The North American species of Rumex

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PUBLICATIONS
OF

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL
— HISTORY

BOTANICAL SERIES
VOLUME XVII

1HE LIBRARY OF THE

MOV 3 01940

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

, , NATURAL
*l HISTORY

CHICAGO, U.SA.
1937-1939 \/

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS

CONTENTS

PAGES

1. THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX. By K. H. Rechinger, Jr.

June 24, 1937 1-151

2. STUDIES OF AMERICAN PLANTS — VII. By Paul C. Standley. Sep-

tember 28, 1937 155-224

3. STUDIES OF AMERICAN PLANTS — VIII. By Paul C. Standley. Decem-

ber 10, 1937 227-284

4. A CONTRIBUTION TO THE FLORA OF HONDURAS. By T. G. Yuncker.

January 31, 1938 287-407

5. STUDIES OF THE AMERICAN FLORA — I. By Julian A. Steyermark. May

27, 1938 411-443

6. GENUS LABORDIA. HAWAIIAN EUPHORBIACEAE. LABIATAE AND COM-

POSITAE. By Earl Edward Sherff. September 30, 1939 447-612

111

. 17

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

PLATES

I. Typical view along the road in the interior of Honduras.
II. a. View of Siguatepeque, Honduras.

b. Hand-sawing pine logs into boards for use in local construction.

III. Lycopodium arcanum Maxon.

IV. Anthurium basiattenuatum Standley.
V. Anthurium lucens Standley.

VI. Anthurium Yunckeri Standley.
VII. Thecophyllum montanum L. B. Smith.
VIII. Tillandsia glossophylla L. B. Smith.
IX. Tillandsia lampropoda L. B. Smith.
X. Tillandsia Yunckeri L. B. Smith.
XL Piper faviculiferum Trelease.
XII. Calliandra arborea Standley.

XIII. Desmodium luteolum Standley.

XIV. Ilex Hondurensis Standley.
XV. Begonia Yunckeri Standley.

XVI. Achyrocline Yunckeri Blake.
XVII. Verbesina vicina Blake.
XVIII. Zexmenia perymenioides Blake.

TEXT FIGURES

PAGE

1. Rumex paucifolius Nutt 25

2. Rumex hastatulus Baldw 29

3. Valves of (a) Rumex venosus Pursh, (b) R. fascicularis Small, and (c) R.

spiralis Small 33

4. Rumex verticillatus L 37

5. Rumex floridanus Meisn 41

6. Rumex altissimus Wood 46

7. Rumex ellipticus Greene 51

8. Rumex Berlandieri Meisn 53

9. Valves of (a) Rumex mexicanus Meisn., (b) R. hymenosepalus Torr., (c)

R. densiflorus Osterh., (d) R. pycnanthus Rech. f., (e) R. occidentalis

Wats 57

10. Rumex triangulivalvis (Dans.) Rech. f 59

11. Rumex lacustris Greene 67

12. Rumex transitorius Rech. f 69

13. Rumex pallidus Bigel 72

14. Rumex sibiricus HultSn 75

15. Rumex utahensis Rech. f 77

16. Rumex crassus Rech. f 81

17. Rumex salicifolius Weinm 83

18. Rumex californicus Rech. f 87

19. Rumex orthoneurus Rech. f 97

20. Rumex praecox Rydb 101

PAGE

21. Rumex arcticus Trautv 109

22. Valves of (a) Rumex fenestratus Greene, (b) R. Britannica L., (c) R.

fueginus var. athrix (St. John) Rech. f., (d) R. fueginus var. brachythrix
Rech. f., (e) R. fueginus var. ovato-cordatus Rech. f., (f) R. fueginus var.
tanythrix Rech. f., (g) R. fueginus form Ill

23. Rumex violascens Rech. f 133

24. Rumex flexicaulis Rech. f 135

25. Rumex persicarioides L 145

26. Photograph of type collection of Mortoniodendron anisophyllum (Standley)

Standley and Steyermark 413

27. Photograph of type collection of Mortoniodendron anisophyllum (Standley)

Standley and Steyermark 415

VI

BOTANICAL SERIES

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893

VOLUME XVII NUMBER 1

THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX

BY

K. H. RECHINGER, JR.

NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, VIENNA

B. E. DAHLGREN

CHIEF CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
EDITOR

PUBLICATION 386

CHICAGO, U.S.A.
JUNE 24, 1937

BOTANICAL SERIES

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893

VOLUME XVII NUMBER 1

THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX

THE LIBRARY OF THI

Jill 121937

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

BY

K. H. RECHINGER, JR.

NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM, VIENNA

B. E. DAHLGREN

CHIEF CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY
EDITOR

PUBLICATION 386

CHICAGO, U.S.A.
JUNE 24, 1937

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS

") ' •

THE NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX1

K. H. RECHINGER, JR.

INTRODUCTION

Among the North American species of Rumex are the following
described by Linne": R. Acetosa, R. Acetosella, R. alpinus, R. Britan-
. nica, R. bucephalophorus, R. crispus, R. dentalus, R. maritimus, R.
obtusifolius, R. persicarioides, R. pulcher, R. sanguineus, and R.
verticillatus. Only four of these species are indigenous: R. Acetosa,
R. Britannica, R. persicarioides, and R. verticillatus. All the others
are introduced from Europe, except R. dentatus, which is originally
from Asia, and most of them only a short time ago. The group of
R. salicifolius, so characteristic for North America, is not represented
among the Linnaean species.

The genus Rumex has been monographed only twice as a whole,
by Campdera, in 1819, and by Meisner apud De Candolle, in 1856.

Campdera cites twelve species as occurring in North America: R.
persicarioides L., R. obtusifolius L., R. crispatulus Michx., R. sanguin-
eus L., R. Kunthii Campd., R. verticillatus L., R. Claytoni Campd., R.
aquaticus L., R. Acetosella L., R. venosus Pursh, R. crispus L., and R.
ludovicianus Raf. Three of them are indigenous, one confused, four
introduced, one a synonym, and three doubtful.

Meisner notes twenty-two North American species and one
hybrid: R. aquaticus L., R. venosus Pursh, R. longifolius DC., R.
crispus L., R. Kunthianus Schult. f., R. mexicanus Meisn., R. Ber-
landieri Meisn., R. chrysocarpus Mor., R. floridanus Meisn., R.
Britannica L., R. salicifolius Weinm., R. verticillatus L., R. conglo-
meratus Murr., R. sanguineus L., R. obtusifolius L., R. crispo-obtusi-
folius Meisn., R. brevipes Meisn., R. persicarioides L., R. crispatulus
Michx., R. maritimus L., R. Acetosella L., R. Engelmanni Meisn.,
and R. Acetosa L. Ten of the species are indigenous, six introduced,
two synonyms, two confused, and two doubtful.

Trelease in 1892 published a Revision of the species of Rumex
occurring north of Mexico. He mentions twenty-one species: R.
Acetosella L., R. hastatulus Baldw., R. Geyeri (Meisn.) Trel., R.

1 Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographic der Gattung Rumex V. Previous num-
bers of the series have been published as follows: I. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 49,
Abt. 2. Dresden, 1932. II. Repert. Sp. Nov. 31. Berlin, 1933. III. Arkiv Bot.
26A, No. 3. Stockholm, 1933 (South American species). IV. Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr.
84. Wien, 1935 (Australian species).

4 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

Acetosa L., R. venosus Pursh, R. hymenosepalus Torr., R. occidentalis
Wats., R. Patientia L., R.Britannica L., R. crispus L., R. vertidllatus
L., R. floridanus Meisn., R. altissimus Wood, R. salicifolius Weinm.,
R. Berlandieri Meisn., R. conglomeratus Murr., R. sanguineus L., R.
pulcher L., R. obtusifolius L., R. persicarioides L., and R.
bucephalophorus L.

Since Trelease's paper there have been published fourteen other
North American species and some varieties, all by American authors:
(R. Bakeri Greene), (R. confinis Greene), R. densiflorus Osterh., R.
fascicularis Small, R. fenestratus Greene, (R. gracilipes Greene),
R. hesperius Greene, R. lacustris Greene, (R. Langloisii Small), (R.
polyrhizus Greene), R. praecox Rydb., (JR. procerus Greene), (R.
salinus A. Nels.), R. spiralis Small. The names in parentheses do
not seem to me to be valid and appear in this paper as synonyms or
varieties. Most of these species have been mentioned in their
respective local floras, but for the most part no one has undertaken to
define their systematic position, consequently a new general revision
of the North American species of Rumex seems desirable.

In the present paper forty-nine species and four hybrids are
recorded from North America, including Mexico, of which thirty-five
species are indigenous and twelve introduced; as regards a few species
it is not quite certain whether they are really introduced. Among the
alien species are ten or eleven of European and Mediterranean origin,
one from South America, and one from eastern Asia.

Special attention should be called to the fact that only three
spontaneous hybrids are recorded from North America; in only one
of them does an indigenous North American species take part, the
two others being of introduced European parents. In striking con-
trast, there are known in Europe several dozens of hybrids, and many
of them occur frequently wherever the parents grow together.

Thirty of the thirty-five indigenous North American species are
endemic: that is, are not found naturally outside the continent. The
range of the five remaining species is as follows: two are arctic-cir-
cumpolar (with interruptions), one (or perhaps two or three, since the
question whether they are spontaneous in the New World is not
solved) is widely spread over the temperate zone of the northern
hemisphere, and one species ranges widely over North and South
America, with wide interruptions in the tropical regions.

Seven species and one hybrid are described by me. A large part
of the increase in number of species is due to division of the collective
species R. salicifolius in the sense of earlier authors. By courtesy of

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 5

American institutions, I have been able to study extensive material,
which has shown that the number of more or less distinct types in the
relationship of R. salicifolius is rather large and that most of them are
confined to definite areas. That these areas are natural ones, that is,
correlated with climatic and geographic-geologic facts, is scarcely
open to discussion, since similar areas have been defined frequently by
American workers for genera not particularly susceptible to extrane-
ous influences, such as that of man (see Fernald, Persistence of plants
in unglaciated areas of Boreal America, Mem. Gray Herb. 2. 1925).

I acknowledge my great indebtedness to the directors of many
American and European institutions and their staffs for liberal loans
of important collections. A list of the herbaria follows:

Be. Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany.

Br. Botanisches Institut der Masaryk-Universitat, Briinn.

Bu. Botanische Abteilung des National Museums, Budapest.

Ca. University of California, Berkeley.

Ch. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago.

Cl. Botanisches Institut der Universitat Cluj, Roumania.

Co. Columbia College, New York (containing the Meisner

Herbarium).

De. Herbier Delessert, Conservatoire Botanique, Geneva.

G. Gray Herbarium, Cambridge.

H. Botanisches Staatsinstitut, Hamburg.

Ke. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.

Ko. Botanisches Museum der Universitat, Copenhagen.

La. Rocky Mountain Herbarium, Laramie, Wyoming.

Le. Botanischer Hauptgarten, Leningrad.

Lu. Botanisches Museum, Lund, Sweden.

Mu. Botanisches Museum, Munich.

MW. Botanische Abteilung des Naturhistorischen Museums,

Vienna.

NY. New York Botanical Garden, New York.

0. Herbarium of Geological Survey of Canada, Ottawa.

P. State College of Washington, Pullman.

St. Botanische Abteilung des Reichsmuseums, Stockholm.

SL. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis.

Up. Botanisches Museum, Upsala.

Ut. Botanisches Museum, Utrecht.

6 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

UW. Botanisches Institut der Universtitat, Vienna.
Wa. United States National Herbarium, Washington.
Z. Botanisches Museum der Universtitat, Zurich.

Among the numerous friends who have aided in various ways in
preparation of this work I thank especially Dr. Harold St. John for
many most helpful suggestions regarding literature and location of
American collections and for geographical data; Dr. Theodor Just, for
photographs of Greene types; and Dr. Frida Rechinger for the draw-
ings. J. Francis Macbride helped me kindly in matters of phraseology.

NATURAL ARRANGEMENT OF SPECIES

From my standpoint the indigenous and more important intro-
duced American species of Rumex may be separated into the follow-
ing subgenera, sections, and subsections:

SUBGEN. I. Acetosella (Meisn. apud DC. 63. 1856, pro sectione)
Rech. f.

Flores dioici (vel polygami); perigonii florum foeminorum folia
interiora fructificationis tempore non dilatata vel nuce ad summum
2-plo maiora, omnino ecallosa. Folia saepe hastata vel sagittata. —
R. Acetosella L., R. graminifolius Lamb.

SUBGEN. II. Acetosa (Campd. 1819, p.p.; Meisn. apud DC. 64.
1856, pro sectione) Rech. f.

Flores dioici vel polygami; perigonii florum foeminorum folia
interiora fructificationis tempore nuce deinde pluries maiora, ecallosa
vel basi callo minuto recurvo praedita. Folia in multis speciebus
hastata vel sagittata. — R. Acetosa L., R. thyrsiflorus Fingerh., R.
paucifolius Nutt., R. hastatulus Baldw.

SUBGEN. III. Lapathum (Campd. 1819; Meisn. apud DC. 42.
1856, pro sectione) Rech. f.

Flores omnes vel plurimi androgyni. Perigonii foliola interiora
(valvae) fructificationis tempore nuce pluries maiora ecallosa vel
callifera. Callus nunquam recurvus. Basis foliorum inferiorum
cuneata vel rotundata vel cordata, nunquam hastata vel sagittata.

Sect. A. Axillares Rech. f., sect. nov.

Perennes. Caules ex axillis foliorum infra inflorescentiam prima-
riam ramos foliosos serius elongates et florentes proferentes. Rami
inflorescentiae plerumque singuli. Valvae ecallosae vel calliferae in
plurimis speciebus integrae. Folia in plurimis plana, basi rotundata
vel cuneata.

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 7

Subsect. a. Venosi Rech. f., subsect. nov.

Monotypica. Descriptio R. venosi Pursh.

Subsect. b. Verticillati Rech. f., subsect. nov.

Pedicelli fructiferi perigonio mature pluries longiores, rigidi, prope
basin geniculato-articulati. — R. verticillatus L., R. floridanus Meisn.,
R. fascicularis Small.

Subsect. c. Salicifolii Rech. f., subsect. nov.

Pedicelli fructiferi perigonio mature non vel ad summum 1.5-2-plo
longiores, in medio vel prope basin articulati. — R. spiralis Small, R.
altissimus Wood, R. ellipticus Greene, R. mexicanus Meisn., R. Ber-
landieri Meisn., R. triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech. f., R. lacustris
Greene, R. transitorius Rech. f., R. pallidus Bigel., R. sibiricus
Hulte"n, R, utahensis Rech. f., R. crassus Rech. f., R. salicifolius
Weinm., R. calif ornicus Rech. f.

Sect. B. Simplices Rech. f., sect. nov.

Annui, biennes vel perennes. Caulis simplex ex axillis foliorum
infra inflorescentiam ramos foliosos serius elongates et floriferos non
proferens.1 Rami inflorescentiae singuli vel fasciculati. Valvae
ecallosae vel calliferae, integrae vel vario modo dentatae. Folia plana
vel crispata, inferiora basi cuneata vel rotundata vel cordata.

Subsect. a. Hymenosepali Rech. f., subsect. nov.

Monotypica. Descriptio R. hymenosepali Torr.

Subsect. b. Densiflori Rech. f., subsect. nov.

Rhizomate horizontali perennantes.2 Valvae callosae. Folia
inferiora basi cuneata vel rotundata vel cordata, plerumque in medio
latissima. — R. densiflorus Osterh., R. pycnanthus Rech. f., R. ortho-
neurus Rech. f., R. praecox Rydb.

Subsect. c. Aquatici Rech. f. Repert. Sp. Nov. 31: 232. 1933, in
nota.

Radice verticali perennantes. Valvae ecallosae. Folia inferiora
basi saepe cordata, in plurimis speciebus infra medium latissima. — •
R. occidentalis Wats., R. arcticus Trautv., R. fenestratus Greene.

Subsect. d. Patientiae Rech. f. Repert. Sp. Nov. 31: 230. 1933.

Perennes. Folia latitudine 2-4-plo longiora, inferiora in medio
circiter latissima, basi leviter cordata vel rotundata vel cuneata.
Petiolus supra planus. Valvae rotundato-cordatae, amplae, saepius
integrae, una plerumque callifera. — R. Patientia L.

1 Exceptions: (1) If the principal stem is damaged; (2) in overnourished
individuals; (3) in some hybrids.

2 Several species could not be examined in regard to this character.

8 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

%M

Subsect. e. Crispi Rech. f., subsect. nov.

Perennes. Folia latitudine 3-6-plo longiora, crispa, basi cuneata,
in medio circiter latissima. Petiolus supra canaliculatus. Valvae
rotundato-cordatae, saepius integrae, omnes vel una callifera. Pedi-
celli perigonio mature 1.5-2.5-plo longiores. — R. crispus L.

Subsect. f. Conglomerati Rech. f., subsect. nov.

Perennes. Folia inferiora latitudine usque 3-plo longiora, basi
cordata. Rami inflorescentiae singuli, arcuato-divergentes. Florum
glomeruli omnes remoti. Pedicelli perigonio mature usque 1.5-plo
longiores. Valvae parvae integrae linguiformes, una vel omnes calli-
ferae. — R. conglomerates Murr., R. sanguineus L.

Subsect. g. Hydrolapatha Rech. f., subsect. nov.

Perennes. Folia basi cuneata, plana acuta, consistentia rigida
subcoriacea, longitudine usque 5-plo longiora, nervis secundariis
angulo recto vel subrecto a primario abeuntibus. Pedicelli fructiferi
rigiduli, perigonio mature usque 2.5-plo longiores. Valvae omnes cal-
liferae integrae. Calli fusiformes. — R. Britannica L.

Subsect. h. Obtusifolii Rech. f., subsect. nov.

Perennes. Folia basalia basi cordata plana longitudine ca. 2-plo
longiora. Pedicelli fructiferi perigonio maturo 1-2. 5-plo longiores, in
vel infra medium articulati. Valvae una vel omnes calliferae saepius
dentatae. — R. obtusifolius L., R. pulcher L.

Subsect. i. Dentati Rech. f., subsect. nov.

Annuae (vel biennes?). Folia inferiora basi leviter cordata vel
rotundata vel late cuneata, in vel supra medium latissima longi-
tudine usque 2 (-3) -plo longiores. Valvae saepius dentatae saepius
omnes calliferae. — R. dentatus L., R. violascens Rech. f.

Subsect. k. Maritimi Rech. f., subsect. nov.

Annuae (vel biennes?). Folia inferiora linearia vel lineari-lanceo-
lata longitudine usque 6-plo longiora plana vel crispata basi leviter
cordata vel truncata vel cuneata. Valvae saepissime longe dentatae
omnes calliferae. — R. maritimus L., R.fueginus Phil., R. persicarioides
L., R. flexicaulis Rech. f.

GENERAL DISCUSSION OF SECT. AXILLARES

Among the most important new data regarding the taxonomy of
the genus Rumex that I obtained while studying the North American
species is the genetic connection of the species of Lapathum with
axillary branching (sect. Axillares). Since the section has in North
America its principal area of distribution and probably its most

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 9

important center of development, this subject may be discussed here
in detail.

Species of Lapathum which regularly show leafy axillary shoots,
generally producing in normal development secondary inflorescences
that often predominate in the principal inflorescence, exist in impor-
tant number (except in North America) only in South America (R.
argentinus Rech. f., R. chrysocarpus Mor., R. patagonicus Rech. f., R.
andinus Rech. f., R. chiloensis Rech. f.). Outside the New World
such species appear only in separated geographic regions, in
Australia (R.Brownii Campd.), in the Hawaiian Islands (R. giganteus
Ait. and R. albescens Hildeb.), in eastern Asia (R. yungningensis
Samuelsson, R. sibiricus Hulte"n), in South Africa (R. Ecklonianus
Meisn.), in centralAfrica(#.a/rowowtarmsT. Fries). In Europe and in
the greater part of Asia the section Axillares is absent, but in Europe
there have been found adventive during the last decades two American
species of sect. Axillares, subsect. Salicifolii.

The habit of the North American R. venosus, the South American
R. cuneifolius, and the New Zealand R. neglectus, with widely
extended, creeping, rhizome-like stem which emits sooner or later
axillary shoots, can no doubt be considered a modification of the

axillary type.

•

The opinion is surely acceptable that all the mentioned species
outside America (except JR. sibiricus, which belongs to subsect.
Salicifolii) are relics of ancient lines of development. Most of the
New World descendants, on the contrary, have partly kept their
freshness of life and their power of accommodation. Many of them
are in full development and have been able to occupy new land during
alterations in distribution of land and water that took place in recent
geologic periods, and they are still able to invade and inhabit
regions deprived by man of their original vegetation.

The shape of the fruiting perigonium segments exhibits all the
possibilities of this genus. The tendency to enlarge the surface is
more or less occasionally — even exceedingly — prominent (R. venosus
Pursh has the largest existing valves). At the same time the nerva-
tion is developed very differently, stronger or delicately graduated
(R. venosus}, or in nets of very different shape in the middle and the
border of the valves. The midnerve is either not thickened (especi-
ally in the species with important development of the surface of the
valves) or only little thickened, or it is transformed on one valve or
all three to a smaller or larger grain of oblong, globular-ovate, or
spindle-like form of the most different nature. Nevertheless the

10 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

characteristic shape of the grain and its proportion to the surface of
the valve remain in narrow limits for every species.

The Axillares show little tendency toward dentation on the mar-
gins of the valves; it is developed considerably only in one species,
the Australian R. Brownii, and in that to an extreme degree. Among
the American Axillares only R. californicus shows small teeth. Some
others have now and then weak and irregular notches on the margins
of the valves.

The isolated systematic position of the extra-American species as
relics of an ancient group or groups, as mentioned above within the
Axillares, as well as of the South American R. Lorentzianus Lindau
and the North American R. venosus, can be expressed best by making
each the representative of a subsection, while the other South Ameri-
can species may be grouped in two subsections (R. cuneifolius Campd.
and R. argentinus in the first; all the other mentioned South American
species in the second). Among the North American Axillares the
species with very long pedicels (R. verticillatus L., R. floridanus
Meisn., R. fascicularis Small — Subsect. Verticillati) differ clearly
from the mass of all the others — Subsect. Salicifolii.

Among the Salicifolii — which derive their name from the species
first described but previously not well interpreted, R. salicifolius
Weinm. — three species differ from all the others by the size of the
valves and by ovate-lanceolate, elegantly cuspidate leaves (R. spiralis
Small, R. altissimus Wood, R. ellipticus Greene).

Rumex lacustris Greene, confined to Oregon, occupies a separate
position because of its aquatic habit and its papillous-pubescent ter-
restrial form. R. salicifolius Weinm. nee al. and R. crassus Rech. f.,
both confined to California, have fruiting perigonia with one
valve almost completely covered by an extraordinarily prominent
grain. With the first is associated, as a parallel species without
grains, R. californicus Rech. f., with shallowly dentate valve margins.
The New England and eastern Canadian R. pallidus Bigel., which
reappears in Alaska, has well developed grains, but of an oblong
shape, and they do not cover the whole surface of the valves. This
species is closely related to the east Siberian R. sibiricus Hulte"n, the
only extra-North American representative of the Salicifolii. R.
transitorius Rech. f., indigenous in the northwestern United States,
lies morphologically between the Californian species and R. pallidus.
R. mexicanus Meisn., R. Berlandieri Meisn., and R. triangulivalvis
(Danser) Rech. f . have small grains in proportion to the valves; among
these three R. mexicanus has the largest valves and nutlets and is in

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 11

the strict sense, as I understand it here, in contrast to Fernald in
Rhodora 10: 17. 1908, restricted to Mexico. R. Berlandieri also
inhabits Mexico, besides the southern United States eastward as far
as Louisiana. Among other features, it is characterized by rather
small and obtuse, undulate leaves, by scrobiculate, nervose valves
of compact structure, and by remote whorls. Because R. Berlandieri
was misinterpreted by American authors, especially Trelease, who
evidently had not seen Meisner's type, the same species has been
described a second time as R. Langloisii Small. I designate as
R. triangulivalvis the form resembling and closely related to R. mexi-
canus Meisn. but constantly differing by smaller valves and nutlets,
which was identified by Fernald (loc. cit.) with R. mexicanus. Its
home is southeastern Canada and the northeastern and middle
United States. It is apparently the only species of this group that
has been introduced into Europe. It appears in a scarcely differing
form in the mountainous western states: var. oreolapathum Rech. f.
This mountain race of R. triangulivalvis finds a parallel species with-
out grains in R. utahensis.

Thus the numerous species of Salicifolii cover the whole North
American continent except the arctic and subarctic regions and the
southeast (Florida and adjacent states), and extends north west to Asia.

Herewith there is given for the first time an essay of a demarca-
tion and general characterization of this peculiar group. There is
no doubt that the group Salicifolii is a natural one; but how far I
have succeeded in the taxonomic arrangement of species — without
the field study and cytological investigations essential for such
critical groups — will become apparent later. The group Salicifolii
does not show any geographic arrangement in the sense that it is
represented in each region by only one species. In the south as well
as in the west, several well-differentiated types grow close together.
This fact could be interpreted as pointing to a great independence
of these types. If in most cases I have chosen binary names for the
representatives of the Salicifolii it has been not only for that reason,
but also for practical considerations. In treating polymorphous groups
I have the conviction that the supposed, mostly plastic or versatile
parental connection of the various members is better expressed in a
discussion rather than invested with precipitate, so to speak, assump-
tions that necessarily become on paper complicated clumsy formulae
of dogmatic character. Yet it can not be denied that when taxonomic
changes become necessary with the progress of knowledge, binary
names are easier to handle than more complex ones.

12 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

Schematic essays of classification, especially when based exclu-
sively on cultivated material and without any attempt to consider
the results of research based on study of wild forms, as those of
Danser, Nederl. Kruidk. Arch. 415. 1925, can only be considered
as an expedient for the very first phases of systematic inquiry and
should never be stated in a taxonomic way.

To friends of the broader limitation of species and of the clumsier
nomenclatorial apparatus bound to it I wish to indicate, neverthe-
less, how some of the species accepted by me could, conceivably,
with greater knowledge of them than is available at present, be united
to form collective species, and also which species will resist, in my
opinion, any condensation, under all circumstances.

R. spiralis will remain separated. R. altissimus and R. ellipticus
may well be united. R. lacustris will probably remain a separate
entity but it may be that it could be connected with R. hesperius,
with western forms only incompletely understood by me of
which I have had only incomplete or inadequate material. I
should not be astonished if R. crassus were a diploid or multiploid
race of R. salicifolius. These two species, and perhaps also R.
californicus as a grainless parallel race of the latter with denticulate
valves, could eventually be united. R. pallidus and R. sibiricus
should be united. It remains doubtful whether R. transitorius has
to be joined with R. salicifolius-crassus, R. sibiricus-pallidus, or with
R. mexicanus-triangulivalvis because of its intermediate position.
R. Berlandieri will better remain separated. R. mexicanus and R.
triangulivalvis, including var. oreolapathum, may be united with
R. utahensis as a grainless mountain form. On the other hand, R.
utahensis resembles in some of its forms R. californicus; both are
grainless and both seem to meet in the Californian mountains and
then are not to be distinguished with certainty. As indicated, they
seem to be of different origin.

The history of the Salicifolii is short. R. salicifolius was the
first group to be described, and its name was used during a long
time for all or at least almost all the species of this group. It was
used also by Trelease in this wide sense. Meisner, when establishing
R. mexicanus and R. Berlandieri, seemed not to have a clear con-
ception of their parental position. The name R. mexicanus came
to connote a special entity by Fernald, as he used it for a form
widely spread over the middle, northern, and eastern United States.
This form is really closely related to R. mexicanus Meisn., but
differs by slight, although constant characters in the size of the

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 13

valves and nutlets. The name R. Berlandieri, on the contrary,
has never been used in the correct sense since Meisner's treatment,
especially owing to Trelease's misinterpretation of it. Under this
name generally has appeared a species of a quite different group
(R. violascens Rech. f.); in a widely circulated exsiccatum (Pringle),
also R. conglomerates. Again the plant named by Meisner was
described a second time as R. Langloisii Small, but the latter author
made a valuable discovery with R. spiralis. I have not seen any
type specimen of R. altissimus Wood, consequently I have used
the name as Trelease and most American authors do, although
I am not quite convinced that this conception is right.

Danser's classification of the Salicifolius group (see above) is
based purely on the study of cultivated and introduced plants. He
distinguishes two subspecies, ssp. triangulivalvis and ssp. angusti-
valvis, and three varieties, var. trigranis, var. unigranis, and var.
nudivalvis. Subsp. triangulivalvis var. trigranis corresponds to the
most widespread type and is treated in the present paper as a species.
Subsp. angustivalvis var. unigranis corresponds to R. salicifolius
Weinm., nee aliorum. Danser's observations on the development
of R. salicifolius (op. cit. 423) are of special interest and of great
influence on the natural arrangement of the genus, viz., (1) R. salici-
folius does not develop radical leaves; (2) though perennial, it is able
to flower in the first year if circumstances are not too unfavorable;
(3) it does not go through a resting period after maturity of the
principal fruiting panicle, but develops axillary branches below the
principal panicle during its ripening. When the second one is ripen-
ing, the fruits of the first are falling off, and so on until the frost
comes.

KEY TO SPECIES

Flowers dioecious or polygamous; leaves hastately lobed (except
species 5 and sometimes 6). Subgenera Acetosa and Acetosella.

Valves rarely enlarged, as large or at most twice as large as the
nutlet. Subgenus Acetosella.

Leaves short, oblanceolate, hastate, with usually large basal
lobes; panicle amply branched; valves very small, not
larger than the nutlets, without grain and without distinct
nervation 1. R. Acetosella.

Leaves narrow, linear, without or with small basal lobes; panicle
sparse; valves of nearly double the size of the nutlet.

2. R. graminifolius.

14 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

Valves enlarged, distinctly overtopping the nutlet. Subgenus

Acetosa.
Leaves narrowed at the base, never with hastate lobes.

5. R. paucifolius.
Leaves with hastate lobes.

Stems robust; leaves usually cordate-oblong; valves about

5 mm. wide (see also 4. R. thyrsiflorus) ... 3. R. Acetosa.

Stems slender; leaves narrow, usually variable in shape;

valves about 4 mm. wide 6. R. hastatulus.

Flowers usually androgynous; leaves never hastately lobed. Sub-
genus Lapathum.
Stems erect, ascending, or procumbent, with axillary shoots.

Sect. Axillares.

Valves wider than 20 mm., grainless, with a fine, double reticu-
lation; ocreae wide, conspicuous 7. R. venosus.

Valves much smaller, at most 15 mm. long; ocreae smaller,

appressed. Subsect. Salicifolii.
Pedicels (2-) 2.5-5 times longer than the fruit.
Stems slender, low; leaves broad and short, at most twice
as long as broad, often still shorter, the nerves forming
an angle of about 80° with the midnerve.

10. R. fascicularis.

Stems tall, robust; leaves at least 3 times longer than broad,
the nerves forming an angle of about 45° with the
midnerve.

Panicle open; pedicels conspicuous, 3-5 times longer than
the fruits, these yellowish; valves rarely as broad
as long, or narrower; leaves 5-7 times as long as

broad 8. R. verticillatus.

Panicle rather dense; pedicels relatively inconspicuous,
(2-) 2.5-3 times longer than the fruit; ripe fruits
dark; valves often broader than long; leaves 3-5

times as long as broad 9. R. floridanus.

Pedicels at most twice as long as the fruit.

Valves 7-8 mm. long, 8-12 mm. broad 11. R. spiralis.

Valves much smaller.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate, broadest below the middle;
valves more than 4.5 mm. long.

12. R. altissimus and 13. R. ellipticus.

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 15

Leaves usually narrower, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
but if exceptionally broad, the fruits much smaller.
Valves grainless.

Stems slender but rigid, relatively tall, abundantly
branched; leaves narrow; fruiting panicle large,
open; valves rather distinctly denticulate.

24. R. californicus.

Stems thickish, mostly low, little branched; leaves
broader; fruiting panicle small, very compact;
valves a little crenulate at the base, nearly

entire 21. R. utahensis.

One valve or all grain-bearing.

Grains occupying nearly the whole breadth of the
valve (the margin of the valve is on both sides
of the grain narrower than the grain).
Valves relatively large, 4-5 mm. long; leaves 2-3

times longer than broad 22. R. crassus.

Valves much smaller; leaves narrower.

Valves very small, 2.3-3 mm. long, only one

with a grain 23. R. salicifolius.

Valves larger, all with grains.

Valves 3-4 mm. long, scarcely longer than
the grains, yellowish; nutlets about 2.5
mm. long.

19. R. pallidus and 18. R. transitorius.

Valves 2.5-3 mm. long, distinctly longer than

the grains, brownish; nutlets scarcely 2

mm. long 20. R. sibiricus.

Grains much narrower than the breadth of the valves
(the margin of the valve is on both sides of the
grain at least as broad as the grain. Compare
also 25. R. cuneifolius) .

Valves very small, 2.1-2.5 mm. long, with small
grains; plants occurring in a broad-leaved,
subglabrous, submersed state and in a nar-
rower-leaved, papillate, emersed state.

17. R. lacustris.

Valves usually more than 3 mm. long; plant never
living submerged ; leaves longer and narrower,
never papillate.

16 P'IELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

Leaves small and thickish, in the dry state olive-
green, often undulate, somewhat obtuse,
with strongly prominent nerves beneath;
panicles interrupted; most whorls remote.

14. R. Berlandieri.

Leaves larger, rather thin, in the dry state pale
green, acute; nerves scarcely prominent;
fruiting panicle not interrupted, or only
in the lower part.

Valves about 4 mm. long; nutlets about 2.5
mm. long 15. R. mexicanus.

Valves about 3 mm. long; nutlets about 2 mm.
long 16. R. triangulivalvis.

Stems usually erect, without axillary shoots.

Valves grainless, at most one of them with a diminutive, glo-
bular suggestion of a grain (R. domesticus), entire or finely
and indistinctly erose-crenulate, rarely finely denticulate
(R. pycnanthus).

Valves more than 10-16 mm. long; leaves gradually narrowed;

ocreae large, persistent 26. R. hymenosepalus.

Valves much smaller; ocreae delicate, caducous.
Plants with a vertical root.

Valves broad, rounded, nearly reniform, often broader
than long, one sometimes with a diminutive, globular
grain; leaves broadest at the middle, at the base
abruptly narrowed, occasionally subcordate, the

margin mostly undulate 32. R. domesticus.

Valves roundish-ovate or cordate, often a little longer
than broad, never with a suggestion of a grain.

Stems low; panicle not branched or with few short
branches; leaves thickish, mostly narrowed on
both sides; valve nerves thickish but indistinct;
whole plant often with a purple tinge.

34. R. arcticus.

Stems tall; fruiting panicle usually compound; leaves

mostly cordate at the base, but their shape most

variable; valve nerves fine and distinct.

Valves more than 7 mm. long. . . .35. R. fenestratus.

Valves to 5 mm. long 33. R. occidentalis.

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 17

Plants with a creeping rootstock (compare also 31. R.

alpinus).
Plants low; all leaves blunt, never more than twice as

long as broad 30. R. praecox.

Plants tall; only the earliest leaves, if any, short and
blunt, all the others about 3 times longer than broad,
pointed.

Lateral leaf nerves forming a right angle with the mid-
nerve; valves small, about 4 mm. long.

29. R. orthoneurus.
Lateral leaf nerves forming an acute angle with the

midnerve; valves larger, 5-6 mm. long.
Valves nearly twice as long as broad, narrow, tri-
angular, very pointed, rather distinctly denti-
culate near the base 28. R. pycnanthus.

Valves as long as or only a little longer than broad,
scutiform, indistinctly crenulate-denticulate to

entire 27. R. densiflorus.

At least one valve with a distinct grain.
Valves entire.

Leaves broad, flat, the nerves forming almost a right angle
with the midrib; grain oblong, much longer than broad.

40. R. Britannica.

Leaves narrower, the nerves forming an acute angle with
the midrib; grain ovate-oblong, at most 1.5 times
longer than broad.

Leaves small, flat, and truncate; valves very small,
scarcely broader than the thick grains; whorls
remote, nearly all with leaves (compare also 39. R.

sanguineus) 38. R. conglomeratus.

Leaves large, somewhat crisped or undulate, often

narrowed at the base, seldom truncate; valves large,

much broader than the grains; only the lower whorls

with leaves and occasionally remote.

Leaves rather narrow, broadest at the middle, mostly

much undulate, gradually narrowed to the base;

petiole somewhat canaliculate on the upper side;

valves (3.5-) 5-6 mm. long (shape of the leaves,

the valves, and the number of the grains most

variable) 37. R. crispus.

18 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

Leaves broader, often broadest below the middle,
suddenly narrowed toward the base, truncate or
slightly cordate, less undulate; petiole flat on the
upper side; valves larger; grains smaller in propor-
tion to the valves (rare) 36. R. Patientia.

Valves denticulate (compare also 49. R. bucephalophorus}.
Plants perennial; basal leaves at most 2.5 times longer than

broad, cordate at the base.

Leaves small; pedicels long, slender, nearly twice as long
as the fruit, articulate at the middle. 42. R. pulcher.
Leaves large; pedicels long, slender, nearly twice as long
as the fruit, articulate toward the base.

41. R. obtusifolius (mostly subsp. agrestis).
Plants mostly annual (but sometimes tall and robust);

basal leaves 3-6 times longer than broad.
Pedicels thickish; valves shortly dentate; leaves obcor-
date-lanceolate, mostly widest above the middle,
nearly 3 times longer than broad. .44. R. violascens.
Pedicels long, slender; valves mostly long-dentate; leaves
linear-lanceolate, mostly many times longer than
broad.

Valves 3-3.5 mm. long, broad, triangular, relatively
short-dentate; grain much narrower than the

valve; leaves broad 45. R. flexicaulis.

Valves at most 2 mm. long, narrow, triangular or
elliptic, little broader than the grain, the teeth
generally long, fine, often nearly hair-like (com-
pare also 48. R. maritimus).

Valves triangular; grain fusiform, narrowed (length
of the teeth very variable) .... 46. R. fueginus.
Valves ovate; grain thickish, rounded.

47. R. persicarioides.

1. Rumex Acetosella L.

A low, slender perennial with linear or lanceolate, hastate leaves;
valves entire, not enlarged in fruit, not larger than the nutlet, grain-
less.

SYNONYMY: L. Sp. PI. 338. 1753; Michx. 216. 1803; Pursh 249.
1816; Campdera 122. 1819; Hook. 129. 1840; Meisn. apud DC. 63.
1856; Watson 10. 1880; Macoun 418. 1883; Trelease 46. 1892; Britt.

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 19

& Brown 547. 1896; Small 369. 1903; Piper 225. 1906; Gray 357.
1908; Woot. & Standl. 191. 1915; Rydb. R. 230. 1922; Jepson 293.
1923; Tidestrom 160. 1925; Rydb. P. 279. 1932; Rech. f. Vorarb.
3:47. 1933.

A weed of European and Asiatic origin, naturalized nearly
throughout the world. The subsp. angiocarpus Murb., Beitr. Fl.
Sudbosn. 46. 1891, is remarkable in the union of the valves and
nutlets into a single body. American specimens cited below as
only R. Acetosella are mostly staminate or pistillate and in flower,
consequently I was unable to decide whether they are the com-
mon R. Acetosella or subsp. angiocarpus Murb.

ALASKA: Opening near edge of lake, Fortman Hatchery, Revilla-
gigedo Isl. (Walker 1031, NY, P, Ca; basal leaves only). Sitka and
vicinity, abundant about town (Wright 1557, Ca). Sitka (Shaw, P).

BRITISH COLUMBIA: New Westminster (?, Ca). Victoria (Ander-
son, P).

ONTARIO: Battersea, Kingston (Fowler, Ca).

QUEBEC: Cote-Nord du golfe St. Laurent, Natashquan, dunes
(Marie-Victorin & Rolland-Germain 28554, St; angiocarpus}. Gush-
ing (Adrien 1288, St). Mont Oxford, sur un rocher de"nud£ (Rous-
seau 25263, St).

MAINE: Birch Island, Attean Pond, Jackman, Somerset Co.
(Schweinfurth 574, P; angiocarpus}.

MASSACHUSETTS: Amherst (Brooks, Ca). Hanson, field (Morris,
Ca).

CONNECTICUT: Norwich (Setchell, Ca; angiocarpus}. Berlin
(Brandegee, Ca).

MINNESOTA: Zumbrota, Goodland (Bollard, Ca, P; subsp.
eu- Acetosella}. Itaska Park, headwaters of Mississippi River, along
road, and in sand, Clearwater Co. (J. B. Mayerfi] 17, Ca).

WISCONSIN: Iowa Co., Blue Mounds (Clikeman, Ca). Brodhead,
Green Co. (W. C. Meyer 5666, P).

ILLINOIS: Morgan Park Ridge (Dixon & Gage 656, Ca). Muncie,
roadsides (Gleason}.

IOWA: Grinnell, Poweshiek Co. (Suksdorf, P).
INDIANA: Indianapolis, Gladstone Avenue (Friesner 8731, P).
MISSOURI: St. Louis, Forest Park (Eggert, Ca; angiocarpus}.
Oakwood, Rails Co. (Davis 4449, Ca).

ARKANSAS: Without locality (Rafinesque, DC).

20 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

SOUTH DAKOTA: Black Hills, Whitewood, 1,350 meters (Rydberg,
Ca). Creek bottom, Deadwood (Can 2113, Ca; angiocarpus) .
Brookings (Thornber, Ca).

WASHINGTON: Chehalis, Hoquiam (Lamb 1018, Ca). Camano
Isl., abundant everywhere (Gardner, Ca). Friday Harbor, San Juan
Co. (St. John & Redout, 3635, P; angiocarpus}. Buffalo Rock, Snake
River Canyon, Asotin Co. (St. John, etc. 8253, P; angiocarpus).
Pullman (Piper, P; angiocarpus). Wenaha Forest, Columbia Co.
(Darlington, P). Tucanon Valley, Columbia Co. (Darlington, P;
angiocarpus). Kalama (Goodwin 31, P). Clark's Spring, Spokane,
Spokane Co. (Kreager 129, P; Beattie & Chapman 2035, P). Stuart
Island, San Juan Co. (Lawrence 53, 382, P). Centralia, Lewis Co.
(Owen, P). Mazama Ridge, Mt. Rainier, Lewis Co. (Hungate 2, P).
Mt. Adams (Flett 1046, P). Eight-mile Creek, Methow River Valley,
Okanogan Co. (Hungate 18, P). Palouse River, Colfax, Whitman Co.
(Parker 388, P). Anatone, Asotin Co. (Gussell, P). Sea view, Pacific
Co. (Spiegelberg 638, P). Mt. Erie, Hidalgo Isl., Island Co. (Hardin,
P). Camp Lewis, Pierce Co. (Davidson, P).

OREGON: Umpqua Valley, Roseburg Quadrangle, Douglas Co.
(Cusick, P; angiocarpus). Sauvies Isl. (Howell, P). Albina, Portland
(Suksdorf 716, P; multifidus). Portland (Millard, P). Mt. Hood,
Hood River Co. (English, Jr., 238, P). Grand Ronde Valley, near
Union, Union Co. (Cusick 3340a, P). North Bend, Coos Co. (H. H.
Smith 3703, NY). Fossil Lake, between Lakeview and Bryants
(Furlong, Greeley, etc., Ca).

IDAHO: Moscow, Latah Co. (Abrams 614, Ca). Lewiston, Nez
Perce Co., 450-600 meters (Heller 3016, Ca). About forest, Nez
Perce Co., 1,050 meters (H. E. Brown 22, Ca). Boise, sunny inclines,
865 meters (Clark 49, Ca, St). Boise, Ada Co., 840 meters (Macbride
248, P, Ca). Bear Creek Ranger Station, Idaho Co. (K. F. Baker,
P; angiocarpus).

NEVADA: Kings Canyon, Ormsby Co., 1,700-2,000 meters (Baker
1202, P, Ca; angiocarpus). Truckee Meadows, Washoe Co., 1,350
meters (Kennedy 3053, St; angiocarpus).

NEW MEXICO: Hunter's Lodge near junction of Willow and Gilita
creeks, Mogollon Mts., 2,550 meters, base of south slope (Goddard
735, Ca).

ARIZONA: Rincon Mts., Manning Camp, 2,370 meters (Blumer
3380, Ca).

CALIFORNIA: Scott River Valley (Gilbert, Ca). Near Laytonville,
Mendocino Co. (Davy 5266, Ca). Near Comptche, Mendocino Co.

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 21

(Walker 289, Ca; angiocarpus) . Near Mendocino, from sea level to
1,500 meters (Brown 717, Ca). Mt. Lassen, near Morgan, Tehama
Co., Mill Creek Canyon, 1,500 meters (Babcock & Hall 4384, Ca).
Lakeport, Lake Co. (Holman, Ca). Siskiyou Co., vacant lot, Greco
(Butler 515, Ca; angiocarpus). Near Sisson, Siskiyou Co. (Brown,
Ca). Horse Prairie, south side of Humboldt Redwood Park (L.
Constance 807, P). Humboldt Co., vicinity of Eureka, 0-150 meters
(Tracy 2414, Ca). North Coast Range, near Camp Grant, Hum-
boldt Co. (Davy 5484b, Ca). Tuolumne Co., in sand, mouth of Bear
Creek, Stanislaus River, 190 meters (Williamson 293, Ca). Yosemite
Valley (Fritchey 58, SL). Sierra Nevada, pine ridge, Fresno Co.,
1,590 meters (Hall & Chandler 275, Ca). Santa Cruz (Berg, Ca).
North of Sacramento (Ramaley 11193, Ca). Vicinity of Oakland
(Holder 2528, Ca). Berkeley (Davy, Ca). North Berkeley (Condit,
Ca; var. multifidus DC.). Alameda Co., Berkeley Hills (Parks
1870, Ca). Amador Co., vicinity of lone, 60-150 meters (Braunton
1008, Ca). Placer Co. (Carpenter, Ca). Arroyo Grande (Condit, Ca).
Keen Camp, San Jacinto Mts., 1,440 meters (Johnston 5432, Ca).
Los Angeles (pupils of L. A. High School, Ca). San Francisco Pen-
insula, Lake Merced (Jones, Ca; angiocarpus). Gravelly portion of
meadow, Bluff Lake, San Bernardino Mts., 2,220 meters (Munz
10436, Ca). Alamere Creek, Marin Co., 8 miles above Bolinas
(Randall, Ca ; angiocarpus) . Aromas (C. Meyer 357, Ca ; angiocarpus) .
Cascade Drive, Mill Valley (Walker 644, Ca; angiocarpus).

JAMAICA: Blue Mt. Peak (Orcutt 5534, Ca; angiocarpus, partly).

2. Rumex graminifolius L.

Perennis. Caulis singulus vel saepius plures, erecti, tenues,
stricti vel subflexuosi, paucifoliati, internodiis mediis ± elongatis,
tenuissime sulcato-striati, ca. 6-25 cm. alti. Ochreae majusculae
hyalinae candidae vel argenteo-nitentes, magnae, ± patentes, fissae
sed persistentes. Folia basalia angustissime linearia, lamina petiolo
saepe vix latiore, 3-5 mm. lata interdum revoluta, 3-6 cm. longa, basi
utrinque lobo angustissimo acuto angulo fere recto patente provisa vel
lobis omnino deficientibus. Folia caulina pauca basalibus similia
interdum non evoluta. Panicula parva saepe pauciflora laxiuscula.
Pedicelli floriferi flore breviores, fructiferi fructum aequantes, paulo
infra perigonium insensibiliter articulati. Perigonii foliola exteriora
marginibus interiorum appressa. Perigonii folia interiora (valvae)
nuce ad summum duplo longiora et latiora. Nux 1.2-1.5 mm. longa,
1 mm. lata, rufo-brunneo-nitens, in medio circiter latissima.

22 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

SYNONYMY: R. graminifolius Rud. in Georgi, Beschreib. Russ.
Reich 3, pt. 4: 921. 1800, nomen; Lamb. Trans. Linn. Soc. 10: 264.
1811; Meisn. apud DC. 64. 1856; Murbeck, Bot. Not. 42. 1899. R.
angustissimus Ledeb. Me*m. Acad. St. Pe*tersb. 5: 531. 1815.

ILLUSTRATION: Trans. Linn. Soc. 10: pi. 10.

DISTRIBUTION: Arctic Europe, Siberia, and America.

Only one American specimen examined: Alaska, Port Clarence,
65° 5' N., 166° W. (Kjettman, St).

As the American specimen is very poor and not fruiting, I com-
pleted my description from Murbeck's, loc. cit., and from a Siberian
specimen: Prov. Tobolsk, Obskaja Gub. Mys Kamenyi, 68° 30'
(Saposchnikov & Nikitina, M W) . R. graminifolius is similar to certain
forms of R. Acetosella (f. integrifolius Wallr. Sched. Crit. 1822; 186),
especially as they occur in arctic regions, e. g., in Greenland (Hb.
Stockholm). From these forms R. graminifolius is distinguishable by
the valves, which are nearly twice as long as the nutlets.

3. Rumex Acetosa L.

Perennial; stems simple below the panicle; lower leaves ovate or
oblong-ovate, 2-4 times longer than broad, deeply cordate at the
base, with acute, hastiform or nearly sagittate auricles, somewhat
obtuse at the apex; panicle usually small and rather compact, leafless;
pedicels about as long as the fruiting perianth, jointed at the middle;
outer perianth segments reflexed; valves orbicular, 3.5-5 mm. in
diameter, with a small grain near the base.

SYNONYMY: L. Sp. PI. 337. 1753; Hook. 129. 1840; Meisn. apud
DC. 65. 1856; Macoun 417. 1883; Trelease 78. 1892; Britt. & Brown
548. 1896; Gray 357. 1908; Rydb. R. 231. 1922; Rydb. P. 279. 1932.

Widely spread over Europe and Asia and (according to Trelease,
op. cit. 79) indigenous in America from "Labrador to Lake Superior,
Alaska, and Oregon," and "introduced from the Old World at a few
points in the Northern States, probably as a waif from gardens in
which it is sometimes cultivated for its acid foliage." I saw specimens
only from the following localities:

NEWFOUNDLAND: Torbay (Howe 1362, Ch).

ALBERTA: Milk River Bridge, in rich meadows (Macoun 12908,
0). Headwaters of Saskatchewan and Athabasca rivers, Brogeon
opposite Cotawet Pass (S. Brown 1046, 0).

BRITISH COLUMBIA: Lake Louise (Anderson, P). Oak Bay
(Anderson, P).

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 23

ALASKA: Little Diomede Isl., Behring Strait (Weyer, Stall-
McCracken Exped., NY).

OREGON: (E. Hall 442, SL). Silverton, Marion Co. (Howell, P).

4. Rumex thyrsiflorus Fingerhut

Nearly related to R. Acetosa, but differing from that species by the
often taller stem, 50-120 cm. high, the leaves 4-12 times as long as
broad, the panicle with many short branches and very dense; valves
smaller, 2.5-3.3 mm. long. Flowering (in Europe where it is found
sometimes in the same places as R. Acetosa) usually two weeks later
than the latter. Originally from Europe and Asia ; only one American
specimen seen.

SYNONYMY: Linnaea 4: 380. 1829. R. Acetosa L. var. auriculatus
Wallr. Sched. Grit. 182. 1822.

HAITI : Massif de la Selle, Marigot, Jardins Bois-Pin, near Source-
Cresson, roadside, 2,100 meters (Ekman 10053, Wa).
To be expected on the American continent.

5. Rumex paucifolius Nutt. apud Wats. Figure 1

Radix perennis crassa atra fusiformis, saepe collo residuis caulium
et petiolorum dilaceratis ± comosa, valde elongata, multiceps, caules
floriferos et rosulas foliorum complures interdum permultos proferens.
Caules floriferi stricte erecti (12-) 30 (-60) cm. alti, validi crassiusculi
interdum subfistulosi, pallide virides, tenuiter canaliculato-sulcati,
internodiis infra inflorescentiam paucis subelongatis. Ochreae albidae
vel candidae hyalinae amplae fere infundibuliformes diu persistentes.
Folia omnia plana, glabra et laevia, consistentia in vivo ut videtur
subcarnosa, in sicco crassiuscule membranacea, colore pallide viridia,
nunquam hastata vel auriculata. Folia basalia late lanceolata vel
ovato-lanceolata, (3-) 6 (-9) cm. longa, (0.6-) 1.5 (-3) cm. lata, basi
apiceque subaequaliter angustata, in medio— rarius basin versus —
latissima. Nervus medianus crassus, nervi secundarii tenues, angulo
ca. 30°-50° a mediano abeuntes. Petioli foliorum basalium cras-
siusculi, in vivo certe carnosi, laminae longitudinem subaequantes.
Folia caulina pauca sursum valde decrescentia, anguste lanceolata,
breviter petiolata, acutiuscula vel obtusiuscula. Inflorescentia rufes-
cens, ± anguste paniculata, saepe contracta rarius laxa, subaphylla,
interdum ramis inferioribus elongatis crebre subdivaricato-ramosis
subcorymbosa, rami flexuosi erecto-patentes, infimi saepe fasciculati
et ramosi, superiores singuli et simplices, infimi saepe elongati.

24 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

Florum glomeruli aphylli 3-12-flori saepius approximati vel contigui,
rarius ± remoti. Pedicelli tenuiter filiformes breves, ± 2 mm. longi,
infra medium insensibiliter articulati, perigonio fructifero plerumque
breviores. Flores masculi ca. 1.5 mm. longi virescentes vel purpuras-
centes, antherae aureae, ca. 1.2 mm. longae. Flores feminei pur-
purascentes, stigmata flava penicillata. Perigonii foliola exteriora
anguste lanceolata, ca. 0.8 mm. longa, basibus interiorum appressa.
Perigonii folia interiora (valvae) in statu fructifero 2.9-3.8 mm.
longa et lata, colore pallide carneo-bruneo, consistentia tenuiter mem-
branacea, margine integra, basi ± anguste et profunde emarginata,
apice rotundata, facie tenuissime elevate reticulato-nervosa, nervus
medianus ceteris subvalidior plerumque non callifer. Nux matura
brunea nitida, 1.2-1.8 mm. longa, 0.8-1 mm. lata, infra medium
latissima.

SYNONYMY: R. paucifolius Nutt. apud Wats. Bot. King 314.
1871; Watson 10. 1880; Coulter 318. 1895; Macoun 417. 1883;
Piper 225. 1906; Rydb. R. 231. 1922; Jepson 293. 1923; Tidestrom
160. 1925. R. Engelmannii Meisn. 0 Geyeri Meisn. apud DC. 64.
1856. R. Geyeri Trelease 78. 1892.

ILLUSTRATION: Trelease 1892, pi. 15 (R. Geyeri}.

DISTRIBUTION: Rocky Mountains from Canada to California.

ALBERTA: Vicinity of Banff, valley below Mt. Aylmer, 2,200
meters (McCalla 2397, Wa). Wet, grassy places, eastern summit of
North Kootanie Pass, Rocky Mts. (Dawson 23703, 0). Headwaters
of the Saskatchewan and Athabasca rivers, upper Malique(?) Valley
(S. Brown 1329, 0; 1528, NY).

MONTANA: Flathead Divide, Gallatin Co. (Jones, Ca). Spanish
Creek (Vogel, Wa). Yellowstone Park, Bridger Mts., 2,100 meters
(Rydberg & Bessey 5346, Wa). Spanish Basin, Madison Range, 1,800
meters (Flodman 402, Wa). Gallatin Co., Spanish Basin, 1,950
meters (Rydberg & Bessey 5348, Wa). Midvale (Umbach 358, Wa).
Northeast of Bozeman, Gallatin Co. (Chestnut & Jones 195, NY).
Bozeman (Blankinship 455, Ch). Elkhorn Mt., 2,400 meters (Bran-
degee, Ca). Missoula, 960 meters (Kirkwood 1761, La, Ch). Rock-
wall Basin, Wilsall, Park Co. (Suksdorf 435, P, MW).

WYOMING: Teton Pass (Merrill 355, Wa). Low ground, Seckie(?)
(Merrill & Wilcox 543, Wa). Dry soil, Teton Pass (Merrill & Wilcox
984, Wa). High, dry places, Wind River Mts. (Forwood, Wa).
Parks, Big Horn Mts., Sheridan Co. (Forwood, Wa). Sheridan Co.,
Rapid Creek Park, 2,250 meters (Pammel & Stanton, SL). Subal-
pine meadow, Wyoming Range, 15 miles west of Merna, Sublette Co.

FIG. 1. Rumex paucifolius Nutt.
25

26 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

(Payson 2769, Ch, Ca). Above Petrified Tree, 1,950 meters, Camp
Roosevelt (Conard 1121, MW). Yellowstone Park, near Mammoth
Hot Springs (Burglehaus, St, Wa). Glen Creek, wet meadows,
Yellowstone Park (A. Nelson 5582, La, Wa, NY). Electric Peak,
2,550 meters (E. C. S. 135, Wa). Yellowstone Park (Knowlton, Wa;
M earns 1405, 1044, Wa). Minor Lake Plateau, 2,670 meters, Yel-
lowstone Park (Tweedy). Big Horn Mts., headwaters of Clear Creek
and Crazy Woman River (Tweedy 3271, La). Ten Sleep Lakes, Big
Horn Co. (Goodding 458, La). Lepee Creek (Willits 281, La). Jenny
Lake (Eikenberry 39, Ch). Moran, Jackson Lake, Teton Mts.
(Yuncker 5354, Ch).

COLORADO: Steamboat Springs, Routt Co. (Eastwood, Ca; Oster-
hout 2779, Wa, La). Subalpine semi-meadows, Rabbit Ear, Larimer
Co. (Goodding 1546, NY, Ca, Be).

WASHINGTON: Without locality (Canby 1068, Ca; Vasey 121, Wa;
291, P). Falcon Valley, loose, volcanic soil (Suksdorf, Ca). Wenat-
chee Mts., Kittitas Co., in small, grassy plots near streams at the
summit, 1,800 meters (Elmer 448, P, Wa; Cotton 1129, P).

OREGON: Elk Mts., Wallowa Co., 1,500 meters (Sheldon 8461,
Wa, SL). Steins Mts., opposite Andrews, 1,950 meters (Leiberg 2559,
NY, St, Wa, Ca). Big Meadows, Des Chutes River, Crook Co.,
1,350 meters (Leiberg 501, Wa, Ke). Wet meadow, Summit Prairie,
southern Blue Mts. (Cusick 2651, Ca, Ke, MW). Klamath Agency
(Walpole 226, Wa). Eppa Glade, Swan Lake Valley, Klamath Co.
(Applegate 3571, Ch). Rock Creek Bridge, Klamath Falls, Pelican
Bay Road (Peck 2500, P).

IDAHO: Corral, Camas Prairie, Elaine Co., meadows near river
(Macbride & Payson 2916, Ca, NY). Moist stream flat, 1,650 meters,
Twilight Uulch, Owyhee Co. (Macbride 981, P, Ca). About Forest,
Nez Perce Co., 1,050 meters (Heller 3437, Wa, Ca, Le, Z). Wet
meadows, Nez Perce, highlands, rare (Geyer 488, MW, Ke; 484, D;
type number of R. Engelmannii var. Geyeri Meisn.). In meadows,
House Creek, Owyhee Co. (Macbride & Nelson 1840, NY, St). Near
reservoir, Modoc Creek, Fremont Co., Targhee Forest, 2,400 meters
(Eggleston & Bowers 22028, Wa). Caribou Forest (Favre 138a, La).
Near Sawtooth (Evermann 600, Wa). Sawtooth Mts., 2,400-2,700
meters (Boone, La). Craig Mts. (Henderson 2404, P).

NEVADA: Upper Corral Creek, Jarbidge, wet slopes, 2,100 meters
(Macbride & Nelson 2052, St, Wa).

CALIFORNIA: Willow Creek, Devils Garden (Austin 428, Wa, Ca).
Low, flat, wet soil, Big Valley, Lassen Co. (Nutting, Ca). Modoc

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 27

Co., White Horse Lake (Baker & Nutting, Ca). Kaweah River Basin
(Hopping 58, Ca). Sierra Valley (Lemmon, NW). Sierra Nevada,
Mt. Silliman, 3,200 meters (Palmer 2094, Wa). Sierra Nevada, basin
of the Upper Kern River, Tulare Co., Volcano Creek, 2,250 meters
(Hatt & Babcock 5456, Ca). Sierra Nevada, Mt. Goddard, 3,060
meters (Hall & Chandler 661, Ca). Inyo Co., Rock Creek Lake
Basin, 3,240 meters, top of escarpment near Heart Lake, in Pinus
albicaulis woods (Peirson, Ca). Soda Springs, Tuolumne Valley
(Brewer 1696, Ca, Wa, P). Yosemite Valley (Lembert, Ca). Mt.
Hoffman, Yosemite (Eastwood 388, Wa). Black Canyon, White
Mts., Mono Co. (Coville & Funston 1804, Wa, Ke). Mono Co.,
Bloody Canyon (Chestnut & Drew, Ca). Trail to Mt. Whitney,
Tulare Co. (Culbertson 4371, Ca). "U. S. Pacific Slope" (State Survey
1696, Ca). — All Calif ornian specimens except the northern Cali-
fornian (Austin 428 and Nutting without number) belong to var.
gracilescens Rech. f.

The subgeneric character of separated sexes is not always very
evident in this species. I frequently have observed rather more
polygamous than entirely pistillate individuals, not so rarely com-
pletely staminate.

R. paucifolius agrees in general habit with R. Acetosa L. but is
easily distinguished by its ovate-lanceolate, entire, never hastate
basal leaves. The plant has usually a very strong, tapering root. The
panicle is usually contracted and very dense by reason of the often
elongate and frequently branched lower branches.

The variability of R. paucifolius is limited. Trelease, loc. cit.,
remarks: "Sometimes with a very minute, rounded callosity." I
have not observed such a form, which evidently is very rare. Only
in the middle and southern parts of the Californian mountains occurs
a form, or perhaps a geographical race, deserving separation:

Var. gracilescens Rech. f., nov. var.

Caules numerosi, humiles, 15-20 cm. alti, inflorescentia laxa,
folia basalia anguste lanceolata.

The specimens belonging to this variety are indicated in the list
of specimens examined.

The area of R. paucifolius is limited to the mountainous western
districts. In the lower southern and southeastern United States it
is replaced by R. hastatulus Baldwin apud Elliott. In large regions
of the United States occur no indigenous species of the subgenus
Acetosa.

28 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

Explanation of Figure 1. — Rumex paucifolius Nutt.: (a), Montana,
Flathead Divide, Jones; one-half natural size; (6), var. gracilescens
Rech. f., California, Hall & Babcock 5456; one-half natural size;
valves about 4 times natural size, Oregon, Cusick 2651.

6. Rumex hastatulus Baldw. apud Elliott. Figure 2

Radix gracilis tenuis perennis sed interdum iam primo annocaulem
floriferem emittens. Caules plerumque singuli, (15-) 50 (-80) cm. alti,
tenues graciles subflexuosi vel stricte erecti, pallide virides, tenuiter
canaliculato-sulcati, internodiis infra inflorescentiam non numerosis
saepe ± elongatis. Ochreae albidae vel pallide bruneae hyalinae
± evanescentes. Folia omnia glabra et laevia, plana, consistentia in
sicco papyraceo-membranacea, colore pallide viridia, forma valde
variabilia. Folia basalia 2-10 cm. longa, 0.3-1.8 cm. lata, obtusius-
cula vel acutiuscula, anguste vel latiuscule lanceolata, integra
oblongo-linearia vel basi appendicibus brevibus vel elongatis obtusis
vel acutiusculis interdum valde divergentibus hastato-sagittata.
Nervi secundarii foliorum basalium angulo ca. 30°-40° a mediano
abeuntes. Petioli laminae longitudinem ± aequantes. Folia caulina
quam basalia multo angustiora et proportione longiora, sursum
sensim decrescentia, brevius petiolata, integra vel sagittata. Inflores-
centia aphylla laxa diffusa, axis flexuosa, rami tenues flexuosi
plerumque singuli nee fasciculati saepius simplices leviter arcuato-
divergentes. Florum glomeruli aphylli ± pauciflori omnes remoti.
Pedicelli tenuissime filiformes breves, 1.5-2.5 mm. longi, infra
medium insensibiliter articulati, perigonio fructifero breviores vel
eum ad summum aequantes. Antherae aureae ca. 1 mm. longae,
perigonium florum masculorum antheris brevior. Perigonii foliola
exteriora anguste lanceolata ca. 0.7 mm. longa basibus interiorum
± laxe accumbentia. Perigonii folia interiora (valvae) in statu
fructifero ex emarginatione 2.5-3 mm. longa, 2.7-3.2 mm. lata,
colore pallide stramineo-carneo, saepe ± purpureo-suffusa, consis-
tentia tenuissime membranacea, margine subintegra, basi plerumque
leviter et latiuscule emarginata, facie tenuissime elevate nervosa,
maculis nervaturae centralibus ± isodiametricis, marginalibus valde
transversaliter elongatis, nervus medianus ceteris validior sed non
callifer. Nux matura fusca nitida, 0.9-1 mm. longa, 0.6-0.7 mm.
lata, utrinque brevissime acuminata in medio circiter latissima.

SYNONYMY: R. hastatulus Muhl. Cat. ed. 2. 37. 1818, nomen;
Baldwin apud Elliott, Sketch Bot. Car. & Ga. 416. 1821, descriptio;
Trelease 77. 1892; Britt. & Brown 548. 1896; Small 369. 1903; Gray

FIG. 2. Rumex hastatulus Baldw.

29

30 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

357. 1908; Rydb. P. 279. 1932. R. Engelmannii Meisn. apud DC. 64.
1856; R. angustifolius Engelm. ex Meisn. apud DC. 64. 1854, non
Campd.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Trelease 1892, pi. 14; Britt. & Brown 548. 1896.

DISTRIBUTION : Eastern and southern United States.

NEW YORK: Long Island, River Head (E. S. Miller, Wa, Bu).

NORTH CAROLINA: (McCarthy, Wa).

FLORIDA: Old fields, cultivated ground, etc., near Jacksonville
(Curtiss 2431, Mu, Bu; 4568, H, MW; 4193, Ca; Hitchcock, Ch).
Vicinity of Eustis, Lake Co., high pine land (Nash 400, Ca, Be).
Sandy fields near St. Mary's River (Rugel 36, Lu). Dry, sandy soil
along roadside, Brooksville, Hernando Co. (Moldenke 1070, St).
Dunes of Santa Rosa Island, in drifting sand (C. Mohr 2432b, UW).

ILLINOIS: Sandige Platze in der Prairie d. American Bottom,
gegeniiber St. Louis (Geyer 538, MW). East Alton, Madison Co.
(McDonald, P).

ARKANSAS: Fourche Mt., Little Rock (Wheeler 58, Ch).

MISSOURI: St. Louis (Eggert, Ca, Ko; Engelmann, St, Mu, UW,
type of R. angustifolius Engelm. and R. Engelmannii Meisn. ; Geyer,
Be). Bernie (B. F. Bush 504, Be).

LOUISIANA: Jacksonville (Drummond, Lu).

OKLAHOMA: Sapulpa (Bush 1237, P, Be). Limestone Gap (G.
D. Butler 10, UW).

TEXAS: Industry (Lindheimer, comm. Engelmann, Ke, Be).
Colorado Co. (J. F. Joor, De). Giddings(?), Lee Co. (Egelius, Z).
Dawson, sand (Reverchon, SL) ; Tarrant Co., in sandy pasture land
(Ruth 464, NY). Between Brazoria and San Felipe (Drummond
349, Ke). Houston (G. L. Fisher, St). Fayette Co. (Matthes 165,
MW). Sandy, open ground, Somerville, Burleson Co. (Palmer
11695, Ca). Without locality (Reverchon 1795, UW; Drummond,
MW, Lu; E. Meyer).

"Nordamerika" (Engelmann, MW). "Sandy beach of Pleomie(?)
River" (Young, NY).

Rumex hastatulm does not vary in form of the fruits but extremely
in habit and form of the leaves; but there are no constant combina-
tions of characters nor characters confined to certain regions, so I
could not find any basis for distinguishing varieties. Sometimes
R. hastatulus is able to flower even in the first year, and then gives, be-
cause of the slender roots and the absence of leaf remains of the pre-

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 31

ceding year, the impression of an annual plant. Such individuals have
usually short, slender stems and narrow leaves and are often some-
what similar to R. Acetosella L. Robust individuals sometimes have
axillary shoots from the lowest nodes. Specimens without the
suggestion of hastate basal lobes on the leaves are very rare, but the
length, breadth, and direction of the lobes are extremely variable.
Staminate plants generally have narrower leaves with shorter basal
lobes. The root, especially when compared with that of R. pauci-
folius, is very slender and relatively short, with tiny secondary
rootlets. It produces always a single stem; only in luxuriant speci-
mens or if the primary stem is damaged, the stem is branched from
the base, giving the impression of a plant with several stems.

The usual interpretation of this species is opposed in one point
to Elliott's original description, "Valvae graniferae," for neither
Meisner nor Trelease mention a grain-bearing individual, nor have
I been able to find any.

As to the name, the Index Kewensis cites wrongly R. hastulatus
Baldwin apud Elliott instead of R. hastatulus. The South American
R. hastulatus Smith in Rees, Cycl. 30: No. 29, 1819, not Baldwin
as I cited by error in Vorarb. Rumex Monogr. 3: 4, is, according to
Index Kewensis, a synonym of Muhlenbeckia chilensis Meisn. and has
nothing to do with the North American Rumex here described.

Explanation of Figure 2. — Rumex hastatulus Baldw. : (a), Florida,
Curtiss 4568; (6), Texas, Drummond 349; (c), North America, Engel-
mann; all one-half natural size. Valves from Curtiss 4568, Florida,
4 times natural size.

7. Rumex venosus Pursh. Figure 3, a

Perennis. Caulis gracilis humilis, 15-30 cm. altus, valde flexuosus,
adscendens vel raro suberectus, tenuiter sulcato-striatus, flavescens
vel virescens, ut tota planta glaber et levis, a basi plerumque longe
et tenuiter flexuoso-ramosus, ramis foliatis saepe elongatis. Ochreae
magnae candidae hyalinae margine dilatatae et patentes, diu per-
sistentes. Folia caulina inferiora ambitu ovato- vel obovato-elliptica
vel ovato-lanceolata, basi cuneata, apice acuta vel acuminata,
margine angustissime papillose- vel cartilagineo-marginata, latitudine
2-3-plo longiora, ± undata vel fere plana, consistentia in sicco te-
nuiter coriacea, nervis lateralibus angulo ± 45° a primario abeuntibus,
interdum vix conspicuis. Petiolus foliorum inferiorum lamina sub-
brevior. Folia caulina superiora et folia ramealia inferioribus similia
sed proportione minora apice magis acuminata brevius petiolata.

32 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

Kami inflorescentiae pauci tenues flexuosi brevissimi, infimus folio
suffultus, paniculam parvam contractam formantes. Florum glo-
meruli pauciflori foliis suffulcrantibus omnino carentes, ± approxi-
mati, fructificationis tempore contigui. Perigoniorum fructiferorum
pedicelli validiusculi deflexi in medio circiter tenuiter articulati, ad
basin perigonii breviter infundibuliformi-dilatati, perigonio mature
breviores. Perigonii foliola exteriora lanceolata acuta, ca. 3 mm.
longa, in emarginatione foliorum interiorum reflexa. Perigonii folia
interiora (valvae) in statu fructifero ex emarginatione 14-18 mm.
longa, 24-30 mm. lata, plana vel leviter undata, basi profunde et
anguste emarginata, lobis basalibus sese attingentibus, apice late
rotundata vel truncata margine integerrima, consistentia tenuiter
membranacea, colore carneo-bruneo, facie tenuiter et creberrime
reticulato-nervoso, macula quisque nervaturae primaria iterum
crebre reticulato-nervosa. Valvae minime quidem calliferae. Nux
matura brunea 5-7 mm. longa, 5-6 mm. lata, basi rotundata, apice
acuta supra basin latissima.

SYNONYMY: R. venosus Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 733. 1814;
Campdera 131. 1819; Hook. 130. 1840; Meisn. apud DC. 43. 1856;
Watson 8. 1880; Macoun 415. 1883; Coulter 317. 1885; Trelease 79.
1892; Britt. & Brown 548. 1896; Piper 225. 1906; Gray 355. 1908:
Rydb. R. 231. 1903; Jepson 291. 1923; Tidestrom 160. 1925; Rydb.
P. 276. 1932.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Campdera 1819, pi. 2; Hook. 1840, pi. 174;
Bot. Jahrb. 15: 270. 1892; Nat. Pflanzenfam. III. la: 17. 1892; Tre-
lease 1892, pi. 17; Britt. & Brown 548. 1896.

DISTRIBUTION: Basin of the Saskatchewan River, Canada, and
western United States from Washington and Nevada to the Missouri
River Basin and Texas.

ALBERTA: Sandy banks, Seven Persons Coulee, Medicine Hat
(Macoun 5882, 0).

ASSINIBOIA: Sandy banks, Dunmo.re (Macoun 5883, Wa).

SASKATCHEWAN: Low ground, Swift Current (Macoun 23762, O).
Clay bank at 12 Mile Creek near Wood Mountain (Macoun 12910, 0).
Sandhills near the Qu'Appelle River (Macoun 23763, 0). Banks of
streams, south of Wood Mountain (Dawson 78762, O).

SOUTH DAKOTA: Bad Lands (Hatcher, Ca). Black Hills, Custer,
1,650 meters( Rydberg 972, Be). Moist draw on prairie near East-
man, Washabaugh Co. (Over 2287, Wa).

NEBRASKA: Minden (Hapeman, P, Ca, MW). Long Pine (Rutter,
Wa). Middle Loup River near Thedford, Thomas Co., on railroad

FIG. 3. Valves of (a) Rumex venosus Pursh, (b) R. fascicularis Small, and
(c) R. spiralis Small.

33

34 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

bank (Rydberg 1288, Be). American Plains, 41° Lat. (Hall & Harbour
495, MW).

KANSAS: Manhattan (Kellerman, UW, Lu; Gates, Ch). Sandy
soil, Riley Co. (Norton 450, UW). Medora (Benke 4273, Ch).

MONTANA: Greycliff, Sweet Grass Co. (Eggleston 7865, Ch, SL).
Logan, 1,200 meters, Livingston, 1,500 meters (Blankinship 742, Be;
Swingle, P). Upper Missouri, rocky and grassy slopes near the river
(?, MW).

IDAHO: Lewiston, Nez Perce Co., 450-600 meters (Heller 3155, Ca,
Z; Parker 304, P). Rocky hillside, valley of Clearwater River, Nez
Perce Co. (Sandberg, McDougal & Heller 50, Wa, Be). Juniper
Hills near St. Anthony, Fremont Co. (Quayle 26, La, NY). Deep
sand, dry creek bed, 660 meters, Big Willow, Canyon Co. (Macbride
178, P, Ca).

UTAH: Salt Lake City, 1,290 meters (Jones 1729, Be, Bu).
Ogden, along Southern Pacific Railroad embankments, common (Hall
10370, Ca). Garfield (M. E. Jones, Ca). Kanab (Jones 5284, La, Ca).
Abundant in drift sand on piny on hills, Fayette (Tidestrom 2096, Wa).

WYOMING: Sand dunes, Sand Creek, Albany Co. (A. Nelson 6981,
Wa, Ke, Be). Laramie (A. Nelson 156, Ca). Laramie Hills (A. Nel-
son 1958, St). City Springs, Laramie (A. Nelson 4353, Ca). Depres-
sions, loose soil, Laramie Hills (Spalding 154, St).

COLORADO: Colorado Springs (Eastwood, Ca). Denver (East-
wood, Ca, Lu; Clokey 3094, La). Between Colorado Springs and
Denver (Jones 177, Wa, Be, Bu). Parkers, prairie near Denver,
1,800 meters (Henry, Be). Tobe Miller's Ranch (Hb. State Agr.
Coll Colo. 3844, Wa, Be, Lu, P). Canyon City, Fremont Co. (Bran-
degee 900, Ca). Plains, Cheyenne (Vasey 499, Ke, Be). Custer Co.,
chiefly from about 2,400 meters (Cusack}. Fort Collins (Baker, Be).
Plains of northern Colorado (Greene, MW). La Veta (Rydberg &
Vreeland 6329, La).

NEW MEXICO: (Fendler 758, Ke).

TEXAS: (Reverchon, Wa).

WASHINGTON: Whitman Co., one mile from Wilma (C. F. Lackey,
MW). Whitman Co., Wawawai (Elmer, Z). Truax (St. John 5905, P).
Central Ferry (St. John 6037, P). Spokane Co., Hangman Creek,
460 meters (Sandberg & Leiberg 28, P, Ca, Wa, St, Ko, Le). Yakima
Co., Satus Station, 150 meters (Heidenreich 91, P). Yakima Region,
light soil, Washtucnaf?), Adams Co. (Cotton 981, P, Wa). Yakima
region, sandy soil near laterals, Sunnyside (Cotton 382, P, Be). Near

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 35

Wenatchee, Kittitas Co. (Whited 1224, Wa). Moses Lake, Douglas
Co., 390 meters (Sandberg & Leiberg 374, P, Ca, St, Ko). Klickitat
Co., sandy places, Columbia River (Suksdorf 896, Ca, Mu, Be).
Sandbanks, Columbia River (Howell, P, Be, Bu, Mu). Barren,
sandy grounds in the interior, Columbia River (?, Ke). Paradise
Valley, Humboldt Co. (Train, P). Pasco (Piper 2983, P; Heiden-
reich, P). Rattlesnake Hills, Benton Co. (Bennett, P). Almota
(Piper 1549, 2940, P). "The Junipers," near Fishook, Franklin Co.
(Cotton, P). Above mouth of Grande River (St. John & Brown
3844, P). Attalia (Beattie 3923, P). Rocklyn, Lincoln Co. (Mielke,
P). Wenatchee (Whited, P). Central Washington (Vasey 33, P).

OREGON: Dry, rocky bed of vernal stream near Malheur River,
rare (Cusick 2552, P, Ca, Be, Z, MW). Sandy waste, 4 miles east of
the Dalles, Wasco Co. (Thompson 4084, Wa). Columbia River, Lat.
46°-49°, Dalles (Lyall, Be). Damp, alkaline ground, southeast of
Keno, Klamath Co. (Peck 2394, Ke).

NEVADA: Wadsworth (Grunow, MW). Esmeralda Co., Belleville,
open sand (Shockley 223, Ca). North of University, Reno (Thomas,
Ca).

CALIFORNIA: Sheridan (Smith, P).

This species is so different from all others that it must be con-
sidered as representing a special subsection of the section Axillares.
The valves, 24-30 mm. broad when ripe, are the largest known in the
whole genus. In this respect R. venosus may, within the subgenus
Lapathum, be compared only with R. macranthus Boiss. of western
Asia, and within the subgenus Acetosa with representatives of the sec-
tion Vesicarii from the southern parts of the Mediterranean Basin.
The first is very different from R. venosus in the sectional vegetative
characters; the last-named group, moreover, in the subgeneric sexual
characters.

Explanation of Figure 3, a. — Valves of Rumex venosus Pursh, 4
times natural size.

8. Rumex verticillatus L. Figure 4

Perennis. Caulis erectus 40-100 cm. altus, gracilescens, leviter
anguloso-flexuosus, tenuiter sed profunde canaliculatus, saepe pur-
purascens, ex axillis foliorum vel e radicis collo ramos breves vel
elongates foliosos vel fascicules foliorum proferens. Ochreae pallide
bruneae hyalinae cylindricae ad nodos inferiores usque 5 cm. longae.
Folia omnia in sicco tenuiter papyracea, plana, glabra et levia, sub
lente tantum minutissime et sparse papilloso-punctata, nervis secun-

36 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

dariis leviter curvatis a primario angulo ca. 45°-60° abeuntibus.
Folia infima lineari-lanceolata, basi cuneata, apice acuta, latitudine
ca. 5-7-plo longiora; petiolus foliorum basalium tertiam circiter
partem longitudinis laminae aequans. Folia caulina anguste lineari-
lanceolata, latitudine 6-9-plo longiora, utrinque aequaliter fere
angustata, plana vel subundata, brevius petiolata; petiolus latitu-
dinem folii circiter aequans. Folia caulina superiora et folia ramealia
inferioribus similia sed proportione minora angustiora brevius petio-
lata. Kami inflorescentiae ± breves tenues flexuosi singuli simplices
± arcuato-divergentes, infimi tantum ex axillis foliorum orientes,
paniculam parvam apertam formantes. Florum glomeruli multi-
flori omnes ± remoti vel superiores approximati, omnes foliis sufful-
crantibus carentes. Perigoniorum fructiferorum pedicelli validi
rigidi longissimi, prope basin incrassato-articulati ibique deflexi,
basin perigonii versus sensim dilatati et sulcato-alati, perigonio
mature 3-5-plo longiores. Perigonii foliola exteriora anguste lineari-
lanceolata acuta, ca. 2.5 mm. longa, marginibus interiorum arete
appressa. Perigonii folia interiora (valvae) in statu mature 4-5 mm.
longa, 2.5-4 mm. lata, pallide brunea, tenuiter coriacea, basi rotun-
dato-dilatata, apice in linguam angustam acutam producta, margine
integra, facie irregulariter scrobiculato-rugosa vel fere transversaliter
calloso-plicata plicis irregulariter anastomosantibus, omnia callifera.
Calli subaequales angusti valde prominentes, latitudine usque 4-plo
longiores, lateraliter ad basin transverse rugosa, ceterum sub lente
minutissime celluloso-punctati. Nux matura brunea ca. 3 mm. longa,
ca. 1.8 mm. lata, basi brevius, apice paulo longius acuminata, vix
infra medium latissima.

SYNONYMY: R. verticillatus L. Sp. PI. 334. 1753; Michx. 217. 1803;
Pursh 248. 1816; Campdera 98. 1819; Meisn. apud DC. 47. 1856;
Macoun 416. 1883; Trelease 85. 1892; Britt. & Brown 549. 1896;
Small 369. 1903; Gray 356. 1908; Rydb. P. 280. 1932.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Trelease 1892, pi. 23; Britt. & Brown 549. 1896.

DISTRIBUTION: Lower parts of southeastern Canada and the
eastern and middle United States.

QUEBEC: L'lle de Montreal, Saint-Laurent (Adrien 1073, St).
Environs de Montreal, Longueil, rive du St. Laurent (Rolland-
Germain 29205, St). St. Blaise, Saint-Jean, sur les bords mare'cageux
du Richelieu (Marie-Victorin 28343, Br). Environs d'Ottawa
(Marie-Victorin 10073, Wa). River shore swamp, Aylmer (Harring-
ton 1908, 0). Bell's Lake, Wakefteld (Macoun 80838, O). Saint-
Joseph (Adrien 1483, St).

FIG. 4. Rumex verticillatus L.
37

38 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

ONTARIO: Cunnings Bridge, Ottawa, ditches (Macoun 5881, 0).
Billings Bridge near Ottawa (Macoun 80837, Be). In marsh at
Malloch's Bay, Ottawa River, above Ottawa (Macoun 60810, 0).
Marsh above Brittania (Macoun 83599, 0). Near Belleville, swamp
and ditches (Macoun 23761, 0). Niagara River, Dunnville (Macoun
54769, 0). Swampy river shores, Brittania (Harrington 1908, 0).

VERMONT: Banks of Big Otter Creek, swampy places (Morong,
NY).

NEW YORK: Ithaca (Rowlee, Wa; Malte, Lu; Muenschler & Bech-
tel, P). Swampy ground along Grass River, Canton (Phelps 394,
Wa). Marshy margin of outlet to Black Lake, Oswegatchie (Phelps
1402, Wa). Without locality (Wright, Bu).

PENNSYLVANIA: (Bernhardi in 1837, Bu; Muhlenberg, St, Mu).
. MARYLAND: In swamp, Chesapeake Beach (Tidestrom 1116, Wa).

VIRGINIA: Ocean View, Norfolk Co. (Kearney 1216, Wa). Wet
woods, along Plankatank River, 2 miles north of Glens Forks, Mid-
dlesex Co. (Leonard & Killip 32, Wa). Mucky edge of cypress
swamp, Virginia Beach (Sudworth, Wa).

SOUTH CAROLINA: Shell Creek opposite Port Royal Sound (Harris
2124A, Wa). Moist ditch south of Charleston, Charleston Co.
(Moldenke 1211, St). Porcher's Bluff, Christ Church Parish, Charles-
ton Co. (M earns 38, Wa).

FLORIDA: Mclntosh (Miller 508, Wa). In fossis prope St. Marks
(Rugel, NY, Lu). Swampy soil, Fort Myers, Lee Co. (Moldenke 953,
St). Miry meadows along St. Augustine Branch, Tallahassee (Harper,
Wa). Miami (Hitchcock, Ch).

OHIO: St. Marys, swamps (A. Wetzstein, Univ. Graz). Cleveland
(Krebs, Be). Ohio (Frank, Z).

TENNESSEE: In paludosis ad French Broad River prope La
Dandridge (Rugel, MW).

ALABAMA: Montgomery (C. Mohr, Wa). Mobile (Baker, NY).

ILLINOIS: Algonquin (Vasey, Bu). Swan Lake near Graf ton,
Calhoun Co. (Metcalfe 1114). Illinois (Eggert 294, Be, Bu, Z).
Cahokia (?, Lu). Without locality (Vasey, MW, Bu).

INDIANA: Knox Co. (Spillman 161, P).

IOWA: Moore, in shallow water of ponds (Conard, MW).

MISSOURI: St. Louis, wet places (Engelmann, Be; Eggert, Ko;
Drummond 143, Ke). Courtney, swamps (Bush 3979, Wa). Slough,
Wayland, Clark Co. (Metcalfe 1095, Wa). Jerome (Kellogg 516, Wa).
Mexico, Audrain Co. (Palmer & Steyermark 40792, MW).

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 39

ARKANSAS: Big Lakes, Hornersville (Metcal/e 640, Wa).

LOUISIANA: Gretna, opposite New Orleans, swampy woods (Ball
338, Wa).

TEXAS: San Felipe (Drummond, Lu). Galveston (Lindheimer,
Be). Houston, Harris Co. (Dixon 623, Ch). Without locality
(Reverchon, Be).

R. verticillatus forms, together with R. floridanus Meisn. and
R. fascicularis Small, a very natural group, the subsection Verti-
cillati. R. verticillatus and R. floridanus are not always easily dis-
tinguishable from each other. As to the differential characters, see
under the latter species. Perhaps it would be better to reduce R. flori-
danus and R. fascicularis to subspecies of R. verticillatus.

Explanation of Figure k- — Rumex verticillatus L., about one-half
natural size, from Macoun 83599, Ontario. Valves 4 times natural
size, from Macoun 83598.

9. Rumex floridanus Meisn. Figure 5

Perennis. Caulis 40-80 cm. altus, firmus subfistulosus, profunde
sulcato-canaliculatus, plerumque atropurpureus, iam infra medium
ramos foliosos breves serius elongates floriferos proferens. Ochreae
magnae pallidae hyalinae cito evanescentes. Folia omnia in sicco
crassiuscule papyracea interdum subcoriacea rigidula, plana, glabra
et laevia, sub lente tantum minutissime et sparse punctulata, nervis
secundariis leviter curvatis, angulo ± 60° a primario abeuntibus.
Folia caulina ad 20 cm. longa, 5 cm. lata, late lanceolata, latitudine
3-5 (-6) -plo longiora, utrinque subaequaliter angustata, plana.
Petiolus latitudinem laminae subaequans. Folia caulina superiora et
ramealia sensim minora, summa imprimis angustiora. Kami inflore-
scentiae breves raro infimi elongati tenues sed tenaces, singuli sim-
plices, infimi tantum folio suffulti, paniculam parvam ± contractam
formantes. Florum glomeruli multiflori in statu fructifero omnes
contigui, infimi interdum paulum remoti, omnes foliis suffulcrantibus
carentes. Perigoniorum fructiferorum pedicelli validi rigidiusculi
prope basin incrassato-articulati, ibique deflexi, basin perigonii
versus sensim dilatati et sulcato-alati, perigonio mature (1.5-) 2
(-3) -plo longiores. Perigonii foliola exteriora anguste lineari-lan-
ceolata basibus interiorum appressa, ca. 2.5 mm. longa. Perigonii
folia interiora (valvae) in statu mature 4-5.5 mm. longa, 4.5-6 mm.
lata, longitudine semper evidenter latiora, basi truncata, apice breviter
acuminata margine integra facie prominenter reticulato-nervosa,
maculis nervaturae marginalibus valde elongatis, color valvarum

40 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

fructiferarum atro- vel fusco-bruneus, consistentia rigide coriacea.
Valvae omnes calliferae; calli subaequales angusti valde prominentes,
3-4 mm. longi, ca. 1 mm. crassi, plerumque rugulosi. Nux matura
atro-brunea, 2.5-3.5 mm. longa, 2-3 mm. lata in vel paulum infra
medium latissima, basi breviter, apice sublongius acuminata.

SYNONYMY: R. floridanus Meisn. apud DC. 46. 1856 (non R.
floridanus Trelease 86. 1892).

DISTRIBUTION: Eastern and southeastern United States.

NEW JERSEY: Cape May Co., near Wildwood (Pollard, Wa, St).
Paterson, above the falls of Passaic River, Passaic Co. (Rabenau, Lu).

DELAWARE: Wet woods near Milton, Sussex Co. (Britton 46, NY).

GEORGIA: Altamaha Grit, Darien, Mclntosh Co. (H. H. Smith
2158, MW).

FLORIDA: Alva, ditch, Lee Co. (Hitchcock 301 or 307, NY, Wa).
Fort Myers (Hitchcock, Ch). Pondillo, moist thicket, vicinity of Fort
Myers, Lee Co. (Slandley 52599, Wa; no fruits). Titusville, Brevard
Co. (Nash 2286, Wa, Ke, Be, Le, UW). Near Jacksonville (Curtiss
4850, Wa). In fossis et ad fluvium prope St. Marks (Rugel, MW).
Without locality (Vasey, Wa).

ALABAMA: Borders of ditches, marshes, ponds, muddy banks, etc.,
Mobile (Mohr, Wa, Be). Cedarpoint (Mohr, Ch).

LOUISIANA: New Orleans (Drummond 280, Lu, Ke; Hitzer[f],
UW). Vicinity of Lake Charles (Allison 133, Wa, SL). Along a
ditch of saltish water, Cotes Blanches, St. Mary Co. (Langlois, Wa),
Mississippi Delta and adjacent islands (Lloyd & Tracy 131, Wa.
NY, MW).

Rumex floridanus is very similar to R. verticillatus L. It differs
from the latter by the following characters: shorter, broader leaves
of somewhat leathery consistency, more robust stem, denser fruiting
panicle, shorter fruiting pedicels (being in pressed plants not so con-
spicuous as in R. verticillatus}, valves broader than long, and by the
darker color of the whole plant, especially of the fruiting perigonia.
The fact that these characters occur in most cases combined, and
limited to the southeastern United States, seems to confirm the
specific distinction of the two types, even if in some cases one or
another of the characters is not so decided.

I have not seen Meisner's type specimen, but there can not be any
doubt about the identity of his plant with the one here described.
The following remarks from Meisner's description confirm it suffi-
ciently: "Racemis continuis . . . demum densis . . . pedicellis subduplo

FIG. 5. Rumex floridanus Meisn.

41

42 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

longioribus. . . valvis demum latioribus quam longis. . . differt a
R. verticillato pedicellis brevioribus, valvis basi truncatis distinctius
reticulatis."

Trelease, op. cit. 86. pi. 24, describes and figures under the name
of R. floridanus a quite different plant (R. Berlandieri Meisn.), as
Small, Bull. Torrey Club 23: 405, has already pointed out.

Explanation of Figure 5. — Rumex floridanus Meisn., one-half
natural size; Curtiss 4850, Florida. Valves 4 times natural size, from
Nash 2286.

10. Rumex fascicularis Small. Figure 3, 6

Perennis. Radices fibrae 3-5 fusiformi-incrassatae 5-10 cm.
longae. Caulis 50-60 cm. longus decumbens vel adscendens gracilis
subfistulosus flaccidus ± flexuosus profunde sulcato-striatus; inter-
nodia media elongata ad 12 cm. longa, inferiora et superiora brevia.
Caulis e nodis mediis ramos abbreviates foliosos verosimiliter serius
florentes emittens. Ochreae hyalinae mox evanescentes. Folia
caulina inferiora ignota. Folia caulina media ad summum 20 cm.
longa, 9 cm. lata in vivo crassa (ex auctore) in sicco tenuiter papy-
raceo-membranacea, e basi leviter cordata ovata vel oblongo-ovata,
apice acuta, latitudine ± duplo longiora, in quarta vel tertia parte
inferiore latissima. Foliorum lamina plana glabra levis, sub lente
in sicco minutissime flavido-punctulata. Nervi secundarii leviter
arcuati a primario angulo ca. 70°-80° abeuntes. Petiolus dimidiam
latitudinem laminae aequans vel paulo superans. Folia ramealia
caulinis similia sed paulo minora. Panicula laxa aperta; axis saepe
anguloso-flexuosa; rami fructiferi singuli plerumque simplices, tenues,
ab axi principali angulo db 45° abeuntes, sulcato-striati, flexuosi,
omnino aphylli. Perigoniorum fructiferorum pedicelli prope basin
tenuiter articulati, longissimi, perigonio 3-4-plo longiores ab arti-
culatione stricte deflexi, basin perigonii versus sensim paulo incrassati
et subalato-sulcati. Perigonii foliola exteriora lineari-lanceolata,
dimidiam latitudinem interiorum paulum superantia, apice incurva,
ca. 3 mm. longa, marginibus interiorum appressa. Perigonii folia
interiora (valvae) in statu fructifero late rotundato-triangularia vel
subcordata, partim longitudine latiora, 4-5 mm. longa et lata, apice
acuta vel rotundato-acuminata vel interdum paulum liguliformi-
producta, margine integra vel obsolete subcrenata. Facies valvarum
tenuiter reticulato-venosa. Maculae nervaturae marginales valde
elongatae. Valvae ± tenuiter membranaceae, omnes calliferae; calli
subaequales ovato-fusiformes valde prominentes, latitudine 3-plo
fere longiores, minute impresse punctulati, insuper transverse rugosi.

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 43

Nux brunea, 2-2.5 mm. longa et lata, marginata, apice breviter
acuminata, paulo infra medium latissima, longitudine interdum paulo
latior.

SYNONYMY: R. fascicularis Small, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 367.
1895; Small 369. 1903.

ILLUSTRATION: Bull. Torrey Club 22: pi. 246.

FLORIDA: Vicinity of Eustis, Lake Co., cypress swamps (Nash 898,
Wa, NY; type).

R. fascicularis is nearly related to R. verticillatus L. and R. flori-
danus Meisn. It is similar to these species especially in the pedicels
and fruiting perigonia, but differs from both remarkably by the much
broader and shorter leaves, these being at most twice as long as wide
and slightly cordate at the base, with long petioles, and lateral nerves
that form a less acute angle with the midrib, and by the lower and
more slender stem. I can not decide whether fusiform-incrassate
root fibers form a differential character against R. verticillatus and
R. florid anus, because I had no opportunity to study the subterranean
parts of the latter species.

Besides the type number, I saw only one specimen possibly
belonging to R. fascicularis: Ohio, Middletown (Riddell, Wa). In
habit it is similar to R. fascicularis, but differs from the type by its
somewhat narrower leaves, broadly rounded at the base, and by its
shorter petioles. The specimen is in these respects an intermediate
between R. fascicularis and R. floridanus.

Explanation of Figure 3, b. — Valves of Rumex fascicularis Small,
4 times natural size, from Nash 898.

11. Rumex spiralis Small. Figure 5, c

Perennis ("rootstock woody, creeping 1-2 dm. long, roots fibrous"
ex auctore). Caulis ascendens vel erectus purpurascens tenuis gfa-
cilis ± flexuosus, tenuiter sed profunde canaliculato-sulcatus, a basi
fere ex axillis foliorum ramos foliosos serius elongates emittens, 60-
90 cm. altus. Ochreae magnae albidae hyalinae cylindricae diu
persistentes. Folia in sicco consistentia tenuiter papyracea, colore
pallide viridi, basin versus interdum leviter undulato-crispata,
ceterum fere plana, utrinque glabra et levia, sub lente tantum
minutissime punctulata. Nervi secundarii foliorum tenues, vix arcuati
angulo 50°-60° a primario abeuntes. Folia caulina inferiora ovato-
vel oblongo-lanceolata, basi rotundata vel truncata, apicem versus
sensim attenuata, 10-15 cm. longa, 3.5-5.5 cm. lata, latitudine 2.5-
3.5-plo longiora, in tertia circiter parte inferiore latissima, petiolata.

44 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

Petioli latitudinem folii subaequantes. Folia caulina superiora
multo angustiora, latitudine 4-6-plo longiora, basi cuneata, apice
longius angustata, petiolus latitudine laminae ± longior. Kami
inflorescentiae tenues flexuosi singuli simplices, angulo 40°-60° ab
axi principali divergentes, omnino aphylli, breves, infirm interdum
paulum elongati ad 12 cm. longi. Florum glomeruli multiflori, omnes
fere approximati, in statu fructifero contigui, foliis suffulcrantibus
omnino carentes. Perigoniorum fructiferorum pedicelli tenues, (2-)
3-5 mm. longi, in vel infra medium incrassato-articulati, ad basin
perigonii nodoso-incrassati, perigonio fructifero semper multo bre-
viores. Perigonii foliola exteriora anguste lanceolato-linearia, ca.
2.5 mm. longa. Perigonii folia interiora (valvae) in statu fructifero
ex emarginatione 7-8 mm. longa, 8-12 mm. lata, longitudine semper
latiora, basi profunde emarginata, apice acuminata, ambitu late
cordata, margine integra, facie prominenter pulchre subregulariter
reticulato-nervosa, consistentia coriaceo-membranacea, colore pal-
lide rufo-brunea. Valvae omnes calliferae, callus valde prominens,
anguste fusiformis, ca. 5 mm. longus, ca. 1-1.3 mm. crassus, in nervum
medianum valvae sensim transiens, rugulosus. Nux matura atro-
fusca ad angulos anguste pallide marginata, 3 mm. longa, ± 2.2 mm.
lata, basi fere rotundato-truncata, apice breviter acuminata, infra
medium latissima.

SYNONYMY: R. spiralis Small, Bull. Torrey Club 22: 44. 1895;
Small 370. 1903.

ILLUSTRATION: Bull. Torrey Club 22: pi. 228.

TEXAS: Kenedy, Karnes Co., 120 meters (Heller 1781, Ca, Wa,
Ke; no fr., type). San Antonio, edge of lake (Schultz 151, Wa; the
leaves narrow, 5 times as long as broad).

This species has the largest fruiting perigonia and the largest
nutlets of the subsection Salicifolii and may be recognized easily by
these characters. R. spiralis is, so far as known, strictly limited to
Texas, and seems to be a rare plant.

Explanation of Figure 3, c. — Valves of Rumex spiralis Small, 4
times natural size, from Heller 1781, Texas.

12. Rumex altissimus Wood. Figure 6

Perennis. Caulis erectus ad 80 cm. altus validus subfistulosus
flexuosus vel strictus, plerumque atropurpureus, profunde sulcato-
canaliculatus, a medio vel infra ramos foliosos serius valde elongates
et floriferos emittens. Ochreae magnae albidae hyalinae evanes-
centes. Folia omnia in sicco colore pallide virescenti, consistentia

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 45

rigide papyracea, plana, glabra et laevia, sub lente tantum minutis-
sime punctulata, nervis secundariis tenuibus vix curvatis angulo ca.
50-60° a primario abeuntibus. Folia caulina inferiora late vel ovato-
lanceolata vel oblongo-lanceolata, 12-18 cm. longa, 4-5.5 cm. lata,
latitudine 2.5-4-plo longiora, infra medium latissima, basi late
cuneata vel subrotundata, apice sensim angustata, petiolata. Petioli
dimidia latitudine folii breviores. Folia caulina superiora et folia
ramealia minora brevius petiolata, basi angustius cuneata, apice
brevius acuminata. Kami inflorescentiae ± breves singuli simplices,
rarius inferiores elongati iterum ramosi, angulo 45° ab axi principali
divergentes, leviter arcuati, subflexuosi, infimi tantum foliis suffulti,
paniculam apertam formantes. Florum glomeruli multiflori, in
statu fructifero plerumque omnes contigui, rarius infimi remoti,
omnes foliis suffulcrantibus carentes. Perigoniorum fructiferorum
pedicelli validiusculi, in quarta circiter parte inferiore incrassato-
articulati, ad basin perigonii subito paulum dilatati, perigonio fructi-
fero subbreviores vel subaequilongi, raro paulo longiores. Perigonii
foliola exteriora anguste lanceolata acutiuscula dimidiam latitu-
dinem valvae subaequantes. Perigonii folia interiora (valvae) in
statu mature 4-6 mm. longa, 3-4 (-5) mm. lata, ambitu ovato-
scutiformia basi truncata vel cordata apice acuta, margine integra
vel subintegra, facie tenuiter prominenter subregulariter reticulato-
nervosa, maculis nervaturae subaequalibus marginalibus vix elonga-
tis. Color valvarum maturarum olivaceo-bruneus, consistentia
tenuiter rigide coriacea. Valva unica vel omnes saepe valde inae-
qualiter calliferae. Callus ovato-fusiformis valde prominens ± 3 mm.
longus, ± 1 mm. crassus laevis vel subrugosus, bruneo-aurantiacus.
Nux matura atrofusca ca. 3 mm. longa, ca. 2 mm. lata, basi breviter,
apice sublongius acuminata, vix infra medium latissima.

SYNONYMY: R. altissimus Wood, Class Bk. ed. 2: 477. 1847;
Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci. 1853: 177. 1856; Trelease 86. 1892;
Britt. & Brown 549. 1896; Small 370. 1903; Gray 356. 1908; Woot. &
Standl. 192. 1915; Rydb. R. 232. 1922; Rydb. P. 280. 1932. R.
Britannica Meisn. apud DC. 47. 1856; Gray, Manual, editions prior
to the sixth, non L. ex Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 8: 399. R. Britannica
0 polygonifolius Loudon ex Meisn. apud DC. 47. 1856.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Trelease, 1892, pi. 25; Britt. & Brown 549. 1896.

DISTRIBUTION: Lower parts of the eastern and middle United
States to Arizona.

NEW HAMPSHIRE: Shelburne, border of wet field, roadside (Deane,
Wa).

FIG. 6. Rumex altissimus Wood.

46

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 47

NEW YORK: Along abandoned railway to marble quarry, Gou-
verneur (Phelps 1144, Wa; 3 grains).

PENNSYLVANIA: York Furnace (Britton, MW; no ripe fr.).
Meadville, Crawford Co. (Garber, Wa).

NEW JERSEY: Passaic (Ruth, Wa; no ripe fr.).

MARYLAND AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: Washington, D. C.,
alluvial ground (Steele 22, UW; no ripe fr.). Canal bank above
Chain Bridge (Maxon & Standley 345, Wa; no ripe fr.). River flats
near Glen Echo (House 832, Wa; no ripe fr.). On flats at mouth of
Scotts River (Holm, St). High Island, Potomac, Montgomery Co.
(J. D. Smith, Wa).

VIRGINIA: Virginia side of Potomac River from opposite Analos-
tan Island to Chain Bridge (E. L. Morris 67, Wa; no ripe fr.).
Wet places, Little Falls of Potomac River (C. Mohr, Wa; 3 grains).

WEST VIRGINIA: Sandy shores of Ohio River near Wheeling

GEORGIA: Augusta (Cuthbert, NY; 3 grains).

MICHIGAN: Bryant's, Cheboygan Co. (Gates 10533, Ch; 3 grains).

INDIANA: Pine (Duesner, Ch; no ripe fr.). Dune region (Peattie
2283, Ch). Miller (Mason Bross, Ch).

OHIO: St. Mary, borders of streams (A. Wetzstein, Univ. Graz).
Near Cincinnati (Lloyd 1993, H, Z, Lu, Bu, Cl; no ripe fr.). Ohio
State Univ. Bot. Gard., Columbus (Condit, Ca). Cincinnati, mead-
ows (Lea 11). Without locality (Frank, MW, H, Mu; no ripe fr.).

KENTUCKY: Paducah, McCracken Co. (Eggleston 4450, NY, De;
no ripe fr.) . Bank of Elkhorn (Singer 135, Wa ; no ripe fr.) . Without
locality (Matthes 114, 227, MW, Be; comm. Hooker 837, MW, Be).

ALABAMA: Mobile, marshes (C. Mohr, SL; no ripe fr.). Mobile,
border of swamp and ditch (C. Mohr, Wa).

WISCONSIN: Fort Howard, Brown Co., in moist or wet clay
(Schuette, Ca, Ch, MW). Grant Co. (Basse, Ca; no ripe fr.). Mazo-
manie (Hall, Ca).

MINNESOTA: Vicinity of Minneapolis, roadsides (Sandberg Exch.
Bur., Ca; 3 grains). Fort Snelling (Mearns 830, Wa; 3 grains).
Minneapolis, wayside (Alton, Ca; 3 grains).

IOWA: Ames (Arthur, MW; Pammel, NY, Wa; Hitchcock, Ca;
Combs & Ball 514, Ke). Fayette Co. (Fink, Wa). Mt. Pleasant (Long-
necker, La).

ILLINOIS: Wet places near Chicago (?, Wa). Grassy, vacant lots,
Chicago (Lansing 246, Mu). Jackson Park, Chicago (?, 850, Lu).

48 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

Stony Island, Chicago (Greenman 2613, Wa, NY, Ke; 3 grains).
Banks of the Mississippi, Oquawka (Patterson, Be). Marseilles
(Johnston, Wa; no ripe fr.). Fountaindale, Winnebago Co. (Bebb 4,
Wa, Mu). St. Clair Co. (Mendel, Z). Lisle, along stream (Mart-
mick?, Wa; no ripe fr.). Rich soil, Wooded Island, Starved Rock,
La Salle Co. (Greenman, Lansing & Dixon 106, Ca, Ke, MW; no
ripe fr.). Vicinity of Kankakee, wet roadside (Crampton 116, Wa;
no ripe fr.) and rocky bank (Crampton 373, Wa ; 3 grains) . Stark Co.,
bottomland (Chase, Wa; no ripe fr.). Freeport (F. Johnson, MW;
no ripe fr.). Algonquin (Vasey, UW). Port Byron (Harper, P).

MISSOURI: St. Louis (Engelmann, Be, H; 3 grains). St. Louis,
wet places (Eggert, Wa; 3 grains). St. Louis, waste ground (Trelease,
Ko; 3 grains). Low grounds east of Missouri Bot. Garden, St. Louis
(Douglas, Lu; no ripe fr.). St. Louis, bords des ruisseaux (Riehl 397,
MW, Be; no ripe fr.). Am Mississippi (Eggert 293, Be, Bu, Z).
Courtney, bottoms (Bush 541, 9773A, Ke, Be). Vicinity of Spring-
field, along the Jordan, east of town (Standley 9717, Wa; no ripe fr.).
Vicinity of Springfield, southeast of town (Standley 8347, Wa; no
ripe fr.). Independence (Bush 8, Ca). Allenton (Letterman, Ca;
no ripe fr.).

LOUISIANA: Near New Orleans (Matthes 307, MW; no ripe fr.).

NEBRASKA: Ponca (Clements 2544, Wa; no ripe fr.). Lancaster
Co. (Milligan, Wa).

KANSAS: Miami Co., along road between Olathe and Pleasanton
(Rydberg & Imler 55, NY). Low ground, Riley Co. (Norton 451,
MW). One mile northeast of Montana (Rydberg & Imler, NY).
Five miles from Osborne City, draw bottom (Shear 86, Wa).

OKLAHOMA: Beaver Co., Knowles, margin of shallow pond
(G. W. Stevens 517, Wa, Ke; no ripe fr.). Stillwater (Waugh 141,
Wa; C. M. Morris, Univ. Graz; Myers 61, Lu). Mannsville, Johnston
Co., margin of pond (Florence Griffith 3459, G; no ripe fr.). Norman
(Reed, Z; no ripe fr.).

TEXAS: Tarrant Co., low, damp ground near Texas Christian
Univ. (Ruth 604, NY, Ca). Bed of dry stream, Fort Worth (Ruth
123, NY, Wa). Wet, open ground, Bryan, Brazos Co. (Palmer
11738, SL, La, Ca, MW, Br). Wet places near Comanche (Eggert,
SL; no ripe fr.). Wet places near Longview (Eggert, SL; no ripe fr.).
Sonora, 660 meters (G. L. Fisher 2330, MW). Willis, waste places
(S. R. Warner, SL; no ripe fr.). Dallas, damp, rich soil (Reverchon
796, SL); and in upland, common (Reverchon 2523, SL; no ripe fr.).
Fort Worth (Ruth 41, Ch). Texline (Griffiths 5634, Wa). Valley,

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 49

Gillespie Co. (G. Jermy 740, SL; leaves only). Without locality
(Thompson, SL).

COLORADO: Foothills near Golden, 950 meters (Jones 270, Bu;
no ripe fr.).

NEW MEXICO: Mangas Springs, 18 miles northwest of Silver City,
Grant Co., 1,430 meters (Metcalf 775, La, Wa). Santa Rosa, 1,400
meters (Arsene 17027, MW).

ARIZONA: Benson (Peebles & Loomis 5452, Wa; no ripe fr.).
Rincon Mts. (Tourney 280, NY).

INTRODUCED TO EUROPE: Denmark: Kjobenhavn, Plodsved
Island Brygge (S. Andersen, Ko). — Sweden: Smaland, Kalmar
(Ekstrand, St). Goteborg, Gamlestaden (H. Fries, St).

Rumex altissimus can be distinguished at once from R. mexicamis
Meisn. by its broadly ovate (never linear) -lanceolate, elegantly
acuminate leaves, recalling those of certain species of Polygonum,
and by its larger fruiting perigonium segments with elliptic-cordate
(never triangular) outline, usually bearing only one grain.

The most common type of R. altissimus has fruiting perigonia
with only one segment bearing a grain, the others being naked. This
corresponds with Wood's description of R. altissimus: "sepalis . . .
una vel duabus tuberculatis." The var. abortivus Peattie, Amer.
Midi. Nat. 10: 130. 1926, coincides therefore with the type. Speci-
mens with fruiting perigonia bearing three grains are much rarer;
the grains are then of very unequal size. Individuals with three
equal grains are very rare.

I have not seen the type of R. altissimus Wood and accept here
the usual interpretation of this species by Trelease and subsequent
authors. But I must call attention to the following parts of Wood's
description: "Foliis anguste lanceolatis . . . utrinque angustatis,"
which seems to make this interpretation doubtful. Earlier authors
seem to have confounded this species with R. Britannica L. I suspect
that Campdera (99. 1819) may have described it under R. Claytonii,
but unfortunately I have failed to see Campdera's types.

Explanation of Figure 6. — Rumex altissimus Wood, about half
natural size; cultivated at Stockholm, from seeds from the District
of Columbia, Holm. Valves 4 times natural size, from Crampton 373.

13. Rumex ellipticus Greene. Figure 7

Perennis. Caulis procumbens vel adscendens, tenuis sed firmus,
internodiis brevibus, valde flexuosus, tenuiter sulcato-striatus, pur-

50 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

purascens, a basi crebre iteratim ramosus. Kami valde flexuosi saepe
elongati steriles vel serius florentes. Ochreae maiusculae pallide
bruneae caducae. Folia caulina et ramealia lanceolata vel late
lanceolata, plana, in sicco rigidula tenuiter coriacea, nervis latera-
libus angulo 45°-60° a mediano abeuntibus, angustissime scarioso-
marginata, basi cuneata, apice longe acuminata, latitudine 3-4-plo
longiora, in vel infra medium latissima, petiolo latitudinem folii
circiter aequante. Folia superiora sensim minora et angustiora
lineari-lanceolata brevius petiolata. Kami inflorescentiae brevissimi,
infimi folio suffulti divergentes et paulum remoti, superiores approxi-
mati paniculam parvam valde abbreviatam saepe compactam aphyl-
lam formantes. Florum glomeruli omnes approximati aphylli, iam
in statu fiorendi contigui. Perigoniorum fructiferorum pedicelli
validiusculi perbreves, perigonio mature semper breviores, prope
basin articulati, in basin perigonii breviter incrassati. Perigonii
foliola exteriora lanceolato-linearia, 2-2.5 mm. longa, basibus interi-
orum appressa. Perigonii folia interiora (valvae) in statu mature
5-6 mm. longa, 4-5 mm. lata, ovata vel rotundato-triangularia,
margine subintegra, apice obtusiuscula vel acutiuscula, facie tenuiter
et subaequaliter reticulato-nervosa nervis marginem versus subeva-
nescentibus. Valvae consistentia tenuiter membranacea omnino
ecallosae vel unica callum elongatum angustissimum proferens. Nux
submatura ad 3 mm. longa, ad 2 mm. lata.

SYNONYMY: R. ellipticus Greene, Pittonia 4: 234. 1900; Woot. &
Standl. 192. 1915.

DISTRIBUTION: Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.

TEXAS: Tom Green Co., Knickerbocker Ranch, Dove Creek
(Tweedy 199, Wa). Near Austin (Tharp 1253, Wa). Paloduro
Canyon, Canyon City (Baker 38, Wa). Low, open ground, Brown-
wood, Brown Co. (Palmer 10376, St). Low, marshy ground and old
fields, San Augustine (Brocket, Wa; no fr.). Willis, waste places
(Warner, SL; mixed with R. Berlandieri).

NEW MEXICO: Roswell, Chaves Co., fields and ditch banks,
common, 1,140 meters (Earle 272, Wa, NY, Ke, Be, MW; type).
Mangas Valley (Wooton, Wa; midrib of the valves somewhat thick-
ened nearly its whole length). Near Lake Arthur (Wooton, WTa; see
remarks under the preceding).

ARIZONA: Tucson (Tourney 343a, Wa; no fr.). Devil's Canyon
(Peebles, Harrison & Kearney 4432, Wa; see remarks above).

Rumex ellipticus is very nearly related to R. altissimus Wood,
with which it probably could be united as a subspecies. It differs,

FIG. 7. Rumex ellipticus Greene.

51

52 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

however, by the usually shorter and more slender, sometimes pro-
cumbent stem, frequently smaller leaves, and, especially, by having
the fruiting perigonium without grains. Sometimes one valve shows
a midnerve somewhat thickened for nearly its whole length, but not
grain-bearing. Perhaps such forms should be considered as inter-
mediates between the two species. The area of R. ellipticus covers
the most southern part of the area of R. altissimus.

Explanation of Figure 7. — Rumex ellipticus Greene, half natural
size; New Mexico, Earle 272. Valves 4 times natural size, from
Earle 272.

14. Rumex Berlandieri Meisn. nee al. Figure 8
Perennis. Caulis humilis, 40-60 cm. altus, gracilis, adscendens vel
suberectus vel flexuosus, bruneus vel purpurascens, tenuiter sulcato-
striatus, ochreis albidis membranaceis caducis, injtio subsimplex,
deinde e nodis mediis vel inferioribus ramos foliosos erecto-patulos
serius florentes emittens. Folia caulina ut tota planta glaberrima
et levia, in sicco crasse membranacea vel subcoriacea, ambitu lineari-
lanceolata vel oblongo-linearia, inferiora basi rotundata vel subito
cuneato-contracta, superiora cuneata apice obtusiuscula margine
eroso-crenulata et crispata ; nervi secundarii foliorum angulo ±
45° a primario abeuntes. Petiolus foliorum inferiorum crassius-
culus, latitudinem laminae superans, superiorum laminae lati-
tudine plerumque brevior. Folia parva, 5-12 cm. longa, lati-
tudine 3.5-5-plo longiora in medio circiter latissima. Florum
glomeruli etiam in statu fructifero summis tantum exceptis remoti
omnes foliis non suffulti. Kami inflorescentiae primariae singuli
simplices, breves, flexuosi, ab axi principali angulo ± 45° abeuntes,
leviter arcuato-adscendentes, paniculam parvam apertam formantes.
Perigoniorum fructiferorum pedicelli validiusculi deflexi breves, infra
medium incrassato-articulati, valvae longitudine plerumque brevi-
ores vel earn ad summum aequantes, ad basin perigonii nodoso-
incrassati. Perigonii foliola exteriora anguste lanceolata acuta, basi-
bus interiorum adpressa, ca. 2 mm. longa. Perigonii folia interiora
(valvae) in statu fructifero 3.5-4.5 mm. longa, 3-4 mm. lata, tri-
angularia vel rotundato-triangularia, apice paulum protracta acuta,
consistentia subcoriacea, basi truncata rarius levissime cordata, facie
crassiuscule et prominenter reticulato-nervosa, reticulo subaequali,
margine integra. Valvae omnes subaequaliter calliferae; callus
anguste fusiformis valde prominens ± scrobiculato-rugosus ca. 3 mm.
longus, ca. 1 mm. latus. Nux atrofusca, 2.5-3 mm. longa, 1.5-2 mm.
lata, vix infra medium latissima.

FIG. 8. Rumex Berlandicri Meisn.

53

54 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

SYNONYMY: R. Berlandieri Meisn. apud DC. 45. 1856, excl.
syn. R. Romassa, non Trelease et auct. subsequent. R. Langloisii
Small, Bull. Torrey Club 23: 405. 1896; Small 370. 1903. R. flori-
danus Trelease, 86. 1892, non Meisn.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Trelease 1892, pi. 27 (only the habit), pi. 24
(R. floridanus).

DISTRIBUTION: Louisiana, Texas, Mexico.

LOUISIANA: New Orleans (Drummond 281, De, Lu; type of R.
Berlandieri Meisn.; 175, Ke; Voile, MW; Joor, Ch). Pointe a la
Hache, rice fields (Langlois 134 or 137, Wa; type of R. Langloisii
Small). Around Covington (Langlois 135, Wa). Gretna, opposite
New Orleans, ditches, common (Ball 333, Wa). Vicinity of Cameron
(McAtee 1950, Wa).

TEXAS: San Antonio (Jenny 279, G, no fr.; SL). Harris Co.,
wet prairies near Houston (Eggert, SL). Houston, moist borders
(Fisher, Br., no fr.; Lu; 21, Wa, no fr.; 2068, Wa, no fr.; 3480, MW,
no fr.). Wet, sandy ground near Morgan's Point, Harris Co. (Palmer
11960, Ca, Br, MW). Willis, waste places (Warner 20, SL; mixed
with R. ellipticus). Evergreen Ranch, Beach (J. F. Jones, SL).
Port Arthur, prairies (Kolthoff, St). Bexar Co. (Jermy, NY).
Columbia, common on prairie and wet places (Bush 1589, NY;
167, SL). Goose Creek (Fisher 3453, MW). Galveston (Lind-
heimer, Be). Brazos Santiago (Nealley 82, Wa).

MEXICO: Veracruz (Galeotti 475, Ke, MW; no fr.). Vicinity of
Tampico, Tamaulipas, 15 meters (Palmer 12, NY, Wa; no fr.).
Michoacan, Loma Santa Maria, in humidis • (Arsene, Z; no fr.). De
Bejar a la Billo de . . . (Berlandier 419, 1699 in 1828, Ke). Without
locality (Berlandier 115, Be; type of R. Berlandieri Meisn.).

I have compared Meisner's and Small's types, and there are no
differences between them. Small was misled in creating his R.
Langloisii by Trelease's wrong interpretation of R. Berlandieri
Meisn. Most of the plants referred by Trelease to R. Berlandieri
belong to R. violascens Rech. f., an annual or biennial plant without
regular axillary branches, with leaves usually broadest above the
middle, and much smaller, denticulate perigonia, smaller nutlets,
etc. Some collectors have distributed specimens of R. conglomerate
and R. pulcher under the name R. Berlandieri. Trelease's mis-
interpretation of R. floridanus Meisn. has already been corrected
by Small, Bull. Torrey Club, loc. cit.

R. Berlandieri is to be compared with R. mexicanus Meisn. It
is distinguished from the latter by the somewhat dull or yellowish

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 55

color when dry, by the short, subobtuse, often crisp leaves of thicker
consistency with nervation somewhat prominent on the under side,
by the smaller, interrupted panicle with remote whorls, by the
different size and outline of the valves with more pronounced, scrobi-
culate reticulation, and by the different form of the nutlets.

It may be remarked that R. Berlandieri is very similar to the
cultivated specimen of R. chrysocarpus Moris, Enum. Sem. Hort.
Bot. Taurin. anni 1831; Mem. Reale Acad. Sci. Torino 38: 46. 1835,
which I mentioned in Vorarbeiten 3: 27. That is possibly the
earlier name for Meisner's plant. Moris notes Chile as the country
of origin, but Meisner apud DC. 46. 1856, states: "Patria ignota,
verisimiliter Mexico aut Chili." As I have not seen a spontaneous
specimen of R. chrysocarpus from Chile in any herbarium, it seems
probable that it is native to Mexico rather than Chile. Yet as long
as I am unable to place definitely the type of R. chrysocarpus, it
seems preferable to retain the name R. Berlandieri for the North
American plant.

Explanation of Figure 8. — Rumex Berlandieri Meisn., half natural
size, Texas, Jermy. Valves 4 times natural size, from McAtee 1950.

15. Rumex mexicanus Meisn. Figure 9, a

Perennis. Caules complures plerumque validi rarius graciles
arcuato-ascendentes vel erecti, subflexuosi vel stricti, brunei vel
purpureo-suffusi, ± profunde sulcato-striati, glabri laeves, 30-90
cm. alti, a basi ex axillis foliorum ramos foliosos serius elongates et
floriferos interdum iterum ramosos proferentes. Ochreae pallide
bruneae vel albidae hyalinae caducae. Folia omnia consistentia in
sicco rigide papyracea, colore pallide viridi, utrinque glabra et levia.
Folia caulina inferiora lineari-lanceolata plana vel leviter undata,
latitudine 5-7-plo longiora, basi brevius apice longius angustata.
Nervi secundarii foliorum tenues, angulo ± 45° a primario abeuntes.
Petioli foliorum latitudinem laminae ± aequantes. Folia caulina
superiora foliaque ramorum axillariorum angustiora et brevius petio-
lata. Kami inflorescentiae singuli simplices vel infimi interdum
ramosi et saepe elongati, omnes validi rigidiusculi omnes ± stricte
erecti vel angulo acuto ± arcuato-divergentes, paniculam ± apertam
sed florum glomerulis plurimis approximatis densiusculam for-
mantes. Rami infimi tantum folio suffulti. Perigoniorum fructi-
ferorum pedicelli validiusculi, prope basin distincte incrassato-
articulati, in basin perigonii subinflato-dilatati perigonio maturo
plerumque breviores. Perigonii foliola exteriora ca. 2 mm. longa.

56 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

Perigonii folia interiora (valvae) in statu maturo 4-5 mm. longa,
3.7-4 mm. lata, ambitu late triangularia, angulis basalibus sub-
dilatatis rotundatis, consistentia rigide membranacea subcoriacea,
colore obscure vel olivaceo-bruneo, basi truncata vel subcordata,
apice obtusiuscula vel acutiuscula, margine integra vel saepius
imprimis basin versus minutissime et irregulariter crenulata vel
erosula, facie regulariter elevate reticulato-nervosa, nervatura in
utroque latere calli tres usque quattuor maculas lata. Valvae
omnes subaequaliter calliferae; callus anguste fusiformis valde pro-
minens, basi rotundatus, apice acutus 2.5-3 mm. longus, ad summum
1 mm. latus, valvae latitudine semper multo angustior, saepe leviter
scrobiculato-rugosus. Nux atrofusca fere nigra ± 2.5 mm. longa,
1.7 mm. lata, infra medium latissima, basi breviter, apice sub-
longius acuminata.

SYNONYMY: R. mexicanus Meisn. apud DC. 45. 1856.
DISTRIBUTION: Mexico and New Mexico.

NEW MEXICO: Las Cruces, Dona Ana Co., 1,170 meters (Wooton
79, SL). Magdalena (Herrick 611, Wa). Navajo Indian Reserva-
tion, Shiprock Agency, 1,425 meters (Standley 7196, Wa).

MEXICO: Chihuahua (Stearns 19, Ch). Chihuahua, near Colonia
Garcia in the Sierra Madre, 2,280 meters (Townsend & Barber 261,
Wa, Ca, Z, UW, Be, St). Durango and vicinity (Palmer 17, Wa;
Ca, no fr.; Ke; Be, no fr.). Vicinity of Morelia, Michoacan, jardin
du St. Coeur, 1,950 meters (Arsene 3335, Wa, NY, St, G, Ke; all of
slender habit). Morelia, lieux mare"cageux (Arsene 7878, MW).
Region of San Luis Potosi, 1,800-2,400 meters (Parry & Palmer 794,
Ke; no fr.). San Luis Potosi, in paludosis ca. urbem (Schaffner 904,
906, Ke). Bord de 1'Atoyac, pres de Puebla (Nicolas, Wa, Ke; no
fr.). Vicinity of Puebla, Rancho Posada, Puebla (Arsene 87, Wa,
Mu; no fr.). Vicinity of Puebla, pres du Cimetiere, 2,170 meters
(Arsene 2225, Wa, H; slender habit). Near Plateado, Zacatecas
(Rose 2787, Wa, NY). Federal District, wet soil, Valley of Mexico,
2,190 meters (Pringle 6716, Ca, Wa, St, Be, H, Mu, Le, MW, UW;
9487, Wa, Z). Hidalgo, Sierra de Pachuca (Rose & Hay 6243, Wa;
no fr.). Desierto de los Leones (Ruttem 277, Ut; no fr.). In arvis
prope Leon (PL Hartweg. 1619, Lu; no fr.). Sonora Alta (Coulter
1388, Ke). Amecameca, 2,430 meters (Fisher 241, Ch, Wa). Con-
tadero (Lyonnet 529, Wa). Chinantla (Liebmann 699g, Ko; without
grains). Mineral del Monte, Hidalgo (Ehrenberg 41; type of R.
mexicanus Meisn.). Parras (Orcutt 3801, Ch, Wa). Mt. Orizaba
(Seaton 270, Wa). Toluca and vicinity (Wawra 1190, WM). San

FIG. 9. Valves of (a) Rumex mexicanus Meisn., (b) R. hymenosepalus Torr.
(c) R. densiflorus Osterh., (d) R. pycnanlhus Rech. f., (e) ft. occidentalis Wats.

57

58 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

Esteban Tacubaya, D. F. (L. G. Ruiz 19, Ch, Wa; no fr.). "Tierra
fria" (Schiede 90, Be, type of R. mexicanus Meisn.; Lu). Without
locality (Schmitz 284, MW; Schaffner, Be, no fr.; Ke).

The name R. mexicanus is used here in the original, that is to
say, in the strict, sense of Meisner. Fernald in Rhodora 10: 17. 1908,
used it in a more ample sense, including all the plants placed here
under R. triangulivalvis. The two species are, of course, nearly
related. The differences are relative and lie in the size of the fruiting
perigonia and the nutlets. The reason that I have not united this
to the type as a subspecies of R. mexicanus is rather a practical one.
American botanists and especially geobotanists may appreciate
having a simple binary name for the common "white dock." See
also under R. triangulivalvis.

R. mexicanus has partly the same area as R. Berlandieri Meisn.,
but does not extend so far north and east. As to the differences
between these two species, see under R. Berlandieri; between R.
mexicanus and R. altissimus Wood, see under the latter.

Explanation of Figure 9, a. — Rumex mexicanus Meisn., valves
4 times natural size, Mexico, Schiede.

16. Rumex triangulivalvis (Danser) Rech. f. Figure 10

Perennis. Caulis singulus vel plures, primum ± stricte erectus
panicula excepta subsimplex, deinde elongatus flexuosus interdum
decumbens ex axillis foliorum ramos foliosos paniculas serius florentes
gerentes emittens. Caulis et rami ±b leviter sulcato-striati glabri
laeves pallide brunei vel aurantiaco-brunei vel purpurascentes, 40-
100 cm. alti. Ochreae albidae vel pallide bruneae ca. 2 cm. longae
caducae. Folia caulina omnia consistentia in sicco rigide papyracea
colore pallide viridi plana rarius subundulata. Folia caulina inferiora
lineari-lanceolata, latitudine ± 5-plo longiora, 12-15 cm. longa, basi
breviter, apice longius angustata. Nervi secundarii a mediano
angulo ± 45° abeuntes. Petiolus foliorum latitudine laminae
plerumque brevior. Folia caulina superiora et folia ramorum sen-
sim angustiora latitudine ± 7-plo longiora, brevius petiolata, summa
subsessilia. Rami inflorescentiae singuli simplices infimi tantum
interdum iterum ramosi subelongati omnes tenues flexuosi angulo
30°-40° subarcuato-patentes paniculam sat parvam apertam for-
mantes; florum glomeruli infimis interdum exceptis approximati.
Rami inflorescentiae infimi tantum folio suffulti. Perigoniorum
fructiferorum pedicelli tenues, prope basin distincte incrassato-arti-
culati, in basin perigonii subito dilatati, perigonio mature plerumque

FIG. 10. Rumex triangulivalvis (Dans.) Rech. f.
59

60 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

breviores ad summum eo 1.5-plo longiores. Perigonii foliola exteriora
1.6-1.8 mm. longa. Perigonii folia interiora (valvae) in statu fructi-
fero (1-) 3 (-4) mm. longa, 2.5-3 mm. lata, consistentia rigide mem-
branacea, colore pallide bruneo, ambitu triangularia, angulis basali-
bus rotundatis, basi subcordata vel truncata, apice acutiuscula,
margine integra vel saepius basin versus minute irregulariter crenu-
lata, facie subregulariter elevate reticulato-nervosa reticulo nerva-
turae in utroque latere calli 2-3 maculas lato. Valvae plerumque
omnes subaequaliter calliferae raro 1-2 calli evanescentes (f. unigra-
nis [Dans.] Rech. f.) vel deficientes; callus anguste fusiformis promi-
nens, basi rotundatus apice acutus, 1.8-2.5 mm. longus, 0.6-0.9 mm.
latus, valvae latitudine semper multo angustior, saepe leviter scrobi-
culato-rugosus. Nux 2 mm. longa, ± 1.3 mm. lata, atrofusca fere
nigra, infra medium latissima, basi breviter apice sublongius acu-
minata.

SYNONYMY: R. triangulivalvis Rech. f. Repert. Sp. Nov. 40: 297,
1936. R. salicifolius Weinm. subsp. triangulivalvis Danser, Nederl.
Kruidk. Archief 415. 1925 (appeared in 1926). R. salicifolius
auctorum multorum, non Weinm. R. mexicanus Fernald, Rho-
dora 10: 119. 1908, non Meisn. R. Acetosella X salicifolius Svend
Andersen, Bot. Tidsskrift 43: 52. 1934. R. crispus X salicifolius
Svend Andersen, loc. cit.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Danser, loc. cit; Trelease 1892, pi. 26 (R. salici-
folius)', Britt. & Brown 549. 1896 (R. salicifolius).

QUEBEC: Labrador, Saguenay Co., sandy shore, Romaine, Lor-
gondiere (St. John 90400, 0). Environs de Montreal, Longueuil,
chemin de Boucheville (Marie-Victor in 25029, St). Environs de
Montreal, Boucheville, He Charron (Marie-Victor in 27225, St; no
fr.). Greves de St. Laurent de File d'0rle"ans (Marie-Victorin 15769
bis, Lu; no fr.). Vicinity of Ottawa, Deschenes (Rolland, Ch, Wa).

ONTARIO: Ottawa (Macoun 5379, Ch; 5878, 0; Harrington 356-8,
0). Timmins (Ostenfeld 261, Ko). Grant Point, Nipigon Lake
(Pulling, 0; no fr.). English River (Richardson 23758, 0). Moose
Factory, James Bay (?, 62613, 0; no fr.).

MANITOBA: Selkirk (Macoun 23752, 0; no fr.). In ditches and
boggy places, Brandon (Macoun 12916, 0). Winnipeg (Magnus, H).

SASKATCHEWAN: Damp places, Cypress Hills (Macoun 5880, 0;
1533, Wa). By a dry pool, Moose Jaw (Macoun 12855, 0; no fr.).
South of Wood Mountain (Dawson 78763, 0). Lake Manitou, along
the line of Grand Trunk Railway (Macoun & Herriot 76815, 0).
Moose Mt. Creek (Macoun 23751, 0; no fr.). South of Battle-

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 61

ford, borders of salt marshes (Macoun 23753, 0). Without locality
(Bourgeau, MW, St).

ALBERTA: At camp in Crook Flat, sage bank (Macoun 12917, 0).
Boggy ground, Bow River, Calgary (Moodie, Wa; no fr.). Craigmyle
(Brinkman 868, Ch).

BRITISH COLUMBIA: Near marshes, Nelson (Macoun 23748, 0).
Sumas Lake (Macoun 54770, 0). Wet places, Trial (Macoun 67976,
0). Saline soil, Kamloops (Macoun 23759, 0). Billy River (Dawson
114109, 0). Saline soil, Garnetts Ranch, Old Mans River (Dawson
23750, 0). Crow Nest Pass (Macoun 24678, 0). District of Ren-
frew (Rosendahl 763, 0).

MAINE: On wharf, Bangor (Knight, St).

MASSACHUSETTS: A single large clump in waste ground by rail-
road, Southbridge (Weatherby, Wa).

NEW YORK: Orient Point, Suffolk Co. (Latham, NY; no fr.).

OHIO: Without locality (Frank in 1837, H, Z).

MICHIGAN: Along railroad near Port Huron (Dodge, Wa). Kewee-
naw Co. (Farwell, Ch).

WISCONSIN: Shore between Point Sable and Red Banks, Brown
Co. (Schuette 104, Ca).

MINNESOTA: Twin Lakes, Dakota Co. (Mearns 827, Wa).

MISSOURI: St. Louis (Engelmann, Be; no fr.).

NORTH DAKOTA: Leeds, Benson Co. (Lunell, NY). Benson Co.,
Butte (Lunell, St). Dickinson (Holgate, Wa).

SOUTH DAKOTA: Brookings (Thornber, Ca). Aberdeen (Griffith,
Be; no fr.). Vicinity of Redfield, Spink Co., swampy, saline ground
(Ricksecker 91, Ca; leaves only).

MONTANA: Westby (E. L. Larsen 152, SL). Vicinity of Glacier
Park Station, alt. 1,440-1,530 meters, low prairie (Standley 17772,
Wa). Helena (Kelsey, Ca; no fr.). Great Falls (?, Ca; no fr.).

WYOMING: Yellowstone Park (Hawkins 452e, Wa; no fr.). Yel-
lowstone Falls, near Canyon Hotel (Mearns 4248, Ko). Yellow-
stone National Park, Snake River, margins of ponds (A. & E. Nelson
6436, SL). Yellowstone National Park, roadside at Petrified Tree
(H. S. Conard 1479, MW). Swan Lake Valley, 2,400 meters (Knowl-
ton, Up). Laramie (A. Nelson 1449, SL). Encampment, river
bottom, 2,160 meters (Tweedy 4390, Wa). Medicine Bow Mts.
(Mann 150, La). Rolling plains between Sheridan and Buffalo,
1,160-1,660 meters (Tweedy 3269, P; 3276, La).

62 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

COLORADO: Plains near Denver, 1,550 meters (T. Holm, Ch, SL).
Denver (Eastwood 127, Ke). Routt Co. (Trelease, UW). Steamboat
Springs (Goodding 1609, Ca). Estes Park, 2,300-2,660 meters (J. W.
Burton, SL). Larimer Co. (C. S. Crandall, SL). Near La Plata, along
roadsides (Baker, Earle & Tracy 529, MW, SL; no fr.). Region of
Gunnison Watershed (Baker 652, SL, UW). Brighton (Johnston
499, SL). Cornish (Johnston 222, La). Leadville (Schedin 423, La).

NEW MEXICO: College Farm, Mesilla Park (P. C. Standley,
Wa, SL; appr. or.). Santa Fe, 2,160 meters (A. A. & E. G. Heller
3745, SL; or.). Santa Fe, along ditch (Fendler, SL; no fr.). Patter-
son (Wooton, Wa). Rio San Jose (H. H. Rusby, SL). Sandbars,
Navajo Indian Reservation, vicinity of Shiprock Agency, 1,425
meters (Standley 7878, Wa; appr. or.). Along creek, Brazos Canyon,
Rio Arriba Co. (Standley & Bollman 11128, Wa; appr. or.). Open
slope, vicinity of Chama, Rio Arriba Co., 2,380 meters (Standley
6607, Wa; or.; no fr.). Chama (Baker 298, SL). Gila (Wooton,
Lu; no fr.). Las Cruces, Dona Ana Co., 1,170 meters (Wooton 79,
Ca, UW; appr. or.). Mesilla Valley, Dona Ana Co. (Wooton &
Standley 3275, P).

WASHINGTON: Grant Co., moist meadow, Grand Coulee (Thomp-
son 9138, SL; or.). Pullman (Piper, P). Glacier Basin Trail,
1,500 meters. Mt. Rainier (Jones, P). Grand Coulee, Grant Co.
(St. John 7672, P). Wilson Creek, Douglas Co. (Sandberg & Leiberg
329, P; Lake & Hull 651, P; both specimens with valves narrower
and more pointed).

OREGON: Shore of Klamath Lake, near Modoc Point (Coville
1335, Wa; or.). East side of Klamath marsh (Coville 1247, Wa;
or.). Near Fort Klamath, 1,410 meters (Leiberg, SL; or.). Eastern
Grant Co., small, dried pond, Austin (Henderson 5651, SL; or.).
Along ditches, Redmond (Whited 102, Ke; or.). Cache Bar, between
Cache and Garden creeks on Snake River, 380 meters (E. P. Sheldon
8338, SL; or.}. Crooked River, Smith Rock, Deschutes Co. (Whited
415, P; not typical). Margin of Strawberry Lake, Blue Mts., Grant
Co. (Cusick 3621; not typical). Sauvies Island (Howell, P; valves
narrower and more pointed). Hayden Island (Gorman 4204, P).
Without locality (Elihu Hall 441, SL; or.).

IDAHO: Near stream at Mullan, 950 meters (Leiberg 1489, Ca,
SL). Benton Co., Priest River, 810 meters (C. C. Epling, SL).
Sandy shores, Lake Pend Oreille (Leiberg llOa, SL).

NEVADA: L— River Crossing (Griffiths & Morris 121,
Wa; or.).

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 63

UTAH: Fairview, 1,950 meters (Jones 5554i, Wa; or.). Morgan
Co. (Garrett 6327, MW; or.). Juab, creek bottoms (Goodding 1072,
SL; or.). Soldiers Summit (Jones, Ca; or.; no fr.). Kyune, 1,800
meters, in gravel (Jones 56031, SL; or.). Snyderville, Summit Co.
(Garrett 6779, Ch; or.). Dry Lake, Cache Co. (Garrett 6479, Ch; or.).

ARIZONA: Bellemont (Jones 4075, Ca). Fort Valley, 2,175
meters, Coconino National Forest and vicinity (Pearson 214, Wa;
appr. or.). Williams (Greene, Ch). Walnut Canyon, 1,500 meters
(Leiberg 5781, Wa). Grand Canyon (Millspaugh 134, Ch).

CALIFORNIA: Butte Co., meadows at Butte, in the Canadian
Zone (Heller 14072, Wa; or.). Alpine Co., Carson Spur, 2,550
meters (Hansen 752, Ca; or.; no fr.). Alpine Co., Kirkwood, 2,550
meters (Hansen 752, SL, UW; or.; no fr.).

SWEDEN: Goteborg: Gullbergsgarde (Ohlsen in 1925 and 1926,
St; no fr.). Skane: Malmo (Blom, St; Holmberg, Br). Kristianstad
(Blom, St; Lange, St; no fr.). Ystad, ad portum (Sandberg, Br).
Landskrona (Nilsson, St). Sodermanland : Nacka, Hastholmen near
"Tre Kroner" Mill (Vestergren, St). Nacka, "Svetsjo" Mill
(Laurent). Smaland: Kalmar (Anderson, St, De, 0). Kalmar,
harbor (Trolander, St). Ruda, railway station (0. Kohler, St, Br,
De). Stockholm: Hastholmen (Haegerstolpe, St). Saltsjoqvarn
(Segerstrom, St). Hammerbysjo (Uggla, St). Hortus Bergianus,
not cult. (Scoggren, St). Bohuslan: Marstrand, harbor (Blom, St;
no fr.). Vastmanland, Vasteras, vicinity of the harbor (Ohlin, St).

NORWAY: V. Aker, Storo (Holmboe, St; no fr.).

DENMARK: Fynen: Nyborge, harbor (Andersen, Ko; no fr.).
Svendborg (Andersen 32, Ko). Andens(?), harbor (Wiinsledt,
Ko). Jytland: Vejle Havn (Andersen, Ko). Horsens Havn (An-
dersen 24, Ko). Esbjeds(?) (Andersen, Ko). Sjaelland: Farun
(Andersen, Ko). Aalborg, Spritfabrik (Andersen, cotypes of R.
crispus X salicifolius and R. AcetosellaX salicifolius). Kjobenhavn,
Frihavn (Andersen, Ko). Kjobenhavn, Sydhavn (Plenge [?], Ko).
Kjobenhavn, Botanic Garden (J. S. Wm., St). Amager, by Island
Bridge (Wiinstedt, Ko).

NETHERLANDS: Schiedam (W. D. C. Kooper, Ut). Ooi (W. D. C.
Kooper, Z, Ut). Zeist (van Stenis, Ut). Rotterdam (Jansen &
Wachter 24567, 24584, 24585, 24587, hb. Leiden; determined as R.
salicifolius subsp. triangulivalvis by Danser).

SWITZERLAND: Fosses de la campagne Prevost, bord de TArve,
Geneve (L. Naville, De).

64 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

GERMANY: Bavaria, Munchen (Harz, Br, MW).

LETTLAND: Prov. Zemgale, Kr. Ilkuste, Demene, railway station
(Stares, Hb. Stares).

This is the plant to which the name R. mexicanus Meisn. was
applied in a more ample sense by Fernald, Rhodora 10: 19. 1908.
R. triangulivalvis differs from R. mexicanus by the smaller size of
valves and nutlets. The measurements given in the above descrip-
tion are the average obtained from a large number of specimens
examined. Since such small-fruiting individuals never occur in
Mexico as in the far North, I believe that the two types deserve
recognition. At most they may be united as subspecies under R.
mexicanus; see the general discussion of the Salicifolii, p. 12, and
the discussions of R. mexicanus and R. utahensis. R. triangulivalvis
is the only species of subsect. Salicifolii that occurs rather frequently
introduced in Europe.

In the mountainous western parts of the United States is a form
differing in some respects from the type:

Var. oreolapathum Rech. f. — Differt a typo caule minus elato,
20-40 cm. tantum alto, saepe crassiore, interdum profundius sulcato,
ramis inflorescentiae brevioribus, inflorescentia in statu fructifero
compacta, foliis minoribus saepe proportione latioribus, valvis et
nucibus minoribus. — The specimens belonging to this variety are
indicated in the list of specimens examined by an added "or."

Not all the characters mentioned above are always to be observed
together, but the tendency to develop forms showing several char-
acters is generally obvious in the Rocky Mountains from New
Mexico to Idaho.

In connection with R. triangulivalvis it is necessary to discuss
certain critical forms which probably are nearly related to it. On
account of the lack of illustrative material, I can not give any judg-
ment on their systematic position.

(1) R. hesperius Greene, Pittonia 4: 234. 1899-1901; Piper 225.
1906; Rydb. R. 231. 1922.— Type locality: Bottom lands near
Bingen, Washington (Suksdorf 2259, Ca, P; photo, of type from
Greene Herbarium, MW). Stems and axillary branches slender,
curved; leaves (dried) relatively thin, lanceolate, about 5 times as
long as broad, narrowed to each end, the lateral nerves forming an
angle of 45° with the midrib ; branches of the panicle slender, strongly
curved, spreading; valves triangular, the sides of nearly equal length,
to 4 mm. long and wide, entire, only one with a relatively small and

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 65

narrow grain (not without grains as the author states, in error!).
Among the Rumex material lent from Pullman, Washington, were no
further specimens that agreed with Greene's type. In the New York
herbarium, I saw a specimen without fruits, collected by Suksdorf
at the original locality, named R. hesperius, with much narrower,
nearly linear-lanceolate leaves; only further observation of living
plants will decide whether it is a mere modification or a distinct
species or a variety of R. triangulivalvis.

(2) Unfortunately I failed to see the type of R. mexicanus Meisn.
var. strictus Peck, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 47: 185. 1934, described by
the author as follows: "Erectus gracillimus strictusque ramis arete
ascendentibus; foliis lineari-lanceolatis vel anguste oblongo-lanceola-
tis ad petioles gradatim contractis; inflorescentia angusta ramis arete
ascendentibus; segmentis interioribus perianthii anguste ovatis
minime deltoideis. Type, Peck 13924, in a wet meadow 8 mi. south
of Burns, Harney Co., June 24, 1925. A very narrow-leaved, slender,
and strict form, quite unlike the typical plant." Type in herbarium
of Willamette University, Oregon. At present I can not decide
whether it is a distinct unit or perhaps a variety of R. triangulivalvis
or of another related species. I have seen specimens that seem to
agree more or less with the description of var. strictus: California:
Sierra Nevada, Salmon Creek, Tulare Co., meadow (Hall & Babcock
5166, Ca) . — Arizona : Fort Whipple (Coues & Palmer, SL) . — Wyoming :
Danee(?) (Pammel 14, SL).— Nevada: White Mts., Trail Canyon,
3,000 meters, in and around springs and slowly flowing streams
(Duran 3351, P).

(3) In the state of Washington — for instance, Wilson Creek,
Douglas Co. (Sandberg & Leiberg 329, Ko, Up, Ca; Lake & Hull
651, SL) — occurs a form which is remarkably distinguished from
R. triangulivalvis by its narrow and consequently more pointed
valves, scarcely 3 mm. long and 2 mm. broad. All valves show
narrow grains, nearly equal in size. The pedicels are often somewhat
longer (to 1.5 times the fruit length) than those of the typical R.
triangulivalvis. The branches of the fruiting panicle are divergent-
ascending, that is, bowed, the lower whorls often somewhat remote.

Explanation of Figure 10. — Rumex triangulivalvis (Dans.) Rech. f.,
half natural size, Butte, North Dakota, Lunell.

17. Rumex lacustris Greene. Figure 11

Perennis. Caulis 50-90 cm. altus, tenuiter sulcato-striatus pur-
pureo-violaceo suffususaut (f. aquatilis Rech. f.) ad l/2,-% longitudinis

66 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

simplex stricte erectus fistulosus submersus, internodiis inferioribus
valde elongatis, nodis inferioribus aphyllis radiculas adventivas
tantum gerentibus, parte superiore brunnescens flexuosus sparse
foliosus ramosus rami tenues flexuosi foliosi divergentes inflores-
centiis parvis ± contractis terminati — aut (f. terrestris Rsch. f.)
caules complures tenues decumbentes vel ascendentes, 20-40 cm.
alti, a basi crebre ramosi ± papillosi. Ochreae albido-brunnescentes
evanescentes. Folia consistentia in vivo verosimiliter subcarnosa,
in sicco subcoriacea, colore in sicco olivaceo, ambitu oblongo- vel
ovato-lanceolata, basi cuneata, apice saepe abrupte rotundato-
acuminata, nervis secundariis vix conspicuis angulo ca. 45° abeunti-
bus. Folia margine minute crenulato-crispula imprimis in formis
terrestribus subtus sub lente primum minutissime papilloso-puberula,
deinde interdum glabrescentia. Petioli latitudinem foliorum inferi-
orum saepe multo superantes. Folia caulina superiora ad 7 cm.
longa, ad summum 2 cm. lata, in medio circiter latissima. Folia
ramealia proportione minora et angustiora, summa sensim angustata.
Rami inflorescentiarum breves tenues singuli simplices arcuato-
flexuosi paulum divergentes, infimi tantum folio suffulti. Florum
glomeruli infimi remoti, ceteres contigui, omnes foliis suffulcrantibus
carentes. Perigoniorum fructiferorum pedicelli tenues breves, peri-
gonio saepius breviores vel ad summum aequilongi, infra medium
insensibiliter articulati, in basin perigonii infundibuliformi-dilatati.
Perigonii foliola exteriora lanceolata acuta ad 1.3 mm. longa. Peri-
gonii folia interiora (valvae) in statu maturo 2.1-2.5 mm. longa, ca.
1.5 mm. lata, ambitu ovato-linguiforma, basi angustato-rotundata,
apice acuta, margine integra, consistentia membranacea, colore pal-
lide brunea, facie tenuiter elevate reticulato-nervosa. Valvae omnes
subaequaliter calliferae. Calli fusiformes duriusculi in nervum
medianum valvae sensim angustati, tenuissime rugulosi vel sublaeves,
1.5-2 mm. longi, 0.5-0.6 mm. crassi. Nux matura atrofusca 2-2.2
mm. longa, 1-1.1 mm. lata, basi brevius, apice longius acuminata.

SYNONYMY: R. lacustris Greene, Erythea 3: 63. 1895.

DISTRIBUTION: Oregon, California.

OREGON: Shirk, 1,500 meters (Leiberg 2589, Wa, Ca, Be; ten.}.
Swan Lake Valley, Klamath Co. (Applegate 472, Wa, G; aqu.; no
fr.). Stein's Mountain (Howell 535, UW; 909, Ch; ten.; no fr.). In
dry ponds, Barren Valley (Cusick 1960, P, Ca, SL; ten.}. Moist
ground, north end of Summer Lake, Lake Co. (Peck 15698, SL;
ten.}. Shore of Goose Lake (Austin & Bruce 2294, Ca; ten.}.

FIG. 11. Rumex lacustris Greene.

67

68 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

CALIFORNIA: Silver Lake, Lassen Co. (Baker & Nutting, MW;
photo, of type, Hb. Greene).

This species is well characterized by its extremely small fruiting
perigonia. It occurs in two ecologic types, terrestrial and aquatic,
quite analogous to Polygonum amphibium L. This fact has been
unknown till now, and this high degree of capability of accommoda-
tion to changing level or complete lack of water is unique in the genus
Rumex. Greene has described a form of the aquatic state with tall,
fistulous stems, straight upright and submerged for half or two-
thirds their height. The lower and middle leaves are not developed
in this case; instead of the leaves, tender adventive rootlets arise
from the lower nodes. The upper leaves are emersed and somewhat
pubescent, at least on the under side. But there exists also an
entirely submerged form, as represented by Applegate 472, with
large, entirely glabrous leaves. The terrestrial state is either broad-
or narrow-leaved, and the leaves are pubescent usually on both sides.
This is the single case of pubescence in Subsect. Salicifolii. The
area of this interesting species is strictly limited to Oregon and
California.

Explanation of Figure 11. — Rumex lacustris Greene, half natural
size: (a) f. terrestris Rech. f., Oregon, Cusick 1960; (6) f. aquatilis
Rech. f., Oregon, Applegate 472. Valves 4 times natural size, from
Cusick 1960.

18. Rumex transitorius Rech. f. Figure 12
Perennis. Caules singuli vel saepius plures, validi arcuato-
ascendentes vel suberecti, flexuosi, brunnescentes vel purpureo-suffusi,
profunde sulcato-striati glabri laeves, 25-60 cm. alti, a basi in axillis
foliorum ramos foliosos serius elongatos floriferos saepe iterum
ramosos proferentes. Ochreae pallidae bruneae evanescentes. Folia
omnia consistentia in sicco crasse membranacea, colore sordide
viridi, utrinque glabra et laevia. Folia caulina inferiora lanceolata,
6-12 cm. longa, 2-2.5 cm. lata, plana, latitudine 3.5-6-plo longiora,
in medio circiter vel paulum infra latissima, basi brevius, apice
longius angustata. Nervi secundarii foliorum tenues, angulo ± 45°
a primario abeuntes. Petioli laminae latitudinem circiter aequantes.
Folia caulina superiora foliaque ramorum axillariorum angustiora
et brevius petiolata. Rami inflorescentiae singuli, inferiores ramosi,
superiores simplices, omnes sat validi, inferiores plerumque angulo
50°-90° subarcuato-patentes, superiores erecto-patentes paniculam
apertam florum glomerulis approximatis densiusculam formantes,
rami infimi tantum folio suffulti. Perigoniorum fructiferorum

FIG. 12. Rumex transitorius Rech. f.

69

70 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

pedicelli filiformes validiusculi perigonio mature aequilongi vel eo
1.5 (-2) -plo longiores, in quarta circiter parte inferiore distincte
incrassato-articulati, in basin perigonii abrupte incrassato-dilatati.
Perigonii foliola exteriora ± 1.6 mm. longa anguste lanceolata
acuta. Perigonii folia interiora (valvae) in statu mature 2.5-3
mm. longa, 2-2.3 mm. lata, ambitu ovata vel ovato-lanceolata,
consistentia rigide membranacea, colore sordide aurantiaco vel atro-
bruneo, basi rotundata, apice acuta, margine integerrima vel sub-
integra, facie irregulariter interdum obsolete reticulato-nervosa
reticulo in utroque latere mediani ad summum 2 maculas lato.
Valva unica (var. monotylos Rech. f.) vel saepius omnes callum
ovatum crassum prominentem basi rotundatum apice acutum ad 2
mm. longum ad 1.5 mm. crassum magnam partem valvae abscon-
dentem ferentes; calli plerumque sublaeves. Nux atrofusca ca. 2
mm. longa, ca. 1.3 mm. lata, vix infra medium latissima, basi brevius,
apice longius acuminata.

SYNONYMY: R. transforms Rech. f. Repert. Sp. Nov. 40: 296.
1936. R. salicifolius auct. Americae borealis p.p., non Weinm.

DISTRIBUTION: Pacific United States and Vancouver Island.

BRITISH COLUMBIA: Vancouver Island, Sidney (Macoun 87914,
0). Nanaimo (Macoun 1563, 83928, 0). Salt marshes, Departure
Bay (Macoun 23756, 0).

WASHINGTON: Seattle, common along coast, common in moist
places (Freiberg, SL; E. M. Bardell, SL). Walla Walla (Savage,
Cameron & Lenocker, SL; approx. var. monotylos). Friday Harbor
(Peck 13005, P). San Juan Island (Reynolds, Ch).

OREGON: Garibaldi (Hitchcock, 12361, Wa; no fr.). Linn Co.,
near Tangent (E. E. Stanford 1645, SL; var. monotylos?; no ripe fr.).
Sand north of Forestry Building, Portland (Thompson 3717, Ke;
var. monotylos). Corvallis, streets (Cole & Fleischmann, SL, Wa;
var. monotylos).

CALIFORNIA: Samoa, Humboldt Co. (H. H. Smith 3866, Wa).
Humboldt Co., vicinity of Eureka, waste places, not abundant,
0-150 meters (Tracy 1157, Ca). Butte Co., in low field along Butte
Creek between Durham and Nelson, in open, treeless valley, growing
with Lasthenia, Deschampsia, Navarretia, Psilocarpus, and Boisdu-
vallia, 52 meters, widely distributed over the western half of the
county (Heller 11396, Ca). Vicinity of Berkeley (Walker 172, La,
Ca; Greene, Ca, var. monotylos; Davy, La). Santa Clara Co., Santa
Cruz Peninsula, north embankment of Lake Lagunita, Stanford
University (Dudley, SL, Br).

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 71

Under the name R. transitorius I include all the Pacific salid-
folius-\ike forms with perigonium segments covered for the larger
part, but never entirely, by the large grains. The leaves are often
rather short and the branches of the panicle are curved-spreading.
The rather rare var. monotylos sometimes is similar to the genuine
R. salicifolius Weinm., but has larger fruits. Some of the 3-grained
forms are similar to R. pallidus Bigel., but they are distinguished
from that species by shorter, more globular, and rather smooth
grains.

Explanation of Figure 12. — Rumex transitorius Rech. f., half
natural size; California, Tracy 1157. Valves 4 times natural size,
California, Dudley in 1897.

19. Rumex pallidus Bigel. Figure 13

Perennis. Caules complures tenues graciles procumbentes vel
arcuato-ascendentes flexuosi, pallide virescentes vel brunnescentes
vel purpureo-suffusi, tenuiter sulcato-striati, glabri laeves, 30-70
cm. alti, a basi in axillis foliorum ramulos foliosos gerentes. Ochreae
pallide bruneae hyalinae valde caducae. Folia omnia consistentia
in sicco rigide papyracea, colore pallide viridi, utrinque glabra et
levia. Folia caulina inferiora anguste lineari-lanceolata plana vel
leviter undata, latitudine 7-10-plo longiora, 10-20 cm. longa, 1.3-
2.5 cm. lata, basi ut apice sensim subaequaliter acuminata. Nervi
secundarii vix conspicui, a primario angulo ca. 45° abeuntes.
Petioli foliorum latitudine folii plerumque breviores. Folia caulina
superiora foliaque ramorum axillariorum angustiora et brevius petio-
lata. Rami inflorescentiae db tenues singuli simplices vel inferiores
iterum ramosi, inferiores interdum angulo recto fere divergentes,
paniculam parvam vel maiusculam apertam formantes. Rami in-
florescentiae infimi tantum folio suffulti. Florum glomeruli fere
omnes contigui foliis non suffulti. Perigoniorum fructiferorum pedi-
celli in tertia vel quarta parte inferiore tenuiter sed distincte in-
crassato-articulati, in basin perigonii subito dilatati, perigonio
fructifero breviores vel subaequilongi. Perigonii foliola exteriora
1.6-1.8 mm. longa. Perigonii folia interiora (valvae) in statu
mature 3-4 mm. longa, db 2 mm. lata, ambitu ovato-lingulata,
consistentia membranacea, colore virescenti- vel flavescenti-bruneo,
basi rotundata, apice obtusiuscula vel acutiuscula, margine integra,
facie inconspicue reticulato-nervosa, omnia aequaliter callifera.
Callus crassus prominens, colore bruneo- vel flavescenti-aurantiaco,
ca. 2 mm. longus, ca. 1-1.2 mm. latus, basi rotundatus apice acutus.

FIG. 13. Rumex pallidus Bigel.
72

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 73

Nux ca. 2.5 mm. longa, 1.1-1.2 mm. lata, atrofusca, infra medium
latissima, basi breviter, apice longius acuminata.

SYNONYMY: R. pallidus Bigel. Flor. Bost. ed. 3. 153. 1840; Gray
355. 1908; Fernald, Rhodora 10: 19. 1908.

DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Canada, northeastern United States,
Alaska.

NEWFOUNDLAND: Shores of Random Sound, Trinity Bay, red
granite gravel beach, Clarenville (Fernald & Wiegand, 0). In sand,
seashore (Jansson 466, St).

NEW BRUNSWICK: Gloucester Co., sandy beach, Miscou Harbor,
Miscou Isl. (Blake 5566, Wa). Gloucester Co., gravelly shore of
Nepisiguit Bay, Bathurst (Williams & Fernald 69123, O). Campo-
bello Isl. (J. D. Smith, Ca). Low, saline places, Restigouche (Buttain
23757, 0).

NOVA SCOTIA: Yarmouth Co., gravelly and rocky sea beach,
Lower Argyle (Fernald, etc. 21035, 0, NY). Pebbly beach, Purcell's
Cove, Halifax Harbor (Howe & Long 1590, NY). Bell's Island
(Macoun, 0).

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Sandy strands and dryish borders of
salt marshes, Plat River, Prince Co. (Fernald & St. John 11037,
Wa, Ca, Ke).

QUEBEC: Seashore, Cap a 1'Aigle (Macoun 68750, O). Beach of
the River St. Lawrence, Berthier (Fernald & Pease 25037, 0).
Lower St. Lawrence, seashore, near Ceaconna(?) (Pringle, Wa).
Rimouski Co., in fresh or brackish, rich soil in salt marsh by the
River St. Lawrence, Bic (Fernald & Collins 1005, 0).

ONTARIO: On rocks, Tobermory, Bruce Peninsula (Macoun 54767,
0). Salt marshes, Colpays Bay, Georgian Bay (Macoun 23754, 0).

YUKON: Dawson, Bonanza Creek (Eastwood 446, G). Last
island in Klondike River (Macoun 91293, 0).
NEW HAMPSHIRE: Portsmouth (Davis, St).
MAINE: York and vicinity (Bicknell 3950, NY).

ALASKA: Glacier Point, old field (Anderson 366, Lu). Skagway
(Setchell & Parks, Ca; Cowles 847, Ch). Sitka and vicinity, about
roads and lanes (Wright 1562, Ca; Hulten 8492m, Lu, MW). Kodiak
Island, Three Saints Bay (Eyerdam 373, Lu, MW). Old Harbor,
along seacoast (Eyerdam 648, Lu). Davidson Glacier (Cooper &
Andrews 15, Ch). Bank of Yukon River, Anvik (Chapman 18, La).

74 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

Rumex pallidus is characterized and distinguished from R. triangu-
livalvis by ovate valves, all bearing large, equal grains so that only a
narrow margin of the valve is conspicuous, and by the larger nutlets.

The name R. pallidus is used here in a more ample sense than
Fernald (loc. cit.) used it, so that individuals showing the typical
fruit characters but not having the characteristic diffuse panicle
with rectangular, spreading lower branches or the slender stem and
narrow leaves are included.

The area of R. pallidus in eastern Canada and in the northeastern
United States seems to be rather limited. From middle and south-
western Canada I have seen no specimen belonging to this species,
but from northwestern Canada (Yukon) and Alaska I have seen
specimens differing not at all from some of the eastern, which have
a strict habit, larger leaves, and more erect fruiting branches. R.
pallidus seems to avoid the inland and to prefer maritime regions.

Explanation of Figure 13. — Rumex pallidus Bigel., half natural
size; Nova Scotia, Fernald 21053. Valves 4 times natural size: (a)
Nova Scotia, Howe 1590; (6) Vancouver Island, Macoun 83927.

20. Rumex sibiricus Hulten. Figure 14

Perennis. Caulis tenuis gracilis ascendenti-erectus strictus vel
subflexuosus, (20-) 35 (-70) cm. altus, pallide bruneus saepe pur-
pureo-suffusus, tenuissime sulcato-striatus, glaber laevis, plerumque
a basi ex axillis foliorum ramulos foliosos emittens. Ochreae albidae
brunnescentes hyalinae caducae. Folia omnia consistentia in sicco
papyracea, colore pallide viridi, levissime papillosa vel glabra et levia.
Folia caulina anguste lineari-lanceolata, plana vel leviter undata,
latitudine 6-8-plo longiora, ad 8 cm. longa, ca. 1 cm. lata, basi et
apice subaequaliter sensim acuminata. Nervi secundarii vix con-
spicui a primario angulo ca. 45° abeuntes; petioli foliorum 1.5-3 cm.
longi. Folia caulina superiora angustiora brevius petiolata. Kami
inflorescentiae tenues singuli simplices, primum suberecti, deinde
inferiores quidem patentes, paniculam laxiusculam apertam for-
mantes. Kami infimi tantum folio suffulti, florum glomeruli inferiores
remoti, superiores contigui, omnes foliis non suffulti. Perigoniorum
fructiferorum pedicelli prope basin tenuiter incrassato-articulati, in
basin perigonii subito subinflato-dilatati, perigonio fructifero sub-
breviores vel aequilongi vel sublongiores: 1.5-3.5 mm. longi. Peri-
gonii foliola exteriora ca. 1.5 mm. longa lanceolata acuta. Perigonii
folia interiora (valvae) in statu mature 2.5-3 mm. longa, 1.5-2 mm.
lata, ambitu ovato-lingulata, consistentia membranacea, colore

FIG. 14. Rumex sibiricus Hulten.

75

76 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

brunea, basi rotundato-angustata, apice obtusiuscula vel acutiuscula,
margine Integra, facie inconspicue nervosa, omnia aequaliter callifera.
Callus crassus prominens, colore bruneo-aurantiaco, 1.7-2 mm. longus
± 0.8 mm. latus, acute in nervum medianum valvae abiens. Nux
2-2.5 mm. longa, 1-1.2 mm. lata, infra medium latissima, basi
brevius apice longius acuminata atrofusca (punctis tenuissimis opaca).

SYNONYMY: R. sibiricus Hulte"n, Fl. Kamtchatka 2: 48. 1928 (Sv.
Vet. Akad. Handl. III. 5, No. 2). R, salicifolius auctorum veteris
orbis, non Weinm. R. salicifolius var. angustifolius Meisn. apud DC.
47. 1856.

ILLUSTRATION: Hulte"n, loc. cit.

DISTRIBUTION: Northern and eastern Siberia and Kamchatka.

SIBERIA: Jenisei: Sopotschnoj Island (Lundstrom, St; leaves only,
mixed with R. maritimus) ; Wikandrovsky Island (M. Brenner, St;
type of R. sibiricus); Plachino 68° 5' (M. Brenner, St, UW; no fr.).—
Oblastia Jakutsk: Kumasch-Sur, 71° 30' (H. N. Nilsson, St; no fr.);
Balaganach, 71° 35' (H. N. Nilsson, St; no fr.); Bulun, 70° 43' (H. N.
Nikson, St). Kolyma River (Augustinowicz, Ko, UW, MW; no fr.).

KAMCHATKA: Shtchapina (Komarov 4872, MW; no fr.). — For
further indications, see Hulte"n, loc. cit.

Rumex sibiricus is the only extra-American species of the Salici-
folii. I include it here to make the treatment of this group complete.

R. sibiricus is closely related to R. pallidus Bigel., but its stem is
more slender, the branches of the fruiting panicle are very wide-
spreading, the leaves usually (but not always) very thin and narrow.
The principal characters lie in the much smaller fruiting perigonia
with narrower, more pointed grains and smaller, narrower nutlets.
Most of the specimens examined are flowering, but usually easily
recognized by habit and vegetative characters.

Explanation of Figure 14- — Rumex sibiricus Hulte"n, half natural
size; collected by Brenner. Valves 4 times natural size, Brenner.

21. Rumex utahensis Rech. f. Figure 15

Perennis. Caules complures stricte erecti rarius subflexuosi vel
arcuato-ascendentes, graciles vel validi, humiles 15-40 (-60) cm. alti,
tenuiter sulcato-striati, glabri, laeves, bruneo-virescentes vel purpu-
reo-suffusi, plerumque a basi in axillis foliorum surculos foliosos pro-
ferentes. Ochreae albidae vel pallide bruneae hyalinae caducae. Folia
omnia in sicco consistentia tenuiter papyracea, plana vel leviter
undata, colore pallide flavescenti-viridi, utrinque glabra et laevia.

FIG. 15. Rumex utahensis Rech. f.

77

78 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

Nervi secundarii angulo ca. 45° a primario abeuntes. Petioli foliorum
laminae latitudinem aequantes vel paulum superantes. Folia caulina
inferiora lanceolata, latitudine 4-5-plo longiora, basi breviter, apice
longius angustata. Folia caulina superiora foliaque ramorum axil-
lariorum angustiora brevius petiolata. Rami inflorescentiae singuli
simplices, breves, raro infimi elongati iterum ramosi, erecti paniculam
parvam confertam compactam formantes. Rami infimi tantum folio
suffulti. Florum glomeruli approximati in statu fructifero contigui.
Perigoniorum fructiferorum pedicelli tenues, prope basin insensibiliter
incrassato-articulati, in basin perigonii subinflato-dilatati, perigonio
mature breviores. Perigonii foliola exteriora 1-1.5 mm. longa.
Perigonii folia interiora (valvae) in statu mature 2.5-3 mm. longa et
lata ambitu late scutato-deltoidea, consistentia in sicco tenuiter mem-
branacea, colore pallide bruneo, basi truncata apice acutiuscula,
margine subintegra, facie tenuiter et regulariter elevate reticulato-
nervosa nervatura in utroque latere nervi mediani 3-4 maculas lata.
Nervus medianus ceteris validior et magis prominens plerumque non
callifer, hinc inde autem in callum minutissimum incrassatus. Nux
matura 1.8-2 mm. longa, 1.1-1.3 mm. lata, atrofusca fere nigra, infra
medium latissima, basi breviter, apice longius acuminata.

SYNONYMY: R. utahensis Rech. f. Repert. Sp. Nov. 40: 298. 1936.
R. mexicanus Rydb. R. 232. 1922, p.p., non Meisn.; Tidestrom 160.
1925, p.p., non Meisn.

DISTRIBUTION: Rocky Mountains between 36° and 43° N. Lat.
ALBERTA: Calgary (Macoun, 0; leaves narrow).

WYOMING: Laramie, Albany Co., in saline soil, abundant (A.
Nelson SOS3, SL).

COLORADO: Leadville (Trelease, SL; no fr.). Fremont Co. (Bran-
degee 191, Ca). Georgetown (Fritchey 16, SL; no fr.). Clear Creek
Valley above Empire (Engelmann, SL; Patterson, Ch). Summit Co.,
near Breckenridge, 2,910 meters (K. K. Mackenzie 349, La, SL;
Brand egee G916, SL). Mesquite Creek (Tidestrom 4123, Wa). Mani-
tou Park (Trelease, SL). Columbine Ranch (Hedgcock 354, La).

IDAHO: Lewiston, Nez Perce Co. (Heller 3236, Ca).

UTAH: Wasatch Mts., Peterson Canyon, 2,400-3,000 meters
(Pommel & Blackwood 3957, SL). Head of Middle Fork of Manti
Canyon (Coville & Tidestrom, Wa). Ephraim Canyon, 2 miles below
summit, 2,700 meters (Tidestrom 307, Wa). Wasatch Plateau, east
of Ephraim (Tidestrom 214, 2468, Wa). Common in ponds, aspen
zone, Ephraim Canyon, 2,400 meters (Tidestrom 1249, Wa; no fr.).

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 79

Abundant on rocky slope, Eccles Canyon, east of Mt. Pleasant, 2,880
meters (Tidestrom 1880, Wa). Prince Canyon at Kyune, 1,950
meters (Jones 5603J, Wa). Divide between Seyier and Beaver rivers,
near Belknap Peak (Rydberg & Carlton 7336, Wa; no fr.). Hunting-
ton Canyon, Emery Co. (Garrett 7019, Ch).

NEVADA: Slide Mountain, in granite, 2,340 meters, Washoe Co.
(Heller 10952, NY, Ke; no fr.). Washoe Co., Mt. Rose, 2,895 meters
(Heller 10654, Wa). Drying mud bottom, 1,740 meters, Mountain
City (Nelson & Macbride 2181, Be, St).

OREGON: Hood River Co., Columbia River bottoms (Henderson
493c, f, SL).

LOCALITY INDEFINITE: Rocky Mts., Lat. 39°-40° (Hall & Harbour
496, Wa, SL, De, MW). Porcupine River (D. Smith 196, Ke). "S.
Utah, N. Arizona, etc." (Palmer 421, SL).

The valves of R, utahensis are small and without tubercles, and in
this respect similar to those of R. calif ornicus Rech. f., having more
pronounced teeth on the margin, but the habit of these two species is
usually very different. R. utahensis has short and stout, little
branched stems, relatively broad leaves, and a small and very con-
tracted fruiting panicle. R. californicus, on the contrary, has
elongate, slender, much branched stems, narrow leaves, and an
elongate, somewhat lax panicle. The plant described by Jepson, 292,
1923, as R. salicifolius var. montigenitus shows intermediate characters
between R. californicus and R. utahensis.

Flowering specimens of R. utahensis are not to be distinguished
from R. triangulivalvis var. oreolapathum Rech. f., because the habit
of this Rocky Mountain variety of the widespread R. triangulivalvis
is exactly the same. I believe that R. utahensis is nearly related to R.
triangulivalvis var. oreolapathum, and that the first may be considered
a grainless parallel type of the latter. As this grainless type is strictly
limited to the Rocky Mountains and occurs there in the same areas
as R. triangulivalvis var. oreolapathum, without intermediates, it gives
the impression of a certain independence and may be maintained for
the present as a distinct species.

Explanation of Figure 15. — Rumex utahensis Rech. f., half natural
size; Utah, Jones 5603 j. Valves 4 times natural size, from Tidestrom
307.

22. Rumex crassus Rech. f. Figure 16

Perennis. Caules complures validi procumbentes vel flexuoso-
ascendentes, 20-50 cm. longi, basi levius apicem versus profundius

80 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

sulcato-striati, glabri laeves, bruneo-virescentes vel purpureo-suffusi,
a basi ex axillis foliorum ramos foliosos serius elongates floriferos pro-
ferentes. Ochreae pallide bruneae hyalinae caducae. Folia omnia in
sicco consistentia crasse et rigide coriacea, colore olivaceo vel obscure
viridi vel brunnescente subtus pallidiore, utrinque glabra et levia.
Nervi secundarii foliorum angulo 45°-60° a primario abeuntes. Petioli
laminae latitudinem aequantes vel superantes. Folia caulina inferi-
ora ovato- vel oblongo-lanceolata, plerumque infra medium latissima,
latitudine (2-) 2.5-3.5 (-4) -plo longiora, basi anguste vel late cuneata
vel interdum fere rotundata, apicem versus angustata, acuta. Folia
caulina superiora foliaque ramorum axillariorum angustiora brevius
petiolata. Kami inflorescentiae breves validi singuli simplices, infimi
tantum folio suffulti, florum glomerulis omnibus approximatis in
statu fructifero contiguis, paniculam ± parvam compactam con-
fertam formantes. Perigoniorum fructiferorum pedicelli validi, in
tertia vel quarta parte inferiore incrassato-articulati, ad basin peri-
gonii nodoso-incrassati, perigonio mature (1-) 1.5 (-2) -plo longiores.
Perigonii foliola exteriora ca. 2 mm. longa. Perigonii folia interiora
(valvae) in statu mature 4-5 mm. longa, 3-4 mm. lata, ambitu ovato-
vel deltoideo-lingulata, consistentia in sicco membranaceo-coriacea,
colore atrobruneo-purpureo, basi rotundata, apice acuta, margine
minute irregulariterque crenulato-denticulata. Valva anterior callum
maximum ovatum ± 4 mm. longum, ± 2.5 mm. crassum, totam fere
faciem valvae abscondentem ferens, valvae ceterae valide reticulato-
nervosae, nervo mediano ceteris crassiore ± plerumque autem non
callifero, rarissime callum minutum proferens. Nux matura 2-2.5
mm. longa 1.7-2.1 mm. lata vix infra medium latissima basi rotun-
data, apice breviter acuminata.

SYNONYMY: R. crassus Rech. f. Repert. Sp. Nov. 40: 295. 1936.
R. salicifolius Fernald, Rhodora 10: 78. 1908, non Weinm.; Watson
8. 1880, p.p.; Trelease 87. 1892, p.p.; Jepson 292. 1923, p.p.

DISTRIBUTION: California, Oregon.

OREGON: Beach, Newport, Lincoln Co. (Spillman, P, Ch). Beach,
Seal Rock, Lincoln Co. (Peck 10575, Ch).

CALIFORNIA: Northern coast region, edge of salt marsh, Samoa,
Humboldt Bay, 0-150 meters (Tracy 2549, Ca). San Mateo Co.,
Farallon(?), seashore (Skottsberg, Up). San Mateo Co., partially
stabilized sand dunes, 2 miles south of Pigeon Point (E. A. Purer
5373, SL). Lassen Co. (Baker & Nutting, Ca). Near Eagle Lake,
Lassen Co. (Baker, Ca). San Francisco (Ponten, Up; A7. J. Andersson,
Up, St; Grunow, MW; ?, SL). Pt. Lobos, San Francisco (Eastwood

FIG. 16. Rwmex crassus Rech. f.
81

82 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

1565, SL). Beach near Cliff House, San Francisco (Heller, ^L). Sea
strand, Cliff House (Engelmann, SL). Pacific Grove, Monterey Co.
(Elmer 4084, Ca, G). Wet places down beach cliffs south of Pacific
Grove (F. M. Muller, Ut). Oakland (B. Davy, Ca). Santa Cruz (C.
S. Anderson, SL). Santa Cruz Mts. (Kellogg, K, M; McLean, SL).
Santa Cruz, sand dunes along coast (C. N. Thompson, SL). San
Pedro (Hinds 1941, Ke). Berkeley (Blankinship, SL). Bolinas Bay
(B. Davy 1212, Ca). Farallon City (Setchell, Ca). Am Strande im
Tennessee Tale (Suksdorf 466, P).

This species has been taken by Fernald in Rhodora (loc. cit.) for
the genuine R. salicifolius, which it resembles in that only one of the
inner fruiting perigonium segments bears a very large and swollen
grain covering nearly the whole .surface of the segment; but the leaf
measurements given by Weinmann do not agree with this plant. The
fruiting perigonia and the nutlets of R. crassus are more than twice
as large and the leaves are shorter and broader, the stem often pro-
cumbent or ascending. The habit of R. crassus is peculiar and
hardly to be compared with that of other species of the Salicifolii.

Explanation of Figure 16. — Rumex crassus Rech. f., half natural
size; San Mateo, California, Skottsberg. Valves 4 times natural size;
San Francisco, Andersson.

23. Rumex salicifolius Weinm. Figure 17

Perennis. Caulis ascendens vel erectus, flexuosus, tenuis sed
firmus, 30-90 cm. altus, tenuiter sulcato-striatus, bruneus saepe pur-
pureo-suffusus, plerumque a basi ramos foliosos serius florentes et
elongates arcuato-divergentes emittens. Ochreae bruneae mem-
branaceae caducae. Folia omnia plana, glabra et laevia, consistentia
in sicco rigide coriaceo-membranacea, colore pallide olivaceo, angus-
tissime membranaceo-marginata, nervi laterales angulo ± 45° a
mediano abeuntes. Petiolus folii laminae latitudinem aequans vel
paulo superans. Folia caulina inferiora anguste lanceolata, basi
apiceque aequaliter sensim angustata, latitudine ± 7-plo longiora, ad
13 cm. longa. Folia caulina superiora et folia ramealia sensim minora
et angustiora. Rami inflorescentiae tenues tenaces singuli simplices,
ab axi principali angulo ca. 45° arcuato-patentes, infimi tantum
folio suffulti, paniculam saepe elongatam ± apertam formantes.
Florum glomeruli infimi remoti, superiores contigui compacti, omnes
foliis suffulcrantibus carentes. Perigoniorum fructiferorum pedicelli
perigoniis maturis (1-) 1.5 (-2) -plo longiores, tenues sed firmi, prope
basin tenuiter incrassato-articulati, ad basin perigonii subito ali-

FIG. 17. Rumex salicifolius Weinm.
83

84 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

quantum incrassati. Perigonii foliola exteriora anguste lanceolata
acuta basibus interiorum appressa, 1.2-1.5 mm. longa. Perigonii
folia interiora (valvae) in statu mature 2.3-3 mm. longa, 1.7-2.1
mm. lata, consistentia coriaceo-membranacea, colore bruneo-rufes-
centi, ambitu deltoideo, apice acuta, margine subintegra vel minutis-
sime irregulariter denticulata. Valva anterior callum magnum
ovatum totam fere faciem valvae abscondentem proferens, valvae
alterae plerumque ecallosae, facie tenuiter prominenter reticulato-
nervosae, nervo mediano ceteris validiore. Nux matura atrobrunea,
1.8-2 mm. longa, 1.1-1.3 mm. lata, basi brevius, apice longius
acuminata, paulum infra medium latissima.

SYNONYMY: R. salicifolius Weinm. Flora 4: 28. 1821; Meisn.
apud DC. 47. 1856, p.p.; Watson 8. 1880, p.p.; Trelease 8:7. 1892,
p.p.; Jepson 292. 1923, p.p. (non Fernald, Rhodora 10: 18. 1908).
R. salicifolius subsp. angustivalvis Danser, var. unigranis Danser,
Nederl. Kruidkund. Archief 415. 1925 (appeared in 1926).

ILLUSTRATIONS: Danser, op. cit. /. I, 3-5.

DISTRIBUTION: Middle and southern California; northern Mexico.

CALIFORNIA: San Bernardino Co., dry, sandy bank of Santa Ana
River (Parish 11239, Ca, SL; 1507, UW). Santa Catalina Isl.
(L. W. Nuttall 854, SL; 326, Ch; 854, Ch). Santa Catalina Isl.,
Avalon (Blanche Trask, SL). San Clemente Isl., vicinity of Mosquito
Harbor (Abrams & Wiggins 366, Ca). San Clemente Isl., canyon
about 3 miles southeast of Casa Blanca (Munz 6679, Ca; no fr.).
San Diego Co., San Onofre Creek, near coast (Abrams 3282, SL, Ko;
no fr.). San Diego Co., Witch Creek (Alder son, Ca). San Diego Co.,
Rio Juana (Stokes, Be). Claremont, 360 meters (H. P. Chandler,
Ca). Mountains near Claremont (Crawford, Ca, SL). Santa Clara
Co., bottom of Coyote Creek (Dudley 4133, Wa). Santa Clara Co.,
Saratoga (B. Davy 250, Ca). Los Angeles Co., Malibu (Barber, Ca).
Los Angeles Co., Kings Canyon (Dudley & Lamb 4351, St). Kings
River (Eisen, Up). Los Angeles (H. E. Hasse, SL). Pescadero,
Monterey Co. (F. Guirado 695, Wa). San Francisco (Brandegee,
SL). Santa Barbara Co. (Baker, Ca.). Santa Barbara Co., near Mono
Ranger Station, 450 meters (A. L. Grant 1744, SL). Alameda (Kel-
logg, Ca). Hills south of Camp 72 at Corral Hollow, Alameda Co.
(Brewer, Wa). Santa Cruz (Thompson, SL). Boulder Creek, Santa
Cruz Co. (Walker 799, Ca). Santa Cruz Isl., vicinity of Smuggler's
Cove (Abrams & Wiggins 206, Ch, Ca). Mt. Shasta, Sisson, Lower
Transitional Zone (Setchell & Dobie, Ca). Owens Valley and Fort
Tejon (Horn, Wa). Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., Lockwood Valley,

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 85

Upper Sonoran Zone, 1,560 meters, (Hall 6696, Ca). BoJinas Bay
(B. Davy, Ca). Near Elsinore (Latchie 51, Ca). Soldiers Home
(Adams 6, Ca). Sierra Nevada, Tehipite Valley, Fresno Co., 1,200
meters (Hall & Chandler 494, Ca). Samoa, Humboldt Co. (H. H.
Smith 3866, NY). Mexican Boundary Line near White Water
(Mearns 2302, NY). Siskiyou Co., along creek near Yreka (Butler
512, Ca). Without locality (Coulter 695, Ke; Lambert, Up; State
Survey 1219, Ca).

MEXICO: Sonora (Thurber 324, G, Ch). San Pedro Martir
(Brandegee, Ca; no fr.).

CULTIVATED: "Rumex salicifolius mihi, e California. Ex hort.
Pawl." (Up; type). "Ex Hort. Hafn., Semin. e California misit
Weinmann" (Ko). Ex sem. Calif., cult. Athens, Illinois (Elihu Hall,
SL, St). Cult. (Buysman Hb. Analyt. 1094, Ut, sub. n. R. sanguineus).

I have studied Weinmann's type specimen in the Upsala Herbar-
ium and cultivated specimens in the Copenhagen Herbarium grown
from seeds sent by Weinmann. The measurements of leaves given
by Weinmann in his short description correspond exactly with this
plant but not at all with the broad- and short-leaved, large-fruited
plants taken by Fernald in Rhodora for the genuine R. salicifolius.

Our figure shows Weinmann's type specimen, representing an
early state of development, in which the axillary branches are not yet
elongate and flowering. Later the ramification of R. salicifolius is
very abundant and then the habit is quite different, closely simulating
that shown by our figure of R. californicus.

R. salicifolius is characterized by the small fruiting perigonia with
only one segment bearing a grain; but this grain is very large and
covers the whole surface of the perigonium segment.

As to the differences from the next related species, R. crassus
Rech. f. and R. californicus Rech. f., see under those species. These
three species are almost limited to California.

Explanation of Figure 17. — Rumex salicifolius Weinm., half
natural size, type. Valves 4 times natural size, from Dudley 4351.

24. Rumex californicus Rech. f. Figure 18

Perennis. Caulis ascendens vel suberectus, 30-60 cm. altus,
± angulato-flexuosus vel strictus, plerumque gracilis sed firmus,
virescens vel brunnescens, tenuiter sulcato-striatus, saepe iam a basi
vel infra medium in axillis foliorum ramos foliosos arcuato-diver-
gentes tenues flexuosos emittens. Ochreae albidae valde caducae.

86 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

Folia caulina et ramealia lineari-lanceolata ± plana, in sicco rigide
subcoriacea, obscure viridia, nervi laterales vix conspicui a mediano
angulo ± 45° abeuntes, ut tota planta glabra et levia, angustissime
membranaceo-marginata, basin et apicem versus aequaliter sensim
angustata. Folia inferiora ad 10 cm. longa, ad 1.5 cm. lata, petiolo
latitudinem folii ± aequante; folia superiora sensim minora angus-
tiora brevius petiolata. Kami inflorescentiae tenues singuli sim-
plices, ab axi principali angulo 30°-50° arcuato-divergentes vel axi
fere appressi, inferiores folio suffulti paniculam laxiusculam apertam
vel densiusculam elongatam formantes. Florum glomeruli multi-
flori, infimi ± remoti, superiores approximati vel omnes approximati,
in statu fructifero contigui omnes foliis suffulcrantibus carentes.
Perigoniorum fructiferorum pedicelli in tertia vel quarta parte
inferiore tenuiter incrassato-articulati, ad basin perigonii subito
subinflato-dilatati, perigoniis maturis aequilongi vel 1.5 (2) -plo
longiores. Perigonii foliola exteriora ovato-lanceolata acutiuscula,
± 1.8 mm. longa, dimidiam latitudinem interiorum aequantia vel
paulo superantia. Perigonii folia interiora (valvae) in statu mature
± 3 mm. longa, ± 2.5 mm. lata, ambitu late triangularia, consis-
tentia crasse membranacea, colore fusco (bruneo-rufescente) basi
truncata vel late cuneata apice acuta vix producta margine basin
versus minute irregulariter denticulata, facie tenuiter sed prominen-
ter reticulato-nervosa, nervo mediano ceteris validiore interdum
longitudinaliter incrassato. Nux matura atrofusca vel fere nigra, ca.
2 mm. longa, ca. 1.3 mm. lata, basi et apice subaequaliter acuminata,
paulum infra medium latissima.

SYNONYMY: R. calif ornicus Rech. f. Repert. Sp. Nov. 40: 297.
1936. R. salicifolius auct. californ. p.p., non Weinm. R. salicifolius
var. denticulatus Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 178. 1859.

DISTRIBUTION: California and Arizona.

OREGON: "Auf fremder Erde (ballast) oder nahe dabei," Albina,
Portland (Suksdorf, P).

ARIZONA: Tucson (Tourney 343c, Wa).

CALIFORNIA: Shasta Co., near Middle Creek Station (Heller
7914, Ca). Oakland (B. Davy, Ca). Alameda Co., sandbars, Miles
Canyon, Lunol (D. Demaree 10514, SL). Berkeley (Blankinship,
SL; mixed with R. crassus). Hot Spring Valley, Lassen Co. (Austin,
Wa). Bottom Coyote Creek, Santa Clara Co. (Dudley 4133, NY).
Cleveland Nat. Forest, Julian (Hitchcock, Wa). Lake Co., Kelseyville,
waste places, weed (Blankinship, SL). Copperopolis, Calaveras Co.,
300 meters, wet ground along creek (Tracy 5620, Ca). Alpine, San

FIG. 18. Rumex californicus Reeh. f.

87

88 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

Diego Co. (Mearns 2988, Wa). San Joaquin Co., Stocktonrin sand
in Calaveras River bottom (Stanford 436, SL). Los Angeles Co.,
open, sandy, moist plains (Grant 4432, Wa, partly). San Jacinto
Mts., 1,500 meters (H. M. Hall 749, Wa). Saunder's Meadow, San
Jacinto Mts., 1,650 meters (C. V. Meyer 586, Ca; type of R. salici-
folius var. montigenitus Jepson). San Jacinto Valley (Reinhardt,
Ca). Coloma (Andersson, St). "California" (Alraun 5300, NY).

Rumex calif or nicus is characterized by small, broadly triangular
valves without or with only a suggestion of a grain. The valves are
finely denticulate at the margin toward the base. In habit and in
shape of the leaves it is similar to the genuine R. salicifolius Weinm.
Like that species it has often relatively long pedicels. In flower these
two species can not be distinguished. Both are limited to California
and Arizona.

I consider that R. salicifolius var. denticulatus Torr. must be this
plant, but the name denticulatus can not be transferred to specific
rank because there exist older homonyms by Campdera and C. Koch.
R. salicifolius var. montigenitus Jepson (292. 1923) seems to form a
link between R. californicus and R. utahensis (see remarks under the
latter).

Explanation of Figure 18. — Rumex californicus Rech. f., half
natural size; California, Demaree 10514. Valves 4 times natural
size, from Grant 4432.

25. Rumex cuneifolius Campd.

Widely creeping, with somewhat fleshy, obovate leaves and
small fruiting panicles; leaves somewhat crisped marginally, the
rather short petioles and leaf nerves somewhat scabrous beneath;
branches of the panicle few, short; whorls usually approximate,
without leaves; pedicels thickish, shorter than the fruit, usually
jointed at the middle; valves firm, triangular-ovate, entire, 4-5 mm.
long, all with a prominent grain; ripe nutlets dark brown, broadest
in the middle, about 2.5 mm. long.

This species of peculiar habit is widespread in southern South
America and introduced to some parts of North America and Europe.
The height of stems, thickness of leaves, and size of valves are
variable.

SYNONYMY: Campd. Mon. Rumex 95. 1819; Rech. f. Vorarb. 3,
Arkiv for Bot. 26A, No. 3: 20. pi 5. 1933.

ALABAMA: Ballast, Mobile (Mohr 1, SL).

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 89

OREGON: Ballast at Albina, Portland (Suksdorf 1798, G, P; 730,
1211, P).

26. Rumex hymenosepalus Torr. Figure 9, b

Perennis, "with clusters of tuberous roots" (ex Rydberg). Caulis
erectus vel ascendens, internodiis ± brevibus, validus fistulosus
flavescens vel virescens, ± flexuosus, tenuiter sed crebre canaliculato-
striatus 30-100 cm. altus. Ochreae albidae hyalinae maiusculae.
Folia omnia in vivo ut videtur crasse carnosa, in sicco crasse mem-
branacea vel subcoriacea, glabra et levia vel subtus imprimis secus
nervos ± papilloso-scabra, undulata et insuper margine crispa.
Folia basalia oblongo- vel anguste obovato-lanceolata, basi anguste
cuneata, apice acutiuscula, rarius obtusiuscula, latitudine 3-4-plo
longiora, plerumque paulo infra medium latissima. Nervi secundarii
foliorum angulo ± 45° a mediano abeuntes fere recti vix arcuati.
Petiolus foliorum basalium crassus, in vivo carnoso-succosus, dimi-
diam circiter longitudinem folii aequans. Folia caulina anguste
lanceolata, basi apiceque fere aequaliter angustata, breviter petiolata,
summa subsessilia. Rami inflorescentiae breves vel inferiores inter-
dum elongati, singuli vel 3-5-ni, e basi arcuata erecti vel subpatuli,
paniculam parvam rarius amplam ± contractam in statu fructifero
compactam formantes; axis ramique plerumque ± flexuosi. Florum
glomeruli multiflori foliis suffulcrantibus carentes in statu fructifero
omnes contigui. Pedicelli fructiferi tenuiter filiformes, breves, peri-
gonium fructiferum ad summum aequantes, in tertia parte inferiore
vel paulo infra medium insensibiliter articulati ad basin perigonii
subito turbinato-incrassati ; inter pedicellos raro ramulus brevissimus
erectus apice flores normales proferens. Perigonii foliola exteriora ca.
2 mm. longa, in emarginatione angusta foliorum interiorum reflexa.
Perigonii folia interiora (valvae) in statu fructifero ambitu oblongo-
vel rotundato-cordata, ex emarginatione 11-12 mm., lobis basalibus
inclusis 14-15 mm. longa, 10-12 mm. lata, latitudine circiter equilonga
vel evidenter longiora, consistentia tenuiter membranacea, colore
pallide stramineo vel pallide carneo-bruneo, in statu iuvenili saepius
purpureo- vel roseo-suffusa, margine integerrima, basi anguste et pro-
funde sinuato-emarginata, apice obtusiuscula vel subacuta, facie
regulariter et tenuiter reticulato-nervosa, nervo mediano ceteris
validiore sed minime quidem callifero, reticulo marginem versus
± evanescente. Nux matura brunea, 4-5 mm. longa, ± 3 mm.
lata, basi rotundato-truncata apice breviter acuminata infra medium
latissima.

90 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

SYNONYMY: R. hymenosepalus Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 177. 1858;
Wats. 8. 1880; Trelease 80. 1892; Small 370. 1903; Woot. & Standl.
191. 1915; Rydb. R. 231. 1922; Jepson 291. 1923; Tidestrom 160.
1925. R. arizonicus Britt. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 7: 73. 1889.
R. Saxei Kellogg, Pacif. Rural Press 7: 371. June, 1879.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Trelease 1892, pi. 18; Bot. Mag. 121: pi. 7433
(=var. salinus).

DISTRIBUTION : Southwestern United States and Mexico.

WYOMING: Bitter Creek (A. Nelson 4780, Wa; intermediate
between eu-hymenosepalus and salinus). Bitter Creek, Sweetwater
Co. (A. Nelson 3114, Co; type of tuberosus A. Nelson). Seven Mile
Lake (E. Nelson 4332, La; var. salinus). Red Desert, Orenda Butte
(A. Nelson 7141, La; var. salinus).

COLORADO: Sandy canyon, entrance Mesa Verde National Park
(Nelson 421, Ca). Hillsides, Surface Creek, Mesa Grande, 1,860
meters (Purpus 9, Mu; eu-hymenos.; Purpus 9, Be; sal. (t) ; no ripe fr.).
Palisades (Crandall 3833, P, NY, Wa; eu-hym.). Dry, adobe flat,
1,620 meters, Paradox, Montrose Co. (Walker 202; leaves only).
Dry hillside, 1,620 meters, Naturita (Payson 233, St, no ripe fr.; P).
Junction of Navajo and Spruce Canyon 1,900 meters (Schmoll &
Nusbaum 1654, La; var. salinus; no ripe fr.)

NEW MEXICO: Aztec (Baker 296, Ca, P, Wa, Ke, Be, Z; sal.(t) ).
Gray, Lincoln Co., 1,800 meters (Skehan 22, MW; eu-hym.). Organ
Mts., Dona Ana Co. (Wooton, Ca. no fr.). Agricultural College,
Mesilla Valley, Dona Ana Co. (Wooton, Ch, P, Wa; no ripe fr.).
Mangas Springs, 18 miles northwest of Silver City, Grant Co., 1,430
meters (Metcalfe 56, Ca, Wa; no ripe fr.). Sierra Co., 1 mile west of
Hillsboro, 1,650 meters, sandbar (Metcalfe 1545, Wa, Be; no ripe fr.).
Near Agricultural College (Standley, Wa; eu-hym.). Without locality
(Wright 1782, Bo). Sandia Mts. 2,878 meters (Castetter 1782, La;
prob. eu-hym.).

TEXAS: Toyah Creek (Tracy & Earle 90, Be; sal, Wa, MW; no
ripe fr.). Estelline, sandy soil (Reverchon 4248, Wa; no ripe fr.).
Frijoles-El Paso (Nekon 11443, La; appr. var. salinus). Sweetwater,
Nolan Co. (Reverchon 1349, Ch).

UTAH: St. George, 600 meters (Jones 1643, Be, UW, Bu). Santa
Clara, 900 meters (Jones 5112, Ca, La; eu-hym.).

ARIZONA: Tucson (Tourney, Wa, no ripe fr.; Ca, NY; all sal.).
Fort Verde (Mearns 300, NY, Co; type of R. arizonicus Britt.; no
ripe fr.). Verde (W. W. Jones, Ca; sal.). Sandy river bank, Tempe

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 91

(Ganong & Blaschka, Be; sal.). Phoenix (Kunze, NY; no ripe fr.).
In plowed fields at Calabasas (Tidestrom 885, Wa; no ripe fr.).

NEVADA: Scattered in sandy draws, Moapa, 500 meters (Tide-
strom 8613, Wa, St; no ripe fr.).

CALIFORNIA: Newhall, dry, sandy soil, (Pringle, Wa, Ke; sal.).
Guadalupe Ranch, Tehachapi, Kern Co. (B. Davy 2174, Ca; leaves
only). Sand flats, South Fork Valley, 2 miles east of Weldon,
Kern Co. (Voegelin 89, Ca; eu-hym.C!)). Vicinity of San Diego, in
sandy fields, 60 meters (Spencer 141, Ca, Mu; eu-hym.). Oneonta,
San Diego Co. (Chandler 5073, NY; eu-hym.). Santa Maria, low
land near river bed (Condit, Ca; intermediate between eu-hym. and
sal.). Whitewater (Vasey, Wa, Ke; no ripe fr.). Vicinity of San
Bernardino, 300-750 meters (Parish 4634, Wa; intermediate between
eu-hym. and sal.). San Bernardino Valley washes (Parish 11712,
Ca; no ripe fr.). Sandy mesas, San Bernardino (Parish 678, MW;
eu-hym., Ca, Wa, Be, Mu; no ripe fr.). Rock Springs, 2,340 meters,
San Bernardino Co. (Ferris 7319, NY). Antelope Valley, Llano
Verde (B. Davy 2567, Ca; eu-hym.). Antelope Valley (B. Davy
2591, Ca; leaves only). Claremont (C. E. Howery, SL; no ripe fr.).
Colton (M. E. Jones, Be; intermediate between eu-hym. and sal.,
Bu; no ripe fr.). Ramona (Brandegee, Ca; no ripe fr.). Palm
Spring, 120 meters, in sandy wash (Jaeger 908, Wa; intermediate
between eu-hym. and sal.). Hoxin's Ranch, near Nipoma (Brewer
405, Wa; eu-hym.). Los Angeles (Hasse, Ch). Azusa, Los Angeles
Co. (H. H. Smith 4929, Ch; var. salinus). Covina (Grant 1141,
Ch). San Dieguito Valley (Angier, Ch; var. salinus). Pacific Beach
(Snyder, Ch). Pasadena, sandy soil (McClatchie, NY; no ripe fr.).
California (Vasey in 1881, Le).

MEXICO: Chihuahua, near San Diego (Hartmann 618, Wa, Ca;
no ripe fr.). Vicinity of Chihuahua, 1,300 meters (Palmer 27, NY,
Ch, Be, Wa, G; salinus). Northern Lower California (Orcutt, Ca;
eu-hym.; Ch, sal.). San Quentin Bay (Palmer 689, Wa; eu-hym.).

Rumex hymenosepalus is not related to any other species. It is
characterized by the tuberous roots, the somewhat succulent stems
without axillary branches, large ocreae, fleshy, acuminate leaves,
and large, delicate, grainless valves. From R. venosus, with which
R. hymenosepalus may be compared on account of the valves, it is
easily distinguished by its straight, upright, more vigorous stem,
by the lack of axillary branches, much larger, thicker leaves, much
smaller fruiting perigonia, etc.

92 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

Two varieties, recognizable only in fruiting state and connected
by intermediates, seem to deserve designation:

Var. eu-hymenosepalus Rech. f., var. nov. — Nux ca. 5 mm.
longa. Valvae fructiferae ambitu elliptico-cordatae, apice acutius-
culae, latitudine evidenter longiores.

Var. salinus (A. Nels.) Rech. f., comb. nov. — R. tuberosus
A. Nels. Bull. Torrey Club 25: 283. 1898, non L.; R. salinus A.
Nels. op. cit. 549; Rydb. R. 231. 1922. Nux maior, ad 7 mm. longa.
Valvae fructiferae ambitu cordato-orbiculares, longitudine interdum
latiores.

In the list of specimens examined the names of the varieties
are added.

Apart from the shape of the fruiting perigonium, the variability
of R. hymenosepalus is inconsiderable. The leaves are flat or some-
what crisped. Baker 296 has broad and short leaves. The type
specimen of R. arizonicus Britton has very gradually narrowed
leaves. It has no ripe fruits, but on account of the locality it may
belong to var. salinus. Rumex arizonicus may be, therefore, an
older name for R. hymenosepalus var. salinus.

Explanation of Figure 9, b. — Rumex hymenosepalus Torr. Valves
4 times natural size. From Jaeger 908.

27. Rumex densiflorus Osterhout. Figure 9, c

Radice valida horizontal! perennis (ex auctore). Caulis ±
stricte erectus elatus 50-100 cm. altus, crasse fistulosus, flavescens
vel pallide bruneus valde sulcato-striatus inflorescentia excepta non
ramosus. Ochreae albidae hyalinae cito evanescentes. Folia basalia
30-40 cm. longa, 10-14 cm. lata, leviter undata vel fere plana,
ambitu ovato- vel elliptico- vel oblongo-lanceolata, basi ± late
cuneata vel oblique truncata raro rotundata, apice obtusiuscula vel
saepius acuta, consistentia in vivo ut videtur carnosa, in sicco ±
tenuiter papyracea, lamina in medio rarius infra medium latissima
latitudine plerumque triplo longiora, utrinque glaberrima levis.
Nervi laterales foliorum levissime arcuati vel fere recti, inferiores
angulo ± 45° superiores angulo 70°-90° a mediano abeuntes. Petiolus
foliorum basalium crassiusculus laminam longitudine subaequans.
Folia caulina inferiora et media basalibus omnino similia sed sensim
diminuta et multo brevius petiolata. Folia caulina superiora
anguste ovato- vel oblongo-lanceolata, latitudine ca. 4-plo longiora.
Axis inflorescentiae ± flexuosa. Rami inflorescentiae semper fasci-
culati, e basi arcuata ± stricte erecti vel subpatentes, paulo flexuosi,

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 93

breves vel elongati, inferiores iterum ramosi, paniculam angustam
iam florendi tempore densiusculam fructificationis tempore com-
pactam formantes. Florum glomeruli multiflori infimi ± remoti
superiores approximati omnes foliis suffulcrantibus carentes. Inter
pedicellos imprimis in glomerulis inferioribus hie illic ramulus brevis
erectus vel ut pedicelli deflexus apice perigonia normalia proferens.
Flores saepe purpureo-suffusi, antherae 1.8-2 mm. longae aureae.
Pedicelli fructiferi tenuiter filiformes prope basin (in quarta circiter
parte inferiore) insensibiliter articulati, perigonio fructifero (1-) 1.5
(-2) -plo longiores, basin perigonii versus paulo dilatati. Perigonii
foliola exteriora anguste lineari-lanceolata ca. 2 mm. longa, basibus
interiorum ± laxe accumbentia. Perigonii folia interiora (valvae)
fructificationis tempore 5-6 mm. longa, 5-6 mm. lata, ambitu late
rotundato-triangularis vel subcordata, basi late emarginata, apice
breviter producta, acuta, margine imprimis basin versus crebre
minute irregulariter eroso-denticulata, facie tenuiter sed prominenter
reticulato-nervosa reticulo e maculis medianis rotundatis vel rhombi-
cis isodiametricis marginalibusque valdeelongatis composite; nervus
medianus ceteris validior sed nunquam callifer. Consistentia val-
varum maturarum papyraceo-membranacea, color carneo-bruneus,
immaturarum flavescenti-viridis. Valvarum facies saepe minutissime
impresso-punctulata. Nux matura atrobrunea, basi et apice fere
aequaliter acuminata, ± 3 mm. longa, ± 2 mm. lata, in medio
circiter latissima.

SYNONYMY: R. densiflorus Osterhout, Erythea 6: 13. 1898; Rydb.
R. 231. 1922, excl. syn. R. Bakeri Greene.

WYOMING: North Park on edge of Wyoming (Osterhout, Ch, Wa;
type). Centennial, Albany Co., banks of the river (A. Nelson 7711,
Wa, Ke, La, Be; the two latter approach R. pycnanthus by the
narrower valves). Big Creek Park, Hiltons Ranch (Osterhout, La).
Medicine Bow Mts., Brooklyne Lake (Mann 170, La). Battle Lake
(A. Nelson 4188, La). Battle, Carbon Co., continental divide,
3,000-3,300 meters (Tweedy 4392, Wa; no fr.). Rambler Ranger
Station, Hayden Forest, Carbon Co., 2,700 meters (Eggleston 11307,
Wa; no fr.). Copperton, 2,610 meters (Tweedy 4391, Wa; leaves
shortly rounded or rather cordate at the base).

COLORADO: Region of Gunnison Watershed, Kebler Pass, 3,000
meters (Baker 797, Ca, NY, Ke, Be, De, Z, MW). Cameron Pass,
3,000 meters (Baker, NY; no fr.). Near Pagosa Peak, 3,000 meters
(Baker 297, Be). Little Kate Basin, La Plata Mts., 3,450 meters,
common in swales (Baker, Earle & Tracy 641, La, Wa, Be, Ke, MW;

94 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

no fr.). Bob Creek, La Plata Mts., 3,000 meters (Baker ;*Earle &
Tracy 270, Be, MW). Semi-meadow flats, summit of North Park
Range, Routt Co. (Goodding 1819, Wa, Ca, Be, Bo; no fr.). La
Plata Mts., 3,150 meters (Tweedy 513, Wa). Near Breckenridge,
Mt. Guyot, 1,275 meters (Anderson, SL). Breckenridge (Brandegee
257, Ca). Deadman Canyon (Colo. Agr. Coll. 3842, NY; approaching
in habit R. praecox). Tolland (Ramaley 9396, La). Vicinity of
Georgetown (Patterson, Ch). Rocky Mts. (Hall & Harbour 158,
Ch; midrib of the valves somewhat thickish!).

The four species R. densiflorus Osterhout, R. pycnanthus Rech. f .,
R. orthoneurus Rech. f., and R. praecox Rydb. agree so closely as re-
gards the rhizome, some leaf characters, the extremely well-branched
panicle, and the form of the fruiting perigonium that they could
possibly be referred to one collective species. At present I prefer to
maintain them as different species because I have been able to
study sufficient material of only one of them, R. densiflorus. Of
the other species I have seen one or very few sheets, often from the
same collection, so that I can not decide how far the differential
characters are individual or specific. The rather abundant material
of R. densiflorus that I have studied from different states is, unfortu-
nately, fruiting in only a few cases. I must call attention to the fact
that among the specimens referred here to R. densiflorus there are
some which in different respects agree with the other species. There
is, for example, among the numerous sheets of Nelson 7711 a specimen
which differs from the others by narrower, more acute valves, and
approaches in this character R. pycnanthus. Several specimens of
R. densiflorus, as Colo. Agr. Coll. 3842 and Tweedy 4391, differ from
the type by shorter stems, little-branched panicle, and obtuse,
relatively broad basal leaves, and approach in these characters R.
praecox. The specimens cited by Rydberg, besides the type (Baker,
Earle & Tracy 270), differ from the type (Rydberg & Vreeland 6328)
by the taller stem, more branched panicle, and longer, more pointed
leaves, and thus approach R. densiflorus; both numbers are without
ripe fruits. Tweedy 4392 (Hb. Washington) recalls R. orthoneurus in
that the lateral nerves of the basal leaves form nearly a right angle
with the costa.

For the present I can not pronounce definite judgment on the
taxonomy of the Densiflori, but I will mention certain facts that
seem to be important for phylogeny.

In the summer of 1933 I discovered in the Eastern Bertiscus
(North Albanian Alps) a new Rumex and published it (Mag. Bot.

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 95

Lapok 33: 5. pi. 1. 1934; Repert. Sp. Nov. 38: 371. 1935) as R. bal-
canicus. This Rumex agrees so well with R. densiflorus that it would
be, if found in the Rockies, considered perhaps only a variety of
that species. The differences lie almost entirely in the outline of the
leaves, especially in the lamina being decurrent far along the petiole.
Also the occurrence of R. balcanicus along subalpine rivers or
near springs close to the timber line corresponds exactly with
the American species. The discovery of such a similar species in a
country so far away makes it probable that the subsection Densiflori
is an ancient group, formerly widespread, now persistent as a relic
in some restricted places in the Balkan Peninsula, but in the Rocky
Mountains still in full development, as shown by the variability.

Some species with grainless fruiting perigonia, as the Aquatici or
R. domesticus Hartm., are in some respects very similar to the Densi-
flori, but I consider, not these, but R. alpinus L., to be the next related.
R. alpinus has a creeping rhizome such as the Densiflori seem to have;
the Aquatici, on the contrary, have vertical roots. As the subter-
ranean parts are usually not at all or very fragmentarily represented
in herbarium specimens, this subject needs further study. In case
my suggestion finds confirmation, the relatively large, obtuse, and
partly cordate leaves of R. praecox, too, would be considered as an
analogy to R. alpinus.

Explanation of Figure 9, c. — Valves of Rumex densiflorus Osterh.,
4 times natural size, from Nelson 7711, Wyoming.

28. Rumex pycnanthus Rech. f.

Perennis. Caulis erectus 1-2 m. altus, 1-2 cm. crassus, validis-
simus, inferne strictus superne flexuosus, rufescens, profunde sulcato-
canaliculatus, basi residuis petiolorum ochrearumque imbricato-
tunicatus, infra inflorescentiam non ramosus. Ochreae albido-brun-
nescentes hyalinae. Folia basalia magna ampla, ad 40 cm. longa,
ad 15 cm. lata, oblongo-ovata vel oblongo-lanceolata, latitudine 2-
2.5-plo longiora, lamina infra medium latissima, leviter undata vel
fere plana, basi oblique truncata et in petiolum breviter protracta
vel late oblique cuneata, apice saepius obtusiuscula, consistentia in
vivo ut videtur subcarnosa, in sicco ± tenuiter papyracea. Nervi
secundarii foliorum a primario angulo ca. 70°-80° abeuntes vix arcu-
ati fere recti. Petiolus foliorum basalium laminae longitudinem sub-
aequans vel superans. Folia caulina non numerosa oblongo-ovata
leviter undata, basi rotundata, apice acuta latitudine 2-3-plo
longiora, ut folia basalia utrinque glabra et levia, sub lente tantum

96 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

minutissime punctulata breviter petiolata; petiolus latitudine folii
brevior. Panicula fructifera ampla densa foliis omnino carens; axis
inflorescentiae plerumque valde flexuosa. Kami inflorescentiae
semper fasciculati terni vel quini, e basi arcuata flexuosi vel stricte
erecti vel subpatentes; internodia infima ramorum valde elongata,
superiora abbreviata. Florum glomeruli multiflori foliis suffulcran-
tibus carentes, in statu fructifero infimi remoti, superiores contigui;
inter pedicellos imprimis in glomerulis inferioribus hie illic ramulus
brevis erectus vel ut pedicelli deflexus apice perigonia normalia pro-
ferens. Pedicelli fructiferi tenuiter filiformes prope basin (in quarta
circiter parte inf eriore) insensibiliter articulati, perigonio mature (1.5)
2-3-plo longiora, in basin perigonii subalato-dilatati. Perigonii
foliola exteriora anguste linearia acuta, 2.5-3.5 mm. longa, basibus
interiorum appressa eorumque dimidiam latitudinem semper mani-
feste superantia. Perigonii folia interiora (valvae) in statu fructifero
5-6 mm. longa, 3-4 mm. lata, ambitu anguste ova to- vel oblongo-
triangularia, basi truncata, apice acuta, margine basin versus breviter
acute denticulata ± rarius subintegra, consistentia tenuiter mem-
branacea, colore pallide olivaceo-bruneo vel flavescente, facie tenu-
iter nervosa nervatura e pinnata in reticulatam transiente. Nervus
medianus ceteris validior sed nunquam callifer. Nux matura brunea
3-3.5 mm. longa, ± 2 mm. lata, superne longius, inferne brevius
acuminata, paulo infra medium latissima.

SYNONYMY: R. pycnanthus Rech. f. Repert. Sp. Nov. 38: 372.
1935. R. subalpinus Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. II. 5: 720. 1895; Rydb.
R. 231. 1922; Tidestrom 160. 1925; non R. subalpinus (Schur) Simon-
kai, Enum. Fl. Transsilv. 472. 1886.

UTAH: Brigham Peak, Marysvale, 3,450 meters (Jones 5957,
Ca, Bo, La; type of R. subalpinus Jones; leaves short, rounded or
slightly cordate at the base). Near head of Bullion Creek, above
Marysvale, 3,300 meters (Jones 5893ai, Wa; type; valves acute,
sharply denticulate but relatively broad).

R. pycnanthus is very similar to R, densiflorus Osterh. It differs
from the latter especially by the narrower, acute valves, distinctly
denticulate toward the base. As for the rest, see under R. densi-
florus. The original name had to be changed because of an older
homonym.

29. Rumex orthoneurus Rech. f. Figure 19

Perennis. Caulis erectus, inferne strictus superne subflexuosus,
ad 1 m. vel ultra altus, crasse fistulosus pallide bruneo-virescens,

FIG. 19. Rumex orthoncurus Rech. f.
97

98 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

profunde sulcato-striatus, infra inflorescentiam non ramosus. Och-
reae pallide bruneae evanescentes. Folia basalia (15-) 30-50 cm.
longa, (4.5-) 9-14 cm. lata, plerumque plana, basi rotundata vel late
cuneata, apice acuta, consistentia in vivo ut videtur carnosa, in sicco
papyracea, lamina in medio circiter latissima latitudine plerumque
3.5-4-plo longior utrinque glaberrima laevis. Nervi secundarii
foliorum recti, omnes fere angulo 90° a mediano abeuntes. Petiolus
foliorum basalium crassiusculus laminam longitudine subaequans.
Folia caulina inferiora et media basalibus similia sed sensim diminuta
brevius petiolata, media infra medium latissima, superiora anguste
lanceolata latitudine usque 6-plo longiora. Inflorescentia plerumque
aphylla; rami inflorescentiae fasciculati terni usque quini subflexuosi
erecti, inferiores elongati iterum ramosi, paniculam elongatam
angustiusculam ± compactam formantes. Florum glomeruli multi-
flori, infirm tantum remoti, superiores approximati, omnes foliis
suffulcrantibus carentes. Pedicelli fructiferi tenuiter filiformes in
quarta circiter parte inferiora insensibiliter articulati, perigonio
fructifero circiter 3-plo longiores. Perigonii foliola exteriora 1.5-1.7
mm. longa anguste lanceolata basibus interiorum appressa. Peri-
gonii folia interiora (valvae) in statu fructifero 4 mm. longa et lata,
ambitu rotundato-triangularia vel late ovato-rotundata, basi sub-
truncata vel late rotundata, apice acutiuscula vel obtusiuscula non
producta, margine subintegra, facie indistinctius reticulato-nervosa;
nervus medianus ceteris multo validior longitudinaliter incrassatus
sed non callifer. Nux matura brunea, ca. 2.6 mm. longa, ca. 1.8 mm.
lata, vix infra medium latissima.

SYNONYMY: R. orthoneurus Rech. f. Repert. Sp. Nov. 40: 294. 1936.

ARIZONA: Chiricahua Mts., Barfoot Park, rolling, andesitic pine-
land, recently lumbered, 2,400 meters (Blumer 1449, NY,Z, Ut, MW).

Rumex orthoneurus is very nearly related to R. densiflorus Osterh.,
from which it differs by the different proportion of fruits and pedicels,
by the smaller fruiting perigonia with different outline, and by the
nervation of the leaves. In R. densiflorus a longer, more robust
secondary nerve alternates with a shorter and more slender one. In
R. orthoneurus these differences are not so decided, so that the leaf
seems to have double the number of lateral nerves. The lateral
nerves form a right angle with the midrib. See also the discussion
of R. densiflorus. This species is known from only one collection.
Fragments of R. orthoneurus and R. crispus are mixed in all the sheets
I have seen. The root fragments added in most of them do not seem
to belong to R. orthoneurus.

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 99

Explanation of Figure 19. — Rumex orthoneurus Rech. f., half
natural size; Arizona, Blumer 1449; basal leaf added.

30. Rumex praecox Rydb. Figure 20

Perennis; rhizoma crassum horizontale. Caulis erectus, 20-30
cm. altus, striato-sulcatus. Folia basalia ovata vel elliptica basi
rotundata vel late cuneata, apice rotundata, parva, ad 6 cm. longa,
2.5-3 cm. lata, in sicco papyracea, glabra et levia, nervi secundarii
angulo ca. 45° a primario abeuntes. Petioli foliorum basalium lamina
1.5-2-plo longiores. Folia caulina basalibus similia, sensim minora
et praecipue multo brevius petiolata, omnia obtusa, superiora longi-
tudine usque 3-plo longiora. Inflorescentia iam in primo nodo supra
basin incipiens, subelongata, angusta, laxiuscula. Florum glomeruli
inferiores remoti, superiores approximati, omnes aphylli. Pedicelli
filiformes, infra medium indistincte articulati. Perigonii foliola
exteriora 2-3 mm. longa, ovata. Perigonii folia interiora (valvae)
in statu immature ad 5 mm. longa, ovata, integra, ecallosa. Nux
submatura ad 3 mm. longa.

SYNONYMY: R. praecox Rydb. Bull. Torrey Club 33: 137. 1906;
Rydb. R. 231. 1922.

COLORADO: Grayback Mining Camp (Rydberg & Vreeland 6328,
NY; type).

The second specimen cited by Rydberg differs considerably in
vegetative characters, so that I place it under R. densiflorus. For
relationship with other species, see the discussion of R. densiflorus
Osterh.

Explanation of Figure 20. — Rumex praecox Rydb., half natural
size; Rydberg & Vreeland 6328, type.

31. Rumex alpinus L.

Rootstock creeping; stems thick, upright; fruiting panicle much
branched, compact; basal leaves large, usually only 1-1.5 times as
long as broad, broadly rounded at the apex, deeply and broadly cor-
date at the base; pedicels filiform, about 3 times longer than the
fruit, jointed below the middle; valves ovate, 4-6 mm. long, 4-5 mm.
broad, cordate at the base, acute, without any callosity.

SYNONYMY: L. Sp. PL 334. 1753; Fernald, Rhodora 23: 107. 1921.

Originally from the mountains of Europe and Western Asia.
Found only once, as introduced, in America.

NOVA SCOTIA: Yarmouth Co., springy fields and swales, Rockville
(Fernald & Long 21052, O).

100 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

32. Rumex domesticus Hartm.

Perennial; stems strict, upright; basal leaves oblong-ovate or
broadly lanceolate, narrowed or rounded at the base, more or less
crisped; fruiting panicle compact; pedicels to 2.5 times as long as the
fruit, jointed below the middle; valves reniform-rounded, deeply
cordate, entire or nearly so, all without a grain or rarely one of them
with a very small, globular suggestion of a callosity.

SYNONYMY: Hartm. Scand. Fl. ed. 1. 148. 1820; Murbeck, Bot.
Notiser 1899: 13. 1899.

NEWFOUNDLAND: Torbay, moist place in pasture (C. D. Howe
1283a, Lu). Irish town, Bay of Islands (Waghorne, Z).

NEW BRUNSWICK: St. Andrews (Fowler, Wa).

NOVA SCOTIA: Louisburg, Cape Breton Isl. (Macoun 20215, O).
Barrington Passage (Macoun, 0). Ball's Island (Macoun 83946, O).
About houses and in fields, Boylston (Hamilton 26675, 0).

ALASKA: Juneau (Hulten 8291, Lu; .Anderson 430, NY). Karluk,
common in bogs and brooks (Home, NY; uncertain, leaves only).
Unalaska (Hulten 7532a, Lu). Umnak Isl., Nikolski (Hulten 7110,
Lu; uncertain, leaves only).

MAINE: South Bristol (Wilson, NY).

WISCONSIN: Madison (Shaw School, Ko; Trelease, Lu).

This species has its principal area in the north of Europe, but
it occurs also in an apparently spontaneous state in the eastern
Pyrenees. I saw one specimen from high Asia and one from eastern
Asia, which may belong to the same or a very nearly related species.
American specimens mentioned below are in no way different from
the North-European. American botanists should try to discover
whether this species is indigenous in the New World. Its distribu-
tion in North America — Eastern Canada and Alaska with adjacent
islands — suggests that it may be so. The Wisconsin specimen may
be introduced in any case. Compare the discussion of R. pallidus
and R. fenestratus.

33. Rumex occidentalis Wats. Figure 9, d

Perennis. Caulis stricte erectus, humilis vel elatus, gracilis
vel validus, internodiis inferioribus et mediis plerumque elongatis,
tenuiter sulcato-striatus, rufescens vel purpureo-suffusus, 50-150
cm. altus, infra inflorescentiam non ramosus. Ochreae pallide
bruneae tenuiter membranaceae cito evanescentes. Folia basalia e
basi ± profunde cordata oblongo- vel ovato-triangularia apice acuta

FIG. 20. Rumex praecox Rydb.
101

102 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

vel obtusiuscula, plana vel leviter undata, parva vel ampla, lati-
tudine 2-2.5-plo longiora, in quarta circiter parte inferiore latissima,
consistentia in sicco ± tenuiter papyraceo-membranacea, utrinque
glabra et levia. Nervi secundarii a mediano angulo ca. 45°-60°
abeuntes, arcuati. Petiolus foliorum basalium lamina ca. quarta vel
tertia parte brevior vel earn subaequans. Folia caulina e basi pro-
funde cordata oblongo-triangularia, latitudine ca. 2-5-plo longiora,
db undata, apice acuta prope basin latissima, brevius petiolata ut
folia basalia glabra et levia, sub lente tantum minutissime punctulata.
Kami inflorescentiae arcuati vel ± stricte erecti, breves, singuli vel
infimi paulum elongati bini ternive, inflorescentiam ± angustam
fructificationis tempore compactam strictam elongatam, rarius
abbreviatam subaphyllam formantes. Florum glomeruli multiflori,
foliis suffulcrantibus carentes, omnes approximati, in statu fructifero
contigui. Perigoniorum fructiferorum pedicelli tenuiter filiformes, in
quarta vel quinta parte inferiore insensibiliter articulati, in basin
perigonii breviter infundibuliformi-dilatati, perigonio fructifero 1.5-
2-plo longiores. Perigonii foliola exteriora lineari-lanceolata, ca. 2
mm. longa, basibus interiorum accumbentia. Perigonii folia interiora
(valvae) in statu mature 4-5 mm. longa, 5-6 mm. lata, ambitu
cordato- vel rotundato-triangularia, basi late leviterque emarginata
vel fere truncata, apice acuta non vel vix producta, margine sub-
integra vel saepius minutissime irregulariterque eroso- vel crenu-
lato-denticulata, colore fusco-bruneo-rufescente, consistentia tenuiter
membranacea. Valvae semper omnino ecallosae, facie tenuiter
elevate reticulato-nervosae, reticulo subaequali, maculis omnibus
elliptico- vel rotundato-rhombicis, marginalibus subminoribus, non
vel vix elongatis; nervus medianus ceteris validior. Nux matura
atrofusca, 3 mm. longa ± 1.5 mm. lata, apice sublongius, basi brevius
acuminata, paulo infra medium latissima.

SYNONYMY: R. aquaticus Pursh 248. 1816, non L.; Campdera 101.
1819, p.p. ; Meisn. apud DC. 43. 1856, p.p. R. domesticus Hook. 129.
1840, p.p. excl. /3 nanus, non Hartm. R. occidentalis Wats. Proc.
Amer. Acad. 12: 253. 1877; Wats. 8. 1880; Coult. 317. 1885; Macoun
415. 1883; Trelease 81. 1892; Britt. & Brown 550. 1896; Piper 225.
1906; Gray 355. 1908; Woot. & Standl. 192. 1915; Rydb. R. 231.
1922; Jepson 292. 1922; Tidestrom 160. 1925; Rydb. P. 279. 1932.
R. polyrhizus Greene, Pittonia 4: 305. 1901. R. Bakeri Greene, PI.
Baker. 3: 15. 1901. R. gradlipes Greene, Pittonia 4: 304. 1899-1901.
(?)#. elongatus Gray 355. 1908, non Guss. (?)ff. longifolius Meisn.
apud DC. 44. 1856, non DC.

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 103

ILLUSTRATIONS: Trelease 1892, pi. 19; Britt. & Brown 550. 1895.

DISTRIBUTION: Nearly all Canada and western United States.

QUEBEC: Swamps, Salt Lake, Anticosti (Macoun 23728, 0).

LABRADOR: Saguenay Co., shore of bay, Petite Riviere Coxipi
Bronague (H. St. John 90398, 0; no fr.).

ONTARIO: Twenty-five miles north of Ft. Albany, James Bay
(Wilson 53963, 0; no fr.). Lake Nipigon, low ground 50° N. (Macoun

23732, 0: approaching R. arcticus in habit and form of leaves).

MANITOBA: In a boggy place, southwest of Brandon (Macoun
12847, 0). Swamps and boggy meadows, Lake Winnipegosis, ca.
52° N. (Macoun 23731, 0; slender, not ramified). Winnipeg Valley
(Bourgeau, Be). Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay (R. Ball 23721, 0; in
habit near R. arcticus, but base of leaves cordate). Churchill (Ma-
coun 79396, 0; no fr.; possibly R. fenestratus; poor ramification).

SASKATCHEWAN: Saskatchewan Plains (Macoun 1272, Ke; like
Macoun 23731 and 23721). Low ground, Moose Mt. Lake (Macoun

23733, 0; no fr.). Low ground, Cypress Hills (Macoun 23725, 0).
Near Manitou Lake, along line of Grand Trunk Pac. Railway (Ma-
coun & Herriot 76819, 0). Les Coulees, abundant (Bourgeau, Ke;
valves larger, more triangular).

ALBERTA: Vicinity of Banff, wet ground along Bow River, 1,350
meters (McCalla 2398, Ke; leaves narrow, not cordate). Wet, boggy
pjaces, Sand Hills (Macoun 23724, 0). Wet places along . . . Card-
ston(?) (Macoun 12911, 0; valves larger, more triangular). Rocky
Mts., low ground, Kicking Horse Lake (Macoun 23729, 0). Head-
waters of Saskatchewan and Athabasca rivers (S. Brown 1528,
NY; mixed with R. paucifolius) ., Marshes near Sulphur Spring,
Crow Nest Pass (Macoun 24673, 0; poor ramification, habit of R.
domesticus).

BRITISH COLUMBIA: (Rothrock 62, Ch). Vicinity of Sidney
(Macoun 87955, 0; perhaps R. occidentalis X fenestratus? ; valves
different in size; nutlets sterile).

YUKON: Second island in Klondike River (Macoun 91294, 0;
approaching R. fenestratus}.

ARCTIC NORTH AMERICA: Franklin Exped. (Richardson 23727, 0).

NORTH DAKOTA: Butte, Benson Co., in ravine (Lunell, Wa, La).

SOUTH DAKOTA: Spearfish Canyon, stream side, with Quercus,
Salix, Populus (Hayward, NY). Bank of Little Spearfish Creek
(Murdoch, Ch).

104 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

MONTANA: Sedan, Gallatin Co., east of Flathead (W. W. Jones,
Ca). Swampy ground near Bozeman, 1,350 meters (Blankinship 454,
Wa, Ch, Be, St). Along Swiftcurrent Creek, below Lake McDermot,
1,350 meters, boggy meadow (Standley 16875, Wa). Vicinity of
St. Mary Chalets, foot of St. Mary Lake, 1,350 meters, wet thicket
(Standley 17391, Wa). Davaher Ranch, Flathead National Forest
(Kirkwood 2396, Ca; stem short, little ramified; thick, leathery basal
leaves, the nerves of the upper surface immersed). Billings (C. M.
Patten, Ch).

WYOMING: Yellowstone Park, Swan Lake Flat (M earns 293, Wa).
Gibbon Canyon, wet ground (A. & E. Nelson 6751, Wa). Yellow-
stone Park (M earns 3018, Wa). Tower Fall Ranger Station, 1,860
meters (Conard, St). Teton Forest, 2,400 meters (Tweedy 472, NY).
Sherman (Greene, photo, in hb. MW; type of R. polyrhizus Greene).
Big Horn Mts., headwaters of Clear Creek and Crazy Woman River
(Tweedy 3272, P). Jaw Bone Gulch (Nelson, La; by larger valves
approaching R. fenestratus).

COLORADO: Gunnison, 2,300 meters (C. F. Baker 903, Wa, Ca, La,
SL, NY, Ke, M W ; type of R. Bakeri Greene) . Gunnison (Shear 5073,
Wa). Mountain View, 2,900 meters (Clements 395, La, Ko; mixed
with R. fenestratus; Wa, Be). Without locality (Engelmann, Be).
Fort Collins, 1,500 meters (Towson, La). Vicinity of Georgetown,
banks of Clear Creek (Patterson, Ch).

NEW MEXICO: Fort Wingate (Matthews, Be). Mogollon Moun-
tains, Socorro Co., Middle Fork of the Gila (Wooton, Wa). Vicinity
of Brazos Canyon, Rio Arriba Co., swamp (Standley & Bollman
11026, Wa). Weleber's Cattle Camp, Rio Fernandez de Taos Can-
yon, Carson Forest, Taos Co., 2,700 meters (Eggleston 19279, NY).

TEXAS: Dallas (J. Ball, De; strange habit, stem very tall and
stout, upper leaves long and crisped).

IDAHO: About Forest, Nez Perce Co., 1,050 meters (Heller 2481,
Z; approaching R. fenestratus}.

UTAH: Fish Lake, 2,700 meters (Jones 5784, Wa, Ca). Fish
Lake, around Twin Creeks (Rydberg & Carlton 7493?, Wa). Rabbit
Valley, 2,040 meters (L. F. Ward 411, Wa).

WASHINGTON: Rock Island, Kittitas Co., 1,850 meters (Sand-
berg & Leiberg 447, Be, approaching R. fenestratus; Le).

OREGON: River bottoms (Howell, Be, Bu; approaching R. fene-
stratus). Near Crow Creek, Wallowa Co. (Sheldon 8497, Wa;
perhaps R. fenestratus).

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 105

NEVADA: Pine Creek, High Ranch (Greene, photo. MW; type
of R. gracilipes Greene). Toiyabe Forest, 1,800-2,400 meters,
Big Creek, Kingston Canyon, meadow (Hitchcock 817, Wa).

CALIFORNIA: Goose Lake (R. M. Austin 419, Wa). Santa
Barbara (Elmer 3932, MW). Fall River Lake, Shasta Co. (Baker,
Ca; approaching R. fenestratus) . Mt. Shasta, Siskiyou Co., meadow
at Sisson, 1,050 meters (Hall & Babcock 4065, Ca).

LOCALITY INDEFINITE: Rocky Mts., Lat. 39°-41° (Hall & Har-
bour 499, De, Bo; leaves small, scarcely cordate, panicle rather
sparsely branched).

Rumex occidentalis is highly variable as regards the size, thick-
ness of stem, ramification of inflorescence, and, especially, form of
leaves. Also the size and outline of the valves and the size of the
nutlets are variable. The demarcation of this species and the ques-
tion whether it is a unit or whether certain combinations of charac-
ters may be selected as indicating separate types must be closely
examined.

Species of Lapathum with perennial, vertical roots, without
axillary branches, with leaves cordate at the base, and with grain-
less, entire valves (subsect. Aquatici} are rather closely dispersed
over the temperate zone of the northern hemisphere so far as the
considerable need for humidity of this group of species is fulfilled.
As in this group neither grains nor dentation of the border of the
valves ever develop, it is clear that all these forms have a homo-
geneous stamp as to the formation of the fruits, in contrast to the
variability of the vegetative organs. This unity goes so far that
the inclusion of all these forms in one collective species could be
defended. This collective species would have to bear the name
Rumex aquaticus L. as the oldest, in an extended sense. Actually
the older authors as, for instance, Pursh, Campdera, and Meisner,
did not detect a difference between the Old World and the New
World representatives of the Aquatici, but these authors had not
well defined their Rumex aquaticus and had included a lot of elements
belonging to other groups of species. This uncertainty arises con-
cerning the North American Aquatici by the appearance in the
older American literature of representatives of Aquatici at the same
time under the names of R. aquaticus, R. domesticus, and R. longi-
folius. Watson is the first who makes a separating line between
the representatives of the Old and the New World Aquatici by
creating his R. occidentalis.

106 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

The extraordinary variability of R. occidentalis wasliot con-
sidered by Trelease in the first synoptical account of the American
Rumex species, but he recognized the close relationship of R. arcticus
to R. occidentalis by placing Hooker's R. domesticus var. nanus near
R. occidentalis. It was reserved to Greene to describe six further
species of the relationship of R. occidentalis. If in this work only
two of them appear and that in an altered sense (R. fenestratus and
R. fenestratus var. procerus), it does not detract from that author's
sharp power of observation, but only emphasizes the lack of critical
weighing, which is occasionally to be found in his works.

My present attempt at interpretation of the American Aquatici
is based on the following observations. The widest range is occupied
by forms with an average length and breadth of the valves of 5
mm.; that is, from New England in the east to Montana (and
occasionally still farther) in the west and in the Rocky Mountains
south to New Mexico. In the west this area is joined by a zone
exclusively or at least prevailingly inhabited by forms with large
fruits, the valves averaging 9 mm. in size. The distribution of
these large-fruited forms is from western middle California in the
south to Alaska in the north, with especially abundant occurrence
in the northwestern United States and southwestern Canada (Van-
couver Island). There are wide interruptions in the ranges of
these forms in northwestern Canada.

In a surprising way, forms with large fruits appear also on the
easternmost edge (Labrador) of the continent, differing only slightly
from the western by a more triangular-acute form of the valves.
This fact deserves special consideration in a phytogeographic respect,
since it shows analogies in other subsections: among the Salicifolii
the appearance of the east- American R. pallidus Bigel. in Alaska;
among the Maritimi, the appearance of the likewise east-American
R. persicarioides L. sensu St. John in California and Oregon; further
the appearance of R. domesticus Hartm. in eastern Canada and
Alaska, but whether it is wholly indigenous, it must be admitted,
is open to question. I unite the Aquatici with small fruits under
the name R. occidentalis, without regard to whether they have tall
or low, stout or slender, little- or much-branched stems, long or short,
broad or narrow, distinctly or not distinctly (or occasionally not at
all) cordate leaves, and long or short petioles, since all these char-
acters apparently neither parallel each other nor are limited to certain
regions, but in a high degree depend on such circumstances as
humidity, elevation above sea level, etc.

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 107

With increasing elevation above sea level the stem becomes
usually more delicate, lower, and less branched, just as in more
northern countries. At the same time the leaves become narrower
and less distinctly cordate. This last modification seems to appear
also when humidity is considerable.

In some cases it is not easy to distinguish R. arcticus from forms
of R. occidentalis of extreme situations. R. arcticus is distinguished
from these by small leaves which have a thick consistency, by a
succulent and more flexuous stem, by thick and not very distinct
nerves of the valves, and by an often very intense red color of the
whole plant, even when the base of the leaves of R. arcticus is occa-
sionally a little cordate.

The forms with large fruits I unite under the name R. fenestratus
Greene (originally described from Vancouver Island). R. confinis
Greene from Idaho I must reduce to synonymy. R. procerus Greene
I add as a variety to R. fenestratus; it occupies the most southern
stations that lie remarkably low for these latitudes, and is charac-
terized by an especially tall and robust habit. I have had to create
a new name for the Labrador plant mentioned before, with large
fruits and acute valves, and call it R. fenestratus var. labmdoricus.
The other species of Aquatici created by Greene I have reduced to
synonymy under R. occidentalis.

Explanation of Figure 9, d. — Valves of Rumex occidentalis Wats.,
4 times natural size, Winnipeg Valley, Bourgeau.

34. Rumex arcticus Trautv. Figure 21

Radix perennis crassa. Basis caulis rudimentis emarcidis peti-
olorum et ochrearum imbricato-tunicata. Caulis humilis simplex —
inflorescentia tantum interdum breviter pauciramosa — stricte erectus
vel subflexuosus, paucifolius, 10-40 cm. altus, crebre tenuiter sulcato-
striatus, saepe purpureo-suffusus. Ochreae bruneae evanescentes.
Folia basalia parva ca. 6-12 cm. longa, 2-3 cm. lata, utrinque ut tota
planta omnino glabra et levia, in vivo ut videtur carnosa, in sicco
coriacea vel crasse membranacea, plana vel leviter undata, margine
saepe crispata, ambitu ovato-lanceolata vel oblongo-lanceolata, basi
leviter cordata vel truncata vel ± late cuneata, saepe paulo obliqua,
apice obtusiuscula vel acuta, longitudine 3-5-plo longiora, infra
medium latissima. Nervi laterales foliorum saepe vix conspicui,
angulo valde variabili (ca. 40° usque fere 90°) a mediano abeuntes.
Petiolus foliorum basal ium lamina plerumque Y^-Yi brevior, rarius
earn subaequans. Folia caulina inferiora basalibus subsimilia sed

108 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

proportione minora angustiora brevius petiolata; folia caulina superi-
ora saepe anguste lineari-lanceolata, latitudine 6-8-plo longiora.
Kami inflorescentiae — si evoluti — tenues breves arcuato-divergentes
flexuosi, paniculam parvam laxiusculam foliis omnino fere carentem
formantes. Florum glomeruli saepe depauperati, rarius multiflori, in
statu florendi ± approximati, in statu fructifero ± remoti. Pedicelli
fructiferi filiformes, in tertia vel quarta parte inferiore insensibiliter
articulati, basin perigonii versus sensim subalato-dilatati, perigonio
mature ca. 1-2-plo longiores. Perigonii foliola exteriora basi late
connata, ovato-lanceolata, obtusiuscula vel subacuta, 1.5-2 mm.
longa, basibus interiorum arete appressa. Perigonii folia interiora
(valvae) in statu fructifero ca. 4-5 mm. longa, 3-4 mm. lata, ambitu
ovata, consistentia tenuiuscule membranacea, colore brunea vel
purpureo-suffusa, basi rotundata apice obtusa vel acutiuscula, mar-
gine subintegra, facie tenuiter et subaequaliter reticulato-nervosa,
nervo mediano ceteris validiore sed minime quidem callifero. Nux
matura atrobrunea ca. 2 mm. longa, ca. 1.3 mm. lata, basi breviter,
apice longius acuminata, infra medium latissima.

SYNONYMY: R. arcticus Trautv. in Middendorff, Reise Sibir. 1, pt.
2: 29. 1856; Murbeck, Bot. Notiser 234: 1917; Hult&i, Fl. Kam-
tchatka in Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. III. 5, No. 2: 45. 1928. R.
domesticus /3 nanus Hook. 129. 1840. R. occidentalis var. nanus Tre-
lease 82. 1892. R. longifolius /3 nanus Meisn. apud DC. 44. 1856.

DISTRIBUTION : Arctic-circumpolar.

CANADA: Yukon, Gold River Creek (Macoun 91292, NY). Gold
Run Creek (Macoun 91292, 0). South coast of Coronation Gulf,
Tree River (Cox & O'Neill 416, O). Mouth of Mackenzie River,
shore of Mackenzie Bay (Stringer 15953, 0 ; branched ; leaves truncate
at base). King Point, 69° 1' N. Lat., 137° 40' W. Long. (G. Jansen,
Ko). Bathurst Inlet, 67°-68° N. Lat., 109°-111° W. Long. Arctic
Sound (E. M. Anderson 468, 469, O). Herschell Isl., Yukon, 69° 35'
N. Lat., 139° W. Long. (F. Johansen 229, Ko, 0 ; panicles branched) .

ALASKA: Yukon District (F. Anderson, St). Vicinity of Norton
Sound, north of Nome (Rhodes, Ca; not branched; stem 60 cm. high;
most leaves suddenly narrowed). Port Clarence (Kjellman, St). St.
Michael (Setchell, Ca). Shishmaref Inlet, near Kotzebue Sound
(Chamisso, Be). Survey Camp No. 1, Kotzebue (W. E. B., Ca).
Nome (Piper, P; Blaisdell, Ca). McKinley National Park, head of
Savage River, narrow valley between high mountains, along stream-
overflowed islet, 1,000 meters (Ynes Mexia 2048, Ca; lower leaves
broad and short but not cordate). McKinley National Park near

FIG. 21. Rumex arcticus Trautv.
109

110 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

center of north boundary, 700 meters, slopes west of Wonder Park
(Mexia 2244, Ca, St; little-branched). St. Lawrence Island (Kjell-
man, St). Nunivak Island, damp ground (Macoun 24490, 0).
Kussiloff (Evans 694, Wa; stem to 70 cm. high; panicle branched).

LOCALITY UNCERTAIN: "Northwest America" (Seemannl798, Ke).

Rumex arcticus is characterized by its short, somewhat stout or
succulent stem, almost simple inflorescence (rarely with a few short,
slender and flexuous branches), and small, somewhat thick basal
leaves, almost cuneate at the base. The whole plant, or at least the
stem and fruits, is often purple. Specimens doubtful in one or
another respect, showing not all the characters together, are known
from Canada and Alaska. Since the material available is poor and
mostly incomplete, I can not decide whether these specimens should
be considered as connecting forms between R. occidentalis and R.
arcticus at the limit of their areas or as hybrids. The geographic
distribution of this species is arctic-circumpolar, the only example of
this type of distribution in the subgenus Lapathum.

Explanation of Figure 21. — Rumex arcticus Trautv., half natural
size: (a) habit, Alaska, Mexia 2048; (6) basal leaf, Canada, Anderson
468; (c) basal leaf, Canada, Stringer 15953; (d) basal leaf, Canada,
Cox & O'Neill 416. Valves 4 times natural size, from Stringer 15935.

35. Rumex fenestratus Greene. Figure 22, a

Perennis. Caulis stricte erectus saepe valde elatus interdum plus-
quam 2 m. altus pallide roseo-flavescens (color rhei), sulcato-striatus,
inflorescentia excepta non ramosus. Ochreae pallidae hyalinae cito
evanescentes. Folia basalia in sicco tenuiter vel crasse papyraceo-
membranacea, magna (ex auctore ad 15 cm. lata) latitudine ca. 2-plo
longiora, supra basin latissima, basi profunde cordata, apice acuta vel
acutiuscula, ambitu ovato- vel oblongo-ovato-triangularia, leviter
vel valde undato-crispata vel fere plana, subtus imprimis ad nervos
cum petiolis saepe papilloso-scabra; nervi secundarii a mediano
angulo ca. 70°-90° abeuntes, demum prorsus curvati. Petioli foliorum
basalium laminae longitudinem fere aequantes. Folia caulina e basi
profunde cordata oblongo-triangularia, apice acuta, latitudine plerum-
que plusquam triple longiora, supra basin latissima, leviter undata,
breviter petiolata, levia, sub lente tantum minute papilloso-punc-
tulata. Panicula ampla densiuscula; axis inflorescentiae saepe ±
flexuosa; rami singuli rarius bini ternive, inferiores partim iterum
ramosi ± elongati, superiores breves simplices vel breviter ramosi,
omnes tenues subflexuosi, erecto-patentes vel leviter arcuati. Florum

FIG. 22. Valves of (a) Rumcx fenestralus Greene, (b) R. Brilannica L., (c)
R.fueginus var. athrix (St. John) Rech. f., (d) R.fueginus var. brachythrix Rech. f.,
(e) R. fueginus var. ovato-cordatus Rech. f., (f) R. fucginus var. lanythrix Rech. f.,
(g) R. fueginus form.

Ill

112 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

glomeruli multiflori, foliis suffulcrantibus carentes, in statu fructifero
contigui, perigoniorum fructiferorum pedicelli tenuiter filiformes,
perigonio mature ± 1.5-plo longiores, in tertia vel quarta parte
inferiore insensibiliter articulati, in basin perigonii breviter infundi-
buliformi-dilatati. Perigonii foliola exteriora anguste lineari-lanceo-
lata, ca. 3 mm. longa, emarginationi interiorum accumbentia. Peri-
gonii folia interiora (valvae) in statu fructifero 10 mm. longa, 7-9
mm. lata, ambitu rotundato-cordata basi ± profunde emarginata,
apice acutiuscula vel rotundato-acuminata, nunquam producta,
margine subintegra vel saepius — imprimis basin versus — minutissime
irregulariterque erosulo-denticulata, colore pallide carneo-bruneo,
consistentia tenuiter membranacea. Valvae semper omnino ecal-
losae, facie tenuiter elevate reticulato-nervosae, reticulo aequali
maculis marginalibus minoribus non vel vix elongatis; nervus
medianus ceteris validior. Nux (non perfecte matura) fusca 3.5-4
mm. longa, ca. 2 mm. lata, utrinque fere aequaliter acuminata, paulo
infra medium latissima.

SYNONYMY: R. fenestratus Greene, Pittonia 4: 306. 1901. R. con-
finis Greene, Pittonia 4: 306. 1901; Rydb. R. 231. 1922, non Hausskn.
Mitt. Geogr. Ges. Thuer. 3 : 77. 1885. R. occidentalis auctorum amer.
bor. occid. p.p.

DISTRIBUTION: Alaska to northwestern United States and north-
eastern Canada.

LABRADOR: (Var. labr.). Straits of Belle Isle, marshy belt behind
the strand, Blanc Sablon (Fernald & Wiegand 3288, 0, Ke).

QUEBEC: (Var. labr.}. He d'Anticosti, Lac Sale, dans la prairie
naturelle (Marie-Victor in & Rolland-Germain 27339, 27151, St).
Garden at Cera valla Bay, Lake Melville, common (Wetmore 102933;
no ripe fr.). Shores of Naskanpi River, Grand Lake, Lake Melville
Distr., common (Wetmore 102934, 0; no ripe fr.).

BRITISH COLUMBIA: Swampy places, Agossing (Macoun 23726,
0). Swampy places, Sproat(?) (Macoun 23730, 0). Dead Man's
River (Anderson, P). Without locality (Rothrock 62, NY). Van-
couver Island, Sidney (Macoun 83944, 0). Vicinity of Nanaimo
(Macoun 83942 Ch, 0, Be). Colginty River (Macoun 83943, 0).
Salt marshes, Chase River near Nanaimo (Macoun, O). Vicinity of
Ucleulet (Macoun 83941, 0). Salt marshes, Comax (Macoun 1570,
0; type).

ALASKA : Rodman Bay, Baranoff (Stephana 106, Ca). Open places,
shores of Behm Canal (Gorman, Ca). Juneau, near beach (J. P.
Anderson 2A-215, Lu). King Cove (Eyerdam 1735, Lu; no ripe fr.).

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 113

River bottom, Kelp Bay, Baranoff Isl. (Walker 795, Ca, St; no ripe
fr.). Matanuska, wet roadside (Anderson 891, MW; 1040, Lu; no
ripe fr.). Vicinity of Karluk, Kodiak Isl. (Rutter 75, St, Ko; no ripe
fr.). Kodiak, Sitkalidak Isl., Port Hobron (Eyerdam 189, Lu).
Jakobi Island (Anderson 1358, Ch). Unalaska (Eyerdam 2486, 2450,
Lu; Hulten 7654, Lu). Makuslin Bay, Unalaska, along stream (E. C.
van Dyke 183, G; no ripe fr.). Unimak Isl., False Pass (Eyerdam
2222, 2233, Lu; no ripe fr.). Akutan (Norberg 429, Lu; no ripe fr.).
Umnak Isl., Nikolski (Hulten 7110, Lu; no ripe fr.). Amlia Isl.
(Eyerdam 1187, Lu; leaves only). Attu (Hulten 6122, Lu; leaves only).

MONTANA: Ronan, 900 meters, Middle Temperature Life Zone
(M. E. Jones, G; no fr.). Libby Creek (Blankinship, SL).

IDAHO: Corral, Camas Prairie, thicket edge, 1,710 meters (Mac-
bride & Payson 3812, NY, Wa, Ca, UW). Wet meadows around Lake
Pend d'Oreille (Leiberg 562, SL, Lu; type of R. confinis Greene).
Bitter Root (Sandberg, Ch). Coopers(?) (A. /. Mulford, SL). Moist
and wet places along Paradise Creek, common (Henderson, Wa).
Moscow, Latah Co. (Abrams 728, Ca; no fr.). Common in wet
copses, valley of Big Potlatch River, Nez Perce Co. (Sandberg, etc.
364, Ke). Common along Green Horn Creek near Hailey (Tidestrom
2753, Wajnofr.).

WASHINGTON: Kittitas Co., 185 meters (Sandberg & Leiberg 447,
Ca). Rock Island, Kittitas Co. (Sandberg & Leiberg 447, P, Wa).
Loon Lake, Stevens Co. (Turesson, Lu; no fr.). Yakima Region,
Triton (?) Basin (Brandegee, Ca). Seattle (Piper, Ch, MW; Hosier,
Wa). Hoquiam (E. M. Bar dell, SL; no fr.). Edge of lake near
Evergreen trail, Quiniault (Canard 226, P, Wa). Western Klickitat
Co., bottom lands, Columbia River (Suksdorf 1401, P, Ch, Ca).
Hoquiam (Cowles 543, Ch). Base of Mt. Carleton (Kreager 300, P).
Cattle Point, San Juan Islands (Peck 12719, P). Wilson Creek (Lake
& Hull, P). Rock Lake, Whitman Co. (Weitman 154, P). Pullman
(Piper 1548, P).

OREGON: Portland (Henderson, P). Portland, Lower Albina
(Sheldon P, Ch, Wa). Wet meadow on Red Blanket Creek, near
Prospect, 1,050 meters (Applegate 2552, Wa; no fr.). Ross Slough,
Coos Co. (H. H. Smith 3680, Ca; no fr.). Vicinity of Laidlaw, Crook
Co. (Whited, Wa; no fr.). Big Sheep Creek, Wallowa Co., 1,410
meters (Sheldon 8616, SL). Shore of Klamath Lake, near Modoc
Point (Coville 1332, Wa; no fr.). Silver Lake to Ft. Klamath (Fur-
long, etc., Ca; no fr.). Klamath Indian Reservation, Valley of

114 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

Sprague River (Covitte 1319, Wa). Hood River (?, Ca} no fr.).
Western Oregon, river bottoms (Howell, Be, UW; no fr.). Klamath
Co., south of Beaver Marsh, Crescent (Abrams 9671, La). Yaquina
Head, Lincoln Co. (J. C. Nelson 410, P). Sauvies Island (Howell, P).

CALIFORNIA: Lassen Co., Amadee (B. Davy, Ca). Amadee, Honey
Lake Valley (B. Davy, Ca; proc.}. San Francisco (Andersson, St;
proc.; leaves only). Lake Merced, San Francisco (Eastwood, Ch).
Coloma (Andersson, St; proc.). Goodyear, Solano Co., common in
marshes (Baker 3219, MW, photo.; type of R. procerus Greene).
Northern Coast Ranges, brackish marsh near Samoa, 0-150 meters
(Tracy 3148, Ca; proc.). Along streamlet, Bold Mt. between High
Prairie and Snow Camp, Humboldt Co., 1,050 meters (Tracy 4578,
Ca; no fr.). Berkeley, marshes (B. Davy 722, Ca; proc.). Warner
Mts., Modoc Co., 2,190 meters, meadows, head of North Fork,
Parker Co. (Taylor & Bryant, Ca; no fr.). Willow Creek (Nutting,
Ca). Without locality (Andersson, St; Bolander, Wa; both proc.).

Rumex fenestratus differs from R. occidentalis by its twice as large
fruiting perigonia and nutlets. In size and form of the leaves,
whether crisped or not, and in outline of the valves, both species
are variable.

The specimens from Vancouver Island are distinguished by the
thick consistency of their leaves and by having their nerves papillose-
pubescent beneath. I can not see the differences suggested by Greene
in his descriptions concerning articulation of pedicels and outline of
valves, or at least they are not sufficient to distinguish the insular
and continental plants.

As to the relations between R. fenestratus and R. occidentalis, and
the geographic distribution, see the discussion of the latter species.

Two forms seem to deserve separation :

Var. procerus (Greene) Rech. f., comb. nov. — R. procerus Greene,
Pittonia 4 : 305. 1899-1901. Differt a typo caulibus usque duplo longi-
oribus et crassioribus, inflorescentia ampliore, valvis subminoribus.

This variety is limited to the western middle sections of Cali-
fornia, that is, to the most southwestern part of the area of R. fenes-
tratus. It occurs there "in wet, boggy depressions among the coast
hills, about San Francisco Bay and Monterey," in exceedingly low
localities compared with the extremely southern situation. The dis-
tinction from the type does not seem to be very clear. (See above, the
specimens marked "proc.")

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 115

Var. labradoricus Rech. f., var. nov. — Differt a typo imprimis
valvis sublongioribus, ambitu saepe subtriangularibus, plerumque
acutis.

This variety is not clearly distinguished from the type. It
occupies the most eastern parts of Canada and is separated from the
principal area of the type by a large zone inhabited by R. occidentalis.
(See above, the specimens marked "labrad.")

Explanation of Figure 22, a. — Valves of Rumex fenestratus, 4
times natural size; Idaho, Macbride 3812.

36. Rumex Patientia L.

Somewhat similar to R. crispus, from which it differs by its
usually taller habit, larger, pale green, not so distinctly crisped
leaves, these broadest below the middle, petioles flat on the upper
side, larger, more cordate valves with proportionately smaller grains
and larger nutlets.

SYNONYMY: L. Sp. PL 33. 1753; Macoun 354. 1888; Trelease 82.
1892; Britt. & Brown 550. 1896; Gray 355. 1908; Rydb. R. 232.
1922; Tidestrom 160. 1925; Rydb. P. 279. 1932; Rech. f. Vorarb. 2 in
Repert. Sp. Nov. 31: 246. 1933.

A rather polymorphic species, originally from southeastern Europe
and Asia. Most American specimens belong to the subsp. eu-Pati-
entia Rech. f. op. cit. 246, with only one valve grain-bearing; but
some of them approach by the still larger fruiting perianths, with
three grains of unequal size, the subsp. orientalis (Bernh.) Danser;
cf. Rech. f. op. cit. 253.

CANADA: Waste places, Ottawa (Macoun 5876, 0). Roadside and
fields near Belleville (Macoun 23760, 0; approaching orientalis).

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: Washington (Steele, Ko; approaching

orientalis).

WISCONSIN: Blue Mounds (Fassett 2955, La).
IOWA: Fayette (Fink, G).

KANSAS: Waste places, Riley Co. (J. B. Norton 449, La, UW;
approaching orientalis).

MISSOURI: Courtney, waste ground (Bush 9789B, NY).
UTAH: Lehi, moist bottom (Goodding 1167, Wa, La).

WASHINGTON: Waitsburg (Homer 184, P). Spokane (Turesson,

La).

116 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

37. Rumex crispus L.

Stem straight, erect, without axillary branches; leaves cuneate at
the base, wavy-margined; petioles somewhat canaliculate on the
upper side; panicle elongated, the whorls usually dense and approx-
imate, the pedicels about 1.5 times longer than the fruit; valves
round-ovate, subcordate, the margin entire or minutely erose, usually
with 3 equal or unequal grains, rarely with only one.

SYNONYMY: L. Sp. PI. 335. 1753; Pursh 247. 1816; Campdera 95.
1819; Hook. 129. 1840; Meisn. apud DC. 44. 1856; Wats. 9. 1880;
Macoun 416. 1883; Trelease 84. 1892; Britt. & Brown 551. 1896;
Small 370. 1903; Piper 225. 1906; Gray 355. 1908; Woot. & Standl.
192. 1915; Rydb. R. 232. 1922; Jepson 292. 1923; Tidestrom 160.
1925; Rydb. P. 280. 1932; Rech. f. Vorarb. Monogr. Rumex 3: 44.
1933.

A polymorphic species as to the form of leaves, size of fruiting
perigonia, grains, etc.

Indigenous in Europe and Asia, introduced to all parts of the
world and partly naturalized. In America students have generally
assumed that it has only been naturalized, but, as the data cited from
labels indicate, this seems open to question, especially as concerns
those from the Rocky Mountains. In the following citations habitat
for specimens noted by the collectors as from waste places or clearly
as "weeds" has been omitted, only natural habitats being cited.

NEWFOUNDLAND: Bushy cove, Bay of Islands, garden (Waghorne,
Z). Valley of Exploits River, low, damp clearings, Grand Falls
(Fernald & Wiegand 5333, Ke). Region of Humber Arm, Bay of
Islands, Summerside (Fernald & Wiegand 3285, G).

NOVA SCOTIA: Main Station (H. St. John, Ko, Ke).

ONTARIO: Kingston (Fowler, Wa).

ALASKA: Juneau (Anderson 2A-163, L). Treadwell (Dicht, NY).
Kodiak, Sitkalidak Island, on seashores, Port Hobron (Eyerdam 123,
129, L, MW). Fairbanks (J. P. Anderson 1288, MW).

NEW HAMPSHIRE: Philbrook Farm, Shelburne (Deane, Wa).

MASSACHUSETTS: Amherst (Sturns, Wa). Mt. Washington
(Meredith, St). Marblehead (Harper, P).

CONNECTICUT: Vicinity of Green's Farms (Pollard 74, Wa).

NEW YORK: Vicinity of Clove, Dutchess Co. (Standley & Bollman
12338, Wa).

DELAWARE: Greenbank (Commons, NY).

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 117

MARYLAND: Below Great Falls, Bank of C. & 0. Canal (Maxon
6331, Wa).

VIRGINIA: Open woods below Potomac Falls (Norton 268, Wa).
Norfolk (Kearney 1280, Wa). Suffolk, Nansemond Co. (Heller 961,
Wa). Brancheville, Southampton Co. (Heller 961, Bo).

NORTH CAROLINA: Ocracoke Isl., Hyde Co. (Kearney 2295, Wa).

GEORGIA: McDuffie Co., along small stream in the open northwest
of Thomson (Bartlett 2595, Wa). Savannah (Kolthoff). Savannah,
Chatham Co. (Moldenke 1189, St, SL).

ALABAMA: Dry, open prairies, Marion (C. Mohr, Wa).

OHIO: Jamestown (Wooton, Wa).

MICHIGAN: Vicinity of Michigan Biological Station (F. C. Gates,
MW, Ch).

WISCONSIN: Yard, Green Bay (Schuette, SL). Madison (?, Ko).
Mt. Hope, Grant Co. (Williams, NY).

ILLINOIS: Southern Lake Co. (Buhl 640, MW). Cook Co. (H. N.
Smith 5650, Bu). St. Clair Co. (Eggert, Le).

IOWA: Fayette Co. (Fink, Wa). Ames (Ball & Combs 513, Ko).
Ames, Watkin's Well (Kellogg 46, Wa).

SOUTH DAKOTA: Deadwood, creek banks (Rydberg 5, NY, NW,
Wa).

MISSOURI: Jerome (Kellogg 516, Wa). Springfield (Standley 8431,
Wa). Courtney (Bush 9791, Ke). St. Louis (Egeling, Bu).

ARKANSAS: Without locality (Rafinesque, De).

KANSAS: Pittsburg (Rydberg & Imler 184, NY), Hoisington
(Rydberg & Imler 1293, NY).

MISSISSIPPI: Columbus (Mohr, Wa). Starkville (Tracy, SL).

LOUISIANA: New Orleans (Drummond 282, Lu, Ke, MW). Gretna
(Ball 334, SL, Ca, Wa). New Orleans (Mellichamp, SL).

TEXAS: Denison (Reverchon, SL). Reunion (Reverchon, SL).
Dallas (Reverchon, SL). Victoria (Eggert, SL). Canyon, Randall Co.
(Palmer 14013, SL). Austin, flood plain of Colorado River (Armer,
Wa). Rio Grande Valley, Canutillo (Barlow, Ch).

MONTANA: Kalispell (Blankinship, SL). Low thickets along
Swiftcurrent Creek, below Lake McDermott, 1,350 meters (Standley
15539, Wa).

WYOMING: C Y Ranch (A. Nelson 615, SL). Laramie, Albany
Co., loose, rich soil (Nelson 8196, SL). Dry, open ground near
Laramie, 390 meters (C. J. Goodman 867, SL).

118 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

COLORADO: Boggy pastures, 1,650 meters, Paradox, Montrose
Co. (Walker 342, Be, Wa). Grand Junction (Hedgcock, SL). Colo-
rado Springs (Trelease, SL). River bottom, Brighton (Johnston 524,
SL). Woods along creek, Boulder, 1,530 meters (H. C. Hanson
C464,SL). Ft. Collins, 1,500 meters (J. H. Cowen, SL). Mesa Verde
(Schmoll 1788, La).

NEW MEXICO: Chama (Baker 295, Wa, SL, Bo). Mangas
Springs, 18 miles northwest of Silver City, Grant Co., 1,430 meters
(Metcalfe 157, Ke, SL). South end of Black Range, 1,650 meters
(Metcalfe). Pecos River (Coghill 86, SL). Mesilla Park, Experiment
Station Farm (Standley, SL). Near Pecos, San Miguel Co., 2,010
meters (Standley 5308, SL). Pecos National Forest, Winsors Ranch,
2,520 meters (Standley 4267, SL). Santa Fe (Mulford 1307, SL).
Sandia Mts., Balsam Park, 2,460 meters (Ellis 259, SL). Vicinity of
Ensenada, Rio Arriba Co., creek bottoms (Standley & Bollman
11087, Wa). Grains Ranch (Wooton, Wa). White Mts., Lincoln Co.
(Wooton & Standley, Wa).

WASHINGTON: Wenatchee, Kittitas Co. (Whited 1252, Wa).
Egbert Spring, Douglas Co., 390 meters (Sandberg & Leiberg 400,
Ko, St, Ke, P, SL, Wa). San Juan Islands, Friday Harbor (Zeller
944, SL; 942, NY). Seattle (Piper 698, Lu, SL; Zeller, SL; Bardell,
SL; Freiberg, SL; M osier, Wa). Pierce Co. (Davison, P). Columbia
Co. (Darlington, P).

OREGON: Shirk, low grounds in water, 1,500 meters (Leiberg 2587,
Wa, St). Klamath Indian Reservation (Coville 1532, Wa). Shore of
Klamath Lake, near Modoc Point (Coville 1333, Wa). Riddles (Ward
67, Wa). Willamette Heights, Portland (Sheldon, SL). Marion Co.,
Bush's Pasture (Thompson 4900, SL). Bank of small stream north-
east of Brownsboro, Jackson Co., 720 meters (Applegate 2396, Wa;
young specimen).

IDAHO: Forest, Nez Perce Co., 1,050 meters (Heller 3481, Ca,
SL). New Plymouth (Macbride 240, P, SL, Wa). Camas Prairie,
Blaine Co., meadow, 1,710 meters (Macbride & Payson 3822, SL).
Coeur D'Alene Mts., divide between Mullon and Canyon Creek,
1,200 meters (Leiberg 1504, SL). Hailey (Henderson 3361, Wa).
Boise, 840 meters (Clark 122, SL, St). Boise (Mulford, SL). Wet
meadows, shores of Lake Pend d'Oreille (Leiberg 563, SL).

NEVADA: Kings Canyon, Ormsby Co., 1,700-2,000 meters (Baker
1201, SL, Ca, Bu). On slopes, Glenbrook on Lake Tahoe, 1,860
meters (Tidestrom 10293, St). Corey Canyon, Wassuk Mts., 2,040

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 119

meters (Tidestrom 10123, SL). Reno, 1,350-1,500 meters (Hitchcock
440, Wa).

UTAH: Grand River Canyon below Moab, 1,500 meters (Rydberg
& Garrett 8492, Wa). Wasatch Mts., 1,650 meters (Tidestrom 547,
Wa). Provo, 1,350 meters (Jones 5504, Wa, Ca, SL). Murray (W.
W. Jones, Ca). Alta, Wasatch Mts., 2,700 meters (Jones 1183, Br,
SL, Be, MW). Salt Lake City, 1,290 meters (Jones 2066, Bo, Bu).
Salt Lake City, dry soil (Pammel & Blackwood 3611, SL).

ARIZONA: Final Creek (Tourney 3438, Wa). Chiricahua Mts.,
Miss Rhoda Rigg's Ranch, 1,650 meters, in running water (Blumer
1895, NY, Wa). Tucson (Tourney, Ca, Wa, NY). Santa Cruz
bottoms near Tucson (Griffiths 4064, SL). Prescott (Tourney, Ca).
Oak Creek (W. W. Jones, Ca). Rincon Mts. (Tourney 280, NY).
Rincon Mts., Spud Ranch (Blumer 3497, Ca). Temple (Griffiths
4334, SL). Bisbee, along creeks (Goodding 1095, Wa, NY). Lower
Miller Canyon, Huachuca Mts., moist, sandy ground (Goodding 188,
NY). Flagstaff, 2,100 meters (McDougal 115, Be). Roosevelt
(Peebles, etc., 5213, Wa).

CALIFORNIA : Gualala, Mendocino Co. (Taylor, Ca). Near Compt-
che, Mendocino Co. (Walker 260, Ca). North Coast Ranges, Men-
docino, Humboldt, and Del Norte Cos., between Camp Grant and
Pepperwood (Davy & Blasdale 5487, Ca). Mendocino Co., Big
River (McMurphy 237, NY; var. advena Danser?). Warner Mts.,
Modoc Co., 1,380 meters (Taylor & Bryant, Ca). Big Valley near
Lookout, Lassen Co. (Nutting, Ca). Lassen Co., Honey Lake Valley,
wet, adobe meadows (B. Davy 3378, Ca). Near Redding, Shasta Co.
(Heller 7875, Ca, MW). Mt. Shasta and vicinity, Siskiyou Co.
(Palmer 2524, Wa). Siskiyou Co., along creek near Yreka (Butler
513, 971, Ca, Wa). Valley of Van Duzen River, opposite Buck Mt.,
300 meters, Humboldt Co. (Tracy 2806, Ca). Meadows on mountain
side, 3 miles northwest of junction of Willow Creek with Trinity
River, Humboldt Co., and near Beebe's Ranch, 900 meters (Tracy
3375, Ca). Santa Cruz Mts., Santa Clara Co., north embankment
of Lake Lagunita (Dudley, Br). Santa Clara Co., foothills west of
Los Gatos (Heller 7303, Ca). Little Chico Canyon (Austin 1937, Wa,
SL). Santa Cruz (C. H. Thompson, SL). Boulder Creek, Santa
Cruz Co. (Walker 743, Ca). Amador Co., vicinity of lone, 60-150
meters (Braunton 1069, Ca, SL). San Francisco (Harford & Kellogg,
SL). San Jos£ (?, Ca). Vicinity of Oakland (Holder, Geol. Surv.
2597, Wa). Berkeley (H. A. Walker 492, Ca; B. Davy, Ca; Blankin-
ship, SL). Benicia (Chandler 7000, Ca). Crystal Spring Lake, San

120 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

Mateo Co. (Elmer 4266, NY, Be). Pine Grove, 660 meters; Amador
Co. (Hansen 1794, SL, Be). Yosemite Valley, Transition Zone, 1,200-
1,350 meters (Abrams 4639, Ca; Hall 9031, Ca). Panamint Canyon,
Lower Sonoran Zone, 600 meters (Hall & Chandler 7043, Ca).
Butte Co., Sierra Nevada at Chico Meadows, 1,200 meters, yellow
pine belt, in wet turf, associated with Senecio, Salix, Castilleja,
Epilobium, and Sisyrinchium (Heller 11595, Ca). Butte Creek,
Butte Co. (Austin 632, Wa). Forest Ranch, Butte Co. (Austin, SL).
Mt. Pinos, Ventura Co., Lockwood Valley, Upper Sonoran Zone, 1,560
meters (Hall 6696, Ca). By ditch near Weldon, Kern Co., 810
meters (Wheeler, Ca). San Bernardino Ranch, Mexican boundary
(M earns 637, Wa). San Bernardino (Parish, SL). Grant Lake City
(Scheuber, Wa). San Luis Obispo Creek (Guirado 694, Wa). Soldiers
Home (Adams 19, Ca). Orcutt (Russell 2216, SL). Avalon, Santa
Catalina Isl. (Trask, Wa, Ke). Santa Cruz Isl., Prisoner's Harbor
(Adams & Wiggins 123, Ca). Mecca, 57 meters (Parish 8617, Ca).
San Jacinto Valley (Reinhardt, Ca). Jacinto Hot Springs (Mearns
3335, Wa). Los Angeles (E. D. Palmer, Ca). Claremont, Los
Angeles Co. (Burnett, SL). Pasadena (Grant 1139, Wa). Antelope
Valley (B. Davy 2279, Ca). San Antonio Mts., head of San Antonio
Canyon, open ground along streams, Upper Transition Zone, 2,400
meters (Johnston, Ca). San Joaquin Co. (Berg, Ca). Head of San
Joaquin Valley, green field near Bakersfield (B. Davy 1838, Ca).
Owens Valley and Fort Tejon (GeoL Survey, Wa). Fort Tejon (B.
Davy, 2380, Ca). Laguna (Schoenfeldt 368, Wa). Antioch, Contra
Costa Co. (B. Davy 976-977, Ca). Jersey Isl., Contra Costa Co.
(Wiggins 4605, Ca). Rumsey, Yolo Co. (Tracy & Storer, Ca). Near
Norman, Glenn Co. (B. Davy, Ca). Glenn Co., Bennet Spring, on
Newville road (Heller 11539, NY). Suisun (H. A. Walker 990, Ca).
Santa Ysabel (Henshaw 3, Wa). Hay ward (Jepson, Ca).

MEXICO: Orizaba (Botteri 109, Wa, Ke). Orizaba (C. Mohr,
Wa). In graminosis, Huatusco, Veracruz (Mohr, Wa). Sianori,
Durango (Ortega 5352, Wa). San Ramon, Durango (Palmer 156, Wa,
G). Hidalgo, Tula, 2,040 meters (Pringle 6584, Wa). San Lorenzo
(Liebmann 699H, Ko). Chihuahua, near Colonia Garcia in the Sierra
Madre, 2,220 meters (Townsend & Barber 82, St, MW, Wa). Chihua-
hua, 1,300 meters (Palmer 97, Ch, Wa, G; 223, Ch, Wa, G). Ex
convalli San Luis Potosi, in paludosis (Schaffner, Ke). In paludosis
ca. urbem (Schaffner 907, Ke). Vallee de Mexico (Bourgeau 201, Be,
Ke). Morales (Schaffner 903, Ke). Quere'taro (Bro. Agniel 10481;
Agniel & Arsene 10476, Wa). Cerro Guadalupe, 2,250 meters,

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 121

vicinity of Puebla (Arsene 92, Wa). Vicinity of Puebla, Laguna San
Baltasar, 2,140 meters (Arsene). Vicinity of Puebla, Rancho Posado
(Arsene 70, Wa). Laguna pres de Morelia (Arsene, Ke). Laguna au
nord, Morelia, Michoacan, 1,800 meters (Arsene 3017, Wa). Hermo-
sillo, Sonora (Rose, Standley & Russell 12503, Wa). Nuevo Leon,
Saltillo (Gregg, NH).

BERMUDA: Fields, Warwick Pond (Brown & Britton 345, NY, Ca).
Harrington House (S. Brown 677, Ko) .

HAITI: Marmelade, Dept. du Nord, 800 meters (Leonard 8389,
Wa). Foleur road, vicinity of St. Louis du Nord (Leonard 14390,
Wa). Massif des Echos, Pte. Riv. de 1'Artibonite, Perodin, 900
meters (Ekman 3486, Wa).

JAMAICA: Farm Hill (Orcutt 3337, Ca).

PUERTO Rico: Prope Maricao ad ripam fluminis (Lindau 242,
Wa). Road from Ponce to Adjuntas (Underwood & Griggs 731, Wa).
Ad vias, Adjuntas (Stahl, Z). Prope Aibonito ad la Lima (Lindau,
H). Sierra de Luquillo in reg. media mentis Jimenes, in pratis (Sin-
tenis 1522, Ke).

MARTINIQUE: St. Pierre, prairie, jardin (Louis-Arsene 197, NY).

38. Rumex conglomeratus Murr.

Lower leaves cordate at the base, plane; branches of the panicle
divergent; whorls nearly all with a leaf, remote; pedicels usually not
longer than the fruit; valves 2.5-3 mm. long, entire, each bearing a
large grain.

SYNONYMY: Murr. Prodr. Fl. Gott. 52. 1770; Meisn. apud DC.
49. 1856; Wats. 9. 1880; Trelease 90. 1892; Britt. & Brown 551.
1896; Small 371. 1856; Piper 226. 1906; Gray 356. 1908; Jepson 292.
1923.

A weed of European origin, naturalized in extra-tropical parts of
the New World.

BRITISH COLUMBIA: Vancouver Isl., Bamfield (Anderson 7223,
P). Nanaimo (Macoun 83938, Ch).

VIRGINIA: Near Ocean View Station, Norfolk (Coville 3, Wa).
Norfolk (Curtiss, Ch).

NORTH CAROLINA: In oriente . . . locis vastis (McCarthy, Wa).

ARIZONA: Hot Springs (Tourney, 343d, Wa). Phoenix (Tourney
343b, Wa).

TEXAS: Wet, sandy ground, Huntsville, Walker Co. (E. J. Palmer
12035, La, Ca, Br).

122 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

WASHINGTON: Seattle (Piper 627, P, SL). McGowan, Pacific Co.
(Spiegelberg 636, P; form with longer pedicels). Whidbey Island
(Gardner 257, P).

OREGON: Columbia Co., damp ground in city auto park, Clats-
kanie (Thompson 3723, SL). Newport, Lincoln Co., beach (Spillman
165, P). Ballast, Linnton, Portland (Suksdorf 1931, P). Hillsboro,
Washington Co. (H. H. Smith 4098, 6031, P, Ch). "Plat B" (Haydon
244, Ch).

CALIFORNIA: Humboldt Co., Eureka, 0-150 meters (Tracy 3164,
Ca). Siskiyou Co., along ditch near Yreka (Butler 514, Ca). Men-
docino Co., near Comtche (Walker 373, Ca). Santa Clara Co.
(Demaree 9202, SL). Mendocino Co., near Mendocino, sea level to
150 meters (H. E. Brown 840, SL, Ca). Near San Francisco (Brande-
gee, SL). Berkeley (B. Davy 721, Ca; Blankinship, SL). Saratoga,
Santa Clara Co. (B. Davy, Ca). Boulder Creek, Santa Cruz Co. (H.
A. Walker 771, Ca). Santa Cruz (Anderson, SL; C. H. Thompson,
SL). Lake Co., Kelseyville, weed in waste places (Blankinship, SL).
Amador Co., Clinton, 600 meters (Hansen 1747, SL). Amador Co.,
lone, 60-150 meters (E. Braunton 1048, SL). Yosemite Valley
(lower end), Transition Zone, 1,200 meters (H. M. Hall 9107, Ca).
Los Angeles (Miss E. D. Palmer, Ca). San Joaquin Co. (Sanford
46, Ca). San Joaquin Co., Stockton, irrigating ditch (Sanford 27,
Ca; 1548, SL). San Bernardino, wet places (Parish 11429, Ca, SL).
San Bernardino Co., damp land, meadows, 300 meters, San Bernar-
dino Valley (Parish 11429, Ca). San Mateo Co., Crystal Springs
Lake (Elmer 4276, SL). Flats along San Mateo River near ocean,
San Diego Co. (Wiggins 2987, Ca). Witch Creek, San Diego Co.
(Alderson, Ca). San Luis Obispo Co., Santa Cruz Canyon (Barber,
Ca). Santa Catalina Isl. (Nuttall 895, Ke). Avalon, Santa Catalina
Isl. (Trask, Ke). Orcutt (Russell 2217, 2218, SL). San Jacinto Valley
(Reinhardt, Ca). Mill Valley, Marin Co. (Bioletti, Ca). Mission
Valley (Brandegee, Ca). Elsinore, moist soil (A. J. M., Ca). Hay-
ward (M. A. King, Ca). Sonoma Co., along Sonoma Creek, at foot
of Mt. Hood (Heller 5770, SL). Sonoma Co., Bennett Valley, south-
east of Santa Rosa (Heller 5660, SL). Claremont (A. R. Davis, SL).
Without locality (Austin 125, SL).

MEXICO: Hidalgo, Tula, 2,040 meters (Pringle 6369, UW, Wa,
NY, Ca, Be, H, M, Z; sub nomine R. Berlandieri). Michoacan,
Morelia (Arsene 3332, Wa).

HAITI: Vicinity of Mission, Fonds Varettes, 1,000 meters (Leonard
3813, Wa).

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 123

39. Rumex sanguineus L.

Lower leaves cordate at the base, plane; branches of the panicle
divergent, only the lower whorls with a leaf, all remote; pedicels
about 1.5 times as long as the fruit; valves 3-3.8 mm. long, entire,
only one with a grain, the others usually grainless.

SYNONYMY: L. Sp. PI. 334. 1753; Pursh 247. 1816; Campdera 65
and 94. 1819; Hook. 130. 1840; Meisn. apud DC. 49. 1856;
Macoun 417. 1883; Trelease 90. 1892; Britt. & Brown 551. 1896;
Small 371. 1903.

Though this species is mentioned by many American authors as
introduced from Europe, I have seen only one American specimen.
Perhaps it has sometimes been confused with other species, especially
R. conglomeratus.

OREGON: Auf fremder Erde (ballast) in Linnton bei Portland
(Suksdorf 1699, P).

40. Rumex Britannica L. Figure 22, b

Perennis. Caulis validus stricte erectus, profunde canaliculato-
sulcatus, saepe purpurascens, 60-160 cm. altus, infra inflorescentiam
non ramosus. Ochreae bruneae maiusculae cito evanescentes. Folia
basalia ambitu oblongo-lanceolata usque ad 50 cm. longa, ad 20 cm.
lata, latitudine 3-4-plo longiora, in vel infra medium latissima, basi
oblique truncata vel late cuneata raro rotundata, apice acutiuscula
vel rotundata, subplana vel ± undata et margine insuper minute
crenato-crispata, utrinque glabra et levia vel subtus ad nervos scabri-
uscula, consistentia in sicco crasse membranacea vel tenuiter coriacea
rigidula; nervi secundarii foliorum fere recti vix curvati, a primario
angulo ca. 60°-80° abeuntes, subtus valde prominentes. Petiolus
foliorum basalium laminam ± aequans. Folia caulina inferiora e
basi rotundata vel latiuscule cuneata lanceolata, latitudine ca. 4-plo
longiora, basin versus latissima, apicem versus sensim angustata;
petiolus latitudinem folii ± aequans. Folia caulina superiora anguste
lineari-lanceolata subplana breviter petiolata. Kami inflorescentiae
plerumque breves e basi arcuata leviter divergentes ± stricte erecti
superiores singuli simplices, inferiores foliis suffulti saepe elongati
saepe fasciculati plerumque terni iterum ramosi, paniculam angustam
brevem vel elongatam in statu fructifero ± compactam formantes.
Florum glomeruli multiflori omnes plerumque approximati fructi-
ficationis tempore contigui, pedicelli fructiferi validiusculi, in quarta
circiter parte inferiore tenuiter articulati, basin perigonii versus

124 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

sensim paulo dilatati, perigonio mature 1.5-2 (-2.5) -plo longiores.
Perigonii foliola exteriora ovato-lanceolata latiuscula subobtusa,
2-2.5 mm. longa, basibus interiorum accumbentia. Perigonii
folia interiora (valvae) in statu fructifero 4-6 mm. longa,
4.5-7.5 mm. lata, longitudine plerumque evidenter latiora, ambitu
cordato- vel reniformi-rotundata basi ± late emarginata, apice
rotundata vel latissime rotundato-acuminata, margine subintegra
vel imprimis basin versus minute et irregulariter crenulato-denticu-
lata, colore carneo-bruneo vel stramineo, iuniora saepe purpureo-
suffusa, consistentia rigide membranacea. Valvae facie subaequaliter
et valde prominenter reticulato-nervosae, omnes calliferae; nervi
basi (quo ex callo excurrunt) saepe incrassati. Calli subaequales
elongato-fusiformes, semper a basi valvae aliquantum remoti ideoque
nervo mediano quasi stipitati, apice in nervum medianum acute
transientes, dimidia longitudine valvae semper evidenter longiores,
leves. Nux matura brunea 3.5 mm. longa, ca. 2 mm. lata, utrinque
subaequaliter acuminata, in medio circiter latissima.

SYNONYMY: R. Britannica L. Sp. PI. 334. 1753; Gray, Proc. Amer.
Acad. 8: 399. 1870; Trelease 831. 1892; Britt. & Brown 550. 1896; Gray
355. 1908; Woot. & Standl. 192. 1915; Rydb. P. 280. 1932. R.
orbicularis Gray, Man. ed. 5. 420. 1868; Macoun 415. 1883. R.
hydrolapathum var. americanus Gray; R. Britannica aquaticus Pursh,
Fl. 248. 1816. R. acutus Hook. Fl. 2: 130. 1840, non L. R. sanguineus
Hook. Fl. 2: 130, p.p.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Trelease, pi 21. 1892; Britt. & Brown 550.
1896 (very bad).

DISTRIBUTION: Lowland districts of Canada and eastern and
middle United States.

NEWFOUNDLAND: Region of Humber Arm, Bay of Islands,
brackish swamp (Fernald & Wiegand 3287, Ke, 0; borealis).

NOVA SCOTIA: Sable Island, at Life Saving Station, swampy edge
of fresh-water pond (St. John 1200, 0, Wa, Ko; borealis}. Bridge-
water (Macoun 83951, O). Sable Island, very rare (Macoun 22595, 0).
Common in swamp, Boylston (Hamilton 24676, 0). Digby (Macoun
83952, 0). By a lake near Louisburg, Cape Breton Isl. (Macoun
20215,0).

NEW BRUNSWICK: Gloucester Co., brackish margin of Tete-a-
Gouche River, Bathurst (Williams & Fernald 69122, 0; borealis).

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Marshes near Tracadie (Macoun
23695, 0).

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 125

QUEBEC: Magdalen Isl., wet bogs and mossy pond margins among
the sandhills between East Cape and East Point, Coffin Isl. (Fer-
nald, Long & St. John 7329, NY, 0, Wa, Ko; borealis). Ste. The"rese,
Lac Tourbeux (P. Ls.-Marie, MW). Tourbieres de St. Hubert,
vicinity of Longueuil (Victorin 9770, Wa). He du Bic, cordon littoral
(Rousseau 30059, St; borealis). Saguenay Co., River Etamamion,
Charny (St. John 90399, 0; borealis). Along the Peche River, above
Wakefield (Macoun 60813, 0). Low ground along brooks and in
river marshes, mouth of the Restigouche (Macoun, 0). Low ground
near Matane Gaspe" (Macoun 23694, 0). Below Cap a 1'Aigle, Port
a Persis (Macoun 67752, 0). In swamp, Granby (Scott 12905, 0).

ONTARIO: High Park, Toronto (Macoun 54766, 0). Wet places,
Pt. Edward, River St. Clair (Macoun 23696, 0). St. Patrick's
Bridge, Ottawa (Macoun 5871, 0). Marsh below Britannia (Macoun
83762, 0). Swamp, Britannia (Harrington 1906, 0). Moose Creek
(Macoun 1568, 0). Ottawa, Hemlock Lake (Macoun, 0). Swamp
near New Edinburgh (Harrington 1904, 0). Georgian Bay (?, 0).
Brewery Creek below Chelsea Road (Macoun 83760, 0).

MAINE: Mount Desert, Seal Cove (Bicknell 3932, NY). Mt.
Desert, Eden St. Cove (Bicknell 3931, NY). Orchard, Aroostook
Co. (Fellows 6904, Wa).

MASSACHUSETTS: Shore of Fishers Pond, West Tisbury, Martha's
Vineyard (Seymour 1177, Wa, NY). Swamp, Natick (Chamberlain
& Knowlton, Wa). Essex Co. (Oakes, Ke). Woburn, swamp (Morong,
NY). Cottage City (Curtis?, Ha).

RHODE ISLAND: Olneyville (Congdon, Ch).

NEW YORK: Ithaca (Coville, Wa). Arlington (S. F. Henser, Be).
Vicinity of Clove, Dutchess Co., marsh (Standley & Bollman 12163,
Wa). Long Island, Suffolk Co., brackish marsh, White Brook,
Southampton (St. John 2706, Wa).

NEW JERSEY: Budd's Lake, Sussex Co. (J. K. Small, Wa, Ko).
Lake George (Vasey, Wa). Califon, Hunterdon Co. (Fisher, Wa).
Stockholm (van Sickle, Wa).

MICHIGAN: Near Port Huron, St. Clair Co. (C. K. Dodge, St, Wa).
Hubbardston (Wheeler, Wa).

OHIO: Cleveland, wet places (Krebs 584, Be). Perkins, Erie Co.
(Mosely, Wa).

INDIANA: Swamps and marshes, Clarke (Umbach, Wa). Muncie
(Brady, Ca). Pine (Duesner, Ch).

126 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

WISCONSIN: Without locality (Schuette, NY). Greenfield, in
water (?, NY). Fort Howard (Schuette, Ch).

ILLINOIS: Peoria (Mendel, H). Ringwood (Vasey, UW).

MINNESOTA : Itasca Park, headwaters of Mississippi River, Clear-
water Co., Iron Springs (Grant 3115 or 3175, Ca, NY). Fort Snelling
(M earns 829, Wa). Sandy Lake (Sandberg 808, Wa). Long Lake,
Kandiyohi Co. (Metcalfe 2167, Wa).

IOWA: Kossuth Co. (Cratty & Pammel 584, Wa, Be). Wet ground,
Fayette Co. (Fink 540, Wa). Hanging bog, 3 miles southwest of
Laboratory, Lake Okoboji, Dickinson Co. (Conard, MW).

NORTH DAKOTA: Camp Lake, Underwood (Metcalfe 416, Wa).

SOUTH DAKOTA: Wet places along Sioux River, Brookings (Wil-
liams, Wa).

NEBRASKA: Cody's Lake at head of Dismal River, swamp (Ryd-
berg 1670, Wa, Be). South Cody Lake (Thomson 227, Wa). Lomo,
Keyapaha Co. (Clements 2896, Wa) . Dewey Lake ( Thomson 98, Wa) .

Rumex Britannica is not related to any other American species
but only to the European R. Hydrolapathum Huds. This relationship
was already recognized by Gray, who called the American plant
R. Hydrolapathum var. americanus. R. Hydrolapathum shows a
similar nervation of leaves and also elongate and narrow valve grains,
but is easy to distinguish by its longer basal leaves, of more leathery
consistency, and by its triangular, acute valves.

The name R. Britannica is used here in the sense of Trelease and
subsequent authors. The identity of this plant with Linnets R.
Britannica is not clear to me. Earlier authors seem to have confused
it with R. altissimus Wood. Perhaps it would be more cautious to
use the name R. orbicularis Gray.

Mr. H. W. Pugsley of London kindly undertook to examine for
me the specimen of R. Britannica in the Linne* Herbarium. He wrote
that the specimen deposited there under the name R. Britannica is
not absolutely a type, because there is no evidence of the date at
which it was inserted in the herbarium. It consists of a small branch
with narrow leaves, without axillary branches. The fruiting pedicels
are 7-15 mm. long and the valves triangular, about 5 mm. long and
broad. These characters for the most part seem not to agree with
R. Britannica of authors.

In the northeastern parts of its area (Nova Scotia, Quebec),
R. Britannica occurs usually in a form differing in some respects

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 127

from the type. I am not sure whether this represents a geographic
race or rather an occasional modification.

Var. borealis Rech. f., var. nov. — Differt a typo caule humiliore,
saepe crassiore, panicula fructifera breviore magis compacta ramis
paucis brevibus appressis vel subnullis, foliis multo minoribus pro-
portione angustioribus, basi apiceque subaequaliter angustatis, con-
sistentia crassioribus, in medio circiter latissimis, basalibus extreme
apice saepe breviter rotundatis, valvis fructiferis sublatioribus, ad
8.5 mm. latis.

Specimens belonging to this variety in the list of specimens
examined are noted as "borealis."

Explanation of Figure 22, b. — Valves of Rumex Britannica L., 4
times natural size, from Macoun 83951.

41. Rumex obtusifolius L.

Lower leaves broad, deeply cordate at base, flat, the upper
rounded at base, narrower, lanceolate; branches of the panicle diver-
gent; only the lower flower verticils with leaves and remote; pedicels
slender, to Z1A times as long as the fruit, jointed near the base;
valves 5-6 mm. long, usually one of them bearing a grain, with two
or three often very pronounced teeth on each side.

Indigenous in Europe, introduced to North and South America,
South Africa, eastern Asia, etc. The species is very polymorphic
and is represented in Europe by four subspecies. Most of the Ameri-
can specimens belong to the West European subspecies agrestis
(Fries) Danser (see Rech. f. op. cit. 1: 45), characterized by leaves
somewhat papillous on the under side along the nerves and by large
(about 6 mm.) fruiting perigonia with toothed segments, usually one
of them bearing a grain. Only one specimen belongs to the Central
European subsp. transiens (Simonkai) Rech. f. op. cit. 52, charac-
terized by somewhat smaller fruiting perigonia with 3 usually unequal
grains and shorter fruit segments.

SYNONYMY: L. Sp. PI. 335. 1753; Pursh 248. 1816; Campdera 87.
1819; Meisn. apud DC. 54. 1856; Wats. 9. 1880; Macoun 412. 1883;
Trelease 91. 1892; Britt. & Brown 552. 1896; Small 371. 1903;
Gray 356. 1908; Woot. & Standl. 193. 1915; Rydb. R. 232. 1922; Jep-
son 293. 1923; Tidestrom 160. 1925; Rydb. P. 280. 1932; Rech. f.
Vorarb. Monogr. Rumex 1: 41. 1932; Vorarb. 2: 46. 1933. R. crispa-
tulus Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 217. 1803; Campdera 88. 1819; Meisn.

128 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

apud DC. 59. 1856, fide Fernald apud St. John, Rhodora 17: 77. 1915.
R. Rugelii Meisn. apud DC. 54. 1856.

BRITISH COLUMBIA: Near mouth of Downie Creek (C. H. Shaw,
Bu, UW). Victoria (Anderson, P). Popensa, New Westminster
(Anderson 180, P).

ALASKA: Juneau, near beach (Anderson 2A-285, Lu). Skagway
(Enander in 1913, St). Sitka (Eastwood 958, G). Unalaska (Hulten
7532b, Lu, MW). Akutan (Norberg, Lu).

NEW HAMPSHIRE: Connecticut Lake (Sturns, Wa).

MASSACHUSETTS: Shade, border of woods, Mt. Washington, Berk-
shire Co. (Meredith, St). Swampscott (Harper, P).

NEW YORK: Penn Yan, Yates Co. (Wright, Le). Northville,
Long Island (H. W. Young, Wa).

NEW JERSEY: South Amboy (Kelsey 188, La).

PENNSYLVANIA: Lancaster (Heller, De). Upper Susquehanna,
Sayre (Barber, Be). Hyndman, Bedford Co. (Small, Ch). Paradise
Falls, 270 meters (Bernhardt, P).

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: Potomac Flats (A. Ruth, NY).

MARYLAND: Open fields near Clinton (T. Holm, Br). Washington
(E. S. Steele, De, UW).

VIRGINIA: Bedford Co. (Curtiss, St). White Top Mt. (Rydberg
8122, NY). Vicinity of Chain Bridge (Van Eseltine & Mosely
22, 34, Wa).

GEORGIA: Athens (R. M. Harper, UW).

FLORIDA: Waste ground, Tallahassee, Leon Co. (Moldenke
1173, St).

OHIO: Hamilton Co. (Matthes, Be). Jamestown (Wooton, Wa).
Cincinnati (Lloyd, P).

TENNESSEE: In paludosis ad French Broad River pr. Dandridge
(Rugel, Be).

ILLINOIS: (Eggert, Le).

MISSOURI: (Engelmann, Be). St. Louis (Geyer, MW). Vacant
grounds, Missouri Bot. Gard. (?, Lu, UW). Butler Co. (H. H. Smith
599, Ch).

IOWA: Decatur Co. (Fitzpatrick, La).

LOUISIANA: New Orleans (B. Matthes, Lu, Be).

KANSAS: Cherokee Co. (A. S. Hitchcock, UW).

OKLAHOMA: Pottawatomie Co. (P. I. White, Lu).

COLORADO: Fort Collins (/. H. Cowen, Be, Lu, Up; 3832, P).

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 129

NEW MEXICO: Kingston, Sierra Co., 1,980 meters (0. B. Metcalfe,
Be, De).

UTAH: Farmington Canyon, near Salt Lake City, 1,290-1,650
meters, low woods near springs, common (Pammel & Blackwood
3639, Z).

ARIZONA: Chiricahua Mts., Barfoot Park, 2,400 meters (J, C.
Blumer, Be).

WASHINGTON: Montesano (Grant, P, Be, Lu). Camp Lewis,
Pierce Co. (Davidson, P). McGowan, Pacific Co. (Spiegelberg 694, P).
Snohomish (Sprague, P). Sequim (Grant, P). San Juan Islands,
Friday Harbor (Peck 12902, 13056, P).

OREGON: Portland (Kellogg & Hartford 869, NY; Suksdorf 3206,
P). Hillsboro (H. H. Smith 6032, 6044, Ch).

CALIFORNIA: Requa, Del Norte Co. (Duncan 354, La). Boulder
Creek, Santa Cruz Co. (Walker 769, Ca). Shasta Co., east of Round
Mt., Hatchet Creek, 1,200 meters (L. Benson 2227, SL, NY). Hum-
boldt Co., Eureka, 0-60 meters (Tracy 4077, Ca). Near Ferndale,
Humboldt Co. (B. Davy 6169, B, Ca).

MEXICO: Veracruz, Jalapa, 1,400 meters (R. Endlich, Be). Fed-
eral District, Valley of Mexico (Pringle 7488, G). Morelos, Cuerna-
vaca, Montes Las Tres Marias, 3,000-3,200 meters (Froderstrom &
Hulten 231, St).

JAMAICA: Hardware Gap, 1,200 meters (Harris 10113, Wa).

42. Rumex pulcher L.

Lower leaves small, cordate at base, somewhat crisp marginally,
often pubescent beneath; branches of the panicle very divergent,
often intricate in fruit; flower verticils partly with leaves, all remote;
pedicels thick, not longer than the fruit, jointed in the middle;
valves toothed 4.5-6 mm. long, 2.5-4.5 mm. wide, usually all bearing
a grain, but grains often of unequal size; nutlets 3-4 mm. long,
broadest a little below the middle.

Indigenous in the Mediterranean Basin. Introduced to North
and South America, South Africa, etc. The species is very poly-
morphic and is represented in the Old World by five subspecies. The
American specimens belong to the following three: subsp. eu-pulcher
Rech. f. (see op. cit. 1: 26), characterized by leaves usually con-
tracted above the base (panduriform), by valves obviously longer
than broad, with relatively long teeth; subsp. divaricatus (L.) Murb.
(R. brevipes Meisn. apud DC. 55. 1856; see Rech, f. op. cit. 1: 35),

130 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

characterized by leaves usually not contracted and valves about as
long as broad, with short teeth; subsp. anodontus (Hausskn.) Rech. f.
(see op. cit. 1: 34), characterized by leaves usually not contracted
and valves without teeth (or nearly so).

SYNONYMY: L. Sp. PI. 336. 1753; Campdera 82. 1819; Meisn.
apud DC. 58. 1856; Wats. 9. 1880; Trelease 91. 1892; Britt. & Brown
552. 1896; Small 371. 1903; Gray 357. 1908; Jepson 293. 1923;
Rech. f. Vorarb. Monogr. Rumex 1: 25. 1932; Vorarb. 2: 46. 1933.

Subsp. eu-pulcher Rech. f.

VIRGINIA: Norfolk (Ward, Wa; no fr.; Britton, Ch). Virginia
Beach (Sudworth, Wa). Williamsburg (Grimes 2692, NY; no fr.).

LOUISIANA: New Orleans (Drummond).

TEXAS: Columbia, Brazos River (Bush 208, NY; no fr.).

OREGON: Pasture, Port Orford (Peck 8467, NY; no fr.). Albina,
Portland (Suksdorf 755, P).

CALIFORNIA: Humboldt Co., Alton, 30-90 meters (Tracy 3645,
Ca). Seacoast at Shelter Cove, Humboldt Co. (Bolander 6568, Ca).
Near Ferndale, Humboldt Co. (Davy & Blasdale 6171, Ca). Sonoma
Valley (J. Torrey 422, SL). Pilarcitos Stone Dam, San Mateo Co.
(Elmer 4778, Ca). Near Saratoga, Santa Clara Co. (Pendleton 222,
Ca; no fr.). Pacific Grove, Monterey Co. (Elmer 4067, Ca; Patterson,
Ca). Berkeley (Blankinship, Lu). San Jose* (?, Ca; no fr.). Beni-
cia (Chandler 6087, 6088, Ca). Oakland (Davy, Ca). Oak Park
(Unangst, Ca). Chinese Garden, San Luis Obispo (Condit, Ca). Los
Angeles Co., Inglewood, waste place (Abrams).

MEXICO: Valley of Mexico, 2,190 meters (Pringle 8518, Ca, St).

Subsp. divaricatus (L.) Murb.

FLORIDA: Moist, grassy field, Tallahassee, Leon Co. (Moldenke
1117, SL, St; no fr.). Tallahassee (Harper, Wa; no fr.).

LOUISIANA: New Orleans (Drummond, MW).

TEXAS: Sandy, open ground, Bryan, Brazos Co. (E. J. Palmer
11745, Ca, La, Br, MW). Low, sandy ground near bay, Morgans
Point, Harris Co. (Palmer 11967, Ca, La, Br). Port Arthur, beach
(Kolthoff, St). West of Troup (Reverchon, SL; no fr.). San Antonio
(Sc/mZz2295,Ch).

CALIFORNIA: Los Angeles Co., Inglewood (Abrams, Ko). Pilar-
citos Creek, San Mateo Co. (Elmer, SL, Wa, Be, MW). Sonoma
Valley (Torrey 422, Wa, MW). Monterey (Bailey, Wa). "Flora

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 131

of California, Arizona, etc." (Palmer, Be, MW). Foothill region,
Blue Oak and Digger Pine Belt, Copperopolis, Calaveras Co., 300
meters (Tracy 5598, Ca).

MEXICO: San Angel (Schiede, Be). Valle"e de Mexico (Bourgeau,
Ke; no fr.). Mineral del Monte (Ehrenberg, Be; type of R. brevipes
Meisn.). Hidalgo, wet places near Tula, 2,040 meters (Pringle
13180, Wa, Ke, Be, Ko, By). Mt. Orizaba (Seaton 365, Ch, G).
Chinantla (Liebmann 699 E, Ko). Tiuzutlan (Liebmann 699, F, Ko).

BERMUDA: Harrington House (Brown, Ko).

Subsp. anodontus (Hausskn.) Rech. f.

TEXAS: Austin (Tharp 1254, Wa). East of Country Club,
Austin (Bogusch 571, Wa). Tarrant Co., moist ground (Ruth 1185,
Wa).

43. Rumex dentatus L. ssp. Klotzschianus (Meisn.) Rech. f.

See Vorarb. 1: 19. Native of southern and eastern Asia. Intro-
duced to America.

OREGON: Albina, Portland (Suksdorf 2761, 2843, 2906, P).
Linnton, Portland (Suksdorf 1898, P). Multnomah Co. (Suksdorf
2952, P).

CALIFORNIA: Stockton, San Joaquin Co. (B. Davy 1195, Ca).

44. Rumex violascens Rech. f. Figure 23

Planta annua vel biennis (vel interdum perennans). Caulis
validus rarius gracilis ad 80 cm. altus in parte inferiore stricte
erectus in parte superiore ± flexuosus tota longitudine canaliculato-
sulcatus, saepe purpureo-suffusus, a medio (rarius iam infra) ramosus
et florifer. Rami plerumque breves, arcuato-divergentes, a caule
angulo ca. 45°-60° abeuntes, paniculam parvam apertam formantes.
Ochreae albidae vel bruneae hyalinae. Folia omnia in vivo ut
videtur subcarnosa in sicco crasse membranacea vel subcoriacea,
plana vel margine crispula, glaberrima, ut tota planta levia. Nervi
laterales foliorum a mediano angulo 45°-60° abeuntes. Folia basalia
obverse lanceolata vel elongato-obovata, latitudine 2-4-plo longiora,
supra medium plerumque latissima, supra basin saepe paulo pan-
duriformi-constricta, basi late cuneata vel truncata, apice obtusa
vel acutiuscula. Petiolus crassiusculus ad summum dimidiam longi-
tudinem laminae aequans. Folia caulina inferiora et media basalibus
similia sed minora et proportione angustiora et longiora et brevius
petiolata. Folia summa parva anguste lanceolata utrinque angustata

132 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

breviter petiolata. Florum glomeruli plurimi remoti summi tantum
in statu fructifero contigui, infimi tantum folio suffulti. Perigonio-
rum fructiferorum pedicelli validiusculi valvis aequilongi vel saepius
1.5 (-2) -plo longiores, prope basin incrassato-articulati, ab articula-
tione basin perigonii versus paulo dilatati ibique subinflato-incrassati.
Perigonii foliola exteriora anguste lanceolata acuta, vix 1 mm.
longa, basibus interiorum appressa. Perigonii folia interiora (valvae)
in statu fructifero 2.5-3 mm. longa, 2-3 mm. lata, ambitu deltoidea
vel triangulari-lingulata, apice acuta, margine basin versus utrinque
irregulariter acute pluridentata, rarius subintegra. Valvae facie
scrobiculato-nervosae, reticulo nervaturae valde prominente irregu-
lari apicem valvae versus saepe ± evanescente. Valvae omnes calli-
ferae; calli ± inaequales, maior 1.5-2 mm. longus, ± 0.75 mm. latus,
ovatus, prominens, apice acute in nervum medianum valvae transiens,
sub lente minute impresse punctulatus, interdum insuper transverse
rugulosus. Nux brunea, 1.7 mm. longa, ± 1.2 mm. lata, vix infra
medium latissima.

SYNONYMY: R. violascens Rech. f. Repert. Sp. Nov. 39: 171. 1936.
R. Berlandieri Trelease 89. 1892; Small 370. 1903; Jepson 292. 1923;
omnes saltern pro maiore parte, non Meisn.

ILLUSTRATION: Trelease 1892, pi. 27 (only the fruiting branch
and the left-hand leaf, as R. Berlandieri).

DISTRIBUTION: Western United States from California to Texas,
and in Mexico; in low land, often on ditch banks.

TEXAS: El Paso (Vasey, Wa, Le; no fr.). Rio Grande, Presidio
del Norte (Havard 111, Wa). Rio Grande Valley at Canutillo, El
Paso Co. (Barlow, Ch).

NEW MEXICO: On the Rio Grande near Frontera (Wright 1780,
1781, Wa, Be). Valley of Rio Grande below Dona Ana (Parry,
Bigelow, Wright & Schott 1173, Wa). Las Cruces (Wooton, Wa).

ARIZONA: Tucson (Tourney 342, 343a, Wa, Ca; Evans, SL).
Phoenix (Tourney 343b, Wa; Dewey, Wa). Colorado Valley (Palmer
638, Wa, SL, Ch; no fr.). Catalpa (McDougal 751, Wa).

CALIFORNIA: Delano, Kern Co. (B. Davy 2430, Ca). Kern Delta
(B. Davy 2146, Ca). Mesquite Lake, near Imperial, Colorado Desert
(B. Davy 8024, Ca). Cameron Lake, Colorado Desert (Brandegee,
Ca). Holtville, Imperial Valley (Parish 8078, La, Ca). Blue Lake,
Imperial Valley (Abrams 3193, SL). Garner's Laguna (Schoenfeldt
2906, Wa). San Joaquin River, Lathrop (Suksdorf 53, P). "Cali-
fornia, Arizona, etc." (Palmer 635 or 630, Be).

FIG. 23. Rumex violascens Rech. f.

133

134 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

MEXICO: San Lorenzo de Laguna and vicinity, 22-27 leagues
southwest of Parras, Coahuila (Palmer 1182, Wa, UW, Paris; no fr.).
Hermosillo, bed of Rio de Sonora (Maliby 203, Wa; Rose, Standley
& Russell 12463, Wa; dwarf specimen).

CULTIVATED: California, Berkeley (?, Ca).

INTRODUCED: Denmark: Amager, Paa Falleden (Wiinstedt, Ko).

This species has been identified by most American authors with
R. Berlandieri Meisn. I consulted Meisner's type in the Berlin
Herbarium, and pointed out that R. Berlandieri is not identical with
the plant described here, but belongs to the subsection Salicifolii.
R. violascens, on the contrary, is next related to R. paraguayensis
Parodi; see Rech. f. Vorarb. 3: 33. As to the differences between
R. Berlandieri and R. violascens, see the remarks under R. Berlandieri.
The variability of R. violascens with regard to shape and breadth of
leaves and outline and degree of denticulation of the valves is
important, but since several characters never occur together, there is
no reason to distinguish varieties.

Explanation of Figure 23. — Rumex violascens Rech. f., half
natural size: (a) habit, Mexico, Parry 1173; (6) basal leaf, Arizona,
MacDougal 751. Valves 4 times natural size, Arizona, Dewey.

45. Rumex flexicaulis Rech. f. Figure 24

Annuus vel biennis. Caules plerumque plures, ± graciles,
flexuosi, e basi procumbente ascendentes, fistulosi, flavescentes vel
brunnescentes, profunde sulcati, humiles, 15-40 cm. alti saepe iam
infra medium ramosi et fructiferi, rami angulo acuto arcuato-
divergentes, singuli simplices vel infimi iterum ramosi. Caules rami
petioli folia subtus ad nervos papillis minutis albidis diu persistenti-
bus, rarius evanescentibus obsiti. Ochreae bruneae membranaceae
maiusculae. Folia omnia in sicco tenuiter membranacea, plana,
nervi secundarii angulo 40°-60° a primario abeuntes. Folia basalia
ignota. Folia caulina inferiora oblongo-lanceolata, basi subcordata
vel ± late cuneato-contracta, apice acuta, latitudine 4-5-plo longiora.
Petiolus latitudinem folii circiter aequans. Folia caulina media et
superiora sensim minora angustiora basi magis angustata brevius
petiolata. Panicula fructifera aperta, florum glomeruli multiflori,
inferiores remoti, superiores contigui et valde compacti, omnes fere
folio suffulti. Perigoniorum fructiferorum pedicelli validiusculi,
prope basin articulati, ad basin perigonii subito inflato-dilatati,
perigonio mature plerumque evidenter breviores. Perigonii foliola
exteriora lineari-lanceolata 1.3-1.5 mm. longa apice acuta basibus

FIG. 24. Rumex flexicaulis Rech. f .
135

136 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

interiorum appressa. Perigonii folia interiora (valvae) "in statu
mature 3-3.5 mm. longa, 2.2-2.9 mm. lata, consistentia coriaceo-
membranacea, colore atrobruneo-rufescenti, ambitu triangularia,
basi truncata, apice in linguam acutiusculam protracta, margine
basin versus utrinque 2-3 (-4) -dentata. Dentes parvi acuti irregu-
lares 0.5 mm. (raro ad 1 mm.) longi. Valvae facie distincte reticu-
lato-nervosae omnes subaequaliter calliferae; calli 1.2-1.6 mm. longi,
0.3-0.4 mm. lati, valde prominentes, anguste fusiformes, apice
sensim in nervum medianum transientes, facie minute impresse
cellulato-punctati. Nux matura brunea ± 2 mm. longa, ± 1
mm. lata, infra medium latissima, basi subbrevius, apice longius
acuminata.

SYNONYMY: R. flexicaulis Rech. f. Repert. Sp. Nov. 39: 172. 1936.

MEXICO: Valley of Mexico, 2,190 meters (Pringle 9612, Wa).
Bord des fosse"es pres Mexico (Bourgeau 200, Ke). Chapul tepee,
auf feuchten Feldern (Schaffner, Ke). Without locality (Schmitz,
MW; no fr.). Mexico City (Orcutt, 4073, Ch).

Specimens of this species have been distributed under the name
R. maritimus L. R. flexicaulis is very distinct from the American
and all the other representatives of the Maritimi by its broad leaves,
large fruiting perigonia with short teeth, and large nutlets.

Explanation of Figure 24- — Rumex flexicaulis Rech. f.; half natural
size; Mexico, Schmitz. Valves 4 times natural size; Mexico, Bourgeau
200.

46. Rumex fueginus Philippi. Figure 22, c-g

Annuus vel interdum biennis (aut perennans?). Caulis erectus
vel adscendens, 15-60 cm. altus, strictus vel angulato-flexuosus,
gracilis vel validus, subfistulosus brunnescens interdum purpurascens,
± tenuiter sulcato-striatus, papilloso-scaber glabrescens vel glaber,
a medio vel a basi ramos fructiferos emittens. Rami angulo ca. 45°
arcuato-ascendentes vel erecti, inferiores saepe elongati et iterum
ramosi superiores ± abbreviati simplices. Ochreae albido-bruneae
cito evanescentes. Folia omnia in sicco tenuiter vel crasse mem-
branacea vel subcoriacea, nervis secundariis angulo ca. 60° a primario
abeuntibus, margine ± undulato-crispa, glabra vel saepius — im-
primis subtus ad nervos — pubescenti-scabra. Folia basalia lineari-
lanceolata, basi leviter cordata vel truncata, supra basin saepe
dilatata vel paulum panduriformi-constricta, apice acutiuscula,
latitudine 5-7-plo longiora, petiolata; petiolus lamina brevior. Folia
caulina media basalibus similia sed brevius petiolata, petiolus

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 137

latitudinem laminae ± aequans. Folia caulina superiora angustis-
sime linearia subplana basi cuneata. Panicula fructifera ampla
aperta in speciminibus macris interdum compacta. Florum glomeruli
multiflori infimi tantum remoti superiores contigui, in statu fructifero
saepe valde compacti, omnes folio suffulti. Perigoniorum fructi-
ferorum pedicelli tenuissime setacei, prope basin tenuiter annulato-
articulati, basin perigonii versus sensim paulum dilatati, perigonio
maturo 1-2-plo longiores. Perigonii foliola exteriora anguste lanceo-
lato-linearia, ca. 1 mm. longa, basibus interiorum appressa, apice
acuta, saepe aliquantum recurva. Perigonii folia interiora (valvae)
1.7-2 mm. longa (apice incluso), 0.7-0.9 mm. lata (dentibus exceptis),
subcoriaceo-membranacea, apice in linguam angustissimam acutam
excurrentes, margine utrinque in dentes 2 e basi dilatata setaceo-
subulatos tenuissimos divergentes, latitudinem valvae plerumque
superantes fissa, facies angusta tota fere callo occupata nervatura
itaque vix conspicua in dentes apicemque excurrens. Valvae omnes
subaequaliter calliferae, calli ca. 1 mm. longi latitudine ca. 3-plo
longiores valde prominentes apice obtusiusculi, facie tenuissime
cellulato-punctati. Nux matura brunea, 1.3-1.4 mm. longa, 0.5-
0.7 mm. lata, utrinque subaequaliter acuminata in medio circiter
latissima.

SYNONYMY: R. fueginus Philippi, Anal. Univ. Chile 91: 493. 1895;
Rech. f. Vorarb. 3: 35. 1935. R. maritimus L. var. fueginus Duse"n,
Sv. Exped. Magell. 3, No. 5: 194. 1900; St. John, Rhodora 17: 76.
1915. R. maritimus Meisn. apud DC. 59. 1856, p.p., non L.; Wats. 9.
1880; Coulter 318. 1885; Macoun 417. 1883; Rydb. R. 232. 1922,
non L. R. persicarioides Pursh 248. 1816; Campdera 79. 1819;
Hook. 130. 1896; Meisn. apud DC. 59. 1856; Trelease 93. 1892,
Britt. & Brown 552. 1896; Small 371. 1903; Piper 226. 1906; Gray
357. 1908; Woot. & Standl. 193. 1915; Jepson 293. 1923; Tidestrom
760. 1925; Rydb. P. 280. 1932, non L.

ILLUSTRATIONS: Rhodora 17: pi. 113. 1915 (R. maritimus var.
fueginus}', Trelease 1892, pi. 32 (as R. persicarioides); Britt. &
Brown 552. 1896 (bad; as R. persicarioides).

DISTRIBUTION: Southern parts of South America and Andes of
Ecuador; Canada; United States (southeastern states excepted).—
Imperfectly developed Canadian specimens collected by Marie-
Victorin and Rolland-Germain could, because the shape of the leaves
is the same in both species, belong as well to R. persicarioides L.

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Queen's Co., border of salt marsh,
Bunbury (Fernald, Long & St. John 7340, Wa).

138 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

NOVA SCOTIA: Lagoon, Sable Island (Macoun 22594, Ch).

QUEBEC: Lac Constance (Holland 10075, Ch, Wa). He d'Anti-
costi, Riviere La Loutre (Est), sur sable en marge du goulet (Marie-
Victorin & Rolland-Germain 27231, Wa, St; 27284, Wa). Magdalen
Isl., wet sands or mud at margins of brackish ponds southwest of
Etang du Nord village, Grindstone Isl. (Fernald, Long & St. John
7339, 0, Wa). lie de 1'Etang du Nord, Lagune de 1'Etang du Nord
(Marie-Victorin & Rolland-Germain 9768, Ch). Valle"e de 1'Ottawa,
Lac Deschenes (Rolland 13016, Wa).

ALBERTA: Damp earth, ditch side, Craigmyle (Brinkman 786,
Ch; 787, Wa). Border of marsh, north side of Bow River, Calgary
(Moodie, Ch, Wa). Bow River, 1,350 meters, Actin Village (Setchell
& Parks, Ca; dwarf specimen). Silver City (Macoun 23742, Ch).
Banff (McCalla 2399, Wa).

SASKATCHEWAN: Prince Albert, Lat. 58° (Macoun 12914, Ch).

BRITISH COLUMBIA: Vancouver Island, Alberni Canal (Macoun,
Wa). Nanaimo (Macoun 83930, Ch; approaching var. tanythrix}.

RHODE ISLAND: Shores of Watch Hill Pond, Watch Hill (Setchell,
Ca; approaching var. tanythrix).

WISCONSIN: Dry marsh, Delavan (Hollister 143, Wa). Silver
Lake, Elkhorn, Walworth Co. (Hotchkiss & Martin 4399, UW;
dwarf specimen).

ILLINOIS: Chicago, Stony Island (Greenman 2805, Wa; approach-
ing var. tanythrix).

MINNESOTA: Fort Snelling, bank of Mississippi River (M earns,
Ch, Wa). Swan Lake, Nicollet Co. (Metcalfe 47, Wa). Shores,
Sandy Lake (Sandberg 767, Wa). Itasca Co. (Sandberg, Ch). Ash
Lake, Lincoln Co. (Metcalfe 1716, Wa). Tait Lake, Kandiyohi Co.
(Metcalfe 2022, Wa). Anthony Park (Schuette, Ch). Geneva Lake,
Freeborn Co. (Shunk & Manning 17, MW).

IOWA: Mud Lake (Hitchcock, Ca). Iowa Lakeside Laboratory,
Lake Okoboji, Dickinson Co., along canal (Conard, MW).

MISSOURI: Without locality (Bush 8240, NY). St. Louis (Engel-
mann, St). St. Louis, bords du Mississippi (Riehl 464, MW). Mis-
souri River, below Dampshire Rapids (Ward, Wa). Independence
(Bush 58, Ca). Courtney, sandy bottoms (Bush 8240, Wa; 8240A,
Ca; 8922, Ch).

ARKANSAS: Little Rock, sandy flood plain of Arkansas River
west of Iron Mt. R. R. bridge (Coville 66, Wa).

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 139

NORTH DAKOTA: Mud Lake, Hankinson (Metcalfe 146, Wa).
Leeds, Benson Co. (Lunell, Ch, Wa; partly tanythrix). Dickson
(Holgate, Wa; approaching var. tanythrix). Lake Velva (Mabbott
444, Wa; tanythrix).

SOUTH DAKOTA: Iroquois (Thornber, Ca). Sandy beach of Mis-
souri River near White River (Geyer 137, Wa). Cheyenne River
(?, MW).

NEBRASKA: Red Willow Lake (Thomson 341, Wa; approaching
tanythrix). Ballard Lake (Thomson 196, Wa). Middle Loup River,
near Mullen, Hooker Co., rich meadow (Rydberg 1572). Pishelville,
Knox Co. (Clements 2264, Wa). Wet places, Ashland (Williams
Wa; partly approaching tanythrix). Crawford (Webber, Wa).

KANSAS: Manhattan (Carleton, Wa). Great Bend (Benke 5133,
Ca, Ch). Stream banks, Riley Co. (Pond 1143, Wa). Bottomlands
of Arkansas River south of Kendall (Rydberg & Imler 1003, NY).

MONTANA: Vicinity of Bozeman, wet ground (Blankinship 453,
St, Wa). Harlowton (Wooton, Wa). Townsend (Shear 5238, Wa).
Mountains south of Virginia City (Allen ?, Wa; brachythrix) . Dried-
up pool, Glacier Park Station, 1,440-1,530 meters (Standley 17663,
Wa). Without locality (Anderson, Wa; tanythrix).

WYOMING: Damp soil along Buffalo River (Merrill & Wilcox
1176, Wa; brachythrix). Platte Canyon (A. Nelson 2757, St). Hut-
ton Lake (A. Nelson 5290, Ca). Kendall, Sublette Co., margin of
pond (Payson 2932, Wa, Ca). Yellowstone Park (Mearns 3497,
Wa). Yellowstone Park, Turbid Lake (Tweedy 24, Wa). Shores of
Two Ocean Lake, Teton Co. (Williams 1648, P). Yellowstone Park,
in cacumine Electric Peak (Enander, St).

COLORADO: Denver, Sloan's Lake (Eastwood 105, Wa, Ca). Ft.
Lupton, in swamp (Johnston 848, Wa). San Luis Valley, 1,920
meters (J. Wolf 1010[32], Wa; brachythrix). Texas Creek, 2,100
meters (Brandegee, Ca). Pueblo, Fremont Co. (Brandegee 947, Ca).

NEW MEXICO: Mangas Springs (Wooton, Ca; Metcalfe, Wa;
brachythrix). Along ditches, Navajo Indian Reservation, Shiprock
Agency, 1,425 meters (Standley 7262, Wa). Marsh, Jicarilla Apache
Reservation near Dulce, 2,150-2,470 meters (Standley 8159, Wa).
Gila (Wooton, Wa). Along ditch, Farmington, San Juan Co., 1,550-
1,650 meters (Standley 6879, Wa; brachythrix). Mountains southeast
of Patterson (Wooton, Wa; approaching brachythrix).

WASHINGTON: Spokane Co., Philleo Lake (Suksdorf 943, Wa,
Ca). Spokane and Stevens Co., Mission (Kreager 484, 500, P, Wa).
Little Spokane River, Dartford (St. John 9682, P). West Medical

140 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVII

Lake (St. John 6765, P). Whitman Co., Rock Creek above Rock
Lake (St. John & Warren 6774, P; Lake & Hull 652, P). Revere
(St. John, etc. 7143, P). Granite Point, Wawawai (St. John 3383,
P). Snake River, Wawawai (St. John 6736, P). Southeast of
Lament (Lackey, P). Typha swamp northeast of Ewan, Whitman
Co. (Dillon, Pickett & Clarke 349, P). Okanogan Co., Conconully
(St. John 7741, P). Between Loomis and Tonasket (Thompson
7101, SL). Ophir (Elmer, P). Alma (Elmer, P). Beach at Golden
Gardens, Seattle (Thompson 5123, SL; tanythrix; leaves with cuneate
base). Coulee City (Henderson, P). Southland (Spillman, P).
Clallam Co. (Elmer 2684, P). Bingen, Klickitat Co. (Suksdorf
11804, P). Whidbey Island (Gardner 256, P). Douglas Co., Egbert
Springs (Sandberg & Leiberg 411, Wa, Ca). Alkali Lake, 330 meters
(Sandberg & Leiberg 41, P).

OREGON: Deschutes Co., Crooked River near Smith Rock
(Whited 416, P). Crooked River between Trail Crossing and Oregon
(Whited 541, P). Portland (Gorman 3677, P). Silver Lake (Hender-
son 2423, P). Beach, Seal Rocks, Lincoln Co. (Peck 10695, Ch;
fruits very small). "The Meadows," Wallowa Co., 1,275 meters,
near spring on deserted ranch (Sheldon 8718, Wa, NY; tanythrix).
Klamath Indian Reservation, Klamath Lake, near Modoc Point
(Coville 1334, Wa). Upper Klamath Lake, 1,440 meters (Leiberg
711, Wa). Klamath Falls, Lake Ewana (Lawrence 1189, Wa).

IDAHO: St. Anthony (Merrill 482, Wa). Wet soil along irrigating
ditch, St. Anthony (Merrill & Wilcox 1185, Wa; brachythrix) . Falk's
Store, Canyon Co. (Macbride 310, Wa, P, Ca). Granite Station,
Kootenai Co. (Sandberg, etc. 778, Wa). Coeur d'Alene Mts., low
meadows, Blue Creek, 750 meters (Leiberg 1326, Ca, Wa). Fernan
Lake shore, Coeur d'Alene Mts. (J. Rust, Wa). Shores of Lake
Pend d'Oreille (?, 559, Ca).

NEVADA: Carson Lake (Tidestrom 10776, Wa; athrix). Coleman
Valley, 1,375 meters (Coville & Leiberg 109, Wa; brachythrix) .
Along beach, Walker Lake, near Hawthorn (Tidestrom 10148, Wa).
Ruby Valley near Cave Creek, Elko Co., 1,800 meters (Heller 9526,
Wa). Roadside, moderately dry, Battle Mt., 1,350 meters (Hitchcock
600, Wa; approaching brachythrix). Pah-Ute Mts., 1,500 meters
(Watson 1052, Wa; athrix). Northwestern Nevada (Bailey 1053,
Wa). Humboldt River, "au dessous des lacs" (Remy, Paris; athrix).

UTAH: Vermillion, 1,620 meters (Jones 5839, Wa, Ca; athrix).
Salt Lake City, 1,290 meters (Jones 1064, MW, Wa; brachythrix) .
Salt Lake Valley, 1,350 meters (Watson 1053, Wa; approaching

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 141

brachythrix). Rabbit Valley, 2,010 meters (Ward 598, Wa; partly
athrix). Panguitch Lake, 2,520 meters (Jones 6015ax, 6002an).

ARIZONA: Road between Springerville and Fort Apache, Apache
Co., 2,120-2,800 meters (Eggleston 15755, Wa; brachythrix).

CALIFORNIA: Humboldt Co., Stone Lagoon, marshy ground
(Tracy 5867, Ca; partly tanythrix). Lassen Co., Willow Creek
(Baker & Nutting, Ca). Siskiyou Co., saline flat, Butte Valley,
1,260 meters (Butler 1877, Wa, Ca; brachythrix}. Lake shore (Austin
& Bruce 2273, Ca). Fall River Lake, Shasta Co. (Baker, Ca).
Castroville, Moss Landing, Monterey Co. (Abrams 4079, Ca).
Shores of Clear Lake, Lake Co. (Jepson, Ca). Cache Creek,
Lake Co. (Bolander 2261, Wa). San Francisco (B. Davy 1162, Ca;
approaching tanythrix). San Francisco, "ad lacum Nuphar" (?,
MW). San Francisco Co., Presidio (Michener & Bioletti, Wa).
San Francisco, Lake Merced (Rose, Br; tanythrix). Puget Sound
and San Francisco (Capt. Wilkes "1508," Wa). San Mateo Co.,
Crystal Springs (Elmer 4131, Wa). Laguna Canyon, frequent at
edge of ponds (Munz 6346, Ca). Laguna, border of pond (Munz
2197, Ca). Laguna Canyon, lake shore (Crawford, Ca, SL). Los
Angeles Co., Nigger Slough (Braunton 507, Ca, Wa). Los Angeles
(Brewer 27, Wa; brachythrix). Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts.
and their eastern base, 1,950 meters (Parish 3059, Wa; 1508, Wa,
Ca; brachythrix). Wet shore, Bear Lake, San Bernardino Co.,
1,990 meters (Munz 10547, Ca). Mountain Lake (Greene, Wa;
tanythrix). San Luis Rey (Parry, Wa; tanythrix). Hemet Dam
(Wilder 794, Ca; partly approaching brachythrix). Wet places by
Lake Merced (Rose, MW). Goose Lake Valley (Austin 159, Wa).
Guadalupe (Condit, Ca). Oxnard, Ventura Co. (B. Davy 7804, Ca;
ovato-cordatus) . Without locality (Fremont's Exped. 426, Wa).

ECUADOR: In solo salso prope Salinas, Prov. Ibarra (Sodiro,
Bu).

St. John has treated carefully the North American representatives
of the Maritimi in Rhodora 17: 73. 1915. He comes to the following
conclusions:

(1) The name R. persicarioides L. is very probably not to be
applied to the most common North American plant as was done by
Trelease and subsequent authors, but to a type limited to salt marshes
and saline shores along the lower St. Lawrence and Richelieu rivers,
characterized by the swollen, elliptic-ovate, straw-colored grains,
not narrowed into the midrib of the valve.

142 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

(2) The most common North American type, with usually
somewhat curled leaves, truncate or slightly truncate at the base,
mostly named R. persicarioides since Trelease, is identical with the
South American R. fueginus Philippi. As there are no remarkable
differences in leaves and fruits between this plant and the Eurasian
R. maritimus L., St. John calls the common American plant R.
maritimus var. fueginus, as Duse"n did.

(3) In the drier parts of the western United States occurs a
form of R. fueginus differing from the type by the reduction or the
complete lack of teeth on the margin of the valves. St. John calls
this type R. maritimus var. athrix.

(4) The Eurasian R. maritimus with plane (not curled) leaves,
cuneate at the base, has been found twice in the United States as
an introduction.

(5) R. crispatulus Michx., by Trelease taken as a synonym of
his R. persicarioides, is R. obtusifolius L. according to Fernald, who
examined the type specimens (Fernald apud St. John, op. cit. 77).

The Gray Herbarium kindly lent me some specimens named by
St. John as R. persicarioides, which I have compared with more
than 150 sheets of R. fueginus from all parts of North America,
and I can confirm his conclusions. In the reddish-brown color of
the whole plant, especially of the fruiting perigonia, R. persicarioides
agrees completely with R. fueginus. The length of the teeth of the
valves is variable in both species, but in R. fueginus much more so
than in R. persicarioides. This character, therefore, can not be
considered diagnostic, as St. John believed, so the grain character
remains the only distinction, since I could not find any differences
in the vegetative parts. Nevertheless, I consider that this single
character together with the geographic distribution is sufficient to
maintain the two types as species.

I also agree with St. John in stating that the common North
American type is identical with the South American. Slight differ-
ences in the length of the inner perigonium segments — those of the
South American plants are usually somewhat longer — may be
neglected. The occurrence of R. fueginus in Ecuador, recently pointed
out by me (see note on page 137), suggests a link between the two
remote parts of the area of R. fueginus. More localities for R. fueginus
may still be found in the Andes.

I can not agree with St. John's taxonomic concept of R. fueginus
as a variety of R. maritimus. The differences between R. maritimus

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 143

and R. fueginus in the papillosity and shape of the leaves, and in
the color of the ripe fruiting perigonia, together with the existing
but not tangible differences in the outline of the valves and with the
geographical distribution, make a specific distinction necessary
between R. maritimus and R. fueginus. There can be no doubt
that R. fueginus is much more nearly related to R. persicarioides
than to R. maritimus.

The variability of R. fueginus, in regard to habit, shape and
texture of leaves, size of valves, and length of teeth, is considerable
in both parts of the area, but greater in the northern one. In swamps
the lower parts of the stem are often somewhat swollen or the stem
is procumbent or ascending. Dwarf forms seem to occur on humid
sand. In shady situations the whole plant becomes weak and tender.
Some of the South American specimens show strongly curled leaves
and more distinct papillosity of the vegetative parts. But no combina-
tions of characters are fixed or limited to certain regions, so that the
following varieties, very striking in extreme cases but connected
by transitional forms, have but little taxonomic significance, except
perhaps var. athrix.

Var. athrix (St. John) Rech. f. — R. maritimus var. athrix St.
John; Tidestrom 160. 1925. Valvis integris.

Var. brachythrix Rech. f. — Valvarum dentes latitudinem valvae
vix superantes; valvae et nuces saepe minores quam in typo.

Var. typicus Rech. f. — Valvarum dentes latitudinem valvae
circiter 1.5-2.5-plo superantes.

Var. tanythrix Rech. f. — Valvarum dentes latitudinem valvae
3-4-plo superantes.

To the above it seems necessary to add a peculiar-looking plant,
which I designate at present as var. ovato-cordatus Rech. f.:
Differt a typo foliis caulinis inferioribus e basi leviter cordata late ova-
tis acutis, nervis secundariis angulo 70°-80° a primario abeuntibus,
latitudine vix 1-1.5-plo longioribus. I saw only one sheet : California,
Oxnard, Ventura Co. (B. Davy 7804). In the list of specimens
examined the names of the varieties are added.

Explanation of Figure 22, c-g. — Valves 4 times natural size:
(c) Rumex fueginus var. athrix (St. John) Rech. f., from Jones
5839; (d) var. brachythrix Rech. f., Butler 1877; (e} var. ovato-
cordatus Rech. f ., Davy 7804 (a basal leaf added) ; (/) var. tanythrix

144 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

Rech. f., Sheldon 8718; (g) a form with extremely small fruits,
Leeds, North Dakota, Lunell.

47. Rumex persicarioides L. Figure 25

Planta annua. Caulis erectus, 10-50 cm. altus, strictus vel
anguloso-flexuosus, gracilescens, fistulosus, tenuiter sulcato-striatus
minute pubescenti-scaber, ruf o-bruneus, a medio vel iam infra ramosus
et fructifer. Kami fructiferi angulo ± 45° a caule abeuntes arcuato-
divergentes, singuli, inferiores ± elongati iterum ramosi, superiores
breves simplices. Ochreae parvae membranaceae cito evanescentes.
Folia basalia e basi truncata vel subcordata lineari- vel oblongo-
lanceolata. Folia caulina inferiora basi late cuneata vel truncata
vel interdum subcordata basalibus similia, consistentia in sicco ±
tenuiter membranacea, margine ± crispato-undata, apice acuta,
latitudine 5-7-plo longiora, nervis secundariis angulo 45°-60° a
mediano abeuntibus, imprimis subtus tenuiter pubescenti-scabra,
petiolata. Petiolus latitudinem folii aequans vel interdum superans.
Panicula fructifera ampla aperta. Florum glomeruli multiflori infimi
remoti, superiores valde approximati in statu fructifero contigui,
omnes folio suffulti sed folia apicem ramorum versus valde diminuta
et vix prominentia. Perigoniorum fructiferorum pedicelli tenuiter
filiformes, prope basin annulato-articulati, basin perigonii versus
sensim paulum dilatati, perigonio maturo 1.5-plo longiores. Peri-
gonii foliola exteriora anguste lanceolato-linearia, 1 mm. longa,
basibus interiorum appressa, apice acuta. Perigonii folia interiora
(valvae) in statu maturo apice incluso 2 mm. longa, dentibus excep-
tis ca. 1 mm. lata, consistentia subcoriaceo-membranacea, colore
intense fusco-brunea, ambitu anguste lingulato-triangularia, basi
non dilatata, apice in linguam angustissimam acutam excurrentes,
margine utrinque in dentes duo subulato-setaceos tenuissimos
elongates latitudine valvae ca. 2-plo longiores paulum divaricates
fissa, facie reticulato-nervosa, nervis in dentes apicemque excurrenti-
bus. Valvae omnes subaequaliter calliferae, calli ca. 1 mm. longi,
prominentes, latitudine ca. 2-3-plo longiores, basi apiceque rotundata,
facie tenuissime cellulato-punctati, valvae faciem omnino fere occu-
pantes, colore in sicco aurantiaco. Nux matura brunea ca. 1.1 mm.
longa, 0.5-0.6 mm. lata, basi brevius, apice longius acuminata, infra
medium latissima.

SYNONYMY: R. persicarioides L. Sp. PI. 335. 1753; St. John,
Rhodora 17: 73. 1915; nee aliorum.

ILLUSTRATION: Rhodora 17: pi. 113. 1915 (R. persicarioides}.

FIG. 25. Rumex persicarioidcs L.

145

146 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

DISTRIBUTION: Eastern Canada, Massachusetts, Oregon, Cali-
fornia.

PRINCE EDWARD ISLAND: Prince Co., edge of brackish pond,
Malpeque (Fernald & St. John 11038, G). Queens Co., border of
salt marsh, Bunbury (Fernald, Long & St. John 7338, G).

NEW BRUNSWICK: Gloucester Co., wet sand behind beach,
Miscou Harbor, Miscou Island (Blake 5577, Wa; no fr.).

QUEBEC: Temiscouata Co., Cacouna, margin of salt marsh (Col-
lins & Fernald, G). Greves de St. Francois de Tile d'0rle"ans,
pres de la Pointe Est (Marie-Victorin 15766, G; var. integerrimus) .
Island of the Richelieu, Chambly (Holland & Victorin 562, G).
lies de Madeleine, Grand Etang, Dune du Nord, He de la Grande
Entree (Marie-Victorin & Rolland-Germain 9769, Wa; no fr.).
Bords de la lagune de 1'Etang du Nord, He de 1'Etang du Nord
(Victorin & Rolland-Germain 9768, Wa; no fr.).

MASSACHUSETTS: Sandy shore and flats at north end of Tashomoo
Lake, Tisbury (Seymour 1180, Wa, NY; 1462, Ca). Sandy margin,
Poncha Pond, Edgartown (Brooks, Ca). Gloucester, sandy cove,
Bay View (E. F. Williams, G).

OREGON: Newport, on sand on beach (Spillman 162, P). Beach,
Seal Rock, Lincoln Co. (Peck 10591, Ch).

CALIFORNIA: Granada, San Mateo Co. (H. A. Walker 1539, Ca).

See St. John, loc. cit., for further citations of material.

Rumex persicarioides entirely agrees in vegetative parts with R.
fuegimis, so that flowering specimens from regions where both species
are expected to occur can not be named. R. persicarioides differs
from R. fueginus by somewhat narrower valves, rather elliptic (not
triangular) in outline, and by thick, swollen grains, obtuse and not
narrowed into the midrib. The grain is so large that only a narrow
margin of the valve is visible.

Generally R. persicarioides is limited to the New England States
and southeastern Canada, but St. John told me that he saw in the
herbarium of Willamette University, Salem, Oregon, a specimen
from Oregon belonging to this species, and I found one from Cali-
fornia (Walker 1539) that shows the characters of R. persicarioides
so clearly that I must take it for this species. It is distinguished
from the eastern American specimens only by the valves and grains
being somewhat larger and the teeth of the valves relatively shorter.

R. persicarioides differs from the Eurasian R. maritimus, which
occurs in the United States very rarely introduced, by the papillose

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 147

pubescence of the stems and under side of leaves, by the (at least in
dried state) reddish-brown color of the fruiting panicle, by the leaves
being shortly contracted and truncate or subcordate at the base,
frequently crisped at the margin, and by the large, swollen, rounded
callosities occupying the larger part of the valves.

Explanation of Figure 25. — Rumex persicarioides L., half natural
size; Massachusetts, Seymour 1180. Valves 4 times natural size:
(a) Massachusetts, Seymour 1180; (6) California, Walker 1539.

48. Rumex marit imus L.

Very similar to the American R. fueginus Philippi, but differing
from that by the complete lack of papillosity, the leaves flat and
narrowed at the base, by the golden (never reddish-brown) color of
the fruiting panicle, and by the shape of the valves.

SYNONYMY: L. Sp. PI. 335. 1753; Meisn. apud DC. 59. 1856.

Indigenous in Europe and Asia, very seldom introduced to
America. I saw only the following specimen:

NEW JERSEY: Hoboken, ballast filling (A. Brown, Wa).

49. Rumex bucephalophorus L.

Annual or biennial; stem low, usually with some spreading
branches, glabrous; leaves small, ovate or lanceolate, cuneate at the
base, acutish; pedicels to twice as long as the fruit, finally much
thickened toward the base of the perianth and nearly clavate;
valves to 2 mm. long, about 1 mm. broad, each of them with a
minute callosity and 2-3 teeth on each side.

SYNONYMY: L. Sp. PL 336. 1753; Trelease 95. 1892; Small 96. 1903.

Originally from the Mediterranean basin, where it is conspicu-
ously variable. In America found only once as introduced :

LOUISIANA: On ballast ground, Port Eads (A. B. Langlois 95).

HYBRIDS

1. Rumex Britannica L. X crispus L.
R. dissimilis Rech. f.

Differt a R. Britannica: Fructibus inaequaliter evolutis ma-
ioribus et minoribus mixtis, partim longissime partim brevius pedi-
cellatis, callis inaequalibus partim ovatis, partim elongato-fusiformi-
bus, foliis basalibus minoribus angustioribus subcrispatis. — Differt a
R. crispo: Fructibus inaequaliter evolutis, valvis partim maioribus

148 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

margine denticulatis, callis multo longioribus, maculis nervaturae
marginalibus partim valde elongatis, folio basali latiore subplano,
nervis secundariis angulo fere recto a primario abeuntibus.

SYNONYMY: R. Britannica L. x crispus L. Repert. Sp. Nov.
40: 300. 1936.

MASSACHUSETTS: Plymouth, in a wet meadow (?, Up).

I have seen only the upper part of a fruiting specimen and one
basal leaf. The panicle, because of the unequal size of the fruits and
the unequal development of the grains, gives at once the impression
of a hybrid. Most of the nutlets are compressible and may never
have been viable. By the long pedicels, the orbicular valves, and
the grains being at least in part extremely elongate, as well as by the
lateral nerves of leaves forming nearly a right angle with the mid-
rib, this plant resembles R. Britannica. The other parent species
can only be considered a plant with not much shorter pedicels,
valves all bearing grains, and shorter, narrower, crisped leaves.
These characters are united in none of the indigenous North Ameri-
can species, but are found in R. crispus. This plant deserves special
attention, as the only wild hybrid of an indigenous North American
species.

2. Rumex crispus X obtusifolius

Differing from R. crispus by its broader leaves, somewhat cor-
date at the base, narrower valves with short teeth, and usually more
slender habit, and from R. obtusifolius by the more or less crisped,
narrower leaves and broader valves with shorter teeth. This hybrid
is rather common in Europe and occurs also frequently wherever
the parents grow together as naturalized. Pollen and fruits are
usually sterile in large part. R. obtusifolius being represented as
adventive mostly by the subsp. agrestis, the American specimens of
the hybrid mentioned below belong to the combination R. crispus
obtusifolius subsp. agrestis.

SYNONYMY: R. crispo-obtusifolius Meisn. apud DC. 54. 1856.
R. crispus X obtusifolius Trelease 92. 1892; Rech. f. Vorarb. I, Beih.
Bot. Centralbl. 49, 2: 94. 1932.

NEWFOUNDLAND: Region of Humber Arm, Bay of Islands,
Birchy Cove (Fernald & Wiegand 3293, NY).

PENNSYLVANIA: (Rothrock, Ch).

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: Washington, near Potomac Depot
(Ward, Wa).

OHIO: Mansfield (Wilkinson, Wa, Lu).

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 149

MICHIGAN: Sault St. Marie (Harper, P).

WISCONSIN: Oneida Res., Brown Co. (Schuette, Ch).

LOUISIANA: New Orleans (Drummond 282).

OREGON: Sauvies Island (Howell, Wa).

TEXAS: Huntsville, Walker Co. (Palmer 12034, Ca, SL, Br).

CALIFORNIA: Eureka, Humboldt Co. (Tracy 2543, Ca). Ferndale
(B. Davy 6170, Ca). Shasta Co., border of Hatchet Creek, 1,200
meters (Lyman Benson 2227, SL).

HAITI: Massif de la Hotte, eastern group, Pt. Goave, Cap St.
Michel, 1,000 meters (Ekman, Wa).

3. Rumex crispus X pulcher (see Rech. f. Vorarb. 1: 82)

BERMUDA: Fields, Warwick Pond (Britton & Brown 345, Wa).
South Road (F. S. Collins 185, Ke, Wa).

VIRGINIA: Near Ocean View Station (Coville 3, Ke).

4. Rumex dumosus X triangulivalvis

I take from Danser's extensive descriptions the following remarks:
"R. adscendens differt a JR. dumoso habitu multo minus insolito,
foliis subviridibus basi non dilatatis minusque crispis, ramorum
evolutione finita, florum glomerulis partim efoliatis. — Originem e R.
salicifolio indicant caules parte inferiore levi, folia lanceolata sub-
levia, absentia foliorum radicaliorum, pedicelli breves paulum incras-
sati, conspicue articulati et valvae triangulares membranaceae."

SYNONYMY: R. adscendens (R. dumosus X salicifolius) Danser,
Nederl. Kruidk. Archief 1925: 470. 1926; Rech. f. Vorarb. 4: 50.

This hybrid grew in the Amsterdam Botanical Garden from seeds
of R. dumosus which was cultivated in the neighborhood of R.

triangulivalvis.

5. Rumex paraguayensis X triangulivalvis

I take from Danser's extensive description the following remarks:
"Haec hybrida parentibus intermedia est et neutri parentis similis
est. Habitus, folia radicalis obovata, foliorum margines crispi et
racemi maxima pro parte foliati a R. paraguayensi veniunt. Folia
autem angustiora acuta et, margine crispa excepto, levissima, racemi
apice aphylli, valvae maiores, integrae vel fere integrae et color
racemorum albidus sunt notae quas a R. salicifolio hereditate accepit
hybrida."

150 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVII

SYNONYMY: R. Goethartii (R. paraguayensis X salitifolius) Danser,
Nederl. Kruidk. Archief 1925: 463. 1926; Rech. f. Vorarb. 3: 51.

Danser obtained this hybrid from seeds of R. paraguayensis,
which was cultivated in the Amsterdam Botanical Garden in the
neighborhood of R. triangulivalvis.

AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX NOT IDENTIFIED

Rumex americanus Campd. 151. 1819.

Rumex angustatus Raf. New Fl. N. Amer. 4: 53. 1836.

Rumex Claytoni Campd. 66, 99. 1819. Perhaps a synonym of
R. Britannica L.

Rumex heterophyllus Raf. New Fl. N. Amer. 4: 52. 1836.

Rumex integrifolius Raf. loc. cit.

Rumex Kunthii Campd. 66, 97. 1819. R. Kunthianus Schult. f.
Syst. 7: 1423. 1830. R. longifolius Kunth apud HBK. Nov. Gen.
& Sp. 2: 180. 1817 (non R. longifolius DC.). Perhaps a synonym of
R. crispus L.

Rumex ludovicianus Raf. Fl. Ludov. 30. 1817.

Rumex polygamus Sesse" & Moc. Fl. Mex. 97. 1887.

Rumex Schultzii Raf. Med. Repos. N. Y. 5: 353. 1808. Nomen.

Rumex sylvaticus Raf. Amer. Nat. 12. 1820.

NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES OF RUMEX 151

TITLES OF LITERATURE CITED

Britton, N. L., and Brown, A.: Illustrated flora of the northern United States,
Canada, etc., 1. New York, 1896.

Campdera, F.: Monographic des Rumex, etc. Paris, 1819.

Danser, B. H.: Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Gattung Rumex. 1. R. salicifolius.
Nederlandsch Kruidkundig Archief 1925: 414-424. 1926.

Gray, A.: Gray's new manual of botany. Seventh ed. New York, 1908.
Hooker, J. D.: Flora Boreali-Americana. London, 1840.
Jepson, W. L.: Manual of the flowering plants of California. 1923.
Macoun, J.: Catalogue of Canadian plants, part 1. Montreal, 1883.

Meisner, K. F., apud DC.: Meisner apud de Candolle, Prodromus systematis
naturalis, etc., 14. Paris, 1856.

Michaux, A.: Flora Boreali-Americana. Paris, 1803.

Piper, C. V.: Flora of the State of Washington. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb., 11.
Washington, 1906.

Pursh, F.: Flora Americae septentrional is. Second ed. London, 1816.

Rechinger, K. H.: Vorarbeiten zu einer Monographic der Gattung Rumex:
I. In Beihefte z. Botanischen Centralblatt, Bd. 49, Abt. II. Dresden, 1932.
II. In Fedde, Repertorium specierum novarum, Bd. 31. Berlin, 1933.

III. In Arkiv for Botanik, Bd. 26A, No. 3. Stockholm, 1933.

IV. In Oesterr. Botan. Zeitschr., Bd. 84. Wien, 1935.

Rydberg, P. A.: Flora of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent plains. Second
ed. New York, 1922.

Flora of the prairies and plains of central North America. New York, 1932.
Small, J. K.: Flora of the southeastern United States. New York, 1903.

Tidestrom, I.: Flora of Utah and Nevada. Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb., 25. Wash-
ington, 1925.

Trelease, W.: Revision of the American species of Rumex occurring north of
Mexico. Missouri Botanical Garden, Third Ann. Rept. St. Louis, 1893.

Watson, S.: Geological Survey of California. Botany, 2. Cambridge, Mass.,
1880.

Wooton, E. O., and Standley, P. C.: Flora of New Mexico. Contrib. U. S.
Nat. Herb., 19. Washington, 1915.

UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBAN*