V
Library
OF THE
University of North Carolina
Tli is hook was presented by
me. Hi^stbricaLl Lo rnmi-ssio r\
\S
"T-
I.'
This book must not
be taken from the
Library building.
THIS TITLE HAS
BEEN MICROFILMED
Form No. 471
PUBLICATIONS OF THE
NORTH CAROLINA HISTORICAL COMMISSION
NORTH CAROLINA MANUAL
1921
COMPILED AND EDITED
BY
R. D. W. CONNOR
secretary of the north carolina historical
Commission
RALEIGH
EDWARDS & BROUGHTON PRINTING COMPANY
STATE PRINTERS
1921
1921
JANUARY
APRIL
JULY
OCTOBER
S M T W T F
S
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30 31
FEBRUARY
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AUGUST
NOVEMBER
S M T W T F
S
S M T W T F S
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SM TWT F S
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MARCH
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SEPTEMBER
DECEMBER
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1922
JANUARY
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OCTOBER
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7 8
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23 24 25 26 27 28 29
30.31
12 3 4 5 6 7
8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 20 27 28
29 30 31
FEBRUARY
MAY
AUGUST
NOVEMBER
S M T W T F S
S
M T W T
F
s
S M T W T F S
SMTWT F S
12 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
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12 3 4
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21 22 2:5 24 23
28 29 30 31
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12
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26
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13
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27
12 3 4 5
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30 31
12 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30
MARCH
JUNE
SEPTEMBER
DECEMBER
S M T W T F S
S
M T W T
F
S
S M T W T F S
S M T W T F S
12 3 4
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 10 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31
1 2
4 5 6 7 8 9
11 12 13 14 15 16
18 19 20 21 22 23
25 26 27 28 29 30
3
10
17
24
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
1 2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10 11 12 13 514 15 16
17 18 19 20121 22 23
24 25 26 27*28 29 30
31
PREFACE.
This volume is issued by the North Carolina Historical Commis-
sion in order to furnish in succinct form information about the
State, its government and institutions, which otherwise would re-
quire much investigation in many different sources. Unless other-
wise stated, the data in every case is the latest official data avail-
able.
Similar Manuals were issued by the Secretary of State in 1903,
1905, and 1907, and by the North Carolina Historical Commission
in 1909, 1911, 1913, 1915, 1917, and 1919. The demand for these
volumes has been so great that all editions, except that of 1909, have
been exhausted.
NORTH CAROLINA HISTORICAL COMMISSION.
J. Bryan Grimes, Chairman, Raleigh.
D. H. Hill Raleigh
M. C. S. Norle .Chapel Hill
T. M. Pn i max Henderson
Frank Wood Edenton
R. P. W. Connor, Secretary, Raleigh.
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Official Register for 1921 9
LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT:
Officers and Members of the Senate 13
Senatorial Districts 15
Rules of the"" Senate 17
Standing Committees of the Senate 26
Officers and Members of the House of Representatives 31
Rules of the House of Representatives 36
Standing Committees of the House of Representatives 46
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS:
Department of the Governor 55
Department of the Secretary of State .• 57
Treasury Department . : 59
Auditor's Department 59
Department of Education 62
Attorney-General's Department 67
JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT:
Court of Impeachment 71
The Supreme Court 72
Superior Courts 73
Other Courts 73
The Corporation Commission 74
ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENTS. BOARDS, COMMISSIONS:
Department of Agriculture 79
Department of Labor and Printing !i2
Department of Insurance !»4
North Carolina Historical Commission 100
State Library of North Carolina 104
Library Commission of North Carolina 105
State Board of Health 109
Board of Public Charities 129
North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey 133
State Highway Commission 147
Fisheries Commission Board 149
State Board of Elections 150
State Standard Keeper 1 50
Contents
PAGE
Firemen's Relief Fund 151
Audubon Society of /North Carolina 151
State Educational Oommission 155
( lommission for Revision of Laws 156
Board of Internal Improvements 156
Ninth Carolina National Guard 158
State Prison 161
STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS:
University of North Carolina 165
North Carolina A. and E. College 167
North Carolina State Normal and Industrial College 170
Cullowhee Normal and Industrial College 173
Appalachian Training School 174
East Carolina Teachers Training School 175
State School for (White) Blind and for (Colored) Blind and Deaf 176
State School for the (White) Deaf 179
Stonewall Jackson Training School 181
State Normal School for the Colored and Indian Races 183
State A. and T. College for the Colored Race 185
Caswell- Training School 187
STATE CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS:
Central Hospital for the Insane 191
Western Hospital for the Insane 193
Eastern Hospital for the (Colored) Insane 194
North Carolina Sanatorium for the Treatment of Tuberculosis 194
North Carolina State Orthopasdic Hospital School 195
Oxford Orphan Asylum 196
North Carolina Orphanage for the Colored Race 198
The Soldiers Home 199
The Confederate Woman's Home 201
MISCELLANEOUS:
The North Carolina Railroad Company 205
The Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad Company 209
The North Carolina Agricultural Society 211
State Capitol 215
State Administration Building 220
North Carolina Day 222
Legal Holidays 223
The State Flag 225
The Great Seal 227
State Motto and Its Origin 231
Confederate Museum at Richmond 233
Contexts 7
PLATFORMS OF POLITICAL PARTIES, 1920: page
National Democratic Platform 237
National Republican Platform 257
National Socialist Platform 276
National Prohibition Platform 281
State Democratic Platform 286
State Republican Platform 298
State Socialist Platform 300
ELECTION RETURNS:
Vote for President 306
Vote for Governor and Other State Officers 312
Vote for United States Senator 317
Vote for Congressmen, 1920 319
Vote on Constitutional Amendments, 1920 324
THE HALIFAX RESOLUTION 331
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 332
CONSTITUTIONS:
Constitution of the United States 339
Constitution of North Carolina 355
Index to the Constitution of North Carolina 387
CENSUS:
Population, area, etc., of the United States and Territories, 1910 and 1920 397
Estimated Population of North Carolina from 1675 to 1786 399
Census of North Carolina 1790-1840, 1850-1920 400
Population of North Carolina towns and cities 404
Counties and County Seats 412
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES:
Executive Officials 417
Justices of the Supreme Court . 422
Senators and Representatives in Congress 425
Senators and Representatives in the General Assembly, 1921 432
OFFICIAL REGISTER FOR 1921-1922.
LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.
W. B. Cooper President of the Senate Wilmington.
Harry P. Grier Speaker of the House of Representatives. .Statesville.
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS.
Cameron Morrison Governor Mecklenburg.
W. B. Cooper Lieutenant-Governor New Hanover.
J. Bryan Grimes Secretary of State Pitt.
Baxter Durham Auditor : Wake.
B. R. Lacy Treasurer Wake.
E. C. Brooks Superintendent of Public Instruction Durham.
James S. Manning Attorney-General Wake.
JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT
supreme court justices
Walter Clark Chief Justice Wake.
Platt D. Walker Associate Justice Mecklenburg.
William A. Hoke Associate Justice Lincoln.
William R. Allen Associate Justice Wayne.
Walter P. Stacy Associate Justice New Hanover.
SUPERIOR COURT JUDGES
W. M. Bond First District Chowan — Edenton.
George W. Connor Second District Wilson — Wilson.
John H. Kerr Third District Warren — Warrenton.
Frank A. Daniels Fourth District Wayne — Goldsboro.
J. Lloyd Horton Fifth District Pitt — Farmville.
Oliver H. Allen Sixth District Lenoir — Kinston.
Thomas H. Calvert Seventh District. ...Wake — Raleigh.
E. H. Cranmer... Eighth District Brunswick — Southport.
C. C. Lyon : Ninth District Bladen — Elizabethtown.
William A. Devin Tenth District Granville — Oxford.
Henry P. Lane Eleventh District Rockingham — Reidsville.
Thomas J. Shaw Twelfth District Guilford— Greensboro.
W. J. Adams Thirteenth District. .Moore — Carthage.
W. F. Harding Fourteenth District Mecklenburg — Charlotte.
B. F. Long Fifteenth District Iredell— Statesville.
J. L. Webb Sixteenth District Cleveland — Shelby.
T. B. Finley Seventeenth District Wilkes— Wilkesboro.
J. Bis Ray Eighteenth District Yancey — Burnsville.
P. A. McElroy Nineteenth District Madison — Marshall.
T. D. Bryson Twentieth District Swain — Bryson City.
solicitors
J. C. B. Ehringhaus First District Pasquotank— Elizabeth City.
R. G. Allsbrook Second District Edgecombe — Tarboro.
G. E. Midyette Third District Northampton— Jackson.
Walter D. Siler Fourth District .Chatham — Pittsboro.
Jesse H. Davis Fifth District Craven — New Bern.
J. A. Powers Sixth District Lenoir — Kinston.
H. E. Norris Seventh District Wake— Raleigh.
Woodus Kellum Eighth District New Hanover— Wilmington.
S. B. McLean. Ninth District Robeson— Maxton.
S. M. Gattis Tenth District... .Orange— Hillsboro.
S. Porter Graves Eleventh District... Surry— Mount Airy.
10 Official Register, 1921
.1. C. Bower Twelfth District. Davidson— Lexington.
W. E. Brock Thirteenth District ..Anson— Wadesboro.
Geoge \\ . Wilson. Fourteenth District Gaston — Gastonia.
Hayden Clement ...Fifteenth District Rowan— Salisbury.
It. L. Huffman Sixteenth District Burke — Morganton.
.1. J. Hates.. Seventeenth District Wilkes— North Wilkesboro.
G. D. Bailey Eighteenth District Yancey — Toledo.
George M. Pritchard Nineteenth District Madison— Marshall.
George A. Jones Twentieth District Macon — Franklin.
CORPORATION COMMISSION
W. T. Lee Chairman .Haywood.
George P. Pell •___ .Commissioner Forsyth.
A. J. Maxwell Commissioner.. Craven.
R. Otis Self Chief Clerk. Jackson.
ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENTS, BOARDS, AND COMMISSIONS.
department of agriculture.
W. A. Graham Commissioner Lincoln.
department of labor and printing.
M. L. Shipman Commissioner Henderson.
Lawrence E. Nichols Assistant Commissioner Wake.
insurance department
Stacey W. Wade Commissioner Carteret.
SUPERIOR COURT CALENDAR, 1921-1922.
District. Spring, 1921. Fall, 1921. Spring, 1922. Fall, 1922.
1 Judge Allen Judge Horton ___Judge Daniels Judge Kerr.
2 Judge Calvert.. Judge Allen Judge Horton Judge Daniels.
3 Judge Cranmer Judge Calvert Judge Allen Judge Horton.
4 Judge Lyon Judge Cranmer Judge Calvert Judge Allen.
5 Judge Devin Judge Lyon Judge Cranmer Judge Calvert.
6 Judge Bond Judge Devin Judge Lyon ...Judge Cranmer
7 Judge Connor Tudge Bond Judge Devin Judge Lyon.
8 .Judge Kerr Judge Connor Judge Bond Judge Devin.
9 Judge Daniels ...Judge Kerr Judge Connor Judge Bond.
10 Judge Horton Judge Daniels ..Judge Kerr... Judge Connor.
11 .Judge Webb. Judge Long Judge Harding Judge Adams.
12 Judge Finley Judge Webb Judge Long Judge Harding.
13... Judge Ray Judge Finley Judge Webb Judge Long.
14 Judge McElroy Judge Ray Judge Finley Judge Webb.
15 Judge Bryson Judge McElroy.. Judge Ray Judge Finley.
16 .Judge Lane Judge Bryson Judge McElroy Judge Ray.
17 Judge Shaw.. ...Judge Lane Judge Bryson Judge McElroy.
18 Judge Adams Judge Shaw Judge Lane Judge Bryson.
19 Judge Harding .Judge Adams Judge Shaw Judge Lane.
20 ..Judge Long... Judge Harding ..Judge Adams Judge Shaw.
PART I.
THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT
1. Officers of the Senate.
2. Members of the Senate (Arranged alphabetically).
3. Members of the Senate (Arranged by districts).
4. Senatorial Districts.
5. Rubes of the Senate.
6. Standing Committees of the Senate.
7. Officers of the House of Representatives.
8. Members of the House of Representatives
(Arranged alphabetically ) .
9. Members of the House of Representatives
(Arranged by counties).
10. Rules of the House of Representatives.
11. Standing Committees of the House of Representa-
tives.
OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE SENATE.
OFFICERS.
W. B. Cooper President New Hanover.
W. L. Long President pro fern ..Halifax. ■
F. D. Hackett Principal Clerk Wilkes. »
David Caster .Sergeant-at-Arms. _ _ Cumberland.
C. C. Broughton Reading Clerk Montgomery.
Joseph J. Mackay, Jr Engrossing Clerk Wake.
SENATORS.
(Alphabetically Arranged)
(Democrats, 39. Republicans, 11)
Names
Blue, L. M
Brassfield, Leon S
Brown, W. A
Bumgarner, L
Burgwin, Kenneth O
Burgwvn, W. H. Sumner
Byrd, W. P
Cameron, Bennehan
Carlton, L. M
Carpenter, Carl E
Cox, Clifford N
DeLancey, James L
Dewar, R. A
Dunlap, Frank L
Erwin, Marcus
Gallert, Solomon
Griffin, E. J
Hamilton, Luther
Hargett, J. S
Hartsell, Luther T
Jones, C. M
Jones, Paul
Kanipe, J. E
Kinsland, M. D
Lambeth, J. Walter
Long, J. Elmer
Long, W. Lunsford
McCoin, R. S
McCulloch, E. F., Jr
McGougan, J. Vance
McKinne, F. B.
Mendenhall, O. E
Nash, M. W
Oates, Robert M
Outlaw, D. W
Patton, R. M.__
Ramsey, J. Coleman
Raynor, James
Reinhardt, W. A
District
Twenty-first
Fifteenth
Ninth
Twenty-eighth..
Tenth
Third
Fourteenth
Eighteenth
Seventeenth
Thirty-first
Twenty-second .
Twenty-fourth_.
Thirty-eighth...
Twenty-third...
Thirty-sixth
Thirty-second. .
First
Seventh
Seventh
Twenty-fourth..
Twenty-seventh
Fourth
Thirty-third...
Thirty-seventh.
Twenty-third...
Eighteenth
Fourth
Sixteenth
Eleventh
Thirteenth
Sixth
Twentieth
Twenty-first
Thirty-second..
Fifth
Thirty-third...
Thirty-fifth
Fourteenth
Thirtieth
Politics
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Republican.
Democrat...
Democrat...
Republican.
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Republican.
Democrat...
Republican.
Democrat..-.
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Republican.
Democrat...
Republican.
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Republican.
Republican.
Republican.
Republican.
Post Office
Gibson.
Raleigh.
Rocky Point.
Wilkesboro.
Wilmington.
Woodland.
Lillington.
Stagville.
Roxboro.
Gastonia.
Asheboro.
Charlotte.
Andrews.
Wadesboro.
Asheville.
Rutherfordton.
Edenton.
Morehead City.
Trenton.
Concord.
Walnut Cove.
Tarboro.
Marion.
Waynesville.
Thomasville.
Graham.
Roanoke Rapids.
Henderson.
Elizabethtown.
Fayetteville.
Louisburg.
High Point.
Hamlet.
Hendersonville.
Greenville.
Morganton.
Marshall.
Benson.
Newton.
14
Legislative Department
SENATORS— Continued.
Name
District
Politics
Post Office
Robinson, \Y. J
Thirty-fourth
Thirty-sixth
Twenty-ninth...
Second..
Republican.
Democrat.. _
Democrat...
Democrat. ..
Democrat...
Democrat..-
Democrat-.-
Democrat...
Democrat.-.
Democrat...
Democrat. _.
Sams, A. F
Scott, John A., Jr
Stubbs, Harry W
Swain, H. L
Second
Eighth
Taylor, W. F
Varser, L. R
Twelfth
Walker, W. R
Nineteenth
Sixth....
Spray.
Elm City.
Williams, T. W
Winborne, Stanley.
First
Woodson, Walter H._
Twenty-fifth
Salisbury.
E. J.
H. L.
(D).
L. Long, Roanoke
T. W. Williams,
City (D)
J. S.
SENATORS.
(Arranged by districts)
First District — Stanley Winborne, Murfreesboro (D); Dr.
Griffin, Edenton (D).
Second District — Harry W. Stubbs, Williamston (D);
Swain, Columbia (D).
Third District — W. H. • S. Burgwyn, Woodland
Fourth District — Paul Jones, Tarboro (D); W.
Rapids (D).
Fifth District-~N. W. Outlaw, Greenville (D).
Sixth District — F. B. McKinne, Louisburg (D)
Elm City (D).
Seventh District — Lutber Hamilton, Morehead
Hargett, Trenton (D).
Eighth District — W. F. Taylor, Goldsboro (D).
Ninth District — W. A. Brown, Rocky Point (D).
Tenth District — Kenneth O. Burgwin, Wilmington (D).
Eleventh District — E. F. McCulloch, Jr., Elizabetown (D).
Twelfth District — L. R. Varser, Lumberton (D).
Thirteenth District — Dr. J.^Vance McGougan, Fayetteville (D).
Fourteenth District — James Raynor, Benson (R) ; W. P. Byrd,
Lillington (R).
Fifteenth District — Leon S. Brassfield, Raleigh (D).
Sixteenth District — R. S. McCoin, Henderson (D).
Seventeenth District — L. M. Carlton, Roxboro (D).
Eighteenth District — Bennehan Cameron, Stagville (D) ; J. Elmer
Long, Graham (D).
Nineteenth District — Wm. R. Walker, Spray (D).
Senators, 1921 15
Tioentieth District— 0. E. Mendenhall, High Point (D).
Twenty-first District— L. M. Blue, Gibson (D); M. W. Nash,
Hamlet (D).
Twenty-second District — Clifford N. Cox, Ashboro (R).
Twenty-third District — Frank L. Dunlap, Wadesboro (D); J.
Walter Lambeth, Thomasville (D).
Twenty-fourth District — L. T. Hartsell, Concord (D); J. L. De-
Laney, Charlotte (D).
Twenty-fifth District — Walter H. Woodson, Salisbury (D).
Twenty-sixth District — A. F. Sams, Winston-Salem (D).
Twenty-seventh District — C. M. Jones, Walnut Cove (R).
Tiventy-eighth District — L. Bumgarner, Wilkesboro (R).
Twenty-ninth District — John A. Scott, Jr.. Statesville (D).
Thirtieth District — W. A. Reinhardt, Newton (R).
Thirty-first District — Carl E. Carpenter, Gastonia (D).
Thirty-second District — Solomon Gallert, Rutherfordton (D);
R. M. Oates, Hendersonville (D).
Thirty-third District — J. E. Kanipe, Marion (R) ; N. M. Patton,
Morganton (R).
Thirty-fourth District — Dr. W. J. Robinson, Creston (R).
Thirty-fifth District — J. Coleman Ramsey, Marshall (R).
Thirty-sixth District — Marcus Erwin, Asheville (D).
Thirty-seventh District — M. D. Kinsland, Waynesville (D).
Thirty-eighth District — R. A. Dewar, Andrews (R).
SENATORIAL DISTRICTS
First District — Perquimans, Currituck, Chowan, Gates, Pasquo-
tank, Camden, and Hertford shall elect two Senators.
Second District — Martin, Washington, Tyrrell, Dare, Beaufort,
Hyde, and Pamlico shall elect two Senators.
Third District — Northampton and Bertie shall elect one Senator.
Fourth District — Halifax and Edgecombe shall elect two Senators.
Fifth District — Pitt shall elect one Senator.
Sixth District— Franklin, Nash, and Wilson shall elect two Sena-
tors.
Seventh District — Carter<-t, Craven, Greene, Jones, Lenoir, and
Onslow shall elect two Senators.
Eighth District — Wayne shall elect one Senator.
Ninth District — Duplin and Fender shall elect one Senator.
16 Legislative Department
Tenth District — New Hanover and Brunswick shall elect one
Senator.
Eleventh District — Bladen and Columbus shall elect one Senator.
Twelfth District — Robeson shall elect one Senator.
Thirteenth District — Cumberland and Hoke shall elect one Senator.
Fourteenth District — Harnett, Johnston, Lee and Sampson shall
elect two Senators.
Fifteenth District — Wake shall elect one Senator.
Sixteenth District — Vance and Warren shall elect one Senator.
Seventeenth District — Granville and Person shall elect one Sen-
ator.
Eighteenth District — Caswell, Alamance, Orange, and Durham
shall elect two Senators.
Nineteenth District — Rockingham shall elect one Senator.
Twentieth DisMct — Guilford shall elect one Senator.
Twenty-first District — Chatham, Moore, Richmond, and Scotland
shall elect two Senators.
Twenty-second District — Montgomery and Randolph shall elect
one Senator.
Twenty-third District — Anson, Davidson, Stanly, and Union shall
elect two Senators.
Tiventy-fourth District — Cabarrus and Mecklenburg shall elect
two Senators.
Twenty-fifth District — Rowan shall elect one Senator.
Twenty-sixth District — Forsyth shall elect one Senator.
Twenty-seventh District — Stokes and Surry shall elect one Sena-
tor.
Twenty-eighth District — Davie, Wilkes, and Yadkin shall elect one
Senator.
Twenty-ninth District — Iredell shall elect one Senator.
Thirtieth District — Catawba and Lincoln shall elect one Senator.
Thirty-first District — Gaston shall elect one Senator.
Thirty-second District — Cleveland, Henderson, Polk, and Ruther-
ford shall elect two Senators.
Thirty-third District — Alexander, Burke, Caldwell, and McDowell
shall elect two Senators.
Thirty-fourth District — Alleghany, Ashe, and Watauga shall elect
one Senator.
Thirty-fifth District — Avery, Madison, Mitchell, and Yancey shall
elect one Senator.
Senatorial Districts 17
Thirty -sixth District- — Buncombe shall elect one Senator.
Thirty-seventh District — Haywood, Jackson, Transylvania, and
Swain shall elect one Senator.
Thirty-eighth District — Cherokee, Clay, Graham, and Macon shall
elect one Senator.
RULES OF THE SENATE.
ORDER OF BUSINESS.
1. The President having taken the chair at the hour to which
the Senate shall have adjourned, and a quorum being present, the
Journal of the preceding day shall be read, unless otherwise ordered
by the Senate, to the end that any mistake may be corrected.
2. After reading and approval of the Journal, the order of busi-
ness shall be as follows:
(1) Reports of standing committees.
(2) Reports of select committees.
(3) Announcement of petitions, bills and resolutions.
(4) Unfinished business of preceding day.
(5) Special orders.
(6) General orders. First, bills and resolutions on third read-
ing; second, bills and resolutions on second reading. But messages
from the Governor and House of Representatives and communica-
tions and reports from State officers and reports from the Com-
mittees on Engrossed Bills and Enrolled Bills may be received and
acted on under any order of business.
POWERS AND DUTIES OF THE PRESIDENT
3. He shall take the chair promptly at the appointed time and
proceed with the business of the Senate according to the rules
adopted. At any time during the absence of the President, the
President pro tempore, who shall be elected, shall preside, and he
is hereby vested, during such time, with all powers of the President
except that of giving a casting vote in case of a tie when he shall
have voted as a Senator.
4. He shall assign to doorkeepers their respective duties, and shall
appoint such pages and laborers as may be necessary, each of whom
shall receive the same compensation as is now provided by law.
18 Legislative Department
op the clerk.
5. The President and Clerk of the Senate shall see that all bills
shall be acted upon by the Senate in the order in which they stand
upon the Calendar, unless otherwise ordered as hereinafter provided.
The Calendar shall include the numbers and titles of bills and joint
resolutions which have passed the House of Representatives and
have been received by the Senate for concurrence.
6. The Clerk shall certify the passage of bills by the Senate, with
the date thereof, together with the fact whether passed by a vote
of three-fifths or two-thirds of the Senate, whenever such vote may
be required by the Constitution and laws of the State.
ON THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF SENATORS.
7. Every Senator presenting a paper shall endorse the same; if a
petition, memorial, or report to the General Assembly, with a brief
statement of its subject or contents, adding his name; if a resolu-
tion, with his name; if a report of a committee, a statement of such
report, with the name of the committee and member making the
same; if a bill, a statement of its title, which shall contain a brief
statement of the subject or contents of the bill, with his name;
and all bills, resolutions, petitions, and memorials shall be delivered
to the Clerk and by him handed to the President to be by him
referred, and he shall announce the titles and references of the
same, which shall be entered on the Journal.
8. All motions shall be reduced to writing, if desired by the Presi-
dent or any Senator, delivered at the table, and read by the Presi-
dent or Clerk before the same shall be debated; but any such motion
may be withdrawn by the introducer at any time before decision or
amendment.
9. If any question contains several distinct propositions it shall
be divided by the President, at the request of any Senator, provided
each subdivision, if left to itself, shall form a substantive proposi-
tion.
10. When the President is putting a question, or a division by
counting shall be had, no Senator shall walk out of or across the
House, nor when a Senator is speaking pass between him and the
President.
11. Every Senator wishing to speak or debate, or to present a
petition or other paper, or to make a motion or to report, shall rise
from his seat and address the President, and shall not proceed
Rules of the Senate 19
further until recognized by him. No Senator shall speak or debate
more than twice nor longer than thirty minutes on the same day
on the same subject without leave of the Senate, and when two or
more Senators rise at once the President shall name the Senator
who is first to speak.
12. Every Senator who shall be within the bar of the Senate
when the question is stated by the chair shall vote thereon, unless
he shall be excused by the Senate or unless he be directly interested
in the question; and the bar of the Senate shall include the entire
Senate Chamber.
13. When a motion to adjourn or for recess shall be affirmatively
determined, no member or officer shall leave his place until adjourn-
ment or recess shall be declared by the President.
STANDING COMMITTEES.
14. The following committees shall be named by the Lieutenant-
Governor:
On Agriculture.
On Appropriations.
On Banks and Currency.
On Claims.
On Commerce.
On Congressional Districts.
On Constitutional Amendment.
On Corporation Commission.
On Corporations.
On Counties, Cities, and Towns.
On Distribution of Governor's Message.
On Education.
On Election Law.
On Engrossed Bills.
On Federal Relations.
On Finance.
On Fisheries, and Shell-Fish.
On Caswell Training School.
On Game Law.
On Immigration.
On Insane Asylums.
On Institutions for the Blind.
On Institutions for the Deaf.
20 Legislative Department
On Insurance.
On Internal Improvements.
On Journal.
On Judicial Districts.
On Judiciary, No. 1.
On Judiciary, No. 2.
On Manufacturing.
On Military Affairs.
On Mining.
On Penal Institutions.
On Pensions and Soldiers' Home.
On Propositions and Grievances.
On Public Health.
On Public Roads.
On Railroads.
On Rules.
On Salaries and Fees.
On Senate Expenditures.
On Senatorial Districts.
On Library.
On Printing.
On Trustees of the University.
On Consolidated Statutes.
16. The Committee on Engrossed Bills shall examine all bills,
amendments, and resolutions before they go out of the possession
of the Senate, and make a report when they find them correctly
engrossed: Provided, that when a bill is typewritten and has no
interlineations therein, and has passed the Senate without amend-
ment, it shall be sent to the House without engrossment, unless
otherwise ordered.
17. The Committee on Appropriations shall carefully examine
all bills and resolutions appropriating or paying any moneys out
of the State Treasury, except bills creating or increasing salaries,
which shall be referred to the proper committee: Provided, said
committee shall report to the Appropriation Committee the amount
allowed, and keep an accurate record of the same and report to
the Senate from time to time.
18. Every report of the committee upon a bill or resolution
which shall not be considered at the time of making the same,
or laid on the table by a vote of the Senate, shall stand upon the
Rules of the Senate 21
general orders with the bill or resolution; and the report of the
committee shall show that a majority of the committee were
present and voted.
19. That no committee shall be composed of more than nine
members unless the Lieutenant-Governer shall, without objection
from the Senate, appoint a greater number on any committee.
on general and special, orders.
20. Any bill or other matter may be made a special order for
a particular day or hour by a vote of the majority of the Senators
voting, and if it shall not be completed on that day it shall be
returned to its place on the Calendar, unless It shall be made a
special order for another day; and when a special order is under
consideration it shall take precedence of any special order or
subsequent order for the day, but such subsequent order may be
taken up immediately after the previous special order has been
disposed of.
21. Every bill shall receive three readings previous to its being
passed, and the President shall give notice at each whether it be
the first, second, or third. After the first reading, unless a motion
shall be made by some Senator, it shall be the duty of the Presi-
dent to refer the subject-matter to an appropriate committee. No
bill shall be amended until it shall have been twice read.
PROCEEDINGS WHEN THERE IS NOT A QUORUM VOTING
22. If, on taking the question on a bill, it shall appear that a
constitutional quorum is not present, or if the bill require a vote
of a certain proportion of all the Senators to pass it, and it
appears that such number is not present, the bill shall again be
read and the question taken thereon; if the bill fail a second time
for the want of the necessary number being present and voting,
the bill shall not be finally lost, but shall be returned to the
Calendar in its proper order.
PRECEDENCE OF MOTIONS.
23. When a question is before the Senate no motion shall be
received except those herein specified, which motions shall have
precedence as follows, viz.:
(1) For an adjournment.
(2) To lay on the table.
(3) For the previous question.
22 Legislative Department
(4) To postpone indefinitely.
(5) To postpone to a certain day.
(6) To commit to a standing committee.
(7) To commit to a select committee.
(8) To amend.
(9) To substitute.
24. The previous question shall be as follows: "Shall the main
question be now put?" and until it is decided shall preclude all
amendments and debate. If this question shall be decided in
the affirmative, the "main question" shall be on the passage of
the bill, resolution, or other matter under consideration; but
when amendments are pending the question shall be taken up on
such amendments, in their order, without further debate or
amendment. However, any Senator may move the previous ques-
tion and may restrict the same to an amendment or other matter
then under discussion. If such question be decided in the nega-
tive, the main question shall be considered as remaining under
debate.
25. When a motion for the previous question is made, pending
thereto by a majority, debate shall cease, and only a motion to
adjourn or lay on the table shall be in order, which motion shall
be put as follows: adjourn, previous question, lay on the table.
After a motion for the previous question is made, pending a second
thereto, any member may give notice that he desires to offer an
amendment to the bill or other matter under consideration; and
after the previous question is seconded such member shall be en-
titled to offer his amendment in pursuance of such notice.
OTHER QUESTIONS TO BE TAKEN WITHOUT DEBATE
26. The motion to adjourn and lay on the table shall be decided
without debate, and the motion to adjourn shall always be in
order when made by a Senator entitled to the floor.
27. The respective motions to postpone to a certain day, or to
commit, shall preclude debate on the main question.
28. All questions relating to priority of business shall be decided
without debate.
29. When the reading of a paper is called for, except petitions,
and the same is objected to by any Senator, it shall be determined
by the Senate without debate.
Rules of the Senate 23
30. Any Senator requesting to be excused from voting may make,
either immediately before or after the vote shall have been called
and before the result shall have been announced, a brief statement
of the reasons for making such request, and the question sjiall then
be taken without debate. Any Senator may explain his vote on
any bill pending by obtaining permission of the President before
the vote is put: Provided, that not more than three minutes shall
be consumed in such explanation.
QUESTIONS THAT REQUIRE A TWO-THIRDS VOTE.
31. No bill or resolution on its third reading shall be acted on
out of the regular order in which it stands on the Calendar, and
ho bill or resolution shall be acted upon on its third reading the
same day in which it passed its second reading unless so ordered
by two-thirds of the Senators present.
32. No bill or resolution shall be sent from the Senate on the
day of its passage except on the last day of the session, unless
otherwise ordered by a vote of two-thirds of the Senators present.
33. No bill or resolution, after being laid upon the table upon
motion, shall be taken therefrom except by a vote of two-thirds of
the Senators present.
DECORUM IN DEBATE.
34. No remark reflecting personally upon the action of any
Senator shall be in order in debate unless preceded by a motion or
resolution of censure.
35. When a Senator shall be called to order he shall take his
seat until the President shall have determined whether he was in
order or not; if decided to be out of order, he shall not proceed
without the permission of the Senate; and every question of order
shall be decided by . the President, subject to an appeal to the
Senate by any Senator; and if a Senator is called to order for
words spoken, the words excepted to shall be immediately taken
down in writing, that the President or Senate may be better able
to judge of the matter.
MISCELLANEOUS RULES.
36. When a blank is to be filled, and different sums or times shall
be proposed, the question shall be first taken on the highest sum or
the longest time.
24 Legislative Department
37. When a question has been once put and decided, it shall be
in order for any Senator who shall have voted in the majority
to move a reconsideration thereof; but no motion for the recon-
sideration of any vote shall be in order after the bill, resolution,
message, report, amendment, or motion upon which the vote was
taken shall have gone out of the possession of the Senate; nor
shall any motion for reconsideration be in order unless made on
the same day or the next following legislative day on which the
vote proposed to be reconsidered shall have taken place, unless
the same shall be made by the Committee on Enrolled Bills for
verbal or grammatical errors in the bills, when the same may be
made at any time. Nor shall any question be reconsidered more
than once.
38. All bills and resolutions shall take their place upon the
Calendar according to their number, and shall be taken up in
regular order, unless otherwise ordered.
39. No smoking shall be allowed on the floor of the Senate
Chamber during the sessions.
40. Senators and visitors shall uncover their heads upon enter-
ing the Senate Chamber while the Senate is in session, and shall
continue uncovered during their continuance in the Chamber.
41. No Senator or officer of the Senate shall depart the service
of the Senate without leave, or receive pay as a Senator or officer
for the time he is absent without leave.
42. No person other than the executive and judicial officers
of the Senate and House of Representatives, and ex-members
shall be permitted within the Senate Chamber.
43. No rule of the Senate shall be altered, suspended, or rescinded
except on a two-thirds vote of the Senators present: Provided,
that this shall not apply to Rule 55.
44. In case a less number than a quorum of the Senate shall
convene, they are authorized to send the doorkeeper, or any other
person, for any or all absent Senators, as a majority of the Senators
present shall determine.
45. The ayes and noes may be called for on any question before
the vote is taken, and if seconded by one-fifth of the Senators pres-
ent, the question shall be decided by the ayes and noes, and the
same shall be entered upon the Journal.
46. The President of the Senate, whenever it shall appear to him
to be necessary in order to expedite the public business, shall
Riles of the Senate 25
appoint clerks to such Senate committees as may be in need of
same.
47. Every bill introduced into the Senate shall be printed or type-
written. Amendments need not be typewritten.
48. The Clerk of the Senate shall provide a box of sufficient size,
with an opening through the top, for the reception of bills; such
box shall be kept under lock and key and shall be stationed on the
Clerk's desk. The President of the Senate shall have in his charge
and keeping the key to such box. All bills which are to be intro-
duced into the Senate shall be deposited in such box before the
session begins. At the proper time the President shall open the
box and take therefrom the bills. Such bills shall be read by
their titles, which reading shall constitute the first reading of the
bill, and unless otherwise disposed of shall be referred to the
proper committee. A bill may be introduced by unanimous con-
sent at any time during the session.
49. The Chief Engrossing Clerk of the Senate shall appoint,
with the approval of the President of the Senate, as his assistants
not more than four competent stenographers and typewriters.
Should the public business require more than this number the
presiding officer may appoint such additional ones as may be
necessary. Such stenographers and typewriters shall work under
the direction and supervision of the Engrossing Clerk. They shall
also make for the members who introduce a bill, without extra
cost, one original and two carbon copies of all bills.
50. The Journal of the Senate shall be typewritten in duplicate,
original and carbon, the original to be deposited in the office of
the Secretary of State as the record, and the other (carbon)
copy to be delivered to the State Printer.
51. All bills and resolutions reported unfavorably by the com-
mittee to which they were referred, and having no minority report,
shall lie upon the table, but may be taken from the table and
placed upon the Calendar at the request of any Senator.
52. That in case of adjournment without any hour being named,
the Senate shall reconvene the next legislative day at 11 o'clock
a. m.
53. When a bill is materially modified or the scope of its ap-
plication extended or decreased, or if the county or counties to
which it applies be changed, the title of the bill shall be changed
by the Senator introducing the bill or by the committee having
26 Legislative Department
it in charge, or by the Engrossing Clerk, so as to indicate the full
purport of the bill as amended and the county or counties to
which it applies.
54. It shall be the duty of the Principal Clerk to furnish to the
presiding officer and the members of the Senate all necessary
stationery, which shall be provided for out of the funds set apart
for the expenses of the General Assembly.
55. After a bill has been tabled or has failed to pass on any
of its readings, the contents of such bill or the principal provisions
of its subject-matter shall not be embodied in any other measure.
Upon the point of order being raised and sustained by the Chair,
such measure shall be laid upon the table, and shall not be taken
therefrom except by a vote of two-thirds of the elected member-
ship of the Senate: Provided, no local bill shall be held by the
Chair as embodying the provisions, or being identical with any
State-wide measure which has been laid upon the table or failed
to pass any of its readings.
56. That in the event of the absence of the President of the
Senate and the President pro tempore, at any time fixed for the
reconvening of the Senate, the Principal Clerk of the Senate or,
in his absence also, some member of the Senate Committee on
Rules shall call the Senate to order and designate some member
to act as President.
STANDING COMMITTEES OF THE SENATE.
Agriculture. — Senators Brown, chairman; Hargett, Cameron,
Griffin, Blue, McGougan, McKinne, Burgwyn of Northampton,
Williams, Nash, Kinsland, Taylor, McCulloch, Swain, Jones of
Edgecombe, Varser, Long of Alamance, Bumgarner, Jones of Stokes.
Appropriations. — Senators McCoin, chairman; Mendenhall, Brass-
field, Winborne, Burgwin of New Hanover, Long of Halifax, Dunlap,
Swain, Varser, McCulloch, Williams, Kinsland, Oates, Carpenter,
Nash, McGougan, Scott, McKinne, Hargett, Hartsell, Reinhardt,
Cox, Cameron.
Banks and Currency. — Senators Oates, chairman; Hartsell, Blue,
Brown, Carlton, McKinne, Lambeth, Walker, Outlaw, Scott, Varser,
Nash, Mendenhall, Dunlap, Carpenter, Erwin, Jones of Stokes,
Byrd.
Senate Committees 27
Caswell Training School. — Senators Outlaw, chairman; Erwin,
Griffin, Burgwyn of Northampton, Jones, Hargett, Hamilton, Taylor,
McGougan, Dunlap, Kinsland, Cox, Reinhardt.
Claims. — Senators Swain, chairman; Winborne, Griffin, Burgwyn
of Northampton, Hamilton, Burgwin of New Hanover, Brassfield,
Dunlap, Sams, Raynor.
Commerce. — Senators Lambeth, chairman; Swain, Hamilton,
Taylor, Burgwin of New Hanover, McCulloch, Carpenter, Gallert,
Kinsland, Jones of Stokes, Bumgarner.
Congressional Districts. — Senators Sams, chairman; Swain, Tay-
lor, McCoin, McCulloch, Dunlap, Erwin, Burgwyn of Northampton,
Long of Halifax, Winborne, Williams, Gallert, Carpenter, Woodsen,
Varser, Carlton, Long of Alamance, Nash, Hartsell, Kinsland, Scott,
Bumgarner.
Consolidated Statutes.— Senators Dunlap, chairman; Winborne,
Swain, Jones of Edgecombe, Outlaw, Hargett, Mendenhall, Taylor,
McCulloch, Erwin, Ramsey.
Constitutional Amendments. — Senators Nash, chairman; Stubbs,
Swain, Burgwin of New Hanover, Burgwyn of Northampton, Hamil-
ton, Brown, McCulloch, McGougan, Carlton, Long of Alamance,
Dunlap, Kinsland, Ramsey, Cox.
Corporations. — Senators Carlton, chairman; Lambeth, Varser,
Burgwin of New Hanover, Jones of Edgecombe, Erwin, Hargett,
Taylor, Long of Alamance, Mendenhall, Nash, Dunlap, Hartsell,
DeLaney, Sams, Oates, Kanipe, Ramsey.
Corporation Commission. — Senators McKinne, chairman; Menden-
hall, Lambeth, Stubbs, Swain, Burgwyn of Northampton, Outlaw,
Hamilton, McGougan, Brassfield, Long of Alamance, Walker, Dewar.
Counties, Cities and Toions. — Senators Burgwin of New Hanover,
chairman; Varser, Mendenhall, Hartsell, Erwin, Griffin, Burgwyn
of Northampton, Swain, Outlaw, Hamilton, McCulloch, Brassfield,
Long of Alamance, Walker, Oates, Dunlap, McGougan, Dewar,
Raynor.
Distribution Governor's Message. — Senators Griffin, chairman;
Stubbs, Burgwyn of Northampton, Brassfield, Gallert, Kinsland,
Bumgarner.
Education. — Senators Woodson, chairman; Long of Alamance,
Carlton, Mendenhall, Hartsell, Blue, Burgwin of New Hanover,
McKinne, Carpenter, Varser, McGougan, McCoin, Walker, Oates,
Kinsland, Hargett, Lambeth, Burgwyn of Northampton, Swain,
Ramsey, Kanipe.
28 Legislative Department
Election Laws.— Senators Gallert, chairman; Erwin, Hargelt,
McCulloch, Lambeth, Dunlap, Taylor, DeLaney, Hamilton, Brown,
Brassfield, Nash, Kinsland, Griffin, Bumgarner.
Engrossed Bills.\ — Senators Carpenter, chairman; Brassfield,
McCulloch, Outlaw, Burgwyn of Northampton, Erwin, Hamilton,
Taylor, Long, Nash, Scott, Kinsland, Patton, Kanipe.
Federal Relations. — Senators Jones of Edgecombe, chairman;
Erwin, Kinsland, Griffin, Stubbs, Outlaw, Hamilton, Burgwyn of
Northampton, Ramsey, Brassfield, Cameron, Mendenhall, Dunlap,
Hartsell, Sams, Cox, Ramsey.
Finance. — Senators Varser, chairman; Woodson, Taylor, McCoin,
Lambeth, Blue, Sams, Gallert, Cameron, Long of Halifax, Erwin,
Carlton, Walker, Long of Alamance, Burgwyn of Northampton,
Dewar, Jones of Edgecombe.
Fish and Fisheries. — Senators Hamilton, chairman; Winborne,
Burgwin of New Hanover, Hargett, Jones of Edgecombe, Erwin,
Griffin, McGougan, Sams, Carpenter, Walker, Mendenhall, Byrd.
Game Laics. — Senators Blue, chairman; Hargett, Scott, Car-
penter, Griffin, Williams, Brown, Kinsland, Hamilton, Bryd, Bum-
garner.
Immigration. — Senators Williams, chairman; Scott, Oates, Griffin,
Swain, Hargett, Carlton, Walker, Nash, Brown, Brassfield, Long,
Dunlap, Reinhardt, Robinson.
Insane Asylum. — Senators Brassfield, chairman; Taylor, Dunlap,
Scott, Swain, Burgwyn of Northampton, Jones of Edgecombe,
McKinne, McGougan, Cameron, Sams, Gallert, Erwin, Kinsland,
Patton, Byrd.
Institutions for the Blind. — Senators Walker, chairman; Menden-
hall, Griffin, Outlaw, Williams, Hargett, Long, Burgwin of New
Hanover, Hamilton, Brassfield, Carlton, Dunlap, Scott, Cox, Robin-
son.
Institutions for the Deaf. — Senators Carpenter, chairman; Blue,
Dunlap, Burgwyn of Northampton, Hamilton, Taylor, Brown, Brass-
field, Nash, Gallert, Kanipe, Patterson.
Insurance.— .Senators Long of Alamance, chairman; Mendenhall,
Nash, McCoin, Carpenter, McGougan, Outlaw, Hamilton, Hartsell,
Swain, Gallert, Hargett, Jones of Edgecombe. Burgwyn of Northamp-
ton, DeLaney, Sams, Oates, Erwin, Dewar, Jones of Stokes.
Internal Improvements. — Senators Hargett, chairman; Cameron,
Long of Alamance, Walker, Griffin, Swain, Carlton, Scott, Gallert,
Oates, Cox, Bumgarner.
Senate Committees 29
Journal. — Senators Griffin, chairman; Brassfield, Burgwin of New
Hanover, Kinsland, Carlton, Swain, Burgwyn of Northampton, Out-
law, Hamilton, Scott, Ramsey.
Judicial Districts. — Senators Winborne, chairman; Burgwyn of
Northampton, Burgwin of New Hanover, Gallert, Long of Alamance,
Dunlap, Jones, Outlaw, Mendenhall, Erwin, Ramsey.
Judiciary No. 1. — Senators Stubbs, chairman; Hartsell, Burgwin
of New Hanover, Varser, Long of Halifax, Burgwyn of Northampton,
Winborne, Jones, Outlaw, Hamilton, McCulloch, Nash, Sams, Car-
penter, Raynor, Ramsey.
Judiciary No. 2. — Senators DeLaney, chairman; Long, McCoin,
Woodson, Taylor, Brassfield, Dunlap, Scott, Gallert, Swain, Erwin,
Byrd, Patton, Cox.
Library. — Senators Lambeth, chairman; Swain, Burgwyn of
Northampton, Jones of Edgecombe, Taylor, Burgwin of New Han-
over, McCulloch, Brassfield, Kanipe, Ramsey.
Manufacturing. — Senators Hartsell, chairman; Long of Alamance,
Lambeth, Long of Halifax, Walker, McCoin, Oates, Williams,
McGougan, DeLaney, Reinhardt, Dewar.
Military Affairs. — Senators Scott, chairman; Dunlap, DeLaney,
Brassfield, Jones, Hamilton, Taylor, Burgwyn of Northampton, Lam-
beth, Gallert, Kanipe, Patton.
Mining. — Senators Erwin, chairman; Kinsland, McGougan, Wil-
liams, Brassfield, Walker, Mendenhall, Scott, Gallert, Oates, Jones,
Dewar.
Penal Institutions. — Senators McCulloch, chairman; Brown,
Swain, Burgwyn of Northampton, Hamilton, Taylor, Nash, Carpen-
ter, Erwin, McGougan, Brassfield, Carlton, Dunlap, Lambeth, Byrd,
Robinson.
Printing. — Senators Burgwyn of Northampton, Gallert, Swain,
Taylor, Brown, McGougan, Brassfield, Walker, Oates, Kanipe.
Propositions and Grievances. — Senators McKinne, chairman;
Brown, Burgwyn of Northampton, Sams, Hamilton, Varser, Griffin,
Lambeth, Jones, Carlton, Nash, Mendenhall, Carpenter, Hartsell,
Walker, Kinsland, Blue, Dewar.
Public Health. — Senators McGougan, chairman; Erwin, Carlton,
Sams, Burgwin of New Hanover, Swain, Taylor, Oates, Mendenhall,
DeLaney, Cameron, Woodson, Winborne, Burgwyn of Northampton,
Varser, Scott, Robinson.
Public Roads. — Senators Cameron, chairman; Mendenhall, Griffin,
Brown, Erwin, DeLaney, Burgwin of New Hanover, Sams, Dewar,
30 Legislative Department
Bumgarner, Long of Halifax, Swain, Hamilton, Taylor, Varser,
McGougan, Brassfield, Kinsland, Hargett, McCoin.
Railroads. — Senators Mendenhall, chairman; Burgwyn of North-
ampton, Erwin, Jones, Gallert, Outlaw, Stubbs, Hamilton, Burgwin
of New Hanover, McCulloch, Varser, Nash, Dunlap, Cox, Raynor.
Rules. — Senators Long of Halifax, chairman; Winborne, Hartsell,
Varser, Gallert, McCoin, Patton.
Salaries and Fees. — Senators Taylor, chairman; McKinnie, Oates,
Varser, Long of Halifax, Cameron, Long of Alamance, Woodson,
Sams, Erwin, Byrd.
Senate Expenditures. — Senators Dunlap, chairman; Stubbs, Long
of Halifax, DeLaney, Varser, McCulloch, Nash, Oates, Reinhardt.
Senatorial Apportionment. — Senators Burgwyn of Northampton,
chairman; Jones, Williams, Taylor, Brassfield, Hartsell, Sams,
Burgwin of New Hanover, Mendenhall, Nash, Carpenter, Dunlap,
Kinsland, Lambeth, Long of Halifax, Gallert, Long of Alamance,
McCoin, Carlton, Winborne, Stubbs.
Pensions and Soldiers' Home. — Senators Kinsland, chairman;
Burgwyn of Northampton, Jones, Cameron, Long of Alamance,
Hargett, Griffin, Brown, McGougan, Brassfield, Gallert, Raynor,
Reinhardt.
Trustees University. — Senators Long of Alamance, chairman;
Burgwyn of Northampton, Cameron, McKinne, Erwin, Burgwin of
New Hanover, Scott, Long of Halifax, Carlton, Woodson, McCulloch,
Hamilton, Oates, Sams, DeLaney, Winborne, Carpenter, Hargett,
Cox.
OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES.
OFFICERS.
Harry P. Gbier, Speaker.
Alex Lassiter Principal Clerk Wake.
D. P. Dellinger... Reading Clerk Gaston.
General Green Sergeant-at-Arms Guilford.
Otis P. Shell Engrossing Clerk Harnett.
REPRESENTATIVES.
(Alphabetically Arranged),.^
Democrats, J
Republicans, 2?'
Name
Austin, J. A
Barnes, D. C
Barnes, J. W
Barnhill, M. V..
Bell, L. C.—
Bellamy, E. H
Bennett, B. E
Blackwelder, A. A
Balton, M._
Bowie, T. C.
Bradley, Alex. 0
Brown, Julius
Bryant, C. G
Bunch, W. W....
Burt.E. R
Butt, W. M
Byrd, A. W
Clark, R. C...
Clement, Miss Exum
Cline, C. F
Christopher, F. O....
Coffey, Blaine _.
Coleman, J. M.
Connor, H. G., Jr
Cooke, C. A
Cooper, Jos. B...
Coughenour, W. C. .
Cowles, C. H..
Cox, R. M
Crisp, B. G
Darden, J. H...
Dawson, J. G
Dees, Geo. C
Donnell, D. L
Doughton, R. A
County
Guilford
Hertford
Johnston
Nash
Hyde
New Hanover...
Anson
Caldwell.
Northampton.
Ashe_
Clay
Pitt
Yadkin
Chowan
Montgomery..
Beaufort
Wayne. ._
Henderson
Buncombe
Rutherford
Cherokee
Watauga
Warren
Wilson..
Pasquotank...
Burke
Rowan
Wilkes
Forsyth
Dare
Halifax
Lenoir
Pamlico
Guilford
Alleghany
Politics
Democrat..
Democrat...
Democrat..
Democrat..
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Republican.
Democrat...
Democrat...
Republican.
Democrat...
Republican.
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Republican.
Democrat...
Democrat...
Republican.
Republican.
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Republican.
Democrat...
Republican.
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Post Office
High Point.
Murfreesboro.
Clayton.
Rocky Mount.
Swan Quarter.
Wilmington.
Wadesboro.
Lenoir.
Rich Square.
West Jefferson.
Hayesville.
Greenville.
Jonesville.
Tyner.
Biscoe.
Bonnerton.
Mount Olive.
Hendersonville.
Asheville.
Gilkey.
Murphy.
Shulls Mills.
Macon.
Wilson.
Elizabeth City.
Connelly Springs.
Salisbury.
Wilkesboro.
Rural Hall.
Manteo.
Spring Hill.
Kinston.
Grantsboro.
Oak Ridge.
Sparta.
32
Legislative Department
REPRESENTATIVES— Continued.
Name
Ensley, John B
Everett, R. O
Everett, W. N
Exum, J. T
Ezzell, Earl..
Fisher, Ralph R
Fountain, R. T
Fuller, F. L., Jr....
Gaston, H. B
Gatling, R. W
Gibbs, J. P
Glover, M. B
Gosney, C. A
Grady, Paul D
Graham, A. H
Graham, T. J
Grant, A. T., Jr....
Grier, H. P....
Hall, W. Gentry....
Hamilton, C. E
Henderson, W. H...
Hendricks, John A.
Hicks, T. C._
Hill, E. J..
Holderby, M. D....
Hunneycutt, A. J...
Jenkins, N. W
Johnson, E. R
Johnson, Leslie
Jones, D. M
Kennedy, E. J
King, John B
Lane, Leon T
Lawrence, W. P
Leach, Oscar
Lee, Ben F
Limerick, T. F
Linney, J. T
McArthur, N. B._._
McBee, John C
McGee, H
McGuire, S. O
McSwain, Peyton..
Martin, Van B
Matthews, J. H
Matthews, W. R....
Melvin, L. D
Monroe, W. A
Moore, Clayton
Morrisette, W. J
Morrison, Reid R...
Mumford, G. W
Murphv, Walter
Neal, W. W
Owen, T. E...
Parham, B. W
Pass, J. C
Person, R. M
Pharr, E. W
Propst, J. A
Quickel, A. L
Jackson
Durham...
Richmond
Greene
L'nion
Transylvania
Edgecombe
Durham
Gaston
Gates...
Yancey.
Nash
Wake
Johnston
Orange
Graham
Davie
Iredell
Swain
Forsyth..
Haywood
Madison
Avery
Duplin
Rockingham
Stanly....
Robeson
Currituck
Pender
Carteret
Cumberland
Franklin
Chatham
Alamance
Hoke
Davidson
Union.. _
Alexander
Robeson
Mitchell
Stokes.
Surry.
Cleveland
Washington
Bertie
Mecklenburg
Bladen
Lee
Martin.. _
Camden
Iredell
Wake..
Rowan
McDowell ..
Sampson
Granville.
Person
Mecklenburg
Mecklenburg
Catawba
Lincoln.. _.
Politics
Republican.
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Republican.
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Republican.
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Republican.
Republican.
Democrat...
Republican.
Democrat...
Democrat...
Republican.
Republican.
Democrat...
Democrat...
Republican.
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Republican.
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Republican.
Democrat...
Republican.
Democrat...
Republican .
Republican.
Republican.
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Republican.
Democrat...
Republican .
Democrat...
Democrat...
Republican.
Democrat...
Post Office
Dillsboro.
Durham.
Rockingham.
Snow Hill.
Waxhaw.
Brevard.
Rocky Mount.
Durham.
Belmont.
Gatesville.
Burnsville.
Bailey.
Raleigh.
Kenly.
Hillsboro.
Brock.
Mocksville.
Statesville.
Ravensford.
Winston-Salem.
Canton.
Marshall.
Minneapolis.
Warsaw.
Ruin.
Badin.
Fairmont.
Currituck.
Burgaw.
Beaufort.
Fayetteville.
Youngsville.
Ore Hill.
Elon College.
Raeford.
Lexington.
Monroe.
Hiddenite.
Red Springs.
Bakersville.
Germanton.
Elkin.
Shelby.
Plymouth.
Windsor.
Charlotte.
Parkersburg.
Sanford.
Williamston.
Camden.
Statesville.
Raleigh.
Salisbury.
Marion.
Clinton.
Oxford.
Roxboro.
Charlotte.
Charlotte.
Con over.
Lincolnton.
Members of House of Representatives
33
REPRESENTATIVES— Continued
Name
County
Politics
Post Office
Ridings, C. O-
Polk
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Republican.
Democrat. ._
Republican.
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat. . .
Democrat. ..
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat.—
Democrat.. _
Republican.
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat.—
Democrat...
Fingerville, S. C, R. F. D.
Rogers, W. A
Macon
Ross, Geo. R
Moore
Jackson Springs.
Shaw, A. E
Scotland
Brunswick
Pitt. .
Smith, E. H..
Smith, R. W
Spence, J. E
Randolph... . _
Tyrrell..
Swain, H. S
Taylor, F. M..__
Halifax
Taylor, R. B
Vance
Templeton, J. M., Jr
Wake. .
Raleigh.
Townsend, N. A
Harnett
Tucker, John E
Caswell
Uzzell, R. P
Wayne
Walker, J. W.
Walter, E. H
Rockingham
Reidsville.
Ward, W. T
Craven
Whitaker, T. C.
Jones
White, E. S
Perquimans
Cabarrus
Columbus
Gaston
Williams, H. S
Williamson, J. R
Waltz, A. E
Cerro Gordo.
Gastonia.
Wright, C. G
Guilford
Greensboro.
Young, Luke H
Buncombe
Leicester.
KEPKESENTATIVES.
(Arranged by counties)
Alamance — W. P. Lawrence, Elon College (D).
Alexander — J. T. Linney, Hiddenite (R).
Alleghany — R. A. Doughton, Sparta (D).
Anson — B. E. Bennett, Wadesboro (D).
Ashe— T. C. Bowie, West Jefferson (D).
Avery — T. C. Hicks, Minneapolis (R).
Beaufort— W. M. Butt. Bonnerton (D).
Bertie — J. H. Matthews, Windsor (D).
Bladen — L. D. Melvin, Parkersburg (D).
Brunswick — E. H. Smith, Southport (R).
Buncombe— Luke H. Young, Leicester (D) ; Miss Exum Clement,
Asheville (D).
Burke — Jos. B. Cooper, Connelly Springs (R).
Cabarrus — H. S. Williams, Concord (R).
Caldwell — A. A. Blackwelder, Lenoir (R).
Camden — W. J. Morrisette, Camden (D).
Carteret— T>. M. Jones, Beaufort (R).
Caswell— John E. Tucker, Yancey ville (D).
3
34 Legislative Department
Catawba — J. A. Propst, Conover (R).
Chatham — Leon T. Lane, Ore Hill (D).
Cherokee— F. O. Christopher, Murphy (R).
Chowan— -W. W. Bunch, Tyner (D).
Clay — Alex. 0. Bradley, Hayesville (R).
Cleveland— Peyton McSwain, Shelby (D).
Columbus— J. R. Williamson, Cerro Gordo (D).
Craven— W. T. Ward, New Bern (D).
Cumberland — E. J. Kennedy, Fayetteville (D).
Currituck— E. R. Johnson, Currituck (D).
Dare— B. G. Crisp, Manteo (D).
Davidson — Ben F. Lee, Lexington (R).
Davie — A. T. Grant, Jr., Mocksville (R).
Duplin — E. J. Hill, Warsaw (D).
Durham— R. O. Everett (D) ; F. L. Fuller, Jr., Durham (D).
Edgecombe — R. T. Founatin, Rocky Mt. (D).
Forsyth— R. M. Cox, Rural Hall (D); C. E. Hamilton, Winston-
Salem (D).
Franklin — John B. King, Youngsville (D).
Gaston— A. E. Woltz, Gastonia (D) ; H. B. Gaston, Belmont (D).
Gates— R. W. Gatling, Gatesville (D).
Graham — T. J. Graham, Brock (R).
Granville — B. W. Parham, Oxford (D).
Greene— J. T. Exum, Snow Hill (D).
Guilford— J. A. Austin, High Point (D) ; D. L. Donnell, Oak Ridge
(D); C. G. Wright, Greensboro (D).
Halifax— J. H. Darden, Spring Hill (D) ; F. M. Taylor, Brinkley-
ville (D).
Harnett — N. A. Townsend, Dunn (D).
Haywood — W. H. Henderson, Canton (D).
Henderson — R. C. Clark, Hendersonville (R).
Hertford — D. C. Barnes, Murfreesboro (D).
Hoke — Oscar Leach, Raeford (D).
Hyde—C. L. Bell, Swan Quarter (D).
Iredell— U. P. Grier, Statesville (D) ; Dr. Reid R. Morrison, States-
ville (D).
Jackson — John B. Ensley, Dillsboro (R).
Johnston— Paul D. Grady, Kenly (D) ; J. W. Barnes, Clayton (D).
Jones— T. C. Whitaker, Trenton (D).
Lee— Br. W. A. Monroe, Sanford (D).
Members of House of Representatives 35
Lenoir — J. G. Dawson, Kinston (D).
Lincoln — A. L. Quickel, Lincolnton (D).
Macon — W. A. Rogers, Franklin (D).
Madison — John A. Hendrix, Marshall (R).
Martin — Clayton Moore, Williamston (D).
McDoioell—W. W. Neal, Marion (D).
Mecklenburg— E. W. Pharr (D); W. R. Matthews (D) ; R. M.
Person, Charlotte (D).
Mitchell— John C. McBee, Bakersville (R).
Montgomery — E. R. Burt, Biscoe (D).
Moore — Geo. R. Ross, Jackson Springs (D).
Nash^M. V. Barnhill, Rocky Mount (D) ; M. B. Glover, Bailey (D).
New Hanover — Emmett H. Bellamy, Wilmington (D).
Northampton — Dr. M. Bolton, Rich Square (D).
Onslow — E. H. Walton, Jacksonville (D).
Orange — A. H. Graham, Hillsboro (D).
Pamlico — Geo. C. Dees, Grantsboro (D).
Pasqtootank — C. A. Cooke, Elizabeth City (D).
Pender — Leslie Johnson, Burgaw (D).
Perquimans — Dr. E. S. White, Belvidere (D).
Person — J. C. Pass, Roxboro (R).
Pitt— Julius Brown, Greenville (D); R. W. Smith, Ayden (D).
Polk—C. 0. Ridings, Fingerville, R. F. D., S. Car. (D).
Randolph — J. E. Spence, Bennett (R).
Richmond — W. N. Everett, Rockingham (D).
Robeson — N. B. McArthur, Red Springs (D); N. W. Jenkins,
Fairmont (D).
Rockingham— M. D. Holderby, Ruffin (D); J. W. Walker, Reids-
ville (D).
Rowan — Walter Murphy (D); W. C. Coughenhour, Salisbury (D).
Rutherford— C. F. Cline, Gilkey (D).
Sampson — T. E. Owens, Clinton (R).
Scotland — A. E. Shaw, Wagram (D).
Stanly — A. I. Huneycutt, Badin (R).
Stokes— H. McGee, Germanton (R).
Surry— S. O. McGuire, Elkin (R).
Swain — W. Gentry Hall, Ravens ford (R).
Transylvania — Ralph R. Fisher, Brevard (R).
Tyrrell— n. S. Swain, Columbia (D).
Union— T. F. Limerick, Monroe (D); Earl Ezzell, Waxhaw (D).
36 Legislative Department
Vance — R. B. Taylor, Townsville (D).
Wake— J. M. Templeton, Jr. (D) ; C. A. Gosney (D), and G. W.
Mumford, Raleigh, (D).
Warren — J. M. Coleman, Macon (D).
Washington — Van B. Martin, Plymouth (D).
Watauga— Blaine Coffey, Shulls Mills (R).
Wayne— R. P. Uzzell, Goldsboro (D).; A. W. Byrd, Mt. Olive (D).
Wilkes— C. H. Cowles, Wilkesboro (R).
Wilson — H. G. Connor, Jr., Wilson (D).
Yadkin — Dr. C. G. Bryant, Jonesville (R).
Yancey — J. P. Gibbs, Burnsville (R).
RULES OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
TOUCHING THE DUTIES OF SPEAKER.
1. It shall be the duty of the speaker to have the sessions of this
House opened with prayer in accordance with the order of this
body.
2. He shall take the chair every day at the hour fixed by the
House on the preceding legislative day, shall immediately call the
members to order, and, on appearance of a quorum, cause the jour-
nal of the preceding day to be read.
3. He shall preserve order and decorum, may speak to points of
order in preference to other members, rising from his seat for
that purpose, and shall decide questions of order, subject to an
appeal to the House by any member, on which appeal no member
shall speak more than once, unless by leave of the House.
4. He shall rise to put a question, but may state it sitting.
5. Questions shall be put in this form, namely: "Those in favor
(as the question may be) will say, Aye," and after the affirmative
voice has been expressed, "Those opposed will say, No." Upon a call
for a division, the Speaker shall count; if required, he shall appoint
tellers.
6. The Speaker shall have a general direction of the hall. He
shall have a right to name any member to perform the duties of the
chair, but substitution shall not extend beyond one day, except in
case of sickness or by leave of the House.
Rules of House of Representatives 37
7. All committees shall be appointed by the Speaker, unless other-
wise specially ordered by the House.
8. In all elections the Speaker may vote. In all other cases he
may exercise his right to vote, or he may reserve this right until
there is a tie; but in no case shall he be allowed to vote twice on
the same question.
9. All acts, addresses, and resolutions shall be signed by the
Speaker, and all warrants and subpoenas issued by order of the
House shall be under his hand and seal, attested by the Clerk.
10. In case of any disturbance or disorderly conduct in the gal-
leries or lobby, the Speaker (or Chairman of the Committee of the
Whole) shall have the power to order the same to be cleared.
11. No persons except members of the Senate, officers and clerks
of the two Houses of the General Assembly, Judges of the Supreme
and Superior Courts, officers of the State, persons particularly in-
vited by the Speaker or some member and such gentlemen as have
been members of either House of the Legislature or of a convention
of the people of the State, shall be admitted within the hall of the
House: Provided, that no person except members of the Senate
and officers of the two Houses of the General Assembly shall be al-
lowed on the floor of the House or in the lobby in the rear of the
Speaker's desk unless invited by the Speaker of the House.
12. Reporters wishing to take down debates may be admitted by
the Speaker, who shall assign such places to them on the floor or
elsewhere, to effect this object, as shall not interfere with the con-
venience of the House.
13. Smoking shall not be allowed in the hall, the lobbies, or the
galleries while the House is in session.
ORDER OF BUSINESS OF THE DAY.
14. After the reading of the journal of the preceding day, which
shall stand approved without objection, the House shall proceed to
business in the following order, viz.:
(1) The receiving of petitions, memorials, and papers addressed
to the General Assembly or to the House.
(2) Reports of standing committees.
(3) Reports of select committees.
(4) Resolutions.
(5) Bills.
(6) The unfinished business of the preceding day.
38 Legislative Department
(7) Bills, resolutions, petitions, memorials, messages, and other
papers on the Calendar, in their exact numerical order
unless displaced by the orders of the day; but motion
and messages to elect officers shall always be in order.
Every member wishing to present a petition, bill, or other paper
or make report, shall rise from his seat and address the Speaker
and shall not proceed further until recognized by him.
ON DECORUM IN DEBATE.
15. When any member is about to speak in debate or deliver any
matter to the House, he shall rise from his seat and respectfully ad-
dress the Speaker.
16. When the Speaker shall call a member to order, the member
shall sit down, as also he shall when called to order by another
member, unless the Speaker decide the point of order in his favor.
By leave of the House a member called to order may clear a mat-
ter of fact, or explain, but shall not proceed in debate so long as the
decision stands, but by permission of the House. Any member may
appeal from the decision of the Chair, and if, upon appeal, the de-
cision be in favor of the member called to order he may proceed;
if otherwise, he shall not. except by leave of the House; and if
the case, in the judgment of the House, require it, he shall be
liable to its censure.
17. No member shall speak until recognized by the Chair, and
when two or more members rise at the same time, the Speaker
shall name the member to speak.
18. No member shall speak more than twice on the main question,
nor longer than thirty minutes for the first speech and fifteen min-
utes for the second speech, unless allowed to do so by affirmative
vote of the majority of the members present; nor shall he speak
more than once upon an amendment or motion to commit or post-
pone, and then not longer than ten minutes. But the House may, by
consent of a majority, suspend the operation of this rule during
any debate on any particular question before the House, or the Com-
mittee on Rules may bring in a special rule that shall be applicable
to the debate on any bill.
19. While the Speaker is putting any question, or addressing the
House, no person shall speak, stand up, walk out of or across the
House, nor when a member is speaking entertain private discourse,
stand up, or pass between him and the Chair.
Rules of House of Representatives 39
20. No member shall vote on any question when he was not pres-
ent when the question was put by the Speaker, except by the con-
sent of the House. Upon a division and count of the House on any
question, no member without the bar shall be counted.
21. Every member who shall be in the hall of the House for the
above purpose when the question is put shall give his vote, upon a
call of the ayes and noes, unless the House for special reasons shall
excuse him, and no application to be excused from voting or to ex-
plain a vote shall be entertained unless made before the call of the
roll. The hall of the House shall include the lobbies, galleries, and
offices connected with the hall.
22. When a motion is made and seconded, it shall be stated by the
Speaker, or, if written, it shall be handed to the Chair and read
aloud by the Speaker or Clerk before debate.
23. Every motion shall be reduced to writing, if the Speaker or
any two members request it.
24. After a motion is stated by the Speaker or read by the Clerk,
it shall be deemed to be in possession of the House, but may be
withdrawn before decision or amendment, except in case of a
motion to reconsider, which motion, when made by a member, shall
be deemed and taken to be in possession of the House, and shall
not be withdrawn without leave of the House.
25. When a question is under debate no motion shall he received
but to adjourn, to lay on the table, to postpone indefinitely, to post-
pone to a day certain, to commit or amend, which several motions
shall have precedence in the order in which they stand arranged;
and no motion to lay on the table, to postpone indefinitely, to post-
pone to a day certain, to commit or amend, being decided, shall be
again allowed on the same day and at the same stage of the bill or
proposition.
26. A motion to adjourn or lay on the table shall be decided with-
out debate, and a motion to adjourn shall always be in order, ex-
cept when the House is voting or some member is speaking; but a
motion to adjourn shall not follow a motion to adjourn until debate
or some business of the House has intervened.
27. When a question has been postponed indefinitely, the same
shall not be acted on again during the session, except upon a two-
thirds vote.
28. Any member may call for a division of the question, when the
same shall admit of it, which shall be determined by the Speaker.
40 Legislative Department
29. When a motion has been once made and carried in the affirma-
tive or negative, it shall be in order for any member of the majority
to move for the reconsideration thereof, on the same or succeeding
day, unless it may have already passed the Senate, and no motion
to reconsider shall be taken from the table except by a two-thirds
vote. But unless such vote has been taken by a call of the yeas and
nays, any member may move to reconsider.
30. When the reading of a paper is called for, which has been read
in the House, and the same is objected to by any member, it shall
be determined by a vote of the House.
31. Petitions, memorials, and other papers addressed to the House
shall be presented by the Speaker, or by any member in his place; a
brief statement of the contents thereof may be verbally made by the
introducer, and shall not be debated or decided on the day of their
being first read, unless the House shall direct otherwise, but shall
lie on the table, to be taken up in the order they were read.
32. When the ayes and noes are called for on any question, it
shall be on motion before the question is put; and if seconded by
one-fifth of the members present, the question shall be decided by
the ayes and noes; and in taking the ayes and noes, or on a call of
the House, the names of the members will be taken alphabetically.
33. Decency of speech shall be observed and personal reflection
carefully avoided.
34. Any member, after the expiration of the morning hour, may
rise to a question of personal privilege; but if the question of per-
sonal privilege be decided against him he shall not proceed unless
the ruling of the Speaker be reversed by the House.
35. Fifteen members, including the Speaker, shall be authorized
to compel the attendance of absent members.
36. No member or officer of the House shall absent himself from
the service of the House without leave, unless from sickness or
inability.
37. Any member may excuse himself from serving on any com-
mittee if he is a member of two standing committees.
38. If any member shall be necessarily absent on temporary busi-
ness of the House when a vote is taken upon any question, upon
entering the House he shall be permitted, on request, to vote, pro-
vided that the result shall not be thereby affected.
Rules of House of Representatives 41
39. No standing rule or order shall be rescinded or altered with-
out one day's notice given on the motion thereof, and to sustain
such motion two-thirds of the House shall be required.
40. The members of this House shall uncover their heads upon
entering the hall whilst the House is in session, and shall continue
to be uncovered during their continuance in the hall, except Quakers.
41. A motion to reconsider shall be determined by a majority vote,
except a motion to reconsider an indefinite postponement, or a mo-
tion to reconsider a motion tabling a motion to reconsider, which
shall require a two-thirds vote.
STANDING COMMITTEES.
42. At the commencement of the session a standing committee
shall be appointed on each of the following subjects, namely:
On Agriculture.
On Appropriations.
On Banks and Currency.
On Claims.
On Constitutional Amendment.*
On Corporation. Commission.
On Corporations.
On Counties, Cities, Towns and Townships.
On Courts and Judicial Districts.
On Education.
On Election Law.
On Engrossed Bills.
On Expenditures of the House.
On Federal Relations.
On Finance.
On Fish and Fisheries.
On Game.
On Health.
On Immigration.
On Insane Asylums.
On Institutions for the Blind.
On Institutions for the Deaf and Dumb.
On Insurance.
On Internal Improvements.
On Judiciary, No. 1.
On Judiciary, No. 2.
42 Legislative Department
On Manufactures and Labor.
On Military Affairs.
On Mines and Mining.
On Oyster Interests.
On Penal Institutions.
On Pensions.
On Privileges and Elections.
On Propositions and Grievances.
On Public Roads and Turnpikes.
On Regulation of tbe Liquor Traffic.
On Regulation of Public Service Corporations.
On Rules.
On Salaries and Fees.
JOINT COMMITTEES.
On Enrolled Bills.
On Appointment of Justices of the Peace.
On Library.
On Printing.
On Public Buildings and Grounds.
On Trustees of University.
On Revision of the Laws.
To be appointed by the Speaker, and the first announced on each
committee shall be chairman.
43. In forming a Committee of the Whole House, the Speaker
shall leave the chair, and a chairman to preside in committee shall
be appointed by the Speaker.
44. Upon bills submitted to a Committee of the Whole House, the
bill shall be first read throughout by the Clerk, and then again read
arid debated by sections, leaving the preamble to be last considered.
The body of the bill shall not be defaced or interlined, but all amend-
ments, noting the page and line, shall be duly entered by the Clerk
on a separate paper as the same shall be agreed to by the Com-
mittee, and so reported to the House. After report, the bill shall
again be subject to be debated and amended by sections before a
question on its passage be taken.
45. The rules of proceeding in the House shall be observed in a
Committee of the Whole House, so far as they may be applicable,.
Rules of House of Representatives 43
except the rule limiting the time of speaking and the previous
question.
46. In a Committee of the Whole House a motion that the Com-
mittee rise shall always be in order, except when a member is speak-
ing, and shall be decided without debate.
47. Every bill shall be introduced by motion for leave, or by order
of the House, or on the report of a committee, unless introduced in
regular order during the morning hour.
48. All bills and resolutions shall be reported from the committee
to which referred, with such recommendation as the committee may
desire to make.
49. Every bill shall receive three several readings in the House
previous to its passage, and the Speaker shall give notice at each
whether it be its first, second, or third reading.
50. Any member introducing a bill or resolution shall briefly in-
dorse thereon the substance of the same.
51. The Speaker shall refer all bills and resolutions upon their in-
troduction to the appropriate committee, unless otherwise ordered.
When the Public bill or resolution has been referred by the Speaker
to a committee, and after it has remained with such committee for
the space of five days without being reported to the House, it shall,
at the option and upon request of the member who introduced
it, be recalled from such committee by order of the Speaker and by
him referred to some other regular committee, which shall be indi-
cated in the House by the introducer thereof, and the request and
order recalling such bill and the reference thereof shall be entered
on the journal.
52. The Clerk of the House shall keep a separate calendar of the
Public, Local, and Private bills, and shall number them in the order
in which they are introduced; and all bills shall be disposed of in
the order they stand upon the Calendar; but the Committee on
Rules may at any time arrange the order of precedence in which
bills may be considered. No bill shall be twice read on the same
day without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members.
53. All resolutions which may grant money out of the Treasury,
or such as shall be of a public nature, shall be treated in all re-
spects in a similar manner with Public bills.
54. The Clerk of the House shall be deemed to continue in office
until another is appointed.
44 Legislative Department
55. Upon the motion of any member, there shall be a call of the
House, a majority of the members present assenting thereto, and
upon a call of the House the names of the members shall be called
over by the Clerk and the absentees noted, after which the, names
of the absentees shall again be called over. The doors shall then
be closed, and those from whom no excuse or sufficient excuses are
made may, by order of those present, if fifteen in number, be taken
into custody as they appear, or may be sent for and taken into cus-
tody wherever to be found by special messenger appointed for that
purpose.
PREVIOUS QUESTION.
56. The previous question shall be as follows: "Shall the main
question be now put?" and, until it is decided, shall preclude all
amendments and debate. If this question shall be decided in the
affirmative, the "main question" shall be on the passage of the bill,
resolution, or other matter under consideration; but when amend-
ments are pending, the question shall be taken upon such amend-
ments, in their order, without further debate or amendment. If such
question be decided in the negative, the main question shall be con-
sidered as remaining under debate: Provided, that no one shall
move the previous question except the member submitting the re-
port on the bill or other matter under consideration, and the mem-
ber introducing the bill or other matter under consideration, or
the member in charge of the measure, who shall be designated by
the chairman of the committee reporting the same to the House at
the time the bill or other matter under consideration is reported to
the House, or taken up for consideration.
When a motion for the previous question is made, and pending
the second thereto by a majority, debate shall cease; but if any
member obtains the floor, he may move to lay the matter under con-
sideration on the table, or move an adjournment, and when both or
either of these motions are pending the question shall stand:
(1) Previous question.
(2) To adjourn,
(3) To lay on the table.
And then upon the main question, or amendments, or the motion to
postpone indefinitely, postpone to a day certain, to commit, or amend,
in the order of the precedence, until the main question is reached
Rules of House of Representatives 45
or disposed of; but after the previous question has been called by
a majority, no motion, amendment, or debate shall be in order.
All motions below the motion to lay on the table must be made
prior to a motion for the previous question; but, pending and not
after the second thereof, by the majority of the House, a motion
to adjourn or lay on the table, or both, are in order. This consti-
tutes the precedence of the motion to adjourn and lay on the table
over other motions, in Rule 25.
Motions stand as follows in order of precedence in Rule 26:
Lay on the table,
Previous question,
Postpone indefinitely,
Postpone definitely,
To commit or amend.
When the previous question is called, all motions below it fall,
unless made prior to the call, and all motions above it fall after its
second by a majority required. Pending the second, the motions to
adjourn and lay on the table are in order, but not after a second.
When in order and every motion is before the House, the question
stands as follows:
Previous question,
Adjourn,
Postpone indefinitely,
Postpone definitely,
To commit,
Amendment to amendment,
Amendment,
Substitute,
Bill.
The previous question covers all other motions when seconded by
a majority of the House, and proceeds by regular gradation to the
main question, without debate, amendment, or motion, until such
question is reached or disposed of.
57. All committees, other than the Committee on Appropriations,
when favorably reporting any bill, which carries an appropriation
from the State, shall indicate same in the report, and said bill shall
be re-referred to the Committee on Appropriations for a further
report before being acted upon by the House.
46 Legislative Department
58. The Principal Clerk, the Engrossing Clerk, and the Door-
keeper shall appoint, with the approval of the Speaker, and by af-
firmative order of the House, such assistants as may be necessary
to the efficient discharge of the duties of their various offices.
59. The Speaker shall appoint twelve pages to wait upon the ses-
sions of the House, and when the pressure of business may require
he may appoint three additional pages.
60. The chairman of each of the committees, Judiciary No. 1,
Judiciary No. 2, Finance, and Appropriations, and the chairmen
of committees on Constitutional Amendments and Education jointly
may appoint a clerk with the approval of the majority of said re-
spective committees; and no other clerks of committees shall be
appointed except upon motion, which shall first be referred to the
Committee on Rules, and a favorable report from said committee
shall not allow the appointment of additional clerks of committees
unless such report be adopted by two-thirds vote of the House.
61. The chairman and five other members of any committee shall
constitute a quorum of said committee for the transaction of business.
62. The Speaker, on each Monday morning, shall appoint a com-
mittee of three members, whose duty it shall be to examine daily
the journal of the House before the hour of convening, and report
after the opening of the House whether or not the proceedings of
the previous day have been correctly recorded.
STANDING C03I3IITTEES OF THE HOI SE OF
REPRESENTATIVES.
Agriculture. — Representatives Tucker, chairman; Cox, Ross, Cole-
man, Taylor of Halifax, Morrison, Young, Henderson, Williamson,
Jenkins, Whitaker, Barnes of Johnston, Butt, Shaw, Uzzell,
McArthur, Johnson of Pender, Darden, Gibbs, Lee, Bradley, Hicks,
Coffey, Cooper, Propst, Owen, King, Bennett, Person, Swain, Dees,
Smith of Pitt, Melvin, Ezzell, Holderby, Taylor of Vance, Bunch.
Appropriations. — Representatives Everett of Richmond, chairman;
Doughton, Wright, Bowie, Dawson, Pharr, Matthews of Bertie,
Brown, Connor, Parham, Darden, Shaw, Glover, Bolton, Woltz,
Young, Monroe, Gosney, Hill, Burt, Clement, Cline, Gatling, Fuller,
Williams, Maguire, Cowles, McBee, Ensley, Glover, Everett of
Durham.
Standing Committees op House of Representatives 47
Banks and Currency. — Representatives Barnes of Hertford, chair-
man; Doughton, Everett of Richmond, Fountain, Dawson, Tucker,
Gatling, Coughenour, Coleman, Cline, Gosney, Exum, McArthur,
Smith of Pitt, Ross, Burt, Barnhill, Limerick, Bunch, Dees, Donnell,
Clark, McGee, Owen, Jones, Pass.
Claims. — Representatives Henderson, chairman; Person, Ridings,
McArthur, Austin, Linney, Christopher, Graham of Graham.
Congressional Districts. — Representatives Cox, chairman; John-
eon of Currituck, Parham, Dawson, Lane, Bowie, Bellamy, Gaston,
Neal, Barnhill, Morrison, Austin, Person, Moore, Taylor of Halifax,
Gosney, Cowles, Owen, Hendricks, Clark.
Constitutional Amendments. — Representatives Pharr, chairman;
Doughton, Murphy, Matthews of Bertie, Barnes of Hertford, Brown,
Quickel, Everett of Durham, Townsend, Moore, Woltz, Byrd, Bellamy,
Graham of Orange, Grant, Christopher, Hendricks.
Corporation Commission. — Representatives Brown, chairman;
Pharr, Matthews of Bertie, Fountain, Wright, Quickel, Barnhill,
Townsend, McSwain, Martin, Everett of Richmond, Grady, Bolton,
Tucker, Williamson, Person, Uzzell, Williams, Smith of Brunswick,
Grant, Clark.
Corporations. — Representatives Everett of Durham, chairman;
Pharr, Matthews of Bertie, Wright, Brown, Fountain, Everett of
Richmond, Grady, Coughenour, Tucker, Martin, Leach, Hamilton,
Bolton, Rogers, Gaston, Williamson, Williams, Christopher, Ensley,
Blackwelder, Pass.
Counties, Cities and Towns. — Representatives Neal, chairman;
Matthews of Bertie, Pharr, Barnes of Hertford, Fountain, Lane,
Kennedy, Grady, Shaw, Bunch, Exum, McArthur, Bennett, Brown,
Gatling, Mumford, Henderson, Burt, Glover, Grant, Leach, Cowles,
Christopher.
Courts and Judicial Districts. — Representatives Fountain, chair-
man; Murphy, Quickel, Parham, Dawson, Townsend, Barnhill,
Fuller, Hamilton, McSwain, Grant, Hendricks, Smith of Bruns-
wick.
Drainage. — Representatives Walton, chairman; Townsend, Barnes
of Hertford, Gatling, Bell, Butt, Brown, Whitaker, Walker, White,
Huneycutt, Fisher, Gibbs.
Education. — Representatives Matthews of Bertie, chairman;
Lawrence, Bowie, Barnhill, Pharr, Neal, Everett of Durham, Parham,
Woltz, McSwain, Lane, Taylor of Halifax, Moore, Tucker, Butt,
48 Legislative Department
Bellamy, Graham of Orange, Clement, Hamilton, Glover, Cooke,
King, Donnell, Whitaker, Byrd, Coughenour, Crisp, Ridings, Swain,
White, Bennett, Hendricks, Jones, Bryant, Coffey, Cowles, Doughton,
Holderby, Dawson, Ward.
Election Laws. — Representatives Grady, chairman; Doughton,
Neal, Cox, Glover, Quickel, Bowie, Dawson, Lane, Limerick, Shaw,
Burt, Darden, Cline, Clement, Williams, Cowles, McBee, Hicks,
Barnes of Hertford, Fountain, Ross.
Engrossed Bills. — Representatives Templeton, chairman; Graham
of Orange, Holderby, White, Walton, Cline, Ridings, Bennett, Ezzell,
Cooper, Hicks, Linney, Darden.
Expenditures of the House. — Representatives Glover, chairman;
Exum, Coleman, Dees, Cooke, Crisp, Huneycutt, Coffey, Bryant.
Federal Relations. — Representatives Townsend, chairman; Dough-
ton, Murphy, Quickel, Connor, Dawson, Parham, Matthews of Bertie,
Limerick, Williams, Cowles, Hendricks, Spence.
Finance. — Representatives Doughton, chairman; Dawson, Connor,
Everett of Richmond, Parham, Murphy, Williamson, Fountain, Cox,
Everett of Durham, Bellamy, Graham of Orange, Austin, Coleman,
Henderson, Quickel, Walton, Matthews of Mecklenburg, Johnson of
Currituck, Hill, Townsend, Ross, Morrison, Maguire, Pass, Clark,
Pharr, Fuller, Ward.
Fish and Fisheries. — Representatives Butt, chairman; Bell, Lim-
erick, Walton, Gaston, Swain, Johnson of Currituck, Bunch, Crisp,
Dees, Morrisette, Gibbs, Jones, Smith of Brunswick.
Game. — Representatives Johnson of Currituck, chairman; John-
son of Pender, Young, Butt, Matthews of Mecklenburg, Donnell,
Dees, Walton, Gaston, Gatling, Taylor of Vance, Barnes of Johnston,
Martin, Bell, Bunch, Cline, Crisp, Morrisette, Walker, McGee, Propst,
Lee, Maguire, Bradley.
Health. — Representatives Monroe, chairman; Bolton, Morrison,
Rogers, White, King, Fuller, Lane, Bellamy, Pharr, Quickel, Wright,
Leach, Ross, Dees, Henderson, Mumford, Person, Bell, Bunch,
Johnson of Pender, Melvin, Bryant, Cooper, Fisher, Graham of
Graham.
Immigration.- — Representatives Bunch, chairman; Cooke, Ezzell,
Taylor of Vance. Barnes of Johnston, Uzzell, Walker, Henderson,
Kennedy, Gibbs, Cooper, Bradley, Spence.
Insane Asylums. — Representatives Bolton, chairman; Monroe,
Byrd, Walker, Lawrence, Martin, Austin, Exum, Donnell, McSwain,
Henderson, Rogers, Swain, Melvin, Jones, Bryant, Cooper.
Standing Committees of House of Representatives 49
Institution for the Blind. — Representatives Rogers, chairman;
Holderby, Whitaker, Ridings, Mumford, Tucker, White, Morrisette,
Hall, Clark, Propst, Spence.
Institutions for th§ Deaf and Dumb. — Representatives Clement,
chairman; Donnell, Jenkins, Glover, Lawrence, Graham of Orange,
Smith of Pitt, Melvin, Jones, Propst, Spence.
Insurance. — Representatives Mumford, chairman; Woltz, Connor,
Quickel, Parham, Whitaker, Cox, Hill, Holderby, Lawrence, Fuller,
Fountain, Exum, Townsend, Donnell, Lane, Barnes of Hertford,
Shaw, Young, Johnson of Currituck, Person, Hendricks, Huneycutt,
Ensley, Pass.
Internal Improvements. — Representatives Gatling, chairman;
Ridings, Kennedy, King, Swain, White, Ezzell, Bradley, Christopher,
McGee, Blackwelder.
Judiciary A'o. 1. — Representatives Dawson, chairman; Parham,
Doughton, Murphy, Barnes of Hertford, Grady, Quickel, Moore,
Townsend, Fuller, Gaston, Limerick, Austin, Graham of Orange,
Leach, Clement, Templeton, Williams, McBee, Fisher, Christopher,
Byrd.
Judiciary No. 2. — Representatives Connor, chairman; Pharr,
Bowie, Fountain, Matthews of Bertie, Everett of Durham, Brown,
Crisp, Coughenour, Barnhill, Gosney, Woltz, McSwain, Bellamy,
Hamilton, Martin, Williamson, Grant, Hendricks, -Smith of Bruns-
wick.
Manufacturing and Labor. — Representatives Quickel, chairman;
Neal, Hamilton, Coleman, Young, Glover, Jenkins, Woltz, Burt,
Uzzell, Bennett, Donnell, Cline, Henderson, Kennedy, Smith of Pitt,
Williams, Hall, Huneycutt, Blackwelder.
Millitary Affairs. — Representatives Gosney, chairman; Graham
of Orange, Fuller, Morrison, Byrd, Glover, Templeton, Bellamy,
Leacb, Bell, McSwain, Morrisette, Ridings, Dees, Hall, McBee,
Fisher, Taylor of Vance, Graham of Graham.
Mines and Mining. — Representatives Bennett, chairman; Hender-
son, Cooke, Ezzell, Taylor of Vance, Lee, Linney.
Oyster Industry. — Representatives Crisp, chairman; Martin, Bell,
Walton, Swain, Johnson of Currituck, Bunch, Dees, Morrisette,
Smith of Brunswick, Jones, Owen.
Penal Institutions. — Representatives Darden, chairman; Dough-
ton, Matthews of Mecklenburg, Barnes of Johnston, Morrison, Uzzell,
Melvin, Williamson, Wright, King, Glover, McArthur, Maguire,
Owen, Hall.
50 Legislative Department
Pensions. — Representatives Matthews of Mecklenburg, chairman;
Henderson, Holderby, Darden, Lane, Tucker, Johnson of Pender,
Matthews of Bertie, Monroe, Taylor of Vance, Templeton, Walker,
Williams, Bryant, McBee, Pass, King.
Private and Public-Local Laws. — Representatives Coughenour,
chairman; Austin, Leach, Barnhill, Limerick, Gosney, Woltz, Hamil-
ton, Gaston, Coleman, Exum, Barnes of Johnston, Lane, Grant,
Hendricks, McBee.
Propositions and Grievances. — Representatives Mu,rphy, chair-
man; Taylor of Halifax, Barnes of Hertford, Matthews of Mecklen-
burg, Parham, Dawson, Gosney, Bolton, Barnhill, Butt, Monroe,
Brown, Martin, Neal, Hill, Shaw, Uzzell, Barnes of Johnston,
Rogers, Byrd, Austin, Moore, Clement, Donnell, McSwain, McGee,
Propst, McBee, Owen, Kennedy, Ward.
Public Roads and Turnpikes. — Representatives Bowie, chairman;
Doughton, Pharr, Neal, Barnes of Hertford, Parham, Morrison,
Lawrence, Moore, Cox, Burt, Everett of Durham, Johnson of Curri-
tuck, Wright, Bellamy, Taylor of Halifax, Walker, Morrisette, Wal-
ton, Coleman, Cooke, Templeton, Exum, Byrd, Leach, Hill, Jenkins,
Ezzell, Smith of Pitt, Matthews of Mecklenburg, Ross, Gaston,
Hendricks, Christopher, Maguire, McBee, Coffey, Bryant, White,
Cowles, Ward.
Regulation of Public Service Corporations. — Representatives
Woltz, chairman; Neal, Lane, Pharr, Hamilton, Williamson, Johnson
of Pender, Young, Person, Lee, Blackwelder, Bradley.
Rules. — Representatives Parham, chairman; Doughton, Bowie,
Murphy, Barnes of Hertford, Cox, Grant.
Salaries and Fees.- — Representatives Wright, chairman; Everett
of Durham, Bowie, Neal, Dawson, Pharr, Crisp, Grady, Everett of
Richmond, Parham, Doughton, Maguire, Fisher, McBee, Miss
Clement.
Senatorial Districts. — Representatives Morrison, chairman; Cox,
Hill, Glover, Neal, Barnes of Hertford, Connor, Williamson, Grady,
Johnson of Currituck, Townsend, Matthews of Mecklenburg, Hender-
son, Burt, McArthur, Monroe, McGee, Coffey. Linney.
Joint Committees
Enrolled Bills. — Representatives Barnhill, chairman; Fuller,
Leach, Gaston, Cook, Exum, Johnson of Pender, Dees, Linney,
Graham of Graham.
Standing Committees of House of Representatives 51
Justices of the Peace. — Representatives Taylor of Halifax, chair-
man; Grady, King, Neal, Hill, Cox, Lane, Shaw, Person, Walton,
Spence, Blackwelder, Propst.
Library. — Representatives Lawrence, chairman; Templeton, Bel-
lamy, Cline, Graham of Orange, Gaston, Christopher, Cooper, Lee,
Bradley.
Piiblic Buildings and Grounds. — Representatives Young, chair-
man; Hamilton, Kennedy, Bennett, Williamson, Walker, Coffey,
Gibbs, Hall.
Printing. — Representatives McSwain, chairman; Byrd, Bell, Mum-
ford, King, Barnes of Johnston. Linney, Graham of Graham, Ensley,
Blackwelder.
Trustees of the University. — Representatives Moore, chairman;
Doughton, Wright, Everett of Richmond, Murphy, Bowie, Connor,
Pharr, Dawson, Townsend, Graham of Orange, Exum, Williams, Pass,
Maguire, Woltz.
PART II.
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS
1. Governor.
2. Secretary of State.
3. Treasurer.
4. Auditor.
5. Superintendent of Public Instruction.
6. Attorney-General.
THE GOVERNOR.
Cameron Morrison, Governor.
The Governor is the chief executive officer of the State. He is
elected by the people for a term of four years. He receives a salary
of $6,500 a year, and in addition is allowed annually $600 for travel-
ing expenses, and a residence, with domestic servants.
Article III, Section 2, of the Constitution of North Carolina, pre-
scribes the following qualifications for the Governor:
1. He must have attained the age of thirty years.
2. He must have been a citizen of the United States for five years,
and a resident of North Carolina for two years next before the
election.
3. No person shall be eligible for the office of Governor for more
than four years in any term of eight years, unless he becomes Gov-
ernor by having been Lieutenant-Governor or President of the
Senate.
The same qualifications apply to the office of Lieutenant-Governor.
The Constitution prescribes the powers and duties of the Governor
as follows:
1. To take the oath of office prescribed for the Governor.
2. To reside at the seat of government; to keep the General As-
sembly informed respecting the affairs of the State; and to recom-
mend to the General Assembly such measures as he deems expedient.
3. To grant reprieves, commutations and pardons (except in cases
of impeachment), and to report each case of reprieve, commutation,
or pardon to the General Assembly.
4. To receive reports from all officials of the Executive Depart-
ments and of public institutions, and to transmit the same to the
General Assembly.
5. He is commander-in-chief of the militia of the State, except
when they are called' into the service of the United States.
6. To call extra sessions of the General Assembly when he thinks
necessary, by and with the advice of the Council of State.
7. To appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,
all officers whose offices are established by the Constitution and
whose appointments are not otherwise provided for.
8. To keep "The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina" and
use the same as occasion shall require.
56 Executive Departments
He has no veto power, being the only Governor in the United
States without such power.
In addition to these duties the following are prescribed by statute:
1. To supervise the official conduct of all executive and adminis-
trative officers, and to visit all State institutions whenever he deems
such visitation necessary to inquire into their management and
needs.
2. To see that all public offices are filled and their duties per-
formed.
3. To make appointments and supply vacancies not otherwise pro-
vided for in all departments.
4. To be the sole official organ of communication between the gov-
ernment of this State and other States or the government of the
United States.
5. To use the civil and military power of the State to prevent the
violation of the statute against prize-fighting in North Carolina.
6. To convene the Council of State for consultation whenever he
deems it necessary.
7. To appoint a Private Secretary, who shall keep a record of all
public letters written by or to the Governor in books provided for
that purpose.
8. To cause to be kept the following records: a register of all ap-
plications for pardon or the commutation of any sentence; an ac-
count of his official expenses, and the rewards offered by him for
the apprehension of criminals, which shall be paid upon the warrant
of the Auditor.
9. Under certain conditions to employ counsel for the State.
10. To appoint by proclamation one day in each year as a day of
solemn and public thanksgiving to Almighty God for past blessings
and of supplication for His continued kindness and care over us as a
State and a Nation.
11. To procure a seal for each department of the State govern-
ment to be used in such manner as may be established by law.
In addition to the above duties the Governor is, ex officio, chair-
man of the State Board of Education, of the Board of Public Build-
ings and Grounds, of the State Board of Pensions, of the State Board
of Internal Improvements, of the North Carolina Geological Board,
of the Board of Trustees of the State Library, of the Board of Trus-
tees of the University of North Carolina, of the State Text-book
Commission, of the committee to let the contract for State printing,
and of the State Board of Canvassers.
Secretary of State 57
THE SECRETARY OF STATE.
J. Bryan Grimes, Secretary of State.
The Secretary of State is at the head of the Department of State.
He is elected by the people for a term of four years and receives a
salary of $4,500. He is, ex officio, a member of the Council of State,
of the State Board of Education, of the State Text-book Commission,
of the Board of Public Buildings and Grounds, and is a trustee of
the public libraries.
The Secretary of State countersigns all commissions issued by
the Governor, and is charged with the custody of all statutes and
joint resolutions of the Legislature, all documents which pass under
the Great Seal, and of all books, records, deeds, parchments, maps
and papers now deposited in his office or which may hereafter be
there deposited pursuant to law.
Through the Secretary of State all corporations for business or
charitable purposes under the general laws of the State are char-
tered. This includes mercantile, manufacturing, banking, insurance,
railroad, street car, electric, steamboat, and other companies. The
certificates of incorporation are there filed and recorded. In the
last two years there have been 2,877 certificates for domestic cor-
porations filed in the office of the Secretary of State on which
$141,613.52 organization or dissolution taxes have been paid. Six
hundred and two of these are dissolution and 2,275 are certificates of
incorporation and amendments. In the last two years 194 banks
have been incorporated and 18 railroad companies have filed articles
of association or amendment with the Secretary of State. Foreign
corporations, before being permitted to do business in North Caro-
lina, are required to file copies of their charters in the office of the
Secretary of State.
All bills passed by the General Assembly are enrolled for ratifi-
cation under the supervision and direction of the Secretary of State,
and shall be typewritten or written with pen and ink, in the discre-
tion of the Secretary of State. All bills are now typewritten, which
change is very much in the interest of economy and accuracy.
Copyists in the enrolling office are paid ten cents a copy sheet for
original and one carbon copy. The carbon copy is sent to the State
Printer, from which copy are published the laws, resolutions, etc.
An assistant to the Secretary of State prepares these laws for publi-
58 Executive Departments
cation, determines which are "public," "public-local," and which are
"private"; side-notes them and prepares the captions and indexes
the laws of the session. This work has grown very much in the
last few years.
The Secretary of State is charged with the work of distributing
the Supreme Court Reports, the Consolidated Statutes, Session Laws,
Journals, etc.
The Secretary of State furnishes to the various precincts, coun-
ties, and boards all books, blanks, forms, and other printed matter
necessary for holding general elections; prepares blanks for the
State Board of Canvassers, and issues certificates of election to such
persons as are declared elected by the State Board of Canvassers.
He also keeps in his office a permanent roll of the voters of the
precincts and counties who registered under the "grandfather
clause" of the Constitution.
All vacant and unappropriated land in North Carolina is subject
to entry by residents or citizens of the State. Almost all the vacant
land in the State has been granted to individuals or is the property
of the State Board of Education, but small tracts are frequently
discovered and entries for same made. The warrants, plats, and
surveys and a record of grants for all lands originally granted by the
Lord Proprietors, by the Crown of Great Britain, or by the State of
North Carolina, are preserved in the office of the Secretary of State.
The General Assembly of 1909 increased the price of these lands
to $1.50 an acre, and provided "that all lands entered under this
act for which a grant has been obtained at the price of $1.50 an acre
shall be free from all claims, title and interest now vested in the
State of North Carolina or the State Board of Education."
All automobiles in the State are required to be registered annually
by the Secretary of State on or before the 1st of July. For the year
ending June 30, 1921, there have been registered in his office from
July 1st to November 30th, 139,350 automobiles. There has been
paid into the State Treasury from this source for the two fiscal
years ending November 30th, $3,053,345.41.
For the two years ending November 30. 1920, the collections made
in the Secretary of State's office, paid into the State Treasury, were
$3,238,241.59.
State Treasurer 59
THE TREASURES.
B. R. Lacy, Treasurer.
The State Treasury is one of the Executive Departments of the
State Government. The State Treasurer is elected hy the people
for a term of four years. His term of office begins the first day
of January next after his election and continues until his successor
is elected and qualified. He is ex officio a member of the Gover-
nor's Council, the State Board of Education, and the Board of
Public Buildings and Grounds. He receives a salary of $4,500
per annum.
The duties of the State Treasurer as prescribed by law are as
follows:
1. To keep his office in the city of Raleigh and attend there be-
tween the hours of 10 o'clock a. m. and 3 o'clock p. m., except
Sundays and legal holidays.
2. To receive all moneys that may be paid into the Treasury of
the State; to pay interest on State bonds and all warrants legally
drawn on the Treasury by the Auditor, and to report to the Gov-
ernor and the General Assembly the financial condition of the
State, including a summary of the receipts and disbursements for
each fiscal year.
3. To make complete revenue bill to cover estimated expenses
and recommend the tax rate.
4. To construe revenue when license is paid direct to State
Treasurer.
THE STATE AUDITOR.
Baxter Durham, State Auditor.
The Department of the State Auditor is one of the Executive De-
partments of the State Government. The Auditor is elected for a
term of four years by the qualified voters of the State, at the same
time and places and in the same manner as members of the General
Assembly are elected. His term of office begins on the first day of
January next after his election, and continues until his successor is
elected and qualified. His salary is $4,500 per annum. (Constitu-
tion of North Carolina, Article III, section 1.) His duties as pre-
scribed by law are as follows (Revisal of 1905, section 5365) :
60 Executive Departments
1. To superintend the fiscal concerns of the State.
2. To report to the Governor annually, and to the General As-
sembly at the beginning of each biennial session thereof, a complete
statement of the funds of the State, of its revenues and of the
public expenditures during the preceding fiscal year, and, as far as
practicable, an account of the same down to the termination of the
current calendar year, together with a detailed estimate of the ex-
penditures to be defrayed from the Treasury for the ensuing fiscal
year, specifying therein each object of expenditure and distinguish-
ing between such as are provided for by permanent or temporary
appropriations and such as must be provided for by a new statute,
and suggesting the means from which such expenditures are to be
defrayed.
3. To suggest plans for the improvement and management of the
public revenue.
4. To keep and state all accounts in which the State is interested.
5. To examine and settle the accounts of all persons indebted to
the State, and to certify the amount of balance to the Treasurer.
6. To direct and superintend the collection of all moneys due to
the State.
7. To examine and liquidate the claims of all persons against the
State, in cases where there is sufficient provision of law for the
payment thereof, and where there is no sufficient provision, to ex-
amine the claim and report the fact, with his opinion thereon, to
the General Assembly.
8. To require all persons who have received any moneys belonging
to the State, and have not accounted therefor, to settle their ac-
counts.
9. To have the exclusive power and authority to issue all warrants
for the payment of money upon the State Treasurer; and it shall be
the Auditor's duty, before issuing the same, to examine the laws
authorizing the payment thereof, and satisfy himself of the correct-
ness of the accounts of persons applying for warrants, and to this
end he shall have the power to administer oaths; and he shall also
file in his office the voucher upon which the warrant is drawn and
cite the law upon said warrant.
10. To procure from the books of the banks in which the Treasurer
makes his deposits monthly statements of the moneys received and
paid on account of the Treasurer.
11. To keep an account between the State and the Treasurer, and
State Auditor 61
therein charge the Treasurer with the balance in the Treasury when
he came into office, and with all moneys received by him, and credit
him with all warrants drawn or paid by him.
12. To examine carefully on the first Tuesday of every month, or
oftener if he deems it necessary, the accounts of the debits and
credits in the bank book kept by the Treasurer, and if he discovers
any irregularity or deficiency therein, unless the same be rectified
or explained to his satisfaction, to report the same forthwith in
writing to the Governor.
13. To require, from time to time, all persons who have received
moneys or securities, or have had the disposition or management
of any property of the State, of which an account is kept in his office,
to render statements thereof to him; and all such persons shall
render such statements at such time and in such form as he shall
require.
14. To require any person presenting an account for settlement to
be sworn before him and to answer orally as to any facts relating to
its correctness.
In addition to the above, the State Auditor is a member of the
Council of State, of the State Board of Education, of the State Text-
book Commission, of the State Board of Pensions, and ex officio Sec-
retary of the Soldiers' Home. All pension matters are managed in
this department; all applications or pensions examined, and all
pension warrants issued to more than fifteen thousand pensioners.
The Auditor keeps the accounts of the Soldiers' Home.
PENSIONS FOR CONFEDERATE VETERANS.
The first pension law was passed by the Legislature of 1885. It
appropriated $30,000 annually for certain classes of disabled Con-
federate soldiers. This appropriation has been increased from time
to time, until the annual appropriation now amounts to $650,000.
We have now on the pension roll of North Carolina in round
numbers 12,000 pensioners.
To totally blind and disabled Confederate soldiers the law allows
$180 each per year. That class received $12,960 in 1920.
The Soldiers' Home was organized by the Legislature of 1891, and
there was expended that year $2,250. That has gradually increased
from year to year until the last Legislature appropriated $43,750
for maintenance.
62 Executive Departments
STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION.
Eugene C. Brooks, Superintendent.
The Department of Education is one of the Executive Depart-
ments of the State Government. The Superintendent of Public In-
struction, head of the department, is elected by the people for a
term of four years. His term begins on the first of January next
after his election, and continues until his successor has been elected
and qualified. His salary is $5,000 per annum, and in addition he is
allowed "actual traveling expenses" when engaged in the perform-
ance of his official duties.
Section XLI of the Constitution of North Carolina of 1776 is as
follows: "That a school or schools be established by the Legislature,
for the convenient instruction of youth, with such salaries to the
masters, paid by the public, as may enable them to instruct at low
prices; and all useful learning shall be duly encouraged and pro-
moted in one or more universities."
Except for the establishment of the University of North Carolina,
no attempt was made by the Legislature to carry out this injunc-
tion of the Constitution until nearly three-quarters of a century had
elapsed. The first efforts were a failure, and nothing definite was
accomplished until the creation of a Department of Education by
the election in 1851 of Calvin H. Wiley, Superintendent of Common
Schools. He entered upon the duties of his office in January, 1852,
and was continued in office until October 19, 1865. The following
figures tell the story of his work: Number of teachers in 1852, 800;
in 1855, 2,064; in 1860, 2,286. Enrollment in the schools in 1853, 83,-
373; in 1855, 115,856; in 1860, 116.567. Number of schools taught in
1855, 1,905; 1860, 2,854. School fund in 1853, $192,250; in 1860,
$408,566. Expenditures in 1853, $139,865; in 1S60, $255,641. The
schools were kept open throughout the war, and in 1863 enrolled
more than 50,000 pupils. In 1865, as one of the results of the war,
the office of Superintendent of Common Schools was abolished.
By the Constitution of 1868 the office of Superintendent of Public
Instruction was created, and the Department of Education made one
of the Constitutional Departments of the State Government. Since
that time the following have filled the office: S. S. Ashley, Alexander
Mclver, Stephen D. Pool, Jobn C. Scarborough, Sidney M. Finger,
Charles H. Mebane. Thomas F. Toon and James Y. Joyner.
Superintendent of Public Instruction 63
The scope and general nature of the work of this department can
be best understood from the following summary of the general
powers and duties of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction.
The Superintendent is required to publish the school law, make a
biennial report to the Governor, keep his office at the capital, and
sign all orders for money paid out of State Treasury for educational
purposes. He has general direction of the school system and the
enforcement of the school law, all school officers being required to
obey his instructions and his interpretation of the law. He is re-
quired to be acquainted with the educational conditions of all sec-
tions of the State, and he must also keep in touch with the educa-
tional progress of other States.
In addition to these general duties, the State Superintendent has
the following duties: Secretary Text-book Commission, Rev. 1905,
4057; trustee of State Library, Rev. 1905, 5069; president board of
directors State Normal and Industrial College, Rev. 1905, 4252;
chairman of trustees of East Carolina Training School, Laws 1907;
chairman State Board of Examiners and Institute Conductors, Laws
1917; prescribes course of study for public high schools; Laws 1907;
makes rules and regulations for rural libraries, Rev. 1905; member
board of trustees of Appalachian Training School, Laws 1907; chair-
man ex officio board of trustees of the Caswell Training School,
Laws 1911; chairman ex officio Board of Trustees of Cullowhee Nor-
mal and Industrial School, Laws 1913; member of board of trustees
of the University of North Carolina, Laws 1909, c. 432; member State
Board of Vocational Education, Laws 1917; member of Library Com-
mission.
64
Executive Departments
SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURES, 1916-1917
Rural
City
North
Carolina
Total expenditures, 1916-'17
Total expenditures, 1915-'16_ _ ._
$4,812,380.84
4,277,982.81
$2,609,573.31
2,283,664.03
t 7,421,954.15
6,561,646.84
$ 534,398.03
$2,989,642.53
2,842,665.80
$ 325,909.28
$1,299,940.45
1,211,987.14
$ 860,307.31
S 4,289,582 98
Expenses (Cost of Conducting School System):
Teaching and supervision, 1916-'17
Teaching and supervision, 1915-'16
4,054,652.94
Increase.- -- _
Administration, 1916-'17_ _
Administration, 1915-'16
$ 146,976.73
$ 175,196.68
180,492.84
$ 87,953.31
$ 30,111.30
36,276.21
$ 234,930.04
$ 205,307.98
216,769 05
Increase
Operation and maintenance of plants, 1916-
1917
$ *5,296.16
$ 144,411.78
131,253.64
$ *6,164.91
$ 189,749.27
168,858.55
S *11,461.07
$ 334,161.05
Operation and maintenance of plants, 1915-
1916
300,112.19
$ 13,158.14
$ 812,302.72
563,089.25
$ 20,890.72
$ 548,506.00
358,428.54
$ 34,048.86
Outlays (For Permanent Improvements and
Repayment of Bonds, Loans, Etc.):
Outlay payments for new buildings, sites,
and repairs, 1916-'17. _
>
$ 1,360,808.72
Outlay payments for new buildings, sites,
and repairs, 1915-' 16 .. ..
921,517.79
Increase ._ ._ . .
$ 249,213.47
$ 690,827.13
560,481.28
$ 190,077.46
i 541,266.29
508,113.59
$ 439,290.93
Borrowed money repaid, bonds, etc., 1916-
1917
? 1,232,093.42
Borrowed money repaid, bonds, etc., 1916-
1917
1,068,594.87
Increase. _ _.
$ 130,345.85
8 33,152.70
$ 163,498.55
Balance on hand, June 30, 1917
$ 281,003.29
8 201,414.64
S 482,417.93
"Decrease.
MISCKI.LANEOUS STATISTICS, 1916-l!tl7.
Rural
City
North
Carolina
Total school population.
Total enrollment
668,782
.i::o,025
347,803
7,825
12,313
113.6
7,723
$7,092,327.00
918.34
:':;:i.09
168,883
115,931
84,593
2,733
165.2
360
$6,201,069.94
17,225.19
423.89
837,665
645,956
Total average daily attendance
432,396
Total number rural schools _.
Total number teachers .
Average term of all schools in days
Total number schoolhouses... ._ ...
Total value of school property
7,825
15,046
123.02
8,083
$13,293,396.94
Average value of all schoolhouses ..
Average annual salary of teachers.
1,644.61
267.67
Superintendent of Public Instruction
65
SCHOOL FUND AND SOURCES, 1916-1917.
Rural
City
North
Carolina
Revenue Receipts:
General county property and poll taxes,
1916-'17
$2,066,406.92
1,946,485.17
$ 546,271.97
604,001.79
$ 2,612,678.89
General county property and poll taxes,
1915-'] 6
2,550,486.96
Increase
$ 119,921.75
$ 750,856.53
703,600.51
$ *57,729.82
$1,061,219.18
937,385.29
$ 62,191.93
Local district taxes, 1916-'17._
$ 1,812,075.71
Local district taxes, 1915-' 16
1,640,985.80
Increase
$ 47,256.02
$ 157,496.94
155,144.71
$ 123,833.89
$ 1,466 06
2,093.24
$ 171,089.91
Fines, forfeitures, and penalties, 1916-'17
Fines, forfeitures, and penalties, 1915-'16
$ 158,963.00
157,237.95
Increase
$ 2,352.23
$ 236,874.90
245,514.77
$ *627.18
$
$ 1,725.05
State 8250,000 per capita appropriation,
1916-'17
$ 236,874.90
State $250,000 per capita appropriation,
1915-'16
245,514.77
Increase.
$ *8,639.87
S 393,775.91
476,134.69
$
$ *8,639.87
State equalizing fund appropriation, 1916-
1917
$
$ 393,775.91
State equalizing fund appropriation, 1915-
1916
476,134.69
Increase
$ *82,358.78
$ 97,000.00
96,302.72
$
$ *82,358.78
High schools and farm life schools, 1916-'17.
High schools and farm life schools, 1915-'16.
$ 10,750.00
8,600.00
$ 107,750.00
104,902.71
Increase
$ 697.28
$ 15,271.73
44,971.15
$ 2,150.00
$ 312.94
2,112.44
$ 3,847.28
Private donations and State appropria-
tions for libraries, 1916-'17
$ 15,584.67
Private donations and State appropria-
tions for libraries, 1915-'16
17,147.57
Increase
$ *29, 697.42
$ 101,877.77
58,153.52
$ *1,865.48
$ 63,159.12
75,612.85
$ *31.562.90
Tuitions and all other revenue sources,
1916-'17
$ 165,036.89
Tuitions and all other revenue sources,
1915-'16
133,766.37
Increase
$ 43,724.25
3,819,560.70
3,726,305.23
$ *12,453.73
1,683,179.27
1,629,871.59
$ 31,770.52
Total revenue receipts, 1916-'17
Total revenue receipts, 1915-'16
5,502,739.97
5,356,176.82
Increase __
$ 93,255.47
$ 53,307.68
$ 146,563 15
•Decrease.
66
Executive Departments
SCHOOL FUND AND SOURCES— Continued.
Non-revenue Receipts:
Sale of bonds, 1916-'17
Sale of bonds, 1915-'16
Increase
State loan fund, 1916-'17
State loan fund, 1915-'16
Increase
Borrowed from banks (temporary loans)
1916-'17._
Borrowed from banks (temporary 1 oans)
1915-'16
Increase
Sale of school property, insurance and all
other non-revenue receipts, 1916-'17
Sale of school property, insurance and all
other non-revenue receipts, 1915-'16
Increase
Balance brought forward, July 1, 1916
Grand total of all receipts, 1916-'17
Grand total of all receipts, 1915-'16
Increase j
'Decrease.
Rural
$ 279,007.99
67,739.61
$ 211,268.38
$ 123,925.00
76,230.08
$ 47,694.92
8 571,111.50
443,436.46
8 127,675.04
8 32,285.73
46,583.14
$ *14,297.41
267,483.21
$5,093,384.13
4,573,931.62
8 519,452.51
City
150,309.96
540,708.66
$ *390,398.70
8 6,290.00
21,378.00
$ *15, 128.00
8 503,475.88
382,931.08
8 120,544.80
8 22,024.09
24,593.97
8 *2,569.88
445,748.75
82,810,987.95
2,698,956.08
8 112,031.87
North
Carolina
8 429,317.95
608,448.27
8 *179, 130.32
$ 130,185.00
97, 608". 08
8 37,576.92
$ 1,074,587.38
826,367.54
8 248,219.84
8 54,309.82
71,177.11
8 *16,867.29
713,231.96
8 7,904,372.08
7,272,887.70
$ 631,484.38
Attorney-General 67
THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL.
James S. Manning, Attorney-General, Raleigh.
The Attorney-General is a member of the Executive Department
of the State Government. He is elected by the people for a term of
four years. His term begins the first of January next after his
election and continues until his successor is elected and qualified.
He receives a salary of $4,000 per annum.
It is the duty of the Attorney-General:
1. To defend all actions in the Supreme Court in which the State
shall be interested or is a party; and, also, when requested by the
Governor or either branch of the General Assembly, to appear for
the State in any other court or tribunal in any cause or matter, civil
or criminal, in which the State may be a party or interested.
2. At the request of the Governor, Secretary of State. Treasurer,
Auditor, Corporation Commissioners, Insurance Commissioner, or
Superintendent of Public Instruction, he shall prosecute and defend
all suits relating to matters connected with their departments.
3. To represent all State institutions, including the State Prison,
whenever requested so to do by the official head of any such insti-
tution.
4. To consult with and advise the solicitors, when requested by
them, in all matters pertaining to the duties of their office.
5. To give, when required, his opinion upon all questions of law
submitted to him by the General Assembly, or either branch thereof,
or by any official of the State.
6. To pay all moneys received for debts due or penalties to the
State immediately after the receipt thereof, into the Treasury.
The Attorney-General is a member of the State Board of Edu-
cation, of the State Board of Public Buildings and Grounds, of the
State Board of Pensions, and of the State Text-book Commission,
and is the legal adviser of the Council of State; chairman of the
Municipal Board of Control and of the Board of Parole.
PART III.
JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.
1. Court of Impeachment.
2. Supreme Court.
3. Superior Courts.
4. Other Inferior Courts.
5. Corporation Commission.
JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.
The judicial power of the State is vested in:
1. A Court for the Trial of Impeachments.
2. A Supreme Court.
3. The Superior Courts.
4. Courts of Justices of the Peace.
5. Such other inferior courts as may be established by the Geneal
Assembly.
COUKT OF IMPEACHMENT.
Article IV, section 3, of the Constitution of North Carolina pro-
vides that the court for the trial of impeachment shall be the Senate.
A majority of the members are necessary to a quorum, and the judg-
ment shall not extend beyond removal from, and disqualification to
hold, office in North Carolina; but the party shall be liable to in-
dictment and punishment according to law. The House of Repre-
sentatives solely has the power of impeaching. No person shall be
convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the Senators
present. When the Governor is impeached, the Chief Justice pre-
sides. The following causes, or charges, are sufficient, when proven,
to warrant conviction: (1) corruption in office; (2) habitual drunk-
enness; (3) intoxication while in the exercise of office; (4) drunk-
enness in any public place; (5) mental or physical incompetence to
discharge the duties of office; (6) any criminal matter the convic-
tion whereof would tend to bring the office into public contempt.
Only once in the history of the State has the High Court of Im-
peachment been organized for the purpose of impeaching the Gov-
ernor. This was in 1870, when the House of Representatives im-
peached Governor W. W. Holden before the Senate, for "high crimes
and misdemeanors." The trial was conducted on both sides by the
most eminent lawyers of the State, and resulted in the conviction of
the Governor and his removal from office. In 1901 similar charges
of impeachment were preferred against Chief Justice David M.
Furches and Associate Justice Robert M. Douglas, but both were
acquitted.
72 Judicial Department
THE SUPREME COURT.
The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and four associate
justices elected by the qualified voters of the State for a term of
eight years.
The Constitution of 1776 required the General Assembly to "ap-
point Judges of the Supreme Courts of Law and Equity, Judges of
Admiralty, and Attorney-General," who were commissioned by the
Governor and held office during good behavior. Acting under this
authority, the General Assembly in 1776 divided the State into six
judicial districts. In 1782 a seventh district, and in 1787 an eighth
district were added. Under the act of 1777 three judges, Samuel
Ashe, Samuel Spencer, and James Iredell, were chosen. The judges
rode the circuits separately, but sat together as an appellate court.
In 1790 the eight judicial districts were divided into an eastern and
a western riding, and a fourth judge was added, two being assigned
to each riding. In each riding the two judges sat together as an
appellate court. In 1797 the General Assembly created an extra-
ordinary court for the purpose of trying the Secretary of State and
other officials who had been discovered confederating with others in
an elaborate scheme for defrauding the State by issuing fraudulent
land warrants. For trial of these criminals the General Assembly
deemed it expedient to create a new court to sit- at Raleigh twice a
year, not exceeding ten days at each term. The court was author-
ized to hear appeals of causes which had accumulated in the district
courts. The existence of this court under the act was to expire at
the close of the session of the General Assembly next after June 10,
1802; but before the expiration of this time the General Assembly
continued* the court for three years longer, for the purpose of hear-
ing appeals from the district courts, and gave to it the name of
"Court of Conference." By an act of 1804 the court was made a per-
manent Court of Record. The judges were ordered to reduce their
opinions to writing and to deliver the same viva voce in open court.
The next year (1805) the name of the court was changed to the
Supreme Court. In 1810 the judges were authorized to elect one of
their members a Chief Justice. John Louis Taylor being chosen to
that office. The Supreme Court now consisted of six judges, but two
continued to be a quorum, and all the judges still rode the circuits.
In 1818 an act was passed establishing the present Supreme Court
and requiring it to sit in Raleigh for the hearing of appeals. The act
Supreme and Other Courts 73
provided for three judges to be elected by the General Assembly.
John Louis Taylor, Leonard Henderson, and John Hall composed the
first court, which began its sessions January 1, 1819. The judges
elected their own Chief Justice, Taylor being continued in that
office. The number of judges continued to be three until 1868, when
the Constitution adopted by the convention of that year increased
the number to a Chief Justice and four Associate Justices. The con-
vention of 1875 reduced it again to three, but by an amendment
adopted in 1888 the number was raised to a Chief Justice and four
Associate Justices, where it has continued until the present time.
The Supreme Court holds annually two sessions of sixteen weeks,
one beginning the first Monday in September, the other the first
Monday in February.
The court is authorized to choose its own clerk, marshal, reporter,
and other officers.
SUPERIOR COURTS.
There are twenty Superior Court judges, one for each of the twenty
circuits, or judicial districts, who are elected by the people and hold
their offices for a term of eight years. The Superior Court has appel-
late jurisdiction of all issues of law or of fact determined by a clerk
of the Superior Court or justice of the peace, and of all appeals
from inferior courts for error assigned in matters of law as pro-
vided by law. In the matter of original jurisdiction the law is:
"The Superior Court shall have original jurisdiction of the civil
actions whereof exclusive original jurisdiction is not given to some
other court, and of all criminal actions in which the punishment
may exceed a fine of fifty dollars or imprisonment for thirty days;
and of all such affrays as shall be committed within one mile of the
place where and during the time such court is being held."
OTHER COURTS.
The Constitution gives to the General Assembly power to estab-
lish other courts inferior to the Supreme and Superior Courts, and
to allot and distribute to them such powers and jurisdiction,
within constitutional limits, as it sees fit. From the decision of
74 Judicial Department
these inferior courts the Legislature has power to provide a proper
6ysfem of appeals.
The Constitution also requires the General Assembly to provide
for the establishment of special courts for the trial of misdemeanors
in cities and towns where the same may be necessary.
Such courts are the mayors of cities and incorporated towns.
Their election or appointment is usually provided for in the char-
ters of incorporation, the acts of the General Assembly prescribing
how particular towns and cities shall be governed.
The jurisdiction of such special courts — also called in the law,
inferior courts — is usually set forth in the charters.
The general law also provides that "the mayor of every city and
incorporated town * * * within the corporate limits of his city or
town, shall have the jurisdiction of a justice of the peace in all
criminal matters arising under the laws of the State or under the
ordinances of such city or town."
Justices of the peace, in their respective counties, try (1) that
class of civil actions which involve demands for small debts and
property of little value and (2) that class of criminal actions, called
petty misdemeanors, which involve only slight punishment.
They try all cases of contract or promise to pay money where the
sum demanded does not exceed two hundred dollars.
They may try certain other civil actions where the value of the
property in controversy or the amount claimed for damages does
not exceed fifty dollars.
They try criminal cases arising within their counties, the punish-
ment of which fixed by law cannot exceed a fine of fifty dollars or
imprisonment for thirty days.
NORTH CAROLINA CORPORATION COMMISSION.
R. O. Self, Clerk.
The North Carolina Corporation Commission was established by
an act of the General Assembly of 1899, superseding the Railroad
Commission, which was established in 1891. The offices of the Com-
mission now occupy the entire first floor of the remodeled State
Departments Building.
Membership: W. T. Lee, chairman, Haywood County; George P.
Pell, Forsyth County; A. J. Maxwell, Craven County.
Corporation Commission 75
The Commission has general supervision over all railroad, tele-
graph, telephone, street railway, steamboat, canal, waterworks, and
all other companies exercising the right of eminent domain, and,
also, under act of 1913, of electric light, power, water, and gas
companies.
It is authorized to hear and adjust complaints, to fix and revise
tariffs of all railroads and all other transportation companies.
The Commission is a Board of Appraisers and Assessors for all
the railroads and other corporations mentioned above, and also
assess for ad valorem taxation the value of the capital stock of all
North Carolina corporations.
The Commission is also a State Tax Commission, having and
exercising general supervision over the tax listers and assessing
officers of the State.
In 1899 the Commission was given supervision of all State banks.
Since that time there have been very few failures of State banks
in which creditors lost anything. State banks have increased in
number during the last ten years from 348 to 559, with a corre-
sponding increase in resources. The Commission has authority
to appoint Bank Examiners, whose duties are to examine the
various banks of the State and report to the Commission. Five
examiners are now regularly employed in this work.
COMPLAINTS.
The Commission has heard 5,590 formal complaints. These com-
plaints consist principally of overcharges, discriminations, freight
service, failure of railroad companies to povide cars for transport-
ing freights, storage charges, petitions for depots and sidings.
The Commission now has a regular department, in charge of an
experienced freight rate clerk, for the handling and adjustment of
all claims by shippers for overcharges in freight rates.
The Commission is authorized to make rules for the handling of
freight, and to require the building of depots, etc.
When the complaint is filed, the attention of the company com-
plained against is called to the cause of the complaint; and if the
matter be such that it cannot be settled by correspondence alone,
the officers of the company complained against are cited to appear.
In a large majority of cases these claims are amicably settled to
the entire satisfaction of the parties concerned and without cost
to the complainant; others have, however, required hearings. The
76
Judicial Department
records of the Commission show that many complaints and claims,
aggregating thousands of dollars, have been paid to shippers. Union
and other stations have been established all along the various lines
of railroads.
CORRESPONDENCE.
The correspondence of the office has been voluminous — many in-
quiries touching taxation and matters pertaining to corporations,
etc. Shippers have found that by applying to this office they can be
advised of the proper freight rates and of the rules governing the
transportation of freight to and from all points, and they are taking
advantage of the opportunity. Much correspondence is necessary
in the preparation of cases and the gathering of such statistics as
are contemplated by law. All of this involves a vast amount of
labor and correspondence.
ASSESSMENT AND VALUATION OF RAILROAD, TELEGRAPH, TELEPHONE AND
STREET RAILWAY PROPERTY BY THE CORPORATION COMMISSION.
In the year 1900 — the year after the Commission was established —
the railroad properties of the State were valued at $12,321,704; in
the year 1911 the Commission assessed and valued the properties of
railroads and other corporations as mentioned below at $131,022,968.
The valuations are as follows:
RECAPITULATION OF ASSESSMENT OF PUBLIC SERVICE CORPORATIONS
FOR THE YEAR 1919.
Atlantic Coast Line Railroad
Norfolk Southern Railroad...
Norfolk Southern Railroad,
A. & N. C. Div
Seaboard Air Line Railway...
Southern Railway , owned lines
Southern Railway, leased, etc.
Miscellaneous railroads
Total, railroads 4,972.331 1,355.00
Mileage
MainLine Sidings
950.80
694.354
95 91
609.918
590.08
773.64
1,257.63
300.64
121.46
27.82
270.46
163.51
254.40
216.71
Electric light, street railway and gas companies..
Bridge and canal companies
Private car lines 1
Steamboat companies..
Flume and turnpike companies
Telephone companies..
Water works companies
Pullman company
Telegraph companies
Total
Grand total.
Total
Valuation
34,645,345
7,227,255
1,479,055
20,125,000
25,907,719
23,817,133
12,216,111
S 125,417,618
8,331
79
62,
101,
19,
3,476,
122,
487,
997,
112
niii)
950
Hill)
300
257
160
226
287
$ 13,677,192
$ 139,094,810
Local
Assessment
1,046,552
218,496
96,028
303,594
353,346
147,535
218,195
$ 2,383,746
8 6,596,898
48
650
10
500
900
402
899
115
660
8 7,175,507
$ 9,559,253
Valuation
Less Local
Assessment
8 33*598,793
7,008,759
1,383,027
19,821,406
25,554,373
23,669,598
11,997,916
8123,033,872
1,734,214
30,350
62,950
91,400
18,400
3,073,358
6,500
487,226
997,287
8 6,501,685
8129,535,557
PART IV.
ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENTS, BOARDS,
COMMISSIONS.
1. Department of Agriculture.
2. Department of Labor and Printing.
3. Department of Insurance.
4. North Carolina Historical Commission.
5. State Library.
6. North Carolina Library Commission.
7. State Board of Health.
8. State Board of Charities and Public Welfare.
9. North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey.
10. State Highway Commission.
11. Fisheries Commission Board.
12. State Board of Elections.
13. State Standard Keeper.
14. Firemen's Relief Fund.
15. Audubon Society of North Carolina.
16. State Educational Commission.
17. Commission for Revision of Laws.
18. Board of Internal Improvements.
19. North Carolina National Guard and Reserve
Militia.
20. State Prison.
THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE.
W. A. Graham, Commissioner, Raleigh.
The Constitution of the State (1876) provides for a Department
of Agriculture, Immigration, and Statistics. Under this fundamental
law the General Assembly established the Department of Agriculture
in 1877. (Chapter 274.)
Since that time it has been greatly fostered and enlarged by the
General Assembly, and its field expanded by the enterprise, energy,
and capacity of its corps of workers.
At present the Board consists of ten members, one member from
each Congressional District, who are appointed by the Governor and
confirmed by the Senate, for terms of six years; and of the Com-
missioner of Agriculture, who is a member of and ex officio chairman
of the Board. All members are required by law to be practical
farmers.
The Commissioner of Agriculture, who is chief executive officer of
the Department, was formerly elected by the Board; but the Legis-
lature of 1899, in order to bring the Department in closer touch with
the people, especially the farmers of the State, so changed the law
as to make the Commissioner an elective officer.
The Department is charged with the following:
1. Investigations relating to the improvement of agriculture, the
beneficial use of commercial fertilizers and composts, and to induce
capital and labor to enter the State.
2. With investigations for the improvement of milk and beef
cattle, especially with investigations relating to the diseases of cattle
and other domestic animals — having power to quarantine infected
animals and to regulate the transportation of stock within the State.
3. With investigations of the ravages of insects injuriously affect-
ing market gardens, fruits, etc., and with dissemination of informa-
tion essential for their abatement.
4. With investigations directed to the introduction and fostering
of new agricultural industries adapted to the various soils and
climate of the State.
5. With investigations relative to the subject of drainage and irri-
gation, and mineral and domestic sources of fertilizers, including
composting, etc.
80 Administrative Departments
6. With the collection of information relating to the subject of
farm fences, etc.
7. With the enforcement of the laws enacted for the sale of com-
mercial fertilizers, seed, food products, and with authority to make
regulations concerning the same.
8. With the dissemination of information relative to the ad-
vantages of soil and climate, and to the natural resources and
industrial opportunities offered in the State.
To these have been added:
The issuing of bulletins.
The Museum.
Farmers' Institutes.
Soil Survey.
Enforcement by regulations of
The Pure Food Law;
Concentrated Commercial Feeding-stuff Law;
Cotton-seed Meal Law;
Law regulating the statistics of leaf tobacco;
Crop-pest Commission;
Law regulating the standard-weight packages of meal and flour;
Registration and sale of condimental, patented, proprietary or
trade-mark stock or poultry tonics, regulators, or conditioners;
The inspection of illuminating and power oils, fluids and gaso-
line;
Law to prevent and punish the sale of adulterated, impure, or
misbranded agricultural and vegetable seed and those lacking via-
bility;
The manufacture and sale of anti-hog-cholera serum, also of inocu-
lation germs of leguminous crops. •
The rapid spread of the "stock law" over the State has rendered
unnecessary any action by the Board as to fences, as this is now
largely local. A map showing the stock-law and no stock-law, quar-
antine and free territory in the State has recently been issued.
The Department is, to a considerable extent, a sub-legislature.
The Legislature, in committing to its execution specified laws, con-
fers upon the Board power to make regulations for this purpose,
which are given the authority of law, and violation of them is made
a misdemeanor, cognizable by the courts. The power to confer this
authority has been tested in the courts and approved by decision of
the Supreme Court.
Agricultural Department 81
things that have been done by the agricultural department.
1. The source of the ingredients in fertilizers is made known.
Analyses are reported in the Bulletin from each firm so as to have
those of the same guarantee classed together, and a farmer can tell
them and not make an extra trip when he can get goods of the com-
position he wishes although under a different name.
2. The feed inspection law has been amended to include all feeds
and the value of feeds much improved. Ground red corn cobs cannot
be sold as wheat bran nor sawdust or rotten corn used as a filler.
3. Condimental Feed Lcno. — Analyses are made of each brand and
published. The people need not pay high prices for many of the
ingredients, such as charcoal, copperas, saltpetre, salt, salts, etc.,
which can be bought for a few cents a pound of grocers. Drugs for
either stock or men must have a value corresponding with that
printed on the container or they can be excluded from sale.
4. Thirty cheese factories are in operation, and these afford mar-
kets for milk in our mountain counties which were not available
three years ago. In 1920, 481,676 pounds of cheese were made. Nine
creameries are in operation.
5. Great advance has been made along all lines of animal hus-
bandry, animal feeding and feeds for animals, including poultry.
All cases of diseases of animals appearing in the State have been
suppressed. We have had no epidemic which could not be eliminated.
6. For the year ending November 30, 1920, there was distributed
4,370,407 c. c. of serum and 128,093 c. c. of virus, enough serum to
immunize approximately 75,000 hogs weighing 100 pounds. The re-
ceipts from the serum amounted to $66,208.85.
7. Eradication of the Cattle Tick. — There are still left twenty-one
counties in the extreme Eastern part of the State in which the tick
has not been eradicated. The Department has prepared and will
request the Legislature to enact a bill on this subject. This bill is
now a law in all of the states which were infested with the tick
except North Carolina and Florida.
Tuberculosis. — All herds which pass two successive tests without
reactors are placed on the Accredited#Herd List. There are in North
Carolina at this time 163 of these Accredited Herds, and 862 herds
under supervision. One hundred and ninety-six tubercular animals
were slaughtered and $5,734.63 was paid under the law relating to
this subject. The State appropriates annually $5,000.00 for this in-
demnity and for paying for animals slaughtered on account of glan-
6
82 Administrative Departments
ders. When a cow or other animal is affected either with tubercu-
losis or glanders, the animal is reported to the authorities and killed
and paid for, thereby preventing spreading of the diseases.
8. A pure seed law by which the farmers are protected from pur-
chase of inferior seed either in purity or germination. Seed deficient
in either are prohibited from sale in the State, and the introduction
of injurious weeds is prohibited.
9. Preparation of legume culture which is sold at one-fourth the
former price. This pays the cost of production and sale.
10. Great advance in the work in Entomology, especially in spray-
ing. Many pests have been destroyed and others much curtailed in
their injurious operations.
11. Also in Horticulture. The Department has taken highest
prizes in all exhibits of apples, and the North Carolina apples and
other fruits are being recognized in the markets of the Nation. The
pecan culture in the State has also been greatly extended. In many
sections these plantings are beginning to bear nuts of very superior
quality.
12. The State in the value of its farm products has risen from
the twenty-second to the seventh position, and the value of the agri-
cultural crops has increased since 1910 at an average of $10,000,000
a year.
13. The Women's Work. — Many wives and daughters of farmers
are earning money for themselves. The girls' and women's clubs are
carrying on the preserving of vegetables, fruits and meats. The
women have not lacked ability to do this work, but prior to this they
lacked opportunity. Several hundred thousand dollars' worth of
these goods will be produced and prepared this year. This work in
its incipiency and growth is the product of the Farmers' Institute
as conducted by the Department.
14. Home Demonstration Work. — There were enrolled in this work
in clubs 8,289 girls and 8,343 women, a total of 16,632. Besides the
clubs, there were 217,143 women who gardened as individuals.
There were 200,882 pounds of fruits and vegetables dried, 90,913
gallons brined, and 125 community canneries established. Fifty-
nine owners of mills have trained agents to direct the work in the
villages at the mills. Twenty-six thousand six hundred and thirty-
three home conveniences were placed in -homes, and 29 rest rooms
were established.
The Chairman of the Board of Health says that the organizations
Agricultural Department 83
established by the home agents were most helpful in the fight
against influenza. They established 75 community kitchens and in
many counties they directed the preparation of the food. Miss
Annie Lee Rankin acted as dietitian at the A. & E. College and at
Camp Polk, and Mrs. Cornelia Morris at the Raleigh High School
Emergency Hospital. Citizens in the vicinity furnished supplies at
many of the kitchens.
15. Farm demonstrators in 70 counties, whose duty it is to give
instructions about crops to the farmer in the field.
16. Boys' corn clubs and pig clubs in all parts of the State.
17. Cooperative work with the U. S. Department and the A. and
E. College, especially under the Lever Act.
18. The Pure Food Law. — The weight or quantity of contents to be
marked on all containers, with which numbers the contents must
comply. Adulteration is seldom found in the foods sold in the State.
19. Inspection of illuminating oils and gasoline, by which the
quality and safety of the oils have been improved without cost to
the consumer.
20. The length and strength of staple is considered in forming
standards of cotton by the National Department, and expert graders
are furnished in counties which desire them. This has saved thou-
sands of dollars to the farmers in the sale of their cotton.
21. The National Department has been requested to consider the
question of reduction for tare for bagging and ties on cotton bales,
which is acknowledged to be unjust. This can be accomplished only
by an international convention under the auspices of a national
congress.
22. Inspection of flour to detect that which is bleached and pre-
vent the sale of it as unbleached.
23. In all cases of inspection in the machinery of the Department
the article which renders the inspection necessary is required to pay
cost of the work.
24. More than one-third of the State has been surveyed and a soil
map issued of each county.
25. Farmers of the State are not becoming renters. Since 1910.
204 farmers have lost their farms and about 6,000 renters have
bought land.
26. There is corn and wheat enough in the State for its consump-
tion. There may be a little imported, but enough will be exported to
offset this. There are 180 pounds of flour to every man, woman and
84
Administrative Departments
child in the State, more per capita than was ever known before,
and more meat has been cured than heretofore.
27. A marketing system is being evolved which will acquaint the
citizens of the State with knowledge of where they can find the
various articles for sale and accomplish cooperation.
28. For six years North Carolina has stood first in the production
of cotton per acre, first in quantity of sweet potatoes and peanuts,
and second in value of tobacco crop.
29. Cotton-seed Meal. — No goods are permitted to be branded as
"meal" unless they contain Qy2 per cent ammonia, but must be
branded "cotton-seed feed."
30. The Bulletin ranks with the highest of its class, and many
letters of commendation are received from persons within and with-
out the State. Requests are frequently received for publications of
these bulletins in those of other States and also from the agricul-
tural press. It has a circulation of more than 35,000 each month.
Copies have been requested for use as text-books in the public
schools of other States and the University of Wisconsin.
31. The Museum continues to be the most valuable south of Phila-
delphia, except that at the National Capital. It is the State's great
object lesson. Additions to the different departments are made each
year. A representative agricultural exhibit is now being collected.
STATISTICS.
The following statistics will show some of the results of the work
of the Department.
North Carolina produced in
Corn (bushels),.
Wheat (bushels)
Cotton (bales)..
1860
30,000,000
4,743,706
145,514
1910
34,063,531
7,433,000
665,132
1915
64,050,000
10,355,000
732,000
1918
63,000,000
13,167,000
732,000
DRAINAGE.
The Department has arranged with the National Department for
an expert in this work, who will give information to the farmers
concerning the drainage of creeks, cutting ditches, and laying tiles.
Agricultural Department 85
VETERINARY DIVISION.
The Division of Veterinary Science is devoted to giving informa-
tion as to the care and feeding of farm animals, improvement of
live stock, treatment of diseases, the gradual extermination of the
tick.
Serum for vaccination of hogs to prevent the spread of cholera
is manufactured by this division.
ANTI-CHOLERA SERUM.
Ninety-five per cent of the hogs vaccinated escaped cholera. The
Department is now prepared to supply all requests for serum, and
it is expected that the scourge of cholera will be much abated.
CATTLE QUARANTINE AND ERADICATION OF THE FEVER TICK.
The United States and State laws concerning the eradication of
the cattle tick are simply improvements on the act of the Legislature
of 1795 concerning the driving of cattle from the oak to the long-
leaf pine sections of the State, which was continued as a statute
until the Revisal of 1905. The disease was called murrain or dis-
temper, and its malignity known, but not for a century was the
cause ascertained and direct effort made for cure and eradication.
Starting in 1899, with the crest of the Blue Ridge as the location
of the quarantine line, it has been moved east to the Roanoke River
in Warren County as the northern boundary, and to the Pee Dee in
Anson as the southern boundary of the State. This quarantine line
is established by the United States Agricultural Department. The
movement of cattle is restricted to a few months each year and
subject to inspections and regulations, while exempted territory is
free from impediments. The price of cattle in the exempted section
(that which is free of the tick) is thought to be one cent per
pound live weight over that in the quarantine sections. The value
of exemption is apparent. The stock law tends to destroy the tick,
and where it has prevailed for several years, few ticks being found,
the county is soon declared free. At the suggestion of this De-
partment, infected counties or parts of counties have ben quaran-
tined, and the clear territory has been given the benefit of exemp-
tion.
86 Administrative Departments
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY.
This department does much valuable work. The Board has
granted the use of the Edgecombe County farm as far as needed to
be used in its operations.
FARMERS' INSTITUTES.
Farmers' Institutes have been greatly extended and are now held
in every county in the State.
Meetings of farmers to hear matters pertaining to their vocation
discussed by scientific men and also by practical farmers have met
with great encouragement in the numbers attending and interest
shown in the proceedings, and the beneficial results to farming in
the communities where the institutes are held are very evident.
Realizing that while "A good farmer without, it is needful there
be," that "A good housewife within is as needful as he," institutes
for the benefit of the farmers' wives and daughters were introduced
in 1907. They have been well attended and have been equally as
beneficial in the advancement of agricultural conditions as have
the institutes for the men; usually one joint session is held at each
institute.
CHEMISTRY.
The Division of Chemistry makes analyses of fertilizer, cotton-seed
meal, feed and foodstuffs, soils, minerals and marls, waters, etc.
The law as to deficient fertilizers may be found in the Revisal of
1905, sec. 3949.
SOIL SURVEY. TEST FARM, AND FARM DEMONSTRATION WORK.
This is conducted like the cattle quarantine, in conjunction with
the United States Agricultural Department, the expenses being de-
frayed by each department. The object is to locate the different
types of soil in the State. Upon these types it is desired to locate
test farms for practical and scientific purposes. Test farms have
been established in Edgecombe County, at Willard Station in Pender
County, Statesville, near Swannanoa in Buncombe County, and in
the old tobacco belt at Oxford and in the newly drained black lands
of Eastern North Carolina in Beaufort County. The effort is to
conduct these farms for the benefit of the crops grown in each sec-
tion, first on small plats and then on a large scale, showing results
of different kinds and amounts of home-made and commercial fer-
Agricultural Department 87
tilizers, preparation of land, cultivation and rotation of crops and
demonstration work.
As it might be supposed that all children of the same parents
would be exactly alike, so it might be inferred that all soils com-
posed from decomposition of the same rocks would be identical; but
this is known to be true in neither case.
By demonstration work on different fields in the same locality, or
type of soil, the variations of each can be ascertained, and the
manures prepared and cultivation suitable learned.
The demonstrator of the Department, as requested or as oppor-
tunity offers, can visit localities of the State, make suggestions upon
these lines, and gather statistics for promotion of the work. The
National Department is doing a large amount of work along this
line and there is hearty cooperation between the two departments.
ISOTHERMAL BELT.
The investigational work with Thermal Zones was inaugurated in
a preliminary way in 1909 at the Blantyre Test Farm by W. N. Hutt,
to ascertain if possible the conditions underlying the phenomena of
Thermal Belts or frostless zones in relation to fruit-growing. Two
years of preliminary investigation furnished such evidence of the
necessity and value of the work that the cooperation of the U. S.
Weather Bureau was secured. Special recording stations were estab-
lished at the State Test Farm at Blantyre, in the orchards of Hon.
Chas. A. Webb of Asheville, Mr. W. T. Lindsey of Tryon, Mr. Boiling
Hall of Waynesville, Mrs. Moses Cone of Blowing Rock, and Mr.
J. B. Sparger of Mount Airy, where a range in elevation from 1,000
to 4,200 feet was secured
In 1912 the recording stations were increased to 15. Mr. L. A.
Denson, Section Director of the Weather Bureau of North Carolina,
and Prof. H. J. Cox, Special Expert of the U. S. Weather Bureau,
were detailed to assist in this cooperation.
The field work and records were completed in 1916. Since- that
time the vast amount of records collected at the different stations
are being worked over by the experts of the U. S. Weather Bureau
under the direction of Professor Cox of the Chicago Station. A topo-
graphical map of Western North Carolina has been prepared with
contour lines showing the locations of the observation stations and
the mountainous nature of the surrounding country. In order to
make this work of practical as well as of scientific value, a map
88 Administrative Departments
showing the location of railroads to available fruit zones of 500-feet
contours from 1,500 to 3,500 elevations will be prepared. This map,
in addition to that prepared by the Weather Bureau experts, will be
of value to people in securing lands at suitable altitudes for com-
mercial orcharding.
The results of these investigations are being worked into a publi-
cation which is expected to be available within a year.
PURE food division.
The Pure Food Law passed by the General Assembly of 1899,
amended in 1905 and redrafted and passed as a new act in 1907,
forbids the manufacture or sale of adulterated or misbranded food
or beverages and charges the Department of Agriculture with its
enforcement.
Inspections are made throughout the State and samples collected
for analyses. The samples are examined for adulteration and the
results published, showing the brand name of the article and the
name and address of the manufacturer. The first report was pub-
lished as the Department Bulletin for December, 1909. Since that
time similar reports have been published annually.
There are two classes of adulterants found in food:
1. Substances which are deleterious to health, and
2. Substances which merely render the food less valuable.
The use of the first is prohibited, the second can be used provided
their presence is made known to the purchaser.
Much of the food and beverages sold in the State is in the hands
of unintelligent men, who can be imposed upon by shrewd and un-
scrupulous manufacturers. Owing to various complications the
enforcement of the Food Law is far more difficult than one not
familiar with the situation would think.
The National Government has enacted a food law which requires
weight of contents to be stamped on all packages or other containers
of goods. The Legislature has enacted this for the State.
FEED INSPECTIONS.
The Legislature of 1903 passed a law which requires the Commis-
sioner of Agriculture to employ Feed Inspectors, whose duty it is to
visit the different towns in the State, see that the law is complied
with as to the branding of bags, weight of bags, and to take samples
•of all feeds. These samples are examined microscopically in the
Agricultural Department 89
towns in which they are found, and if adulterated are immediately
withdrawn from sale.
All samples collected are analyzed by the Feed Chemist, and the
results, along with such additional information as circumstances
may advise, are published in the bulletins of the Department of
Agriculture.
In enforcing the law there are four main objects in view:
1. To stop the sale of adulterated feeds in North Carolina.
2. To educate the consumers to buy feed according to the analyses
on the bags, just as he buys his fertilizer by an analysis.
3. To teach the dairymen and farmers the best way to combine
their home-grown feeds with those they are compelled to buy to
get the greatest benefit from the amount consumed.
4. To stimulate a desire on the part of the consumers for better
feeds.
ENTOMOLOGY.
The work of this division includes the inspection of fruit trees,
which are not allowed to be sold in this State unless declared free
from disease. Experts are sent to examine all nurseries for insect
pests, and many commercial orchards are inspected. Directions are
furnished for preparation of material for spraying, and for its ap-
plication. The San Jose scale is being controlled in many places,
and further damage prevented by directions sent from this office.
Other insect pests and diseases have been prevented or cure'd, and
much valuable information given the people of the State on mat-
ters pertaining to insects of all kinds.
HORTICULTURE.
This division is devoted to promoting the interests of trucking,
the home and market garden, also the culture, preservation and
marketing the fruits of the State.
The test farm in Pender County is used in connection with the
trucking interests of the eastern part of the State. On this farm
$1,500 was realized from the sale of the lettuce raised on one and
one-fourth acres of land.
In the apple section a short series of institutes is held annually
to illustrate the proper packing of fruit for shipment. Institutes
on pruning, spraying, etc., are held in proper season.
For three successive years the exhibit of apples from North Caro-
lina has taken the sweepstakes prize at the exhibits at the National
90 Administrative Departments
Horticultural Congress, and the western part of the State is now
regarded as one of the most important apple-growing sections of the
nation, both in quantity and quality. North Carolina in 1913 re-
ceived the Wilder prize from the American Pomological Society.
The section adjacent to Southern Fines is noted for its peaches,
pears, and plums.
AGRONOMY AND BOTANY DIVISION.
Under the direction of this division experiments in plant breeding
and selection are conducted upon the test farms and the farms of
individuals in different sections of the State. Inoculation germs
for legumes are manufactured and sold at cost.
The inspection prevents the introduction of seeds of noxious
weeds into the State and enables the farmer to ascertain, before
purchasing, the quality of the seed as to purity and germination.
DEMONSTRATION AND INSPECTION OF POWER AND ILLUMINATING OILS
AND GASOLINE.
The Pure Food Chemist is also Oil Chemist. The quality of the
oil has been kept at a good standard and the price has not been
increased. When the law was enacted there were four firms trans-
acting business in this State; at the present time there are nineteen.
, DEMONSTRATION WORK.
This work gives practical advice to and cooperates with the farm-
ers upon their farms. It has been extended to eighty-one counties.
Part of the expenses is borne by the National Department of
Agriculture.
boys' corn club.
In these clubs more than 4,000 boys have been enrolled. The
Department appropriates $500 annually in premiums.
women's and girls' work.
This work in domestic economy has met with a ready response
from the wives and daughters of the farmers.
THE BULLETIN.
The Bulletin is issued monthly, each month's issue being devoted
to a particular subject. Its value seems to be appreciated both
Agricultural Department 91
within and without the State, as is attested by its continually in-
creasing mail list. Besides the regular monthly Bulletin, special
papers are issued when deemed of enough importance to justify the
expense.
THE MUSEUM.
The State Geologist has, since the establishment of his department
in 1850, collected specimens of different kinds, principally of min-
erals, representing the natural resources of the State. In 1879 the
care of the Museum and expense of maintenance were transferred to
the Department of Agriculture. A building has been erected for its
occupancy, and its contents greatly increased. It is now by far the
most extensive in its contents of anything of its nature south of
Philadelphia, save the National Museum at Washington, D. C. To
it, more than any other source, is attributable the fine displays the
State has made at international, national, and State expositions. It
is the State's object lesson, representing its resources in agriculture,
timber, mineral, fishes, birds, game, animals, and flora and fauna in
general.
As articles affected by time become undesirable they are replaced.
The idea is to keep the Museum constantly growing, with no chance
for stagnation.
IMMIGRATION.
The Legislature in 1909 repealed the act of 1907 concerning immi-
gration. There are now no agents of the State employed in foreign
countries; a few young men come from Scotland each year, and
land and immigration companies bring some people to the State
each year, but no report is made to the Department; however, it co-
operates with them as far as practicable.
The Department has no lands of the State for sale, and can make
no contracts, warrant titles, or do any work of like nature. It can
only put parties desiring to purchase property in the State in com-
munication with citizens who have property to sell, and leave them
to perfect sales, if it is found desirable.
Many letters are received from persons from the States of the
Middle West requesting information as to the resources of the State,
and several hundred have each year purchased homes. The Depart-
ment had arranged to place exhibits at the fairs in these States, but
this was abandoned when the law was repealed.
92 Administrative Departments
sales of leaf tobacco.
Chapter 97, Laws 1907, requires the Department to preserve a
record of the leaf tobacco sold on the floors of the warehouses of the
State, and publish it monthly. Each warehouse is required to
furnish an account of its sales, and is guilty of a misdemeanor for
failure.
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND PRINTING.
M. L. Siiipman, Commissioner.
The Department of Labor and Printing was established by the
Legislature of 1887 as the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Under this
head its activities had to do with gathering and presenting statis-
tics of industrial conditions. A high standard was set for this work
and it has ever since been the policy of the office to improve upon
its own work from year to year. The biennial report is now recog-
nized as one of the most succinct examples of statistical work issued
in the United States. The matter has been boiled down, so to
speak, and one chief aim has been to present the greatest possible
information in the least possible space, accomplishing thereby two
very desirable ends, i. e.. ease of reference and convenience, and
minimum expense. Its circulation includes every State in the
Union and many foreign countries. The report is the chief medium
by which the State's growth and progress is placed before the world.
The number of requests for copies attests its worth.
When the public printing had become of such importance that
the old practice of assumption that it would take care of itself was
proven inadequate and unsatisfactory, the duty of systematizing and
superintending this work was added to the duties of the office
(Chapter 373, Public Laws of 1899). Since that time the growth of
the State has been great, its progress indeed wonderful. Keeping
pace with this progress, the Department of Labor and Printing
shows a record of quality and economy in performance not equaled
by any other Commonwealth, and approached by but few.
The Commissioner, Mr. Shipman, and the Assistant, Mr. Nichols,
place especial emphasis on their invitation to the people of the State
to make use of the Department. Any questions bearing on subjects
touched by the report will be gladly answered, whenever possible.
The handling of the public printing has been brought down to the
point where figures as to specifications and cost may be given before
Department of Labor and Printing 93
or after performance, which information serves well where economy
enters as largely into any proposition as it does into the public
printing. Changes in practice are made as often as it is found that
improvement can be made, and the policy of the office at the
present time makes impossible any of the abuses obtaining under the
arrangement in force prior to the placing of the public printing
under the Department's charge.
Before a single item of printing expense is paid for by the State
the account of the printer is examined, accompanied by an inspec-
tion of the work itself, by a man who knows the printing business.
Every pound of paper purchased is bought by the State to fit the
particular need, and is subject to the decision of the expert of the
Department — himself, according to the provisions of the act, a "prac-
tical printer." The record of purchases of paper show a great saving
along this line also.
The work of the Department of Labor and Printing is necessarily
done away from the public eye. The watchful auditing of thousands
of dollars of accounts, the economical purchase of thousands of dol-
lars of supplies, the skillful exposition and appraisement of indus-
trial facts is not spectacular labor, but a work of the highest value
and largest returns.
Since October 1, 1919, the United States Employment Service,
operating in this State, has been conducted under the direction and
supervision of the Commissioner of Labor and Printing, who pro-
vided office quarters and served as federal director for North Caro-
lina without additional compensation. Funds were provided by
the Government for clerical assistance and during the period from
October 1, 1919, to the present time, between 5,000 and 6,000 appli-
cants for positions and jobs have been placed in situations satisfac-
tory to them. Through the means of local financial assistance, the
service maintained offices in Asheville, Charlotte and Wilmington for
almost a year. Since the employment office was established in this
Department more than 20,000 returned soldiers have been commu-
nicated with in regard to employment and nearly 4,000 placed. It
was through these communications that hundreds of disabled sol-
diers were located and reported to the Federal Board for Voca-
tional Education, which placed them in proper training.
94 Administrative Departments
THE DEPARTMENT OF INSURANCE.
Stacey W. Wade, Commissioner.
Prior to 1899 the supervision of insurance companies of North
Carolina was in the hands of the Secretary of State, who received
certain fees and was allowed $1,000 for clerical help. The Legisla-
ture of 1899 created the Insurance Department. The insurance laws
as set forth in the Revisal of 1905, with amendments thereto, are
looked upon as the best code of insurance laws of any Southern
State, and are certainly admirably adapted to the conditions prevail-
ing in this section. As revenue producers the law and Department
are a success, and while the benefits accruing from a proper super-
vision of insurance companies in the State cannot be measured in
dollars and cents, they are, in the opinion of those in a position to
know, of much more value to the State and her citizens than the
revenue collected.
The duties required of the Insurance Commissioner are as impor-
tant and involve as much work and responsibility as those of any
other department in the State Government. In addition to this, the
Insurance Commissioner is taken from his office about one-third of
the time by official duties. The work of the Department calls for as
much clerical ability and labor as the work of any other department.
No part of the work should be neglected, and it is increasing every
year, and becomes of more and more value to the State and her citi-
zens. The efficiency of the Department can only be kept up by allow-
ing sufficient clerical force, and this will call for such help as is
commensurate with, and demanded by, the development and rapid
increase of the work of the Department. The Commissioner should
be relieved, as far as possible, of clerical work. He is worth more
to the State in discharging the other duties of his office.
Under the law it is made the duty of the Commissioner to collect
all licenses, taxes and fees due the State by any company or associa-
tion under the supervision of his Department.
The Secretary of State paid into the State Treasury in 1898
$84,879.28, and this was the largest amount ever reported for any
one year prior to the creation of the Department.
Department of Insurance 95
DEPARTMENT.
The Department has increased in size, importance, and value be-
yond the expectation of its most ardent friends. The supervision
required to be exercised over all companies, associations, and socie-
ties doing or attempting to do an insurance business in the State
is the most important work of the Department. The value of this
supervision to the State and her citizens since the organization of
the Department can hardly be estimated. As the insurance business
in the State has increased, this supervision has become the more
necessary and important for the citizens of the State, and the good
results accomplished have far exceeded the value of the revenue
collected by the Department during that time.
REVENUE.
The revenue collected and paid into the State Treasury by this
Department has increased each year, until there was collected and
paid in for the past fiscal year, $634,076.84.
The gradual increase of the revenues collected from insurance
companies through this Department and paid into the State Treas-
ury is more clearly shown by a comparison with the amount
($84,879:28) collected for the fiscal year ending April 1, 1899, the
year prior to the formation of the Department.
The Department is not run for revenue. Its main work is the
supervision of the business, but those who have had occasion to
look into the matter are satisfied more good is being accomplished
for the State and her citizens by the supervision of the business
than by the collection of taxes. It is of interest to know the amount
collected by the Department and paid into the State Treasury each
year since its formation, as follows:
For the fiscal years 1899-1900 $ 91,973.49
For the fiscal year 1900-01 91,072.92
For the fiscal year 1901-02 132,034.03
For the fiscal year 1902-03 153,667.12
For the fiscal year 1903-04 174,633.60
For the fiscal year 1904-05 197,402.23
For the fiscal year 1905-06 205,124.07
For the fiscal year 19.06-07 215,331.56
For the fiscal year 1907-08 224,680.58
96 Administrative Departments
For the fiscal year 1908-09 234,469.63
For the fiscal year 1910-11 270,300.08
For the fiscal year 1911-12 285,040.50
For the fiscal year 1912-13 319,389.67
For the fiscal year 1913-14 344,546.28
For the fiscal year 1914-15 352,047.20
For the fiscal year 1915-16 348,780.90
For the fiscal year 1916-17 372,044.12
For the fiscal year 1917-18 415,468.16
For the fiscal year 1918-19 543,294.02
For the fiscal year 1919-20 634,076.84
Total $5,851,943.94
Under the old law, prior to the organization of this Department,
certain fees were allowed to the Secretary of State as compensation
for the supervision of insurance companies. These fees are now
paid into the State Treasury, and amount to more than double the
whole cost of the Department, including salaries and every other
expense. But there is no question but that the State should, with a
collection of over $415,000 annually from insurance companies, spend
more money for the enlargement and efficiency of the Insurance
Department. This certainly can be done to advantage.
One great benefit that has accrued from the North Carolina insur-
ance laws and the work of the Department has been the organiza-
tion of home insurance companies and the placing of considerable
insurance in them, thus keeping at home much of home money
spent for insurance.
The North Carolina or home companies continue to show marked
improvement each year, not only in the amount of business trans-
acted, but in a steady and solid growth in financial ability and
safety. It is gratifying, or should be, to every citizen of the State
to know that he cannot only keep his money in the State for invest-
ment by patronizing home companies, but that he is fully protected
by the financial standing of the companies in so doing.
BUILDING AND LOAN ASSOCIATIONS.
The Legislature of 1905 placed all building and loan associations
under the supervision of the Insurance Commissioner. There were
then 43 associations doing business in the State. There are now
Department of Insurance 97
over 150 associations working in the State and no class of cor-
porations is doing more in building up our cities and towns and pro-
viding homes for our citizens, especially the working classes. Asso-
ciations are being organized rapidly throughout the State. The
ownership of homes is very conducive to good citizenship and prog-
ress. At the close of business in 1917, 146 associations reported in
assets $17,774,915.62 and loaned out to build or pay for homes,
$16,845,109.53, and with receipts during the year of $11,970,833.38.
This is a remarkable showing, and speaks well for our State and her
people.
The Insurance Commissioner represents the State in all its deal-
ings with the insurance companies, associations, and orders. He
must pass upon applications of companies under his Department and
decide whether to license them, and then supervise them and see that
they comply with the law and treat the citizens of the State right
or revoke their license to do business in the State.
He must collect all licenses and taxes due the State by companies
and associations under his Department.
He must collect reports of all fires in the State and investigate all
suspicious ones and have all persons suspected of incendiarism prose-
cuted where the evidence justifies it. An average of fifteen persons
a year have been convicted under this law since it was passed, and
served their sentences in prisons.
He must see that the laws regulating the erection and inspection
of buildings are observed. Better buildings mean fewer fires and
lower fire insurance rates. Seventy-five thousand dollars annually
is now saved in fire premiums by this law. He must look into all
violations of the insurance law and hear all complaints made by the
citizens of the State against companies under his supervision and
see that the citizen is protected in his rights.
He must keep all State property insured as provided by law, and
annually inspect all State institutions and buildings, with a view to
the protection from fire of them and their inmates. He is also
charged with the execution of the "Blue Sky" law governing sale
of stock. This is most important and valuable to our people, having
saved them millions of dollars.
SUPERVISION.
It is very important and valuable to the State to have the collec-
tion of the licenses and taxes from insurance companies above re-
98 A».\i i .\ i stbative Departments
ferred to, but by far tbe most important work of the Department,
and that of greatest benefit to the citizens of the State, is the proper
supervision of insurance companies, societies, and orders, as well as
their representatives operating in the State. The gradual improve-
ment in the practices of the companies and their agents shows the
work accomplished in this respect. This supervision takes in:
1. The admission and regulation of all companies doing or pro-
posing to do any kind of insurance in the State. There are about
four hundred companies, associations, and societies doing the fol-
lowing classes of insurance: Life, health, accident, casualty, fire,
marine, credit, burglary, plate-glass, liability, steam boiler, automo-
bile, etc.
2. Fire Marshal. — The Commissioner is also ex officio Fire Mar-
shal, and has charge of the investigation of all suspicious fires, and
the prosecution of those thought to be responsible for the same.
There have been many of these prosecutions, which have been very
valuable in their results.
3. Building and Inspection Laws. — The Commissioner is charged
with the enforcement of the building and inspection laws, also the
law in regard to the erection of fire-escapes and proper exits from
buildings. This involves not only having inspection made through-
out the State by men sent from the Department, but also in seeing
that the work is kept up and the laws enforced by the officers of
the different cities and towns.
4. Publication of Statements. — The Commissioner is required to
make an abstract of the financial statements filed with him by the
different companies operating in the State; to collect the fees for
the publication of same and have them published in the newspapers
of the State.
5. Firemen's Relief Fund. — The Commissioner is also required to
collect from insurance companies operating in the State the taxes
for the benefit of our firemen and to distribute these taxes among
the firemen of seventy-odd towns of the State.
6. Complaints and Violations.- — It is also the duty of the Insur-
ance Commissioner to seek out and prosecute all violations of the
insurance law, and to look into all complaints made to him by the
citizens of the State, and to give them such information as they
may desire at his hands in regard to companies and associations
under his supervision.
Department of Insurance 99
7. Give Rates. — It is also the duty of the Insurance Commissioner
to receive and file all fire insurance rates promulgated on property-
situate in this State and to pass upon all complaints as to discrim-
ination in or unfairness of rates.
8. A great educational work is being done by the Commissioner
under the slogan "Make North Carolina Safe for Life and Property."
The annual fire waste with the loss of over $4,000,000 in property
and over 325 lives each year certainly calls for a more active and
determined effort. The present conditions are a menace and little
less than criminal.
9. Building and Loan Associations. — The Commissioner is now
charged with the supervision of building and loan associations, and
the great work being done by these associations, the organization
of new associations almost continually, as well as the suggestion that
these associations can be adapted to and made of great benefit to
the farmers of the State, as well as to those living in cities and
towns who have received their benefits, makes this a most important
part of the work of the Department.
Since the formation of this Department in 1899 and the adoption of
the present insurance laws there has been a gradual but decided
improvement in the insurance conditions of the State. Better
practices prevail and there is less friction between the people and
this class of corporations. Contracts have been improved and rates
reduced, and will, no doubt, be still further reduced under the present
insurance laws and their strict enforcement, although the citizens
of the State are now paying over $225,000 annually for their fire
insurance less than they would pay at the rates prevailing in any
other Southern State.
The Insurance Department has now for the first time since its
formation permanent and adequate quarters in which to transact
its rapidly increasing business. This has always hampered the
Commissioner and his force in carrying on their work, and should
have been remedied before. The large business being yearly trans-
acted demands proper and adequate files, that the business may be
efficiently done, while the value and importance of the Department
records and statistics are such as to demand their safe-keeping and
filing for ready reference by the Department and citizens of the
State.
Any further information about the Department or its work will
be furnished upon application to the Commissioner.
100 Administrative Departments
NORTH CAROLINA HISTORICAL COMMISSION.
R. D. W. Connor, Secretary, Raleigh.
The North Carolina Historical Commission was created by an act
of the Legislature of 1903. It consists of five members appointed
by the Governor for terms of six years. They receive no salary or
per diem, but are allowed their actual expenses when, attending to
their official duties.
The offices of the Commission are in the State Administration
Building, a new fireproof structure erected under an act of the Gen-
eral Assembly in 1911.
The duties of the Commission are as follows:
1. To have collected historical data pertaining to the history of
North Carolina and the territory included therein from the earliest
times.
2. To have such material properly edited, published by the State
Printer as other State printing, and distributed under the direction
of the Commission.
3. To care for the proper marking and preservation of battle-fields,
houses, and other places celebrated in the history of the State.
4. To diffuse knowledge in reference to the history and resources
of North Carolina.
5. To encourage the study of the history of North Carolina in
the schools of the State, and to stimulate and encourage historical
investigation and research among the people of the State.
6. To make a biennial report of its receipts and disbursements, its
work and needs, to the Governor, to be by him transmitted to the
General Assembly.
The powers of the Commission are as follows:
1. To adopt a seal for use in official business.
2. To adopt rules for its own government not inconsistent with
the provisions of the law.
3. To fix a reasonable price for its publications and to devote the
revenue arising from such sales to extending the work of the Com-
mission.
4. To employ a secretary.
5. To control the expenditures of such funds as may be appropriate
for its maintenance.
Historical Commission 101
GENERAL SUMMARY.
Following is a general summary of the work of the Historical
Commission:
1. The Commission has saved from destruction, classified and filed
many thousands of letters and other documents of the Executive
and Legislative Departments from colonial times to the present.
2. It has made an extensive collection, numbering more than
100,000 pieces of material bearing on North Carolina's part in the
World War.
3. It has secured for the State the following private collections,
numbering many thousands of valuable manuscripts: Letters and
papers of Zebulon B. Vance, James Iredell, Bryan Grimes, Mrs.
Cornelia P. Spencer, David L. Swain, E. J. Hale, Calvin H. Wiley,
John H. Bryan, Jonathan Worth, William L. Saunders, William A.
Graham, William R. Davie, the Pettigrew Family, Charles B. Aycock,
Archibald D. Murphey, John Steele, W. H. S. Burgwyn, Nathaniel
Macon, Thomas Ruffin, David S. Reid, Willie P. Mangum, and several
small collections.
4. It has issued the following publications: "Public Education
in North Carolina, 1790-1840: A Documentary History," 2 vols.;
"Schools and Academies in North Carolina, 1790-1840: A Docu-
mentary History"; "The Correspondence of Jonathan Worth," 2
vols.; Papers of Archibald D. Murphey, 2 vols.; Papers of Thomas
Ruffin, vols. I, II, III; "Literary and Historical Activities in North
Carolina, 1900-1905"; "A Legislative Manual of North Carolina" for
1909, 1911, 1913, 1915, 1917, 1919, 1921, and twenty-seven bulletins.
5. It recovered for the State, through the gift of the Italian
Government, Canova's famous statue of Washington.
6. It has erected in the rotunda of the Capitol a marble bust of
William A. Graham; and obtained, without cost to the State, simi-
lar busts of Matt. W. Ransom, Samuel Johnston, John M. Morehead,
Calvin H. Wiley, and W. S. Ashe.
7. The Commission maintains in its Hall of History one of the
most extensive historical museums in America. It contains about
12,000 objects, illustrative of every period of the history of North
Carolina from the earliest colonial times to the present.
8. It has assisted a large number of students in their investiga-
tions into North Carolina history, given information about the
history of the State wherever it was possible, and has encouraged
in many ways the study of our history in the schools of the State.
102 Administrative Departments
9. It maintains a Legislative Reference Library for supplying in-
formation to members of the General Assembly and others interested
in the affairs of the State.
THE LEGISLATIVE REFERENCE LIBRARY.
The Legislative Reference Library idea is not a new one. For
twenty-five years such departments in other States have been ren-
dering valuable service. They have been provided for in thirty
States, and in more than fifty cities of the United States. Recently
there has been established a Legislative Reference Bureau in the
Congressional Library which is rendering similar aid to the Na-
tional Government.
For ten years progressive citizens have urged the establishment
of such a department in North Carolina. In response to that de-
mand the Legislature of 1915, by a unanimous vote in the Senate
and House of Representatives, passed a bill entitled "An act to
establish a Legislative Reference Library," under the supervision
of the North Carolina Historical Commission.
Among the duties of the Librarian set forth in this act are the
following: "To collect, tabulate, annotate and digest information
for the use of the members and committees of the General Assembly,
and the officials of the State," and of the various counties and cities
included therein, upon all questions of State, county, and municipal
legislation."
As indicated by the caption as well as the subject-matter of the
act, this Department is created primarily for the benefit of the
members and committees of the General Assembly.
These representatives of the people serve practically without com-
pensation and in most cases make considerable personal sacrifice
in order to be of service to the State. During the short sessions
of the General Assembly they do not have time to study and thus
secure for themselves information about the hundreds of measures
they are called upon to consider. Heretofore there has been no
agency to collect and classify the sort of information needed by the
busy legislator.
To fill this want is the particular field of service of the Legisla-
tive Reference Library. For that purpose more than ten thousand
books, laws, pamphlets, and clippings have been gathered and
classified so that they are instantly available for use by interested
Historical Commission 103
persons. Additional material is received daily, and an attempt is
made to procure as full information as is obtainable about all
legislation in other States and countries.
Information relating to the following subjects, which are taken
from a list of more than fifteen hundred headings, will serve to
illustrate the scope of service which is rendered: Agriculture, Appro-
priations, Automobiles, Banks, Bill Drafting, Budgets, Campaign
Expenses, Capital Punishment, Charities, Child Labor, Civil Serv-
ice, Constitutions, Contracts, Convicts, Cooperative Buying and
Marketing, Corporations, Courts, Credit, Crime and Crimlinals,
Democratic Party, Drainage, Education, Elections, Employment,
Factories, Farm Problems, Finance, Fires, Fish and Game, Food,
Forests, Freight Rates, Health, Immigration, Initiative and Referen-
dum, Insane, Insurance, Judges, Juries, Labor, Lawyers, Liens,
Legislation, Loans, Manufacturers, Marriage and Divorce, Medicine,
Militia, Municipalities, Negroes, Newspapers, Pardons, Parole, Pas-
senger Rates, Pensions, Pharmacy, Platforms, Primaries, Prisons,
Procedure, Prohibition, Public-Service Corporations, Railroads, Re-
publican Party, Roads, Rural Credits, Schools, State Government,
Statutes, Strikes, Taxation, Trusts, Universities and Colleges, Vital
Statistics, Vocational Education, Wages, Woman Suffrage, Women
Workmen's Compensation.
The province of the Legislative Reference Library is not to pro-
mote legislation, but to furnish data and information so that the
best and most widely approved laws may be enacted.
With the cooperation and assistance of the persons for whose
benefit the Legislative Reference Library was created, it hopes to
achieve the same measure of success that similar agencies have
had in other states.
Members of the Historical Commission:
W. J. Peele % 1903-1919
J. D. Hufham 1903-1905
F. A. Sondley 1903-1905
Richard Dillard 1903-1905
R. D. W. Connor 1903-1907
Charles L. Raper 1905-1907
Thomas W. Blount 1905-1911
J. Bryan Grimes 1905-
104 Administrative Departments
M. C. S. Noble 1907-
D. H. Hill 1907-
T. M. Pittman 1911-
Frank Wood 1919-
SECRETART.
R. D. W. Connor 1903-
THE NORTH CAROLINA STATE LIBRARY.
Cakrie L. Bkoughton, Librarian.
The personnel of the State Library consists of three workers, the
Librarian and her two assistants. The Library occupies the first
floor of the State Administration Building, is a fireproof structure,
and was erected under the Act of the General Assembly in 1911.
The Legislature of 1840 passed a bill appropriating five hundred
dollars for the purchase of books for the Library. This amount has
not been increased since that time.
A striking development of the past years has been the increase of
reference and research work over that of previous years. Not only
are more inquiries being brought to the Library, but they are of
a more serious character and cover a wider range of subjects than
formerly.
Possibly the largest piece of work that has been done during the
past two years has been the indexing of the bound newspapers, all
missing numbers and mutilated copies being noted. This is only
a partial bibliography of the newspapers in the Library, but the
list will be added to year by year in our biennial report.
All works written by or about North Carolinians or about North
Carolina are purchased. The North Carolina collection of our
books now forms one of the most interesting and valuable features
of the Library. A complete bibliography of these books has been
made in alphabetical arrangement by authors of the titles of books
which relate to North Carolina and North Carolinians, the titles
of books written by native North Carolinians and North Caro-
linians by adoption, including editions and translations of the
classics, etc.
Library Commission 105
SUMMARY.
Total number of volumes in the Library 35,997
Total number of Government books 6,670
Total number of bound newspapers 4,093
Total number of bound magazines 2,347
LIBRARY COMMISSION OF NORTH CAROLINA.
Mary B. Palmer, Secretary and Director.
The Library Commission of North Carolina was created by the
General Assembly of 1909, and active work was begun September
15th of the same year. The Commission consists of five members,
two of whom are appointed by the North Carolina Library Associa-
tion and one by the Governor; the State Librarian and the Super-
intendent of Public Instruction complete the membership.
The purpose of the Commission, as expressed in the law, is to
"give assistance, advice, and counsel to all libraries in the State, to
all communities which may propose to establish libraries, and to all
persons interested, as to the best means of establishing and admin-
istering such libraries, as to the selection of books, cataloging, main-
tenance and other details of library management as may be prac-
ticable."
The following are the important lines of activity:
1. Establishment of Public Libraries. — The Commission endeavors
to secure the establishment of public libraries in localities able to
support them, and gives advice and assistance in arousing public
interest. After preliminary correspondence, communities proposing
to establish libraries are visited by the Secretary, and the practical
details of organization explained. In many instances she classifies
the books, starts the accession record and shelf-list, installs a proper
charging system, and teaches the librarian how to keep the neces-
sary records. The service is rendered without cost to the Library,
except that, when the Secretary remains more than one day in a
place, the local expense is borne by the library aided.
2. Reorganization of Old Libraries. — The Secretary visits libraries
already established to confer with the Librarian and Library Board
regarding methods of work and plans for further development.
106 Administrative Departments
While much information and advice may be given by letters and
circulars, personal visits are much more effective, as they invariably
give new impulse to the local work and enable the Secretary to
become familiar with library conditions in all parts of the State.
3. Library Statistics. — Every public library in the State, includ-
ing free public libraries, subscription libraries, school, college and
university libraries, Young Men's Christian Association, legal asso-
ciation, medical association, Supreme Court and State libraries, is
required by law to make an annual report to the Commission.
From the data thus secured the Commission compiles an annual
report of library conditions in North Carolina.
4. The North Carolina Libr'ary Bulletin. — This is a magazine of
12 pages, published quarterly. It is sent free to every library in
the State, and upon application, to library trustees and to others
interested in library extension. The first issue appeared in De-
cember, 1909. Each number contains important library articles,
book lists, editorial notes, and general library news. It is intended
to serve as a means of communication with each and every library,
to bring the libraries into closer relation with one another, and,
in general, to increase the interest in libraries throughout the
State, and to improve the quality of their service to the public.
5. Traveling Libraries. — 'For the benefit of communities without
library facilities the Library Commission maintains a system of
free traveling libraries. A library contains from thirty-five to
forty volumes, about fifteen being fiction, fifteen children's books,
avid the remaining volumes popular and attractive books of biog-
raphy, travel, science, etc. The books are shipped in a stout case
equipped with shelves so that it may be used as a bookcase when
it reaches its destination. The rules governing the loan of libra-
ries are as few and simple as possible. The application may be
signed by the president and secretary of a local library association,
by five taxpayers, or by the officers of a Farmer's Union Local, a
Woman's Betterment Association, or a Community Service League.
Borrowers agree to pay the freight both from and to Raleigh, to
take good care of the books and to return them promptly, to make
good any loss or damage beyond reasonable wear and tear, and to
lend the books without charge to all responsible persons in the
community.
Traveling libraries containing only children's books have been
prepared especially for the use of schools. They contain books for
Library Commission 107
youngest readers, books for intermediate grades, and books for more
advanced students.
6. Package Libraries. — Package libraries are of three kinds: The
Debate libraries, the Farmers' library, and the Study Club libraries.
The Debate libraries are carefully prepared collections on the polit-
ical, social, and economic questions which are being debated by
schools and societies throughout the State. They consist of books,
pamphlets, and magazine and newspaper articles. These little
libraries contain the best material available on a subject and as
much as the ordinary library would be able to furnish. Hence they
are not lent to individuals, but to schools and debating societies, and
on condition that all taking part in the debate have the use of the
material. Libraries are now available on ninety-six different sub-
jects. These Debate libraries not only furnish the best material
available to schools and societies which otherwise would have little
or no material of any kind, but they are also a very effective means
of bringing the Commission into close touch with the schools, and in
many cases the Commission is able to awaken interest in the im-
provement of the school library or in the establishment of a trav-
eling library station in the community.
The Farmers' Library is a collection of 12 books on Agriculture
and Country Life. The collections were purchased with an appro-
priation made for the purpose by the State Board of Agriculture and
are lent for a period of two months to Farmers' Union locals or
other groups of farmers. The Commission also maintains a special
collection of books on agriculture and country life from which
small collections of six to ten volumes are made up and lent in
the same way as the Farmers' Library.
7. The General Loan Collection. — This is a miscellaneous collec-
tion of books on all subjects and it enables the Commission to send
books to individuals and to supplement the various fixed collections
so that they will meet the needs of each community and organiza-
tion to which they are lent. In order that citizens may secure books
as easily and as promptly as possible, they are sent in response to
applications signed by a teacher, minister, postmaster, county or
town official, or the officers of a book club, society, or other organi-
zation. The books from this section are lent for four weeks, and
the borrower pays the postage both from and to Raleigb.
8. Distribution of Library Literature. — In addition to the North
108 Administrative Departments
Carolina Library Bulletin, the following publications have been is-
sued and distributed by the Commission:
The Public Library.
Free Traveling Libraries.
Debating: list of books for libraries, high schools and debating
societies.
Work of the North Carolina Library Commission.
Agriculture and Country Life.
North Carolina Package Libraries: Material for debate.
Select Bibliography of North Carolina, by Stephen B. Weeks.
The Farmers' Library.
North Carolina Package Libraries.
How to Start a Public Library.
Material for Study Clubs.
Free Debate Libraries.
Other library literature, including tracts of the American Library
Association, book lists, building plans, etc., is sent out as required.
9. School Libraries. — The development of school libraries is a
special feature of the work. A close connection has been established
with the schools by giving advice on the care and use of school
libraries, assistance in starting the necessary records, and help in
the selection and purchase of books. A bulletin on school libraries,
prepared by the Secretary, has been published and distributed by
the Superintendent of Public Instruction to all schools in the State.
Other literature on the subject is distributed by the Commission,
and talks are given at teachers' meetings to arouse the interest of
superintendents and teachers in building up good school libraries.
A special effort is made to bring the public schools and the public
libraries into close cooperation.
MEMBERS OF THE LIBRARY COMMISSION.
Annie F. Petty, Chairman Guilford.
Charles Lee Smith, Y ice-Chairman Wake.
Carrie L. Broughton, Treasurer Wake.
Alfred M. Scales Guilford.
Eugene C. Brooks Wake.
Mary B. Palmer, Secretary and Director Wake.
State Board of Health 109
THE STATE BOARD OF HEALTH
W. S. Rankin, M.D., Secretary and Treasurer, Raleigh.
We assume that the people in North Carolina are interested espe-
cially in two things with respect to the work of the State Board
of Health: (1) what the Board spends; (2) what it gets for the
expenditure. This statement, therefore, will deal in a manner as
brief as clearness permits with the debit and credit side of the
State's account with public health.
DEBITS.
During the biennial period of 1919-20 the average annual expendi-
ture of the State Board of Health, including the Laboratory but not
the Sanatorium, was $202,592.80.
CREDITS -COST VALUES.
Item 1. The work of the State Laboratory of Hygiene may be
stated briefly and in the terms of its financial equivalents in the
table as set forth below. That is to say, if there had been no
State Laboratory of Hygiene in existence the work done would
have cost the citizens of the State the amount shown in the table.
19,707 Wasserman and gonorrheal fixation tests @ $5.. $ 98.535.00
4,910 examinations of water @ $5.00 24,550.00
799 examinations of urine @ $5.00 3,995.00
16,567 other examinations, averaged @ $2.50 41,417.50
755,135 doses typhoid vaccine @ 50c 377,567.50
15,210 doses whooping cough vaccine @ 50c 7,605.00
179,815 doses smallpox vaccine @ 15c 26,972.25
Diphtheria antitoxin distributed:
6,525 1,000 unit packages @ $2.00 $13,050.00
1,931 3,000 unit packages @ 3.50 6,758.50
8,245 5,000 unit packages @ 5.00 41,225.00
10,622 10,000 unit packages @ 7.50 79,695.00
140,728.50
Tetanus antitoxin @ $3.50 2,338.00
815 Pasteur treatments distributed (low estimate) 16,300.00
Total $740,008.75
Item 2. The State Board of Health, through its officers, during
the past two years has given complete anti-typhoid vaccinations
to 165,000 citizens of the State. Without this activity of the Board
110 Administrative Departments
this work would have cost our people $2 per vaccination, a total
of $230,000. During the same time, through our officers and agents,
31,550 people have been vaccinated against smallpox, a piece of
work which would have cost not less than $30,000. The vaccina-
tions, then, carried out under the direction of the Board of Health
during the past two years would have cost $260,000.
Item 3. During the past two years, largely during the last 14
months, 28,000 open-back, disease-spreading, unsanitary privies have
been replaced, either with closed sanitary privies or sewer con-
nections. In the building of tens of thousand of sanitary privies
throughout the rural South the experience of the International
Health Board, largely interested and instrumental in this phase of
sanitation, is that it costs about $2.50 to reach and persuade the
average rural resident to build a sanitary privy. Applying this cost
figure of $2.50 to the privies built within the State during the
last two years this piece of work would have a financial equivalent
of $70,000.
Item .',. During the last two years 25,587 public school children
have been given dental treatment, 44,092 permanent fillings having
been made, and the mouths of 9,000 other school children were
examined and they and their parents given professional advice.
This work, if done at prevailing dental rates, would have cost the
parents of these children $117,275.
Item 5. During the last two years, largely during the last 14
months, 150,000 school children have been examined by their teach-
ers in accordance with instructions from the Board of Health. Of
these, 60,700 have been examined by school nurses, especially trained
in this work and working under the direction of the State Board
of Health; and of these, 2,500 have been operated on for diseased
tonsils and adenoids at a cost to their parents of a little less than
$10. The ordinary price for these operations is $35. The saving
here to the citizens of the State on cost is $62,500.
Item 6. During the last two years 60,000 persons suffering from
venereal diseases have been treated in clinics under the supervi-
sion of the State Board of Health. The cost of these treatments
at regular rates would have been $120,000.
Item 7. The State Board of Health has succeeded in interesting
other agencies, including the International Health Board, the Fed-
eral Government, the American Red Cross, the American Social
Hygiene Association, and the counties of the State, to the extent
of securing during the past two years $11 from outside agencies for
State Board of Health 111
State health work for every $17 the State appropriates, or in a
gross sum, for health work additional to that provided for by the
State appropriation $273,633.42.
In conclusion, the total saving in cost values alone to our people,
as above stated (and this does not include many minor items which
might have been given) amounts to $1,580,908.42.
VITAL VALUES.
By the term "vital value," as distinguished from "cost value,"
we mean to indicate the value in earning capacity of health and
life saved through such measures as those enumerated above. For
example, the Laboratory work has a cost value to our people, that
is, saves them $740,000 in work which the Laboratory does, and
the vaccinations done by the State Board of Health and its agents
have a cost value of $260,000, but the number of days of sickness
prevented, the deaths postponed, the increase both in quantity
and quality of earning capacity, that is, the vital value far ex-
ceeds the cost values.
Another point which is not to be lost sight of here is that had
not the State done this work most of the cost value and vital value
could not be credited to the State — the work would not have been
done.
Item 1. The typhoid death rate in North Carolina in 1914, the
first year in which deaths and their causes were recorded under the
Vital Statistics Law in this State, was 35.8 per hundred thousand
population. It is now, in 1920, 10.6. The significance of this reduc-
tion perhaps is more clearly appreciated by giving the number of
deaths and number of cases per year since 1914. In 1914 there
were 839 deaths and 8,390 cases; in 1915 there were 744 deaths and
7,440 cases; in 1916 there were 700 deaths and 7,000 cases; in 1917
(the year of mobilization when the general death rate and special
death rates for the entire country increased) there were 726
deaths and 7,260 cases; in 1918 there 549 deaths and 5,490 cases;
in 1919 there were 427 deaths and 4,270 cases; in 1920 there will be
slightly less than 275 deaths and 2,750 cases. Here is a saving of
564 lives and the prevention of 5,640 cases of typhoid fever that
would be occurring annually in this State, would have occurred
this year, had the reduction in this disease since 1914 not been
brought about. A minimum cost in physicians' bills, nursing, and
druggists' bills and loss of productive labor for each case of
112 Administrative Departments
typhoid fever is $200. The prevention, therefore, of 5,640 cases
means the saving of $1,128,000. The earning capacity of the aver-
age person who dies from typhoid fever is $2,000 and the saving,
therefore, of 564 lives is equivalent to another $1,128,000. The
saving to the State on this one item alone amounts, therefore, to
more than ten times the total cost of the health work of the State,
that is, to $2,256,000.
Item. 2. The death rate from diphtheria has been reduced dur-
ing the last five years from 22.3 deaths per hundred thousand
population to 9.5 deaths for the same population, or in actual figures
from 525 deaths to 242 deaths, a saving of 282 lives and -the pre-
vention of 3,300 cases of the disease. The cost in doctors', drug-
gists', and nursing bills, and loss of time from labor for the aver-
age case of diphtheria is not less than $25. The prevention,
therefore, of 3,300 cases means the saving of $72,500. The eco-
nomic values of the 282 lives saved, on account of most of these
lives being children, may be safely considered at not less than
$1,000 per capita, or a total saving of $282,000, a grand total in
the prevention of sickness and deaths from this disease of $354,500.
Item 3. A total of 52,472 cases of contagious diseases have been
quarantined and reasonable restrictions placed about these foci
of infection. If we assume that but ten per cent prevention has
been effected this would mean the prevention of 5,246 cases of
contagious disease and a saving of not less than 250 lives. Again
giving the cost of the average case of these diseases prevented at
the censurably low figure of $25 and the economic value of the 250
lives saved at $1,000 apiece, we have here another saving of $281,-
150.
Item '/. The death rate of North Carolina for 1919, the last
figures available, was 12.4 deaths per thousand of the population.
For the entire registration of the United States for the same year
the rate was 12.9. During the last five years the death rate in
North Carolina has been lower than that of any of the older States
of the Union. The newer states in the West, with a larger emi-
grant population from foreign countries than the older Eastern
State and, therefore, with a larger proportion of the middle-aged
healthy group and without the liabilities of a large infant or a
large old-age population, have lower death rates than this State,
but North Carolina's death rate is the lowest of any of the old
States and the lowest of any known death rate on the coast from
State Board of Health 113
Maine to Texas. This favorable index of the general health con-
ditions in North Carolina is maintained notwithstanding an ex-
tensive prevalence of malaria and the milder types of hookworm
disease, and, what is much more important in its bearing upon
the death rate, the highest birth rate of any State in the Union.
The birth rate in North Carolina for the last five years has aver-
aged about 31 births per thousand population, and promises in 1920
to reach 33 per thousand population. The average rate of the
United States would probably not exceed 25 or 26 per thousand of
the population. High birth rates, in contributing to a large
infant population which age group has naturally a high mortality,
tends to increase the death rate. This State, however, has the
distinction of maintaining the highest birth rate and one of the
lowest death rates. The fluctuation of the death rate in North
Carolina one point, that is, one less death or one more death per
thousand of the population means 2,500 less deaths or that many
more deaths per year, the population of the State being 2,500,000.
As there are 700 days of sickness for each death a decrease in
the general death rate of one per thousand would mean, in addi-
tion, the prevention of 1,750,000 days of illness, or the saving of
57,000 persons one month's illness during the year, or preventing
the illness of 4,800 persons for an entire year. It seems a most
reasonable assumption to say that the general effect of public
health work in North Carolina amounts to at least the reduction
of one death per thousand of the population and its coincident
saving in time lost from sickness. This much human life, 2,500
whole lives saved, and 1,750,000 persons saved from a day's illness
during the year, has, if we take $2,000 as the value in earning
capacity of the average life saved and $2 as the cost per day of
sickness, losses in productive labor, cost of doctors, druggists, etc.,
a total value of $8,500,000.
i
INTANGIBLE VALUES.
There are many important activities of the State Hoard of
Health that cannot be reduced to terms in dollars and cents
which express their value or indicate the essential part which
they play in health work. As such, the following activities or
items may be mentioned:
Item 1. The Bureau of Vital Statistics during the past two years
has supervised and directed the work of 1,419 local registrars;
114 Administrative Departments
has kept in close touch through reports and correspondence with
2,500 physicians, 4,000 midwives, and 600 casket dealers, that is,
those concerned in a professional and business way with births and
deaths; has recorded and classified, according to location, county,
town, and township, according to race, age and according to 189
causes of deaths, 64,000 deaths and 153,000 births. This work
has required a considerable and an experienced clerical force of
14 persons. The activity of this Bureau is indicated by the elab-
orate system of card indexing and tabulating necessary to keep
the aforementioned data regarding deaths and births, and by the
volume of correspondence of this bureau to wit: 43,250 individual
letters and 25,000 form letters. To know the natural increase of
the population, how many people die each year, in what counties,
towns, and townships they die, and from what causes of death,
to know what deaths, with respect to causes, are on the increase,
and what are on the decrease, and how deaths from various causes
are responding to public remedies — this information is as neces-
sary to intelligent health work as bookkeeping is to a business.
Moreover, such records have important legal value. Then there
is the sentimental value for what it is worth of the State's per-
mitting no baby to be born or no decrepit and humble citizen to
depart without its taking official note and making permanent rec-
ord of these two principal events in life, the beginning and the
end.
Item 2. During the past two years the State Board of Health
has examined, passed upon with its approval or required certain
alterations to be made in the plans and specifications for 73 public
water supplies and sewerage systems. In doing this it has (1)
protected the towns installing these public utilities against finan-
cial waste resulting from the purchase or installation of imperfect
work; and (2) it has safeguarded municipalities taking water
supplies from streams against possible pollutions of sewerage
discharge by municipalities either up the stream or on some tribu-
tary thereof. The saving in money and the saving in lives from
this work is considerable, but to attempt to state it in definite
terms would be nothing better than a mere guess.
Item. 3. A total of 5,000 expectant mothers and 6,000 mothers
with infants, a total of 11,000 women, have been aided through
a system of correspondence and with carefully prepared litera-
ture in protecting themselves and their unborn children against
State Board of Health 115
the dangers of pregnancy and labor, and advised as to the rearing
of their infants. The need of this work is indicated by the facts
that every year 600 women die in childbirth in North Carolina, and
that of the 33,000 deaths occurring annually in this State 11,000
are within the first five years of life.
Item Jt. The State Board of Health is now operating a county
educational unit for informing our people on the subjects of the
importance of chastity and its bearing on health and character
and the dangers of venereal diseases. The unit equipment consists
of a large one and one-half ton truck of the type used in France
for similar purposes, and a staff of five persons: (1) a physician
to visit the county where the campaign is to be carried on in antici-
pation of the truck, and to arrange the itinerary of showings and
lectures and through wide publicity to acquaint the people with
the character of the undertaking and to encourage them to take
advantage of the lectures and shows; (2) an expert mechanic who
drives the truck and operates the moving picture machine; (3) a
male lecturer for white audiences; (4) a woman lecturer for women;
and (5) a male colored physician to lecture to negroes. Seven
moving picture films, accurate in their teaching and most enter-
taining in the way of presenting the subjects, are shown. During
the three months that this outfit has been in operation 38,500
persons have seen it, a total of 12,000 persons per month, or 400
per day. This work, though just beginning, will be continued dur-
ing the next two years until all the people of North Carolina have
been instructed by the visual method, films, on the importance of
continence and the dangers of incontinence.
Item 5. An educational campaign against preventable diseases
has been carried on during the last biennium to the following ex-
tent: (1) a 48,000 monthly edition of The Health Bulletin, which
invites comparison with that of any other State or city, has been
distributed on request to the people of the State. The general repu-
tation of the Bulletin makes further comment on it unnecessary;
(2) the distribution, on request, of 1,175,000 pamphlets and leaflets
on various health subjects. This is equivalent to a daily distribu-
tion of 1.600 pieces of literature. This demand for information
on the subject of health, together with a daily correspondence of
135 letters, more than anything else, indicates the interest that
the citizenship of this State has in the problem of health. The
value of educational work cannot be stated in dollars and cents,
116 Administrative Departments
any more than one may so estimate the value of the Bible, the
work of the churches, the value of the public press, or public schools.
In conclusion, we believe that the public health program of the
State justifies itself when considered from a viewpoint of cost
values, vital values, or intangible values. And perhaps the great-
est of these values are the intangible ones. The intangible values
are more closely associated with and more a part of the immaterial
than the material life; they are the imponderable and spiritual
values, or the values of mind and impulse and motive and ideals;
they cannot be transmuted into currency. We may measure in-
creases in the quanity of life, decreased death rates and lessened
sickness, but it is impossible to weigh the value of improvements
in vital quality, and after all, the State's interest, its ultimate
object is not mere quantity of life, increase in the length of days
of the average citizen, but a happier, more efficient citizenship, a
higher and finer quality of- life.
"We live in deeds, not years; in thoughts, not breaths;
In feelings, not in figures on a dial;
We should count time by heart throbs. He most lives
Who thinks most, feels the noblest, acts the best."
WORK OF THE EXECUTIVE OFFICE CHARACTEB OF WORK DIXIES.
The duties of the executive office are: (1) to assume primary
responsibility for the enforcement of the more important State
health laws; (2) to consider and determine, with the advice and
consent of the Board, what should be the more important public
health policies of the State; (3) to secure the needed legislation
that will make possible the adoption of desirable health policies;
(4) to supervise and assist in the execution of established policies.
More fully and analytically stated, the duties of the executive office
are:
1. Public Health Law Enforcement. The enforcement of law
rests, in a general way and broadly, upon the judicial machinery
of the State. On the other hand, it is not only the privilege, but
the duty, of any citizen to see that the violation of any law is
brought to the attention of the courts and dealt with. The more
thorough understanding of the purposes and the character of the
public health laws and the keener appreciation of their importance
imposes in a special way upon the executive office of the State
State Board of Health 117
Board of Health the duty of seeing that these particular laws are
fully complied with.
2. Determination of Policies. The duty of considering and formu-
lating for the action of the Board what should be the more im-
portant public health policies of the State rests largely with the
executive office of the Board on account of its primary and general
responsibility for the development of an effective program for
human conservation.
3. Obtaining Legislative Adoption of Policies. After the Board
has considered and definitely decided upon a course of action it
becomes the duty of the executive office to bring to the attention
of the people the need of the course of action approved by the
Board, and to so inform, interest, and appeal to the public and
reflexively and directly to the General Assembly as to secure legis-
lative approval and provision for the public health policies which
have been adopted by the State Board of Health.
4. The Selection of an Executive Staff. The efficiency of any
agency is conditioned largely upon the personnel who are employed
in its activities. The responsibility of finding and securing per-
sons properly qualified by native endowments, training and experi-
ence to direct the special bureaus or divisions entrusted with
carrying out the established policies of the Board rests largely
with the executive office.
5. Supervision and Co-ordination of the Special Bureaus. As has
been pointed out heretofore the organization of the executive work
of the Board embraces a number of special bureaus which are held
responsible for some definite State health policy, and which are
so organized as to be independent of each other. Naturally, these
bureaus and divisions in the character of their work are closely
related and some means of co-ordinating their activities is neces-
sary, and this means the executive office supplies. In the develop-
ment of new bureaus entrusted with recently adopted policies
a considerable amount of supervision by the executive office is
called for.
6. Taking Care of the General Problems of the Board. The ma-
jority of calls by letter or person upon the Board for service can
be and are referred to the special bureaus of the Board concerned
directly with the sort of service called for in the letter or by the
visitor; however, there are a number of calls made on the Board
for service that are general in character, or not yet provided for
US Administrative Departments
by some special agency, and these services, necessarily, have to
be supplied by the executive office.
7. The Educational Work, of the Board. The interest and support
of the people in public health is in proportion to their understand-
ing of the problem. To reach the people, therefore, with informa-
tion as to what the public health needs of the State are and how
the Board proposes to meet these needs is, of all the Board's duties,
the most fundamental and the most important; moreover, the edu-
cational work of the Board is of a general character, dealing with
the interests of all the special bureaus or divisions and, therefore,
belongs largely to the executive office; the interest of which is not
particular but general with respect to health problems.
8. Accounting. Receiving, disbursing and accounting for public
monies is a duty that rests upon the executive office because of its
primary and general responsibility for the interests of the Board.
methods.
The methods of work which are followed depend largely upon the
character of the duty which the executive office seeks to dis-
charge. For this reason it is well in the discussion of methods
to relate them to the special duties of the executive office as above
set forth.
1. Methods of Law Enforcement. Investigations as to violations
of the more important health laws of the State and the bringing
of prosecutions where violations are found are carried out largely
as a part of the special activities of the bureaus of Vital Statistics,
Epidemiology, and Inspection. These three bureaus maintain a
field force of inspectors which varies at different times, but which
is equivalent to ten full-time officers. Law enforcement will, there-
fore, be more fully discussed in connection with the work of
these special bureaus. The responsibility falls, however, to the
executive office to see that the bureaus fearlessly and without
discrimination enforce the important laws entrusted to their ex-
ecution. The larger work of the executive office in law enforce-
ment, however, concerns itself with bringing to public attention,
more especially through the Bulletin, the principal State health
laws and the need of their careful observance, and in this way
building up a public sentiment favorable to the observance of
the public health laws and sympathetic with the judicial ma-
chinery in imposing penalties upon those who violate them.
State Boabd of Health 119
2. Methods for Determining Policy. In determining the public
health policies of the State it is necessary (a) that the executive
office secure information through special and regular reports on
the vital statistics of the State, and in this way be fully cognizant
at all times of the vital conditions of the State as shown by the
State's birth rate, the Safe's general death rate, the State's special
death rates for certain diseases, the death rates in the State by
counties, by races, and by reasons; (b) that the executive office
secure information, through public health literature, books and
periodicals, as to the more recent developments and discoveries
in public health work; (c) that the executive office, by keeping in
touch through conferences with other State health officers and
Federal health officers, be thoroughly conversant with the methods
and accomplishments of other State departments of health, and
that the executive office be alert to those larger interstate move-
ments, especially those related to action by the central govern-
ment, in order that whenever and wherever possible these larger
movements may be influenced to the advantage of the State.
3. Methods for Securing Legislative Action. To secure the neces-
sary measures and appropriations for the development of the State
health policies, the following methods are pursued: (a) the people
of the State are informed, through bulletins, exhibits, the press,
and public addresses, as to vital conditions and as to necessary
measures and appropriations for favorably influencing the vitality
and physical efficiency of North Carolina people. In this way the
executive office seeks to develop a favorable public sentiment for
the development of its more important public health policies; (b)
the executive office seeks to find and to interest certain individuals
qualified by heart and head and position, for influencing, intro-
ducing, and supporting needed legislation.
4. Methods for Selecting the Executive Staff. To find and secure,
with the available means, a personnel for the bureau, division, or
agency of the Board that is to be relied upon for carrying into
successful execution some special and important public health
policy, calls for (1) an acquaintance with those who are in touch
with men qualified for such positions, and (2) a judgment of men.
This judgment of men by which an administrative officer selects
his assistants is, of course, basic in the success or failure of an
administration.
120 Administrative Departments
5. Methods for Supervising and Co-ordinating the Work of the
Board. In giving assistance to members of the executive staff
charged with carrying out certain special health policies, the ex-
ecutive office attempts to keep in touch with the work of each
division or agency through regular monthly reports, special re-
ports and conferences from time to time. Consideration for the
right amount of assistance — not too much and not too little — is
regarded as important. Too much supervision tends to smother
individuality, to stifle the pride of accomplishment, to break down
the self-confidence of a bureau; while, on the other hand, too little
supervision not infrequently results in a useless expenditure of
funds.
6. Methods for Caring for General Work of the Board. The gen-
eral work of the Board is a matter largely of correspondence and
conferences, the details of which are indicated in the following sec-
tion of this statement on routine work. As will be observed in the
detailed statement the general business of the Board consists of
a very extensive correspondence, and a considerable amount of
time devoted to conferences.
7. Methods of Popular Education. For reaching the public with
information on the health problem which they need and which is
necessary to secure their interest in and their support of the
policies of the Board, several means are in use. These include
popular addresses, information through the press, the preparation
and distribution of special pamphlets on the more important health
problems and last and most important of all, the publication of a
48,000 monthly edition of a regular Bulletin, or popular magazine.
Popular addresses, on account of the high cost of railway and auto-
mobile transportation and hotel expenses, and more especially on
account of the small numbers reached, is, relatively speaking, too
expensive a method for informing and interesting the people gen-
erally in the question of public health. The tremendous demands,
the multiple requests of various agencies interested in some special
propaganda, on the press, generous and sympathetic as the press
unquestionably is, have overreached the capacity of the press to
supply space for this sort of material or to furnish personnel to
examine and discriminate between propaganda articles worthy and
unworthy of newspaper attention, so that it is becoming more and
more difficult to use the newspapers for popular health education.
It is only just to state, however, in this connection, that our State
State Board of Health 121
press has been extremely partial to material sent out by the
State Board of Health, and has so assisted in the health movement
in North Carolina as to place this Board and the people generally
under lasting obligations. The use of popular pamphlets on special
subjects, like the pamphlets on typhoid fever, diphtheria, malaria,
tuberculosis, sanitary privies, etc., which are supplied only on
special request, affords perhaps the most economical means of
popular public health education, for the reason that only those with
some special interest receive the pamphlets and most of them are
used. These pamphlets, however, would not be used, would remain
in the office, unasked for, were it not for other means, particularly
the press and the Bulletin, for reaching the general population and
informing them of the existence of these special pamphlets and
their value. The State Board of Health Bulletin, founded shortly
after the Board started, the Bulletin making its first appearance
in 1886, has been steadily growing with the development of a
more extensive popular interest in the health problem until, from
an edition of a few hundred monthly Health bulletins, it has now
become one of the best known periodic publications existing in
North Carolina, reaching 48,000 homes every month, and coming
in contact with at least one-tenth of the population of the State.
The Bulletin is by all odds the most important educational
means which the State Board of Health has. It not only develops
but it serves to maintain the public interest in the undertakings
of the State for the conservation of human life and health.
8. Methods of Accounting. The bookkeeping of the executive
office is entrusted to a thoroughly reliable, careful, and bonded
clerk, whose system of accounting has been devised by an expert
accountant and whose work is audited at regular intervals.
ROUTINE WORK.
The routine work of the executive office is shown in the tabulation
on page 122.
RESULTS OBTAINED.
Organization of Bureaus. (1) The executive office planned in
general, not in detail, and assisted in inaugurating the work of the
Bureau of Engineering and Inspection. The work of this bureau
is largely in the nature of a pioneer undertaking, no other State in
the Union having, by State enactment, attempted to regulate the
privy problem by prescribing the construction and manner of
122 Administrative Departments
maintaining privies. The work of this bureau involved the study
of all existing types of family toilet arrangement, with the selection
of those types best suited to the economic, educational, climatic
and geographic conditions existing in this State. The work of
organizing this bureau included, further, the drafting of proper
rules and regulations for the maintenance of closets and the em-
ployment and training of a corps of ten sanitary inspectors for
giving the law effect.
Letters received 18,197
Magazines and bulletins received and reviewed 12,777
Letters written:
Individual 9,365
Multigraph 18,274
Total 27,369.
Articles written:
Newspaper (107) words 39,400
Bulletin (41 words) 53,150
Official publication (6) words
Special (8) words 29,051
Forms and placards prepared (16) words 4,900
Telegrams sent 707
Telegrams received 564
Jail reports received and examined (1919) 85
Jail score cards copied and mailed (1919) 45
Convict camp reports received and examined (1919) 98
Convict camp score cards copied and mailed (1919) 23
State institution inspection reports copied and mailed ('19) 68
Hotel certificates copied and mailed (1919) 37
Hotel certificates mailed (1919) 118
Vouchers issued 4,939
Sanatorium vouchers examined and mailed 2,153
Receipts issued 569
Financial reports prepared 137
Miscellaneous reports prepared 34
Multigraph forms and letters executed for various bureaus. . 311
Number of pieces 334,477
Requisitions for printing 506
Number of pieces 5,808,379
Pamphlets, leaflets and placards distributed 668,187
Monthly health bulletins mailed 1,152,000
Hours spent in conference 326 1-3
Days out of office on official business 204 3-4
(2) During the last two years it became necessary, on account
of the desire of the Red Cross to participate in the public health
work of the State and on account of the resignation of Mrs. Kate
Brew Vaughn, director of the Bureau of Infant Hygiene, to reor-
State Board of Health 123
ganize that bureau and to enlarge the scope of its activities so as to
include public health nursing. The executive office had to give con-
siderable time in arranging the terms of co-operation with the Red
Cross and to the reorganization of the bureau.
(3) After eighteen months experience it was found that the
Bureau of Venereal Diseases had followed a plan of work originally
suggested and outlined by the Bureau of Venereal Diseases of the
United States Public Health Service, and which plan was conceived
for cities and was suitable to a State with a large urban population,
should be considerably reorganized in such a way as to make it
reach more effectively our large rural population. The general plan
of attack on venereal diseases as promulgated by the Federal au-
thorities consisted largely in the maintenance of public dispensaries
in cities of 10,000 population and over. Along with this dispensary
plan of attack on venereal disease an extensive educational cam-
paign carried out through bulletins and special pamphlets had been
under way. Recognizing the inadequacy of the dispensary plan for
reaching rural people the executive office succeeded in interesting
and in gaining the co-operation and financial participation of the
American Social Hygiene Association and the Bureau of Venereal
Diseases of the United States Public Health Service in an intensive
educational plan for the rural sections of the State. The revised
plan included the use of a large truck, electrically equipped, mov-
ing picture outfit, exceptionally entertaining and instructive films
on venereal diseases and a competent corps of lecturers for reach-
ing all the people, urban and rural, including the remote country
districts. This effort is another pioneer undertaking, this being
the first carefully considered attempt to reach in a large way the
rural sections with the campaign against venereal diseases. At this
time this work has been carried on in Cumberland, Harnett, and
Robeson counties, and many reports from those counties are con-
vincing that this rural educational unit, organized as a part of
the Bureau of Venereal Diseases, will prove a decidedly successful
undertaking.
Maintenance of Personnel. The high cost of living, the deprecia-
tion of the purchasing power of the dollar, have made it very dif-
ficult during the past two years to maintain efficient men in
salaried positions. This difficulty has been augmented by the fact
that for the last six or eight years there has been a decreasing out-
put by the medical colleges of medical graduates and the fees
124 Administrative Departments
charged in medical practice have been advanced, the practice of
medicine thereby having become more remunerative than here-
tofore. As a result of these economic conditions we lost from the
executive staff within the last biennium the following officers who
resigned their positions with us to accept positions of greater
remuneration elsewhere: Dr. A. McRae Crouch, Mrs. Kate Brew
Vaughn, Dr. Jas. A. Keiger, and Dr. A. J. Warren. In addition to
the above resignations Dr. J. R. Gordon resigned as Director of
Bureau of Vital Statistics on account of impaired health, and Dr.
B. E. Washburn, who was loaned by the International Health Board,
was withdrawn for assignment to work in Jamaica. To fill these
vacancies Dr. F. M. Register has succeeded Dr. Gordon as Director
of the Bureau of Vital Statistics; Dr. J. S. Mitchener has succeeded
Dr. Crouch as Director of the Bureau of Epidemiology; Miss Rose
M. Ehrenfeld has replaced Mrs. Vaughan in charge of the Bureau
of Public Health Nursing and Infant Hygiene; Dr. Millard Knowlton
has taken over the work of Dr. Keiger as Director of the Bureau
of Venereal Diseases, and Dr. K. E. Miller was detailed by the
Public Health Service to assist the State in the development of its
county health work and to replace Dr. Washburn. Mr. H. E.
Miller, C.E., was appointed early in 1919 as Director of the Bureau
of Engineering and Inspection. The significant fact in this state-
ment of changes in personnel is this: that of several bureaus rep-
resented in the general work of the Board there is now only one
of the bureau directors, Dr. George M. Cooper, who has been with
the Board as long as two years. It is respectfully submitted that
any business with a labor turnover similar to that which the
executive staff has sustained within the last two years would be
in serious danger of bankruptcy. One of the most difficult results
which the executive office is to be credited with has been to main-
tain a working staff under the conditions mentioned, and it may
be said, without fear of contradiction, that notwithstanding these
conditions, the present staff is as efficient as the staff has been at
any past time, and will be better appreciated when compared with
similar organizations in other States.
Securing Valuable Outside Co-operation and Financial Assistance.
The executive office has succeeded in interesting and securing the
financial participation, during the past two years, of the Inter-
national Health Board, the United States Public Health Service,
the Interdepartmental Social Hygiene Board, the American Red
State Board of Health 125
Cross, and the American Social Hygiene Association. During this
biennial period these agencies have contributed to health work in
North Carolina a total of $273,633.42, while the State expended a
total of $280,015.52 — an expenditure from the cooperating agencies
of dollar for dollar with the State.
Participating in the Direction of the Larger Volunteer Health
Movements. During the past year the executive officer of the
Hoard, as a recognition of the part that this State was taking in
dealing with the public health problem, was elected President of
the American Public Health Association. Any position with the
opportunity for participating in and influencing national health
movements which concern the State in many ways, especially
through Federal legislation and channels of influence for reaching
the masses of the people, is not without direct value to our people.
As President of the American Public Health Association the execu-
tive officer of the Board has necessarily had to give a great deal
of time to these larger outside interests; moreover, it could be
easily shown if details were in order, that the time spent in this
outside work is more than justified by benefits to the health work
of our own State.
The Educational Work, of the Board. The executive office assumes
charge and directs the large educational activities of the Board of
Health. During the year 1919 this work included the issuance of a
48,000 edition of the monthly Health Bulletin, the preparation,
printing and distribution of 375,380 pamphlets on special subjects.
For the year 1920 the monthly edition of the Bulletin of 48,000
copies was continued and 292,807 pamphlets on special subjects
were supplied the people. In addition to the above enucational
activities of the Board, 62,412 pamphlets on social hygiene and
venereal diseases were distributed in 1919 and in 1920 this class
of educational material rose to 444,367 pamphlets. Tins piece of
work, as has been suggested elsewhere, is the most important of
all the work of the Board, for all else depends upon the interest
and intelligent co-operation of the people with the public health
officials, and such interest and co-operation is secured, at least 90
per cent of it, through the educational work of the executive office.
Accounting. During 1919 the executive office received $198,549.14,
2.285 checks having been issued. During the last year these figures
were: Total receipts from all sources, $359,605.83; total number of
checks written, 2,633. Funds are received from many sources
126 Administrative Departments
including the State Treasury, International Health Board, American
Red Cross, United States Public Health Service, Interdepartmental
Social Hygiene Board, Bureau of the Census, and some thirty or
forty counties, and fees from sanitary inspectors of privies. An
elaborate double entry system of books is necessary. In reporting
upon a recent audit of the books a certified accountant, among
other things, says:
"I certify without hesitation that I do not believe there is a more
complete set of books or a more efficient bookkeeper in any State
Department."
Routine Work of the Office. The executive office has handled an
official correspondence during the last two years amounting to the
receipt of 18,197 letters and 9,365 replies. This does not include
18,274 multigraph letters. In addition to this correspondence the
executive officer spends 25 per cent of his time in conferences with
persons coining to the Board on official business. The executive
officer of the Board spent 79 days on official work out of the office
in 1919, and 102 days out of the office in 1920.
1919.
RECEIPTS.
Balance from preceding year $ 8,211.45
State appropriations 102,301.98
Federal Government 27.084.95
U. S. Public Health Service 741.47
International Health Board 10.227.62
Counties 38,480.42
Bureau of the Census 3,531.57
License Fees 5,338.21
Miscellaneous 2,631.47
Total $198,549.14
DISTRIBUTION.
Executive Department $ 40,262.39
Bureau County Health Work 63,833.31
Bureau Engineering and Inspection 9,521.74
Bureau Epidemiology 18.811.01
Bureau Infant Hygiene 6.608.73
Bureau Medical Inspection of Schools 8,587.44
Bureau Venereal Diseases 33,809.08
Bureau Vital Statistics 17,115.44
Total $198,549.14
State Board of Health 127
1920.
RECEIPTS.
State appropriations $177,713.61
Federal Government 25,374.98
U. S. Public Health Service 3,157.32
International Health Board 18,346.15
American Red Cross 4,792.48
Counties 102,556.78
Bureau of the Census 3,265.05
License Fees 23,288.90
Miscellaneous 1,110.56
Total $359,605.83
DISTRIBUTION.
Executive Department $ 32,184.78
Bureau County Health Work 150,155.03
Bureau Engineering and Inspection 29,319.90
Bureau Epidemiology 13,009.29
Bureau Medical Inspection of Schools 60,702.18
Bureau Public Health Nursing and Infant
Hygiene 9,584.99
Bureau Venereal Diseases 49,363.59
Bureau Vital Statistics 15,295.07
Total $359,605.83
128 Administrative Departments
MEMBERS OF THE NORTH CAROLINA STATE BOARD OF HEALTH
J. Howell Way, M.D., President Waynesville
Richard H. Lewis, M.D., LL.D., Raleigh
J. L. Ludlow. C.E Winston-Salem
Thomas E. Anderson, M.D Statesville
A. J. Crowell, M.D Charlotte
Chas. O'H. Laughinghouse, M.D Greenville
Cyrus Thompson, M.D Jacksonville
F. R. Harris, M.D Henderson
E. J. Tucker, D.D.S Roxboro
executive staff
W. S. Rankin. M.D., Secretary State Board of Health and State
Health Officer.
Ronald B. Wilson, Director Public Health Education.
C. A. Shore, M.D., State Laboratory of Hygiene.
L. B. McBraykr. M.D.. Superintendent of the State Sanatorium for
Treatment of Tuberculosis and Chief of Bureau of Tuberculosis.
G. M. Cooper, M.D., Chief of Bureau of Medical Inspection of Schools.
K. E. Miller. M.D., Director of County Health Work.
Miss Rose M. Ehrenfeld, R.N., Chief of Bureau of Public Health
Nursing and Infant Hygiene.
Millard Knowlton, M.D., Chief of Bureau of Engineering and
Inspection.
H. E. Miller, C.E., Chief of Bureau of Engineering and Inspection.
F. M. Register. M.D., Deputy State Registrar of Vital Statistics.
J. S. Mitchener, M.D., Chief of Bureau of Epidemiology.
State Board of Charities 129
STATE BOARD OF CHARITIES AND PUBLIC WELFARE.
R. F. Beasley, Commissioner of Public Welfare, Raleigh.
This board was made mandatory by section 7, Article XI of the
Constitution of North Carolina, as follows:
Section 7. Beneficent provision for the poor, the unfortunate, and
orphan being one of the first duties of a civilized and Christian
State, the General Assembly shall, at its first session, appoint and
define the duties of a Board of Public Charities, to whom shall be
entrusted the supervision of all charitable and penal State institu-
tions, and who shall annually report to the Governor upon their con-
dition, with suggestions for their improvement.
Under the legislative provision, in conformity with the above
mandate, the Board and the several members have done a vast
amount of work in promoting the establishment of various insti-
tutions, in aiding in the development of the State's charitable and
philanthropic growth and in social progress generally. Its mem-
bers do not and never have received any salary or pay whatever,
and are allowed only necessary traveling expenses.
While it has been a guiding, stimulating, and developing agency,
it was seen that its possibilities and usefulness could be largely
increased to meet both the old and new needs of modern conditions
by enlarging its powers and giving it a more adequate support. This
enlargement was provided for by the Legislature of 1917, and the
law governing its operation is now as follows:
There are seven members, two of whose terms expire each two
years. The Board meets quarterly or when called in special sessions.
Its powers and duties as enumerated by the statute are:
"(a) To investigate and supervise through and by its own mem-
bers or its agents or employees the whole system of the charitable
and penal institutions of the State and to recommend such changes
and additional provisions as it may deem needful for their economi-
cal and efficient administration.
"(b) To study the subjects of nonemployment, poverty, vagrancy,
housing conditions, crime, public amusement, care and treatment of
prisoners, divorce and wife desertion, the social evil and kindred
subjects and their causes, treatment, and prevention, and the pre-
vention of any hurtful social condition.
"(c) To study and promote the welfare of the dependent and delin-
quent child and to provide either directly or through a bureau of the
9
130 Administrative Departments
board for placing and supervision of dependent, delinquent, and
defective children.
"((/) To inspect and make report on private orphanages, institu-
tions, and persons receiving or placing children, and all such persons,
institutions, and orphanages shall, before soliciting funds from the
public, submit to the State Board of Charities and Public Welfare
an itemized statement of the moneys received and expended and of
the work done during the preceding year, and shall not solicit other
funds until licensed by the State Board, said statement of moneys
received and expended and work done to be made each year as
ordered by the State Board, and said Board shall have the right to
make all such information public.
"(e) To issue bulletins and in other ways to inform the public as
to social conditions and the proper treatment and remedies for social
evils.
"(/) To issue subpoenas and compel attendance of witnesses, ad-
minister oaths, and to send for persons and papers whenever it deems
it necessary in making the investigation provided for herein or in
the other discharge of its duties, and to give such publicity to its
investigations and findings as it may deem best for the public welfare.
"(g) To employ a trained investigator of social service problems
who shall be known as the Commissioner of Public Welfare, and to
employ such other inspectors, officers, and agents as it may deem
needful in the discharge of its duties.
"(h) To recommend to the Legislature social legislation and the
creation of necessary institutions.
"(0 To encourage employment by counties or a county superin-
tendent of public welfare and to cooperate with the county superin-
tendent of public welfare in every way possible.
"(j) To attend, either through its members or agents, social service
conventions and similar conventions and to assist in promoting all
helpful publicity tending to improve social conditions of the State,
and to pay out of the funds appropriated to the State Board, office
expenses, salaries of employees, and all other expenses incurred in
carrying out the duties and powers hereinbefore set out.
"Section 3916. The Board shall also give special attention to the
causes of insanity, defect or loss of the several senses, idiocy, and
the deformity and infirmity of the physical organization. They shall,
besides their own observation, avail themselves of correspondence
and exchange of facts of the labors of others in these departments,
State Board of Charities 131
and thus be able to afford the General Assembly data to guide them
in future legislation for the amelioration of the condition of the
people, as well as to contribute to enlighten public opinion and direct
it to interests so vital to the prosperity of the State. The State
Board shall keep and report statistics of the matters hereinbefore
referred to and shall compile these reports and analyze them with
a view of determining and removing the cause in order to prevent
crime and distress.
"Sec. 3917. The State Board shall have power to inspect county
jails, county homes, and all prisons and prison camps and other
institutions of a penal or charitable nature, and to require reports
from sheriffs of counties and superintendents of public welfare and
other county officers in regard to the conditions of jails and alms-
houses, or in regard to the number, sex, age, physical and mental
condition, criminal record, occupation, nationality and race of in-
mates, or such other information as may be required by said State
Board. The plans and specifications of all new jails and almshouses
shall, before the beginning of the construction thereof, be sub-
mitted for approval to the State Board.
"Sec. 391K. The State Board shall biennially prepare and submit
to the General Assembly a complete and full report of its doings
during the preceding two years, showing the actual condition of all
the State institutions under its supervision with such suggestions
as it may deem necessary and pertinent, which shall be printed by
the State Printer, and shall report such other matters as it may
think for the benefit of the people of the State.
"Sec. 3919. Whenever the Board shall have reason to believe that
any insane person, not incurable, is deprived of proper remedial
treatment, and is confined in any almshouse or other place, whether
such insane person is a public charge or otherwise, it shall be the
duty of the said Board to cause such insane person to be conveyed
to the proper State hospital for the insane, there to receive the best
medical attention. So also it shall be their care that all the unfor-
tunate shall receive benefit from the charities of the State.
"Sec. 3920. The Board may require the superintendents or other
officers of the several charitable and penal institutions of the State
to report to them of any matter relating to the inmates of such in-
stitutions, their manner of instruction and treatment, with struc-
ture of their buildings, and to furnish them any desired statistics
upon demand. No person shall be appointed to any place or posi-
132 Administrative Departments
tion in any of the State institutions under the supervision of the
State Hoard who is related by blood or marriage to any member
of the State Board or to any of the principal officers, superintend-
ents, or wardens or State institutions."
The law also provides that the Board shall appoint County Boards
of Public Welfare, to consist of three persons known to be inter-
ested in social welfare, who shall assist the County Superintendent
of Public Welfare in carrying out plans in the counties. The Com-
missioners and the County Board of Education shall appoint
a County Superintendent of Public Welfare and pay him such
salary as they deem wise, and whose duties are enumerated as
follows:
"(a) To have, under control of the County Commissioners, the
care and supervision of the poor and to administer the poor funds.
"(b) To act as agent of the State Board in relation to any work
to be done by the State Board within the county.
"(c) Under the direction of the State Board to look after and
keep up with the condition of persons discharged from hospitals
for the insane and from other State institutions.
"(d) To have oversight of prisoners in the county on parole from
penitentiaries, reformatories, and all parole prisoners in the county.
"(e) To have oversight of dependent and delinquent children,
and especially those on parole or probation.
"(/) To have oversight of all prisoners in the county on proba-
tion.
"(g) To promote wholesome recreation in the county and to en-
force such laws and regulate commercial amusement.
"(h) Under the direction of the State Board to have oversight of
dependent children placed in said county by the State Board.
"(i) To assist the State Board in finding employment for the
unemployed.
"(;) To investigate into the cause of distress, under the direction
of the State Board, and to make such other investigations in the
interest of social welfare as the State Board may direct.
" (k) To act as chief school attendance officer.
"(7) To act as chief probation officer of the juvenile courts of
the county.
"The State Board shall have power and right at any time to re-
move any member of the county board."
Geological and Economic Survey 133
present membership of the board.
William A. Blair, Chairman Winston-Salem
Carey J. Hunter, Vice-Chairman .Raleigh
A. W. McAllister Greensboro
J. A. McAulay Mt. Gilead
Rev. M. L. Kesler Thomasville
Mrs. Thomas W. Lingle Chapel Hill
Mrs. Walter F. Woodward Wilson
NORTH CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURVEY.
Joseph Hyde Pratt, Director and State Geologist, Chapel Hill, N. C.
The act establishing the North Carolina Geological and Economic
Survey was passed by the General Assembly of 1905. This act, with
subsequent acts, outlines in considerable detail the work with which
this department is charged. Briefly, the Survey is responsible for
carrying out the following work:
(1) The examination of the mineral, forest, fishery and other
resources of the State.
(2) The examination of the geological formations of the State
with reference to their economic products.
(3) The examination of road-building materials and the best
methods of utilizing same.
(4) The examination and classification of the soils and forests
and other physical features of the State, with special reference to
their bearing upon the occupations of the people.
(5) The examination of the streams and waterpowers of the
State, with special reference to their development in manufacturing
enterprises and the preservation of the sources of these streams
through the protection of the forests.
(6) The examination of the water supplies of the State, with
special reference to sinking deep artesian wells.
(7) Enforcement of all laws relating to the prevention of forest
fires and the protection of forests.
(8) The supervision of drainage districts organized under the
North Carolina Drainage Law, and approval of drainage engineers.
(9) To make such recommendations as may be considered advisa-
ble in regard to the conservation, protection and utilization of the
several natural resources of the State.
134 Administrative Departments
(10) To cooperate with the various Federal and State departments
and bureaus.
(11) The preparation of reports giving the results of investiga-
tions conducted according to the above.
The Survey has been organized into divisions, with a competent
engineer in charge of each, who has detailed supervision of its work.
These divisions and the chiefs of each are as follows:
Administrative and Records Division, Joseph Hyde Pratt, director.
Geological and Mining Division, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State Geolo-
gist.
Forestry Division, J. S. Holmes, State Forester.
Water Resources Division, Thorndike Saville, Hydraulic Engineer.
Drainage and Reclamation Division, Joseph Hyde Pratt, State
Geologist.
Mapping Division, Prof. T. F. Hickerson, Topographic Engineer.
Biological Division, .
State Forests and Parks Division, J. S. Holmes.
On account of limited appropriations of the Survey only a few of
the engineers and scientists can be "employed for their full time,
many of them devoting only a few months in the year to the work.
The Survey has had the most hearty cooperation with the various
Federal bureaus, such as the United States Geological Survey, the
United States Bureau of Public Roads, the United States Coast and
Geodetic Survey, the United States Forest Service, the United States
Fisheries Commission, the National Association of Audubon Socie-
ties, the American Association of State Highway Officials, and
various State associations, such as the North Carolina Good Roads
Association, the North Carolina Drainage Association, and the
North Carolina Forestry Association.
GEOLOGICAL AND MINING DIVISION.
The geological work carried on by this division during the past
two years has consisted principally of investigations of the iron
ores and deposits of structural materials, such as stone, gravel, sand
and clay. Preliminary reports have been prepared on these mate-
rials which have been furnished to the Highway Commission and to
individuals and others interested in their production. The Survey
tries in every way possible to bring together the producer and con-
sumer of the various minerals of the State.
Geological a.\d Economic Survey 135
The report on the cretaceous formations of the Coastal Plain
region has been completed and is ready for the printer. This will
be published as Volume V of the Survey's publications. This report,
together with Volume III on the genereal geology of the Coastal
Plain region, is of special interest to those who are interested in
the water resources of Eastern North Carolina, in its lime and
marl deposits, and to those interested in the supposed occurrence
of oil.
Statistics relating to the production of the various minerals and
ores of the State were collected in cooperation with the United
States Geological Survey. Mineral specimens from various sections
of the State have been tested and reported on. While the majority
of these specimens are of little value commercially, occasionally
one is sent in which either has a commercial value or is of scientific
interest. Through this means deposits of commercial minerals
have been located which have proved to be of considerable value.
The following publications have been printed and distributed
during the past two years relating to mineral subjects:
Economic Paper No. 49, "The Mining Industry in North Carolina
During 1913-1917, Inclusive."
Press Bulletin No. 170, "The Mining Industry in North Carolina
During 1918."
An investigation has been made of methods of mining and treat-
ment for the Cherokee and Clay County limonite iron ores and the
magnetic iron ores of Ashe and Avery Counties.
The State Geologist has been assisted in this work by Prof. W. S.
Bayley, Geologist; Prof. Wm. F. Prouty, Geologist; Mr. Jasper L.
Stuckey, Assistant Geologist, and Mr. Stanley C. Sears, Metallurgical
Engineer.
FORESTRY DIVISION.
The forestry work of the Survey is to examine, study, and report
on the forest resources of the State in their relation to the life and
activities of the people. Through the action of the 1915 legislature,
there has been added the duty of protecting the forests from fire
and of making experiments in forestry practice for the benefit
of the people of the State. Studies of the forest resources of the
various counties, of the wood-using industries of the State, and of
various other features have been made. Many private woodland
1156 Administrative Departments
tracts have been examined and advice for their conservative manage-
ment given to the owners. Illustrated lectures have been given at
the public schools and talks on practical forest management made
at Farmers' Institutes and on many other occasions.
The most important work of the Survey has been in connection
with the prevention of forest fires. With the idea of securing re-
liable information on the damage done by fires and at the same time
interesting leaders of thought in each township in Are prevention,
annual inquiries by correspondence have been carried on for the
past eleven years. The results show an average annual loss of
$960,000 reported from about half the townships of the State.
The Forestry Law, enacted by the legislature of 1915, provided for
the extinguishment and prevention of forest fires through the em-
ployment of competent forest wardens, payment for fire fighting,
and penalties for setting illegal fires. Unfortunately, the enforce-
ment of this law has been postponed owing to lack of funds. It
was hoped that the last General Assembly would remedy that defect,
but the bill to provide a small appropriation failed to become a law.
It is believed that the legislature of 1921 will make necessary pro-
vision for carrying it out.
The Survey has, with its own inadequate funds, done what was
possible to enforce many importance provisions of the Forestry
Law. It has continued to have printed and distributed posters
warning against fire, and has circulated copies of the new law.
A few forest wardens have been appointed, where their services
were most needed, but it is impossible to make this work as
effective as it should be on account of lack of sufficient funds to
employ the necessary number of wardens. No general advantage
can be taken of this law until the State makes a sufficient appro-
priation to adequately meet the provisions of it.
By reason of the enactment of this law, the State Geologist has
been enabled to secure from the Federal Government a sum not
exceeding $2,300 a year for the purpose of employing Federal Patrol-
men under the Weeks Law. Several of these patrolmen have been
appointed each spring and fall to cooperate with organizations of
landowners, such as the Tryon Forestry Club, the Mt. Mitchell
Forest Protective Association, and the Linville Forest Protective
Association, or to cover a larger district independently, as is in-
tended by the Federal Government. These men have done good
work, not only by actually preventing and extinguishing fires, but
Geological and Economic Survey 137
by forming centers of information and activity which will bear
good fruit in the future.
The Government now appoints through the Survey some patrol-
men to cover entire counties or other large districts, even though
active local cooperation was not obtained, with the idea of assisting
in an educational campaign to interest the people in forest pro-
tection. There has been some difficulty, however, in securing suit-
able men for this work, chiefly because of its temporary nature.
An item in the Agricultural Bill recently introduced into Con-
gress calls for an appropriation of $1,000,000 for cooperating with
the States in forest fire prevention, forest investigation and forest
planting. This measure has the endorsement of the Secretary of
Agriculture, the U. S. Forest Service, and several of the leading
timber-using industries. Should this measure pass the Forest
Service proposes under it to make apportionments to the States
on a percentage basis of what it would cost to adequately protect
all the forests of the State from fire. After some one-half of the
total annual appropriation had been apportioned in this way, addi-
tional amounts up to 25 per cent of the total cost might be secured
on condition that the State should require by law measures neces-
sary to insure the replacement of the forest. The restrictions of
the present Weeks Law would probably be removed. Under such
an arrangement North Carolina should be able to secure from the
Federal Government $25,000 at once, provided the State would ap-
propriate that much, and eventually as much as $50,000 to $75,000.
Under the law of 1915 (Chapter 253), the General Assembly
recognized the duty of the State to experiment in and demonstrate
practical methods of forestry. One of the most pressing needs at
the present time is experiments to determine the best ways of
reforesting the non-agricultural lands of the different regions of
the State. A start has been made on the State property at Sana-
torium in the Sandhill region and on the spruce lands in Mitchell
Park, but a definite appropriation is needed to put these experi-
ments on a practical basis.
In order to interest the people of North Carolina in better forest
protection and to educate the young people, and especially the
children, in a better understanding and wiser use of our natural
resources, the Survey has cooperated with a number of organiza-
tions where such cooperation would help. Much of our most effec-
tive work in education has been accomplished through the Con-
138 Administrative Departments
servation Department of the State Federation of Women's Clubs.
Following the purchase of Mitchell State Park by a Commission
appointed by Governor Craig, under the authority of the Legis-
lature of 1915, which Commission secured 500 acres of spruce land,
including the summit of Mt. Mitchell, Governor Bickett, in the
summer of 1917, requested the Survey to take charge of this park.
The Survey accepted the commission and has had charge of the
park since that time. A forest warden was appointed to open up
trails, inform and look after the large number of visitors, and
protect the park from fire. This work was essential to the proper
administration of the property, and a fund derived from the sale
of dead timber, supplemented by Survey funds and a loan from
General Julian S. Carr, was available to pay the salary of this
warden and his assistants.
Realizing that the greater part of the forest area of North
Carolina is included in farms, the Survey has devoted a great deal
of attention to the study of farm forestry and the assisting of
farmers in the better management of their woodlands. Following
the reiterated recommendation of the Survey, the State Director
of the Agricultural Extension Service appointed a Farm Forestry
Specialist in March, 1918. Through a mutual arrangement between
the Survey, the Federal Government, and the State Agricultural
Department, this man is to work under the joint direction of the
State Forester, the Director of Extension, and the United States
Forest Service. He will deal with all forestry questions connected
with the woodlands included in the farms of the State. This
cooperative work has been very satisfactorily carried on.
The Survey has assisted the North Carolina Forestry Association
very materially by helping to organize and hold its annual meetings,
which, besides their interest for the delegates who attend, have a
wide influence on public opinion throughout the State.
The Forestry Division of the Survey has before it a large and
increasing field of usefulness. Reconstruction following the war
must take into consideration the adjustment of supply and demand
as regards our forest resources. The study of the timber condi-
tions of the various counties, which up to the present include all
the mountain and Piedmont counties, must be extended to the
coastal plain counties.
The children of our schools and students of our colleges should
understand the problems with which they will eventually have
Geological and Economic Survey
139
to deal. The Survey must continue to furnish speakers, publica-
tions, articles for the press, and other information, and be ready
at all times to assist the citizens of the State and those who would
become so in the forestry problems confronting them. Experi-
ments must be conducted in order to have definite and practical
information available; and, for these, the State should have at least
one Experiment Forest in each of the forest regions. The planting
of trees along our improved highways will become an important
public activity, and State nurseries should be maintained to fur-
nish at cost planting stock both for shade trees and for farm
planting. The protection of the forest lands of the State from
fire, authorized by the law of 1915, must be carried out with
efficiency and economy. For these purposes a suitable appropria-
tion should be made by the next General Assembly.
In order to emphasize the value of the forests of North Carolina
and their need of protection by the State and the necessity of the
General Assembly passing adequate legislation and making sufficient
appropriations for protecting this valuable natural resource, there
is given below an estimated amount and value of standing timber,
young forest growth in North Carolina, and the damage from
forest fires during the past ten years.
ESTIMATED AMOUNT AND VALUE OF STANDING TIMBER IN NORTH
CAROLINA SUITABLE FOR SAW TIMBER, 1920
Mountain
Region
Piedmont
Region
Coastal
Plain Region
Total
State
Total areas, acres
4,150,000
3,130,000
a2, 800, 000
8,500,000
$42,000,000
b300,000
600,000
S 6,000,000
9,100,000
$48,000,000
12,850,000
7,200,000
c4, 200, 000
2,930,000
$14,650,000
d2, 400, 000
4,160,000
$20,800,000
7,090,000
$35,450,000
14,190,000
10,800,000
2,500,000
6,000,000
$ 24,000,000
f8, 300, 000
12,000,000
$ 60,000,000
18,000,000
S 84,000,000
31,190,000
Area forested
21,130,000
Hardwood forest:
Total stand, 1,000-ft
9,500,000
17,430,000
Value
$ 80,650,000
Softwood forest:
Area .. _.
11,000,000
Total stand, 1,000-ft
16,760,000
Value
$ 86,800,000
Total stand, 1,000-ft
34,190,000
Total value
$167,450,000
Note:
a. Includes mixed hardwood and softwood forests.
b. Spruce forests only.
c. Includes mixed hardwood and pine forests.
d. Second growth or old field pine forests.
e. Chiefly hardwood swamps.
f. Includes both longleaf and shortleaf pine forests.
140
Administrative Departments
ESTIMATED VALUE OF YOUNG FOREST GROWTH IN NORTH CAROLINA 1920
Total area, in acres in region.
Forested area
Hardwood forest area
Area not producing
Merchantable timber area
Area young growth
Value young growth
Softwood forest area
Area not producing
Merchantable timber area
Area young growth
Value young growth
Total value young growth
Mountain
Region
4.
3
2,
1
a2.
$37,
150,000
130,000
800,000
300,000
000,000
500,000
500,000
300,000
260,000
in. iiiiii
$37,500,000
Piedmont
Region
12,800,000
7,200,000
4,200,000
200,000
1,000,000
a4, 000, 000
$60,000,000
2,400,000
160,000
240,000
2,000,000
$40,000,000
$100,000,000
Coastal
Plain Region
14,000,000
10,800,000
2,500,000
1,200,000
1,300,000
13,000,000
8,300,000
3,300,000
2,900,000
2,100,000
42,000,000
55,000,000
State
30,950,000
21,1311,0110
9,500,000
500,000
3,200,000
7,800,000
$110,500,000
11,000,000
3,720,000
3,180,000
4,100,000
$ 82,000,000
8192,500,000
a. Includes some areas on which there is mature timber.
STATEMENT OF DAMAGE BY FOREST FIRES
throughout State for ten-year period, 1910-1919, inclusive, as reported annually by township
correspondents
Total forested area of State 20,000,000
Total number acres forest land burnt over 3,949,000
Total value timber destroyed $ 2,140,000
Total value young growth destroyed 3,591,000
Total value forest products destroyed 3,856,000
Total value improvements destroyed 1,023,000
Grand total value of all damage reported 10,610,000
During the past two years the Survey has prepared and distrib-
uted the following publications relating to forestry:
Press Bulletins:
169. Timber Resources of Moore County, Julv 15, 1919
171. Our Future Hardwood Supply, March 20, 1920.
172. The Relation of Water Resources to Forestry, July 10. 1920.
173. A Minimum Forest Policv for the Southern Appalachians, July 25, 1920.
174. Forest Taxation, August 1, 1920.
Special Publications:
Forest Protection or Devastation? Published by the North Carolina Forestry
Association, August, 1920.
The Forester has been assisted in this work by Mr. W. D. Clark, Chief Fire Warden,
and Mr. H. A. Carroll, Special Agent.
WATER RESOURCES
The work of this division consists
under the following heads:
1. Water Powers
Gauging Stations.
2. Water Supply for Cities and Towns
Mountain Region.
Piedmont Region.
Coastal Plain Region.
3. Protection of Watersheds.
DIVISION.
of investigations carried on
Geological and Economic Survey 141
Water Powers. — Notwithstanding the larger developments that
have been made by the Southern Power Company, Aluminum Com-
pany of America, and the Carolina Light and Power Company, there
is still a very much larger demand for power in the various cities
and towns of the State than can be supplied by these companies.
After the preliminary investigations have been made and it has
been ascertained whether or not a certain amount of power can be
developed, the final examination or preparation of plans for its de-
velopment are not made by the Survey, but the city or corporation
is referred to competent hydraulic engineers in private life to take
up this work for them.
The State Survey is cooperating with the Federal Survey in oper-
ating gauging stations and in making discharge measurements on
several streams and rivers in Western and Piedmont North Caro-
lina. The Federal Government. is cooperating heartily with the Sur-
vey in this work.
Water Supply for Cities and Towns: — Special investigations have
been made of water supplies for Carthage, Moore County, and High
Point, Guilford County; an investigation of the sewerage and water
supply problem of Wadesboro, Anson County; complete water re-
sources surveys of Wilkes and Surry Counties; investigation of
available water power for Fayetteville, Cumberland County; and an
investigation of water power on Deep River, near Glendon. Tenta-
tive requests have been received for water resources surveys of
Buncombe and Moore Counties.
There have been two field parties at work a part of the time,
one consisting of Mr. Sheldon C. Austin, of Richfield, N. C, and Mr.
E. S. Teague, of Taylorsville, N. C, both students of the university;
and the other consisting of Messrs. A. Y. Cottrell and Hall E. Cobb,
both of Lenoir, N. C.
Protection of Watersheds. — The protection of watersheds from a
sanitary standpoint is worked out by Professor Saville, and the pro-
tection of the forest areas on the watersheds or their reforestation
is carried on under the supervision of Mr. Holmes, the Forester.
A map is bing prepared showing the transmission lines of the
various power companies. The power companies have been very
generous in supplying the Survey with information regarding their
transmission lines and the character of the power development of
their several sites.
142 Administrative Departments
In order to obtain the information and data desired as early as
possible and also to be able to give to the counties and municipali-
ties information they need regarding their water powers and water
supplies the Survey, in carrying out its water resources survey of
the State, is cooperating with the counties and municipalities in
making the survey of their areas on a 50 per cent basis.
The following figures regarding water powers in North Carolina
and the amount that is being utilized illustrate strikingly the need
for this water power survey of the several counties:
The total developed hydro-electric power in the State is now dis-
tributed about as follows:
Horsepower,
Southern Power Company and subsidiaries 65,000
Carolina Power and Light Company 36,000
Aluminum Company of America (Badin Plant) 118,000
Aluminum Company of America (Cheoah Plant) 72,000
Blue Ridge Power Company 8,000
Roanoke Rapids Power Company ' 6,000
Other developments, about 25,000
330,000
Of this power, the 8,000 horsepower at Tuxedo by the Blue Ridge
Power Company is transmitted for use in Spartansburg, South
Carolina. The 118,000 at Badin is used in the local reduction of
aluminum, and the 72,000 horsepower at Cheoah is transmitted for a
similar use in Tennessee. Thus, only some 131,000 horsepower, or
about 40 per cent of all the power developed in the State, is avail-
able for general industrial and commercial use.
There is still undeveloped water powers in the Stat6 that will
aggregate at least one million horsepower, and it is to bring
about the development of this water power and its utilization that
the Survey is urging sufficient appropriations for making the water
resources survey of the State.
The following publications relating to water resources have been
issued during the past two years:
Press Bulletins:
173. The Relation of Water Resources to Forestry, July 10, 1920.
175. The Water Powers of North Carolina, August 10, 1920.
Geological and Economic Survey 143
drainage and reclamation division
Since the passage of the North Carolina Drainage Act by the
General Assembly of 1909 there have been 142 projects organized or
proposed under this Act. Of this number 51 were districts embracing
overflowed lands of Burke, Cabarrus, Catawba, Cleveland, Davidson,
Forsyth, Gaston, Guilford, Iredell, Lincoln, Mecklenburg, Moore,
Rockingham and Rowan Counties of the Piedmont region, and
Henderson County of the Mountain region; and 91 projects have in-
cluded the swamp lands of Beaufort, Bladen, Camden, Carteret,
Chowan, Columbus, Craven, Cumberland, Currituck, Duplin, Edge-
combe, Hartnett, Hyde, New Hanover, Onslow, Pamlico, Pender,
Perquimans, Pitt, Robeson, Sampson, Tyrrell, Washington, Wayne
and Wilson Counties of the Coastal Plain region. Of these 142
projects, 75 districts, representing 615,000 acres, have been completed
and the lands drained; 15 districts have been approved; 59 districts
have been proposed and are either in the preliminary stages of
organization or are held up for one cause or another; 9 projects
have been abandoned as not feasible at the present time.
Of this reclaimed acreage, approximately 30,000 acres is reclaimed
overflowed lands of the Piedmont region which before its reclamation
was not worth, as producing land, over $25 per acre, but is now
worth from $100 to $200 per acre. At an average value of $100
per acre it would make the value of this land now $300,000, or an
increase of $225,000. The market value of the 585,000 acres of re-
claimed swamp lands is at least $50 per acre, making the total
minimum value of these reclaimed swamp lands $29,250,000. Be-
fore their reclamation these lands were not valued at more than
$2 per acre and a great deal of the land was on the tax books at 50
cents or less per acre. Estimating its previous value at $2 per acre,
or a total of $1,170,000, this makes a gain to the State in the value
of the reclaimed swamp lands of $28,080,000, at a cost of not over
$75,000 to the State.
There are still approximately 2,000,000 acres of swamp lands in
the Coastal Plain region of North Carolina, of which at least 1,250,-
000 acres represents land that can be drained and when drained
will make very productive agricultural land. The soil of the balance
of the swamp areas is more peaty in character and not so susceptible
to profitable drainage at the present time.
The Survey has cooperated and organized the work of the North
Carolina Drainage Association and has arranged for its annual
144 Administrative Departments
meeting, which was held at Washington, N. C, March 31, and April
1, 1920. This is the first meeting held by the Association since the
beginning of the war.
On account of lack of funds the Survey has not been able to carry
out as full a program as it is desired in connection with the exam-
ination of proposed drainage districts, and assisting the districts
in developing the reclaimed lands and bringing settlers to take up
these lands. The Survey is also cooperating with the National
Drainage Congress, and it is proposed to hold, in connection with the
next meeting of this Congress in 1921, a drainage exposition which
will illustrate what has been accomplished in reclamation work
in the several States. At this exposition the districts will be able
to advertise pretty thoroughly their reclaimed lands. The Survey
has kept in touch with all legislation relating to drainage and has
published and distributed widely copies of the North Carolina
Drainage Law and amendments, together with a book of forms to be
used in the organization of drainage districts. During the past
two years the following publications have been issued relating to
drainage:
Economic Paper No. 50. — Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Drainage Congestion.
MAPPING MVISION
The work of this Division includes the preparation of the various
maps of the State, and can be summarized as follows:
1 — Base Map
2 — Topographic Map
3 — Traverse Map
4 — Geological May.
(1) Base Map. — The base map of the State has already been pre-
pared by the Survey in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey.
This is used in the preparation of all the other maps and also used
for special maps which are to show transmission lines of power
companies, railroad lines; forest areas; highways, etc. This base
map has to be corrected from time to time as new railways are
constructed, county lines changed, canals constructed, etc. A
revision of this base map is now being made and the new map
will show forest areas, the principal canals constructed in con-
nection with drainage districts, new railways, etc.
Geological and Economic Survey 145
(2) Topographic Map. — The most valuable map to the State is
the topographic map. This is also the most expensive to prepare.
This map is being made in cooperation with the U. S. Geological
Survey, but only as rapidly as the State will cooperate with the
Federal Survey. The States that cooperate will be the first to be
mapped, and in a recent communication from the Chairman of the
Board of Surveys and. Maps of the Federal Government he states:
"I am advised by the Geological Survey that the least workable
appropriation which should be asked for is $5,000, for the reason
that, on a dollar for dollar basis, such an appropriation, matched
by an equal amount from the Government, will serve to survey
one regular quadrangle; and further, that probably they would not
be able to use annually more than $25,000. in view of the fact that
it is anticipated a large number of States will secure appropriations
this year."
The State should, if possible, provide for a sufficient amount
so that it can cooperate to the limit of $25,000 a year with the
Federal Survey. Such a topographic map of the whole State would
be of inestimable value to the State Highway Commission in its
highway work; to the Survey and power companies in water power
investigations; to railway corporations in their location Avork;
and to the Survey and mining companies in preparation of geologi-
cal maps of different areas.
(3) Traverse Map. — There is a continual demand for traverse
maps of the various counties which would be on a much larger
scale than the State map and would show in more detail certain
conditions of the county and location of houses than can be shown
on the smaller scale maps. The traverse maps would not show
the topography unless this had already been prepared in con-
nection with the topographic map, but would show township
lines, county lines, railways, streams, swamp areas, forest areas,
cities and towns, schoolhouses, churches, and all houses in the
country. These maps are somewhat expensive to prepare as all
the roads and streams are actually traversed as in the prepara-
tion of a topographic map. The map, however, when completed,
is of inestimable value to county commissioners, county road com-
missioners, and county superintendents of schools. The traverse
map is also necessary in preparing the county soil maps which are
made by the Department of Agriculture.
10
146 Administrative Departments
(4) Geological Map.— The Survey is preparing a new geological
map of the State which will show in considerable detail the vari-
ous geological formations. Several special geological maps have
been published of different portions of the State, as the Coastal
Plain region, mountain region, and certain sections of the Pied-
mont area.
BIOLOGICAL DIVISION.
The work that comes under this Division is investigations relat-
ing to fish and oysters, birds, plants, mushrooms, etc.
Through a series of investigations it has been ascertained that
certain shellfish, such as the oyster, clam, diamond-back terrapin,
etc., can be economically cultivated in North Carolina waters; and,
as a result of this investigation, a company was organized in
Beaufort for raising the diamond-back terrapin commercially, and
this venture has proved successful. There is also great possibility
in the cultivation of the oyster, and with the proper State pro-
tection of the oyster grounds, this should grow into a flourishing
industry.
There is a great need for adequate legislation for the protection
of our fish and game, and as soon as such legislation is passed
there will be many problems that should be investigated by the
State in connection with the use and propagation of fish and
game. Very little effort has been made to determine what is the
actual value to the State of North Carolina of its waters from a
standpoint of the game fish that they contain, and the Survey is
now investigating this question. It is expected that some very
interesting data can be presented to the next General Assembly
in regard to the actual commercial value to the State of this
natural resource. From the tourist standpoint fishing in mountain
streams is a very great asset, and it is thought that with very
little effort the Federal Government can be induced to establish a
large hatchery in Western North Carolina, provided the State
had adequate laws for the protection of the fish.
Dr. W. C. Coker has prepared for the Survey an elaborate manu-
script, thoroughly illustrated, on "The Mushrooms of North Caro-
lina." It has been impossible to publish this report on account of
lack of funds. Portions of this have been published in the Journal
of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, but it is not available to
the people of the State as it should be, and therefore the people
are losing the value of this work. Dr. Coker and his assistants
Geological and Economic Survey 147
are now at work investigating and preparing for publication a
volume on the plants of North Carolina. The plan of the Survey
in the preparation of this volume is to have it so arranged that
it can be used as a textbook of Botany of North Carolina.
STATE FOREST AND PARKS DIVISION.
Mount Mitchell Park. — When the Mount Mitchell Park Commis-
sion was created by the General Assembly of 1919 no appropriation
was made for carrying on the work of protection and administra-
tion. The work was finally, at the request of Governor Bickett,
taken over by the Survey and the Survey has advanced the neces-
sary funds to carry on the work, these funds supplementing moneys
received from the sale of dead timber and a loan. The State For-
ester is a member of the Commission and has had general super-
vision of the work. The principal work done has been to protect
the forests on the park from fire, and in connection with this the
Survey is having constructed a fire line between the slash left by
the logging operations and the green timber.
The park, which cost originally $18,600, has undoubtedly doubled
in value since its purchase.
The Survey, in cooperation with the Sanatorium officials, has been
carrying on some experimental work in replanting part of the area
around the Sanatorium. The Survey also hopes to cooperate with
other institutions in looking after forest areas belonging to these
institutions.
GEOLOGICAL BOARD.
Gov. T. W. Bickett, ex officio, Chairman Raleigh
John Spbtjnt Hill Durham
R. G. Lassiter Oxford
F. R. Hewitt Asheville
C. C. Smoot. Ill North Wilkesboro
Joseph Hyde Pratt, Director and State Geologist, Chapel Hill.
STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION.
W. S. Fai.lis, State Highway Engineer, Raleigh, N. C.
By an act of the General Assembly of 1915, Chapter 113, there was
created a North Carolina State Highway Commission. The duties
148 Administrative Departments
of this Commission are to assist the counties in developing a state
and county system of highways.
Under that act, the State Highway Commission consisted of the
Governor, three citizens of the State who were appointed by the
Governor, one from the eastern, one from the central and one from
the western portion of the State (one of whom shall be a member of
the minority political party), the State Geologist, a professor of
civil engineering of the University of North Carolina, and a pro-
fessor of the North Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engi-
neering, said professors to be designated by the Governor. Such
assistants and clerks as might be needed were to be appointed by
the State Highway Engineer.
The General Assembly of 1919 changed the law and provided
that the Commission should consist of four members to be appointed
by the Governor and confirmed by the Senate. One member must
reside in the eastern section of the State, one in the central section,
and one in the western section. The fourth may be appointed with-
out regard to his residence. The Chairman of the Commission
is the State Highway Commissioner and is required to give all of
his time to the duties of his office.
The first meeting of the Commission was held March 31, 1915, at
which time the Commission was fully organized and a discussion
entered into as to the law and future work of the Commission.
The work of the Commission ranges from advice and cooperation
to taking complete charge of engineering work in the different
counties and townships of the State.
Since the organization of the Commission it has worked out for
the counties many methods by which the road work can be done
more economically and successfully than heretofore. The State
Highway Engineer has arranged with the different railroads for a
special low rate on road material, which arrangement has to come
through the State Highway Commission, and this is proving of value
in much of the road work in the State.
The Federal Aid Road Fund comes through the State Highway
Commission.
Fisheries Commission Board 149
FISHERIES COMMISSION BOARD.
The Fisheries Commission Board was created by the General
Assembly of 1915 for the purpose of enforcing the laws relating to
fish. It consists of five members appointed by the Governor, at
least three of whom must be from the several fishing districts of
the State, and have a practical knowledge of the fishing industry.
The Board appoints a fisheries commissioner who is responsible
to it for carrying out the duties of his office. The term of his office
is four years. He is authorized to appoint two assistants by and
with the consent of the Fisheries Commission Board. He also ap-
points, with the approval of the Board, inspectors in each county,
under his jurisdiction. The Fisheries Commission Board is given
jurisdiction over and control of all the fisheries of the State, which
is construed by the act creating the Board to include porpoises
and other marine mammals, fishes, mollusca and crustaceans, and
all operations involved in using, setting, or operating apparatus
employed in killing or taking said fish or in transporting or pre-
paring them for market. The Board also has authority and power
to regulate, prohibit, or restrict in time, place, character, and dimen-
sions, the use of nets, appliances, apparatus, or other means em-
ployed in taking or killing fish, and to regulate seasons at which
the various species of fish be taken in the several waters of the
State, and to prescribe the minimum size of fish which may be
taken. It has general supervision of the acts of its officers and
employees. The Fisheries Commissioner is responsible to the Board
for his acts in carrying out and enforcing all the laws, rules, and
regulations of the Board pertaining to the fishing industry in the
State. He must also see that all license and other taxes are col-
lected and paid to the Treasurer. The State owns five boats, which
are used for patrolling the waters and enforcing the laws.
MEMBERS OF THE FISHERIES COMMISSION BOARD
Ed. Chambf.hs Smith, Chairman Raleigh
A. V. Cobb Windsor
S. P. Hancock Beaufort
E. H. Freeman Wilmington
J. C. Baum Poplar Branch
John A. Nelson, Fisheries Commissioner. . . .Gloucester
Theo. S. Meekins, Assistant Commissioner Manteo
W. G. Dixon, Assistant Commissioner. Oriental
150 Administrative Departments
STATE BOARD OF ELECTIONS.
The State Board of Elections consists of five electors appointed by
the Governor for a term of two years. Not more than three of them
may be of the same political party. Vacancies occurring in the
Board are filled by the Governor. Members of the State Board of
Elections receive, in full compensation for their services, $4 per day
for the time they are actually engaged in the discharge of their
duties together with their actual traveling expenses, and such other
expenses as are necessary and incident to the discharge of the duties
imposed upon them relating to elections.
MEMBERS OF THE BOARD
Wilson G. Lamb, Chairman Williamston
R. T. Claywell, Secretary Morganton
W. J. Dams Hendersonville
B. S. Roystek Oxford
Clarence Call Wilkesboro
STATE STANDARD KEEPER.
The State Standard Keeper is appointed by the Governor to take
care of the balances, weights, and measures prescribed by law, and
perform such other duties as the Governor may prescribe touching
said balances, weights, and measures. It is his duty to procure and
furnish, at prime cost, to any of the counties, upon an order of the
Board of County Commissioners, any of the standard sealed weights
and measures required by law to be kept, and he is authorized, by
and with the approval of the Governor, to contract for the manufac-
ture of plain sealed weights substantially made of iron, steel or
brass, as the county ordering may direct; yardstick made of sub-
stantial wood, each end neatly covered with metal, sealed, marked
and stamped "N. C"; half bushel, peck, half peck, quarter peck, and
one-eighth peck, made of substantial, well-seasoned wood, with se-
cure metallic binding and casing; gallon, half gallon, quart, pint,
half pint, and gill measure, made of light sheet copper with iron
handles. He must procure and furnish, as herein provided, to the
Board of Commissioners of any county ordering the same, dry and
liquid sealed measures and yardstick made of brass or copper.
State Standard Keeper, T. F. Brockwell, Raleigh, N. C.
Audubon Society of North Carolina 151
FIREMEN'S RELIEF FUND.
The State of North Carolina pays $2,500 a year to the North
Carolina State Volunteer Firemen's Association and to the North
Carolina State Firemen's Association, which fund is known as the
Firemen's Relief Fund.
The purpose of the fund is for the relief of firemen, members of
such associations, who may be injured or made sick by disease
contracted in the actual discharge of duty as firemen, and for the
relief of widows, children or dependent mothers of such firemen
who may be killed or die from disease contracted in the discharge
of their duty. Such duty must be performed in the service of the
fire department from the time of the fire alarm until the mem-
bers are dismissed by the company officers at roll call, or in service
connected with the fire department which is directed to be per-
formed by the officer in charge.
Any fireman of good, moral character in North Carolina, and be-
longing to an organized fire company, who will comply with the
requisitions of the constitution and by-laws of the North Carolina
State Firemen's Association may become a member of this Asso-
ciation, and be eligible to relief from the fund.
THE AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NORTH CAROLINA.
Miss Placide H. Underwood, Raleigh, Secretary.
The Audubon Society of North Carolina was incorporated in 1903,
with J. Y. Joyner, T. Gilbert Pearson, R. H. Lewis, A. H. Boyden,
H. H. Brimley, P. D. Gold, Jr., J. F. Jordan, and R. N. Wilson as
incorporators. (Rev. 1905, Sec. 1863.)
The officers of The Audubon Society of North Carolina are a Presi-
dent, Vice-P'resident, Secretary and Treasurer, and such other officers
as may be fixed by the by-laws. (Rev. 1905, Sec. 1863.)
The objects for which the corporation is formed are to promote
among the citizens of North Carolina a better appreciation of the
value of the song and insectivorous birds to man and the State; to
encourage parents and teachers to give instruction to children on
the subject; to stimulate public sentiment against the destruction
of wild birds and their eggs; to secure the enactment and the en-
forcement of proper and necessary laws for the protection and
preservation of the birds and game of North Carolina. Its further
152 Administrative Departments
office is, through the appointment of game wardens, to rigidly en-
force the laws for game and bird protection.
The funds received by the Treasurer of the State from the license
tax on nonresident hunters constitutes a fund known as the Bird
and Game Fund. This fund is paid out by the Treasurer of the
State on the order of the Treasurer of The Audubon Society of
North Carolina, who makes an annual report to the Governor of the
receipts and expenditures of the society for each year.
The Governor, upon the recommendation of The Audubon Society,
appoints bird and game wardens and the Treasurer of the Society,
whose term of office, unless otherwise provided for, are during good
behavior, or until their successors are appointed. The Governor
issues to the Treasurer of the Audubon Society and to each person
appointed as warden, a commission. These commissions are trans-
mitted to the clerk's office of the Superior Court for the county from
which the prospective treasurer or bird and game warden is ap-
pointed.
Every person appointed as game warden, before entering upon the
duties of the office, is required to take oath before the clerk of the
Superior Court of the county in which he resides that he will faith-
fully perform the duties of said office, and execute a bond in the
sum of one hundred dollars for the faithful discharge of his duties.
The compensation of wardens is fixed and paid by the society.
There are thirty-two counties of the State under the jurisdiction
of The Audubon Society and there are sixty-one game wardens in
the various counties, each county having one or more wardens.
Any nonresident of the State who desires to hunt in any of the
counties under the jurisdiction of The Audubon Society is required
to make application to the clerk of the Superior Court of any of
the counties under Audubon control, and the clerk of the court
issues such license upon the payment of a fee of ten dollars and
clerk's fee. A nonresident hunting license issued by the clerk of
the Superior Court of any one of the counties under the jurisdiction
of The Audubon Society is valid in all the Audubon counties, while
a nonresident hunting license issued in a county not under the
jurisdiction of The Audubon Society can be used only in the county
in which it is issued.
In 1909 the General Assembly of North Carolina passed an act
withdrawing certain counties from Audubon protection. Subsequent
to 1909 other counties have been withdrawn so that at the present
Audubon Society of North Carolina
153
time there are only thirty
The Audubon Society of N
are under the jurisdiction
Alamance
Alleghany
Ashe
Avery
Bladen
Brunswick
Buncombe
Burke
Caldwell
Chatham
Columbus
two counties under the jurisdiction of
orth Carolina. The following counties
of The Audubon Society:
Durham
Edgecombe
Greene
Haywood
Iredell
Lee
Lenoir
McDowell
Mecklenburg
Moore
New Hanover
Northampton
Orange
Person
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford
Surry
Watauga
Wake
Yancey
In its efforts towards education, The Audubon Society has ex-
pended part of its funds towards the publication of a book on North
Carolina birds. The Society has had prepared and has had paid for
the plates presenting pictures of bird life in North Carolina. During
the year 1919 The Book on North Carolina Birds, by T. Gilbert
Pearson, C. S. Brimley, and H. H. Brimley, was published after a
period of several years, the material for this book having been de-
stroyed by fire when the establishment of E. M. Uzzle & Co. was
burned in November, 1915. This is a joint publication of the North
Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, the State Audubon So-
ciety and the State Museum. Copies of this publication can be se-
cured either from the office of the Secretary of the Audubon Society,
Raleigh, or from the North Carolina Geological and Economic Sur-
vey, Chapel Hill, upon the payment of $2.75 for cloth bound copies
and $2.00 paper bound.
The Audubon Society owns two small islands in Pamlico Sound
which are patrolled by a game warden during the nesting season.
These islands are Leggett Lump and Royal Shoal.
In an attempt to increase a state-wide interest in bird and game
conservation, the secretaries of the Society have given illustrated
bird lectures and talked on bird study to Teacher's Institutes, Com-
munity Clubs, Women's Clubs and to many of the schools in the
State, and a great many Junior Audubon Societies have been organ-
ized and several schools and clubs have held "Bird Days" as a result
of this work.
154 Administrative Departments
A bill providing for the enactment of a state-wide game commis-
sion to take over the work of The Audubon Society was introduced
into the Senate by Senator Kelly, Chairman of the Senate Committee
on Game at the last session of the General Assembly (1917). This
bill, amended several times so as to exempt certain counties from
its provisions, passed its first reading. On its second reading, there
were so many amendments offered that the bill was referred to the
committee. The committee stripped the bill of all amendments and
reported it back to the Senate with a substitute amendment. When
the bill came up for passage, however, there were several more
amendments offered and a parliamentary wrangle followed, during
which the bill was tabled. It was then so near the end of the ses-
sion of the General Assembly that there was not sufficient time to
take the matter up in the House and the matter was dropped.
When The Audubon Society was organized the office of the Secre-
tary was at Greensboro, N. C, Mr. T. Gilbert Pearson, now Presi-
dent of The National Association of Audubon Societies, being Sec-
retary. In 1913, upon the election of Mr. James W. Cheshire, Sec-
retary, the office was moved to Raleigh, N. C, and since that time
the work of the Society has been carried on by the various secre-
taries in Raleigh, N. C.
Officers of The Audubon Society of North Carolina:
OFFICERS.
Dr. R. H. Lewis, President Raleigh.
H. H. Brumley, Vice-President . Raleigh.
P. H. Underwood, Secretary Raleigh.
R. A. Brown, Treasurer Raleigh.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS.
Rev. Melton W. Clark Greensboro.
Brook G. Empie Wilmington.
B. F Siielton Speed.
W. H. Swift Greensboro.
Franklin Sherman, Jr Raleigh.
secretaries.
T. Gilbert Pearson 1903-1911.
P. D. Gold. Jr Nov. 22, 1912-June 1, 1913.
J. W. Cheshire June 1, 1913-March 20, 1915.
R. E. Parker June 1, 1915-June 1, 1917.
G. A. Martin June 1, 1917-Oct. 10, 1917.
Miss Placide H. Underwood Oct. 10, 1917.
State Educational Commission 155
STATE EDUCATIONAL COMMISSION.
Robert H. Weight, Chairman, Greenville, N. C.
By an act of the General Assembly of 1917, chapter 197, there was
created a State Educational Commission of five members to be ap-
pointed by the Governor for the term of office of two years. "It
shall be the duty of the said commission to make a thorough study
of the school laws of the entire public school system of the State, a
careful survey of existing educational conditions and a comparative
study and investigation of the educational systems of other states.
Slid Commission shall codify the public school laws of the State
and make recommendations of such amendments, changes, and addi-
tions to the school law as in its opinion may be needed." The Com-
mission shall also investigate the methods and cost of supplying
text books to the public schools and also the advisability of estab-
lishing a printing plant for the purpose of printing text-books and
doing other State printing, and shall investigate the matter of public
school teachers' pensions and report its finding and recommenda-
tions to the General Assembly.
The Governor named the commission in December, 1917, and
called the members together for the purpose of organizing said
commission March 6, 1918. The commission consists of:
Robert H. Wright, Chairman, Greenville, N. C.
N. W. Walker, Chapel Hill, N. C.
L. J. Bell, Secretary, Rockingham, N. C.
C. C. Wright, Hunting Creek, N. C.
Chas. E. Brewer, Raleigh, N. C.
At the first meeting held March 6, 1918, the Commission was fully
organized and proceeded at once to outline the work to be done and
appointed different members to gather data. The Commission met
June 20, October 16 and December 17, and made a partial report to
the General Assembly of 1919.
The appropriation made for this work by the General Assembly
of 1917 was $1,000.
The General Assembly of 1919 continued the Commission until
1921 and made an appropriation of $1,000 for the work.
When Dr. Ei C. Brooks became Superintendent of Public Instruc-
tion, he resigned from the Commission and the Governor appointed
Mr. N. W. Walker in his place.
The survey of our public schools has been made and published
under the caption of "Public Education in North Carolina."
156 Administrative Departments
COMMISSION FOR REVISION OF LAWS.
The General Assembly of 1917 created a joint committee of five
members, two from the Senate and three from the House, to pro-
vide for "compiling, collating and revising the Public Statutes of
North Carolina." The committee, as appointed and organized, con-
sists of Representative Harry W. Stubbs, chairman; Senators Lind-
say C. Warren and Stahle Linn, and Representatives Carter Dalton
and H. P. Grier. Under the powers conferred in the act, the com-
mittee appointed Mr. Thomas H. Calvert, as revision commissioner,
to take charge of the actual task of the revision. Upon Mr. Cal-
vert's appointment as Judge of the Superior Court, Prof. L. P.
McGehee, of the State University, was appointed commissioner. The
work of the compilation and revision has been done by Professor
McGehee, Messrs. Carter Dalton, Lindsay C. Warren. A. C. Mc-
intosh and Thomas E. Didlake. The result, submitted to the Gen-
eral Assembly of 1919, was comprised in the two large volumes of
"The Consolidated Statutes of North Carolina."
The Commission was continued by the General Assembly of 1919
and charged with the duty of annotating the "Consolidated Statutes"
and bringing forward in them the Acts of 1919.
BOARD OF INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.
The State Board of Internal Improvements was created and made
a body corporate by Chapter 982, Acts of the General Assembly of
1819. The Board has been continued to date with varying modi-
fications. Its present status as defined in Chapter 107 of the Con-
solidated Statutes of 1920 is as follows:
The Board consists of the Governor of the State, who is ex offi-
cio, president, and two commissioners who are appointed biennially
by the Governor, with the advice of the Senate. Any two members
of the Board constitute a board for the transaction of business. The
Board, moreover, has power to fill any vacancies that may occur in
its membership. The private secretary of the Governor is ex officio,
secretary to the Board. Whenever it is deemed necessary, how-
ever, the Board may appoint a special clerk.
Meetings of the Board are held whenever and wherever the Gov-
enor may direct. Members of the Board receive five dollars per day
Board of Internal Improvements 157
and their traveling expenses for the time they are employed in the
public service. Rules, by-laws and regulations for the conduct of
the Board are made by the Board itself so long as they are not
inconsistent with the laws of the State. A true record of its pro-
ceedings must be kept, and at all times be open to inspection by the
members of the General Assembly and others interested therein.
Whenever the State makes an appropriation for any work of in-
ternal improvements conducted by a corporation the State, unless
otherwise directed, becomes a stockholder in such corporation and
holds as many shares as may correspond with the amount of money
appropriated. It is the Board's duty to have charge of all the
State's interest in all works of internal improvements. Therefore,
the Board must require of the president and chief official of any
work of internal improvement a written report of its affairs, cov-
ering in detail the number of shares of stock owned by the State;
number owned otherwise; face value of such shares; market value
of such shares; amount of bonded debt and for what purpose con-
tracted; amount of other debt and how incurred; if interest on
bonded debt has been punctually paid as agreed, and, if not,
how much in arrears; amount of gross receipts for past year
and from what sources derived; an itemized account of expendi-
tures for past year; any lease or sale of property of said
company, or any part thereof, to whom made, for what considera-
tion and for what length of time; suits at law pending against his
company concerning its bonded debt, or in which title to whole or
any part of such road or canal is concerned; any sales of stock
owned by the State, by whose order made, and disposition of the
proceeds. Failure to make such a report is a misdemeanor punish-
able by law.
The Board of Internal Improvements must report biennially to
the General Assembly the condition of all railroads, canals, or other
works of internal improvements in which the State has an interest,
together with suggestions as to improvements, enlargements, or
extensions of such works, and recommendations of new works of a
similar nature, as they may deem desirable; the amount, condition,
and character of the State's interest in other railroads, roads, canals
or other works of internal improvements in which the State has
taken stock, to which she has loaned money, or whose bonds she
holds as security; the condition of such roads or other corporate
bodies, in detail, over whose affairs the Board has any jurisdiction,
158 Administrative Departments
and the names of all persons failing or refusing to report as re
quired by law.
The Board, moreover, must approve any incumbrance on the
State's interest in corporations of internal improvements. Whenever
it deems it necessary the Board may appoint proxies to act for the
State's interest in the meetings of stockholders in any company
whose affairs are in any way subject to the jurisdiction of the Board
of Internal Improvements.
Whenever the Governor deems it necessary to the public interest,
he may direct a member of the Board to investigate the affairs of or
the official conduct of any official of any corporation of internal im-
provements, and he is empowered to take such action concerning
any matter reported upon pertaining to the affairs of the corpora-
tion as the Board may deem to the interest of the State. The Gov-
ernor may suspend or remove from office any of said officials, if in
his opinion the interest of the State demands it. The member of
the Board appointed to make such special investigation has all
powers granted to a committee of investigation appointed by the
General Assembly and receives as compensation such sum as the
Governor, by and with the advice of the Council of State, shall deem
just. Sheriffs must execute writs of such member of the Board of
Internal Improvements as they would for a judicial officer of the
State, and shall be allowed the same compensation therefor.
It is the duty of the Board also to investigate the affairs of all
State departments and to make reports on them to the Governor of
the expenses and the necessity therefor, together with recommenda-
tions for such changes as in its opinion will improve the public
service. For the purpose of performing the above duties, the Board
is authorized to employ an expert accountant or other agency, upon
the approval of the Governor.
NORTH CAROLINA NATIONAL GUARD AND RESERVE 3IILITIA.
J. Van B. Metts, Adjutant-General.
(Office—Raleigh, N. C.)
The Militia of the State is divided into three classes, the National
Guard, the Naval Militia and the unorganized militia.
The General Assembly (session 1917) passed an act to revise
military laws of the State and to increase the efficiency of the
National Guard 159
militia. Immediately after the passage of this act steps were
taken to increase the strength of the National Guard and to
promote its efficiency. This work was being vigorously prosecuted
when war was declared against Germany, and from that time until
the National Guard was drafted into the Federal service every
energy was put forth to bring the National Guard to a high state
of efficiency.
Pursuant to. the Proclamation of the President of July 3, 1917,
the following organizations, units and detachments of the National
Guard of North Carolina were drafted into the Federal service on
August 5, 1917:
1st Brigade 1st Squadron Cavalry
1st Infantry 1 Machine Gun Troop
2d Infantry 1st Battalion Engineers
3d Infantry 1 Engineer Train
Field Hospital No. 1. 1 Motor Truck Company
Ambulance Company No. 1 Field and Staff
Veterinary Corps Sanitary Detachment and
Radio Company Signal Corps Six Companies Coast Artillery
1st Regiment Field Artillery Quartermaster's Corps,
Being a total of 277 officers, 7,454 enlisted men, grand total of 7.731.
Of the Naval Militia 18 officers and 197 men (total 215) were called
into Federal service April 6, 1917, as National Naval Volunteers.
Shortly after reaching Camp Sevier the status of the 1st North
Carolina Infantry was changed and its officers and men were assigned
and transferred to other organizations. This change of status was
no reflection upon the officers and men of this splendid regiment but
it was made to carry out the plans of the War Department with
respect to the National Guard organizations and divisions. Our
National Guard Troops were trained at Camp Sevier, South Caro-
lina, from August, 1917, until May, 1918, when they were sent over-
seas for service on the battle front. How splendidly these troops
acquitted themselves on every occasion and what bravery and hero-
ism were manifested by officers and men are known far and wide.
They have won for themselves, and the State as well, on the battle-
fields of France and Belgium, an imperishable glory. The National
Guard of this State has kept the faith and it has fulfilled in the
largest degree the hopes and aspirations of its friends throughout
the State.
160 Administrative Departments
During the absence of the National Guard it became necessary to
maintain a military force in the State, and pursuant to a Proclama-
tion of the Governor, dated September 23, 1917, the unorganized
militia of the State between the ages of thirty-one and forty-five
were called into the active service of the State and organized and
designated as the North Carolina Reserve Militia. There are now
fifty-four companies of the Reserve Militia, and these companies
are distributed throughout the various sections of the State, so as
to meet as nearly as possible any urgent need for troops. It has
been impossible to get full equipment for the Reserve Militia;
indeed only a limited number of rifles have been available, which
have been issued to forty-two of the companies. These companies
will be continued until the National Guard troops now in the
Federal service return to the State.
Complete rosters are being prepared in the office of the Adjutant
General of all the National Guard troops, and rosters will also be
prepared showing the names and rank of those who served on the
Mexican border and in the war with Germany.
ADJUTANT GENERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA SINCE 1861.
J. G. Martin 1861-
Abial G. Fisher 1S68-1S71
John G. Gorman 1871-1876
Johnstone Jones 1877-1888
James D. Glenn 18S9-1892
Francis H. Cameron 1893-1S96
A. D. Cowles 1S97-1S9S
Beverly S. Royster 1899-1904
Thomas H. Robertson 1905-1909
Joseph F. Armfield 1910-1911
Roy L. Leinster 1911-1912
Gordon Smith 1912-1913
Laurence W. Young 1913-1916
Beverly S. Royster 1916-
J. V. B. Metts 1920-
When the National Guard Troops which entered the Federal
service were discharged from the U. S. Army, the individuals went
back to civil life. There was, therefore, no National Guard of the
State.
State Prison 161
Under the Act of Congress, approved June 4, 1920, the reorganiza-
tion of the National Guard has been progressing satisfactorily. The
following units have been organized and have been extended Fed-
eral recognition by the W. D.
Machine Gun Company Durham.
Company A, Infantry Burlington.
Company B, Infantry Winston.
Company C, Infantry Plymouth.
Company D, Infantry Concord.
Company E, Infantry Waynesville.
Second Company Coast Artillery Corps Wilmington.
Troop A, Cavalry Lincolnton.
Troop B, Cavalry Asheville.
Troop C, Cavalry Hickory.
STATE PRISON.
J. R. Collie, Superintendent, Raleigh.
This institution was founded by an act of the General Assembly,
ratified the 12th day of April, A. D.( 1869, entitled "An Act to Pro-
vide for the Erection of a Penitentiary." Reference is made to the
act cited, and also to the Report of the Commission to Erect a Peni-
tentiary, Document No. 18, Legislative Documents, 1868-70.
The prison building is a magnificent brick structure, erected upon
granite foundation. The prison wall is of granite, and is twenty feet
in height and six feet broad at the top, and its base is said to extend
sixteen feet below the surface. The building and wall are estimated
to have cost the State more than a million and a quarter dollars.
The institution is situated about one mile west of the Capitol on
the extension of Morgan Street and near Hillsboro road.
The affairs of the prison are administered by a board of five di-
rectors appointed by the Governor.
The Dangerous Insane Department is maintained out of the State
prison earnings.
ll
162 Administrative Departments
summary.
Founded 1869
Number of buildings* 1
Cost (estimated by prison authorities) $1,225,000
Number of acres of land 7,300
Number of employees 134
Number of inmates 825
Liabilities None
SUPERINTENDENTS.
W. T. Hicks Wake
Paul F. Faison Wake
A. Leazar Iredell
John R. S mith Wayne
J. M. Mewborne Lenoir
W. H. Day Wake
J. S. Mann Hyde
J. J. Laugiiinghouse Pitt
J. S. Mann Hyde
J. R. Collie Franklin
BOARD OF DIRECTORS.
H. B. Varner, Chairman Lexington
Frank Gough Lumberton
W. M. Sanders Smithfleld
B. F. Shelton Speed
A. E. Smith Mount Airy
*Two camps on State farm; each have living quarters and many farm buildings of
commodious size.
PART V.
STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.
1. University of North Carolina.
2. North Carolina State College of Agriculture and
Engineering.
3. North Carolina State Normal and Industrial
College.
4. Cullowiiee Normal and Industrial School.
5. Appalachian Training School.
6. East Carolina Teachers Training School.
7. North Carolina Schools for the (White) Blind
and for the (negro) blind and deaf.
8. North Carolina School for the (White) Deaf.
9. Stonewall Jackson Manual Training and Indus-
trial School.
10. North Carolina Normal Schools for the Colored
Race and for the Cherokee Indians of Robeson
County.
11. North Carolina Negro Agricultural and Techni-
cal College.
12. Caswell Training School.
THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA.
H. W. Chase, President, Chapel Hill.
The University of North Carolina is located at Chapel Hill. Its
charter was granted in 1789; the cornerstone of the first building
was laid in 1793, and it was opened for students in 1795. The cam-
pus of 48 acres and about 550 acres of forest contiguous to it were
given by the citizens of Orange County. Its first buildings were also
given by friends of the University, the Legislature granting a loan
of $10,090 in 1793, which was afterwards converted into a gift, and
making the first direct appropriation for buildings in 1905, when
$50,000 was given for a chemical laboratory. Of the total amount
received by the University from all sources, one-half has been con-
tributed by alumni and friends.
The State made no appropriation for the maintenance of the
University for the first eighty years of its existence. In 1875 the
interest from the Land Script Fund ($7,500) was paid over to the
University, and withdrawn in 1887. In 1881 the annual sum of
$5,000 was appropriated for the maintenance and support of the
University. This annual appropriation is now $165,000.
In 1861-65 and the following Reconstruction period the Univer-
sity was stripped of its funds, landed property and much of its
equipment. From 1871 to 1875 its doors were closed. It was re-
opened in 1875 with practically nothing but empty halls and the
contribution of its friends, amounting to about $20,000, for the pur-
chase of new equipment.
Its property now consists of:
Campus, 48 acres, and woodland, 550 acres.... $ 125,500.00
Equipment, books, apparatus, furniture, etc. 489,250.00
Buildings, 28, and 13 faculty houses 1,927,500.00
$2,542,250
Its endowment, including loan funds, amount to 270,348.46
Total $2,812,598.46
The income of the University was derived from the following
sources for the year 1920-1921:
State appropriation $235,000.00
Student fees 95,428.66
Invested funds 13,499.16
Gifts 4,831.97
Other sources 34,187.55
$382,947.34
166 State Educational Institutions
The University is comprised of the following departments: Col-
legiate, applied science, teachers' training, graduate, law, medicine,
pharmacy, and the bureau of extension. There are 49 professors,
12 associate professors, 18 assistant professors, 15 instructors, 48
assistants. A number of the assistants help in the laboratories and
library and do no actual teaching. The number of students for the
session of 1920-21 was 1,406. There were 921 students in attendance
upon the summer school. Of the students attending the regular ses-
sion 95 per cent are from North Carolina.
The parents of the students represent all professions, creeds and
parties in the State. The leading professions represented are farm-
ers, merchants, lawyers, physicians, manufacturers, ministers,
teachers. The leading churches are: Methodist, Baptist, Presby-
terian, Episcopal.
Over one-half of the students earn or borrow, in part or in whole,
the money for their education. Some 87 of them earn their board
by waiting at the table. Few of the families from which these
students come are able to stand the strain of the support of a son
at college without stringent economy or even many sacrifices. About
one-half of the graduates start out as teachers.
There is a splendid spirit of democracy about the institution
which opens the doors of achievement to all alike and places attain-
ment upon merit alone. It is emphatically a place "where wealth
is no prejudice and poverty is no shame."
SUMMARY.
Charter granted 1789
Opened 1795
Acres of land owned 598
Value of buildings, equipment and land $2,542,250.00
Invested funds 382,947.34
Number of volumes in library 88,316
Number of students 2,327
Number of faculty 100
Income from State
Income from students 95,428.66
Invested funds 13.499.16
PRESIDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY.
No president 1795-1804
Joseph Caldwell 1804-1835
Davtd L. Swatn 1835-1868
Solomon Poot 1869-1870
College of Agriculture and Engineering 167
University closed 1870-1876
Kemp P. Battle 1876-1891
George T. Winston 1891-1896
Edwin A. Alderman 1896-1900
Francis P. Venable 1900-1914
Edward K. Graham 1914-1918
Harry W. Chase 1919-
NORTH CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AND ENGINEERING.
W. C. Riddick, President, West Raleigh.
During the years in which North Carolina was slowly emerging
from the economic havoc wrought by Civil War and Reconstruction,
some far-sighted men began to see the necessity of rearing indus-
trially equipped men. They felt keenly the need of competent men
to build and direct new industries, and to restore the land which
had been impoverished by slave labor. They recognized that men
capable of doing what was needed would have to be educated in in-
dustrial schools and technical colleges. This recognition came
slowly, because the Southern people up to that period had been
wedded to classical education.
The first organized body to take steps for the establishment of an
industrial institution in North Carolina was the Watauga Club.
This Club, composed of bright young men, explained its mission by
declaring that it was "an association in the city of Raleigh designed
to find out and make known information on practical subjects that
will be of public use." In 1885 this club presented to the Legisla-
ture the following memorial:
"We respectfully memorialize your honorable body:
"First. To establish an industrial school in North Carolina which
shall be a training place for young men who wish to acquire skill in
the wealth-producing arts and sciences.
"Second. To establish this school in Raleigh in connection with
the State Agriculture Department.
"Third. To make provision for the erection of suitable buildings
and for their equipment and maintenance.
(Signed) Arthur Winslow, Chairman;
W. J. Peele,
Walter H. Page."
168 State Educational Institutions
This memorial quickened general interest in the proposed school,
and several hills looking to its foundation were introduced in the
Legislature of 1885. On March 7th, one of these bills, introduced by
Hon. Augustus Leazar of Iredell County, became a law. This law
provided that the Board of Agriculture should seek proposals from
the cities and towns of the State, and that the school should be
placed in the town offering most inducements. The Board of Agri-
culture finally accepted an offer from the city of Raleigh.
Meantime, the ideas of the advocates of the school have been some-
what broadened as to the character of the proposed institution. They
saw that Congress was about to supplement the original land grant
by an additional appropriation for agricultural and mechanical col-
leges in each State. The originators of the conception then sought
the aid of progressive farmers in order to change the school into
an Agricultural and Mechanical College. Col. L. L. Polk, the editor
of the newly established Progressive Farmer, threw the weight of his
paper heartily into the new idea. Meetings were held in various
places, and two very large meetings in Raleigh considered the
proposition. As a result, the school already provided for was by
action of the Legislature of 1887 changed into an Agricultural and
Mechanical College, and the Land Scrip Fund was given the newly
formed institution. In addition, the law directed that any surplus
from the Department of Agriculture should go into the treasury of
the college. Mr. R. Stanhope Pullen, one of Raleigh's most broad-
minded citizens, gave the institution eighty-three acres of land in a
beautiful suburb of Raleigh. The first building was completed in
1889 and the doors of the college were opened for students in Octo-
ber, 1889. Seventy-two students, representing thirty-seven counties,
were enrolled the first year. The faculty consisted of six full pro-
fessors and two assistants.
From this small beginning in 1889 the college has grown to be the
second in size in students and faculty among the colleges for men in
the State.
The Legislature of 1917 changed the name of the college to North
Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering.
The college confines its curriculum entirely to technical and in-
dustrial education. No general or academic courses are offered.
The courses of study are as follows:
First, Agriculture, including under this general term Agronomy,
Horticulture, Trucking, Animal Husbandry, Dairying, Veterinary
Science, Poultry Science, and a course in Agricultural Education.
College of Agriculture and Engineering 169
Second, Engineei'ing. These courses include Civil, Electrical, Me-
chanical, and Mining Engineering. The equipment for field and for
laboratory work in these courses makes them very practical, as well
as scientific.
Third, Textile Industry. Students in Textiles have an entire mill
building for their use. In addition to carding, spinning, weaving
and designing, they have a thoroughly practical course in dyeing
in the chemistry of dyes, and in textile engineering.
Fourth, Itidustrial Chemistry. Four-year courses in Agricultural
Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Textile Chemistry and Dyeing.
In all these courses, mathematics, English, physics, chemistry and
one modern language are required.
For young men who have not time or means to spend four years
in college, and yet who want to fit themselves as far as possible for
industrial employments, short courses of one and two years are
offered in Agriculture, and two years in Mechanic Arts and Textiles.
In January of each year, a three-weeks practical course for farm-
ers is given.
During the summer there is conducted at the college a two-weeks
course for Home Demonstration Agents, a Summer School for
Teachers, a short course for Club Boys and Girls, a course for
Farm Demonstration Agents and the Farmers' Convention.
These activities, in addition to the regular college session, keep
the plant in active service every day in the year.
The college, in cooperation with the State Department of Agri-
culture, conducts the North Carolina Experiment Station and the
North Carolina Extension Service, which employ more than two
hundred men and women, and touch the lives of at least three-
fourths of the people of the State.
SUMMARY.
Founded 1889
Number of buildings 32
Number of acres of land 485
Value of buildings and equipment $1,250,000.00
Value of land 250,000.00
Number of volumes in library 10,000
Number of students 1,056
Number of faculty 80
State appropriation per annum 150,000.00
PRESIDENTS.
Alexander Q. Holladay 1889-1899
George Tayloe Winston 1899-1908
Daniel Harvey Hill 1908-1916
Wallace Carl Riddick 1916-
170 State Educational Institutions
THE NORTH CAROLINA COLLEGE EOK W03IEN.
Julius I. Foust, President, Greensboro, N. C.
The State Normal and Industrial College was established by an
act of the General Assembly of 1891. The General Assembly of
1919 changed the name of this institution to The North Carolina
College for Women. The purpose of the College, as stated in chap-
ter 199 of the Public Laws of North Carolina, session 1919, amend-
ing the charter, is as follows:
"The objects of the institution shall be (1) to teach young white
women all branches of knowledge recognized as essential to a liberal
education, such as will familiarize them with the world's best
thought and achievement and prepare them for intelligent and useful
citizenship; (2) to make special provision for training in the science
and art of teaching, school management, and school supervision;
(3) to provide women with such training in the arts, sciences, and
industries as may be conducive to their self-support and community
usefulness; (4) to render to the people of the State such aid and
encouragement as will tend to the dissemination of knowledge, the
fostering of loyalty and patriotism, and the promotion of the general
welfare. Tuition shall be free, upon such conditions as may be pre-
scribed by the board of directors, to those who signify their inten-
tion to teach in the schools of North Carolina; and also, in the dis-
cretion of said board, to those who signify their intention to enter
other fields of public service.
***** *##* *#**
* * * That it shall be the duty of the facijity of tne North Caro-
lina College for Women to extend its influence and usefulness as
far as possible to the persons of the State who are unable to avail
themselves of its advantages as resident students, by extension
courses, by lectures, and by such other means as may seem to them
most effective."
In 1892 the institution began with $30,000 donated by the city of
Greensboro and ten acres of land, the gift of Mr. R. S. Pullen, Mr.
R. T. Gray, Mr. E. P. Wharton, and others, with an annual appro-
priation of $10,000 from the State. In addition to the State ap-
propriation and tuition fees, the institution received during the first
few years about $3,000 annually from the Peabody Fund and for
three years received $2,500 annually from the General Education
North Carolina College for Women 171
Board. It also received about $11,000 from the faculty and students,
and a small amount from Mr. George Foster Peabody, and a library
building from Mr. Andrew Carnegie. The plant is now worth more
than $1,500,000; the annual State appropriation is $165,000, and the
loan and scholarship funds received from various sources in the
State and out of it now amount to $25,000. The faculty numbers
92, and there were enrolled during the past session 784 students, and
during the summer session 665 students; total, 1,449.
The chief mission of the institution lies in furnishing the public
school system of the State well-equipped teachers who are capable
of rendering the State intelligent and useful service. It provides
regular degree courses, whose admission requirements, curriculum of
instruction, and standards of scholarship are in keeping with the
requirements of our best Southern colleges for men and women.
Special industrial and commercial courses are open to those who
do not have free tuition and are not under contract to teach. Pro-
vision is also made for teachers who may wish to take brief courses
in pedagogy and in the subjects taught in the public schools. For
those who cannot remain longer, a two-year course is offered. For
various reasons a number of ambitious teachers are not able to avail
themselves of the two-year course, and to meet the demands of these
a regular summer session has been inaugurated. The advantages of
the institution are thus open to every worthy young white woman
who has availed herself of the opportunities offered in the public
schools of the State.
The patronage of the institution has justified the wisdom of the
founders. During the twenty-eight years of its life, beginning Oc-
tober, 1892, and closing with the session of May, 1920, there have
been enrolled more than 10,000 young women as students. These
students have come from all the 100 counties of the State, and in
their political and religious faith, their financial condition, their
professional and social life, their intellectual ability and previous
educational opportunities, are representative of the people of North
Carolina. Of the more than 10,000 young women who have sought
the help and strength thus provided, more than 80 per cent received
their training in the rural public schools, one-third defrayed their
own expenses, and two-thirds, according to their own written state-
ment, would not have attended any other North Carolina college.
In brief, one of the strongest forces of the college, and a prime
source of its usefulness, has been the representative character of
its patronage. This coming together of all classes from all sections
172 State Educational Institutions
of the State necessarily results in creating an atmosphere of whole-
some democracy and equal opportunity. The spirit of the State Col-
lege for Women is, therefore, what the spirit of every State college
should be, and, as a result, its representatives acquire that larger
sympathy, that breadth of vision, and that intelligent insight into
the needs of their State that no text-books or lectures or mere aca-
demic training can ever hope to give.
Some indication of the serviceableness of the college is suggested
by what has been said of the scope and character of its patronage.
It has, since its establishment, been an open door of opportunity
for the white women of North Carolina. Through it the State has
added to its resources over 10,000 educated women, who have taught
lessons of patriotism and right living to at least 500,000 North Caro-
lina children. Two-thirds of all the students enrolled and nine-
tenths of all who graduate become teachers in North Carolina. No
large movement for the uplift of the State has failed to have sup-
port from its faculty and students, and today there is not a county
in the State where representatives of the college are not to be found
actively engaged in public service.
SUMMER SESSION.
The special purpose of the North Carolina College for Women in
organizing the Summer Session was to offer the advantages of its
instruction to those women in the State whose occupation during
other months of the year prevent their attendance upon the regular
session. In the selection and arrangement of its summer courses
the college has in view the needs of the following classes:
First. — Teachers wishing special work in the principles and methods
of teaching (Primary, Grammar, and High School), with opportuni-
ties for practice and observation work under experienced supervisors.
Second. — Teachers desiring advanced or collegiate courses in
Philosophy, Science, Psychology, and the History of Education.
Third. — Teachers of special subjects, such as Domestic Science,
Vocal Music, Drawing, and Manual Arts.
Fourth. — High school teachers who desire advanced or extra work
along the line of their specialties with free use of good department
libraries and well-equipped laboratories.
Fifth. — College students who wish to earn advanced credit or to
remove conditions.
Sixth. — Students preparing for college.
Cullowhee Normal and Industrial School 173
Seventh.— Mothers, wives, and home-makers who feel the need of
practical help in such subjects as food and food values, cookery,
kitchen conveniences, home nursing, sanitation, and household
decoration.
SUMMARY OF ENROLLMENT DURING THE SESSION OF 1919-1920.
Enrolled during the regular session, 784 students.
Enrolled during the summer session, 665 students.
Total number taught at the college during the session 1919-1920,
1,449 students.
SUMMARY.
Founded 1891
Number of buildings used 17
Number of acres of land 100
Value of buildings and land $1,500,000.00
Number of volumes in library 8,000
Number of students in college (regular session) 784
Number of students in college (summer ses-
sion ) 665
Total number of students enrolled during ses-
sions of 1919-1920 1,449
Number of faculty 92
Annual state appropriation (maintenance).... $165,000
PRESIDENTS.
Charles D. McIver 1891-1906
Julius I. Foust (Dean) 1906-1907
Julius I. Foust 1907-
CULLOWHEE NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
R. L. Madison, President, Cullowhee, N. C.
The Cullowhee Normal and Industrial School is a State co-
educational institution mainly for the training of teachers. The
school was chartered in 1891 as a private institution, and in 1905
became a State institution. It has trained more than 1,000 teachers
for public school work and has furnished ten county superintend-
ents. The institution is equipped with steam heat, electric lights,
and a gravity water line. It is built to accommodate about 200
174 State Educational Institutions
boarding students. The organization of the school embraces: Prac-
tice School, High School, Normal Collegiate School, Domestic Science
School, Domestic Arts School, and Music School.
SUMMARY.
Number of buildings 8
Number of acres of land owned 27.5
Number of instructors 10
Value of buildings and lands $123,500
Annual appropriation $16,000
PRESIDENTS.
R. L. Madison 1889-1912
A. C. Reynolds 1912-1920
R. L. Madison ^. 1920-
THE APPALACHIAN TRAINING SCHOOL.
B. B. Dougherty, Superintendent, Boone.
The Appalachian Training School for Teachers was established
by act of the Legislature of 1903. The school is located at Boone,
Watauga County, North Carolina, in the midst of North Carolina's
unsurpassed mountain scenery. It is the center of education for the
northwestern section of North Carolina, embracing some of the best
of her mountainous counties.
The institution makes no pretension to being a college. It is a
normal school, and its mission is to give a high school and profes-
sional education to hundreds of young people who cannot go else-
where.
During the years 1919-1920 there were 433 students in the school.
It supplies a large proportion of the public school teachers for the
surrounding counties, and has had a marked influence upon the
improvement of scholarship and professional training of these teach-
ers. In addition to this, the school has opened a way to the State
University and the State Normal College to a large number of ski-
dents who otherwise would not have entered those institutions.
The first appropriation made by the Legislature was $2,000 for
maintenance, voted by the Legislature of 1903. The Legislature of
1907 increased this to $4,000, and made an additional appropriation
East Carolina Training School 175
of $10,000 for the enlargement of the plant. In 1909 the Legisla-
ture appropriated $6,000 a year for maintenance, and $8,000 per year
for general improvements. The Legislature of 1911 appropriated
$10,000 per annum for maintenance and $10,000 for improvements.
The Legislature of 1913 appropriated $15,000 for a new dormitory
and $12,500 for maintenance.
In 1917 the maintenance fund was raised to $20,000 and $50,000 to
improve the plant.
SUMMARY.
Founded 1903
Number of buildings . . . , 9
Number of acres of land owned 450
Value of buildings and equipment $500,000
Value of land $50,000
Number of students 435
Number of faculty 15
Income from State appropriation for maintenance,
per annum $20,000
SUPERINTENDENT.
B. B. Dougherty 1903-
EAST CAROLINA TEACHERS TRAINING SCHOOL.
R. H. Wright, President, Greenville.
The East Carolina Teachers Training School was established by
act of the General Assembly of 1907. The school is located at Green-
ville. The site contains 50 acres of land, a large part of which is
natural forest.
Eight buildings have been erected; two dormitories with a capac-
ity for 300 students; an administration building containing the
offices, auditorium, and classrooms; a building for the kitchen and
dining-room (this building contains storerooms for supplies and a
refrigerating plant) ; an infirmary, a building containing the power
plant and laundry, an eight-room Model School and a residence for
the President.
The buildings and equipment are modern in every sense and are
valued at $834,000. The town of Greenville and county of Pitt
voted $100,000 in bonds for this school, and the State has made an
appropriation of $354,332.57 for buildings and equipment. These
176 State Educational Institutions
buildings, for lack of funds, have not yet been thoroughly equipped,
but enough equipment has been installed to enable the school to do
efficient work. The equipment installed is of the best type pro-
curable.
Section 3 of the charter reads: "That the said school shall be
maintained by the State for the purpose of giving to young white
men and women such education and training as shall fit and qualify
them to teach in the public schools of North Carolina."
This clearly sets forth the purpose of this school. To those stu-
dents who agree to teach there is no charge for tuition. Practically
all of the students sign this agreement to teach. This shows that
the management is adhering rigidly to the purpose of the school
as stated in its charter.
The school first opened its doors for students October 5, 1909.
During the past nine years, including the summer terms, there
have been enrolled 6,869 students.
SUMMARY.
Founded 1907
Number of buildings 8
Number of acres of land 50
Value of buildings and grounds $834,000
Number of students 1907-1920 6,869
Annual appropriation $65,000
Other income 3,125
president.
R. R. Wright 1907-
NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND
AND THE DEAF.1
G. E. Lineberry, Superintendent, Raleigh.
This institution was established by act of the General Assembly
passed January 12, 1845, while Hon. W. A. Graham was Governor
of North Carolina. On the first day of May following the school
opened with seven pupils, which number increased to seventeen
iThe State schools for the blind white children and for the blind and the deaf negro
children, though separate institutions, in separate buildings located in different parts of
the city, are under the same supervision.— Editor.
School for the Blind and the Deaf 177
during the session. The first appropriation amounted to $5,000 an-
nually. Two years later it was made $10,000. W. D. Cooke, of Vir-
ginia, was elected first principal, and for some years the school was
conducted in a building on Hillsboro Street, rented for the purpose.
On April 14, 1849, the corner-stone of the present main building
on Caswell Square was laid by the Grand Lodge of Masons. At first
deaf children only were received, but later blind children were ad-
mitted.
In 1868 a department for the education of the negro deaf and
blind children of the State was established on Bloodworth Street,
in the southeastern part of the city. This has grown to be the
largest and best equipped school for the negro deaf and blind in
the South.
In 1894 the white deaf children were removed to their new school
at Morganton.
The auditorium building furnishes dormitories for the boys and
a good auditorium, but it is now too small to accommodate the num-
ber of students in attendance.
The school has a small library and a partially equipped gymnasium
which have aided much in the work it is doing.
The industrial building furnishes room for the broom, mattress,
and cane-seating department of the school. Similar buildings are
at the colored department.
The increased attendance has made it necessary to increase the
appropriation for maintenance, and the Legislature has made addi-
tions from time to time until the annual income is now $85,000.
This is equivalent to only about $280 per child — an amount far less
than that used by any school for the blind in the United States.
Seventeen years ago the allowance per child was more than $214.
With the increased cost of living, one can readily see how cramped
must be the financial condition.
The school is now seriously handicapped for lack of room and
of funds. The present quarters are entirely too circumscribed. There
is no room for exercise ground, and if any children need exercise,
it is the blind; nor is there any place for additional buildings. The
overcrowded condition of the buildings demands serious attention.
His Excellency, the Governor, recommended in his message to the
General Assembly of 1911 the purchase of 100 acres in the suburbs
of the city upon which to erect new buildings upon the cottage sys-
tem. This suggestion was emphasized by the State Board of Internal
Improvements, the State Board of Health, and the Board of Charities.
12
17S State Educational Institutions
Six years ago the General Assembly provided for the purchase of
about 75 acres of land adjacent to other State property and Pullen
Park, and hence most admirably located; but unfortunately made
no provision for buildings nor even for repairs to the old buildings.
Four years ago the General Assembly, by special act, appropriated
$150,000 for buildings to be erected on the new site. Also two years
ago another appropriation of $150,000 was made. The first appro-
priation and a part of the second has been used in the erection of an
administration building and two cottages. These buildings are com-
plete except floors, heating and plumbing. It is hoped that the neces-
sary appropriation will be made at the coming session of the legis-
lature to put up the needed buildings so that the white department
may be moved next fall.
The literary work of the school begins with kindergarten and
continues up through the grades and full four years' high school
course paralleling in this work the courses approved by the State
Board of Education.
We also give thorough courses in piano, pipe organ, violin, and
voice, and have an excellent orchestra.
All of the girls in the white department take fancy work, also
work in the sewing department. The boys take work in the
broom and mattress shops or piano tuning.
We have similar departments for the colored blind. The deaf
are also trained in the shoe shops, the carpenter shops and in agri-
cultural work on the school farms.
It is the aim of the school not only to give each child a good
literary training, but vocational training as well, so that each one
will be fitted for making a good living.
Those who have made a careful study of the former students
claim that 85 per cent of the graduates of the school are making a
good living. In their chosen professions and business a large num-
ber are leaders in their communities.
SUMMARY.
Pounded 1845
Number of buildings 7
Number of acres of land 122
Value of buildings and equipment $200,00
Value of land $S0,000
Number of volumes in library (ink print) 1,900
Number of volumes in library (tactile print) 5,425
Number of students 116
School fob the Blind axd the Deaf 179
Number of faculty 21
State appropriation (including both departments) $85,000
Income from other sources None
NAMES AND TERMS OF SERVICE OF ALL PRINCIPALS.
W. D. Cooke 1845-1860
Willey J. Palmer 1860-1869
John Nichols 1869-1871
S. F. Tomlinson 1871-1873
John Nichols 1873-1877
Hezekiah A. Gudger 1877-1883
William J. Young 1883-1896
Frederick R. Place June, 1896-September, 1896
John E. Ray 1896-1918
John T. Alderman Jan., 1918-August, 1918
G. E. LlNEBERRY 1918-
COLORED DEPARTMENT.
Founded 1869
Number of buildings 4
Value of buildings and equipment $75,000
Number of volumes in library (ink print) 500
Number of voumes in library (tactile print) 1,700
Number of students 145
Number of faculty 17
THE NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL FOR THE (WHITE) DEAF.
E. McK. Goodwin. Superintendent, Morganton.
In 1845 this State first attempted the education of her deaf and
dumb children, being the ninth State in the Union to undertake
the education of this class of children. The first year, seven pupils
were admitted. Soon thereafter the blind children of the State
were provided for under the same management, and the institution
became the Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb and
the Blind. Both classes were admitted into the institution at
Raleigh till the Legislature of 1891 was made to realize that there
was only a small part of either class being educated, for up to that
time only about 25 per cent were being even partially educated.
In 1891 the General Assembly passed an act creating and establish-
ing the North Carolina School for the Deaf and Dumb for the whife
race only, and located it at Morganton. The school was opened for
the reception of pupils in 1894. All white deaf children then in
180 State Educational Institutions
school at Raleigh were admitted to the new school, which had very
limited support. There were only 102 present the first year, but as
soon as the Legislature made provision, the school admitted 162, and
the attendance has increased steadily till 303 were admitted last
year. But there are still, perhaps, 25 per cent of the eligible deaf
children not in school, and there are many adult deaf in North
Carolina now entirely uneducated. It is a significant fact, however,
that this State has the largest attendance in proportion to her
population of any Southern State, and, indeed, compares favorably
with the Northern States in this respect.
The statute prescribes the public school course of the State, and
allows high school work for those who want to go to college.
In addition to the regular school work, we have four industrial
departments for the boys, where they are given, as far as possible,
the knowledge of handicraft in the elementary branches. The four
departments for the boys are farming and gardening, woodwork and
carpentry, typesetting and printing, and shoemaking and tailoring.
The girls are taught general domestic work, including cooking, plain
sewing and dressmaking. Primary handicraft is taught to the small
children.
America leads the world in her provision for the education of the
deaf. From 1817, when the first school was established in America,
till about 1868, all the schools used the French system, which is the
manual or sign method ; but in 1868 the German or oral method was
introduced, and while the progress has been slow, the proportion has
constantly increased till at present about 85 per cent of all the deaf
children in the United States, now in school, are being taught by
the oral method. Many of these children learn to speak and read
speech of others sufficiently to become invaluable to themselves and
to the great convenience of the members of their families. Hut even
if their speech is not natural nor good, the written language of the
orally taught deaf is more natural and smoother in expression than
that of the deaf taught manually.
The North Carolina School has two departments to meet the de-
mands, and is known in the profession as a "combined school." Our
orally taught pupils become as adept "sign makers" as the manually
taught. They acquire the manual language by association with those
who sign and spell on their fingers. The orally taught get all the
manually taught get, and also what speech and speech-reading they
get from the oral system, beyond what those manually taught even
Manual Training and Industrial School 181
claim to get. Some of the largest and best schools for the deaf in
America are "pure oral" schools.
The North Carolina School has prepared a number of students for
Gallaudet College, where they have graduated with distinction.
Many of our former students have done well in the race of life,
making a good living and good citizens.
Our school plant is worth at least $700,000, and our greatest needs
today are a hospital building and industrial equipments. The school
from its creation has had a broad and liberal-minded board of direc-
tors of practical business men. The present board is composed of
J. L. Scott, Jr., president; A. C. Miller, Mrs. I. P. Jeter, W. W. Neal,
W. R. Whitson, Archibald Johnson, and Dr. J. O. Atkinson, and
E. McK. Goodwin has been superintendent since its establishment.
The school has now a staff of twenty-five regular grade teachers
and an educational principal, a supervising teacher in Goodwin
Hall, our new primary school, and five industrial teachers.
Over 1,000 pupils have been enrolled since opening in 1894.
SUMMARY.
Founded 1894
Number of buildings 5
Number of acres of land 327
Value of buildings and equipment $700,000
Value of land $60,000
Number of volumes in library 3,700
Number of faculty (including one principal) 33
State appropriation $80,500
Income from other sources, about $5,000
THE STONEWALL JACKSON MANUAL TRAINING AND
INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Charles E. Koger, Superintendent, Concord.
In accordance with an act of the Legislature of 1907, the Stone-
wall Jackson Manual Training and Industrial School was established.
The law permits the school to receive donations, and it is largely
due to several liberal-minded people that the school has made such
wonderful progress for the few years it has been in existence. Mr.
Caesar Cone, of Greensboro, has furnished the material to make
182 State Educational Institutions
the work uniforms for the boys since the opening of the school.
Since the death of Mr. Cone, Mr. Barnard M. Cone, in memory of
his brother, continues this contribution. General Julian S. Carr of
Durham, N. C, recently gave the school $200 to supply a pressing
and urgent need. In January, 1909, the first cottage was completed,
which was the gift of the King's Daughters of North Carolina; it
was erected on a 298-acre tract of land, which was donated by the
city of Concord. Since that time many additions have been made:
Mr. and Mrs. W. N. Reynolds of Winston-Salem contributed $1,000
towards the building of a barn; Mr. and Mrs. C. T. Roth, of Elkin,
furnished $3,500 to erect the Industrial Building, in which is located
the school department, printing office, woodworking shop, engine
room, and space for the storage of lumber and supplies; the Ad-
ministration Building and two more cottages have been constructed.
A beautiful Chapel has been built of rough granite, which cost
$6,500. It is another gift of the King's Daughters.
Four cottages are now in operation, giving room for 120 boys.
One hundred and thirty-two are crowded into them at present.
SUMMARY.
Opened 1909
Buildings 12
Value of buildings and equipment $249,000
Value of land $30,000
Number of acres of land 298
Pupils 132
STATE APPROPRIATION.
Maintenance $30,600
Permanent improvements 4,300
Another cottage to be known as the Mecklenburg Cottage is in
course of erection. This building is being erected by funds secured
from citizens of the town and county.
A new school building has been erected. This building contains,
in addition to school rooms, an auditorium, gymnasium room, society
hall, barber shop, band room, etc.
Normal Schools foe Negroes and Indians 183
STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS FOR THE COLORED RACE AND FOR
THE CHEROKEE INDIANS OF ROBESON COUNTY.
A. T. Allen, Supervisor, Raleigh.
The State maintains three normal schools for the training of
negro teachers, and one for the training of teachers for the Chero-
kee Indians of Robeson County. The normal schools for the negroes
are located in Fayetteville, Elizabeth City, and Winston-Salem; the
school for the Cherokee Indians of Robeson County is located at
Pembroke.
The first superintendent of these schools was Charles L. Coon,
elected in 1904. In January, 1907, he was succeeded by John Duckett,
who died November 16, 1908. J. A. Bivins was superintendent from
January, 1909, until his death, March 2, 1913. E. E. Sams was
superintendent from March, 1913, to June 1, 1919. A. T. Allen has
been superintendent since June 1, 1919.
Most of the negro teachers in the section where these schools are
located have received their training in these schools. Industrial
training, especially in domestic science, is required in all of them.
In the Slater School at Winston-Salem shop and farm work are
taught.
In 1917 the Legislature made an appropriation of $10,000 out of
the bond issue for the improvement of the colored normals. This
fund was restricted to fireproof constructions, and we have been
unable to use it as it was only $3,300 per school, and no fireproof
construction could be erected for that amount of money.
The General Assembly of 1919 made an appropriation of $90,000
for the improvement and enlargement of the three normal schools
for the colored teachers, and $1,250 for* the repair of the buildings
at Pembroke for the Cherokee Indians, and increased the mainte-
nance fund for the four institutions, making the following distribu-
tion:
Slater Normal $15,000.00
Elizabeth City Normal 11,000.00
Fayetteville Normal 9,000.00
Pembroke Normal 3,600.00
This makes a total for maintenance of $38,600 and a total for
building purposes of $91,250.
The $1,250 for the repair of the Pembroke Normal School has been
spent and the buildings have been repaired, but very little of the
184 State Educational Institutions
$90,000 available for building at the negro normal schools has been
used, for the reason that building has been so expensive in the last
two years, and it was thought wise to hold this fund in reserve until
such time as the cost of building would be reduced.
The General Education Hoard has made a conditional offer of
$20,000 to the Elizabeth City Normal School for the purpose of
building a practice school in connection with the normal school.
All of the property of these normal schools is held by the State
Board of Education.
FAYETTEVILLE COLORED NORMAL SCHOOL.
E. E. Smith, Principal.
Founded 1877
Number of buildings 3
Number of acres of land 39
Value of buildings $32,000
Value of land $4,000
Value of furniture and equipment $3,000
Number of students below seventh grade 276
Number of students above seventh grade 226
State appropriation (maintenance) $9,000
State appropriation (buildings and permanent
provements) $33,333.33
ELIZABETH CITY COLORED NORMAL SCHOOL.
P. W. Moore, Principal.
Founded 1892
Number of buildings 2
Number of acres of land 41
Value of buildings $35,000
Value of land $15,000
Number of students below seventh grade 297
Number of students above seventh grade 253
State appropriation (maintenance) $11,000
State appropriation (buildings and permanent
improvements) $33,333.33
STATE INDUSTRIAL AND NORMAL SCHOOL AT WINSTON-
SALEM.
S. G. Atkins, Principal.
Founded 1895
Number of acres of land 17
Number of buildings 4
Value of buildings $60,000
Value of land $20,000.00
Other property, including furniture and fixtures $14,699.87
Normal Schools for Negroes and Indians 185
Number of students below seventh grade 401
Number of students above seventh grade 231
State appropriation (maintenance) $16,000
State appropriation (buildings and permanent
provements) $43,333.33
INDIAN NORMAL SCHOOL AT PEMBROKE.
T. C. Henderson, Principal.
Founded 1887
Number of buildings 2
Number of acres of land 10
Value of buildings $7,000
Value of land $500
Number of students from first to ninth grades.. 150
State appropriation (maintenance) $3,600
superintendents.
Charles L. Coon 1904-1907
John Duckett 1907-1908
J. A. Bivins 1908-1913
E. E. Sams 1913-1919
A. T. Allen 1919-
THE NEGRO AGRICULTURAL AND TECHNICAL COLLEGE.
James B. Dudley, President, Greensboro, N. C.
The Negro Agricultural and Technical College is located at Greens-
boro. Its charter was granted March 9, 1891; the first building was
completed in 1893, and the school opened in the fall of the same
year. The citizens of Greensboro donated fourteen acres of land
and $11,000 to be used in the construction of buildings. In 1893
the General Assembly supplemented this gift with an appropriation
of $11,000.
The financial support of the college comes from the United States
Government under an act of Congress known as the Morrill Act,
passed August 2, 1890; and from the State of North Carolina, which
makes appropriations for maintenance and for improvements.
The management of the institution and the care of its property is
vested in a board of trustees, consisting of fifteen members. The
trustees, by an act of the Legislature, have power to elect the presi-
dent, teachers, and as many other officers and servants as they
think necessary.
This institution has four brick buildings, one brick-veneered build-
ing, three barns, a small dairy building, two greenhouses, a broom
shop, a blacksmith shop, a poultry plant, and a few smaller build-
ings.
186 State Educational Institutions
The college confines its courses of study entirely to agricultural
and mechanical education. No purely academic courses are offered.
The Agricultural Department of this institution is one of the
best to be found in any negro school in the country. Its aim is to
train practical farmers and teachers of agriculture. It offers four
courses.
(1) A Four-year Course for those who want a well-rounded agri-
cultural education combined with technical and practical training.
(2) A Two-year Course for those who have little time to spend
in school and want to get only such information as bears directly
on their chosen vocation.
(3) A Winter-short Course for farm boys who are unable to get
into school until after harvesting their crop, and who must leave
before the close of school in order to prepare for another crop.
(4) A One-week Course for farmers and others who can spend
only a limited time away from their business.
Throughout the State and the South may be seen the splendid
work of the men who have completed their courses. Some of the
finest farms in the State are managed by its graduates, and the
leading negro institutions seek them as teachers of agriculture.
The Farm Demonstration work in this State is, to a large extent,
being done by the graduates of this department.
9
Through farmers' meetings and short courses this department is
endeavoring to stimulate the negro farmers in every section of the
State. A vocational course for training teachers of agriculture was
established by the Smith-Hughes Fund in 1917. The object of this
department is to prepare agricultural teachers for the Rural High
Schools of this State.
The work of the Agricultural Department is greatly handicapped
because of the lack of sufficient classrooms, laboratories, equipment,
and teachers.
The courses in the Mechanical Arts Department are designed to
give the student a thorough knowledge of the trades offered in this
department. Aside from the technical skill of his particular trade,
the student is given a course in Mechanical Drawing and a working
knowledge of at least two kindred trades. Students and graduates
of this department are leading useful and thrifty lives in this and
other States as carpenters, bricklayers, auto-mechanics, machinists,
plumbers, electricians, broom and mattress makers, blacksmiths,
architects, contractors, and teachers.
Caswell Training School 187
Some indications of the usefulness of the college may be suggested
by the scope and character of its work. Ever since this institution
was established, it has been the open door of industrial opportunity
for the negro boys of this State. It has added to the industrial re-
sources of the State more than 500 trained workers who have taught
the lessons of patriotism, thrift, and right living to more than a
hundred thousand negro men, women, and children in this State.
It is hoped that the General Assembly will see its way clear to
give this institution an appropriation sufficiently adequate to meet
its growing demands, and to enable it to take first rank among the
negro land-grant colleges of this country.
SUMMARY.
Founded 1891
Number of buildings 11
Number of acres of land owned 128%
Value of buildings and equipment $200,000
Value of land 49,000
Number of volumes in library 27,000
Number of regular students (1920) 401
Number of Summer School students (1920).. 365
Total number of students (1920) 766
Number of faculty 24
Income from State Appropriation 16,000
Income from Federal Appropriation 16,500
PRESIDENTS.
John O. Crosby 1892-1896
James B. Dudley 1896-
THE CASWELL TRAINING SCHOOL.
C. Banks McNairy, M.D., Superintendent, Kinston.
On July 1, 1914, the institution was opened and fifteen girls re-
ceived. Since then the enrollment has steadily increased until the
total number now has reached 326. At the close of the last biennial
period, November 30, 1918, we had present 198 children. Two dis-
astrous fires since then have destroyed two of the three dormitories.
Both fires were the results of cunning and well-guarded schemes
by a few of the criminally inclined to destroy the entire institution.
This left us with a population of 198 and a capacity for only 60.
We sent quite a number to their homes, 44 were sent to the State
188 State Educational Institutions
Hospital at Raleigh for temporary care, and those who could not
be sent anywhere else were crowded into the remaining dormitory
and in every corner where a bed could be placed. We have in this
way been able to care for something over a hundred since the fires.
The Legislature of 1919 appropriated $300,000 for rebuilding and
enlarging this institution.
The purpose of the institution as it relates to the child himself
is identical with that of the home, the school, and the community;
to establish wholesome conditions in which the child may find his
fullest happiness, and to train and educate to the extent of his
mental ability and to throw around him such protection and safe-
guards as will prevent him from being overcome by the things he
is unable to meet, and also prevent him as far as possible from
being a burden or nuisance to those by whom he is surrounded.
Then the institution goes further and seeks to educate the people
to the alarming increase of the number of this class and to initiate
methods for cutting off this increase and thus saving our homes,
our communities, and our State from the ever present burden and
responsibility of the care of these who all admit are a heavy liability
to any community.
Our aim is to inaugurate and keep up such an educational propa-
ganda that will create public sentiment sufficient to cause the State
to make adequate appropriations to segregate, care for, train and
educate, as their mentality will permit, the State's mental defec-
tives; to disseminate knowledge concerning the extent and menace
of mental deficiency; and to suggest and initiate methods for its
control and ultimate eradication from our people.
SUMMARY.
Founded 1911
Number of buildings 2
Number of acres of land 900
Value of buildings and equipment $150,000
Value of land $30,000
Number of pupils 155
Number of employees 20
Income from State (1920) $75,000
superintendents.
Dr. Ira M. Hardy 1911-1913
Dr. C. Banks McNairy 1914-1920
PART VI.
STATE CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.
1. Central Hospital for the Insane.
2. Western Hospital for the Insane.
3. Eastern Hospital for the (Negro) Insane.
4. North Carolina Sanatorium for the Treatment of
Tuberculosis.
5. North Carolina State Orthopaedic Hospital-School.
6. Oxford Orphan Asylum for White Children.
7. North Carolina Orphanage for the Colored Race.
8. The Soldiers' Home.
9. Confederate Woman's Home.
CENTRAL HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.
Albert Axderson, M. D., Superintendent, Raleigh.
The State Hospital at Raleigh is situated in the city of Raleigh.
The house was erected on the apex of the watershed between Wal-
nut Creek on the south and Rocky Branch on the north, and is
drained in the best natural sanitary manner possible.
Every one knows that this institution was built for the unfortu-
nate of North Carolina by the unceasing and persistent efforts of
Miss Dorothy Dix, who appeared before the Legislature in 1848 and,
with the effective help and eloquent plea of Hon. James C. Dobbin,
of Fayetteville, secured the passage of the bill by a vote of 101
yeas to 10 nays.
The act provided for the appointment of six commissioners, John
M. Morehead, of Guilford; Calvin Graves, of Caswell; T. N. Cam-
eron, of Cumberland; G. W. Mordecai, of Wake; C. L. Hinton, of
Wake, and G. 0. Watson, of Johnston, to select and purchase a tract
of land upon which to erect a building for the purpose of providing
for the insane. These commissioners did their work without com-
pensation, and that they did it well is manifested by the elegant
and substantial structure upon this site.
In 1856 the building was near enough to completion for the first
board of directors to instruct Dr. E. C. Fisher to order in 40
patients, Dr. Fisher having been elected superintendent by the
board. Dr. Fisher held this office until July 7, 1868, when he was
superseded by Dr. Eugene Grissom. Dr. Grissom held the office
until succeeded by Dr. William K. Wood, of Halifax County, who
remained in office but a short while, and was succeeded by Dr.
George L. Kirby, who died of pneumonia in February, 1901. Dr.
James McKee was elected the following March as his successor.
He died in office in 1912 and was succeeded by Dr. J. L. Picot, who
was elected to fill the unexpired term of one year. On May 14, 1913,
Dr. Albert Anderson, of Raleigh, N. C, was elected for a term of
six years and re-elected 1919 for a second term.
The Legislatures have gradually awakened to the necessity of
providing for the insane. The Legislature of 1907 enacted a law
providing for a Hospital Commission, and gave them $500,000 to
add to the building of all State Hospitals and erect upon the
192 State Charitable Institutions
grounds such structures as would be conducive to the comfort and
restoration of the health of the insane.* A storehouse was the first
building put up by the Commission, at a cost of $4,200; then a
carpenter shop at a cost of $3,800. Next an annex for 100 men at a
cost of $48,265.
In 1908 the Commission disbursed the following amounts: In
February, $11,405.75 for heating, plumbing, sewer pipes, sewers, and
an addition to complete storeroom; in October, 1908, one building
for women, $21,900; three groups of buildings, making nine, at
$14,831 a piece, one of these groups being for male convalescent pa-
tients and the other two for male and female epileptics, respect-
ively, and with a cost of sewer and pipe connection with the A. and
M. College, costing $500, aggregating $66,919.
The Legislature of 1915 gave $5,000 for repairing and improving
the heating plant, and $35,000 for erecting a receiving building. Out
of the receipt account of the institution our board ordered a nurses'
home built, costing $23,000, and the equipment of the above two
buildings with plumbing fixtures and heating outfit at a cost of
several thousand dollars.
The Legislature of 1917 appropriated two hundred thousand dol-
lars to this Hospital. This amount has been spent in building a
new boiler house and overhauling and repairing the heating plant,
costing about one hundred thousand dollars. The other hundred
thousand dollars has been used in overhauling and repairing G
ward building and female congregated dining room and erecting a
laundry building which was lost by fire.
The Legislature of 1919 appropriated eighty thousand dollars for
building a kitchen.
SUMMARY.
Founded 1S56
Number of buildings 17
Number of acres of land 1,305
Total number patients under treatment last two
years 1,416
Number of attendants and nurses 75
Annual Appropriation $265,000
*$53,500 of this amount was specially appropriated for the purchase of land.
Hospital for White Insane 193
STATE HOSPITAL AT MORGANTON.
John McCampbell, M.D., Superintendent.
The appropriation for maintenance for the past two years was
$325,000 annually. Owing to the steady advance in the price of all
commodities and wages, this amount was insufficient and a debt of
approximately $80,000 will be incurred. Money to meet this deficit
was provided by the General Assembly in extra session 1920. "We
have requested through our budget an annual appropriation of
$425,535.80 annually for the next two years. It is hoped that this
sum will enable us to care for a 10 per cent increase in population,
bringing our total population up to 1,450.
Upon the recommendation of the State Euilding Commission, we
are asking for $1,000,000 for permanent improvements less $200,000
which has previously been appropriated but as yet unexpended. These
permanent improvements are itemized as follows:
1. Building to House Refrigerating Plant $ 65,000.00
2. Receiving Building for Men 100,000.00
3. Men's Dormitory 100,000.00
4. Industrial Building 25,000.00
5. Remodeling Power House 50,000.00
6. New Kitchen and Equipment 100,000.00
7. Refrigerator Plant and Cold Storage Equip-
ment 45,000.00
8. Reconstruction of Heating and Power Plant 250,000.00
9. General Repairs to Building and Plumbing.. 100,000.00
10. Water Mains and Fire Hydrants 21,000.00
11. Sprinkler System Main Building, Laundry,
Mattress Factory, Shoe Shop, Storage Build-
ing, Fire Escapes, Fire Doors and Fire
Shutters 92,000.00
12. Repairs to Electric Wiring 2,000.00
13. Furniture and Equipment 50,000.00
SUMMARY.
Institution founded 1875
Number of buildings 14
Number of acres of land 900
Number of inmates 1,330
Number of attendants 100
Annual appropriation $325,000
SUPERINTENDENTS.
Dr. P. L. Murphy 1882-1907
Dr. John McCampbell 1907-
13
194 State Charitable Institutions
STATE HOSPITAL AT GOLDSBORO.
W. W. Faison, M.D., Superintendent, Goldsboro, N. C.
This institution was opened for the reception of patients August
1st, 1880. The number of patients received since its beginning is
6,386. Number discharged, 5,386. Number of patients remaining
on roll, 1,000.
SUMMARY.
Founded 18S0
Number of buildings 13
Number of acres of land 720
Value of Buildings and Equipments $700,000.00
Value of land $100,000.00
Number of inmates 1,000
Number of attendants 36
State Appropriation for 1919 and 1920 $375,000.00
SUPERINTENDENTS.
W. H. Moore ■ • • .1880-1882
J. D. Roberts 1882-1888
J. F. Miller 1888-1906
W. W. Faison 1906-
NORTH CAROLINA SANATORIUM FOR TREATMENT OF
TUBERCULOSIS.
L. B. McBrayer, M.D., F.A.C.P., Superintendent, Sanatorium, N. G.
The North Carolina Sanatorium for Treatment of Tuberculosis
was established by an act of the General Assembly in 1907, which
appropriated for the purpose $15,000 for construction and $5,000
for annual maintenance.
summary.
Number of buildings 30
Value of buildings $500,000
Number of acres of land 1,200
Value of land 72,000
Number of patients 130
North Carolina Orthopaedic Hospital 195
Appropriations 1919 and 1920:
Permanent improvements $2,000
Maintenance, 1919 60,000
Maintenance, 1920 50,000
Extension, 1919 14,000
Extension, 1920 15,000
superintendents.
J. E. Brooks, M. D 1907-1912
M. E. Street, M. D 1912-1914
L. B. McBrayer, M. D., F. A. C. P 1914-
NORTH CAROLINA ORTHOPAEDIC HOSPITAL
Robert B. Babington, President, Gastonia, N. C.
The North Carolina Orthopaedic Hospital, erected in 1920 for the
scientific treatment and healing of crippled children, was chartered
April, 1914, and was created a State institution by an act of the
General Assembly of 1917, which appropriated $20,000 for perma-
nent improvements and $7,500 annually for maintenance. The Gen-
eral Assembly of 1919 made a like appropriation for permanent
improvements and also for maintenance, however, as the institution
is not completed as yet, owing to insufficient funds, and as no pa-
tients have been received, therefore none of the $30,000 appropriation
above cited, as made for maintenance, has been asked for nor ap-
propriated by the State.
The completion and opening of the North Carolina Orthopaedic
Hospital will supply the State of North Carolina with one of the
most needed charities of the day, and will be the fifth such State
institution in the United States.
The aim and purpose of the institution is to scientifically treat,
heal and teach the orphaned, poor and neglected crippled and de-
formed children of sound mind of North Carolina.
The institution is located in Gaston County on a 28.5 acre tract
of land, two miles east of Gastonia on the New Hope asphalt road,
beautifully situated on a high elevation of more than 1,000 feet.
The land is well watered, also beautiful groves on it.
The Trustees hope to be able to open its doors by June 1st, 1921.
All buildings are under the supervision of the North Carolina
Building Commission and the State Architect, and are fireproof and
beautiful in architectural design.
196 State Charitable Institutions
The institution is under the management of a board of nine trus-
tees, appointed from time to time by the Governor, of which the
Governor is ex officio Chairman.
SUMMARY.
Founded 1909
Chartered 1914
Created a State Institution 1917
Number of acres of land 28.5
Value of land $28,500.00
Value of buildings and improvements $77,000.00
OXFORD ORPHAN ASYLUM.*
. R. L. Brown, Superintendent, Oxford.
In the year 1872 the Oxford Orphan Asylum was established by
the Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free and Accepted Order of Masons
of North Carolina.
It was the first institution of its character established in the
State and one of the first in the South.
This property was originally the old St. John's College, and was
established in 1855 by the Grand Lodge of North Carolina for edu-
cational purposes. After being tried for a number of years and
proving a failure financially, the Grand Lodge in 1872 decided to
turn the property into a home for the orphan children of the State.
This was accomplished largely through the instrumentality of
John H. Mills, wmo offered the resolution at the meeting of the
Grand Lodge, and worked for its adoption without very great en-
couragement. It was, therefore, quite fitting that he should have
been chosen to be the first superintendent of the Orphanage.
This action of the Grand Lodge brought into existence the first
orphanage in North Carolina.
The purpose of the institution is to provide a temporary home
and training school for the homeless boys and girls of the State.
The conditions of admission of the white children of North Caro-
lina are: That they are really destitute and homeless; that they are
of sound mind and body; and they are not over twelve years of age.
*For white children.
Oxford Orphan Asylum 197
The benefits of Oxford Orphan Asylum have never been restricted
to the children of Masons alone. Only about 22 per cent of its chil-
dren had fathers who were Masons.
Three thousand four hundred and twenty-two children have re-
ceived the care and training of the institution since 1872 to October
31, 1920.
The institution is providing the necessities of life for these chil-
dren, the opportunity to acquire an English education, industrial
training in cottages, kitchen, sewing room, domestic science, laundry,
shoe shop, printing office, telegraphy and typewriting, woodworking
shop, dairy, and on farm. Each child is in school at least the half
of each school day during the school term of nine and a half months.
Moral and religious instruction is prominent in the work.
In recognition of the services of the Oxford Orphan Asylum, its
value to our commonwealth in its work, the State of North Carolina
appropriates $20,000 annually to aid in its maintenance and ex-
tension.
Annually a report of the operations of the institution is made to
the Governor of the State and to the State Board of Public Charities,
and to the Grand Lodge.
At the request of the Grand Lodge of Masons, the State of North
Carolina is represented by three members on the board of directors of
the Orphanage. These are appointed by the Governor of the State.
SUMMARY.
Founded 1872
Number of buildings 26
Number of acres of land 242
Value of land, buildings, and equipment $500,000
Number of volumes in library 1,800
Number of children in institution (Nov. 1, 1918).. 376
Number of officers and teachers 44
Annual income (State appropriation) $20,000.00
Annual income (other sources) $131,480.73
SUPERINTENDENTS.
J. H. Mills 1872-1882
B. F. Dixon 1883-1S90
Julius T. Harris (Sept. 1-Nov. 21) -1890
B. F. Dixon (Nov. 21-Dec. 31) -1890
W. S. Black 1891-1894
N. M. Lawrence 1894-1898
W. J. Hicks 1898-1911
R L. Brown 1911
198 State Charitable Institutions
NORTH CAROLINA ORPHANAGE FOR THE COLORED RACE.
Henry P. Cheatham, Superintendent, Oxford, N. C.
The North Carolina Orphanage for the Colored Race was founded
in 1883 as the result of the joint efforts of Rev. Augustus Shepard,
then pastor of the colored Baptist Church in Henderson, and Henry
P. Cheatham, then a teacher in the Henderson public schools. Their
plans contemplated the establishment of an orphanage in North
Carolina for the fatherless and homeless children of the colored race
without regard to religious sects. Calling together certain leaders
of the colored race, they laid their plans before them. The plans
were adopted, a board of directors elected, and a site purchased for
the orphanage about a mile and a half south of the town of Oxford.
Upon this site were two old and dilapidated buildings, which were
repaired and put into immediate use. During the first ten years of
its existence the Orphanage was entirely dependent upon the
churches, Sunday schools, and sympathetic individuals for support,
together with what the children could earn by cultivating the six
acres of land then belonging to the Orphanage. In 1892 the Grand
Lodge of Masons of North Carolina adopted a provision allowing the
Orphanage annually ten per cent of its gross receipts, and in 1893
the General Assembly began to make a small annual appropriation,
which now amounts to $8,000.
summary
Founded 1883
Number of buildings 10
Number of acres of land 234
Value of land, buildings and equipment. . . .~ $60,000
Number of children in institution 185
Number of officers, teachers and helpers 9
Annual appropriation from State $10,000
Other sources (for 1918) $4,578
Annual per capita cost $112
superi n ten den ts
Rev. Joshua Perry 1883-1884
Miss Bessie Hackins 1884-
Rev. Walter A. Patillo 1886-1887
Rev. Rorert Shepherd 1887-1907
Henry P. Cheatham 1907-
Soldier's Home 199
SOLDIERS' HOME.*
J. A. Wigg, Superintendent.
So far as can be ascertained from the records on file in the office
of the Soldiers' Home, a home for indigent Confederate soldiers was
first established in a rented house at the corner of Polk and Blood-
worth streets, in the city of Raleigh, and declared to be opened on
October 15, 1890, with five inmates. W. C. Stronach, under the
auspices of the Daughters of the Confederacy, acted as Superintend-
ent and looked after the personal comforts of the men.
The General Assembly of 1891, chapter 60, Private Laws, incor-
porated Gen. Robert F. Hoke, Col. William L. Saunders, Col. A. B.
Andrews, Capt. S. A. Ashe, Gen. Rufus Barringer, Gen. A. M. Scales,
Gen. Robert B. Vance, Gen. Thomas Clingman, Gen. W. P. Roberts,
Gen. Julian S. Carr, Capt. Thomas J. Jarvis, Col. W. P. Wood, Gen.
Matt. W. Ransom and other members of the Confederate Veterans'
Association, under the name and style of "The Soldiers' Home Asso-
ciation," and conferred upon this association the usual corporate
powers. The act gave to the Soldiers' Home Association a tract of
land near the eastern section of the city of Raleigh, known as Camp
Russell, to be used for the purpose of a soldiers' home, and, if it
should cease to be so used, to revert to and belong to the State. The
same act appropriated $3,000 for the maintenance of the Soldiers'
Home and the support of its inmates. Section 6 of the act is as
follows:
"The directors shall cause to be kept a minute-book of the home,
in which full entries shall be kept concerning memorable incidents
in the lives of its inmates. They shall also take steps to form a
museum of Confederate relics and to perpetuate such historical
records of the Confederate soldiers of North Carolina as they shall
find it practicable to do.'
The act was ratified February 14, 1901.
On April 27, 1891, the number of inmates of the Soldiers Home
having increased to nine, they were removed to an old building at
Camp Russell which had been fitted up for the purposes of the home.
Miss Mary Williams was appointed matron, and served in that ca-
pacity until February 15, 1893, when Capt. J. H. Fuller was made
•This article was prepared for the Manual by Capt. W. F. Drake.
200 Static Charitable Institutions
resident superintendent. On February 1, 1898, Superintendent
Fuller resigned. Feebleness of age and the increase in number of
inmates had made the duties too arduous for one of his strength.
Capt. R. H. Brooks was elected to succeed Captain Fuller, and
served until his death on June 14, 1910. The number of inmates
continued to increase during his term, and the necessity for new and
larger buildings became urgent. A dormitory was built to accommo-
date 70 inmates, and furnished by liberal donations from the Daugh-
ters of the Confederacy and others. A large hospital was built,
medical attention given, nurses employed, water, sewerage, and elec-
tric lights provided, and the grounds made attractive. Such heavy
expense exceeded the appropriation made by the State, and at the
close of Captain Brooks' term the books showed the home to be in
arrears to the extent of $6,000; but all felt confident that the Legis-
lature would provide for the deficiency.
Capt. W. S. Lineberry was elected to succeed Captain Brooks, and
entered upon his duties July 20, 1910.
Colonel D. H. Milton, who was elected to succeed Capt. W. S. Line-
berry, September 26, 1916, took charge October 1, 1916. Colonel
Milton resigned October 1, 1920, and was succeeded by J. A. Wigg.
An appropriation of $35,000 was made by the Legislature of 1915
for the support of the home. The home is now out of debt; the
buildings bright with new paint; the grounds ornamented with trees
and shrubbery, and the walks clean. The comrades are, as a rule,
contented. The fare is good, the rooms comfortable, the regulations
reasonable, and an air of cheerfulness pervades. All this has come
from the humble beginning of October, 1890.
SUMMARY
Founded '. 1890
Number of comrades received since its founding. . . 1,310
Number received since last report 105
Number of comrades died since its founding 616
Number died since last report 55
Number of comrades in the Home, December 1, 1920 150
SUPERINTENDENT
Miss Mary Williams 1891-1893
Capt. J. H. Fuller 1893-1898
Capt. R. H. Brooks . 1898-1910
Capt. W. S. Lineberry 1910-1916
Col. D. H. Milton 1916-1920
J. A. Wigg 1920-
Confederate Woman's Home 201
THE CONFEDERATE WOMAN'S HOME.
Miss Fannie C. Waiters, Superintendent, Fayetteville.
The Confederate Woman's Home of North Carolina was estab-
lished by chapter 62 of the Public Laws of 1913. The act incorpo-
rated the Confederate Woman's Home Association, with Julian S.
Carr, John H. Thorpe, Robert H. Ricks, Robert H. Bradley, E. R.
Preston, Simon B. Taylor, Joseph B. Spainhour, A. D. McGill, M.
Leslie Davis, T. T. Thorne, and W. A. Grier, as incorporators. The
object of the Association was "to establish, maintain, and govern
a home for deserving, needy and dependent wives and widows of
North Carolina Confederate soldiers, and other worthy dependent
women of the Confederacy who are bona fide residents of this State."
Ample power for carrying out this purpose was conferred by the
act upon the Association. The act 'authorized the Governor to
appoint a board of directors of seven members who should be the
governing board of the institution. The board appointed by the
Governor consisted of J. A. Turner, James A. Bryan, W. H. Bahnson,
Haywood Parker, A. G. McGill and Ashley Home. Upon the death
of Colonel Home, the Governor appointed T. T. Thorne to the
vacancy. An advisory board of women managers was established to
assist the board of directors in the equipment and management of
the Home. The State appropriates $5,000 annually for its main-
tenance.
directors
J. A. Bryan, Chairman New Bern, N. C.
Geo. M. Rose, Vice-Chairman Fayetteville, N. C.
W. H. White Oxford, N. C.
T. T. Thorne . Rocky Mount, N. C.
J. S. Carr Durham, N. C.
J. W. McLaughlin Raeford, N. C.
E. R. McKethan Fayetteville, N. C.
advisory board
Mrs. Hunter Smith Mrs. Hari.ee Townsend
Mrs. Felix Harvey Mrs. W. O. Win mi ah
Mrs. T. B. Reynolds Mrs. B. H. Griffin
Mrs. R. E. Little. Mrs. Herbert McCullers
Mrs. E. R. McKethan Mrs. T. W. Thrash
Mrs. T. W. Bickett Mrs. Marshall Williams
PART VII.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1. The North Carolina Railroad Company.
2. The Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad
Company.
3. The North Carolina Agricultural Society.
4. North Carolina State Capitol.
5. State Administration Building.
6. North Carolina Day.
7. Legal Holidays in North Carolina.
8. State Flag.
9. The Great Seal.
10. State Motto and Its Origin.
11. The Confederate Museum at Richmond.
THE NORTH CAROLINA RAILROAD COMPANY.*
A. H. Eller, Secretary and Treasurer.^
The greatest of all enterprises so far attempted by the State of
North Carolina in the nature of a public or internal improvement
was the building of the North Carolina Railroad from Goldsboro by
way of Raleigh, Greensboro and Salisbury, to Charlotte.
Considering the experimental state of railroading at that time, the
dread of public or private indebtedness, and the limited resources,
the movement was a monumental enterprise — and one in advance of
anything attempted by almost any other State in the Union. The
success, however, which has crowned the labors and sacrifices of our
fathers has established beyond all question that their wisdom was
equal to. or superior to, any displayed before or since their day.
In 1833 the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad Company and the Wil-
mington and Raleigh, afterwards known as the Wilmington and Wel-
don Railroad Company, were chartered, and later these roads were
built. In 1848 the former was in the hands of the State, and was in
a bankrupt condition for the want of patronage. It was necessary
to give it some connection, or to extend it. At the session of Novem-
ber, 184S, the western counties urged a charter for a road from
Charlotte to Danville, asking no State aid; but the eastern members
opposed that project. The finances of the State were in such an
impoverished condition that it was generally deemed impracticable
for the State to give any considerable aid to any railroad; but Wil-
liam S. Ashe, the Democratic Senator from New Hanover, intro-
duced a bill to construct a road from Goldsboro to Charlotte, under
the name of the North Carolina Railroad, and appropriating two mil-
lions of dollars for that purpose, on condition, however, that private
parties would subscribe one million, and to secure the payment of
the State bonds, when issued, a lien was given on the State's stock.
When the western men brought up the Charlotte and Danville bill
in the House, Stanley and other eastern men opposed it so bitterly
that it could not pass, and then in a dramatic scene, the friends of
internal improvement agreed to send to the Senate and take the
•This article is brought forward from the Manual of 1913. The editor regrets that he
has been unable to secure from the present secretary of the company a revised statement
bringing it up to date.
fThe writer acknowledges his indebtedness to Capt. S. A. Ashe for his historical data
contained in this sketch.
206 Miscellaneous
Ashe bill from the files and offer it as a substitute. After a great
and prolonged struggle the bill passed the House of Commons. In
the Senate it failed by an adverse majority of one; but the Senator
from Cumberland was led to support it by passing the bill for the
State to build the plank road from Fayetteville to Salem; and then
the vote in the Senate was a tie. Speaker Graves, who had up to
that moment maintained an impenetrable silence as to the measure,
broke the tie in favor of building the road by State aid; and the
measure was passed. Speaker Graves was never again elected to
any office by the vote of his people.
To secure the needed one million of private stock, Speaker Graves,
Governor Morehead and Mr. William Boylan made great exertions,
and by their efforts, aided by Joseph Caldwell, Governor W. A. Gra-
ham, Paul C. Cameron and others, the necessary stock was eventu-
ally raised. On January 29, 1856, the railroad was ready for passage
of trains from Goldsboro to Charlotte, and charters had been granted
for two other roads — from Goldsboro to Morehead City and from
Salisbury to the Tennessee line.
By act ratified 14th of February, 1855, the General Assembly in-
creased the capital stock to $4,000,000, and subscribed for the State
the whole of the added capital. From that time till now the State
has owned three-fourths and individuals one-fourth of this road.
The first president of the company was Governor John M. More-
head, to whom so much was due for securing the subscription of the
private stock, and under his direction the road was constructed. His
successors were Charles F. Fisher, of Rowan; Paul C. Cameron,
Josiah Turner, Jr., of Orange, and William A. Smith, of Johnston.
During the administration of Mr. Smith the road was, on the 11th
day of September, 1871, leased to the Richmond and Danville Rail-
road Company for thirty years, at a rental of 6 per cent per annum.
The subsequent presidents of the company have been: Thomas M.
Holt, Lee S. Overman, S. B. Alexander, J. F. Kornegay, R. M. Nor-
ment, J. L. Armstrong, H. G. Chatham, Charles M. Stedman and
Benehan Cameron.
On the 16th day of August, 1895, in view of the approaching termi-
nation of the lease, the property was leased to the Southern Railway
Company for a term of ninety-nine years at an annual rental of
6M: per cent for six years and 7 per cent for the remaining ninety-
three years, and the stock of the company was selling at $186 per
share until the panic of 1907.
North Carolina Railroad Company 207
On the readjustment of the debt of the State, the State renewed
the bonds issued for the purchase of the North Carolina Railroad
stock, pledging the original lien on the stock for the payment of the
debt.
Col. Peter EC. Ruffin for more than thirty years was the faithful
and efficient secretary and treasurer of the company.
The secretaries of the company in the order of their election and
service are as follows: Cyrus P. Mendenhall, Julius B. Ramsey, R.
M. Mills, F. A. Stagg, J. A. McCauley, W. F. Thornburg, P. B. Ruffin,
H. B. Worth, Spencer B. Adams, D. H. McLean, A. H. Eller, J. P.
Cook and R. B. White.
The State, as is well known, has continued to own its $3,000,000 of
the original capital stock, and has acquired two (2) additional
shares, thus giving it 30,002 shares, at par value amounting to
$3,000,200, which, however, at the recent market value aggregates
$5,580,372. And it is confidently believed that if the State desired
to part with a controlling interest in the company, its stock would
command a much greater price, and those who have watched the
constant advance in the price of this stock expect it to go to $200
per share at an early day.
Under the lease of 1871 to the Richmond and Danville Railroad
Company, the company could not have claimed the betterments made
by the lessee; but under the present lease the company is not only
amply secured by bond for the prompt payment of its lease money
and organization expenses, to wit, $143,000, on the first day of Janu-
ary and July of each year, but upon the termination of said lease
for any cause the company acquires the betterments made thereon.
In addition to the railroad and rolling stock leased to the South-
ern Railway Company, the company still owns valuable land in and
about Company Shops, now known as the city of Burlington.
When the board of directors appointed by Governor Aycock took
charge of the company's affairs, there was a floating indebtedness of
$10,000. The May balance, 1912, of the secretary and treasurer
shows that said indebtedness has been paid and a special divi-
dend of one-half of one per cent, amounting to $20,000, and the com-
pany has to its credit in the bank the sum of $21,128.64, all of which,
except a small balance, is drawing 4 per cent interest. Again, on
August 1, 1912, an extra one-half of one per cent dividend, amounting
to $20,000, was paid. Promptly upon the payment of the lease
money on the first of January and July in each year, the directors
208 Miscellaneous
declare a dividend, and the secretary and treasurer pay to the State
Treasurer immediately $105,000, and a like dividend is paid to the
private stockholders on the first day of February and August of each
year. The present board of directors, as appointed by Governor
Kitchin on the part of the State, are given below. The State's
proxy is Jo. M. Reese; the expert is John W. Thompson, and the
company's attorney is Frank R. McNinch.*
A true sketch of this company would be incomplete without calling
attention to the long and invaluable services of Gen. R. F. Hoke as
director. His experience and great knowledge of affairs, and life-
long devotion to the best interest of the company, entitle him to the
gratitude of the State, as well as the private stockholders. His
death on July 3, 1912, was deeply and universally lamented.
The question is sometimes asked why the organization of the
North Carolina Railroad Company is kept up, and what particular
functions it performs.
This company, as some people think, does not belong to the State
of North Carolina. It is a quasi-public corporation like all other
railroad companies, in which the State owns three-fourths of the
stock. It is managed practically as any private corporation would
be managed, the principal difference being that the Governor has
the appointment of eight of the directors, while the private stock-
holders have the election of four of the directors.
The organization is maintained for the purpose of enforcing the
terms of the lease to the Southern Railway Company, and, in case
of the termination of that lease for any cause, to resume the opera-
tion of the road.
It is required to see that the bonds given for the prompt payment
of the rent, and also the bond to maintain the rolling stock in good
condition, are kept in force. It receives the rent money of $280,000
per year, payable semi-annually, and declares a dividend and pays
the same to the stockholders of record. It transfers stock like other
corporations.
In leasing its property to the Southern Railway Company it re-
served its office building, which is the residence of the secretary and
treasurer, containing its vault and records, at Burlington, N. C. It
owns certain real estate in and about the city of Burlington, which
is sold by its land committee from time to time.
•This article was written in 1912.
Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad 209
The secretary and treasurer is required to give a bond in the sum
of $50,000, and his books and accounts are audited by a finance com-
mittee at stated times. It is required to file a report annually with
the State Corporation Commission and one with the Interstate Com-
merce Commission, as other railroad companies must do. It also
reports its income for Federal taxation like other corporations. Its
stock is the most valuable holding that the State of North Carolina
has amongst its assets, and whether it will be the policy of the State
to hold its stock perpetually or to dispose of the same is a matter
for the Legislature of the future.
THE ATLANTIC AND NORTH CAROLINA RAILROAD C03IPANT.
[Reprinted from the North Carolina Manual of 1915. The editor regrets that he has
not been able to get the data necessary to bring the article up to date.]
The Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad was chartered by the
General Assembly of North Carolina in 1852, duration of the charter
being ninety-nine years. The charter was amended in 1854 and 1855.
Work on the railroad was begun shortly afterwards, and pushed to
completion from Goldsboro to a point on the seacoast now known
as Morehead City, a distance of 95 miles, in 1858.
Not having the necessary data at hand, I state from memory, and
from information gained from other sources, the names of the differ-
ent presidents of the railroad company, in the order of their service
from the beginning up to the time when the railroad was leased to
the Howland Improvement Company, during the administration of
Hon. C. B. Aycock as Governor of North Carolina, on September 1,
1904, as follows: John D. Whitford, Charles R. Thomas, John D.
Whitford, E. R. Stanley, R. W. King, L. W. Humphrey, John
Hughes, John D. Whitford, Washington Bryan, W. S. Chadwick,
Robert Hancock, D. W. Patrick, James A. Bryan.
The road was capitalized at $1,800,000; the par value of the stock
was fixed at $100 per share. The State of North Carolina owns
12,666 shares of the stock. The county of Craven owns 1,293 shares,
the county of Lenoir owns 500 shares,* the county of Pamlico owns
202 shares. The balance of the stock of the road is owned by private
individuals. The equipment of the road was by no means complete
*Sold to private individuals.
14
210 Miscellaneous
when the War between the States began (1861), and by reason of
the fact that a good portion of the road was under the control
of the Federal arms from the fall of New Bern in 1862 to the
close of the war in 1865, the road when turned over to its rightful
owners was little more, if any, than a burden to carry, which was
in part the cause of no returns to the stockholders on their invest-
ments for thirty-four years after the road was constructed.
During the administration of the Hon. T. J. Jarvis, Governor of
North Carolina, the railroad was leased to W. J. Best, who had
control and operated same for a short time only, and then returned
it back to its owner.
There is an outstanding bonded indebtedness against the road of
$325,000, bearing interest at 6 per cent per annum, the interest
payable semi-annually. Bonds for same were issued in 1887 and
will mature in 1917.* During the last year of the presidency of
James A. Bryan two suits were instituted in the Federal Court for
the Eastern District of North Carolina for the appointment of
receivers of the road — first by K. S. Finch of New York, and the
second by John P. Cuyler of New Jersey. Receivers were appointed
in both cases, but relief was granted by higher courts.
The vast amount of unsettled business in which the Atlantic and
North Carolina Railroad Company was in any way interested at the
time the Howland Improvement Company, "lessees," assumed con-
trol of the railroad, was very largely adjusted during the first two
years. The expiration of the third year of the lease found only a
small amount of difference to be looked after, which in time was
settled. Suit was brought in the Superior Court of Craven County,
in 1906, to annul the lease to the Howland Improvement Company,
resulting in a decision upholding the lease, which decision was
affirmed by the Supreme Court,
The contract for lease with the Howland Improvement Company
terminates in ninety-one years and four months from the date of
its execution, and the stipulations contained in same have, up to
the last meeting of the stockholders of the Atlantic and North Caro-
lina Railroad Company, in 1912, been largely complied with, as
will be seen from the annual reports to the stockholders' meeting
of the president, treasurer and expert of the lessor company. The
Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad has, with some other short
♦Written in 1914.
North Carolina Agricultural Society 211
lines in Eastern North Carolina, been merged into and now forms
part of the Norfolk Southern Railway system.
The following have been presidents of the company: James A.
Bryan, J. W. Grainger, S. W. Ferrebee, L. P. Tapp, H. H. Grainger
and Thomas D. Warren.
THE NORTH CAROLINA AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Joseph E. Pogue. Secretary, Raleigh.
The North Carolina Agricultural Society, which operates the
State Fair annually in Raleigh during the third week in October,
was chartered by special act of the Legislature more than half a
century ago "to provide a place for the holding of annual fairs, in
order that the citizens may be encouraged by exhibitions, premiums
and other means to develop and improve the productions of agri-
culture and every species of native industry; and to this end, and
for these great and valuable purposes, and to no other, shall the
corporation apply all the funds which by any means it may acquire."
No capital stock was provided for in that charter. Various public-
spirited citizens loaned to the Society a sum of money sufficient to
purchase grounds and erect buildings for the purposes of an annual
fair, taking therefor the bonds of the Society. The real property
pledged to secure this bonded debt is held in trust. The bonded
debt was originally $26,550, but was reduced in 1905 to $22,600, and
refunded for twenty years at five per cent instead of six per cent,
the former rate. These bonds are now generally held at par value.
In 1917 ten thousand dollars more was borrowed from the Citizens
National Bank of Raleigh, at six per cent, to build the Woman's
Building. This is payable in annual installments of $1,000 each,
$4,000 of which has been paid.
Any profits made in the operation of the Fair go into a surplus
fund, which is spent in permanent improvements of all kinds at
the Fair Grounds, for increased premiums, and other betterments
that go toward making the Fair more efficient.
The present Fair Grounds are just west of the city of Raleigh, at
the terminus of the electric street car line. They were purchased
about forty years ago, and cover more than sixty acres of land
in one of the most desirable of Raleigh's suburbs. The Society has
twelve large buildings on these grounds. Some of these buildings
212 Miscellaneous
were erected when the site was acquired, but most of them have
gradually been added from annual profits of the Fair. Most of
them have been put up in recent years. The three live-stock
buildings were erected in 1913. The "Sandhills" Building was
donated through President Leonard Tufts in 1916, and the Woman's
Building was built in 1917. A new sheep building was erected,
25 x 162 feet in dimension. Modern bleacher seats to accommodate
1,500 persons and many changes and improvements on the grounds
were made in 1920. Nearly all of the old buildings have been re-
modeled and practically rebuilt out of the current income.
A few years ago a Machinery Shed, 48 x 200 feet, with metal roof,
was erected for the accommodation of exhibits of heavy farm
machinery. This has proved a boon to these exhibitors and is
greatly appreciated by the public. A modern reinforced concrete
building 60 x 150 feet has been put up for the exhibitors of agri-
cultural and horticultural products. This is well arranged and
equipped with a concrete floor. The State Board of Agriculture
usually occupies about one-half of this building with a most attrac-
tive exhibit of the various activities of the Department of Agri-
culture. A modern fireproof poultry house has been erected and
gives 9,000 square feet of space to exhibits of this valuable and
growing industry of the State, which the Society strenuously seeks
to encourage in every possible way.
Among other improvements might be mentioned the widening
three times of the "Midway" within the last dozen years, to afford
room for the ever increasing crowds, and the macadamizing of this
thoroughfare; the overhauling and remodeling of the Arts and
Crafts Building, known as "Floral Hall"; a large increase in the
number of box stalls for exhibition and race horses, the wiring of
the buildings for electric lights, the extension of the city water
pipe to the Fair Grounds, providing running water throughout.
The live-stock buildings are as good as could be built, and cost
nearly $10,000; the swine building has a concrete floor. And all of
these improvements, with the exception of the Woman's Building,
have been erected and paid for out of the current revenues, with-
out adding one dollar of bonded debt. This is an achievement of
which the management feels proud.
In addition to this, the present management found the Society
heavily in debt and facing the possibility of a foreclosure of the
mortgage. All floating debts have been paid. Nearly $13,000 has
been paid for past-due interest and in reducing the bonded debt.
North Carolina Agricultural Society 213
It may be said in the most conservative terms that the Fair has
grown from modest beginnings, until in recent years, just as the
Old North State is taking her proper place among the foremost
States of the Union, her State Fair is taking rank with the leading
institutions of the kind in the country. Moreover, it has been
gaining more and more the enthusiastic support, cooperation and
advice of men in all industries of the State, a thing that is abso-
lutely necessary for the making of a larger and greater fair.
It is the intention of the management to continue to put up new
permanent buildings as fast as the profits from the fair will permit,
or the public policy of the State towards her agricultural and indus-
trial interests as expressed at the State Fair will make possible,
replacing all of the old wooden structures with buildings that are
adapted to the rapidly increasing needs of the more representative
exhibitors that are year by year demanding larger and better ac-
commodations.
Some definite idea of the growth of the Fair during the last few
years may be gathered from the fact that in one year the number of
solid carloads of exhibits jumped from 42 to 83, and the number of
separate entries from 1,201 in 1909 to 3,501 in 1910, and 4,136 in
1911, and each year since has shown a healthy growth, 1920 wit-
nessing the most successful fair in the long history of the Society.
No other occasion in North Carolina draws anything like the
throngs that visit the State Fair each year. The railroads for years
have been putting on special rates and extra trains to handle the
crowds, and thousands come by automobile.
Keeping pace with the most modern methods of stimulating the
efforts to produce better and better crops of all kinds, the manage-
ment during the last few years has instituted the corn contest fea-
ture for boys, cotton contests for men and boys, the tomato contest
for girls, the Pig Clubs for boys and girls, and the Poultry Clubs
for boys and girls, and still more and larger prizes for individual
and county exhibits and agricultural products. The Girls' and Hoys'
Poultry Clubs were invited to enter our poultry show free of entry
fees, and they made a fine showing and won a large percentage of
the prize money in this department.
The Fair of 1920, by common consent, was pronounced the best in
its long history of fifty-seven years. Especially did the exhibits in
cattle, horses, swine and sheep excel anything yet seen at the State
Fair or anywhere else in our Fair Zone.
214 Miscellaneous
The list of national live-stock associations offering their special
premiums at the Fair keeps growing larger as the years go by, and
in the case of one of the most prominent of these associations the
North Carolina State Fair is honored among only four Southern
fairs. It is thus apparent that our State Fair is recognized as one
of the greatest gathering points for pure-bred live stock in the South.
For years the management has been working away from the big-
midway and little-exhibit condition of a fair back to the funda-
mental purpose of its existence, the competition of the best to make
better, and all questionable shows and doubtful games are abso-
lutely forbidden in the grounds, and a clear field is given to the
best shows offering legitimate amusement as well as educational
features. The management is working for the ideal State Fair,
ichieh shall be the meeting place of agriculture and industry, a de-
lightful outing for all the members of the family, a short school
for men and women, boys and girls, the best short course in agri-
culture in the State, a great industrial exchange, a university of
experience and experiment, an annual advertisement of the great-
ness of a great State.
In August, 1918, after great preparations had been made for the
1918 State Fair, and when practically everything was in readiness
for the event, the United States Government sent representatives
of the War Department to Raleigh, looking for a site for a Tank
Training Camp. They found an ideal situation at the Fair Grounds
— water, electric lights, street cars, a railroad spur track, and ten
large buildings. Upon the urgent request of the War Department
and upon the representation that the War Work of the Government
would be advanced at least three months by the turning over of
this property without delay, the North Carolina Agricultural Society
unanimously voted to turn over the property for the purpose. This
meant the abandonment of the Fair for 1918, but it meant that the
Society could and would meet the test of patriotism, and save the
Government three months of invaluable time and thousands of
dollars in money.
North Carolina State Capitol 215
THE NORTH CAROLINA STATE CAPITOL.
On the morning of June 21. 1831, the State Capitol of North Caro-
lina was destroyed by fire. Though the public records of the State
were saved, the State Library, containing many valuable books and
manuscripts, was lost.
The citizens of Raleigh naturally bemoaned the destruction of the
building, but Governor Stokes did not regard it as a great loss. In
his opinion there were some mitigating circumstances. In his mes-
sage to the General Assembly, when it met the following November,
he said that the calamity was not so great, because the old State-
house, built in 1794, was almost ready to tumble down of its own
accord, and that perhaps many valuable lives had been saved by its
being destroyed by fire instead of tumbling down on the Legislature
while in session.
At once Senator Seawell of Wake brought forward a bill providing
for the erection of a new Capitol on the site of the old one. At the
same time a similar bill was introduced in the House of Commons.
As there was a strong sentiment in the State favorable to the re-
moval of the capital from Raleigh to Fayetteville, these two bills to
rebuild at Raleigh met with vigorous opposition. Accordingly, Sen-
ator Seawell's bill was quickly disposed of. Senator Wilson of Edge-
combe moved to table it, and it was tabled. The House bill was
longer discussed. The discussion was prolonged for two days, but
on a yea and nay vote the bill failed, 65 to 68. The Assembly of
1831 refused to rebuild.
A year passed, and the ruins of the old Statehouse still marked
the site of the former Capitol. But the Constitution, or rather the
Ordinance, of 1789, located the capital at Raleigh, and the Legisla-
ture had no power to move it. It was even questioned with great
seriousness whether the Assembly could hold its sessions in the
Governor's Mansion, at the end of Fayetteville Street, as that was
outside of the limits of the town. To move the capital a con-
vention was necessary, and a majority of the Legislature was not
favorable to a convention.
At the session of November, 1832, the Assembly, by a vote of
35 to 28 in the Senate and 73 to 60 in the House, resolved to rebuild
on the old site, and $50,000 was appropriated for the purpose.
William Boylan, Duncan Cameron, Henry Seawell, Romulus M.
Saunders and William S. Mhoon were appointed commissioners to
216 Miscellaneous
have the work done. The commissioners, with $50,000 at their com-
mand, did not dally. The rubbish was cleared away, the excava-
tions made and the foundations were laid. On July 4, 1833, the
corner-stone was set in place. Up to that time W. S. Drummond
was the superintendent and chief architect, and he was one of the
principal persons in the ceremony of laying the corner-stone.
After the foundations were laid the work progressed more slowly,
and it was so expensive that the appropriation was exhausted. The
Legislature at its next session appropriated $75,000 more. To do
the stone and finer work many skilled artisans had been brought
from Scotland and other countries. Part of the work was con-
ducted under the supervision of W. S. Drummond and another part
under Colonel Thomas Bragg, but these arrangements did not prove
satisfactory, and a year later, in September, 1834, Mr. I. Theil Town
of New York, acting for the commissioners, contracted with David
Paton to come to Raleigh and superintend the work.
Mr. Paton was an architect who had come from Scotland the year
before. He was then thirty-three years of age. He was the son of
John Paton of Edinburgh, who was an extensive builder in that city
and vicinity and who had built the greater part of the new town and
constructed the famous Dean Bridge across the water of Leith, and
he ranked high in his profession. Having received a liberal educa-
tion at the University of Edinburgh, David Paton took up the pro-
fession of his father and was regularly bred as an architect and
builder under his father and under Sir John Sloan, R.A., professor
of architecture to the Royal Academy of London. He soon demon-
strated his capacity. When he first came to Raleigh the cost of over-
seeing the work on the Capitol was $25 a day. He reduced that cost
to $9. Twenty-eight stonecutters were paid $81 a day. This he
reduced to $56. He made a saving in these two items alone of $42
a day. He found himself to be not merely supervisor of the work,
but the superintendent; not merely the superintendent, but the
bookeeper and paymaster. He had every detail of the work on his
shoulders. And then he had to make the working drawings. He
was the builder, the architect, the designer.
Both the commissioners and the architect had large ideas. The
former were wise enough to expend the original $50,000, which the
General Assembly expected would complete the structure, on its
foundation. Their work being severely criticised, they resigned
January 1, 1835. Their successors were Beverly Daniel, chairman,
North Carolina State Capitol 217
Samuel F. Patterson, Charles Manly and Alfred Jones. The Legis-
lature was compelled to make appropriations for the work from
time to time. The following is a table of the several appropriations
made:
Session of 1832-33 $ 50,000.00
Session of 1833-34 75,000.00
Session of 1834-35 75,000.00
Session of 1835 75,000.00
Session of 1836-37 120,000.00
Session of 1838-39 105,300.00
Session of 1840-41 31,374.46
Total $531,674.46
It must be remembered that the stone with which the building
was erected was the property of the State. Had the State been
compelled to purchase this material the cost of the Capitol would
have been considerably increased.
The following is a description of the Capitol, written by David
Paton, the architect:
"The State Capitol is 160 feet in length from north to south by
140 feet from east to west. The whole height is 97% feet in the
center. The apex of pediment is 64 feet in height. The stylobate
is 18 feet in height. The columns of the east and west porticos
are 5 feet 2% inches in diameter. An entablature, including block-
ing course, is continued around the building, 12 feet high.
"The columns and entablature are Grecian Doric, and copied
from the Temple of Minerva, commonly called the Parthenon, which
was erected in Athens about 500 years before Christ. An octagon
tower surrounds the rotunda, which is ornamented with Grecian
cornices, etc., and its dome is decorated at top with a similar orna-
ment to that of the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, commonly
called the Lanthorn of Demosthenes.
"The interior of the Capitol is divided into three stories: First,
the lower story, consisting of ten rooms, eight of which are appro-
priated as offices to the Governor, Secretary, Treasurer, and Comp-
troller, each having two rooms of the same size — the one contain-
ing an area of 649 square feet, the other 528 square feet — the two
committee rooms, each containing 200 square feet, ~~d four closets;
also the rotunda, corridors, vestibules, and piazzas, Ci^tain an area of
4,370 square feet. The vestibules are decorated with columns and
antae, similar to those of the Ionic Temple on the Ilissus, near the
218 Miscellaneous
Acropolis of Athens. The remainder is groined with stone and
brick, springing from columns and pilasters of the Roman Doric.
"The second story consists of Senatorial and Representatives'
chambers, the former containing an area of 2,545 and the latter
2,849 square feet. Four apartments enter from Senate Chamber, two
of which contain each an area of 169 square feet, and the other two
contain each an area of 154 square feet; also, two rooms enter from
Representatives' chamber, each containing an area of 170 square
feet; of two committee rooms, each containing an area of 231 feet;
of four presses and the passages, stairs, lobbies, and colonnades,
containing an area of 3,204 square feet.
"The lobbies and Hall of Representatives have their columns
and antae of the Octagon Tower of Andronicus Cyrrhestes and the
plan of the hall is of the formation of the Greek theater and the
columns and antae in the Senatorial chamber and rotunda are of
the Temple of Erectheus, Minerva Polias, and Pandrosus, in the
Acropolis of Athens, near the above named Pathenon.
"Third, or attic story, consists of rooms appropriated to the Su-
preme Court and Library, each containing an area of 693 square
feet. Galleries of both houses have an area of 1,300 square feet;
also two apartments entering from Senate gallery, each 169 square
feet, of four presses and the lobbies' stairs, 988 square feet. These
lobbies, as well as rotunda, are lit with cupolas, and it is proposed
to finish the court and library in the florid Gothic style."
In the summer of 1840 the work was finished. The Assembly had,
in December, 1832, appropriated $50,000 for the building. Mr. Boy-
Ian, Judge Cameron and State Treasurer Mhoon and their associates
spent that sum in the foundation. They proposed to have a Capitol
worthy of the State. At every subsequent session the Assembly
made additional appropriations. There was some caviling, and the
commissioners resigned; but the Legislature and the new commis-
sioners took no step backwards. Year by year they pressed on the
work as it had been begun, until at last, after more than seven
years, the sum of $531,674.46 was expended. As large as that sum
was for the time, when the State was so poor and when the entire
taxes for all State purposes reached less than $100,000, yet the
people were satisfied. The building had been erected with rigorous
economy, and it was an object of great pride to the people. Indeed,
never was money better expended than in the erection of this noble
Capitol.
North Carolina State Capitol 219
Speaking of this structure, Samuel A. Ashe, in an address on
David Paton, delivered in 1909, says:
"Not seventy years have passed since the completion of this build-
ing, yet it has undying memories. It was finished the year Henry
Clay was set aside and his place as the Whig leader given to General
Harrison. Four years later Clay spoke from the western portico;
but, like Webster and Calhoun, the prize of the presidency was
denied him. The voices of other men of large mould also have been
heard within this Capitol. Here, too, our great jurists — Gaston,
Ruffin, Pearson and their associates — held their sessions and brought
renown to North Carolina. Here Badger, Mangum, Dobbin and
scores of men known to fame held high debates. Here was brought
forth in great travail our system of internal improvements, and of
education, ramifying the State, disseminating enlightenment and
opening the pathways to prosperous, contented and happy homes for
our people.
"Here Ellis and Clark and the mighty Vance directed the affairs
of State in the trying days of war and suffering and desolation, the
glories mingled with pain and sorrow, and fading away in heart-
rending defeat; but through it all the women and men, alike heroes,
worthy the poets' loftiest strains. Then, when the people were still
bowed in anguish, Carolinians turned their faces to the future,
and, with resolution and intelligence, themselevs modified their
laws and institutions to meet the new conditions; but in vain, for
these mute walls are the witnesses of the. saturnalia of Reconstruc-
tion, still awaiting some Dante to portray the scenes with realistic
power. Yet the dark cloud had its silver lining, and the courageous
devotion of Jarvis, John Graham and their Spartan band adds
historic interest to that time of fearful storm.
"Later, here was the scene of the great State trial, the impeach-
ment of the Chief Magistrate of the Commonwealth and the contest
between the intellectual giants of that generation, Governor Graham
and Bragg and Merrimon, contesting with Smith and Conigland
and Richard Badger.
"And these walls have witnessed the reversal of that State policy
forced on an unwilling people by the mailed hand of the conquering
power, and the full restoration of Anglo-Saxon control. Never in
history has a people been so clearly and effectually vindicated as
those gallant souls of North Carolina, who, emulating the constancy
of Hamilcar, swore their children to undying opposition to those
220 Miscellaneous
who would destroy their civilization. Let the oppressed of future
ages gaze on the scene and take courage. Already hallowed are the
memories that these chambers evoke. What grand occasions yet
await them! We may not lift the veil of the future, but experience
warns us that history constantly repeats itself, and as the web
woven by destiny unrolls itself there will yet occur within these
enduring walls occasions of surpassing magnitude affecting the
weal and woe of our posterity."
STATE ADMINISTKATION BUILDING.
Mindful of the fact that only a little more than a generation ago
the State Capitol of North Carolina was destroyed by Are, entailing
the loss of many valuable records and papers, for some years prior
to the convening of the 1911 session of the. General Assembly the
demand has been insistent for a safer housing of several depart-
ments of the State Government at Raleigh, notably the books and
records of the North Carolina Historical Commission, which has
now grown to be one of the most important branches of the work at
the seat of government.
Early in the session a movement was started for the building of
a State administration building at the capital, and after numerous
conferences and compromises of differences as to the amount that
should be appropriated for that purpose a bill was at length unani-
mously passed by both houses, appropriating the sum of $250,000
for this purpose and conferring upon the Government the appoint-
ment of a State Building Commission for the consummation of this
worthy undertaking. Soon after the adjournment of the Legislature
Governor W. W. Kitchin named as the members of the Commission
Ashley Home of Clayton, William E. Springer of Wilmington,
Julian S. Carr of Durham, W. L. Parsons of Rockingham, A. S.
Rascoe of Windsor, J. A. Long of Roxboro, and J. Elwood Cox of
High Point, men of affairs and recognized business ability in the
State.
The State Building Commission held its first meeting in the office
of the State Auditor at 12:30 p. m., May 9, 1911, and organized by
the election of Ashley Home, of Clayton, as chairman, and William
E. Springer, of Wilmington, as secretary. Following organization a
conference was held with the Board of Public Buildings and
State Administration Building 221
Grounds, composed of the Governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer,
and Attorney-General. It was stated as the purpose of the General
Assembly to provide ample room for the Supreme Court, all valu-
able State records, the State Library, offices for the Atttorney-
General, and several of the other State departments. The grounds
were carefully gone over, the situation canvassed, and a subcom-
mittee composed of Chairman Home, Secretary Springer, and
Commissioner Cox was appointed to go further into the matter of
a building and site.
At a subsequent meeting, on May 19, 1911, the committee reported
that it had secured an option on three sites, and recommended the
purchase of the Grimes tract for $45,000. This recommendation was
accepted by the Commission as a whole, and on June 6, 1911,
plans as prepared by P. Thornton Marye, of Atlanta, were accepted
after hearing a number of others and after several conferences.
These plans were later reviewed by Glenn Brown, of Washington,
D. C, another expert in building construction, and were declared
eminently proper and in order in every respect. The plans call
for a modern fireproof building four stories in height and admirably
adapted to the purpose to which it will be put.
On November 1, 1911, the Commission met again in Raleigh, after
proposals had been invited for the building, and after considering a
number of bids for the construction, the contract was at length
awarded to the John T. Wilson Company, of Richmond, Va., at a
cost of $188,000, the building to be completed and ready for occu-
pancy by January 19, 1913.
How well the State Building Commission wrought is attested by
the splendid building, which now stands opposite the Capitol
grounds and which was occupied in January, 1914, by the several
departments of government as agreed upon after the numerous
conferences of the Commission. The departments occupying the
building are as follows: First floor, State Library; second floor,
North Carolina Historical Commission and the Library Commis-
sion; third floor, the Supreme Court and Attorney-General; fourth
floor, Supreme Court Library.
222 Miscellaneous
NORTH CAROLINA DAY.
The following act, entitled "An Act to Provide for the Celebration
of North Carolina Day in the Public Schools,'" is chapter 164 of the
Public Laws of 1901:
The General Assembly of North Carolina do enact:
Section 1. That the 12th day of October in each and every year,
to be called "North Carolina Day" may be devoted, by appropriate
exercises in the public schools of the State, to the consideration of
some topic or topics of our State history, to be selected by the Super-
intendent of Public Instruction. Provided, that if the said day shall
fall on Saturday or Sunday, then, the celebration shall occur on the
Monday next following: Provided, further, that if the said day shall
fall at a time when any such schools may not be in session, the
celebration may be held within one month from the beginning of the
term, unless the Superintendent of Public Instruction shall desig-
nate some other time.
Sec. 2. This act shall be in force from and after its ratification.
In trie General Assembly read three times, and ratified this the
9th day of February, A. D. 1901.
October 12th, the date selected for North Carolina Day, is the
anniversary of the laying of the cornerstone of the University of
North Carolina, October 12, 1793. In accordance with the pro-
visions of this act, the Superintendent of Public Instruction has
had prepared and distributed to the schools of the State each year
a program of exercises devoted to the study of some phase of North
Carolina history.
Since the creation of North Carolina Day the following subjects
have been studied each year (back numbers of the programs can
be secured from the State Superintendent of Public Instruction,
Raleigh. N. C.) :
1901. The Roanoks Island Colonies. Prepared by Fred A. Olds.
1902. The Albemarle Section. Prepared by a Committee.
1903. The Lower Cape Fear Section. Prepared by R.D. W. Connor.
1904. The Pamlico-Neuse Section. Prepared by Charles L. Coom
1905. The Scotch Highlanders in North Carolina. Prepared by R. D. W. Connor.
1906. Charles D. Mclver Memorial Day. Prepared by R^D. W. Connor.
1907. The Scotch-Irish in North Carolina. Prepared by Charles H. Jlebane.
1908. The German Settlements in North Carolina. \
1909. Western North Carolina. [ _ , . .
1910. North Carolina Poets and Poetry. > Each prepared by
1911. Local and County History. \ R- D. W. Connor.
1912. Charles B. Aycock Memorial Day. w f w«,i,nW
1913. North Carolina Rural Life and Knapp Memorial Day. Edited by N. C. New bold.
1914. Community Service.
1915. School and Neighborhood Improvement Day. T-„;„kt
1916. Murphy Dav: Archibald DeBow Murphy. Prepared by Edgar W. Knight.
1917. Thrift.'Conservation, Patriotism.
Legal Holidays in North Carolina 223
LEGAL HOLIDAYS IN NORTH CAROLINA.
Although certain great days in each year — such as New Year's
Day, Fourth of July, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day — have
long been observed as general holidays, there were no "legal" holi-
days in North Carolina prior to 1881. The Legislature of that year,
in the interest of commercial transactions, passed an act to make
these customary holidays "legal" holidays. It is chapter 294, Public
Laws of 1881, and was brought forward in The Code of 1883 as
sections 3784-3786 of chapter 61. It provides:
"That the first day of January, twenty-second day of February,
tenth day of May, twentieth day of May, fourth day of July, and a
day appointed by the Governor of- North Carolina as a thanksgiving
day, and the twenty-fifth day of December of each and every year be,
and the same are hereby declared to be public holidays; and that
whenever any such holiday shall fall upon Sunday, the Monday next
following shall be deemed a public holiday, and papers due on such
Sunday shall be payable on the Saturday next preceding, and papers
which would otherwise be payable on said Monday shall be payable
on the Tuesday next thereafter.
"Sec. 2. Be it further enacted. That whenever either of the above
named days shall fall on Saturday, the papers due on the Sunday
following shall be payable on the Monday next succeeding.
"Sec. 3. Be it further enacted. That whenever the above named
days shall fall on Monday, the papers which should otherwise be
payable on that day shall be payable on Tuesday next succeeding."
Ten years later, the nineteenth of January was made a "legal"
holiday, by chapter 58, Public Laws of 1891, which provides:
"That the nineteenth day of January, the birthday of the peerless
Robert E. Lee, in each and every year hereafter, shall be a public
holiday."
In 1899, the first Thursday in September was designated as Labor
Day and made a "legal" holiday. The Legislature of 1901 amended
this Act by changing the holiday from the first Thursday to the
first Monday in September. The reason for this change was re-
cited in the preamble of the act as follows:
"Whereas it is desirable that the same date should be set aside by
both State and Federal statutes for the observance of the same holi-
day;
"And whereas the first Monday in September is designated by stat-
utes in various States and also by Federal Statute as Labor Day,
224 Miscellaneous
while the first Thursday in September is designated as Labor Day by
statute of this State, thereby causing confusion and annoyance in
mercantile transactions, therefore," etc.
These several Acts were all brought forward in the Revisal of
1905 as section 2838.
The Legislature of 1907 added another legal holiday to the list
by setting aside as a holiday "Tuesday after the first Monday in
November, when a general election is held." This is chapter 996,
Public Laws of 1907.
The latest of our legal holidays is the twelfth day of April. This
was provided for by chapter 88S, Public Laws of 1909, which is as
follows:
"Whereas the Provincial Congress which met at Halifax, in this
State, in April, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-six, after
providing for the military organization of the State, did, on the
twelfth day of April, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-six,
adopt the following resolutions, generally known as the 'Halifax
Resolutions,' to wit:
" 'Resolved, That the delegates for this colony in the Continental
Congress be empowered to concur with the delegates of the other
colonies in declaring independency, and forming foreign alliances,
reserving to this colony the sole and exclusive right of forming a
constitution and laws for this colony.'
"And whereas said resolution is the first declaration in favor of in-
dependence by the people of the whole State, through their duly
authorized representatives, and was adopted more than two months
before the Declaration of Independence by the Continental Congress;
and whereas an occurrence so momentous in the history of our State
and Nation, and so illustrative of the patriotism and wisdom of the
whole people of North Carolina, should be commemorated, therefore,
"The General Assembly of North Carolina do enact:
"Section 1. That the twelfth day of April in each and every
year be, and the same is hereby made a legal holiday in North
Carolina."
Legal holidays in North Carolina, therefore, are as follows:
January 1 — New Year's Day.
January 19 — Birthday of General Robert E. Lee.
February 22 — Birthday of George Washington.
April 12 — Anniversary of the Resolutions adopted by the Pro-
vincial Congress of North Carolina, at Halifax, April 12, 1776, in-
structing the delegates from North Carolina to the Continental
Congress to vote for a Declaration of Independence.
The State Flag 225
May 10 — Confederate Memorial Day.
May 20 — Anniversary of the "Mecklenburg Declaration of Inde-
pendence."
July 4 — Independence Day.
September, first Monday — Labor Day.
November, Tuesday after first Monday — General Election Day.
November 11 — Armistice Day.
November, last Thursday — Thanksgiving Day.
December 25 — Christmas Day.
THE STATE FLAG.
The first legislation on the subject of a State flag was enacted
by the Convention of 1861. May 20, 1861, the Convention adopted
the Ordinance of Secession.
On that same day Col. John D. Whitford, a member of the Con-
vention from Craven County, introduced the following ordinance,
which was passed and referred to a select committee of seven:
"Be it ordained that the flag of this State shall be a blue field
with a white V thereon, and a star, encircling which shall be the
words 'Surgit astrum. May 20th, 1775.' "
Colonel Whitford was made chairman of the committee to which
this ordinance was referred. The committee secured the aid and
advice of William Garl Brown, an artist of Raleigh. Brown pre-
pared and submitted a model to this comittee. And this model
was adopted by the Convention on the 22d day of June, 1861. It
will be observed that the Brown model, to be hereafter explained,
was vastly different from the one originally proposed by Colonel
Whitford. Here is the ordinance as it appears on the Journal of
the Convention:
"an ordinance in relation to a state flag.''
"Be it ordained by this Convention, and it is hereby ordained by
the authority of the same, That the Flag of North Carolina shall
consist of a red field with a white star in the center, and with the in-
scription, above the star, in a semi-circular form, of 'May 20th, 1775,'
and below the star, in a semi-circular form, of 'May 20, 1861.' That
there shall be two bars of equal width, and the length of the field
shall be equal to the bar, the width of the field being equal to both
bars; the first bar shall be blue, and the second shall be white; and
the length of the flag shall be one-third more than its width. (Rati-
fied the 22d day of June, 1861.)"
15
226 Miscellaneous
This State flag, adopted in 1861, is said to have been issued to
the first ten regiments of State troops during the summer of that
year, and was borne by them throughout the war, being the only
flag, except the National and Confederate colors, used by the North
Carolina troops during the Civil War. This flag existed until 1885,
when the Legislature of that year adopted a new model.
The bill, which was introduced by General Johnstone Jones on
the 5th of February, 1885, passed its final reading one month later
after little or no debate. This act reads as follows:
AX ACT TO ESTABLISH A STATE FLAG.
The General Assembly of North Carolina do enact:
Section 1. That the flag of North Carolina shall consist of a blue
union, containing in the center thereof a white star with the letter
N in gilt on the left and the letter C in gilt on the right of said
star, the circle containing the same to be one-third the width of
the union.
Sec. 2. That the fly of the flag shall consist of two equally pro-
portioned bars; the upper bar to be red, the lower bar to be white;
that the length of the bars horizontally shall be equal to the per-
pendicular length of the union, and the total length of the flag shall
be one-third more than its width.
Sec. 3. That above the star in the center of the union there shall
be a gilt scroll in semi-circular form, containing in black letters
this inscription: "May 20th, 1775," and that below the star there
shall be a similar scroll containing in black letters the inscription:
"April 12, 1776."
In the General Assembly read three times and ratified this 9th
day of March, A. D. 1885.
No change has been made in the flag since the passage of this
act. By an act of 1907 it is provided:
"That the board of trustees or managers of the several State in-
stitutions and public buildings shall provide a North Carolina flag,
of such dimensions and material as they may deem best, and the
same shall be displayed from a staff upon the top of each and every
such building at all times except during inclement weather, and
upon the death of any State officer or any prominent citizen the
flag shall be put at half-mast until the burial of such person shall
have taken place.
"That the Board of County Commissioners of the several counties
in this State shall likewise authorize the procuring of a North Caro-
lina flag, to be displayed either on a staff upon the top, or draped
behind the Judges stand, in each and every courthouse in the
State, and that the State flag shall be displayed at each and every
term of court held, and on such other public occasions as the Com-
missioners may deem proper."
The Great Seal 227
THE GREAT SEAL.*
The Constitution of North Carolina, Article III, section 16, re-
quires that
"There shall be a seal of the State which shall be kept by the
Governor, and used by him as occasion may acquire, and shall be
called 'The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina.' All grants
and commissions shall be issued in the name and by the authority
of the State of North Carolina, sealed with 'The Great Seal of the
State,' signed by the Governor and countersigned by the Secretary
of State.'"
The use of a Great Seal for the attestation of important docu-
ments began with the institution of government in North Carolina.
There have been at various times nine different seals in use in the
colony and State. The first seal was adopted by the Lords Proprie-
tors of Carolina soon after receiving their charters from the Crown
in 1665. This seal is to be seen in the Public Record Office in Lon-
don. It is described as follows:
"The obverse side has a shield bearing on its face two cornucopias
crossed, filled with products and having for supporters, on the sin-
ister side, an Indian chief holding an arrow. On the dexter is an
Indian squaw with a papoose by her side and one in her arms.
These natives, I imagine, are supposed to be bringing tribute. The
crest is a stag upon a wreath above a helmet from which there is a
mantling. On the scroll below the shield is the motto, Domitus
Cultoribus Orbis. Around the shield are the words MAGNUM
SIGILLUM CAROLINAE DOMINORUM. On the reverse side is a
disc bearing a cross, around which are arranged the coats-of-arms
of the Lords Proprietors in the following order: Clarendon, Albe-
marle, Craven, John Berkeley, Cooper, Carteret, William Berkeley,
and Colleton. The size of this seal is 3% inches in diameter, and
was made by placing together two wax cakes with tape between
before being impressed, and was about 14 inch thick. This seal
was used on all the official papers of the Lords Proprietors for
Carolina, embracing North and South Carolina."
About 1665 the government of Albemarle County was organized,
and for a seal the reverse side of the seal of the Lords Proprietors
was adopted. It bore the word A-L-B-E-M-A-R-L-E, beginning with
the letter A between the names of Clarendon and Albemarle, L be-
tween the arms of Albemarle and Craven, BE between the arms of
Craven, Lord John Berkeley, etc.
* Abridged from "The Great Seal of North Carolina," by J. Bryan Grimes;
Publications of the North Carolina Historical Commission, Bulletin No. 5.
228 Miscellaneous
This was a small seal 1 7-16 inches in diameter, with one face
only, and is now frequently to he found attached to colonial papers.
It was first used for the government of the County of Albemarle,
and then became the seal of the Province of North Carolina, being
used until just after the purchase by the Crown.
In 1730, after the purchase of the colony by the Crown, the Lords
of Trade proposed to the King a new seal "whereon Liberty is rep-
resented introducing Plenty to your Majesty with this motto, Qiuc
sera tamen respexit, and this inscription round the circumference,
Sigillum Provincae Nostrae Carolinae, Septentrionalis." The
background on which the King and these figures stand is a map
of the coast of North Carolina, and in the offing is a ship. On the
reverse of this seal are the Royal Arms, Crown, Garter, Supporters
and Motto, with this inscription around the circumference, Georgius
Secunclus Dei Gratia Magnae Britaniae, Franciae, et Hiberniae, Rex,
Fidei Defensor, Brunsvici et Lunenbergi Dux, Sacri Romani Im-
perii Archi Thesaurarius, et Elector.
This seal was made by placing two cakes or layers of wax to-
gether, between which was the ribbon or tape with which the in-
strument was interlaced and by which the seal was appended. It
was customary to put a piece of paper on the outside of these cakes
before they were impressed. The seal complete was 4% inches in
diameter and from % to % inch thick and weighed about 5V2
ounces.
In 1767 Governor Tryon received from the King a new Great
Seal for the Province. The new seal was engraved on the one side
with the Royal Arms, Garter, Crown, Supporters and Motto, and
this inscription round the circumference "Georgius III D: G: Mag.
Bri. Fr. et Hib. Rex, F. D. Brun, et Lun. Dux, S. R. I. ar Thes. et
El." On the other side are figures of the King and Liberty who is
introducing Plenty to the King with this Motto, Quae Sera Tamen
Respexit. Round the circumference is the following legend: Sig-
illium, Provinciae Nostrae Carolinae. Septentrionalis. This seal
was 4 inches in diameter, y2 to % inches think, and weighed 4%
ounces.
Sometimes a smaller seal than the Great Seal was used, as com-
missions and grants are often found with a small heart-shaped seal
about one inch wide and a quarter of an inch thick which was
impressed with a crown. Also a seal was occasionally used about
three inches long and two inches wide and a half an inch thick, in
The Great Seal 229
the shape of an ellipse. These impressions were evidently made by
putting the wax far enough under the edge of the Great Seal to
take the impression of the crown. The royal governors also some-
times used their private seals.
When the government of the independent State of North Caro-
lina was organized, the Constitution adopted at Halifax, December
18, 1776, provided, Section XVII, "That there shall be a seal of this
State, which shall be kept by the Governor, and used by him as
occasion may require; and shall be called the Great Seal of the
State of North Carolina and be affixed to all grants and commis-
sions."
The Convention of 1868 changed the section of the Constitution,
with reference to the seal, to read as it now stands.
The Assembly of 1778 appointed William Tisdale to cut and en-
grave the first State seal, under the direction of the Governor. This
seal was used until 1794. Its actual size was three inches in diame-
ter and % inch thick. It was made by putting two cakes of wax
together with paper wafers on the outside and pressed between the
dies forming the obverse and reverse sides of this seal.
The seal of 1778 is described as follows:
"On one side is the figure of Minerva or Liberty holding in the
right hand the pole with cap and in the left hand with arm ex-
tended is held a large scroll on which appears in large capital let-
ters the word 'Constitution.' Under the figure the words, IN LEGI-
BUS SALUS. Around the circumference are the words, THE
GREAT SEAL OF THE STATE OP NORTH CAROLINA. On the
other side of the shield is the figure of a woman, probably Plenty.
The right arm is folded across her breast and in her right hand
inclining toward her left shoulder is held a distaff. In the left
hand with arm extended is held an ear of corn. In the distance be-
yond a tree browses a cow. Under these figures appear the word
and letters 'INDEPENDENCE— MDCCLXXVL' Around the cir-
cumference appear the words O. PORTUNATOS, NIMIUM. SUA.
SI. BONA. NORINT, COLONOS."
In December, 1781, the General Assembly authorized the Gov-
ernor to procure a seal that should "be prepared with one side only,
and calculated to make the impression on the face of such grant,
commission, record, or other public act," etc. An artist in Phila-
delphia submitted a sketch to the Governor as follows: Minerva is
represented in the act of introducing Ceres with her horn of plenty
to Liberty, who is seated on a pedestal holding in her right hand
a book on which is inscribed the word "Constitution." In the
230 , Miscellaneous
background are introduced a pyramid, denoting strength and dura-
bility and a pine tree which relates immediately to the products of
the State.
This sketch, omitting Minerva and with some minor changes,
was accepted by Governor Speight. The new seal was very much
like the present one. It has two figures, Liberty and Plenty. Lib-
erty is seated on a pedestal with her pole in her right hand, and
her cap on the pole; in her left hand is a scroll with the word
"Constitution" upon it. Plenty is standing to the left and front of
Liberty; around her head is a circlet of flowers; in her right hand,
leaning against her shoulder, is her cornucopia, mouth upwards,
overflowing with fruits and produce. In her left is an ear of corn.
Around the circumference are the words THE GREAT SEAL OF
THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA.
This seal was 2% inches in diameter, slightly larger than the
present one, and was used until about 1835.
In 1834 the Legislature authorized the Governor to procure a new
seal. The preamble to the act states that the old seal had been in
use since the first day of March, 1793. The seal adopted in 1835,
which was used until 1883, was very similar to its predecessor.
On it Liberty and Plenty faced each other. Liberty was standing,
her pole with cap on it in her left hand, and a scroll with the word
"Constitution" inscribed thereon in her right hand. Plenty is sit-
ting down, her right arm half extended towards Liberty, three
heads of wheat in her right hand, and in her left the small end
of her horn, the mouth of which is resting at her feet, and the
contents of her horn rolling out. Around the circumference were
the words THE GREAT SEAL OF THE STATE OF NORTH CAR-
OLINA. This seal was 214 inches in diameter.
Iin 1883 an act was passed relative to the seal, which was incor-
porated in the Code as section 3329. The seal therein provided for
is described as follows:
"The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina shall be two and
one-quarter inches in diameter, and its design shall be a representa-
tion of the figures of Liberty and Plenty, looking toward each
other, but not more than half fronting each other, and otherwise
disposed as follows: Liberty, the first figure, standing, her pole
with cap on it in her left hand and a scroll with the word 'Consti-
tution' inscribed thereon in her right hand. Plenty, the second fig-
ure, sitting down, her right arm half extended towards Liberty,
State Motto and Its Origin 231
three heads of wheat in her right hand, and in her left the small
end of her horn, the mouth of which is resting at her feet, and the
contents of the horn rolling out."
In 1893 an act, introduced by Jacob Battle, added at the foot of
the coat or arms of the State as a part thereof the motto "Esse
Quam Videri," and required that the words "May 20, 1775," be in-
scribed at the top of the coat of arms.
The present Great Seal of the State of North Carolina is de-
scribed at the top of the coat of arms.
"The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina is two and one-
quarter inches in diameter, and its design is a representation of
the figures of Liberty and Plenty, looking toward each other, but
not more than half fronting each other, and otherwise disposed as
follows: Liberty, the first figure standing, her pole with cap on it
in her left hand and a scroll with the word 'Constitution' inscribed
thereon in her right hand. Plenty, the second figure, sitting down,
her right arm half extended toward Liberty, three heads of wheat
in her right hand, and in her left the small end of her horn, the
mouth of which is resting at her feet, and the contents of horn roll-
ing out. In the exergon is inserted the words May 20, 1775, above
the coat of arms. Around the circumference is the legend 'The
Great Seal of the State of North Carolina' and the motto 'Esse
Quam Videri.' "
STATE MOTTO A>D ITS ORIGIN.*
The General Assembly of 1893 (chapter 145) adopted the words
"Esse Quam Videri" as the State's motto and directed that these
words with the date "20 May, 1775," should be placed with our
Coat of Arms upon the Great Seal of the State.
The words "Esse Quam Videri" mean "to be rather than to seem."
Nearly every State has adopted a motto, generally in Latin. The
reason for their mottoes being in Latin is that the Latin tongue
is far more condensed and terse than the English. The three
words, "Esse Quam Videri," require at least six English words to
express the same idea.
Curiosity has been aroused to learn the origin of our State motto.
It is found in Cicero in his essay on Friendship (Cicero de Ami-
citia, chap. 26). He says, "Virtute enim ipsa non tarn multi prediti
'Adopted from an article by Chief Justice Walter Clark in The North Carolina Booklet
Vol. IX, No. 3.
232 Miscellaneous
esse quam videri," i. e., "Virtue is a quality which not so many de-
sire to possess as desire to seem to possess," or, translated literally,
"For indeed not so many wish to be endowed with virtue as wish
to seem to be."
The phrase is a striking one, and Cicero's version of it has been
caught up and often used as a motto. No less than three houses
of British nobility have adopted it, to wit: the Earl of Winterton,
Earl Brownlow and Lord Lurgan.
It has been adopted by many associations, especially literary
societies. In this State it is the motto of Wilson Collegiate Insti-
tute and, with some modifications, of one of the societies at Wake
Forest College.
The figures on our State Coat of Arms are Liberty and Plenty.
It has been objected that the motto has no reference or application
to the figures on the coat of arms. It is very rarely that such is
the case. The national motto, "E Pluribus Unum," has no refer-
ence to the Eagle and Shield and the Thunderbolts on the national
coat of arms. Nor has the "Excelsior" of New York, the "Dirigo"
of Maine, the "Qui Transtulet, Sustinet" of Connecticut any appli-
cation to the figures above them. Indeed Virginia's "Sic Semper
Tyrannis" is one of the very few instances in which the motto
bears such reference. But, in fact, is our motto so entirely with-
out reference to the coat of arms as is usually the case? The fig-
ures are, as just stated, Liberty and Plenty. Is it inappropriate to
say we prefer to be free and prosperous than seem to be so. There
have been States that had all the appearance of liberty and pros-
perity, when in truth having lost the reality of both, they were
tottering to their fall.
It is a little singular that until the act of 1S93 the sovereign State
of North Carolina had no motto since its declaration of independ-
ence. It was one of the very few States which did not have a
motto, and the only one of the original thirteen without one.
It may be noted that up to the time it became a "sovereign and
independent State" the Colony or Province of North Carolina bore
on its great seal "Quae sera tamen respexit." This was taken from
the first Eclogue of Virgil (line 27) and, referring to the figure of
Liberty, meant "Which, though late, looked upon me" — the full line
in Virgil being "Liberty, which though late, looked upon me indo-
lent." No wonder that this was dropped by the new State. Noth-
ing could possibly have been more inappropriate. Liberty came
Confederate Museum at Richmond 233
not to her late; and it came not to a people inert or unseeking
her rewards. To such, liberty never comes.
It may be mentioned, to prevent any misunderstanding as to the
scope of the Act of 1893 (now Revisal, sec. 5320), that it does not
apply to county seals. Each county is authorized to adopt its own
seal. Revisal, sec. 1318 (24). Many counties now have on their
county seals the appropriate phrase, "Leges Jaraque Vindicamus."
Some have adopted the State motto. But this is a matter left to
the discretion of the county commissioners in each county.
Note by the Editors (of The Booklet). — The bill which was
passed in 1893 to adopt our State motto was introduced by Senator
Jacob Battle, of Nash, afterwards Judge of the Superior Court.
We have before us a letter from him in which he states that the
motto was selected by Judge — since Chief Justice — Walter Clark,
who also drew the bill and requested him to present it. He adds
that the words "20 May, 1775," secured the hearty cooperation of
Senator Brevard McDowell, of Mecklenburg, and by their joint
efforts the bill passed by the unanimous vote of both houses of the
General Assembly, and without amendment.
THE CONFEDERATE MUSEU3I AT RICHMOND.
In the house in Richmond, Virginia, which was the Executive
Mansion of the Confederate States, and as such was occupied by
President Jefferson Davis from 1861 to 1865, the United Daughters
of the Confederacy support a museum of relics of the Confederacy.
To each of the former Confederate States is assigned a room which
it supports. To the support of the North Carolina Room, the
General Assembly appropriates $200 annually. About eight years
ago it was decided that each room must raise an endowment of
$2,000. The officials of the North Carolina room increased theirs
to $3,000, and up to date are the only ones who have completed
their fund. The North Carolina room contains one of the largest
collections of relics, and the largest collection of portraits, in the
museum. About 15,000 persons visit the museum annually.
The State Regent for North Carolina is, in 1918, Mrs. Latta C.
Johnson of Charlotte, the Vice-Regent is Mrs. J. Allison Hodges,
Richmond, Va.
PART VIII.
PLATFORMS OF POLITICAL PARTIES, 1920.
1. National Democratic Platform.
2. National Republican Platform.
3. National Socialist Platform.
4. National Prohibition Platform.
5. State Democratic Platform.
6. State Republican Platform.
7. State Socialist Platform.
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC PLATFORM 1920.
The Democratic Party, in its national convention now assembled,
sends greetings to the President of the United States, Woodrow
Wilson, and hails with patriotic pride the great achievements for
country and the world wrought by a Democratic administration
under his leadership.
It salutes the mighty people of this great republic, emerging
with imperishable honor, from the severe tests and grievous strains
of the most tragic war in history, having earned the plaudits and
the gratitude of all free nations.
It declares its adherence to the fundamental progressive principles
of social, economic and industrial justice and advance, and pur-
poses to resume the great work of translating these principles
into effective laws, begun and carried far by the demociatic ad-
ministration and interrupted only when the war claimed all the
national energies for the single task of victory.
LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
The Democratic Party favors the League of Nations as the
surest, if not the only, practicable means of maintaining the perma-
nent peace of the world, and terminating the insufferable burden
of great military and naval establishments. It was for this that
America broke away from traditional isolation and spent her blood
and treasure to crush a colossal scheme of conquest. It was upon
this basis that the President of the United States, in prearrangement
with our allies, consented to a suspension of hostilities against the
imperial German government; the armistice was granted and a
treaty of peace negotiated upon the definite assurance to Germany,
as well as to the powers pitted against Germany, that "a general
association of nations must be formed, under specific covenants
for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political inde-
pendence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike."
Hence, we not only congratulate the President on the vision mani-
fested and the vigor exhibited in the prosecution of the war, but
we felicitate him and his associates on the exceptional achieve-
ments at Paris involved in the adoption of a league and treaty
so near akin to previously expressed American ideals and so in-
timately related to the aspirations of civilized people everywhere.
238 Platforms of Political Parties
We commend the President for his courage and his high con-
ception of good faith in steadfastly standing for the covenant
agreed to by all the associated and allied nations at war with
Germany, and we condemn the Republican Senate for its refusal
to ratify the treatly merely because it was the product of Democratic
statesmanship, thus interposing partisan envy and personal hatred
in the way of peace and renewed prosperity of the world. By every
accepted standard of international morality the President is justi-
fied in asserting that the honor of the country is involved in this
business; and we point to the accusing fact that before it was de-
termined to initiate political antagonism to the treaty, the now
Republican chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
himself publicly proclaimed that any proposition for separate peace
with Germany such as he and his party associates thereafter re-
ported to the Senate, would make us "guilty of the blackest crime."
On May 15, last, the Knox substitute for the Versailles treaty
was passed by the Republican Senate, and this convention can
contrive no more fitting characterization of its obloquy than that
made in the Forum Magazine of December, 1918, by Henry Cabot
Lodge, when he said:
"If we send our armies and young men abroad to be killed and
wounded in Northern France and Flanders with no result but this,
our entrance into war with such an intention was a crime which
nothing can justify."
The intent of Congress and the intent of the President was that
there would be no peace until we could create a situation where
no such war as this could recur. We cannot make peace except in
company with our allies. It would brand us with everlasting dis-
honor and bring ruin to us also if we undertook to make a separate
peace.
Thus to that which Mr. Lodge, in saner moments, considered
"the blackest crime" he and his party in madness sought to give
the sanctity of law, that which eighteen months ago was of "ever-
lasting dishonor," the Republican Party and its candidates today
accept as the essence of faith.
We endorse the President's view of our international obligations
and his firm stand against reservations designed to cut to pieces
the vital provisions of the Versailles treaty and we commend the
Democrats in Congress for voting against resolutions for separate
peace which would disgrace the nation. We advocate the immediate
National Democratic Platform 239
ratification of the treaty without reservations which would impair
its essential integrity; but we do not oppose the acceptance of any
reservations making clearer or more specific the obligations of the
United States in the league associates. Only by doing this may we
retrieve the reputation of this Nation among the powers of the
earth and recover the moral leadership which President Wilson
won and which Republican politicians at Washington sacrificed.
Only by doing this may we hope to aid effectively in the restoration
of orders throughout the world, and to take the place which we
should assume in the front ranks of spiritual, commercial, and in-
dustrial advancement.
We reject as utterly vain, if not vicious, the Republican assump-
tion that ratification of the treaty and membership in the League
of Nations would in any way impair the integrity or independence
of our country. The fact that the covenant has been entered into
by twenty-nine nations, all as jealous of their independence as
we are of ours, is a sufficient refutation of such charges. The
President repeatedly has declared, and this convention reaffirms,
that all our duties and obligations as a member of the league must
be fulfilled in strict conformity with the Constitution of the United
States, embodied in which is the fundamental requirement of
declaratory action by the Congress before this Nation becomes a
participant in any war.
CONDUCT OF WAR,
During the war President Wilson exhibited the very broadest
conception of liberal Americanism. In his conduct of the war, as
in the general administration of his high office, there was no sem-
blance of partisan bias. He invited to Washington as his counsellors
and coadjutors hundreds of the most prominent and pronounced
Republicans in the country. To these he committed responsibilities
of the gravest import and most confidential nature. Many of them
had charge of vital activities of the Government.
And yet, with the war successfully prosecuted and gloriously
ended, the Republican party in Congress, far from applauding
the masterly leadership of the President and felicitating the country
on the amazing achievements of the American Government, has
meanly requited the considerate course of the chief magistrate
by savagely defaming the commander-in-chief of the army and navy
and by assailing nearly every public officer of every branch of the
240 Platforms of Political Parties
service intimately concerned in winning the war abroad and pre-
serving the security of the Government at home.
We express to the soldiers and sailors and marines of America
the admiration of their fellow countrymen. Guided by the genius
of such commanders as Gen. John J. Pershing, the armed force
of America constituted a decisive factor in the victory and brought
new luster to the flag.
We commend the patriotic men and women who sustained the
efforts of their Government in the crucial hours of the war and
contributed to the brilliant administrative success, achieved under
the broad-visioned leadership of our President.
FINANCIAL ACHIEVEMENTS.
A review of the record of the Democratic Party during the
administration of Woodrow Wilson presents a chapter of substan-
tial achievements unsurpassed in the history of the republic. For
fifty years before the advent of this administration periodical con-
vulsions had impeded the industrial progress of the American
people and caused inestimable loss and distress. By the enactment
of the Federal Reserve act the old system, which bred panics, was
replaced by a new system, which insured confidence. It was an
indispensable factor in winning the war. and today it is the hope
and inspiration of business. Indeed, one vital danger against which
the American people should keep constantly on guard is the com-
mitment of this system to partisan enemies who struggled against
its adoption and vainly attempted to retain in the hands of specu-
lative bankers a monopoly of the currency and credits of the nation.
Already there are well defined indications of an assault upon the
vital principles of the system in the event of Republican success
in the elections in November.
Under Democratic leadership the American people successfully
financed their stupendous part in the greatest war of all time. The
Treasury wisely insisted upon the meeting of an adequate portion
of the war expenditure from current taxes and the bulk of the
balance from popular loans, and, during the first full fiscal year
after fighting stopped, upon meeting current expenditures from
current receipts notwithstanding the new and unnecessary burdens
thrown upon the Treasury by the delay, obstruction and extrava-
gance of a Republican Congress.
National Democratic Platform 241
The nonpartisan Federal Reserve authorities have been wholly
free of political interference or motive; and, in their own time
and their own way, have used courageously, though cautiously,
the instruments at their disposal to prevent undue expansion of
credit in the country. As a result of these sound Treasury and
Federal Reserve policies, the inevitable war inflation has been
held down to a minimum, and the cost of living has been pre-
vented from increasing here in proportion to the increase in other
belligerent countries and in neutral countries which are in close
contact with the world's commerce and exchange.
After a year and a half of fighting in Europe, and despite another
year and a half of Republican obstruction at home, the credit of
the Government of the United States stands unimpaired, the Fed-
eral Reserve note is the unit of value throughout all the world
and the United States is the one great country in the world which
maintains a free gold market.
We condemn the attempt of the Republican party to deprive the
American people of their legitimate pride in the financing of the
war — an achievement without parallel in the financial history of
this or any other country, in this or any other war. And in par-
ticular we condemn the pernicious attempt of the Republican party
to create discontent among the holders of the bonds of the Govern-
ment of the United States and to drag our public finance and our
banking and currency system back into the arena of party politics.
TAX LAW REVISION.
We condemn the failure of the present Congress to respond to
the oftrepeated demand of the President and the secretaries of the
Treasury to revise the existing tax laws. The continuance in
force in peace times of taxes devised under pressure of imperative
necessity to produce a revenue for war purposes is indefensible and
can only result in lasting injury to the people. The Republican
Congress persistently failed, through sheer political cowardice,
to make a single move toward readjustment of tax laws which it
denounced before the last election and was afraid to revise before
the next election.
We advocate tax reform and a searching revision of the war
revenue acts to fit peace conditions so that the wealth of the nation
may not be withdrawn from productive enterprise and diverted to
wasteful or nonproductive expenditure.
16
242 Platforms of Political Parties
"We demand prompt action by the next Congress for a complete
survey of existing taxes and their modification and simplification
with a view to secure greater equity and justice in tax burden and
improvement in administration.
PUBLIC ECONOMY.
Claiming to have effected great economies in Government ex-
penditures, the Republican Party cannot show the reduction of
one dollar in taxation as a corollary of this false pretense. In
contrast, the last Democratic Congress enacted legislation reducing
taxes from eight billions, designed to be raised, to six billions for
the first year after the armistice, and to four billions thereafter;
and there the total is left undiminished by our political adversa-
ries. Two years after armistice day a Republican Congress pro-
vides for expending the stupendous sum of $5,403,390,327.30.
Affecting great paper economies by reducing departmental esti-
mates of sums which would not have been spent in any event, and
by reducing formal appropriations, the Republican statement of
the expenditures omits the pregnant fact that Congress authorized
the use of one and a half billion dollars in the hands of various
departments and bureaus, which otherwise would have been covered
into the Treasury, and which should be added to the Republican
total of expenditures.
HIGH COST OF LIVING
The high cost of living and the depreciation of bond values in
this country are primarily clue to war itself, to the necessary gov-
ernmental expenditures for the destructive purposes of war. to
private extravagance, to the world shortage of capital, to the in-
flation of foreign currencies and credits, and, in large degree, to
conscienceless profiteering.
The Republican Party is responsible for the failure to restore
peace and peace conditions in Europe, which is a principal- cause
of post-armistice inflation the world over. It has denied the de-
mand of the President for necessary legislation to deal with sec-
ondary and local causes. The sound policies pursued by the Treas-
ury and the Federal Reserve System have limited in this country,
though they could not prevent the inflation which was world-wide.
Elected upon specific promises to curtail public expenditures and
to bring the country back to a status of effective economy, the
National Democratic Platform 243
Republican Party in Congress wasted time and energy for more
•than a year in vain and extravagant investigation, costing the tax-
payers great sums of money, while revealing nothing beyond the
incapacity of Republican politicians to cope with the problem.
Demanding that the President, from his place at the peace table,
call the Congress into extraordinary session for imperative pur-
poses of readjustment, the Congress when convened spent thirteen
months in partisan pursuits, failing to repeal a single war statute
which harassed business or to initiate a single constructive meas-
ure to help business. It busied itself making a pre-election record
of pretended thrift, having not one particle of substantial existence
in fact. It raged against profiteers and the high cost of living
without enacting a single statute to make the former afraid of
doing a single act to bring the latter within limitations.
The simple truth is that the high cost of living can only be
remedied by increased production, strict governmental economy,
and a relentless pursuit of those who take advantage of post-war
conditions and are demanding and receiving outrageous profits.
We pledge the Democratic Party to a policy of strict economy in
Government expenditures and to the enactment and enforcement of
such legislation as may be required to bring profiteers before the
bar of criminal justice.
THE TARIFF.
We reaffirm the traditional policy of the Democratic Party in
favor of a tariff for revenue only, and to confirm the policy of
basing tariff revisions upon the intelligent research of a nonparti-
san commission, rather than upon the demands of selfish interests,
temporarily held in abeyance.
BUDGET.
In the interest of economy and good administration, we favor the
creation of an effective budget system that will function in accord
with the principles of the Constitution. The reform should reach
both the executive and the legislative aspects of the question. The
supervision and preparation of the budget should be vested in the
Secretary of the Treasury as the representative of the President.
The budget, as such, should not be increased by the Congress except
by a two-thirds vote, each House, however, being free to exercise
its constitutional privilege of making appropriations through inde-
244 Platforms of Political Parties
pendent bills. The appropriation bills should be considered by the
single committees of the House and the Senate. The audit sys-
tem should be consolidated, and its powers expanded so as to
pass upon the wisdom of, as well as the authority for, expenditures.
A budget bill was passed in the closing days of the second session
of the sixty-sixth Congress which invalidated by plain constitu-
tional defects and defaced by consideration of patronage, the Presi-
dent was obliged to veto. The House amended the bill to meet
the executive objection. We condemn the Republican Senate for
adjourning without passing the amended measure, when by devot-
ing an hour or two more to this urgent public business a budget
system could have been provided.
SENATE RULES.
We favor such alteration of the rules of procedure of the Senate
of the United States as will permit the prompt transaction of the
nation's legislative business.
AGRICULTURAL INTERESTS.
To the great agricultural interests of the country the Democratic
Party does not find it necessary to make promises. It already is
rich in its record of things actually accomplished. For nearly half
a century of Republican rule not a sentence was written into the
Federal statutes affording one dollar of bank credits to the farm-
ing interests of America. In the first term of this Democratic ad-
ministration the National Bank Act was so altered as to authorize
loans of five years maturity on improved farm lands. Later was
established a system of farm loan banks, from which the borrowings
already exceed $300,000,000, and under which the interest rate to
farmers has been so materially reduced as to drive out of business
the farm loan sharks who formerly subsisted by extortion upon the
great agricultural interests of the country.
Thus it was a Democratic Congress in the administration of a
Democratic President which enabled the farmers of America for
the first time to obtain credit upon reasonable terms and insured
their opportunity for the further development of the nation's
agricultural resources. Tied up in Supreme Court proceedings, in
a suit by hostile interests, the Federal Farm Loan System, origi-
nally opposed by the Republican candidate for the Presidency, ap-
pealed in vain to a Republican Congress for an adequate financial
National Democratic Platform 245
assistant to tide over the interim between the beginning and the
ending of the current year, awaiting a final decision of the highest
court on the validity of the contested act. We pledge prompt and
consistent support of sound and effective measures to sustain, am-
plify and perfect the rural credits statutes and thus to check and
reduce the growth and course of farm tenancy.
Not only did the Democratic Party put into effect a great farm
loan system of land mortgage banks, but it passed the Smith-Lever
agricultural extension act, carrying to every farmer in every sec-
tion of the country, through the medium of trained experts and
by demonstration farms, the practical knowledge acquired by the
Federal Agricultural Department in all things relating to agricul-
ture, horticulture, and animal life; it established the bureau of
markets, the bureau of farm management, and passed the cotton
futures act, the grain grades bill, the cooperative farm administra-
tion act, and the Federal warehouse act.
The Democratic Party has vastly improved the rural mail sys-
tem, and has built up the parcel post system to such an extent
as to render its activities and its practical service indispensable to
the farming community. It was this wise encouragement and this
effective concern of the Democratic Party for the farmers of the
United States that enabled this great interest to render such essen-
tial service in feeding the armies of America and the allied nations
of the war and succoring starving populations since armistice day.
Meanwhile the Republican leaders at Washington have failed
utterly to propose one single measure to make rural life more
tolerable. They have signalized their fifteen months of congres-
sional power by urging schemes which would strip the farms of
labor; by assailing the principles of the Farm Loan System and
seeking to impair its efficiency; by covertly attempting to destroy
the great nitrogen plant at Muscle Shoals upon which the Govern-
ment has expended $70,000,000 to supply American farmers with
fertilizers at reasonable cost; by ruthlessly crippling nearly every
branch of agricultural endeavor, literally crippling the productive
mediums through which the people must be fed.
We favor such legislation as will- confirm to the primary pro-
ducers of the nation the right of collective bargaining and the right
of cooperative handling and marketing of the products of the
workshops and the farm, and such legislation as will facilitate the
exportation of our farm products.
246 Platforms of Political Parties
We favor comprehensive studies of farm production costs and
the uncensored publication of facts found in such studies.
LABOR AND INDUSTRY.
The Democratic Party is now, as ever, the firm friend of honest
labor and the promoter of progressive industry. It established
the Department of Labor at Washington and a Democratic Presi-
dent called to his official council board the first practical working
man who ever held a cabinet portfolio. Under this administration
have been established employment bureaus to bring the man and
the job together; have been peaceably determined many bitter dis-
putes between capital and labor; were passed the child labor law,
the workingman's compensation act (the extension of which we
advocate so as to include laborers engaged in loading and unload-
ing ships and in interstate commerce), the eight-hour law, the
act for vocational training, and a code of other wholesome laws
affecting the liberties and bettering the conditions of the laboring
classes. In the Department of Labor the Democratic administra-
tion established a woman's bureau, which a Republican Congress
destroyed by withholding appropriations.
Labor is not a commodity, it is human. Those who labor have
rights and the national security and safety depend upon a just
recognition of those rights and the conservation of the strength of
the workers and their families in the interest of sound-hearted
and sound-headed men, women, and children. Laws regulating
hours of labor and conditions under which labor is performed,
when passed in recognition of the conditions under which life
must be lived to attain the highest development and happiness, are
just assertions of the national interest in the welfare of the people.
At the same time the Nation depends upon the products of labor,
a cessation of production means loss, and, if long continued, dis-
aster. The whole people, therefore, have a right to insist that
justice shall be done to those who work, and in turn that those
whose labor creates the necessities upon which the life of the
nation depends must recognize reciprocal obligation between the
worker and the State. They should participate in the formulation
of sound laws and regulations governing the conditions under which
labor is performed, recognize and obey the laws so formulated,
and seek their amendment when necessary by the processes ordi-
narily addressed to the laws and regulations affecting the other
relations of life.
National Democratic Platform 247
Labor, as well as capital, is entitled to adequate compensation.
Each has the indefensible right of organization, of collective bar-
gaining, and of speaking through representatives of their own
selection. Neither class, however, should at any time nor in any
circumstances, take action that will put in jeopardy the public
welfare. Resort to strikes and lockouts which endanger the health
or lives of the people is an unsatisfactory device for determining
disputes, and the Democratic Party pledges itself to contrive, if
possible, and put into effective operation a fair and comprehensive
method of composing differences of this nature.
In private industrial disputes, we are opposed to compulsory
arbitration as a method plausible in theory but a failure in fact.
With respect to Government service, we hold distinctly that the
rights of the people are paramount to the right to strike. How-
ever, we profess scrupulous regard for the conditions of public
employment and pledge the Democratic Party to be instant inquiry
into the pay of Government employees and equally speedy regula-
tions designed to bring salaries to a just and proper level.
WOMAN SUFFRAGE.
We endorse the proposed 19th amendment to the Constitution of
the United States, granting equal suffrage to women. We congratu-
late the Legislatures of thirty-five States which have already ratified
said amendment, and we urge the Democratic Governors and Legis-
latures of Tennessee, North Carolina, and Florida and such States
as have not yet ratified the Federal suffrage amendment to unite
in an effort to complete the process of ratification and secure the
36th State in time for all the women of the United States to partici-
pate in the fall election. We commend the effective advocacy of the
measure of President Wilson.
WOMEN IN INDUSTRY.
We urge cooperation with the States for the protection of child
life through infancy and maternity care; in the prohibition of
child labor and by adequate appropriations for the children's
bureau and the women's bureau of the Department of Labor. Co-
operative Federal assistance to the State is immediately required
for the instruction in citizenship for both native and foreign born;
increased appropriation for vocational training in home economics;
re-establishment of joint Federal and State employment service
248 Platforms of Political Parties
with women's departments under the direction of technically quali-
fied women. We advocate full representation of women on all
commissions dealing with women's interest and a reclassification
of the Federal Civil Service free from discrimination on the ground
of sex; a continuance of appropriations for education in sex hygiene;
Federal legislation which shall insure that American women resi-
dent in the United States, but married to aliens, shall retain their
American citizenship, and that the same process of naturalization
shall be required for women as for men.
DISABLED SOLDIERS.
The Federal Government should treat with the utmost considera-
tion every disabled soldier, sailor and marine of the world war,
whether his disability be due to wounds received in line of action
or to health impaired in service, and for the dependents of the
brave men who died in line of duty the Government's tenderest
concern and richest bounty should be their requital. The fine
patriotism exhibited, the heroic conduct displayed by American
soldiers and sailors and marines at home and abroad constitute
a sacred heritage of posterity, the worth of which can never be
recompensed from the treasury and the glory of which must not be
diminished by any such expedients.
The Democratic administration wisely established a war risk
insurance bureau, giving four and a half millions of enlisted men
insurance at unprecedentedly low rates and through the medium of
which compensation of men and women injured in service is readily
adjusted, the hospital facilities for those whose health is impaired
are abundantly afforded.
The Federal board of vocational education should be made a
part of the war risk insurance bureau in order that the task may
be treated as a whole, and this machinery of protection and assist-
ance must receive every aid of law and appreciation to fully and
effective operation.
We believe that no higher or more valued privilege can be afforded
to an American citizen than to become a free holder in the soil of
the United States and to that end we pledge our party to the en-
actment of soldiers settlements and home aid legislation which
will afford to the men who fought for America the opportunity to
become land and home owners under conditions affording genuine
National Democratic Platform 249
government assistance unincumbered by needless difficulties of red
tape or advance financial investment.
THE RAILROADS.
The railroads were subjected to Federal control as a war measure
without other idea than the swift transport of troops, munitions and
supplies. When human life and national hopes were at stake profits
could not be considered and were not. Federal operation, however,
was marked by an intelligence and efficiency that minimized loss
and resulted in many and marked reforms. The equipment taken
over was not only grossly inadequate, but shamefully outworn.
Unification practices overcome the initial handicaps and provided
additions, betterments and improvements. Economics enabled opera-
tion without rate raises that private control would have found
necessary and labor was treated with an exact justice that secured
the enthusiastic cooperation that victory demanded. The funda-
mental purpose of Federal control was achieved fully and splendidly,
and at far less cost to the taxpayer than would have been the case
under private operation. Investments in railroad properties were
not only saved by government operation, but government manage-
ment returning these properties vastly improved in every physical
and executive detail. A great task flatly discharged.
The President's recommendation of return to private ownership
gave the Republican majority a full year in which to enact the
necessary legislation. The house took six months to formulate
its ideas and another six months was consumed by the Republican
Senate in equally vague debate. As a consequence, the Esch-
Cummings bill went to the President in the closing hours of Con-
gress, and he was forced to a choice between the chaos of a veto
and the acquiesence in the measure submitted, however grave may
have been his objections to it.
There should be a fair and complete test of the law until careful
and mature action by Congress may cure its defects and insure a
thoroughly effective transportation system under private owner-
ship without government subsidiary at the expense of the taxpayers
of the country.
IMPROVED HIGHWAYS.
Improved roads are of vital importance not only to commerce
and industry, but also to agriculture and rural life. The Federal
Road Act for 1916, enacted by the Democratic Congress, represented
250 Platforms of Political Parties
the first systematic effort of the government to insure the building
of an adequate system of roads, in this country. The act, as
amended, has resulted in placing the movement for improved high-
ways on a progressive and substantial basis in every state in the
union and in bringing under actual construction more than 13,000
miles of roads suited to the traffic of the communities in which
they are located.
We favor a continuance of the present federal aid plan under
existing federal and state agencies, amended so as to include as
one of the elements in determining the ratio in which the several
states shall be entitled to share in the fund, the area of any public
lands therein.
Inasmuch as the postal service has been extended by the Demo-
cratic party to the door of practically every producer and every
consumer in the country (rural free delivery alone having been
provided for six million additional patrons within the past eight
years without material added cost), we declare that this instrumen-
tality can and will be used to the maximum of its capacity to im-
prove the efficiency of distribution and reduce the cost of living to
consumers while increasing the profitable operations of producers.
We strongly favor the increased use of the motor vehicle in the
transportation of the mails and urge the removal of the restric-
tions imposed by the Republican Congress on the use of motor
devices in mail transportation in rural territories.
MERCHANT MARINE.
We desire to congratulate the American people on the re-birth of
our merchant marine, which once more maintains its former place
in the world. It was under a Democratic administration that this
was accomplished after seventy years of indifference and neglect,
thirteen million tons having been constructed since the act was
passed in 1916. We pledge the policy of our party to the continued
growth of our merchant marine under proper legislation so that
American producers will be carried to all ports of the world by
vessels built in American yards, flying the American flag.
PORT FACILITIES.
The urgent demands of the war for adequate transportation of
war materials as well as for domestic need, revealed the fact that
National Democratic Platform 251
our port facilities and rate adjustment were such as to seriously
effect the whole country in times of peace as well as war.
We pledge our party to stand for equality of rates, both import
and export, for the ports of the country to the end that there might
be adequate and fair facilities and rates for the mobilization of the
products of the country offered for shipment.
INLAND WATERWAYS.
We call attention to the failure of the Republican National Con-
vention to recognize in any way the rapid development of barge
transportation on our inland waterways, which development is
the result of the constructive policies of the Democratic adminis-
tration. And we pledge ourselves to the further development of
our inland waterways, and we recognize the importance of con-
necting the Great Lakes with the sea by way of the Mississippi
River and its tributaries, as well as by the St. Lawrence River.
We favor an enterprising foreign trade policy with all nations, and
in this connection we favor the full utilization of all Atlantic,
Gulf and Pacific ports, and an equitable distribution of shipping
facilities between the various ports.
Transportation remains an increasingly vital problem in the
continued development and prosperity of the nation.
Our present facilities for distribution by rail are inadequate, and
the promotion of transportation by water is imperative.
We, therefore, favor a liberal and comprehensive policy for the
development and utilization of our harbors and interior waterways.
FLOOD CONTROL.
We commend the Democratic Congress for the redemption of
the pledge contained in our last platform by the passage of the
flood control act of March 1, 1917, and point to the successful con-
trol of the floods of the Mississippi River and the Sacramento
River, California, under the policy of that law, for its complete
justification. We favor the extension of this policy to other flood
control problems wherever the Federal interest justifies the ex-
penditure required.
RECLAMATION OF ARID LANDS.
By wise legislation and progressive administration we have
transferred the Government reclamation projects rer resenting an
investment of $100,000,000 from a condition of impending failure
252 Platforms of Political Parties
and loss of confidence in the ability of the government to carry'
through such large enterprises, to a condition of demonstrated
success, whereby formerly arid and wholly unproductive lands now
sustain 40,000 prosperous families and have an annual crop produc-
tion of over $70,000,000, not including the crops grown on a million
acres outside the projects supplied with storage water for Govern-
ment works.
We favor ample appropriations for the continuation and extension
of this great work of homebuilding and internal improvement
along the same general lines to the end that all practical projects
shall be built, and waters now running to waste, shall be made
to provide homes and add to the food supply proper resources and
taxable property, with the government ultimately reimbursed for
the entire outlay.
THE TRADE COMMISSION.
The Democratic party heartily endorses the creation and work of
the Federal Trade Commission in establishing a fair field for com-
petitive business, free from restraints of trade and monopoly and
recommends amplification of the statutes governing its activities
so as to grant it authority to prevent the unfair use of patents in
restraint of trade.
LIVE STOCK MARKETS.
For the purpose of insuring just and fair treatment in the great
interstate live stock market, and thus instilling confidence in
growers through which production will be stimulated and the price
of meats to consumers be ultimately reduced, we favor the enact-
ment of legislation for the supervision of such markets by the
national government.
MEXICO.
The United States is the neighbor and friend of the nations of
the three Americas. In a very special sense, our international re-
lations in this hemisphere should be characterized by good will
and free from any possible suspicion as to our national purpose.
The administration, remembering always that Mexico is an in-
dependent nation and that permanent stability in her government
and her institutions could come only from the consent of her
National Democratic Platform 253
own people to a government of their own making, has heen unwilling
either to profit by the misfortune of the people of Mexico or to
enfeeble their future by imposing from the outside a rule upon their
temporarily distracted councils. As a consequence, order is grad-
ually reappearing in Mexico; at no time in many years have
American lives and interests been so safe as they now are; peace
reigns along the border and industry is resuming.
When the new government of Mexico shall have given ample
proof of its ability permanently to maintain law and order, signi-
fied its willingness to meet its international obligations and written
upon its statute books just laws under which foreign investors
shall have rights as well as duties, that government should receive
our recognition and systematic assistance. Until these proper ex-
pectations have been met, Mexico must realize the propriety of a
policy that asserts the rights of the United States to demand full
protection for its citizens.
PETROLEUM
The Democratic party recognizes the importance of the acquisi-
tion by Americans of additional sources of supply of petroleum
and other minerals and declares that such acquisition both at home
and abroad should be fostered and encouraged.
We urge such action, legislative and executive as may secure to
American citizens the same rights in the acquirement of mineral
rights and foreign countries as are enjoyed by the citizens of sub-
jects of any other nation.
NEW NATIONS.
The Democratic party expresses its active sympathy with the
people of China, Czecho-Slovakia, Finland, Poland, Persia and
others who have recently established representative government and
who are striving to develop the institutions of true democracy.
IRELAND.
The great principle of national self-determination has received
constant reiteration as one of the chief objectives for which this
country entered the war and victory established this principle.
254 Platforms of Political Parties
Within the limitations of international comity and usage, this
convention repeats the several previous expressions of the sympathy
of the Democratic party of the United States for the aspirations
of Ireland for self-government.
ARMENIA.
We express our deep and earnest sympathy for the unfortunate
people of Armenia, and we believe that our government consistent
with its constitution and principles should render every possible
and proper aid to them in their efforts to establish and maintain
a government of their own.
THE PHILIPPINES.
We favor the granting of independence without unnecessary de-
lay to the 10,500,000 inhabitants of the Philippine Islands.
HAWAII.
We favor a liberal policy of homesteading public lands in Hawaii
to promote a larger middleclass citizen population, with equal rights
to all citizens.
PORTO RICO
We favor the granting to the people of Porto Rico the traditional
territorial form of government, with a view to ultimate statehood,
accorded to all territories of the United States since the beginning
of our government and we believe that the officials appointed to
administer the government of such territories should be qualified
by previous bona fide residence therein.
ALASKA.
We commend the Democratic Administration for inaugurating a
new policy as to Alaska as evidenced by the construction of the
Alaska railroad and opening of the coal and oil fields.
We declare for the modification of the existing coal land law,
to promote development without disturbing the features intended
to prevent monopoly.
For such changes in the policy of forestry control as will permit
the immediate initiation of the paper pulp industry.
National Democratic Platform 255
For relieving the territory from the evils of long distance govern-
ment by authority and interlocking bureaucratic regulation, and to
that end we urge the speedy passage of a law containing the
essential features of the Lane-Curry bill now pending coordinating
and consolidating all Federal control of natural resources under
one department to be administered by a nonpartisan board perma-
nently resident in the territory.
For the fullest measure of territorial self-government with the
view to ultimate statehood, with jurisdiction over all matters not
of purely Federal concern, including fisheries and game, and for
an intelligent administration of Federal control, we believe that
all officials appointed should be qualified by previous bona fide
residence in the territory.
For a comprehensive system of road construction with increased
appropriations and the full extension of the Federal road act to
Alaska.
For the extension to Alaska of the Federal farm loan act.
ASIATIC IMMIGRATION.
The policy of the United States with reference to the non-admis-
sion of Asiatic immigrants in a true expression of the judgment
of our people and to the several States, whose geographical situa-
tion or internal conditions make this policy and the enforcement
of the laws enacted pursuant thereto, of particular concern, we
pledge our support.
THE POSTAL SERVICE.
The efficiency of the Postoffice Department has been vindicated
against a malicious and designing assault by the efficiency of its
operation. Its record refutes its assailants. Their voices are
silenced and their charges have collapsed.
We commend the work of the joint commission on the reclassi-
fication of salaries of postal employees, recently concluded, which
commission was created by a Democratic administration. The
Democratic party has always favored and will continue to favor the
fair and just treatment of all government employees.
FREE SPEECH AND PRESS.
We resent the unfounded reproaches directed against the Demo-
cratic administration for alleged interference of the freedom of
the press and freedom of speech.
256 Platforms of Political Parties
No utterances from any quarter have been assailed, and no publi-
cation has been repressed which has not been animated by the
reasonable purpose and directed against the nation's peace, order
and security in time of war.
"We reaffirm our respect for the great principles of free speech
and a free press, but assert as an indisputable proposition that
they afford no toleration of enemy propaganda or the advocacy of
the overthrow of the government of the State or nation by force
or violence.
REPUBLICAN CORRUPTION.
The shocking disclosure of the lavish use of money by aspirants
for the Republican nomination for the highest office in the gift of
the people has created a painful impression throughout the coun-
try. Viewed in connection with the recent conviction of a Republi-
can Senator from the State of Michigan for the criminal transgres-
sion of the law limiting expenditures on behalf of a candidate for
the United States Senate, it indicates the re-entry, under Republi-
can auspices, of money as an influential factor in elections, thus
nullifying the letter and flaunting the spirit of numerous laws,
enacted by the people to protect the ballot from the contamination
of corrupt practices. We deplore those delinquencies and invoke
their stern popular rebuke, pledging our earnest efforts to strength-
ening of the present statutes against corrupt practices and their
rigorous enforcement.
"We remind the people that it was only by the return of a Repub-
lican Senator in Michigan, who is now under conviction and sen-
tence for the criminal misuse of money in his election, that the
present organization of the Senate with a Republican majority
was made possible.
CONCLUSION.
Believing that we have kept the Democratic faith, and resting
our claims to the confidence of the people not upon grandiose
promises but upon performances of our duty, we submit our record
to the nation's Federation and ask that the pledges of this platform
be appraised in the light of that record.
National Republican Platform 257
NATIONAL REPUBLICAN PLATFORM 1920.
The Republican party, assembled in representative national con-
vention, reaffirms its unyielding devotion to the Constitution of
the United States, and to the guarantees of civil, political and
religious liberty therein contained. It will resist all attempts
to overthrow the foundations of the government or to weaken the
force of its controlling principles and ideals, whether these at-
tempts be made in the form of international policy or domestic
agitation.
For seven years the national government has been controlled
by the Democratic party. During that period a war of unparalleled
magnitude has shaken the foundations of civilization, decimated
the population of Europe, and left in its train economic misery
and suffering second only to the war itself.
The outstanding features of the Democratic administration have
been complete unpreparedness for war and complete unpreparedness
for peace.
UNPREPAREDNESS FOR WAR.
Inexcusable failure to make timely preparation is the chief indict-
ment against the Democratic administration in the conduct of the
war. Had not our Associates protected us, both on land and sea,
during the first twelve months of our participation, and furnished
us to the very day of the Armistice with munitions, planes and
artillery, this failure would have been punished with disaster.
It directly resulted in unnecessary losses to our gallant troops, in
the imperilment of victory itself, and in an enormous waste of
public funds literally poured into the breach created by gross
neglect. Today it is reflected in our huge tax burden and in the
high cost of living.
UNPREPAREDNESS FOR PEACE.
Peace found the Administration as unprepared for peace as war
found it unprepared for war. The vital needs of the country de-
manded the early and systematic return to a peace-time basis.
This called for vision, leadership and intelligent planning. All
three have been lacking. While the country has been left to shift
for itself, the Government has continued on a war-basis. The
Administration has not demobilized the army of place holders. It
17
258 Platforms of Political Pasties
continued a method of financing which was indefensible during the
period of reconstruction. It has used legislation passed to meet
the emergency of war to continue its arbitrary and inquisitorial
control over the life of the people in time of peace, and to carry
confusion into industrial life. Under the despot's plea of necessity
or superior wisdom, executive usurpation of legislative and judicial
functions still undermines our institutions. Eighteen months after
the Armistice, with its war-time powers unabridged, its war-time
departments undischarged, its war-time army of place holders still
mobilized, the Administration continues to flounder helplessly.
The demonstrated incapacity of the Democratic party has de-
stroyed public confidence, weakened the authority of the govern-
ment, and produced a feeling of distrust and hesitation so univer-
sal as to increase enormously the difficulties of readjustment and to
delay the return to normal conditions.
Never has our nation been confronted with graver problems.
The people are entitled to know in definite terms how the parties
purpose solving these problems. To that end, the Republican party
declares its policies and program to be as follows:
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT.
We undertake to end executive autocracy and to restore to the
people their constitutional government.
The policies herein declared will be carried out by the federal
and state governments, each acting within its constitutional powers.
FOREIGN RELATIONS.
The foreign policy of the Administration has been founded upon
no principle and directed by no definite conception of our nation's
rights and obligations. It has been humilitating to America and
irritating to other nations, with the result that after a period of
unexampled sacrifice, our motives are -suspected, our moral influence
impaired, and our Government stands discredited and friendless
among the nations of the world.
We favor a liberal and generous foreign policy founded upon
definite moral and political principles characterized by a clear
understanding of and a firm adherence to our own rights, and un-
failing respect for the rights of others. We should afford full
and adequate protection to the life, liberty, property and all in-
National Republican Platform 259
ternational rights of every American citizen, and should require
a proper respect for the American flag; but we should be equally
careful to manifest a just regard for the rights of other nations.
A scrupulous observance of our international engagements when
lawfully assumed is essential to our own honor and self-respect,
and the respect of other nations. Subject to a due regard for our
international obligations, we should leave our country free to de-
velop its civilization along lines most conducive to happiness and
welfare of its people, and to cast its influence on the side of justice
and right should occasion require.
(a) MEXICO.
The ineffective policy of the present Administration in Mexican
matters has been largely responsible for the continued loss of
American lives in that country and upon our border; for the enor-
mous loss of American and foreign property; for the lowering
of American standards of morality and social relations with Mexi-
cans, and for the bringing of American ideals and justice, national
honor and political integrity into contempt and ridicule in Mexico
and throughout the world.
The policy of wordy, futile written protests against the acts
of Mexican officials, explained the following day by the President
himself as being meaningless and not intended to be considered
seriously, or enforced, has but added in degree to that contempt,
and has earned for us the sneers and jeers of Mexican bandits,
and added insult upon insult against our national honor and dignity.
We should not recognize any Mexican government unless it be
a responsible government willing and able to give sufficient guar-
antees that the lives and property of American citizens are re-
spected and protected; that wrongs will be promptly corrected and
just compensation will be made for injury sustained. The Republi-
can party pledges itself to a consistent, firm and effective policy
towards Mexico that shall enforce respect for the American flag
and that shall protect the rights of American citizens lawfully in
Mexico to security of life and enjoyment of property, in accord-
ance with established principles of international law and our
treaty rights.
The Republican party is a sincere friend of the Mexican people.
In its insistence upon the maintenance of order for the protection
of American citizens within its borders a great service will be
260 Platforms of Political Parties
rendered the Mexican people themselves; for a continuation of
present conditions means disaster to their interests and patriotic
aspirations.
(b) MANDATE FOR ARMENIA.
We condemn President Wilson for asking Congress to empower
him to accept a mandate for Armenia. We commend the Republi-
can Senate for refusing the President's request to empower him
to accept the mandate for Armenia. The acceptance of such man-
date would throw the United States into the very maelstrom of
European quarrels. According to the estimate of the Harbord
Commission, organized by authority of President Wilson, we would
be called upon to send 59,000 American boys to police Armenia
and to expend $276,000,000 in the first year and $756,000,000 in
five years. This estimate is made upon the basis that we would
have only roving bands to fight; but in case of serious trouble with
the Turks or with Russia, a force exceeding 200,000 would be
necessary.
No more striking illustration can be found of President Wilson's
disregard of the lives of American boys or of American interests.
We deeply sympathize with the people of Armenia and stand
ready to help them in all proper ways, but the Republican party
will oppose now and hereafter the acceptance of a mandate for
any country in Europe or Asia.
(C) LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
The Republican party stands for agreement among the nations
to preserve the peace of the world. We believe that such an
international association must be based upon international justice,
and must provide methods which shall maintain the rule of public
right by the development of law and the decision of impartial
courts, and which shall secure instant and general international
conference whenever peace shall be threatened by political action,
so that the nations pledged to do and insist upon what is just
and fair may exercise their influence and power for the preven-
tion of war.
We believe that all this can be done without the compromise
of national independence, without depriving the people of the
United States in advance of the right to determine for them-
selves what is just and fair when the occasion arises, and with-
National Republican Platform 261
out involving them as participants and not as peace-makers in a
multitude of quarrels, the merits of which they are unable to
judge.
The covenant signed by the President at Paris failed signally to
accomplish this great purpose, and contains stipulations, not only
intolerable for an independent people, but certain to produce the
injustice, hostility, and controversy among nations which it pro-
posed to prevent.
That covenant repudiated, to a degree wholly unnecessary and
unjustifiable, the time-honored policies in favor of peace declared
by Washington, Jefferson, and Monroe, and pursued by all Ameri-
can administrations for more than a century, and it ignored the
universal sentiment of America for generations past in favor of
international law and arbitration, and it rested the hope of the
future upon mere expediency and negotiation.
The unfortunate insistence of the President upon having his
own way, without any change and without any regard to the opin-
ions of a majority of the Senate, which shares with him in the
treaty-making power, and the President's demand that the Treaty
should be ratified without any modification, created a situation
in which Senators were required to vote upon their consciences
and their oaths according to their judgment against the Treaty
as it was presented, or submit to the commands of a dictator in
a matter where the authority and the resonsibility under the
Constitution were theirs, and not his.
The Senators performed their duty faithfully. We approve their
conduct and honor their courage and fidelity. And we pledge the
coming Republican administration to such agreements with the
other nations of the world as shall meet the full duty of America
to civilization and humanity, in accordance with American ideals,
and without surrendering the right of the American people to
exercise its judgment and its power in favor of justice and peace.
CONGRESS AND RECONSTRUCTION.
Despite the unconstitutional and dictatorial course of the Presi-
dent and the partisan obstruction of the Democratic Congressional
minority, the Republican majority has enacted a program of con-
structive legislation which in great part, however, has been nulli-
fied by the vindictive vetoes of the President.
262 Platforms of Political Parties
The Republican Congress has met the problems presented by
the Administration's unpreparedness for peace. It has repealed,
the greater part of the vexatious war legislation. It has enacted
a transportation act making possible the rehabilitation of the rail-
road systems of the country, the operation of which under the pres-
ent Democratic Administration has been wasteful, extravagant and
inefficient in the highest degree. The Transportation Act made pro-
vision for the peaceful settlement of wage disputes, partially nulli-
fied, however, by the President's delay in appointing the Wage Board
created by the act. This delay precipitated the outlaw railroad
strike.
We stopped the flood of public treasure, recklessly poured into
the lap of an inept Shipping Board, and laid the foundations
for the creation of a great merchant marine; we took from the
incompetent Democratic Administration the administration of the
telegraph and telephone lines of the country and returned them
to private ownership; we reduced the cost of postage and in-
creased the pay of the postal employes — the poorest paid of all
public servants; we provided pensions for superannuated and retired
civil servants; and for an increase in pay of soldiers and sailors.
We reorganized the Army on a peace footing, and provided for the
maintenance of a powerful and efficient Navy.
The Republican Congress established by law a permanent Wo-
man's Bureau in the Department of Labor; we submitted to the
country the constitutional amendment for woman suffrage, and
furnished twenty-nine of the thirty-five legislatures which have
ratified it to date.
Legislation for the relief of the consumers of print paper, for
the extension of the powers of the government under the Food
Control Act, for broadening the scope of the War Risk Insurance
Act, better provision for the dwindling number of aged veterans
of the Civil War and for the better support of the maimed and
injured of the Great War, and for making practical the Vocational
Rehabilitation Act, has been enacted by the Republican Congress.
We passed an oil leasing and water power bill to unlock for the
public good the great pent-up resources of the country; we have
sought to check the profligacy of the Administration, to realize upon
the assets of the government and to husband the revenues derived
from taxation. The Republicans in Congress have been responsible
for cuts in the estimates for government expenditure of nearly
$3,000,000,000 since the signing of the armistice.
National Republican Platform 263
We enacted a national executive budget law; we strengthened
the Federal Reserve Act to permit banks to lend needed assistance
to farmers; we authorized financial incorporations to develop ex-
port trade; and finally, amended the rules of the Senate and House,
which will reform evils in procedure and guarantee more efficient
and responsible government.
AGRICULTURE.
The farmer is the backbone of the nation. National greatness
and economic independence demanded a population distributed be-
tween industry and the farm, and sharing on equal terms the pros-
perity which is wholly dependent upon the efforts of both. Neither
can prosper at the expense of the other without inviting joint
disaster.
The crux of the present agricultural condition lies in prices,
labor and credit.
The Republican party believes that this condition can be im-
proved by: practical and adequate farm representation in the ap-
pointment of governmental officials and commissions; the right to
form cooperative associations for marketing their products, and pro-
tection against discrimination; the scientific study of agricultural
prices and farm production costs, at home and abroad, with a
view to reducing the frequency of abnormal fluctuations; the un-
censored publication of such reports; the authorization of asso-
ciations for the extension of personal credit; a national inquiry
on the co-ordination of rail, water and motor transportation
with adequate facilities for receiving, handling and marketing
food; the encouragement of our export trade; an end to unnecessary
price-fixing and ill considered efforts arbitrarily to reduce prices of
farm products which invariably result to the disadvantage both of
producer and consumer; and the encouragement of the production
and importation of fertilizing material and its extensive use.
The Federal Farm Loan Act should be so administered as to
facilitate the acquisition of farm land by those desiring to be-
come owners and proprietors and thus minimize the evils of farm
tenantry, and to furnish such long time credits as farmers may
need to finance adequately their larger and long time production
operations.
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS.
There are two different conceptions of the relations of capital
and labor. The one is contractual and emphasizes the diversity
264 Platforms of Political Parties
of interests of employer and employee. The other is that of co-
partnership in a common task.
We recognize the justice of collective bargaining as a means of
promoting good will, establishing closer and more harmonious re-
lations 'between employers and employees, and realizing the true
ends of industrial justice.
The strike or the lockout, as a means of settling industrial dis-
putes, inflicts such loss and suffering on the community as to justify
government initiative to reduce its frequency and limit its con-
sequences.
We deny the right to strike against the government; but the
rights and interests of all government employees must be safe-
guarded by impartial laws and tribunals.
In public utilities we favor the establishment of an impartial
tribunal to make an investigation of the facts and to render a de-
cision to the end that there may be no organized interruption
of service necessary to the lives, health and welfare of the people.
The decsions of the tribunals should be morally but not legally
binding, and an informed public sentiment be relied on to secure
their acceptance. The tribunals, however, should refuse to accept
jurisdiction except for the purpose of investigation, as long as
the public service be interrupted. For public utilities we favor the
type of tribunal provided for in the Transportation Act of 1920.
In private industries we do not advocate the principle of compul-
sory arbitration, but we favor impartial commissions and better
facilities for voluntary mediation, conciliation and arbitration, sup-
plemented by that full publicity which will enlist the influence
of an aroused public opinion. The Government should take the
initiative in inviting the establishment of tribunals or commissions
for the purpose of voluntary arbitration and of investigation of
disputed issues.
We demand the exclusion from interstate commerce of the pro-
ducts of convict labor.
NATIONAL ECONOMY.
A Republican Congress reduced the estimates submitted by the
Administration almost three billion dollars. Greater economies
could have been effected had it not been for the stubborn refusal
of the Administration to cooperate with Congress in an economy
program. The universal demand for an executive budget is a
National Republican Platfoeji 265
recognition of the incontrovertible fact that leadership and sincere
assistance on the part of the executive departments are essential
to effective economy and constructive retrenchment.
The Overman Act invested the President of the United States
with all the authority and power necessary to restore the Federal
Government to a normal peace basis and to reorganize, retrench
and demobilize. The dominant fact is that eighteen months after
the Armistice, the United States Government is still on a war-time
basis, and the expenditure program of the Executive reflects
war-time extravagance rather than rigid peace-time economy.
As an example of the failure to retrench which has characterized
the post-war policy of the Administration, we cite the fact that
not including the War and Navy Departments, the executive de-
partments and other establishments at Washington actually record
an increase subsequent to the Armistice of 2,184 employees. The
net decrease in pay-roll costs contained in the 1921 demands sub-
mitted by the Administration is only one per cent under that of .
1920. The annual expenses of the Federal Government can be
reduced hundreds of millions of dollars without impairing the
efficiency of the public service.
We pledge ourselves to a carefully planned readjustment to a
peace-time basis and to a policy of rigid economy, to the better
co-ordination of departmental activities, to the elimination of un-
necessary officials and employees, and to the raising of the standard
of individual efficiency.
THE EXECUTIVE BUDGET.
We congratulate the Republican Congress on the enactment of
a law providing for the establishment of an Executive Budget as
a necessary instrument for a sound and business-like administration
of the national finances; and we condemn the veto of the President
which defeated this great financial reform.
REORGANIZATION OF FEDERAL DEPARTMENTS AND BUREAUS.
We advocate a thorough investigation of the present organization
of the Federal departments and bureaus, with a view to securing
consolidation, a more business-like distribution of functions, the
elimination of duplication, delays and over-lapping of work, and the
establishment of an up-to-date and efficient administrative organiza-
tion.
266 Platforms of Political Parties
war powers of the president.
The President clings tenaciously to his autocratic war time
powers. His veto of the Resolution declaring peace and his refusal
to sign the bill repealing war-time legislation, no longer necessary,
evidence his determination not to restore to the Nation and to the
States the form of government provided for by the Constitution.
This usurpation is intolerable and deserves the severest condem-
nation.
TAXATION
The burden of taxation imposed upon the American people is
staggering; but in presenting a true statement of the situation we
must face the fact that, while the character of the taxes can and
should be changed, an early reduction of the amount of revenue
to be raised is not to be expected. The next Republican administra-
tion will inherit from its Democratic predecessor a floating in-
debtedness of over three billion dollars, the prompt liquidation of
which is demanded by sound financial considerations. Moreover,
the whole fiscal policy of the Government must be deeply influenced
by the necessity of meeting obligations in excess of five billion
dollars which mature in 1923. But sound policy equally demands
the early accomplishment of that real reduction of the tax burden
which may be achieved by substituting simple for complex tax
laws and procedure; prompt and certain determination of the tax
liability for delay and uncertainty; tax laws which do not for tax
laws which do, excessively mulct the consumer or needlessly repress
enterprise and thrift.
We advocate the issuance of a simplified form of income return;
authorizing the Treasury Department to make changes in regu-
lations effective only from the date of their approval; empowering
the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, with the consent of the
taxpayer, to make final and conclusive settlements of tax claims
and assessments barring fraud, and the creation of a Tax Board
consisting of at least three representatives of the tax-paying pub-
lic and the heads of the principal divisions of the Bureau of
Internal Revenue to act as a standing committee on the simpli-
fication of forms, procedure and law, and to make recommenda-
tions to the Congress.
National Republican Platform 267
banking and currency.
The fact is that the war, to a great extent, was financed by a
policy of inflation through certificate borrowing from the banks,
and bonds issued at artificial rates sustained by the low discount
rates established by the Federal Reserve Board. The continuance
of this policy since the armistice lays the Administration open
to severe criticism. Almost up to the present time the practices
of the Federal Reserve Board as to credit control have been frankly
dominated by the convenience of the Treasury.
The results have been a greatly increased war cost, a serious
loss to the millions of people who in good faith bought Liberty
Bonds and Victory Notes at par, and extensive post-war specula-
tion, followed today by a restricted credit for legitimate industrial
expansion. As a matter of public policy, we urge all banks to
give credit preference to essential industries.
The Federal Reserve System should be free from political in-
fluence, which is quite as important as its independence of domi-
nation by financial combinations.
THE HIGH COST OF LIVING.
The prime cause of the "High Cost of Living" has been first
and foremost a fifty per cent depreciation in the purchasing power
of the dollar, due to a gross expansion of our currency and credit.
Reduced production, burdensome taxation, swollen profits, and the
increased demand for goods arising from a fictitious but enlarged
buying power have been contributing causes in a greater or less
degree.
. We condemn the unsound fiscal policies of the Democratic adminis-
tration which have brought these things to pass, and their at-
tempts to impute the consequences to minor and secondary causes.
Much of the injury wrought is irreparable. There is no short way
out, and we decline to deceive the people with vain promises or
quack remedies. But as the political party that throughout its
history has stood for honest money and sound finance, we pledge
ourselves to earnest and consistent attack upon the high cost of
living by rigorous avoidance of further inflation in our govern-
ment borrowing, by courageous and intelligent deflation of over-
expanded credit and currency, by encouragement of heightened
production of goods and services, by prevention of unreasonable
268 Platforms of Political Parties
profits, by exercise of public economy and stimulation of private
thrift and by revision of war-imposed taxes unsuited to peace-time
economy.
PROFITEERING.
ue condemn the Democratic administration for failure impar-
tially to enforce the anti-profiteering laws enacted by the Republi-
can Congress.
RAILROADS.
We are opposed to government ownership and operation or em-
ployee operation of the railroads. In view of the conditions prevail-
ing in this country, the experience of the last two years, and the con-
clusions which may fairly be drawn from an observation of the
transportation systems of other countries, it is clear that adequate
transportation service both for the present and future can be
furnished more certainly, economically and efficiently through
private ownership and operation under proper regulation and con-
trol.
There should be no speculative profit in rendering the service
of transportation; but in order to do justice to the capital already
invested in railway enterprises, to restore railway credit, to in-
duce future investment at a reasonable rate, and to furnish en-
larged facilities to meet the requirements of the constantly increas-
ing development and distribution, a fair return upon actual value
of the railway property used in transportation should be made
reasonably sure, and at the same time provide constant employ-
ment to those engaged in transportation service, with fair hours
and favorable working conditions, at wages or compensation at
least equal to those prevailing in similar lines of industry.
We endorse the Transportation Act of 1920 enacted by the Re-
publican Congress as a most constructive legislative achievement.
WATERWAYS.
We declare it to be our policy to encourage and develop water
transportation service and facilities in connection with the com-
merce of the United States.
REGULATION OF INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE.
We approve in general the existing Federal legislation against
monopoly and combinations in restraint of trade, but since the
National Republican Platform 269
known certainty of a law is the safety of all, we advocate such
amendment as will provide American business men with better
means of determining in advance whether a proposed combination
is or is not unlawful. The Federal Trade Commission, under a
Democratic administration, has not accomplished the purpose for
which it was created. This Commission properly organized and
its duties efficiently administered should afford protection to the
public and legitimate business interests. There should be no per-
secution of honest business, but to the extent that circumstances
warrant we pledge ourselves to strengthen the law against unfair
practices.
We pledge the party to an immediate resumption of trade rela-
tions with every nation with which we are at peace.
international trade and tariff.
The uncertain and unsettled condition of international balances,
the abnormal economic and trade situation of the world, and the
impossibility of forecasting accurately even the near future, pre-
clude the formulation of a definite program to meet conditions a
year hence. Hut the Republican party reaffirms its belief in the
protective principle and pledges itself to a revision of the tariff as
soon as conditions shall make it necessary for the preservation of
the home market for American labor, agriculture and industry.
MERCHANT MARINE.
The national defense and our foreign commerce require a mer-
chant marine of the best type of modern ship flying the American
flag, manned by American seamen, owned by private capital, and
operated by private energy. We endorse the sound legislation
recently enacted by the Republican Congress that will insure the
promotion and maintenance of the American merchant marine.
We favor the application of the Workmen's Compensation Acts
to the merchant marine.
We recommend that all ships engaged in coastwise trade and all
vessels of the American merchant marine shall pass through the
Panama Canal without payment of tolls.
IMMIGRATION.
The standard of living and the standard of citizenship of a
nation are its most precious possessions, and the preservation
270 Platforms of Political Parties
and elevation of those standards is the first duty of our govern-
ment. The immigration policy of the United States should be such
as to insure that the number of foreigners in the country at any
time shall not exceed that which can be assimilated with reason-
able rapidity, and to favor immigrants whose standards are similar
to ours.
The selective tests that are at present applied should be im-
proved by requiring a higher physical standard, a more complete
exclusion of mental defectives and of criminals, and a more effec-
tive inspection applied as near the source of immigration as
possible, as well as at the port of entry. Justice to the foreigner
and to ourselves demands provision for the guidance, protection
and better economic distribution of our alien population. To
facilitate government supervision, all aliens should be required to
register annually until they become naturalized.
The existing policy of the United States for the practical exclu-
sion of Asiatic immigrants is sound, and should be maintained.
NATURALIZATION.
There is urgent need of improvement in our naturalization law.
No alien should become a citizen until he has become genuinely
American, and adequate tests for determining the alien's fitness
for American citizenship should be provided for by law.
"We advocate, in addition, the independent naturalization of mar-
ried women. An American woman, resident in the United States,
should not lose her citizenship by marriage to an alien.
FREE SPEECH AND ALIEN AGITATION.
We demand that every American citizen shall enjoy the ancient
and constitutional right of free speech, free press and free assembly
and the no less sacred right of the qualified voter to be repre-
sented by his duly chosen representatives; but no man may advo-
cate resistance to the law, and no man may advocate violent over-
throw of the government.
Aliens within the jurisdiction of the United States are not entitled
of right to liberty of agitation directed against the government or
American institutions.
Every government has the power to exclude and deport those
aliens who constitute a real menace to its peaceful existence. But
in view of the large numbers of people affected by the immigra-
National Republican Platfokm 271
tion acts and in view of the vigorous malpractice of the Depart-
ments of Justice and Labor, an adequate public hearing before a
competent administrative tribunal should be assured to all.
LYNCHING.
We urge Congress to consider the most effective means to end
lynching in this country which continues to be a terrible blot on
our American civilization.
PUBLIC ROADS AND HIGHWAYS.
We favor liberal appropriations in cooperation with the States
for the construction of highways, which will bring about a reduc-
tion in transportation costs, better marketing of farm products,
improvement in rural postal delivery, as well as meet the needs of
military defense.
In determining the proportion of Federal aid for road construc-
tion among the States the sums lost in taxation to the respective
States by the setting apart of large portions of their area as forest
reservations should be considered as a controlling factor.
CONSERVATION.
Conservation is a Republican policy. It began with the passage
of the Reclamation Act signed by President Roosevelt. The recent
passage of the coal, oil and phosphate leasing act by a Republican
Congress and the enactment of the waterpower bill fashioned in
accordance with the same principle, are consistent landmarks in
the development of the conservation of our national resources. We
denounce the refusal of the President to sign the waterpower bill,
passed after ten years of controversy. The Republican party has
taken an especially honorable part in saving our national forests
and in the effort to establish a national forest policy. Our most
pressing conservation question relates to our forests. We are using
our forest resources faster than they are being renewed. The result
is to raise unduly the cost of forest products to consumers and
especialy farmers, who use more than half the lumber produced in
America, and in the end to create a timber famine. The Federal
Government, the States and private interests must unite in devising
means to meet the menace.
272 Platforms of Political Parties
reclamation.
We favor a fixed and comprehensive policy of reclamation to in-
crease national wealth and production.
We recognize in the development of reclamation through Federal
action with its increase of production and taxable wealth a safe-
guard for the nation.
We commend to Congress a policy to reclaim lands and the
establishment of a fixed national policy of development of natural
resources in relation to reclamation through the now designated
government agencies.
ARMY AXD NAVY.
We feel the deepest pride in the fine courage, the resolute en-
durance, the gallant spirit of the officers and men of our army
and navy in the World War. They were in all ways worthy of the
best traditions of the nation's defenders, and we pledge ourselves
to proper maintenance of the military and naval establishments
upon which our national security and dignity depend.
THE SERVICE MEN.
We hold in imperishable remembrance the valor and the patriot-
ism of the soldiers and sailors of America who fought in the great
war for human liberty, and we pledge ourselves to discharge to
the fullest the obligations which a grateful nation justly should
fulfill in appreciation of the services rendered by its defenders on
sea and on land.
Republicans are not ungrateful. Throughout their history they
have shown their gratitude toward the nation's defenders. Liberal
legislation for the care of the disabled and infirm and their de-
pendents has ever marked Republican policy toward the soldier
and sailor of all the wars in which our country has participated.
The present Congress has appropriated generously for the disabled
of the World War.
The amounts already applied and authorized for the fiscal year
1920-21 for this purpose reached the stupendous sum of $1,180,571,-
893. This legislation is significant of the party's purpose in
generously caring for the maimed and disabled men of the recent
war.
National Republican Platform 273
civil service.
We renew our repeated declaration that the civil service law
shall be thoroughly and honestly enforced and extended wherever
practicable. The recent action of Congress in enacting a compre-
hensive civil service retirement law and in working out a com-
prehensive employment and wage policy that will guarantee equal
and just treatment to the army of government workers, and in
centralizing the administration of the new and progressive employ-
ment policy in the hands of the Civil Service Commission is
worthy of all praise.
POSTAL SERVICE.
We condemn the present Administration for its destruction of
the efficiency of the postal service, and the telegraph and tele-
phone service when controlled by the government and for its
failure to properly compensate employees whose expert knowledge
is essential to the proper conduct of the affairs of the postal system.
We commend the Republican Congress for the enactment of legis-
lation increasing the pay of postal employees, who up to that time
were the poorest paid in the government service.
WOMAN SUFFRAGE.
We welcome women into full participation in the affairs of
government and the activities of the Republican party. We earnestly
hope that Republican legislatures in states which have not yet
acted on the Suffrage Amendment will ratify the amendment, to
the end that all of the women of the nation of voting age may
participate in the election of 1920 which is so important to the
welfare of our country.
SOCIAL PROGRESS.
The supreme duty of the nation is the conservation of human
resources through an enlightened measure of social and industrial
justice. Although the federal jurisdiction over social problems is
limited, they affect the welfare and interest of the nation as a whole.
We pledge the Repubican party to a solution of these problems
through national and state legislation in accordance with the
best progressive thought of the country.
18
274 Platforms of Political Parties
education and health.
We endorse the principle of Federal aid to the States for the
purposes of vocational and agricultural training.
Wherever Federal money is devoted to education, such education
must be so directed as to awaken in the youth the spirit of America
and a sense of patriotic duty to the United States.
A thorough system of physical education for all children up to
the age of 19, including adequate health supervision and instruc-
tion, would remedy conditions revealed by the draft and would
add to the economic and industrial strength of the nation. National
leadership and stimulation will be necessary to induce the States
to adopt a wise system of physical training.
The public health activities of the Federal government are
scattered through numerous departments and bureaus, resulting
in inefficiency, duplication and extravagance. We advocate a
greater centralization of the Federal functions, and in addition
urge the better co-ordination of the work of the Federal, State and
local health agencies.
CHILD LABOR.
The Republican party stands for a Federal child labor law and
for its rigid enforcement. If the present law be found uncon-
stitutional or ineffective, we shall seek other means to enable Con-
gress to prevent the evils of child labor.
WOMEN IN INDUSTRY.
Women have special 'problems of employment which make neces-
sary special study. We commend Congress for the permanent
establishment of a Women's Bureau in the United States Department
of Labor to serve as a source of information to the States and
to Congress.
The principle of equal pay for equal service should be applied
throughout all branches of the Federal government in which women
are employed.
Federal aid for vocational training should take into consider-
ation the special aptitudes and needs of women workers.
We demand Federal legislation to limit the hours of employment
of women engaged in intensive industry, the product of which
enters into interstate commerce.
National Republican Platform 275
HOUSING.
The housing shortage has not only compelled careful study of
ways of stimulating building, but it has brought into relief the
unsatisfactory character of the housing accommodations of large
numbers of the inhabitants of our cities. A nation of home owners
is the best guaranty of the maintenance of those principles of
liberty, law and order upon which our government is founded.
Both national and state governments should encourage in all proper
ways the acquiring of homes by our citizens. The United States
Government should make available the valuable information on
housing and town planning collected during the war. This infor-
mation should be kept up to date and made currently available.
HAWAII.
For Hawaii we recommend Federal assistance in Americanizing
and educating their greatly disproportionate foreign population;
home rule; and the rehabilitation of the Hawaiian race.
Pointing to its history and relying on its fundamental principles,
we declare that the Republican party has the genius, courage and
constructive ability to end executive usurpation and restore con-
stitutional government; to fulfill our world obligations without
sacrificing our national independence; to raise the national stand-
ards of education, health and general welfare; to re-establish a
peace-time administration and to substitute economy and efficiency
for extravagance and chaos; to restore and maintain the national
credit; to reform unequal and burdensome taxes; to free business
from arbitrary and unnecessary official control; to suppress dis-
loyalty without the denial of justice; to repel the arrogant chal-
lenge of any class and to maintain a government of all the people,
as contrasted with government for some of the people, and finally
to allay unrest, suspicion and strife, and to secure the cooperation
and unity of all citizens in the solution of the complex problems
of the day; to the end that our country, happy and prosperous,
proud of its past, sure of itself and of its institutions, may look
forward with confidence to the future.
276 Platforms of Political Parties
NATIONAL SOCIALIST PLATFORM.
In the national campaign of 1920 the Socialist party calls upon
all American workers of hand and brain, and upon all citizens
who believe in political liberty and social justice, to free the
country from the oppressive misrule of the old political parties,
and to take the government into their own hands under the ban-
ner and upon the program of the Socialist party.
The outgoing administration, like Democratic and Republican
administrations of the past, leaves behind it a disgraceful record
of solemn pledges unscrupulously broken and public confidence
ruthlessly betrayed.
It obtained the suffrage of the people on a platform of peace,
liberalism and social betterment, but drew the country into a
devastating war, and inaugurated a regime of despotism, reaction
and oppression unsurpassed in the annals of the republic.
It promised to the American people a treaty which would assure
to the world a reign of international right and true democracy.
It gave its sanction and support to an infamous pact formulated
behind closed doors by predatory elder statesmen of European and
Asiatic Imperialism. Under this pact territories have been an-
nexed against the will of their populations and cut off from their
source of sustenance; nations seeking their freedom in the exer-
cise of the much heralded right of self-determination have been
brutally fought with armed force, intrigue and starvation blockades.
To the millions of young men who staked their lives on the
field of battle, to the people of the country who gave unstintingly
of their toil and property to support the war, the Democratic
administration held out the sublime ideal of a union of the peoples
of the world organized to maintain perpetual peace among nations
on the basis of justice and freedom. It helped create a reactionary
alliance of imperialistic governments, banded together to bully
weak nations, crush working-class governments and perpetuate strife
and warfare.
While thus furthering the ends of reaction, violence and oppres-
sion abroad, our administration suppressed the cherished and
fundamental rights and civil liberties at home.
Upon the pretext of war-time necessity, the Chief Executive of
the republic, and the appointed heads of his administration, were
clothed with dictatorial powers (which were often exercised arbi-
National Socialist Platform 277
trarily), and Congress enacted laws in open and direct violation of
the constitutional safeguards of freedom of expression.
Hundreds of citizens who raised their voices for the maintenance
of political and industrial rights during the war were indicted
under the Espionage law, tried in an atmosphere of prejudice and
hysteria, and many of them are now serving inhumanly long jail
sentences for daring to uphold the traditions of liberty which once
were sacred in this country.
Agents of the Federal Government unlawfully raided homes and
meeting places and prevented or broke up peaceable gatherings of
citizens.
The Postmaster-General established a censorship of the press
more autocratic than ever tolerated in a regime of absolutism,
and has harrassed and destroyed publications on account of their
advanced political and economic views, by excluding them from
the mails.
And after the war was in fact long over, the administration has not
scrupled to continue a policy of repression and terrorism under
the shadow and hypocritical guise of war-time measures.
It has practically imposed involuntary servitude and peonage on
a large class of American workers by denying them the right to
quit work and coercing them into acceptance of inadequate • wages
and onerous conditions of labor. It has dealt a foul blow to the
traditional American right of asylum by deporting hundreds of
foreign-born workers by administrative order, on the mere sus-
picion of harboring radical views, and often for the sinister pur-
pose of breaking labor strikes.
In the short span of three years our self-styled liberal adminis-
tration has succeeded in undermining the very foundation of
political liberty and economic rights, which this republic has built
up in more than a century of struggle and progress.
Under the cloak of a false and hypocritical patriotism and under
the protection of governmental terror the Democratic administra-
tion has given the ruling classes unrestrained license to plunder
the people by intensive exploitation of labor, by the extortion of
enormous1 profits, and by increasing the cost of all necessities
of life. Profiteering has become reckless and rampant, billions
have been coined by the capitalists out of the suffering and misery
of their fellow men. The American financial oligarchy has be-
come a dominant factor in the world, while the condition of the
American workers has grown more precarious.
278 Platforms of Political Parties
The responsibility does not rest upon the Democratic party alone.
The Republican party, through its representatives in Congress and
otherwise, has not only openly condoned the political misdeeds
of the last three years, but has sought to outdo its Democratic rival
in the orgy of political reaction and repression. Its criticism of
the Democratic administrative policy is that it is not reactionary
and drastic enough.
America is now at the parting of the roads. If the outraging of
political liberty, and concentration of economic power into the
hands of the few is permitted to go on, it can have only one con-
sequence, the reduction of the country to a state of absolute capi-
talist despotism.
We particularly denonunce the militaristic policy of both old
parties of investing countless hundreds of millions of dollars in
armaments after the victorious completion of what was to have
been the "last war." We call attention to the fatal results of such
a program in Europe, carried on prior to 1914, and culminating in
the Great War; we declare that such a policy, adding unbearable
burdens to the working class and to all the people, can lead only
to the complete Prussianization of the nation, and ultimately to
war; and we demand immediate and complete abandonment of this
fatal program.
The Socialist party sounds the warning. It calls upon the people
to defeat both parties at the polls, and to elect the candidates of
the Socialist party to the end of restoring political democracy and
bringing about complete industrial freedom.
The Socialist party of the United States therefore summons
all who believe in this fundamental .doctrine to prepare for a com-
plete reorganization of our social system, based upon public owner-
ship of public necessities; upon government by representatives
chosen from occupational as well as from geographical groups, in
harmony with our industrial development; and with citizenship
based on service; that we may end forever the exploitation of
class by class.
To achieve this end the Socialist party pledges itself to the
following program:
1. SOCIAL.
1. All business vitally essential for the existence and welfare
of the people, such as railroads, express service, steamship lines,
telegraph lines, oil wells, power plants, elevators, packing houses,.
National Socialist Platform 279
cold-storage plants and all industries operating on a national
scale, should be taken over by the nation.
2. All publicly owned industries should be administered jointly
by the government and representatives of the workers, not for
revenue of profit, but with the sole object of securing just com-
pensation and humane conditions of employment to the workers
and efficient and reasonable service to the public.
3. All banks should be acquired by the government, and incor-
porated in a unified public banking system.
4. The business of insurance should be taken over by the gov-
ernment, and should be extended to include insurance against
accident, sickness, invalidity, old age and unemployment, without
contribution on the part of the worker.
5. Congress should enforce the provisions of the Thirteenth,
Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments with reference to the
negroes, and effective Federal legislation should be enacted to
. secure to the negroes full civil, political, industrial and educational
rights.
2. industrial.
1. Congress should enact effective laws to abolish child labor,
to fix minimum wages, based on an ascertained cost of a decent
standard of life, to protect migratory and unemployed workers
from oppression, to abolish detective and strike-breaking agencies
and to establish a shorter workday in keeping with increased
industrial productivity.
3. political.
1. The constitutional freedom of speech, press, and assembly should
be restored by repealing the Espionage Law, and all other repres-
sive legislation, and by prohibiting the executive usurpation of
authority.
2. All prosecutions under the Espionage Law should be discon-
tinued, and all persons serving prison sentences for alleged offenses
growing out of religious beliefs, political views or industrial activi-
ties should be fully pardoned and immediately released.
3. No alien should be deported from the United States on account
of his political views or participation in labor struggles, nor in
any event without proper trial on specific charges. The arbitrary
power to deport aliens by administrative order should be repealed.
4. The power of the courts to restrain workers in their struggles
280 Platforms of Political, Parties
against employers by the writ of injunction or otherwise, and
their power to nullify congressional legislation, should be abro-
gated.
5. Federal judges should be elected by the people and be subject
to recall.
6. The President and the Vice-President of the United States
should be elected by direct popular election, and be subject to re-
call. All members of the Cabinet should be elected by Congress
and be responsible at all times to the vote thereof.
7. Suffrage should be equal and unrestricted in fact as well as in
law for all men and women throughout the nation.
8. Because of the strict residential qualification of suffrage in
this country, millions of citizens are disfranchised in every elec-
tion; adequate provision should be made for the registration and
voting of migratory voters.
9. The Constitution of the United States should be amended to
strengthen the safeguards of civil and political liberty, and to
remove all obstacles to industrial and social reform, and recon-
struction, including the changes enumerated in this program, in
keeping with the will and interest of the people. It should be
made amendable by a majority of the voters of the nation upon
their own initiative, or upon the initiative of Congress.
4. FOREIGN RELATIONS.
1. All claims of the United States against allied countries for
loans made during the war should be cancelled upon the under-
standing that all war debts among such countries shall likewise
be cancelled. The largest possible credit in food, raw material
and machinery should be extended to the stricken nations of
Europe in order to help them rebuild the ruined world.
2. The Government of the United States should initiate a move-
ment to dissolve the mischievous organization called the "League
of Nations" and to create an international parliament, composed
of democratically elected representatives of all nations of the
world, based upon the recognition of their equal rights, the prin-
ciples of self-determination, the right to national existence of
colonies and other dependencies, freedom of international trade
and trade routes by land and sea, and universal disarmament, and
be charged with revising the Treaty of Peace on the principles of
justice and conciliation.
National Prohibition Platform 281
3. The United States should immediately make peace with the
Central Powers and open commercial and diplomatic relations with
Russia under the Soviet Government. It should promptly recog-
nize the independence of the Irish Republic.
4. The United States should make and proclaim it a fixed prin-
ciple in its foreign policy that American capitalists, who acquire
concessions or make investments in foreign countries, do so at
their own risk, and under no circumstances should our govern-
ment enter into diplomatic negotiations or controversies or resort
to armed conflicts on account of foreign property claims of Ameri-
can capitalists.
5. FISCAL.
1. All war debts and other debts of the Federal Government
should immediately be paid in full, the funds for such payment
to be raised by means of a progressive property tax, whose bur-
dens should fall upon the rich and particularly upon great fortunes
made during the war.
2. A standing progressive income tax and a graduated inheri-
tance tax should be levied to provide for all needs of the govern-
ment, including the cost of its increasing social and industrial
functions.
3. The unearned increment of land should be taxed, all land
held out of use should be taxed at full rental value.
NATIONAL PROHIBITION PLATFORM.
The Prohibition Party assembled in National Convention in the
city of Lincoln, Nebraska, on this twenty-second day of July, 1920
expresses its thanks to Almighty God for the victory over the bever-
age liquor traffic which crowns fifty years of consecrated effort.
The principles which we have advocated throughout our history
have been so far recognized that the manufacture and traffic in
intoxicating drink have been forever prohibited in the fundamental
law of the land; Congress has rightly interpreted the Eighteenth
Amendment in laws enacted for its enforcement; and the Supreme
Court has upheld both the Amendment and the law.
Asking that it be clothed with governmental power, the Prohi-
bition Party challenges the attention of the Nation and requests
the votes of the people on this Declaration of Principles.
282 Platforms of Political Parties
nullification condemned.
The organized liquor traffic is engaged in a treasonable attempt
to nullify the amendment by such modification of the enforcement
act as will increase the alcoholic content of beer and wine and
thus thwart the will of the people as constitutionally expressed.
In face of this open threat the Republican and Democratic parties
refused to make platform declarations in favor of law enforcement,
though petitioned so to do by multitudes of people. Thus the
Prohibition party remains the sole political champion of National
Prohibition.
The Prohibition party in its platform in 1872 declared: "There
can be no greater peril to the nation than the existing party com-
petition for the liquor vote; any party not openly opposed to the
traffic, experience shows, will engage in this competition, will court
the favor of the criminal classes, will barter away the public morals,
the purity of the ballot, and every object of good government for
party success." Notwithstanding the liquor traffic is now outlawed
by the Constitution this fitly describes the present political attitude
of the old parties.
The issue is not only the enforcement but also the maintenance
of the law to make the amendment effective.
The proposed increase in the alcoholic content of beverages would
be fraught with grave danger in that it would mean the return of
the open saloon with all its attendant evils.
THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
The League of Nations is now in existence and is functioning
in world affairs. We favor the entrance of the United States into
the League by the immediate ratification of the treaty of peace, not
objecting to reasonable reservations interpreting American under-
standing of the covenant. The time is past when the United States
can hold aloof from the affairs of the world. Such course is short-
sighted and only invites disaster.
PEACE.
We stand for a constitutional amendment providing that treaties
of peace shall be ratified by a majority of both Houses and Congress.
We stand by our declaration of 1916 against militarism and uni-
National Prohibition Platform 283
versa! military training. Without it our boys were in a short
time trained to whip the greatest army ever assembled and with
national prohibition to make sure the most virile manhood in the
world we should encourage universal disarmament and devotion to
the acts of peace.
EDUCATION.
We stand for compulsory education with instruction in the
English language, which, if given in private or parochial schools,
must be equivalent to that afforded by the public schools, and be
under state supervision.
SUFFRAGE.
The Prohibition party has long advocated the enfranchisement of
women. Suffrage should not be conditioned upon sex. We con-
gratulate the women upon the freedom which the party has helped
them to achieve.
WOMAN AND THE HOME.
We approve and adopt the program of the National League of
Women Voters providing for:
The prohibition of child labor;
Adequate appropriation for the Children's Bureau;
Protection for infant life through a federal program for maternity
and infancy care;
A Federal department of education, Federal aid for the removal
of illiteracy and the increase of teachers' salaries;
Instruction of the youth and the newcomer to our shores in the
duties and ideals of citizenship;
Vocational training in home economics;
Federal supervision of the marketing and distribution of food,
the enactment and enforcement of such measures as will open the
channels of trade, prevent excess profits, and eliminate unfair com-
petition and control of the necessities of life;
The establishment of a Woman's Bureau in the Department of
Labor to determine standards and policies which will improve work-
ing conditions for women and increase their efficiency;
The appointment of women in the mediation and conciliation
service and on any industrial commissions and tribunals which
may be created;
The establishment of a joint Federal and State employment service
with women's departments under the direction of qualified women;
284 Platforms of Political Parties
The merit system in the Civil Service free from discrimination
on account of sex with a wage scale determined by skill demanded
for the work and in no wise below the cost of living as established
by official investigation;
Appropriation to carry on a campaign against venereal diseases
and for public education in sex hygiene;
Federal legislation permitting an American born woman to
retain her citizenship while resident in the United States, though
married to an alien;
And further that an alien woman who marries an American
citizen must take the obligation of citizenship before she can be-
come a citizen. -
ECONOMY IN ADMINISTRATION.
We believe in the Budget system and we stand for economy in
governmental administration. There should be a reduction in
boards, committees, commissions and offices which consume taxes
and increase expenses.
LABOR AND INDUSTRY.
We stand for Industrial Peace. We believe the time has come for
the government to assume responsibility for the protection of the
public against the waste and terror of industrial warfare, and to
that end we demand legislation defining the rights of labor and the
creation of industrial courts, which will guarantee to labor and
employing capital equal and exact justice, and to the general pub-
lic protection against the paralysis of industry due to this warfare.
PROFITEERING.
The Prohibition party pledges the nation to rid it of the profiteer
and to close the door against his return. It will endeavor to
eliminate all unnecessary middlemen by the encouragement of or-
ganizations among producers that will bring those who sell and
those who use nearer together. It will enact and enforce laws
needful to effectively prevent excessive charges by such middlemen.
To this end it will demand legislation subjecting to the penalties
of the criminal law all corporate officers and employees who give
or carry out instructions that result in extortion; it will make it
unlawful for anyone engaged in Interstate Commerce to make a
sale of one article dependent upon the purchase of another article
National Prohibition Platform 285
and it will require such corporation to disclose to customers the
difference between cost price and selling price or limit the profit
that can be legally charged as the rate of interest is now limited.
agriculture.
We pledge our aid to the farmer in working out a plan to equal-
ize prices, to secure labor, and to organize a system of cooperative
marketing, including public terminals, mills and storage for the
purpose of encouraging agriculture and securing for the farmer
such return as will tend to increased production.
We favor such extension of the parcel post as will further
facilitate the direct traffic between the producer and consumer.
PRESIDENTIAL QUALIFICATIONS.
The qualifications for President stated in the Constitution have
to do with age and citizenship. We call attention to the fact that
of greater importance are those not so stated referring to moral,
intellectual and spiritual endowments. The President of the United
States in his daily life, his home and family relationships and in
his official career is expected to typify the finest and best the
country can produce. He is the leader of the nation. The moral
force and power of his example are immeasurable. No man or
woman should ever be elected to the high office who is out of har-
mony with the purposes of the people or who lacks sympathy with
their highest and holiest ideals, and with the Christian principles
upon which the nation was founded.
LAW AND ORDER.
A crying evil of the day is the general lax enforcement of law.
Without obedience to law and maintenance of order our American
institutions must perish.
The Prohibition party now, as ever, pledges impartial enforce-
ment of all law.
CONCLUSION.
In this national and world crisis the Prohibition party reminds
the people of its long time faithfulness and its wisdom, proved by the
many reforms which it was the first to advocate; and on its
record as the oldest minority party — one which has never sold its
286 Platforms of Political Parties
birthright for a mess of pottage but throughout the years has
stood for the best interests of the country — it asks the favorable
consideration of the voters, believing that by its support they can
make it necessary for all political organizations to come up to a
higher level and to render a finer quality of service.
It pledges itself resolutely to stand for the right and oppose
the wrong and dauntlessly to lead in the advocacy of righteous
and patriotic principles. On its record and on this Declaration
of Principles it submits its case to the American people.
STATE DEMOCRATIC PLATF0R3I 1920.
We, the representatives of the Democratic party in North Caro-
lina, in State convention assembled, reaffirm our devotion to the
principles of democratic government, formulated by Thomas Jef-
ferson, and since his day constantly kept alive and applied in the
administration of the affairs of our nation by the representatives
of the Democratic party.
We endorse the administration of the governmental affairs of
the United States by the Democratic party under the leadership of
Woodrow Wilson, and in doing so we direct attention to the fact
that when the party assumed control on March 4, 1913, it found
the people of this country hampered by a system of special privi-
lege, a vicious tariff system, created for the benefit of a favored
class, an archaic banking and currency system, which fostered a
money trust in the hands of a few great bankers, and a monopo-
listic control of many of the great key industries of the country
upon which the masses of the people depend for their necessary
existence.
We endorse the Senators and Representatives in Congress from
our State, who have so faithfully and ably performed their official
duties.
We view with great pride the able and successful administration
of the affairs of the Navy Department by our distinguished Secre-
tary of the Navy, and we denounce unjust and unpatriotic efforts
of the Republican party to discredit the great record of the Navy
in the war, for purely partisan purposes.
State Democratic Platform 287
CONSTRUCTIVE LAWS PASSED.
For six years the Democratic party was in complete control of
the Government. During this period a greater number of con-
structive measures were enacted by Congress than were ever
enacted in the same length of time by any administration in the
history of the country. The complete program comprises, among
many others, laws providing for the following:
(a) A graduated income tax, which placed the burden of taxa-
tion upon those most able to bear it.
(b) The completion of the measures for the election of United
States Senators by direct vote of the people.
(c) Providing for publicity of campaign expenditures, for the
purpose of preventing the scandalous use of money in primaries
and elections. The imperative need of such laws has recently
been demonstrated by a notorious example within the ranks of
the Republican party.
(d) Federal aid to good roads — thus affording to those who live
in the rural sections, and who are the mainstay of our nation —
some of the benefits which arise from constant and easy contact
with the outside world.
(e) Vocational education, by which every boy and girl in both
city and country may enjoy the opportunity of acquiring technical
training in his or her chosen vocation.
(f) The Agricultural Extension Act, by means of which the bene-
fits of science and experimental research are carried to the door of
the humblest farmer of the land.
(g) The establishment of a Department of Labor in the Cabinet,
with a genuine representative of labor at its head.
(h) A nonpartisan tariff commission, for the purpose of taking
the tariff out of politics, and relieving American business of the
injury and uncertainty growing out of the constant tinkering with
our tariff laws.
(i) The establishment of a Federal Trade Commission for the
protection of honest business from monopoly and unfair compe-
tition.
(j) The Webb-Pomerene law, and the amendment to the War
Finance Corporation Act, under the provisions of which our foreign
commerce is being extended and fostered so that the United States
may assume its rightful place of leadership in world trade.
288 Platforms of Political Parties
(k) The creation of a great merchant marine, which gives us a
ship tonnage equal to the combined tonnage of all the nations of
the world, except that of Great Britain, which now exceeds ours
by a small margin.
(1) Establishment of the Federal Reserve Bank System, which
supplanted a system created and promoted by the Republican party,
under which a small coterie of selfish men had for nearly fifty
years controlled the financial resources not only of the people of
this country, but of the government itself. This group, commonly
known to the people as the "Money Trust," under the monopolistic
control enjoyed by them, could, and frequently did. create cur-
rency panics to suit their convenience, and thereby visited upon
the helpless masses untold misery and financial loss for which they
were in nowise responsible.
The Republican party, always the champion of special privilege
for the favored classes, could not and did not correct these abuses,
because that party was largely controlled by the recipients of these
special privileges.
It is generally conceded by statesmen and financiers, both here
and abroad, that but for the magnificent functioning of the Federal
Reserve Banking system the war could not have been financed, and
therefore victory could not have been won.
(m) The Federal Farm Loan Banking System, whereby the
farmers of the country were relieved from the extortions which
previously existed, and enabled to borrow money freely on long
time and at as low rates of interest as are available to any other
class.
achievements in war.
When this country was forced into the war against Germany
in April, 1919, we were without an army of any consequence.
There were only 82,000 regular soldiers. We had few ships. The
Democratic Administration raised an army, and raised it quickly.
It required a fleet of ships to carry food, supplies, and the army
itself, across the seas to save the liberties of mankind.
This country under a Democratic administration created, trained,
transported and put into action 2,000,000 men to fight 3,000 miles
away from home. It had 2,000,000 more in training in the mili-
tary camps of the country ready to go when needed. It won the
war. The army was brought home safely and in good condition.
State Democratic Platform 289
When the armistice was signed the United States, under Presi-
dent Wilson, occupied the chief position of moral leadership of
the world.
Every newly liberated people looked to the United States as the
light of the world.
Every nation wearied by the long years of war, hoping for a
revelation of triumphant Democracy, looked to the United States
for an enduring peace. Every honest man in every country in the
world looked to the United States as the one nation of modern
times whose motives were above suspicion, whose achievements in
the war were great and untainted by greed or the desire for con-
quest, and saw here the one and only chance for the disinterested
championship of peace and fair dealing among nations and the
government of the world by just international laws, instead of by
brute force.
REPUBLICAN WAR ON WILSON.
The Republican leaders, as soon as the armistice was signed,
entered into a conspiracy to discredit the President in his peace
negotiations. Personal spite and envy were everywhere discernible.
Political animosity followed the President to the peace table. Slan-
der, unjust criticism and threats of Senate opposition were con-
stantly circulated, and finally the so-called Republican "round
robin" was signed and communicated to the delegates assembled
at the Peace Conference. Every unfair device which bitter parti-
sanship could suggest was resorted to for the sole purpose of
weakening the influence of the American peace delegates and if
possible to make their task of negotiating a permanent and ac-
ceptable peace impossible.
At the very time when every consideration of fairness, every
patriotic impulse, called for a whole-hearted and nonpartisan sup-
port of the American delegation, personal spite and envy and
political bias characterized the Republican leadership in the Senate,
in their attitude toward the President and his work at the Peace
table.
When the President came back with the treaty, embodying the
best thought of the world, including the covenant of the League of
Nations, for the purpose of making future wars impossible, every
natural impulse of the human heart everywhere was in accord with
that purpose. But the Republican leaders were determined to
discredit and embarrass the President, at whatever cost to America
19
290 Platforms of Political Parties
and the world. At the outset they "packed and hand-picked" the
Senate Committee on Foreign Relations for the express purpose of
defeating the treaty.
EFFORT TO DESTROY TREATY.
Their whole course for the eight months they have been con-
sidering the treaty has been definitely conceived and relentlessly
pursued for the sole purpose of destroying that great instrument.
These Republican leaders, for the time being, have succeeded in
their unholy purpose. They have repudiated the treaty; they
have wrecked the League of Nations; they have prevented world
peace; they have repudiated a world leadership which all the
civilized nations, including not only our allies, but also those
who were not engaged in the war, according to America.
A small number of narrow and prejudiced partisan men, con-
stituting the Republican leadership in the Senate, have nullified
what it took 2,000,000 American soldiers on the fields of France
to accomplish.
America demanded that the promises made to our soldiers in
1917 and 1918 be kept — that there should be an end of war; that
the fruits of victory should be garnered and kept forever. America
demanded an enduring peace. The Republican leadership in the
Senate has repudiated these promises. It has caused the United
States to repudiate its associates in the war. It is now endeavor-
ing to place this great nation that sacrificed so much for victory,
in the shameful position of a moral coward, seeking to shirk its
duty to itself and the oppressed peoples of the world; it is at
this very moment endeavoring to humilate the country by having
it go on its knees to Germany begging for a separate peace, upon
such terms as the defeated War Lords of Germany may see fit to
impose.
SENTIMENT FAVORS LEAGUE.
We believe that the enlightened sentiment of the men and
women of this country is in favor of the ratification of the treaty
with the covenant of the League of Nations as a virile part of it.
We believe that the Democratic party is the only instrumentality
available through which the American people can repudiate the
disgraceful action of the Republican leaders; and at the same time
forever put an end to such a military autocracy as was bred in
Prussia and hurled upon the democracies of the world at the
outbreak of the World War.
State Democratic Platform 291
We therefore approve the action of our President and our North
Carolina Senators demanding the ratification of the treaty with
Germany, including the covenant of the League of Nations, with-
out destructive or nullifying reservations, or amendments.
We denounce the Republican majority in Congress for its efforts
at the present time to criticize the part which the American army
and navy played in winning the war. The balance of the world,
including not only our allies, but the enemies, have accorded to
America the honor of finally turning the scales against the enemy
and making victory possible. The only denial of our conspicuous
part in this great achievement has come from the Republican party
in Congress.
MERCHANT MARINE.
We heartily endorse the measure adopted by a Democratic Con-
gress which has given us a great Merchant Marine, a great ship-
building industry, and we favor all such additional measures of
constructive or remedial legislation as may be necessary to main-
tain and operate, under the American flag, the large tonnage we
now have, and also to constantly increase that tonnage, until
the American flag is supreme on the high seas.
BUILDING UP SOUTH'S PORTS.
We strongly commend the action of the Director General of
the Railroad Administration in granting to our South Atlantic
ports, including those in North Carolina, the same favorable rates
upon freight for export as have always been enjoyed by the great
seaports of the North Atlantic States, and thus removing unjust
discriminations which have for so long hampered and prevented
us from exporting our own products and those of the Western
States through our home ports.
We also endorse the action of the United States Shipping Board
under President Wilson's administration for allocating to our
Southern ports, including those of North Carolina, an ample num-
ber of ships for export traffic, thereby making it possible to estab-
lish regular shipping lines to and from these ports.
We glory in the courage and fortitude of our soldiers who fought
and helped to win the Great War, and we favor a generous policy
toward them by our National Government.
292 Platforms of Political Parties
recommend ratification.
This convention recommends to the Democratic members of the
General Assembly of North Carolina that at the approaching ses-
sion thereof they vote in favor of the ratification of the proposed
nineteenth amendment to the Federal Constitution.
STATE GOVERNMENT.
In State affairs the Democratic party owes to the people re-
sponsibility for twenty-one years of continuous control of our
government, and presents its record of stewardship as the surest
guarantee of its capacity and ambition to measure up to the highest
standards of public service in solving the problems of the future
and the greater State.
The records of State administration headed successfully by Ay-
cock, Glenn, Kitchen, Craig and Bickett — equaling the best tradi-
tions of the past in noble purpose, and successfully meeting the
problems of a rapidly growing and developing State — furnish
abundant inspiration for those who come after them.
We endorse the administration of Governor Thomas W. Bickett,
and of all departments of the State Government.
ECONOMY IN GOVERNMENT.
Rigid economy in expenditure of public fu'xds has been a funda-
mental tenet in Democratic faith and practice. The Democratic
party came back into legislative control in this State in 1898 upon
a platform pledging adherence to a policy of rigid economy. How
well it has kept the faith during these years of continuous control
is shown by the fact that, while keepiug up with the march of
progress, Government still costs the people of this State less per
capita than in any other State in the Union, save one, and exactly
even with that one, as shown by carefully collected reports of the
United States Census Department.
Times have changed and North Carolina is no longer a poor State.
Wealth has multiplied on every hand. Increased wealth brings
increased opportunities and responsibilities to the State, but makes
none the less imperative the fundamental principle, to which we
declare renewed allegiance, that every dollar of public funds is a
trust fund, to be administered with the utmost fidelity to the
public interest.
State Democratic Platform 293
budget system.
Further safeguarding economical expenditure of public funds the
last General Assembly established the budget system, for future
appropriations by the General Assembly, requiring that all demands
for appropriations from the State Treasury, except for emergencies,
be submitted to the scrutiny and investigation of a Budget Com-
mission, in advance of the convening of the General Assembly.
REDUCED TAXES.
We approve the record of efficiency and economy which enabled
the last General Assembly to reduce the tax on property for the
use of the State. State expenditures have necessarily increased, as
the State has every year enlarged the sphere of its service to the
people, and with the declining value of money the cost of maintain-
ing State institutions has necessarily increased but increased
revenue has been secured by more efficient administration of other
forms of tax, and the tax on property for the use of the State
was reduced last year from 23 2-3 cents to 11 2-3 cents, and
including both State and Pension tax was reduced from 27 2-3
cents to 15 2-3 cents. Under the higher valuations this year this
rate will be reduced to about 4 cents on each $100 of property.
INCOME TAX AMENDMENT.
We endorse the action of the General Assembly in submitting to
the voters the Income Tax Amendment, in order to correct the
inequalities of the present income tax law.
No less fundamental as a public virtue than economy in expendi-
ture of public funds is the necessity for equality of the tax burden
upon every citizen. Careless administration of inadequate laws
that result in gross inequality is no less vicious, in effect, and
barely less intolerable, than practiced favoritism.
We solemnly declare that the one purpose of the Revaluation Act,
enacted at a time when the State is decreasing its revenue from
the property tax, and by unanimous vote of the Democratic and
Republican members of the General Assembly, is to equalize the tax
burden between all the people of the State as nearly as careful
administration of just laws can accomplish this great purpose, and
we solemnly pledge that under Democratic control it will be used
for this single purpose. We call upon all the people of the State
294 Platforms of Political Parties
to cooperate in this great purpose, to remove as far as possible
all discriminations and inequalities in the listing and valuing of
every class of property for taxation, to the end that every citizen
may be required to contribute no more than his just share of the
public burden, and we pledge the party to the enactment of ap-
propriate amendatory legislation to correct any injustice to any
citizen or class of citizens that may develop in the administration
of our tax laws.
LIMITATION OF TAX RATES.
The Revaluation Act has justified its enactment by placing much
property on the tax lists that has heretofore escaped taxation, and
by correcting inequalities in revaluation, thereby relieving the
honest taxpayer from unjust burden. It has for the first time shown
the people of this and other States the wealth and resources of
North Carolina, and has enabled the State to take her proper place
among her sister States, all of which will be incalculable benefit
to the State if the rate of taxation for State, county and munici-
pality is properly safeguarded. The pledge of the General Assembly
to reduce every tax rate levied in the State for any purpose in
proportion to the revised valuations of property will be and must
be kept inviolate and we pledge the General Assembly to submit
an amendment to the Constitution, at its special session, when it will
have full reports on revaluation sufficient to enable it to name a just
and equitable rate, limiting the rate of tax that may be levied by
the State, county and municipality that may not be exceeded ex-
cept by vote of the people, and based on the principle of reducing
the rate as the increase in valuation may justify and require.
The special objects of Democratic management of State affairs
have been and will continue to be:
The care of the unfortunate and dependent classes.
A progressive policy of public education.
Protection of public health; and
The development of a modern system of public highways.
CARE FOR THE LTNFORTTJNATE.
During this period of Democratic control every hospital in the
State for the care of the insane has been greatly enlarged, the
classes of patients received extended, and facilities for proper
care and treatment improved and modernized.
State Democratic Platform 295
Entirely new institutions have been established and maintained
by the State for the treatment and instruction of those afflicted
with tuberculosis, the feebleminded, and for delinquent boys and
wayward girls. A hospital for surgical treatment of deformed
children is under construction, and a new home for white blind
children is under contract. In the care of dependent and defective
classes of her population, and of neglected or erring children,
North Carolina is now one of the most advanced States in the
Union.
PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
The education of the youth is the State's greatest enterprise,
and it is imperative that our educational system shall not only
be maintained, but every means available should be used to
strengthen every part of the public school system in order that
it may serve the people most effectively.
The last General Assembly gave a fine exhibit of the policy of
the Democratic party to carry education to every class of people
in every section of the State. It provided for the compulsory
school term of at least six months, where heretofore it had been
only four months; it increased the salaries of rural teachers in many
counties 100 per cent, and in practically all at least 50 per cent;
it provided ways and means for raising money with which to erect
school buildings; it greatly improved the methods of teaching
agriculture, home-making, and trades and industries, and many
sections of the State are now for the first time giving vocational
education to many people that can profit most by it; and finally
recognizing the need of better trained teachers it provided the means
of training schools for all teachers, thus making it possible to im-
prove at once the instruction in the school and supply a better
grade of teachers for the State.
We recognize that a happy and prosperous citizenship must be
an educated citizenship. The schools, therefore, must be so equipped
that the youth may be properly taught and patrons must be en-
couraged to take advantage of the schools. We favor, therefore,
such an increase in the salaries of teachers and such a system of
teacher training as will make it possible to preserve for future
generations the best of our traditions and give the children of
all succeeding generations the best instruction that a genuinely
Christian citizenship can afford.
296 Platforms of Political Parties
We favor, also, all efforts to organize rural communities into
large cooperative units where better school buildings and homes
for teachers suitable to the needs of all classes may be given.
Moreover, we favor all patriotic efforts of whatever kind to
eliminate illiteracy from our State and pledge our best efforts to
support every wise educational measure, to banish ignorance, to
promote moral, social, and industrial progress, and to increase
generally the teaching of true Americanism in our Commonwealth.
PUBLIC HEALTH.
As population becomes more dense, and as medical science has
progressed in knowledge of the causes of disease, a more progres-
sive policy in measures for protection of public health has become
imperative. We approve the administration of all departments of
the State Board of Health, and we particularly endorse the work
of the Division of Medical Inspection of Schools, especially the
conduct of the free surgical and dental clinics for treating de-
fective school children; and we approve the appropriation by the
State of funds direct to the State Board of Health sufficient for the
expansion of this important service.
STATE SYSTEM OF ROADS.
We recognize that the establishment and maintenance of a
system of State highways, connecting county seats and other
principal towns of every county in the State, is a prime necessity
of the growing demand of our urban and rural transportation.
This system of highways should not only adequately provide for
the main lines of travel through cities and centers of population,
but should also provide easy routes of communication to those
remote parts of the State that have been too long denied suitable
means of transportation to our own centers of trade and social
life, and who have been forced to seek those advantages beyond
our State lines.
We recognize that the system of State highways, both as to
construction and maintenance, should be a State burden, with
Federal assistance, and that the road funds of the several counties
should be released for the building and maintaining of the neces-
sary local roads to connect this State system with several com-
munities in the counties.
State Demockatic Platform 297
We pledge the Democratic party to carry out this program as
rapidly as possible without undue burden on the taxpayers of the
. State.
just freight rates.
We endorse the efforts that have been made to further equalize
interstate freight rates, and pledge our continued support of this
cause until discriminations have been removed and until equal
and just rates are established on a basis that will be just to shippers
and that will permit common carriers to pei'form their full duties
in furnishing adequate and efficient transportation.
PROSPERITY WITH US.
We rejoice in the prosperity that has come to all classes of our
people:
To the farmers, who have given to North Carolina fourth place
among all the States of the Union in the total annual value of
their agricultural products.
To our manufacturing and commercial interests, that have given
to North Carolina eighth place among the States in annual pro-
duction of income.
To the wage earner, in the higher level of wages and more just
and universal recognition of rights.
Under National Democratic administration a distinction has been
drawn between labor and commodities, and the right of labor
and producers of agricultural products to organize and bargain
collectively, has been clearly recognized.
The Democratic party can never be a class party. Its obligations
must ever be to the whole people, fostering the harmonious develop-
ment of every legitimate interest, but the just aspirations of these
great classes are assured of our cooperation and assistance.
It stands for, and will seek to promote, a policy of justice, har-
mony and progress for labor and capital. It seeks not only the
development of our material resources, but the enrichment of
life and opportunity for all classes, and the realization of the
lamented Aycock's ideal — "The equal right of every child born on
earth to burgeon out all there is within him."
298 Platforms of Political Parties
to the new voter.
With the record of achievement and faithful service, and with
a constructive program upon every vital subject of State activity,
we invite the confidence and the cooperation and support of all
the people of the State, and appeal especially to the thoughtful
consideration of the new voter, who comes to the polls for the first
time in November, 1920, to join us in this enlightened program
of progress and State building.
STATE REPUBLICAN PLATFORM.
We, the Republicans of North Carolina, in convention assembled
at Greensboro, N. C, this March 3d, 1920, through our representa-
tives, declare as follows:
We reaffirm our allegiance and devotion to the time-honored prin-
ciples of the Republican party and pledge ourselves to do all in
our power to make these effective in the State of North Carolina
and in the country generally. We are proud of the history of the
Republican party and of its matchless leaders.
NATIONAL ISSUES.
We commend that brave and patriotic band of Republicans in
the United States Senate who have prevented the confirmation of
the League of Nations unamended as attempted to be forced upon
the American people by President Wilson. We reaffirm our al-
legiance to the principles contained in the warnings of George
Washington against the American people entering into entangling
alliances with foreign nations.
We denounce the Democratic National administration; it has
demoralized the industries of the country; its lack of foresight,
want of preparedness and partisan conduct of the affairs of the
nation during the World War have been inexcusable; it has been
incompetent, wasteful and extravagant; it has failed to keep its
promise to reduce the high cost of living.
STATE ISSUES.
Taxation. — We condemn in unmeasured terms the unfair methods
by which the Democratic party in North Carolina is attempting
to administer the taxation laws. We condemn the policy of basing
State Republican Platform 299
revaluation, of real and personal property in most instances upon
inflated, fictitious or transitory values. The valuation of personal
property as of the first day of January is unfair to many classes,
particularly the farmer, and we favor the assessment of personal
property as well as real property as of the first day of May. Such
a system as is now being pursued is wholly opposed to a fair,
honest and equitable system of taxation, which we favor.
Political Divisions. — We demand such a readjustment of the Con-
gressional Districts in North Carolina as will make them contigu-
ous, compact, and in harmony with the principles of a Republican
form of government, and in conformity with the Federal statutes
governing the formation of such districts; we also demand such
readjustments of Judicial and Senatorial Districts as will be in
harmony with the same principles.
Elections. — We favor the right of every person, who is a legal
voter, to cast a ballot and have it duly counted; we stand for
honest elections based on the Australian ballot, and to this end
demand the repeal of the home-voting provisions of the Absentee
Voter's Law.
We believe that each Judicial District is entitled to not only
nominate, but elect its own Judge of the Superior Court, and we
favor legislation to discontinue the present system of election of
judges by the voters of the entire State.
Inasmuch as the Democratic practice of indiscriminate appoint-
ment of justices of the peace by act of the legislature has resulted
in bringing that ancient and honorable office into disrepute, we
stand for the election of justices of the peace by the voters of their
respective townships.
Woman Suffrage. — We are unqualifiedly in favor of the ratifica-
tion by the General Assembly of North Carolina of the proposed
19th Amendment to the Federal Constitution granting the right of
suffrage to women.
Labor and Capital. — We stand for the just rights of both labor
and capital. We believe that capital should be permitted and en-
couraged, under the protection of just laws, to develop and expand
our industries and to receive reasonable returns therefrom. We
likewise believe that labor should be employed under conditions
honorable to manhood and favorable to life and health, and at a
rate of wages which, taking into account economic conditions, will
insure a comfortable living for the working man together with
the education of his children and that he should have the same
300 Platforms of Political Parties
opportunities for advancement and the enjoyment of life as are
accorded to others; but we oppose any action, by either labor or
capital, acting either in collusion or in antagonism to each other,
which militates against the rights of all other American citizens.
We hold that the interests of both labor and capital are subordi-
nate to the public welfare and indeed that the public welfare shall
always be supreme.
Agriculture. — We pledge ourselves to do all in our power to ad-
vance the well-being of the farmer; to secure for him a larger share
of the profits of the product of the farm; to lower his burdens of
taxation; to aid in construction and maintenance of roads for the
quicker and cheaper transportation of his products, and for the
betterment of the conditions of country life in general.
Roads. — We most heartily favor the encouragement and devel-
opment of a State-wide system of public roads and to that end
favor a policy of State and Federal cooperation.
Education. — We pledge our most hearty support to our public
schools; we favor enlarging their scope and increasing their
efficiency; we stand for better schoolhouses; better equipment, ex-
tended courses of study and the furnishing of school books by the
State to all public school pupils; we favor a substantial increase
in the salaries of teachers and a larger equipment for their work;
and we are unqualifiedly in favor of the election of all school boards
by popular vote.
Freight Rate Discrimination. — We denounce the betrayal of our
State by the Democratic Corporation Commission in permitting con-
tinuous railroad rate discrimination against the State of such a gross
character, and of such volume as to drive hundreds of business enter-
prises to other States and at the same time to levy upon our people
an unjust and enormous burden of taxes in the form of excessive
freight rates; and we pledge our members of the Legislature and
our State officers to support any and all legislation necessary to
bring about such relief.
STATE SOCIALIST PLATFORM.
The political expression of the platforms of all parties voice
the economic interests of the people or class, which they subserve.
The Socialist party assumes to represent the interest of the working
class of field and industry only.
State Socialist Platform 301
As between the Democratic and Republican parties there is no
essential difference, both standing for the competitive system.
Dominant political parties in the present campaign confine their
discussions to such issues as "The Capitalist League of Nations,"
and other equally unimportant issues, so far as the common people
are concerned, unmindful of the fact that a large proportion of our
population is being robbed by the capitalists system of four-fifths
of its production, thus bringing destitution and crime as a natural
correlative of the conditions under which they exist.
The Socialist party stands for the abolition of the competitive
system and substitution therefor of the collective, or cooperative,
ownership of all means of production and distribution, which are
used for exploitation. The Socialist party of North Carolina
affirms its allegiance to the principles of International Socialism
as enunciated in the National Platform of the Socialist party.
While realizing that only by a complete revolution, or change, of
the system of government now in vogue can we bring about the
emancipation of the toiling masses, yet we are sensible to the fact
that there are present immediate demands for the alleviation of
conditions which now confront us.
Therefore, we call upon all workers of industry and farm to
unite with us for the establishing of a government and industry
owned and controlled collectively by the workers, and as a means
to the establishment of these things we make the present demands.
POLITICAL.
The right of every citizen whether male or female, without re-
gard to race or color, to the full use of the ballot. The elimination
of the poll tax qualification for voting. The full use of the
Initiative, the Referendum and Recall. The gradual substitution
of occupational representation for the present territorial representa-
tion and the Australian ballot.
INDUSTRIAL.
The collective ownership and democratic management of all
the essential, vital industries and natural resources of the State.
The full right of all labor to organize and bargain collectively.
302 Platforms of Political Parties
Complete discontinuance of the use of the writ of the injunction
and the use of the militia against labor, in the settlement of dis-
putes.
The paying of old age pensions and the insurance against in-
dustrial accidents to an extent adequate to meet the cost of living,
while keeping the person in his or her own home.
agriculture.
The paying into the State as taxes the full rental value of all
lands held for speculation and investment. State aid to all renting
and tenant farmers desiring to own land, to the end that all farm-
ing may be carried on by those owning their own land.
State aid in the marketing of the farmers product and the sup-
plying of farm machinery and fertilizer at the lowest possible
cost.
SOCIAL.
The consolidation of the school districts so as to make every
school a standard high school, giving every child the opportunity
of securing a high school education. Adequate pay to teachers in
the schools so as to demand the best possible talent. The furnish-
ing of free text books by the State.
The construction and maintenance of a State-wide system of im-
proved public roads.
We especially favor that plank in the national platform in re-
gard to a public banking system.
The development by the State of natural resources, to the end
of promoting the industrial and social conditions of the whole
people.
REVENUE.
The taxation of income, inheritances and industry to an extent
sufficient to meet all the requirements of the State. The exemption
of all properties or incomes of the amount of $2,000.00 or less of
any taxation whatever.
These demands are to be regarded as only of temporary value
during the period of transformation of the government and industry
from capitalism to socialism, and the ultimate aims should not
be lost sight of. The people should move onward to the conquest
of all the public powers to an entire change of the present system
State Socialist Platform
303
for one which will secure to them collectively all blessings of
modern civilization, and of that culture hitherto unknown to
history.
Note — We extend our congratulations to the women of the State
on their acquirement of the ballot after so long and courageous
a fight, and call their attention to the fact that the Socialist party
has since its inception stood unqualifiedly for the right of women
to the full use of the ballot. They should realize that the end is
not merely the acquirement of the use of the ballot, but to complete
emancipation of all workers from the tyranny of industry and we
call upon them to unite with us for the securing of these aims.
PART IX.
ELECTION RETURNS.
1. Vote for President by States, 1912-1920.
2. Vote for President by Counties, 1912-1920.
3. Vote by Counties for Governor in Democratic Pri-
maries, 1916-1920.
4. Vote for State Officers in Democratic Primaries,
1920.
5. Vote for Governor by Counties, 1912-1920.
6. Vote for United States Senator, 1918-1920.
7. Vote for Members of Congress, 1918-1920.
8. Vote for Constitutional Amendments by Counties,
1920.
20
306
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Vote for President
309
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310
Election Retubns
TOTE FOR PRESIDENT BY COUNTIES, 1912-1920.
Counties
Alamance
Alexander
Alleghany
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick. __
Buncombe...
Burke
Cabarrus
Caldwell
Camden
Carteret.
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan
Clay
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
Cumberland..
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe...
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood
Henderson
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell.
Jackson.
Johnston
Jones
Lee
3,
2
1,
2,(
1,(
1012
a
0
032
150
852
523
652
208
,487
125
,643
478
217
138
605
295
571
43
,140
33
777
280
,716
426
,365
48
738
389
627
482
303
40
153
218
705
154
110
203
652
70
906
734
663
60
372
17
351
81
668
155
819
79
678
235
622
6
397
238
484
1,509
823
810
,-i,
33
197
124
851
102
042
1,689
856
71
333
244
61S
95
416
261
561
192
894
124
830
460
300
42
364
14S
068
354
092
801
742
61
626
63
636
76
528
392
210
315
757
1,335
635
35
862
451
1,637
497
256
118
1,241
950
548
61
511
456
2,285
,288
1,584
1,167
62
537
45
1,872
1,343
477
77
387
943
892
190
,s7ii
8
80
1,143
345
1,066
1,204
77
1,262
346
1,279
17(i
223
343
152
1,979
135
1,035
861
380
105
40
300
1,047
729
1 , 083
125
60
Q
10
1
2
61
101
10
10
3
1
49
325
1
46
43
22
2,476
954
796
2,046
1,898
360
1,957
1,461
1,261
810
4,229
1,621
2.0S0
1 . 725
368
1,165
849
2,569
1.S3!I
1,362
610
400
2,764
2,143
1,780
1,971
945
470
2,675
910
1 . 824
2,463
2.02S
4,115
2,057
3,019
826
476
1,713
1,066
4,616
2,312
1,992
2,403
1,166
977
7m I
840
3,335
1,306
3, 4 lis
712
1,054
1910
SB
2,278
1,187
641
301
1,930
1,158
1.274
116
651
989
3,830
1,474
2.314
1,659
86
1,246
338
2,614
1.501
1.362
91
453
1,497
1,327
542
1,217
87
363
2,801
245
1,527
1,837
135
3,585
396
2,542
309
460
648
294
3,670
299
1,603
1 , 523
1,795
209
110
277
2,073
1,288
2,857
233
573
-
22
10
24
238
II
1920
o
O
5,255
2.045
1,409
3,175
3,431
397
3.522
1,840
1,939
1.253
10,167
3,262
4,418
2,931
540
2,070
1,239
5,404
3.1S6
1,761
1.091
755
5,181
3,111
3.413
3.233
000
825
797
624
398
4,646
3,343
8,123
2,742
7,148
796
644
2.622
1.64(1
9,615
3,429
919
229
496
104
266
1,134
6,470
2,385
6.030
(Mil
2,327
Vote for President
311
VOTE FOR PRESIDENT— Continued
1912
1916
1920
Counties
c
o
1
OS
>
o
co
o
o
m
Q
c
a
O
c
o
m
1
X.
bo
3
u
<B
ha
u
CD
pq
3
-
o
O
M
Lenoir.
1,568
1,280
1,020
897
1,251
1,037
3,967
385
1,012
1,167
1,862
2,021
1,625
901
997
694
972
967
647
820
2,303
675
2,665
1,319
2,706
1,939
2,748
2,180
1,265
751
1,702
1,144
1,919
766
631
297
1,786
1.204
3,996
987
503
933
2,293
1,636
1,741
713
1,112
122
49
134
430
229
343
284
203
144
252
172
140
57
66
172
74
77
19
228
784
347
153
370
82
154
694
280
82
84
9
105
1,450
2,277
220
107
224
")2
168
282
112
384
420
95
331
82
791
60
347
1,066
841
1,320
34
773
533
716
846
678
576
107
53
550
821
329
184
268
44
184
433
501
1,809
174
660
778
1,537
1,553
2,520
75
1,548
210
608
858
537
100
457
234
1,517
46
149
819
1,090
2,571
561
599
1,336
1,666
1,521
1,146
972
1,472
1,274
4,508
462
1,222
1,337
2,189
2,355
1,518
1.197
1 , 230
710
1,177
970
645
953
2,839
679
2,747
1,553
2,894
2,316
3,053
2,445
1,369
938
2,110
1,56.9
2,029
829
821
416
2,662
1,451
4,627
1,217
651
1,141
2,625
1,632
2,052
879
1,273
667
1,369
1,069
1,965
281
1,218
1,257
1,298
1,196
1,047
826
492
45
785
1,158
527
270
400
288
917
719
750
3,031
650
1,453
1,957
2,320
1,871
2,727
137
1,941
1,852
2,977
1,128
841
392
702
558
2,461
227
486
1,352
1,446
3,470
730
1,721
1,082
2
8
22
19
18
1
5
21
12
4
5
3
']
2
4
"i
1
~3
4
2
2,560
3,331
2,177
1,340
2,561
2,809
11,313
697
2,321
2,679
4,031
4,102
2,305
1,557
1,993
1,286
1,736
1,580
1,042
1,646
4,196
1,361
5,110
3,341
6,183
4,507
6,421
5,101
2,426
1,705
3,843
1,999
3,547
1,434
1,542
718
4,168
2,401
8,020
1,865
1,116
1,721
4,794
2,843
3,496
1,350
2,280
1,153
Lincoln..
Macon
3
12
3,137
2,050
Madison
3,616
Martin
530
McDowell
Mecklenburg...
Mitchell
10
38
2,561
3,421
2,153
Montgomery..
2,304
Moore
17
42
2,279
Nash
New Hanover .
1,556
712
Northampton.
165
853
Orange
4
20
1,737
Pamlico
Pasquotank
1,008
507
Pender
699
Perquimans
487
Person
1,566
Pitt
3
1
6
3
~~8~
864
Polk
1,326
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
6,297
1,124
2,220
Rockingham..
Rowan
51
50
7
9
7
1
3,605
4,888
Rutherford
Sampson
4,015
5,353
Scotland.
306
Stanlv
4,312
Stokes
22
1
2,926
5,170
Surry
Swain... . _
2,239
Transylvania..
Tyrrell
1
4
19
....
1,680
532
Union
1,404
816
Vance
Wake
12
....
3,653
Warren
295
Washington
971
Watauga
Wayne.
Wilkes...
2
16
~9~
2,631
2,822
6,451
Wilson...
1.374
Yadkin
3,301
Yancey
2,596
Totals
144,507
29,139
69,130
1,025
117
1 OX, 383
1 2d, SOU
509
:.::
305,447
232, SIX
Eugene V. Debs (Socialist) Electors, 446.
Aaron S. Watkins (Prohibitionist) Electors, 17.
312
Election Returns
VOTE BY COUNTIES FOR GOVERNOR IN DEMOCRATIC
PRIMARIES,* 1916-1920
Counties
Alamance
Alexander...
Alleghany
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie. ..
Bladen
Brunswick...
Buncombe...
Burke
Cabarrus
Caldwell
Camden
Carteret
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan
Clay.
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
Cumberland.
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe..
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville
Greene...
Guilford.
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood
Henderson
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
1916
1920
1920
First Primary
Second Primary
43
+9
o
J3
c
o
a
o
M
0)
CI
M
3
s
3
Q
o
as
O
M
Eh
O
,=5
O
386
67
134
488
182
358
488
214
14
187
183
14
375
203
124
18
131
60
60
320
200
1,458
276
590
834
569
986
1,082
200
22
214
107
45
429
173
131
16
18
157
9
41
3(R
708
376
438
1,086
73
579
1,220
971
689
694
229
350
627
517
644
306
694
229
316
1,037
334
216
247
91
306
172
209
445
1,398
1,943
1,873
1,443
217
2,052
1,967
398
531
633
146
55
737
359
295
89
303
149
284
532
321
347
181
270
262
31
361
443
368
84
161
277
106
142
158
710
123
449
427
136
382
273
509
161
89
219
• 375
292
433
614
111
891
292
343
1,033
401
697
212
535
349
319
689
390
231
90
147
195
17
315
106
271
78
282
247
137
232
186
98
32
101
13
26
103
26
1,012
671
46
2,219
521
390
3,248
1,081
826
806
699
420
1,011
1,322
563
268
1,263
718
124
1,451
951
644
968
413
957
443
840
1,323
280
406
408
99
184
450
135
190
46
202
68
30
189
13
1,115
237
553
281
833
886
752
316
39
160
50
237
277
211
662
436
265
697
133
741
757
968
605
752
608
410
1,106
5S4
353
1,181
1,254
713
457
1,604
767
663
295
514
1,094
510
936
1,410
1,528
527
1,323
715
547
1,349
632
1,186
364
956
1,258
279
1,375
1,494
118
41
128
196
120
189
145
185
19
53
9
100
818
565
518
627
282
847
713
688
73
209
373
70
284
576
1,212
1,010
497
692
1,298
1,031
1,307
1,495
396
359
1,177
607
915
999
640
375
368
595
542
783
682
1,258
704
1,674
395
113
1,162
553
261
313
378
228
22
478
257
5S2
258
250
576
213
406
592
283
316
450
177
233
469
189
178
139
92
254
201
492
444
1,555 1
915 1
1,578
478
313
1,959
1,011
*The Republican party held no gubernatorial primary.
Vote for Governor
313
VOTE FOR GOVERNOR, 1916-1920— Continued
Counties
Jackson
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
Macon
Madison
Martin..
McDowell
Mecklenburg...
Mitchell
Montgomery...
Moore
Nash
New Hanover.
Northampton.
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank
Pender
Perquimans
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham..
Rowan
Rutherford
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania-
Tyrrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington...
Watauga..
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
1916
3
Totals 63,121
479
980
238
480
599
559
280
148
197
237
742
93
558
516
619
813
267
458
374
238
746
586
306
363
869
191
811
294
830
940
800
,093
435
583
232
245
394
254
81
63
,850
865
,483
888
172
201
,030
549
922
237
111
-a
.a
M
3
03
Q
76
848
102
140
650
74
20
194
280
268
1,207
42
114
486
1,021
1,587
428
236
199
95
379
348
117
227
1,052
174
311
394
669
376
755
530
73
300
76
39
148
121
209
20
303
536
1,765
471
164
5
441
411
017
59
141
37.017
1920
First Primary
397
1,154
464
458
240
227
175
215
537
309
3,022
108
205
298
953
615
398
418
85
201
188
215
69
62
896
177
1,031
853
1,974
76
733
453
194
401
316
154
315
210
245
11
528
215
1,090
485
36
92
690
915
1,161
130
386
a
u
c3
o
297
577
251
230
900
543
73
226
274
421
496
160
49
69
521
1,097
1,023
313
358
327
332
268
435
170
1,392
138
147
274
2,536
546
1,104
1,158
183
205
333
103
294
98
91
146
1,152
500
2,281
541
247
25
917
117
292
130
464
49,070 I 48,983
03
Ph
30
178
32
346
290
398
21
22
118
21
2,048
14
615
697
321
482
399
98
256
28
350
430
141
164
792
1
811
686
615
290
535
88
162
276
468
100
377
16
17
31
898
398
1,593
315
137
43
462
61
354
140
11
30,180
1920
Second Primary
266
1,924
453
788
530
364
350
269
632
422
3,443
62
474
695
1,395
1,167
957
431
181
246
420
691
112
180
1,457
256
1,373
1,077
1,861
447
856
613
331
557
721
384
580
286
345
51
791
376
2,131
678
151
271
1,106
1,435
1,640
261
285
70,332
03
O
339
1,240
378
368
1,050
595
224
147
361
507
1,506
182
304
202
873
735
835
298
440
220
279
235
219
277
1,480
177
512
765
2,472
718
8(8
1,029
206
424
464
197
715
78
286
107
1,463
412
2,585
542
124
24
955
186
823
195
392
61,073
314 Election Returns
YOTE FOR STATE OFFICERS IN DEMOCRATIC PRIMARIES,
1920.
FOR GOVERNOR—
First Primary:
Cameron Morrison 49,070
O. Max Gardner,. 48,983
I!. N. Page .30,180
Second Primary:
Cameron Morrison 70,332
O. Max Gardner 61,073
FOR LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR—
W. B. Cooper 64,225
F. C. Harding 51,605
FOR STATE TREASURER—
B. R. Lacy 83,914
B. F. Renfrow 30,686
FOR COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE—
W. A. Graham 75,192
H. E. Thompson 37,845
FOR COMMISSIONER OF LABOR AND PRINTING—
M. L. Shifman .73,505
D. P. De!llinger 35,227
FOR STATE AUDITOR—
First Primary:
Baxter Durham 36,461
J. P. Cook 27,280
D. A. McDonald ..18,479
D. L. Boyd 16,427
W. T. Woodley -- ..13,042
Second Primary:
Baxter Durham '— 64,697
J. P. Cook.... 52,682
FOR INSURANCE COMMISSIONER—
Stacy W. Wade_... 75,810
John Underwood 25,874
C. T. McCleneghan 16,792
FOR ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF SUPREME COURT—
First Primary:
W. A. Hoke 59,749
W. P. Stacy 34,633
B. F. Long 33,843
W. J. Adams... . 33,141
N. G. Gulley 26,706
O. H. Guion
N. J. Rouse 10,710
Second Primary:
W. P. Stacy 71,437
B. F. Long 49,110
FOR UNITED STATES SENATOR—
Lee S. Overman ....94,806
A. L. Brooks 23,869
YOTE IN REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTIAL PRIMARY.
for president-
Leonard Wood. 5,603
Hiram Johnson 15,375
*Figures not obtainable at time of publication.
Vote for Governor
315
VOTE FOR GOVERNOR BY COUNTIES, 1912 1920.
1912
1916
1920
Counties
M
'3
u
O
0)
o
o
hi
-tJ
-+J
<D
03
CO
03
s
o
.a
fa
S-
M
w
cu
M
TJ
O
w
H
W
10
"72"
"78"
2
5
12
"~2"
2
—y
"3"
5
15
3
6
49
301
1
39
"39"
"16"
4
2
....
-P
M
0
3
03
s
0
A
fa
>>
<v
c
c
3
<j
m
c
03
tH
fa
1
l-H
3
"63"
"3"
"l§"
3
""4"
13
"l3"
8
""6"
25
215
"47"
1
9
....
6
c
0
'C
O
a
0
s
03
0
5,274
2,000
1,417
3,340
3,628
403
3,559
1,886
1,991
1,311
10,412
3,314
4,394
2,953
565
2,094
1,250
5,424
3,219
1,762
1,129
763
5,116
3,313
3,464
3,316
974
846
4,907
1,634
3,432
4,706
3,395
8,250
2,786
7,220
812
655
2,662
1,664
!l,f»!ll
3,540
3,902
4,227
2,525
1,165
1,266
1,170
6,351
OJ
■X
u
03
fa
t-s
0
Alamance
2,168
871
676
1,513
1,700
227
1,835
1,636
1,229
827
3,875
1,375
1,864
1,661
317
1,165
830
2,136
1,683
949
695
381
2,398
1,894
1,859
1,788
629
391
2,505
835
1,829
2,264
1,823
3,119
1,941
2,363
640
431
1,670
921
3,874
2,334
1,409
2,087
1,086
764
658
685
2,649
324
852
366
1-35
1,027
172
293
28
43
380
1,045
91
1,094
593
29
222
202
300
155
1,165
48
9
114
343
118
499
21
243
2,118
1,082
46
349
93
2,646
113
390
110
411
289
163
661
40
208
561
695
88
24
59
512
1,416
141
103
80
641
847
482
57
414
201
1,493
1,211
782
828
48
489
10
1,763
1,219
74
60
386
845
424
135
480
4
14
567
68
970
932
43
312
202
1,076
100
72
198
99
1,685
120
901
625
805
53
32
236
1,000
2,483
922
784
2,047
1,889
324
1,949
1,475
1,269
825
4,487
1,585
2,091
1,724
374
1,142
838
2, 647
1,813
1,003
604
398
2,705
2,192
1,787
1,996
921
458
2,647
901
1,836
2,505
2,018
4,108
2,092
3,019
80(1
475
1,702
1,062
4,588
2,337
1,979
2,376
1,154
967
794
792
3,290
2,293
1,208
616
274
1,950
1,283
1,256
60
598
981
3,835
1,484
2,308
1,707
64
1,263
342
2,685
1,514
1,361
80
464
1,469
1,245
507
1,173
72
375
2,814
1,259
1,516
1,786
117
3,629
381
2,531
287
460
642
280
3,643
246
1,624
1,526
1,794
178
85
284
2,076
4,624
Alexander
2,643
Alleghany
1,187
Anson _ ..
422
Ashe
3,800
Avery.-
2,497
Beaufort
Bertie ..
2,212
147
Bladen
1,010
Brunswick
Buncombe
1,381
8,005
Burke-. .
3,566
Cabarrus
5,226
Caldwell
Camden .
3,222
116
Carteret
2,292
Caswell
496
Catawba
5,912
Chatham
2,895
2,474
Cherokee
Chowan
162
Clay
913
Cleveland...
2,978
Columbus
1 655
Craven ....
604
Cumberland ..
1,849
Currituck
69
Dare .
624
Davidson
5,844
2,583
2,704
Davie
Duplin
Durham
3,494
292
Edgecombe. ____
Forsyth
6 759
Franklin ...
552
Gaston . .
5,749
Gates .
294
Graham
916
Granville
793
Greene
427
Guilford
7,788
Halifax...
413
Harnett
3,318
2,962
Havwood
Henderson .
3,604
Hertford.
210
Hoke
156
Hyde
475
Iredell..
4,419
316
Election Returns
VOTE FOR GOVERNOR.
1912-1920— Continued
1912
1916
1920
Counties
bo
'3
O
<a
o
o
0)
CD
CO
Cfi
a
a
o
H
en
o>
C3
oj
-a
9
1-5
CO
CD
bD
-a
o
M
s
EC
03
3
0
A
H
>>
CD
a
<
a
c3
H
CD
S3
a
0
CD
'u
s
0
0
s
03
O
U
"5
1-3
1,233
2,959
694
888
1,666
1,324
1,056
925
1,264
1,062
4,110
412
1,132
1,208
1,922
1,990
1,672
904
1,096
703
1,011
988
686
847
2,420
676
2,828
1,357
3,103
1,997
2,839
2,241
1,289
774
1,742
1,168
2,006
799
640
382
1,724
1,223
4,221
1,044
509
981
2,390
1,622
1,877
774
1,150
764
1,761
76
95
214
67
314
842
231
886
452
177
291
464
200
211
43
55
516
108
61
21
310
811
457
621
475
116
211
899
808
165
176
8
600
1,585
2,529
789
310
309
114
199
593
88
471
723
131
528
65
1,068
50
220
507
66
386
201
1,015
614
900
18
189
342
717
668
410
426
69
42
444
468
279
117
234
42
62
239
5
1,759
85
344
453
961
1,423
2,366
48
1,005
48
288
246
321
43
326
151
943
22
39
455
948
2,332
442
426
1,028
4
"b
"l
30
~18"
39
"_2"
17
"i
1
"~4~
"57"
27
_.__
21
6
....
"19"
1
10
2
1,302
3,227
705
1,049
1,696
1,502
1,126
941
1,463
1,268
4,403
462
1,225
1,361
2,174
2,499
1,462
1,144
1,213
700
1,168
973
631
937
2,762
683
2,761
1,606
3,068
2,288
3,001
2,432
1,326
944
2,105
1,543
2,022
794
821
410
2,758
1,459
4,719
1,279
651
1,134
2,627
1,595
2,050
858
1,263
1,293
2,946
231
581
653
1,386
1,053
1,991
270
1,234
1,163
1,297
1,188
1,029
826
251
30
804
1,159
530
229
353
286
929
740
743
3,037
593
1,435
1,978
2,454
1,871
2,758
161
1,945
1,871
2,982
1,141
836
388
635
537
2,298
133
486
1,381
1,425
3,471
676
1,738
1,101
19"
20
"T
~~2~
"35"
"2
13
20
9
"13"
2
2
2,398
6,076
999
2,319
2,882
3,326
2,101
1,330
2,577
2,821
11,221
736
2,305
2,708
4,072
4,342
2,329
1,578
2,081
1,291
1,816
1,611
1,057
1,629
4,156
1,387
5,066
3,219
6,185
4,469
6,427
5,092
2,428
1,671
3.901
2,001
3,569
1,418
1.549
717
4,025
2,459
S,145
1,891
1,115
1,753
4,847
2,884
3,530
1,355
2,306
2,354
5,336
Jones
328
1,155
1,024
Lincoln
3,127
2,037
Madison..
3,609
Martin
496
McDowell
2,563
3,360
Mitchell
2,235
2,309
2,242
Nash .
1,518
New Hanover...
Northampton
Onslow
472
126
822
1,786
1,011
417
672
480
1,582
Pitt
834
Polk --
1,349
6,243
1,134
Robeson
Rockingham
2,111
3,592
4,853
4,002
5,333
296
Stanly
4,273
Stokes
2,899
5,173
2,252
1,659
Tvrrell
535
1,499
804
Wake . ..
3,349
Warren. . .
244
Washington
971
Watauga.
2,600
2,776
Wilkes
6,453
Wilson
1,296
Yadkin
3,295
2,574
Totals.. ._
149.975
43,625
49,930
944
167,761
120,157
590
308,151
230,175
W. B. Taylor, Socialist, 336.
Vote for U. S. Senator
317
TOTE FOR U. S. SENATOR,
1918-1920.
1918
1920
Counties
a
m
a
o
a
a
a
-a
cS
01
A
o
o
c
o
>-5
cS
S
a
i-l
c
o
"o
tfl
H
2,528
821
687
1,666
1,778
198
1,704
1,159
951
385
4,104
1,352
1,840
1,670
305
1,064
872
2,323
1,716
903
608
370
2,410
1,346
1,561
1,344
507
364
2,535
674
1,672
2,030
1,568
4,027
1,597
3,164
446
371
1,474
720
3,747
1,746
1,865
2,085
984
693
769
570
3,398
2,241
1,144
475
148
1,875
690
688
28
349
520
3,281
1,510
2,065
1,542
58
992
228
2,485
1,422
1,120
46
428
1,116
529
256
356
34
293
2,680
1,216
1,051
1,144
50
2,917
188
2,120
102
335
344
132
2,394
89
1,373
1,144
1,450
80
32
136
1,664
5,289
2,045
1,426
3,375
3,630
404
3-, 564
1,887
2,000
1,317
10,413
3,311
4,429
2,966
563
2,094
1,253
5,436
3,229
1 , 753
1,133
763
5,202
3,337
3,463
3,341
974
845
4,933
1,636
3,442
4,772
3,413
8,309
2,799
7,236
812
653
2,671
1,662
9,808
3,547
3,918
4,225
2,522
1,168
1,274
1,169
6,493
4,604
2,639
Alleghany.
1,182
423
3,793
2,496
2,214
Bertie
145
Bladen ._
1,003
1,378
7,914
3,562
5,208
Caldwell
3,208
118
Carteret.
2,289
Caswell
493
5,907
2,894
2,473
172
Clay
913
2,945
1,639
Craven.
603
1,836
67
Dare . . ..
624
Davidson. .
5,819
Davie
2,579
Duplin ..
2,699
3,472
Edgecombe
247
Forsyth .
6,717
540
Gaston..
5,743
Gates
294
914
793
427
Guilford
7,733
404
Harnett
3,312
2,962
Henderson .
3,498
Hertford
210
Hoke.
154
Hyde
476
Iredell
4,384
318
Election Retubns
VOTE FOR U. S. SENATOR, 1918-1920— Continued
1918
1920
Counties
Q
3
S
E
02
§
fa
1,040
3,213
639
902
1 . 295
1,438
1,148
601
1,313
1,198
3,995
311
1,116
1.1 VI
1,579
1,177
1,121
930
741
522
635
897
486
791
2,569
657
2,655
1,513
2,576
2,001
2,871
2,198
1,026
803
1,977
1,345
1,815
647
790
308
2,157
1 , 230
3,740
1,081
511
1,005
2,245
1,720
1,416
607
1.108
John M. Morehead
(R.)
c
C3
S
'a
>
O
QQ
o
a
0
O
915
2,594
134
568
260
1,372
945
1,378
230
1,183
782
779
950
830
354
31
22
418
641
400
114
346
191
814
333
671
2,884
349
625
1,733
2,099
1,712
2,418
84
1,786
1,724
2,577
949
7.17
246
267
294
1,318
71
451
1,274
963
2.752
290
1,495
794
2,399
li.ll.M
1,000
2.364
2, SSI
3,337
2,106
1 , 335
2.574
2,817
11,542
737
2,337
2,747
MM
4,342
2.330
1,574
2,127
1,291
1,817
1,606
1,060
1,656
4,201
1 . 390
5.078
3,368
6,297
4.512
6,438
5,111
2, 4:1:;
1 . 702
3,911
2.009
3,581
1,419
1 . 549
717
4,203
2,508
8,307
1 . 894
1,115
1,757
4,867
2,884
3,539
1,360
2,306
2,354
5,332
Jones
337
1,124
1,021
3,125
2,033
3,610
498
McDowell -- -
2,568
3,253
Mitchell . --
2,554
2.294
Moore - -
2.223
Nash . .
1,511
17.'
127
821
Orange - - --
1 . 727
Pamlico - -- - - -
1.010
416
Pender . . -
672
178
1,565
Pitt .
821
Polk
1,350
Randoloh .. - -
6,238
1,099
2,055
3,587
4,888
Rutherford - - - - -
3,993
5,289
Scotland - -- -
286
Stanly
4,275
2,988
Surry ... - . ....
5,153
2,252
1,664
Tyrrell .
535
1,365
768
Wake..
3,278
240
Washington _ ..
970
2,598
Wayne . . . . .
2,766
Wilkes
6,458
Wilson
1,319
Yadkin.
3,290
Yancey . -
2,574
Totals
143,524
93,697
310,504
229,343
Votes for Members of Congress
319
TOTES FOR MEMBERS OF CONGRESS, 1918-1920.
FIRST CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
1918
1920
Counties
Q
"3
S
m
W
a
o
g
M
6
a
'-3
a)
0)
1,640
263
603
490
304
439
571
532
1,303
517
467
2,518
306
474
698
108
53
66
346
106
108
183
221
240
204
375
231
462
3,526
581
1,102
977
811
790
1,143
1,227
2,487
1,759
1,045
4,135
715
1,116
2,164
Camden -
97
160
Currituck -- - -
48
520
305
Hertford.. -
184
Hyde
441
Martin .. . _.
552
399
Perquimans -- .- .-
458
Pitt
699
Tyrrell
532
Washington ...
936
Totals . ..
10,427
3,401
21,414
7,495
SECOND CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
1918
1920
Counties
Q
5
o
3
03
o
0
a
-S
q
s
0)
3
o
g
c
o
K
O
c
Bertie.
1,139
1,549
662
1,717
1,307
1,094
1,106
1,412
1,838
3,398
1,648
3,502
2,889
2,293
1,900
3,422
81
Edgecombe. .
180
Greene. ..
383
295
Lenoir.
808
Northampton.
121
Warren _ . .
220
Wilson . ..
1,279
Totals
9,986
20,890
3,367
320
Election Returns
VOTES FOR MEMBERS OF CONGRESS, 1918-1920-CWmued
THIRD CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
Counties
Carteret..
Craven
Duplin
Jones
Onslow
Pamlico...
Pender
Sampson..
Wayne
Totals
1918
3
B
CO
951
1,527
1,607
621
923
530
874
1,009
2,163
10,205
—
PT
a
■S
03
o
«
1,070
278
1,036
134
422
390
314
2,404
952
7,000
1920
«:
.Q
03
CO
2,077
3,454
3,414
984
1,528
1,289
1,541
2,440
4,820
21,547
a
J«
03
o
s
2,280
591
2,676
319
858
998
642
5,296
2,687
16,347
FOURTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
1918
1920
Counties
Q
0
O
H
c
o
X
M
CP
o
0
Q
o
CM
o3
H
pj
CD
c3
Ph
Q
CD
o
.s
03
i-s
Chatham
1,708
1,565
3,141
1,551
1,215
3,673
1,441
172
2,594
317
274
1,230
3,192
2,772
6,066
3,957
2,415
8,068
2 890
Franklin
476
Johnston
5 267
Nash
1,470
762
Vance
Wake
3 219
Totals
12,853
6,028
26,470
14,084
Votes for Members of Congress
321
VOTES FOR MEMBERS OF CONGRESS, 1918-1920— CWinwed
FIFTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
1918
1920
Counties
a
o3
S
-d
CD
-±>
gS
tn
o
O
CO
0>
CD
a
O
c
a
EOT
sS
cc
a
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Alamance
2,487
852
1,965
4,004
1,469
3,693
724
754
1,997
1,316
1,815
2,239
216
1,133
2,905
327
2,373
640
786
1,718
1,716
2,582
5,272
1,195
4,604
8,240
2,570
10,000
2,057
1,411
4,479
1,969
3,504
4,566
Caswell
506
Durham
3,522
Forsyth
6,569
Granville
822
Guilford
7,422
Orange
1,685
Person
1,753
Rockingham
3,585
Stokes
2,932
5,122
Totals
21,076
16,635
45,301
38,484
SIXTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
1918
1920
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Counties
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Bladen
923
359
1,370
356
514
515
2,025
1,357
3,382
981
Brunswick
1,263
Columbus.
1,463
Cumberland
1,356
1,833
1,156
2,578
329
1,36>
627
3,329
3,918
3,930
6,233
1,813
Harnett
3,295
New Hanover
406
Robeson
1,819
Totals
9,575
3,702
24,174
11,040
21
322
Election Returns
VOTES FOR MEMBERS OF CONGRESS, 1918-1920— Continued
SEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
1918
1920
Counties
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Anson
1,678
2,523
659
758
887
1,112
1,194
2,645
1,539
804
2,163
1,710
603
140
2,659
1,204
32
560
949
812
2,895
333
84
253
1,214
1,417
3,393
4,870
1,627
1,259
2,321
2,310
2,707
5,072
3,343
1,684
4,167
2,972
1,346
395
Davidson.
5,742
2 552
Davie...
Hoke
138
Lee
1 102
Montgomery ,
2 274
Moore
2,197
Randolph
6 183
Richmond
1,095
325
Scotland...
Union..
1,217
Wilkes
6,322
3,242
Yadkin
Totals
18,275
14,116
37,071
32,784
EIGHTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
1918
1920
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1-9
Alexander
827
719
1,792
1,863
1,700
3,390
2,.ss.s
1,955
971
1,148
448
1,829
2,042
1,521
1,677
.'.us:,
1,797
1,279
2,052
1,455
3,642
4,380
3,015
6,483
6,283
3,836
1,788
2,613
Alleghany..
1,115
Ashe..
3,686
Cabarrus
5,178
Caldwell
3,135
Iredell
4,378
Rowan.
4,515
Stanly
4,279
Watauga
2,557
Totals....
16,105
13,826
32,934
31,456
Votes fob Members of Congress
323
VOTES FOR MEMEERS OF CONGRESS, 1918-1920— Continued
NINTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
Counties
Avery
Burke..
Catawba
Cleveland
Gaston
Lincoln
Madison
Mecklenburg
Mitchell
Yancey
Totals...
1918
c
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-a
279
1,329
2,332
2,406
3,152
1,418
628
3,969
365
1,104
16,982
o
•-5
03
O
607
1,490
2,468
1,134
2,154
1,387
1,271
770
773
776
12,830
1920
a
«
417
3,323
5,474
5,143
7,160
3,284
1,337
11,047
729
2,281
40,195
>-5
2,457
3,511
6,176
2,947
5,696
3,060
3,607
3,494
2,198
2,540
35,686
TENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
1918
1920
Counties
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Buncombe
4,015
913
375
362
2,090
976
1,040
1,198
1,085
645
2,169
668
787
3,442
1,188
431
351
1,139
1,482
923
1,183
998
717
1,738
937
742
10,295
1,745
771
648
4,228
2,523
2,395
2,827
2,103
1,379
5,048
1,436
1,525
8,096
2,458
Cherokee
Clay
908
Graham
923
Haywood
2 943
Henderson
3 513
Jackson
2 359
McDowell
2 554
Macon.
2 018
Polk....
1 , 367
Rutherford
3,585
Swain.
2 221
Transylvania
1,680
Totals
16,323
15,271
36,923
34,625
324 Election Retubns
TOTE FOR CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS BY COUNTIES,
1920.
THESE AMENDMENTS
1. Give authority to the State to tax net income from all sources above exemption
of not less than $2,000 for married man or widow or widower having dependent
minor child or children, and to all other persons not less than $1,000.
2. To limit poll tax to not exceeding $2 for State, and for municipalities, $1.
3. To reduce rate of tax on property for general expenses of State and counties from
66 2-3 cents to a limit of 15 cents on each $100 worth of property.
4. To substitute a rule of one instead of two years residence in State and four months
in precinct, as qualification for voting.
5. To abolish payment of poll tax as qualification for voting.
Chapter 5, Public Laws, Extra Session of 1920, is as follows:
AN ACT TO AMEND CHAPTER 129 OF THE PUBLIC LAWS OF 1919, AND TO
FURTHER AMEND THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF NORTH
CAROLINA.
The General Assembly of North Carolina do enact:
Section 1. That chapter one hundred and twenty-nine of the
Public Laws of nineteen hundred and nineteen be and the same is
hereby amended so as hereafter to read as follows:
Section 2. That the Constitution of the State of North Carolina
be, and the same is hereby, amended in manner and form as
follows:
I. Amend article five, section three, by repealing the proviso
in said section, "that no income shall be taxed when the property
from which the income is derived is taxed," and substituting in
lieu thereof the following: "Provided, the rate of tax on incomes
shall not in any case exceed six per cent (6%), and there shall
be allowed the following exemptions, to be deducted from the
amount of annual incomes, to wit: for a married man with a wife
living with him, or to a widow or widower having minor child or
children, natural or adopted, not less than $2,000; to all other
persons not less than $1,000, and there may be allowed other
deductions (not including living expenses) so that only net in-
comes are taxed."
II. By striking out section one of article five and substituting
therefor the following:
Vote on Constitutional Amendments 325
"Section 1. The General Assembly may levy a capitation tax
on every male inhabitant of the State over twenty-one and under
fifty years of age, which said tax shall not exceed two dollars, and
cities and towns may levy a capitation tax which shall not exceed
one dollar. No other capitation tax shall be levied. The commis-
sioners of the several counties and of the cities and towns may
exempt from the capitation tax any special cases on account of
poverty or infirmity."
III. By striking out section six of article five and substituting
therefor the following: "The total of the State and county tax
on property shall not exceed fifteen cents on the one hundred
dollars value of property, except when the county property tax is
levied for a special purpose and with the special approval of the
General Assembly, which may be done by special or general act:
Provided, this limitation shall not apply to taxes levied for the
maintenance of the public schools of the State for the term re-
quired by article nine, section three, of the Constitution: Provided
further, the State tax shall not exceed five cents on the one hun-
dred dollars value of property."
IV. By striking out that part of the first sentence of section two
of article six ending with the word "election" before the word
"provided," and substituting therefor the following: "He shall
reside in the State of North Carolina for one year and in the
precinct, ward, or other election district in which he offers to vote
four months next preceding the election."
V. By abrogating the following requirement of section four of
article V: "And before he shall be entitled to vote he shall have
paid on or before the first day of May of the year in which he
proposes to vote, his poll tax for the previous year, as prescribed
by article V, section 1, of the Constitution," and by abrogating the
following proviso at the end of section 4 of article VI: "Provided
such person shall have paid his poll tax as above required."
Sec. 3. That amendments I, II, and III to the Constitution shall
be considered as one amendment, and amendments IV and V shall
be considered as one amendment, and shall be submitted to the
qualified voters of the whole State at the next general election.
Sec. 4. That the electors favoring the adoption of amendments
I, II, and III shall vote ballots on which shall be written or printed,
"For Amendments to Limit Rate of State and County Taxes, and
Amount of Poll Taxes, and to Authorize Income Tax," and those
326 Election Returns
opposed, ballots on which shall be written or printed "Against
Amendments to Limit Rate of State and County Taxes, and
Amount of Foil Tax, and to Authorize Income Tax."
Sec. 5. That the electors favoring the adoption of amendments
IV and V shall vote ballots on which shall be written or printed,
"For Amendments to Change Requirement of Two Years Residence
in the State and Payment of Poll Tax as Qualification for Voting,"
and those opposed, ballots on which shall be written or printed,
"Against Amendments to Change Requirement of Two Years Resi-
dence in the State and Payment of Poll Tax as Qualification for
Voting."
Sec. 6. That the election upon the amendments shall be conducted
in the same manner and under the same rules and regulations as
provided by the laws governing general elections, and if the ma-
jority of the votes cast be in favor of the amendments, or any of
them, it shall be the duty of the Governor of the State to certify
the amendments receiving a majority of votes cast under the seal
of the State to the Secretary of State, who shall enroll the said
amendments so certified among the permanent records of his office,
and the same shall be in force, and every part thereof, from and
after the date of such certification.
Sec. 7. This act shall be in force from and after its ratification.
Ratified this 26th day of August, A. D. 1920.
Vote on Constitutional Amendments
327
VOTE ON FOREGOING AMENDMENTS
Alamance-
Alexander.
Alleghany.
Anson...
Ashe.
Avery
Beaufort.
Bertie-
Bladen
Brunswick
Buncombe
Burke.
Cabarrus
Caldwell
Camden
Carteret
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan
Clay
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven _,
Cumberland.
Currituck
Dare.
Davidson
Davie.
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe..
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston.
Gates
Graham
Granville
Greene
Gu;lford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood
Henderson...
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
Johnston
Counties
Amendment to Art.
Amendment to Art.
V, Sections 1, 3, 4
and 6: Limiting
Rate of State and
County Taxes and
Poll Taxes, and
Authorizing Tax
on Net Income
from all Sources
VI, Sections 2 and
4; Changing Resi-
dence Require-
ment for Voting
from Two to One
Year in the State,
and to Four in
County, and Abol-
ishing Payment of
Poll Tax as Requi-
site for Voting
For
Against
For
Against
5,190
658
5,703
818
1,974
1,682
1,974
1,752
1,156
194
1,124
301
1,965
803
1,675
1,241
2,738
441
1,988
31
1,395
15
884
15
3,018
1,653
2,625
1,718
1,569
255
1,508
254
2,068
537
1,844
459
612
227
382
254
7,707
1,413
6,931
1,803
3,787
1,117
3,848
467
3,223
1,352
991
1,219
1,939
582
1,711
355
605
8
482
4
2,618
124
2,582
254
851
164
569
182
7,154
684
7,187
699
2,986
1,357
1,922
770
1,588
342
1,347
232
928
269
397
255
867
54
867
54
5,305
656
4,781
835
2,840
861
2,922
713
3,115
410
2,942
339
1,942
1,735
1,803
1,587
931
50
93
50
868
36
868
36
4,246
2,783
4,246
2,783
1,580
679
1,431
472
2,485
2,162
2,384
1,995
3,091
1,954
2,374
2,489
2,185
797
2,178
852
9,049
1,228
9,456
451
1,981
881
1,547
792
2,207
2,573
2,038
2,238
719
128
516
40
769
263
331
118
2,176
730
2,107
716
1,417
447
1,079
508
9,707
2,964
9,316
3,259
1,549
1,791
1,032
1,982
3,674
1,475
2,614
2,018
4,172
648
4,262
69
3,137
307
3,662
479
1,114
148
755
370
978
177
686
345
837
202
830
197
5,874
414
6,557
761
2,305
462
1,838
128
3,822
2,675
3,976
2,400
328
Election Returns
VOTES ON FOREGOING AMENDMENTS— Continued.
Counties
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg...
Mitchell
Montgomery...
Moore
Nash
New Hanover.
Northampton.
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank
Pender
Perquimans
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham...
Rowan
Rutherford
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain.
Transylvania..
Tyrrell
Union.
Vance
Wake..
Warren
Washington.
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
Amendment to Art
V, Sections 1, 3, 4
and 6; Limiting
Rate of State and
County Taxes, and
Authorizing Tax
on Net Income
from all Sources
Totals.
For
910
2,350
1,602
2,663
2,695
3,027
2,002
2,793
8,912
437
1,976
3,172
3,446
2,290
1,113
1,455
1,906
1,464
1,786
1,451
1,184
1,296
1,806
1,888
2,485
,546
,207
,046
. t '.C,
,504
,896
765
,808
2,254
4,337
1,469
1,091
1,022
3,825
1,685
5,798
1,104
1,070
1,141
3,503
4,443
2,310
1,958
3,474
262,873
Against
102
475
967
379
128
661
530
1
1,410
84
687
368
877
1,093
912
224
540
240
121
27
207
582
2,125
125
1,952
231
2,458
1,196
900
402
1,052
789
2 222
l',UA
857
128
11
104
195
748
3,396
793
131
190
2,200
513
1,234
1,127
504
81,109
Amendment to Art.
VL Sections 2 and
and 4; Changing
Residence Require-
ment for Voting
from Two to One
Year in the State,
and to Four in
County, and abol-
ishing Payment of
Poll Tax as Requi-
site for Voting
For
813
2,221
1,808
2,665
2,717
2,703
1,402
3,201
8,128
720
1,714
3,040
2,693
2,064
944
1,115
1,205
1,038
1,585
1,003
1,163
610
1,196
1,617
2,014
2,546
4,227
3,100
5,758
4,727
2,181
736
1,861
4,234
1,892
1,043
974
3,277
828
5,165
800
936
1,141
3,013
4,447
2,024
1,456
2.69S
235,608
Against
123
730
840
619
141
849
559
1,160
189
435
279
1,272
1,042
929
295
1,222
228
54
636
189
324
2,553
116
1,838
231
2,458
1,977
1,614
693
1,040
730
2,569
839
119
181
142
583
877
3,399
867
633
190
2,265
509
1,133
1,439
97
83,366
PART X.
1. The Halifax Kesolution of April 12, 1776.
2. The Declaration of Independence.
THE HALIFAX RESOLUTION.
Adopted oy the Provincial Congress of North Carolina
in session at Halifax, April 12, 1776.
It appears to your committee that pursuant to the plan concerted
by the British Ministry for subjugating America, the King and
Parliament of Great Britain have usurped a power over the per-
sons and properties of the people unlimited and uncontrouled;
and disregarding their humble petitions for peace, liberty and
safety, have made divers legislative acts, denouncing war, famine,
and every species of calamity, against the Continent in general.
That British fleets and armies have been, and still are, daily em-
ployed in destroying the people, and committing the most horrid
devastations on the country. That Governors in different Colonies
have declared protection to slaves who should imbrue their hands
in the blood of their masters. That ships belonging to America
are declared prizes of war, and many of them have been violently
seized and confiscated. In consequence of all of which multitudes of
the people have been destroyed, or from easy circumstances re-
duced to the most lamentable distress.
And whereas the moderation hitherto manifested by the United
Colonies and their sincere desire to be reconciled to the mother
country on constitutional principles, have procured no mitigation
of the aforesaid wrongs and usurpations, and no hopes remain of
obtaining redress by those means alone which have been hitherto
tried, your committee are of opinion that the House should enter
into the following resolve, to wit:
Resolved, That the delegates for this Colony in the Continental
Congress be impowered to concur with the delegates of the other
Colonies in declaring Independency, and forming foreign alliances,
reserving to this Colony the sole and exclusive right of forming
a Constitution and laws for this Colony, and of appointing dele-
gates from time to time (under the direction of a general repre-
sentation thereof,) to meet the delegates of the other Colonies for
such purposes as shall be hereafter pointed out.
332 Declaration of Independence
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.
In Congress, July 4, 1776.
The unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States
of America.
When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one
people to dissolve the political hands which have connected them
with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the
separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Na-
ture's God entitled them, a decent respect to the opinions of man-
kind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them
to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created
equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalien-
able Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of
Happiness. That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted
among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the
governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destruc-
tive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish
it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such
principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall
seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, en-
deed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be
changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experi-
ence hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while
evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms
to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and
usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to
reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their
duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for
their future security. — Such has been the patient sufferance of these
Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to
alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the pres-
ent King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usur-
pations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute
Tryanny over these States. To provide this, let Facts be submitted
to a candid world.
He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and
necessary for the public good.
Declaration, of Independence 333
He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and
pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his
Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly
neglected to attend to them.
He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large
districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right
of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them
and formidable to tyrants only.
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncom-
fortable, and distant from the depository of their Public Records,
for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his
measures.
He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing
with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.
He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause
others to be elected; whereby the Legislative Fowers, incapable of
Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exer-
cise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the
dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.
He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for
that purpose obstructing the Laws of Naturalization of Foreigners;
refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and
raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.
He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his
Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers.
He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure
of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms
of Officers to harass our People, and eat out their substance.
He has kept among us, in times of peace. Standing Armies with-
out the Consent of our legislature.
He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior
to the Civil Power.
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction
foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving
his Assent to their acts of pretended legislation:
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any
Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these
States:
334 Declaration of Independence
For cutting off of Trade with all parts of the world:
For imposing taxes on us without our Consent:
For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:
For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offenses:
For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighboring
Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarg-
ing its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit in-
strument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:
For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws,
and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:
For suspending our own Legislature, and declaring themselves in-
vested with Power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his
Protection and waging War against us.
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns,
and destroyed the lives of our people.
He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercena-
ries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already
begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in
the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civi-
lized nation.
He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high
Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners
of their friends and Brethern, or to fall themselves by their' Hands.
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeav-
oured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless
Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished
destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.
In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Re-
dress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been
answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is
thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be
the ruler of a free People.
Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren.
We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legis-
lature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have
reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settle-
ment here. We have appealed to their native justice and magna-
nimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common' kin-
dred to disavow these usurpations, which would inevitably interrupt
Declaration of Independence 335
our connection and correspondence. They too have been deaf to
the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, ac-
quiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold
them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace
Friends.
We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America,
in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of
the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by
Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish
and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to
be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all
Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection
between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be
totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they
have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances,
establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Inde-
pendent States may of right do. And for the support of this Decla-
ration, with a firm reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence,
we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our
sacred Honor. JOHN HANCOCK.
New Hampshire — Josiaii Bartlett, Wm. Whipple, Matthew
Thornton.,
Massachusetts Bay — Saml. Adams, John Adams, Robt. Treat
Paine, Elbridge Gerry.
Rhode Island — Step. Hopkins, William Ellery.
Connecticut — Rodger Sherman, Sam'el Huntington, Wm. Will-
iams, Oliver Wolcott.
New York — Wm. Floyd, Phil. Livingston, Frans. Lewis, Lewis
Morris.
New Jersey — Richd. Stockton, Jno. Witherspoon, Fras. Hopkin-
son, John Hart, Abra. Clark.
Pennsylvania — Robt. Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benja. Franklin.
John Morton, Geo. Clymer, Jas. Smith, Geo. Taylor, James Wilson,
Geo. Ross.
Delaware— Caesar Rodney, Geo. Read, Tho. M'Kean.
336 Declaration of Independence
Maryland — Samuel Chase, Wm. Paca, Thos. Stone, Charles Car-
roll of Carrollton.
Virginia — George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Th. Jefferson,
Benja. Harrison, Thos. Nelson, jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter
Braxton.
North Carolina — Wm. Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn.
South Carolina — Edward Rutledge, Thos. Heywood, junr.,
Thomas Lynch, junr., Arthur Middleton.
Georgia — Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, Geo. Walton.*
* This arrangement of the names is made for convenience. The States are not
mentioned in the original.
PART XI.
CONSTITUTIONS.
1. Constitution of the United States.
2. Constitution of North Carolina.
3. Index to the Constitution of North Carolina.
■>•>
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.*
We, the People of the United States, in order to form a more per-
fect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquillity, provide
for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure
the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain
and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Article I.
Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested
in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate
and House of Representatives.
Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of
Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several
States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications
requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State
Legislature.
No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained
to the Age of twenty-five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of
the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabi-
tant of that State in which he shall be chosen.
Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the
several States which may be included within this Union, according
to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding
to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to
Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three
fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made
within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the
United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in
such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The number of Repre-
sentatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each
State shall have at Least one Representative; and until such enum-
eration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled
to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence
Plantations one. Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four,
Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten,
North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.
* Reprinted from the text issued by the State Department.
340 Constitution of the United States
When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the
Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such
vacancies.
The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other
Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.
Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of
two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for
six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.
Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the
first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three
Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated
at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the
Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expira-
tion of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second
Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during
the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereo'f
may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the
Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.
No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the
Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United
States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that
State for which he shall be chosen.
The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the
Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.
The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President
pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall
exercise the Office of President of the United States.
The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments.
When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation.
When the President of the United States is tried the Chief Justice
shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Con-
currence of two thirds of the Members present.
Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than
to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any
Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the
Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indict-
ment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to law.
Section 4. The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections
for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State
Constitution of the United States 341
by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by
Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of
causing Senators.
The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such
Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall
by Law appoint a different Day.
Section 5. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Re-
turns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each
shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number
may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the
Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such
Penalties as each House may provide.
Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, Punish
its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of
two thirds, expel a member.
Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time
to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judg-
ment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of
either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those
Present, be entered on the Journal.
Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the
Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any
other Place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting.
Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Com-
pensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out
of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, ex-
cept Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from
Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective
Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any
Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in
any other Place.
No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he
was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of
the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments
whereof shall have been encreased during such time; and no Person
holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of
either House during his Continuance in Office.
Section 7. All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the
House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur
with Amendments as on other Bills.
342 Constitution of the United States
Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives
and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a Law, be presented to the
President of the United States; If he approve he shall sign it, but
if not he shall return it, with his Objections, to that House in which
it shall have originated, who shall enter the Objections at large on
their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such Reconsid-
eration two thirds of that House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall
be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which
it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of
that House, it shall become a law. But in all such Cases the Votes
of both Houses shall be determined by Yeas and Nays, and the
Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall be en-
tered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall
not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays ex-
cepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be
a Law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by
their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not
be a Law.
Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the
Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on
a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of
the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be
approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by
two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives according to
the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.
Section 8. The Congress shall have the Power To lay and collect
Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for
the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but
all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the
United States;
To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;
To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the sev-
eral States, and with the Indian Tribes;
To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform
Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;
To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin,
and to fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;
To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the securities
and current Coin of the United States;
To establish Post Offices and post Roads;
Constitution of the United States 343
To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing
for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to
their respective Writings and Discoveries;
To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;
To define and pjmisb Piracies and Felonies committed on the high
Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations;
To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make
Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;
To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to
that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;
To provide and maintain a Navy;
To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land
and naval Forces;
To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the
Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;
To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia,
and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the
Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively,
the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the
Militia according to the dicipline prescribed by Congress;
To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over
such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of
particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat
of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Author-
ity over all Places purchased by the Consent ,of the Legislature of
the State in which the same shall be, for the Erection of Forts,
Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings; —
And
To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carry-
ing into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested
by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in
any Department or Officer thereof.
Section 9. The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any
of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be
prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight
hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Im-
portation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.
The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be sus-
pended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public
Safety may require it.
344 Constitution of the United States
No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.
No Capitation, or other direct Tax, should be laid, unless in Pro-
portion to the Census or Enumeration hereinbefore directed to be
taken.
No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State.
No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or
Revenue to the Forts of one State over those of another; nor shall
Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or
pay Duties in another.
No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence
of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Ac-
count of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be
published from time to time.
No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: and no
Persons holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, with-
out the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present, Emolument,
Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince or for-
eign State.
Section 10. No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or
Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money;
emit Bills of Credit; make any thing but gold and silver Coin a
Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder ex post
facto Law or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant
any Title of Nobility.
No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Im-
posts or Duties on Imports or Exports except what may be absolutely
necessary for executing its inspection Laws; and the net Produce
of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports,
shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all
such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Control of the Con-
gress.
No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay any Duty of
Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into
any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign
Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such immi-
nent Danger as will not admit of Delay.
Article II.
Section 1. The executive Power shall be vested in a President of
the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the
Constitution of the United States 345
Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen
for the same Term, be elected, as follows:
Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature there-
of may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of
Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in
the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding
an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be ap-
pointed an Elector.
The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by
Ballot for two Persons, of whom One at least shall not be an Inhab-
itant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List
of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each;
which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the
Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the Presi-
dent of the Senate. The President of the Senate, shall, in the
Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the
Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person hav-
ing the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such
Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed;
and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an
equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall
immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no
Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the
said House shall in like manner chuse the President. But in chusing
the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation
from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this Purpose shall
consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and
a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every
Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the great-
est Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But
if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate
shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President.
The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors,
and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall
be the same throughout the United States.
No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the
United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall
be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be
eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of
346 Constitution of the United States
thirty-five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the
United States.
In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his
Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties
of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President,
and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal,
Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice
President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President and
such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed,
or a President shall be elected.
The President shall at stated Times, receive for his Services, a
Compensation, which shall neither be Increased nor diminished dur-
ing the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not
receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United
States, or any of them.
Eefore he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the
following Oath or Affirmation: —
"I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the
Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my
Ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United
States."
Section. 2. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the
Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the sev-
eral States, when called into the actual Service of the United States;
he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in
each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the
Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant
Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except
in Cases of Impeachment.
He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the
Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators present
concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and
Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Min-
isters and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other
Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein
otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law; but
the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior
Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts
of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.
Constitution of the United States . 347
The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may
happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions
which shall expire at the End of their next Session.
Section. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress Infor-
mation of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consider-
ation such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he
may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either
of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to
the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he
shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public
Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed,
and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States.
Section. 4. The President, Vice-president and all civil Officers of
the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for,
and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Mis-
demeanors.
Article III.
Section. 1. The Judicial Power of the United States, shall be
vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the
Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges,
both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices dur-
ing good Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their
Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during
their continuance in Office.
Section. 2. The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law
and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United
States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Au-
thority;— to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers
and Consuls; — to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;
- — to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party; — to
Controversies between two or more States; — between a State and
Citizens of another State; — between Citizens of different States, —
between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of
different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and
foreign States, Citizens, or Subjects.
In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and
Consuls, and those in which a State shall be a Party, the supreme
Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before
mentioned the Supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both
348 Constitution of the United States
as to Law and Fact, with such Exceptions, and under such regula-
tion as the Congress shall make.
The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be
by Jury; and such Trial shall be held in the State where the said
Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within
any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress
may by Law have directed.
Section. 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only
in levying "War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving
them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason
unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or
on Confession in open Court.
The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of
Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of
Blood or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attained.
Article IV.
Section. 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to
the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other
State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Man-
ner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved,
and the effect thereof.
Section. 2. The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all
Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.
A person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other
Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State
shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which
he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Judisdid-
tion of the Crime.
No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws
thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any Law, or
Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but
shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or
Labour may be due.
Section. 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this
Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the
Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the
Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Con-
sent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the
Congress.
Constitution of the United States 349
The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all need-
ful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property
belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution
shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United
States, or any particular State.
Section 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in
this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each
of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or
of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against
domestic Violence.
Article V.
The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it
necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the
Application of the Legislature of two thirds of the several States,
shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either
case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes as part of this Con-
stitution, when ratified by the Legislature of three fourths of the
several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one
or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress;
Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year
one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect
the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article;
and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal
Suffrage in the Senate.
Article VI.
All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the
Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United
States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.
This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall
be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall
be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the
supreme Law of the land; and the Judges in every State shall be
bound thereby, any thing in the Constitution or laws of any State
to the Contrary notwithstanding.
The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Mem-
bers of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial
Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall
be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but
no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any
Office or public Trust under the United States.
350 Constitution of the United States
Article VII.
The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be suf-
ficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States
so ratifying the Same.
THE AMENDMENTS
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of re-
ligion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the free-
dom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably
to assemble, and to petition the Government for redress of griev-
ances.
II.
A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free
State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be
infringed.
III.
No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, with-
out the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to
be prescribed by law.
IV.
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall
not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable
cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing
the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise in-
famous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand
Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the
Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger;
nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put
in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any Criminal
Case to be witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty,
or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property
be taken for public use, without just compensation.
Constitution of the United States 351
VI.
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a
speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district
wherein the crime shall have been committed, which district shall
have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the
nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the wit-
nesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining Wit-
nesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his
defence.
VII.
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall ex-
ceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and
no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court
of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.
VIII.
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed,
nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
IX.
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not
be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution
nor .prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respec-
tively, or to the people.
XI.
The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to
extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against
one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens
or Subjects of any Foreign State.
XII.
The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by
ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall
not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall
352 Constitution of the United States
name in their ballots the person voted for as Fresident, and in dis-
tinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall
make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all
persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for
each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to
the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the
President of the Senate; — The President of the Senate shall, in the
presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the
certificates and the votes shall then be counted; — The person having
the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President,
if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors ap-
pointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the per-
sons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of
those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall
choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the
President, the vote shall be taken by States, the representation from
each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist
of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a ma-
jority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the
House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever
the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day
of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as Presi-
dent, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of
the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as
Vice-President shall be Vice-President, if such number be a ma-
jority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person
have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the
Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose
shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a
majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But
no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall
be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.
XIII.
Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly con-
victed, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to
their jurisdiction.
Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
Constitution of the United States 353
XIV.
Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States,
and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United
States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make
or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities
of citizens of the United States: nor shall any State deprive any per-
son of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor
deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of
the laws.
Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several
States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole
number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But
when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for
President and "Vice-President of the United States, Representatives
in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the
members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male in-
habitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens
of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation
in rebellion, or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall
be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citi-
zens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one
years of age in such State.
Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Con-
gress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office,
civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who
having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an
officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature
or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the
Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection
or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies
thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House
remove such disability.
Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States,
authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions
and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion,
shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State
shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insur-
rection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the
loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and
claims shall be held illegal and void.
23
354 Constitution of the United States
Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appro-
priate legislation, the provisions of this article.
XV.
Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall
not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on
account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article
by appropriate legislation.
XVI.
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes,
from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the
several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.
XVII.
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators
from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and
each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall
have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous
branch of the State Legislatures.
When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the
Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of
election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the Legislature of
any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary
appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the
Legislature may direct.
XVIII.
Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the
manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within,
the importation thereof into, the exportation thereof from the
United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof
for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.
Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have con-
current power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
XIX.
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be
denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account
of sex.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
legislation.
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 355
ratification of the constitution.
The Constitution was ratified by the thirteen original States in
the following order:
Delaware, December 7, 1787; Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787;
New Jersey, December 18, 1787; Georgia, January 2, 1788; Connecti-
cut, January 9, 1788; Massachusetts, February 6, 1788; Maryland,
April 28, 1788; South Carolina, May 23, 1788; New Hampshire, June
21, 1788; Virginia, June 25, 1788; New York, July 26, 1788; North
Carolina, November 21, 1789; Rhode Island, May 29, 1790.
RATIFICATION OF THE AMENDMENTS.
The First to Tenth, inclusive, were declared in force December 15,
1781; the Eleventh, January 8, 1798; the Twelfth, September 25,
1804; the Thirteenth was proclaimed December 18, 1865; the Four-
teenth, July 28, 1868; the Fifteenth, March 30, 1870; the Sixteenth,
February 25, 1913; the Seventeenth, May 30, 1913; the Eighteenth,
January 29, 1919; the Nineteenth, August 26, 1920.
CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA.
(revised.)
PREAMBLE.
We, the people of the State of North Carolina, grateful to Almighty
God, the Sovereign Ruler of Nations, for the preservation of the
American Union, and the existence of our civil, political and re-
ligious liberties, and acknowledging our dependence upon Him
for the continuance of those blessings to us and our posterity,
do for the more certain security thereof, and for the better
government of this State, ordain and establish this Constitution:
ARTICLE I.
DECLARATION OF RIGHTS.
That the great, general and essential principles of liberty and
free government may be recognized and established, and that the
relations of this State to the Union and Government of the United
356 Constitution of the State of North Carolina
States, and those of the people of this State to the rest of the
American people, may be defined and affirmed, we do declare:,
Section 1. That we hold it to be self-evident that all men are
created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with cer-
tain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, the
enjoyment of the fruits of their own labor, and the pursuit of
happiness.
Sec. 2. That all political power is vested in, and derived from,
the people; all government of right originates from the people, is
founded upon their will only, and is instituted solely for the good
of the whole.
Sec. 3. That the people of this State have the inherent, sole
and exclusive right of regulating the internal government and
police thereof, and of altering and abolishing their Constitution
and form of government whenever it may be necessary for their
safety and happiness; but every such right should be exercised
in pursuance of law, and consistently with the Constitution of the
United States.
Sec. 4. That this State shall ever remain a member of the
American Union; that the people thereof are a part of the Ameri-
can Nation; that there is no right on the part of the State to
secede, and that all attempts, from whatever source or upon what-
ever pretext, to dissolve said Union or to sever said Nation, ought
to be resisted with the whole power of the State.
Sec. 5. That every citizen of this State owes paramount alle-
giance to the Constitution and government of the United States,
and that no law or ordinance of the State in contravention or
subversion thereof can have any binding force.
Sec. 6. The State shall never assume or pay, or authorize the
collection of any debt or obligation, express or implied, incurred
in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or
any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; nor shall the
General Assembly assume or pay, or authorize the collection of
any tax to pay, either directly or indirectly, expressed or implied,
any debt or bond incurred or issued by authority of the convention
of the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty eight, nor any
debt or bond incurred or issued by the Legislature of the year
one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, either at its special
session of the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight,
or at its regular sessions of the years one thousand eight hundred
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 357
and sixty-eight, and one thousand eight hundred and sixty-nine,
and one thousand eight hundred and seventy, except the bonds
issued to fund the interest on the old debt of the State, unless
the proposing to pay the same shall have first been submitted
to the people and by them ratified by the vote of the majority of
all the qualified voters of the State, at a regular election held for
that purpose.
Sec. 7. No man or set of men are entitled to exclusive or
separate emoluments or privileges from the community but in
consideration of public services.
Sec. 8. The legislative, executive and supreme judicial powers
of the government ought to be forever separate and distinct from
each other.
Sec. 9. All power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws,
by any authority, without the consent of the representatives of
the people, is injurious to their rights, and ought not to be exer-
cised.
Sec. 10. All elections ought to be free.
Sec. 11. In all criminal prosecutions, every man has the right
to be informed of the accusation against him and to confront the
accusers and witnesses with other testimony, and to have counsel
for his defense, and not to be compelled to give evidence against
himself, or to pay costs, jail fees, or necessary witness fees of the
defense, unless found guilty.
Sec. 12. No person shall be put to answer any criminal charge,
except as hereinafter allowed, but by indictment, presentment or
impeachment.
Sec. 13. No person shall be convicted of any crime but by the
unanimous verdict of a jury of good and lawful men in open court.
The Legislature may, however, provide other means of trial for
petty misdemeanors, with the right of appeal.
Sec. 14. Excessive bail should not be required, nor excessive
fines imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishments inflicted.
Sec. 15. General warrants, whereby any officer or messenger
may be commanded to search suspected places, without evidence
of the act committed, or to seize any person or persons not named,
whose offense is not particularly described and supported by evi-
dence, are dangerous to liberty and ought not to be granted.
Sec. 16. There shall be no imprisonment for debt in this State,
except in cases of fraud.
358 Constitution of the State of North Carolina
Sec. 17. No person ought to be taken, imprisoned, or disseized
of his freehold, liberties or privileges, or outlawed or exiled, or in
any manner deprived of his life, liberty or property, but by the
law of the land.
Sec. 18. Every person restrained of his liberty is entitled to a
remedy to inquire into the lawfulness thereof, and to remove the
same, if unlawful; and such remedy ought not to be denied or
delayed.
Sec. 19. In all controversies at law respecting property, the
ancient mode of trial by jury is one of the best securities of the
rights of the people, and ought to remain sacred and inviolable.
Sec. 20. The freedom of the press is one of the great bulwarks
of liberty, and therefore ought never to be restrained, but every
individual shall be held responsible for the abuse of the same.
Sec. 21. The privileges of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be
suspended.
Sec. 22. As political rights and privileges are not dependent upon,
or modified by, property, therefore no property qualification ought
to affect the right to vote or hold office.
Sec. 23. The people of the State ought not to be taxed, or made
subject to the payment of any impost or duty, without the con-
sent of themselves, or their representatives in General Assembly,
freely given.
Sec. 24. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security
of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms
shall not be infringed; and, as standing armies in time of peace
are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be kept up, and the
military should be kept under strict subordination to, and gov-
erned by, the civil power. Nothing herein contained shall justify
the practice of carrying concealed weapons, or prevent the Legis-
lature from enacting penal statutes against said practice.
Sec. 25. The people have a right to assemble together to con-
sult for their common good, to instruct their representatives, and
to apply to the Legislature for redress of grievances. But secret
political societies are dangerous to the liberties of a free people,
and should not be tolerated.
Sec. 26. All men have a natural and inalienable right to worship
Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences,
and no human authority should, in any case whatever, control or
interfere with the rights of conscience.
Constitution of the State of Noktii Carolina 359
Sec. 27. The people have the right to the privilege of education,
and it is the duty of the State to guard and maintain that right.
Sec. 28. For redress of grievances, and for amending and strength-
ening the laws, elections should be often held.
Sec. 29. A frequent recurrence to fundamental principles is abso-
lutely necessary to preserve the blessings of liberty.
Sec. 30. No hereditary emoluments, privileges or honors ought
to be granted or conferred in this State.
Sec. 31. Perpetuities and monopolies are contrary to the genius
of a free State and ought not to be allowed.
Sec. 32. Retrospective laws, punishing acts committed before
the existence of such laws, and by them only declared criminal,
are oppressive, unjust and incompatible with liberty; wherefore
no ex jjost facto law ought to be made. No law taxing retrospec-
tively sales, purchases, or other acts previously done, ought to be
passed.
Sec. 33. Slavery and involuntary servitude, otherwise than for
crime, whereof the parties shall have been duly convicted, shall be
and are hereby forever prohibited within the State.
Sec. 34. The limits and boundaries of the State shall be and
remain as they now are.
Sec. 35. All courts shall be open; and every person for an injury
done him in his lands, goods, person or reputation, shall have
remedy by due course of law, and right and justice administered
without sale, denial or delay.
Sec. 36. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any
house without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war but
in a manner prescribed by law.
Sec. 37. This enumeration of rights shall not be construed to
impair or deny others retained by the people; and all powers not
herein delegated remain with the people.
ARTICLE II.
legislative department.
Section 1. The legislative authority shall be vested in two dis-
tinct branches, both dependent on the people, to wit, a Senate and
House of Representatives.
Sec. 2. The Senate and House of Representatives shall meet
biennially on the first Wednesday after the first Monday in Janu-
ary next after their election; and, when assembled, shall be denomi-
360 Constitution of the State of Noktii Carolina
nated the General Assembly. Neither house shall proceed upon
public business unless a majority of all the members are actually
present.
Sec. 3. The Senate shall be composed of fifty Senators, biennially
chosen by ballot.
Sec. 4. The Senate Districts shall be so altered by the General
Assembly, at the first session after the return of every enumera-
tion by order of Congress, that each Senate District shall contain,
as near as may be, an equal number of inhabitants, excluding
aliens and Indians not taxed, and shall remain unaltered until
the return of another enumeration, and shall at all times consist
of contiguous territory; and no county shall be divided in the
formation of a Senate District, unless such county shall be equit-
ably entitled to two or more Senators.
Sec. 5. The House of Representatives shall be composed of one
hundred and twenty Representatives, biennially chosen by ballot,
to be elected by the counties respectively, according to their popu-
lation, and each county shall have at least one Representative in
the House of Representatives, although it may not contain the
requisite ratio of representation; this apportionment shall be
made by the General Assembly at the respective times and periods
when the districts of the Senate are hereinbefore directed to be
laid off.
Sec. 6. In making the apportionment in the House of Repre-
sentatives, the ratio of representation shall be ascertained by
dividing the amount of the population of the State, exclusive of
that comprehended within those counties which do not severally
contain the one hundred and twentieth part of the population of
the State, by the number of Representatives, less the number
assigned to such counties; and in ascertaining the number of the
population of the State, aliens and Indians not taxed shall not be
included. To each county containing the said ratio and not twice
the said ratio there shall be assigned one Representative; to each
county containing two but not three times the said ratio there
shall be assigned two Representatives, and so on progressively,
and then the remaining Representatives shall be assigned sever-
ally to the counties having the largest fractions.
Sec. 7. Each member of the Senate shall not be less than twenty-
five years of age, shall have resided in the State as a citizen two
years, and shall have usually resided in the district for which he
is chosen one year immediately preceding his. election.
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 361
Sec. 8. Each member of the House of Representatives shall be
a qualified elector of the State, and shall have resided in the
county for which he is chosen for one year immediately preceding
his election.
Sec. 9. In the election of all officers, whose appointment shall
be conferred upon the General Assembly by the Constitution, the
vote shall be viva voce.
Sec. 10. The General Assembly shall have the power to pass
general laws regulating divorce and alimony, but shall not have
power to grant a divorce or secure alimony in any individual case.
Sec. 11. The General Assembly shall not have power to pass
any private law to alter the name of any person, or to legitimate
any person not born in lawful wedlock, or to restore to the rights
of citizenship any person convicted of an infamous crime, but shall
have power to pass general laws regulating the same.
Sec. 12. The General Assembly shall not pass any private law,
unless it shall be made to appear that thirty days' notice of appli-
cation to pass such a law shall have been given, under such direc-
tion and in such manner as shall be provided by law.
Sec. 13. If vacancies shall occur in the General Assembly by
death, resignation or otherwise, writs of election shall be issued
by the Governor under such regulations as may be prescribed by
law.
Sec 14. No law shall be passed to raise money on the credit
of the State, or to pledge the faith of the State, directly or in-
directly, for the payment of any debt, or to impose any tax upon
the people of the State, or allow the counties, cities or towns to
do so, unless the bill for the purpose shall have been read three
several times in each House of the General Assembly and passed
three several readings, which readings shall have been on three
different days, and agreed to by each House respectively, and
unless the yeas and nays on the second and third readings of the
bill shall have been entered on the journal.
Sec 15. The General Assembly shall regulate entails in such
manner as to prevent perpetuities.
Sec 16. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings,
which shall be printed and made public immediately after the
adjournment of the General Assembly.
Sec 17. Any member of either House may dissent from and
protest against any act or resolve which he may think injurious
362 Constitution of the State of North Carolina
to the public, or any individual, and have the reasons of his dis-
sent entered on the journal.
Sec. 18. The House of Representatives shall choose their own
Speaker and other officers.
Sec. 19 The Lieutenant-Governor shall preside in the Senate, but
shall have no vote unless it may be equally divided.
Sec. 20. The Senate shall choose its other officers and also a
Speaker (pro tempore) in the absence of the Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor, or when he shall exercise the office of Governor.
Sec. 21. The style of the acts shall be: "The General Assembly
of North Carolina do enact."
Sec. 22. Each House shall be judge of the qualifications and
election of its own members, shall sit upon its own adjournment
from day to day, prepare bills to be passed into laws; and the two
Houses may also jointly adjourn to any future day or other place.
Sec. 23. All bills and resolutions of a legislative nature shall
be read three times in each House before they pass into laws, and
shall be signed by the presiding officers of both Houses.
Sec. 25. Each member of the General Assembly, before taking
his seat, shall take an oath or affirmation that he will support the
Constitution and laws of the United States, and the Constitution
of the State of North Carolina, and will faithfully discharge his
duty as a member of the Senate or House of Representatives.
Sec. 25. The terms of office for Senators and members of the
House of Representatives shall commence at the time of their
election.
Sec. 26. Upon motion made and seconded in either House by
one-fifth of the members present, the yeas and nays upon any
question shall be taken and entered upon the journals.
Sec. 27. The election for members of the General Assembly
shall be held for the respective districts and counties, at the places
where they are now held, or may be directed hereafter to be held,
in such manner as may be prescribed by law, on the first Thursday
in August, in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy,
and every two years thereafter. But the General Assembly may
change the time of holding the elections.
Sec. 28. The members of the General Assembly for the term
for which they have been elected shall receive as a compensation
for their services the sum of four dollars per day for each day of
their session, for a period not exceeding sixty days; and should
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 363
they remain longer in session they shall serve without compensa-
tion. They shall also be entitled to receive ten cents per mile,
both while coming to the seat of government and while return-
ing home, the said distance to be computed by the nearest line
or route of public travel. The compensation of the presiding
officers of the two Houses shall be six dollars per day and mileage.
Should an extra session of the General Assembly be called, the
members and presiding officers shall receive a like rate of com-
pensation for a period of not exceeding twenty days.
Sec, 29. The General Assembly shall not pass any local, pri-
vate, or special act or resolution relating to the establishment of
courts inferior to the Superior Court; relating to the appointment
of justices of the peace; relating to health, sanitation, and the
abatement of nuisances; changing the names of cities, towns and
townships; authorizing the laying out, opening, altering, main-
taining, or discontinuing of highways, streets, or alleys; relating
to ferries or bridges; relating to non-navigable streams; relating to
cemeteries; relating to the pay of jurors; erecting new townships,
or changing township lines, or establishing or changing the lines of
school districts; remitting fines, penalties, and forfeitures, or re-
funding moneys legally paid into the public treasury; regulating
labor, trade, mining, or manufacturing; extending the time for
the assessment or collection of taxes or otherwise relieving any
collector of taxes from the due performance of his official duties
or his sureties from liability; giving effect to informal wills and
deeds; nor shall the General Assembly enact any such local, pri-
vate or special act by the partial repeal of a general law, but the
General Assembly may at any time repeal local, private, or special
laws enacted by it. Any local, private, or special act or resolution
passed in violation of the provisions of this section shall be void.
The General Assembly shall have power to pass general laws
regulating matters set out in this section.
ARTICLE III.
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.
Section 1. The Executive Department shall consist of a Gov-
ernor, in whom shall be vested the supreme executive power of
the State, a Lieutenant-Governor, a Secretary of State, an Au-
ditor, a Treasurer, a Superintendent of Public Instruction, and an
364 Constitution of the State of North Carolina
Attorney-General, who shall be elected for a term of four years
by the qualified electors of the State, at the same time and places
and in the same manner as members of the General Assembly are
elected. Their term of office shall commence on the first day of
January next after their election, and continue until their suc-
cessors are elected and qualified: Provided, that the officers first
elected shall assume the duties of their office ten days after the
approval of this Constitution by the Congress of the United States,
and shall hold their offices four years from and after the first day
of January.
Sec. 2. No person shall be eligible as Governor or Lieutenant-
Governor unless he shall have attained the age of thirty years,
shall have been a citizen of the United States five years, and shall
have been a resident of this State for two years next before the
election; nor shall the person elected to either of these two offices
be eligible to the same office more than four years in any term of
eight years, unless the office shall have been cast upon him as
Lieutenant-Governor or President of the Senate.
Sec. 3. The returns of every election for officers of the Execu-
tive Department shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of
government by the returning officers, directed to the Speaker of
the House of Representatives, who shall open and publish the
same in the presence of a majority of the members of both Houses
of the General Assembly. The persons having the highest number
of votes respectively shall be declared duly elected; but if two or
more be equal and highest in votes for the same office, one of
them shall be chosen by joint ballot of both Houses of the Gen-
eral Assembly. Contested elections shall be determined by a joint
ballot of both Houses of the General Assembly in such manner
as shall be prescribed by law.
Sec. 4. The Governor, before entering upon the duties of his
office shall, in the presence of the members of both branches of
the General Assembly, or before any Justice of the Supreme Court,
take an oath or affirmation that he will support the Constitution
and laws of the United States, and of the State of North Carolina,
and that he will faithfully perform the duties appertaining to the
office of Governor, to which he has been elected. ,
Sec. 5. The Governor shall reside at the seat of government
of this State, and he shall, from time to time, give the General
Assembly information of the affairs of the State, and recommend
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 365
to their consideration such measures as he shall deem expedient.
Sec. 6. The Governor shall have power to grant reprieves, com-
mutations and pardons, after conviction, for all offenses (except
in cases of impeachment), upon such conditions as he may think
proper, subject to such regulations as may he provided by law
relative to the manner of applying for pardons. He shall biennially
communicate to the General Assembly each case of reprieve, com-
mutation or pardon granted, stating the name of each convict, the
crime for which he was convicted, the sentence and its date, the
date of the commutation, pardon or reprieve and the reasons
therefor.
Sec. 7. The officers of the Executive Department and of the
public institutions of the State shall, at least five days previous
to each regular session of the General Assembly, severally report
to the Governor, who shall transmit such reports with his mes-
sage to the General Assembly, and the Governor may, at any time,
require information in writing from the officers in the Executive
Department upon any subject relating to the duties of their
respective offices, and shall take care that the laws be faithfully
executed.
Sec. 8. The Governor shall be Commander in Chief of the mili-
tia of the State, except when they shall be called into the service
of the United States.
Sec. 9. The Governor shall have power, on extraordinary occa-
sions, by and with the advice of the Council of State, to convene
the General Assembly in extra session by his proclamation, stat-
ing therein the purpose or purposes for which they are thus
convened.
Sec. 10. The Governor shall nominate and, by and with the
advice and consent of a majority of the Senators-elect, appoint all
officers whose offices are established by this Constitution and whose
appointments are not otherwise provided for.
Sec. 11. The Lieutenant-Governor shall be President of the
Senate, but shall have no vote unless the Senate is equally divided.
He shall, whilst acting as President of the Senate, receive for his
services the same pay which shall, for the same period, be allowed
to the Speaker of the House of Representatives; and he shall
receive no other compensation except when he is acting as Gov-
ernor.
366 Constitution of the State of North Carolina
Sec. 12. In case of the impeachment of the Governor, his fail-
ure to qualify, his absence from the State, his inability to dis-
charge the duties of his office, or, in case the office of Governor
shall in any wise become vacant, the powers, duties and emolu-
ments of the office shall devolve upon the Lieutenant-Governor
until the disability shall cease or a new Governor shall be elected
and qualified. In every case in which the Lieutenant-Governor
shall be unable to preside over the Senate, the Senators shall elect
one of their own number President of their body; and the powers,
duties and emoluments of the office of Governor shall devolve
upon him whenever the Lieutenant-Governor shall, for any reason,
be prevented from discharging the duties of such office as above
provided, and he shall continue as acting Governor until the dis-
abilities are removed, or a new Governor or Lieutenant-Governor
shall be elected and qualified. Whenever, during the recess of the
General Assembly, it shall become necessary for the President of
the Senate to administer the government, the Secretary of State
shall convene the Senate, that they may select such President.
Sec. 13. The respective duties of the Secretary of State, Audi-
tor, Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and Attor-
ney-General shall be prescribed by law. If the office of any of
said offices shall be vacated by death, resignation or otherwise,
it shall be the duty of the Governor to appoint another until the
disability be removed or his successor be elected and qualified.
Every such vacancy shall be filled by election at the first general
election that occurs more than thirty days after the vacancy has
taken place, and the persons chosen shall hold the office for the
remainder of the unexpired term fixed in the first section of this
article.
Sec. 14. The Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer, and Su-
perintendent of Public Instruction shall constitute, ex officio, the
Council of State, who shall advise the Governor in the execution
of his office; any three of them shall constitute a quorum. Their
advice and proceedings in this capacity shall be entered in a jour-
nal to be kept for this purpose exclusively, and signed by the
members present, from any part of which any member may enter
his dissent; and such journal shall be placed before the General
Assembly when called for by either House. The Attorney-Gen-
eral shall be, ex officio, the legal adviser of the Executive Depart-
ment.
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 367
Sec. 15. The officers mentioned in this article shall, at stated
periods, receive for their services a compensation to be estab-
lished by law, which shall neither be increased nor diminished
during the time for which they shall have been elected, and the
said officers shall receive no other emolument or allowance what-
ever.
Sec. 16. There shall be a seal of the State, which shall be kept
by the Governor, and used by him as occasion may require, and
shall be called "The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina."
All grants and commissions shall be issued in the name and by
the authority of the State of North Carolina, sealed with "The
Great Seal of the State," signed by the Governor and counter-
signed by the Secretary of State.
Sec. 17. The General Assembly shall establish a Department
of Agriculture, Immigration and Statistics, under such regula-
tions as may best promote the agricultural interests of the State,
and shall enact laws, for the adequate protection and encourage-
ment of sheep husbandry.
ARTICLE IV.
JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.
Section 1 . The distinction between actions at law and suits
in equity, and the forms of all such actions and suits, shall be
abolished; and there shall be in this State but one form of action
for the enforcement or protection of private rights or the redress
of private wrongs, which shall be denominated a civil action; and
every action prosecuted by the people of the State as a party
against a person charged with a public offense, for the punish-
ment of the same, shall be termed a criminal action. Feigned
issues shall also be abolished, and the fact at issue tried by order
of court before jury.
Sec. 2. The judicial power of the State shall be vested in a
Court for the Trial of Impeachments, a Supreme Court, Superior
Courts, Courts of Justices of the Peace, and such other courts in-
ferior to the Supreme Court as may be established by law.
Sec. 3. The Court for the Trial of Impeachments shall be the
Senate. A majority of the members shall be necessary to a
quorum, and the judgment shall not extend beyond removal from
and disqualification to hold office in this State; but the party shall
be liable to indictment and punishment according to law.
368 Constitution of the State of North Carolina
Sec. 4. The House of Representatives solely shall have the
power of impeaching. No person shall be. convicted without the
concurrence of two-thirds of the Senators present. When the
Governor is impeached, the Chief Justice shall preside.
Sec. 5. Treason against the State shall consist only in levying
war against it, or adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and
comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the
testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession
in open court. No eonviction of treason or attainder shall work
corruption of blood or forfeiture.
Sec. 6. The Supreme Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and
four Associate Justices.
Sec. 7. The terms of the Supreme Court shall be held in the
city of Raleigh, as now, unless otherwise provided by the General
Assembly.
Sec. 8. The Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction to review,
upon appeal, any decision of the courts below, upon any matter
of law or legal inference. And the jurisdiction of said Court over
"issues of fact" and "questions of fact" shall be the same exer-
cised by it before the adoption of the Constitution of one thousand
eight hundred and sixty-eight, and the Court shall have the power
to issue any remedial writs necessary to give it a general super-
vision and control over the proceedings of the inferior courts.
Sec. 9. The Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction to
hear claims against the State, but its decisions shall be merely
recommendatory; no process in the nature of execution shall issue
thereon; they shall be reported to the next session of the General
Assembly for its action.
Sec. 10. The State shall be divided into nine judicial districts,
for each of which a judge shall be chosen, and there shall be held
a Superior Court in each county at least twice in each year, to
continue for such time in each county as may be prescribed by
law. But the General Assembly may reduce or increase the num-
ber of districts.
Sec. 11. Every judge of the Superior Court shall reside in the
district for which he is elected. The judges shall preside in the
courts of the different districts successively, but no judge shall
hold the courts in the same district oftener than once in four
years; but in case of the protracted illness of the judge assigned
to preside in any district, or of any other unavoidable accident
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 369
to him, by reason of which he shall be unable to preside, the
Governor may require any judge to hold one or more specified
terms in said district, in lieu of the judge assigned to hold the
courts of the said district; and the General Assembly may by gen-
eral laws provide for the selection of special or emergency judges
to hold the Superior Courts of any county or district, when the
judge assigned thereto by reason of sickness, disability, or other
cause, is unable to attend and hold said court, and when no other
judge is available to hold the same. Such special or emergency
judges shall have the power and authority of regular judges of
the Superior Courts, in the courts which they are so appointed
to hold; and the General Assembly shall provide for their reason-
able compensation.
Sec. 12. The General Assembly shall have no power to deprive
the Judicial Department of any power or jurisdiction which right-
fully pertains to it as a coordinate department of the govern-
ment; but the General Assembly shall allot and distribute that
portion of this power and jurisdiction which does not pertain to
the Supreme Court among other courts prescribed by this Consti-
tution or which may be established by law, in such manner as it
may deem best; provide also a proper system of appeals, and
regulate by law, when necessary, the methods of proceeding in
the exercise of their powers of all the courts below the Supreme
Court, so far as the same may be done without conflict with other
provisions of this Constitution.
Sec. 13. In all issues of fact, joined in any court, the parties
may waive the right to have the same determined by a jury, in
which case the finding of the judge upon the facts shall have the
force and effect of a verdict by a jury.
Sec. 14. The General Assembly shall provide for the establish-
ment of special courts, for the trial of misdemeanors, in cities
and towns where the same may be necessary.
Sec. 15. The Clerk of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by
the Court, and shall hold his office for eight years.
Sec. 16. A Clerk of the Superior Court for each county shall
be elected by the qualified voters thereof, at the time and in the
manner prescribed by law for the election of members of the
General Assembly.
Sec. 17. Clerks of the Superior Courts shall hold their offices
for four years.
24
370 Constitution of the State of North Carolina
Sec. 18. The General Assembly shall prescribe and regulate
the fees, salaries, and emoluments of all officers provided for in
this article; but the salaries of the judges shall not be diminished
during their continuance in office.
Sec. 19. The laws of North Carolina, not repugnant to this
Constitution, or the Constitution and laws of the United States,
shall be in force until lawfully altered.
Sec. 20. Actions at law and suits in equity pending when this
Constitution shall go into effect shall be transferred to the courts
having jurisdiction thereof, without prejudice by reason of the
change; and all such actions and suits commenced before, and
pending the adoption by the General Assembly of the rules of
practice and procedure herein provided for, shall be heard and
determined according to the practice now in use, unless otherwise
provided for by said rules.
Sec. 21. The Justices of the Supreme Court shall be elected by
the qualified voters of the State, as is provided for the election of
members of the General Assembly. They shall hold their offices
for eight years. The judges of the Superior Courts, elected at
the first election under this amendment, shall be elected in like
manner as is provided for Justices of the Supreme Court, and
shall hold their offices for eight years. The General Assembly
may, from time to time, provide by law that the judges of the
Superior Courts, chosen at succeeding elections, instead of being
elected by the voters of the whole State, as is herein provided for,
shall be elected by the voters of their respective districts.
Sec. 22. The Superior Courts shall be at all times open for the
transaction of all business within their jurisdiction, except the
trial of issues of fact requiring a jury.
Sec 23. A solicitor shall be elected for each judicial district,
by the qualified voters thereof, as is prescribed for members of
the General Assembly, who shall hold office for the term of four
years, and prosecute on behalf of the State, in all criminal actions
in the Superior Courts, and advise the officers of justice in his
district.
Sec. 24. In each county a sheriff and coroner shall be elected
by the qualified voters thereof, as is prescribed for members of
the General Assembly, and shall hold their offices for two years.
In each township there shall be a constable elected in like man-
ner by the voters thereof, who shall hold his office for two years.
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 371
When there is no coroner in a county, the clerk of the Superior
Court for the county may appoint one for special cases. In case
of a vacancy existing for any cause in any of the offices created
by this section, the commissioners of the county may appoint to
such office for the unexpired term.
Sec. 25. All vacancies occuring in the offices provided for by
this article of the Constitution shall be filled by the appointment
of the Governor, unless otherwise provided for, and the appointees
shall hold their places until the next regular election for members
of the General Assembly, when elections shall be held to fill such
offices. If any person, elected or appointed to any of said offices,
shall neglect and fail to qualify, such offices shall be appointed
to, held and filled as provided in case of vacancies occurring
therein. All incumbents of said offices shall hold until their suc-
cessors are qualified.
Sec. 26. The officers elected at the first election held under this
Constitution shall hold their offices for the terms prescribed for
them respectively, next ensuing after the next regular election
for members of the General Assembly. But their terms shall be-
gin upon the approval of this Constitution by the Congress of the
United States.
Sec. 27. The several justices of the peace shall have jurisdic-
tion, under such regulations as the General Assembly shall pre-
scribe, of civil actions, founded on contract, wherein the sum de-
manded shall not exceed two hundred dollars, and wherein the
title to real estate shall not be in controversy; and of all criminal
matters arising within their counties where the punishment can-
not exceed a fine of fifty dollars or imprisonment for thirty days.
And the General Assembly may give to the justices of the peace
jurisdiction of other civil actions wherein the value of the prop-
erty in controversy does not exceed fifty dollars. When an issue
of fact shall be joined before a justice, on demand of either party
thereto, he shall cause a jury of six men to be summoned, who
shall try the same. The party against whom judgment shall be
rendered in any civil action may appeal to the Superior Court
from the same. In all cases of a criminal nature the party against
whom judgment is given may appeal to the Superior Court, where
the matter shall be heard anew. In all cases brought before a
justice, he shall make a record of the proceedings and file same
with the clerk of the Superior Court for his county.
372 Constitution of the State of North Carolina
Sec. 28. When the office of justice of the peace shall become
vacant otherwise than by expiration of the term, and in case of
a failure by the voters of any district to elect, the clerk of the
Superior Court for the county shall appoint to fill the vacancy for
the unexpired term.
Sec. 29. In case the office of clerk of a Superior Court for a
county shall become vacant otherwise than by the expiration of
the term, and in case of a failure by the people to elect, the judge
of the Superior Court for the county shall appoint to fill the
vacancy until an election can be regularly held.
Sec. 30. In case the General Assembly shall establish other
courts inferior to the Supreme Court, the presiding officers and
clerks thereof shall be elected in such manner as the General
Assembly may from time to time prescribe, and they shall hold
their offices for a term not exceeding eight years.
Sec. 31. Any judge of the Supreme Court or of the Superior
Courts, and the presiding officers of such courts inferior to the
Supreme Court as may be established by law, may be removed
from office for mental or physical inability, upon a concurrent
resolution of two-thirds of both Houses of the General Assembly.
The judge or presiding officer against whom the General Assembly
may be about to proceed shall receive notice thereof, accompanied
by a copy of the causes alleged for his removal, at least twenty
days before the day on which either House of the General Assem-
bly shall act thereon.
Sec. 32. Any clerk of the Supreme Court or of the Superior
Courts, or of such courts inferior to the Supreme Court as may
be established by law, may be removed from office for mental or
physical inability; the Clerk of the Supreme Court by the judges
of said Court, the clerks of the Superior Courts by the judge
riding the district, and the clerks of such courts* inferior to the
Supreme Court as may be established by law by the presiding
officers of said courts. The clerk against whom proceedings are
instituted shall receive notice thereof, accompanied by a copy of
the causes alleged for his removal, at least ten days before the
day appointed to act thereon, and the clerk shall be entitled to an
appeal to the next term of the Superior Court, and thence to the
Supreme Court as provided in other cases of appeals.
Sec. 33. The amendments made to the Constitution of North
Carolina by this Convention shall not have the effect to vacate
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 373
any office or term of office now existing under the Constitution of
the State and filled or held by virtue of any election or appoint-
ment under the said Constitution and the laws of the State made
in pursuance thereof.
ARTICLE V.
REVENUE AND TAXATION.
Section 1. The General Assembly may levy a capitation tax on
every male inhabitant of the State over twenty-one and under
fifty years of age, which said tax shall not exceed two dollars, and
cities and towns may levy a capitation tax which shall not exceed
one dollar. No other capitation tax shall be levied. The commis-
sioners of the several counties and of the cities and towns may
exempt from the capitation tax any special cases on account of
poverty or infirmity.
Sec. 2. The proceeds of the State and county capitation tax
shall be applied to the purpose of education and the support of
the poor, but in no one year shall more than twenty-five per cent
thereof be appropriated to the latter purpose.
Sec. 3. Laws shall be passed taxing, by a uniform rule, all
moneys, credits, investments 'in bonds, stocks, joint-stock companies,
or otherwise; and, also, all real and personal property, according to
its true value in money: Provided, notes, mortgages, and all other
evidence of indebtedness given in good faith for the purchase price
of a home, when said purchase price does not exceed three thousand
dollars, and said notes and mortgages and other evidence of indebt-
edness shall be made to run for not less than five nor more than
twenty years, shall be exempt from taxation of every kind: Pro-
vided, that the interest carried by such notes and mortgages shall
not exceed five and one-half per cent. The General Assembly may
also tax trades, professions, franchises and income: Provided, the
rate of tax on incomes shall not in any case exceed six per cent
(6%) and there shall be allowed the following exemptions, to be
deducted from the amount of annual incomes, to wit: for a mar-
ried man with a wife living with him, or to a widow or widower
having minor child or children, natural or adopted, not less than
$2,000; to all other persons not less than $1,000, and there may be
allowed other deductions (not including living expenses) so that
only net incomes are taxe"d.
Sec. 4. Until the bonds of the State shall be at par, the General
Assembly shall have no power to contract any new debt or pecu-
374 Constitution of the State of North Carolina
niary obligation in behalf of the State, except to supply a casual
deficit, or for suppressing invasions or insurrections, unless it
shall in the same bill levy a special tax to pay the interest an-
nually. And the General Assembly shall have no power to give
or lend the credit of the State in aid of any person, association
or corporation, except to aid in the completion of such railroads
as may be unfinished at the time of the adoption of this Constitu-
tion, or in which the State has a direct pecuniary interest, unless
the subject be submitted to a direct vote of the people of the
State, and be approved by the majority of those who shall vote
thereon.
Sec. 5. Property belonging to the State, or to municipal corpo-
rations, shall be exempt from taxation. The General Assembly
may exempt cemeteries and property held for educational, scien-
tific, literary, charitable or religious purposes; also wearing ap-
parel, arms for muster, household and kitchen furniture, the me-
chanical and agricultural implements of mechanics and farmers,
libraries and scientific instruments, or any other personal prop-
erty, to a value not exceeding three hundred dollars.
Sec. 6. The total of the State and county tax on property shall
not exceed fifteen cents on the one hundred dollars value of prop-
erty, except when the county property tax is levied for a special
purpose and with the special approval of the General Assembly,
which may be done by special or general act: Provided, this limi-
tation shall not apply to taxes levied for the maintenance of the
public schools of the State for the term required by article nine,
section three, of the Constitution: Provided further,' the State tax
shall not exceed five cents on the one hundred dollars value of
property.
Sec. 7. Every act of the General Assembly levying a tax shall
state the special object to which it is to be applied, and it shall
be applied to no other purpose.
ARTICLE VI.
SUFFRAGE AND ELIGIBILITY TO OFFICE.
Section 1. Every male person born in the United States, and
every male person who has been naturalized, twenty-one years of
age, and possessing the qualifications set out in this article, shall
be entitled to vote at any election by the people in the State,
except as herein otherwise provided.
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 375
Sec. 2. He shall reside in the State of North Carolina for one
year and in the precinct, ward, or other election district in which
he offers to vote four months next preceding the election: Provided,
that removal from one precinct, ward or other election district to
another in the same county shall not operate to deprive any person
of the right to vote in the precinct, ward or other election district
from which he has removed until four months after such removal.
No person who has been convicted, or who has confessed his guilt
in open court, upon indictment, of any crime the punishment of
which now is or may hereafter be imprisonment in the State's
Prison, shall be permitted to vote unless the said person shall be
first restored to citizenship in the manner prescribed by law.
Sec. 3. Every person offering to vote shall be at the time a
legally registered voter as herein prescribed and in the manner
hereafter provided by law, and the General Assembly of North
Carolina shall enact general registration laws to carry into effect
the provisions of this article.
Sec. 4. Every person presenting himself for registration shall
be able to read and write any section of the Constitution in the
English language. But no male person who was on January 1,
1867, or at any time prior thereto, entitled to vote under the laws
of any State in the United States wherein he then resided, and no
lineal descendant of any such person, shall be denied the right to
register and vote at any election in this State by reason of his
failure to possess the educational qualifications herein prescribed:
Provided, he shall have registered in accordance with the terms of
this section prior to December 1, 1908. The General Assembly shall
provide for the registration of all persons entitled to vote without
the educational qualifications herein prescribed, and shall, on or
before November 1, 1908, provide for making a permanent record
of such registration, and all persons so registered shall forever
thereafter have the right to vote in all elections by the people in
this State, unless disqualified under section 2 of this article.
Sec. 5. That this amendment to the Constitution is presented
and adopted as one indivisible plan for the regulation of the
suffrage, with the intent and purpose to so connect the different
parts and to make them so dependent upon each other that the
whole shall stand or fall together.
Sec. 6. All elections by the people shall be by ballot, and all
elections by the General Assembly shall be viva voce.
376 Constitution of the State of North Carolina"
Sec. 7. Every voter in North Carolina, except as in this article
disqualified, shall be eligible to office, but before entering upon the
duties of the office he shall take and subscribe the following oath:
"I , do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support
and maintain the Constitution and laws of the United States, and
the Constitution and laws of North Carolina not inconsistent
therewith, and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of my
office as So help me, God."
Sec. 8. The following classes of persons shall be disqualified
for office: Fi7st, all persons who shall deny the being of Almighty
God. Second, all persons who shall have been convicted or con-
fessed their guilt on indictment pending and whether sentenced
or not, or under judgment suspended, of any treason or felony,
or of any other crime for which the punishment may be imprison-
ment in the penitentiary, since becoming citizens of the United
States, or of corruption or malpractice in office, unless such per-
son shall be restored to the rights of citizenship in a manner pre-
scribed by law.
Sec. 9. That this amendment to the Constitution shall go into
effect on the first day of July, nineteen hundred and two, if a
majority of votes cast at the next general election shall be cast in
favor of this suffrage amendment.
ARTICLE VII.
MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS.
Section 1. In each county there shall be elected biennially by
the qualified voters thereof, as provided for the election of mem-
bers of the General Assembly, the following officers: A treasurer,
register of deeds, surveyor, and five commissioners.
Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the commissioners to exercise a
general supervision and control of the penal and charitable insti-
tutions, schools, roads, bridges, levying of taxes, and finances of
the county, as may be prescribed by law. The register of deeds
shall be, ex officio, clerk of the board of commissioners.
Sec. 3. It shall be the duty of the commissioners first elected
in each county to divide the same into convenient districts, and
to report the same to the General Assembly before the first day
of January, 1869.
Sec. 4. Upon the approval of the reports provided for in the
foregoing section by the General Assembly, the said districts shall
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 377
have corporate powers for the necessary purposes of local govern-
ment, and shall be known as townships.
Sec. 5. In each township there shall be biennially elected by
the qualified voters thereof a clerk and. two justices of the peace,
who shal-1 constitute a board of trustees and shall, under the
supervision of the county commissioners, have control of the
taxes and finances, roads and bridges of the townships, as may be
prescribed by law. The General Assembly may provide for the
election of a larger number of justices of the peace in cities
and towns and in those townships in which cities and towns are
situated. In every township there shall also be biennially elected
a school committee, consisting of three persons, whose duties shall
be prescribed by law.
Sec. 6. The township board of trustees shall assess the taxa-
ble property of their township and make returns to the county
commissioners for revision, as may be prescribed by law. The
clerk shall be ex officio treasurer of the township.
Sec. 7. No county, city, town or other municipal corporation
shall contract any debt, pledge its faith or loan its credit, nor
shall any tax be levied or collected by any officers of the same
except for the necessary expenses thereof, unless by a vote of the
majority of the qualified voters therein.
Sec. 8. No money shall be drawn from any county or township
treasury except by authority of law.
Sec. 9. All taxes levied by any county, city, town or township
shall be uniform and ad valorem, upon all property in the same,
except property exempted by this Constitution.
Sec. 10. The county officers first elected under the provisions
of this article shall enter upon their duties ten days after the ap-
proval of this Constitution by the Congress of the United States.
Sec. 11. The Governor shall appoint a sufficient number of
justices of the peace in each county, who shall hold their places
until sections four, five and six of this article shall have been
carried into effect.
Sec. 12. All charters, ordinances and provisions relating to
municipal corporations shall remain in force until legally changed,
unless inconsistent with the provisions of this Constitution.
Sec. 13. No county, city, town or other municipal corporation
shall assume to pay, nor shall any tax be levied or collected for
the payment of any debt, or the interest upon any debt, contracted
directly or indirectly in aid or support of the rebellion.
378 Constitution of the State of North Carolina
Sec. 14. The General Assembly shall have full power by stat-
ute to modify, change or abrogate any and all of the provisions
of this article and substitute others in their place, except sections
seven, nine, and thirteen.
ARTICLE VIII.
CORPORATIONS OTHER THAN MUNICIPAL.
Section 1. No corporation shall be created nor shall its char-
ter be extended, altered, or amended by special act, except cor-
porations for charitable, educational, penal, or reformatory pur-
poses that are to be and remain under the patronage and con-
trol of the State; but the General Assembly shall provide by
general laws for the chartering and organization of all corpora-
tions and for amending, extending, and forfeiture of all charters,
except those above permitted by special act. All such general
laws and special acts may be altered from time to time or re-
pealed; and the General Assembly may at any time by special
act repeal the charter of any corporation.
Sec. 2. Dues from corporations shall be secured by such in-
dividual liabilities of the corporations and other means as may
be prescribed by law.
Sec. 3. The term corporation, as used in this article, shall be
construed to include all associations and joint-stock companies
having any of the powers and privileges of corporations not pos-
sessed by individuals or partnerships. And all corporations shall
have the right to sue and shall be subject to be sued in all courts
in like cases as natural persons.
Sec 4. It shall be the duty of the Legislature to provide by
general laws for the organization of cities, towns, and incor-
porated villages, and to restrict their powers of taxation, assess-
ment, borrowing money, contracting debts, and loaning their credit,
so as to prevent abuses in assessment and in contracting debts
by such municipal corporations.
ARTICLE IX.
EDUCATION.
Section 1. Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary
to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and
the means of education shall forever be encouraged.
Sec 2. The General Assembly at its first session under this
Constitution shall provide by taxation and otherwise for a gen-
Constitution of the State of Nokth Carolina 379
eral and uniform system of public schools, wherein tuition shall be
free of charge to all the children of the State between the ages
of six and twenty-one years. And the children of the white race
and the children of the colored race shall be taught in separate
public schools; but there shall be no discrimination in favor of
or to the prejudice of either race.
Sec. 3. Each county of the State shall be divided into a con-
venient number of districts, in which one or more public schools
shall be maintained at least six months in every year; and if the
commissioners of any county shall fail to comply with the afore-
said requirements of this section they shall be liable to indict-
ment.
Sec. 4. The proceeds of all lands that have been or hereafter
may be granted by the United States to this State and not other-
wise appropriated by this State or the United States, also all
money, stocks, bonds and other property now belonging to any
State fund for purposes of education, also the net proceeds of all
sales of the swamp lands belonging to the State, and all other
grants, gifts or devises that have been or hereafter may be made
to the State and not otherwise appropriated by the State or by
the terms of the grant, gift or devise, shall be paid into the State
treasury, and, together with so much of the ordinary revenue
of the State as may by law be set apart for that purpose, shall
be faithfully appropriated for establishing and maintaining in
this State a system of free public schools, and for no other uses
or purposes whatsoever.
Sec. 5. All moneys, stocks, bonds and other property belonging
to a county school fund, also the net proceeds from the sale of
estrays, also the clear proceeds of all penalties and forfeitures
and of all fines collected in the several counties for any breach
of the penal or military laws of the State, and all moneys which
shall be paid by persons as an equivalent for exemption from
military duty, shall belong to and remain in the several counties,
and shall be faithfully appropriated for establishing and main-
taining free public schools in the several counties of this State:
Provided, that the amount collected in each county shall be an-
nually reported to the Superintendent of Public Instruction.
Sec. 6. The General Assembly shall have power to provide for
the election of trustees of the University of North Carolina, in
whom, when chosen, shall be vested all the privileges, rights, fran-
chises and endowments thereof in any wise granted to or con-
ferred upon the trustees of said University, and the General As-
380
Constitution of the State of North Carolina
sembly may make such provisions, laws and regulations from
time to time as may be necessary or expedient for the mainte-
nance and management of said University.
Sec. 7. The General Assembly shall provide that the benefits
of the University, as far as practicable, be extended to the youth
of the State free of expense for tuition; also that all the property
which has heretofore accrued to the State or shall hereafter accrue
from escheats, unclaimed dividends or distributive shares of the
estates of deceased persons shall be appropriated to the use of
the University.
Sec. 8. The Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State,
Treasurer, Auditor, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and
Attorney-General shall constitute a State Board of Education.
Sec. 9. The Governor shall be president and the Superintendent
of Public Instruction shall be secretary of the Board of Education.
Sec. 10. The Board of Education shall succeed to all the pow-
ers and trusts of the president and directors of the Literary Fund
of North Carolina, and shall have full power to legislate and
make all needful rules and regulations in relation to free public
schools and the educational fund of the State; but all acts, rules
and regulations of said board may be altered, amended, or re-
pealed by the General Assembly, and when so altered, amended
or repealed, they shall not be .^-enacted by the board.
Sec. 11. The first session of the Board of Education shall be
held at the capital of the State within fifteen days after the organi-
zation of the State government under this Constitution; the time
of future meetings may be determined by the board.
Sec. 12. A majority of the board shall constitute a quorum tor
the transaction of business.
Sec. 13. The contingent expenses of the board shall be provided
by the General Assembly.
Sec. 14. As soon as practicable after the adoption of this Con-
stitution the General Assembly shall establish and maintain in
connection with the University a department of agriculture, of
mechanics, of mining, and of normal instruction.
Sec. 15. The General Assembly is hereby empowered to enact
that every child of sufficient mental an physical ability shall
attend the public schools during the period between the ages of
six and eighteen years for a term of not less than sixteen months,
unless educated by other means.
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 381
ARTICLE X.
HOMESTEADS AND EXEMPTIONS.
Section 1. The personal property of any resident of this State
to the value of five hundred dollars, to be selected by such resi-
dent, shall be and is hereby exempted from sale under execution
or other final process of any court issued for the collection of any
debt.
Sec. 2. Every homestead, and the dwellings and buildings used
therewith, not exceeding in value one thousand dollars, to be
selected by the owner thereof, or in lieu thereof, at the option
of the owner, any lot in a city or village, with the dwellings and
buildings used thereon, owned and occupied by any resident of
this State, and not exceeding the value of one thousand dollars,
shall be exempt from sale under execution or other final process
obtained on any debt. But no property shall be exempt from
sale for taxes or for payment of obligations contracted for the
purchase of said premises.
Sec. 3. The homestead, after the death of the owner thereof,
shall be exempt from the payment of any debt during the minority
of his children or any one of them.
Sec. 4. The provisions of sections one and two of this article
shall not be so construed as to prevent a laborer's lien for work
done and performed for the person claiming such exemptions, or a
mechanic's lien for work done on the premises.
Sec. 5. If the owner of a homestead die, leaving a widow but
no children, the same shall be exempt from the debts of her hus-
band, and the rents and profits thereof shall inure to her benefit
during her widowhood, unless she be the owner of a homestead
in her own right.
Sec. 6. The real and personal property of any female in this
State acquired before marriage, and all property, real and per-
sonal, to which she may, after marriage, become in any manner
entitled, shall be and remain the sole and separate estate and
property of such female, and shall not be liable for any debts,
obligations or engagements of her husband, and may be devised
and bequeathed, and, with the written assent of her husband,
conveyed by her as if she were unmarried.
Sec. 7. The husband may insure his own life for the sole use
and benefit of his wife and children, and in case of the death
of the husband the amount thus insured shall be paid over to the
382 Constitution of the State of North Carolina
wife and children, or to the guardian if under age, for her or
their own use, free from all the claims of the representatives of
her husband or any of his creditors.
Sec. 8. Nothing contained in the foregoing sections of this
article shall operate to prevent the owner of a homestead from
disposing of the same by deed; but no deed made by the owner
of a homestead shall be valid without the voluntary signature
and assent of his wife, signified on her private examination accord-
ing to law.
ARTICLE XL
PUNISHMENTS, PENAL INSTITUTIONS AND PUBLIC CHARITIES.
Section 1. The following punishments only shall be known to
the laws of this State, viz., death, imprisonment with or without
hard labor, fines, removal from office, and disqualification to hold
and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under this State.
The foregoing provision for imprisonment with hard labor shall
be construed to authorize the employment of such convict labor
on public works or highways, or other labor for public benefit,
and the farming out thereof, where and in such manner as may be
provided by law; but no convict shall be farmed out who has been
sentenced on a charge of murder, manslaughter, rape, attempt to
commit rape, or arson: Provided, that no convict whose labor
may be farmed out shall be punished for any failure of duty as
a laborer except by a responsible officer of the State; but the
convicts so farmed out shall be at all times under the supervision
and control, as to their government and discipline, of the peniten-
tiary board or some officer of the State.
Sec. 2. The object of punishment being not only to satisfy
justice, but also to reform the offender, and thus prevent crime,
murder, arson, burglary and rape, and these only, may be punish-
able with death, if the General Assembly shall so enact.
Sec. 3. The General Assembly shall, at its first meeting, make
provision for the erection and conduct of a State's Prison or
penitentiary at some central and accessible point within the State.
Sec. 4. The General Assembly may provide for the erection of
a house of correction, where vagrants and persons guilty of mis-
demeanors shall be restrained and usefully employed.
Sec. 5. A house or houses of refuge may be established when-
ever the public interests may require it, for the correction and
instruction of other classes of offenders.
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 383
Sec. 6. It shall be required by competent legislation that the
structure and superintendence of penal institutions of the State,
the county jails and city police prisons secure the health and
comfort of the prisoners and that male and female prisoners be
never confined in the same room or cell.
Sec. 7. Beneficent provisions for the poor, the unfortunate and
orphan being one of the first duties of a civilized and Christian
State, the General Assembly shall, at its first session, appoint and
define the duties of a Board of Public Charities, to whom shall
be entrusted the supervision of all charitable and penal state
institutions, and who shall annually report to the Governor upon
their condition, with suggestions for their improvement.
Sec. 8. There shall also, as soon as practicable, be measures
devised by the State for the establishment of one or more orphan
houses where destitute orphans may be cared for, educated and
taught some business or trade.
Sec. 9. It shall be the duty of the Legislature, as soon as prac-
ticable, to devise means for the education of idiots and inebriates.
Sec. 10. The General Assembly may provide that the indigent
deaf-mute, blind and insane of the State shall be cared for at the
charge of the State.
Sec 11. It shall be steadily kept in view by the Legislature
and the Board of Public Charities that all penal and charitable
institutions should be made as nearly self-supporting as is con-
sistent with the purposes of their creation.
ARTICLE XII.
MILITIA.
Section 1. All able-bodied male citizens of the State of North
Carolina, between the ages of twenty-one and forty years, who are
citizens of the United States, shall be liable to do duty in the
militia: Provided, that all persons who may be averse to bearing
arms, from religious scruples, shall be exempt therefrom.
Sec 2. The General Assembly shall provide for the organizing,
arming, equipping and discipline of the militia, and for paying
the same when called into active service.
Sec 3. The Governor shall be Commander in Chief, and shall
have power to call out the militia to execute the law, suppress
riots or insurrections, and to repel invasion.
384 Constitution oi the State of North Carolina
Sec. 4. The General Assembly shall have power to make such
exemptions as may be deemed necessary, and enact laws that may
be expedient for the government of the militia.
ARTICLE XIII.
AMENDMENTS.
Section 1. No convention of the people of this State shall ever
be called by the General Assembly, unless by the concurrence of
two-thirds of all the members of each House of the General As-
sembly, and except the proposition, Convention or No Convention,
be first submitted to the qualified voters of the whole State, at
the next general election in a manner to be prescribed by law.
And should a majority of the votes be cast in favor of said con-
vention, it shall assemble on such day as may be prescribed by
the General Assembly.
Sec. 2. No part of the Constitution of this State shall be altered
unless a bill to alter the same shall have been agreed to by three-
fifths of each House of the General Assembly. And the amend-
ment or amendments so agreed to shall be submitted at the next
general election to the qualified voters of the whole State, in such
a manner as may be prescribed by law. And in the event of their
adoption by a majority of the votes cast, such amendment or
amendments shall become a part of the Constitution of the State.
ARTICLE XIV.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Section 1. All indictments which shall have been found, or may
hereafter be found, for any crime or offense committed before this
Constitution takes effect may be proceeded upon in the proper
courts, but no punishment shall be inflicted which is forbidden
by this Constitution.
Sec. 2. No person who shall hereafter fight a duel, or assist in
the same as a second, or send, accept, or knowingly carry a chal-
lenge therefor, or agree to go out of the State to fight a duel, shall
hold any office in this State.
Sec. 3. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in con-
sequence of appropriations made by law; and an accurate account
of the receipts and expenditures of the public money shall be
annually published.
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 385
Sec. 4. The General Assembly shall provide, by proper legisla-
tion, for giving to mechanics and laborers an adequate lien on
the subject-matter of their labor.
Sec. 5. In the absence of any contrary provision, all officers of
this State, whether heretofore elected, or appointed by the Gov-
ernor, shall hold their positions only until other appointments are
made by the Governor, or, if the officers are elective, until their
successors shall have been chosen and duly qualified according to
tne provisions of this Constitution.
Sec. 6. The seat of government of this State shall remain at
the city of Raleigh.
Sec. 7. No person who shall hold any office or place of trust
or profit under the United States, or any department thereof, or
under this State, or under any other State or government, shall
hold or exercise any other office or place of trust or profit under
the authority of this State, or be eligible to a seat in either House
of the General Assembly: Provided, that nothing herein con-
tained shall extend to officers in the militia, justices of the peace,
commissioners of public charities, or commissioners for special
purposes.
Sec. 8. All marriages between a white person and a negro, or
between a white person and a person of negro descent to the third
generation inclusive, are hereby forever prohibited.
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 387
INDEX TO CONSTITUTION.
Abuses in assessments and contracting debts by municipal corporations, General Assem-
bly to prevent, A. 8, S. 4.
Actions at law and equity suits, no distinction, A. 4, S. 1.
Pending when Constitution took effect, A. 4, S. 20.
Acts of General Assembly, style of, A. 2, S. 21.
Levying taxes, must state object, A. 5, S. 7.
Agricultural Department, A. 3, S. 17.
In connection with University, A. 9, S. 14.
Alimony, General Assembly does not secure, A. 2, S. 10.
Allegiance to United States Government, A. 1, S. 5.
Amendments, A. 13.
Do not vacate existing office, A. 4, S. 33.
Answer to criminal charge, A. 1, S. 12.
Apportionment of Senators and Representatives, A. 2, SS. 4, 5, 6.
Arms, right to bear, A. 1, S. 24.
Article seven, General Assembly may modify or repeal certain sections, A. 7, S. 14.
Assemblage, right of, A. 1, S. 25.
Attorney-General advises Executive, A. 3, S. 14.
Duties of, A. 3, S. 13.
Auditor, duties of, A. 3, S. 13.
Bail, excessive, A. 1, S. 14.
Ballot, elections to be by, A. 6, S. 3.
Bills of General Assembly, read three times, A. 2, S. 23.
Blind provided for, A. 11, S. 10.
Board of Charities, A. 11, S. 7.
Boundaries of State, A. 1, S. 34.
Capitation tax, application of proceeds from, A. 5, S. 2.
Exempts, A. 5, S. 1.
Capital punishment, A. 11, S. 2.
Charities, public, A. 11.
Deaf-mutes and the blind, A. 11, S. 10.
Idiots and inebriates, A. 11, S. 9.
Provisions for orphans and the poor, A. 11, S. 7.
Self-supporting, as far as possible, A. 11, S. 14.
Cities organized by legislation, A. 8, S. 4.
Citizenship, restoration to, A. 2, S. 11.
Civil and criminal actions, A. 4, S. 1.
Claims against the State, A. 4, S. 9.
Clerk of Superior Court, election of, A. 4, S. 10.
Removal for inability, A. 4, S. 32.
Clerk of Supreme Court, A. 4, S. 15.
Removal of, A. 4, S. 32.
Terms of office of, A. 4, S. 17.
Commutations, A. 3, S. 6.
Compulsory education, General Assembly may provide, A. 9, S. 15.
Concealed weapons, carrying not justified, A. 1, S. 24.
Constitution, how changed, A. 13, S. 2.
Controversies at law about property, A. 1, S. 19.
Convention, how called, A. 13.
Convict labor, A. 11, S. 1.
Coroner and sheriff, A. 4, S. 24.
Corporations, municipal, A. 7.
Charters remain in force till legally changed, A. 7, S. 12.
Power of General Assembly over, A. 7, S. 12.
Corporations other than municipal, A. 8.
Debts of, how secured, A. 8, S. 2.
Special charters prohibited, A. 8, S. 1.
Correction, houses of, A. 11, S. 4.
Council of State, A. 3, S. 14.
Counsel allowed defendant, A. 1, S. 11.
County commissioners, election and duty of, A. 7, SS. 1, 2.
3S8 Constitution of the State of North Carolina
Counties, commissioners divide into districts, A. 7, S. 3.
Districts have corporate powers a3 townships, A. 7, S. 4.
Majority of voters necessary to levy taxes, etc., A. 7, S. 7.
Money, how drawn from treasury, A. 7, S. 8.
Officers enter on duty, when, A. 7, S. 10.
Of townships, A. 7, S. 5.
School districts, A. 9, S. 3.
Fund, A. 9, S. 5.
Taxes to be ad vulorem, A. 7, S. 9.
Township trustees assess property, A. 7, S. 6.
County Treasurer, A. 7, S. 1.
Courts to be open, A. 1, S. 35.
Kinds of, A. 4, S. 2.
Criminal charges, answer to, A. 1, S. 12.
Criminal and civil actions, A. 4, S. 1.
Courts for cities and towns, A. 4, S. 14.
Prosecutions, A. 1, S. 11.
Deaf-mutes provided for, A. 11, S. 10.
Death punishment, A. 11, S. 2.
Debt does not affect homestead, A. 10, S. 3.
County, city or town cannot contract, except by majority of qualified voters, A. 7, S. 7.
Imprisonment for, A. 1, S. 16.
In aid of rebellion, void, A. 7, S. 13.
Debt, restrictions upon increase of public, etc., A. 5, S. 4.
What bonds declared invalid, A. 1, S. 6.
Declaration of rights, A. 1.
Department of Agriculture, A. 3, S. 17.
Divorce, General Assembly does not grant, A. 2, S. 17.
Disqualification for office, A. 6, S. 5; A. 14, S. 7.
Dueling disqualifies, A. 14, S. 2.
Education, Board of, A. 9, S. 8.
Officers, A. 9, S. 9.
Expenses, A. 9, S. 13.
County school fund, A. 9, S. 5.
Encouraged, A. 9, S. 1; A. 1, S. 27.
First session of , A. 9, S. 11.
Power of, A. 9, S. 10.
Property devoted to, A. 9, SS. 4, 5.
Quorum, A. 9, S. 12.
Election of officers by General Assembly, iittra voce, A. 2, S. 9.
Elections, by people and General Assembly, A. 6, S. 3.
Contested, returns of, A. 3, S. 3.
Free, A. 1, S. 10.
Frequent, A. 1, S. 28.
Electors, oath of office of , A. 6, S. 4.
Qualifications of, A. 6, S. 1.
Registration of, A. 6, S. 2.
Eligibility to office, A. 6.
Emergency judges, A. 4, S. 11.
Emoluments, exclusive, none, A. 1, S. 7.
Hereditary, A. 1, S. 30.
Entails to be regulated, A. 2, S. 15.
Enumeration of rights not to impair others retained by people, A. 1, S. 37.
Equity suits and actions at law, distinction abolished, A. 4, S. 1.
Pending when Constitution took effect, A. 4, S. 20.
Evidence against himself, criminal not compelled to give, A. 1, S. 11.
Executive, Attorney-General advises, A. 3, S. 14.
Department of, A. 3.
Distinct, A. 1, S. 8.
Officers, A. 3, S. 1.
Compensation, A. 3, S. 15.
Duties, A. 3, S. 13.
Reports of, A. 3, S. 7.
Terms of office of, A. 3, S. 1.
. Seal of State, A. 3, S. 16.
Vacancy in, how filled, A. 3, S. 13.
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 389
Exemption, A. 10, S. 1.
By reason of military duty, etc., A. 12, S. 4.
Property of feme covert not liable for husband's debts, A. 10, S. 6.
Ex post facto laws, A. 1, S. 32.
Extra session of General Assembly, A. 3, S. 9.
Feigned issues abolished, A. 4, S. 1.
Feme sole, property of, not liable for husband's debts, A. 10, S. 6.
Fines, excessive, A. 1, S. 14.
Freedom of the press, A. 1, S. 20.
Fundamental principles, frequent recurrence to, A. 1, S. 29.
General Assembly, acts, style of, A. 2, S. 21.
Article seven may be modified or repealed by, A. 7, S. 14.
Bills and resolutions read three times, A. 2, S. 23.
Compulsory education may be enforced by, A. 9, S. 15.
Election by, A. 6, S. 3.
Entails regulated by, A. 2, S. 15.
Extra session, A. 2, S. 28; A. 3, S. 9.
Journals kept, A. 2, S. 16.
Protests entered on, A. 2, S. 17.
Members of, A. 2, S. 24.
Assemble, when, A. 2, S. 2.
Election for, when, A. 2, S. 27.
Office a disqualification, A. 14, S. 7.
Terms commence with election, A. 2, S. 25.
Vacancies, how filled, A. 2, S. 13.
Municipal corporations controlled by, A. 7, S. 11.
Names, personal, not changed by, A. 2, S. 11.
Officers of, election, viva voce, A. 2, S. 9.
Pay of, A. 2, S. 28.
President of Senate, A. 2, S. 19.
Speaker of House, A. 2, S. 18.
Powers of, A. 2, S. 22.
In relation to divorce and alimony, A. 2, S. 10.
Representation apportioned by, A. 2, SS. 4, 5.
Revenue, A. 2, S. 14.
Schools provided by, A. 9, S. 2.
University to be maintained by, A. 9, SS. 6, 7.
Yeas and nays, A. 2, SS. 14, 26.
Government, allegiance to United States, A. 1, S. 5.
Internal, of State, A. 1, S. 3.
Origin of, A. 1, S. 2.
Seat of, remains in Raleigh, A. 14, S. 6.
Governor, commands militia, A. 3, S. 8.
Commutations, pardons, reprieves, A. 3, S. 6.
Gompensation, A. 3, S. 15.
Duties of, A. 3, S. 12.
Extra sessions called by, A. 3, S. 9.
Impeachment of, A. 3, S. 12.
Justices of peace appointed by, when, A. 7, S. 11.
Lieutenant, qualification of, A. 3, S. 2.
Oath of office, A. 3', S. 4.
Officers appointed by, A. 3, S. 10; A. 14, S. 5.
Qualification of, A. 3, S. 2.
Resident of, A. 3, S. 5.
Vacancy in office of, A. 3, S. 12.
Habeas corpus, A. 1, S. 21.
Hereditary emoluments, A. 1, S. 30.
Homestead and exemption, A. 10, S. 2.
Benefit of widow in, A. 10, S. 5.
Exempted from debt, A. 10, S. 3.
Laborer's lien attaches, A. 10, S. 4.
Privy examination of wife to dispose of, A. 10, S. 8.
House of correction, A. 11, S. 4.
Orphans, A. 11, S. 8.
Refuge, A. 11, S. 5.
390 Constitution of the State of North Carolina
House of Representatives, representatives, apportionment, A. 2, S. 5.
Officers of, A. 2, S. 18.
Term begins when, A. 2, S. 25.
Qualification for, A. 2, S. 8.
Ratio of, A. 2, S. 6.
Husband can insure life for benefit of family, A. 10, S. 7.
Idiots provided for, A. 11, S. 9.
Immigration, Department of, A. 3, S. 17.
Impeachment, A. 4, S. 4.
Court of, A. 4, S. 3.
Of Governor, A. 3, S. 12.
Imprisonment for debt, A. 1, S. 16.
Except by law, wrong, A. 1, S. 17.
Indictments for crime committed before Constitution took effect, A. 14, S. 1.
Inebriates, A. 11, S. 9.
Inferior courts, A. 4, S. 12.
Officers of, A. 4, S. 30.
Insane provided for, A. 11, S. 10.
Institutions, charitable, A. 11.
Penal, A. 11.
Public, annual reports from, A. 3, S. 7.
Self-supporting as far as possible, A. 11, S. 11.
Sexes to be separated, A. 11, S. 6.
Instruction, superintendent of public, A. 3, S. 13.
Intermarriage of whites and negroes prohibited, A. 14, S. 8.
Internal government of State, A. 1, S. 3.
Issues of fact, by whom tried and how waived, A. 4, S. 13.
Judges, election, terms of, etc., A. 4, S. 21.
Fees, salaries, emoluments, A. 4, S. 18.
Removal of for inability, A. 4, S. 31.
Residence of, A. 4, S. 11.
Judicial department, A. 4.
Districts for superior courts, A. 4, S. 10.
General Assembly not to deprive of jurisdiction, A. 4, S. 12.
Powers, division of, A. 4, S. 2.
Term of first officers under Constitution, A. 4, S. 26.
Vacancies, A. 4, S. 25.
Judicial remedy, allowed all, A. 1, S. 35.
Judiciary distinct, A. 1, S. 8.
Jurisdiction, courts inferior to Supreme, A. 4, S. 12.
Justices of the peace, A. 4, S. 27.
Supreme Court, A. 4, S. 8.
Jury, right of, A. 1, S. 13.
Sacred and inviolable, A. 1, S. 19.
Trial by, waived, A. 4, S. 13.
Justices of the peace, Governor appoints, when, A. 7, S. 11.
Jurisdiction of, A. 4, S. 27.
Vacancies in office, A. 4, S. 28.
Laborers' and Mechanics' lien, A. 14, S. 4.
Attaches homestead, A. 10, S. 4.
Law of the land, no person imprisoned, or deprived of life, etc., but by, A. 1, S. 17.
Laws, ex post facto and retrospective, A. 1, S. 32.
Private, thirty davs notice before passage, A. 2, S. 12.
What in force, A. 4, S. 19.
Legislative Department, distinct, A. 1, S. 8.
Legislature, two branches of, A. 2, S. 1.
Provide for organizing towns, etc., A. 8, S. 4.
Trials other than jury, A. 1, S. 13.
Legitimation, General Assembly can pass general laws for, A. 2, S. 11.
Libertv, deprivation of, except by law, A. 1, S. 17.
Religious, A. 1, S. 26.
Restraint of, remedied, A. 1, S. 18.
Warrants without evidence, dangerous to, A. 1, S. 15.
Lien of laborers and mechanics, A. 14, S. 4.
Lieutenant-Governor, President of Senate, duties of, A. 3, S. 11.
When Governor, A. 3, S. 12.
Literary Fund, Board of Education to succeed to rights of, A. 9, S. 10.
Local legislation prohibited, A. 2, S. 29.
Constitution of the State of Noeth Carolina 391
Marriages between whites and negroes forbidden, A. 14, S. 8.
Married woman, husband can insure life for benefit of, A. 10, S. 7.
Privy examination of, to dispose of homestead, A. 10, S. 8.
Property of, not liable for husband's debts, A. 10, S. 6.
Mechanics, lien, A. 14, S. 4.
Men, equality, rights of, A. 1, S. 1.
Militia, A. 1, S. 24; A. 12.
Exemptions from duty, A. 12, S 4.
Governor commands, A. 3, S. 8; A. 12, S. 3.
Organization of, A. 12, S. 2.
Who liable to bear arms, A. 12, S. 1.
Money, how drawn from State Treasury, A. 4, S. 1.
County or township treasury, A. 7, S. 8.
Monopolies are injurious, A. 1, S. 31.
Municipal corporations, A. 7.
Cannot contract debt except by majority of qualified voters, A. 7,[S. 7.
Charters remain in force till changed, A. 7, S. 12. t&
General Assembly to provide for organization of, taxation, etc., by,^A.[8, S. 4.
Power of General Assembly over, A. 7, S. 14.
Special charters prohibited, A. 8, S. 4.
Names, personal, how changed, A. 2, S. 11.
Normal School, to be maintained by General Assembly at University, A. 9, S. 14.
Oath of Governor, A. 3, S. 4.
Oath of member of General Assembly, A. 2, S. 24.
Oath of office, A. 6, S. 4.
Office, cannot hold two, A. 14, S. 7.
Disqualification, A. 6, S. 5.
Dueling disqualifies for, A. 14, S. 2.
Eligibility to, A. 6.
Qualification, property, none, A. 1, S. 22.
Officers, county, A. 7, S. 1; A. 7, S. 10.
First elected, A. 4, S. 26.
What, appointed by Governor, A. 3, S. 10; A. 4, S. 5.
Orphans, houses for, A. 11, S. 8.
Provision for, A. 11, S. 7.
Pardons, A. 3, S. 6.
Peace, soldiers quartered in time of, A. 1, S. 36.
Penitentiary, A. 11, S. 3.
Convict labor, A. 11, S. 1.
Self-supporting as far as possible, A. 11, S. 11.
Sexes separated, A. 11, S. 6.
People, right of, to assemble together, A. 1, S. 25.
Perpetuities, injurious, A. 1, S. 31.
General Assembly shall prevent, A. 2, S. 15.
Political power and government, A. 1, S. 2.
Societies in secret dangerous, A. 1, S. 25.
Poor, provision for, A. 11, S. 7.
Power of General Assembly, A. 2, S. 22.
To suspend laws injurious, A. 1, S. 9.
Powers, executive, judicial and legislative, distinct, A. 1, S. 8.
Judicial, division of, A. 4, S. 2.
Press, freedom and abuse of, A. 1, S. 20.
Principles, recurrence to, fundamental, A. 1, S. 29.
Prisoners, health and comfort secured, A. 11, S. 6.
Private laws, A. 2, SS. 11, 12.
Privileges, exclusive, none, A. 1, S. 7.
Property, controversies at law about, A. 1, S. 19.
Deprivation of, except bylaw, wrong, A. 1, S. 17.
Devoted to education, A. 9, S. 4.
Exemptions from taxation, A. 5, S. 5.
Feme sole not liable for husband's debts, A. 10, S. 6.
Qualifications, none, A. 1, S. 22.
Prosecution, criminal, A. 1, S. 11.
Protest, by whom and when made, A. 2, S. 17.
Public debt, increase of, restricted, etc., A. 5, S. 4.
What bonds declared invalid, A. 1, S. 6.
Public money, how drawn, A. 14, S. 3.
Public Schools, General Assembly to provide for, A. 9, S. 2.
392 Constitution of the State of North Carolina
Punishments, penal institutions and public charities, A. 11.
Cruel or unusual, A. 1, S. 14; A. 14, S. 1.
Qualification and election of Members of General Assembly, each house judge of, A. 2, S. 22.
Rebellion, debt in aid of, not to be paid, A. 7, S. 13.
Recurrence to fundamental principles, A. 1, S. 29.
Refuge, houses of, A. 11, S. 5.
Register of deeds, A. 7, S. 1.
Registration of electors, A. 6, S. 2.
Religious liberty, A. 1, S. 26.
Scruples against bearing arms, A. 12, S. 1.
Removal of judges, A. 4, S. 31.
Of clerks, A. 4, S. 32.
Representation and taxation, A. 1, S. 23.
Reprieves, A. 3, S. 6.
Retrospective laws, A. 1, S. 32.
Revenue, A. 2, S. 14; A. 5.
Right of assemblage, A. 1, S. 25.
Jury, A. 1, S. 13.
Right of secession, none, A. 1, S. 4.
To bear arms, A. 1, S. 24.
To suspend laws, injurious, A. 1, S. 9.
Rights, declaration of, A. 1.
Of men, A. 1, S. 1; A. 1, S. 37.
Salaries and fees, General Assembly to regulate, A. 4, S. 18.
Schools, attendance of children, A. 9, S. 15.
County, divided into districts, A. 9, S. 3.
Fund, A. 9, S. 5.
Provided by legislation, A. 9, S. 2.
Races separate, A. 9, S. 2.
Seal of State, A. 3, S. 16.
Search warrants without evidence, wrong, A. 1, S. 15.
Seat of government at Raleigh, A. 14, S. 6.
Secession, no right of, A. 1, S. 4.
Secretary of State, duties of, A. 3, S. 13.
Senate, presiding officer, A. 2, S. 19.
Fro tern. Speaker, when elected, A. 2, S. 20.
Senators, number of, A. 2, S. 3.
Other senatorial officers, A. 2, S. 20.
President of, A. 2, S. 19.
Qualifications for, A. 2, S. 7.
Regulating senatorial districts, A. 2, S. 4.
Sexes separated in confinement, A. 11, S. 6.
Sheriff and coroner, A. 4, S. 24.
Slavery prohibited, A. 1, S. 33.
Societies, secret political, dangerous, A. 1, S. 25.
Soldiers, how quartered, A. 1, S. 36.
Solicitor, ho'w elected, A. 4, S. 23.
Special courts, A. 4, S. 14.
State boundaries, A. 1, S. 34.
Claims against, A. 4, S. 9.
Internal government, A. 1, S. 3.
Statistics, department of, A. 3, S. 17.
Suffrage and eligibility to office, A. 6.
Superintendent of Public Instruction, A. 3, S. 13.
Reports of county school fund to be made, A. 9, S. 5.
Superior Court, open at all times except for jury trials, A. 4, S. 22.
Clerk, his election, A. 4, S. 16.
Districts, A. 4, S. 10.
Judges, election and term, A. 4, S. 21.
Residence, A. 4, S. 11.
Rotation, A. 4, S. 11.
Solicitor for each district, A. 4, S. 23.
Special term, A. 4, S. 12.
Term, A. 4, S. 17.
Vacancy, A. 4, S. 29.
Transaction of business, A. 4, S. 22.
Constitution of the State of Noeth Carolina 393
•
Supreme Court, clerk, A. 4, S. 15.
Jurisdiction, A. 4, SS. 8, 9.
Justices, A. 4, S. 6.
Election and terms of, A. 4, S. 21.
Terms of, A. 4, S. 7.
Surveyor, A. 7, S. 1.
Suspending laws without consent of representatives, not to be exercised, A. 1, S. 9.
Taxation, ad valorem and uniform, A. 5, S. 3.
And revenue, A. 5; A. 1, S. 23.
Except for necessary expenses, not levied by county, city or town without assent of
majority of voters, A. 7, S. 7.
Income, A. 5, S. 3.
Limitation, A. 5, S. 6.
Of county to be ad valorem, A. 7, S. 9.
Of purchases and sales retrospectively not to be passed, A. 1, S. 32.
Property, exemptions from, A. 5, S. 5.
Taxes, acts to levy, to state object, A. 5, S. 7.
Towns, etc., organized by legislation, A. 8, S. 4.
Townships, officers of, A. 7, S. 5.
Treason against State, A. 4, S. 5.
Treasurer, duties of, A. 3, S. 13.
University, agricultural department of, mechanics, mining'and'normal instruction con-
nected with, A. 9, S. 14.
Benefits of, A. 9, S. 7.
Election of trustees, A. 9, S. 6.
General Assembly shall maintain, A. 9, S. 7.
Maintenance of, A. 9, S. 6.
Property devoted to, A. 9, S. 7.
Vacancies in General Assembly, A. 2., S. 13.
Other, A. 3, SS. 12, 13; A. 4, SS. 25, 28, 29.
Vagrants, houses of correction for, A. 11, S. 4.
Warrants without evidence injurious, A. 1, S. 15.
Whites and negroes cannot intermarry, A. 14, S. 8.
Separated in schools, A. 9, S. 2.
Widow, homestead benefits, A. 10, S. 5.
Yeas and nays, when entered, A. 2, SS. 14, 26.
PART XII
CENSUS
1. Population and Area of the Several States and
Territories, 1910 and 1920.
2. Population (Estimated) of North Carolina, 1675-
1786.
3. Census of North Carolina, 1790-1840.
4. Census of North Carolina, 1850-1920.
5. Population of North Carolina Cities and Towns,
1900-1920.
6. North Carolina Counties and County Seats.
United States
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Nobth Carolina 399
POPULATION (Estimated) OF NORTH CAROLINA, 1675-1786.
1675 4,000
1701 5,000
1707 7,000
1715 11,000
1729 35,000
1752 100,000
1765 200,000
1771 250,000
1786 350,000
400
Census
CENSUS OF NORTH CAROLINA, 1790-1840.
Counties
Date of
Forma-
tion
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1 Alamance
1840
1847
1859
1749
1799
2 Alexander
3 Alleghany
4 Anson
5,133
8,146
2,783
8,831
3,694
12,534
4,335
14,095
6,987
15,077
5 Ashe
7,467
6 Avery
7 Beaufort
1705
1722
1734
1764
1791
1777
1792
1841
1777
1722
1777
1842
1770
1839
1672
1861
1841
1808
1712
1754
1672
1870
1822
1836
1749
1881
1732
1849
1779
1846
1779
1872
1746
1799
1770
1758
1855
1808
1838
1759
5,462
12,606
5,084
3,071
6,242
11,249
7,028
4,110
5,812
9,929
5,094
7,203
11,218
5,671
4,778
9,277
11,007
6,158
9,850
10,805
7,276
5,480
10,542
13,411
7,248
10,969
12,262
7,811
6,516
16,281
17,888
. 8,810
12,225
8 Bertie
12,175
9 Bladen
8,022
10 Brunswick
11 Buncombe
5,265
10,084
12 Burke
8,118
15,799
13 Cabarrus.
9,259
14 Caldwell ..
15 Camden
4,033
3,732
10,096
4,191
4,399
8,701
5,347
4,823
11,757
6,347
5,609
13,253
6,733
6,597
15,785
5,663
16 Carteret
6,591
17 Caswell
14,693
18 Catawba
19 Chatham
9,221
11,861
12,977
12,661
15,405
16,242
20 Cherokee.
3,427
21 Chowan
5,011
5,132
5,297
6,464
6,697
6,690
22 Clay .
23 Cleveland...
24 Columbus
3,022
12,676
9,382
6,985
3,912
13,394
14,446
8,098
4,141
13,734
14,834
7,655
3,941
25 Craven
10,469
8,671
5,219
10,245
9,264
6,928
13,438
26 Cumberland
27 Currituck
15,284
6,703
28 Dare
29 Davidson
13,389
14,606
30 Davie..
7,574
31 Duplin
5,662
6,796
7,863
9,744
11,291
11,182
32 Durham
33 Edgecombe
34 Forsyth
10,225
10,421
12,423
13,276
14,935
15,708
35 Franklin..
7,559
8,529
10,166
9,741
10,665
10,980
36 Gaston
37 Gates
5,392
5,881
5,965
6,837
7.S66
8,161
38 Graham
39 Granville
10,982
6,893
7,191
13,965
14,015
4,218
9,442
13,945
15,576
4,867
11,420
13,620
18,222
4,533
14,511
17,237
19,355
6,413
18,737
17,739
18,817
40 Greene*
6,595
41 Guilford
19,175
42 Halifax
16,865
43 Harnett
44 Haywood
2,780
4,073
4,578
4,975
45 Henderson...
5,129
46 Hertford
5,828
6,701
6,052
7,712
S.537
4,484
47 Hoke...
48 Hvde
1705
1788
1851
1746
1779
1907
1791
1779
1842
1828
1851
1774
4,120
5,435
4,829
8,856
6,029
10,972
4,967
13,071
6,184
14,918
6,458
49 Iredell
15,685
50 Jackson
51 Johnston
5,634
4,822
6,301
4,339
6,867
4,968
9,607
5,216
10,938
5,608
10,599
52 Jones
4,945
53 Lee ..
54 Lenoir
4,005
12,660
5,572
16,359
6,799
18,147
7,723
22,455.
7,605
55 Lincoln
9,224
26,160
56 McDowell
57 Macon
5,333
4,869
58 Madison
59 Martin
6,080
5,629
5,987
6,320
S,539
7,637
North Carolina
401
CENSUS OF NORTH CAROLINA, 1850-1920.
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890 '
1900
1910
1920
Land Area
in Square
Miles
11,444
11,852
11,874
14,613
18,271
25,665
28,712
32,718
494
1
5,220
6,022
6,868
8,355
9,430
10,960
11,592
12,212
297
2
3,598
3,691
5,486
6,523
7,759
7,745
7,403
223
3
13,489
13,664
12,428
17,994
20,027
21,870
25,465
28,334
551
4
8,777
7,956
9,573
14,437
15,628
19,581
19,074
21,001
10,33.5
31,024
399
819
5
6
13,816
14,766
13,011
17,474
21,072
26,404
30,877
7
12,851
14,310
12,950
16,399
19,176
20,538
23,039
23,993
712
8
9,767
11,995
12,831
16,158
16,763
17,677
18,006
19,761
1,013
9
7,272
8,406
7,754
9,389
10,900
12,657
14,432
14,876
812
10
13,425
12,654
15,412
21,909
35,206
44,288
49,798
64,148
624
11
7,772
9,237
9,777
12,809
14,939
17,699
21,408
23,297
534
12
9,747
10,546
11,954
14,964
18,142
22,456
26,240
33,730
387
13
6,317
7,497
8,476
10,291
12,298
15,694
20,579
19,984
507
14
6,049
5,343
5,361
6,274
5,667
5,474
5,640
5,382
218
15
6,939
8,186
9,010
9,784
10,825
11,811
13,776
15,384
538
16
15,269
16,215
16,081
17,825
16,028
15,028
14,858
15,759
396
17
8,862
10,729
10,984
14,946
18,689
22 123
27,918
33,839
408
18
18,449
19,101
19,723
23,453
25,413
23^912
22, 635
23,814
785
19
6,838
9,166
8,080
8,182
9,976
11,860
14,136
15,242
451
20
6,721
6,842
6,450
7,900
9,167
10,258
11,303
10,649
161
21
2,461
12,696
3,316
16,571
4,197
20,394
4,532
25,078
3,909
29,494
4,646
34,272
185
485
22
10,396
12,348
23
5,909
8,597
8,474
14,439
17,856
21,274
28,020
30,124
937
24
14,709
16,268
20,516
19,729
20,533
24,164
25,594
29,048
685
25
20,610
16,369
17,035
23,836
27,321
29,249
35,284
35,064
1,008
26
7,236
7,415
5,131
6,476
6,747
6,529
7,693
7,268
273
27
2,778
17,414
3,244
20,333
3,768
21,702
4,757
23,403
4,841
29,404
5,115
35,201
405
563
28
15,320
16,601
29
7,866
8,494
9,620
11,096
11,621
12,115
13,394
13,578
264
30
13,514
15,784
15,542
18,773
18,690
22,405
25,442
30,223
830
31
18,141
24,113
26,233
26,591
35,276
32,010
42,219
37,995
284
515
32
17,189
17,376
22,970
26,181
33
11,168
12,692
13,050
18,078
28,434
35,261
47,311
77,269
369
34
11,713
14,107
14,135
20,829
21,098
25,116
24,692
26,667
471
35
8,173
9,307
12,602
14,254
17,764
27,903
37,063
51,242
359
36
8,426
8,443
7,724
8,897
10,252
10,413
10,455
10,537
356
37
2,335
31,286
3,313
24,484
4,343
23,263
4,749
25,102
4,872
26,846
302
504
38
21,249
23,396
24,831
39
6,619
7,925
8,687
10,037
10,039
12,038
13,083
16,212
258
40
19,754
20,056
22,736
23,585
28,052
39,074
60,497
79 272
674
41
16,589
19,442
20,408
30,300
28,908
. 30,793
37,646
43 ! 766
681
42
8,039
8,895
10,862
13,700
15,988
22,174
28,313
596
43
7,074
5,081
7,921
10,271
13,346
16,222
21,020
23,496
541
44
6,853
10,448
7,706
HI, I'M
12,589
14,104
16,262
18,248
362
4.5
8,142
9,504
9,273
11,843
13,851
14,294
15,436
16,294
11,722
S.3S6
339
596
46
47
7,636
7,732
6,44.5
7,765
8,903
9,278
8,840
48
14,719
15,347
16,931
22,675
25,462
29,064
34,315
37,956
592
49
5,515
6,683
7,343
9,512
11,853
12,998
13,396
494
50
13,726
15,656
16,897
23,461
27,239
32,250
41,401
48,998
688
51
5,038
5,730
5,002
7,491
7,403
8,226
8,721
11,370
22,769
9,912
13,400
29,555
403
436
52
53
7,828
10,220
10,434
15,344
14,879
18,639
54
7,746
8,195
9,573
11,061
12,586
1.5,498
17,132
17,862
296
55
6,246
7,120
7,592
9,836
10,939
12,567
13,538
16,763
437
56
6,389
6,004
6,615
8,064
10,102
12,104
12,191
12,887
531
57
5,908
8,192
12,810
17,805
20,644
20,132
20,083
431
58
8,307
10,195
9,647
13,140
15,221
15,383
17,797
20,826
438
59
26
402
Census
CENSUS OF NORTH CAROLINA,
1790-1840-
Continued
Counties
Date of
Forma-
tion
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
60 Mecklenburg
61 Mitchell
1762
1861
1779
1784
1777
1729
1741
1734
1752
1872
1672
1875
1672
1791
1760
1855
1779
1779
1786
1785
1753
1779
1784
1899
1841
1789
1771
1871
1861
1729
1842
1881
1770
1779
1799
1849
1779
1777
1855
1850
1833
11,395
10,439
14,272
16,895
20,073
18,273
62 Montgomery
63 Moore
4,725
3,770
7,393
6,831
9,981
5,387
12,216
7,677
4,767
6,975
7,060
12,353
5,623
16,362
8,430
6,367
7,268
11,465
13,082
6,669
20,135
8,693
7,128
8,125
10,866
13,242
7,016
23,492
10,919
7,745
8,490
10,959
13,391
7,814
23,908
10,780
7,988
64 Nash
9,047
65 New Hanover
66 Northampton
67 Onslow
13,312
13,369
7,527
24,356
70 Pasquotank
71 Pender
5,497
5,379
7,674
8,008
8,641
8,514
72 Perquimans
73 Person :..
5,440
5,708
6,402
9,084
6,052
6,642
9,169
6,857
9,029
10,001
7,419
10,027
12,093
7,346
9,790
74 Pitt
8,275
11,806
75 Polk
76 Randolph
7,276
5,055
5,326
6,187
15,828
7,808
6,065
9,234
5,623
6,839
8,277
20,064
10,753
6,719
10,112
6,695
7,528
10,316
21,543
13,202
6,620
11,331
7,537
8,204
11,474
26,009
15,351
8,908
12,406
9,396
9,433
12,935
20,786
17,557
11,634
12,875
77 Richmond .
8,909
10,370
79 Rockingham
80 Rowan
13,442
12,109
81 Rutherford
82 Sampson
19,202
12,157
83 Scotland
84 Stanly
85 Stokes
8,528
7,191
11,026
9,509
11,645
10,366
14,033
12,320
16,196
14,504
16,265
86 Surry -.
15,079
88 Transylvania
89 Tyrrell
4,744
3,395
3,364
4,319
4,732
4,657
90 Union
92 Wake
10,192
9,397
13,437
11,284
2,422
17,086
11,004
3,464
20,102
11,158
3,986
20,398
11,877
4,552
21,118
93 Warren..
12,919
94 Washington
4,525
96 Wayne
6,133
8,143
6,772
7,247
8,687
9,054
9,040
9,967
10,331
11,968
10,891
97 Wilkes
12,577
98 Wilson
99 Yadkin
lOOYancey
5,962
Totals
393,751
478,103
555,500
638,829
737,987
753,409
*In 1758 Dobbs County was formed from part of Johnston. In 1791 Dobbs was divided
into Lenoir and Glasgow. In 1799 the name of Glasgow was changed to Greene.
North Carolina
403
CENSUS OF NORTH CAROLINA, 1850-1920-CWin
ued.
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
Land Area
in Square
Miles
13,914
17,374
24,299
34,175
42,673
55,268
67,031
80,695
590
60
4,705
9,435
12,807
15,221
17,245
14,967
11 278
362
61
6,872
7,649
7,487
9,374
11,239
14,197
14,607
489
62
9,342
11,427
12,048
16,821
20,479
23,622
17,010
21,388
798
63
10,657
11,687
11,077
17,731
20,707
25,478
33,727
41,061
584
64
17,668
21,715
27,978
21,376
24,026
25,785
32,037
40,620
199
65
13,335
13,372
14,749
20,032
21,242
21,150
22,323
23,184
523
66
8,283
8,856
7,569
9,829
10,303
11,940
14,125
14,703
645
67
17,055
16,947
17,507
23,698
14,948
14,690
15,064
17,895
386
68
6,323
7,146
8,045
9,966
9,060
358
69
8,950
8,940
8,131
10,369
10,748
13,660
16,693
17,670
231
70
12,468
12,514
13,381
15,471
14,788
883
71
7,332
7,238
7,745
9,466
9,293
10,091
11,054
11,137
251
72
10,781
11,221
11,170
13,719
15,151
16,685
17,356
18,973
386
73
13,397
16,080
17,276
21,794
25,519
30,889
36,340
45,569
644
74
4,043
4,319
5,062
5,902
7,004
7,640
8,832
258
75
15,832
16,793
17,551
20,836
25,195
28,232
29,491
30,856
795
76
9,818
11,009
12,882
18,245
23,948
15,855
19,673
25,567
466
77
12,826
14,495
15,489
16,746
16,262
15,718
23,380
21,744
31,483
40,371
51,945
54,674
1,043
78
25,363
33,163
36,442
44,149
573
79
13,870
14,589
16,810
19,965
24,123
31,066
37,521
44,062
483
80
13,550
11,573
13,121
15,198
18,770
25,101
28,385
31,426
547
81
14,585
16,624
16,436
22,894
25,096
26,380
29,982
36,002
921
82
12,553
15,363
15,600
387
83
8,922
7,801
8,315
10,505
12,136
15,220
19,909
27,429
413
84
9,206
10,402
11,208
15,353
17,199
19,866
20,151
20,575
472
85
18,443
10,380
11,252
15,302
19,281
25,515
29,705
32,464
531
86
3,784
6,577
8,401
10,403
13,224
560
87
3,536
5,340
5,881
6,620
7 191
9,303
371
88
5,133
4,944
4,173
4,545
4,225
4,980
5J219
4^849
397
89
10,151
11,202
12,217
18,056
21,259
27,150
33,277
36,029
561
90
17,581
16,684
19,425
22,799
276
91
24,888
28,627
35,617
47,939
49,207
54,626
63,229
75,155
841
92
13,912
15,726
17,768
22,619
19,360
19,151
20,266
21,593
432
93
5,664
6,357
6,516
8,928
10,200
10,608
11,062
11,429
334
94
3,400
4,957
5,287
8,160
10,611
13,417
13,556
13,477
330
95
13,486
14,905
18,144
24,951
26,100
31,356
35,698
43,640
597
96
12,899
14,749
15,539
19,181
22,675
26,872
30,282
32,644
718
97
9,720
12,258
16,064
18,644
23,596
28,269
36,813
392
98
10,714
10,697
12,420
13,790
14,083
15,428
16,391
334
99
8,204
8,655
5,909
7,694
9,490
11,464
12,072
15,093
302
100
869,039
992,622
1,071,361
1,399,750
1,617,947
1,893,810
2,206,287
2,559,123
48,580
404
Census
POPULATION OF NORTH CAROLINA CITIES AND TOWNS,
1900-1920.
City or Town
County
1920
1910
1900
Abbottsburg
Bladen
Moore
Columbus
Davie
Hertford
Stanly
Buncombe
78
858
183
280
1,429
2,691
159
794
Aberdeen
559
Acme
Advance
283
924
2,116
118
98
936
221
486
681
145
151
1,865
18,762
115
524
543
440
77
990
195
416
273
Ahoskie
302
Albemarle
1,382
Swain
146
1,634
375
486
926
178
Andrews
Cherokee
Harnett...
Ansonville .
Anson
Apex
Wake*
349
Randolph
182
Buncombe
137
Asheboro
Randolph
2,559
28,504
296
992
AshevLlle
Buncombe
14,694
Atkinson
Pender
Carteret
Bertie.
803
524
351
1,673
518
342
Beaufort
314
Autryville.
Sampson
61
Pitt
557
Nash
Bakersville
Mitchell
511
162
274
309
349
108
2,968
1,816
2,941
1,123
2,176
800
282
172
755
274
531
459
338
828
199
178
374
162
206
1,658
Bath
Beaufort
283
211
370
56
2,483
2,863
1,176
800
1,529
469
162
173
697
219
311
276
261
796
400
Battleboro
Edgecombe and Nash
Pamlico
229
292
Martin
Carteret
2,195
Beaufort
383
Gaston
145
Johnston
384
Gaston
1,100
Bethel
Pitt. ..
457
Stanly
132
Buncombe
71
Montgomery
Wilson
196
Buncombe
200
Bladen
Watauga
331
Columbus
604
Brunswick-
Chatham and Wake
85
179
282
209
919
50
348
149
725
612
66
249
Watauga
155
Yadkin...
183
Rutherford
97
Transylvania
584
42
Craven
548
250
709
882
78
291
Lee
Catawba
Brvson
Swain.
417
Robeson _
Towns marked * are not reported to date.
North Carolina
405
POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS-CWmued.
City or Town
County
1920
1910
1900
Burgaw
Pender
1,040
5,952
956
4,808
422
387
Burlington
Alamance-
3,692
Burnsville*
Yancey
207
Calypso .
Duplin
405
241
267
2,584
1,129
962
645
263
250
262
904
1,483
46,338
99
1,884
1,027
Cameron
Moore
259
160
1,393
218
Candor
Montgomery
Canton
Haywood
Orange
230
Carrboro .
Carthage..
Moore.
863
383
219
222
323
1,242
1,149
34,014
76
1,153
852
127
297
147
276
1,441
426
1,101
344
160
189
80
848
122
8,715
158
421
246
833
74
308
324
329
289
175
300
1,065
1,056
605
Cary
Wake
333
Castalia
Nash
163
Catawba
Catawba
Columbus
Columbus
Orange
Mecklenburg
Washington
169
Cerro Gordo
123
Chadbourn
243
Chapel Hill
1,099
Charlotte
18,091
Cherry
Cherryville
Gaston
1,008
China Grove
Rowan
887
Chocowinity*
Beaufort
Claremont
Catawba.
435
135
368
1,423
366
2,110
363
526
215
123
738
168
9,903
160
681
160
Clarendon
Columbus
Clarkton
Bladen
Clayton
Johnston
754
Cleveland
Rowan .
198
Clinton
Sampson
958
Clyde.
Haywood
244
Coats
Harnett
Colerain .
Collettsville
Bertie
Caldwell....
207
57
Columbia
Tyrrell.
382
Columbus _ .
Polk
334
Concord .
7,910
132
Conetoe
Edgecombe
Conover.
Catawba.. .
413
Contentnea
Greene
Cornelius
Mecklenburg .
1,141
92
258
392
393
Council..
Bladen .
Cove City
Creedmoor
Granville
Creswell
Washington
224
Cronly*
78
Grouse
209
80
1,397
1,156
210
559
243
528
368
67(1
392
240
2,805
21,719
508
Cumberland-
Cumberland
343
Dallas
514
Davidson
Mecklenburg-
904
Delco
Columbus
Denton
Davidson-
320
282
277
360
737
Denver
Lincoln
199
Dillsboro
Jackson
279
Dobson
Surry
327
Dover
Craven .
Drexel
Burke
Dudley
Wayne
164
1,823
18,241
522
383
577
881
Dunn
Harnett
1,072
Durham
6,679
East Bend-
Yadkin
444
East Kings Mountain*
Gaston
East Laurinburg
Scotland
541
1,011
Robeson
Towns marked * are not reported to date.
406
Census
POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS— Continued.
City or Town
County
1920
1910
1900
East Spencer
Rowan
2,239
2,777
153
8,925
335
1,729
2,789
171
8,412
117
377
886
293
Edenton
Chowan
3,046
99
Edwards
Beaufort .
Elizabeth City
6,348
144
Bladen _
Elk Park*
Mitchell
498
Elkin
1,195
383
473
653
248
1,648
860
Ellenboro
Rutherford
179
Ellerbee.
Richmond
Elon College
200
638
East Mondos
Iredell
Enfield
1,167
81
162
146
248
441
730
519
352
361
Enoehsville*
Rowan
93
Eureka
Wayne
123
Everetts
Martin
230
139
397
1,000
477
348
200
198
1,780
8,877
2,312
127
E ver green
Columbus
Fair Bluff.--
Columbus
328
Robeson .
432
Faison _.
Duplin .
308
Faith.
Rowan. ,
Falcon
Cumberland... .. .
Falkland
Pitt
132
816
7,045
1,592
137
189
329
379
809
951
127
284
169
5,759
203
154
1,162
308
119
102
304
126
6,107
240
2,504
381
363
15,895
4,101
291
330
209
314
452
2,173
205
230
140
90
139
Farmville.
Pitt
262
Fayetteville .
4,670
1 090
Forest City
Rutherford
Forest ville*
Wake .
157
Fountain . -
Pitt.
243
583
773
1,058
1,294
555
376
263
12,871
Four Oaks
Johnston
171
Franklin
Macon .
335
Franklinton . _
Franklin
761
Fremont
Wayne
435
Fuquay Springs
Wake
Garner
Wake
269
Gastonia
Gaston..
4 610
G ates ville*.
Gates
200
Germanton
Stokes.-
132
1,385
346
132
90
261
130
11,296
239
2,366
1,101
466
19,861
5,772
375
463
296
299
474
3,659
175
129
Gibson ville
Alamance-Guilford
521
Glen Alpine
Burke...
137
Glenwood
McDowell
Godwin
Cumberland
Gold Hill
R owan
514
Gold Point..
Martin
124
Goldsboro .
Wayne
5,877
Goldston
Chatham
Graham
Alamance
2,052
Granite Falls
Caldwell....
277
Granite Quarrv
Rowan
Greensboro
Guilford.
10,035
Greenville
Pitt
2,565
Grifton
Pitt
229
Grimesland..
Pitt
277
Grover
Cleveland..
174
Halifax .
Halifax
306
Hamilton
Martin
Richmond
493
Hamlet
6: 9
Hampton
Rutherford
Gaston
Hardin Mills*
205
Harrellsville
Hert f ord
131
85
109
Hassell
Martin..
Towns marked * are not reported to date.
North Carolina
407
POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS— Continued.
City or Town
County
1920
1910
1900
Hayesville
Clay._
257
141
484
5,222
3,720
1,704
5,076
14,303
1,062
504
172
1,180
336
385
333
107
294
783
495
403
833
447
224
Haywood
Chatham.
162
428
4,503
2,818
1,841
3,716
9,525
487
267
140
857
165
175
261
126
204
964
443
411
591
398
154
124
107
527
505
398
60
184
799
621
111
316
270
726
1,128
170
2,218
6,995
242
1,007
437
203
297
2,322
568
1,127
151
153
3,364
279
262
4,103
171
386
i'.SII
2,413
Hazelwood
Haywood
Henderson
Vance.
3 746
Hendersonville
Henderson..
1 917
Hertford.
Perquimans
1 382
Hickory
Catawba..
2 535
High Paint
Guilford
4 163
Highland
Catawba
Highlands
Macon
249
Hildebran
Burke . .
109
Hillsboro ".
Orange
707
Hobgood
Halifax
122
Hoffman
Richmond
184
Holly Springs
Wake
219
Hollyville
Pamlico
Hookerton
Greene
139
Hope Mills
Cumberland -
881
Hot Springs
Madison
445
Hudson
Caldwell.
Hunters ville
Mecklenburg
533
Icemorlee ._
Union
Indian Trail
Union
Ingold*
Sampson
86
Iron Station...
Lincoln
223
579
656
389
Jackson
Northampton
441
Jacksonville
Onslow
309
Ja mesville
Martin ..
235
Jason*
Greene
Jefferson
Ashe
196
886
787
87
223
302
827
1,219
113
2,800
9,771
223
1,399
972
196
262
2,643
774
1,606
230
Jonesboro
Lee
640
Jonesville
Yadkin
Jupiter
Buncombe..
127
Kelford..
Bertie
167
Kenansville
Duplin
271
Kenlv. .
Johnston ._
260
Kerners ville
Forsyth
652
Keyser. -
Moore
180
Kings Mountain
Cleveland-Gaston
2,062
Kinston
Lenoir .
4,106
Kittrell
Vance ..
168
LaGrange
Lenoir
853
Landis
Rowan
Northampton
Lasker
121
Lattimore.
Cleveland
108
Laurinburg
Scotland
Cleveland
Rockingham
1,334
Lawndale .
Leaksville
tiss
Leechville* .
100
Leicester*
126
Lenoir
Caldwell-
3,718
4121
244
5,254
636
440
593
3,390
191
760
1,296
Lewarae
Richmond
Lowiston
Bertie
Davidson
163
Lexington
1,234
Liberty
Randolph..
Anson
804
Lilesville
213
Lillington
65
Lincolnton.
S2S
Linden
Cumberland
Halifax-Warren
Littleton.
1,152
Towns marked * are not reported to date.
408
('K.NSl'K
POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS— Continued.
City or Town
County
1920
1910
1900
Lon g vie w
Catawba
755
1,954
1,154
516
202
2,691
1,162
219
149
1,247
694
1,266
141
394
99
166
147
1,784
243
1,775
876
266
165
2,230
983
186
189
1,033
653
664
220
408
52
Louisburg
Franklin
1,178
Lowell
Gaston
290
Lucama
Wilson _
236
Lumber Bridge .
Robeson
181
Lumberton
849
Mc Adenville
Gaston .
1,144
McFarland...
Anson ..
112
Macon. .. ..
157
Madison
813
Magnolia
454
Maiden
Catawba.. . .
614
Manly
176
Manteo
Dare .
312
Mapleton .
Hertford . .
Marble
Cherokee
Margarettsville
Northampton
107
1,519
225
301
802
499
396
141
123
Marion..
McDowell
1,116
Marlboro*
Pitt
111
Mars Hill
Madison .
364
748
828
310
289
Marshall.
337
Marshville
349
Matthews
Mecklenburg
378
Maupin
Pitt.
Maury
Greene
61
1,397
1 . ssii
536
1,341
118
183
104
697
375
84
Maxton .
Robeson
1,321
874
345
693
88
74
117
467
419
86
194
1,063
100
4,082
254
198
3,400
2,039
2,712
151
261
498
3,844
723
526
1,071
753
347
809
977
750
160
95
935
Mayodan
904
Maysville ._ .
98
Mebane.
218
Merry Oaks...
Chatham
Micro. .
Johnston .
61
Middleburg
Vance .
169
Middlesex
Nash
Milton
490
Mineral Springs __
Union..
Mint Hill*
Mecklenburg..
192
Mocks ville
Davie .
1,146
136
4,084
745
Moncure...
Chatham
Monroe.. __ __
Union .
2,427
Montezuma*
Mitchell
219
Cleveland .
228
4,315
2,958
2,867
166
83
631
4,752
975
1,160
2,297
770
144
Mooresville
Iredell
1,533
Morehead City ..
Carteret .
1,379
Morganton.. __
Burke .
1,928
Wake
100
Mortimer
Caldwell
Morven..
Anson
447
Mount Airy
Surry
2,680
Mount Gilead.
395
Mount Holly
Gaston . .
630
Mount Olive
617
Mount Pleasant...
444
Mountain Island*
Gaston ..
450
Murf reesboro
602
1,314
939
243
657
Murphv
Cherokee
604
Nashville
Nash
479
Nebo
McDowell .
New Hill
Wake...
Newland.
Avery
289
228
12,198
404
New London
Stanly . ..
312
9,961
321
299
New Bern
Craven .
,090
Newport .
Carteret
328
Towns marked * not reported to date.
North Carolina
409
POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS— Continued.
City or Town
Newton
Newton Grove
North Wilkesboro...
Norwood
Oakboro
Oak City..
Oakley.— -
Old Fort
Ore Hill*
Oriental
Orrum
Oxford -
Pactolus
Palmyra
Pantego
Parkersburg
Parkton
Parmele
Patterson
Peachland
Pee Dee*
Pembroke
Pendleton*
Pikeville
Pilot Mountain
Pine Level
Pine Bluff
Pinetops
Pineville
Pink Hill
Pittsboro
Plymouth
Polkton
Polloeksville
Powellsville.
Princeton
Princeville
Raeford
Raleigh
Ramseur.
Randleman
Red Springs
Reidsville...
Rennert
Rhodhiss
Rich Square
Richfield
Richlands
Ringwood*...
Roanoke Rapids
Robbinsville
Roberdel
Robersonville
Rockingham
Rockwell
Rocky Mount
Rocky Mount Mills.
Rolesville*
Roper..
Rose Hill
Roseboro.
County
Catawba
Sampson
Wilkes
Stanly
Stanly
Martin
Pitt
McDowell
Chatham
Pamlico
Robeson.
Granville
Pitt...
Halifax
Beaufort
Sampson
Robeson
Martin
Caldwell..
Anson
Richmond
Robeson
Northampton
Wayne
Surry
Johnston
Moore
Edgecombe
Mecklenburg
Lenoir
Chatham
Washington
Anson
Jones..
Bertie
Johnston
Edgecombe
Hoke
Wake.
Randolph.
Randolph
Robeson
Rockingham
Robeson
Caldwell
Northampton
Stanly
Onslow
Halifax.
Halifax...
Graham
Richmond
Martin
Richmond
Rowan
Edgecombe-Nash.
Nash...
Wake .....
Washington. . ..
Duplin
Sampson
1920
021
125
363
221
282
397
49
931
607
86
,606
210
103
335
76
382
355
183
196
329
333
707
373
165
465
689
166
584
847
575
339
157
403
562
235
076
014
967
018
333
292
835
475
177
548
369
119
476
199
509
453
742
833
1910
043
516
749
2,316
73
1,902
928
251
57
778
94
645
214
3,018
154
94
324
67
219
272
86
232
628
258
62
210
652
394
92
211
688
58
502
2,165
287
227
75
354
627
580
19,218
1,022
1,950
1,089
4,828
1,179
370
367
210
445
147
1,670
122
422
616
2, 155
249
8,051
480
170
819
364
183
1900
1,583
75
918
663
115
""253
"166
~2~059
52
131
253
57
""§36
""156
86
168
710
266
585
"""424
1,011
276
198
44
281
552
"l3~643
769
2,190
858
3,262
133
"""232
73
160
98
1,009
275
1,507
"2^937
605
155
63
Towns marked * are not reported to date.
410
Census
POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS-CWinM«d.
City or Town
Rosman
Rowland...
Roxboro
Roxobel
Royall Cotton Mills
Rutherford College.
Rutherfordton
St. Pauls
Salemf
Salisbury
Saluda
Sanford
Saratoga
Scotland Neck
Seaboard*
Selma
Shallotte
Sharpsburg
Shelby....
Shelmerdine
Shore*
Siler City
Smithfield
Snow Hill
Spruce Pine.
South Biltmore
South Mills
South Wadesboro...
Southern Pines
Southport
Sparta
Spencer.
Spring Hope
Stanley Creek
Stantonsburg
Star
Statesville
Stedman
Stem
Stokes
Stokesdale
Stoneville
Stonewall..
Stouts*
Stovall
Swan Quarter
Swansboro
Sylva
Tabor
Tarboro
Taylorsville
Teacheys
Thomas ville
Tillery*
Todd
Toisnott- --.
Towns ville
Trenton
Trinity
Trout man
County
Transylvania..
Robeson..
Person ..
Bertie
Wake
Burke
Rutherford
Robeson..
Forsyth
Rowan
Polk
Lee
Wilson
Halifax
Northampton.
Johnston
Brunswick
Nash
Cleveland
Pitt
Yadkin
Chatham
Johnston
Greene..
Mitchell
Buncombe
Camden
Anson
Moore
Brunswick
Alleghany
Rowan...
Nash
Gaston
Wilson.
Montgomery..
Iredell
Cumberland...
Granville
Pitt
Guilford
Rockingham..
Pamlico
Union
Granville
Hyde
Onslow
Jackson
Columbus
Edgecombe
Alexander
Duplin
Davidson
Halifax
Ashe
Wilson
Vance
Jones v..
Randolph
Iredell
Towns marked * are not reported to date.
tReported under Winston-Salem
JReported under Elm City
1920
527
767
,214
,207
442
275
,693
,147
,884
549
,977
061
,601
174
334
,609
93
,253
,895
700
717
245
373
293
743
,664
159
,510
,221
584
424
467
,895
121
245
138
179
472
218
414
184
420
863
782
568
122
164
676
82
206
488
400
342
1910
145
787
1,425
491
437
229
1,062
419
5,533
7,153
235
2,282
136
1,726
280
1,331
139
121
3,127
315
308
895
1,347
450
238
390
202
542
1,484
199
1,915
1,246
321
204
239
4,599
79
159
404
161
82
305
185
390
698
418
,129
662
154
,877
269
590
331
332
230
North Carolina
411
POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOW^S— Continued.
City or Town
County
1920
1910
1900
Troy ..
Montgomery
1,102
1,067
142
147
156
540
308
467
273
189
190
2,648
174
1,425
1,055
700
43
139
155
392
296
273
420
185
878
Try on...
Polk
324
Tunis
Hertford
Union
Hertford
176
Union Mills
Rutherford.
Vanceboro
Craven
291
Pamlico
169
Vass
Moore
Vaughan
Warren
Waco.. _-
Cleveland
160
Wade.
Cumberland
Wadesboro -
Anson
2,376
1,546
Wagram
Scotland
Wake Forest
Wake ...
1,443
287
444
215
480
127
807
723
6,211
169
602
2,008
442
227
1,999
759
846
823
Wakefield*
Wake
142
Wallace
Duplin
648
218
Walnut*
Madison
Walnut Cove
Stokes
651
158
927
1,108
6,166
181
750
1,942
606
74
1,861
1,239
1,266
462
336
Walstonburg .
Greene
Warrenton
Warren.
836
Warsaw
Duplin
576
4,842
Watha
Pender
Waxhaw
Union.
752
Waynesville
Haywood
1,307
Weaverville
Buncombe
329
Webster
Weldon
Halifax 1
1,433
Wendell
Wake
West Hickory
Catawba
213
West Jefferson
Ashe .
West Lumberton
Robeson
231
46
755
179
1,368
216
45
799
53
1,574
25,748
6,717
684
289
353
17,167
484
624
312
187
Westray
Nash
48
723
164
1,664
261
Whitakers..
Edgecombe-Nash
388
Whitehall .
114
Whiteville .
643
Whittier
Jackson-Swain
Wilbanks
Wilson
46
Wilkesboro
Wilkes
814
635
Williams*
Yadkin
Williamston...
Martin
1,800
33,372
10,612
1,210
288
470
48,395
650
489
400
912
Wilmington
New Hanover
20,976
Wilson
Wilson
3,525
Windsor
Bertie
597
WinfalL.
222
Wingate.
Union
Winston-Salem _
Forsyth
10,008
Winterville --
Pitt
243
Winton
Hertford
liss
Woodland
Northampton
242
Woodleaf*...
Rowan
Woodville
Bertie
381
367
20
254
445
Worthville
Randolph
393
54
130
432
338
431
483
467
Wrightsville Beach ..
New Hanover
22
Yadkin College
Davidson
210
Yadkinville
Yadkin
292
Yancey ville*
Caswell
Franklin
370
953
345
Wake...
Towns marked * not reported to date.
412
Counties and County Skats
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PART XIII
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES
1. Executive Officials.
2. Justices of the Supreme Court.
3. Senators and Representatives in Congress.
4. Senators and Representatives in the General
Assembly.
EXECUTIVE OFFICIALS
CAMERON MORRISON.
Governor.
Cameron Morrison, Democrat, of Richmond County, was born in
Richmond County, North Carolina, October 5th, 1869. Son of Daniel
M. Morrison and his wife, Martha Cameron Morrison. Educated in
the private schools of M. C. McCaskill at Ellerbe Springs, N. C,
and Dr. William Carroll of Rockingham. Lawyer. Member of Sen-
ate Branch of the General Assembly in 1900. Mayor of the town of
Rockingham in 1893. Elected Governor of North Carolina in 1920.
Presbyterian. Married Miss Lottie May Tomlinson of Durham, N.
C, who died Nov. 12, 1919. One child, a daughter, Angelia. Ad-
dress: Raleigh, N. C.
JOHN BRYAN GRIMES
SECRETARY OF STATE
J. Bryan Grimes, Democrat, of Pitt County, was born in Raleigh,
N. C, June 3, 1868. Son of Bryan and Charlotte Emily (Bryan)
Grimes. Educated at private schools; Raleigh Male Academy;
Trinity school (Chocowinity, N. C); Lynch's High School (High
Point, N. C); University of North Carolina; Bryant and Stratton
Business College (Baltimore, Md.) Planter. Member of State
Farmers Alliance. Member Executive Committee North Carolina
Agricultural Society. Member State Board of Agriculture, 1899-1900.
Was elected Secretary of State in 1900, re-elected in 1904, 1908,
1912, 1916 and 1920. Term expires 1925. Ex-President Tobacco
Growers Association of North Carolina 1899-1900. Chairman North
Carolina Historical Commission 1907-1921. Member State Literary
and Historical Association. President of the North Carolina
Society of Sons of the Revolution 1911-1921. Member Executive
Committee, Trustees University of North Carolina. Chairman of
Committee of Trustees for the Extension and Development of the
University Buildings and Grounds. Member of the Farmers Co-
27
418 Biographical Sketches
operative and Education Union. President Scottish Society of
America 1918-1919. Member Executive Committee of North Caro-
lina Council of Defense. Aide-de-camp on staff of Governor Elias
Carr, with rank of Colonel. Fraternal orders: Masons, Knights
of Pythians, Jr. O. U. A. M. Episcopalian. Married November 14,
1894, Miss Mary Octavia Laughinghouse; February, 1904, Miss
Elizabeth Forest Laughinghouse. Address: Raleigh, N. C.
BENJAMIN RICE LACY.
STATE TREASURER.
Benjamin R. Lacy, Democrat, of Wake County, was born in
Raleigh, N. C, June 19, 1854. Son of Rev. Drury and Mary Richie
(Rice) Lacy. Educated at Preparatory School of R. H. Graves
(Graham, N. C). 1868; Bingham School (Mebane, N. C), 1869-1870.
Served regular apprentice as machinist in old R. & G. shops, was
general foreman for four years. Fifteen years a locomotive en-
gineer. Member of Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers. Delegate
to three Grand Conventions of B. of L. E. Alderman of City of
Raleigh. State Commissioner of Labor and Printing for six years.
Elected State Treasurer in 1900; re-elected in 1904, 1908, 1912, 1916
and 1920. Term expires 1924. Grand Treasurer of Grand Lodge
A. F. & A. M., Odd Fellow, Jr. O. U. A. M. Presbyterian, elder.
Married, June 27, 1882, Miss Mary Burwell. Seven children. Ad-
dress: Raleigh, N. C.
BAXTER DURHAM
STATE AUDITOR.
Baxter Durham, Democrat, was born in Durham, N. C, August
20, 1878. Son of Columbus and Lila (Walters) Durham. At-
tended public schools of Durham and Raleigh 1884-1892; Raleigh
Male Academy, 1892-1894; Wake Forest College. 1894-1895. Travel-
ing Auditor, Department of State Auditor. Served as private,
Sergeant, Captain and Major in National Guard, 1907-1919. B. P.
O. E. Elected State Auditor November 2, 1920. Baptist. Address:
Raleigh, N. C.
Executive Officials 419
EUGENE CLYDE BROOKS
SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.
Eugene Clyde Brooks, Democrat, of Durham County, was born in
Greene County, December 3, 1871. He is a son of Edward J. and
Martha Eleanor (Brooks) Brooks. He was prepared for college at
Bethel Academy in Lenoir County in 1881-1890, and was graduated
at Trinity College in 1894. In 1913-1914 he was a student at Teach-
ers' College, Columbia University. Dr. Brooks has been a teacher
all his life. He was principal of the Kinston graded schools in
1900; Superintendent of the Monroe graded schools in 1900-1903;
Rural School Supervisor and Secretary to the Educational Cam-
paign Committee (in North Carolina State Department of Educa-
tion), 1903-1904; Superintendent of the Goldsboro graded schools,
1904-1907; and Professor of Education in Trinity College, 1907-1919.
In 1906 he became editor of "North Carolina Education." He was
president of the North Carolina Teachers' Assembly in 1913-1914;
and a member of the State Educational Commission, 1917-1918. In
1918 he was appointed State Director of the National Educational
Association. Davidson College conferred upon him the honorary
degree of Doctor of Literature in 1918, and in 1920 Trinity College
conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws. Mr.
Brooks has always taken an active interest in civic matters. In
1913 he was a member of the Board of Alderman of the city of
Durham; vice-president of the Durham Chamber of Commerce in
1918; vice-president of the Durham Building and Loan Association,
1916-1918; member of the Executive Committee of the Durham
Public Library, 1914-1918; and a member of the Board of Education
of the Durham City Schools, 1914-1919. Mr. Brooks is the author
of "Story of Cotton," "Story of Corn," "Life of Braxton Craven,"
"Woodrow Wilson as President," "Agriculture and Rural Life
Day," and "Education for Democracy," and coauthor of "North
Carolina Geography," "Agricultural Arithmetic," and "History in
the Elementary Schools," and editor of "North Carolina Poems."
He was a member of the Durham Rotary Club and is a member of
Phi Beta Kappa. Methodist. Married Miss Ida Myrtle Sapp. Ad-
dress: Raleigh, N. C.
420 Biographical Sketches
JAMES SMITH MANNING.
ATTORNEY- GENERAL.
James Smith Manning, Democrat, of Durham County, was born
June 1, 1859. Son of John and Louisa Jones (Hall) Manning.
Educated at Pittsboro Female Academy (Dr. Sutton) and A. H.
Merritt's school; University of North Carolina, A. B., 1879; Univer-
sity of North Carolina Law School. Lawyer. Nominated for
Superior Court Judge, 1896. Attorney for city of Durham, 1886-
1887. Representative from Durham County in General Assembly
of 1907. State Senator from Nineteenth District in 1909. Associate
Justice of the Supreme Court, 1909-1910. In 1913 moved to Raleigh
and joined a partnership with former Governor W. W. Kitchin
under the firm name of Manning and Kitchin. Elected Attorney-
General in 1916. Trustee of University of North Carolina. Episco-
palian. Married, December 12, 1888, Miss Julia Tate Cain. Ad-
dress: Raleigh, N. C.
WILLIAM ALEXANDER GRAHAM.
COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
William A. Graham, Democrat, of Lincoln County, was born
December 26, 1839, at Hillsboro, N. C. Son of William A. and
Susan (Washington) Graham. Educated at private schools, 1847-
1848; Caldwell Institute (Hillsboro, N. C); Union Academy (Wash-
ington, D. C); University of North Carolina, 1S56-1859; Princeton
College, A. B. 1860. Farmer. President North Carolina Farmers'
Alliance, three terms; State Senator, 1874-1875 and 1878-1879;
Representative 1905. Member North Carolina Board of Agriculture,
1899-1908. Elected Commissioner of Agriculture in 190S, and re-
elected in 1912, and 1916, and 1920. Term expires 1921. Captain
Co. K, 2nd N. C. Cavalry, C. S. A. Major and Assistant Adjutant
General of North Carolina State Troops. Baptist. Moderator of
South Fork Association. Thirty years Chairman of Executive
Committee. President Baptist State Convention. Author: General
Joseph Graham and His Revolutionary Papers; History of South
Fork Association; Life and Services of General William L. David-
son; Battle of Ramsaur's Mill; History of Second Regiment North
Carolina Cavalry, and North Carolina Adjutant General's Depart-
ment (North Carolina Regiments) 1861-1S65. Walter Clark, Editor.
Married Miss Julia R. Lane, June 9, 1864. Eleven children. Ad-
dress: Raleigh, N. C.
Executive Officials 421
MITCHELL LEE SHIPMAN.
COMMISSIONER OF LABOR AND PRINTING.
M. L. Shipman, Democrat, of Henderson County, was born at
Bowman's Bluff, Henderson County, December 31, 1866. Son of
F. M. and Martha A. (Dawson) Shipman. Educated in public
schools and private schools. Editor. Teacher. Superintendent
Public Instruction Transylvania County, 1892-1895. Twice First
Vice-President, six times Historian, and once President North
Carolina Press Association. Member National Editorial Association.
Chairman Henderson County Democratic Executive Committee,
1898-1906; Chairman Senatorial and Congressional District Com-
mittees; member State Democratic Executive Committee; Calendar
Clerk, State Senate, 1899-1905; Assistant Commissioner of Labor
and Printing, 1905-1908. Elected Commissioner of Labor and Print-
ing, 1908; re-elected 1912-1916 and 1920. Term expires 1924. First
Vice-President International Association of Labor Commissioners
and Chairman of the Executive Committee. Fraternal orders: Odd
Fellows (Past Grand Master, now Grand Treasurer), Knights of
Pythias (Past Chancellor), Royal Arcanum, Jr. O. U. A. M. Sec-
Treas. North Carolina Orphans' Association and Chairman Pub-
licity Committee. Baptist; Clerk of North Carolina Association,
1902. Married Miss Lula Osborne, of Brevard, July 12, 1896. Four
children. Address: Raleigh, N. C.
STAGEY W. WADE.
INSURANCE COMMISSIONER.
Stacey W. Wade, Democrat, was born at Morehead City, N. C,
August 18, 1875. Son of David B. and Sarah (Royal) Wade. At-
tended public and private schools of home town. Insurance Com-
missioner. Assistant Principal Clerk of the State Senate, 1903,
5, 7, 8, and 9; Vice-President Carteret Ice Company, 1904-1906;
City Clerk, 1906-1908; Director of the Bank of Carteret, 1907-1909;
Auditor and Member Finance Committee Atlantic and North Caro-
lina Railroad Company, 1911-1921; Chief Deputy Insurance Commis-
sioner, 1909-1921. Mason, Knights Templar, Shrine. Methodist.
Married Miss Clyde Mann, December, 1905. Address: Raleigh, N. C.
JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT
WALTER CLARK,
OHIIDF JUSTIOK.
Walter Clark, Democrat, of Wake County, was born in Halifax
County, N. ('., Augusi L9, I sir, Son of David and Anna ;\i. (Thorne)
Clark. Graduated from University <>r North Carolina L864. Lieu
tenanl Colonel, C. S. A. Admitted to the bar L868, Judge of Supe
rlor Court, L885 L889. Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, L889
idol!. Chief Justice since January L, 1903. Frequenl contributor to
periodical Literature. Author: ('lurk's Annotated ('ode of <'ivii Pro
ceudre. Translator from the French: Constant's Memoirs of Na-
poleon ( 3 vols.). Editor: The State Records of North Carolina (16
vol:: |; The North Carolina Regiments, ixiii L865 (5 vols >; Reprints
of Noriii Carolina Supreme Courl Reports, with annotations (164
vols.). President North Carolina Literary and Historical Assocla
lion, L900-1901. LL.D. (University <>r N. C). Methodist. Married
MIhh Susan W., daughter or William A. Graham, January lis, L874.
Address: Raleigh, N. C.
PLATT DICKINSON WALKER.
AHSIKI VI I .1 UHT1CII .
Platl I ». Walker, Democrat, of Mecklenburg County, was born in
Wilmington, N. <'. Son of Thomas t». and Mary Vance (Dickinson)
Walker. Educated ;ii George vv. Jewett's School, Wilmington, ;m<i
James it Horner's School, Oxford, N. ('.; University of North Caro
Una, Class of L869. Finished collegiate course ;ii University or vir
glnla and studied law there under Prof. John B. Minor and Prof
Southall, received LL.D. diploma in L869. Obtained his license to
practice law ;it June Term, L870, or Supreme Court; admitted to the
Bar of North Carolina and settled :it Rockingham, L870, and prac
ticod law with the late lion Walter L. Steele, afterwards member or
Congress. Representative Prom Richmond County in General As
sembly or Norib Carolina, L874 L875. Removed i<> Charlotte 1876,
Justices ot i he Supreme <'m rt •I-:!
,ind entered Into partnership with the Late lion. Clement Dowd
(afterwards member of Congress) Cor the practice of law, and In
November, L880, with Hon, Armlstead Burwell, afterwards Justice of
the Supreme Court, and in 1 x : i ii with E. T, Cansler, Esq, Has
been Associate Justice of the Supreme Courl of North Caroline
since January, L903. Flrsl President of the North Carolina Bar
Association, L899. President of ih<' State Literary and Historical
Association, L909-1910. Trustee <>r the University of North Caro
Una, 190] L905. LL.D. (Davidson College, L903, and University of
North Carolina L908). Episcopalian. Married Miss Nettie Settle
Covington, June 5, L878, al Reldsville, N. C; Miss Alma Locke
Mordecal, June 8, L910. Residence: Charlotte, N. c. Office:
Raleigh, N. C.
WILLIAM ALEXANDER HOKE.
Asson \i k .i USTICE.
William A. Hoke, Democrat, of Lincoln County, w;is born ;ii Lin
colnton, N. C, October 25, L851. Son of Col. John Franklin and
Catherine Wilson (Alexander) Hoke. Educated ;ii private schools.
Studied i.'iw under chirr Justice Richmond Pearson, ;ii Richmond
Hill, N. C. Admitted to Bar L872. Practiced law al Shelby and
Lincolnton, N. C, until L891. Representative in Legislature or North
Carolina in L889. Judge of the Superior Court, L891 L904. Elected
Associate Justice or the Supreme Courl of North Carolina, L904; re
elected, L912 and again in L920. Member Society of the Cincinnati.
LL.D. (University or N, ('.). Episcopalian. Al Lincolnton, Decern
hoi- L6, is!»7, married to Miss Mary McBee. Residence: Lincolnton,
N. (!. Office: Raleigh, N. C.
WILLIAM REYNOLDS ALLEN.
AS: 101 I VI I .1 I STICK.
William Reynolds Allen, Democrat, of Wayne County, was horn
,-,! Kenansville, North Carolina, March ii*i, L860. Son of William A.
;iikI Maria Goodwin (Hicks) Allen. Educated al R. W. Millard
and Samuel Clement's schools, Kenansville, 1868 L876, and ;ii Trlnltj
College I x 7 < ; L877. Studied law under his father. Lawyer. Repre
424 Biographical Sketches
sentative from Wayne County in General Assembly, 1893, 1899, 1901.
Chairman Board of Education Wayne County. Judge Superior Court,
1S94-1895; 1903-1911. Elected Associate Justice of the Supreme
Court of North Carolina, 1910. Re-elected Associate Justice 1918.
LL.D. (University of N. C.) Methodist. Has been a member Board
of Stewards and now Trustee Methodist Orphanage. Married, No-
vember 3, 1886, Miss Mattie M. Moore. Five children. Address:
Goldsboro, N. C.
WALTER PARKER STACY.
ASSOCIATE JUSTICE.
Walter Parker Stacy, Democrat, was born in Ansonville, Decem-
ber, 18S4. Son of Rev. L. E. and Rosa (Johnson) Stacy. Attended
Weaverville College, 1895-1898; Morven High School, 1899-1902;
University of North Carolina, degree of A. B., 1908; University
Law School, 1908-1909. Lawyer. Member of North Carolina Bar
Association. Represented New Hanover County in General As-
sembly of 1915. Judge Superior Court, Eighth Judicial District,
1916-1920. Elected Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of
North Carolina, 1920. Methodist. Address: Raleigh, N. C.
MEMBERS OF CONGRESS
FURNIFOLD McLENDEL SIMMONS.
F. M. Simmons, Democrat, of New Bern, Craven County, was born
January 20, 1854, in the County of Jones, N. C. Educated at Wake
Forest College and at Trinity College, graduating at Trinity Col-
lege with the degree of A.B., in June, 1873; was admitted to the
Bar in 1875, and practiced the profession of law until his election
to the United States Senate in 1901. In 1886 was elected a member
of the Fiftieth Congress from the Second Congressional District
of North Carolina. In 1893 was appointed Collector of Internal
Revenue for the Fourth (the Eastern) Collection District of North
Carolina, and served in that office during the term of Mr. Cleveland.
In the campaigns of 1892, 1898, 1900, 1902, 1904, and 1906, was
Chairman of the Democratic Executive Committee of the State.
LL.D. of Trinity College, N. C, 1901; University of North Caro-
lina, 1915. He was elected to the United States Senate to succeed
Marion Butler, Populist, for the term beginning March 4, 1901,
and re-elected in 1907, and again in 1913, having been chosen in
the Democratic primary November 5, 1912, over two opponents,
Governor W. W. Kitchin and Chief Justice Walter Clark. Chairman
of Finance Committee in the Sixty-fourth and Sixty-fifth Congresses
during Democratic control of the United States Senate. One of the
authors of the Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act of 1913, still in effect,
and of the Revenue Measures which provided for the financing
of the World War on the part of America. In 1918 re-elected to
the Senate for term March 4, 1919-March 3, 1925. Is now Chairman
of the Democratic Patronage and the Library Committees of the
Senate, ranking Democratic (minority) member of the Committee
on Finance, member of the Steering Committee, the Committee on
Commerce, and of other committees of the Senate.
LEE SLATER OVERMAN.
Lee Slater Overman, Democrat, of Salisbury, was born January
3, 1854, in Salisbury, Rowan County. Graduated Trinity College,
North Carolina, with the degree of A.B., June, 1874; the degree of
426 Biographical Sketches
M.A. was conferred upon him two years later, the degree of LL.D.
has since been conferred both by the University of North Carolina
and Trinity College; taught school two years; was Private Secretary
to Governor Z. B. Vance in 1877-1878, and Private Secretary to
Governor Thomas J. Jarvis in 1879. Began the practice of law in
his native town in 1880; has had a leading practice; was five times
a member of the Legislature, sessions of 1883, 1885, 1887, 1893, and
1899; was the choice of the Democratic caucus for Speaker in 18S7,
and was defeated by one vote, through a combination of Indepen-
dents and Republicans; was the unanimous choice of his party
and elected Speaker of the House of Representatives, session of
1893; was President of the North Carolina Railroad Company in
1S94; was the choice of the Democratic caucus for United States
Senator in 1895, and was defeated in open session by Hon. Jeter
C. Pritchard, through a combination of Republicans and Populists;
was Chairman of the Democratic State Conventions, 1900-1910;
Trustee of the University of N. C, 1885-1911; is also a Trustee of
Trinity College; was chosen Presidential Elector for the State at
large in 1900. Married Miss Mary P., the eldest daughter of United
States Senator, afterwards Chief Justice, A. S. Merrimon, October
31, 1878. Was elected to the United States Senate to succeed Jeter C.
Pritchard, Republican, for the term beginning March 4, 1903. His
first term expired March 3, 1909. By unanimous choice of the Demo-
cratic caucus, he was re-elected January 19, 1909, for a second term.
November 3, 1914, he was elected for a third term, being the first
Senator elected in North Carolina by a direct vote of the people.
Re-elected November 2, 1920, for a fourth term beginning March 4,
1921, by a majority over his opponent of 81,000.
HALLETT S. WARD.
(First District. — Counties: Currituck, Camden. Dare, Pasquotank,
Perquimans, Chowan, Gates, Hertford, Washington, Tyrrell, Mar-
tin, Beaufort, Hyde, Pitt. Population, 206,137.)
Hallett S. Ward. Democrat, of Beaufort County, was born in Gates
County August 31st, 1870. Attended only the public schools of the
county and a short period at the Como Academy in Hertford County
under the great teacher of that day, Capt. Julian H. Picot. Studied
law at the University in the summer of 1893. Located in Plymouth,
Members of Congress 427
N. C. Married Aileen Latham. Elected to State Senates of 1899
and 1901. Elected Solicitor of the First Judicial District in 1904;
served six years. Elected to 67th Congress in 1920.
CLAUDE KITCHIN.
(Second District. — Counties: Bertie, Edgecombe. Greene, Hali-
fax, Lenoir, Northampton, Warren, and Wilson. Population, 233,111.)
Claude Kitchin, Democrat, of Halifax County, was born in that
county, near Scotland Neck, March 24, 1869. Graduated from Wake
Forest College June, 1888, and was married to Miss Kate Mills,
November 13th of the same year. Admitted to the Bar Septem-
ber, 1890, and has since been engaged in the practice of law at
Scotland Neck. Elected to Fifty-seventh, Fifty-eighth, Fifty-ninth,
Sixtieth, Sixty-first, Sixty-second, Sixty-third, Sixty-fourth, Sixty-
fifth, Sixty-sixth, and Sixty-seventh Congresses. Majority leader
in the Sixty-fourth and Sixty-fifth Congresses. Address: Scotland
Neck, N. C.
SAMUEL MITCHELL BRINSON.
(Third District. — Counties: Carteret, Craven, Duplin, Jones, Ons-
low, Pamlico, Pender, Sampson, and Wayne. Population, 202,760.)
Samuel M. Brinson, Democrat, from the Third District, was
born in New Bern, N. C, March 20, 1870. He is a son of William
George and Kitty (Chestnut) Brinson. He was prepared for
college in the New Bern city school, 1878-1888, and was graduated
from Wake Forest College in 1891. In 1895 he read law at the
University of North Carolina Law School, and upon receiving his
license, February, 1896, practiced law at New Bern until he was
elected County Superintendent of Public Instruction in 1902. Since
that time he has devoted his entire time to the school work of the
county. He was at one time an ensign in the New Bern Division
in the Naval Reserves. In 1918, upon the death of Hon. W. T.
Dortch, Democratic nominee for Congress, he was chosen by the
Democratic Executive Committee a few days before election to
fill the vacancy, and was elected over Claude R. Wheatley, Re-
publican, by 3,205 majority. Was re-elected to Congress (1920) over
428 Biographical Sketches
R. L. Herring by 5,200 majority. He is a Mason, and a member
of the Royal Arcanum, an Elk, and member of Jr. O. U. A. M. He
is a member of the Baptist Church. On January 16, 1901, he
was married to Miss Ruth Martin Scales, of Salisbury, N. C. Ad-
dress: New Bern, N. C.
EDWARD WILLIAM POU.
(Fourth District.— Counties: Chatham, Franklin, Johnston, Nash,
Vance, and Wake. Population, 238,494.)
Edward William Pou, Democrat, of Johnston County, was born at
Tuskegee, Ala., September 9, 1863. Presidential Elector in 1888.
Elected Solicitor of the Fourth Judicial District of North Carolina
in 1890, 1894, and 1898. Elected to the Fifty-seventh, Fifty-eighth,
Fifty-ninth, Sixtieth, Sixty-first, Sixty-second, Sixty-third, Sixty-
fourth, Sixty-fifth, Sixty-Sixth, and Sixty-Seventh Congresses.
Address: Smithfield, N. C.
CHARLES MANLY STEDMAN.
(Fifth District.— Counties: Alamance, Caswell, Durham, Forsyth,
Granville, Guilford, Orange, Person, Rockingham, Stokes, Surry.
Population, 408,138.)
Charles Manly Stedman, Democrat, of Greensboro, was born Jan-
uary 29, 1841, in Pittsboro, Chatham County; moved with his
father's family to Fayetteville when he was 12 years of age. Pre-
pared for college at the Pittsboro Academy, and at the Donaldson
Academy in Fayetteville. Graduated from the University of North
Carolina in 1861. In response to the call for volunteers, he left
the University before the commencement exercises and volunteered
as a private in the Fayetteville Independent Light Infantry Com-
pany, which was in the first North Carolina (or Bethel) Regiment.
Upon the disbanding of this regiment he joined a company from
Chatham County; was lieutenant, then captain, and afterwards its
major. This company belonged to the Forty-fourth North Carolina
Regiment. He served with Lee's Army during the entire war; was
three times wounded, and surrendered at Appomattox. He is one
of the twelve soldiers who were engaged in the battle at Bethel
and who surrendered with Lee at Appomattox. At the close of the
Members of Congress 429
Civil War he returned to Chatham County, where he taught school
for a year; while there he studied law under Hon. John Manning
and procured his license to practice. Married Miss Catherine de
Rosset Wright, January 8, 1866. In 1867 he moved to Wilmington,
where he practiced law for many years; he was a member of the
firm of Wright & Stedman. Delegate to the Democratic National
Convention, 1880. Elected Lieutenant Governor, 1884. In 1898 he
moved to Greensboro and formed a copartnership with A. Wayland
Cooke, under the firm name of Stedman & Cooke. Since residing
in Greensboro he has served as President of the North Carolina
Bar Association. In 1909 he was appointed by Governor Kitchin
a director of the North Carolina Railroad Company, representing
the State's interest, and was afterwards elected its president. For
many years he was trustee of the University of North Carolina. He
is a director of the Guilford Battle Ground Company; was elected
to the Sixty-second, Sixty-third, Sixty-fourth, Sixty-fifth, Sixty-Sixth
and Sixty-seventh Congresses.
HOMER LeGRAND LYON.
(Sixth District. — Counties: Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, Cum-
berland, Harnett, New Hanover and Robeson. Population, 223,434.)
Homer LeGrand Lyon, Democrat, of Whiteville, N. C, was born
March 1st, 1879, in Elizabethtown, N. C; was educated at Davis
Military School and the University of North Carolina; was licensed
to practice law in September, 1900. Had been Solicitor of the 8th
Judicial District for seven years preceding his election to Congress.
Married Miss Kate M. Burkhead in 1904. Received 24,174 votes in
the last election against 11.040 cast for his opponent, Hon. R. S.
White, Republican.
WILLIAM C. HAMMER.
(Seventh District. — Counties: Anson, Davidson, Davie, Hoke, Lee,
Montgomery, Moore, Randolph, Richmond, Scotland, Union, Wilkes,
and Yadkin. Population, 295,917.)
William C. Hammer, Democrat, was born in Randolph County,
March 24, 1864. Son of William C. and Hannah Jane (Burrows)
Hammer. Educated in the public schools, Yadkin College, Western
430 Biographical Sketches
Maryland College, University of North Carolina Law School.
Lawyer. Member American Bar Association; North Carolina Bar
Association; National Educational Association; North Carolina
Press Association. Mayor of Asheboro; Town Commissioner;
School Commissioner; County Superintendent of Schools; Solicitor
10th and 15th Judicial Districts of North Carolina; United States
Western District of North Carolina; Delegate from Fourth North
Carolina District Democratic National Convention, 1896, at Chicago
Delegate at large to Democratic National Committee at Baltimore,
1912; President North Carolina Press Association, 1914-1915. Mason.
Odd Fellow, Jr. 0. U. A. M.t Woodman of the World. Methodist.
Married Miss Minnie Lee Hancock, 1893. Address: Asheboro, N. C.
ROBERT LEE DOUGHTON.
(Eighth, District. — Counties: Alexander, Alleghany, Ashe, Cabar-
rus, Caldwell, Iredell, Rowan, Stanly, and Watauga, Population
217,254.)
Robert L. Doughton, Democrat, Laurel Springs, N. C, was born
at Laurel Springs, N. C, November 7, 1863; was educated in the
public schools and at Laurel Springs and Sparta High Schools; is
a farmer and stock raiser; was appointed a member of the Board
of Agriculture in 1903; elected to the State Senate from the Thirty-
fifth District of North Carolina in 190S; served as a director of the
State Prison from 1909 to 1911; elected to the Sixty-second, Sixty-
third, Sixty-fourth, Sixty-fifth, Sixty-sixth, and Sixty-seventh Con-
gresses.
ALFRED LEE BULWINKLE.
(Ninth District. — Counties: Mecklenburg, Gaston, Cleveland, Lin-
coln, Catawba, Burke, Madison, Mitchell, Yancey and Avery. Popu-
lation, 297,996.)
Alfred Lee Bulwinkle, Democrat, Gastonia, Gaston County, was
born in Charleston, S. C, April 21, 1883; moved to Dallas, North
Carolina, 1891; attended school in Dallas; studied law at the Uni-
versity of North Carolina. Lawyer; member of the law firm of
Bulwinkle & Cherry, Gastonia. Prosecuting Attorney in the Mu-
nicipal Court of the City of Gastonia, 1913-1916; nominated for the
Members of Congress 431
State Senate by the Democratic Primary of 1916, but withdrew on
account of being in the military service on the Mexican Border;
Captain, 1st Infantry, N. C. N. G., 1909-1917; Major, commanding
2nd Battalion, 113 F. A., 55th F. A. Brigade, 30th Div., 1917-1919, and
served with the regiment in the A. E. F. Married Miss Bessie
Lewis, 1911; two children; was elected to the Sixty-seventh Congress
by a vote of 40,195 to 35,686 for Jake F. Newell, Republican.
ZEBULON WEAVER.
(Tenth District. — Counties: Cherokee, Buncombe, Clay, Graham,
Haywood, Henderson, Jackson, McDowell, Macon, Polk, Rutherford,
Swain, Transylvania. Population, 231,483.)
Zebulon Weaver, Democrat, of Buncombe County, was born in
Weaverville, N. C, May 12, 1872. He is the son of W. E. and
Hannah E. (Baird) Weaver. A.B. of Weaverville College, 1889.
Studied law at the University of North Carolina, 1894. Lawyer.
Represented Buncombe County in the General Assembly of North
Carolina in 1907 and 1909. State Senator, 1913 and 1915. After
a close contest with James J Britt, Republican, in 1916, was de-
clared elected Representative in the Sixty-fifth and Sixty-sixth
Congresses. Methodist. Married Miss Anna Hyman. Address:
Asheville, N. C.
MEMBERS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY
OFFICERS OF THE SENATE.
WILLIAM BRYANT COOPER.
PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE,
William Bryant Cooper, New Hanover County, Democrat, Lieu-
tenant Governor, was born at Cool Springs, S. C, Jan. 22, 1867.
Son of Noah Bryant and Lucinda Jennette Cooper. Attended
public schools of Mullins, S. C. Banker. Member of the Chamber
of Commerce of Wilmington; president in 1900; member of Board
of Trade in 1910; Mason; president of Masonic Temple Corpora-
tion. Methodist; steward; Sunday school Superintendent, 1905-
1910. Married Miss Ala Francis Gore, 1893. Address: Wilmington,
N. C.
FRANK DOBBIN HACKETT.
Frank D. Hackett, Democrat, Principal Clerk of the Senate, was
born at Maizefield, Wilkes County, June 14, 1857. Son of Charles
Carroll and Jane Cuthbert (Sturgis) Hackett. Attended Jonesville
Academy, 1866-1870; Swansboro Academy, 1870; private tuition,
1870; H. Bingham's Law School, Statesville, N. C, 1888-1889;
Licensed in February, 1890. Lawyer. Member North Carolina
Bar Association; Wilkes County Bar Association; President Wilkes
County Bar Association, 1914-1915; Secretary Treasurer North
Wilkesboro Building and Loan Association, 1908-1915. Special Dep-
uty Collector Internal Revenue, 1895-1896. Assistant Clerk North
Carolina House of Representatives, 1899-1901. State Bank Examiner,
1902. Mayor of North-Wilkesboro, 1903-1904. Supervisor for Wilkes
County Revaluation Work, 1919-1920. Elected Principal Clerk of
Senate Special Session, 1920. I. O. O. F.; Grand Warden, Grand
Lodge, 1908-1919; Peputy Grand Master, 1909-1910; Grand Master,
1910 and 1911; Grand Representatives from North Carolina to
Sovereign Grand Lodge World, 1912-1913. Methodist; Sunday
school superintendent; chairman Board of Stewards for about ten
years. Married, April, 1883, to Miss Alice Phillips. Address:
North Wilkesboro, N. C.
State Senators 433
SENATORS (STATE)
LAUGHLIN McLAURIN KLUE.
(Tiventy-first District. — Counties: Chatham, Moore, Richmond,
and Scotland. Two Senators.)
Laughlin McLaurin Blue, Democrat, Senator from the Twenty-
first District, was born in South Carolina in 1865. Son of Angus
and Mary Ann (McLaurin) Blue. Educated at Laurinburg High
School, 1878-82; Davidson College, 1886, with degree of A.B.
Farmer. Cashier Bank of Gibson, 1904-1918. Mayor of Gibson;
Superintendent of Schools, Scotland County; member House of
Representatives, 1893, 1915; Senate, 1917. Elder in Presbyterian
Church. Married Miss Mattie James Mason in 1893. Address:
Gibson, N. C.
LEON S. BRASSFIELD.
(Fifteenth District. — County: Wake. One Senator.)
Leon S. Brassfield, Democrat, Senator from the Fifteenth Sena-
torial District, born in Wake County, June, 1892. Son of James S.
and Mary Elizabeth (Bailey) Brassfield. Attended Bay Leaf High
School, 1908-1910; Horner's Military School, 1910-1911; Wake Forest
College, B.A., 1915; Columbia University Law School (post-graduate
work), 1915. Attorney. Member North Carolina Bar Association.
Served as 2d Lieutenant in 317th Field Artillery, 1917-1918; 2d
Corps Artillery Park, 1918-1919; American Expeditionary Forces,
1918-1919. Baptist. Married Miss Callie Hunter, March, 1920. Ad-
dress: Raleigh, N. C.
WILLIAM A. BROWN.
(Ninth District. — Counties: Duplin and Pender. One Senator.)
William A. Brown, Democrat, Senator from the Ninth Senatorial
District, was born at Rocky Point, November, 1875. Son of Bryan
and Annie (James) Brown. Was educated at public schools of
Pender County 1882-1895; Davis Military School; and Southern
Business College, Atlanta, Ga., 1896. Farmer and Banker. Presi-
434 Biographical Sketches
dent Planters' Bank & Trust Company, Burgaw, N. C. Member
Board of County Commissioners, 1908. Member and Chairman of
Board of Education, 1919; and Chairman of Local Draft Board dur-
ing war. Mason and Shriner. Married Miss George Emmett. Ad-
dress: Rocky Point, N. C.
LINVILLE BUMGARNER.
(Tiventy -eighth District. — Counties: Davie, Wilkes, and Yadkin.
One Senator.)
Linville Bumgarner, Republican, Senator from the Twenty-eighth
Senatorial District, born at Miller's Creek, Wilkes County, July,
1867. Son of Rev. James L. and Phcebe Ann (Hincher) Bumgarner.
Attended public schools until seventeen years old; Moravian Falls
Academy, 1885-1888. Farmer. Coroner of Wilkes County, 1892-1894.
Clerk of the Superior Court, 1898-1902. Alderman for town of
Wilkesboro, 1907-1912. Member of Legislature, 1913, 1915. Metho-
dist; steward, 1894-1896. Married Miss Bessie Ryan McNeill in
1889. Justice of the Peace of Reddies River Township, 1896-1898.
Taught in the public schools, 1885-1898. Address: Wilkesboro, N. C.
KENNETH OGDEN BURGWIN.
{Tenth District. — Counties: New Hanover, and Brunswick. One
Senator.)
Kenneth Ogden Burgwin, Democrat, Senator from the Tenth
Senatorial District, was born at Tarboro, March, 1S90. Son of
Hill and Susan (Nash) Burgwin. Attended Woodbury Forest, Vir-
ginia, 1901-1904; St. Lukes School, Pennsylvania, 1904-1907; Univer-
sity of North Carolina, 1911. Lawyer. Member North Carolina
Bar Association. Knights of Pythias, Jr. O. U. A. M., Red Men.
Episcopalian. Address: Wilmington, N. C
WILLIAM HYSLOP SUMNER BURGWYN.
{Third District. — Counties: Northampton, and Bertie. One Sena-
tor.)
W. H. S. Burgwyn, Democrat, Senator from the Third senatorial
district, was born at Jackson, January 22, 1886. Son of George Pol-
State Senators 435
lock and Emma Wright (Ridley) Burgwyn. Attended Warrenton
High School, 1898-1900; Episcopal High School, Alexandria, Va.,
1900-1902; Georgetown University; University of North Carolina
Law School 1906-1908. Attorney at Law. Parmer. Mayor of
Jackson, 1917-1918. State Senator from Third District, 1918;
County Attorney Northampton County; Trustee of the University
of North Carolina since 1914. Mason, Royal Arch, Knight Templar,
32nd Degree, Shriner. A. T. O., College Fraternity. Episcopalian;
vestryman. Married Miss Josephine Griffin, January 2, 1911. Ad-
dress: Woodland, N. C.
WALTER PIERCE BYRD.
{Fourteenth District. — Counties: Harnett, Johnston, Lee, and
Sampson. Two Senators.)
Walter Pierce Byrd, Republican, Senator from the Fourteenth
senatorial district, was born in Harnett County. Son of A. J.
and Caroline (Shaw) Byrd. Attended Buie's Creek Academy 1888-
1889; Davis Military School, 1891; University of North Carolina
Law School, 1908-1909. Lawyer. Member of North Carolina Bar
Association. Clerk of the Superior Court of Harnett County, 1914-
1918. Served as private in Company A, 2nd North Carolina "Volun-
teers in Spanish American War. Methodist; Lay Elder of Fayette-
ville District. Married, November 3rd, 1909, to Miss Zula Tomlin-
son. Address: Lillington, N. C.
BENNEHAN CAMERON.
{Eighteenth District. — Counties: Caswell, Alamance, Orange, and
Durham. Two Senators.)
Bennehan Cameron, Democrat, Senator from the Eighteenth Sena-
torial district, was born September 9, 1854, at "Fairntosh," Stag-
ville, N. C, then Orange, now Durham County. Son of Paul Car-
rington and Anne (Ruffin) Cameron. Prepared for college at Horner
Military School, 1868-1871; Eastman National Business College,
1871; graduated at Virginia Military Institute, 1875; Captain Co. C.
Admitted to the Bar in 1877. Farmer. Director of the Morehead
436 Biographical Sketches
Banking Company, Durham, N. C. Took an active part in organizing
the First National Bank of Durham, and in the building of the
Lynchburg and Durham Railroad, the Oxford and Clarksville Rail-
road, the Durham and Northern Railroad, and the Oxford and
Dickerson branch. Director in the Raleigh and Augusta Air Line
Railroad. One of the organizers of the Seaboard Air Line Railroad
Company; president of the same, 1911-1913. Director and vice-
president of the Rocky Mount Mills. President of the North Caro-
line State Agricultural Society, 1896-1897. Vice-president of the
Southern Cotton Growers Protective Association, 1904-1906. Vice-
president of the Farmers' National Congress, 1901-1907; president,
1907-1909. Member of Royal Agricultural Society of England,
1908-1914. Captain of Orange County Guards, 1875-1876. Captain of
the staffs of Governors Vance, Jarvis, and Scales. Colonel on the
staffs of Governors Fowle, Holt, and Carr. Represented North
Carolina on the staff of General Phil Sheridan at the centennial
celebration of the adoption of the Federal Constitution, 1887, and
on the staff of General Schofield at the centennial celebration of
the inauguration of President George Washington, 1889. Organizer
and director of the Quebec-Miami International Highway. Organ-
izer and vice-president of the Southern National Highway. Director
of the American Automobile Association. President of the Scottish
Society of America. Assistant treasurer of the North Carolina
Society of the Cincinnati. Vice-president of the North Carolina
Sons of the Revolution. Chairman of the Committee on the Co-
operation of Patriotic Organizations under the American Committee
for the Celebration of the Century of Peace among English-speaking
Peoples under the Treaty of Ghent. Representative in the General
Assembly, 1915; State Senator, 1917. Episcopalian. Married Miss
Sallie P. Mayo. Address: Stagville, N. C.
LUTHER MONTROSE CARLTON.
(Seventeenth District. — Counties: Granville, and Person. One
Senator.)
Luther Montrose Carlton, Democrat, Senator from the Seventeenth
senatorial district, was born at Durham, March 27th, 1877. Son
of Marcus L. and Betty (Groome) Carlton. Attended Durham
Graded and High Schools 1882-1892; Trinity College, 1897; Univer-
State Senators 437
sity of North Carolina 1899 and 1900; Law School. Lawyer. County
attorney for Person County, 1901-1903. Chairman Democratic
Executive Committee for Person County 1901-1908. Mayor of Rox-
boro in 1915; resigned. Town attorney for Roxboro for past two
years. Chairman Board Graded School Trustees 1915-1920. Knights
of Pythias. Mason. Jr. O. U. A. M. Modern Woodmen. Baptist.
Married, 1905, to Miss Mary Graves Hines. Address: Roxboro, N. C.
CARL EDWARD CARPENTER.
{Thirty-first District. — County: Gaston. One Senator.)
Carl Edward Carpenter, Democrat, Senator from the Thirty-first
Senatorial District, was born at Stanley, Gaston County, N. C, on
October 9th, 1888. He is a son of B. F. and Fannie (Mason) Car-
penter. Received his preparatory education at Stanley High School.
Attended Roanoke College, Salem, Va.; Lenoir College, Hickory, N.
C. Attended University of North Carolina Law School 1909-1910.
Lawyer. Member of North Carolina Bar Association and Gaston
County Bar Association. Mason, K. of P.. Jr. O. U. A. M., Red Men.
Chancellor Commander Gastonia Lodge K. of P., 1919 Lutheran;
Superintendent of Sunday School. Married in 1912 to Miss Ruth
Spencer. Address: Gastonia, N. C.
CLIFFORD NEWTON COX.
(Twenty-second District. — Counties: Montgomery, and Randolph.
One Senator.)
Clifford Newton Cox, Republican, Senator from the Twenty-second
Senatorial District, was born in Randolph County, July 15, 1891.
Son of N. C. and Catherine (Burrow) Cox. Received his elemen-
tary education in Asheboro Graded and Asheboro High Schools
1902-1910. Attended University of North Carolina 1910-1912; Uni-
versity of Virginia 1912-1916, LL.B. Attorney at Law. County
Attorney for Randolph 1917 to present time. Republican candidate
for Solicitor from 15th Judicial District in 1918. Delta Sigma Rho
Fraternity; Secretary 1915-16. Methodist. Married Miss Nelle F.
Smith, in April, 1917. Address: Asheboro, N. C.
438 Biographical Sketches
JAMES LESTER DeLANEY.
(Twenty-fourth District. — Counties: Cabarrus and Mecklenburg.
Two Senators.)
James Lester DeLaney, Democrat, of Mecklenburg County, Sena-
tor from Twenty-fourth District, was born in Union County, N. C.
Son of James Stanhope and Margaret E. (Matthews) DeLaney. Was
educated at Weddington Academy, 1896-1900. University of North
Carolina, 1900-1902. University of North Carolina Law School, 1904.
Lawyer. Prosecuting attorney for city of Charlotte, 1911-1913.
State Senator 1919. Mason; Odd Fellow; Knight of Pythias; Jr.
O. U. A. M. Presbyterian. Married Miss Cora Matthews, March 2,
1905. Two children. Address: Charlotte, N. C.
ROGER ALEXANDER DEWAR.
(Thirty-eighth District. — Counties: Cherokee, Clay, Graham, and
Macon. One Senator.)
Roger Alexander Dewar, Republican, Senator from the Thirty-
eighth Senatorial District, born in New York City 1885; reared in
Georgia. Son of Harry and Alice (Rice) Dewar. Attended public
schools 1894-1901. Dr. Wilmer's Preparatory School, Annapolis,
Md., 1901. Two years at U. S. Naval Academy. Studied Mechani-
cal Drawing in Reno, Nevada University, 1905. Lumber dealer.
Mayor and Postmaster at Nelson, Ga. State Chairman of the Pro-
gressive Republican Party in Georgia, 1912-1916. Managed Roosevelt's
campaign in Georgia, 1912; Hughes' campaign in Georgia, 1916.
Served with the 88th Division in France 1918-1919 as 1st Lieutenant
in Red Cross, as Casualty Searcher. Mason. Episcopalian; Vestry-
man, 1914-1916; president St. Luke's Men's Club. Married Miss
Sally Brumby, November, 1906. Address: Andrews, N. C.
FRANK LEMUEL DUNLAP.
(Twenty-third District. — Counties: Anson, Davidson, Stanly, and
Union. Two Senators.)
Frank Lemuel Dunlap, Democrat, Senator from the Twenty-third
Senatorial District, was born in Anson County, May 5, 1887. Son
of Joseph I. and Charlotte F. (Bennett) Dunlap. Received his
State Senators 439
preparatory education in the common schools of Anson County and
at Horner's Military School. LL.B. of the University of North
Carolina, class of 1908. Lawyer and farmer. Clerk of the Superior
Court of Anson County, 1910; Solicitor of Recorder's Court, Anson
County, 1911-1914. Commissioned 2nd Lieutenant in United States
Army, August 1917; 1st Lieutenant, December, 1917; honorably dis-
charged June, 1919. Episcopalian. Address: Wadesboro, N. C.
MARCUS ERWIN.
(Thirty-sixth District. — County: Buncombe. One Senator.)
Marcus Erwin, Democrat, Senator from the Thirty-sixth Sena-
torial District. Address: Asheville, N. C.
SOLOMON GALLERT.
(Thirty-second District. — Counties: Cleveland, Henderson, Polk,
and Rutherford. Two Senators.)
Solomon Gallert, Democrat, Senator from the Thirty-second Dis-
trict, was born at Waterville, Maine, October 17, 1868. Son of
David and Rosalie Gallert. Received his preparatory education at
Waterville Classical Institute, Me., 1881-1884. Attended Colby Col-
lege, 1888, A.B. and A.M. Lawyer. Member North Carolina General
Assembly 1907. Commissary General North Carolina 1902-1908,
with rank of colonel. Member of Phi Delta Theta College Fratern-
ity; Jr. O. U. A. M.; K. of P.; A. P. and A. M.; Scottish Rite 32°
Mason; Royal Arch Chapter; Shriner. Has been District Deputy
Grand Lodge of Masons; Past Master of Masons; Jr. Past Councillor
Jr. O. U. M. M.; Past Chancellor K. of P.; of Jewish Religion. Ad-
dress: Rutherfordton, N. C.
E. JORDAN GRIFFIN.
(First District. — Counties: Perquimans, Currituck, Chowan,
Gates, Pasquotank, Camden, and Hertford. Two Senators.)
E. Jordan Griffin, Democrat, Senator from the First District, was
born at Woodland, Northampton County, February, 1867. Son of
E. O. and Anne E. (Baughm) Griffin. Attended public schools*
440 Biographical Sketches
Woodland Academy 1881; Westtown, Penn., 1887-1888; Philadelphia
Dental College 1893-1896, receiving D.D.S. Dentist. Member of
National and State Dental Association. Represented Chowan
County, Legislature of 1917. Quaker. Married in 1904 to Miss
Imogen Vernon Story. Address: Edenton, N. C.
LUTHER HAMILTON.
(Seventh District. — Counties: Carteret, Craven, Greene, Jones,
Lenoir, and Onslow. Two Senators.)
Luther Hamilton, Democrat, Senator from the Seventh Senatorial
District, was born in Atlantic, N. C, February, 1894. Son of Samuel
E. and Rebecca W. (Fulcher) Hamilton. Attended Atlantic High
School, 1905-1909; Oak Ridge Institute, 1910-1911; University of
North Coralina 1911-1912, 1914-1915, (Law School). Lawyer.
Chairman Democratic Executive Committee of Carteret County,
1920; Member Judicial Committee Fifth District, 1920-1922. Com-
missioned 2nd Lieutenant at Fort Oglethorpe, 1917; eight months'
service on the Border and nine months' service in France. Metho-
dist; steward, 1919-1920. Married Miss Marie Emma Long, July,
1918. Address: Morehead City, N. C.
J. S. HARGETT.
(Seventh District. — Counties: Carteret, Craven, Greene, Jones,
Lenoir, and Onslow. Two Senators.)
J. S. Hargett, Democrat, Senator from the Seventh Senatorial
District. Address: Trenton, N. C.
LUTHER THOMPSON HARTSELL.
(Twenty-fourth District. — Counties: Cabarrus, and Mecklenburg.
Two Senators.)
Luther Thompson Hartsell, Democrat, Senator from the Twenty-
fourth Senatorial District, was born in Cabarrus County, October
13th, 1870. He is a son of McDonald J. and Sarah C. (Boger) Hart-
State Senators 441
sell. Attended Union Institute, Union County, 1888-1890. Graduated
from Trinity College, Durham, N. C, with degree of Ph.B., in 1894.
Received degree of LL.B. from University of North Carolina in
1896. Attorney at Law. Member North Carolina Bar Association.
County Attorney of Cabarrus County 1900-1908, 1910-1912. Attorney
for City of Concord, N. C, 1905-1913. Member of Legislature of
North Carolina 1899-1911. Chairman of Cabarrus County Demo-
cratic Executive Committee, 1900-1908. J. O. U. A. M., State Coun-
sellor 1910-1911, National Representative 1912-1920; B. P. O. E.,
Exalted Ruler three terms; Mason, Royal Arch, Shrine; Excellent
High Priest Royal Arch 1918-1920. Presbyterian, elder since 1919;
assistant teacher of Young Men's Bible Class. Married, December,
1901, to Miss Janie W. Erwin. Address: Concord, N. C.
CHARLES MATTON JONES.
(Ticenty-seventh District. — Counties: Stokes, and Surry. One
Senator.)
Charles Matton Jones, Republican, Senator from the Twenty-
seventh Senatorial District. Born at Walkertown, N. C, December
2, 1870. Son of James G. and Susan C. (Idol) Jones. Attended
Pinnacle High School 1899. Parmer. Postmaster at Pinnacle 1897-
1904. Register of Deeds for Stokes County, 1904-1908. Sheriff of
Stokes County 1908-1912. I. O. O. F.; Mason; Knight of Pythias;
Jr. O. U. A. M.; Modern Woodmen. Baptist; church clerk since 1919.
Married to Miss Flora V. Wall, 1894. Address: Walnut Cove, N. C.
PAUL JONES
(Fourth District. — Counties: Halifax, and Edgecombe. Two
Senators.)
Paul Jones, Democrat, Senator from the Fourth Senatorial Dis-
trict, was born at Tarboro, N. C, June 22, 1867. Son of John Wesley
and Eugenia Helen (Jeffreys) Jones. Received his preparatory
education at Tarboro Male Academy. 1875-1881. Attended Wake
Forest College 1882-1883; Trinity College 1883-1885; graduated
from Trinity 1885; University of North Carolina Law School.
Planter. Director in Edgecombe County Chamber of Commerce.
442 Biographical Sketches
Mayor of Tarboro for six years. Captain Company A, Edgecombe
Guards, 2nd N. C. Infantry, 1906-1916. Jr. O. U. A. M.; State Coun-
cellor of Junior Order. Methodist; chairman Board of Stewards;
Trustee; Superintendent of Sunday School. Editor North Carolina
Law Journal for State Bar Association. Married Miss Ida McClure
Adams. Address: Tarboro, N. C.
JOSEPH EDGAR KANIPE.
{Thirty-third District. — Counties: Alexander, Burke, Caldwell,
and McDowell. Two Senators.)
Joseph Edgar Kanipe, Republican, Senator from the Thirty-third
Senatorial District, was born at Marion, N. C, June, 1890. Son of
Daniel A. and Missouri Annie (Wycoff) Kanipe. Attended Marion
High School, 1909-1910; Rutherford College, 1910-1912; and grad-
uated from Trinity College, A.B. degree, in 1915. Manufacturer.
Volunteered at outbreak of war; commissioned 2nd Lieutenant,
August, 1917; promoted to 1st Lieutenant in September, 1918; hon-
orably discharged December, 1918. Sigma Phi Epsilon Fraternity.
A. F. and A. M.; American Legion. Methodist. Married, in Decem-
ber, 1917, to Miss Martha Decker. Address: Marion, N. C.
MARION D. KINSLAND.
(Thirty-seventh District. — Counties: Haywood, Jackson, Transyl-
vania, and Swain. One Senator.)
Marion D. Kinsland, Democrat, Senator from the Thirty-seventh
District; born in Haywood County, April 30th, 1855. Son of Joshua
and Mary (Rhodomer) Kinsland. Educated at Bethel Academy
1870-1876. Farmer. Served on Board of Education. Member of
House of Representatives 1903; engrossing Clerk of House from
1905 to 1915. Mason. Methodist. Married Miss Mary A. Hart-
grove April 28, 1876. Read law in the years 1876 to 1877. Address:
Waynesville, N. C, R. F. D. No. 3.
State Senators 443
JOHN WALTER LAMBETH, Jr.
(Tiventy-third District. — Counties: Anson, Davidson, Stanly, and
Union. Two Senators.)
John Walter Lambeth, Jr., Democrat, Senator from the Twenty-
third district; born in Thomasville. He is the son of John W.
and Daisy (Sumner) Lambeth. Received his preparatory education
at Trinity Park School; A.B. degree from Trinity College in 1916;
took post graduate courses at Harvard, Columbia, and the University
of London. At present he is engaged in the manufacture of furni-
ture. Sergeant in the First Army, serving with the A. E. F. Mem-
ber of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity and of the Masonic Lodge.
Methodist. Address: Thomasville, N. C.
JACOB ELMER LONG.
{Eighteenth District. — Counties: Caswell, Alamance, Orange, and
Durham. Two Senators.)
Jacob Elmer Long, Democrat, Senator from the Eighteenth Dis-
trict, was born in Yanceyville, N. C, July 31, 1889. Son of Jacob
A. and Esta T. Long. Educated at Graham College, 1888-1890; Elon
College, 1891-1895; Horner Military School, 1896-1898; University of
North Carolina, 1900-1903. LL.B. University of North Carolina,
1903. Lawyer. Chairman Township Executive Committee, Fifth
District, 1912-1917. Private Secretary to Charles M. Stedman, mem-
ber of Congress from Fifth North Carolina District, ^.912-1916.
Representative in General Assembly, 1911-1913. Fraternal Orders:
Sigma Nu Fraternity (college) ; Omega Tau Legal Fraternity (col-
lege); Order of Sphinx (college). Presbyterian. Married, Novem-
ber 10, 1909, Miss Lessie Ermine Peay. Address: Graham, N. C.
WILLIAM LUNSFORD LONG.
{Fourth District. — Counties: Halifax, and Edgecombe. Two Sena-
tors.)
William Lunsford Long, Democrat, of Halifax County, Senator
from the Fourth District, was born February 5, 1890, at Garysburg.
Son of Lemuel McKinney and Bettie Gray (Mason) Long. A.B. of
444 Biographical Sketches
the University of North Carolina, 1909. Lawyer. Director First
National Bank, Roanoke Rapids, N. C; Rosemary Banking & Trust
Co., Rosemary, N, C; Carolina & Northeastern Railroad Co.; Vice-
President Schlichter Lumber Company; Roanoke Mills Company;
Rosemary Mfg. Co. Representative in the General Assembly, 3915.
State Senator, 1917-1919. S. A. E. (College Fraternity), Gimghoul,
Phi Beta Kappa of University of North Carolina. Mason; K. of P.
Married Miss Rosa Arrington Heath, of Petersburg, Va. Address:
Roanoke Rapids, N. C.
R. S. McCOIN.
(Sixteenth District. — Counties: Warren and Vance. One Senator.)
Rufus Sidney McCoin, Democrat, Senator from the Sixteenth
Senatorial District, was born in Forsyth County, June 29. 1872.
Son of George N. and Elizabeth (Newsom) McCoin. Attended Pin-
nacle Academy; Salem Boys' School; Guilford College; Dick and
Dillard Law School. Lawyer. Charter member of North Carolina
Bar Association. President Gold Leaf Publishing Company, Hen-
derson Furniture Company; Vice-president Mixon Jewelry Com-
pany; Secretary-treasurer Henderson Loan and Real Estate Com-
pany; Chairman Vance County Democratic Executive Committee,
1900-1906; Director Eastern State Hospital for the Insane at Golds-
boro, 1903-1908; Presidential Elector, 1908; Director Central State
Hospital for the Insane at Raleigh, 1900-1910; City Alderman and
Mayor pro tern of Henderson, 1911-1912; State Senator, 1917;
Representative from Vance County in the General Assembly of
1919. Presbyterian. Mason; K. of P. Married June, 1900, Miss
Emma M. Freeborn. Address: Henderson, N. C.
EDGAR FRANKLIN McCULLOCH.
(Eleventh District. — Counties Bladen and Columbus. One Sen-
ator.)
Edgar Franklin McCulloch, Democrat, Senator from the Eleventh
Senatorial District, was born at White Oak, N. C, August, 1888.
Son of E. F. and Viola (Sykes) McCulloch. Received his prepara-
tory education at White Oak Academy, 1901-1906. University of
State Senators 445
North Carolina, A.B., 1911. University of North Carolina Law
School, 1912-1913. Lawyer. Member of the North Carolina Bar
Association. Postmaster, Elizabethtown, 1917-1920. County At-
torney, 1916-1920; Chairman County Democratic Executive Com-
mittee. B. P. 0. E.; Knight of Pythias; Woodmen of the World;
Mason; Alpha Tau Omega Fraternity. Methodist; steward. Mar-
ried December, 1915, to Mrs. Jessie Lee Clark (nee Sugg). Address:
Elizabethtown, N. C.
JAMES VANCE McGOUGAN.
(Thirteenth District .—Counties: Cumberland and Hoke. One
Senator.)
James Vance McGougan, Democrat, Senator from the Thirteenth
Senatorial District, was born at Lumber Bridge, N. C, July, 1870.
Son of Duncan B. and Catherine (White) (McGougan) McGougan.
Attended Lumber Bridge High School; Wake Forest College, 1888-
1889; University of North Carolina, 1890-1891, graduating from the
Medical Department; University of Maryland, graduating with
M.D., 1893. Physician and surgeon. Member North Carolina State
Medical Society; American Medical Association; Fifth District
Medical Society; Cumberland Medical Society; Vice President
North Carolina State Medical Society; President Fifth District
Medical Society; Ex-president Cumberland Medical Society.
President Fayetteville Rotary Club; Vice-president La F'ayette Bank-
ing and Trust Company; Director National Bank of Fayetteville.
Coroner Cumberland County for last fourteen years. Vice-president
Chamber of Commerce. District surgeon Atlantic Coast Line Rail-
way; Norfolk and Southern Railway; and Aberdeen and Rockfish
Railway. Ranking surgeon 2nd N. C. State Guard; rank of Major
from 1910-1914; placed in reserve corps on account of physical dis-
ability. B. P. O. E. Baptist. Address: Fayetteville, N. C.
FRANK BROTHERS McKINNE.
(Sixth District.— Counties: Franklin, Nash, and Wilson. Two
Senators.)
Frank Brothers McKinne, Democrat, Senator from the Sixth Dis-
trict, was born at Goldsboro, November 20, 1872. He is a son of
David E. and Sarah E. (Brothers) McKinne. Attended preparatory
446 Biographical Sketches
school at Princeton, N. C, 18S8; Horner Military School at Oxford,
1891; and the University of North Carolina, 1894. Banker and
Farmer. Methodist; District Steward, 1910-1920; Local Steward
and Church Treasurer 1907-1920. Chairman Fourth Liberty Loan
Drive, Chairman County Council of Defense; Member of Fuel Ad-
ministration, Franklin County. Married Miss Fearl Simpson Octo-
ber 19, 1898. Address: Louisburg, N. C.
OTTIS EARL MENDENHALL.
(Twentieth District. — County: Guilford. One Senator.)
Ottis Earl Mendenhall, Democrat, Senator from the Twentieth
Senatorial District, was born at Jamestown, N. C, June, 1875.
Son of James Nathan and Martha Fiorina (Wheeler) Mendenhall.
Received his preparatory education at Lexington High School. A.B.
from Guilford College in 1895; A.B. from Haverford College, Haver-
ford, Pa., in 1897; A.M. from Haverford College in 189S. Real
Estate, Insurance, and Banking. Member Rotary Club, Commercial
Club, and Chamber of Commerce of High Point; Member City
Council of High Point, 1913-14; Vice-president of High Point Morris
Plan Bank; Vice-Chairman Guilford County Democratic Executive
Committee, 1916-1920. Loyal Order of Moose; dictator 1918-1919;
past-dictator since 1919. Quaker; Treasurer North Carolina Yearly
Meeting of Friends since 1917; clerk of High Point Monthly Meet-
ing of Friends, 1918-1920. Married, April, 1907, to Miss Lizette
Brown. Address: High Point, N. C.
MARVIN WESLEY NASH.
(Twenty-first District. — Counties: Chatham, Moore, Richland, and
Scotland. Two Senators.)
Marvin Wesley Xash, Democrat, Senator from the Twenty-first
Senatorial District, was born in Greenville, N. C, May, 1878. Son
of Rev. L. L. and Louise (Taylor) Nash. Attended Raleigh Male
Academy, 1S88-1891; Cape Fear Academy, 1892-1894; Fayetteville
Military Academy, 1896-1898; University of North Carolina Law
School, 1899-1900. Attorney at Law. Member of the North Caro-
State Senators 447
lina Bar Association. City Attorney at Hamlet, N. C, 1910-1920.
Knights of Pythias; Mason; Royal Arch; Knights Templar; Shrine.
Methodist. Married Miss Rosa R. Hart, June, 1905. Address: Ham-
let, N. C.
R. M. OATES.
(Thirty-second District. — Counties: Cleveland, Henderson, Polk,
and Rutherford. Two Senators.)
R. M. Oates, Democrat, Senator from the Thirty-second Sena-
torial District. Address: Hendersonville, N. C.
N. W. OUTLAW.
(Fifth District. — County: Pitt. One Senator.
N. W. Outlaw, Democrat, Senator from the Fifth Senatorial Dis-
trict. Address: Greenville, N. C.
NOLLIE M. PATTON.
(Thirty-third District. — Counties: Alexander, Burke, Caldwell,
and McDowell. Two Senators.)
Nollie M. Patton, Republican, Senator from the Thirty-third Sena-
torial District, was born at Dysartsville, N. C, August 10, 1892.
Son of J. R. and Emma P. (Tate) Patton. Attended Morganton
Graded Schools, 1903-1909; Patton High School, 1909-1911; Trinity
College, A.B., 1915; Trinity College Law School, 1915-1917; Attorney
at Law. Served in the United States Army from May, 1917, to
March, 1919; commissioned 2nd Lieutenant; promoted to 1st Lieu-
tenant and then to Captain; eleven months overseas; decorated
with Croix de Guerre in September, 1918. Pi Kappa Alpha Fra-
ternity. Knights of Pythias. Methodist. Address: Morganton,
N. C.
J. COLEMAN RAMSEY.
(Thirty-fifth District. — Counties: Avery, Madison, Mitchell, and
Yancey. One Senator.)
J. Coleman Ramsey, Republican, Senator from the Thirty-fifth
Senatorial District, was born at Walnut, Madison County, August,
448 Biographical Sketches
1879. Son of Jacob M. and Catherine L. (Smith) Ramsey. At-
tended Walnut public schools; Weaverville College; Wake Forest
College Law School; and Cumberland University Law School,
Lebanon, Tenn. Lawyer. Represented Madison County in Legis-
lature of 1911. Has been Mayor of Marshall and County Attorney.
Served in the United States Army as private in Coast Artillery in
the Spanish American War. Mason, 32° and Shriner. Presby-
terian. Married Miss Margaret Morrow, 1914. Address: Marshall,
N. C"
JAMES RAYNOR.
(Fourteenth District. — Counties: Harnett, Johnston, Lee, and
Sampson. Two Senators.)
James Raynor. Republican, Senator from the Fourteenth Sena-
torial District. Address: Benson, N. C.
WALLACE ALEXANDER REINHARDT.
(Thirtieth District. — Counties: Catawba and Lincoln. One Sena-
tor.)
Wallace Alexander Reinhardt, Republican, of Catawba County,
Senator from Thirtieth District, was born in Catawba County, N. C,
September 23, 1869. Son of Robert P. and Susan (Ramseur) Rein-
hardt. Was educated in public schools. Two years at Catawba Col-
lege. Farmer and dairyman. Chairman County Republican Execu-
tive Committee, 1916-1918. Treasurer of Catawba County, 1914-1918.
Mason. Reformed. Married Miss Iva I. I. Kerd, December 18, 1890.
Address: Newton, N. C.
W. JOSEPH ROBINSON.
(Thirty-fourth District. — Counties: Alleghany, Ashe, and Wa-
tauga. One Senator.)
W. Joseph Robinson, Republican, Senator from the Thirty-fourth
District, was born in Carter, Tenn., September 20th. 1879. Son of
Joseph H. and Sarah M. (Elliott) Robinson. Educated in the public
State Senators 449
schools; Pierce high school; and University Medical College, Kansas
City, Mo., 1900-1904. Physician. Member of Ashe County Medical
Society; North Carolina Medical Society; American Medical Asso-
ciation. Mason. Married September 16th, 1903, Miss Julia Suther-
land. Address: Creston, N. C.
ANDREW PULLER SAMS.
{Twenty-sixth District. — County: Forsyth. One Senator.)
A. F. Sams, Democrat, Senator from the Twenty-sixth Senatorial
District, was born in Buncombe County, June 1, 1872. Son of Leroy
Warren and Ailcy (Brown) Sams. Attended preparatory schools
and Mars Hill College from 1885-1894. A.B., Wake Forest College
in 1897. Licensed Attorney at Law in 1903. Member of American
Bar Association. Solicitor Winston-Salem Municipal Court 1910-
1913. Baptist. Married Miss Minnie Bonner in 1899. Address:
Winston-Salem, N. C.
JOHN ANDREW SCOTT, JR.
(Tiventy-ninth District. — County: Iredell. One Senator.)
John Andrew Scott, Jr., Democrat, Senator from the Twenty-
ninth Senatorial District, was born at Point Pleasant, W. Va., in
1892. Son of Rev. John A. and Lucy (Waddell) Scott. Received
degree of A.B. Davidson College in 1911. Attended University of
North Carolina Law School, 1912-1913. Served as 1st Lieutenant,
103rd Field Artillery, A. E. F., 1917-1919. Pi Kappa Alpha. Knights
of Pythias. Presbyterian; deacon. Married Miss Anne Belle Wal-
ton, September, 1919. Address: Statesville, N. C.
HARRY WILLIAMS STUBBS.
(Second District.— Counties: Martin, Washington, Tyrrell, Dare,
Beaufort, Hyde, and Pamlico. Two Senators.)
Harry Williams Stubbs, Democrat, Senator from the Second Sena-
torial District, was born at Williamston, N. C, in 1860. Son of
Jesse R. and Mary L. (Williams) Stubbs. Attended Horner and
Graves School, Oxford. N. C, and public schools; University of
North Carolina, 1879. Dick and Dillard's Law School. Attorney
at Law. Member of the General Assembly for twenty-five years.
Mason; Odd Fellow. Address: Williamston, N. C.
29
450 Biographical Sketches
HERBERT LINWOOD SWAIX.
(Second District. — Counties: Martin, Washington, Tyrrell, Dare,
Beaufort, Hyde, and Pamlico. Two Senators.)
Herbert Linwood Swain, Democrat, Senator from the Second
Senatorial District, was born in Tyrrell County, in November, 1894.
Son of J. Haywood and V. C. Swain. Education received in public
schools of Tyrrell County, Creswell High School, Ayden Seminary,
and University of North Carolina, 1913-1916. Attorney at Law.
Represented Tyrrell County in the General Assembly of 1917.
Mayor of Columbia in 1918. Served in the United States Navy in
1918. Jr. 0. U. A. M. Member of State Board of Education 1916-
1917. Food Administrator for Tyrrell County, 1917; Naval Intelli-
gence Agent for Tyrrell during the War; Vice Chairman War Sav-
ings Stamp Committee. Free Will Baptist. Married Miss Olivia
McClees. Address: Columbia, N. C.
W. F. TAYLOR.
(Eighth Distiict. — County: Wayne. One Senator.)
W. F. Taylor. Democrat, Senator from the Eighth Senatorial
District. A.B., University of North Carolina, 1911; L.L.B. 1914.
Lawyer. Address: Goldsboro, N. C.
LYCURGUS RAYNER VARSER.
(Twelfth District. — County: Robeson. One Senator.)
Lycurgus Rayner Varser, Democrat, Senator from the Twelfth
Senatorial District, was born in Gates County, August, 1878. Son
of W. H. and Emily T. (Duck) Varser. Attended Reynoldson Insti-
tute, 1892-1895; Wake Forest College A.B., 1899; Wake Forest Law
School, 1899-1901. Lawyer. Member North Carolina Bar Associa-
tion and American Bar Association. Chairman Board of Trustees,
Lumberton Graded Schools. Jr. O. U. A. M.; I. O. O. F.; Mason.
Held all chairs of I. O. O. F. Baptist; deacon; moderator. Married,
June, 1904, to Miss Lily Ford Snead. Address: Lumberton, N. C.
State Senators 451
WILLIAM RICHMOND WALKER.
(Nineteenth District. — County: Rockingham. One Senator.)
William Richmond Walker, Democrat, Senator from the Nine-
teenth Senatorial District, was born in Greensboro, October, 1855.
Son of William Richmond and Letitia Harper (Morehead) Walker.
Received his preparatory education in the public schools of Greens-
boro. A.B., Davidson College, 1875. Cotton manufacturer. From
1889 to present date has been bank president, and treasurer and
director of various textile and development companies. Presby-
terian; deacon; elder for fifteen years. Married Miss Minnie R.
Faucette in 1885. Address: Spray, N. C.
T. W. WILLIAMS.
(Sixth District. — Counties: Franklin, Nash, and Wilson. Two
Senators.)
T. W. Williams, Democrat, Senator from the Sixth Senatorial
District. Address: Elm City, N. C.
STANLEY WINBORNE.
(First District. — Counties: Perquimans, Currituck, Chowan,
Gates, Pasquotank, Camden, and Hertford. Two Senators.)
Stanley Winborne, Democrat, Senator from the First Senatorial
District, was born at Murfreesboro, N. C, August, 1886. Son of
Benjamin Brodie and Nellie (Vaughan) Winborne. Attended Dr.
E. E. Parham's School, Murfreesboro, 1898-1903; Ph.B., University
of North Carolina, 1907. University of North Carolina Law School,
1907-1908. Lawyer. Member North Carolina Bar Association.
Mayor of Murfreesboro, 1909-1910; Chairman Democratic Executive
Committee, 1912; County Attorney, 1909-1915; Vice-President Citi-
zens' Bank, 1909-1919; Representative in the General Assembly,
1915, 1917, 1919, 1920; member of the Board of Trustees of the
University of North Carolina since 1917. Pi Kappa Alpha, and
Gorgon's Head Fraternities; Mason; all offices in Blue Lodge.
Methodist. Married Miss Frances Sharp Jernigan, April, 1912. Ad-
dress: Murfreesboro, N. C.
452 Biographical Sketches
WALTER H. WOODSON.
(Twenty-fifth District. — County: Rowan. One Senator.)
Walter H. Woodson, Democrat, Senator from the Twenty-fifth
District, was born in Salisbury, April 20th, 1875. Son of Horatio
Nelson and Margaret Elizabeth (Bostian) Woodson. Attended Salis-
bury Graded Schools, 1881-1889; James M. Hill's High School at
Salisbury, 1889-1892; B.S., University of North Carolina, 1892-1896.
University Law School, 1898-1899. Lawyer. Member of North
Carolina Bar Association. City Attorney of Salisbury, 1910-1913;
Mayor of City of Salisbury, 1913-1919; Chairman of Democratic
Executive Committee of Rowan County, 1908-1916. Knights of
Pythias. Jr. O. U. A. M. Methodist; Steward. Married Miss Paul-
ine Mae Bernhardt, December 20, 1900. Address: Salisbury, N. C.
KEl»KESE\TATIVES
JAMES ALLEN AUSTIN
James Allen Austin, Democrat, Representative from Guilford
County, born at New London, Stanly County. Son of J. D. and
Mary J. (Talley) Austin. Received his preparatory education at
Crescent Academy and Business College; Oak Ridge Institute;
LL.B., University of North Carolina Law School, 1908-1911. At-
torney at Law. Member of North Carolina Bar Association. Judge
of the Municipal Court of High Point, 1917-1919. B. P. O. E.
Methodist; steward since 1918. Married in 1914 to Miss Nancy
Kearns. Address: High Point, N. C.
DAVID COLLIN BARNES
David Collin Barnes, Democrat, Representative from Hertford
County, was born at Murfreesboro, in November, 1875. Son of
David Alexander and Bettie (Vaughan) Barnes. Received his
preparatory education in the public schools of Murfreesboro and
Horner's Military School. Attended University of North Carolina
Law School. Lawyer and banker. Member of North Carolina
Bar Association. President of People's Bank since 1904. Repre-
sented his county in the General Assembly of 1919; Senator from
Representatives in General Assembly 453
First Senatorial District in 1911 and 1913. Was County Appeal
Agent during war, and member of Advisory Board. Ancient Free
and Accepted Masons; Master of Lodge. Episcopalian. Address:
Murfreesboro, N. C.
JOSIAH WILLIAM BARNES
Josiah William Barnes, Democrat, Representative from Johnston
County, was born in that county. Son of Siah H. and Janie
(Wilder) Barnes. Educated in the public schools. Farmer. Repre-
sented his county in the General Assembly of 1909 and 1917.
Mason. Master of Lodge. Baptist. Married Miss Delia Bayeth,
1898. Address: Clayton, N. C, R. F. D. No. 2.
MAURICE VICTOR BARNHILL
Maurice Victor Barnhill, Democrat, Representative from Nash
County, was born in Halifax County, in 1887. He is the son of
Martin V. and Mary (Dawes) Barnhill. He received his prepara-
tory education in the Enfield Graded and High Schools. Attended
University of North Carolina Law School, 1908-1909. Lawyer.
Solicitor Nash County Recorder's Court, 1915-1920. Mason, Shriner,
Pythian, Odd Fellow. Methodist, steward. Married in 1912 to
Miss Nannie Cooper Barnhill. Address: Rocky Mount, N. C.
C. L. BELL
C. L. Bell, Democrat, Representative from Hyde County. Ad-
dress: Swan Quarter, N. C.
EMMETT HARGROVE BELLAMY
Emmett Hargrove Bellamy, Democrat, Representative from New
Hanover County, was born in Wilmington. N. C, February, 1891.
Son of John D. and Emma (Hargrove) Bellamy. Attended Hor-
ner's Military School, 1904-1907; A.B., University of North Caro-
lina, 1912; LL.B., Columbia University Law School, 1915. Lawyer.
454 Biographical Sketches
Member North Carolina Bar Association. Served as First Lieu-
tenant of Field Artillery in United States Army, 1917-1919. Sigma
Alpha Epsilon. Odd Fellow; Noble Grand, 1919-1921. Episcopalian.
Address: Wilmington, N. C.
BERT E. BENNETT
Bert E. Bennett, Democrat, Representative from Anson, born in
Stanly County, January, 1873. Son of David N. and Agnes (Dun-
lap) Bennett. Attended public schools; Horner's Military School;
Davidson College. Farmer. Woodman of the World. Married Miss
Margaret Lee, September, 1901. Address: Wadesboro, N. C.
ADOLPHUS A. BLACKWELDER
Adolphus A. Blackwelder, Republican, Representative from Cald-
well County, was born in Stanly County, September 30, 1870. Son
of William S. and Rachel L. (Frick) Blackwelder. Educated at
Palmerville Academy, Palmerville, N. C, and Crescent Academy,
Rowan County, N. C. Merchant and farmer. City Commissioner
of Lenoir, 1917-1918. Mason. Member of Reformed Church.
Sunday School teacher for fifteen years. Taught in public schools
for ten years. Married Miss Mamie F. McNairy, June, 1907. Ad-
dress: Lenoir, N. C.
MAHLON BOLTON.
Mahlon Bolton, Democrat, Representative from Northampton
County, was born at Woodland, N. C, October, 1863. Son of
James and Luvenie (McDaniel) Bolton. Attended Woodland High
School. 1877-1881; Wake Forest College, 1881-1882; Jefferson Medi-
cal College, Philadelphia, graduating in 1885. Physician. Member
of County and State Medical Societies and Seaboard Medical So-
ciety. President County Medical Society; President Seaboard Medi-
cal Society of Virginia and North Carolina. Director. Cashier and
Vice-President of bank at Rich Square. Represented Northampton
County in General Assembly of 1909. Mayor. Medical Examiner
for Government. Mason, Odd Fellow. Methodist; steward for
Representatives in General Assembly 455
thirty-five years; Sunday School Superintendent for past ten years;
delegate to annual conference. Married December, 1888, to Miss
Emma Baugham. Address: Rich Square, N. C.
THOMAS C. BOWIE.
Thomas C. Bowie, Democrat, Representative from Ashe County,
was born at Joseph, La., in 1876. He is a son of John Ruth and
Frances (Calloway) B'owie. Received his preparatory education
at Moravian Falls Academy, 1891; Trap Hill High School, 1892;
and Mars Hill College, 1893. Received Ph.D. in 1899 from the
University of North Carolina. Did post-graduate work at Yale
College in 1900 in Political and Social Science. Attended law
schools of Yale and University of North Carolina. Lawyer. Mem-
ber of State Bar Association and American Bar Association. Repre-
sented Ashe County in the Legislatures of 1909, 1913, 1915, 1921,
and was Speaker of the House in 1915. Mason, Odd Fellow.
Episcopalian. Married Miss Jean Davis in 1906. Address: West
Jefferson, N. C.
ALEX 0. BRADLEY.
Alex O. Bradley, Republican, Representative from Clay County,
was born in Buncombe County, November 8, 1888. Son of William
D. and Jane (Halcombe) Bradley. Farmer. Served as private
in 165th Coast Artillery Corps from 1909 to 1912. Baptist. Mar-
ried Miss Jessie Bumgarner April 22, 1916. Address: Hayesvillc.
N. C.
JULIUS BROWN
Julius Brown, Democrat, Representative from Pitt County, was
born at Bethel, N. C, November 18, 1879. Son of Fernando and
Ann M. (Martin) Brown. Was educated at Bethel High School;
Law School of University of North Carolina, 1901-1902. Lawyer.
Representative from Pitt County in 1919. Odd Fellow. Mason.
Married Miss Estell Thigpen, August 13, 1913. Address, Greenville,
N. C.
456 BlOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES
CHARLES G. BRYANT.
Charles G. Bryant, Republican, Representative from Yadkin
County, was born in Yadkin County, February 26, 1866. Son of
Stephen H. and Deborah (Farrington) Bryant, .was educated at
Moravian Falls Academy, 1888-1889; Trap Hill Institute, 1890-1892;
M.D. of Louisville Medical College, 1893-94; M.D., Richmond Uni-
versity Medical College, 1911. Physician. Represented Wilkes
County in the General Assembly of 1907, also represented Yadkin
County in the General Assembly of 1919. Served in the Spanish-
American War in Cuba and in the Philippine Islands, 1898-1902.
Mason, Odd Fellow, Knights of Pythias. Baptist. Married Miss
Maggie Cowles Hampton April 16, 1902. Address: Jonesville, N. C.
WILLIAM WINBORNE BUNCH
William Winborne Bunch. Democrat, Representative from Chowan
County, was born near Edenton, N. C, in 1873. Son of John A.
and Rebecca (Gaskins) Bunch. Educated at Dr. Winborne's School
and at Elm Grove School. Farmer. Baptist. Married Miss Viola
Elliott in 1901. Address: Edenton, N. C.
EDGAR RAMSEY BURT
Edgar Ramsey Burt, Democrat, Representative from Montgomery
County, was born at Osgood, Chatham County, October, 1869. Son
of J. G. and Debanie (Thomas) Burt. Attended public schools and
Holly Springs School. Farmer and lumber dealer. Methodist;
steward for ten years. Married Miss Henrie Adams in 1900. Ad-
dress: Biscoe, N. C.
W. M. BUTT.
W. M. Butt, Democrat, Representative from Beaufort County.
Address: Bonnerton, N. C.
Representatives in General Assembly 457
A. W. BYRD.
A. W. Byrd, Democrat, Representative from Wayne County.
Address: Mount Olive, N. C.
FRED 0. CHRISTOPHER.
Fred 0. Christopher, Republican, Representative from Cherokee,
was born at Ivy Log, Ga., February 26, 1889. Son of Wesley and
Chastian Christopher. Graduated from Murphy High School in
1911. Attended University of North Carolina, 1912; University of
North Carolina Law School in 1917. Lawyer. Member North
Carolina Bar Association. Entered military service September 6,
1918, as private. Mason. Baptist. Address: Murphy, N. C.
RICHARD C. CLARKE.
Richard C. Clarke, Republican, Representative from Henderson
County, was born in Pennsylvania, October, 1877. Son of Charles
S. and Louise (Kennedy) Clarke. Attended school at Kiskiminetas,
Saltsburg, Pa., 1896, and Westminster, New Wilmington, Fa., 1897-
1898. President First Bank and Trust Company, Hendersonville.
N. C; City Commissioner, 1915; Thirty-second Degree Mason.
Presbyterian. Married Miss Louise Winter, October, 1909. Address:
Hendersonville, N. C.
LILLIAN EXUM CLEMENT.
Lillian Exum Clement, Democrat, Representative from Buncombe
County, was born at Black Mountain, N. C, March, 1894. Daughter
of George Washington and Sarah Elizabeth (Burnett) Clement.
Received elementary education and high school course in private
school under the direction of the Parish of All Souls Church. At-
tended Normal and Collegiate Institute for one year, and then
studied under a private tutor. Studied law under J. J. Britt and
Robert C. Goldstein, 1914-1915. Licensed to practice law in 1916
Lawyer. Member of the Business and Professional Women's Club.
Chief Clerk of the Buncombe County Draft Board during the war.
First woman in the South elected to the House of Representatives.
Secured her nomination over two men before ratification of the
Nineteenth Amendment. Address: Asheville, N. C.
458 Biographical Sketches
CORNELIUS FULTON CLINE.
Cornelius Fulton Cline, Democrat, Representative from Ruther-
ford County, was born near Granite Falls, Caldwell County, April,
1872. Son of E. E. and Linna (Rader) Cline. Educated at
Granite Falls Academy. Lumberman; secretary-treasurer of the
Warlick Lumber Company. Methodist; trustee and steward;
Charge Lay Leader; District Lay Leader; District Steward, mem-
ber Joint Board of Finance, 1914-1918; member of Sunday School
Board and Board of Lay Activities of Western N. C. Conference.
Married Miss Erne Lenoa Jones, May, 1898. Address: Gilkey, N. C.
AUSTIN BLAINE COFFEY.
Austin Blaine Coffey, Republican, Representative from Watauga
County, was born at Shulls Mills, N. C, January 14, 1887. Son
of David N. and Carolin Coffey. Attended the public schools and
Appalachian Training Schools, 1901-1903. Farmer. Represented
Watauga County in the Legislature of 1917. Odd Fellow. Baptist;
deacon since August, 1918. Married March, 1913, to Miss Hailey
Harris. Address: Shulls Mills, N. C, R. F. D. No. 1, Box 45.
JOHN M. COLEMAN.
John M. Coleman, Democrat, Representative from Warren
County, was born in that county October, 1870. He is a son of
W. G. and Joyce Ann (Shearin) Coleman. Educated in the pre-
paratory schools of Warren County. Merchant, farmer, banker.
President of the Bank of Macon since its organization. Baptist.
Married in 1896 to Miss Willie Augusta Phelps. Address- Macon,
N. C.
HENRY GROVES CONNOR, JR.
Henry Groves Connor, Jr., Democrat, Representative from Wilson
County, was born at Wilson, N. C, July 19, 1876. Son of Henry
Groves and Kate (Whitfield) Connor. Was educated at Wilson
graded schools; private schools in Wilson; B.S. of University
Representatives in General Assembly 459
of North Carolina, 1897. Law School, University of North Caro-
lina, 1898. Lawyer. Chairman County Democratic Executive Com-
mittee; Delegate National Democratic Conventions, 1912-1916.
Sigma Alpha Epsilon (college fraternity). Married Miss Elizabeth
Clark, April 17, 1901. Address: Wilson, N. C.
CHARLES ALBERT COOKE.
Charles Albert Cooke, Democrat, Representative from Pasquotank
County, was born in Hertford County in 1867. Son of Richard A.
and Sallie Ann (Saunders) Cooke. Educated in the public schools
and Captain Harrison's School at Aulander, N. C. Merchant. Mem-
ber of the Merchants' Association and the Chamber of Commerce
of Elizabeth City. Commissioner of Windsor, 1901-1908; Clerk
and Treasurer to Board of Commissioners, 1902-1908. Member of
the Board of Trustees of the graded school, Elizabeth City; Chair-
man of the Finance Committee since 1917. Baptist; Church Treas-
urer for several years. Married Miss Loula F. Britton in 1891.
Address: Elizabeth City, N. C.
JOSEPH BASCOM COOPER.
Joseph Bascom Cooper, Republican, Representative from Burke
County, was born in that county in June, 1890. Son of John H.
and Emily L. (Baker) Cooper. Educated at Rutherford College.
Farmer. Member of Farmers' Union; County Chairman. Taugbt
school for ten years. Methodist; lay leader; member of building
committee. Married December, 1911, to Miss Estelle A. Berry.
Address: Connelly Springs, N. C.
WILLIAM CHAMBERS COUGHENOUR.
William Chambers Coughenour, Democrat, Representative from
Rowan County, was born in Salisbury, September 25, 1886. Son of
Tbomas Adam and Mary Norfleet (Swicegood) Coughenour. Edu-
cate at Horner's Hilitary School, 1903; A. IT., University of North
Carolina, 1908; Columbia University, School of Law, 1910-1911.
Lawyer. Member House of Representatives of North Carolina,
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GEORGE COLUMBUS DEES
George Columbus Dee?. Democrat, Repi -
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aud Julia F s (Brinson) Dees.
eruy. 1906; Guilf< rd Collegi 1907-1
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D. LAMER DOXXELL.
D. Lanier Douuell. I Lepres
County. w.;< bom at Oak B ... ■ N . - - iV
W. O. and Martha F. Ms ]
at Oak Ridge Institute. A: 'ores
in lumber and land business Miss
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- A. DOUGH \
Rufus A. Doughtou, 1
County, was born in that county. January 10, ^
ton and Rebecca (^ lies tight
(Va.) High School, 1876-1877; Universitj North Ca
law at University Korth Carolina. 1SS0. Lawyei
banker. President of Bank of Sparta K resei Ive in the
General Assembly, LSS7, 1SS S 1, 1909, 1911, 1913, 1911
and 1!M:>. Lieutenant Governor, 1893-1897 S
1891. Member of present Budget Comu Mason.
Married January 3, 1883, Miss Sue B Parks Address Spart) S
462 Biographical Sketches
JOHN B. ENSLEY.
John B. Ensley, Republican, Representative from Jackson
County. Address: Dillsboro, N. C.
REUBEN OSCAR EVERETT.
Reuben Oscar Everett, Democrat, Representative from Durham
County, was born in October, 1879. Son of Justus and Elizabeth
(Purvis) Everett. Graduate of the University of North Carolina.
Lawyer. Episcopalian. Address: Durham, N. C.
WILLIAM NASH EVERETT.
William Nash Everett, Democrat, Representative of Richmond
County, was born in Rockingham, December 29, 1864. Son of Wil-
liam I. and Fannie (LeGrand) Everett. Attended Rockingham High
School, 1882; University of North Carolina, 1886. Farmer and
merchant. State Senator, 1917. Member of House, 1919. Methodist.
Married Miss Lena Payne in 1888. Address: Rockingham, N. C.
J. T. EXUM.
J. T. Exum, Democrat, Representative from Greene County. Ad-
dress: Snow Hill, N. C.
EARLE J. EZZELL.
Earle J. Ezzell, Democrat, Representative from Union County,
was born at Waxhaw, N. C. He is a son of F. J. and Mary E.
(Lee) Ezzell. Attended Weddington Academy in 1895-1899; Uni-
versity of North Carolina. Farmer. Member of the Farmers'
Union. Woodman of the World, Free Mason. Methodist Episco-
pal; Trustee 1914-1920. Address: Waxhaw, N. C.
Representatives in General Assembly 463
RALPH RUDOLPH FISHER.
Ralph Rudolph Fisher, Republican, Representative from Transyl-
vania County. Born in Greenville County, South Carolina, 1892.
He is the son of Dr. W. C. and Rhoda Emma (Walker) Fisher. He
attended Columbus Institute, 1906-1907; Mars Hill College, 1910-
1914; Furman University, Greenville, S. C, 1914-1915; Wake Forest
College, 1915-1917, graduating in 1917 with degree of LL.B. from
Wake Forest Law School. Lawyer. Member Bar Association.
Editor of Brevard News. Private in United States Army from
August, 1917, to August, 1919. Remained in France nineteen and
a half months. Was with French Army at St. Mihiel; met Ger-
man spring drive with 20th Colonial French Corps at Amiens Val-
ley in March, 1918; wounded May 29th and again August 3d, 1918.
Woodman of the World, Jr. O. U. A. M., Redman, W. 0. W, I. O.
O. F.; Noble Grand, Odd Fellows; Deputy Warden, Odd Fellows.
Baptist. Address: Brevard, N. C.
RICHARD TILLMAN FOUNTAIN.
Richard Tillman Fountain, Democrat, Representative from
Edgecombe County, was born in Edgecombe County. Son of Almon
L. and Louisa (Eagles) Fountain. Was educated in public schools
and Tarboro Male Academy; University of North Carolina, 1905-
1907. Lawyer. Member North Carolina Bar Association and the
American Bar Association. Member Legislature, session 1919.
Judge of Recorder's Court, Rocky Mount, 1911-1918. Trustee Rocky
Mount graded schools since 1917; Secretary of board since 1918.
Knights of Pythias. Presbyterian. Married Miss Susie Rankin,
October 3, 1919. Address: Rocky Mount, N. C.
FRANK LANNEAU FULLER, JR.
Frank Lanneau Fuller, Jr., Democrat, Representative from Dur-
ham County, was born in that county October, 1893. Son of Frank
Lanneau and Lilia Arnold (Day) Fuller. Attended Woodberry
Forest School, Virginia, 1908-1910; Davidson College; University
of Virginia Law School, 1914-1916. Lawyer. Served as First
464 Biographical Sketches
Lieutenant in 113th Field Artillery, 1917-1918; Captain 28th Field
Artillery, 1918-1919. Presbyterian. Married August, 1917, to Miss
Elizabeth Wilson. Address: Durham, N. C.
HARLEY BLACK GASTON.
Harley Black Gaston, Democrat, Representative from Gaston
County, was born in that county November, 1891. He is the son
of S. J. and Cora (Black) Gaston. Received his preparatory edu-
cation in the Lowell graded school and at Belmont High School;
A.B., Trinity College, Durham, N. C, 1914; attended University
of North Carolina. Attorney. Served as Second Lieutenant in
United States Army from 1917 to 1919. Wounded in action. Mason.
Methodist; superintendent of Sunday School since 1920. Address:
Belmont, N. C.
RIDDICK WAVERLY GATLING.
Riddick Waverly Gatling, Democrat, Representative from Gates
County, was born in Gates County, October 4, 1871. Son of John J.
and Emiley G. (Willey) Gatling. Was educated at Reynoldson Male
Institute; Horner Military School, 1887-1888. Farmer. Treasurer
of Gates County, 1898-1914. President Citizens Bank since its
organization, 1916. President Farmers Emporium, Inc. Trustee
Reynoldson High School. Representative in General Assembly,
1919. Episcopalian. Married Miss Nancy D. Langstun, who died
November 12, 1909. Address: Gates, N. C.
J. P. GIBBS.
J. P. Gibbs, Republican, Representative from Yancey County.
Address: Burnsville, N. C.
MELVIN BROADUS GLOVER.
Melvin Broadus Glover, Democrat. Representative from Nash
County, was born in that county February 12th, 1898. Son of
Irving Nixon and Hadie Lanie (Deans) Glover. Educated at
Representatives in General Assembly 465
Mount Pleasant High School, Wilson graded schools, Bailey graded
and High School. Member of the Chamber of Commerce. Town
Commissioner of Bailey, 1918-1919. Chairman of School Board.
Member of N.ash County Board of Public Welfare. Served as
private in United States Army from September, 1918, to December,
1918. Mason; Jr. 0. U. A. M., Financial Secretary, 1917-1918.
Methodist. Address: Bailey, N. C.
CHARLES ALFRED GOSNEY.
Charles Alfred Gosney, Democrat, Representative from Wake
County, was born in Pittsylvania County, Va,, in 1889. He is a
son of James H. and Ida (Dodson) Gosney. Received his prepara-
tory education in the public schools of Pittsylvania County and
of the City of Danville, 1895-1899; public schools of Hampton,
1899-1907. Read law in the office of James H. Pou, and under Judge
Pell. Licensed by Supreme Court of North Carolina in 1916.
Attorney. Enlisted as private in June, 1917; promoted to Regi-
mental Sergeant in July, 1917; commissioned Second Lieutenant,
Infantry, in December, 1917; promoted to First Lieutenant in
April, 1918; Battalion Adjutant in July, 1918; assigned to Head-
quarters, 60th Infantry Brigade as Liaison Officer, July, 1918; ap-
pointed Aide-de-Camp to General S. L. Faison in November, 1918.
Discharged May 3. 1919. At present Captain and Adjutant, North
Carolina National Guard. Member of the American Legion. State
Adjutant and Finance Officer, 1919-1920. Mason. Baptist; secre-
tary of Sunday School, 1910-1919; Assistant Superintendent, 1920
to present time. Married, 1920, to Miss Janie Fetner. Address:
Raleigh, N. C.
PAUL D. GRADY.
Paul D. Grady, Democrat, Representative from Johnston County,
was born at Seven Springs, N. C, in 1890. Son of James Calhoun
and Ella Smith (Outlaw) Grady. Educated at Kenly High School;
Tennessee Military Institute, 1906-1907; Oak Ridge Institute. 1907-
1908; Washington and Lee University, 1909-1910; Wake Forest
College, 1910-1911. Lawyer and farmer. Attorney for town of
Kenly. Member of General Assembly of 1919. Mayor of Kenly,
1918. Jr. O. U. A. M. Mason. Presbyterian. Married Miss Lelia
30
466 Biographical Sketches
Grace Swink, 1909. Was Chief Registrar for all military registra-
tions, 1918; member Johnston County Legal Advisory Board; Chair-
man War Savings Committee; Food Administrator; Vice-Chairman
Red Cross drives; Chairman Local Civilian Relief Committee; mem-
ber United States Public Health Committee; Legal Counsel for
soldiers and families of Beulah Township; member Liberty Loan
Committees. Address: Kenly, N. C.
ALEXANDER HAWKINS GRAHAM.
Alexander Hawkins Graham, Democrat, Representative from
Orange County, was born at Hillsboro, N. C, August, 1890. Son
of John W. and Maggie P. (Bailey) Graham. Received his pre-
paratory education in the Episcopal High School, Alexandria,
Va., 1906-1908; A.B., University of North Carolina, 1912; attended
University of North Carolina Summer School, 1912-1913, and Har-
vard Law School, 1913-1914. Attorney at law. Member of the
North Carolina Bar Association. Commissioned Second Lieuenant
at Port Oglethorpe in 1917; promoted to First Lieutenant and then
to Captain, serving overseas with the 81st Division. Episcopalian.
Married Miss Kathleen Long in August, 1917. Address: Hills-
boro, N. C.
THOMAS J. GRAHAM.
Thomas J. Graham, Republican, Representative from Graham
County, was born March 29th, 1866. Son of Alphus T. and Caro-
lina (Wells) Graham. Minister. Private in Regular Army. Odd
Fellow. Baptist. Married October 10, 1906, to Miss Lillie Price.
Address: Brock, N. C.
A. T. GRANT, JR.
A. T. Grant, Jr., Republican, Representative from Davie County,
was born at Mocksville, N. C. Son of A. T. and Rebecca (Parker)
Grant. Attended public schools at Mocksville, and the University
of North Carolina. Attorney at Law. Member of the North Caro-
Representatives in General, Assembly 467
lina Bar Association. Represented his county in the House of
Representatives, 1903-1909; in the Senate, 1913-1915. Supervisor
of Census in' 1910. Married Miss Helen Brewster in 1908. Address:
Mocksville, N. O.
H. P. GRIER.
H. P. Grier, Democrat, Representative from Iredell County, was
born in Yorkville, S. C, March, 1871. Son of William L. and
Mary (Barron) Grier. Received academic education in Statesville,
N. C. Read law under Major Harvey Bingham, of Statesville, and
was licensed by the Supreme Court of North Carolina at Septem-
ber term, 1893. Chairman of County Board of Elections from the
creation of that office until May, 1907, when he was elected Mayor
of Statesville for a term of two years. Again elected Mayor of
Statesville, May, 1909, without opposition. Representative in the
Legislature, 1913, 1915, 1917 and 1919. Trustee of the University
of North Carolina. Associate Reformed Presbyterian. Married
Miss Marietta Leinster. Address: Statesville, N. C.
WILLIAM GENTRY HALL.
William Gentry Hall, Republican, Representative from Swain
County, was born in Haywood County, April 30th, 1893. He is the
son of Nathan A. and Mattie (Nelson) Hall. Attended Andrews
High School, 1910-1915; Mars Hill College, 1913-1916. Is now en-
gaged in the lumber business. He served as a yeoman in the
United States Navy from December 14th, 1917, to December 14th,
1918. I. O. O. F., Noble Grand. Baptist. Address: Ravensford.
N. C.
CHARLES EVERETT HAMILTON.
Charles Everett Hamilton, Democrat, Representative from Forsyth
County, was born in Stanly County, September, 18S0. Son of O. C.
and Lilla (Kirk) Hamilton. Attended High School at Union In-
stitute in Union County. Studied law at the American Law School,
Chicago, 111., 1916-1917. Attorney at Law. Member of the Legal
Association of Winston-Salem. Member of School Board. Winston-
468 Biographical Sketches
Salem, 1915-1918; Board of Aldermen, 1919-1920; County Council
of Defense for Forsyth County, 1917-1919. Mason. Jr. 0. U. A. M.;
District Deputy State Councillor for Jr. 0. U. A. M., 1916 and 1918;
Past Councillor; and member of State Finance Committee. Metho-
dist; Assistant Superintendent of Sunday School; Teacher of Bible
Class; member of Board of Stewards. Married, June, 1906, to Miss
Bertha A. Secrest. Address: Winston-Salem, N. C.
W. H. HENDERSON.
W. H. Henderson, Democrat, Representative from Haywood
County, was born in that county. He is a son of J. M. and Marian
Henderson. Educated in the public schools of the community. He
was ten years County Commissioner of Haywood County; Chair-
man for four years. Farmer and stock raiser. A. F. & A. M.
Methodist. Married in 1880 to Miss Mary Brown. Address: Canton,
N. C, R. F. D. No. 1.
JOHN A. HENDRICKS.
John A. Hendricks, Republican, Representative from Madison
County, was born in Davie County. He is the son of Joseph A.
Hendricks and Amanda A. (Daniel) Hendricks. Attended the
common schools of Yadkin; and Yadkin College, 1881-1882; Uni-
versity of North Carolina, 1885-1888; Law School of University of
North Carolina, 1892. Lawyer. Member American Bar Association,
North Carolina Bar Association. Attorney for Madison County;
Attorney for Town of Marshall. Member of the Legislature, 1889,
1891, receiving in 1891 the Republican vote for Speaker of the
House. Republican candidate for Superior Court Judge, 1898-1900.
United States Special Attorney for the Department of Justice,
January, 1901 to November, 1915, inclusive. Methodist. Married,
January, 1900, to Miss Letitia May Mason, Chapel Hill. Address:
Marshall, N. C.
THOMAS CLINGMAN HICKS.
Thomas Clingman Hicks, Republican, Representative from Avery
County, was born in Carter County, Tennessee. He is a son of
Gordon and Adlaid (Oaks) Hicks. Attended Montezuma High
Representatives in General Assembly 469
School,' 1896. Elected, in 1898, Justice of the Peace, and held office
for four years. In 1910 was elected County Commissioner of
Mitchell County. Jr. 0. U. A. M., Councilor; Odd Fellow, Coun-
cillor. Baptist. Address: Elk Park, N. C.
E. J. HILL.
E. J. Hill, Democrat, Representative from Duplin County. Ad-
dress: Warsaw, N. C.
MAURICE DeKALB HOLDERBY.
Maurice DeKalb Holderby, Democrat, Representative from Rock-
ingham County, was born at Ruffin, N. C, May, 1873. Son of
Victor M. and Virginia A. (Guerrant) Holderby. Attended public
schools, 1887-1891. Farmer. Special Agent for Maryland life In-
surance Company. Methodist; steward, 1902-1920; superintendent
of Sunday School. 1902-1920. Married, 1901, to Miss Nannie S.
Graves. Address: Ruffin, N. C.
A. I. HUNEYCUTT.
A. I. Huneycutt, Republican, Representative from Stanly County.
Address: Badin, N. C.
N. W. JENKINS.
N. W. Jenkins, Democrat, Representative from Robeson County.
Address: Fairmont, N. C.
EDWIN R. JOHNSON.
Edwin R. Johnson, Democrat, Representative of Currituck
County, was born in that county September 10th, 1868. Son of
Silas P. and Caroline M. (Conetu) Johnson. Educated in the pub-
lic schools of the county and at Atlantic Collegiate Institute,
470 Biographical Sketches
Elizabeth City, N. C. Merchant. Chairman of the Democratic
Executive Committee of Currituck County since 1897. Chairman
of the Board of County Commissioners, 1905-1908. Represented
the First Senatorial District in the State Senate, 1909-1917. Chair-
man Currituck Highway Commission, 1916. Represented Curri-
tuck County in the Legislatures of 1919-1921. Address: Currituck,
N. C.
LESLIE NEWKIRK JOHNSTON.
Leslie Newkirk Johnston, Democrat, Representative from Pender
County, born at Willard, N. C, January, 1890. Son of George
Washington and Ellen Louise (Rivenbark) Johnston. Attended
Salemburg High School, 1905-1907; Buie's Creek Academy, 1907-
1908; A.B., University of North Carolina, 1912. Farmer. Member
of Wilmington Co-operative Truck Growers' Association; General
Manager of the St. Helena Branch. Married, September, 1915, to
Miss Lottie Kathaleen Kerr. Address: Burgaw, N. C.
DAVID MORSE JONES.
David Morse Jones, Republican, Representative from Carteret
County, was born at Beaufort, N. C, February 27, 18S1. Son of John
B. and Hannah J. (Delamar) Jones. Was educated at Beaufort
public and private schools, 1888-1899. Merchant. Member House
of Representatives, 1919. Delegate to Republican National Con-
vention, 1920. Member City Council, 1914-1916. Odd Fellow;
Knights of Harmony; Charitable Brotherhood. Methodist. Mar-
ried Miss Ruby E. Stevens, May 3, 1905. Two children. Address:
Beaufort, N. C.
EDWARD JONES HALE KENNEDY.
Edward Jones Hale Kennedy, Democrat, Representative from
Cumberland County, was born at Fayetteville, December, 1862. Son
of Charles and Mary Agnes (Wemyss) Kennedy. Educated in the
public schools. Blacksmith. Alderman in 1882. Mason; Odd
Fellow; Jr. O. U. A. M.; Treasurer of Masonic Lodge; Past Grand
of Odd Fellows; Financial Secretary of Jr. O. U. A. M. for twenty
years. Baptist; deacon since 1894; trustee since 1910. Married
in 1886 to Miss Mary Kate Johnson. Address: Fayetteville, N. C.
Representatives in General Assembly 471
JOHN B. KING.
John B. King, Democrat, Representative from Franklin County,
was born in that county October 3d, 1847. Son of John D. and
Priscilla (Finch) King. Chairman of Democratic Committee for a
number of years. Member of New Hope Christian Church; deacon
since 1881. Married Miss S. A. Richards, December 29, 1869. Ad-
dress: Youngsville, N. C.
WILLIAM F. WARD.*
William F. Ward, Democrat, Representative from Craven County.
Address: New Bern, N. C.
LEON T. LANE.
Leon T. Lane, Democrat, Representative from Chatham County,
was born in that county July, 1872. Son of Colonel John Randolph
and Mary Ellen (Siler) Lane. Attended Mount Vernon Springs
School, 1884-86, and Wake Forest College. Engaged in farming and
saw milling. Sheriff of Chatham County, 1910-1920; resigned.
Presbyterian; elder. Married, November, 1896, to Miss Maude
Foust. Address: Ore Hill, N. C, Route No. 1, or Mt. Vernon
Springs, N. C.
WALTER P. LAWRENCE.
Walter P. Lawrence, Democrat, Representative from Alamance
County, was born in Randolph County, N. C. Son of Rev. John S.
and Annie (Covington) Lawrence. Received his preparatory edu-
cation at Shiloh Academy and Richmond Training School. Ph.B.,
in 1894, from Elon College; M.A., in 1906. from Yale University;
Litt.D. (honorary), from Defiance College, in 1911. Studied in
Oxford University, and also University of Chicago. Taught as
supply in University of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio. Dean of Elon
College and Professor of English Literature. President Klmi Bank-
ing and Trust Company, 1912-1920; Director Alamance Bank and
Trust Company; Director Standard Realty and Security Company.
1915-1920. Mayor of Elon College, 1906-1911; Commissioner of Ala-
* Elected in place of K. W. Lamb, resigned. Born L893 A I'.. Wake Forest
College, 1!)1(). Lawyer. Served us officer in l'. S. Navy during World War
472 Biographical Sketches
mance County, 1917-1920. Jr. O. U. A. M. Member of Christian
Church; President North Carolina and Virginia Christian Confer-
ence, 1912-1913; North Carolina Conference Mission Board, 1914-
1920; Mission Board, Southern Christian Convention, 1916-1920.
Author. Married Miss Annie Graham, in 1896. Address: Elon
College, N. C.
OSCAR LEACH.
Oscar Leach, Democrat, Representative from Hoke County, was
born in Robeson County, December, 1887. Son of A. D. and Clemen-
tina (Hamer) Leach. Attended Raeford Institue, 1907-1909; A.B.,
University of North Carolina, 1914; LL.B., University of North
Carolina, 1916. Attorney at law. Entered first officers' training
camp at Fort Oglethorpe, Ga., May, 1917. Commissioned Second
Lieutenant, promoted to First Lieutenant. Mason. Presbyterian.
Address: Raeford, N. C.
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN LEE.
Benjamin Franklin Lee, Republican, Representative from David-
son County, was born at Fair Grove, Mo., 1872. Son of John Walker
and Sarah (Highfill) Lee. He attended Yadkin College, 1890-1891;
Oak Ridge Institute, 1891-1892. Farmer. Member of the Board of
Aldermen, Lexington, 1918. Served as Sergeant in U. S. Army in
1898. Mason, Junior Warden. 1906; Jr. O. U. A. M. Baptist;
Assistant Superintendent of Sunday School, 1917; Deacon, 1920.
In 1900, married to Miss Lula Jane Miller. Address: Thomasville,
N. C.
T. F. LIMERICK.
T. F. Limerick, Democrat, Representative from Union County.
Address: Monroe, N. C.
JOSEPH TURNER LINNEY.
Joseph Turner Linney, Republican, Representative from Alex-
ander County, was born near York Institute, N. C., January 5, 1874.
Son of Joseph Wellington and Susan Amanda (Smith) Linney.
Representatives in General Assemisly 473
Attended Vashti High School, 1885-1891; Taylorsville Collegiate
Institute, 1892-1894; Hiddenite High School, 1895-1896; Davidson
College, 1905; University of North Carolina, 1907; Appalachian
Training School, 1908; Trinity College, 1910-1911; private study,
1912-1918. Farmer. Mason. Baptist. Address: Hiddenite, N. C.
NEILL BROWN McARTHUR.
Neill Brown McArthur, Democrat, Representative from Robeson
County, was born in that county in February, 1856. He is the son
of David and Rosa (Brown) McArthur. Attended public schools
from 1863 to 1874. Farmer. Justice of the Peace for about ten
years and Road Commissioner for one year. Presbyterian; Deacon
since 1885. Married in 1893 to Miss Flora Buie. Address: Red
Springs, N. C, R. F. D. No. 2.
JOHN CALHOUN McBEE.
John Calhoun McBee, Republican, Representative from Mitchell
County, was born at Mica, August 19, 1876. Son of James A. and
Rachel (Mace) McBee. Attended Bowman Academy, 1892-1895;
Wake Forest College. 1911, Bachelor of Laws. Lawyer. Member
of the North Carolina Bar Association. President Bakersville
Milling, Power and Light Company. Mayor of Bakersville, 1914-
1920; Representative in State Legislature, 1917. Delegate to Na-
tional Republican Convention at Chicago, 1920. Served as pri-
vate in Company B, 16th U. S. Infantry, 1899-1902. Mason, Odd
Fellow, Jr. O. U. A. M. Member Farmers' Union. Baptist. Married
in 1904 to Miss Margaret C. Thomas. Address: Bakersville, N. C.
H. McGEE.
H. McGee, Republican, Representative from Stokes County. Ad-
dress: Germanton, N. C.
474 Biographical Sketches
PEYTON McSWAIN.
Peyton McSwain, Democrat, Representative from Cleveland
County, was born in Shelby. N. C, May, 1895. Son of D. F. and
Margaret (Holland) McSwain. Attended Piedmont High School,
Lawndale, N. C, 1910-1920; University of North Carolina, 1914-
1915; University of North Carolina Law School, 1915-1916; Uni-
versity de Toulouse, France, Law School, 1919. Attorney at law.
Served as private in 81st Division, 1917-1919. Mason, Jr. 0. U.
A. M. Presbyterian. Address: Shelby, N. C.
SAMUEL OSCAR MAGUIRE.
Samuel Oscar Maguire, Republican, Representative from Surry
County, was born at Madison, Dorchester County, Maryland. Son
of Edward Oscar and Julia Frances (Williams) Maguire. Attended
country school from 1889-1897; Shaftsbury College of Expression.
Representative from Surry County, 1919. Traveling salesman.
Mason. Married Miss Rebecca Emeline Kracy, August 20, 1910.
Four children. Address: Elkin, N. C.
VAN BUREN MARTIN.
Van Buren Martin, Democrat, Representative from Washington
County, was born in Northampton County. Son of J. V. and Ida
(Stancell) Martin. Received his preparatory education at Conway
High School and Whitsett Institute. B.L. of Wake Forest College,
1904. Attorney at law. Mayor of Plymouth, N. C, 1919-1920.
Superintendent of Public School, Washington County, 1909-1910.
Prosecuting Attorney for Washington County, 1910-1919. Member
of State Senate from Second Senatorial District, 1909 and 1911.
A. F. & A. M., Knights of Pythias, Royal Arch Mason. Baptist.
Married, in 1911, to Miss Estell Johnston. Address: Plymouth,
N. C.
JOHN HILARY MATTHEWS.
John Hilary Matthews, Democrat, Representative from Bertie
County, was born in Hertford County, November 2, 1873. Son of
George M. and Lavenia C. (Taylor) Matthews. Attended Littleton
Representatives in General Assembly 475
Male Academy, 1891-1892; Scotland Neck Military Academy, 1892-
1893; Bryant and Stratton Business College, Baltimore, 1894; Uni-
versity of North Carolina Law School, 1904. Lawyer. Member
North Carolina Bar Association. Trustee Chowan College and Chair-
man of the Board of Trustees. Chairman County Council of De-
fense, 1917-1918; County Food Administrator, 1917-1918; Govern-
ment Appeal Agent and Chairman of County War Savings Stamp
Committee, 1917-1918. Representative in the General Assembly,
1917-1919. Baptist. Married February 20, 1895, to Miss Minnie
Watford. Address: Windsor, N. C.
WILLIAM ROBERT MATTHEWS.
William Robert Matthews, Democrat, Representative from
Mecklenburg County, was born in Rockingham County, November
30th, 1857. Son of Dr. J. T. and Ruth F. (Price) Matthews. At-
tended Oak Ridge Institute, 1878-1879. Real estate and insurance.
Mayor of Madison, 1889. Alderman City of Charlotte, 1911-1912.
School Commissioner City of Charlotte, 1915-1916. Chairman Road
Trustee, Charlotte Township, 1917-1918. W. 0. W.; Jr. O. U. A. M.
Representative in the General Assembly of 1917-1919; extra session,
1920. Organized the Sons and Daughters of American Liberty,
1919; headquarters, Charlotte, N. C; at present Chief Commander
of the order. Married Miss Sallie E. Melton, Chester, S. C, May
23rd, 1888. Address: Charlotte, N. C.
L. D. MELVIN.
L. D. Melvin, Democrat, Representative from Bladen County.
Address: Parkersburg, N. C.
WILLIAM ARCHIBALD MONROE.
William Archibald Monroe, Democrat, Representative from Lee
County, was born in Carthage, April 18, 1863. Son of Marl in Alex
ander and Elizabeth Jane (Blue) Monroe. Attended public schools.
1870-1879; Union Home School, 1879-1883; M.D., University of
Maryland, 1884-1886. Physician. Member of American Medical
476 Biographical Sketches
Association, State Medical Association and Southern Medical Asso-
ciation. Member of Seaboard Air Line, the Atlantic Coast Line and
the Southern Railway Surgeons Associations; the Sanford Commer-
cial Club. Held offices in all these associations. Trustee Sanford
graded schools, 1900-1919; Alderman of Sanford, 1906-1916; member
Lee County Board of Health, 1916-1920. Member of the Lee County
Council of Defense; member of the District Medical Advisory
Board, 1917-1918. Mason, I. 0. O. F., Knights of Pythias. Presby-
terian; deacon, ruling elder; Moderator of Fayetteville Presbytery.
Married, March, 1891, to Miss Elizabeth Huey Stewart. Address:
Sanford, N. C.
W. J. MORRISETTE.
W. J. Morrisette, Democrat, Representative from Camden County.
Address: Camden, N. C.
REID RUFUS MORRISON.
Reid Rufus Morrison, Democrat, Representative from Iredell,
was born in that county, January 2, 1883. Son of Robert Hall
and Lucy A. (Reid) Morrison. B.S., Davidson College, 1902. North
Carolina Medical College, 1906. Farmer. Served as Captain of
the 113th Field Artillery in the United States Army, 1917-1919.
Mason. Knights of Pythias. Presbyterian. Married Miss Isabelle
Douglas, June, 1914. Address: Morrisville, N. C, Route No. 4.
GEORGE WASHINGTON MUMFORD.
George Washington Mumford, Democrat, Representative from
Wake, was born in Johnston County, October, 1883. Son of William
H. and Etta (Stewart) Mumford. Educated in the public schools.
State Superintendent of the American National Insurance Company.
Member of the National Underwriters' Association; State Associa-
tion of Underwriters. District Superintendent of the American
National Insurance Company; inspector. Member of the Home
Guard during war. I. O. O. F., Jr. O. U. A. M. Held all chairs in
I. O. O. F., and represented Lodge in Grand Lodge three terms,
1913, 1914, 1915. Methodist; steward. Married, July, 1906, to
Miss Valeria Pair Liles. Address: Raleigh, N. C.
Representatives in General Assembly 477
WALTER MURPHY.
Walter Murphy, Democrat, Representative from Rowan County,
was born in Salisbury, X. C, October, 1872. Son of Andrew and
Helen (Long) Murphy. Educated at the University of North
Carolina. Attended University Law School, 1892-1894. Lawyer.
Trustee of the University since 1903; executive committee of same.
General Secretary of the Alumni of the University of North Caro-
lina. Trustee of the North Carolina Sanatorium for the Treat-
ment of Tuberculosis, 1907-1914. Member of the State Democratic
Executive Committee, 1898, 1913. City Attorney for Salisbury,
1903-1908; member of the General Assembly, 1897, 1901, 1903, 1905,
1907, 1913 and 1915. Speaker of the House of Representatives at the
extra session, 1914; of the regular session, 1917. Reading Clerk
of State Senate. 1899. Elector-at-Large for North Carolina, 1908.
B. P. O. E.; F. O. E.; Red Men; K. of P.; Mason; Sigma Nu
(college) Fraternity. Episcopalian. Married Miss Maud Harvey,
1903. Address: Salisbury, N. C.
WILLIAM WEAVER NEAL.
William Weaver Neal, Democrat, Representative from McDowell
County, was born at Marion, N. C, February 15, 1874. Son of Joseph
Grayson and Rowena (Weaver) Neal. Hosiery manufacturer. Clerk,
War Department, Washington, 1894-1900. Claim agent, Louisville
and Nashville Railroad to 1908. Traveling passenger agent, North-
ern Pacific Railway. Division Deputy Internal Revenue to 1917.
Methodist. Married Miss Addie Malone, November 10, 1898. Ad
dress: Marion, N. C.
THOMAS E. OWEN.
Thomas E. Owen, Republican, Representative from Sampson
County, was born in that county December 29th, 1N"'>.">. Son of
Edmond B. and Mary E. (Spearman) Owen. Attended public and
high schools of Sampson County. Parmer, lumberman and hanker.
Represented his county in the Legislatures of 1901, L908, L907.
Candidate for Presidential Elector in 1904 tor Third Congressional
District. Elected Treasurer of Sampson County and held office
478 Biographical Sketches
1908-1916. Free Mason. Methodist. Founded and edited The Neivs
Dispatch, a weekly paper, from 1908 to 1916, at Clinton, N. C.
Married, in 1895, to Miss Mary E. Underwood. Address: Roseboro,
N. C.
BENJAMIN WINGATE PARHAM.
Benjamin Wingate Parham, Democrat, Representative from Gran-
ville County, was born in that county November, 1883. Son of
Albert C. and Jeanette (Hester) Parham. Received his prepara-
tory education at Horner's Military School, 1898-1901. B.A., Wake
Forest College, 1904; Harvard Law School, 1906-1908; Wake Forest
Law School, summer of 1908. Attorney at law. Member of North
Carolina Bar Association, North Carolina Good Roads Association.
Member of Legislature of 1913; Democratic State Executive Com-
mittee, 1910-1915; Chairman Board of Elections, Granville County,
1915-1920. Member Board of Trustees, Oxford graded schools, since
1917. Ancient, Free and Accepted Masons, Jr. O. U. A. M. Master
Oxford Lodge, A. F. & A. M., 1917-1918. District Deputy Grand
Master, Twentieth Masonic District of North Carolina, 1920. Bap-
tist. During war was Chairman of the Granville County Council
of National Defense; Food Administrator for Granville County;
member of Legal Advisory Board and charter member of Granville
County Chapter of the Red Cross: Address: Oxford, N. C.
JOHN CAMPBELL PASS.
John Campbell Pass, Republican, Representative from Person
County, was born in that county June 1, 1852. Son of James M.
and Harriet (Chambers) Pass. Farmer. Representative in Gen-
eral Assembly in 1919. Clerk Superior Court, 1882-1890. Treasurer
of County, 1894-1898. Representative in the General Assembly,
1917. Married Miss Ella Winstead. Address: Roxboro, N. C.
RUFUS MORGAN PERSON.
Rufus Morgan Person, Democrat, Representative from Mecklen-
burg County, was born in Franklin County in 1871. He is a son
of Joseph Arrington and Alice (Morgan) Person. Attended Hor-
Representatives in General Assembly 479
ner's School, Oxford, N. C, 1886-1887. Manufacturer and farmer.
Member of the Farmers' Union and Cotton Growers' Association.
Postmaster at Kittrell, N. C, under Cleveland. Mayor of Kittrell,
1892-1893. Mason, W. 0. W., Jr. 0. U. A. M. Episcopalian. Mar-
ried in 1895 to Miss Jessie Allen. Address: Charlotte, N. C,
R. F. D. No. 8.
EDGAR WALKER PHARR.
Edgar Walker Pharr, Democrat, Representative from Mecklen-
burg County, was born near Charlotte, March 4, 1899. Son of
Walter S. and Jennie E. (Walker) Pharr. Attended rural public
school until 1905; Charlotte University School, 1905-1906; A.B.,
Erskine College, Due West, S. C, 1909. Studied law at the Uni-
versity of North Carolina. Lawyer. Member State Bar Associa-
tion. Member of Charlotte Bar Association. W. O. W. ; Knights
of Pythias; Mason; Shriner; D. O. K. K. Chairman, War Savings
Committee for Mecklenburg County, 1918. Representative in the
General Assembly, 1917, 1919, special session 1920. Associate Re-
formed Presbyterian. Married in 1914 to Alta Ruth Knox. Address:
Charlotte, N. C.
JAMES A. PROPST.
James A. Propst, Republican, Representative from Catawba
County, was born at Newton, N. C, March 29, 1859. Son of George
and Amanda (Punch) Propst. Attended country schools, 1867-1877.
Farmer. Director Citizens Bank of Conover. Director Farmers'
Union Warehouse Company of Newton. Business agent for Farm-
ers' Union of Catawba County. Farmers' Union. Reformed Church.
Married Miss Mary L. Simmons, January 11, 1883. Address:
Hickory, N. C.
AUGUSTUS L. QUICKEL.
Augustus L. Quickel, Democrat, Representative from Lincoln
County, was born in that county August, 1874. Son of John ('. and
Josephine (Crouse) Quickel. Attended Piedmont Seminary; B.L.,
480 Biographical Sketches
University of North Carolina, 1895; University of North Carolina
Law School, 1896-1897. Lawyer. Member State Bar Association.
Represented his county in General Assembly, 1903-1911; Clerk to
Judiciary Committee of the House of Representatives of the United
States Congress, 1914-1919. Lutheran. Address: Lincolnton, N. C.
CLARENCE OSBORNE RIDINGS.
Clarence Osborne Ridings, Democrat, Representative from Polk
County, was born in that county in 1892. He is a son of James I.
and Cora G. (Tanner) Ridings. Attended Fruitland Institute,
Hendersonville, N. C, from 1912 to 1916. Merchant. Served in
United States Army as private, May, 1917-July, 1918. Mason.
Baptist. Address: Fingerville, S. C, Route No. 1.
WILEY A. RODGERS.
Wiley A. Rodgers, Democrat, Representative from Macon County,
was born in Franklin, May, 1872. Son of C. T. and Margaret (Reid)
Rogers. Attended Franklin High School; the University of North
Carolina; and the Medical Department of the University of Nash-
ville, 1898. Physician. Member of the Macon-Clay Medical Society.
Represented Macon County in the General Assembly of 1905. County
Medical Examiner during late war. Mason, Knights of Pythias,
Jr. O. U. A. M. Methodist. Married in 1911. Address: Franklin,
N. C.
GEORGE ROMULUS ROSS.
George Romulus Ross, Democrat, Representative from Moore
County, was born in Randolph County, May 22, 1888. Son of
Romulus Rudolphus and Rebecca Ellen (McCulloch) Ross. Re-
ceived his preparatory education from the Asheboro High School.
Was graduated from the North Carolina Agricultural and Mechani-
cal College, Raleigh, N. C, in 1911. Farmer. Mason, Woodman of
the World, Jr. 0. U. A. M. Methodist. Married Miss Margaret
Charlotte Goley, February, 1914. Address: Jackson Springs, N. C.
Representatives in- General Assembly 481
A. E. SHAW.
A. E. Shaw, Democrat, Representative from Scotland County.
Address: Wagram, N. C.
ELIJAH HERMONS SMITH.
Elijah Hermons Smith, Republican, Representative from Bruns-
wick County, was born in Shallotte, N. C, in 1891. He is a son
of Daniel James and Josephine (Bland) Smith. Attended Regan
High School, 1909-1911; University of North Carolina, 1918. Farmer
and attorney. Mason. Baptist, clerk since 1917. Married in
1913 to Miss Minnie Frink. Address: Southport, N. C.
ROBERT WILLIAMS SMITH.
Robert Williams Smith, Democrat, Representative from Pitt
County, was born near Greenville, November 2, 1869. Son of
Theophilus and Elisabeth (May) Smith. Educated at the Oxford
Orphanage, 1878-1880, and in the public schools of Pitt County.
Merchant and farmer. Director Winterville Oil Mill, President
Planters Tobacco Warehouse Company, President Ayden Chamber
of Commerce. Mayor of Ayden, 1916 and 1918. Thirty-second
Scottish Rite Mason; I. O. O. F. Several terms Master of Ayden
Lodge, A. F. & A. M. ; Noble Grand of I. O. O. F. several years.
Christian Church; deacon for last twenty years. July 8, 1896,
married Miss Cora E. Hart. Address: Ayden, N. C.
JAMES EDMUND SPENCE.
James Edmund Spence, Republican, Representative from Ran-
dolph County, was born near Raleigh. January 17, 1866. Was
educated at Liberty Academy and Wake Forest College. Farmer
and merchant. Representative, General Assembly, 1919. Private
Secretary to Congressman W. F. Stroud, 1S94-18!M>. Baptist. Mar-
ried Miss Fannie G. Lambert. Address: Coles Store, N. C.
31
482 Biographical Sketches
HENRY SEATON SWAIN.
Henry Seaton Swain, Democrat, Representative from Tyrrell
County, was born in Tyrrell County, N. C, Oct. 3, 1880. Son of
Charlie William and Indiana (Bateman) Swain. Was educated at
Columbia High School 1892-1896; Creswell Academy 1897; Free Will
Baptist Theological Seminary, Ayden, N. C, 1900. Farmer. Taught
in Public Schools of Tyrrell County 1901-1910. Register of Deeds
for Tyrrell County, 1912-1913; member County Board of Education
1916-1918; Representative from Tyrrell County in General Assembly
1919-1920. Jr. O. U. A. M.; Charitable Brotherhood; Farmers' Union.
Free Will Baptist. Married Miss Delia Alexander, Dec. 28, 1902.
Address: Columbia, N. C.
FRANCIS M. TAYLOR.
Francis M. Taylor, Democrat, Representative from Halifax
County, was born in that county. Son of John R. and Martha
(Marks) Taylor. Attended private and public schools of Halifax
County, 1884-1895. Farmer, merchant, and real estate dealer.
Director of Bank of Enfield. Director of Halifax County Tobacco
Warehouse Company. Justice of the Peace since 1899. Member
of School Committee for last ten years. Tax Collector, 1906-1907.
A. F. and A. M.; M. W. O. A. Member of General Assembly of 1917.
Methodist. Married Miss Mattie E. Moore, January, 1902 Address:
Brinkleyville, N. C.
ROBERT BELLAMY TAYLOR.
Robert Bellamy Taylor, Democrat, Representative from Vance
County, was born in Townsville. December, 1893. Son of Edward
Osborne and Allene Grist (Hargrove) Taylor. Attended Horner's
Military School, 1911-1914. Farmer and lumber dealer. Three
years in military school. Served as sergeant on Mexican Border,
1916-1917. Commissioned 1st Lieutenant at First Officers Training
Camp. One year's service overseas, 1918-1919. Episcopalian. Ad-
dress: Townsville, N. C.
Representatives in General Assembly 483
james Mcpherson templeton, jr.
James McPherson Templeton, Jr., Democrat, Representative from
Wake County, was born in Cary, June, 1885. Son of James McPher-
son and Rachel Williams (Jones) Templeton. Attended Cary High
School, 1896-1903; A.B., Trinity College, 1907; Trinity College Law
School, 1909-1911. Attorney at Law. Member North Carolina Bar
Association. Director and Vice President Bank of Cary. Commis-
sioner of Cary 1909-1911; Mayor of Cary 1911-1913, 1913-1915; mem-
ber of Wake County Board of Elections 1910; Chairman Board of
Trustees Cary High School. Mason, 32°; Jr. O. U. A. M. Methodist;
steward since 1903; recording secretary; district steward. Address:
Cary, N. C.
N. A. TOWNSEND.
N. A. Townsend, Democrat, Representative from Harnett County.
Address: Dunn, N. C.
JOHN EDWARD TUCKER.
John Edward Tucker, Democrat, Representative from Caswell
County. Farmer. Address. Milton, N. C.
R. P. UZZELL.
R. P. Uzzell, Democrat, Representative from Wayne County.
Address: Goldsboro, N. C.
JAMES WILLIAM WALKER.
James William Walker, Democrat, Representative from Rocking-
ham County, was born in that county, January 22, 1860. Son of
Robert T. and Mary M. (Montgomery) Walker. Attended private
and public schools 1870-1880; Stevens Creek High School, Virginia,
1881; Normal Summer School at Chapel Hill, 1882; and county
institutes for teachers for eight or ten years. Contractor. Odd
484 Biographical Sketches
Fellow; filled all chairs up to and including Noble Grand and
twice representative to the State Grand Lodge. Methodist. Steward
for last fifteen years. Married, March, 1883, to Miss Mary Annie
Martin. Address: Reidsville, N. C.
ELISHA HINTON WALTON.
Elisha Hinton Walton, Democrat, Representative from Onslow
County, was born in Jacksonville, N. C. Son of John D. and Mar-
garette E. Walton. Attended Turlington Institute, Smithfield, N. C.
Merchant. Treasurer of Onslow County 1910-1914. Sheriff of Ons-
low County 1916-1920. Member of Masonic Order; Shriner. Mar-
ried. 1897, to Miss Nancy Ellen Humphrey. Address: Jacksonville.
N. C.
THOMAS CALVIN WHITAKER.
Thomas Calvin Whitaker, Democrat, Representative from Jones
County, was born at Cypress Creek, January 25th, 1855. Son of
Thomas J. and Sarah Eliza (Koonce) Whitaker. Educated in
neighborhood schools, 1863-1874, and Rutherford College, 1875.
Farmer. Twelve years secretary to Hon. C. R. Thomas, M.C., 1899-
1911; two years Director of A. & N. C. R. R., 1899-1901; four years
State Proxy A. & N. C, R. R., Kitchin Administration, 1909-1913.
Eighteen years a member, twelve years secretary, Democratic Execu-
tive Committee, third North Carolina District, 1894-1912. Eighteen
years Chairman Democratic County Executive Committee, Jones
County, 1892-1910. Methodist; Superintendent Sunday School, 1894-
1920. Married, December, 1880, Miss Elizabeth Murray. Address:
Trenton, N. C.
ELBERT SCOTT WHITE.
Elbert Scott White, Democrat, Representative from Perquimans
County, was born at Belvidere, N. C, in 1872. Son of Elihu A. and
Margaret M. White. Attended Belvidere Academy 1880-1889; B.S.,
Guilford College, 1893; D.D.S., Philadelphia Dental College, 1897.
Farmer. Member of the American Dental Association; "Virginia
State Dental Association; Tidewater Dental Society, president in
Representatives in General Assembly 485
1904; Hertford Chamber of Commerce; Superintendent of Public
Welfare of Perquimans County 1919-1920. Mason; Shriner; B. P.
O. E. Episcopalian. Address: Belvidere, N. C.
HIETTE SINCLAIR WILLIAMS.
Hiette Sinclair Williams, Republican, Representative from Cabar-
rus County, was born at East Bend, Yadkin County, N. C, March 3,
1872. Son of J. Franklin and Sarah L. (Patterson) Williams.
Received preparatory education at Union High School, at East Bend,
N. C, 1891-1892; B.S. of Guilford College, 1895. Wake Forest Law
School, 1899. Lawyer. Representative in the General Assembly
from Yadkin County, 1899; from Cabarrus County, 1909, 1913, and
1915, 1919 and 1921. Attorney for Board of Commissioners of
Cabarrus County, 1909-1910 and 1913-1920. Chairman Republican
Executive Committee for Cabarrus County, N. C. Member of Society
of Friends, called "Quakers." Married Miss Ethel Reavis. Address:
Concord, N. C.
JULIUS ROBERT WILLIAMSON.
Julius Robert Williamson, Democrat, Representative from Colum-
bus County, was born at Cerro Gordo, December 25, 1869. Son of
H. D. and Sarah Elizabeth (Davis) Williamson. Attended public
schools; Davis School at La Grange 1884-1885; and Davis College
at Winston, N. C, 1891; Greensboro Law School, 1892-1893. Mer-
chant and land owner. Retired lawyer. Delegate to National
Democratic Convention of 1908. Represented Columbus County in
Legislature of 1913. Mason. Baptist; Superintendent of Sunday
school for eight years; deacon; moderator of Cape Fear-Columbus
Baptist Association for nine years. Married Miss Maggie Lee Wil-
liamson in 1893. Address: Cerro Gordo, N. C.
ALBERT EDGAR WOLTZ.
Albert Edgar Woltz, Democrat, Representative from Gaston
County, was born at Dobson, N. C, August, 1877. Son of Dr. John
R. and Louisa J. (Kingsbury) Woltz. Received his preparatory
486 Biographical Sketches
education at Dobson High School, 1893-1895, and Siloam Academy,
1895-1897. Attended University of North Carolina 1897-1901; Cen-
tral University, 1905-1907, A.B. and A.M., and the University Law
School, 1909-1911. Member Gaston County Bar Association and
State of North Carolina Bar Association. Mayor of Granite Falls,
1902. Member Board of Directors Chamber of Commerce 1919-1920;
City School Board of Gastonia, 1912-1916; Board of Directors of
Gaston Mutual Building and Loan Association, 1919-1920; Legal Ad-
visory Board for Gaston County, 1917-1919; Congressional Executive
Committee, 9th District, 1920. Superintendent of Granite Falls
Graded Schools, 1901-1902; Lenoir Graded Schools, 1903-1907; Golds-
boro Graded Schools, 1907-1909. Burser of University of North Caro-
lina, 1909-1912. Mason; I. O. O. F.; Noble Grand, 1919; Grand
Guardian, 1920; Red Men; Knights of Pythias. Methodist; steward,
1914-1920. Married Miss Daisy C. Mackie, 1903. Address: Gastonia,
N. C.
C. G. WRIGHT.
C. G. Wright, Democrat, Representative from Guilford County.
Capitalist. Educated at the University of North Carolina, class of
1886. Representative in the General Assembly of 1917, 1919. Trus-
tee of the University of North Carolina since 1917. Address:
Greensboro, N. C.
LUKE HERMAN YOUNG.
Luke Herman Young, Democrat, Representative from Buncombe
County, was born in Madison County, N. C, December 23, 1891. Son
of Joshua and Jane (Anderson) Young. Was educated at Mars Hill
Academy, 1907-1908; Fruitland Institute, 1912-1913. Farmer and
dairyman. Jr. O. U. A. M.; Odd Fellow. Baptist. Married Miss
Cora Lee Miller, March 15, 1913. Address: Asheville, N. C, R. F.
D. 4.
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