata 148
bicolor, Electra 77
bidens 230
bicornis 148
bravardi, Conopeum S6
britannica, Callopora 147
californiensis, Callopora 147
calveti, Callopora 147
catenularia 79, 80
concinna, Aechmella 233
coralliformis, Callopora 147
corbula 112
coriacfa 235
Membranipora corniculifera, Hincksina 211
corm'culifera japonica 130
corniger, Larnacius 140
coronata, Ellisina 126
crassimarginata 130, 131
craticula, Callopora 147
cummingsi, Alderina 141
curvirostris, Callopora 147
danica 77
defensa, Hincksina 112
delicatissima, Siphonoporella 268
depressa, Aechmella 233
distorta, Electra 77
dumerilli, Callopora 147,143
eliiptica, Ramphonotus 168
flemingii, Amphiblestrum 148,154,156,158
(Flustra) inca 77
isabelleana 78
tehuelcha 78
tiiliiTCuIata 77
flustroides, Hincksina 111,112
lormosa, Floridinella 229
gracitis 236
granulifera, Antropora 176
griffithi, Tegella 160
864
INDEX.
Page.
Membranipora hians, Odontionella 256
/loocfcfn" 91
horrida, Callopora 147
humaliata, Ellisina 126
hyadcsi 78
imbellis, Alderina 140,1-11
inarmata, Hincksina 112
incompta, Rosseliana 228
incrustans, Ellisina 126
invigilata, Callopora 147
irregularis, Alderina 131, 141
jerseyensis, Callopora 147
lacroiiii 86, 89, 131
langana, Conopeum 86
laia 96
levata, Ellisina 125, 136
limosa 99
lineata, Callopora 147,148
maderensis, Hincksina 112
magnilabris, Steganoporella 262
maplestonei, Conopeum 86
marginella, Adenifera 102
membranacea 75, 77, 78
minuscula, Ellisina 126
Hincksina 112
monostachys, Electra 77
nigrans, Adenitera 102
Callopora 78, 147
nordgaardiana, Callopora 147
occulta, Tegella 166
occultata, Odontionella 256
papulifera, Grammella 130
patellaria 139
perisparsa, Alderiua 141
Callopora 147
plana, Callopora 147
•pouilleli 148
proftinda, Ellisina 126,129
pura 78
pyrula, Hincksina 112
reussiana, Rosseliana 228
rhomboidalis, Kllisina 126
i imulal a 94
sarartii 100
sceletos, Hincksina 112
sculptacncullata, C.rammella 130
Grammella 130
sigillata, Ramphonotus 163
solidula, Alderina 141
sophiae, Tegella 166
spkulosa 127
Membraniporae 72, 73, 82
Generic Table of... .- 84
striata, Adenile'-a 102
subtitintargf) 96
tenella, Eleetra 77
tenuirostris, Callopora 147, 154
trifnliurn. Amphiblestrum 158
triminghamensis, Tegella 166
trulla, Beisselina 318,324
tuberosa , Callopora 147
umbonata. Amphiblesfrura 158
unioornis, Tegella 166
villosa 78
woodward!, Callopora 147
Pag .
Membraniporrlla 281, 282, 284
bioculata 287
crassicolljs 286
crassula 285
distans 284
(Lepralia) nitida 375
modesta 285
monilifera 289
nitida 283, 284
planula 2S6
( ?) subagassizi 289
ulrichi 2S7
Membraniporidra. . '. 84, 124. 133
laticella 135
oecioporosa 133
pachyruuralis... 13-1
porrccta 133, 135
pyrifonnis i:js
similis 137
spissimuralis 48, 136, 257
trigemma 124. 134
Membraniporina 84, 94
arcana 99
benjamin! 98
( Hiflustra) flabellal a 83
canalifcra 95
claviformis 97
laxa 96
rimulata 94
sinesolum 96
tubulosa 98
Mcmbrendoecium 84, 109, 119, 120
duplex 120
lowei 121
papillatum 120
pyriforme 123
rectum 69, 109, 122
transversum 120
Mcmbrostega 84, 174
(Lepralia) ferox 174. 176
mcndonensis. Radiopora 817
Menipea 181
benemunita 1.83
Meniscopora 555
(Meniscopora) Bracebridgia subcrenulata 557
bigibbera 554, 555
Meniscopora (Eschara) semitubulosa 557
simehi 555
Meniscoporidae 555
Mesenchyme 46
Mesenteripora compressa 708
meandrina 639
Mesonea 643, 752, 756, 762, 763
(Retepora) radians." 755, 756, 762, 763
subpertusa 642
Mesopores 645, 646
Methods of gemmation 647
Study 4
Mctopoporina 637
Metracolposa 282, 304
brevis 305
cylindrical 307
grandis 305
robusta 283, 305, 306
Metradolium 432, 440
INDEX.
865
Page.
MH lailnlium om\ onic'ii-i 44.".. I !^
dis-iimile : 4 in, 141!, I IS
LTandr1 4I:V I is
lahrat iilum 411,41s
ittilii iiuim 4'i:', I Hi, 44S
parvirimulatum T II ::, 1 is
Mil 'ilVrum 417, IIS
transvcrsum 45 1, 4 is
Metrarabdotos 524, 533, 53 1
graiide 537
i M.ii-harai miinilid-rum 533-535
Mel rocrypla 431.', I ">n
bucculenta 432, -I'n i, i:>]
M rt i upcriclla 33S, 33:>, 3H1
acervata ^ '-'<
(?) albora 361
biplanata •> '
grandipora 3^2
latipora 365
( Lepralia) trigonostoma 3>)l
lepralioides 333
porosa 3>2
(Schizoporclla) lata 3fil
lepralioides 361
inri ula, Arthropoma 352
Mesozoic and Cenozoic Formation Names 12,14
rocks, sulidi\ isinii of 13
mii-lumdiana, Aechmella (Cellcpora) 233
mirtidini, LHastopora 70S
Microecia 722, 7;;'.
flabellata 735
hirta 73ii
vibrio 73-J
Mieropora 227, 23 1
brcvissima 235
Centronea (Multitubigera) 756,761
Ceriopora 678, 679
coriacea 57, 224, 227, 234-236
Escharclla 531
grnci/is 23'i
lloloporella .• i; i n, , ;i : ;
j'.jlerotubigera 725
minuta 23-">
minuticella 237
normani 235
pcrforata 235
iiiiicifora 220
M it-roporo 60
Mimipori'lla 420
llabellaris 420
mallisi VI, I]')
M LIT, ,| n.ri'llai' 417, 419
Mimipurrllidae 334
^ric^oporidae 201, 226, 227
microstoma, BuiVoni-lla .'i'11'
Mierastructiirc, Ircmocyst and olocyst 50
M ii IH ayan, Lists 17
localities 15
mi, Iwayanica, Bcisselina 321
Cystisi-lla 479
Hippoporina 375
Nellia 197
Smittipora 225
Stamenocella l'>'i
TublUipora 753
20— Bull. 100 — 55
Page.
Millepitra, I'orella cer\'iconiis 479
lillllrlnlil 589
milneana, Idmouea 773
milncri, Scrupoccllariu 186
niiii:iK, Ramphonotils 141, 163
minor, Ogivalina elon^ata 119
minuta, Mieropora 235
Porclla 481
Stomatopora 656
minilscula, Ellisina ( Membranipora) 12ti
Hincksina (Memhranipora) 112
minusculum, Rhagasostoma 255
minuticella, Mieropora 237
miser, Umbouula 494
mitra, Lunulites 105
modesta, Cribrilina 285
M' mbraniporclla 285
Mollia antiqua 219, 220, 222
tuberculnta 330
monilifera, Callopora (ScmilHistrina) 147
Eschara 533-553
Lepralia 535
Membraniporella 283
Schizoporella 535
Triphyllozoon 506, 508
umbonata 499
Tubucella 547
momliferum, Metrarabdotos ( Eschara) 525, 533, 534
monoceros, Arachnopusia ( I-epralia) 283,311,312
monostachys, Electra (Membranipora) 77
monosticha, Defrancia 721
montfcrrandi, Schizomavella (Flustra) 354
mortisaga, Smittistoma 554
Mucro 58,66
Mucronella 456, 474
abyssicola 471
aspera 405
biaviculata 474
biincisa 471
coccinca 411
crozetensis 475
diaphana 474
elleri 474
Kranulosa 52, 475
Uippomencllapcrforata 3X0
(Lepralia) grotriani 475
horncsi 475
labiata 474
laqueata 474
Icvis 474
patens 47.".
peachi 69, 4.55, 456, 474
Ferigastrella semiereeta 576
Peristoniclla eontorta 409
inhabilis 409
labiata 409
praestans 409
porosa .
474
rostrata 474
spinosissima 474
teres 475
variolosa 52, 474
vpntricosa 171
mucronelliformis, Hippomcnclla (Lepralia) 373,379,380
Multu'Livea ^3^
866
INDEX.
Page.
Multicavea magnLJica 831
.Unit icri'scis 684
( Multicrescis) Leiosoecia parvicella 823, 824
tuberosa -- 6S4
vuriabilis 6S4
trmlMhmt'llusa, Ilippoporella 59,378
I.ichonopora grignonensis 820
Macropora 277
multiradiata , Batopora 629
(MiilliUibigera), Centronea micropora 756,761
inundula, Callopora 158
muTisteri, Limulitos 240
Mural rtra 83
Murinopsia 282
Murinopsis ^aleata 283
muscles, parietal 314
Myriozoidae 334
( Myriozoum), Haswellia australiensis 516
marionense 525
>ul^racile 51
N.
Nature of the ovicells 54
Nellia 194,195
bifaciata 197
concatenat a 197
midwayanica 197
oculata 195, 196
ncmatopores 641,6-13
neocomiensis, Filisparsa 693
Radiopora 817
neozelanica , Heteropora 677
Steganoporella 261
Ni-rvous and excretory systems 42
nicklesi, Tegella 167
nigrans, Adenifera (Membranipora) 102
t'nllnjinl :i I MVml .nilllpnr a ) 147
Nimba 339, 372
praetexta 339, 372
niton-;, I.acorna (Schizoporella) 346
.Ui Tnbranipora 78
nitida, Lepralia (Membraniporclla) 2S3, 284,375
nit.idissiina, Lacerna (Schizoporella) 346
nitido-punctata, Gephyrotes (Cribrilina) 283, 300
nivea, Schizopodrella (Schizoporella) 57, 337, 338, 341
nodifera, Tubucellaria 546
nodulosa, Alderina S3, 14:j
Ammalophora 141
Schismopora 599
jimircficii.la, Idmonca 7S1
imnl^aardiana, Callopora (Memliriniipnni i 147
normani, Micropora 235
nonnaniana, Crisina 7<>2
Xolamiidae 72,73
novaehollandiae, Thalamoporella 267
novac/ckiTniiiH1, I iclicnopora 815
iiovezelandiae, Hippellozoon (Retepora) ."rfo.tinii
n i nUi . BulTonella ( Schizoporella) 349
O.
obelia, Diplosolen (Berenicea) 745
oi'vlioides, Diastopora 745
oboliscus. Hemicyclopora 586
Object and Methods of Study 4
o ili:]ua, AdeoneJlopsis ,. 564
Page.
obliqua.Porella 481,403
Retlculipora 7ns
obU'iueseriata, Fedora (Tvionidella) 624
obliqmim, Metradolium 432,446,448
ocalensis, Hincksina 114, 117
occidentalis, Crisnlipora 748, 749
Cyphonautes 78
Tnlinllpora 757
occnlta, Te.zella (Membranipora) .' 1GB
oc'cultata, < )dontionella (Memtjranipora) 25fi
oceanica, Retor ora (Sertella) 503
oceUata, Stesinopora 2S3
( K'licl oseila 432, 451
jacksonica 52, 432, 451 , 452
robusta 4S3
octonaria. Dacryonella 227
oculata, Farcimia 196
oculata, Hippodiplosia (Eschara) B4
Nellia 195, 1E6
Odontionclla 253. 256
(Membranipora) hians ?56
occultata 256
Oeciopores of Tubuhpora 757
oecioporosa, Acanthionella 48,507,61 \
Membraniporidra 133
Ogiva 204
actaea 204
Ogivalia 204
cypraea 204
ogivalina M,10'J,1I7
elongata 118
var. minor 11"
eximipora 109, 117, 118
Oligotresium 248
clnihornica, Lunularia 248
vicksburgensis, I^unularia 249
Olocyst 47,83,454
Mimwt rurt lire of 4s, Ji i
Oncousoecia 687
( I'risia) schmit zi 687
f Filisparsa) bifurcata i;s7,f,v.,
i|iiinqneseriata 692,702
Tiilnilipora ) lobulata i'<*~
variant 690
( incousoeciidac 686-689
I Inycliocella 204, 205
angulasa 203-206
celsa 207
di'-ilata 276
tli ijilicitcr 208
georgiana -i" •
I :i, iniosa 63, 207
Ipvinseni, Velumella 213, 214
luciae 203
solida 20!)
onyclmeellaria 64
i inydiocellidae 201-204
onychoeeltifcrum, Aspidostoma 2.54
onydentata, Floridina 221
Oochilinn cmssimarginata ni
Ooccial cover 55
foft-mm 40, 42
opercular vah e 314
Opereulum ">s
Opesiulae 201
1NI1KX.
867
Page.
I l|>i'sitllii|ai"' 201
' 'I't'^ium s".
ophidiana, Sniit Mini 455
oppnsila. l'i|i|n<lf*mnpnra iH.t
S t ( mm I opora 654
opulanta, 'IVmarliia 572,592
opuiitioiiles Tubucollaria 541,542
orlia\ ii-nlaria, Smittina 469
orliirnlaria I.iMu^'lla 450
orbicularis. Sehismopora BOO
nrhieiilala, Diaperoecia 744
orbiculatum, Ampl ill >l<'strum 161
orl'icuUfera, Holoporalla 005,613
orhifera, Cheilopora 526
OriiiMittx intrr.ilitii !'-">
i >i -l>it ulipora 628
excentrica 629
haidingeri 623
lenlienkiris 629
petiolus 629
orfanisans, Desmeplagioecia (Aclinopora) 718
Ttibulipora 752
< 'dented gemmation 648
zooecia 594 , 595
Orifice or apertura 640
of ovicell 83, 454
Origin of zoarium 650
iirnata, Corbulipora 283
Houzcaiiina 422
Lacorna (Sohizoporella ) 346
Tessaradoma 521
ornatuni, Couopeum 827
Orosopora 828
oscitans, Perigastrella 578
osculifcra, Hoplocheiliiia (Kseliarai 2.31
( isthimosia 5117, 598. fiOO
(Collepora) signata 601
clavata 601
crassatina 602
ealonensis 601
evexa 5%, 5'J7, 001, 602
jrlomcrata 602
otopeta 601
parvicclla 602
parvula 601
tubifera 602
< 1 1 ii.ni'lla 84, 85, 105
cava 108
mccalliei 106
pcrforata x.~>, loij
tubcrosa 107
olu|)i-ia. < Jsthimosia |H)1
otophora, Lepralia 589
ovalis, Aldcrina (Bifustra) 141
Kllisina (Reptoflustrclla) 126
Heteropora lini. >«
Lacerna (Schizoporclla) -il'j
Trochopora 103
main, Liinularia 241
( i \ at ii -rlla 563
u v it v 1 1 40, 42, S3, S3, 454, 651
aneuclcithrian hypcrstomial 55
eleithrien 5-1, 55
rudoluirhal "i I ">"•
i ' i < luzooocial 54, 05
Page.
ovicell hyporslomial 51,55
orifice of 454
pcristomial 54, 55. 540
subc-K'illirian liypiTslulnial 54, 55
( iviccllala, families of.'. H.%, liss, lisii
O vicells, nature of 54
structure of 55, 240
ovoidca, Pcrigastrclla 5SO
P.
Pachycraspedoum lautiim 5S6
zitteli Mi
pachyminaiis, Membraniporidra 134
Pachytheca 321, 323
bosquet! 323
(Porina) filiformis 322, 323
stipata 3is, 322
pacifica, Tubulipora 757
pallasiana, Hippodiplosia (Esfharai. .. .. 53,59,373,393
palmata, Entalophora 741
palmula, Berenicea 669. 71S
pandora, Ascosia 572, 592
papilla h-.ilo 294
papillae 294
papillatura, Amphiblestrum 119
Membrendoccium 120
papillosa, Berenicea 741
papulifera, Grammclla (Mombra: ip( ra1 130
Trypematclla 4H4. 417
parajuncta, Heraicyclopora 572, 5S(i
parallcla, Houzeauina (Eschara) 421
Parallelata 686
Parascosoecia s:ls. ^ t(l
(Cavca) coslala 689,840
(Heteropora) consimilis 831,838.840
(Petalopora) costata 838
(Sparsicavca) carantina 838
parasitica, Kleidionella 619
parietal muscles .- 58,314
parisitnsis, Scmlcscliani 205
Parlcioscecia .. 824, 825
jaf'ksonica 641), 824, 825, 831
parncnsis, Discocavea 819
Partrctocycloecia
(Cavaria) dumosa 830
exilis ! S31 , *34
porosa .. 689,831
reptans 831
parvavicularia.Hincksina .' •• 115,117
parviangulata, Proboscina. . . 664
parvicella, Leiosoecia (Mnlticrcsds). . . iMi. 823,824
Osthimosia 602
Phylactt'lla... 575
Pyripora 80
parvicollum, Phylactclla 574
parvimatcr, Electra 77
parvipora, Rosseliana - - 227. 22s
Stcphanosclla 344
Stomatopora 650, 655
parviporosa, Tubucellaria 543
parvipunctata, Romandirina 408
parvirimulaluni Mclradolium .. 443,448
[•ai\ ilul a. MfCynnr?ia 733
parvit iiljulata, Proboscina 725
parvula, Hippoporina 374
Nli.S
INDEX.
Page.
parvula, Idmonea 780
Osthimosia 601
Tervia 790
parvuliporum, Diplopholeos 218
Passage of the Eggs 56
patellaria, Membrani pnra 139
palelliformis, Lunularia 239
Lunulit es 65
palens, Amphiblestrum 160
Mucronella 475
Telopora 807
patina, Plagioecia (Diastopora) CS9, 708, 709
pauper, Buflonella Lepralia 349
Pavolunulites costata 240
elegans 240
peachi, Mucronella ( I.epralia 1 69, 455, 456, 474, 475
pelliculata, Heteropora 677, 681
Pcncclausa cori •*< • • > . \fteroi <>m 236
peregrina Peristomella (Lepralia) 408, 410
perforata, Cyclocolposa 421,431
Uippomenella (Miicronella) 380
Hippoporella 373,378
Micropora 235
Otionella 85, 106
Perigastrella 576
ansata 576
costifcra 584
cycloris 577
depressa 582
elegans 579
hexagonalis 572, 577
(Lepralia) contracts 570
grotriani 570
labiala 576
maxilla 580
(Mucronella) semierecta 576
oscitans 578
ovoidea 580
plana 583
rectilineata 582
rhomoboidalis 577
trapezoidca ->S1
tubulosa 585
Peripheral gcmmat ion 647, 648
Periporosella 84, 124
tantilla 48, 124, 125
perisparsa, Alderina (Membranipora) 141
('allnpnra ( Vcniliranipora) 147
peristomaria, Uoloporella 61 1, 613
peristomata, Uippomenella (Lepralia) 380
Peristome 56, 454, 540, 669
Peristomella 403,408
coccinea 403, 404, 409, 41 1
resupinata 412
erecta 413
(Eschara) alifera '. - 408
(Escharella) costifera 409
falcifera 415
laticella . . . .' 413
(Lepralia) fulgurans 408
laciniata 409
mamillata 408
peregrina 40S
strenuis 409
(Mucronella) coutorta 409
Page.
Peristomella (Mucronella) iuhabilis 409
labiata 409
praestans 403, 409
(Smil t ia > jacksoni 4ii'.i
Peristomellae 402
Perisfomial aneucleithrian hyperstomial ovicell 55
ovicell 54, 55, 540
Peristomiale 540
Peristomice 453, 454, 540
Peristomie 56,453,454,540,609
Pcristomoecia 059,692,693
( Proboscina) borryii 693
laraourouxi 693
(St.omatopora) divergens 693
persimplex, Stichoporina 624
pesanseris, Arthropoma 351
pfsanstrif;, Escharina 525
Petalnpora consimilis 840
( ) 1'arascosoecia costala 838
petiolus, Hippodiplosia 395
Orbitulipora 629
petri, Idmonea 7S1
phalangea, Tubulipora 755-757
philippincnsis, Conescharellhia 630
phillipsae, Platonea (Reptotubigera) 756, 759
philomela, Figularia (Hemesrbara) 315,316
Phoceana 456, 495
columnaris 45(1
simulator 496
Phonirosia 338, 339, 352
jousseaumi 339,352
sanguinea 59
Phormopora SOU
irrcgularis 802, 803
Phylactella 573
columnaris 574
cribrata 575
mfimdibulum 574
labiata 574
labrosa 572, 573
(Lepralia) collaris ."i74
eximia 574
t ubii eps 573
pan i'rlla 575
1 i;ir \ i< ollillll ~r~ 1
porosa 573
punctigera 573, 574
I'hylnctdli'lao 572
phymatopora, Schizol;ivi'll:i 1 11 .srhara) 338-358
pigmenlaria, lloloporella D04
pilosa, Electra (Fluslra) 75-77
pisiformis, Holoporella 608
pivot of avicularium ^,454
placentula. Diplotaxis 629
Plagioeda 707, 709
botula 714,718
brundidgensis 711, 718
clavioudes 710, 718
concreta 635, 711, 717, 718
( Diastopora) latomarginata 639
patina 708
disi'Oidea 717
divagans 712, 71s
globulosa 713
liirla 715,718
tNDEX.
Page.
1 'I ij;ioi'cia lamellosa ................................... 714,717
laf nmargiuata ................................ 700
lobata ...................................... 7iii,7l7
marpinata .................................. 71i;,717
pat iiui ..................................... 689, 709
sarniensis .................................... 039
subramosa ................................. 7i i' i, 7 1 7
superposila .............................. 71n. 71s
tuhi (cr ..................................... 711,777
tuboedes ..................................... 717
dae .................................. list1., r.xs.r.xii, 707
Plagiosmittia ......................................... 4"iii, 471
porelloides ................................. 472
regularis ............................. 45U,471,472
viru'ula .................................... 473
I'luL-instoma. soMzumavolla (Scliizoporella) .............. 35.1
I ilana . Callopora ( Membranipora) ....................... 147
Lurmlitt-s .......... . ............................. 240
PerigasLrella ..................................... 583
plani- -eps. Hippo'liplosia (Lepmlia) ..................... 393
planula . Membranipori'lla ...................... . ........ 286
planulat a, Porella .................................. 03, 4ss. 493
planuni, Diplosolen ..................................... 747
platah-a. Adeonella ................................... fl:,::.5t;i
Platonea .......................................... 752, 756, 7.:>9
rlavata ......................................... 760
lamellifera .................................... ;. 760
(Reptotubigera) phillipsae ................... 758, 759
pli'iirnryst .............................................. 47, 50
granule ................................. 434
structure of ................................... 52
1'lciirunoa ..................................... 04.1, 7".'. 7."n'i, 7i •.".
alveolata ...................................... 769
fenestrata ..................................... 706
fibrosa ........................................ 765
fiisiformis ..................................... 768
(Idmonea) fonestrata ......................... 756
subpertusa .................................... 767
1 Ikata, Desmeplagioecia ................................ 720
Ehamphostomella .............................. 476
Velumella'. ...................................... 214
plumosa, Bugula ........................................ 44
Tubulipora ................................. 755, 757
pniarK i 'yclicopora (Kymella) ........................ 421. rj^
polita, 'iemellipora ..................................... 372
Hemicyclopora (Lepralia) ........................ 586
rollaploecium, Tctraplaria gilbertensis .................. 367
I'olyasco'oecia .......................................... 837
coronopus ............................. i; I :>. S!7
jacksonica ............................... 837
pnlytrona, Stomatopora ................................. 656
poly morpha, Adconella ............................... 561 , 562
Braccbridfjia costulata ..................... 559
Bracebridgia (Eschara) .................. 557, 559
Gephyropliora ....................... 512, 520, 521
pol yporoides, ITornera .................................. 799
poly ;toma, Berenicea ................................... 741
pi ilyptomella, Adeonella (Eschara) .................... 561, 562
Pnlyzoa ................................................. 39
pnrccllana, Hippoporina (Lepralia) ................... 373. 374
Retcpora .................................... 503
pore, areolar ............................................ 4." i
chamber; ......................................... 52
lumen ....................................... 280. 'JM.:: 1 1
Page.
I'ravlla 156, 179, |XJ.4!-3
abdita 189
aciitirnstrN 455
l'.rLLri'l,n>lL'ia tMii'-inl:'.la "v"'7
cervieomis 4."i."i, r
compaeta 49?, 493
coronata 49.4M.I-" 193
cra<;soparie= 49. :,0. I'.m iv:;
cylindrica 491 , 4'.1::
(Vjtiwlla saccata 479
denticulil'era 50, 185, 193
erecta 401. 19:;
glaciata r>7
granulosa 4S4, 411:1
irregularis 4^1. rr,
jacksonica !
laevis 45:,. 157
majuscula -1^1
( Millcpnra ) crrviconii-J 479
mirmta 481
ohliqua 1X1
planulata 63, 188, r.'::
portentosa -isu. I'.i:;
propinqua 483
pungens K7. r.i::
imguiciilata I-
porelloides, Plagiosmittia. : 472
Poricclla 564
Adeonellopsis elongata 564
maeonnioa 564
Bracebridghe longata "^
porifera, Schizomavella (Kscharella) 354
poriterum, Acropora runtorta 318
Aspidostoraa 254
Bracebiidgia subsulcata 557, 55S
Galeopsi? colurmiata 510
crihraria 510
tuberculo^a 510
Paehytheca niilormis 322
proboscidea 518
porosa, Adeonellopsis
Homera 800
Metroperiella 362
Mucronella 474
Partretocycloccia 689, S31
Phylactella 57::
Porostoma 557
Bracebridgia clavatum 557
polymorphum 5-",7
porreeta, Membraniporidra 133. r:",
Porta
portentosa, Porella MI, I'.c
portmarina, Dimorphocella 571
Poster 5s
pouilleti, Mcm'irnnipora 1 's
praestans, Mucronella, Peristomclla UK. ni'.i
praetexta, Nimba 339,372
pratti, Stnmatopora 'i"'7
prelucidioides, Cheilopora -"27
prestans, Romancheina -407
priraa, Gcmcllaria 200
Thalamoporella 269
primary embryo, fissiparity or ''•"'!
I'rimo'erial zooecium
Principles of Classification, rheiloHniiiata 7n
870
INDEX.
Page.
prohoscidea, Mccynoccia (Entalophora) <;s9, 723, ~2,~\ 7'jci
I'orina "Is
Semiliaswellia 512. .117
1'roboscina l'>'*
anceps 661
angustata 723
aclmota (>"'9
alternata i> •>'-
boryi
clavatiramosa i'ni7
clavatula <*«
colubra i;'' ;
conveniens <'''<>
cranei W^
divergens lii;-
exigua 665
cxpansa 741
expatiata Ml
geminata i;r'l
idmoneoides 6'J8
johnstoni 741
lamourouxi 692
latobrevis 667
magniraraosa 668
parviangulata 664
parvitubulata 725
projecta 660
promim'ns 664
radiolitorum 723
rectaliuea 666
rugosa 660
sarthacensis 708
striatula 663
subechinata 665
undulata 664
variabilis 659
producta, Retepora 503
prodlictum, Amphihlestrum 159
profunda, Ellisina (Membranipora) 1-6, 129
profundum, Rhynchozoon 509
projecta, Proboscina 660
prolifera, Defrancia 820
Hoplocheilina (Reptescharellina) 23S
Lichenopora 820
Plagioecia 639
proraineiis, Ascosoecia 836
Berenicea 669
Crisulipora 74!l
Proboscina 664
Rhagasostoma 254
Thalamoporella rozieri 268
propinqua, Porclla 483
proposita. Ceriopora 679
Prosthenoecia .. 788,793
( Reptotubigera) lateralis 793
protecta, Smittina 455
Stichoporina . . <>24, 025
protusa, Gemellipora 369
pseudorimule 58
Pseudostega 269
pseudotorquata, Ascosoecia (Zonatula) 833
l>tero[>ura, Cdlt'fiora 410
Lepralia. 410
Puellina... 2s2.2(li-29.i
Paje.
PtU'Hina bispinosa 297
calamorpha 298
( Cribrilina ) gat tyae 2C.«, 2'.i 4
radial a 2S3, 293-295
i narmata 299
i inmminata 294
ni Hata anaticula 297
< arolinensis 297
simulator 298
pugti, Rhagasostoma 254
pulchella, Entalophora 723
Semiescharipora 295
pulcherrinia, Alderina 144
•IHaporoecia 739, 740
Tubulipora "41
pillchra, Tubulipora 758
pumicosa-coronopuSj Cellepora 596
Schismopora (C'elluj cia) 595,597-599
piinctata, C'ribrilina '. 283, 291
Eschtim 533, 534
Hippomenella 389, 393
Milli [>:,ra :.S9
reliculata, Schizoporella 354
pnnctigera, Phylactella 573, 574
puncturala, Sniiuina 4fi4
pmiK'ens, Hippomenella 388, 393
I.opralia 428
Porella 4S7. 1'.w
pupa, ( i aleopsis 511,513
Smittina (?) 470
Mombranipora 78
pusilla, Fedora 624
i irammella 124, 132
Mecynoecia 728
(Pustuiipora) Acropora mamiilata 318
anomola 690
Tessaradoma gracile 521
Pyricavea M7
franqana 817
pyrifera, Tervia 792
Pyrilluxtrtlla tubcrculum 80
pyriform organ 45
pyriforn-.c, Membrendoecium 123
pyrifurmis, Bracebridgia 558
Dimorphocella 571
Membraniporidra i:ts
Stamenocella 141 , 17ii
Pyripora 70,7s.7:i
catenularia 79
parvicella 80
tuberculum 80
Pyriporella ameghinoi, Callopora 147
pyruh, Ilim-kqiii (Membranipora) 111,112
Q.
qua Irata, Emballothcca (Eschara) 339,360
Quadricellaria --- 27!*
(?) burnsi 27'.i
(?)laciniosa 279
qua-iriserialis, Gcphyrotes 304
quinqueseriata, Oncousoecia - fiti2,7i)2
qili riil rrr\ :ir, Adeonollopsis 51)6
Mt'fynoecia 730
INDEX.
871
R. Pago.
ral'iiliis. ( ;u!>'n|isis 510-513
radians, Idmoni'a 779
Mesonca ( lid upora) 755, 750, 762, 703
i ailial a ;uuu iru la, 1'iH'llina 297
carolint'usis, I'uelliiia 297
1-^cltttni 295
l.k-henopora O.V, SI7,
I.unulites 240
Pucllina (Cribrilina) 2S3, 293-295
ra liatula. Rhamphostomella 47(1
radial um, Schizorthosecos 628
i-adicala, Hippomenella 387, 393
Iilnionca 741
radieifrra, Tremopora 139
RadicularlibiTS 66
radiolit orum, Proboscina 723
Kadiopora 817
bolcliformis -• 813
goldfussi 821
mendonensis 817
neocomiensis S17
Radiotubigera grignonensis 819
nimnsa, I'risia 7111
Fasciculipora 81)7
Retcpora 501
Tcrobripora 842
ramosissima, Eulalophora 708
Ramphonolus -. S4.I41.163
baccalus 165
basslcri 163
(Amphiblestrum) cylindrifonnis 163
li'vis 104
(Membranipora) elliptica 163
sigillala 163
minax 141, 163
regularis 165
sloani 164
raicpimcla Hippodiplosia (Lepralia) 393
raripora, Enlalophora -.-- 635
ralhbunae, Cribrilina 293
ral hbiini, Scrupocellaria 189
recta, Aetea 179
rod alinea, Proboscina 666
rectangularia , Steganoporella 263
Rectangulal a . . 6S6, 81)3
reel ifurcal inn, Trenioloiclios 512,523
rectilineata, Perigastrella j*'2
Rectonychocclla 2 14, 209
bilamcllaria 210
elliptica 212
semiluna 2 13, 2 ,14, 210
solida 203, 239
tenuis 21 1
rectum, Mcmhrendoecium 69, 109, 122
Recumbent ovicell 54
recnforcemcut, canals of 643
References, synonymic 10
Regenerated zooecium 83
Regeneration, total 67
Reginella 282
furcata 283
regularis, Bcrenicea 736
[ >l:l|ir[ nrria 7;;<l
I "isrusparsa 721
Kntalophora 7 111
Page.
regularis, I'lagiosmittia 4."n. 1. 1 . 172
Itainpbonntus 1(17,
ropandus, I.imulaiia ii7,,'j:i:i
Rcproduelion, Funrt ions u.r 53
Reproductive organs 42
reptans, II incksina 112, 1 17
I'ai'lri'locycloccia Ml
(Reptoscharell i) proli'era, Hoplochcilina 238
Eeplfscharellina ilixixn-ilix 236
dutirlrd 588
(Rcptoflustrclla) beteropora, Ainphiblcstrum 15S
ovalis, Ellisina 12(1
simplex, Ellisina 126
It i iitiilliislriiui liniiinculata 148
Kept ulunulitcs '. . . 239
Reptomulticava 6M1
fungiformis ti^t
heleropora (180
lobosa 6811
(Rept.
era).
7.71
Prostlicnoccia laleralis 793
Platonca phillipsac 7."ii. 7.",M
rt'ssci i. Scrupocellaria 1^7
ii MI /)tnft!a, [.( jirtiliit 4111
rcsupinata, Pcrislonu'lla coccinra 412
Retcpora 51B, 501, 503
abyssinica 503
aul arclica 499
atlantica 503
bcaniana -lit'.'
cellulosa 499, 500, 503
complanata. 503
coiicbii JIK)
flssa 503
grimalili 503
Hippelozoon nove^elariLiae 5n5
jacksoniensis 61)3
j ermanensis 503
laciniosa 604
nil- Hlerranea 503
Mesonea radians T.'.n. 762, 7ti3
porcellana 503
producta 503
ramosa 501
Schizellozoon imperati 506
sfutulata 504
(Sertella) aoiuitanica .Mi3
beaniana 503
gracilis r>o:i
oceanica '" •
trislis 503
Retcporella 504
Reteporidae 4'.)\ inn
reteramae, Hornera 799
reticulata, Lichenopora 81
punctata Schizoporella .'I ."•!
Smittia 47,7
Smittina 47,9
Tretocycloecia 11:111, ^J7
Reticulipora diclioloma 747
intricata 747,
obliqua 70S
transciTinata 747,
lir! iculocellaria 64
rrl icului di's, SiniMina 7iJ, H>7
872
INDEX.
ret iformis. Canda .......................................
retractile disk ...........................................
reussi, Sticlioporina .....................................
reussiana, Rosseliana i Mr ml rani] oral ..................
reversa, Lunularia ......................................
I! luibdozoum ...........................................
Rhagasostoma ........................................ 2.33,
cingens ............. *. ....................
circumvallatum ..........................
crassa ....................................
dutemplcanum ..........................
hexagonum ............................ 253,
luvigatum ...............................
miniisculum .............................
prorainens ...............................
pugeti ...................................
spinifer'um ...............................
Rhamphostoraella .................................... 456,
bilaminata ...........................
contigua
conrexa ............................. 47^
cost al a ......................... 4.56, 476, 477
(Escliara: seal ra ................... 4.17, 471'.
plirala .............................. 470
radiat ula ............................ 476
simplex .............................. 477
spinigera ............................. 47(i
rhomhoidalis. liullonella ................................ 350
Ellisina (Mcml ranipora) ................. 126
Enoplost omella .......................... 436
Perigastrella ............................. ',77
Rhynchopora ........................................... 507
Rhynchozoon .................................... .1(1 1. .1117, 5: '9
angulatum ............................... 509
(Lepralia) Lispinosa ...................... 508
corrugatuni .............................. 509
profundum ............................... 509
richardi, Conocava ...................................... S23
ridlcyi. Schizoporella BulTonolla .................. 337,34^, 349
rigida, Cellaria .......................................... 271
riiaosa, BulTonella (Schiioporella) ....................... 349
rimulata, Membraniporina .............................. 94
Rimule ................................................. 58
Riraule-spiramen ....................................... ,r,s
ringens, Megapora ................................ 141,176,177
robusta, Me;racolpo;a ................................. 3115, 300
Ochetoiella .................................... 453
Romancheina ..................................... 403, 436, 407
hexagona ................................. 407
martiali ............... - ................. 404, 407
parvipunctata ............................ 408
prestans .................................. 417 \
rosacea, Idraidronea ......... ........................... 734
Rosseliana ........................................... 227, 228
(Membranipora) incompta ................. 228
parripora ................................ 227, 228
(Membranipora) reussiana ................. 228
( Flusfra) rosselii ........................... 228
rosselii, Rosseliana (Flustra) ............................ 228
Rosette plates .......................................... 51
rostrata, Mucronella .................................... 474
rostrifera, Leiosella .............. , ................ 432, 448, 449
rosula, Batopora ........................................ 629
rot ula, Hippomeiiella ........................... 50, 52, 381, 392
Page.
rotunclnra, Cellepora 615
roulei, Setoscllina 109, 111
rozieri californica, Thalamoporella 268
iabiata, Thalamoporella 268
prominens, Thalamo])orella 268
sparsipunctata, Thalamoporella 268
Thalamoporella 267, 268
rabra, Cycloperiella 421, 431
Rudimentary zooecia 645
rugosa, Diaperoecia 739, 743
Entalophora 741
Exochoecia 737
Mecynoecia 639
Proboscina 660
rumida, Bull'onella ( Schizoporella) 349
russelli, Hoplocheilina (Lepralia) 238
8.
sabatieri, Bugula 63
saccata, Cystisella (Porella) '. 456, 479, 480
saccifcra, Schizobathy?ella 572,590
sagiltarium, Piiilojtlniloos 218
sagit k'llai iiitn , 1 Hplnpholeos 217
saillans. Aci'ojiora 318,319
Cheilopora 528
0 ephy rotes 301
^ali.'I^c^a, Lunulites 240
sanguinca, Phonicosia 59
Si-hiiLobrachiella (Hemeschara) 339, 353
sardonica, Cellepora 596, 615
sarniensis, Berenicea 735
Plagioecia 639
sarsi, Escharopsis 5_M
sarthacensis, Proboscina 708
sarartii, Acanthodesia (Flustra) 83, 85, 99, 100
scabra, Ramphostomella (Eschara) 457, 47G
Schizomavella (Schizoporella) 354
sceletos, Hincksina (Membranipora) 111,112
Schismopora 596-598
americana 599
avicularis ' 599
bidenticulata 595
canaliculata 599
(Ceilcpora) coronopus 595,598,599
purnicosa 598
cervicornis 599
dichotoma 599
globosa 598
nodulosa 599
orbicularis •. . . 600
puinicosa 595, 597, 599
umbonata 600
ventricosa 599
zanzibarensis 599
Schizaropsis 512, 515
conyexa 512, 515
Schizellozoon 505, 507
elongatum 507
(Retepora) imperati 499, 506, 507
selanderia 499, 507
tessellatum 507
Schizemiella 432, 439
claibornica 432, 440
Si'hi/iiballiysella 572,590
s: u vi fei -a 572, S90
INDEX.
873
Page.
Schizolialhysella semilunata 590
Schizobrachiella 339, 353
(Herneschara) sanguinea 353
(Lepralia) Candida 353
crassipora 353
goniostoma 353
granoso-porosa 353
sanguinea 333
(Schizoporella) alala 359
Icviuseni 353
subsinuata 353
Sclmolavella 339, 358
(Eschara) phymatopora 358
(Lepralia) schizostorua 358
vulgaris 339
Schizomavella 339,35:;,:;:>i
arborea 357
auriculata 339
elongata 357
(Escharalla) porifera 354
(Flustra) montferrandi 354
granulifera 355
granulosa 356
(Lepralia) auriculata 354
galeata 354
longirostris 358
(Schizoporella) ambita 354
fayalensis 354
harmsworthi 354
lata 355
lineata 354
plagiostoma 355
scabra 354
Schizopodrella 335,338,330,341
elmwoodiae 341
(Lepralia) errata 341. 338
linearis 338, 341
unicornis 338-341
linea 340
longirostris 341
marginata 342
nivea 341
i Schizoporella) elmwoodiae 338
linearis hastata 63
lonsirostris 338
nivea 57,337,338
unicornis 57, 337-341
viminaa 342
Schizoporella 335
argentea 338
auriculata 338
HulTonella arachnoides 349
carinata 349
clerici 349
crenulata 349
edwardsiana 349
hexagona 349
laevigata 349
levata 349
marsupifera 349
nuda 349
ridleyi 348
rimosa 349
rumida 349
simplex 349
Page.
Schizoporella I'akaria rnn<i\bla 3GO
sulisipumnxii lea 3GO
' ihilerlrci 589
E mballotheca furcala "tic,
gelMa. 1'akaria .59,337
t ;i'|iliyru]i(mr:i lnl>rm,a_ 521
// //ii'lnt aini 588
I-acerna carotin! 3JG
com i'\a 346
eatoni 346
flssa 346
insignis 346
nitens 340
nilMisMiini 346
ornata 346
ovalis 346
(T epralia) l>iapprla 343
hlHMlis liMslat:!, Sc'lii .-nl'iidrc'lla 63
magnipoi ata 337
M.'trM|n'iii'lla l-il a ' 361
li>praliiii<lcs... 361
monilifera 535
nivea, Sclu/.opodrclla 57
reik-ulala puuctata 354
SchizobrachieUa alata 353
h-\ iuscni 353
subsinuata 353
Schizomavella ambita 354
f.l\ :lh'lisis 354
harmsworthi 354
lata 355
lineata 354
I'liu-mstoma 355
scabra 354
Schazopodrella elmwoodiae 338
lonqiroslris 338
nivea 337, 338
unicornis 337
sinuosa : 335
spinifera 337, 338
striatula 330,331
terebrata 338
Trypostega renusta 328
unicornis, Schmipntln 'lla 57,335
viridis
vulgaris 358
Schizoporellae 335,339
anatomy of 336, 337
Schizorthosecos 626
granili{)urosum 627
. interstitia 626
radiatum 628
Schizostoma 555
crassa 554
Schizolavella (Lopralia) 358
Schizostomatous division of Cclleporidae 596
Scbizotheca 500, 508
schmitzi, Oncousoecia (Crisia) ('s7
schreibersi, Tetraplaria (Cellaria) 357, 367
scripla, Ccllepora 295
Leprulia 295
scrobiculata, Batopora 629
Scruparia 200
Scnipocellaria 181
clausa 190
874
INDEX.
Page.
Scrupocellariaoookei 1S(J
diegensis 183
ihilria 19(1
i Hi plica \»i
ferox 1 84
jalloisii 184
inilneri 1 8(5
rathbuni 189
resseri 187
scruposa 183
triangulata 188
vaughani 189
williardi 188
Scrupoc-ellariidae 72,73,180,182
scruposa, Scrupocellaria 183
sculpta cucullata, Grammella (Membranipora) 130
Gramraella (Membranipora) 130
scutulata, Hanneria (Lepralia) 334,524
Retepora 504
Sealed zooecium , blind 83
Selenaria maculata 65
semiclausa, Loboscoecia (Meliceritites) 640
semicristata Hippodiplosia (Lepralia) 393
semierecta, Perigastrella (Mucronella) 576
(Semieschara) bimarginata, Floridina 220
canui, Floridina 220
/i ii -/*it //.s-i.s- 205
tubulata 470
Scmifscharipora pulckclla 295
Semiflustrina inoruata, Callopora 147
monilifera, Callopora 147
Semihaswellia 512,517
clara 519
exilis 518
proboscidea 512, 517
tripora 518
semilima, Reetonychoeella 203, 204, 210
serailimata, Schizobalhysclla 590
Seminmlticavea 817
landrioti 817
semitubulosa, Meniscopora (Eschara) 557
semota, Erkosonea 643, 756, 763
Mecynoecia 731
separata, Holoporella 609, 613
Separated endozooecial ovic-ell 55
Separation of the tubes 659, 669
seposita, Holoporella 610, 613
Septulae 51 . 53, 635
si> nienzai, Lacerna (Lepralia) 346
serial a, Stephanosella ( Lepralia) 344
serpens, Tubnlipora 753, 755, 757
serrata, Adeonella 561
serrulata, Siphonicytara 549, 550
Srlti'lla 501
Retepora beaniana 503
gracilis 503
oceanica 503
tristis 503
Scrtularia anguina 179
Seta 64
Setosellidae 201
Setosellina 84, 109, ill
roulei .. 109,111
sexordinala, Hippozeugosella 402
s<>xspinosa, Callopora 147
rage.
sigillata, Raraphonotus (MemDranipora) 163
signata, Osthimosia (Cellepora) 601
simehi , Meniscopora 555
similior, Conopeum (?) 88
similis, Membraniporidra 1 37
Steganoporella 2t>2
simplex, Acanthionella 617
Buffonella (Schizoporella) 349
Ellisina (Reptonustrella) 126
Rhamphostomella 477
St ichoporina 624, 625
simulator, Filisparsa 697, 702
Phoceana 496
Puellina 298
sincera, Cheilopora (Lepralia) 53, 525, 526
sinesoleum, Membraniporina 96
Siniopelta 603
sinuosa, Cellaria 272
Schizoporella 335
Siphodictyum 802
gracile 802
Siphonicytara 549
serrulata 549, 550
Siphnnoporella 259, 265
(Membranipora) delicatissima 265, 268
Size and form of zooecia 66
sloani, Idmonea 775
Ramphonotus 164
smii hi . Hincksina 113, 117
Smil l ia 456, 457
cocdnca 411
landsborovi 457
Peristomella jacksoni 409
reticulata 457
Smittina unispiiiosa 457
Smittina 456, 458
arnpla 466
angulata 48, 52, 461
antarctica 459
collurn 457
cophia 465
coronata 461
dim-la 459
exigtia 463
grandifossae 52, 460
granulosa 468
inclusa 459
labiatula 460
(Lepralia) conciuna 457
reticulata 456
ophidiana 455
orbavicularia 469
protecta 455
puncturata 464
( ?)pupa 470
reticulata 459
reticuloides 52, 467
(Smittia) unispinosa 457
sordida 46.i
strombecki 463
telum 46 n
tripora ">''. !"'">
trispinosa 59,455,459
tubulata... 470
i Smil tinidae..
453
INDEX.
875
Page.
Sni il t iniilai', :inatuiny of l.V,
Sniiltipoia 2ill,22'i
midwayanica 22")
( Vincularia.) abyssicula 2< i \ . 2 '-' '•
Sini 1 1 ist iinia ;>.v>
mortisaga :,: I
soeialis, La^enipura o 72, 591
sulanili'na, Sc-hi/cllozjion v.i.i. >".
solca. I'alliipura i Billustra 117
solMa.lUrtonychocella 2ii:>, 20:1
suliilula. AMerina (Membranipora) 141, 112
sopliiac. Tcagella ( Membram'pora) loo
•ioiiiida, smittiiia 165
Sparskavea attemmta s2 ;
1'arascosuecia rarantina oio.x>
sparMptmctata, Thalamoporella rozicri 2t;s
S[iathipora M2
Species, characters of 71
-pivlahills, (iephyrotcs 303
1 1 . iplncheilina 227, 2,!s
•ipi-i'iila, Chcilopora ,.i I
spoi matidea 42
speyeri, Arthropoma (Lepralia) 3"i2
spiculosa, Kllisiiia 12^. 127
-l/i mbranipnra 127
Spines 6K
spinifer, Cauloramphus 1 74
spinifera. Schizuporella 337,::.^
<l'iniferum. Ehagasostonia 2,">l
spinigera, Khamphostomella I7d
spinosa, Chaperia 69
spinosissima, Mucronella 474
Spiramen 58
Spiropora 674
majuscula 675
•ipissiraiiralis. Jlcmbraniporicra 48, 13d, 2."i7
spungiopsis, Cyclicopora 420
spongites, Stylopoma i Esehara) .) : .
si|uamoii!ea, Dakaria i Lepralia) 360
siainenocclla ^1, 141, ies
anal ilia 169
( Biflustra) fenestrella 168
cylindrica 168
(Eschara) euvieri -. 16S
(Flustrella) convexa 168
prandis 173
inferaviculifera 172
intermedia 173
mediaviculifera 16S, 171
midwayanica 169
pyriforme 141, 170
Slat I in Numbers and Formations 15
ii'ipori'lla 259
alveolata 2G1
buskii 261
(Eschara) elegans 262
(Gargantua) flrma 202
(ilaiidryanplla) asymetrica 262
inmistans 203
jacksonica 262
lateralis 261
' Lepralia) firma 2r,2
Membranipora) magnilabris 261,262
neozolanica 2M
rrriangularia 26:i
Page.
Stri/aiiopiirella similis 262
vicksburgira 264
i\ iiinilanai liaidilij;'1! i 262
>'l iraiuporclliilac 201 , 2.59, 260, 261
i-'leviuiipura 282
occllata L'v:
si. 'Mala, I efrancia 821
Liehcn jjiura 817
Si I'plianwi'lla ,. 339, 343, 344
I liapert a 339, 344
(Lepralia) entomostoma 344,345
serial a 344
parvipora 344
strictilissa 344
Slichoporina S24
cranilabris 615
crassilabris 02 1
persiniplex 624
protecta «•_' t. 02 ;>
reussi o j i
simplex 1124 , LI "i
stipala . lieri'iiirea 670, 717
Callopora 153
I'achylheca 31.S, 322
stoliczkai, Bat opora 629
Stomachetosella 432
crassicollis 49,50, 132, i:c;
Stomachelosellidae 431, 432
si i .T i iat opora 652, 653
anliqua 653
contracta 655
cornu 657
ilichotorna 652
divergens 692
excavans 656
exigua 655
fasciolata 658
minuta 656
opposita 654
parvipora 650, 655
polygona 656
pratti 657
striatula .' 657
strangulata. Hippudiplosia 397
strenuis, Peristomella (Lepralia) 409
Striae 609
striala, Adenifera (Membranipora) 102
Beisselina (Eschara) 322, 323
striatisemota, Diastopora 674, 717
strictocella, Cheilopora 527
striatuln, ilr nn/li/Hira 331
Lepralia 330
Proboscina 663
Schizoporella 330, 331
Stomatopora 657
strictifissa , Slephanosella 344
si riet occlla , Cellaria 273
strombecki, Siuittina (Lepralia) 463
SI riu-t are. avicularium 62
Cheilostomata 41
Coilostega 201
cylindrical tubes 630
Lnnulite." 23S
i ilneyst 48
ovicell . . 55, 240
876
INDEX.
Page
Structure, pleurocyst 52
tremocyst 49
tubes 635, 63S, 639
tubules 51
stylifera, Buffonella (Escharella) 349
Stylopoma 339, 359
(Eschara) spongites 339, 359
subagassizi, Membraniporella 289
Subcleithrian ovicell 54,55
subcrenulata, Bracebridgia (Meniscopora) 557
subechinata, Proboscina 665
subgracile, Myriozoum 51
subimmersa, Emballotheca (Lepralia) 366
suborbicularis, Berenicea 735
Diastopora 736
subpertusa, Mesonea 642
Pleuronea 767
subplena, Trochopora 103
subramosa, Fascipora 709
Plagioecia 709,717
subseptentrionalis, Catenicella 550
subsinuata, Schizobrachiella (Schizoporella) 353
subsquammoidea, Dakaria (Schizoporella) 360
subsulcata, Bracebridgia (Porina) 557,558
subtilimargo, trembranipora 96
suessi, Laceraa (Lepralia) 346
sold '. 645
sulcifera, Cheilopora 531"
Hippoporlna (Lepralia) 374
sulciferum, Metradolium 447, 44S
(Supercytis), Discofascigera digitata 809
Telopora digitata 806, 807
watersi 806, 807
Superficial zooeciiun 594
superposita, Plagioecia 710, 71S
surculifera, Fascieulipora 808
Synonymic references 10
synthetica, Enoplostomella 49, 03, 434
Systematic classification, C'heilostomata 72
descriptions, Cyclotomata 651
T.
tacta, Idmonea.
talon . . .
771
2SO
tantilla, Periporosella 46, 124, 125
tecta, Euritina 258
Ileteropora 682
Tegella 84, Hi, us
aculeata 106
(Membranipora) griffithi 166
occulta 1C6
sophiae 16C
trirninghamensis Inn
unicomis 166
niclclesi 107
unicomis 141
te?es, ITippozeugosella 399
Telopora 803, 806, 807
(Supercytis) digitata 806,807
(Supercytis) watersi 806, 807
patens 807
telum, Smittina 468
Temachia 572, 592
opulenta 572,592
Tendra zostericola, Electra 77
Page.
jenella, Electra (Membranipora) 77
Fammia. 196
Filisparsa i.'.in
tenera, Heteropora cryptopora <>si
Tentacle sheath 42
Tentacles 42
teniiicostulatum, Cril'mi'l* echini 310
Icnuiramn, Hornera 800
tenuirostris, f'allopora ( Meml iranipora ) 140, 147, 153, 154
CrfissimaTginattlla 154
tennis, Berenicea 725
I'e:sineplagioecia (Actinopora) 721
1 Uastopora 721
Discosparsa 721
Rectonychocella ". 211
temiissima, Desmeplagioci ia ' \riiimpora) 721
terebrata Schizoporella 338
Terebripora 842
ramosa 842
Tcrel iriporidae 842
teres Mucronella 475
Tergopores 64 1 . i , I L'
tenninala, Arachnnpnsia (I'ribrilina) 313
Terminology of Costulae 280
zoaria 68
Tervia .. 7ss,7s'j
globulifera 791
i r;i • 'ilis 788
jrllyae 789
parvula 790
pyrifera 792
(Tubulipora) irregularis 089, 788, 789
tumida 790
Terviidae 686, 688, 689, 788
Tessaradoma 512, 521, 522
( Pustuliipora) gracile 512, 521
grandipora 522
ornata 521
Tessaradomidae 521
tessellatum, Schizellozoon 507
Tetraplaria 339,367
(Arborella) dichotoma 307
australis 339, 307
(Cellaria) schreibersi 367
caudifera 368
(Pollaploeeium) gilbertensis 367
tuberculata 307
tetrasl icha, Cucullipora 39S
Tetrocycloecia 820
Tetrocycloeciidae 820 •
texta, Eschara 342
Thairopora 208
Thalamoporella 268
(Eschara) andegravonsis 2i;8
granulata 03
tubifera 207
lioticha 207
mamillaris 207
novae hollaniliae 207
prima 21 9
rozieri 2i J, 2i,s
ealifornioa •. . 2iiS
lnl.iala ais
pi"ininens 2i;s
sparsipunctata 2os
INDEX.
877
Page.
Thalamoporellidao 201, 2i.i;, LY.s
Tholopora ! 817
Thoracophora 282
horrida 283
t iutinabula, Luiuilaria 23'J, i",i
(i:.i, Ltinulitcs (Discoflustrcttaria) bouci 103
torquata, Bryocryptella (Cryptolla) 456, 496, 497
torta, Euritina (Billustra) 257
Total regeneration 67
Trace of spine S3
transconnata, Reticulipora ~4">
transversa, Adeonellopsis 566
Cheilopora 529
Grammella 132
transversata, Hippoinonolla 3^2, 392
trausvorsora, Hippomeiiella 3SS,393
trausvorsum, Miembrendoociura 120
Metradolium 444, 44s
trapezoidea, Perigastrella 5S1
Vibracella 227
T remadoona 554
Tremocyst 47, 50
Tremopora 84,124,139
dendracantha 124, 139
radicifera 139
Tremopores 47, 4S
Tremotoichos 512, 523
rectifurcatum 512,523
Trepostomata 41,637
Trepostoraatous like Cyclostomata ^ 636, 675
Tretooycloecia S2G, 828,829
(?)attenuta 646,826
grandis 827
(Heteropora) dichotoma 636, S26, 829
retioulata 636,827
Tretocycloeciidae 686,688,689,826
Tretonea 752,756,769
levis 756,769
triacantha, Electra (Flustra) 77
triangula, Gemellipora 369
triangulata, Scrupocellaria 188
tricuspis, Exochella 414
t ridcndata LfprnUi 409
trifoliiim, Amphiblestrum (Membranipora) 158
triforata, Idmonea 782
trigemma, Mombraniporidra 124, 134
irigonostoma, Hetroperiella (Lepralia) 361
triiniughamunsis, ToL-ella i llembranipora) 166
Triparietal genmation 647, 648
Triphyllozoon 506, SOS
columniforum 50S
contortoplicatura ">u >
denticulatum 508
formosum 508
hirsutum ">ib
monilifera umbonata 499
(Retepora) moniliferum 505,508
tubulaturn 508
victoriensis 503
tripbra, Semihaswellia 518
Smittina 59,455
trispinosa, Smittina 59, 455, 459
tristis, Rotopora (Sertella) 503
trita, Acropora 318
tritou, Dimorphocella (Adeonella) 554, 571
Page.
Trochiliopora 822, 823
humei 822, 823
Trochopora 84,85,103
bouei 85, 103
conica 103
ovalis 103
subplena 1 03
truncata 104
trulla, Beisselina 318, 324
truncata, Aetea 180
.1 mji/inaria 180
Lunulitcs (Disco/lustrcUarifi) buuci 103
Trochopora 104
Trypematella 404, 41 7
papulifera 404, 417
Trypostega 325,327,328
aquitanica 329
elongata 328
inornata •- 329
undulata 329
venusta 53, 328, 330
tubaedes, Diastopora 673
tuberculata, Membranipora (Flustra) 77
Mollia 330
Tetraplaria 367
tuberculosa, Galeopsis (Porina) 510
tubcrculu-m, Hippothoa 80
Pyriflustrella SO
Pyripora 80
tuberosa, Callopora (Membranipora) 147,155
Ceriopora 678
Eschara 440
Gephyrophora (Schizoporellal 521
Hippomenella 391 , 393
Homera 800
Multicrescis 684
Otiouella 107
tuberosum, Conopeum 90
Tubes and apertura, structure of 634, 635, 638, 639
withfacets 637,640
rhomboidal orifice 637, 640
tubiceps, Phylactella (Lepralia) 573
tubifer, Plagioecia 711,717
tubifera, Lunularia 245
Osthimosia 602
Thalamoporella granulata 267
tubiformis, Diastopora 673,717
Tubiporella 548,549
(Lepralia) mavuirostris 548,549
tuboedes, Plagioecia 717
Tubucella 546
(Eschara) mammillaris 546
gibbosa 548
monilifera 547
Tubucellaria 542
ceroides 541,542
fillax 543
f usiformis 542
hirsuta 542
nodilera 546
opuntioides 541 , 542
parviporosa 543
vicksburgica 544
zanzibarensis 542
tubulatn, St Tniixctmra 270
878
INDEX.
Page.
tubulata. Smittina 470
tubulatum, Triphyllozoon 50S
Tubules 47-51
tubulifera, Acauthocella 2S3
Ttlbulipora 752 , 753 , 7.":6, 758
aperta 757
atlantica 779
campicheana 763
classiforrais 741
concinna 757
Dosmediapo'oocia bidulicata 751
campicheana 751
flabellaris 11x7 , 7 '.1 . 75 "i . 757, 758
grK'nonensis 818
(Idmonea) tumida 790
interrupta 758
1 il iacea 753
lobulata 6S7
midwayanica 7 •">:'.
occidentalis 757
oociopores of 757
organisans 752
pacifica 7")7
phalangea 7 v,-7")7
plumosa 755, 757
pulcherrima 741
pulehra 758
serpens 753, 755-759
Tervia irregularis 7S8
Tubuliporidae 539, ."41 , <>86, r.ss, t;so, 741 , 752-756
tubulosa, Costa 7,zia -• 603
Mombraniporina 98
Porisastrolla 5S5
tubulus, Diastopora 73 i
tuhuolcha. Mombranipora {Flustrtii 78
tumida, Tervia 790
Tubulipora t Idmonoa) 790
turbinata , Bugula 43
Lichenopora S17
typica, Acanthionolla (Echaritora) 614.616
Filisparsa 69.;. 702
Typicalcyclostomata 6:>7, <;"'.:
TJ.
Uba;hsia
arcifera 2*3
ulrichi, Mombraniporclla 287
umbonata, Amphiblcstram (Mombranipora' 15s
Bipora 631
Schismopora 600
Tryphyllozoon monilUui a 499
Umbonula 4'6, 494
(Cellepora) verrucosa . - 456, 4'7
ceratomorpha 49.3
miser 494
uncifera, Micropora
undata, Bathosella 406
Berenicea -- 670,717
undulata, Borenicea 70 ^
Proboscina 664
Trypostega 329
unguiculata, Porella 488,493
Unicavea Krignonensis 819
unicornis,Schizopodrolla(SclmopoieUa)— 57,33">,337,33«,339,341
Tegella (Membranipora) 141,166
Page.
unipinosa, Smittina (Rmittia). .-. 457
Upper Marlboro, Maryland. Bryozoa al 17
urania. Aechmclla (Cellepora) 233
urceolata, Lunulites 240
Use of the Viliracula 61
V.
Vacuoles 645
Valdemtinitella 131
vallata, Enoplustc.mclla 438
valve, opercular 314
Vanna... 58
variabilis, rimultioavea... 817
Multicrescis 684
Proboscina 659
varians, Diaperoecia 711
Filisparsa 690
Oncousoecia 690
variolosa, Mucronclla 52. 4^4. 47.">
vaughani, Scrupocellaria 189
Velumella 204, 213
levigata 20 1. 21 1
(Onychocella) Icvinseni 203, 213, 214
plicata 214
venabulum, Lichenopora 815
vendinnensis, Entalophora 725
vendoma, Fioridina 220
vc.ntricosa, Diaperoecia 74(1
Gastropella ."7, :', 1 \ :I:M
Mucronella (Lcpralia 1 47 1 , 475
Schismupora 5t9
ucmiM i, L< i'(,!\i<> 330
Trypiistcfja (Scliizcipurulla I ."3,328, 330
vcrmiformis, Holoporclla 604
verrucana. l.icln'nn|«ira 815
verrucosa, Anarthropora 421 , 4311
Ceriopora 818
Cribrilina 291
Frondipora 6X9
Heteroporella.... Ms
Kipporliplo^ia 314
Kleidionella iil'1
Lichenopora si 1 , sis
I.unularia 242
Umbonula (Cellepora) 456,457
\i-lli«'ll:ll:i, I Icilra 77
\ TSH ulusa, I'rriopura 633,679
\ <•>]><> I ili i. I app n'iplD^ia 394
\ ivsl il'iilur arch 68
vi'slita, I-'ippo 'iplnsia (1 ojiralia) .'!'.!::
\ il ii acclla 227
trapezoic'.ra 227
Vibracellina si, 103. UK), 1 in
capillaria 65,109,110
Vibracula -- lli.iil.iil
vi rid, MicriM'fi;! 736
vicina. I'all.ppnra 155
vicksbiirKciisis, I.nnularia U lig-jtresium) 249
Vicksburgian C'hcll jsl unat HIS l:ryozna. Lists 34
Cyclostomatous Bryozoa, Lists 37
localities 16
vickshurgiea, Arachnopusia 311
Fl u-i.linolla 227, 229
Keterm c-lla 198
llincksina 69
INDEX.
879
Page.
viekshurgic.i , si oganoporolla 2i;t
Tubucvllaria 544
virt.incnsis, Triphyllozoon 508
villosa, Mcmbranipora 78
viminea. Kschara 342
Schizopodrella 342
Vincularia abyssicola, Smittipora 225
form of Zoarium 68
fragilis 198
gracilis, Enritina 257
haidingeri, Steganoporolla 262
violacea, Adeona 554, 560
virgula, Tlagiosmittia 473
virgulosa, Domopora 817
viridis Schizoporolla 335
vorax Gemelliporella 339, 372
vulgaris, Sehizolavella 339
Schizoporclla 358
W.
waipukurensis, Crassohornera sol, 802
walcot ti , Diaperoecia 745
waters!, Telopora (Stipercytis) 806, 807
Watersipora 524, 537, 538
cucullata labiosa 538
erecta 538
(Lepralia) curullal a 538
welschi, Eiiritina 257
wetherelli, Adeonellopsis 565
\Vhip 64
whiteavesii, Callopora 147
\Vilco\ian localities 15, 19
wilcoxianicurn, Conopeum 88
williardi, Scrupocellaria 188
u'ooditna, Lfpralia 588
Woodipora 268
Woods BlilIT, Alabama, Brvu/on al
woodward!, Callopora ( M<'ml>rani|iur:il
Page.
. 19
117
X.
xanthe, Archmella ((Vllepora) 233
xiphia, Aechmella (Cellepora) 233
zanzibarensis, Schismopora 590
Tnbucellaria 542
zelandiae Hippellozoon novae 506
zitteli, Pachycraspedoum -"^'i
Zoarial Budding 46
forms of Lichenopora 816, 817
growth 1240
hydrostatic system 60
Zoarium 39, n.s. r, is
origin of 650
terminology 68
Zonatula , Ascosoecia pseudotorquata 833
Zone of growth 669
Zonopora 830
Ascosoecia arl torea 833
ligeriensis 833
Zooecia 39, 66
calcified 63
incomplete 594
non ovicelled 53
oriented 594, 595
primoserial *•!
superficial 594
zooecial area 637
Zooecial, hydrostatic relations 57
37
zooid
zoophytes
Zostericola, Electra (Tendra) .
36
77
o
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