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PUBLICATION'S OF THE
NORTH CAROLINA HISTORICAL COMMISSION
NORTH CAROLINA MANUAL
1923
COMPILED AND EDITED
BY
R. B. HOUSE
ARCHIVIST OF THE NORTH CAROLINA HISTORICAL
Commission
RALEIGH
Edwards a Broughton Printing Company
State Printers
1923
1923
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PREFACE.
This volume is issued by the North Carolina Historical Commis-
sion in order to furnish in succinct form information about the
State, its government and institutions, which otherwise would re-
quire much investigation in many different sources. Unless other-
wise stated, the data in each case is the latest available.
Similar manuals were issued by the Secretary of State in 1903,
1905, and 1907, and by the North Carolina Historical Commission
in 1909, .1911, 1913, 1915, 1917, 1919, and 1921. The demands for
these volumes has been so great that all editions hava been ex-
hausted.
ERRATUM
The footnote to the sketch of Hon. R. L. Doughton on page 450
should apply to Hon. R. A. Doughton on page 482.
NORTH CAROLINA HISTORICAL COMMISSION.
T. M. Pittman, Chairman, Henderson.
M. C. S. Noble Chapel Hill
Frank Wood Edenton
Heriot Clarkson Charlotte
D. H. Hill, Secretary, Raleigh.
a
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Official Register for 1923 - 9
LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT:
Officers and Members of the Senate _. 13
Senatorial Districts 16
Rules of the Senate 17
Standing Committees of the Senate - 27
Officers and Members of the House of Representatives 33
Rules of the House of Representatives ' .. 38
Standing Committees of the House of Representatives .. 50
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS:
Department of the Governor 59
Department of the Secretary of State 61
Treasury Department 63
Auditor's Department 64
Department of Education 86
Attorney-General's Department 75
JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT:
Court of Impeachment 79
The Supreme Court 80
Superior Courts. 81
Other Courts 81
The Corporation Commission 1 82
ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENTS, BOARDS, COMMISSIONS:
Department of Agriculture L3l1»«.-3-t„- 87
Department of Labor and Printing . 100
Department of Insurance }.-'- ------ -1- - 104
North Carolina Historical Commission 107
State Library of North Carolina I.-.- 112
Library Commission of North Carolina - 113
State Board of Health - 117
•Board of Public Charities '..:„- 120
North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey 130
State Highway Commission ' - H-*
Fisheries Commission Board - - -- 151
- State Board of Elections --- 152
State Standard Keeper - --- 15-
Contents
IFiremen's Relief Fund 153
Audubon Society of North Carolina . 153
Board of Internal Improvements 157
North Carolina National Cuard and Reserve Militia 159
State Prison .....V.'Si-..^.^ 162
State Department of Revenue ...AJy.P. 163
The State Board of Equalization, ___•_ 164
The New State Tax System \ 165
Commission of Child Welfare .. 166
STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS:
University of North Carolina 177
North Carolina A. and E. College \ 180
North Carolina College For Women 183
Cullowhee Normal and Industrial College 187
Appalachian Training School __. -. 188
East Carolina Teachers College \.S . 189
State School for (White) Blind and for (Colored) Blind and Deaf .i.".^..^.'..., 190
State School for the (White) Deaf }.3.1.. 193
Stonewall Jackson Training School 195
State Normal School for the Colored and Indian Races 197
State A. and T. College for the Colored Race 202
Caswell Training School ..:_ 204
STATE CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS:
State Hospital at Raleigh 209
State Hospital at Morganton 213
State Hospital at Goldsboro ... 214
North Carolina Sanatorium for the Treatment of Tuberculosis 214
North Carolina State Orthopaedic Hospital School 215
Oxford Orphan Asylum 216
North Carolina Orphanage for the Colored Race 218
The Soldiers' Home.. 219
The Confederate Woman's Home 221
MISCELLANEOUS:
The North Carolina Railroad Company 225
The Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad Company 229
The North Carolina Agricultural Society 231
State Capitol 235
State Administration Building 240
North Carolina Day 242
Legal Holidavs 243
The State Flag 246
The Great Seal 247
State Motto and its Origin 252
Confederate Museum at Richmond 254
Contents 7
PLATFORMS OF POLITICAL PARTIES, 1923: page
National Democratic Platform . 257
National Republican Platform 277
National Socialist Platform 296
National Prohibition Platform ... 302
^State Democratic Platform _ _ 307
State Republican Platform _ 310
State Socialist Platform. 316
ELECTION RETURNS:
Vote for President 320
Vote for Governor and Other State Officers _ 326
Vote for United States Senator. 331
Vote for Congressmen, 1920 333
Vote on Constitutional Amendments, 1920 _._ 341
Vote on Amendment to Section 28:11.. 343
THE HALIFAX RESOLUTION ..__ 347
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE 348
CONSTITUTIONS:
Constitution of the United States 355
Constitution of North Carolina 372
Index to the Constitution of North Carolina _ 404
CENSUS:
Population, area, etc., of the United States and Territories, 1910 and 1920 415
Estimated Population of North Carolina from 1675 to 1786 417
Census of North Carolina 1790-1840, 1850-1920 418
Population of North Carolina towns and cities 422
Counties and County Seats 430
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES:
E xecuti ve Officials 435
Justices of the Supreme Court 442
Senators and Representatives in Congress 445
Senators and Representatives in the General Assembly, 1921 452
OFFICIAL REGISTER FOR 1923-1924.
LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.
W.B.Cooper. President of the Senate - .. Wilmington,
S. G. Dawson. Speaker of the House of Representatives. Kinston.
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS.
Cameron Morrison Governor... -Mecklenburg.
W. B. Cooper Lieutenant-Governor New Hanover.
W. N. Everett ...Secretary of State... ._ Richmond
Baxter Durham Auditor Wake.
B. R. Lacy Treasurer. .Wake.
E. C. Brooks Superintendent of Public Instruction Durham.
James S. Manning. Attorney-General. ...Wa
JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.
SUPREME COURT JUSTICES
Walter Clark Chief Justice Wake
Platt D Walker Associate Justice Mecklenburg
William A Hoke. Associate Justice Lincoln
Walter P Stacy Associate Justice New Hanover
W J Adams Associate Justice Carthage
superior court judges.
W. M. Bond First District Chowan— Edenton.
George W. Connor Second District .Wilson— Wilson.
John H. Kerr Third District Warren— Warrenton.
Frank A. Daniels Fourth District. Wayne— Goldsboro.
J. Lloyd Horton. Fifth District. Pitt— Farmville.
IT. A. Gridt Sixth District Clinton.
Thomas H Calvert Seventh District. Wake— Raleigh.
E. H. Cranmer Eighth District. ...Brunswick— Southport.
N. A. Sinclair Ninth District. Fayetteville.
William A. Devin Tenth District Granville— Oxford.
Henry P. Lane. ...Eleventh District. Rockingham— Reidsville.
Thomas J. Shaw Twelfth District... Guilford— Greensboro.
A. M. Stack. Thirteenth District Monroe.
W F Harding Fourteenth District Mecklenburg— Charlotte.
B F. Long Fifteenth District Iredell— St ates\ille.
J. L. Wfbb Sixteenth District Clveland— Shelby.
T. B. Finley . Seventeenth District Wilkes-Wilkesboro.
J. Bis Ray Eighteenth District Yancey— Burnsville.
P. A. McElroy Nineteenth District Madison— Marshall.
T. D. Bryson .Twentieth Distiict Swain— Bryson City.
solicitors-
W L Small First District Pasquotank— Elizabeth City
R G Allsbrook ...Second District. Edgecombe— Tarboro
G E Midyette Third District Northampton— Jackson-
C S Williams. Fourth District . Sanford
Jesse H Davis Fifth District . .Craven— New Bern
J A Powers Sixth District Lenoir— Kinston
W F Ev\ns Seventh District. Raleigh _
Woodus Kf.llum Eighth District ...New Hanover— Wilmington
S B McLean ..Ninth District . Robeson— Maxton
L. P. McLendon ..Tenth District ...Durham
S Porter Graves Eleventh District ..Surry— Mount Airy
Itfl
U Official Register
J F Spruill Twelfth Distiict Davidson— Lexington
W D Phillips Thirteenth District Rockingham
J C Carpenter Fourteenth District Gaston— Gastonia
Z V Long ..Fiftcerth District Statesville
R L Huffman Sixteenth District Burki — Morganton
J J Hayes Seventeenth District Wilkes— North VVilkesboro
J. M. Carson Eighteenth District Rutherfordton.
J. E. Swain. Nineteenth District Asheville.
G. C. Davis ..Twentieth District Waynesville.
CORPORATION COMMISSION.
W. T. Lee Chairman Haywood.
George P Pell Commissioner ...Forsyth.
A. J. Maxwell Commissioner Craven.
R. Otis Self ._ Chief Clerk Jackson.
ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENTS, BOARDS, AND COMMISSIONS.
DEPARTMENT of agriculture.
W. A. Graham Commissioner ...Lincoln.
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND PRINTING.
M. L. Shipman Commissioner Henderson.
Lawrence E. Nichols .Assistant Commissioner Wake.
INSURANCE DEPARTMENT.
Stacey \\. Wade Commissioner Carteret.
DEPARTMENT OF REVENUE.
A. D. Watts Commissioner Iredell.
DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC WELFARE.
Mrs. Kate Burr Johnson. ..Commissioner... Raleigh.
HIGHWAY COMMISSION.
Frank Page Commissioner Raleigh.
ADJUTANT GENERAL
John Van B. Metts Raleigh.
Superior Court Calendar, 1923-1924
District Spring, 1923. Fall, 1923. Spring, 1924. Fall, 1924.
1 Judge Connor Judge Bond Judge Devin ..Judge Sinclair.
2 Judge Kerr Judge Connor Judge Bond Judge Devin.
3 Judge Daniels Judge Kerr Judge Connor Judge Bond.
4. Judge Horton Judge Daniels Judge Kerr Judge Connor.
5 Judge Grady ...Judge Horton Judge Daniels Judge Kerr.
6... Judge Calvert Judge Grady .Judge Horton Judge Daniels.
7. Judge Cranmer Judge Calvert- .Judge Grady Judge Horton.
8 Judge Sinclair Judge Cranmer Judge Calvert Judge Grady.
9 Judge Devin Judge Sinclair Judge Cranmer Judge Calvert.
10 Judge Bond Judge Devin Judge Sinclair Judge Cranmer.
11 Judge Shaw Judge Lane Judge Bryson Judge McElroy.
12. .Judge Stack Judge Shaw Judge Lane Judge Bryson.
13. Judge Harding Judge Stack Judge Shaw Judge Lane.
14 Judge Long Judge Harding Judge Stack Judge Shaw.
15 ..Judge Webb Judge Long Judge Harding Judge Stack.
16 Judge Finley.. ..Judge Webb Judge Long Judge Harding.
17 Judge Ray Judge Finley Judge Webb Judge Long.
18 Judge McElroy Judge Ray Judge Finley Judge Webb.
19 Judge Bryson Judge McElroy Judge Ray Judge Finley.
20 Judge Lane Judge Bryson Judge McElroy Judge Ray.
THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.
PART
1. Officers of the Senate.
2. Members of the Senate (Arranged alphabetically).
3. Members of the Senate (Arranged by districts).
4. Senatorial Districts.
5. Rules of the Senate.
6. Standing Committees of the Senate.
7. Officers of the House of Representatives.
8. Members of the House of Representatives
(Arranged alphabetically).
9. Members of the House of Representatives
(Arranged by counties).
10. Rules of the House of Representatives.
11. Standing Committees of the House of Representa-
tives.
(in,
OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE SENATE.
OFFICERS
W. B. Cooper.. President _.
W. L. Long President, pro tern.
F. D. Hackett T.. Principal Clerk ...
David G aster Sergcant-at-Arms.
Phil. C. Cocke Reading Clerk
Joseph J. Mackay, Jr Efagrossing Clerk. .
.New Hanover.
.Halifax. .
.Wilkes.
.Cumberland.
.Buneombe.
SENATORS
Alphabetically Arranged
Name
Armfield, Frank
Baggett, J. R
. Htllamv, Emmett
>TBennett, C. C
Bovette, J. M
Brown, J. A
Brown, J. C
Castello, A. T._
Costen, T. W
DeLaney, J. L
Ebbs, Plato D
Everett, S. J
Graham, W. A., Jr. ...
Giles, D. F
Grady, Paul D
Griffin, James L
Hargett, John S
Harris, Charles U
Harris, C. P
Harrison, W. E
Haymore, Rufus L.._
Heath, W. C
Hicks, A. A.
Hodges, Dr. J. M
Jones, Paul
Johnson, P. H
Johnson, R. D
Jones, Allen
Jones, Howard F
Jurney, Buren
Lattimore, S. C
Long, W. L
District
Twentieth
Twelfth
Ninth.
Eighteenth
Nineteenth
Tenth
Seventeenth
Third
First
Twentieth
Thirty-first
Fifth
Twenty-fifth....
Twenty-seventh
Eighth
Thirteenth
Seventh
Thirteenth
Sixth
Eighteenth
Twenty-third ....
Nineteenth
Fifteenth
Thirtieth
Fourth
Second
Ninth..
Twenty- ninth...
Fourteenth
Twenty-fifth....
Twentv-sevcnth
Fourth
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Republican.
Democrat...
Democrat...
Republican.
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat. ..
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat ... .
Democrat...
Democrat..".
Postoffice
Concord, N. C.
Lillington, N. C.
Wilmington, N. C.
Samarcand, N. C.
Albemarle, N. C.
Chadbourn, N. C
Madison, N. C.
Aulander, N. C.
Gatesville, N. C.
Charlotte, N. C
Asheville, N. C.
Greenville, N. C.
Lincolnton, N. C.
Marion, N. C.
Kenly, N. C.
Pittsboro, N. C.
Trenton, N. C.
Raleigh, N. C.
Mapleville, N. C.
Rockingham, X. C.
Mount Airy, N. C.
Monroe, \r. C.
Oxford, N. C.
Newland, N. C.
Tarboro, N. C.
Panti go, N. C.
Warsaw, N. C.
Furches, N. C.
\\ arrenton, N. C.
Statesville, N. C.
Shelby, N. C.
Roanoke Rapids, N. C-
113'
14
Li cislativk Department
SENATO-iS — Continued.
Name
McDonald, D. A...
Mendenhall.O. E...
Moss.O. B.
Parker, H. B
Ray, J. Clyde
Ruark, J. W
Sams, A. F
Squires, Mark
Stubbs, Harry W—
Tapp.L. P
Varser, L. R
Walker, G. B
White, G. T
Williams, P. H
Wilson, R. T
Woltz, A. E _.
Woodson, Walter H
Zachary, J. M
District
Twelfth
Seventeenth
■Sixth
Eighth
Sixteenth-
Tenth
Twenty-second
Twentv-cighth.
Second
Seventh
Eleventh
Thirty third....
Twenty-fourth.
First
Sixteenth
Twenty-sixth-.
Twenty- first ...
Thirty-second .
Party
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat- . .
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Republican ..
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat.. .
Postoffice
Carthage, N. C.
High Point, N. C.
Spring Hope, N. C.
Goldsboro, N. C.
Hillsboro, N. C.
Southport, N. C.
Winston- Salem, N. C.
Lenoir, N. C.
Williamston, N. C.
Kinston, N. C.
Lumberton, N. C.
Andrews, N. C.
Hamptonville, N C.
Elizabeth City, N. C.
Yanceyvil.e, N. C.
Gastonia, N. C.
Salisbury, N. C.
Calvert, N. C.
SENATORS.
(Arranged by Districts)
First District— T. W. Costen, Gatesville (D) ; P. H. Williams,
Elizabeth City (D).
Second District— Harry W. Stubbs, Williamston (D); P. H.
Johnson, Pantego (D).
Third District — A. T. Castelloe, Aulander (D).
Fourth District — Paul Jones, Tarboro (D) ; W. L. Long, Roanoke
Rapids (D).
Fifth District — S. J. Everett, Greenville (D)
Sixth District— O. B. Moss, Spring Hope (D) ; C. P. Harris,
Mapleville (D).
Seventh District— L>. P. Tapp, Kinston (D); Jno. S. Hargett,
Trenton (D).
Eighth District — H. B. Parker, Goldsboro (D) ; Paul D, Grady,
Kenly, (D).
Ninth District — R. D. Johnson, Warsaw (D); Emmett Bellamy,
Wilmington (D).
Senators, 1923 15
Tenth District— J. A. Brown, Chadbourn (D); J. W. Ruark,
Southport (D).
Eleventh District — L. R. Varser, Lumberton (D).
Twelfth District— D. A. McDonald, Carthage (D) ; J. R. Baggett,
Lillington (D).
Thirteenth District — Jas. L. Griffin, Pittsboro (D) ; Chas. U. Harris,
Raleigh (D).
Fourteenth District — Howard F. Jones, Warrenton (D).
Fifteenth District — A. A. Hicks, Oxford (D).
Sixteenth District — J. Clyde Ray, Hillsboro (D); R. T. Wilson,
Yanceyville (D).
Seventeenth District — 0. E. Mendenhall, High Point (D) ; J. C.
Brown, Madison (D).
Eighteenth District — C. C. Bennett, Samarcand (D) ; W. E. Har-
rison, Rockingham (D).
Nineteenth District— J. M. Boyette, Albemarle (D); W. C. Heath,
Monroe (D).
Twentieth District — J. L. DeLaney, Charlotte (D); Frank Arm-
field, Concord (D).
Twenty-first District — Walter H. Woodson, Salisbury (D).
Twenty-second District — A. F. Sams, Winston-Salem (D).
Twenty-third District — Rufusi L. Haymore, Mpunt Airy (R).
Twenty-fourth District — G. T. White, Hamptonville (R).
Twenty-fifth District — Buren Jurney, Statesville (D) ; W. A. Gra-
ham, Jr., Lincolnton (D).
Twenty-sixth District — A. E. Woltz, Gastonia (D).
Twenty-seventh District — B. F. Giles, Marion (D) ; S. C. Lattimore,
Shelby (D).
Twenty-eighth District — Mark Squires, Lenoir (D).
Tioenty-ninth District — Allen Jones, Furches (D).
Thirtieth District— Dr. J. M. Hodges, Newland (R).
Thirty-first District— Plato D. Ebbs, Asheville (D).
Thirty-second District — J. M. Zachary, Calvert (D).
Thirty-third District — G. B. Walker, Andrews (D).
16 Legislative Department
SENATORIAL DISTRICTS.
First District — Camden, Chowan, Currituck, Gates, Hertford, Pas-
quotank, and Perquimans counties shall elect two senators.
Second District — Beaufort, Dare, Hyde, Martin, Pamlico, Tyrrell,
and Washington shall elect two senators.
Third District — Bertie and Northampton shall elect one senator.
Fourth District — Edgecombe and Halifax shall elect two senators.
Fifth District — Pitt shall elect one senator.
Sixth District — Franklin, Nash, and Wilson shall elect two-
senators.
Seventh District — Carteret, Craven, Greene, Jones, Lenoir, and
Onslow shall elect two senators.
Eighth District — Johnston and Wayne shall elect two senators.
Ninth District — Duplin, New Hanover, Pender, and Sampson shall
elect two senators.
Tenth District — Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, and Cumberland
shall elect two senators.
Eleventh District — Robeson shall elect one senator.
Twelfth District — Harnett. Hoke, Moore, and Randolph shall elect
two senators.
Thirteenth^ District — Chatham, Lee, and Wake shall elect two
senators.
Fourteenth District— Vance and Warren shall elect one senator.
Fifteenth District — Granville and Person shall elect one senator.
Sixteenth District— Alamance, Caswell, Durham, and Orange shall
elect two senators.
Seventeenth District — Guilford and Rockingham shall elect two
senators.
Eighteenth District — Davidson, Montgomery, Richmond, and Scot-
land shall elect two senators.
Nineteenth District — Anson, Stanley, and Union shall elect two
senators.
Twentieth District — Cabarrus and Mecklenburg shall elect two
senators.
Twenty-first District — Rowan shall elect one senator.
Twenty-second District — Forsyth shall elect one senator.
Senatorial Districts 17
Twenty-third District — Stokes and Surry shall elect one senator.
Twenty-fourth District — Davie, Wilkes, and Yadkin shall elect one
senator.
Twenty-fifth District — Catawba, Iredell, and Lincoln shall elect
two senators.
Tiventy-sixth District — Gaston shall elect one senator.
Twenty-seventh District — Cleveland, Henderson, McDowell. Polk
and Rutherford shall elect two senators.
Twenty-eighth District— Alexander, Burke, and Caldwell shall elect
one senator.
Twenty-ninth District — Alleghany, Ashe, and Watauga shall elect
one senator.
Thirtieth District — Avery, Madison, Mitchell, and Yancey shall
elect one senator.
Thirty-first District — Buncombe shall elect one senator.
Thirty-Second District — Haywood, Jackson, and Transylvania
shall elect one senator.
Thirty-third District — Cherokee, Clay, Graham, Macon, and Swain
shall elect one senator.
Sec. 2. This act shall be in force from and after its ratification.
Ratified this the 8th day of March, A. D. 1921.
RULES OF THE SENATE.
Order of Business.
1. The President having taken the chair at the hour to which tne
Senate shall have adjourned, and a quorum being present, the
Journal of the preceding day shall be read, unless otherwise ordered
by the Senate, to the end that any mistake may be corrected.
2. After reading and approval of the Journal, the order of business
shall be as follows:
(1) Reports of standing committees.
(2) Reports of select committees.
(3) Announcement of petitions, bills and resolutions.
(4) Unfinished business of preceding day.
(5) Special orders.
Legislate :. Department
(6) General orders. First, bills and resolutions on third reading;
second, bills and resolutions on second reading. But messages from
the Governor and House of Representatives and communications
and reports from State officers and reports from the Committees on
Engrossed Bills and Enrolled Bills may be received and acted on
under any order of business.
Powers and Duties of the President.
3. He shall take the chair promptly at the appointed time and pro-
ceed with the business of the Senate according to the rules adopted.
At any time during the absence of the President, the President pro
tempore, who shall be elected, shall preside, and he is hereby vested,
during such time, with all powers of the President except that of
giving a casting vote in case of a tie when he shall have voted as a
Senator.
4. He shall assign to doorkeepers their respective duties, and shall
appoint such pages and laborers as may be necessary, each of whom
shall receive the same Compensation as is now provided by law.
Of the Clerk.
5. The President and Clerk of the Senate shall see that all bills
shall be acted upon by the Senate in the ordsr in which they stand
upon the Calendar, unless otherwise ordered as hereinafter provided.
The Calendar shall include the numbers and titles of bills and join'
resolutions which have passed the House of Representatives and
have been received by the Senate for concurrence.
6. The Clerk shall certify the passage of bills by the Senate, with
the date thereof, together with the fact whether passed by a vote
of three-fifths or two-thirds of the Senate, whenever such vo'e may
be required by the Constitution and laws of the State.
Ox the Rights and Duties of Senators.
7. Every Senator presenting a paper shall indorse the same; if a
petition, memorial, or report to the General Assembly, with a brief
statement of its subject or contents, adding his name; if a reso-
lution, with his name; if a report of a committee, a statement of such
report, with the name of the committee and member making the
same; if a bill, a statement of its title, which shall contain a brief
statement of the subject or contents of the bill, with his name; and
Rules of the Senate 19
all bills, resolutions, petitions, and memorials shall be delivered to
the Clerk and by him handed to the President to be by him referred,
and he shall announce the titles and references of the same, which
shall be entered on the Journal.
8. All motions shall be reduced to writing, if desired by the Presi-
dent or any Senator, delivered at the table, and read by the Presi-
dent or Clerk before the same shall be debated; but any such motion
may be withdrawn by the introducer at any time before decision or
amendment.
9. If any question contains several distinct propositions it shall
be divided by the President, at the request of any Senator, provided
each subdivision, is left to itself, shall form a substantive proposi-
tion.
10. When the President is putting a question, or a division by
counting shall be had, no Senator shall wralk out of or across the
House, nor when a Senator is speaking pass between him and the
President.
11. Every Senator wishing to speak or debate, or to present a
petition or other paper, or to make a motion or to report, shall rise
from his seat and address the President, and shall not proceed fur-
ther until recognized by him. No Senator shall speak or debate
more than twice nor longer than thirty minutes on the same day
on the same subject without leave of the Senate, and when two
or more Senators rise at once the President shall name the Ssnator
who is first to speak.
12. Every Senator who shall be within the bar of the Senate when
the question is stated by the Chair shall vote thereon, unless he shall
be excused by the Senate or unless he be directly interested in the
question; and the bar of the Senate shall include the entire Senate
Chamber.
13. When a motion to adjourn or for recess shall be affirmatively
determined, no member or officer shall leave his place until adjourn-
ment or recess shall be declared by the President.
Standing Committees.
14. The following committees shall be named by the Lieutenant-
Governor:
On Agriculture.
On Appropriations.
20 Legislative Department
On Banks and Currency.
On Claims.
On Commerce.
On Congressional Districts.
On Constitutional Amendments.
On Corporation Commission.
On Corporations.
On Counties, Cities, and Towns.
On Distribution of Governor's Message.
On Education.
On Election Law.
On Engrossed Bills.
On Federal Relations.
On Finance.
On Fish, Fisheries, and Shell-fish.
On Caswell Training School.
On Game Law.
On Immigration.
On Insane Asylums.
On Institutions for the Blind.
On Institutions for the Deaf.
On Insurance.
On Internal Improvements.
On Journal.
On Judicial Districts.
On Judiciary, No. 1.
On Judiciary, No. 2.
On Manufacturing.
On Military Affairs.
On Mining.
On Penal Institutions.
On Pensions and Soldiers' Home.
On Propositions and Grievances.
On Public Health.
On Public Roads.
On Railroads.
On Rules.
Rules of the Senate 21
On Salaries and Fees.
On Senate Expenditures.
On Senatorial Districts.
On Library.
On Printing.
On Trustees of the University.
On Consolidated Statutes.
On Water Commerce.
16. The Committee on Engrossed Bills shall examine all bills,
amendments, and resolutions before they go out of the possession of
the Senate, and make a report when they find them correctly en-
grossed: Provided, that when a bill is typewritten and has no inter-
lineations therein, and has passed the Senate without amendment,
it shall be sent to the House without engrossment, unless otherwise
ordered.
17. The Committee on Appropriations shall carefully examine all
bills and resolutions appropriating or paying any moneys out of
the State Treasury, except bills creating or increasing salaries,
which shall be referred to the proper committee: Provided, said
committee shall report to the Appropriations Committee the amount
allowed, and keep an accurate record of the same and report to the
Senate from time to time.
18. Every report of the committee upon a bill or resolution which
shall not be considered at the time of making the same, or laid
on the table by a vote of the Senate, shall stand upon the general
orders with the bill or resolution; and the report of the committee
voted.
19. That no committee shall be composed of more than nine mem-
bers unless the Lieutenant-Governor shall, without objection from
the Senate, appoint a greater number on any committee.
On Genekal Orders and Special Orders.
20. Any bill or other matter may be made a special order for a
particular day or hour by a vote of the majority of the Senators
voting, and if it shall not be completed on that day it shall be
returned to its place on the Calendar, unless it shall be made a
special order for another day; and when a special order is under
consideration it shall take precedence of any special order or sub-
22 Legislative Department
sequent order for the day, but such subsequent order may be taken
up immediately after the previous special order has been disposed of.
21. Every bill shall receive three readings previous to its being
passed, and the President shall give notice at each whether it be
the fust, second, or third. After the first reading, unless a motion
shall be made by some Senator, it shall be the duty of the President
to refer the subject-matter to an appropriate committee. No bill
shall be amended until it shall have been twice read.
Proceedings When There Is Not a Quorum Voting.
22. If, on taking the question on a bill, it shall appear that a
constitutional quorum is not present, or if the bill require a vote of
a certain proportion of all the Senators to pass it, and it appears
that such number is not present, the bill shall be again read and
the question taken thereon; if the bill fail a second time for the
want of the necessary number being present and voting, the bill
shall not be finally lost, but shall be returned to the Calendar in its
proper order.
Precedence of Motions.
23. When a question is before the Senate no mo';ion shall be re-
ceived except those herein specified, which motions shall have pre-
cedence as follows, viz.:
(1) For an adjournment.
(2) To lay on the table.
(3) For the previous question.
(4) To postpone indefinitely.
(5) To postpone to a certain day.
(6) To commit to a standing committee.
(7) To commit to a select committee.
(8) To amend.
(9) To substitute.
24. The previous question shall be as follows: "Shall the main
question be now put?" and until it is decided shall prelude all
amendments and debate. If this question shall be decided in the
affirmative, the "main question" shall be on the passage of the bill,
resolution, or other matter under consideration; but when amend-
ments are pending the question shall be taken up on such amend-
ments, in their order, without further debate or amendment. How-
Rules of the Senate 23
ever, any Senator may move the previous question and may restrict
the same to an amendment or other matter then under discussion.
If such question he decided in the negative, the main question
shall be considered as remaining under debate.
25. When a motion for the previous question is made and is
pending, debate shall cease, and only a motion to adjourn or lay on
the table shall be in order, which motion shall be put as follows:
adjourn, previous question, lay on the table. After a motion
the previous question is made, pending a second thereto, any mem-
ber may give notice that he desires to offer an amendment to the
bill or other matter under consideration; and after the previous
question is seconded such member shall be entitled to offer his
amendment in pursuance of such notice.
Other Questions to be Taken Without Dei: >
26. The motions to adjourn and lay on the table shall be decided
without debate, and the motion to adjourn shall always be in order
when made by a Senator entitled to the floor.
27. The respective motions to postpone to a certain day, or to
commit, shall preclude on the main question.
28. All questions relating to priority of business shall be dec
without debate.
29. When the reading of a paper is called for, except petitions,
and the same is objected to by any Senator, it shall be determined
by the Senate without debate.
30. Any Senator requesting to be excused from voting may make,
either immediately before or after the vote shall have been called
and before the result shall have been announced, a brief statemi
of the reasons for making such request, and the question shall then
be taken without debate. Any Senator may explain his vote on
any bill pending by obtaining permission of the President before
the vote is put: Provided, that not more than threa minutes shall
be consumed in such explanation.
Questions That Require a Two-Thibds Vote,
31. No bill or resolution on its third reading shall be acted on
out of the regular order in which it stands on the Calendar, and do
bill or resolution shall be acted upon on its third reading the same
24 Legislative Department
day on which it passed its second reading unless so ordered by two-
thirds of the Senators present.
32. No bill or resolution shall be sent from the Senate on the day
of its passage except on the last day of the session, unless other-
wise ordered by a vote of two-thirds of the Senators present.
33. No bill or resolution, after being laid upon the table upon
motion, shall be taken therefrom except by a vote of two-thirds of
the Senators present.
Decorum in Debate.
34. No remark reflecting personally upon the action of any Sena-
tor shall be in order in debate unless preceded by a motion or res-
olution of censure.
35. When a Senator shall be called to order he shall take his
seat until the President shall have determined whether he was in
order or not; if decided to be out of order, he shall not proceed
without the permission of the Senate; and every question of order
shall be decided by the President, subject to an appeal to the Senate
by any Senator; and if a Senator is called to order for words
spoken, the words excepted to shall be immediately taken down
in writing, that the President or Senate may be better able to
judge of the matter.
Miscellaneous Rules.
36. When a blank is to be filled, and different sums or times
shall be proposed, the question shall be first taken on the highest
sum or the longest time.
37. When a question has been once put and decided, it shall be
in order for any Senator who shall have voted in the majority to
move a reconsideration thereof; but no motion for the reconsidera-
tion of any vote shall be in order after the bill, resolution, mes-
sage, report, amendment, or motion upon which the vote was taken
shall have gone out of the possession of the Senate; nor shall
any motion for reconsideration be in order unless made on the same
day or the next following legislative day on which the vote
proposed to be reconsidered shall have taken place, unless the
same shall be made by the Committee on Enrolled Bills for verbal
or grammatical errors in the bills, when the same may be made
at any time. Nor shall any question be reconsidered more than
once.
Rules of the Senate 25
38. All bills and resolutions shall take their place upon the
Calendar according to their number, and shall be taken up in
regular order, unless otherwise ordered.
39. No smoking shall be allowed on the floor of the Senate Cham-
ber during the sessions.
40. Senators and visitors shall uncover their heads upon entering
the Senate Chamber while the Senate is in session, and shall
continue uncovered during their continuance in the Chamber.
41. No Senator or officer of the Senate shall depart the service of
the Senate without leave, or receive pay as a Senator or offic>r
for the time he is absent without leave.
42. No person other than the executive and judicial officers of
the State, members and officers of the Senate and House of Rep-
resentatives, and ex-members shall be permitted within the Senate
Chamber.
43. No rule of the Senate shall be altered, suspended, or rescinded
except on a two-thirds vote of the Senators present: Provided,
that this shall not apply to Rule 55.
44. In case a less number than a quorum of the Senate shall con-
vene, they are authorized to send the doorkeeper, or any other
person, for any or all absent Senators, as a majority of the Sena-
tors present shall determine.
45. The ayes and noes may be called for on any question before
the vote is taken, and if seconded by one-fifth of the Senators
present, the question shall be decided by the ayes and noes, and
the same shall be entered upon the Journal.
46. The President of the Senate, whenever it shall appear to him
to be necessary in order to expedite the public business, shall
appoint clerks to such Senate committees as may be in need of
same.
47. Every bill introduced into the Senate shall be printed or type-
written. Amendments need not be typewritten.
48. The Clerk of the Senate shall provide a box of sufficient size.
with an opening through the top, for the reception of bills; such
box shall be kept under lock and key and shall be stationed on the
Clerk's desk. The President of the Senate shall have in his charge
and keeping the key to such box. All bills which are to be Intro-
- .nvK Department
duced into the Senate shall he deposited in such box before the
session begins. At the proper time the President shall open the
box and take therefrom the bills. Such bills shall be read by
their titles, which reading shall constitute the first reading of the
bill, and unless otherwise disposed of shall be referred to the proper
committee. A bill may be introduced by unanimous consent at any
time during the session.
The Chief Engrossing Clerk of the Senate shall appoint, with
the approval of the President of the Senate, as his assistants not
more than four competent stenographers and typewriters. Should
the public business require more than this number the presiding
officer may appoint such additional ones as may be necessary. S
stenographers and typewriters shall work under the direction and
supervision of the Engrossing Clerk. They shall also make for the
members who introduce a bill, without extra cost, one original
and two carbon copies of all bills.
The Journal of the Senate shall be typewritten in duplicate,
original and carbon, the original to be deposited in the office of
the Secretary of State as the record, and the other (carbon) copy
to be delivered to the State Printer.
Ail bills and resolutions reported unfavorably by the commit-
tee to which they were referred, and having no minority report,
shall lie upon the table, but may be taken from the table and
placed upon the Calendar at the request of any Senator.
52. That in case of adjournment without any hour being named,
the Senate shall reconvene the next legislative day at 11 o'clock A. M.
When a bill is materially modified or the scope of its appli-
cation extended or decreased, or if the county or counties to which
it applies be changed, the title of the bill shall be changed by the
Senator introducing the bill or by the committee having it in charge,
or by the Engrossing Clerk, so as to indicate the full purport of the
bill as amended and the county or counties to which it applies.
54. It shall be the duty of the Principal Clerk to furnish to the
-iding officer and the members of the Senate all necessary sta-
tionery, which shall be provided for out of the funds set apart for
the expenses of the General Assembly.
55. After a bill has been tabled or has failed to pass on any of its
readings, the contents of such bill or the principal provisions of
Senate Com mittees 27
its subject-matter shall not be embodied in any other measure
Upon the point of order being raised and sustained by the Chair,
such measure shall be laid upon the table, and shall not be taken
therefrom except by a vote of two-thirds of the elected membership
of the Senate: Provided, no local bill shall be held by the Chair
as embodying the provisions, or being identical with any State-
wide measure which has been laid upon the table or failed to pass
any of its readings.
56. That in the event of the absence of the President of the Senate
and the President pro tempore, at any time fixed for the reconvening
of the Senate, the Principal Clerk of the Senate or, in his absence
also, some member of the Senate Committee on Rules shall call the
Senate to order and designate some member to act as President.
57. Whenever a public bill is introduced, a carbon copy thereof
shall accompany the bill. On the same day that such public bill
is introduced the Chief Clerk shall deliver the carbon copy to the
Public Printer and cause four hundred (400) copies thereof to be
printed. On the morning following the delivery of the printed copies,
the Chief Clerk shall cause the Chief Page to have a copy thereof
put upon the desk of each member and then retain the other printed
copies in his office. A sufficient number for the use of the commit-
tee to whom the bill is referred shall be by the Chief Clerk delivered
to the chairman or clerk of the committee. If the bill is passed,
the remaining copies shall be by the Chief Clerk delivered to the
Chief Clerk of the House of Representatives, for the use of the
House of Representatives. No committee shall consider or report
any public bill until after the same shall have been printed as herein
provided for. In the event the member introducing the bill and
the Chief Clerk shall differ as to whether it is a public bill, the ques-
tion shall be left to the decision of the President of the Senate,
whose decision shall be final. The cost of printing as herein pr >
vided for shall be paid from the contingent fund of the Semvo.
STANDING COMMITTEES OF THE SENATE
Agriculture. — Senators Graham, chairman; Johnson of Beaufort.
Lattimore, Jones of Edgecombe, Brown of Columbus. Tapp, Harris
of Franklin, Hargett, Parker, McDonald, Bennett, Walker, Jones of
Alleghany, Zachary, Heath, White.
28 Li qislative Department
Appropriations. — Senators Giles, chairman; Tapp, Hicks, Baggett,
Harris of "Wake, Heath, Johnson of Beaufort, Squires, Woltz, Castello,
Jones of Warren, Armfield, Grady, Varser, Jurney, Johnson of Dup-
lin, Lattimore, Long, Moss, Mendenhall.
Banks and Currency. — Senators Mendenhall, chairman; Williams,
Sams, Giles, Griffin, Harris of Wake, Walker, Haymore, Brown of
Columbus, Castello, Tapp.
Caswell Training School. — Senators Hargett, chairman; Baggett,
Stubbs, Johnson of Beaufort, Bennett, Graham, Ebbs, Woltz, Jones
of Edgecombe, Harris of Franklin, Delaney, Tapp.
Claims. — Senators Costen, chairman; Jones of Edgecombe, Walker,
McDonald, Zachary, Ebbs, Hodges, Jones of Alleghany, Brown of
Rockingham.
Commerce. — Senators Williams, chairman; Tapp, McDonald,
Squires, Jurney, Lattimore, Giles, Graham, White, Brown of Rock-
ingham, Johnson of Duplin.
Congressional Districts. — Senators Zachary, chairman; Sams, Tapp,
Castello, Parker, Woodson, Armfield, Heath, Boyette, Ray, Brown of
Rockingham.
Consolidated Statutes. — Senators Jones of Edgecombe, chairman;
Woltz, Armfield, Delaney, Parker, Ruark, Johnson of Duplin, Varser,
Wilson, Everett, Haymore.
Const itittional Amendments.- — Senators Armfield, chairman; Sams,
Baggett, Stubbs, Castello, Everett, Ray, Brown of Columbus, Varser,
Ebbs, McDonald, Zachary.
Corporations. — Senators Hicks, chairman; Ray, Armfield, Brown
of Columbus, Stubbs, Wilson, Ruark, Varser, Ebbs, Zachary, Bel-
lamy. Harris of Wake.
Corporation Commission. — Senators Brown of Rockingham, chair-
man; Bennett, Harrison, Long, Harris of Franklin.
Counties, Cities and Towns. — Senators McDonald, chairman;
Boyette, Baggett, Woltz, Sams, Bellamy, Mendenhall, Parker, Ebbs,
Ray, Hicks, Walker, Brown of Columbus, Haymore.
Distribution of Governor's Message. — Senators Castello, chairman;
Jones of Edgecombe, Grady, Jones of Warren, Lattimore, Wilson.
Education. — Senators Woodson, chairman; Hicks, Harrison, Brown
of Columbus, Tapp, Giles, Sams, Johnson of Beaufort, Castello, Woltz,
Boyette, Moss, Griffin, Costen, Ebbs, Wilson, Lattimore, Squires,
Senate Committees 2d
Jurney, Jones of Warren, Johnson of Duplin, Grady, Hodges, Jones
of Alleghany, Heath.
Election Laws.- — Senators Boyette, chairman; Grady, Griffin, Bel-
lamy, Long, Stubbs, Wilson, McDonald, Giles, Graham, Woodson,
Hargett, Tapp.
Engrossed Bills. — Senators Lattimore, chairman; Griffin, Woltz,
Hicks, Bennett, Hargett, Ray, Wilson, Squires, Brown of Rocking-
ham, Brown of Columbus, Moss.
Enrolled Bills. — Senators Squires, chairman; Castello, Jones of
Warren, Lattimore.
Federal Relations. — Senators Moss, chairman; Wilson, Jones o!
Warren, Woltz, Heath, Ruark, Bellamy, Johnson of Duplin, White.
Finance — Senators Varser, chairman; Sams, Long, Delaney, Har-
rison, Mendenhall, Woodson, Hargett, Bellamy, Wilson, McDonald,
Walker, Williams, Boyette, Graham, Griffin, Ebbs, Giles, Ruark,
Costen.
Fish and Fisheries. — Senators Ruark, chairman; Grady, Hargett,
Graham, Williams, Johnson of Beaufort, Long, Moss, Harrison, Sams,
Boyette.
Game Laws. — Senators Parker, chairman; Johnson of Beaufort,
Jones of Edgecombe, Brown of Columbus, Harris of Franklin, Cas-
tello, Ebbs, Walker, Ray, McDonald, Lattimore, Zachary, White.
Immigration. — Senators Harris of Franklin, chairman; Stubbs,
Brown of Columbus, Brown of Rockingham, Wilson, Williams,
McDonald, Harrison, Johnson of Duplin, Heath.
Insane Asylums. — Senators Baggett, chairman; Ray, Stubbs,
Everett, Costen, Williams, Ebbs, Zachary, Harris of Wake, Brown
of Columbus, Hodges, Squires, Johnston of Beaufort.
Institutions for the Blind. — Senators Johnson of Beaufort, chair-
man; Costen, Jones of Edgecombe, Everett, McDonald, Harris of
Wake, Hodges, Brown of Columbus, Williams.
Institutions for the Deaf. — Senators Ebbs, chairman; Ray. Hicks,
Johnson of Duplin, Harris of Wake, Harris of Franklin, Graham,
Everett, Hargett, Bellamy, Hicks, Zachary, Hodges, Squires.
Insurance. — Senators Ray, chairman; Johnson of Duplin, Sams,
McDonald, Hargett, Giles, Squires, Graham, Mendenhall, Harris of
Wake, Stubbs, Varser, Brown of Columbus.
30 Li -.i-i \ 1 1\ e Department
Internal lmproroh-ent. — Senators Tapp, chairman; Zachary,
Everett, Jurney, Ebbs, Brown of Rockingham, Lattimore, Moss,
Haymore.
Journal. — Senators Wilson, chairman; Ray, Bennett, Squires, Gra-
ham, Jones of Warren, Hicks, White.
Judicial Districts. — Senators Grady, chairman; Tapp, Delaney,
Sams, Baggett, Woltz, Woodson, Graham, Jones of Alleghany, Wilson,
Griffin, McDonald, Bellamy, Squires, Harris of Wake, Varser,
Jurney, Castelloe, Moss, Brown of Rockingham.
Judiciary Number 1. — Senators Stubbs, chairman; Woltz, Hicks
Sams, Mess, Jones of Edgecombe, Long, Parker, Johnson of Duplin,
Ruark, Varser, Harris of Wake, Wilson, Costen.
Judiciary Number 2. — Senators Delaney, chairman; Baggett, Cas-
tello, Ray, Brown of Rockingham, Everett, Bellamy, Armfield, Wood-
son, Jurney, Squires, Grady, Haymore.
Library. — Senators Bennett, chairman; Ebbs, Woltz, Moss, White,
Costen.
Manufacturing. — Senators Woltz, chairman; Boyette, Hicks, Par-
ker, Ebbs, Jurney, Zachary, Sams, White, Hodges, Graham.
Military Affairs. — Senators Heath, chairman; Grady, Parker, Jur-
ney, Bellamy, Brown of Rockingham.
Mining. — Senators Walker, chairman; Ebbs, Squires, Jones of
Ashe, Zachary, Haymore.
Penal Institutions. — Senators Bellamy, chairman; Woodson, Grady,
Long, Moss, Griffin, Bennett, McDonald, Harris of Wake, Giles,
Walker, Johnson of Duplin, White.
Printing. — Senators Jones of Warren, chairman; Jones of Edge-
combe, Ruark, Squires, Lattimore, Zachary, White.
Propositions and Grievances. — Senators Harrison, chairman;
Hargett, Jones of Edgecombe, Mendenhall, Giles, Tapp, Lattimore,
Williams, Jurney, Hicks, Sams, Jones of Warren, Johnson of Beau-
fort, Haymore.
Public Health. — Senators Brown of Columbus, chairman; Sams,
Johnson of Beaufort, Harris of Franklin, Ebbs, Armfield, Giles, John-
son, of Duplin, Varser, Bellamy, Hodges.
Public Roads. — Senators Sams, chairman; Griffin, Boyette, Harri-
son, Ray, Woltz, Jones of Warren, Moss, Delaney, Ebbs. Jurney,
Senate Com m i 31
Long, Johnson of Duplin, Harris of Wake, Mendenhall, Bennett,
Hicks, Varser, Walker, White, Johnson of Beaufori.
Railroads. — Senators Johnson of Duplin, chairman; Johnson of
Beaufort, Ruark, Bellamy, Mendenhall, Brown of Columbus, Heath,
Armfield, Sams.
Rules. — Senators Long, chairman; Giles, Sams, Delaney, Varser,
Moss, Harris of Wake, Armfield, Woodson, Johnson of Duplin.
Salaries and Fees. — Senators Squires, chairman; McDonald, Bag-
gett, Johnson of Duplin, Parker, Giles, Woodson, Jurney, Moss
Delaney, Woltz.
Senate Expenditures. — Senators Jurney, chairman; Jones of Edge-
combe, Harris of Wake, Hargett, Moss, Delaney, Johnson of Dup-
lin, Giles.
Senatorial Apportionment.- — Senators Griffin, chairman; Varsar,
Moss, Everett, Hargett, Brown of Columbus, Brown of Rockingham,
Graham.
Pensions and Soldiers Homes. — Senators Jones of Alleghany, chair-
man; Walker, Jones of Edgecombe, Jones of Warren, Harris of Wake.
Hicks, Hargett, Parker, McDonald, Zachary, Haymore, Heath.
lYustccs of the University. — Senators Everett, chairman; Harris
of Wake, Castello, Woltz, Delaney, Bellamy, Woodson, Johnson of
Duplin, Varser, Sams, Brown of Columbus, Giles, Graham, Long,
Hodges.
Committee on Water Commerce. — Senators Harris, of Wake, chair-
man; Armfield, Hargett, Grady, Ray, Ruark, Heath, Jones of
Warren, Delaney, Graham, Boyette, Sams, Harrison, Everett,
Bellamy, Johnson of Duplin.
OFFICERS AND MEMBERS OF THE HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES.
OFFICERS
John G. Dawson, Speaker.
Alex. Lassiier Principal Clerk
D. P. Dellinger.. __Reading Clerk
L. F. Burkhead Sergeant-at-Arms._
Miss Rosa Mcnds Engrossing Cl< rk ...
.Wake.
< last on.
.Wake.
.Cabarrus.
REPRESENTATIVES
Alphabetical !y Arranged
Name
Bennett, Bert E
Bowie, T. C
Braswell. Dr. J..C
Bray, B. F
Broughton, N. L
Brown, Julius
Bryant, V. S
Buck, D. M
Bumgardner, Thomas P.
Burgwyn, W. H. S
Byrd, A. W
Chamblee, Clarence H.
Cobb, Collier.
Coffey, Blaine
Cohoon.F. F
Cohoon, F. L. W
Connor, H. G., Jr
Cooper, George II
Coward, O. B
Cowles, Charles H
Cox, R. M
Daniel, Charles R
Davis, G.E
Davis, J. Roan
Davis, M. Leslie
Dawson, J. G
Deaton, J. M
DeHart, Dr. James
Dillard, J. H
Duckworth, W. H
Doub, S. L..
Doughton, R. A ...
Dun -ton , J. L
Erwin.S. K., Jr,
Everett, R. O
lEverett, W. N
Ferrell, Luther.. Forsyth
Fountain, R. T Edgecombe...
County
Anson...
Ashe
Nash
Perquimans...
Wake
Pitt
Durham
Yancey
Stanly
Northampton.
Wayne
Wake.
Robeson
Watauga
Pasquotank.
Tyrrell
Wilson
Franklin
Jackson
Wilkes
Forsyth
Burke
Durham....
Richmond.
Halifax
Hyde
Cleveland
Carteret
Lenoir
Catawba. J
Swain
Cherokee
Transylvania ..
Yadkin _
Allegjiany
Currituck
Democrat.. .
Democrat.. .
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat-..
Democrat.. .
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat-..
Democrat— .
Democrat.-.
Democrat. _
Republican
Democtat..
Republican
Democrat..
Democrat.. .
Democrat...
Republican
Democrat...
Democrat.. .
Democrat...
Democrat..
Democrat..
Democrat...
Democrat. .
Democrat..
Democrat...
Democrat..
Republican
Democrat..
Democrat..
Democrat
Democrat
Democrat
Democrat.
Democrat..
PostofEcc
Wadesboro, M. C.
Jefferson, N. C.
Whitakers, N. C.
Hertford, N. C.
Garner, N. C.
Greenville, N. C.
Durham, N. C.
Bald Mountain. N. C.
Albemarle, N. C.
Jackson, N. C.
Mount Olive, N. C.
Zebulon, N. C.
Parkton. N. C.
Shulls Mills, N. C.
Elizabeth City, X. C.
Columbia, N. C.
Wilson, N. C.
Louisburg, X. C.
Webster, N. C.
Wilkesboro, X. C.
\\ inston -Salem, X. C.
Weldon, X. C.
Lake Landing, X. C.
Kings Mountain, X. C.
. Beaufort, X. C.
Kinston, X C.
Hickory, N. C.
Bryson City, N. C.
Murphv, X . < '.
Brevard, X. C.
Ea i Bi rid, N. C.
Sparta. V I '.
Waterlilly, X. C.
M , .1 -a nl on, X. C.
Durham, N. C.
Rockingham, N ■ < '-
Winston-Salem, X. C.
R, :kj Mount, X. C.
1 Resigned Jan. 16 to become Secretary of State.
o
34
Legislative Department
REPRESENTATIVES— Continued.
Name
Gaston, H. B
Gibson, E. H
Gosney, C. A
Grady. Charles D.
Graham, A. H
Grant, H. V
Grist, Frank D....
Gwaltney, F. C...
Gwynn.T. L
Hamilton, C. E. ..
Hauser, C. M
Hendricks, M. D._
Hi'l.Levi
Hooker, Frank B.
Hooks, George W.
Jackson, W. M.
Jenkins, T. M._
Johnson, D. B.
King, John W..
Lawrence, L. J...
Lewis. \Y. H
Loven, Ed. S
McFarland, J. E.
Mclver, Dr. E. M
McKinnon, D. P
Martin, Van B. .
Matthews, W. R. .
Milliken, J. F
Moore, Clayton
Morgan, Clarence
Moser, I. C
Murphy , Walter
Neal. W. W... _.
Nelson, J. Wiley .
Nettles, H. L...
Newberry, J. H
Nimocks, Q. K., Sr.
Norris. Charles
Nowell, Dr. L. A....
Owens, T. E..
Parker, Edward S., Jr.
Parker, R. H
Pass, W. B
Patterson, Martin A....
Person, R. M...
Peterson, Dr. C. A
Pharr, Edgar W
Poisson, L. J
Pruden, W. D
Quickel,
County
Party
Postoffice
Gaston
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat.. .
Democrat— .
Republican..
Democrat. ..
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat. ..
Democrat...
Republican..
Republican..
Democrat- ..
Democrat...
Democrat..
Democrat. . .
Democrat— -
Democ^at---
Democrat.. -
Democrat---
Democrat...
Democrat.. _
Democrat.. .
Democrat...
Republican ..
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat.. .
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat. ..
Democrat...
Republican..
Democrat- __
Democrat. --
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat. ..
Republican ..
Democrat.. .
Democrat.-.
Democrat- ..
Democrat.--
Belmont, N. C.
Scotland
Wake
Laurinburg, N. C.
Raleigh, N. C.
Dare
Manteo, N. C.
Orange
Hillsboro, N. C.
Onslow .
Sneads Ferry, N. C.
Caldwell
Alexander
Haywood
Forsyth
Lenoir, N. C.
Taylorsville, N. C.
•Springdale, N. C.
Winston-Salem, N. C.
Stokes
Davie ..
Germanton, N. C.
Cana, N. C, R.F.D.l
Greene
LaGrange, N. C.
Pamlico
Oriental, N. C.
Columbus.
Surry.
Whiteville, N. C.
Dobson, N. C.
Graham
Robbinsville, N. C.
Bladen
Eliiabethtown, N. C.
Guilford
Hertford ..
Pender
Greensboro, N. C.
Murfreesboro, N. C.
Atkinson, N. C.
Avery.. _
Rutherford
Lee __
Linville, N. C.
Forest City, N. C.
Jonesboro, N. C.
Robeson
Washington
Mecklenburg.. .
Union .
Rowland, N. C.
Plymouth, N. C.
Charlotte, N. C.
Monroe, N. C.
Martin
Williamston, N. C.
Polk.
Randolph
Rowan
Tryon, N. C.
Ashboro, N. C.
Salisbury, N. C.
McDowell
Madison ..
Buncombe
Duplin
Cumberland
Camden
Bertie
Marion, N. C.
Marshall, N. C.
Biltmore, N. C, R.F.D. 1
Warsaw, N. C.
Fayetteville, N. C.
South Mills, N. C.
Colerain, N. C.
Sampson
Alamance
Clav
Clinton, N. C.
Graham, N. C.
Enfield, N. C.
Hayesville, N. C.
Hoke
Raeford, N. C.
Mecklenburg
Mitchell
Charlotte, N. C.
Soruce Pine, N. C.
Mecklenburg
New Hanover.. -
Chowan
Charlotte, N. C.
Wilmington, N. C.
Edenton, N. C.
Lincoln..
Lincolnton, N. C.
Members of House of Representatives
35
REPRESENTATIVES— Cont in,,,, I.
Name
Rankin, Thomas W
Ray, J. Frank
Reynolds, R. B
Rideoutte, J. W
Robbins, J. W
Rodgers.C. P
Ross, George R
Saunders, W. M
Sellers, H. S
Sherrill, John B.___
Simpson, R. W
Smith, R. W
Snipes, C. A
Sutton, Thomas I..
Tavler, R. E
Taylor, Robert B..
Taylor, W. L
Thurston, D. J
Townsend. H. D....
Townsend, N. A
Turlington, £,eb V..
Vaughn, Walter R..
Wade, J. E.L
Walker, James W...
Warren, Lindsay C.
Warren, W. A
Watkins, John S. „.
Watkins, M. B
Whrtaker, T. C
Wiiitaker, T. E
Williams, R. P
Wright, C. Or-
County
Party
Rockingham
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat.. .
Democrat— .
Democrat
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat—
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Democrat...
Reidsvijle, X. C.
Franklin, N. C.
Star, X. C.
Salisbury, X. C.
Rockv Mount, X. C.
East Flat Rock, N. C.
Jackson Springs, N. C.
Smithfield, N. C.
Kings Mountain, N. C,
R. F. D., 1
Concord, N. C.
Trotville N C
Montgomery
Rowan
Nash
Henderson......
Moore
Johnston
Gaston
Cabarrus
Gates..
Pitt
Ayden.N. C.
Bynum, XT. C.
Goldsboro, X. C.
Asheville, X. C.
Townsville, N. C.
Chatham
Wayne
Buncombe..
Vance
Caswell
Johnston
Davidson
Harnett
Clayton, N. C.
Erlanger, N. C.
Dunn N. C.
Iredell
Warren
Vaughn, N. C.
New Hanover...
Rockingham
Beaufort
Person
Wilmington, N. C.
Reidsville, N. C.
Washington, N. C.
Hurdle Mills, N. C.
Granville
Brunswick
Jones
Virgilina, Va., R. F. D.2
Town Creek, X. C.
Trenton, N. C.
Guilford...
Craven
Oau Ridge, X. C.
Xe« Bern, X. C.
Guilford
Greensboro, X. C.
KEPBESENTATIVES.
(Arranged by Counties)
Alamance — Edward S. Parker, Jr., Graham (D).
Alexander — F. C. Gwaltney, Taylorsville (R).
Alleghany — R. A. Doughton, Sparta (D).
Anson — Bert E. Bennett, Wadesboro (D).
Ashe — T. C. Bowie, Jefferson (D).
Avery — Ed. S. Loven, Linville (D).
Beaufort — Lindsay C. Warren, Washington (D).
Bertie — Dr. L. A. Nowell, Colerain (D).
Bladen — D. B. Johnson, Elizabethtown (D.
36 Legislative Department
Brunswick — M. B. Watkins, Town Creek (D).
Buncombe— H. L. Nettles, Biltmore, R. 1 (D); R. E. Taylor, Ashe-
ville (D).
Burke — S. J. Ervin, Jr., Morganton (D).
Cabarrus — Jno. B. Sherril, Concord (D).
Caldwell— Frank D. Grist, Lenoir (D).
Camden— Chas. Norris, South Mills (D).
Carteret — M. Leslie Davis, Beaufort (D).
Caswell— -W. L. Taylor, Semora (D).
Catawba — J. M. Deaton, Hickory (D).
Chatham— C. A. Snipes, Bynum (D).
Cherokee— J. H. Dillard, Murphy (D).
Chowan — W. D. Pruden, Edenton (D).
Clay—W. B. Pass, Hayesville (D).
Cleveland — J. Roan Davis, Kings Mountain (D).
Columbus — Geo. W. Hooks, Whiteville (D).
Craven — R. P. Williams, New Bern (D).
Cumberland— Q. K. Nimocks, Sr., Fayetteville (D).
Currituck — J. L. Dunston, Waterlilly (D).
Dare— Chas. H. Grady, Manteo (D).
Davidson — H. D. Townsend, Erlanger (D).
Davie — M. J. Hendricks, Cana, R. 1 (D).
Duplin — J. H. Newberry, Warsaw (D).
Durham— R. O. Everett, Durham (D); V. S. Bryant, Durham (D).
Edgecombe — R. T. Fountain, Rocky Mount (D).
Forsyth— C. E. Hamilton, Winston-Salem (D) ; R. M. Cox, Winston-
Salem (D); Luther Ferrell, Winston-Salem (D).
Franklin — Geo. H. Cooper, Louisburg (D).
Gaston— H. S. Sellers, Kings Mountain, R. 1 (D); H. B. Gaston,
Belmont (D).
Gates— R. W. Simpson, Trotville (D).
Graham — T. M. Jenkins, Robbinsville (R).
Granville— Jno. S. Watkins. Virgilina, Va., R. 2 (D).
Greene — Levi Hill, LaGrange (D).
Guilford— T. E. Whitaker, Oak Ridge (D); C. G. Wright, Greens-
boro (D); Jno. W. King, Greensboro (D).
Halifax— R. H. Parker. Enfield (D) ; Chas. R. Daniel, Weldon (D).
Harnett — N. A. Townsend, Dunn (D).
Haywood — T. L. Gwynn, Springdale (D).
Members of House of Representatives
37
Henderson— C. P. Rodgers, East Flat Rock (D).
Hertford — L. J. Lawrence, Murfreesboro (D).
Hoke — Martin A. Patterson, Raeford (D).
Hyde — G. E. Davis, Lake Landing (D).
Iredell — Zeb. V. Turlington, Mooresville (D).
Jackson — O. B. Coward, Webster (D).
Johnson — W. M. Saunders, Smithfield (D); D. J. Thurston, Clav-
ton (D).
Jones — T. C. Whitaker, Trenton (D).
Lee— Dr. E. M. Mclver, Jonesboro (D).
Lenoir — J. G. Dawson, Kinston (D).
Lincoln — A. L. Quickel, Lincolnton (D).
Macon — J. Frank Ray, Franklin (D).
Madison — J. Wiley Nelson, Marshall (D).
Martin — Clayton Moore, Williamston (D).
McDowell — W. W. Neal, Marion (D).
Mecklenburg — Edgar W. Pharr, Charlotte (D) ; R. M. Person,
Charlotte (D); W. R. Matthews, Charlotte (D).
Mitchell— Dr. C. A. Peterson, Spruce Pine (R).
Montgomery— R. B. Reynolds, Star (D).
Moore — Geo. R. Ross, Jackson Springs (D).
Nash— Dr. J. C. Braswell, Whitakers (D) ; J. W. Robbins, Rocky
Mount (D).
Neiv Hanover — L. J. Poisson, Wilmington (D) ; J. E. L. Wade,
Wilmington (D).
Northampton — W. H. S. Burgwyn, Jackson (D).
Onslow — H. V. Grant, Sneads Ferry (D).
Orange — A. H. Graham, Hillsboro (D).
Pamlico — Frank B. Hooker, Oriental (D).
Pasquotank — F. F. Cohoon, Elizabeth City (D).
Pender — W. H. Lewis, Atkinson (D).
Perquimans — B. F. Bray, Hertford (D).
Person — W. A. Warren, Hurdle Mills (D).
Pitt— Julius Brown, Greenville (D) ; R. W. Smith, Ayden (D).
Polk — Clarence Morgan, Tryon (R).
Robeson — D. P. McKinnon, Rowland (D) ; Collier Cobb, Parkton
(D).
Randolph — I. C. Moser, Asheboro (D).
Richmond — W. N. Everett, Rockingham (D).
38 Legislative Department
Rockingham — Jas. R. Walker, Reidsville (D); Thos. W. Rankin,
Reidsvillo (D).
Roioan — Walter Murphy, Salisbury (D); J. W. Rideoutte, Salis-
bury (D).
Rutherford — J. E. McFarland, Forest City (D).
Sampson — T. E. Owens, Clinton (R).
Scotland — E. H. Gibson, Laurinburg (D).
Stanly — Thos. P. Bumgardner, Albemarle (D).
Stokes — C. M. Hauser, Germanton (D).
Surry — W. M. Jackson, Dobson (R).
Swain — Dr. James Dehart, Bryson City (D).
Transylvania — W. H. Duckworth, Brevard (D).
Tyrrell— -F. L. W. Cohoon, Columbia (R).
Union — J. F. Milliken, Monroe (D).
Vance — Robert B. Taylor, Townsville (D).
Wake — N. L. Broughton, Garner (D) ; Clarence H. Chamblee,
Zebulon (D) ; C. A. Gosney, Raleigh (D).
Warren — Walter R. Vaughan, Vaughan (D).
Washington — Van B. Martin, Plymouth (D).
Watauga— Blame Coffey, Shulls Mills (R).
Wayne— Thos. I. Sutton, Goldsboro (D) ; A. W. Byrd, Mount
Olive (D).
Wilkes — Chas. H. Cowles, Wilkesboro (R).
Wilson — H. G. Connor, Jr., Wilson (D).
Yadkin — S. L. Doub, East Bend (R).
Yancey — D. M. Buck, Bald Mountain (D).
RULES OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES.
Touching the Duties of Speaker
1. It shall be the duty of the Speaker to have the sessions of
the House opened with prayer.
2. He shall take the chair every day at the hour fixed by the
House on the preceding legislative day, shall immediately call
the members to order, and, on appearance of a quorum, cause
the Journal of the preceding day to be read.
3. He shall preserve order and decorum, may speak to points of
order in preference to other members, rising from his seat for
Rules of House of Representatives 39
that purpose, and shall decide questions of order, subject to an
appeal to the House by any member, on which appeal no member
shall speak more than once, unless by leave of the House. A
two-thirds vote of the members present shall be necessary to sustain
any appeal from the ruling of the Chair.
4. He shall rise to put a question, but may state it sitting.
5. Questions shall be put in this form, namely: "Those in
favor (as the question may be) will say, 'Aye'," and after the
affirmative voice has been expressed, "Those opposed will say,
'No'." Upon a call for a division, the Speaker shall count; if
required, he shall appoint tellers.
6. The Speaker shall have a general direction of the hall. He
shall have a right to name any member to perform the duties
of the Chair, but substitution shall not extend beyond one flay,
except in case of sickness or by leave of the House.
7. All committees shall be appointed by the Speaker, unless
otherwise specially ordered by the House.
8. In all elections the Speaker may vote. In all other cases he
may exercise his right to vote, or he may reserve this right
until there is a tie; but in no case shall he be allowed to vote
twice on the same question.
9. All acts, addresses and resolutions, and all warrants and
subpoenas issued by order of the House shall be signed by the
Speaker.
10. In case of any disturbance or disorderly conduct in the
galleries or lobby, the Speaker or other presiding officer shall
have power to order the same to be cleared.
11. No persons except members of the Senate, officers and clerks
of the General Assembly, Judges of the Supreme and Superior
Courts, State officers, former members of the General Assembly,
and persons particularly invited by the Speaker shall be admitted
within the hall of the House: Provided, that no person except
members of the Senate and officers of the General Assembly shall
be allowed on the floor of the House or in the lobby in the rear
of the Speaker's desk, unless invited by the Speaker or the House.
12. Reporters wishing to take down debates may be admitted by
the Speaker, who shall assign such places to them on the 11 ■
40 Legislative Department
or elsewhere, to effect this object, as shall not interfere with the
convenience of the House.
13. Smoking shall not be allowed in the hall, the lobbies, or
the galleries while the House is in session.
Order of Business of the Day
14. After the reading of the Journal of the preceding day,
which shall stand approved without objection, the House shall
proceed to business in the following order, viz.:
(1) The receiving of petitions, memorials, and papers addressed
to the General Assembly or to the House.
(2) Report of Standing Committees.
(3) Reports of Select Committees.
(4) Resolutions.
(5) Bills.
(6) The unfinished business of the preceding day.
(7) Bills, resolutions, petitions, memorials, messages, and other
papers on the Calendar, in their exact numerical order, unless
displaced by the orders of the day; but motions and messages to
elect officers shall always be in order.
The Clerk of the House shall provide suitable boxes, properly
labeled, to be placed on his desk, in one of which members shall
place all petitions and resolutions which they desire to introduce;
in the other shall be placed all bills. No member shall rise from
his seat to introduce any petition, resolution or bill unless he is
permitted so to do, out of order, by consent of the House.
Ox Decorum in Debate
15. When any member is about to speak in debate or deliver
any matter to the House, he shall rise from his seat and respect-
fully address the Speaker.
16. When the Speaker shall call a member to order, the mem-
ber shall sit down, as also he shall when called to order by another
member, unless the Speaker decides the point of order in his
favor. By leave of the House a member called to order may clear
a matter of fact, or explain, but shall not proceed in debate so
long as the decision stands, but by permission of the House.
Rules of House of Representath 41
Any member may appeal from the decision of the Chair, and if,
upon appeal, the decision be in favor of the member called to order,
he may proceed; if otherwise, he shall not, except by leave of
the House; and if the case, in the judgment of the House, require
it, he shall be liable to its censure.
17. No member shall speak until recognized by the Chair, and
when two or more members rise at the same time, the Speaker
shall name the member to speak.
18. No member shall speak more than twice on the main ques-
tion, nor longer than thirty minutes for the first speech and
fifteen minutes for the second speech, unless allowed to do so by
the affirmative vote of a majority of the members present; nor
shall he speak more than once upon an amendment or motion to
commit or postpone, and then not longer than ten minutes. But
the House may, by consent of a majority, suspend the operation of
this rule during any debate on any particular question before
the House, or the Committee on Rules may bring in a special rule
that shall be applicable to the debate on any bill.
19. While the Speaker is putting any question, or addressing
the House, no person shall speak, stand up, walk out of or across
the House, nor when a member is speaking entertain private dis-
course, stand up, or pass between him and the Chair.
20. No member shall vote on any question when he was not
present when the question was put by the Speaker, except by the
consent of the House. Upon a division and count of the House on
any question, no member without the bar shall be counted.
21. Every member who shall be in the hall of the House for
the above purpose when the question is put shall give his vote
upon a call of the ayes and noes, unless the House for special
reasons shall excuse him, and no application to be excused from
voting or to explain a vote shall be entertained unless made
before the call of the roll. The hall of the House shall include the
lobbies, galleries, and offices connected with the hall.
22. "When a motion is made, it shall be stated by the Speaker,
or, if written, it shall be handed to the Chair and read aloud by
the Speaker or Clerk before debate.
23. Every motion shall be reduced to writing, if the Speaker or
any two members request it.
42 Legislative Department
24. After a motion is stated by the Speaker or read by the Clerk,
it shall be deemed to be in possession of the House, but may be
withdrawn before a decision or amendment, except in case of a
motion to reconsider, which motion, when made by a member,
shall be deemed and taken to be in possession of the House, and
shall not be withdrawn without leave of the House.
25. When a question is under debate no motion shall be re-
ceived but to adjourn, to lay on the table, to postpone indefinitely,
to postpone to a day certain, to commit or amend, which several
motions shall have precedence in the order in which they stand
arranged; and no motion to lay on the table, to postpone indefi-
nitely, to postpone to a day certain, to commit or amend, being
decided, shall be again allowed at the same stage of the bill or
proposition.
26. A motion to adjourn or lay on the table shall be decided
without debate, and a motion to adjourn shall always be in order,
except when the House is voting or some member is speaking;
but a motion to adjourn shall not follow a motion to adjourn
until debate or some other business of the House has intervened.
27. When a question has been postponed indefinitely, the same
shall not be acted on again during the session, except upon a two-
thirds vote.
28. Any member may call for a division of the question, when
the same shall admit of it, which shall be determined by the
Speaker.
29. When a motion has been once made and carried in the affirma-
tive or negative, it shall be in order for any member of the majority
to move for the reconsideration thereof, on the same or succeeding
day, unless it may have already passed the Senate, and no motion
to reconsider shall be taken from the table except by a two-thirds
vote. But unless such vote has been taken by a call of the yeas
and nays, any member may move to reconsider.
30. When the reading of a paper is called for, which has been
read in the House, and the same is objected to by any member, it
shall be determined by a vote of the House.
31. Petitions, memorials, and other papers addressed to the
House shall be presented by the Speaker; a brief statement of the
contents thereof may be verbally made by the introducer before
Rules of House of Representatiyi s 43
reference to a committee, but shall not be debated or decided
on the day of their first being read, unless the House shall
direct otherwise.
32. When the ayes and noes are called for on any question, it
shall be on motion before the question is put; and if seconded by
one-fifth of the members present, the question shall be decided by
the ayes and noes; and in taking the ayes and noes, or on a call
of the House, the names of the members will be taken alphabeti-
cally.
33. Decency of speech shall be observed and personal reflection
caremlly avoided.
34. Any member may arise at any time to speak to a question of
puiounal privilege, and upon objection to him proceeding, the
SjjeuKer shall determine if the question is one of privilege.
35. Fifteen members, including the Speaker, shall be authorized
to compel the attendance of absent members.
<Jb. No member or officer of the House shall absent himself from
the service of the House without leave, unless from sickness or
inability.
37. Any member may excuse himself from serving on any com-
mittee if he is a member of two standing committees.
3«. if any member shall be necessarily absent on temporary
business of the House when a vote is taken upon any question,
upon entering the House he shall be permitted, on request, to vote,
provided that the result shall not be thereby affected.
39. No standing rule or order shall be rescinded or altered with-
out one day's notice given on the motion thereof, and to sustain
such motion two-thirds of the House shall be required.
40. The members of the House shall uncover their heads upon
entering the House while it is in session, and shall continue so
uncovered during their continuance in the hall, except Quakers.
41. A motion to reconsider shall be determined by a majority
vote, except a motion to reconsider an indefinite postponement,
or a motion to reconsider a motion tabling a motion to reconsider,
which shall require a two-thirds vote.
42. After a bill has been tabled or has failed to pass on any
of its readings, the contents of such bill or the principal pro-
visions or its subject-matter shall not be embodied in any other
44 Legislative Department
measure. Upon the point of order being raised and sustained
by the Chair, such measures shall be laid upon the table, and
shall not be taken therefrom except by a vote of two-thirds of
the elected membership of the House: Provided, no local bill shall
be held by the Chair as embodying the provisions, or being identical
with any State-wide measure which has been laid upon the table,
or failed to pass any of its readings.
Standing Committees
43. At the commencement of the session a standing committee
shall be appointed by the Speaker on each of the following sub-
jects, namely:
On Agriculture.
On Appropriations.
On Banks and Currency.
On Claims.
On Congressional Districts.
On Constitutional Amendments.
On Corporation Commission.
On Corporations.
On Counties, Cities and Towns.
On Courts and' Judicial Districts.
On Education.
On Election Laws.
On Engrossed Bills.
On Expenditures of the House.
On Federal Relations.
On Finance.
On Fish and Fisheries.
On Game.
On Health.
On Immigration.
On Insane Asylums.
On Institutions for the Blind.
On Institutions for the Deaf and Dumb.
On Insurance.
On Internal Improvements.
On The Journal.
On Judiciary No. 1.
Rules of House of Representatives 45
On Judiciary No. 2.
On Manufactures and Labor.
On Military Affairs.
On Mines and Mining.
On Oyster Industry.
On Penal Institutions.
On Pensions.
On Private and Public Local Laws.
On Privileges and Elections.
On Propositions and Grievances.
On Public Roads.
On Regulation of Public-Service Corporations.
On Rules.
On Salaries and Fees.
On Senatorial Districts.
Joint Committees
On Enrolled Bills.
On Justices of the Peace.
On Library.
On Printing.
On Public Buildings and Grounds.
On Trustees of University.
On Revision of the Laws.
The first member announced on each committee shall be Chair-
man.
44. In forming a Committee of the Whole House, the Speaker
shall leave the Chair, and a Chairman to preside in committee
shall be appointed by the Speaker.
45. Upon bills submitted to a Committee of the Whole House, the
bill shall be first read throughout by the Clerk, and then again
read and debated by sections, leaving the preamble to be last con-
sidered. The body of the bill shall not be defaced or interlined,
but all amendments, noting the page and line, shall he duly
entered by the Clerk on a separate paper as the same shall be
agreed to by the Committee, and so reported to the House.
After report, the bill shall again be subject to be debated and
amended by sections before a question on its passage be taken.
46 Legislative Department
46. The rules of procedure in the House shall be observed in
a committee of the Whole House, so far as they may be applic-
able, except the rule limiting the time of speaking and the
previous question.
47. In a Committee of the Whole House a motion that the
Committee rise shall always be in order, except when a mem-
ber is speaking, and shall be decided without debate.
48. Every bill shall be introduced by motion for leave, or
by order of the House, or on the report of a committee, unless
introduced in regular order during the morning hour.
49. All bills and resolutions shall be reported from the com-
mittee to which referred, with such recommendation as the com-
mittee may desire to make.
50. Every bill shall receive three several readings in the House
previous to its passage, and the Speaker shall give notice at
each whether it be its first, second or third reading.
51. Any member introducing a bill or resolution shall briefly
endorse thereon the substance of the same.
52. All bills and resolutions shall upon their introduction be
referred by the Speaker, without suggestion from the introducer,
to the appropriate committee. No bills shall be withdrawn from
the committee to which referred except upon motion duly made
and carried by a majority vote.
53. The Clerk of the House shall keep a separate calendar of
the Public, Local and Private Bills, and shall number them in
the order in which they are introduced, and all bills shall be
disposed of in the order they stand upon the Calendar; but the
Committee on Rules may at any time arrange the order of pre-
cedence in which bills may be considered. No bill shall be
twice read on the same day without the concurrence of two-
thirds of the members.
54. All resolutions which may grant money out of the Treasury,
or such as shall be of a public nature, shall be treated in all
respects in a similar manner with Public bills.
55. The Clerk of the House shall be deemed to continue in
office until another is appointed.
56. Upon the motion of any member, there shall be a call of
the House, a majority of the members present assenting thereto,
Rules of House of Representatives 47
and upon a call of the House the names of the members shall
be called over by the Clerk and the absentees noted, after which
the names of the absentees shall again be called over. The doors
shall then be closed, and those from whom no excuse or suffi-
cient excuses are made may, by order of those present, if fifteen
in number, be taken into custody as they appear, or may be
sent for and taken into custody wherever to be found by special
messenger appointed for that purpose.
57. The previous question shall be as follows: "Shall the main
question be now put?" and, until it is decided, shall preclude all
amendments and debate. If this question shall be decided in
the affirmative, the "main question" shall be on the pas-
sage of the bill, resolution, or other matter under considera-
tion; but when amendments are pending, the question shall be
taken upon such amendments, in their order, without further
debate or amendment. If such question be decided in the nega-
tive, the main question shall be considered as remaining under
debate: Provided, that no one shall move the previous question
except the member submitting the report on the bill or other
matter under consideration, and the member introducing the bill
or other matter under consideration, or the member in charge of
the measure, who shall be designated by the chairman of the
committee reporting the same to the House at the time the bill
or other matter under consideration is reported to the House,
or taken up for consideration.
When a motion for the previous question is made, and pending
the second thereto by a majority, debate shall cease; but if any
member obtains the floor, he may move to lay the matter under
consideration on the table, or move an adjournment, and when
both or either of these motions are pending the question shall
stand :
(1) Previous question.
(2) To adjourn.
(3) To lay on the table.
And then upon the main question, or amendments, or the motion
to postpone indefinitely, postpone to a day certain, to commit,
or amend, in the order of their precedence, until the main que
tion is reached or disposed of: but after the previous quesl
4S Legislative Department
has been called by a majority, no motion, or amendment, or
debate shall be in order.
All motions below the motions to lay on the table must be
made prior to a motion for the previous question; but, pending
and not after the second therefor, by the majority of the House,
a motion to adjourn or lay on the table, or both, are in order.
This constitutes the precedence of the motions to adjourn and
lay on the table over other motions, in Rule 25.
Motions stand as follows in order of precedence in Rule 26:
Lay on the table.
Previous question.
Postpone indefinitely.
Postpone definitely.
To commit or amend.
When the previous question is called, all motions below it fall,
unless made prior to the call, and all motions above it fall after
its second by a majority required. Pending the second, the
motions to adjourn and lay on the table are in order, but not
after a second. When in order and every motion is before the
House, the question stands as follows:
Previous question.
Adjourn.
Lay on the table.
Postpone indefinitely.
Postpone definitely.
To commit.
Amendment to amendment.
Amendment.
Substitute.
Bill.
The previous question covers all other motions when seconded
by a majority of the House, and proceeds by regular graduation
to the main question, without debate, amendment, or motion, until
such question is reached or disposed of.
58. All committees, other than the Committee on Appropria-
tions, when favorably reporting any bill which carries an appro-
priation from the State, shall indicate same in the report, and
Standing Committees of House of Ri i
said bill shall be re-referred to the Committee on Appropr
for a further report before being acted upon by the Hoi
59. The Principal Clerk, the Engrossing Clerk and the Door-
keeper shall appoint, with the approval of the Spe
affirmative order in the House, such assistants as may be ne
sary to the efficient discharge of the duties of their
offices.
60. The Speaker shall appoint twelve pages to wait upon the
sessions of the House, and when the pressure of business may
require, he may appoint three additional pages.
61. The Chairman of each of the committees, Agriculture, Ap-
propriations, Banks and Currency, Counties, Cities and Towns,
Courts and Judicial Districts, Education, Fish and Fisheries, Fi-
nance, Judiciary No. 1, Judiciary No. 2, Propositions and Griev-
ances, Public Roads, and Salaries and Fees, may appoint a clerk
to his respective committee with the approval of the Speaker.
62. The Chairman and five other members of any committee
shall constitute a quorum of said committee for the transaction of
business.
63. The Committee on the Journal shall examine daily the
Journal of the House before the hour of convening, and report
after the opening of the House whether or not the proceedings
of the previous day have been correctly recorded.
64. When a bill shall be reported by a Committee witli a recom-
mendation that it be not passed, but accompanied by a minority
report, the question before the House shall be "The adoption of the
Minority Report," and it failing to be adopted by a majority
vote, the bill shall be placed upon the unfavorable calendar. Such
minority report shall be signed by at least three members of the
committee who were present when the bill was considered in
committee. In the event there is an unfavorable report with no
minority report accompanying it, the bill shall be placed upon
the unfavorable calendar. To take a bill from the unfavorable
calendar, a two-thirds vote shall be necessary.
65. Whenever a public bill is introduced, a carbon copy th ire-
of shall accompany the bill. On the same day that such public
bill is introduced the Chief Clerk shall deliver the carbon copy
4
50 Legislative Department
to the Public Printer and cause four hundred (400) copies thereof
to be printed. On the morning following the delivery of the
printed copies, the Chief Clerk shall cause the Chief Page to
have a copy thereof put upon the desk of each member and then
retain the other printed copies in his office. A sufficient number
for the use of the Committee to whom the bill is referred shall
be by the Chief Clerk delivered to the Chairman or Clerk of the
committee. If the bill is passed, the remaining copies shall be
by the Chief Clerk delivered to the Chief Clerk of the Senate, for
the use of the Senate. No Committee shall consider or report
any public bill until after the same shall have been printed as
herein provided for. In the event the member introducing the
bill and the Chief Clerk shall differ as to whether it is a public
bill, the question shall be left to the decision of the Speaker
of the House of Representatives, whose decision shall be final.
The cost of printing as herein provided for shall be paid from the
contingent fund of the House of Representatives.
STANDING COMMITTEES OF THE HOUSE OF
REPRESENTATIVES
Agriculture. — Representatives Cox, chairman; King, Burgwyn,
Whitaker of Jones, Ross, Davis of Hyde, Watkins of Granville, Net-
tles, Bennett, Sutton, Chamblee, Robbins, Person, Gibson, Wa'-ker,
Broughton, Buck, Hill, Loven, Simpson, Watkins of Erunsw ck,
Thurston, Norris, Taylor of Caswell, Gwynn, Snipes, Selers, Hooks,
Dunton, Patterson, Reynolds, Grant, Hooker, Cohoon of Pasquotank,
Lewis, Bray, Warren of Person, Smith, Cobb, Hauser, Taylor of
Vance, Nimocks, Everett, Fountain, Townsend of Harnett, Connor,
Warren of Beaufort, Quickel, Martin, Hendricks, Gosney, Sanders,
Morgan, Owen, Coffey.
Aj)proi)riations. — Representatives Murphy, chairman; Connor,
Doughton, Bowie, Neal, Cox, Wright, Burgwyn, Warren of Beaufort,
Moore. Parker of Alamance, Gosney, Ray, Bryant, Townsend of Har-
nett, Pharr, Ross, Graham, Gibson, Poisson, Fountain, Everett, King,
Whitaker of Jones, Sanders, Chamblee, Turlington, Ferrell, Pruden,
Parker of Halifax, Ervin Brown, Rideoutte, Wade, Vaughan, Lewis,
Byrd, Mclver, Robbins, Broughton, Peterson, Cowles.
Standing Committees op House of Repbesentatives 51
Banks and Currency.— Representatives Townsend of Harnett, chair-
man; Buck, Nowell, Burgwyn, Gwynn, Hooker, Cox, Moore, Tur-
lington, Warren of Beaufort, Rogers, Gosney, Ross, Hendricks, Jack-
son.
Caswell Training School. — Representatives Whitaker of Guilford,
chairman; Mclver, Grist, Deaton, Gwynn, Patterson, Nelson, Rob-
bins, Bray, Duckworth, Williams.
Claims. — Representatives Bennett, chairman; Bryant, McKinnon,
Rankin, Hill, Loven, Norris, Coward, Nelson, Robbins, McFarland,
Duckworth, Sutton, Person, Jenkins, Gwaltney.
Congressional Districts. — Representatives Ross, chairman; Con-
nor, Warren of Beaufort, Bowie, Parker of Alamance, Burgwyn,
Murphy, Townsend of Harnett, Parker of Halifax, Neal, Cox, Dillard,
Gaston, Hill, Moore, Sanders, Grant, Davis of Cleveland, Peterson.
Constitutional Amendments. — Representatives Everett, chairman;
Doughton, Murphy, Bowie, Parker of Alamance, Dillard, Taylor of
Buncombe, Nimocks, Quickel, Graham, Ferrell, Brown, Connor,
Moser, Milliken, Byrd.
Corporation Commission. — Representatives Gosney, chairman;
Fountain, Wright, Quickel, Person, Brown, Chamblee, Nimocks,
Loven, Ervin, Bryant, Parker of Halifax, Gwynn, Milliken, Johnson,
Hooks, Jackson.
Corporations. — Representatives Fountain, chairman; Gosney,
Everett, Hamilton, Gaston, Wright, Ross, McKinnon, Rankin, Mar-
tin, Broughton, Nettles, Townsend of Davidson, Davis of Cleve-
land, Coward, Lewis, McFarland, Vaughan, Duckworth, Owens, Co-
hoon of Tyrrell, Coffey, Cowles, Gwaltney.
Counties, Cities and Towns. — Representatives Neal, chairman;
Connor, Cox, Ross, Warren of Beaufort, Townsend of Harnett,
Gwynn, Moore, Burgwyn, Grant, Gosney, Grady, Chamblee, Milliken,
Murphy, Rankin, Cobb, McKinnon, Warren of Person, Nowell, Co-
hoon of Pasquotank, Bennett, Pharr, Taylor of Buncombe, Davis
of Hyde, Grist, Williams, Davis of Carteret, Davis of Cleveland.
Townsend of Davidson, Fountain, Lawrence, Saunders, Hay. Vaughan,
Rideoutte, Ferrell, Nettles, Moser, Gtaston, Sellers, Watkins of
Brunswick, Norris, Patterson, Cowles, Owen.
Courts and Judicial Districts. — Representatives Bowie, chairman;
Connor, Murphy, Townsend of Harnett, Doughton, Moore, Burgwyn.
52 Legislative Department
Warren of Beaufort, Parker of Alamance, Ray, Everett, Byrd, Dil-
lard, Pruden, Grady, Ferrell, Nimocks, Daniel, Lawrence, Poisson,
Quickel, Pharr, Brown, Moser, Milliken, Turlington, Bryant, Whit-
aker of Guilford, Fountain.
Drainage. — Representatives Whitaker of Jones, chairman; Sutton,
Duckworth, Nowell, Watkins of Brunswick, Norris, Bumgardner,
Pruden, Grady, Simpson, Hill, Grant, Lewis, Brown, Cobb, Walker,
Cohoon of Pasquotank, Williams, Owens, Cohoon of Tyrrell, Coffey,
Gwaltney.
Education. — Representatives Connor, chairman; Whitaker of Guil-
ford, Doughton, Bowie, Cox, Neal, Everett, Ray, Townsend of Har-
nett, Warren of Beaufort, Moore, Pharr, Burgwyn, Sanders, Byrd,
Gosney, Parker of Alamance, Braswell, Nowell, Bennett, Davis of
Cartaret, Davis of Hyde, Ross, Hamilton, Whitaker of Jones, Bry-
ant, Grady, Turlington, Hendricks, Dunston, Simpson, Loven, Deaton,
Sherrill, Lawrence, Taylor of Buncombe, Johnson, Patterson, Wade,
Poisson, Graham, Moser, McKinnon, Rankin, Gib:on, Vaughan, Mar-
tin, Rideoutte, Hauser, Buck, Pass, Grist, Robbins, Taylor of Caswell,
Watkins of Granville, Gaston, Coffey, Cowles, Doub, Owen.
Election Laws. — Representatives Turlington, chairman; Neal,
Doughton, Connor, Murphy, Moore, Bowie, Burgwyn, Matthews,
Townsend of Harnett, Cox, Buck, Vaughan, Moser, Townsend of
Davidson, Cohoon of Pasquotank, Snipes, Cowles.
Engrossed .Bi7Zs.— Representatives Gwynn, chairman; Ray, Parker
of Halifax, Bennett, Watkins of Brunswick, Hooker, Bumgardner,
Deaton, Sellers, Sutton, Norris, Robbins, Lewis, Rankin, Graham,
Nettles, Turlington, Ervin, Jackson, Cohoon of Tyrrell, Gwaltney.
Expenditures in the House. — Representatives Martin, chairman;
Doughton, Connor, Murphy, Moore, Neal, Cox, E'rvin, Fountain,
Snipes, Davis of Cleveland, Nelson, Lewis, Coffey.
Federal Relations. — Representatives Ray, chairman; Murphy,
King, Doughton, Quickel, Dillard, Whitaker of Guilford, Graham,
Sherrill, Poisson, Cowles, Doub.
Finance. — Representatives Doughton, chairman; Connor, Pharr,
Gosney, Burgwyn, Sanders, Warren of Beaufort, Townsend of Har-
nett, Cox, Murphy, Neal, Parker of Alamance, Turlington, Nettles,
Gaston, Ross, Daniel, Nowell, Whitaker of Guilford, Whitaker of
Jones, Sherrill, Mclver, Davis of Cartaret, Dillard, Nimocks, Hamil-
Standing Committees of House of Representatives 53
ton, Everett, Bryant, Fountain, Graham, King, Quickel, Matthews,
Braswell, Wade, Poisson, Gibson, Broughton, Vaughan, Coward,
Hauser, Buck, Nelson, Johnson, Ray, Parker of Halifax, Coffey,
Jackson, Owen.
Fish and Fisheries. — Representatives Davis of Carteret, chair-
man; Poisson, Parker of Alamance, Doughton, Townsend of Har-
nett, Hamilton, Ervin, Murphy, Wade, Moore, Grady, Davis of Car-
teret, Pruden, Williams, Bryant, Wright, Gwynn, Sanders, Tur-
lington, Grant, Cohoon of Pasquotank, Hooker, Cohoon of Tyrrell.
Game. — Representatives Hooker, chairman; Cobb, Thurston, Wat-
kins of Brunswick, Norris, Pass, Hooks, Dunston, Grady, Gaston,
Simpson, Matthews, Nelson, Wade, Cohoon of Pasquotank, Lewis,
Bray, Walker, Bumgardner, Hauser, Rankin, Taylor of Vance,
Broughton, Martin, Buck, Pharr, Morgan, Jackson, Cohoon of
Tyrrell, Cowles, Owens.
Health. — Representatives Braswell, chairman; No well, M elver,
Deart, Bumgarner, Sherrill, Davis of Carteret, Connor, Bowie, Neal,
Warren of Beaufort, Townsend of Harnett, McFarland, Deaton,
Nimocks, Ferrell, Sellers, Wright, Whitaker of Guilford, Burgwyn,
Quickel, Pharr, Ross, Rankin, Gibson, Hauser, Duckworth, Taylor
of Vance, Chamblee, Sutton, Buck, Pass, Person, Peterson, Jenkins,
Owen, Jackson, Cohoon of Tyrrell, Cowles, Doub, Gwaltney.
Immigration. — Representatives Hill, chairman; Grist, Deaton,
Pass, Hendricks, Rodgers, Braswell, Cohoon of Pasquotank, Walker,
Bumgardner, Taylor of Vance, Owens.
Insane Asylums. — Representatives Gaston, chairman; Byrd, De-
Hart, Mclver, Milliken, Taylor of Caswell, Snipes, Williams, Town-
send of Davidson, Sanders, Person, Braswell, Hooker, Smith, Cobb,
Walker, Hauser, Martin, Buck, Whitaker of Jones, Lewis, Norris.
Cohoon of Tyrrell, Cowles, Doub.
Institution for Blind. — Representatives Nettles, chairman; Mc-
lver, Nowell, Davis of Cleveland, Hendricks, Cooper, Whitaker of
Jones, Poisson, Warren of Person, McKinnon, Rankin, Rideoutte,
Gibson, Taylor of Vance, Sutton, Coffey, Doub.
Institutions for Deaf and, Dumb. — Representatives Nowell, chair-
man; Buck, DeHart, Bumgardner, Johnson, Bray, Sherrill, Pruden,
Fountain. Simpson, Rogers, Reynolds, Braswell, Graham, Smith,
Broughton, Parker of Alamance, Ervin, Davis of Carteret, Deaton,
Nimocks, Cox Turlington, Neal, Pharr, Owen.
54 Legislative Department
Insurance. — Representatives Brown, chairman; Byrd, Hauser,
Rankin, Johnson, Taylor of Buncombe, Sherrill, Warren of Person,
Dillard, Fountain, Cooper, Parker of Halifax, Rodgers, Coward,
Whitaker of Jones, Quickel, Person, Watkins of Granville, Pharr,
Bryant, Jackson, Doub.
Internal Improvemen ts.— Representatives Cohoon of Pasquotank,
chairman; Chamblee, Ervin, Grist. Deaton, Williams, Perrell, King,
Gwynn, Grant, Moser, Duckworth, Morgan, Cowles.
Journal. — Representatives Lawrence, chairman; Taylor of Bun-
combe, Davis of Carteret, Nimocks, Hamilton, Wright, Daniel, Tur-
lington, Hooker, Duckworth, Moore, Townsend of Harnett, Burgwyn,
Ross, Bryant.
Judiciary No. 1. — Representatives Warren of Beaufort, chairman;
Parker of Alamance, Burgwyn, Townsend of Harnett, Doughton,
Dillard, Quickel, Gosney, Moore, Murphy, Byrd, Bryant, Ervin,
Pruden, Ferrell, Grady, Parker of Halifax, Graham, McKinnon, Mar-
tin, Moser, Milliken, Jackson.
Judiciary No. 2. — Representatives Fharr, chairman; Connor, Bowie,
Nimocks, Everett, Gibson, Ray, Fountain, Hamilton, Brown, Davis
of Cleveland, Lawrence, Davis of Carteret, Turlington, Thurston,
Poisson, Gaston, Daniel, Johnson, Taylor of Buncombe, Jenkins,
Whitaker of Guilford.
Manufacturing and Lalor. — Representatives Hamilton, chairman;
Wade, Neal, Quickel, Rideoutte, Coward, Ross, Parker of Alamance,
Buck, Reynolds, Bennett, Snipes, Townsend of Davidson, Cooper, Mc-
Farland, Matthews, Bowie, Wright, Connor, Bumgardner.
Military Affairs. — Representatives Byrd, chairman; Gosney, Gra-
ham, Daniel, Gaston, Townsend of Davidson, Hamilton, Parker of
Halifax, Mclver, Taylor of Vance, Jenkins, Peterson.
Mines and Mining.— Representatives Watkins of Granville, chair-
man; Bennett, Nettles, Grist, Pass, Hendricks, Rodgers, Warren of
Person, Moser, McFarland, Taylor of Vance, Doub, Gwaltney.
Oyster Industry. — Representatives Grady, chairman; Neal Ross,
Doughton, Moore, Turlington, Grant, Pruden, Williams, Dunton,
Daniel, Davis of Hyde, Robbins, Hooker, Cohoon of Pasquotank,
Martin, Brown, Bray, Owen, Cohoon of Tyrrell.
Penal Institutions. — Representatives Matthews, chairman; Sand-
ers, Parker of Alamance, Turlington, Townsend of Harnett, Moore,
Standing Committees of House of Represent \n . 55
Neal, Gosney, Grady, Ross, Cohoon of Pasquotank, McKinnon, Cow-
ard, Loven, Milliken, Byrd.
Pensions. — Representatives Bray, chairman; Matthews, Watkins,
Grist, Norris, Williams, Sellers, Watkins of Granville, Robbins,
Warren of Person, Walker, McFarland, Taylor of Vance, Sutton,
Bowie, Peterson, Doub.
Private and Public-Local Laws. — Representatives Cooper, chair-
man; Taylor of Caswell, Dunton, Whitaker of Guilford, Patterson,
Davis of Hyde, Lewis, Warren of Person, McFarland, Gosney,
Broughton, Buck, Connor, Burgwyn, Ross, Warren of Beauforl
Peterson.
Privileges and Elections. — Representatives McKinnon, chairman;
Nimocks, Bowie, Lawrence, Turlington, Burgwyn, Dunton, Wade,
Dillard, Ray, Gaston, Taylor of Buncombe, Warren of Person, Coffey.
Propositions and Grievances. — Representatives Graham, chairman;
Warren of Beaufort, Connor, Bowie, Cox, Parker of Alamance, Town-
send of Harnett, Hooker, Bennett, Hooks, Grady, Sellers, Watkins
of Granville, Gosney, King, Patterson, Davis of Hyde, Grant, Thurs-
ton, Ferrell, Ray, Ross, Davis of Cleveland, Moore, Ervin, Neal,
Robbins, Pharr, Matthews, Braswell, Poisson, Burgwyn, Bray, Brown,
McKinnon, Walker, Rideoutte, Gibson, Broughton, Martin, Byrd,
Bumgardner, Fountain, Whitaker of Guilford, Peterson, Morgan,
Owens.
Public Roads and Turnpikes. — Representatives Moore, chairman;
Bowie, Doughton, Connor, Cox, Neal, Wright, Pharr, Burgwyn, Ross,
Gosney, Quickel, Sanders, Gwynn, Townsend of Harnett, Warren of
Beaufort, Parked of Alamance, Graham, Sherrill, Dillard, Everett of
Durham, Byrd, Nettles, Loven, Ervin, Taylor of Caswell, Pass, Davis
of Cleveland, Hendricks, Ferrell, Cooper, Gaston, Watkins of Gran-
ville, Turlington, Rogers, Thurston, Nelson, Person, Wade, Poisson,
Grant, Cohoon of Pasquotank, Smith, McKinnon, Walker, Gibson.
Broughton, Vaughan, Martin, Hauser, Johnson, Whitaker of Jones.
Buck, Williams, Sellers, Jenkins, Peterson, Coffey, Doub.
Regulation Public Service Corporations. — Representatives Poisson,
chairman; Neal, Cox, Wright, Townsend of Harnett, Gwynn, Mclver,
Taylor of Vance, Moore, Ross, Murphy. Vaughan, Gosney.
Revision of the Laws. — Representatives Bryant, chairm m; Wright,
Daniel, Parker of Halifax, Burgwyn, McKinnon, Brown, Poisson
Ferrell, Murphy, Bowie, Jenkins.
56 Legislative Department
Rules. — Representatives Burgwyn, chairman; Doughton, Murphy,
Bowie, Connor, Neal, Cox, Moore, Warren of Beaufort, Parker of
Alamance, Townsend of Harnett, Coffey.
Salaries and Fees. — Representatives Parker of Alamance, chair-
man; Ray, Neal, Dillard, Nimocks, Gaston, Doughton, Murphy, King,
Coward, Johnson, Cooper, Patterson, Mclver, Wade, Cohoon of
Pasquotank, Moser, Bumgardner, DeHart, Buck, Sellers, Bryant,
Ferrell, Peterson, Jackson, Cohoon of Tyrrell.
Senatorial Districts. — Representatives Nimocks, chairman; Taylor
of Vance, Neal, Gosney, Matthews, Loven, Ervin, Snipes, Pass,
Fountain, Sellers, Thurston, Hauser, Cox, Moore, Bowie, Turlington,
Whitaker of Jones, Morgan, Coffey.
Water Commerce. — Representatives Sanders, chairman; Murphy,
Parker of Alamance, Warren of Beaufort, Davis of Carteret, Everett
of Durham, Neal, Wright, Hamilton, Townsend of Harnett, Turling-
ton, Grady, Moore, Matthews, Pharr, Poisson, King, Wade, Chamhlee,
Gibson, Hooker, Brown, McKinnon, Bryant, Watkins of Brunswick,
Williams.
JOIST COMITTEES
Enrolled Bills. — Representatives King, chairman; Person, Nettles,
Snipes, Pass, Gaston, Coward, McKinnon, DeHart, Vaughan, Jenkins,
Gwaltney.
Justices of the Peace. — Representatives Smith, chairman; Hooker,
Nelson, Loven, Watkins of Brunswick, Grist, Taylor of Caswell,
Dunton, Cooper, Watkins of Granville, Hill, Dillard, Pruden.
Library. — Representatives Taylor of Vance, chairman; Nimocks,
Graham, Reynolds, Nowell, Ervin, Sherrill, Daaton, Whitaker of
Guilford, Daniel, Whitaker of Jones, Vaughan.
Printing. — Representatives Sherrill, chairman; Davis of Cleveland,
Williams, Sellers, Lawrence, Thurston, Reynolds, Hauser, DeHart,
Vaughan, Martin, Byrd, Bumgardner, Jenkins, Gwaltney.
Public Buildings and Grounds. — Representatives Rodgers, chair-
man; Bryant, Gaston, Bennett, Johnson, Hooks, Hamilton, Grant,
Bray Cobb, Warier. Nettles, Whitaker of Jones, Coffey.
Trustees of University. — Representatives Quickel, chairman;
Wright, Murphy, Doughton, Bowie, Townsend of Harnett, Burgwyn,
Connor, Moore, Graham, Warren of Beaufort, Pharr, Bryant, Ervin,
Pruden.
PART II.
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS.
1. Governor.
2. Secretary of State.
3. Treasurer.
4. Auditor.
5. Superintendent of Public Instruction.
6. Attorney-General.
157!
THE GOVERNOR.
Cameron Morrison, Governor.
The Governor is the chief executive officer of the State. He is
elected by the people for a term of four years. He receives a salary
of $6,500 a year, and in addition is allowed annually $600 for travel-
ing expenses, and a residence, with domestic servants.
Article III, Section 2. of the Constitution of North Carolina, pre-
scribes the following qualifications for the Governor:
1. He must have attained the age of thirty years.
2. He must have been a citizen of the United States for five years,
and a resident of North Carolina for two years next before the
election.
3. No person shall be eligible for the office of Governor for more
than four years in any term of eight years, unless he becomes Gov-
ernor by having been Lieutenant-Governor or President of the
Senate.
The same qualifications apply to the office of Lieutenant-Governor.
The Constitution prescribes the powers and duties of the Governor
as follows:
1. To take the oath of office prescribed for the Governor.
2. To reside at the seat of government; to keep the General As-
sembly informed respecting the affairs of the State; and to recom-
mend to the General Assembly such measures as he deems expedient.
3. To grant reprieves, commutations and pardons (except in cases
of impeachment), and to report each case of reprieve, commutation,
or pardon to the General Assembly.
4. To receive reports from all officials of the Executive Depart-
ments and of public institutions, and to transmit the same to the
General Assembly.
5. He is commander-in-chief of the militia of the State, except
when they are called into the service of the United States.
6. To call extra sessions of the General Assembly when he thinks
necessary, by and with the advice of the Council of State.
I 59 ]
60 Executive Departments
7. To appoint, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate,
all officers whose offices are established by the Constitution and
whose appointments are not otherwise provided for.
8. To keep "The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina" and
use the same as occasion shall require.
He has no veto power, being the only Governor in the United
States without such power.
In addition to these duties the following are prescribed by statute:
1. To supervise the official conduct of all executive and adminis-
trative officers, and to visit all State institutions whenever he deems
such visitation necessary to inquire into their management and
needs.
2. To see that all public offices are filled and their duties per-
formed.
3. To make appointments and supply vacancies not otherwise pro-
vided for in all departments.
4. To be the sole official organ of communication between the gov-
ernment of thi4s State and other States or the government of the
United States.
5. To use the civil and military power of the State to prevent the
violation of the statute against prize-fighting in North Carolina.
6. To convene the Council of State for consultation whenever he
deems it necessary.
7. To appoint a Private Secretary, who shall keep a record of all
public letters written by or to the Governor in books provided for
that purpose.
8. To cause to be kept the following records: a register of all ap-
plications for pardon or the commutation of any sentence; an ac-
count of his official expenses, and the rewards offered by him for
the apprehension of criminals, which shall be paid upon the warrant
of the Auditor.
9. Under certain conditions to employ counsel for the State.
10. To appoint by proclamation one day in each year as a day of
solemn and public thanksgiving to Almighty God for past blessings
and of supplication for His continued kindness and care over us as a
State and a Nation.
11. To procure a seal for each department of the State govern-
ment to be used in such manner as may be established by law.
Secretary of State
In addition to the above duties the Governor is, < hair-
man of the State Board of Education, of the Board of Public Build-
ings and Grounds, of the State Board of Pensions, of the SI
of Internal Improvements, of the North Carolina Geological Board,
of the Board of Trustees of the State Library, of the Board of
tees of the University of North Carolina, of the SI
Commission, of the committee to let the contract for State print i
and of the State Board of Canvassers.
THE SECRETARY OF STATE.
W. N. Everett,1 Secretary of State.
The Secretary of State is at the head of the Department of State.
He is elected by the people for a term of four years and receives a
salary of $4,500. He is, ex officio, a member of the Council of State,
of the State Board of Education, of the State Text-book Commission,
of the Board of Public Buildings and Grounds, and is a trustee of
tho public libraries.
The Secretary of State countersigns all commissions issued by
the Governor, and is charged with the custody of all statutes and
joint resolutions of the Legislature, all documents which pass under
the Great Seal, and of all books, records, deeds, parchments, in
and papers now deposited in his office or which may hereafter be
there deposited pursuant to law.
Through the Secretary of State all corporations for business or
charitable purposes under the general laws of the State are char-
tered. This includes mercantile, manufacturing, banking, insur-
ance, railroad, street car, electric, steamboat, and other companies.
The certificates of incorporation are there filed and recorded. For
the period November 30, 1920, to June 30, 1922, there have b
2,020 certificates for domestic corporations filed in the office of the
Secretary of State on which $94,241.58 organization or dissolution
taxes have been paid. Four hundred and fifty-eight of theso are
dissolutions and 1,562 are certificates of incorporation and amend-
ments. For the period November 30, 1920, to June 30, 1922, 51 banks
Succeeded J. Bryan Grimes, deceased, Jan. 16, 1923.
62 Executive Departments
have been incorporated and 4 railroad companies have filed articles
of association or amendment with the Secretary of State. Foreign
corporations, before being permitted to do business in North Caro-
lina, are required to file copies of their charters in the office of the
Secretary of State.
All bills passed by the General Assembly are enrolled for ratifi-
cation under the supervision and direction of the Secretary of State,
and shall be typewritten or written with pen and ink, in the dis-
cretion of the Secretary of State. All bills are now typewritten,
which change is very much in the interest of economy and accuracy.
Copyists in the enrolling office are paid ten cents a copy sheet for
original and one carbon copy. The carbon copy is sent to the State
Printer, from which copy are published the laws, resolutions, etc. An
assistant to the Secretary of State prepares these laws for publication,
determines which are "public," "public-local," and which are "pri-
vate"; side-notes them and prepares the captions and indexes the
laws of the session. This work has grown very much in the last
few years.
The Secretary of State is charged with the work of distributing
the Supreme Court Reports, the Consolidated Statutes, Session Laws,
Journals, etc.
All vacant and unappropriated land in North Carolina is subject
to entry by residents or citizens of the State. Almost all the vacant
land in the State has been granted to individuals or is the property
of the State Board of Education, but small tracts are frequently
discovered and entries for same made. The warrants, plats, and
surveys and a record of grants for all lands originally granted by
the Lord Proprietors, by the Crown of Great Britain, or by the State
of North Carolina, are preserved in the office of the Secretary of
State.
The -General Assembly of 1909 increased the price of these lands
to $1.50 an acre, and provided "That all lands entered under this
act for which a grant has been obtained at the price of $1.50 an
acre shall be free from all claims, title and interest now vested in
the State of North Carolina or the State Board of Education."
All automobiles in the State are required to be registered annually
by the Secretary of State. For the year ending June 30, 1922, there
have been registered in the office of Secratary of State:
Secretary of State 63
163,962 Motor-vehicles, 1,445 Motorcycles and 961 dealers.
For the year ending June 30, 1922, $2,364,509.15 was collected from
automobiles.
From July 1, 1922, to December 1, 1922, $2,703,516.34 has been
collected.
The General Assembly of 1921 fixed a gasoline tax of lc a gallon to
become effective in May, 1921.
From May, 1921, to December 1, 1922, $1,228,412.30 has been col-
lected from this source.
THE TREASURER.
B. R. Lacy, Treasurer.
The State Treasury is one of the Executive Departments of the
State Government. The State Treasurer is elected by the people
for a term of four years. His term of office begins the first day
of January next after his election and continues until his successor
is elected and qualified. He is ex officio a member of the Gover-
nor's Council, the State Board of Education, and the Board of
Public Buildings and Grounds. He receives a salary of $4,500
per annum.
The duties of the State Treasurer as prescribed by law are as
follows:
1. To keep his office in the city of Raleigh and attend there be-
tween the hours of 10 o'clock a. m. and 3 o'clock p. m., except
Sundays and legal holidays.
2. To receive all moneys that may be paid into the Treasury of
the State; to pay interest on State bonds and all warrants legally
drawn on the Treasury by the Auditor, and to report to the Gov-
ernor and the General Assembly the financial condition of the
State, including a summary of the receipts and disbursements for
each fiscal year.
3. To make complete revenue bill to cover estimated expenses
and recommend the tax rate.
4. To construe revenue when license is paid direct to State
Treasurer.
64 Executive Departments
THE STATE AUI>ITOI\
The Department of the State Auditor is one of the Executive
Departments of the State Government. The Auditor is elected for
a term of four years by the qualified voters of the State, at the same
time and places and in the same manner as members of the General
Assembly are elected. His term of office begins on the first day of
January next after his election, and continues until his successor
is elected and qualified. His salary is $4,500 per annum. (Consti-
tution of North Carolina, Article III, section 1.) His duties as pre-
scribed by law are as follows: (Revival of 1905, section 5365) :
1. To superintend the fiscal concerns of the State.
2. To report to the Governor annually, and to the General As-
sembly at the beginning of each biennial session thereof, a complete
statement of the funds of the State, of its revenues and of the
public expenditures during the preceding fiscal year, and, as far as
practicable, an account of the same down to the termination of the
current calendar year, together with a detailed estimate of the ex-
penditures to be defrayed from the Treasury for the ensuing fiscal
year, specifying therein each object of expenditure and distinguish-
ing between such as are provided for by permanent or temporary
appropriations and such as must be provided for by a new statute,
and suggesting the means from which such expenditures are to be
defrayed.
3. To suggest plans for the improvement and management of the
public revenue.
4. To keep and state all accounts in which the State is interested.
5. To examine and settle the accounts of all persons indebted to
the State, and to certify the amount of balance to the Treasurer.
6. To direct and superintend the collection of all moneys due to
the State.
7. To examine and liquidate the claims of all persons against the
State, in cases where there is sufficient provision of law for the
payment thereof, and where there is no sufficient provision, to ex-
amine the claim and report the fact, with his opinion thereon, to
the General Assembly.
8. To require all persons who have received any moneys belonging
to the State, and have not accounted therefor, to settle their ac-
counts.
State Auditor 65
9. To have the exclusive power and authority to issue all warrants
for the payment of money upon the State Treasurer; and it shall be
the Auditor's duty, before issuing the same, to examine the laws
authorizing the payment thereof, and satisfy himself of the correct-
ness of the accounts of persons applying for warrants, and to this
end he shall have the power to administer oaths; and he shall also
file in his office the voucher upon which the warrant is drawn and
cite the law upon said warrant.
10. To procure from the books of the banks in which the Treas-
urer makes his deposits monthly statements of the moneys received
and paid on account of the Treasurer.
11. To keep an account between the State and the Treasurer, and
therein charge the Treasurer with the balance in the Treasury when
he came into office, and with all moneys received by him, and credit
him with all warrants drawn or paid by him.
12. To examine carefully on the first Tuesday of every month, or
oftener if he deems it necessary, the accounts of the debits and
credits in the bank book kept by the Treasurer, and if he discovers
any irregularity or deficiency therein, unless the same be rectified
or explained to his satisfaction, to report the same forthwith in
writing to the Governor.
13. To require, from time to time, all persons who have received
moneys or securities, or have had the disposition or management
of any property of the State, of which an account is kept in his
office, to render statements thereof to him ; and all such persons shall
render such statements at such time and in such form as he shall
require.
14. To require any person presenting an account for settlement to
oe sworn before him and to answer orally as to any facts relating to
its correctness.
In addition to the above, the State Auditor is a member of the
Council of State, of the State Board of Education, of the State Text-
book Commission, of the State Board of Pensions. All pension mat-
ters are managed in this department; all applications or pensions
examined, and all pension warrants issued to more than eleven
thousand pensioners. The Auditor keeps the accounts of the Sol-
diers' Home.
5
66 Executive Departments
pensions for confederate veterans.
The first pension law was passed by the Legislature of 1885. It
appropriated $30,000 annually for certain classes of disabled Con-
federate soldiers. This appropriation has been increased from time
to time, until the annual appropriation now amounts to $1,000,000.
We have now on the pension roll of North Carolina in round
numbers 11,000 pensioners.
To totally blind and disabled Confederate soldiers the law allows
$180 each per year. That class received $21,497.50 in 1922.
The Soldiers' Home was organized by the Legislature of 1891, and
there was expended that year $2,250. That has gradually increased
from year to year until the last Legislature appropriated $60.00(
for maintenance.
15. To cause to be examined at least once a year and oftener i1
conditions require, all counties and county officers receiving or dis
bursing public funds.
16. To keep a record of all bonded indebtedness of the State, coun
ties, cities, towns, and other sub-divisions of government.
STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION.
Eugene C. Brooks, Superintendent.
The Department of Education is one of the Executive Depart
ments of the State Government. The Superintendent of Public In
struction, head of the department, is elected by the people for <
term of four years. His term begins on the first of January nex
after his election, and continues until his successor has been electei
and qualified. His salary is $5,000 per annum, and in addition he i
allowed "actual traveling expenses" when engaged in the perforn:
ance of his official duties.
Section XLI of the Constitution of North Carolina of 1776 is a
follows: "That a school or schools be established by the Legislature
for the convenient instruction of youth, with such salaries to th
masters, paid by the public, as may enable them to instruct at Ioa
prices; and all useful learning shall be duly encouraged and pre
moted in one or more universities."
Superintendent of Public Instruction 67
Except for the establishment of the University of North Carolina,
no attempt was made by the Legislature to carry out this injunc-
tion of the Constitution until nearly three-quarters of a century had
elapsed. The first efforts were a failure and nothing definite was
accomplished until the creation of a Department of Education by
the election in 1851 of Calvin H. Wiley, Superintendent of Common
Schools. He entered upon the duties of his office in January, 1852,
and was continued in office until October 19, 1865. The following
figures tell the story of his work: Number of teachers in 1852, 800;
in 1855, 2,064; in I860, 2,2S6. Enrollment in the schools in 1853, 83,-
373; in 1855, 115,856; in 1860, 116,567. Number of schools taught in
1855, 1,905; 1860, 2,854. School fund in 1853, $192,250; in 1860,
$40S,566. Expenditures in 1853, $139,865; in 1860, $255,641. The
schools were kept open throughout the war, and in 1863 enrolled
more than 50,000 pupils. In 1865, as one of the results of the war,
the office of Superintendent of Common Schools was abolished.
EDUCATION IN OUR PRESENT CONSTITUTION.
Article IX of the Constitution of North Carolina relates to educa-
tion. It reads as follows:
Section 1. Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary to
good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the
means of education shall forever be encouraged.
Sec. 2. The General Assembly, at its first session under this Con-
stitution, shall provide by taxation and otherwise for a general and
uniform system of public schools, wherein tuition shall be free of
charge to all the children of the State between the ages of six and
twenty-one years. And the children of the white race and the chil-
dren of the colored race shall be taught in separate public schools;
but there shall be no discrimination in favor of or to the prejudice
of either race.
Sec. 3. Each county of the State shall be divided into a convenient
number of districts, in which one or more public schools shall be
maintained at least six months in every year; and if the commission-
ers of any county shall fail to comply with the aforesaid require-
ments of this section they shall be liable to indictment.
Sec. 4. The proceeds of all lands that have been or hereafter may
be granted by the United States to this State and not otherwise
6S Executive Departments
appropriated by this State or the United States, also all moneys
stocks, bonds and other property now belonging to any State fun
for purposes of education, also the net proceeds of all sales of th
swamp lands belonging to the State, and all other grants, gifts o
devises that have been or hereafter may be made to the State an
not otherwise appropriated by the State or by the terms of the gran
gift or devise, shall be paid into the State Treasury, and, togethe
with so much of the ordinary revenue of the State as may be by lai
set apart for that purpose, shall be faithfully appropriated for e:
tablishing and maintaining in this State a system of free publi
schools, and for no other uses or purposes whatsoever.
Sec. 5. All moneys, stocks, bonds, and other property belonging t
a county school fund, also the net proceeds from the sale of estrayi
also the clear proceeds of all penalties and forfeitures and of all fine
collected in the several counties for any breach of the penal o
military laws of the State, and all moneys which shall be paid b
persons as an equivalent for exemption from military duty sha
belong to and remain in the several counties and shall be faitl
fully appropriated for establishing and maintaining free public school
in the several counties in this State: Provided, that the amount co
lected in each county shall be annually reported to the Superintent
ent of Public Instruction.
Sec. 6. The General Assembly shall have power to provide for th
election of trustees of the University of Xorth Carolina, in whon
when chosen, shall be vested all the privileges, rights, franchise
and endowments thereof in any wise granted to or conferred upo
the trustees of said University; and the General Assembly may mak
such provisions, laws and regulations from time to time as may t
necessary and expedient for the maintenance and management c
said University.
Sec. 7. The General Assembly shall provide that the benefits of th
University, as far as practicable, be extended to the youth of th
State free of expense for tuition; also that all the property whic
has heretofore accrued to the State or shall hereafter accrue froi
escheats, unclaimed dividends or distributive shares of the estate
of deceased persons shall be appropriated to the use of the Universit:
Sec. 8. The Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of Stati
Treasurer, Auditor, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and A
torney-General shall constitute a State Board of Education.
Superintendent of Public Instruction 69
Sec. 9. The Governor shall be president and the Superintendent
of Public Instruction shall be secretary of the Board of Education.
Sec. 10. The Board of Education shall succeed to all the powers
and trusts of the president and directors of the literary fund of
North Carolina, and shall have full power to legislate and make all
needful rules and regulations in relation to free public schools and
the educational fund of the State; but all acts, rules and regulations
of said board may be altered, amended, or repealed by the General
Assembly, and when so altered, amended or repealed they shall not
be reenacted by the board.
Sec 11. The first session of the Board of Education shall be held
at the capital of the State within fifteen days after the organization
of the State Government under this Constitution; the time of future
meetings may be determined by the board.
Sec 12. A majority of the board shall constitute a quorum for
the transaction of business.
Sec 13. The contingent expenses of the board shall be provided
by the General Assembly.
Sec 14. As soon as practicable after the adoption of this Consti-
tution the General Assembly shall establish and maintain in connec-
tion with the University a department of agriculture, of mechanics,
of mining and of normal instruction.
Sec 15. The General Assembly is hereby empowered to enact
that every child of sufficient mental and physical ability shall attend
the public schools during the period between the ages of six and
eighteen years for a term of not less than sixteen months, unless
educated by other means.
Sec 27. The people have the right to the privilege of education,
and it is the duty of the State to guard and maintain that right —
Bill of Rights, North Carolina Constitution.
Article II, section 29:
The General Assembly shall not pass any local, private, or special
act or resolution: "Erecting new townships, or changing township
lines, or establishing or changing the lines of school districts."
educational qualification for suffrage
Article VI, section 4, of the Constitution of North Carolina, con-
tains the following:
Every person presenting himself for registration shall be able to
read and write any section of the Constitution in the English Ian-
70 Executive Departments
guage; and before he shall be entitled to vote he shall have paid, or
or before the first day of May of the year in which he proposes tc
vote, his poll tax for the previous year, as prescribed by Article V
section 1, of the Constitution. But no male person who was, or
January 1, 1S67, or at any time prior thereto, entitled to vote undei
the laws of any State in the United States wherein he then resided
and no lineal descendant of any such person, shall be denied the righ
to register and vote at any election in this State by reason of his fail
ure to possess the educational qualifications herein prescribed: Pro
vided, he shall have registered in accordance with the terms of this
section prior to December 1, 1908.
By the Constitution of 186S the office of Superintendent of Publi<
Instruction was created, and the Department of Education made on<
of the Constitutional Departments of the State Government. Sine*
that time the following have filled the office: S. S. Ashley, Alexandei
JMcIver, Stephen D. Pool, John C. Scarborough, Sidney M. Finger
Charles H. Mebane, Thomas F. Toon, James Y. Joyner, and E. C
Brooks.
The scope and general nature of the work of this department cai
be best understood from the following summary of the genera
powers and duties of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction
The Superintendent is required to publish the school law, make i
biennial report to the Governor, keep his office at the capital, am
sign all orders for money paid out of State Treasury for educationa
purposes. He has general direction of the school system and tin
enforcement of the school law, all school officers being required t<
obey his instructions and his interpretation of the law. He is re
quired to be acquainted with the educational conditions of all sec
tions of the State, and he must also keep in touch with the educa
tional progress of other States.
In addition to these general duties, the State Superintendent ha:
the following duties: Trustee of State Library, C. S., 6574; presiden
board of directors North Carolina College for women, C. S., 5834
chairman of trustees of East Carolina Teachers College, C. S., 5866
makes rules and regulations for rural libraries, C. S., 5622; chairmai
ex officio board of trustees of the Caswell Training School, Law:
1911; member of board of trustees of the University of North Caro
lina, C. S., 5789; member Board of Vocational Education, C. S., 5393
member of Library Commission, C. S., 6597.
Superintendent of Public Instruction
71
SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURES, 1920-21
This table gives the total amount spent for teaching and supervision, administration,
operation and maintenance of plants, outlay payments, borrowed money repaid and the
balance on hand June 30, 1921.
Rural
City
North
Carolina
Total expenditures (exclusive of borrow-
ed money repaid, 1920-21)
Total expenditures (exclusive of borrow-
ed money repaid, 1919-20)
3 11,564,666.30
7,973,640.86
S 5,923,097.40
4,240,617.34
3 17,487,703.70
12,214,258.20
S 3,591,025.44
S 7,848,680.00
5,717,705.59
8 1,682,480.00
S 3,946,747.69
2,727,994.15
S 5,273,505.50
3 11,795,427.69
8.445,699.74
Expenses (costs of conducting school
system ) :
Teaching and supervision, 1920-21
Teaching and supervision, 1919-20 .
Increase -
Administ ration, 1920-21
Administration, 191-20 — .
S 2,130,974.41
S 333.922.40
300,119.99
S 1,218,753.54
S '.12.254.17
77,587.13
3 3,349,727.95
3 426,176.57
377,707.12
S 33,802.41
8 717,862.03
338,436.67
8 14,667.04
3 532,808.88
406,899.57
3 48,409.45
3 1,250,670.91
745,336.24
Operation and maintenance of plants
Operation and maintenance of plants
1919-20
Increase
Total — Teaching, administration, oper-
ation and maintenance, 1920-21 __
Total — Teaching, administration, oper-
ation and maintenance, 1919-20.
S 379,425.36
S 8,900,464.43
6,356,262.25
S 125,909.31
S 4,471,800.74
3,212,180.85
3 505,334.67
3 13,472,275.17
9,568,743.10
Increase - - ..
S 2,544,202.18
S 2,664,201.87
1,017,378.61
S 1,359,329.89
3 1,351,286.66
1,028,136.49
3 3,903,532.07
Outlays (for permanent improvements
and repayment of bonds , Loans, etc. ) :
Outlay payments for new buildings,
sites, and repairs, 1920-21
Outlay payments for new buildings,
sites, and lepairs, 1919-20 .
8 4,015,4-
2,645,515.10
Increase.. .. .
8 1,046,823.26
8 229,972.50
3 323,150.17
3 329,701.99
S 1,369,973.43
Balance on hand, June 30, 1921
3 559,674.17
Borrowed money repaid, bonds, etc.,
1920-21
S 1,839,312.86
875,798.70
8 1,380.650.99
851,047.14
S 3,219,963.85
Borrowed money repaid, bonds, etc.,
1919-20...
1,726,845.84
Increase.
S 963,514.00
8 529,803.85
3 1,493,118.1 1
Executive Departments
SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURES— Continued
Rural
City
North
Carolina
Percentage spent for teaching and super-
vision 1920-21
67.9
2.9
6.2
23.
17.09
20 .54
30.21
66.7
1.5
9.
22.8
32.28
40.87
52.82
Percentage spent for administration
1920-21
Percentage spent for operation and main-
tenance, 1920-21
Percentage spent for new buildings and
Amount spent for each child of school age
1920-21...
Amount spent for each child enrolled 1920-21
Amount spent for each child attending
daily, 1920-21
2.4
7.1
23.
20.33
24.70
35.33
MISCELLANEOUS STATISTICS, 1920-21
Totpl school population
Total enrollment
Total average daily attendance
Total number of rural schools
Total number of teachers
Average term of all schools in days
Total number of schoolhouses
Total value of school property
Average value schoolhouses.
Average annual salary of teachers..
Rural
15
076,
5H2.
382.
7,
14.
7,
170,
2,
844
844
758
511
459
125
467
653.00
032.49
Oli'.i.cf,
City
183,484
144, 91S
122,129
3,902
176.4
434
S 13,025,480.00
30,012.62
919.76
North
Carolina
S60.328
707,762
494, 8S7
7,511
18,361
135.9
7,901
-? 28,202,133.00
3,569.43
596.74
Superintendent of Public Instruction
RECEIPTS FOR SCHOOLS
73
SCHOOL FUND AND SOURCES, 1920-21
This table shows the total school fund of each county and of each separate town or city
system for the scholastic year beginning July 1, 1920, and ending JuDe 30, 1921, and shows
the source of same.
Rural
City
X.i] th
Carolina
Total Receipts:
Total revenue and non-revenue re-
ceipts, 1920- 1921 .
8 10,901,662.71
9,100,532.27
I .").754,940.17
4,550,446.63
8 16,656,604.88
13,650,978.90
Total revenue and non-revenue re-
ceipts, 1919-20
Increase. .
S 1,801,130.44
8 3,498,671.43
3,018,651.62
8 1,204,495.54
8 1.025,276.43
789,788.02
S 3, 005 .625 .98
S 4,523,947.86
3,808.439.64
Revenue Receipts:
County property tax, 1920-21
County property tax, 1919-20
Increase .
Appropriation from State Public
Appropriation from State Public
School Fund, 1919- 20
8 480,019.81
8 2,459,523.42
2,528,101.93
8 235,488.41
8 " 950,277.02
767,334.20
8 715,508.22
8 3,409,800.44
3,295,436.03
Increase
8 68,578.51
S 1,030,417.31
935.144.20
8 182,942.82
S 1,988,100.70
1,633,705.03
$ 114,364 31
Local district taxes, 1920-21.
8 3,018,518.01
Local district taxes, 1919-20..
2,568,849.23
Increase
8 95,273.11
8 138,339.43
117,369.39
8 354,395.67
8 32,069.80
10,912.20
8 449,668.78
Miscellaneous funds from State and
Federal Appropriations, 1920-21
Miscellaneous funds from State and
Federal Appropriations, 0909- 0..0
8 170,409.23
128,281.59
Increase .
8 20,970.04
8 823,216.36
657,592.24
8 21,157.60
8 121.635.12
155.838.67
8 42,127.61
Poll and special property tax, 1920-21 . _
Poll and special property tax, 1919-20. .
8 944,851.48
813,430.91
Increase
8 165,624.12
8 528,079.35
356,804.32
8 34,203.55
8 :;v736.07
78,053.34
8 131,420.57
Fines, forfeitures, and penalties, 1920-21
Fines, forfeitures, and penalties, 1919-20
566,815.42
434.s57.Ctj
Increase
8 171,275.03
117,918.21
145,370.21
8 39,317.27
8 131,957.76
Dog taxes, 1919-20..
117,918.21
145.370.21
Increase
8 27,468.00
8 220,628.79
173.173.73
S
8 27,468.00
Private donations, tuitions and all
other revenue receipts, 1920-21
Private donations, tuitions and all
other revenue receipts, 1919-20
8 203,354.47
129,054.79
8 423,983.26
302,228.52
Increase
8 47,455.06
8 74,299.68
S 121,754.74
74
Executive Departments
RECEIPTS FOR SCHOOLS— Continued.
Rural
City
North
Carolina
Total revenue receipts, 1920-21
S 8,816,794.30
7,932,207.64
8 4,359,449.61
3,564,680.25
S 13,176,243.90
Total revenue receipts, 1919-20
11.496.S93.89
Increase
$ 884,586.66
? 704,763.36
S 1,679.350.02
Non-Revenue Receipts:
Sale of bonds, 1920-21
Sale of bonds, 1919-20
S 688,496.49
273,545.67
S 907,196.04
829,415.90
S 1,595,692.53
1,002,961.57
S 414,950.82
S 405,375.00
245.582.22
$ 77,780.14
S 107.000.00
39.000.00
$ 1,492,730.96
State and Emergency Loans Funds,
1920-21
•8 572,375.00
State Loan Fund, 1919-20
284,582.22
$ 159,792.78
S 127,911.52
78,780.61
S 128,000.00
S 5S,998.18
55,998.18
8 287,792.78
Sale of school property, insurance, re-
funds, and all other non-revenue re-
ceipts, 1920-21 _.
S 186,909.70
Sale of school property, insurance, re-
funds, and all other non-revenue re-
ceipts, 1919-20
134,541.76
S 49,130.91
S 863,085.40
§ 3,237.03
S 262.2S9.34
? 52.367.94
Balance brought forward, July 1, 1920..
S 1,125,383.74
Total non-revenue receipts, 1920-21 ...
Total non-revenue receipts, 1919-20 ...
S 2,084,868.41
1,168,324.63
S 1,395,492.56
985,760.38
8 3,380,360.97
2,154,085.01
S 916,543.78
S 409,732.18
1 1,326,275.96
Borrowed Monet:
Borrowed money from banks (tern-
S 2,732,288.63
S 1,878,508.21
802,482.84
S 4,610,796.84
Borrowed money from banks (tem-
porary loans) 1919-20
613.026.04
1,415,508.88
$ 2,119,262.59
S 1,076,025.37
S 3,195,287.96
1
Attorney General 75
THE ATTORNEY-GENERAL.
James S. Manning, Attorney-General, Raleigh.
The Attorney-General is a member of the Executive Department
of the State Government. He is elected by the people for a term of
tour years. His term begins the first of January next after his elec-
tion and continues until his successor is elected and qualified. He
receives a salary of $4,000 per annum.
It is the duty of the Attorney-General:
1. To defend all actions in the Supreme Court in which the State
shall be interested or is a party; and, also, when requested by the
Governor or either branch of the General Assembly, to appear for
the State in any other court or tribunal in any cause or matter, civil
or criminal, in which the State may be a party or interested.
2. At the request of the Governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer,
Auditor, Corporation Commissioners, Insurance Commissioner, or
Superintendent of Public Instruction, he shall prosecute and defend
all suits relating to matters connected with their departments.
3. To represent all State institutions, including the State Prison,
whenever requested so to do by the official head of any such insti-
tution.
4. To consult with and advise the solicitors, when requested by
them, in all matters pertaining to the duties of their office.
5. To give, when required, his opinion upon all questions of law
submitted to him by the General Assembly, or either branch thereof,
or by any official of the State.
6. To pay all moneys received for debts due or penalties to the
State immediately after the receipt thereof, into the Treasury.
'The Attorney-General is a member of the State Board of Edu-
cation, of the State Board of Public Buildings and Grounds, of the
State Board of Pensions, and of the State Text-book Commission,
and is the legal adviser of the Council of State; chairman of the
Municipal Board of Control and of the Board of Parole; member of
the State Board of Equalization.
I
_
JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.
The judicial power of the State is vested in:
1. A Court for the Trial of Impeachments.
2. A Supreme Court.
3. The Superior Courts.
4. Courts of Justices of the Peace.
5. Such other inferior courts as may be established by the General
Assembly.
COURT OF IMPEACHMENT.
Article IV. section 3, of the Constitution of North Carolina pro-
vides that the court for trial of impeachment shall be the Senate.
A majority of the members are necessary to a quorum, and the judg-
ment shall not extend beyond removal from, and disqualification to
hold, office in North Carolina; but the party shall be liable to in-
dictment and punishment according to law. The House of Repre-
sentatives solely hajs the power of impeaching. No person shall be
convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the Senators
present. When the Governor is impeached, the Chief Justice pre-
sides. The following causes, or charges, are sufficient, when proven,
to warrant conviction: (1) corruption in office; (2) habitual drunk-
enness; (3) intoxication while in the exercise of office; (4) drunk-
enness in any public place; (5) mental or physical incompetence to
discharge the duties of office; (6) any criminal matter the convic-
tion whereof would tend to bring the office into public contempt.
Only once in the history of the State has the High Court of Im-
peachment been organized for the purpose of impeaching the Gov-
ernor. This was in 1870, when the House of Representatives im-
peached Governor W. W. Holden before the Senate, for "high crimes
and misdemeanors." The trial was conducted on both sides by the
most eminent lawyers of the State, and resulted in the conviction of
the Governor and his removal from office. In 1901 similar charges
of impeachment were preferred against Chief Justice David M.
Furches and Associate Justice Robert M. Douglas, but both were
acquitted.
[791
SO Judicial Department
THE SUPREME COURT.
The Supreme Court consists of a Chief Justice and four associate
justices elected by the qualified voters of the State for a term of
eight years.
The Constitution of 1776 required the General Assembly to "ap-
point Judges of the Supreme Courts of Law and Equity, Judges of
Admirality, and Attorney-General," who were commissioned by the
Goverenor and held office during good behavior. Acting under this
authority, the General Assembly in 1776 divided the State into six
judicial districts. In 1782 a seventh district, and in 17S7 an eighth
district were added. Under the act of 1777 three judges, Samuel
Ashe, Samuel Spencer, and James Iredell, were chosen. The judges
rode the circuits separately, but sat together as an appellate court.
In 1790 the eight judicial districts were divided into an eastern and
a western riding, and a fourth judge was added, two being assigned
to each riding. In each riding the two judges sat together as an
appellate court. In 1797 the General Assembly created an extra-
ordinary court for the purpose of trying the Secretary of State and
other officials who had been discovered confederating with others in
an elaborate scheme for defrauding the State by issuing fraudulent
land warrants. For trial of these criminals the General Assembly
deemed it expedient to create a new court to sit at Raleigh twice a
year, not exceeding ten days at each term. The court was author-
ized to hear appeals of causes which had accumulated in the district
courts. The existence of this court under the act was to expire at
the close of the session of the General Assembly next after June 10,
1802; but before the expiration of this time the General Assembly
continued the court for three years longer, for the purpose of hear-
ing appeals from the district courts, and gave to it the name of
"Court of Conference." By an act of 1804 the court was made a per-
manent Court of Record. The judges were ordered to reduce their
opinions to writing and to deliver the same viva voce in open court.
The next year (1S05) the name of the court was changed to the
Supreme Court. In 1S10 the judges were authorized to elect one of
their members a Chief Justice, John Louis Taylor being chosen to
that office. The Supreme Court now consisted of six judges, but two
continued to be a quorum, and all the judges still rode the circuits.
In 1818 an act was passed establishing the present Supreme Court
and requiring it to sit in Raleigh for the hearing of appeals. The act
Supreme and Other Courts 81
provided for three judges to be elected by the General Assembly.
John Louis Taylor, Leonard Henderson, and John Hall composed the
first court, which began its sessions January 1, 1819. The judges
elected their own Chief Justice, Taylor being continued in that
office. The number of judges continued to be three until 1868, when
the Constitution adopted by the convention of that year increased
the number to a Chief and four Associate Justices. The con-
vention of 1875 reduced it again to three, but by an amendment
adopted in 1888 the number was raised to a Chief Justice and four
Associate Justices, where it has continued until the present time.
The Supreme Court holds annually two sessions of sixteen weeks,
one beginning the first Monday in September, the other the first
Monday in February.
The court is authorized to choose its own clerk, marshal, reporter,
and other officers.
SUPERIOR COURTS.
There are twenty Superior Court judges, one for each of the twenty
circuits, or judicial districts, who are elected by the people and hold
their offices for a term of eight years. The Superior Court has appel-
late jurisdiction of all issues of law or of fact determined by a clerk
of the Superior Court or justice of the peace, and of all appe
from inferior courts for error assigned in matters of law as pro-
vided by law. In the matter of original jurisdiction the law is:
"The Superior Court shall have original jurisdiction of the civil
actions whereof exclusive original jurisdiction is not given to some
other court, and of all criminal actions in which the punishment
may exceed a fine of fifty dollars or imprisonment for thirty days;
and of all such affrays as shall be committed within one mile of the
place where and during the time such court is being held."
OTHER COURTS.
The Constitution gives to the General Assembly power to estab-
lish other courts inferior to the Supreme and Superior Courts, and
to allot and distribute to them such powers and jurisdiction,
6
82 Judicial Department
within constitutional limits, as it sees fit. From the decision of
these inferior courts the Legislature has power to provide a proper
system of appeals.
The Constitution also requires the General Assembly to provide
for the establishment of special courts for the trial of misdemeanors
in cities and towns where the same may be necessary.
Such courts are the mayors of cities and incorporated towns.
Their election or appointment is usually provided for in the char-
ters of incorporation, the acts of the General Assembly prescribing
how' particular towns and cities shall be governed.
The jurisdiction of such special courts — also called in the law,
inferior courts — is usually set forth in the charters.
The general law also provides that "the mayor of every city and
incorporated town * * * within the corporate limits of his city or
town, shall have the jurisdiction of a justice of the peace in all
criminal matters arising under the laws of the State or under the
ordinances of such city or town."
Justices of the peace, in their respective counties, try (1) that
class of civil actions which involve demands for small debts and
property of little value and (2) that class of criminal actions, called
petty misdemeanors, which involve only slight punishment.
They try all cases of contract or promise to pay money where the
sum demanded does not exceed two hundred dollars.
They may try certain civil actions where the value of the
property in controversy or the amount claimed for damages does
not exceed fifty dollars.
They try criminal cases arising within their counties, the punish-
ment of which fixed by law cannot exceed a fine of fifty dollars or
imprisonment for thirty days.
NORTH CAROLINA CORPORATION COMMISSION.
R. 0. Self, Clerk.
The North Carolina Corporation Commission was established by
an act of the General Assembly of 1899, superseding the Railroad
Commission, which was established in 1891. The offices of the Com-
mission now occupy the entire first floor of the State Departments
Building.
Corporation Commission S3
Membership: W. T. Lee, Chairman, Haywood County; George P.
Pell, Forsyth County; A. J. Maxwell, Craven County.
The Commission has general supervision over all railroad, tele-
graph, telephone, street railway, steamboat, canal, waterworks, and
all other companies exercising the right of eminent domain, and,
also, under act of 1913, of electric light, power, water, and gas com-
panies.
It is authorized to hear and adjust complaints, to fix and revise
rates and tariffs of all railroads and all other transportation com-
panies, and gas, water, electric, and telephone companies.
In 1899 the Commission was given supervision of all State banks.
At that time, there were fifty-two State banks, twenty-one private
banks, and eight savings banks operating under the State system,
making a total of eighty-one banking institutions. This number
had increased to 546 on December 1, 1922, or a total increase of ap-
proximately 575 %. On December 2, 1899, the total banking resources
were $13,222,501.12. On September 15, 1922, the total banking re-
sources were $254,588,817.07, being an increase of $241,366,312.95,
or a percentage increase of approximately 1825%. The Commission
is authorized to appoint bank examiners whose duties are to examine
the various banks and report to the Commission. Ten examiners
are now employed regularly in this work.
The Commission has heard 5889 formal cases. These consisted
principally of overcharges, discriminations, freight service, failure
of railroad companies to provide accommodations for passengers and
cars for freight, storage charges, depots, and sidings.
The Commission now has a regular department in charge of two
experienced freight rate clerks for handling and adjusting claims
by shippers for overcharges in freight rates.
The duties of the Clerk are many and varied and embrace a general
supervision over the activities of the Commission and the working
force of the various departments.
PART IV.
ADMINISTRATIVE DEPARTMENTS, BOARDS,
COMMISSIONS.
1. Department of Agriculture.
2. Department of Labor and Printing.
3. Department of Insurance.
4. North Carolina Historical Commission.
5. State Library.
6. North Carolina Library Commission.
7. State Board of Health.
8. State Board of Charities and Public Welfare.
9. North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey.
10. State Highway Commission.
11. Fisheries Commission Board.
12. State Board of Elections.
13. State Standard Keeper.
14. Firemen's Relief Fund.
15. Audubon Society of North Carolina.
16. Board of Internal Improvements.
17. North Carolina National Guard and Reserve
Militia.
18. State Prison.
19. State Department of. Revenue.
20. Commission of Child Welfare.
1851
THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
W. A. Graham, Commissioner, Raleigh.
The Constitution of the State (1876) provides for a Department
of Agriculture, Immigration, and Statistics. Under this fundamental
law the General Assembly established the Department of Agriculture
in 1877. (Chapter 274.)
Since that time it has been greatly fostered and enlarged by the
General Assembly, and its field expanded by the enterprise, energy,
and capacity of its corps of workers.
At present the Board consists of ten members, one member from
each Congressional District, who are appointed by the Governor and
confirmed by the Senate, for terms of six years; and of the Com-
missioner of Agriculture, who is a member of and ex officio chairman
of the Board. All members are required by law to be practical
farmers.
The Commissioner of Agriculture, who is chief executive officer of
the Department, was formerly elected by the Board; but the Legis-
lature of 1899, in order to bring the Department in closer touch with
the people, especially the farmers of the State, so changed tbe law
as to make the Commissioner an elective officer.
The Department is charged with the following:
1. Investigations relating to the improvement of agriculture, the
beneficial use of commercial fertilizers and composts, and to induce
capital and labor to enter the State.
2. With investigations for the improvement of milk and beef
cattle, especially with investigations relating to the diseases of cattle
and other domestic animals — having power to quarantine infected
animals and to regulate the transportation of stock within the State.
3. With investigations of the ravages of insects injuriously affect-
ing market gardens, fruits, etc., and with dissemination of informa-
tion essential for their abatement.
4. With investigations directed to the introduction and fostering
of new agricultural industries adapted to the various soils ami
climate of the State.
88 Administrative Departments
5. With investigations relative to the subject of drainage and irri-
gation, and mineral and domestic sources of fertilizers, including
composting, etc.
6. With the collection of information relating to the subject of
farm fences, etc.
7. With the enforcement of the laws enacted for the sale of com-
mercial fertilizers, seed, food products, and with authority to make
regulations concerning the same.
8. With the dissemination of information relative to the ad-
vantages of soil and climate and to the natural resources and
industrial opportunities offered in the State.
To these have been added:
The issuing of bulletins.
The Museum.
Farmers' Institutes.
Soil Survey.
Enforcement by regulations of
The Pure Food Law;
Concentrated Commercial Feeding-stuff Law;
Cotton-seed Meal Law;
Law regulating the statistics of leaf tobacco;
Crop-pest Commission;
Law regulating the standard-weight packages of meal and flour;
Registration and sale of condimental, patented, proprietary or
trade-mark stock or poultry tonics, regulators, or conditioners;
The inspection of illuminating and power oils, fluids and gaso-
line;
Law to prevent and punish the sale of adulterated, impure, or
misbranded agricultural and vegetable seed and those lacking via-
bility;
The manufacture and sale of anti-hog-cholera serum also of inocu-
lation germs of leguminous crops.
The rapid spread of the "stock law" over the State Irs rendered
unnecessary any action by the Board as to fences, as this is now
largely local. A map showing the stock law and no stock-law, quar-
antine and free territory in the State lias recently been issued.
Agricultural Department 89
The Department is, to a considerable extent, a sub-legislature.
The Legislature, in committing to its execution specified laws, con-
fers upon the Board power to make regulations for this purpose,
which are given the authority of law, and violation of them is made
a misdemeanor, cognizable by the courts. The power to confer this
authority has been tested in the courts and approved by decision of
the Supreme Court.
THINGS THAT HAVE BEEN DONE BY THE AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.
1. The source of the ingredients in fertilizers is made known.
Analyses are reported in the Bulletin from each firm so as to have
those of the same guarantee classed together, and a farmer can tell
them and not make an extra trip when he can get goods of the com-
position he wishes although under a different name.
2. The feed inspection law has been amended to include all feeds
and the value of feeds much improved. Ground red corn cobs cannot
be sold as wheat bran nor sawdust or rotten corn used as a filler.
3. Condimental Feed Law. — Analyses are made of each brand and
published. The people need not pay high prices for many of the
ingredients, such as charcoal, copperas, saltpetre, salt, salts, etc.,
which can be bought for a few cents a pound of grocers. Drugs for
either stock or men must have a value corresponding with that
printed on the container or they can be excluded from sale.
4. Thirty cheese factories are in operation, and these afford mar-
kets for milk in our mountain countries which were not available
three years ago. In 1920,- 481,676 pounds of cheese were made. Nine
creameries are in operation.
5. Great advance has been made along all lines of animal hus-
bandry, animal feeding and feeds for animals, including poultry
All cases of diseases of animals appearing in the State have been
suppressed. "We have had no epidemic which could not be eliminated.
6. For the year ending November 30, 1920, there was distributed
4,370,407 c. c. of serum and 128,093 c. c. of virus, enough serum to
immunize approximately 75,000 hogs weighing 100 pounds. The re-
ceipts from the serum amounted to $66,208.85.
7. Eradication of the Cattle Tick.— There are still left twenty-one
counties in the extreme Eastern part of the State in which the tick
has not been eradicated. The Department has prepared and will
90 Administrative Departments
request the Legislature to enact a bill on this subject. This bill is
now a law in all of the States which were infested with the tick
except North Carolina and Florida.
Tuberculosis. — All herds which pass two successive tests without
reactors are placed on the Accredited Herd List. There are in Noi-th
Carolina at this time 163 of these Accredited Herds, and 862 herds
under supervision. One hundred and ninety-six tubercular animals
were slaughtered and $5,734.63 was paid under the law relating to
this subject. The State appropriates annually $5,000.00 for this in-
demnity and for paying for animals slaughtered on account of glan-
ders. When a cow or other animal is affected either with tubercu-
losis or glanders, the animal is reported to the authorities and killed
and paid for, thereby preventing spreading of the diseases.
8. A pure seed law by which the farmers are protected from pur-
chase of inferior seed either in purity or germination. Seed deficient
in either are prohibited from sale in the State, and the introduction
of injurious weeds is prohibited.
9. Preparation of legume culture which is sold at one-fourth the
former price. This pays the cost of production and sale.
10. Great advance in the work in Entomology, especially in spray-
ing. Many pests have been destroyed and others much curtailed in
their injurious operations.
11. Also in Horticulture. The Department has taken highest
prizes in all exhibits of apples, and the North Carolina apples and
other fruits are being recognized in the markets of the Nation. The
pecan culture in the State has also been greatly extended. In many
sections these plantings are beginning to bear nuts of very superior
quality.
12. The State in the value of its farm products has risen from
the twenty-second to the seventh position, and the value of the agri-
cultural crops has increased since 1910 at an average of $10,000,000
a year.
13. The Women's Work. — Many wives and daughters of farmers
are earning money for themselves. The girls' and women's clubs are
carrying on the preserving of vegatables, fruits and meats. The
women have not lacked ability to do this work, but prior to this they
lacked opportunity. Several hundred thousand dollars' worth of
these goods will be produced and prepared this year. This work in
Agricultural Department 91
its incipiency and growth is the product of the Farmers' Institute
as conducted by the Department.
14. Home Demonstration Work. — There were enrolled in this work
in clubs 8,289 girls and 8,343 women, a total of 16,632. Besides the
clubs, there were 217,143 women who gardened as individuals.
There were 200,8'82 pounds of fruits and vegetables dried, 90,913
gallons brined, and 125 community canneries established. Fifty-
nine owners of mills have trained agents to direct the work in the
villages at the mills. Twenty-six thousand six hundred and thirty-
three home conveniences were placed in homes and 29 rest rooms
were established.
The Chairman of the Board of Health says that the organizations
established by the home agents were most helpful in the fight
against influenza. They established 75 community kitchens and in
many counties they directed the preparation of the food. Miss
Annie Lee Rankin acted as dietitian at the A. and E. College and at
Camp Polk, and Mrs. Cornelia Morris at the Raleigh High School
Emergency Hospital. Citizens in the vicinity furnished supplies at
many of the kitchens.
15. Farm demonstrators in 70 counties, whose duty it is to give
instructions about crops to the farmer in the field.
16. Boys' corn clubs and pig clubs in all parts of the State.
17. Cooperative work with the U. S. Department and the A. and
E. College, especially under the Lever Act.
18. The Pure Food Law. — The weight or quantity of contents to be
marked on all containers, with which numbers the contents must
comply. Adulteration is seldom found in the foods sold in the State.
19. Inspection of illuminating oils and gasoline, by which the
quality and safety of the oils have been improved without cost to
the consumer.
20. The length and strength of staple is considered in forming
standards of cotton by the National Department, and expert graders
are furnished in counties which desire them. This has saved thou-
sands of dollars to the farmers in the sale of their cotton.
21. The National Department has been requested to consider the
question of reduction for tare for bagging and ties on cotton bales,
which is ackowledged to be unjust. This can be accomplished only
92 Administrative Departments
by an international convention under the auspices of a national
congress.
22. Inspection of flour to detect that which is bleached and pre-
vent the sale of it as unbleached.
23. In all cases of inspection in the machinery of the Department
the article which renders the inspection necessary is required to pay
cost of work.
24. More than one-third of the State has been surveyed and a soil
map issued of- each county.
25. Farmers of the State are not becoming renters. Since 1910,
204 farmers have lost their farms and about 6,000 renters have
bought land.
26. There is corn and wheat enough in the State for its consump-
tion. There may be a little imported, but enough will be exported to
offset this. There are 180 pounds of flour to every man, woman and
child in the State, more per capita than was ever known before,
and more meat has been cured than heretofore.
27. A marketing system is being evolved which will acquaint the
citizens of the State with knowledge of where they can find the
various articles for sale and accomplish cooperation.
28. For six years North Carolina has stood first in the production
of cotton per acre, first in quantity of sweet potatoes and peanuts,
and second in value of tobacco crop.
29. Cotton-seed Meal. — No goods are permitted to be branded as
"meal" unless they contain 6% per cent ammonia, but must be
branded "cotton-seed feed."
30. The Bulletin ranks with the highest of its class, and many
letters of commendation are received from persons within and with-
out the State. Requests are frequently received for publications of
these bulletins in those of other States and also from the agricul-
tural press. It has a circulation of more than 35.000 each month.
Copies have been requested for use as text-books in the public
schools of other States and the University of Wisconsin.
31. The Museum continues to be the most valuable south of Phila-
delphia, except that at the National Capital. It is the State's great
object lesson. Additions to the different departments are made each
year. A representative agricultural exhibit is now being collected.
Agricultural Department
93
STATISTICS.
The following statistics will show some of the results of the work
of the Department.
North Carolina produced in
Corn (bushela)..
Wheat (bushels)
Cotton (bales). .
1860
30,000,000
4 ,743 ,706
145,514
1910
34,063,531
7 ,433 ,000
665,132
1915
64 ,050 ,000
10 ,355 ,000
732 ,000
1918
63 ,000 ,000
13,167,000
732 ,000
DRAINAGE.
The Department has arranged with the National Department for
an expert in this work, who will give information to the farmers
concerning the drainage of creeks, cutting ditches, and laying tiles.
VETERINARY DIVISION.
The Division of Veterinary Science is devoted to giving informa-
tion as to the care and feeding of farm animals, improvement of
live stock, treatment of diseases, the gradual extermination of the
tick.
Serum for Vaccination of hogs to prevent the spread of cholera
is manufactured by this division.
ANTI-CHOLERA SERUM.
Ninety-five per cent of the hogs vaccinated escaped cholera. The
Department is now prepared to supply all requests for serum, and
it is expected that the scourge of cholera will be much abated.
CATTLE QUARANTINE AND ERADICATION OF THE FEVER TICK.
The United States and State laws concerning the eradication of
the cattle tick are simply improvements on the act of the Legislature
of 1795 concerning the driving of cattle from the oak to the long-
leaf pine sections of the State, which was continued as a statute
until the Revival of 1905. The disease was called murrain or dis-
temper, and its malignity known, but not for a century was the
cause ascertained and direct effort made for cure and eradication.
94 Administrative Departments
Starting in 1S99, with the crest of the Blue Ridge as the location
of the quarantine line, it has heen moved east to the Roanoke River
in Warren County as the northern boundary, and to the Pee Dee in
Anson as the southern boundary of the State. This quarantine line
is established by the United States Agricultural Department. The
movement of cattle Is restricted to a few months each year and
subject to inspections and regulations, while exempted territory is
free from impediments. The price of cattle in the exempted section
(that which is free of the tick) is thought to be one cent per
pound live weight over that in the quarantine sections. The value
of exemption is apparent. The stock law tends to destroy the tick,
and where it has prevailed for several years, few ticks being found,
the county is soon declared free. At the suggestion of this De-
partment, infected counties or parts of counties have been quaran-
tined, and the clear territory has been given the benefit of exemp-
tion.
ANIMAL HUSBANDRY.
This department does much valuable work. The Board ha.s
granted the use of the Edgecombe County farm as far as needed to
be used in its operations.
farmers' institutes.
Farmers' Institutes have been greatly extended and are now held
in every county in the State.
Meetings of farmers to hear matters pertaining to their vocation
discussed by scientific men and also by practical farmers have met
with great encouragement in the numbers attending and interest
shown in the proceedings, and the beneficial results to farming in
the communities where the institutes are held are very evident.
Realizing that while "A good farmer without, it is needful there
be," that "A good housewife within is as needful as he," institutes
for the benefit of the farmers' wives and daughters were introduced
in 1907. They have been well attended and have been equally as
beneficial in the advancement of agricultural conditions as have
the institutes for the men; usually one joint session is held at each
institute.
CHEMISTRY.
The Division of Chemistry makes analyses of fertilizer, cotton-seed
meal, feed and foodstuffs, soils, minerals and marls, waters, etc.
Agricultural Department 95
The law as to deficient fertilizers may be found in the Revisal of
1906, sec. 3949.
SOIL SURVEY, TEST FARM, AND FARM DEMONSTRATION WORK.
This is conducted like the cattle quarantine, in conjunction with
the United States Agricultural Department, the expenses being de-
frayed by each department. The object is to locate the different
types of soil in the State. Upon these types it is desired to locate
test farms for practical and scientific purposes. Test farms have
been established in Edgecombe County, at Willard Station in Pender
County, Statesville, near Swannanoa in Buncombe County, and in
the old tobacco belt at Oxford and in the newly drained black lands
of Eastern North Carolina in Beaufort County. The effort is to
conduct these farms for the benefit of the crops grown in each sec-
tion, first on small plats and then on a large scale, showing results
of different kinds and amounts of home-made and commercial fer-
tilizers, preparation of land, cultivation and rotation of crops and
demonstration work.
As it might be supposed that all children of the same parents
would be exactly alike, so it might be inferred that all soils com-
posed from decomposition of the same rocks would be identical; but
this is known to be true in neither case.
By demonstration work on different fields in the same locality, or
type of soil, the variations of each can be ascertained, and the
manures prepared and cultivation suitable learned.
The demonstrator of the Department, as requested or as oppor-
tunity offers, can visit localities of the State, make suggestions upon
these lines, and gather statistics for promotion of the work. The
National Department is doing a large amount of work along this
line and there is hearty cooperation between the two departments.
ISOTHERMAL BELT.
The investigational work with Thermal Zones was inaugurated in
a preliminary way in 1909 at the Blantyre Test Farm by W. N. Hutt,
to ascertain if possible the conditions underlying the phenomena of
Thermal Belts or frostless zones in relation to fruit-growing. Two
years of preliminary investigation furnished such evidence of the
necessity and value of the work that the cooperation of the U. S.
Weather Bureau was secured. Special recording stations were estub-
96 Administrative Departments
lished at the State Test Farm at Blantyre, in the orchards of Hon.
Chas. A. Webb of Asheville, Mr. W. T. Lindsey of Tryon, Mr. Boiling
Hall of Waynesville, Mrs. Moses Cone of Blowing Rock, and Mr.
J. B. Sparger of Mount Airy, where a range in elevation from 1,000
to 4,200 feet was secured.
In 1912 the recording stations were increased to 15. Mr. L. A.
Denson, Section Director of the Weather Bureau of North Carolina,
and Prof. H. J. Cox, Special Expert of the U. S. Weather Bureau,
were detailed to assist in this cooperation.
The field work and records were completed in 1916. Since that
time the vast amount of records collected at the different stations
are being worked over by the experts of the U. S. Weather Bureau
under the direction of Professor Cox of the Chicago Station. A topo-
graphical map of Western North Carolina has been prepared with
contour lines showing the locations of the observation stations and
the mountainous nature of the surrounding country- In order to
make this work of practical as well as. of scientific value, a map
showing the location of railroads to available fruit zones of 500-feet
contours from 1,500 to 3,500 elevations will be prepared. This map,
in addition to that prepared by the Weather Bureau experts, will be
of value to people in securing lands at suitable altitudes for com-
mercial orcharding.
The results of these investigations are being worked into a publi-
cation which is expected to be available within a year.
PURE FOOD DIVISION.
The Pure Food Law passed by the General Assembly of 1899,
amended in 1905 and redrafted and passed as a new act in 1907,
forbids the manufacture or sale of adulterated or misbranded food
or beverages and charges the Department of Agriculture with its
enforcement.
. Inspections are made throughout the State and samples collected
for analyses. The samples are examined for adulteration and the
results published, showing the brand name of the article and the
name and address of the manufacturer. The first report was pub-
lished as the Department Bulletin for December, 1909. Since that
time similar reports have been published annually.
There are two classes of adulterants found in food:
1. Substances which are deleterious to health, and
Agricultural Department 97
2. Substances which merely render the food less valuable.
The use of the first is prohibited, the second can be used provided
their presence is made known to the. purchaser.
Much of the food and beverages sold in the State is in the hands
of unintelligent men, who can be imposed upon by shrewd and un-
scrupulous manufacturers. Owing to various complications the
enforcement of the Food Law is far more difficult than one not
familiar with the situation would think.
The National Government has enacted a food law which requires
weight of contents to be stamped on all packages or other containers
of goods. The Legislature has enacted this for the State.
FEED INSPECTIONS,
The Legislature of 1903 passed a law which requires the Commis-
sioner of Agriculture to employ Feed Inspectors, whose duty it is to
visit the different towns in the State, see that the law is complied
with as to the branding of bags, weight of bags, and to take samples
of all feeds. These samples are examined microscopically in the
towns in which they are found, and if adulterated are immediately
withdrawn from sale.
All samples collected are analyzed by the Feed Chemist, and th>
results, along with such additional information as circumstances
may advise, are published in the bulletins of the Department of
Agriculture.
In enforcing the law there are four main objects in view:
1. To stop the sale of adulterated feeds in North Carolina.
2. To educate the consumers to buy feed according to the analyses
on the bags, just as he buys his fertilizer by an analysis.
3. To teach the dairymen and farmers the best way to combine
their home-grown feeds with those they are compelled to buy to
get the greatest benefit from the amount consumed.
4. To stimulate a desire on the part of the consumers for better
feeds.
ENTOMOLOGY.
The work of this division includes the inspection of fruit trees,
which are not allowed to be sold in this Ptnte unless declared free
from disease. Experts are sent to examine all nurseries for insect
pests, and many commercial orcbnids are inspected. Directions
7
98 Administrative Departments
furnished for preparation of material for spraying, and for its ap-
plication. The San Jose scale is being controlled in many places,
and further damage prevented by directions sent from this office.
Other insect pests and diseases have been prevented or cured, and
much valuable information given the people of the State on mat-
ters pertaining to insects of all kinds.
HORTICULTURE.
This division is devoted to promoting the interests of trucking,
the home and market garden, also the culture, preservation and
marketing the fruits of the State.
The test farm in Pender County is used in connection with the
trucking interests of the eastern part of the State. On this farm
$1,500 was realized from the sale of the lettuce raised on one and
one-fourth acres of land.
In the apple section a short series of institutes is held annually
to illustrate the proper packing of fruit for shipment. Institutes
on pruning, spraying, etc., are held in proper season.
For three successive years the exhibit of apples from North Caro-
lina has taken the sweepstakes prize at the exhibits at the National
Horticultural Congress, and the western part of the State is now
regarded as one of the most important apple-growing sections of the
nation, both in quantity and quality. North Carolina in 1913 re-
ceived the Wilder prize from the American Pomological Society.
The section adjacent to Southern Pines is noted for its peaches,
pears, and plums.
Agronomy and Botany Division.
Under the drections of this division experiments in plant breeding
and selection are conducted upon the test farms and the farms of
individuals in different sections of the State. Inoculation germs
for legumes are manufactured and sold at cost.
The inspection prevents the introduction of seeds of noxious
weeds into the State and enables the farmer to ascertain, before
purchasing, the quality of the seed as to purity and germination.
DEMONSTRATION "AND INSPECTION OF POWER AND ILLUMINATING OILS
AM) GASOLINE.
The Pure Food Chemist is also Oil Chemist. The quality of the
oil has been kept at a good standard and the price has not been
Agricultural Department 99
increased. When the law was enacted there were four firms trans-
acting business in this State; at the present time there are nineteen.
DEMONSTRATION WORK.
This work gives practical advice to and cooperates with the farm-
ers upon their farms. It has been extended to eighty-one counties.
Part of the expenses is borne by the National Department of
Agriculture.
boys' corn club.
In these clubs more than 4,000 boys have been enrolled. The
Department appropriates $500 annually in premiums.
women's and girls' work.
This work in domestic economy has met with a ready response
from the wives and daughters of the farmers.
THE BULLETIN.
The Bulletin is issued monthly, each month's issue being devoted
to a particular subject. Its value seems to be appreciated both
within and without the State, as is attested by its continually in-
creasing mail list. Besides the regular monthly Bulletin, special
papers are issued when deemed of enough importance to justify the
expense.
THE MUSEUM.
The State Geologist has, since the establishment of his department
in 1850, collected specimens of different kinds, principally of min-
erals, representing the natural resources of the State. In 1879 the
care of the Museum and expense of maintenance were transferred to
the Department of Agriculture. A building has been erected for its
occupancy, and its contents greatly increased. It is now by far the
most extensive in its contents of anything of its nature south of
Philadelphia, save the National Museum at Washington, D. C. To
it, more than any other source, is attributable the fine displays the
State has made at international, national, and State expositions. It
is the State's object lesson, representing its resources in agriculture,
timber, mineral, fishes, birds, game, animals, and flora and fauna in
general.
As articles affected by time become undesirable they are replaced.
The idea is to keep the Museum constantly growing, with no chai
for stagnation.
100 Administrative Departments
immigration.
The Legislature in 1909 repealed the act of 1907 concerning immi-
gration. There are now no agents of the State employed in foreign
countries; a few young men come from Scotland each year, and
land and immigration companies bring some people to the State
each year, but no report is made to the Department; however, it co-
operates with them as far as practicable.
The Department has no lands of the State for sale, and can make
no contracts, warrant titles, or do any work of like nature. It can
only put parties desiring to purchase property in the State in com-
munication with citizens who have property to sell, and leave them
to perfect sales, if it is found desirable.
Many letters are received from persons from the Stat2S of the
Middle West requesting information as to the resources of the State.
and several hundred have each year purchased homes. The Depart-
ment had arranged to place exhibits at the fairs in these States, bur
this was abandoned when the law was repealed.
SALES OF LEAF TOBACCO.
Chapter 97, Laws 1907, requires the Department to preserve a
record of the leaf tobacco sold on the floors of the warehouses of the
State, and publish it monthly. Each warehouse is required to
furnish an account of its sales, and is guilty of a misdemeanor for
failure.
DEPARTMENT OF LABOR AND PRINTING
M. L. Shipman, Commissioner.
The Department of Labor and Printing, created by the Legislature
of 1887, is one of the oldest State departments outside of those
established by constitutional mandate. The duties of the Depart-
ment are comprehended under the four general heads:
1. Collection, collation, and publication of industrial statistics;
2. Supervision of the State's printing,
3. Mine inspection;
4. Free employment service.
Department of Labor and Printing 101
industrial statistics.
The Commissioner, aided by the Assistant Commissioner, collects,
collates, and publishes information and statistics concerning labor
and its relation to capital, the hours of labor, the earnings of laborers
and their educational, moral, and financial condition, and the
best means of promoting their mental, moral, and material wel-
fare; also statistics concerning the various mining, milling, and
manufacturing industries in this State, their location, capacity,
and actual output of manufactured products, the kind and quantity
of raw material annually used by them and the capital invested
therein; the location, estimated and actual horse-power and condi-
tion of valuable water-powers, developed and undeveloped, in the
State; farm lands and farming, the kinds, character, and quantity
of the annual farm products; timber lands and timbers, truck
gardening, dairying, and such other information and statistics con-
cerning the agricultural and industrial welfare of the citizens of
the State as may be deemed of interest and benefit to the public.
A high standard was set for this work and it has ever since been
the policy of the office to improve upon its own work from year
to year. The biennial report is now recognized as one of the most
succinct examples of statistical work issued in the United States.
The matter has been boiled down, so to speak, and one chief aim
has been to present the greatest possible information in the least
possible space, accomplishing thereby two very desirable ends, i. e.,
ease and convenience of reference, and minimum expense.
Men who are causing the wheels of industry to turn all over
the country pronounce the biennial report of the Department one
of the most comprehensive and valuable publications, on the sub-
jects treated, gotten out by any State in the Union. It is the
only official publication which shows the industrial status of North
Carolina and the great variety of her manufactured products.
It reaches every State in the Union and many foreign countries.
It is the chief medium through which the State's growth and
development are advertised to the world.
THE STATE'S PRINTING.
When the public printing had become of such importance that
the old practice of assumption that it would take care of itself
was proven inadequate and unsatisfactory, the duty of systematizing'
102 Administrative Departments
and superintending this work was added to the duties of the office
(Chapter 373, Public Laws of 1899). Since that time the growth
of the State has been great, its progress indeed wonderful. Keep-
ing pace with its progress, the Department of Labor and Printing
shows a record of quality and economy in performance not equaled
by any other Commonwealth, and approached by but few.
The Commissioner, Mr. Shipman, and the Assistant Commissioner,
Mr. Nichols, place especial emphasis on their invitation to the
people of the State to make use of the Department. Any question
bearing on subjects touched by the report will be gladly answered,
whenever possible.
The handling of the public printing has been brought down
to the point where figures as to specifications and cost may be
given before or after performance, which information serves well
where economy enters as largely into any proposition as it does
into the public printing. Changes in practice are made as often as
it is found that improvement can be made, and the policy of the
office at the present time makes impossible any of the abuses ob-
taining under the arrangement in force prior to the placing of
the public printing under the Department's charge.
Before a single item of printing expense is paid for by the
State the account of the printer is examined, accompanied by an
inspection of the work itself, by a man who knows the printing
business. Every pound of paper purchased is bought by the State
to fit the particular need, and is subject to the decision of the
expert of the Department — himself, according to the provisions
of the act, a "practical printer." The record of purchases of paper
show a great saving along this line, also. .
All printing, engraving, die-stamping, and binding done for the
State is let to contract for two-year periods under competitive bid-
ding, and the work is carefully supervised in process by the Commis-
sioner of Labor and Printing, aided by the Assistant Commissioner
(required by law to be a practical printer). All requisitions for State
printing are made upon the Department of Labor and Printing;
the Department places orders for same with contracting printers,
issuing requisite quantity of paper stock for each order; super-
vises the work in process, examines the finished work, audits and
approves bills for same.
Department of Labor and Printing 1":;
The cost of the State's printing, including the paper stock used,
approximates $250,000 annually. The Department purchases all
paper for State printing, maintaining a large paper storage ware-
house in Raleigh.
The work of the Department of Labor and Printing is necessar
done away from the public eye. The watchful auditing of thou-
sands of dollars of accounts, the economical purchase of thousands
of dollars of supplies, the skillful exposition and appraisement of
industrial facts, is not spectacular labor, but a work of the highest
value and largest returns.
MINE INSPECTION.
North Carolina has a comprehensive mining law, and by thi
statute the Commissioner of Labor and Printing is constituted mine
inspector, with large powers.
FREE EMPLOYMENT SERVICE.
Since October 1, 1919, the United States Employment Service,
operating in North Carolina, has been conducted under the direction
and supervision of the Commissioner of Labor and Printing, who
provided office quarters in his department and is serving as Federal
Director for this State without additional compensation. Funds
for clerical assistance were provided by the Federal Government
and during the first fifteen months the service was in operation, on
this cooperative basis, between 5,000 and 6,000 applicants for
work were placed in situations satisfactory to them; more than
20,000 returned soldiers were communicated with in regard to
employment and nearly 4,000 placed. It was through these com-
munications that hundreds of disabled soldiers were located and
reported to the Federal Board for Vocational Education, which
placed them in proper training.
Realizing the urgent necessity for a well organized system of
employment for North Carolina, under State and Federal supervi-
sion, the Department of Labor and Printing brought the matter to
the attention of the General Assembly of 1921 and succeeded in se-
curing an appropriation adequate for the development of such an
agency by the Department. The machinery provided in the statute
creating the free employment bureaus enables the Department to as-
sist in bringing the jobless man and the manless job together in a
104 Administrative Departments
systematic way, in service which reaches all classes of employers
and all classes of employes. Local employment offices were estab-
lished in our large industrial centers and much assistance rendered
in relieving acute unemployment conditions all too prevalent since
the conclusion of the World War. During the first year the em-
ployment service was in operation under State and Federal co-
operation more than 15,000 men and women found positions through
the free employment bureau of the State Department of Labor and
Printing.
THE DEPARTMENT OF INSURANCE.
Stacey W. Wade, Commissioner.
The North Carolina Insurance Department is not, as many
believe, simply a channel for the collection of revenue; nor is its
activity limited to the supervision of insurance companies. Suc-
cessive legislatures have recognized its administrative facilities,
and have added from time to time the supervision of
Building and Loan Associations
Lightning Rod Companies
Investment Companies
Morris Plan Companies
Rate Making Bureaus and Associations
as well as the enforcement of the Fire Marshal Law, the Build-
ing and Inspection Law, the proper erection and protection of State
and institutional property, and the supervision of Fire Depart-
ments throughout the State. It is apparent, therefore, that neither
of these subjects can be treated here except by brief reference.
Created originally for the enforcement of the insurance laws,
it is probable that this is still the most important phase of its
work; for while insurance was looked upon only a few years ago
by many as a gamble, and regarded by the general public with
suspicion, today it probably exceeds every other financial institu-
tion of the country in importance. So great is its effect upon
commerce and industry that our entire credit system would collapse
over night if the protection of insurance were instantly removed.
Since the formation of the Department in 1899 it has been the
duty of the Commissioner to investigate the financial responsibilty
Departmext of Insurance 105
of each company seeking admission to the State, of which there
are now more than six hundred; to scrutinize each of the many
thousand forms of contracts issued by them to see that the value
of protection was not weakened or destroyed by some qualifying
clause; to see that the contracts are given a reasonable interpre-
tation in the settlement of claims and not misrepresented to the
public; to watch the progress of companies and see that sufficient
reserves are carried to guarantee the protection promised; to pro-
tect the public and companies themselves against the impractical
and unsafe policies of promoters operating under the guise of in-
surance who continually seek his approval or attempt to operate in
open defiance of the law.
North Carolina has reaped a great benefit in the growth of the
insurance business; for while in 1899 there were only seven
North Carolina companies, having assets of $746,791, there are to-
day eighty-two such companies with home offices in this State and
assets of $33, 264. 068. 5S, and furnishing employment for thousands
of our citizens, while the revenue of the Department has in-
creased from ninety thousand dollars a year to over a million.
Probably no other State in the Union has insurance laws as far-
reaching in the protection furnished its citizens as the North
Carolina Code.
Next in importance to insurance is probably the Building and
Loan Associations of the State, which in 1904, when turned over to
the Department, had only $S0,000 in assets, now have thirty-seven
million dollars distributed among more than two hundred asso-
ciations, and over seventy thousand shareholders. The force of
these institutions in the upbuilding of our cities, both in taxable
property and citizenship, cannot be estimated. Their supervision
calls for trained experts, and while no fund has ever been appro-
priated for that purpose by the State, they have been supervised
without expense to the State and without loss to their members.
It is gratifying to know that we are in advance of any other
State in the provisions for safeguarding our people in this direction
as well as in the help rendered the associations in their organi-
zation and conduct.
One of the most far-reaching statutes we are called upon to
enforce is the State Building Code, which is accepted as a model
by practically every other State and upon which often depends
106 Administrative Departments
the lives of thousands of our citizens and our children away at
school. No school building may be erected in the State the plans
of which have not been submitted to the Department, examined and
approved by an expert in fire protection. The result of this is
thai we have in North Carolina more modern fire-proof school
buildings than any other State in the Union, while the pupils are
taught fire prevention from text-books especially prepared for
this purpose by the Department.
Fire Departments throughout the State have been given special
attention, organized and drilled by experts, with the result that
North Carolina has more motor-driven" fire-fighting equipment than
any other State of like size, and full-paid firemen have replaced the
loyal but inadequate volunteers with their hand reels and horse-
drawn vehicles.
A systematic inspection of all cities and towns in the State as
to defects in buildings and electrical equipment is carried out
through experts in building and electrical construction under the
direction of the Commissioner. Every fire reported to be of in-
cendiary origin is thoroughly investigated by experienced detec-
tives, and prosecutions conducted where the evidence warrants.
This has led to the conviction and imprisonment of hundreds of
arson criminals during the history of the Department, notwith-
standing arson is of all crimes probably the hardest to prove.
A campaign of education in the prevention of fires and acci-
dents is carried on continually throughout the State by compe-
tent instructors provided by the Department and paid from the
taxes collected from insurance companies, which also contributed
over $30,000 annually toward the maintenance of our various
Fire Departments.
A business little understood and discredited by many, the sale
and erection of lightning rods, has grown to be a considerable
industry in the rural sections of the State, and since, as in most
lines, there are impostors and inferior products, a special law
provided that each brand sold shall be submitted to and approved
by the Department before being offered for sale, and that each
erector shall secure a license from the Department upon showing
his fitness.
No other statute probably means more to our people today nor
results in more perplexities for the Department than what is
Department of Insurance L07
known as the "Blue Sky Law." Millions of dollars have been lost
by our people in the past for lack of such a law rigidly enforced,
and it is gratifying to feel that millions are now being saved
by the vigilance of the Department and its representatives. The
press has also rendered valuable assistance by warning the public
against speculative investments without inquiry; yet it appears
that each minute has its new-born sucker and many of them reach
majority without a change of heart and fall victim to the flowery
talk of the stock fakir.
Every company operating in the State is required to file a copy of
the rates charged by it on all property, and where such rates
appear discriminatory they are investigated and equalized with
the rates charged on other property of the same class. It is to
the credit of the companies to say that this has called for very few
adjustments, and that because of the work which we have done
along the line of fire prevention North Carolina enjoys lower
fire insurance rates than any other Southern State.
There are employed by the Department at present twenty-five
persons, twelve of whom are traveling practically all of the time.
The time of the others is well taken up in performing the multi-
ple duties imposed by law, and it must be apparent that the effi-
cient performance of their work requires constant study and ad-
vancement in order to keep abreast of the corporations whose
progressiveness and desire for business demand constant scrutiny
and supervision.
NORTH CAROLINA HISTORICAL COMMISSION.
D. H. Hill, Secretary, Raleigh.
The North Carolina Historical Commission was created by an act
of the Legislature of 1903. It consists of five members appointed
by the Governor for terms of six years. They receive no salary or
per diem, but are allowed their actual expenses when attending to
their official duties.
The offices of the Commission are in the State Administration
Building, a new fireproof structure erected under an act of the Gen-
eral Assembly in 1911.
The duties of the Commission are as follows:
108 Administrative Departments
1. To have collected historical data pertaining to the history of
North Carolina and the territory included therein from the earliest
limes.
2. To have such material properly edited, published by the State
Printer as other State printing, and distributed under the direction
of the Commission.
3. To care for the proper marking and preservation of battle-fields,
houses, and other places celebrated in the history of the State.
4. To diffuse knowledge in reference to the history and resources
of North Carolina.
5. To encourage the study of the history of North Carolina in
the schools of the State, and to stimulate and encourage historical
investigation and research among the people of the State.
6. To make a biennial report of its receipts and disbursements, its
work and needs, to the Governor, to be by him transmitted to the
General Assembly.
The powers of the Commission are as follows:
1. To adopt a seal for use in official business.
2. To adopt rules for its own government not inconsistent with
the provisions of the law.
3. To fix a reasonable price for its publications and to devote the
revenue arising from such sales to extending the work of the Com-
mission.
4. To employ a secretary.
5. To control the expenditures of such funds as may be appropriate
for its maintenance.
GENERAL SUMMARY.
Following is a general summary of the work of the Historical
Commission:
1. The Commission has saved from destruction, classified and filed
many thousands of letters and other documents of the Executive
and Legislative Department from colonial times to the present.
2. It has made an extensive collection, numbering more than
100,000 pieces of material bearing on North Carolina's part in the
World War.
3. It has secured for the State the following private collections,
numbering many thousands of valuable manuscripts: Letters and
Historical Commission 109
papers of Zebulon B. Vance, James Iredell, Bryan Grimes, Airs.
Cornelia P. Spencer, David L. Swain, B. J. Hale, Calvin II. "Wiley,
John H. Bryan, Jonathan Worth, William L. Saunders, William A.
Graham, William R. Davie, the Pettigrew Family, Charles B. Aycock,
Archibald D. Murphey, John Steele, W. H. S. Burgwyn, Nathaniel
Macon, Thomas Ruffin, David S. Reid, Willie P. Mangum, and several
small collections.
4. It has issued the following publications: "Public Education
in North Carolina, 1790-1840: A Documentary History," 2 vols.;
"Schools and Academies in North Carolina, 1790-1840: A Docu-
mentary History"; "The Correspondence of Jonathan Worth," 2
vols.; Papers of Archibald D. Murphey, 2 vols.; Papers of Thomas
Ruffin, vols. I, II, III and IV; "Literary and Historical Activities in
North Carolina, 1900-1905"; Von Graff enried's Account of the Found-
ing of New Bern, 1 vol; Records of the Moravians in Ncrth Caro-
lina, Vol. I; "A Legislative Manual of North Carolina" for 1909,
1911, 1913, 1915, 1917, 1919, 1921, and twenty-eight bulletins.
5. It recovered for the State, through the gift of the Italian
Government, Canova's famous statue of Washington.
6. It has erected in the rotunda of the Capitol a marble bust of
William A. Graham; and obtained, without cost to the State, simi-
lar busts of Matt W. Ransom, Samuel Johnson, John M. Morehead,
Calvin H. Wiley, and W. S. Ashe.
7. The Commission maintains in its Hall of History one of the
most extensive historical museums in America. It contains about
15,000 objects, illustrative of every period of the history of North
Carolina from the earliest colonial times to the present.
8. It has assisted a large number of students in their investiga-
tions into North Carolina history, given information about the
history of the State whenever it was possible, and has encouraged
in many ways the study of our history in the schools of the State.
9. It maintains a Legislative Reference Library for supplying in-
formation to members of the General Assembly and others interest id
in the affairs of the State.
THE LEGISLATIVE REFERENCE LIBRARY.
The Legislative Reference Library idea is not a new one. For
twenty-five years such departments in other States have been ren-
11° Administbative Depabtments
dering valuable service. They have been provided for in thirty
States, and in more than fifty cities of the United States. Recently
there has been established a Legislative Reference Bureau in the
Congressional Library which is rendering similar aid to the Na-
tional Government.
For ten years progressive citizens have urged the establishment
of such a department in North Carolina. In response to that de-
mand the Legislature of 1915, by a unanimous vote in the Senate
and House of Representatives, passed a bill entitled "An act to
establish a Legislative Reference Library," under the supervision
of the North Carolina Historical Commission.
Among the duties of the Librarian set forth in this act are the
following: "To collect, tabulate, annotate and digest information
for the use of the members and committees of the General Assembly,
and the officials of the State," and of the various counties and cities
included therein, upon all questions of State, county, and municipal
legislation."
As indicated by the caption as well as the subject-matter of the
act, this Department is created primarily for the benefit of the
members and committees of the General Assembly.
These representatives of the people serve practically without com-
pensation and in most cases make considerable personal sacrifice
in order to be of service to the State. During the short sessions
of the General Assembly they do not have time to study and thus
secure for themselves information about the hundreds of measures
they are called upon to consider. Heretofore there has been no
agency to collect and classify the sort of information needed by the
busy legislator.
To fill this want is the particular field of service of the Legisla-
tive Reference Library. For that purpose more than ten thousand
books, laws, pamphlets, and clippings have been gathered and
classified so that they are instantly available for use by interested
persons. Additional material is received daily, and an attempt is
made to procure as full information as is obtainable about all
legislation in other States and countries.
Information relating to the following subjects, which are taken
from a list of more than fifteen hundred headings, will serve to
illustrate the scope of service which is rendered: Agriculture, Appro-
priations, Automobiles, Banks, Bill Drafting, Budgets, Campaign
Historical Commission 111
Expenses, Capital Punishment, Charities, Child Labor, Civil Serv-
ice, Constitutions, Contracts, Convicts, Cooperative Buying and
Marketing, Corporations, Courts, Credit, Crime and Criminals,
Democratic Party, Drainage, Education, Elections, Employment.
Factories, Farm Problems, Finance, Fires, Fish and Game, Food,
Forests, Freight Rates, Health, Immigration, Initiative and Referen-
dum, Insane, Insurance, Judges, Juries, Labor, Lawyers, Liens,
Legislation, Loans, Manufacturers, Marriage and Divorce, Medicine,
Militia, Municipalties, Negroes, Newspapers, Pardons, Parole. Pas-
senger Rates, Pensions, Pharmacy, Platforms, Primaries, Prisons,
Procedure, Prohibition, Public-Service Corporations, Railroads, Re-
publican Party, Roads, Rural Credits, Schools, State Government,
Statutes, Strikes, Taxation, Trusts, Universities and Colleges, Vital
Statistics, Vocational Education, Wages, Woman Suffrage, Women,
Workmen's Compensation.
The province of the Legislative Reference Library is not to pro-
mote legislation, but to furnish data and information so that the
best and most widely approved laws may be enacted.
With the cooperation and assistance of the persons for whose
benefit the Legislative Reference Library was created, it hopes to
achieve the same measure of success that similar agencies have
had in other states.
Members of the Historical Commission:
W. J. Peele 1903-1919
J. D. Hufman 1903-1905
F. A. Sondley 1903-1905
Richard Dillard 1903-1905
R. D. W. Connor 1903-19n;
Charles L. Raper 1905-1907
Thomas W. Blount 1905-1911
J. Bryan Grimes 1905-
M. C. S. Noble 1907-
D. H. Hill 1907-19:'^
T. M. Pittman 1911-
Frank Wood 1919-
Heriot Clarkson 1922-
SECRETARIES.
R. D. W. Connor 1903-1921
D. H. Hill 1921-
112 Administrative Departments
NORTH CAROLINA STATE LIBRARY.
Carrie L. Broughtox, Librarian.
The North Carolina State Library, like practically all State
Libraries, had its beginning in the miscellaneous collection of
books which had accumulated in the various offices of the State
officials.
These books were purchased and donated to meet the various
needs of the members of the General Assembly and the State
Officers.
When the Capitol was burned in 1831, the library, which was
located in that building, was also consumed. The fire that de-
stroyed the old building originated on the roof, and owing to an
unnecessary panic caused by the announcement that the dome
was falling, the people fled from the building and left the library
to its fate.
In 1S37 the General Assembly passed an act requiring the Secre-
tary of State to collect books for the State Library and discharge
the duty of Librarian. It was further enacted by the General
Assembly that he be allowed fifty dollars per annum for his
services as State Librarian during his term of office. No appro-
priation was made for several years, and on the completion of
the present Capitol in 1840 the few books saved from the fire were
moved to the Capitol building.
Code 2, Vol. 2, Section 3608, says: "The sum of $500 is annually
appropriated for the increase of the Public Library."
In March, 1SSS, the State Library was moved from the Capitol
building to the new Supreme Court and Library Building located on
the northeast corner of Salisbury and Edenton streets, where it
remained until January, 1913, when it was moved to its present
location.
As stated above, in 1840 the Legislature appropriated $500 for
the purchase of books. This appropriation stood for eighty
years, from 1840-1921, when the General Assembly increased it to
$3,000.
The State Library has become an agency of great importance
in the educational development of North Carolina. The educa-
tional movement of recent years has awakened great interest in
Library Commission 113
library work, and our people realize more forcibly than ever before
the value of this work.
The patronage by students in our schools and colleges and by
the general public within the past few years has shown a marker!
growth and an increasing realization of the place of the Library
in educational work.
To the legislator and man of public affairs, the State Library
is a place where he can, at his own convenience and in his
own way, study intelligently and freely all questions of legis-
lation that will affect his people and his State.
Our genealogical department is becoming more and more popular
each day. Hardly a day passes that you cannot find one or more
genealogists at work.
To meet all these various needs we are directing our efforts
to the building up of a great reference library.
All works written by or about North Carolinians or about North
Carolina are purchased. The North Carolina collection now forms
one of the most interesting and valuable features of the library.
We now have in printed form a complete bibliography of North
Carolina literature to be found in the State Library.
Another particularly valuable feature of the library is the col-
lection of bound newspapers. This now consists of 4,360 bound
volumes. These are rapidly being indexed according to towns,
cities and dates, by the library staff. After this work is completed,
it is our desire and aim to index the contents of the leading
papers of the State.
Number volumes in general library 37,325
Number volumes in Government documents 6,970
Number volumes in bound newspapers 4,360
Number volumes in magazines 3,458
52.113
LIBRARY COMMISSION OF NORTH CAROLINA.
Mary B. Palmer. Secretary and Director.
The Library Commission of North Carolina was created by the
General Assembly of 1909, and active work was begun September
15th of the same year. The Commission consists of five members,
8
114 Administrative Departments
two of whom are appointed by the North Carolina Library Associa-
tion and one by the Governor; the State Librarian and the Super-
intendent of Public Instruction complete the membership.
The purpose of the Commission, as expressed in the law, is to
"give assistance, advice, and counsel to all libraries in the State, to
all communities which may propose to establish libraries, and to all
persons interested, as to the best means of establishing and admin-
istering such libraries, as to the selection of books, cataloging, main-
tenance and other details of library management as may be prac-
ticable."
The following are the important lines of activity:
1. Establishment of Public Libraries. — The Commission endeavors
to secure the establishment of public libraries in localities able to
support them, and gives advice and assistance in arousing public
interest. After preliminary correspondence, communities proposing
to establish libraries are visited by the Secretary, and the practical
details of organization explained. In many instances she classifies
the books, starts the accession record and shelf-list, installs a proper
charging system, and teaches the librarian how to keep the neces-
sary records. The service is rendered without cost to the Library.
2. Reorganization of Old Libraries. — The Secretary visits libraries
already established to confer with the Librarian and Library Board
regarding methods of work and plans for further development.
While much information and advice may be given by letters and
circulars, personal visits are much more effective, as they invariably
give new impulse to the local work and enable the Secretary to
become familiar with library conditions in all parts of the State.
3. Library Statistics. — Every public library in the State, includ-
ing free public libraries, subscription libraries, school, college and
university libraries, Young Men's Christian Association, legal asso-
ciation, medical association, Supreme Court and State libraries, is
required by law to make an annual report to the Commission.
From the data thus secured the Commission compiles an annual
report of library conditions in North Carolina.
4. The North Carolina Library Bulletin. — This is a magazine of
20 pages, published quarterly. It is sent free to every library in
the State, and, upon application, to library trustees and to others
interested in library extension. The first issue appeared in De-
cember, 1909. Each number contains important library articles,
Library Commission 115
book lists, editorial notes, and general library news. It is intended
to serve as a means of communication with each and every library,
to bring the libraries into closer relation with one another, and,
in general, to increase the interest in libraries throughout the
State, and to improve the quality of their service to the public.
5. Traveling Libraries. — For the benefit of communities without
library facilities the Library Commission maintains a system of
free traveling libraries. A library contains from thirty-five to
forty volumes, about fifteen being fiction, fifteen children's books,
and the remaining volumes popular and attractive books of biog-
raphy, travel, science, etc. The books are shipped in a stout case
equipped with shelves so that it may be used as a bookcase when
it reaches its destination. The rules governing the loan of libra-
ries are as few and simple as possible. The application may be
signed by the president and secretary of a local library association,
by three residents, or by the officers of a Farmers' Union Local, a
Woman's Betterment Association, or a Community Service League.
Borrowers agree to pay the freight both from and to Raleigh, to
take good care of the books and to return them promptly, to make
good any loss or damage beyond reasonable wear and tear, and to
lend the books without charge to all responsible persons in the
community.
Traveling libraries containing only children's books have been
prepared especially for the use of schools. They contain books for
youngest readers, books for intermediate ?"**"•* ~™A hooks for mo*"*
advanced students.
Special collections of agricultural books are loaned to teacher*,
of agriculture for the school year.
6. Package Libraries. — Package libraries are of two kinds: The
Debate libraries, and the Study Club libraries. The Debate libraries
are carefully prepared collections on the political, social, and
economic questions which are being debated by schools and societies
throughout the State. They consist of books, pamphlets, and maga-
zine and newspaper articles. These little libraries contain the
best material available on a subject and as much as the ordinary
library would be able to furnish. Hence they are not lent to
individuals, but to schools and debating societies, and on condition
that all taking part in the debate have the use of the material.
Libraries are now available on 90 different subjects. These Debate
116 Administrative Departments
libraries not only furnish the best material available to schools
and societies which otherwise would have little or no material of any
kind, but they are also a very effective means of bringing the Com-
mission into close touch with the schools, and in many cases
the Commission is able to awaken interest in the improvement of
the school library or in the establishment of a traveling library
station in the community.
7. The General Loan Collection. — This is a miscellaneous collec-
tion of books on all subjects and it enables the Commission to send
books to individuals and to supplement the various fixed collections
so that they will meet the needs of each community and organiza-
tion to which they are lent. In order that citizens may secure books
as easily and as promptly as possible, they are sent in response to
applications signed by a teacher, minister, postmaster, county or
town official, or the officers of a book club, society, or other organi-
zation. The books from this section are lent for three weeks, and
the borrower pays the postage both from and to Raleigh.
S. Distribution of Library Literature. — In addition to the ~North
Carolina Library Bulletin, the following publications have been is-
sued and distributed by the Commission:
Free Traveling Libraries.
Clubwomen and Libraries.
Agriculture and Country Life.
North Carolina Package Libraries: Material for debate.
Select Bibliography of North Carolina, by Stephen B. Weeks.
How to Start a Public Library.
Material for Study Clubs.
Free Debate Libraries.
Other library literature, including tracts of the American Library
Association, book lists, building plans, etc., is sent out as required.
9. School Libraries. — The development of school libraries is a
special feature of the work. A close connection has been established
with the schools by giving advice on the care and use of school
libraries, assistance in starting the necessary records, and help in
he selection and purchase of books.
State Board of Health 117
members of the library commission.
Eugene C. Brooks, Acting Chairman Wake
Charles Lee Smith, Vice-Chairman Wake
Carrie L. Broughton, Treasurer Wake
Alfred M. Scales Guilford
Joseph P. Breedlove Durham
Mrs. W. C Leak Richmond
THE STATE HOARD OF HEALTH.
W. S. Rankin, M.D., Secretary and Treasurer, Raleigh.
members.
J. Howell Way. M.D., President Waynesville
Richard H. Lewis, M.D., LL.D., Raleigh
Thomas E. Anderson, M.D Statesville
A. J. Crowell, M.D Charlotte
Chas. O'H. Laughinghouse, M.D Greenville
Cyrus Thompson, M.D., Jacksonville
P. R. Harris. M.D Henderson
E. J. Tucker. D.D.S., Roxboro
Charles E. Waddell, C. E Asheville
Executive Staff.
W. S. Rankin, M.D., Secretary and Treasurer, and State Health
Officer.
Ronald B. Wilson, Assistant to the Secretary.
C. A. Shore, M.D., Director State Laboratory of Hygiene.
L. B. McBrayer, M.D., Director Bureau of Tuberculosis and Su
perintendent of the State Sanatorium for Treatment of Tuberculosis,
Sanatorium, N. C.
G. M. Cooper, M.D., Chiei of Bureau of Medical Inspection of
schools.
K. E. Miller, M.D., Chief of Bureau of County Health Work.
H. E. Miller, C.E., Chief of Bureau of Engineering and Inspection.
F. M. Register, M.D., Deputy State Registrar of Vital Statistics.
J. S. Mitchener, M.D., Chief of Bureau of Epidemology.
K. P. B. Bonner, M.D., Chief of Bureau of Maternity and Infancy.
US Administrative Departments
North Carolina today holds rank as one of the most healthful
States of the Union. For the past two years this State has main-
tained the highest birth rate, and at the same time has had a
death rate below the average death rate of the United States regis-
tration area which now comprises approximately eighty-two per cent
of the population of the country. Coincident with the tremendous
development during the years of the present century of agriculture
and industries has been an improvement in health conditions
no less remarkable.
On account of its geographic location the State has been espe-
cially susceptible to two semi-tropical diseases, malaria and hook-
worm. On account of its predominating rural population, typhoid
fever and other fecal-borne diseases have largely affected the
public health. Yet today hookworm disease is becoming rare in
the State; malaria is almost entirely confined to certain sections
as yet undrained or only partially developed agriculturally; and
typhoid fever has been removed as a major factor in the public
health.
The vital statistics records for the State as compared with
those of the nation show that North Carolina has made a greater
legree of improvsmss' In the health of its people since 1900 than
has the country as a whole. In 1900 the death rate for the entire
registration area was 17.6 per thousand of population. At that
time this State had no accurate records, but it is estimated that
the death rate was approximately 22 per thousand of population.
This very high death rate has been steadily decreased year by
year until 1921 the State had a rate of 11 per thousand of popu-
lation as compared with a rate of 12. S for the country as a whole.
This marked reduction in the death rate is the more noteworthy
when considered in connection with the high birth rate. In 1921
the latter was 33.3 per thousand of population for the second suc-
cessive year, being the highest rate in the United States. This
means an addition annually to the population of a large group
which is most susceptible to a number of fatal diseases. Despite
this large annual infant population, however, the mortality rate
among infants has been reduced, and the State ranks well toward
the top in this particular.
Tuberculosis, which holds a place throughout the world as one
of the major causes of death, in 1921 claimed more than a thou-
State Board of Health 119
sand less victims in this State than in 1914, the first year for
which dependable records are available. The total number of deaths
from this cause in 1921 was 2,641, giving the State a rate
of 98.4 per hundred thousand of population as compared with a rate
of 111.9 for the entire country. This enviable record was made in
spite of the fact that nearly five hundred deaths from this cause
were of non-residents, patients at government or private hospitals
maintained in North Carolina because of its excellent climatic
conditions. This rate for the State is far under that of any other
Southern State with the single exception of the State of Florida.
North Carolina today is perhaps the best sanitated State in the
United States, considering its predominant rural population. It
is the only State having State laws requiring the sanitary dis-
posal of human excreta. Practically the entire urban population is
now served with public water supplies and water sewerage. The
semi-urban, village, and a large portion of the rural population is
protected by a system of sanitary privies which are required to
be built and maintained in accordance with plans and specifica-
tions approved by the State Board of Health.
The State is served by a Board of Health consisting of nine
members, five appointed by the Governor and four elected by the
Medical Society of the State of North Carolina. The membership
now contains seven physicians, one civM engineer and one dentist.
The Board functions through its executive officer, the State Health
Officer, who in turn is assisted by experienced men placed in charge
of the following divisions of the work: Laboratory or hygiene;
sanatorium for the treatment of tuberculosis; vital statistics; medi-
cal inspection of schools; county health work; epidemiology; engi-
neering and inspection; maternity and infancy.
The work of the Board may be briefly summarized as follows:
The Board of Health supervises the quarantine of 44,000 cases of
contagious diseases annually; assists the medical profession in the
diagnosis, control and treatment of 6,500 cases of venereal diseases;
vaccinates with its own officers against typhoid fever and diphtheria
120,000 people annually and influences the vaccination by the
medical profession of not less than 75,000 others; supplies 25,000
closes of diphtheria vaccine at the cost of $6,000, which woul I
otherwise cost the people $75,000; furnishes $25,000 worth of
Pasteur treatments and 250,000 smallpox vaccinations; supplies
120 Administrative Departments
dental treatment to 25,000 school children; operates on 2,500 school
children for diseased tonsils and adenoids; treats 425 persons for
an average of four months for tuberculosis at the State Sanatorium
and advises 34,000 others with respect to the absence or presence
of tuberculosis and a proper course of treatment. The Board
also passes upon the designing and installation of more than a
million dollars' worth of water plants and sewerage systems an-
nually; supervises and assists in the operation of water and
sewage plants approximating in value $35,000,000, which serve
a population of 600,000; exercises sanitary inspection and direction
over the hotels and cafes of the State, jails, convict camps and
State institutions, and exercises sanitary control over 100,000 sur-
face closets. The Board has developed and participates in the
management of a system of county health work embracing 26
full-time county health departments and eleven full-time county
health nurses, serving fifty-five per cent of the State's popula-
tion. This system of local health work has attracted the atten-
tion of the entire world, representatives from South America,
Australia, and many European countries having been sent to the
State to study the system.
STATE BOARD OF CHARITIES AM) PUBLIC WELFARE
Mrs. Kate Burr Johnson, Commissioner.
In 1917 the General Assembly of North Carolina repealed the
law providing for the Board of Public Charities made mandatory
by the Constitution of 186S, which had been valuable as a stimu-
lating and developing agency, but was more or less hampered
by lack of funds and the legal authority to execute, and created
instead the "State Board of Charities and Public Welfare" with
enlarged powers and a more adequate appropriation. This Board
is composed of seven members, two of whose terms expire each
two years. The members of the Board are elected by the General
Assembly upon recommendation of the Governor. They serve
without pay, but receive necessary traveling expenses. The law
governing the operations of the Board is as follows:
"It shall have power to employ a trained investigator of social ser-
vice problems, who shall be known as the Commissioner of Public
Welfare, and to employ such other inspectors, officers, and agents
State Board of Charities 121
as it may deem needful in the discharge of its duties." (Par. 8,
sec. 5006, Consol. Stat.)
Its powers and duties as enumerated by the statute are:
"(a) To investigate and supervise through and by its own mem-
bers or its agents or employes the whole system of the charitable
and penal institutions of the State and to recommend such changes
and additional provisions as it may deem needful for their eco-
nomical and efficient administration.
"(b) To study the subjects of nonemployment, poverty, vagrancy,
housing conditions, crime, public amusement, care and treat-
ment of prisoners, divorce and wife desertions, the social evil
and kindred subjects and their causes, treament, and prevention,
and the prevention of any hurtful social condition.
"(c) To study and promote the welfare of the dependent and
delinquent child and to provide either directly or through a
bureau of the board for placing and supervision of dependent,
delinquent, and defective children.
"(d) To inspect and make report on private orphanages, institu-
tions, and persons receiving or placing children, and all such
persons, institutions and orphanages shall, before soliciting funds
from the public, submit to the State Board of Charities and Public
Welfare an itemized statement of the money received and expended
and of the work done during the preceding year, and shall not
solicit other funds until licensed by the State Board, said state-
ment of moneys received and expended and the work done to
be made each year as ordered by the State Board, and said
Board shall have the right to make all such information public.
"(e) To issue bulletins and in other ways to inform the public
as to social conditions and the proper treatment and remedies
for social evils.
"(f) To issue subpoenas and compel attendance of witnesses,
administer oaths, and to send for persons and papers whenever
it deems it necessary in making the investigation provided for
herein or in the other discharge of its duties, and to give such
publicity to its investigations and findings as it may deem best
for the public welfare.
"(g) To recommend to the Legislature social legislation and
the creation of necessary institutions.
L22 Administrative Departments
"(h) To all cud, either through its members or agencies, social
service conventions and similar conventions and to assist in pro-
moting all helpful publicity tending to improve social conditions
of the State, and to pay out of the funds appropriated to the
State Board, office expenses, salaries of employes, and all other
expenses incurred in carrying out the duties and powers herein-
before set out.
"Section 3916. The Board shall also give special attention to
the causes of insanity, defect or loss of the several senses, idiocy,
and the deformity or infirmity of the physical organization. They
shall, besides their own observation, avail themselves of corre-
spondence and exchange of facts of the labors of others in these
departments, and thus be able to afford the General Assembly
data to guide them in future legislation for the amelioration of
condition of the people, as well as to contribute to enlighten
public opinion and direct it to interests so vital to the prosperity
of the State. The State Board shall keep and report statistics of the
matters hereinbefore referred to and shall compile these reports
and analyze them with a view of determining and removing the
cause in order to prevent crime and distress.
"Six. 3917. The State Board shall have power to inspect county
jails, county homes, and all prisons and prison camps and other
institutions of a penal or charitable nature, and to require reports
from sheriffs of counties and superintendents of public welfare
and other county officers in regard to the conditions of jails
and almshouses, or in regard to the number, sex, age, physical and
mental condition, criminal record, occupation, nationality and
race of inmates, or such other information as may be required by
said State Board. The plans and specifications of all new jails
and almshouses shall, before the beginning of the construction there-
of, be submitted for approval to the State Board.
"Sec. 3918. The State Board shall biennially prepare and submit
to the General Assembly a complete and full report of its doings
during the preceding two years, showing the actual condition of
all the State institutions under its supervision with such sug-
gestions as it may deem necessary and pertinent, which shall be
printed by the State Printer, and shall report such other matters
as it may think for the benefit of the people of the State.
State Board of Charities 123
"Sec. 3919. Whenever the Board shall have reason to believe
that any insane person, not incurable, is deprived of proper remedial
treatment, and is confined in any almshouse or other place, whether
such insane person is a public charge or otherwise, it shall be
the duty of the said Board to cause such insane person to be
conveyed to the proper State hospital for the insane, there to re-
ceive the best medical attention. So also it shall be their care that
all the unfortunate shall receive benefit from the charities of the
State.
"Sec. 3930. The Board may require the superintendents or other
officers of the several charitable and penal institutions of the
State to report to them of any matter relating to the inmates of
such institutions, their manner of instruction and treatment, with
structure of their buildings, and to furnish them any desired
statistics upon demand. No person shall be appointed to any place
or position in any of the State institutions under the super-
vision of the State Board who is related by blood or marriage to
any member of the State Board or to any of the principal officers,
superintendents, or wardens of State institutions."
The law also provides that the Board shall appoint County Boards
of Public Welfare, to consist of three persons known to be interested
in social welfare, who shall assist the County Superintendent of
Public Welfare in carrying out plans in the counties. This Board
shall have power and right at any time to remove any member
of the county board.
An annual appropriation of twenty thousand dollars was made
by the General Assembly of 1921 to carry on the work of the State
Board.
Within the last year the work of the Board has been organized
under five Bureaus: Child Welfare, InsititutionaJ Supervision,
Mental Health and Hygiene, Promotion and Education, and County
Organization. A brief summary of the work that is being done
through these five bureaus is here given.
child welfare.
The work of the Bureau of Child Welfare is divided into two
divisions: (a) Case Work; (b) Supervision of Child-Caring In-
stitutions and Compulsory School Attendance.
124 Administrative Departments
(a) The Case Work Division has handled, approximately, 300
cases in the last six months (October, 1921- .May, 1922). Many
of these cases were those that the superintendents of public wel-
fare felt that they needed help with.
1 )uring the fourteen months ending with the fiscal year June
30, 1922. approximately 10,000 children have been handled by the
juvenile courts in the State. This estimate is made from reports
sent in by the superintendents of public welfare in fifty-five
counties where 6.42S children have been handled. The dispo-
sition of the cases that came before the court was as follows:
656 dismissed
1,630 returned home on probation
476 plated in temporary homes
725 placed in institutions
■17 adopted.
Social agencies differ so in the various counties that a solution
of a problem possible in one county is out of the question in
another. The majority of the cases deal with neglected or de-
pendent children, white and colored. Whenever possible, effort
is made to secure mother's aid through county help or charitable
organizations, looking toward the time when the State will pass
a bill providing for this necessity. In cases where children
lack a mother and must be provided with homes, effort is made to
place them in temporary or permanent homes in their own counties.
Building up this system is slow, as the idea of foster homes,
particularly temporary ones, is new.
A few urban counties are making plans for Receiving Homes
for their child problems. These homes are to be, not orphanages,
but clinics, temporary stopping places for children on their way
to permanent placements.
(b) Child-caring institutions for defectives, delinquents and de-
pendents are necessary adjuncts to the child welfare program.
North Carolina has five institutions for the care of its defec-
tives; two for its delinquents; 23 for its dependents; three rescue
homes and one child-placing society. Two of these are orphanages
for colored children. Licenses are granted to these institutions
once each year. It has been necessary for the State Board of
Charities and Public Welfare to close up two child-caring insti-
State Board of Charities 125
lutions and to refuse to license six organizations, and individuals
wishing to receive dependent children.
An intensive study has been made of twenty of the orphanages
this year with a view to obtaining a complete and accurate
account of the buildings and equipment, sanitary conditions, health
of the children, school work and general management of each
institution. A written report of each institution has been sent
to the members of the boards of trustees with such recommenda-
tions as would help to raise the standard of institutional manage-
ment and child care in the State.
(c) School Attendance: Superintendents of public welfare are the
chief school attendance officers in every county. Last year approxi-
mately 100,000 children of the compulsory school attendance age
were placed in school largely through the efforts of .superinten-
dents of public welfare. The school attendance work is done under
the direction of county and city boards of education, but a member
of the State Board of Public Welfare assists in adjusting cases
whenever called.
INSTITUTIONAL SUPERVISION.
This bureau has as its duties the inspection and supervision
of the State Prison system, county and city jails and chain gangs,
hospitals for the insane, county homes for the aged and infirm,
and other charitable institutions in the State.
Since the organization of the department into bureaus, within
the last year, aside from routine work the Bureau of Institutional
Supervision has undertaken two definite pieces of work. The
first is the study of poor relief in the State, including both the
county homes and outdoor relief. A rather elaborate questionnaire
has been sent to the county superintendents of public welfare;
a member of the staff of the Commissioner of Public Welfare has
visited a number of county homes; and Dr. H. W. Crane, head of
the Bureau of Mental Hygiene and Health, is making a study of the
mental condition of the inmates in a typical group of county
' homes. The result of the study will be carefully tabulated and
analyzed and should be valuable in determining the future policy
of the State in regard to the care of its poor.
The second piece of work is a study of the prison system of the
State. This study is being undertaken in cooperation with a com-
mittee appointed by the North Carolina Conference for Social
126 Administrative Departments
Service. This committee is studying various phases of our prison
situation such as: Provision for thorough mental and physical
examination of prisoners; a plan for the separate treatment
of different classes of prisoners; the need of a farm colony for
women ; living conditions in county and State road camps; county
jails, and municipal prisons; the honor system; better adminis-
tration of parole; met hods of selecting those placed in charge of
correctional institutions; adequate facilities for institutional train-
ing of youthful delinquents; and the employment of discharged
prisoners. Out of the deliberations of this committee, now en-
larged to include one hundred representative citizens of the State,
it is hoped will develop a complete and properly unified correctional
system for the State.
MENTAL HEALTH AND HYGIENE.
Established Oct. 1, 1921.
During the period covered by this report this Bureau has held
case conferences, conducted mental examinations, and suggested
disposition of cases. This type of service has been rendered private
individuals, the Red Coss, three different State institutions, three
county superintendents of public welfare, five public schools, and
three private orphanages. Conferences have also been held with
institution and public school officials in relation to more adequate
provision for the future recognition and care of abnormal and
subnormal individuals.
In connection with this work, 310 cases were studied by means
of the group examination method, while 253 cases were given indi-
vidual mental examinations. In addition, the Bureau is now engaged
in making a study of the mental status of the inmates of 10 represen-
tative county homes. At the present time 103 of the inmates of 7
of these county homes have been given individual examinations.
For most of these cases partial family history studies have also
been made. This study will be completed during the current year.
The Bureau is now formulating plans for the inauguration of a
system of registration of all cases of mental pathology and
other cases of dependency and delinquency. It is hoped that
such a system will supply information concerning present con-
ditions that will be of assistance in the guidance of the case
work of all social agencies, both private and public, within the
State Board of Charities 127
State. It should also provide data that may be the basis for
future study, enabling us to formulate more definite and successful
policies in our dealing with the above problems.
PROMOTION AND EDUCATION.
As the success of the public welfare work depends to a large
extent upon the interest and intelligent cooperation of the public,
every possible effort is made through bulletins and pamphlets on
special subjects, public talks, newspaper articles, and promotion
of county welfare days to inform the public of the work of the
State Board and also give the public an intelligent idea of our
social problems. The Board issues a monthly sheet, "The Public
Welfare Progress," to a mailing list of five thousand. Probably
one-fouj-th of the time of the members of the staff is spent in
conferences with both State and out of State people. North Caro-
lina's public welfare program has been the subject of such favor-
able comment generally that many people interested in social
problems visit the State for observation purposes. The University
School of Public Welfare and the State Board of Public Welfare
jointly hold special institutes each summer at the University for
the purpose of raising the standard of social work by bringing
together superintending of public welfare, institutional officials,
and other social workers in a two weeks' conference. Recognized
authorities on different phases of social work are secured for
the institutes in addition to members of the University staff and
State officials.
Subjects discussed at the conference are divided into three
classes: "Those having to do with general problems and policies
in relation to public welfare; those having to do with State and
county policy and public welfare administration; and those having
to do with specific problems and methods of work."
Howard W. Odum, Ph.D., Dean of the School of Public Welfare
of the University, is consulting expert of the State Board of
Charities and Public Welfare.
COUNTY ORGANIZATION.
Counties having a population of 32,000 or more by the census
of 1920 must have a whole-time superintendent of public welfare,
according to the law of 1921. Twenty-nine counties in the State
12S Administrative Departments
hare such a population, but two of these counties were exempted
for special reasons. Consequently, it is only mandatory that 27
counties have whole-time superintendents. Where a whole-time
superintendent is not appointed, the superintendent of public in-
struction must do the welfare work by virtue of his office with-
out additional salary, though he must be provided with a reasonable
expense fund and such extra clerical help as is needed to do the
work. At the time this article is written (December, 1922) fifty-four
counties have whole-time superintendents of public welfare, and
in several of the larger counties the superintendents have been
provided with assistants. County superintendents of public wel-
fare are appointed by the County Boards of Education and the
Boards of County Commissioners, these boards jointly paying the
superintendent's salary. No superintendent of public welfare can
serve until his appointment is approved by the State Board of
Charities and Public Welfare.
A great deal of time and effort on the part of the Commissioner
and the field agent of the State Board is spent in trying to interest
the counties in employing superintendents of public welfare and then
in finding the right type of person to serve in this capacity. In
most instances persons with no training for social work have been
appointed, consequently the staff of the State Board is at the
service of the superintendents as far as possible to assist them
in fulfilling the requirements of their offices. The keeping of
social records, case work, inspections of county institutions, pro-
bation, etc., were all more or less unknown to those who have
been appointed superintendents of public welfare, making it neces-
sary for the staff of the State Board to be a traveling teaching staff
to a great extent. The State Board also assists in organizing the
County Juvenile Courts, and has established a standard system of
record keeping for the latter.
The duties of a superintendent of public welfare are as follows:
(a) He shall be chief school attendance officer of the county.
(b) He shall be chief probation officer and with the County
Juvenile Court have oversight of dependent, neglected and delinquent
children under 16 years of age.
(c) He shall enforce the Child Labor laws.
(d) He shall have oversight, under the direction of the State
Board, of persons discharged from hospitals for the insane and
State Board of Charities 129
from other State institutions, and of all persons on probation or
parole.
(e) He shall have, under control of the County Commissioners,
the care and supervision of the poor, and administer the poor
funds.
(f)He shall act as agent of the State Board in relation to any
work to be done by the State Board within the county.
(g) He shall promote wholesale recreation in the county and
enforce such laws as regulate commercial amusement.
(h) He shall have, under direction of the State Board, over-
sight of dependent children placed in the county by the State.
(i) He shall assist the State Board in finding employment for
the unemployed.
(j) He shall investigate into the cause of distress, under the
direction of the State Board, and make such other investigations
in the interest of social welfare as the State Board may direct.
MEMBERS OF BOARD.
W. A. Blair, Chairman Winston-Salem
Carey J. Huxter, Vice-Chairman Raleigh
A. W. McAlister Greensboro
Rev. M. L. Kesler Thomasville
Mrs. Walter P. Woodward. . . Wilson
Mrs. Thomas W. Lingle Davidson
Mrs. J. W. Pless Marion
executive staff.
Mrs. Kate Burr Joiixsox Commissioner
Roy M. Brown Field Agent
Wiley B. Saxders Field Agent
Mary G. Shotwell Child Welfare
Emetii Tuttle 07? Aid Welfare
Harry W. Crane Mental Health and Hygiene
Nell Battle Lewis Secretary
Howard W. Odum Consulting Expert
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. C.
130 Administrative Departments
NORTH CAROLINA GEOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC SURYEY.
Joseph Hyde Pratt, Director and State Geologist, Chapel Hill, N. C.
The act establishing the North Carolina Geological and Economic
Survey was passed by the General Assembly of 1905. This act, with
subsequent acts, outlines in considerable detail the work with which
this department is charged. Briefly, the Survey is responsible for
carrying out the following work:
(1) The examination of the mineral, forest, fishery and other
resources of the State.
(2) The examination of the geological formations of the State
with reference to their economic products.
(3) The examination of road-building materials and the best
methods of utilizing same.
(4) The examination and classification of the soils and forests
and other physical features of the State, with special reference to
their bearing upon the occupations of the people.
(5) The examination of the streams and waterpowers of the
State, with special reference to their development in manufacturing
enterprises and the preservation of the sources of these streams
through the protection of the forests.
(6) The examination of the water supplies of the State, with
special reference to sinking deep artesian wells.
(7) Enforcement of all laws relating to the prevention of forest
fires and the protection of forests.
(8) The supervision of drainage districts organized under the
North Carolina Drainage Law, and approval of drainage engineers.
(9) To make such recommendations as may be considered advisa-
ble in regard to the conservation, protection and utilization of the
several natural resources of the State.
(10) Care and protection of Mt. Mitchell State Parks, and other
State parks.
(11) Supervise organization of Agricultural Development Districts.
(12) Cooperate with State Highway Commission in planting
trees along highways.
(13) To cooperate with the various Federal and State departments
and bureaus.
Geological and Economic Survey 131
(14) The preparation of reports giving the results of investiga-
tions conducted according to the above.
The Survey has been organized into divisions, with a competent
engineer in charge of each, who has detailed supervision of its work.'
These divisions and the chiefs of each are as follows:
Administrative and Records Division, Joseph Hyde Pratt, director.
Geological and Mining Division, W. F. Prouty, Geologist.
Forestry Division, J. S. Holmes, State Forester.
Water Resources Division, Thorndike Saville. Hydraulic Engineer.
Drainage and Reclamation Division, Joseph Hyde Pratt, Engineer.
Mapping Division, Prof. T. F. Hickerson, Topographic Engineer.
Biological Division, W. C. Coker, Botanist.
State Forests and Parks Division, Joseph Hyde Pratt.
On account of limited appropriations of the Survey only a few of
the engineers and scientists can be employed for their full time,
many of them devoting only a few months in the year to the work.
The Survey has had the most hearty cooperation with the various
Federal bureaus, such as the United States Geological Survey, the
United States Bureau of Public Roads, the United States Coast and
Geodetic Survey, the United States Forest Service, the United States
Fisheries Commission, the National Association of Audubon Socie-
ties, the American Association of State Highway Officials, and
various State associations, such as the North Carolina Good Roads
Association, the North Carolina Drainage Association, and the
North Carolina Forestry Association.
GEOLOGICAL AND MINING DIVISION.
The geological work carried on by this division during the past
two years has consisted principally of investigations of the brown
iron ores, Western North Carolina, coal deposits of the Deep River
region of Chatham, Moore and Lee counties, oil in the Coastal Plain
region and in Triassic formation, talc deposits and clay deposits
of the State.
The report on the cretaceous formation of the Coastal Plain
region has been completed. Part I has already been printed;
Parts II and III are ready for the printer but lack of funds has
prevented their publication. This is being published as Volume V,
132 Administrative Departments
Parts I, II and III of the Survey's publications. This report,
together with Volume III on the general geology of the Coastal
Plain region, is of special interest to those who are interested in
the water resources of Eastern North Carolina, in its lime and
marl deposits, and to those interested in the supposed occurrence
of oil.
Bulletin No. on Brown Iron Ores and Bulletin No. — on
Magnetic Iron Ores of Winston, N. C, and Eastern Tennessee have
been completed but lack of funds prevents their publication.
Statistics relating to the production of the various minerals and
ores of the State were collected in cooperation with the United
States Geological Survey. Mineral specimens from various sections
of the State have been tested and reported on. While the majority
of these specimens are of little value commercially, occasionally
one is sent in which either has a commercial value or is of scientific
interest. Through this means deposits of commercial minerals
have been located which have proved to be of considerable value.
The .following publications have been printed during the past
two years relating to mineral subjects:
Economic Paper No. 49, "The Mining Industry in North Carolina
During 1913-1917, Inclusive."
Press Bulletin No. 170, "The Mining Industry in North Carolina
During 1918."
The State Geologist has been assisted in this work by Prof. W. S.
Bayley, Geologist; Prof. Win. F. Prouty, Geologist; Mr. M. R.
Campbell, Geologist; Mr. Jasper L. Stuckey and Mr. K. K. Kimball,
Assistant Geologists, and Mr. Stanley C. Sears, Metallurgical Engi-
neer.
FORESTRY DIVISION.
The forestry work of the Survey is to examine, study, and report
on the forest resources of the State in their relation to the life and
activities of the people. Through the action of the 1915 Legislature,
there has been added the duty of protecting the forests from fire
and of making experiments in forestry practice for the benefit
of the people of the State. Studies of the forest resources of the
various counties, of the wood-using industries of the State, and of
various other features have been made. Many private woodland
tracts have been examined and advice for their conservative manage-
Geological and Economic Survey 133
ment given to the owners. Illustrated lectures have been given at
the public schools and talks on practical forest management made
at Farmers' Institutes and on many other occasions.
The most important forestry work of the Survey has been in
connection with the prevention of forest fires. With the idea of
securing reliable information on the damage done by fires and at
the same time interesting leaders of thought in each township in
fire prevention, annual inquiries by correspondence have been carried
on for the past thirteen years. The results show an average
annual loss of over $750,000 as a result of forest fires.
The Forestry Law, enacted by the Legislature of 1915, provided for
the extinguishment and prevention of forest fires through the em-
ployment of competent forest wardens, payment for fire fighting,
and penalties for setting illegal fires. The General Assembly of 1921
authorized counties to cooperate with the survey in protecting their
forested area from fire. Unfortunately, the adequate enforcement
of this law and cooperation with the counties has been delayed
owing to lack of funds.
By reason of the enactment of these laws, the State Geologist has
been enabled to secure from the Federal Government a sum not
exceeding $12,000, a year for the purpose of employing wardens
under the Weeks Law. There is now available $24,000 per year for
this purpose if the State will furnish funds to enable the Survey to
meet it.
Through the enactment of these laws the Survey has been en-
abled to take advantage of the cooperation offered by the Forest
Service under the Weeks Law in the protection of the State's
forests from fire. During the past year there was allotted to North
Carolina on a 50% basis $25,000, but on account of lack of funds
the Survey had only $12,000 to use for this work, and therefore
could not take up the full $25,000. During the next fiscal year
the State is offered $24,000 if it can meet this sum with an
equal amount. There are now employed for what time is necessary
for patrolling and protection of the forests 140 forest wardens.
These men have done splendid work not only by actually pre-
venting and extinguishing fires but by forming centers of informa-
tion and activity which will bear good fruit in the future.
134 Administrative Departments
An item in the Agricultural Bill recently introduced into Con-
gress calls for an appropriation of $1,000,000 for cooperating with
the State in forest fire prevention, forest investigation and forest
planting. This measure has the endorsement of the Secretary of
Agriculture, the U. S. Forest Service, and several of the leading
timber-using industries. Should this measure pass, the Forest
Service proposes under it to make apportionments to the States
on a percentage basis of what it would cost to adequately protect
all the forests of the State from fire. After some one-half of the
total annual appropriation had been apportioned in this way, addi-
tional amounts up to 2r> per cent of the total cost might be secured
on condition that the State should require by law measures neces-
sary to insure the replacement of the forest. The restrictions of
the present Weeks Law would probably be removed. Under such
an arrangement North Carolina should be able to secure from the
Federal Government as much as $50,000 to $75,000 per year.
Under the law of 1915 (Chapter 253), the General Assembly
recognized the duty of the State to experiment in and demonstrate
practical methods of forestry. One of the most pressing needs at
the present time is experiments to determine the best ways of
reforesting the non-agricultural lands of the different regions of
the State. A start has been made on the spruce lands in Mitchell
Park, but a definite appropriation is needed to put these experi-
ments on a practical basis, and appropriations are necessary for the
purchase of more land for this purpose.
In order to interest the people of North Carolina in better forest
protection and to educate the young people, and especially the
children, in a better understanding and wiser use of our natural
resources, the Survey has cooperated with a number of organiza-
tions where such cooperation would help. Much of our most effec-
tive work in education has been accomplished through the Con-
servation Department of the State Federation of Women's Clubs.
Realizing that the greater part of the forest area of North
Carolina is included in farms, the Survey has devoted a great deal
of -attention to the study of farm forestry and the assisting of
farmers in the better management of their woodlands.
Geological and Economic Survey 135
The Survey has assisted the North Carolina Forestry Association
very materially by helping to organize and hold annual forestry con-
ventions which, besides their interest for the delegates who attended,
have a wide influence on public opinion throughout the State.
The Forestry Division of the Survey has before it a large and
increasing field of usefulness. Reconstruction following the war
must take into consideration the adjustment of supply and demand
as regards our forest resources. The study of the timber condi-
tions of the various counties, which up to the present include all
the mountain and Piedmont counties, must be extended to the
Coastal Plain counties.
The children of our schools and students of our colleges should
understand the problems with which they will eventually have
to deal. The Survey must continue to furnish speakers, publica-
tions, articles for the press, and other information, and be ready
at all times to assist the citizens of the State and those who would
become so in the forestry problems confronting them. Experi-
ments must be conducted in order to have definite and practical
information available; and, for these, the State should have at least
one Experiment Forest in each of the forest regions. The planting
of trees along our improved highways will become an important
public activity, and State nurseries should be maintained to fur-
nish at cost planting stock both for shade trees and for farm
planting. The protection of the forest lands of the State from
fire, must be carried out with efficiency and economy.
In order to emphasize the value of the forests of North Carolina
and their need of protection by the State and the necessity of the
General Assembly passing adequate legislation and making sufficient
appropriations for protecting this valuable natural resource, there
is given below an estimated amount and value of standing timber,
young forest growth in North Carolina, and the damage from
forest fires during the past ten years.
136
Administrative Departments
ESTIM \TI!) VMOUNT AND VALUE OF STANDING TIMBER IN NORTH
CAROLINA SUITABLE FOR SAW TIMBER, H20
Mountain
Region
Piedmont
Region
Total areas, acres
Ana forested
4.150,000
if) ,000
a? ,800 ,000
- " )0,000
842,000,000
b300,000
900,000
36,000,000
9,100,000
848,000,000
12,850,000
7 ,200 ,000
c4 ,200 ,000
Hardwood forest:
Area
Total stand 1.000-ft
2,930 000
Value
Softuood /ored:
Area
814,650,000
d2 ,400 ,000
4,160,000
S20 800 000
Total stand, 1.000-ft
Value .
Total stand, 1 ,000-f t
7,090,000
835,450,000
Total value.
Coastal
Plain Region
14,190,000
10,800,000
2,500,000
6,000,000
$24 ,000 ,000
f8 ,300 ,000
12,000,000
360,000,000
18,000,000
384,000,000
Total
State
31,190,000
21,130,000
9 ,500 ,000
17,430,000
3 80 ,650 ,000
11,000,000
16,760,000
S86,800,000
34,190,00 0
8157,450,000
Note.
a. Includes mixed hardwood and softwood forests.
b. Spruce forests only.
c. Includes mixed hardwood and pine forests.
d. Second growth or old field pine forests.
e. Chiefly hardwood swamps.
f. Includes both longleaf and shortleaf pine forests.
ESTIMATED VALUE OF YOUNG FOREST GROWTH IN NORTH CAROLINA, 1920
Total area, in acres in region.
Forested area
Hardwood forest area
Area not producing.
Merchantable timber area
Area young growth.. ,
Value young growth ..
Softwood forest area
Area not producing.
Merchantable timber area
Area young growth
Value young growth
Total value young growth
Mountain
Region
4
3
2
1
a2
S37
,150,000
,130,000
,800,000
300,000
,000 ,000
,500 ,000
,500,000
300,000
260,000
40,000
Piedmont
Region
,500,000
12,800,000
7,200,000
4,200,000
200 ,000
1,000,000
a4 ,000 ,000
360 ,000 ,000
2,400,000
160,000
240,000
2 ,000 ,000
340 ,000 ,000
8100,000,000
Coastal
PlainRegiou
14,000,000
10,800,000
2,500,000
1,200,000
1 ,300 ,000
813,000,000
8,300,000
3,300,000
2,900,000
2,100,000
342 ,000 ,000
855 ,000 ,000
State
30,950,000
21,130,000
9,500,000
500,000
3,200,000
7,800,000
3110,500,000
11,000,000
3,720,000
3,180,000
4,100,000
S82 ,000 ,000
3192,500,000
a. Includes some areas on which there is mature timber.
Geological and Economic Survey 137
STATEMENT OF DAMAGE BY FOREST FIRES.
throughout State for ten-year period, 1910 1919, inclusive, as reported annually by township
correspondents.
Total forested area of State - 20,000,000
Total number acres forest land burnt over 3 ,949 ,000
Total value timber destroyed S 2,140,000
Total value young growth destroyed.. .. 3 ,561 ,000
Total value forest products destroyed- _ 3,856,000
Total value improvements destroyed 1 ,023 ,000
Grand total value of all damage reported 10,810,000
SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS.
The Survey has been cooperating with the U. S. Forest Service
through the Appalachian Forest Experiment Station in carrying
forward several studies concerning the distribution and growth
of our forest trees. The field work on the study of juniper or
white cedar, which was begun in 1921, has recently been completed.
A popular handbook on this tree by the Survey and a more tech-
nical one by the Station will be published at an early date.
Weather records are being kept on the summit of Mt. Mitchell
by the Forest Warden in charge for the use of the Station in its
study of the relation of climate to fire risk. This is the highest
weather observation station in the Eastern United States.
Assistance also has been furnished the Station in its study of
second growth yellow poplar; and in its preparation of its report
on "Public Requirements on Forest Lands and Desirable Forestry
Practice."
In 1923 seeding and planting experiments on cut and burned over
spruce lands will be begun under the same auspices.
WATER EESOURCES DIVISION.
The work of this division consists of investigations carried on
under the following heads:
1. Water Powers.
Gauging Stations.
2. Water Supply for Cities and Towns.
Mountain Region.
Piedmont Region.
Coastal Plain Region.
3. Protection of Watersheds.
13S Administrative Departments
Water Powers.— Notwithstanding the larger developments that
have been made by the Southern Power Company, Aluminum Com-
pany of America, and the Carolina Power and Light Company, there
is still a very much larger demand for power in the various cities
and towns of the State than can be supplied by these companies.
After the preliminary investigations have been made and it has
been ascertained whether or not a certain amount of power can be
developed, the final examination or preparation of plans for its de-
velopment are not made by the Survey, but the city or corporation
is referred to competent hydraulic engineers in private life to take
up this work for them.
The State Survey is cooperating with the Federal Survey in oper-
ating gauging stations and in making discharge measurements on
several streams and rivers in Western and Piedmont North Caro-
lina. The Federal Government is cooperating heartily with the Sur-
vey in this work.
Protection of Watersheds. — The protection of watersheds from a
sanitary standpoint is worked out by Mr. Saville, hydraulic engineer,,
and the protection of the forest areas on the watersheds or their
reforestation is carried on under the supervision of Mr. Holmes,
the Forester.
A map is being prepared showing the transmission lines of the
various power companies. The power companies have been very
generous in supplying the Survey with information regarding their
transmission lines and the character of the power development of
their several sites.
In order to obtain the information and data desired as early as
possible and also to be able to give to the counties and municipali-
ties information they need regarding their water powers and water
supplies, the Survey, in carrying out its water resources survey of
the State, is cooperating with the counties and municipalities in
making the survey of their areas on a 50 per cent basis.
The following figures regarding water powers in North Carolina
and the amount that is being utilized illustrate strikingly the need
for this water power survey of the several counties:
Geological and Economic Survey 139
The total developed hydro-electric power in the State is now dis-
tributed about as follows:'
Horsepower.
Southern Power Company and subsidiaries 63,000
Carolina Power and Light Company 35,500
Aluminum Company of America 185,000
Blue Ridge Power Company 8,000
Roanoke Rapids Power Company 6,000
North Carolina Power Company 7,750
Other developments, amount 54,750
360,000
Of this power, the 8,000 horsepower at Tuxedo by the Blue Ridge
Power Company is transmitted for use in Spartansburg, South
Carolina. The 93,000 produced by the Aluminum Company of Amer-
ica at Badin is used in the local reduction of aluminum, and the
72,000 horsepower at Cheoah is transmitted for a similar use in
Tennessee. Thus, only some 131,000 horsepower, or about 40 per
cent of all the power developed in the State, is available for general
industrial and commercial use.
There is still undeveloped water power in the State that will
aggregate one million horsepower, and at least 2,000,000 with storage,
and it is to bring about the development of this water power and
its utilization that the Survey is urging sufficient appropriations for
making the water resources survey of the State.
A district engineer's office has been established at Asheville in
cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey, which is mainly for
the Water Resources Division of these two Surveys. It is however,
used as a general office for advertising the work of the two Sur-
veys and for distributing publications and giving out information
regarding the resources of the Southern Appalachian Region.
DRAINAGE AND RECLAMATION DIVISION.
Since the passage of the North Carolina Drainage Act by the
General Assembly of 1909 there have been 146 projects organized or
proposed under this Act. Of this number 51 were districts embracing
overflowed lands of Burke, Cabarrus, Catawba, Cleveland, Davidson,
Forsyth, Gaston, Guilford, Iredell, Lincoln, Mecklenburg, Moore,
Rockingham and Rowan Counties of the Piedmont region, and
140 Administrative Departments
Henderson County of the Mountain region; and 91 projects have in-
cluded the swamp lands of Beaufort, Bladen, Camden, Carteret,
Chowan, Columbus, Craven, Cumberland, Currituck, Duplin, Edge-
combe, Harnett, Hyde, New Hanover, Onslow . Pamlico, Pender,
Perquimans, Pitt, Robeson, Sampson, Tyrrell, Washington, Wayne
and Wilson Counties of the Coastal Plain region. Of these 146
projects, 75 districts, representing 615,000 acres, have been completed
and the lands drained; 15 districts have been approved; 64 districts
have been proposed and are either in the preliminary stages of
organization or are held up for one cause or another; 9 projects
have been abandoned as not feasible at the present time.
Of this reclaimed acreage, approximately 30,000 acres are reclaimed
overflowed lands of the Piedmont region which before its reclamation
was not worth, as producing land, over $25 per acre, but is now
worth from $100 to $200 per acre. At an average value of $100
per acre it would make the value of this land now $300,000, or an
increase of $225,000. The market value of the 585,000 acres of re-
claimed swamp lands is at least $50 per acre, making the total
minimum value of these reclaimed swamp lands $29,250,000. Be-
fore their reclamation these lands were not valued at more than
$2 per acre and a great deal of the land was on the tax books at 50
cents or less per acre. Estimating its previous value at $2 per acre,
or a total of $1,170,000, this makes a gain to the State in the value
of the reclaimed swamp lands of $28,080,000, at a cost of not over
$75,000 to the State.
There are still approximately 2,000,000 acres of swamp lands in
the Coastal Plain region of North Carolina, of which at least 1,250,-
000 acres represents land that can be drained and when drained
will make very productive agricultural land. The soil of the balance
of the swamp areas is more peaty in character and not so susceptible
to profitable drainage at the present time.
The Survey has cooperated and organized the work of the North
Carolina Drainage Association, and with it has arranged for
annual conventions, which were held at Elizabeth City, N. C, in 1921,
and at Goldsboro, N. C. in 1922. These are the first meetings held
by the Association since the beginning of the war
On account of lack of funds the Survey has not been able to carry
out as full a program as it is desired in connection with the exam-
ination of proposed drainage districts, and assisting the districts
Geological and Economic Survey 141
in developing the reclaimed lands and bringing settlers to take up
these lands.
The Survey has cooperated with the National Drainage Congress
in the conventions held in 1921 at St. Paul, Minn., and in 1922 at
Kansas City. At the St. Paul convention the Survey had a
rather elaborate exhibit illustrating the reclamation work in this
State. The cost of making the exhibit was defrayed largely by sub-
scriptions from various drainage districts.
The Survey has kept in touch with all legislation relating to
drainage and has published and widely distributed copies of the
North Carolina Drainage Law and amendments, together with a
book of forms for use in the organization of drainage districts.
Many requests have been received for this book of forms from people
interested in drainage in other States.
MAPPING DIVISION.
The work of this Division includes the preparation of the various
maps of the State, and can be summarized as follows:
1 — Base Map
2 — Topographic Map
3 — Traverse Map
4 — Geological Map.
(1) Base Map. — A base map of the State was prepared by the
Survey in cooperation with the U. S. Geological Survey in 1911.
This is used in the preparation of all the other maps and also used
for special maps which are to show transmission lines of power
companies, railroad lines; forest areas; highways, etc. This base
map has to be corrected from time to time as new railways are
constructed, county lines changed, canals constructed, etc. A
revision of this base map has been made and is ready for publication.
(2) Topographic Map. — The most valuable map to the State is
the topographic map. This is also the most expensive to prepare.
This map is being made in cooperation with the U. S. Geological
Survey, but only as rapidly as the State will cooperate with the
Federal Survey. The States that cooperate will be the first to be
mapped, and in a recent communication from the Chairman of the
Board of Surveys and Maps of the Federal Government he states:
142 Administrative Departments
I am advised by the Geological Survey that the least workable
appropriation which should be asked for is $5,000, for the reason
that, on a dollar for dollar basis, such an appropriation, matched
by an equal amount from the Government, will serve to survey
one regular quadrangle. During the coming two years, $25,000 per
year will be available to the State for this purpose if the State
will appropriate an equal amount.
The State should, if possible, provide for a sufficient amount
so that it can cooperate to the limit of $25,000 a year with the
Federal Survey. Such a topographic map of the whole State would
be of inestimable value to the State Highway Commission in its
highway work; to the Survey and power companies in water power
investigations; to railway corporations in their location work;
and to the Survey and mining companies in preparation of geologi-
cal maps of different areas.
(3) Traverse Map. — There is a continual demand for traverse
maps of the various counties which would be on a much larger
scale than the State map and would show in more detail certain
conditions of the county and location of houses than can ba shown
on the smaller scale maps. The traverse maps would not show
the topography unless this had already been prepared in con-
nection with the topographic map, but would show township
lines, county lines, railways, streams, swamp areas, forest areas,
cities and towns, schoolhouses, churches, and all houses in the
country. These maps are somewhat expensive to prepare as all
the roads and streams are actually traversed as in the prepara-
tion of a topographic map. The map, however, when completed,
is of inestimable value to county commissioners, county road com-
missioners and county superintendents of schools. The traverse
map is also necessary in preparing the county soil maps which are
made by the Department of Agriculture.
(4) Geological Map. — The Survey has nearly completed a new
geological map of the State which will show in considerable detail
the various geological formations. Several special geological maps
have been published of -different portions of the State, as the
Coastal Plain region, mountain region, and certain sections of the
Piedmont area.
Geological and Economic Survey 143
biological division.
The work that comes under this Division is investigations relat-
ing to fish and oysters, birds, plants, mushrooms, etc.
There is a great need for adequate legislation for the protection
of our fish and game, and a,s soon as such legislation is passed
there will be many problems that should be investigated by the
State in connection with the use and propagation of fish and game.
Very little effort has been made to determine what is the actual
value to the State of North Carolina of its waters from a stand-
point of the game fish that they contain, and the Survey is now
investigating this question.
Dr. W. C. Coker has prepared for the Survey an elaborate manu-
script, thoroughly illustrated, on "The Mushrooms of North Caro-
lina." It. has been impossible to publish this report on account of
lack of funds. Portions of this have been published in the Journal
of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, but it is not available to
the people of the State as it should be, and therefore the people
are losing the value of this work. Dr. Coker and his assistants
are now at work investigating and preparing for publication a
glossary of the plants of North Carolina.
Hatcheries for supplying fish for the streams and lakes of
Western and Piedmont North Carolina can be operated and made
of economic value to the State. The Beaufort* laboratory, which was
established by the Federal Government, largely through the in-
fluence of the North Carolina Survey, offers a splendid opportunity
for investigation and study of problems relating to the marine
fisheries. It is believed that it would be money well invested for
the State to maintain a permanent investigator at the Beaufort
Laboratory, and such assistants as may be necessary to carry on
investigations relating to the development of the various fish
industries of the States.
STATE FORESTS AND PARKS DIVISION.
Mt. Mitchell State Park. — The General Assembly of 1921 turned
over to the North Carolina Geological and Economic Survey the
care, protection and administration of the Mt. Mitchell State Park;
* The land upon which the Beaufort Laboratory is located was purchased by
the Survey with funds collected from various institutions and presented to the
Federal Government.
144 Administrative Departments
also transferring to the Survey all the rights, powers, duties and
obligations of the Mt. Mitchell Park Commission and the Mitchell
Peak Park Commission, the acts creating these two commissions
having been repealed. The Survey maintains a^ warden on the
Park, who looks after the protection of the forested area of the
Park from fire, the construction of trails and cooperates with the
wardens of the National Forests in the general protection of the
forests of that area from fire.
A lookout has been constructed on the summit of Mt. Mitchell
for use in forest protection work. The automobile road which was
constructed to Camp Alice, about one-half mile below the summit
i t Mt. Mitchell, has made it possible for people to visit the Park
in large numbers. During the past summer over 17,000 people visited
Mt. Mitchell State Park. This means additional expense in the
protection and care of the Park. This Park, which cost originally
$18,600.00, has more than doubled in value since its purchase.
There are other areas in North Carolina which contain natural
attractions which should be preserved for posterity, and it is be-
lieved that the only method by which this can be done is through
State or Federal ownership, preferably State ownership. Among
such areas that should be given serious consideration are: Linville
Gorge, Burke County; Grandfather Mountain, Avery and Watauga
Counties; White Side Mountain, in Jackson County; and certain
portions of the banks along the Atlantic coast line, as Fort Macon,
Kitty Hawk, etc.
GEOLOGICAL HOARD.
Governor Cameron Morrison, ex officio Chairman. . .Raleigh
Frank R. Hewitt Asheville
C. C. Smoot. Ill North Wilkesboro
Jonx H. Small Washington
S. Westray Battle Asheville
Joseph Hyde Pratt. Director and state Geologist, Chapel HiU
STATE HIGHWAY COMMISSION.
Frank Page, Chairman.
The State Highway Commission is composed of nine District
Commissioners and the Chairman, known as the State Highway
Commissioner, and who is the executive head of the organization
State Highway Commission 145
The Commission has charge of the expenditure of funds provided
by the $50,000,000 bond issue and of all Federal Aid funds. It
also has control of the construction and maintenance of the State
Highway System made up of approximately 6,100 miles of road
connecting the county seats and principal towns of the State.
The Chairman, Mr. Frank Page, is a full time officer and has
under his direction the organization described below.
ASSISTANT TO CHAIRMAN
H. V. Joslin is assistant to the Chairman and handles certain
administrative matter and correspondence of a non-technical nature.
In addition to this his duties involve matters pertaining to con-
tracts, the purchase of cement, pipe, steel, and other materials
purchased by the Commission for use in road construction.
LEGAL DEPARTMENT.
W. L. Cohoon, of Elizabeth City, is the attorney for the Com-
mission and handles all matters of a legal nature, particularly those
involving court proceedings.
PURCHASING DEPARTMENT.
All purchases of any nature are made through this department
of which W. S. Fallis, as Purchasing Agent, is head. By handling
these purchases through a central point much labor is saved and
a large amount of money saved to the State each year.
ACCOUNTING DEPARTMENT.
This department is in charge of Homer Peele, an experienced
auditor who, with an able staff of assistants, has charge of all
receipts and disbursements, including Federal Aid funds. All
matters involving the handling of funds pass through this de-
EQUIPMENT DEPARTMENT.
Charles D. Farmer, Superintendent of Motor Equipment, is in
charge of this department, one of the most important branches of
the Commission. All of the automotive equipment required in the
work of the Commission is kept up by this department and all
road building material and equipment received from the Federal
Government as surplus war material is stored at the depot until
10
146 Administrative Departments
such time as it is needed. The depot is located on Route 10,
about four miles west of Raleigh, occupying about 12 acres.
PTJBLN VI'IOX AND STATISTICS.
This department is in charge of H. K. Witherspoon, Project
Engineer. The work of the department includes the keeping of
tabulated records of the various projects throughout the State
and other information of a statistical nature; the editing and com-
piling of the Biennial Report; the publication and distribution
of route maps and road information; the photographic work of
the Commission; and the furnishing of information to those inter-
ested in the work of the Commission. A monthly magazine en-
titled, "The Highway Bulletin," is published by this department.
ENGINEERING.
The Engineering Department of the Commission is also under
the supervision of the State Highway Commissioner, but is di-
rectly in charge of Charles M. Upham, State Highway Engineer.
ROAD DEPARTMENT.
The senior Road Engineer, George F. Syme, has charge of the
preparation of plans and estimates for all road work. In this
department about twenty-five draftsmen and computers are em-
ployed in preparing plans, checking estimates, and in other work
incidental to letting of contracts.
BRIDGE DEPARTMENT.
The work of designing and preparing plans for all bridges neces-
sary in State Highway Construction is under the supervision of
W. L. Craven, senior Bridge Engineer. This department is thorough-
ly organized and is capable of preparing plans and estimates for
any type or size of bridge.
In addition to the drafting force of the department there are
several bridge repair forces which reconstruct and maintain a
number of bridges which were taken over by the Commission.
PRINCIPAL LOCATING ENGINEER.
0. B. Bestor, as principal Locating Engineer, has charge of all
location surveys on the State Highway System. A very efficient
State Highway Commission 147
organization has been worked up in this department and has been
the means of saving thousands of dollars to the State.
CONSTRUCTION ENGINEERS.
With a view to obtaining better construction on hard sur-
faced roads and bridges, six construction engineers, all experienced
in their line, were appointed as follows: Messrs. C. N. Conner,
W. E. Hawkins, and G. E. McNutt, on concrete paving; Messrs.
E. R. Olbrich and E. E. Strohm on asphaltic concrete work; and
Messrs. C. N. Conner and 0. F. Yont on concrete bridge work. These
engineers visit the various jobs at intervals and see that the most
efficient methods are being used and the best results obtained.
MAINTENANCE SUPERINTENDENT.
J. B. Clingman, Maintenance Supervisor, exercises general super-
vision over the maintenance work in the State and acts in an
advisory capacity to the District Maintenance Engineers.
TESTS AND INVESTIGATIONS.
G. W. Hutchinson is in charge of this department which con-
ducts tests and investigations of materials used, and available for
use, in road construction. In addition to maintaining two labora-
tories in Raleigh this department has inspectors stationed at
various mills from which materials are shipped; conducts a material
survey in the State and operates a core-drill on the hard sur-
faced roads, as they are laid, for the purpose of obtaining test
specimens.
DISTRICT ENGINEERS.
There are nine District Engineers, as outlined in the report
of district construction. These engineers have charge of all work
in their respective districts, each district being practically an in-
dividual unit as far as organization is concerned, but at the same
time being under the State Highway Engineer.
NORTH CAROLINA STATE HIGHWAY SYSTEM.
North Carolina is fast becoming the "Good Roads State" of the
Union. People in the State are talking about it, people outside the
State are enthusiastic. From one end to the other there is activity
with road machines, and scattered around at frequent intervals are
148 Administrative Departments
"Detour Here" signs that mean another road is being added to North
Carolina's fast growing network of highways.
The State has been "pulled out of the mud" in the last few years
by the work of a splendidly organized Highway Commission, by the
public sentiment behind road building, and by appropriations and
legislation passed by the Legislature. The public sentiment, en-
couraged by the way people were beginning to praise North Carolina
roads, grew fast, and it was not long before roads became the
subject of conversation in every city and cross road village. It
became an issue with the Legislature, and the Legislature made possi-
ble the money that is now being so rapidly converted into more
money, convenience for the people, and fame for the State.
There are in the State at present approximately 50,000 miles of
roads and from this mileage there has been set aside about 6,000
miles of highways which is designated as the State Highway
System and which connects all of the county seats and principal
towns by the most practicable route. When contemplated improve-
ments are completed the State will have as fine a system of roads
as can be found anywhere. A brief history of highway work will
show perhaps more clearly than by any other means the rapid
strides that have been made in the last few years toward "putting
North Carolina on the right track."
The State Highway Commission of North Carolina was first ap-
pointed by Governor Locke Craig in accordance with the provisions
of Chapter 113 of the Public Laws of 1915, in anticipation of the
passage of the Federal Road Act in 1916; but since the appropria-
tion provided was only $10,000.00 with which to carry out the
provisions of the Act, the Commission could only act in an advisory
capacity to the various county and township boards throughout the
State. The members of this Commission were as follows: Governor
Locke Craig, Chairman; Dr. Joseph Hyde Pratt, Secretary; Dr.
W. C. Riddick, Prof. T. P. Hickerson, Col. Bennehan Cameron, E. C.
Duncan and Guy V. Roberts. The General Assembly of 1917
made no change either in the Commission or in the law creating
it except to set aside the funds collected from automobile license fees,
as provided in Chapter 107 of the Public Laws of 1913, as a main-
tenance fund to provide for the upkeep of the State System of
roads.
At this time little could be done towards building new roads,
but a great deal was accomplished by educating the people of the
State Highway Commission 149
State to the need for good roads and the many benefits to be
derived therefrom.
Real highway construction may be said to have begun with
the passage of the 1919 Highway Law (Chapter 189, Public Laws,
1919) in which fees for automobile licenses were increased suffi-
ciently to provide funds to meet more nearly adequately Federal
aid funds allotted by the Government.
By the terms of this law one-fourth of the cost of constructing
a road on the State System was furnished by the county in which
the road was located, one-fourth from the State Highway Fund,
and one-half from Federal aid funds. A new Commission was ap-
pointed, consisting of Frank Page of Aberdeen, Chairman, and W. S.
Fallis, State Highway Engineer under the former commission, re-
mained in this capacity. During the two years that this Commission
functioned under the law of 1919 approximately 200 miles of
improved highways were completed at a cost of $2,464,000, and
650 miles, estimated to cost $9,730,000, were placed under con-
struction. Except for paying a portion of the cost of the work
and supervising it nothing was done by the Commission in the
way of maintenance, as this phase of the work was left in the
hands of county officials.
Realizing the need for a more extensive road-building program
and seeing the necessity for a more adequate system of maintenance,
certain foresighted citizens of the State began a campaign in
1920, which resulted in the passage by the General Assembly of
1921 of the Doughton-Connor-Bowie Act. The purposes of the
law are well expressed in section 2. which reads as follows: "The
general purposes of this act are for the State to lay out, take
over, establish and construct and assume control of approximately
5,500 miles of hard-surfaced and other dependable highways running
to all county seats, and to all principal towns, State parks and
principal State institutions, and linking up with State highways
of adjoining States and with national highways into national
forest reserves by the most practicable routes, with special view
to development of agriculture, commercial and natural resources
of the State, and for the further purpose of permitting the State
to assume control of the State highways, repair, construct and
reconstruct and maintain said highways at the expense of the
entire State, and to relieve the counties and cities and towns
150 Administrative Departments
of the State of this burden." Briefly, the act provides for a
State Highway Commission consisting of a chairman from the
State at large, and for one commissioner from each of the nine
construction districts into which the State is divided; all engi-
neering work is in charge of a State Highway engineer chosen by
the Commission; funds are provided by the issuance of serial
bonds aggregating P50 nno 000. from automobile license fees, and
from a tax of one cent per gallon on motor vehicle fuel.
Figures show more clearly than words the vast amount of con-
struction that is now under way in the State. At the present
time (September 1, 1922) the total work completed amounts to
$9,975,027.00; the total work under construction or contracted for
$21,317,584.00; total mileage of work completed, 6S4 miles; total
mileage under construction or contracted for, 1,346 miles. There
remains yet to be let contracts amounting to $21,000,000.00. These
figures will give some idea of the stupendous job being carried
on by the North Carolina State Highway Commission, and one
can visualize the great road system that will obtain throughout
the State within the next few years.
North Carolina ranks with the first in highway development and
the fact that she is rapidly acquiring a network of good roads over
which her vast variety of products can be more easily and
cheaply transported to market, unquestionably spells progress and
prosperity to its great citizenship. The effect upon its industrial
and social development is already being reflected largely and its
future is so bright as to make every man, woman and child
proud that they can live in the "Old North State" and become a
beneficiary of its Highway System.
Some of the outstanding projects completed and others under
way would furnish material for an interesting story, the most
recent being the completion of the project, known as the Williams-
ton Causeway, which required two years from time work was
started until completed. It consists of 3.9 miles of causeway and
4,358 linear feet of viaduct and bridge, and cost approximately
$500,000.00.
Of the many Highway Building organizations throughout the
Union, that of the State of North Carolina is rated as one of
the leading. Although only a few years old, it has already accom-
plished more than others that have existed two to three times as
long.
Fisheries Commission Board 151
FISHERIES COMMISSION BOARD,
The Fisheries Commission Board was created by the General
Assembly of 1915 for the purpose of enforcing the laws relating to
fish. It consists of five members appointed by the Governor, at
least three of whom must be from the several fishing districts of
the State, and have a practical knowledge of the fishing industry.
The Board appoints a Fisheries Commissioner, who is responsible
to it for carrying out the duties of his office. The term of his office
is four years. He is authorized to appoint two assistants by and
with the consent of the Fisheries Commission Board. He also ap-
points, with the approval of the Board, inspectors in each county,
under his jurisdiction. The Fisheries Commission Board is given
jurisdiction over and control of all the fisheries of the State, which
is construed by the act creating the Board to include porpoises
and other marine mammals, fishes, mollusca and crustaceans, and
all operations involved in using, setting, or operating apparatus
employed in kiling or taking said fish or in transporting or pre-
paring them for market. The Board also has authority and power
to regulate, prohibit, or restrict in time, place, character, and dimen-
sions, the use of nets, appliances, apparatus,' or other means em-
ployed in taking or killing fish, and to regulate seasons at which
the various species of fish be taken in the several waters of the
State, and to prescribe the minimum size of fish which may be
taken. It has general supervision of the acts of its officers and
employees. The Fisheries Commissioner is responsible to the Board
for his acts in carrying out and enforcing all the laws, rules, and
regulations of the Board pertaining to the fishing industry in the
State. He must also see that all license and other taxes are col-
lected and paid to the Treasurer. The State owns five boats, which
are used for patrolling the waters and enforcing the laws.
MEMBERS OF THE FISHERIES COMMISSION BOARD.
Ed. Chambers Smith, Chairman Raleigh
A. V. Cobb Winsdor
S. P. Hancock Beaufort
E. H. Freeman Wilmington
J. C. Baum Poplar Branch
John A. Nelson, Fisheries Commissioner Gloucester
Theo. S. Meekins, Assistant Commissioner Manteo
W. G. Dixon, Assistant Commissioner Oriental
152 Administrative Departments
STATE BOARD OF ELECTIONS.
The State Board of Elections consists of five electors appointed by
the Governor for a term of two years. Not more than three of them
may be of the same political party. Vacancies occurring in the
Board are filled by the Governor. Members of the State Board of
Elections receive, in full compensation for their services, $4 per day
for the time they are actually engaged in the discharge of their
duties together with their actual traveling expenses, and such other
expenses as are necessary and incident to the discharge of the .duties
imposed upon them relating to elections.
MEMBERS OF THE BOARD.
P. M. Pearsall, Chairman New Bern
R. T. Claywell, Secretary Morganton
W. J. Davis Hendersonville
B. S. Royster Oxford
Clarence Call Wilkesboro
STATE STANDARD KEEPER.
The State Standard Keeper is appointed by the Governor to take
care of the balances, weights, and measures prescribed by law, and
perform such other duties as the Governor may prescribe touching
said balances, weights, and measures. It is his duty to procure and
furnish, at prime cost, to any of the counties, upon an order of the
Board of County Commissioners, any of the standard sealed weights
and measures required by law to be kept, and he is authorized, by
and with the approval of the Governor, to contract for the manufac-
ture of plain sealed weights, substantially made of iron, steel or
brass, as the county ordering may direct; yardstick male of sub-
stantial wood, each end neatly covered with metal, sealed, marked
and stamped "N. C"; half bushel, peck, half peck, quarter peck, and
one-eighth peck, made of substantial, well-seasoned wood, with se-
cure metallic binding and casing; gallon, half gallon, quart, pint,
half pint, and gil measure, made of light sheet copper with iron
handles. He must procure and furnish, as herein provided, to the
Board of Commissioners of any county ordering the same, dry and
liquid sealed measures and yardstick made of brass or copper.
State Standard Keeper. T. F. Brockwell, Raleigh, N. C.
Audubon Society of North Carolina 153
FIREMEN'S RELIEF FUND.
The State of North Carolina pays $2,500 a year to the North
Carolina State Volunteer Fireman's Association and to the North
Carolina State Firemen's Association, which fund is known as the
Firemen's Relief Fund.
The purpose of the fund is for the relief of firemen, members of
such associations, who may be injured or made sick by disease
contracted in the actual discharge of duty as firemen, and for the
relief of widows, children or dependent mothers of such firemen
who may be killed or die from disease contracted in the discharge
of their duty. Such duty must be performed in the service of the
fire department from the time of the fire alarm until the mem-
bers are dismissed by the company officers at roll call, or in service
connected with the fire department which is directed to be per-
formed by the officer in charge.
Any fireman of good moral character in North Carolina, and be-
longing to an organized fire company, who will comply with the
requisitions of the constitution and by-laws of the North Carolina
State Firemen's Association, may become a member of this Asso-
ciation, and be eligible to relief from the fund.
THE AUDUBON SOCIETY OF NORTH CAROLINA.
Miss Placide H. Underwood, Raleigh, Secretary.
The Audubon Society of North Carolina was incorporated in 1903
with J. Y. Joyner, T. Gilbert Pearson, R. H. Lewis, A. H. Boyden,
H. H. Brimley, P. D. Gold, Jr., J. F. Jordan, and R. N. Wilson as
incorporators. (Rev. 1905, Sec. 18-63.)
The officers of The Audubon Society of North Carolina are a Presi-
dent, Vice-President, Secretary and Treasurer, and such other officers
as may be fixed by the by-laws. (Rev. 1905, Sec. 1863.)
The objects for which the corporation is formed are to promote
among the citizens of North Carolina a better appreciation of the
value of the song and insectivorous birds to man and the State; to
encourage parents and teachers to give instruction to children on
the subject; to stimulate public sentiment against the destruction
of wild birds and their eggs; to secure the enactment and the en-
l'r>4 Administrative Departments
forcement of proper and necessary laws for the protection and
preservation of the birds and game of North Carolina. Its further
office is through the appointment of game wardens, to rigidly en-
force the laws for game and bird protection.
The funds received by the Treasurer of the State from the license
tax on nonresident hunters constitutes a fund known as the Bird
and Game Fund. This fund is paid out by the Treasurer of the
State on the order of the Treasurer of The Audubon Society of
North Carolina, who makes an annual report to the Governor of the
receipts and expenditures of the society for each year.
The Governor, upon the recommendation of The Audubon Society,
appoints bird and game wardens- and the Treasurer of the Society,
whose term of office, unless otherwise provided for, are during good
behavior, or until their successors are appointed. The Governor
issues to the Treasurer of The Audubon Society and to each person
appointed as warden, a commission. These commissions are trans-
mitted to the clerk's office of the Superior Court for the county from
which the prospective treasurer or bird and game warden is ap-
pointed.
Every person appointed as game warden, before entering upon the
duties of the office, is required to take oath before the clerk of the
Superior Court of the county in which he resides that he will faith-
fully perform the duties of said office, and execute a bond in the
sum of one hundred dollars for the faithful discharge of his duties.
The compensation of Avardens is fixed and paid by the society.
There are thirty-two counties of the State under the jurisdiction
of The Audubon Society and there are sixty-one game wardens in
the various counties, each county having one or more wardens.
Any nonresident of the State who desires to hunt in any of the
counties under the jurisdiction of The Audubon Society is required
to make application to the clerk of the Superior Court of any of
the counties under Audubon control, and the clerk of the court
issues such license upon the payment of a fee of ten dollars and
clerk's fee. A nonresident hunting license issued by the clerk of
the Superior Court of any one of the counties under the jurisdiction
of The Audubon Society is valid in all the Audubon counties, while
a nonresident hunting license issued in a county not under the
jurisdiction of The Audubon Society can be used only in the county
in which it is issued.
Audubon Society of North Carolina
155
In 1909 the General Assembly of North Carolina passed an act
withdrawing certain counties from Audubon protection. Subsequent
to 1909 other counties have been withdrawn so that at the present
time there are only thirty-two counties under the jurisdiction of
The Audubon Society of North Carolina. The following counties
are under the jurisdiction of The Audubon Society:
Alamance
Alleghany
Ashe
Avery
Bladen
Brunswick
Buncombe
Burke
Caldwell
Chatham
Columbus
Durham
Edgecombe
Greene
Haywood
Iredell
Lee
Lenoir
McDowell
Mecklenburg
Moore
New Hanover
Northampton
Orange
Person
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford
Surry
Watauga
Wake
Yancey
In its efforts towards education, The Audubon Society has ex-
pended part of its funds towards the publication of a book on North
Carolina birds. The Society has had prepared and has had paid for
the plates presenting pictures of bird life in North Carolina. During
the year 1919 The Book on North Carolina Birds, by T. Gilbert
Pearson, C. S. Brimley, and H. H. Brimley, was published after a
period of several years, the material for this book having been de-
stroyed by Are when the establishment of E. M. Uzzle & Co. was
burned in November, 1915. This is a joint publication of the North
Carolina Geological and Economic Survey, the State Audubon So-
ciety and the State Museum. Copies of this publication can be se-
cured either from the office of the Secretary of the Audubon Society,
Raleigh, or from the North Carolina Geological and Economic Sur-
vey Chapel Hill, upon the payment of $2.75 for cloth bound copies
and $2.00 paper bound.
The Audubon Society owns two small islands in Pamlico Sound
which are patroled by a game warden during the nesting season.
These islands are Leggett Lump and Royal Shoal.
In an attempt to increase a State-wide interest in bird and game
conservation, the secretaries of the Society have given illustrated
bird lectures and talked on bird study to Teachers' Institutes, Com-
156 Administrative Departments
munity Clubs, Women's Clubs and to many of the schools in the
State, and a great many Junior Audubon Societies have been organ-
ized and several schools and clubs have held "Bird Days" as a result
of this work.
A bill providing for the enactment of a State-wide game commis-
sion to take over the work of The Audubon Society was introduced
into the Senate by Senator Kelly, Chairman of the Senate Committee
on Game, at the last session of the General Assembly (1917). This
bill, amended several times so as to exempt certain counties from
its provisions, passed its first reading. On its second reading, there
were so many Amendments offered that the bill was transferred to
the committee. The committee stripped the bill of all amendments
and reported it back to the Senate with a substitute amendment.
When the bill come up for passage, however, there were several more
amendments offered and a parliamentary wrangle followed, during
which the bill was tabled. It was then so near the end of the ses-
sion of the General Assembly that there was not sufficient time to
take the matter up in the House, and the matter was dropped.
When The Audubon Society was organized the office of the Secre-
tary was at Greensboro, N. C, Mr. T. Gilbert Pearson, now Presi-
dent of The National Association of Audubon Societies, being Sec-
retary. In 1913, upon the election of Mr. James W. Cheshire, Secre-
tary, the office was moved to Raleigh, N. C, and since that time
the work of the Society has been carried on by the various secre-
taries in Raleigh, N. C.
Officers of the Audubon Society of North Carolina:
OFFICERS.
Dr. R. H. Lewis, President Raleigh
H. H. Brimley, Vice-President Raleigh
P. H. Underwood, Secretary Raleigh
R. A. Brown, Treasurer Raleigh
board of directors.
Rev. Melton W. Clark Greensboro
Brook G. Empie Wilmington
B. F. Siielton Speed
W. H. Swift Greensboro
Franklin Sherman, Jr Raleigh
Board of Internal Improvements 157
SECRETARIES.
T. Gilbert Pearson 1903-1911
P. D. Gold, Jr Nov. 22, 1912- June 1, 1915
J. W. Cheshire June 1, 1913-March 20, 1915
R. E. Parker June 1, 1915-June 1, 1917
G. A. Martin June 1, 1917-Oct. 10, 1917
Miss Placide H. Underwood Oct. 10, 1917
BOARD OF INTERNAL IMPROVEMENTS.
The State Board of Internal Improvements was created and made
a body corporate by Chapter 982, Acts of the General Assembly of
1819. The Board has been continued to date with varying modi-
fications. Its present status, as denned in Chapter 107 of the Con-
solidated Statutes of 1920, is as follows.
The Board consists of the Governor of the State, who is ex offi-
cio, president, and two commissioners who are appointed biennially
by the Governor, with the advice of the Senate. Any two members
of the Board constitute a board for the transaction of business. The
Board, moreover, has power to fill any vacancies that may occur in
its membership. The private secretary of the Governor is, ex officio,
secretary to the Board. Whenever it is deemed necessary, how-
ever, the Board may appoint a special clerk.
Meetings of the Board are held whenever and wherever the Gov-
ernor may direct. Members of the Board receive five dollars per day
and their traveling expenses for the time they are employed in the
public service. Rules, by-laws and regulations for the conduct of
the Board are made by the Board itself so long as they are not
inconsistent with the laws of the State. A true record of its pro-
ceedings must be kept, and at all times be open to inspection by the
members of the General Assembly and others interested therein.
Whenever the State makes an appropriation for any work of in-
ternal improvements conducted by a corporation, the State, unless
otherwise directed, becomes a stockholder in such corporation and
holds as many shares as may correspond with the amount of money
appropriated. It is the Board's duty to have charge of all the
1,s Administrative Departments
State's interest in all works of internal improvements. Therefore,
the Board must require of the president and chief official of any
work of internal improvement a written report of its affairs, cov-
ering in detail (he number of shares of stock owned by the State;
number owned otherwise; face value of such shares; market value
of such shares; amount of bonded debt and for what purpose con-
tracted; amount of other debt and how incurred, if interest on
bonded debt has been punctually paid as agreed, and, if not,
how much in arrears; amount of gross receipts for past year
and from what sources derived; an itemized account of expendi-
tures for past year; any lease or sale of property of said
company, or any part thereof, to whom made, for what considera-
tion and for what length of time; suits at law pending against his
company concerning its bonded debt or in which title to whole or
any part of such road or canal is concerned; any sales of stock
owned by the State, by whose order made, and disposition of the
proceeds. .Failure to make such a report is a misdemeanor, punish-
able by law.
The Board of Internal Improvements must report biennially to
the General Assembly the condition of all railroads, canals, or other
works of internal improvements in which the State has an interest,
together with suggestions as to improvements, enlargements, or
extensions of such works, and recommendations of new works of a
similar nature, as they may deem desirable; the amount, condition,
and character of the State's interest in other railroads, roads, canals
or other works of internal improvements in which the State has
taken stock, to which she has loaned money, or whose bonds she
holds as security; the condition of such roads or other corporate
bodies, in detail, over whose affairs the Board has any jurisdiction,
and the names of all persons failing or refusing to report as re-
quired by law.
The Board, moreover, must approve any incumbrance on the
State's interest in corporations of internal improvements. When-
ever it deems it necessary the Board may appoint proxies to act
for the State's interest in the meetings of stockholders in any com-
pany whose affairs are in any way subject to the jurisdiction of
the Board of Internal Improvements.
North Carolina National Guard 159
Whenever the Governor deems it nec:ssary to the public interest
he may direct a member of the Beard to invest'gate the affairs of
or the official conduct of any official of any corporation of internal
improvements, and he is empowered to take such action concern-
ing any matter reported upon pertaining to the affairs of the
corporation as the Board may deem to the interest of the State.
The Governor may suspend or remove from office any of said officials,
if in his opinion the interest of the State demands it. The mem-
ber of the Board appointed to make such special investigation has
all powers granted to a committee of investigation appo'nted by
the General Assembly and receives as compensation such sum as
the Governor, by and with the Council of State, shall deem just.
Sheriffs must execute writs of such member of the Board of Internal
Improvements as they would for a judicial officer of tha State, and
shall be allowed the same compensation therefor.
It is the duty of the Board also to investigate the affairs of all
State departments and to make reports on them to the Governor
of the expenses and the necessity therefor, together with recom-
mendations for such changes as in its opinion will improve the
public service. For the purpose of performing the above duties, th
Board is authorized to employ an expert accountant or other agency,
upon the approval of the Governor.
NORTH CAROLINA NATIONAL GUARD.
The Militia of the State is divided into three classes, the National
Guard, the Naval Militia and the Unorganized Militia.
The General Assembly (session 1917) passed an act to revise
military laws of the State and to increase the efficiency of the militia.
Immediately after the passage of this act steps were taken to in-
crease the strength of the National Guard and to promote its
efficiency. This work was being vigorously prosecuted when war
was declared against Germany, and from that time until the
National Guard was drafted into the Federal service every energy
160
AliM IMSTKATIYK DEPARTMENTS
was put forth to bring the National Guard to a high state of
efficiency.
Pursuant to the Proclamation of the President, of July 3, 1917,
the following organizations, units and detachments of the Na-
tional Guard of North Carolina were drafted into the Federal
service on August 5, 1917:
1st Brigade.
1st Infantry.
2nd Infantry.
3rd Infantry.
Field Hospital No. 1.
Ambulance Company No. 1.
Veterinary Corps.
Radio Company Signal Corps.
1st Regiment Field Artillery.
1st Squadron Cavalry.
1 Machine Gun Troop.
1st Battalion Engineers.
1 Engineer Train.
1 Motor Truck Company.
Field and Staff.
Sanitary Detachment and
Six Companies Coast Artillery.
Quartermaster Corpn.
Being a total of 277 officers, 7,454 enlisted men, grand total of
7,731. Of the Naval Militia 18 officers and 187 men (total 215)
were called into Federal service April 6, 1917, as National Naval
Volunteers. The record these troops made in the World War
is a source of pride to all North Carolinians.
At the close of the World War the entire National Guard was
discharged from the service, and the past two years or so have
been devoted to reorganization of the State's military forces.
The present strength totals approximately twenty-five hundred
officers and men, and units are located in about thirty counties.
These units are fully equipped at the expense of the Federal
authorities, are paid for armory drills during the year from the
same source, and are given fifteen days' training each summer
under the supervision of professional instructors. The State pro-
vides armories, maintains the camp site at Camp Glenn, makes
allowances to officers and men, takes care of courts-martial and
carrying bond expenses, inspections, etc. The North Carolina
National Guard is in a high state of efficiency, and in this respect,
and in numbers, compares most favorably with the Guard of the
other States. It is interesting to note that at the close of the
war there was no National Guard in the United States, but at
the present time its strength exceeds 160,000 officers and men
organized and equipped similar to units of the Regular Army.
North Carolina National Guard 161
Organizations of the North Carolina National Guard are located
as follows:
120th infantry
Company A Burlington. Company L Parkton.
B Warrenton. M Wilson.
C-— Henderson. Service Company. Raleigh.
D Durham. Reg. Hq. Company Reidsville.
E. Concord. Howitzer Company _Gastonia.
F_. _ Charlotte. 1st Bn. Hq. Company Oxford.
G Winston-Salem. 2nd Bn. Hq. Company.. Greensboro.
H .Waynesville. 3rd Bn. Hq. Company Greensboro.
I Plymouth. Medical Detachment (Regi
K Mount Gilead. mental) Graham.
1(Wth cavalry.
Troop E Lincolnton. Sq. Hq. & Hq. Det Hickory.
F Asheville. Medical Det. (Sq.) Lincolnton.
G Hickory. Troop D (Sep.) Andrews.
117TH FIELD ART7LLERY.
Hq. Det. & Combat Train. Youngsville. Battery C--_ Hendersonville.
Battery A Goldsboro. ' D New Bern.
B Louisburg. Medical Det. (BN) Goldsboro.
SEPARATE UNITS.
421st Company, Coast Artillery Corps Wilmington.
30th Signal Company Canton.
Company G, 200th Artillery (AA; Raeford.
A 105th Engineers North Wilke3boro.
B. Morgan ton.
115th Ambulance Company Edenton.
105th Veterinary Company _.. Asheville.
During the past two years the National Guard of the State
has more than justified its existence from a standpoint of State
use, and is in the first line of the National Defense. Organizations
have been called out for the maintenance of law and order, pro-
tection of property, etc., on many occasions, and have in each
instance performed their duty in a most commendable way.
During the past two years approximately 75,000 record cards
of men from the State who served in the World War have been
received from the War Department at Washington, and these
have been filed alphabetically by counties in the Adjutant General's
Department. This will eventually become one of the State's
11
162 Administrative Departments
most valued records, and will show in detail the service of each
person from the State who served in the Army, Navy, or Marine
Corps during the World War.
ADJUTANT GENERALS OF NORTH CAROLINA SINCE 1861
J. G. Martin 1861-
Abial G. Fisher 1868-1871
John G. Gorman 1871-1876
Johnstone Jones 1877-1888
James D. Glenn 1889-1892
Francis H. Cameron 1893-1896
A D. Cowles 1897-1898
Beverly S. Royster 1899-1904
Thomas H. Robertson 1905-1909
Joseph F. Armfield 1910-1911
Roy L. Leinster 1911-1912
Gordon Smith 1912-1913
Laurence W. Young 1913-1916
Beverly S. Royster 1916-
J. V. B. Metts 1920-
STATE PRISOX.
Geo. Ross Pou, Superintendent, Raleigh.
This institution was founded by an act of the General Assembly,
ratified the 12th day of April, A. D. 1869, entitled "An Act to Pro-
vide for the Erection of a Penitentiary." Reference is made to the
act cited, and also to the Report of the Commission to Erect a Peni-
tentiary, Document No. 18, Legislative Documents, 1868-70.
The prison building is a magnificent brick structure, erected upon
granite foundation. The prison wall is of granite, and is twenty
feet in height and six feet broad at the top, and its base is said to
extend sixteen feet below the surface. The building and wall are
estimated to have cost the State more than a million and a quarter
dollars.
The institution is situated about one mile west of the Capitol on
the extension of Morgan Street and near Hillsboro road.
The affairs of the prison are administered by a board of five
directors appointed by the Governor.
The Dangerous Insane Department is maintained out of the State
prison earnings.
State Department of Revenue 163
SUMMARY.
Founded 1869
Number of buildings* 1
Cost (estimated by prison authorities) $1,225,000
Number of acres of land 7,300
Number of employes 134
Number of inmates 825
Liabilities None
superintendents.
W. T. Hicks Wake
Paul F. Faison Wake
A. Leazar Iredell
John R. Smith Wayne
J. M. Mewborne Lenoir
W. H. Day Wake
J. S. Mann Hyde
J. J. Laughinghouse Pitt
J. S. Mann Hyde
J. R. Collie Franklin
board of directors.
H. B. Varner, Chairman Lexington
Frank Gough Lumberton
W. M. Sanders Smithfield
B. F. Shelton Speed
A. E. Smith Mount Airy
STATE DEPARTMENT OP REVENUE.
A. D. Watts, of Iredell County, Commissioner, Raleigh.
The General Assembly of 1921 passed an act to transfer the
powers and duties of the State Tax Commission to the State
Department of Revenue, and provided that the new department
should begin to function on May 1, 1921. The Governor appointed
the present commissioner, and he assumed office at the time fixed in
the law. He was appointed for four years, after which the office
becomes elective as other State offices.
This department collects the taxes on inheritances and incomes,
assesses the taxes on franchises and licenses, and construes the
provisions of the Revenue and Machinery acts. It has printed and
* Two camps on State farm; each have living quarters and many farm build-
ings of commodious size.
164 Administrative Departments
distributes all blanks for ad valorem taxes in the counties and
municipalities and receives annual reports from them.
The Commissioner assesses all public service corporations for
franchise and ad valorem taxation and certifies to the counties
and other taxing sub-divisions of the State the proportionate as-
sessments made for such counties and other taxing sub-divisions.
The Commissioner also values the capital stock of all domestic
corporations, other than public service corporations; and, if the
value of the capital stock is in excess of the tangible property — real
and personal — returned for taxation by such corporations, certifies
such excess to the county and other taxing sub-divisions in which
the principal office of the company is located for county and other
local taxation as other property is taxed.
The Commissioner also ascertains the proportion of the capital
stock of -foreign corporations, having an office and doing business
in the State, which is subject to franchise tax, and assesses the
same.
Under the act creating his office it is the duty of the Commissioner
to prepare for the legislative committees of succeeding General
Assemblies such revision of the revenue laws of the State as he may
find by experience and investigation to recommend, so that the same
may be introduced in the General Assembly and available in printed
form for consideration of its members within the first ten days
of the session.
Such in brief are the principal duties of the Commissioner.
THE STATE BOARD OF EQUALIZATION.
The General Assembly in the same act creating the Department
of Revenue also created the State Board of Equalization, con-
sisting of the Commissioner of Revenue, Chairman; the Chairman
of the Corporation Commission, and the Attorney-General.
All the powers and duties of the State Tax Commission as a
State Board of Equalization, and as an appellate court, to hear
and determine appeals from valuation of property by assessing
officers in the several counties were transferred to the new board.
)uring the calendar year 1921, after the reductions and adjust-
ments in the value of real estate authorized by the General Assembly
New State Tax System 165
of that year were made by the assessing officers in the several
counties, the board was kept busy hearing and determining appeals
from such assessing officers.
THE NEW STATE TAX SYSTEM.
The General Assembly of 1921 levied no ad valorem tax on
property whatever for State purposes. Under authority conferred
by the income tax amendment to the Constitution, which had
just been adopted by the people of the State, it levied a tax on
all incomes, individuals and corporate, with certain specific ex-
emptions to individuals; readjusted the existing taxes on inheri-
tances, franchises, licenses and insurance receipts; and in this way
provided for the State's revenues without an ad valorem tax on
property. ■
The taxes collected by the Department of Revenue for the first
fiscal year of its existence ending June 30, 1922, are as follows:
Income $2,233,781.07
Inheritance 957,030.46
Cotton 194,095.76
Total $3,384,907.29
The levy of a tax on cotton ginned has been abolished by the
General Assembly.
In addition to the income taxes collected during the fiscal year
ending June 30, 1922, there have been collected up to and includ-
ing December 15, 1922, on 1921 incomes, $174,314.64.
Much of the inheritance taxes collected were on inheritance!
which became liable for tax more than five years before the col-
lections were made.
166 Administrative Departments
STATE CHILD WELFARE COMMISSION.
Mrs. Kate Burr Johnson, Chairman.
E. F. Carter, Executive Officer.
Raleigh N. C.
Chapter 100 of the Public Laws of 1919, designated the State
Superintendent of Public Instruction, the Secretary of the State
Board of Health, and the Commissioner of Public Welfare, as
ex officio, a State Child Welfare Commission. The act declared it
the duty of the Commission to make and formulate such rules and
regulations for enforcing and carrying out the provisions of the
child labor law, the laws relating to seats for women employes
and the law requiring separate toilets for sexes and races as in
its judgment it shall deem necessary. The act further provided
for the regulation of children employed under fourteen years of
age, the authority to employ and commission agents, prescribe
forms for legal employment of children and the inspection of all
places enumerated in the law.
The combining of the three departments, in the creation of
this Commission, brought together the greatest forces in the State
for sympathetic supervision and direction of the child employed.
't has been a potent factor to assist the child in realizing the
highest attainment possible in health, education, and welfare.
The interpretation of the powers given the Commission, by the
Attorney-General, the endorsement given it by business and the
public all demonstrate that the act was soundly conceived, and
that it is based upon the correct principles for child labor ad-
ministration. The volume of work accomplished and reported
after our first contact and following up of the same by field service,
in cooperation with the Superintendent of Public Welfare and the
securing of the ends designed by the law, prove conclusively
that the act is being administered for the benificent purpose for
which it was created.
The work has been pursued during the period of our present
biennial period with increased efficiency and a growing response
from the public in general. The work may well be divided into
two divisions covering the nineteen months of the period. The
first year was devoted to following up the conditions reported in
our first report and a special study of child labor administration,
industrial sanitation and fatigue. This resulted in the Execu-
State Child Welfare Commission 167
tive Officer recommending to the Commission, after careful investi-
gation of the most efficient organizations for the administration
of relative laws, a system which would insure an official visit and
an inspection when required, of all places enumerated in the
laws, giving due credit for each item of work accomplished and
providing an intelligent basis for calculations for future expendi-
tures necessary to effectually prosecute the work under the Com-
mission.
OUTSTANDING THINGS ACCOMPLISHED DURING THE BIEN-
NIAL PEKIOD BEGINNING NOVEMBER 30, 1921 AND
ENDING JUNE 30, 1922.
Takirfg over all the work of the certification of children entering
employment, formally conducted by the Federal Revenue Depart-
ment.
The certification, of 7,283 children for employment. The check-
ing and verifying of the records relative to same.
The securing of a school record for each child certified for
employment, stating grade completed, vocational training received,
and the teacher's observation of the child before entering employ-
ment.
Securing a physical examination of each child certified for em-
ployment, including those certified from the Federal certificate
after the law had been declared invalid by the United States
Supreme Court. These examinations have resulted in some fine
health work in correcting physical defects which would have
seriously retarded the development of the child.
A survey of street trades was made in six of our largest cities.
A study was made of the hours, wages, school attendance, court
record, home environments, and recreation of six hundred and
forty-seven children employed.
The inauguration of a system of inspection that provides for
an official visit to each business and industrial place and a de-
tailed inspection of all manufacturing places enumerated in the
law which secured 5,555 official visits and inspections in seven
months after it was installed against 3,935 for the period of our first
biennial report.
16S Administrative Departments
This system requires a notice of the immediate discharge of
any child employed contrary to the law, the standards adopted
to protect the health and morals of the child and refuse certifi-
cation where dangerous employment hazards are present. A total
of S72 child labor violations have received the benefits to be
derived from such supervision, during the year.
It has secured a permanent record of the physical conditions of
all plants inspected and an official record of the nature of each
violation and the time considered reasonable for compliance in
each case. A total of eight hundred and twenty-six violations of
the laws relative to industrial sanitation and fatigue have been
reported under the system. The compliances secured and reported
according to dates agreed upon have ranged from 12 to 100 per
cent in the twenty counties covered by this system.
An increase of 115 to 800 per cent has been secured in the volume
of work reported in the twenty counties to which this system
has been applied. It has established a practical basis for cal-
culating the actual cost of each item of wo*k required under
the laws administered by the Commission.
The extraordinary demands made upon the Commission after
the Federal law was declared unconstitutional greatly increased the
demands for field service and printed forms. A total of 45,500
copies of the laws and rulings and 124,052 posters, leaflets, forms
and certificates have been distributed through the mail, field
agents and the Superintendents of Public Welfare in serving the
Public.
CHILD LABOR LAW.
Sec. 5. No child under the age of fourteen years shall be em-
ployed, or permitted to work, in or about or in connection with any
mill, factory, cannery, workshop, manufacturing establishment,
laundry, bakery, mercantile establishment, office, hotel, restaurant,
barber shop, boot-black stand, public stable, garage, place of amuse-
ment, brick yard, lumber yard, or any messenger or delivery
service, except in cases and under regulations prescribed by the
Commission hereinafter created: Provided, the employments in
this section enumerated shall not be construed to include bona
fide boys' and girls' canning clubs recognized by the Agricultural De-
State Child Welfare Commission 169
partment of this State; and such canning clubs are hereby ex-
pressly exempted from the provisions of this act.
Sec. 6. No person under sixteen years of age shall be employed,
or permitted to work, at night in any of the places or occupations
referred to in section five of this act, between the hours of nine
p. m. and six a. in., and no person under sixteen years of age
shall be employed or permitted to work in or about or in connection
with any quarry or mine.
Sec. 7. That the State Superintendent of Public Instruction, the
Secretary of the State Board of Health, and the Commissioner
of Public Welfare of the State of North Carolina are hereby con-
stituted the State Child Welfare Commission, and they shall serve
without additional compensation. It shall be the duty of this
commission to make and formulate such rules and regulations
for enforcing and carrying out the provisions of this act, and of
chapter eighty-three of the Public Laws of one thousand nine
hundred and thirteen, and chapter eight hundred and fifty-seven
of the Public Laws of one thousand nine hundred and nine, as
in its judgment it shall deem necessary.
Sec. 8. That for the purpose of securing the proper enforcement
of the provisions of sections five, six, and seven of this act, and
of chapter eighty-three of the Public Laws of one thousand nine
hundred and thirteen, chapter eight hundred and fifty-seven of
the Public Laws of one thousand nine hundred and nine, the said
commission, or its duly authorized agents, shall have authority to
enter and inspect at any time, mines, quarries, mills, factories,
canneries, workshops, manufacturing establishments, laundries,
bakeries, mercantile establishments, offices, hotels, restaurants, bar-
ber shops, boot-black stands, public stables, garages, places of
amusement, brick yards, lumber yards, and other places of em-
ployment, and it shall be unlawful for any person, firm, or cor-
poration to refuse permission to enter, obstruct, or prevent any
duly authorized agent of said commission in his effort to make
the inspection herein provided for.
Sec. 9. The said commission shall have authority to appoint and
employ such agents for the purpose of enforcing the provisions of
sections five, six, seven, and eight of this act as may be found
to be necessary, and they may use the county superintendent -of
public welfare or chief school attendance officer or truant officer of
170 Administrative Departments
the several counties for the purpose of carrying out the pro-
visions of sections five, six, seven, and eight of this act, and they
may use the agents specially designated for carrying out the
provisions of sections five, six, seven, and eight of this act, to
aid in carrying out the provisions of sections one, two, and four of
this act in regard to school attendance.
Sec. 10. That if the employer of any person under sixteen years
of age shall, at the time of such employment, in good faith, pro-
cure, rely upon, and keep on file a certificate issued in such form
and under such conditions and by such persons as the said
commission herein provided for shall prescribe showing that the
person is of legal age for such employment, such certificate shall
be prima facie evidence of the age of the person and the good
faith of the employer. No person shall knowingly make a false
statement or present false evidence in or in relation to any
such certificate or application therefor, or cause any false state-
ment to be made which may result in the issuance of an im-
proper certificate of employment.
RULINGS.
Revised and Passed September 6, 1921.
The State Child Welfare Commission, in executive session on
August 6, 1919, made the following rulings, which have the force
of law:
1. No child of any age under 16 years shall be permitted to
work in any of the occupations mentioned in section 5, before
6 o'clock in the morning or after 9 o'clock at night. This ruling
is made mandatory by section 6, and the law gives no discretion to
the Commission to modify the same.
2. No girl under 14 years of age shall be permitted to work
in any of the occupations mentioned in section 5. The reason for
this is that if the womanhood of the State is to be properly
conserved in the future, girls of tender age certainly should not
be allowed to run the dangers of association inherent in employ-
ment in public places.
State Child Welfare Commission 171
3. No child under 14 years of age shall be employed in any
of the occupations mentioned in section 5 for more than eight
hours in any one day.
4. (Revised September 6, 1921.) Boys between 12 and 14 years
of age may be employed in the enumerated occupations when the
public school is not in session when it is shown to the County
Superintendent of Public Welfare or other authorized agent of
the Commission that the proposed employment is not to the injury
of the health or morals of the child. But in no case shall such
employment be legal until a certificate has been issued by the
County Superintendent of Public Welfare or other authorized agent
of the Commission on blanks furnished by the State Commission.
Before determining the question the County Superintendent of
Public Welfare or other authorized agent may, if he deem it neces-
sary, require a physical examination of the child by the public
health officer or other practicing physician. The Employment
Certificate is to be issued only upon documentary evidence or proof
of age as required by the Commission.
5. During the time that the public school is in session, boys
between 12 and 14 years of age may be employed on Saturday and
out of school hours on the same conditions as above, provided that
such employment does not interfere with their school work. Where
school officials have provided for what is known as continuation
schools, and where arrangement has been made to make the out-
side employment a unit of the school work, boys of this age may be,
in specific cases, allowed to be occupied in employment during
school hours for a limited time, at the discretion of the super-
intendent of the school.
The State Child Welfare Commission, in executive session on
September 6. 1921, made the following rulings, which have the
force of law:
6. No child, claiming to be 14 or 16 years of age, but whose
actual age is doubtful, shall be permitted to work in any of the
occupations mentioned in sections 5 and 6 until an Age Certifi-
cate has been issued by the Superintendent of Public Welfare or
other authorized agent of the Commission in accordance with
the provisions required in section 10 of this act. The design of
this section is to insure the proper enforcement of the compulsory
school law, to prevent the employment of any person contrary to
172 Administrative Departments
the law, and to free the employer from liability to this act. An
Age Certificate to be issued only upon documentary evidence or
proof of age as required by the Commission.
7. On and after March 1, 1922. the Superintendent of Public Wel-
fare and other authorized agents of the Commission shall require
a school record of evidence for any child under 16 years of age
who makes application to engage in employment in any of the
occupations mentioned in sections 5 and 6 before issuing either
an Employment Certificate or Age Certificate. The school record
to be prepared by school official or teacher in accordance with
the approved school code for children and the accredited record
system for schools approved by the Department of Education.
8. On and after March 1, 1922, the Superintendent of Public
Welfare and other authorized agents of the Commission shall
require a physical examination by a health officer or practicing
pnysician, upon forms approved by the Commission, of any child
under 16 years of age who makes application for employment,
except in cases where the child has received physical examination
by a medical officer of the State Bureau of Medical Inspection
of Schools.
9. The Superintendent of Public Welfare is specially designated
and commissioned as the authorized agent of the State Child
Welfare Commission in the several counties to assist in enforcing
and carrying out the provisions of the child labor law and other
acts relative to business and industry. In this position equal
care is required to supervise and direct those employed, and to
correct any influence that would injure the welfare of any person
or contribute to truancy or delinquency of any child.
10. The Superintendent of Public Welfare and other authorized
agents of the Commission shall suspend any certificate for em-
ployment when a condition is found that will injure the health
or morals of a child, pending the action of the Commission, or
revoke any certificate issued on false evidence.
EMPLOYMENTS NOT PROHIBITED.
It is to be noted that the law does not prohibit the employ-
ment of children in occupations other than those enumerated
in section 5, such as farming and domestic employment. It is
assumed, also, that it does not affect children who are kept
State Child Welfare Commission 173
by their parents under their direct personal control in or about
places owned and operated by the parents themselves, except in
prohibited hours. The reason for this is that parents are supposed
to control and care for their own children wherever they may
be with them.
GENERAL PURPOSE.
The Commission feels that it should call the attention of parents,
public officers, ministers, educators, social workers, and thinkers,
and the public generally, to the fact that the Legislature intended
this act to be a measure for child welfare and to solicit the
aid and cooperation of all in securing the beneficent purpose in-
tended. To this end it is necessary to make every possible effort
to provide wholesome conditions of environment for children, while
not in school or employed. Such environment must depend upon
better home influences, more parental thought and care, and more
public cooperation in the way of playgrounds and other whole-
some recreation. It is still true that an "idle brain is the devil's
workshop," and juvenile delinquency arises in nearly all cases from
idleness or lack of proper direction of youth energy.
CHILD LABOR STANDARDS.
ILLEGAL EMPLOYMENT.
Children under 16 years employed in mine.
Children under 16 years employed in quarry.
Girls under 14 years employed in terms used in sections 5 and Q.
Boys under 12 years employed in terms used in sections 5 and 6.
ILLEGAL HOURS.
Children under 16 years employed after 9 p. m.
Children under 16 years employed before 6 a. m.
Children under 14 years employed during school hours.
Boys between 12 and 14 years employed over eight hours per day.
ILLEGAL EMPLOYMENT WITHOUT CERTIFICATES
Boys between 12 and 14 years employed before school without
Employment Certificate.
Boys between 12 and 14 years employed after school without
Employment Certificate.
174 Administrative Departments
Boys between 12 and 14 years employed during vacation with-
out Employment Certificate.
Boys between 12 and 14 years employed without having change
of employment endorsed on certificate.
Boys between 12 and 14 years employed when Employment
Certificate has been suspended.
Boys between 12 and 14 years employed when Employment Certifi-
cate has been lost.
Children 14 to 16 years employed without Age Certificate (legal
protection for the employer and parent).
Children 14 to 16 years employed when Age Certificate has
been lost.
Children 14 to 16 years employed when Age Certificate has been
revoked.
UNLAWFUL PHYSICAL CONDITIONS.
Children employed with symptoms of disease contributory to
retardation or disability.
Children employed when determined by physical examination
that employment is injurious to health.
Children employed with surrounding conditions injurious to
morals.
Children employed with dangerous employment hazards present.
PART V.
STATE EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS.
1. University of North Carolina.
2. North Carolina State College op Agriculture ant.
Engineering.
3. North Carolina College for Women.
4. Cullowhee Normal and Industrial School.
5. Appalachian Training School.
6. East Carolina Teachers College.
7. North Carolina Schools for the (White) Blind
and for the (negro) blind and deaf.
8. North Carolina School for the (White) Deaf.
9. Stonewall Jackson Manual Training and Indus-
trial School.
10. North Carolina Normal Schools for the Coloree
Race and for the Cherokee Indians of Robeson
County.
11. North Carolina Negro Agricultural and Techni
cal College.
12. Caswell Training School.
175
THE UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA.
H. W. Chase, President, Chapel Hill.
The University of North Carolina is at Chapel Hill, Orange
County, near the middle of the State. Its charter was granted in
17S9; the cornerstone of the first building was laid in 1793 and
students were admitted in 1795. The campus of 48 acres and
about 550 acres of forest contiguous to it were given by the citizens
of the county. All the buildings put up for 112 years were given
by friends of the University, the first direct appropriation from the
Legislature for construction being $50,000 for a chemistry building
in 1905. Of the total amount received by the institution from all
sources, since its foundation, one half has been contributed by
alumni and other friends.
During the Reconstruction period after the Civil War the Uni-
versity was stripped of its funds, and much of its property and
equipment was destroyed. From 1870 to 1875 its doors were closed.
For the first eighty years of its existence, the University received
no money from the State for maintenance. When it was reopened
in 1875, with practically nothing but empty halls and meagre con-
tributions from friends, the interest from the Land-Script Fund
($7,500) was turned over to it, but this was later withdrawn.
In 1881 the Legislature made its first direct appropriation for main-
tenance, granting $5,000 to cover one year.
The annual upkeep fund voted by the State was increased little
by little, but for a score of years the University was barely able to
exist. Toward the end of the century, when the movement for public
education was carried to a definite triumph through the efforts of
Governor Aycock and others, the institution at Chapel Hill came
upon better days. Maintenance appropriations were augmented
until now the yearly allowance from the Legislature is $480,000.
A number of new buildings have been erected on the campus
since the support of higher education was accepted as a fixed policy
of the State. The two-year period just ended has been the greatest
building period in the history of the University. The Legislature
of 1921 voted a building fund of $1,490,000. Out of this have been
12 (1771
17S Administrative Departments
erected four dormitories, each accommodating 120 students, and
three classroom buildings. In addition, long needed improvements
have been made to the water, lighting and heating services.
Next on the program are a woman's building, chemistry and
geology buildings, another classroom building, and more dormitories
for men.
The increasing flood of graduates from the high schools of North
Carolina creates the necessity of a continued expansion of living
quarters. The attendance for the year 1922-1923, not including the
summer school, is 2,000. There were 239 more students in the fall
of 1922 than a year before, and 427 more than two years before.
Estimates based on the State Superintendent of Education's figures
for high school seniors in North Carolina this year indicate an at-
tendance at the Universiy of 2,500 in 1924-1925.
Attendance for the five years preceding the present year (exclud-
ing summer school and correspondence students) was as follows:
1917-18 855
1918-19 1,156
1919-20 1,425
1920 21 1,547
1921-22 1,733
The number of students in the Summer School of 1922 was 1400.
Of the students attending the regular session, about 95 per cent,
are from North Carolina.
The University property now consists of:
Campus 48 acres, and woodland 550 acres ? 173.92S.34
Equipment, books, apparatus, furniture, etc 536,064.76
Buildings and faculty houses 2,965.345.66
$3, 675, 338.76
Endowment, including loan funds 1,588,914.46
Total $5,264,253.22
The income of the University was derived from the following
sources for the year 1921-1922:
MAINTENANCE.
State appropriation $480,000.00
Student fees • ■ 123,490.04
Invested funds 78,484.48
Gifts 5,250.10
Other sources ' 22,769.91
Total $709,994.53
University of North Carolina 179
building and improvements.
State appropriation $910,000.00
Escheats 6,925.53
University Bonds Sold 31,500.00
Fire Protection Receipts 1,322.92
Inn Fire Loss Receipts 6,929.61
Other Sources 5,794.93
Total $962,472.99
The University is comprised of the following departments: Col-
legiate, applied science, engineering, teachers' training, graduate,
law, medicine, pharmacy, and the division of extension.
The parents of the students represent all professions, creeds and
parties in the State. The leading professions represented are
farmers, merchants, lawyers, physicians, manufacturers, ministers,
teachers. The leading churches are: Methodist, Baptist, Presby-
terian, Episcopal.
Over one-half of the students earn or borrow, in part or in
whole the money for their education. Some 87 of them earn their
board by waiting at the table. Few of the families from which these
students come are able to stand the strain of the support of a son at
college without stringent economy or even many sacrifices. About
one-half of the graduates start out as teachers.
There is a splendid spirit of democracy about the institution,
which opens the doors of achievement to all alike and places at-
tainment upon merit alone. It is emphatically a place "where
wealth is no prejudice and poverty is no shame."
SUMMARY.
Charter granted 1789
Opened 1795
Acres of land owned 598
Value of buildings, equipment and land $3,675,338.76
Invested funds 1,578,340.08
Number of volumes in library 105,00ft,
Number of students 3,384
Number of faculty 120
Income from State 502,499.65
Income from students 123,490.04
Invested funds 78,484.48
180 State Educational Institutions
PRESIDENTS OF THE UXIYEHSITY.
No president 1795-1804
Joseph Caldweu 1804-1835
David L. Swain 1835-1868
Solomon Pool 1869-1870
University closed 1870-1876
Kemp P. Battle 1876-1891
George T. Winston 1891-1896
Edwin A. Aujerman 1896-1900
Francis P. Venable 1900-1914
Edward K. Graham 1914-1918
Harry W. Chase 1919-
NORTH CAROLINA STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AND ENGINEERING.
W. C. Riddick, President, West Raleigh.
During the years in which North Carolina was slowly emerging
from the economic havoc wrought by Civil War and Reconstruction,
some far-sighted men began to see the necessity of rearing indus-
trially equipped men. They felt keenly the need of competent man
to build and direct new industries, and to restore the land which
had been impoverished by slave labor. They recognized that men
capable of doing what was needed would have to be educated in in-
dustrial schools and technical colleges. This recognition came
slowly, because the Southern people up to that period had been
wedded to classical education.
The first organized body to take steps for the establishment of an
industrial institution in North Carolina was the Watauga Club.
This Club, composed of bright young men, explained its mission by
declaring that it was "an association in the city of Raleigh designed
to find out and make known information on practical subjects that
will be of public use." In 1885 this club presented to the Legisla-
ture the following memorial:
"We respectfully memorialize your honorable body:
"First. To establish an industrial school in North Carolina which
shall be a training place for young men who wish to acquire skill in
the wealth-producing arts and sciences.
"Second. To establish this school in Raleigh in connection with
the State Agriculture Department.
College of Agriculture and Engineering 181
"Third. To make provision for the erection of suitable buildings
and for their equipment and maintenance.
(Signed) Arthur Winslow, Chairman;
W. J. Peele,
Walter H. Page."
This memorial quickened general interest in the proposed school,
and several bills looking to its foundation were introduced in the
Legislature of 1885. On March 7th, one of these bills, introduced by
Hon. Augustus Leazar of Iredell County, became a law. This law
provided that the Board of Agriculture should seek proposals from
the cities and towns of the State, and that the school should be
placed in the town offering most inducements. The Board of Agri-
culture finally accepted an offer from the city of Raleigh.
Meantime, the ideas of the advocates of the school had been some-
what broadened as to the character of the proposed institution. They
saw that Congress was about to supplement the original land grant
by an additional appropriation for agricultural and mechanical col-
leges in each State. The originators of the conception then sought
the aid of progressive farmers in order to change the school into
an Agricultural and Mechanical College. Col. L. L. Folk, the editor
of the newly established Progressive Farmer, threw the weight of his
paper heartily into the new idea. Meetings were held in various
places, and two very large meetings in Raleigh considered the
proposition. As a result, the school already provided for was, by
action of the Legislature of 1887, changed into an Agricultural and
Mechanical College, and the Land Scrip Fund was given the newly
formed institution. In addition, the law directed that any surplus
from the Department of Agriculture should go into the treasury of
the college. Mr. R. Stanhope Pullen, one of Raleigh's most broad-
minded citizens, gave the institution eighty-three acres of land in a
beautiful suburb of Raleigh. The first building was completed in
1889 and the doors of the college were opened for students in Octo-
ber, 1889. Seventy-two students, representing thirty-seven counties,
were enrolled the first year. The faculty consisted of six full pro-
fessors and two assistants.
From this small beginning in 1889 the college has grown to be the
second in size in students and faculty among the colleges for men in
the State.
182 State Educational Institutions
The Legislature of 1917 changed the name of the college to North
Carolina State College of Agriculture and Engineering.
The college confines its curriculum entirely to technical and in-
dustrial education. No general or academic courses are offered.
The courses of study are as follows:
First, Agriculture, including under this general term Agronomy,
Horticulture, Trucking, Animal Husbandry, Dairying, Veterinary
Science, Poultry Science, and a course in Agricultural Education.
Second, Engineering. These courses include Civil, Electrical, Me-
chanical, and Mining Engineering. The equipment for field and for
laboratory work in these courses makes them very practical, as well
as scientific.
Third, Textile Industry. Students in Textiles have an entire mill
building for their use. In addition to carding, spinning, weaving
and designing, they have a thoroughly practical course in dyeing
in the chemistry of dyes, and in textile engineering.
Fourth, Industrial Chemistry. Four-year courses in Agricultural
Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, and Textile Chemistry and Dye-
ing.
Fifth, Industrial Management and Agricultural Administration.
The two leading courses given in this Division are: Industrial
Management and Agricultural Business Administration. The pur-
pose of these courses are to train executives and administrators, su-
perintendents and managers for the two leading industries of the
State, Manufacturing and Farming. A third curriculum, General
Business Administration, is given incidental to the other two Bus-
iness Administration courses.
In all these courses, mathematics, English, physics, chemistry and
one modern language are required.
For young men who have not time or means to spend four years
in college, and yet who want to fit themselves as far as possible for
industrial employments, short courses of one and two years are
offered in Agriculture, and two years in Mechanic Arts and Textiles.
In January of each year a three-weeks' practical course for farm-
ers is given.
During the summer there is conducted at the college a Summer
School for Teachers, a short course for Club Boys and Girls, a course
for Farm Demonstration Agents and the Farmers' Convention.
North Carolina College for Women . . 1S3
These activities, in addition to the regular college session, keep
the plant in active service every day in the year.
The college, in cooperation with the State Department of Agri-
culture, conducts the North Carolina Experiment Station and the
North Carolina Extension Service, which employ more than two
hundred men and women, and touch the lives of at least three-
fourths of the people of the State.
SUMMARY
Founded 1889
Number of buildings 37
Number of acres of land 4S5
Value of buildings and equipment $2,250,000.00
Value of land 250,000.00
Number of volumes in library 10,000
. Number of students 1,200
Number of faculty 100
State appropriation per annum 275,000.00
PRESIDENTS.
Alexander Q. Holladay 1889-1899
George Tayloe Winston 1899-1908
Daniel Harvey Hill 1908-1916
Wallace Carl Riddick 1916-
THE XORTH CAROLINA COLLEGE FOR WOMEff.
Julius I. Foust, President, Greensboro, N. C.
The State Normal and Industrial College was established by an
act of the General Assembly of 1891. The General Assembly of 1919
changed the name of this institution to The North Carolina College
for Women. The purpose of the college, as stated in chapter 199
of the Public Laws of North Carolina, session 1919, amending the
charter, is as follows:
"The objects of the institution shall be (1) to teach young
white women all branches of knowledge recognized as essential to a
liberal education, such as will familiarize them with the world's
best thought and achievement and prepare them for intelligent and
184 State Educational Institutions
useful citizenship; (2) to make special provision for training in
the science and art of teaching, school management, and school
supervision; (3) to provide women with such training in the arts,
sciences, and industries as may be conducive to their self-support
and community usefulness; (4) to render to the people of the State
such aid and encouragement as will tend to the dissemination of
knowledge, the fostering of loyalty and patriotism, and the promo-
tion of the general welfare. Tuition shall be free, upon such condi-
tions as may be prescribed by the Board of Directors, to those who
signify their intention to teach in the schools of North Carolina;
and also, in the discretion of said board, to those who signify their
intention to enter other fields of public service.
"* * * * That it shall be the duty of the faculty of the North
Carolina College for Women to extend its influence and usefulness as
far as possible to the persons of the State who are unable to avail
themselves of its advantages as resident students, by extension
courses, by lectures, and by such other means as may seem to them
most effective."
In 1892 the institution began with $30,000 donated by the city
of Greeensboro and ten acres of land, the gift of Mr. R. S. Pullen,
Mr. R. T. Gray, Mr. E. P. Wharton, and others, with an annual ap-
propriation of $10,000 from the State. In addition to the State ap-
propriation and tuition fees, the institution received during the first
few years about $3,000 annually from the Peabody Fund and for
three years received $2,500 annually from the General Education
Board. It also received about $11,000 from the faculty and students,
and a small amount from Mr. George Foster Peabody, and a library
building from Mr. Andrew Carnegie. The plant is now worth more
than $2,500,000; the annual State appropriation is $330,000, and
the loan and scholarship funds received from various sources in the
State and out of it now amount to $35,000. The faculty numbers 100,
and there have been enrolled during the present session 1,270 stu-
dents, and during the summer session 998 students; total 2,268.
The chief mission of the institution lies in furnishing the public
school system of the State well-equipped teachers who are capab:e
of rendering the State intelligent and useful service. It provides
regular degree courses, whose admission requirements, curriculum
North Carolina College for Women . . 185
of instruction, and standards of scholarship are in keeping with
the requirements of our best Southern colleges for men and
women.
Special industrial and commercial courses are open to those who
do not have free tuition and are not under contract to teach. Pro-
vision is also made for teachers who may wish to take brief courses
in pedagogy and in the subjects taught in the public schools. For
those who cannot remain longer, a two-year course is offered. For
various reasons a number of ambitious teachers are not able to avail
themselves of the two-year course, and to meet the demands of these
a regular summer session has been inaugurated. The advantages
of the institution are thus open to every worthy young white woman
who has availed herself of the opportunities offered in the public
schools of the State.
The patronage of the institution has justified the wisdom of
the founders. During the thirty years of its life, beginning October,
1892, and closing with the session of June, 1923, there have been en-
rolled more than 12,000 young women as students. These students
have come from all of the 100 counties of the State, and in their
political and religious faith, their financial condition, their profes-
sional and social life, their intellectual ability and previous educa-
tional opportunities, are representative of the people of North Car-
olina. Of the more than 12,000 young women who have sought the
help and strength thus provided, more than 80 per cent received their
training in the rural public schools, one-third defrayed their own
expenses, and two-thirds, according to their own written statement,
would not have attended any other North Carolina College. In
brief, one of the strongest forces of the college, and a prime source
of its usefulness, has been the representative character of its pa-
tronage. This coming together of all classes from all sections of the
State necessarily results in creating an atmosphere of wholesome
democracy and equal opportunity. The spirit of the State Col-
lege for Women is, therefore, what the spirit of every State college
should be, and, as a result, its representatives acquire that larger
sympathy, that breadth of vision, and that intelligent insight into
the needs of their State that no text-books or lectures or mere
academic training can ever hope to give.
Some indication of the serviceableness of the college is suggested
by what has been said of the scope and character of its patronage.
1S6 State Educational Institutions
It has, since its establishment, been an open door of opportunity for
the white women of North Carolina. Through it the State has added
to its resources over 12,000 educated women, who have taught lessons
of patriotism and right living to at least 500,000 North Carolina
children. Two-thirds of all the students enrolled and nine-tenths of
all who graduate become teachers in North Carolina. No large
movement for the uplift of the State has failed to have support from
its faculty and students, and today there is not a county in the
State where representatives of the college are not to be found actively
engaged in public service.
SUMMER SESSION
The special purpose of the North Carolina College for Women in
organizing the Summer Session was to offer the advantages of
its instruction to those women in the State whose occupation during
other months of the year prevents their attendance upon the regular
session. In the selection and arrangement of its summer courses
the college has in view the needs of the following classes:
First. Teachers wishing special work in the principles and
methods of teaching (Primary, Gramar, and High School), with op-
portunities for practice and observation work under experienced
supervisors.
Second. Teachers desiring advanced or collegiate courses in
Philosophy, Science, Psychology, and the History of Education.
Third. Teachers of special subjects, such as Domestic Science,
Vocal Music, Drawing, and Manual Arts.
Fourth. High school teachers who desire advanced or extra work
along the line of their specialties with free use of good department
libraries and well-equipped laboratories.
Fifth. College students who wish to earn advanced credit or to
remove conditions.
Sixth. Students preparing for college.
Seventh. Mothers, wives, and home-makers who feel the need of
practical help in such subjects as food and food values, cookery,
kitchen conveniences, home nursing, sanitation, and household dec-
oration.
CULLOWHEE NORMAL AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL 187
SUMMARY OF ENROLLMENT DURING THE SESSION 1922-1923
Enrolled during the regular session 1,270
Enrolled during the summer session .- . 998
Total number taught at the college during the
session 1922-1923 2,268
SUMMARY.
Founded 1891
Number of buildings used for college purposes 25
Number of buildings used for residential purposes 12
Number of acres of land 100
Value of buildings and land $2,500,000
Number of volumes in library 18,500
Number of faculty 100
Annual State appropriation (maintenance) $ 330,000
PRESIDENTS.
Charles D. McIver 1891-1906
Julius I. Foust (Dean) 1906-1907
Julius I. Foust 1907-
CULLOWHEE NORMAL AXD INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
R. L. Madison, President, Cullowhee, N. C.
The Cullowhee Normal and Industrial School is a State co-
educational institution mainly for the training of teachers. The
school was chartered in 1891 as a private institution, and in 1905
became a State institution. It has trained more than 2,000 teachers
for public school work and has furnished eleven county superintend-
ents. The institution is equipped with steam heat, electric lights,
and a gravity water line. It is built to accommodate about 200
boarding students. The organization of the school embraces: Prac
tice School, High School, Normal Collegiate School, Domestic Science
School, Domestic Arts School, and Music School.
More than 300 teachers enrolled for the Summer Quarter, 1922.
18S State Educational Institutions
SUMMARY.
Number of buildings 9
Number of acres of land owned 27.5
Number of instructors 12
Value of buildings and lands $225,000
Annual appropriation 25,000
PRESIDENTS.
R. L. Madison 1889-1912
A. C. Reynolds 1912-1920
R. L. Madison 1920-
THE APPALACHIAN TEAINISG SCHOOL.
B. B. Dougherty, President, Boone.
The Appalachian Training School for Teachers was established
by act of the Legislature of 1903. The school is located at Boone,
Watauga County, North Carolina, in the midst of North Carolina's
unsurpassed mountain scenery. It is the center of education for the
northwestern section of North Carolina, embracing some of the best
of her mountainous counties.
•
The institution makes no pretension to being a college. It is a
normal school, and its mission is to give a high school and profes-
sional education to hundreds of young people who cannot go else-
where.
During the years 1919-1920 there were 433 students in the school.
It supplies a large proportion of the public school teachers for the
surrounding counties, and has had a marked influence upon the
improvement of scholarship and professional training of these teach-
ers. In addition to this, the school has opened a way to the State
University and the State Normal College to a large number of stu-
dents who otherwise would not have entered those institutions.
The flrst appropriation made by the Legislature was $2,000 for
maintenance, voted by the Legislature of 1903. The Legislature of
1907 increased this to $4,000, and made an additional appropriation
of $10,000 for the enlargement of the plant. In 1909 the Legisla-
ture appropriated $6,000 a year for maintenance, and $8,000 per year
East Carolina Teachers College 189
for general improvements. The Legislature of 1911 appropriated
$10,000 per annum for maintenance and $10,000 for improvements.
The Legislature of 1913 appropriated $15,000 for a new dormitory
and $12,500 for maintenance.
In 1917 the maintenance fund was raised to $20,000 and $50,000 to
improve the plant. In 1921 the maintenance was raised to $50,000,
$125,000 allowed for buildings.
summary
Founded 1903
Number of buildings 9
Number of acres of land owned 450
Value of buildings and equipment $400,000
Value of land 50,000
Number of students 906
Number of faculty 15
Income from State appropriation for maintenance,
per annum $ 50,000
PRESIDENT
B. B. Dougherty 1903-
EAST CAROLINA TEACHERS COLLEGE.
R. H. Wright, President, Greenville.
The East Carolina Teachers College was established by act of the
General Assembly of 1907. The school is located at Greenville. The
site contains 50 acres of land, a large part of which is a natural
forest.
Nine buildings have been erected; three dormitories with a ca-
pacity for 334 students; an administration building containing the
offices, auditorium, and class rooms; a building for the kitchen and
dining-room (this building contains store-rooms for supplies and
a refrigerating plant) ; an infirmary, a building containing the
power plant and laundry, an eight-room model school and a resi-
dence for the president.
The buildings and equipment are modern in every sense and are
valued at $1,159,000. The town of Greenville and county of Pitt
190 State Educational Institutions
voted $100,000 in bonds for this school, and the State has made an
appropriation of $679,332.57 for buildings and equipment. These
buildings have not yet been thoroughly equipped, but enough equip-
ment has been installed to enable the school to do efficient work.
The equipment installed is of the best type procurable.
Section 5864 of the charter reads: "That the said college shall
be maintained by the State for the purpose of giving to young
white men and women such education and training as shall fit and
qualify them to teach, in the public schools of North Carolina."
This clearly sets forth the purpose of the college. To those
students who agree to teach there is no charge for tuition. Prac-
tically all of the students sign this agreement. This shows that the
management is adhering to the purpose of the college as stated in
its charter.
The school, first opened the doors for students October 5, 1909.
During the past thirteen years, including the summer terms, there
have been enrolled 7,928 students.
SUMMARY
Founded 1907
Number of buildings 9
Number of acres of land 50
Value of buildings and grounds $1,159,000
Number of students 1907-1922 7,928
Annual appropriation $ 105,000
Other income 3,165
PRESIDENT
R. H. Wright 1907-
IfORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL FOR THE BLLXI)
A>D THE DEAF.1
This institution was established by act of the General Assembly
passed January 12, 1845, while Hon. W. A. Graham was Governor
of North Carolina. On the first day of May following the school
opened with seven pupils, which number increased to seventeen
1 The State schools for the blind white children and for the blind and the deaf
negro children, though separate institutions, in separate buildings located iu differ
ent parts of the city, are under the same supervision. — Editor.
School for the Blind and the Deaf 191
during the session. The first appropriation amounted to $5,000 an-
nually. Two years later it was made $10,000. W. D. Cooke, of Vir-
ginia, was elected first principal, and for some years the school was
conducted in a building on Hillsboro Street, rented for the purpose.
On April 14, 1849, the corner-stone of the present main building
on Caswell Square was laid by the Grand Lodge of Masons. At first
deaf children only were received, but later blind children were ad-
mitted.
In 1868 a department for the education of the negro deaf and
blind children of the State was established on Bloodworth Street,
in the southeastern part of the city. This has grown to be the
largest and best equipped school for the negro deaf and blind in
the South.
In 1894 the white deaf children were removed to their new school
at Morganton.
The auditorium building furnishes dormitories for the boys and
a good auditorium, but it is now too small to accommodate the num-
ber of students in attendance.
The school has a small library and a partially equipped gymnasium
which have aided much in the work it is doing.
The industrial building furnishes room for the broom, mattress,
and cane-seating department of the school. Similar buildings are
at the colored department.
The increased attendance has made it necessary to increase the
appropriation for maintenance, and the Legislature has made addi-
tions from time to time until the annual income is now $85,000.
This is equivalent to only about $280 per child — an amount far less
than that used by any school for the blind in the United States.
Seventeen years ago the allowance per child was more than $214.
With the increased cost of living, one can readily see how cramped
must be the financial condition.
The school is now seriously handicapped for lack of room and
of funds. The present quarters are entirely too circumscribed. There
is no room for exercise grounds, and if any children need exercise,
it is the blind; nor is there any place for additional buildings. The
overcrowded condition of the buildings demands serious attention.
His Excellency, the Governor, recommended in his message to the
192 State Educational Institutions
General Assembly of 1911 the purchase of 100 acres in the suburbs
of the city upon which to erect new buildings upon the cottage sys-
tem. This suggestion was emphasized by the State Board of Internal
Improvements, the State Board of Health, and the Board of Charities.
The new plant for the School for the Blind is being built near
Pullen Park, and it is hoped that the incoming session of the
General Assembly will provide sufficient funds to complete this
plant in time for occupancy next fall. It is being built on the cottage
system, and is of fireproof construction, and will be in every re-
spect an up-to-date plant.
The literary work of the school begins with kindergarten and
continues up through the grades and full four years' high school
course, parelleling in this work the courses approved by the State
Board of Education.
We also give thorough courses in piano, pipe organ, violin, and
voice, and have an excellent orchestra.
All of the girls in the white department take fancy work, also
work in the sewing department. The boys take work in the
broom and mattress shops or piano tuning.
We have similar departments for the colored blind. The deaf
are also trained in the shoe shops, the carpenter shops and in agri-
cultural work on the school farms.
It is the aim of the school not only to give each child a good
literary training, but vocational training as well, so that each one
will be fitted for making a good living.
Those who have made a careful study of the former students
claim that 85 per cent of the graduates of the school are making a
good living. In their chosen professions and business a large num-
ber are leaders in their communities.
SUMMARY
Founded 1S45
Number of buildings 7
Number of acres of land 122
Value of buildings and equipment $200,000
Value of land 80,000
Number of volumes in library (ink print) 1.900
Number of volumes in library (tactile print) 5,600
School for the (White) Deaf 193
Number of students 140
Value of buildings at new site $ 500,000
Number of faculty 23
State appropriation (including both departments )$ 130,000
Income from other sources None
NAMES AND TERMS OF SERVICE OF ALL PRINCIPALS.
W. D. Cooke 1845-1860
Wllley J. Palmer 1860-1869
John Nichols 1873-1877
S. F. Tomlinson 1871-1873
John Nichols 1869-1871
Hezekiah A. Gudger 1877-1883
William J. Young 1883-1896
Frederick R. Place June, 1896-September, 1896
John E. Ray 1896-1918
John T. Alderman Jan., 1918-August, 1918
G. E. LlNEBERRY 1918-
COLORED DEPARTMENT.
Founded 1869
Number of buildings 4
Value of buildings and equipment $ 75,000
Number of volumes in library (ink print) 500
Number of volumes in library (tactile print) 1,700
Number of students 174
Number of faculty 17
THE NORTH CAROLINA SCHOOL FOR THE (WHITE) DEAF.
E. McK. Goodwin, Superintendent, Morganton
In 1845 this State first attempted the education of her deaf and
dumb children, being the ninth State in the Union to undertake
the education of this class of children. The first year, seven pupils
were admitted. Soon thereafter the blind children of the State
were provided for under the same management, and the institution
became the Institution for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb and
the Blind. Both classes were admitted into the institution at
Raleigh till the Legislature of 1891 was made to realize that there
13
194 State Educational Institutions
was only a small part of either class being educated, for up to that
time only about 25 per cent were being even partially educated.
In 1891 the General Assembly passed an act creating and establish-
ing the North Carolina School for the Deaf and Dumb for the white
race only, and located it at Morganton. The school was opened for
the reception of pupils in 1894. All white deaf children then in
school at Raleigh were admitted to the new school, which had very
limited support. There were only 102 present the first year, but as
soon as the Legislature made provision, the school admitted 162, and
the attendance has increased steadily till 303 were admitted one
session. There are many adult deaf in North Carolina now entirely
uneducated. It is a significant fact, however, that this State has the
largest attendance in proportion to her population of any Southern
State, and, indeed, compares favorably with the Northern States in
this respect.
The statute prescribes the public school course of the State, and
allows high school work for those who want to go to college.
In addition to the regular school work, we have five industrial
departments for the boys, where they are given, as far as possible,
the knowledge of handicraft in the elementary branches. The five
departments for the boys are farming and gardening, woodwork and
carpentry, typesetting and printing, and shoemaking and tailoring.
The girls are taught general domestic work, including cooking, plain
sewing and dressmaking. Primary handicraft is taught to the small
children.
America leads the world in her provision for the education of the
deaf. From 1817, when the first school was established in America,
till about 186S, all the schools used the French system, which is the
manual or sign method; but in 186S the German or oral method was
introduced, and while the progress has been slow, the proportion has
constantly increased till at present about 85 per cent of all the deaf
children in the United States, now in school, are being taught by
the oral method. Many of these children learn to speak and read
speech of others sufficiently to become invaluable to themselves and
to the great convenience of the members of their families. But even
if their speech is not natural or good, the written language of the
orally taught deaf is more natural and smooth in expression than
that of the deaf taught manually.
Manual Training and Industrial School 195
The North Carolina School has two departments to meet the de-
mands, and is known in the profession as a "combined school." Our
orally taught pupils become as adept "sign makers" as the manually
taught. They acquire the manual language by association with those
who sign and spell on their fingers. The orally taught get all the
manually taught get, and also what speech and speeeb-reading tbey
get from the oral system, beyond what those manually taught even
claim to get. Some of the largest and best schools for the deaf in
America are "pure oral" schools.
The North Carolina School has prepared a number of students for
Gallaudet College, where they have graduated with distinction.
Many of our former students have done well in the race of life,
making a good living and good citizens.
Our school plant is worth at least $1,000,000. The school, from its
creation, has had a broad and liberal-minded board of directors of
practical business men. The present board is composed of J. L.
Scott, Jr., president; A. C. Miller, Mrs. I. P. Jeter, W. W. Neal, W. R.
Whitson, J. T. Barrett, Dr. Jenness Morrill, and E. McK. Goodwin
has been superintendent since its establishment.
The school has now a staff of twenty-seven regular grade teachers
and an educational principal, a supervising teacher in Goodwin
Hall, our new primary school, and five industrial teachers.
1,131 pupils have been enrolled since opening in 1894.
SUMMARY.
Founded - 1894
Number of buildings 5
Number of acres of land 327
Value of buildings and equipment $1,000,000
Value of land $ 60,000
Number of volumes in library 3,700
Number of faculty (including one principal) 35
State appropriation $ 110,000
Income from other sources, about $ 4,000
THE STONEWALL JACKSON MANUAL TRAINING
AND INDUSTRIAL SCHOOL.
Charles E. Boger, Superintendent, Concord.
In accordance with an act of the Legislature of 1907, the Stone-
wall Jackson Manual Training and Industrial School was established.
196 State Educational Institutions
The law permits the school to receive donations, and it is largely due
to several liberal-minded people that the school has made such
wonderful progress for the few years it has been in existence. Mr.
Caesar Cone of Greensboro, has furnished material to make the
work uniforms for the boys since the opening of the school. Since
the death of Mr. Cone, Mr. Bernard Cone, in memory of his brother,
continues this contribution. General Julian S. Carr, of Durham,
N. C, recently gave the school §200.00 to supply a pressing and
urgent need. In January, 1909, the first cottage was completed,
which was the gift of the King's Daughters of North Carolina; it
was erected on a 298-acre tract of land, which was donated by the
city of Concord. Since that time 32 acres have been purchased by
the school. Many additions have also been made to the school:
Mr. and Mrs. W. N. Reynolds, of Winston-Salem, contributed $1,000.00
towards the building of a stock barn; Mr. and Mrs. G. T. Roth, of
Elkin, furnished $3,500.00 to erect the Industrial Building, in which
is located the electric shoe shop, printing office, woodworking shop,
engine room, and space for the storage of lumber and supplies. A
beautiful chapel has been built of rough granite, which cost $6,500.00.
A granite memorial bridge has been constructed across the na-
tional highway, connecting the chapel grounds with the school cam-
pus. These are the gifts of the King's Daughters. An artistic granite
pavilion, costing $4,000.00, the gift of Mr. J. E. Latham, of Greens-
boro, has been built. This Pavilion contains rest rooms, lavatories,
drinking fountain, and band instrument room on the first floor,
and a band stand and observation room on the second floor. Twelve
cottages are completed, giving accommodations for 360 boys. Of
these, six cottages have been erected by the various counties of the
State. Mecklenburg Cottage was built by funds donated by the
citizens of town and county. The funds for the other five cottages
were furnished by the county commissioners of the various counties.
These counties are Guilford, Durham, Rockingham. Gaston, Rowan,
Iredell. Robeson county commissioners have authorized the build-
ing of another county cottage. The new school building erected
contains school rooms and auditorium, and rooms for library,
barber shop, dental office, and an indoor gymnasium room. The
complete furnishing of the auditorium was the gift of Mr. J. F.
>nnon, Concord, N. C, costing about $3,500.00. The other special
rooms are waiting for equipment. Our administration building,
Normal Schools for Negroes and Indiaxs 197
erected by the State, was destroyed by fire on the morning of
September 8, 1922. Three days later, a friend of the school was
found in the person of Mrs. J. W. Cannon, of Concord, who donated
$50,000.00 for its replacement and enlargement. This new building
will more adequately serve the purpose of the school than the old
one.
Fire protection has been provided by the laying of 8-inch and
6-inch water mains, and the placing of hydrants in easy reach of all
the buildings.
An underground wiring has been installed for campus lighting.
A modern dairy barn, with two silos, equipped for the housing
of forty cows has been erected.
Two other brick structures have been built. One of these contains
the store room for supplies for the school, and a cold storage
plant. The other, the bakery and laundry rooms.
The reclamation of the farm lands has been wonderful.
SUMMARY.
School opened January 12, 1909
Buildings 24
Value of buildings and equipment $558,333.28
Value of land $ 55,000.00
Number acres of land 330
Pupils 360
STATE APPROPRIATION.
Flat Maintenance (for first 100 boys) $ 40,000.00
Per capita for all boys over 100 $ 200.00
Permanent Improvements $140,000.00
STATE NORMAL SCHOOLS FOR THE COLORED RACE AM) FOR
THE CHEROKEE LVDIAXS OF ROBESON COUNTY.
N. C. Newbold, Director, Raleigh.
The State maintains three normal schools for the training of
Negro teachers and one for the training of teachers for the Cherokee
Indians of Robeson County. The normal schools for the Negroes are
located in Fayetteville, Elizabeth City, and Winston-Salem; the
school for the Cherokee Indians of Robeson County is located at
Pembroke.
19S State Educational Institutions
The first superintendent of these schools was Charles L. Coon,
elected in 1904. In January, 1907, he was succeeded by John
Duckett, who died November 16, 1908. J. A. Bivens was superintend-
ent from January, 1909, until his death, March 2, 1913. E. E.
Sams was superintendent from March, 1913 to June 1, 1919. A. T.
Allen was superintendent from June 1, 1919, to June 30, 1921. In
the Legislature of 1921 a Division of Negro Education was created
in the Department of Public Instruction with the following per-
sonnel: N. C. Newbold, director; G. H. Ferguson, assistant director;
W. A. Robinson, supervisor of Teacher-Training and High Schools;
W. F. Credle, supervisor of the Julius Rosenwald Fund; G. E. Davis,
supervisor of Rosenwald Buildings; Mrs. Annie W. Holland, super-
visor of Elementary Schools; Miss Annabel Pratt, secretary; Miss
Lillian Ray, stenographer. The director of this division is an
ex officio member of the Boards of Trustees of these schools, and
this division has general supervision of the schools.
Most of the Negro and Indian teachers in the sections where
these schools are located have received their training in these
schools. Industrial training, especial. y in domestic science, is re-
quired in all of them. In the Slater School at Winston-Salem shop
aid farm work are taught n the Indian School home economics
and vocational agriculture are taught under the direction of the
Smith-Hughes Fund.
In 1917 the Legislature made an appropriation of $10,000 out of
the bond issue for the improvement of the colored normals.
The General Assembly of 1919 made an appropriation of $90,000
for the improvement and enlargement of the three normal schools
for the colored teachers, and $1,250 for the repair of the buildings at
Pembroke for the Cherokee Indians, and increased the maintenance
fund for the four institutions, making the following distribution:
Slater Normal $15,000.00
Elizabeth City Normal 11,000.00
Fayetteville Normal 9,000.00
Pembroke Normal 3,600.00
This makes a total for maintenance of $3S,600 and a total for
building purposes of $91,250.
The $1,250 for the repair of the Pembroke Normal School was
spent and the buildings were repaired that year.
Normal Schools for Negroes and Indians 199
In 1921 the Legislature made available the following appropria-
tions for improvement and maintenance for Negro education:
Building and equipment, four State Normal
Schools $394,000
Building and equipment, four State Normal
Schools (balance 1917-1919 appro.).. 100,000 $494,000
Maintenance, three State Normal Schools
(annual) 75,000
Division of Negro Education (annual) .... 15,000
Teacher-training in private schools (an-
nual) 15,000
Teacher-training in summer schools (esti-
mate annual) 20,000
High School and vocational education (es-
timate annual) 30,000
Building and improvement, A. & T. College,
Greensboro \ . 115,000
Maintenance, A. & T. (annual) 30,000
Building reformatory for Negro boys 25,000
Maintenance of reformatory (annual).... 10,000
Sanatorium for Negro tubercular patients 100,000
Total $929,000
The General Education Board in 1919 made a conditional offer
of $20,000 to Elizabeth City Normal School for the purpose of build-
ing a practice school in connection with the normal school.
In recognition of valuable service rendered the community and
the State by the Slater State Normal School in Winston-Salem, the
citizens of that city, the General Education Board, and the State
Legislature each gave $10,000, making a total of $30,000, in 1919 for
the construction and equipment of an industrial and science building
at that school. This building was completed early in 1921.
In 1921 the Legislature made available the following appropria-
tions for improvement and maintenance for the Indian Normal
School:
Maintenance (annual) 7,200
Building and equipment $ 2,000
Maintenance (annual) 8,200
Building and equipment (Special Session) 75,000
Total $84,200
All of the property of these normal schools is held by the State
Board of Education.
200 State Educational Institutions
FAYETTEVILLE COLORED NORMAL SCHOOL.
E. E. Smith, Principal.
J. W. Seahrook, Vice-Principal.
Founded 1877
Number of buildings 6
Number of acres of land 42
Value of buildings $ 210,000
Value of land 15,000
Value of furniture and equipment 40,000
Number of students below seventh grade 118
Number of students above seventh grade 412
State appropriation (maintenance) $ 23,500
State appropriation (buildings and improve-
ments, used in new buildings $ 177,830
ELIZABETH CITY COLORED NORMAL SCHOOL.
P. W. Moore, Principal.
J. H. Bias, Vice-Principal.
Founded 1892
Number of buildings 5
Number of acres of land 41
Value of buildings % 215,000
Value of land $ 15,000
Value of furniture and equipment $ 40,000
Number of students below the seventh grade. . . . 277
Number of students above seventh grade 271
State appropriation (maintenance) $ 23,500
State appropriation (building and improve-
ments) used in new buildings $ 164,500
SLATER INDUSTRIAL AND NORMAL SCHOOL AT
WINSTON-SALEM.
S. G. Atkins, Principal
Founded 1895
Number of acres of land 25
Number of building 7
Value of buildings $ 250,000
Value of land $ 25,000
Other property, including furniture and fixtures. .% 50,000
Number of students below seventh grade 480
Number of students above seventh grade 252
State appropriation (maintenance) % 28,000
State appropriation (buildings and improve-
ments) (used in new buildings) § 177,830
Normal Schools for Negroes and Indians 201
INDIAN NORMAL SCHOOL AT PEMBROKE
A. B. Riley, Principal.
Founded 1S87
Number of buildings 4
Number of acres of land 10
Value of buildings $ 90,000
Value of land $ 7,500
Number of students below seventh grade 196
Number of students above seventh grade 96
State appropriation (maintenance) $ 7,200
Value of equipment $ 7,000
SUPERINTENDENTS.
Charles L. Coon 1904-1907
John Duckett 1907-1908
J. A. Bivens 1908-1913
B. E. Sams 1913-1919
A. T. Allen 1919-1921
N. C. Newbold (Director) 1921-
As will be seen from the foregoing statement, the three Negro
State Normal Schools have had appropriations for building as fol-
lows:
1. General Assembly of 1917 $ 10,000
2. General Assembly of 1919 90,000
3. General Assembly of 1921 394,000
which is approximately a half million dollars. A number of sub-
stantial brick buildings have been built or are under construction for
these schools. All the appropriation has been used except about
$7,000, which will be spent in the next sixty days, when all the con-
struction will be completed.
The General Education Board gave $125,000 to purchase equipment
for the three Negro Normal Schools, thus making it possible to use
all the State's appropriations in actual construction of new build-
ings.
A splendid new brick building containing classrooms, auditorium,
and office and library rooms is being constructed at Pembroke in
Robeson County for the Cherokee Indians. The special session of
the General Assembly in 1921 made an appropriation of $75,000 for
this purpose.
202 State Educational Institutions
THE NEGRO AGRICULTURAL AND TECHNICAL COLLEGE
James B. Dudley, President, Greensboro, N. C.
Founded 1891
Number of buildings • • 13
Number of acres of land owned 130%
Value of buildings and equipment $300,000
Value of land 64,000
Number of volumes in library . . 2,900
Number of regular students (1922) 446
Number of Summer School students (1922) 474
Total number of students (1922) 920
Number of faculty 25
Income from State Appropriation $30,000
Income from Federal Appropriation $ 16,500
PRESIDENTS
John O. Crosby 1892-1896
James B. Dudley 1896-
The Negro Agricultural and Technical College is located at Greens-
boro. Its charter was granted March 9, 1891; the first building was
completed in 1893, and the school opened in the fall of the same year.
The citizens of Greensboro donated fourteen acres of land and $11,000
to be used in the construction of buildings. In 1893 the General
Assembly supplemented this gift with an appropriation of $11,000.
The financial support of the college comes from the United States
Government under an act of Congress known as the Morrill Act,
passed August 2, 1890; and from the State of North Carolina, which
makes appropriations for maintenance and improvements.
The management of the institution and the care of its property
is vested in a board of trustees, consisting of fifteen members.
The trustees, by an act of the Legislature, have power to elect the
president, teachers, and as many other officers and servants as they
think necessary.
This institution has six brick buildings, one brick-veneered build-
ing, three barns, a small dairy building, two greenhouses, a broom
shop, a blacksmith shop, a poultry plant, and a few smaller buildings.
The college confines its courses of study entirely to agricultural
and mechanical education. No purely academic courses are offered.
The Agricultural Department of this institution is one of the best
to be found in any Negro school in the country.
Its aim is to train practical farmers and teachers of agriculture.
It offers four courses.
Normal Schools for Negroes and Indians 203
1. A four-year course for those who want a well-rounded agricul-
tural education combined with technical and practical training.
2. A two-year course for those who have little time to spend in
school and want to get only such information as bears directly on
their chosen vocation.
3. A winter short-course for farm boys who are unable to get into
school until after harvesting their crop, and who must leave before
the close of school in order to prepare for another crop.
4. A one-week course for farmers and others who can spend only
a limited time away from their business.
Throughout the State and the South may be seen the splendid work
of the men who have completed these courses. Some of the finest farms
in the State are managed by its graduates, and the leading Negro
institutions seek them as teachers of agriculture. The Farm Demon-
stration work in this State is, to a large extent, being done by the
graduates of this department.
Through farmers' meetings and short courses this department is
endeavoring to stimulate the Negro farmers in every section of the
State. A vocational course for training teachers of agriculture
was established by the Smith-Hughes Fund in 1917. The object
of this department is to prepare agricultural teachers for the
Rural High Schools in this State.
The work of the Agricultural Department is greatly handicapped
because of the lack of sufficient equipment and teachers.
The courses in the Mechanical Arts Department are designed
to give the student a thorough knowledge of the trades offered in
this department. Aside from the technical skill of his particular
trade, the student is given a course in Mechanical Drawing and a
working knowledge of at least two kindred trades. Students and
graduates of this department are leading useful and thrifty lives in
this and other Sates as carpenters, bricklayers, auto mechanics,
machinists, plumbers, electricians, broom and mattress makers,
blacksmiths, architects, contractors, and teachers.
Any person of suitable age and character who desires a trade
is admitted as a special student regardless of entrance requirements.
Some indications of the usefulness of the college may be sug-
gested by the scope and character of its work. Ever since this in-
stitution was established, it has been the open door of industrial
204 State Educational Institutions
opportunity for the Negro boys of this State. It has added to the in-
dustrial resources of the State more than 600 trained workers who
have taught the lessons of patriotism, thrift, and right living to
more than a hundred thousand Negro men, women, and children
in this State.
It is hoped that the General Assembly will see its way clear to
give this institution an appropriation sufficiently adequate to meet
its growing demands, and to enable it to take first rank among the
Negro land-grant colleges of this country.
THE CASWELL TRAINING SCHOOL.
C. Banks McNairt, M. D., Superintendent, Kinston.
The Caswell Training School (The North Carolina School for the
Feebleminded) was established by the Legislature in 1911. Dr.
Ira M. Hardy, who with other notable and progressive leaders worked
so faithfully in teaching the urgent need of such an institution, was
superintendent during the construction of the first main buildings.
On July 1, 1914, the institution was opened and 15 girls received.
Since then there have been 519 admissions. At the close of the last
biennial period, June 30th, 1922, we had present 274 children. The
present population is 322.
The Legislature of 1919, appreciating the necessity for the ex-
pansion of this work, appropriated the sum of $300,000.00 for re-
building and enlarging the institution. The Legislature of 1921,
appreciating the said program, appropriated $240,000.00 for perma-
nent improvements and furnishing with which we have completed
and furnished buildings sufficient to accommodate 400 children.
Said buildings were sufficiently completed to be dedicated April 13,
1922. However, we were able to take only 300 children for lack
of maintenance.
The purpose of the institution as it relates to the children them-
selves is identical with that of the home, the school and the com-
munity; to establish wholesome conditions in which they may find
their fullest happiness, and to train and educate to the extent of
their mental ability and to throw around them such protection and
safeguards as will prevent them from being overcome by the things
Caswell Training School 205
they are unable to meet, and also, prevent them, as far as possible,
from being a burden or nuisance to those by whom they are sur-
rounded. Then the institution goes further and seeks to educate the
people to the alarming increase of the number of this class and to
initiate methods cutting off this increase and thus saving our
homes, our communities and our State from the ever present burden
and responsibility of the care of these whom all admit are a heavy
liability to any community.
SUMMARY.
Founded 1911
Number of buildings 11
Old buildings of brick construction: Adminis-
tration building, 1 dormitory, laundry. New
buildings of fire-proof construction: 3 2-story
dormitories, dining hall and school building,
kitchen and refrigerating plant, smoke house,
power house, potato house.
Number of acres of land 950
Value of buildings and equipment $550,000
Value of land $ 40,000
Number of pupils 322
Number of employees 50
Income from State (maintenance 1921-22) $160,000
SUPERINTENDENTS.
Dr. Ira M. Hardy 1911-1913
Dr. C. Banks McNairy 1914-1922
PART VI.
STATE CHARITABLE INSTITUTIONS.
1. State Hospital at Raleigh.
2. State Hospital at Morganton.
3. State Hospital at Goldsboro.
4. North Carolina Sanatorium for the Treatment of
Tuberculosis.
5. North Carolina State Orthopaedic Hospital
School.
(3. Oxford Orphanage for White Children.
7. North Carolina Orphanage for the Colored Race.
8. The Soldiers' Home.
9. Confederate Woman's Home.
207 1
STATE HOSPITAL AT RALEIGH.
Aleert Anderson, M.D. Superintendent.
To Raleigh there came in 1S48 Miss Dorothea Lynde Dix, who two
years later was to be termed in a letter to her from Millard Fillmore,
President of the United States, "the most distinguished and useful
woman America has yet produced." Her mission was one of the
noblest ever undertaken by a mortal — the care of the insane, and
she brought about the establishment of asylums for them in
more than thirty States. She was literally the mother of the State
Hospital at Raleigh, the first in North Carolina.
Her first effort to induce the Legislature to make an appropriation
was defeated, but Providence showed her a way to win success. A
member of the House was James C. Dobbin of Fayetteville, and his
wife became seriously ill at a hotel at Raleigh. By day and night
Miss Dix was by her bedside, a trained and devoted nurse. On her
death-bed Mrs. Dobbin expressed gratitude for the tender and loving
care given her and almost with her dying breath urged her husband
to repay her debt of appreciation by making another effort to pass
the bill. From her graveside he went to the House and there made
a speech so impressive and so touching that opposition disappeared
and the bill to establish the North Carolina Asylum for the Insane
passed by an overwhelming vote, 101 yeas to 10 nays.
The first appropriation was made in 1849, but the work of construc-
tion did not begin until May, 1850. The site, a noble and commanding
one, had been chosen by Miss Dix at the request of the Legislature
and is named for her "Dix Hill." The plan of the main building
was of the finest type then conceived and it stands today a fine ex-
ample of the best thought of seventy-two years ago; a central struc-
ture 186 by 80 feet, with two wings each 325 by 40 feet, with accom-
modations for 224 patients. The first superintendent of construction
was Dr. Edward Strudwick, of Hillsboro, who was chosen by the
asylum commission created by the Legislature as a "competent medi-
cal superintendent." He consented to accept the duties temporarily,
until his place could be filled. September 16th the commission (or
trustees) appointed Dr. Edward C. Fisher, of Richmond, Va., who had
14 [20j!
210 State Chabitable Institutions
had experience in such an asylum at Staunton, Va., and he entered
on the duty October 1st.
The report of the superintendent from February 22nd to October
31st, 1856, showed that during that period 59 males and 31 females,
a total of 90, had been admitted, and that 80 remained, 4 having
recovered and 3 improved greatly. The report also showed that the
amount expended in building the asylum was $184,938, and that the
incidental expenditure totaled $60,606.
Superintendent Fisher paid a tribute to the noble founder of the
Asylum, Miss Dix, an oil portrait of her having been made for the
State and placed in the reception-room. He said: "Unwilling as she
is to receive a public recognition of thanks and enjoying a world-
wide reputation for her action and philanthropic efforts to relieve
the sorrow and suffering of the distressed, we deem this a suitable
occasion to present this humble, but not less sincerely felt, tribute
to her heroic and untiring efforcs in originating and prosecuting
with success the law establishing and building the North Carolina
Insane Asylum." No honor was too great for North Carolina to
give her. She visited this asylum frequently and was greeted always
by the deep respect, love and admiration of the Governor, the Legis-
lature and the people.
Dr. Fisher said in his report of September 30th, 1865, "the circum-
stances surrounding the management of the Asylum have been both
novel and peculiar but have at least been manfully met." He stated
further that "in the past four months there have been received
eight colored patients, 6 males and 2 females, admitted by military
authority. There was no arrangement of the building designed for
this class of unfortunates, hence there was no other alternative but
to place them in the same apartments in common with the whites.
The question arises as to what extent shall the apartments be applied
to the use of the colored insane? It may be reasonably expected
that a part of this building will be called into requisition for their
accommodation and common justice seems to require that for their
maintenance a tax should be levied upon the colored people of the
State, as the present financial status utterly precludes the least hope
of a separate or distinct building being erected for them." It is of
interest to know that North Carolina, 25 years after this statement,
namely, in 1880, made this provision for a State hospital at Goldsboro.
State Hospital at Raleigh 211
During the ten years between February 22nd, 1866, and the found-
ing in 1856, there had been in the Asylum 693 immates; no serious
accident or misfortune befell any one of these and 172 had been
discharged as restored. July 7th, 1868, Dr. Eugene Grissom became
superintendent of the Asylum and found 216 inmates, who filled it
to capacity, and there were 250 applications for admission.
His first report says that the garden supplied the Asylum and also
furnished vegetables to the Deaf-Mute Asylum. The improvement
and adornment of the grounds was placed under the direction of
Capt C. B. Denson of Pittsboro. Through the years many newspapers
had been sent by their editors as a gift, and pictures and books were
also freely given.
The State was divided by a line north and r.outh along the west-
ern boundaries of Rockingham, Guilford, Randolph, Montgomery and
Richmond counties. Those west of the line were to be sent to the
State Hospital at Morganton.
In 1889 Dr. William R. Wood succeeded Dr. Grissom as Superin-
tendent, September 12th, and he reported 240 beds in the Asylum.
He reported a general average of 8 insane to a county outside the
Asylum, a total of 816, of whom 37 per cent were in poorhouses, 5
per cent in jails and 57 per cent "unprovided for by any known
responsible authority."
Fireproof towers, fire escapes, were installed in 1892. In March,
1894, Dr. Wood resigned and Dr. Geo. L. Kirby became superintend-
ent. Dr. Francis. T. Fuller, after 38 years Of constant and devoted
service as assistant superintendent, died, September 14th. A new
building containing a congregate dining room and dormitories for
75 female patients was occupied. The school for nurses was estab-
lished in 1895. In 1897 there were 425 patients, costing $140.00 each
for maintenance. Dr. James McKee became Superintendent in 1902.
The State Hospital Commission, in 1908, bought 1,139 acres of ad-
joining land for $53,500. The land area had up to this purchase been
far too limited and this addition gave opportunity for growth on
a great scale and so marks a most important period in the life of
what had become the State Hospital at Raleigh. On this land were
built two colonies for epileptics. A colony building for convalescing
male insane and an annex to the male insane department were built
and work was begun on a female colony building, named the Erwin
212 State Charitable Institutions
Building. The water supply began to be received from the Raleigh
mains. In 1910 the two epileptic colonies and one male insane colony
were opened; the epileptic ones with capacity for 192 patients. Dr.
L. J. Picot became Superintendent in 1912, upon the death of Dr.
AIcKee.
Dr. Albert Anderson became Superintendent in 1913. He instituted
vocational training for the patients, with great success, a highly
trained expert directing the work. A careful survey disclosed
some male and female patients with tuberculosis and these were at
once placed in a special building for this disease. A complete medi-
cal laboratory was installed and a training school for nurses put in
operation. A spacious greenhouse was added to the equipment;
mechanical stokers were installed in the boiler house, effecting a
great saving of coal and doing away with the smoke. The po'icy
was adopted of bringing the medical profession into close touch with
the Hospital and of having clinics. The number of patients November
30th, 1914, was 994, of whom 531 were females, 463 males; the total
number admitted from the opening of the institution in 1856 being
6,830. In the Epileptic Department there were 204, of whom 123
were males and 81 females.
In 1915 a dental department was inaugurated, and also a Mental
Hygiene campaign in the eastern half of the State. A Nurses' Home
was built and a Receiving Building for female patients. In 1918 an
epidemic of influenza caused the death of two employes and 18
patients.
The boiler capacity was increased, at a cost of $90,000.
In 1919, 49 patients were transferred to this Hospital from the Gas-
well Training School at Kinston, because of a fire at the latter. All
the patients were immunized against typhoid. A new kitchen, cost-
ing $100,000 and the best in any institution of this kind, was built
with a capacity to serve 2,000 persons. The laundry was burned,
but was quickly rebuilt with double its former capacity.
Tuberculosis caused the slaughter of the herd of cattle, and a new
herd was purchased.
During the last year, August, 1921 to July, 1922, there has been
spent $765,000. Two large dining rooms, each holding more than
t00 patients, for serving meals, with connecting corridors, bringing
All patients into the male and female dining rooms, have been built
on either side and connected with kitchen at a cost of about $200,000.
State Hospital at Moegantown 213
The barnyard equipment lias been moved from the old site to near
the middle of the farm with the most modern and convenient build-
ings, consisting of hay barn — 400-ton capacity; 40-stall mule barn;
a large implement shed 204 feet by 40 feet; eight cottages for colored
laborers; and a cottage for a white man who is feeder and caretaker
of this group of farm buildings. A new dairy barn with individual
drinking cups with capacity of 85; a modern bullpen holding four
bulls; and calf barn equipped like the dairy, sufficiently large to hold
forty to fifty calves. All the room made by our new buildings will
accommodate about 600 patients.
STATE HOSPITAL AT MORGANTON.
John McCampbell, M.D., Superintendent.
The appropriation for maintenance for the past two years was
$425,000 annually. This amount under the present standard of care
proved sufficient with a balance left over at the end of the period.
We have requested through the medium of our budget an annual
appropriation of $454,000 for the next two years. This amount, calcu-
lated upon the present rate of expenditures, will care for 300 addi-
tional patients.
We are requesting by way of permanent improvement an appro-
priation of $215,000 for the purpose of building a new power house
and installing necessary mechanical equipment. This request is
made after a careful survey of engineers and upon their recommenda-
tion. We are also asking for $200,000 for the purpose of building two
buildings, one for men and one for women, providing additional
capacity. At the present rate of application for admission these wil'
be needed before they can be supplied.
SUMMARY.
Institution founded 1875
Number of buildings ' 17
Number of acres of land 1,130
Number of inmates 1,450
Number of attendants 100
Annual appropriation $425,000
SUPERINTENDENTS.
Dr. P. L. Murphy 1882-1907
Dr. John McCampbell 1907-
214 State Charitable Institutions
STATE HOSPITAL AT GOLBSBORO.
"W. W. Faison, M.D., Superintendent, Goldsboro, N. C.
This institution was opened for reception of patients August 1st,
1880. The number of patients received since its beginning is 7,059.
Number discharged, 5,93S. Number of patients remaining on roll,
1,116.
SUMMARY.
Founded 1880
Number of buildings 13
Number of acres of land 725
Value of buildings and equipment $1,000,000.00
Value of land $ 100,000.00
Number of inmates 1,116
Number of attendants 52
State Appropriation for 1921 and 1922 $ 740,000.00
SUPERINTENDENTS.
W. H. Moore 1880-18S2
J. D. Roberts 1S82-1888
J. F. Miller 1888-1906
W. W. Faison 1906-
>0RTH CAROLINA SANATORIUM FOR TREATMENT OF
TUBERCULOSIS.
L. B. McBrayer. M.D., F.A.C.P., Superintendent, Sanatorium, X. C.
The North Carolina Sanatorium for Treatment of Tuberculosis
was established by an act of the General Assembly in 1907, which
appropriated for the purpose $15,000 for construction and $5,000
for annual maintenance.
summary.
Number of buildings 30
Value of buildings $512,015.68
Number of acres of land 1,200
Value of land $ 54,750.00
Number of patients 190
Appropriations 1921 and 1922:
Permanent improvements $330,000.00
Maintenance, 1921 85,000.00
Maintenance, 1922 S5,000.00
Extension, 1921 15,000.00
Extension, 1922 15,000.00
North Carolina Orthopedic Hospital 215
superintendents.
J. E. Brooks, M. D 1907-1912
M. E. Street, M. D 1912-1914
L. B. McBrayer, M. D., F. A. C. P 1914-
SORTH CAROLINA ORTHOPAEDIC HOSPITAL.
Robert B. Babington, Founder and President, Gastonia, N. C.
The North Carolina Orthopaedic Hospital, Gastonia, N. C,
was founded in 1909, was chartered in 1314, was created a State
institution by the General Assembly of 1917, was erected to God in
1920-21 for the scientific treatment and healing of crippled children of
sound mind. The institution was dedicated August 18th, 1921, and
was opened for the reception of little crippled children July 1st, 1921.
The General Assembly of 1917 and of 1919 appropriated $20,000.00
each session for permanent improvements, making $40,000.00 to the
building fund. The above General Assembly appropriated $7,500.00
for maintenance fund. However, the institution was not operating,
on account of not having sufficient funds to be built. Therefore,
none of the money appropriated for maintenance was used.
The completion and opening of the North Carolina Orthopaedic
Hospital, July 1st, 1921, supplies the State of North Carolina with
one of the most needed charities of the day, and one of the few such
State institutions in the United States.
The aim and purpose of the institution is to scientifically treat,
heal and teach all crippled and deformed children of sound mind of
North Carolina, and especially the orphaned, poor and neglected
ones.
The institution is located in Gaston County on a 28.5 acre tract
of land, two miles east of Gastonia on the New Hope asphalt road,
beautifully situated on a high elevation of more than 1,000 feet. The
land is well watered, with beautiful groves on it.
The main buildings, where the children live are fireproof and
beautiful in architectural design.
The institution is under the management of a board of nine trus-
tees, appointed from time to time by the Governor, of which the
Governor is ex officio Chairman.
216 State Charitable Institutions
SUMMARY.
Founded ' 1909
Chartered 1914
Created a State institution 1917
Number of acres of land 28.5
Value of land $ 28.500.00
Value of buildings, improvements and equipment 200,000.00
OXFORD ORPHANAGE.
R. L. Brown, Superintendent, Oxford.
In the year 1872 the Oxford Orphan Asylum was established by
the Grand Lodge of Ancient, Free and Accepted Order of Masons
of North Carolina.
It was the first institution of its character established in the
State and one of the first in the South.
This property was originally the old St. John's College, and was
established in 1855 by the Grand Lodge of North Carolina for edu-
cational purposes. After being tried for a number of years and
proving a failure financially, the Grand Lodge in 1S72 decided to
turn the property into a home for the orphan children of the State.
This was accomplished largely through the instrumentality of
John H. Mills, who offered the resolution at the meeting of the
Grand Lodge, and worked for its adoption without very great en-
couragement. It was, therefore, quite fitting that he should have
been chosen to be the first superintendent of the Orphanage.
This action of the Grand Lodge brought into existence the first
orphanage in North Carolina.
The purpose of the institution is to provide a temporary home
and training school for the homeless boys and girls of the State.
The conditions of admission of the white children of North Caro-
lina are: That they are really destitute and homeless; that they are
of sound mind and body; and they are not over twelve years of age.
The benefits of Oxford Orphan Asylum have never been restricted
to the children of Masons alone. Only about 25 per cent of its chil-
dren had fathers who were Masons.
Three thousand four hundred and twenty-two children have re-
ceived the care and training of the institution since 1872 to October
31, 1922.
Oxford Orphanage 217
The institution is providing the necessities of life for these chil-
dren, the opportunity to acquire an English education, industrial
training in cottages, kitchen, sewing room, domestic science, laundry,
Shoe shop, printing office, telegraphy and typewriting, woodworking
shop, dairy, and on farm. Each child is in school at least the half
of each school day during the school term of nine and a half months.
Moral and religious instruction is prominent in the work.
In recognition of the services of the Oxford Orphan Asylum, its
value to our Commonwealth in its work, the State of North Carolina
appropriates $30,000 annually to aid in its maintenance and ex-
tension.
Annually a report of the operations of the institution is made to
the Governor of the State and to the State Board of Public Charities,
and to the Grand Lodge.
At the request of the Grand Lodge of Masons, the State of North
Carolina is represented by three members on the board of directors of
the Orphanage. These are appointed by the Governor of the State.
SUMMARY.
Founded 1872
Number of acres of land 242
Number of buildings 28
Value of land, buildings, and equipment $500,000.00
Number of volumes in library 1,800
Number of children in institution (Nov. 1, 1922) 378
Number of officers and teachers 44
Annual income (State appropriation) $ 30,000.00
Annual income (other sources) 114,263.36
SUPERINTENDENTS.
J. H. Mills 1S72-18S2
B. F. Dixon 1883-1890
Julius T. Harris (Sept. 1-Nov. 21) -1890
B. F. Dixon (Nov. 21-Dec. 31) -1890
W. S. Black 1891-1894
N. M. Lawrence 1894-1898
W. J. Hicks 1898-1911
R. L. Brown 1911-
218 State Charitable Institutions
NORTH CAROLINA ORPHANAGE FOR THE COLORED RACE.
Henry P. Cheatham, Super hit en (lent, Oxford, N. C.
The North Carolina Orphanage for the Colored Race was founded
in 1SS3 as the result of the joint efforts of Rev. Augustus Shepard,
then pastor of the colored Baptist Church in Henderson, and Henry
P. Cheatham, then a teacher in the Henderson public schools. Their
plans contemplated the establishment of an orphanage in North
Carolina for the fatherless and homeless children of the colored race
without regard to religious sects. Calling together certain leaders
of the colored race, they laid their plans before them. The plans
were adopted, a board of directors elected, and a site purchased for
the orphanage about a mile and a half south of the town of Oxford.
Upon this site were two old and dilapidated buildings, which were
repaired and put into immediate use. During the first ten years of
its existence the Orphanage was entirely dependent upon the
churches, Sunday schools, and sympathetic individuals for support,
together with what the children could earn by cultivating the six
acres of land then belonging to the Orphanage. In 1892 the Grand
Lodge of Masons of North Carolina adopted a provision allowing the
Orphanage annually ten per cent of its gross receipts, and in 1893
the General Assembly began to make a small annual appropriation,
which now amounts to $10,000.
SUMMARY.
Founded 1883
Number of buildings 10
Number of acres of land 234
Value of land, buildings and equipment $60,000
Number of children in institution 185
Number of officers, teachers and helpers 9
Annual appropriation from State $10,000
Other sources (for 1918) 4,578
Annual per capita cost 112
superintendents.
Rev. Joshua Perry 1883-1884
Miss Bessie Hackixs 1884-
Rev. Walter A. Patillo 1SS6-1SS7
Rev. Robert Shepherd 1S87-1907
Henry P. Cheatham 1907-
Soldiers' Home 219
SOLDIERS' HOME.
J. A. Wiggs, Superintendent.
So far as can be ascertained from the records on file in the office
of the Soldiers' Home, a home for indigent Confederate soldiers was
first established in a rented house at the corner of Polk and Blood-
worth streets, in the city of Raleigh, and declared to be opened on
October 15, 1S90, with five inmates. W. C. Stronach, under the aus-
pices of the Daughters of the Confederacy, acted as superintendent
and looked after the personal comforts of the men.
The General Assembly of 1S91, chapter 60, Private Laws, incor-
porated Gen. Robert F. Hoke, Col. William L. Saunders, Col. A. B.
Andrews, Capt. S. A. Ashe, Gen Rufus Barringer, Gen. A. M. Scales,
Gen. Robert B. Vance, Gen. Thomas Clingman, Gen. W. P. Roberts,
Gen. Julian S. Carr, Capt. Thomas J. Jarvis, Col. W. P. Wood, Gen.
Matt. W. Ransom and other members of the Confederate Veterans'
Association, under the name and style of "The Soldiers' Home Asso-
ciation," and conferred upon this association the usual corporate
powers. The act gave to the Soldiers' Home Association a tract of
land near the eastern section of the city of Raleigh, known as Camp
Russell, to be used for the purpose of a soldiers' home, and, if it
should cease to be so used, to revert to and belong to the State. The
same act appropriated $3,000 for the maintenance of the Soldiers'
Home and the support of its inmates. Section 6 of the act is as
follows:
"The directors shall cause to be kept a minute-book of the Home,
in which full entries shall be kept concerning memorable incidents
in the lives of its inmates. They shall also take steps to form a
museum of Confederate relics and to perpetuate such historical
records of the Confederate soldiers of North Carolina as they shall
find it practicable to do."
The act was ratified February 14, 1901.
On April 27, 1S91, the number of inmates of the Soldiers' Home
having increased to nine, they were removed to an old building at
Camp Russell which had been fitted up for the purposes of the Home.
Miss Mary Williams was appointed matron, and served in that ca-
pacity until February 15, 1893, when Capt. J. H. Fuller was made
resident superintendent. On February 1, 1898, Superintendent
220 State Charitable Institutions
Fuller resigned. Feebleness of age and the increase in number of
inmates had made the duties too arduous for one of his strength.
Capt. R. H. Brooks was elected to succeed Captain Fuller, and
served until his death on June 14, 1910. The number of inmates
continued to increase during his term, and the necessity for new and
larger buildings became urgent. A dormitory was built to accommo-
date 70 inmates, and furnished by liberal donations from the Daugh-
ters of the Confederacy and others. A large hospital was built,
medical attention given, nurses employed, water, sewerage, and elec-
tric lights provided, and the grounds made attractive. Such heavy
expenses exceeded the appropriation made by the State, and at the
close of Captain Brooks' term the books showed the Home to be in
arrears to the extent of $6,000; but all felt confident that the Legis-
lature would provide for the deficiency.
Capt. W. S. Lineberry was elected to succeed Captain Brooks, and
entered upon his duties July 20, 1910.
Colonel D. H. Milton, who was elected to succeed Capt. W. S. Line-
berry, September 26, 1916, took charge October 1, 1916. Colonel
Milton resigned October 1, 1920, and was succeeded by J. A. Wiggs.
An appropriation of $35,000 was made by the Legislature of 1915
for the support of the Home. The Home is now out of debt; the
buildings bright with new paint; the grounds ornamented with trees
and shrubbery, and walks clean. The comrades are, as a rule,
contented. The fare is good, the rooms comfortable, the regulations
reasonable, and an air of cheerfulness pervades. Ail this v.as come
from the humble beginning of October, 1890.
SUMMARY.
Founded 1890
Number of comrades received since its founding. . 1,373
Number received since last report 63
Number of comrades died since its founding 682
Number died since last report 66
Number of comrades in the Home, December 1, 1922 111
SUPERINTENDENTS.
Miss Mary Williams 1891-1893
Capt. J. H. Fuller 1893-189S
Capt. R. H. Brooks 1898-1910
Capt. W. S. Lineberry 1910-1916
Col. D. H. Milton 1916-1920
J. A. Wigg 1920-
The Confederate Woman's Home 221
THE CONFEDERATE WOMAN'S HOME.
Miss N. W. Williams, Superintendent, Fayette ville.
The Confederate Woman's Home of North Carolina was estab-
lished by chapter 62 of the Public Laws of 1913. The act incorpor-
ated the Confederate Woman's Home Association, with Julian S.
Carr, John, H. Thorpe, Robert H. Ricks, Robert H. Bradley, E. R.
Preston, Simon B. Taylor, Joseph B. Spainhour, A. D. McGill, M.
Leslie Davis, T. T. Thorne, and W. A. Grier, as incorporators. The
object of the Association was "to establish, maintain, and govern
a home for deserving, needy and dependent wives and widows of
North Carolina Confederate soldiers, and other worthy dependent
women of the Confederacy who are bona fide residents of this State."
Ample power for carrying out thi's purpose was conferred by the
act upon the Association. The act authorized the Governor to
appoint a board of directors of seven members who should be the
governing board of the institution. The board appointed by the
Governor consisted of J. A. Turner, James A. Bryan, W. H. Bahnson,
Haywood Parker, A. G. McGill and Ashley Home. Upon the death
of Colonel Home, the Governor appointed T. T. Thorne to the
vacancy. An advisory board of women managers was established to
assist the board of directors in the equipment and management of
the Home. The State appropriates $10,000 annually for its main-
tenance.
DIRECTORS
J. A. Bryan. Chairman New Bern, N. C.
Geo. M. Rose, Yice-Chairman Fayetteville, N. C.
W. H. White Oxford, N. C.
T. T. Thorne Rocky Mount, N. C.
J. S. Carr Durham, N. C.
J. W. McLaughlin Raeford, N. C.
E. R. McKeithan Fayetteville, N. C.
advisory board
Mrs. Hunter Smith Mrs. Harlee Townsend
Mrs. Felix Harvey Mrs. W. 0. Winstead
Mrs. T. B. Reynolds Mrs. B. H. Griffin-
Mrs. R. E. Little Mrs. Herbert McCulleus
Mrs. McKeithan Mrs. T. W. Thrash
Mrs. T. W. Bickett Mrs. Marshall William;.
PART VII.
MISCELLANEOUS.
1. The Xorth Carolina Railroad Company.
2. The Atlantic and JSTorth Carolina Railroad
Company.
3. The ISTorth Carolina Agricultural Society.
4. North Carolina State Capitol.
5. State Administration Building.
6. North Carolina Day.
7. Legal Holidays in North Carolina.
8. State Flag.
9. The Great Seal.
10. State Motto and Its Origin.
11. The Confederate Museum at Richmond.
1223
THE AORTH CAROLINA RAILROAD COMPANY.*
A. H. Ellee, Secretary and Treasurer-^
The greatest of all enterprises so far attempted by the State of
forth Carolina in the nature of a public or internal improvement
as the building of the North Carolina Railroad from Goldsboro by
ay of Raleigh, Greensboro and Salisbury, to Charlotte.
Considering the experimental state of railroading at that time, the
read of public or private indebtedness, and the limited resources,
le movement was a monumental enterprise — and one in advance of
nything attempted by almost any other State in the Union. The
access, however, which has crowned the labors and sacrifices of our
ithers has established beyond all question that their wisdom was
mal to, or superior to, any displayed before or since their day.
In 1833 the Raleigh and Gaston Railroad Company and the Wil-
lington and Raleigh, afterwards known as the Wilmington and Wel-
an Railroad Company, were chartered, and later these roads were
nilt. In 1848 the former was in the hands of the State, and was in
bankrupt condition for the want of patronage. It was necessary
) give it some connection, or to extend it. At the session of Novem-
3r, 1848, the western counties urged a charter for a road from
harlotte to Danville, asking no State aid; but the eastern members
pposed that project. The finances of the State were in such an
impoverished condition that it was generally deemed impracticable
>r the State to give any considerable aid to any railroad; but Wil-
am S. Ashe, the Democratic Senator from New Hanover, intro-
nced a bill to construct a road from Goldsboro to Charlotte, under
le name of the North Carolina Railroad, and appropriating two mil
ons of dollars for that purpose, on condition, however, that private
irties would subscribe one million, and to secure the payment of
le State bonds, when issued, a lien was given on the State's stock.
When the western men brought up the Charlotte and Danville bill
l the House, Stanley and other eastern men opposed it so bitt rly
* This article is brought forward from the MANUAL of 191:!. The editor
grets that he has been unable to secure from the present secretary of the
my a revised statement bringing it up to date.
t The writer acknowledges his indebtedness to Capt. S. A. Ashe for his
storieal data contained in this sketch.
15 [225]
226 Miscellaneous
that it could not pass, and then in a dramatic scene, the friends of
internal improvement agreed to send to the Senate and take the
Ashe hill from the files and offer it as a substitute. After a great
and prolonged struggle the bill passed the House of Commons. In
the Senate it failed by an adverse majority of one; but the Senator
from Cumberland was led to support it by passing the bill for the
State to build the plank road from Payetteville to Salem; and then
the vote in the Senate was a tie. Speaker Graves, who had up to
that moment maintained an impenetrable silence as to the measure,
broke the tie in favor of building the road by State aid; and the
:sure was passed. Speaker Graves was never again elected to
any office by the vote of his people.
To secure the needed one million of private stock, Speaker Graves,
Governor forehead and Mr. William Boylan made great exertions,
and by their efforts, aided by Joseph Caldwell, Governor W. A. Gra-
ham, Paul C. Cameron and others, the necessary stock was eventu-
ally raised. On January 29, 1856, the railroad was ready for passage
of trains from Goldsboro to Charlotte, and charters had been granted
for two other roads — from Goldsboro to Morehead City and from
Salisbury to the Tennessee line.
By act ratified 14th of February, 1855, the General Assembly in-
creased the capital stock to $4,000,000, and subscribed for the State
the whole of the added capital. From that time till now the State
has owned three-fourths and individuals one-fourth of this road.
The first president of the company was Governor John M. More-
head, to whom so much was due for securing the subscription of the
private stock, and under his direction the road was constructed. His
successors were Charles F. Fisher, of Rowan; Paul C. Cameron,
Josiah Turner, Jr., of Orange, and William A. Smith, of Johnston.
During the administration of Mr. Smith the road was, on the 11th
day of September, 1871, leased to the Richmond and Danville Rail-
road Company for thirty years, at a rental of 6 per cent per annum.
The subsequent presidents of the company have been: Thomas M.
Holt, Lee S. Overman, S. B. Alexander, J. F. Kornegay, R. M. Nor-
ment, J. L. Armstrong, H. G. Chatham, Charles M. Stedman and
Benehan Cameron.
On the 16th day of August, 1S95, in view of the approaching termi-
nation of the lease, the property was leased to the Southern Railway
North Carolina Railroad Company 227
Company for a term of ninety-nine years at an annual rental of
Gy2 per cent for six years and 7 per cent for the remaining ninety-
three years, and the stock of the company was selling at $186 per
share until the panic of 1907.
On the readjustment of the debt of the State, the State renewed
the bonds issued for the purchase of the North Carolina Railroad
stock, pledging the original lien on the stock for the payment of the
debt.
Col. Peter B. Ruffin for more than thirty years was the faithful
and efficient secretary and treasurer of the company.
The secretaries of the company in the order of their election and
service are as follows: Cyrus P. Mendenhall, Julius B. Ramsey, R.
M. Mills, F. A. Stagg, J. A. McCauley, W. F. Thornburg, P. B. Ruffin,
H. B. Worth, Spencer B. Adams, D. H. McLean, A. H. Eller, J. P.
Cock and R. B. White.
The State, as is well known, has continued to own its $3,000,000 of
the original capital stock, and has acquired two (2) additional
shares, thus giving it 30,002 shares, at par value amounting to
$3,000,200, which, however, at the recent market value aggregates
$5,580,372. And it is confidently believed that if the State desired
to part with a controlling interest in the company, its stock would
command a much greater price, and those who have watched the
constant advance in the price of this stock expect it to go to $200
per share at an early day.
Under the lease of 1871 to the Richmond and Danville Railroad
Company, the company could not have claimed the betterments mad?
by the lessee; but under the present lease the company is not only
amply secured by bond for the prompt payment of its lease money
and organization expenses, to-wit, $143,000, on the first clay of Janu-
ary and July of each year, but upon the termination of said lease
for any cause the company acquires the betterments made thereon.
In addition to the railroad and rolling stock leased to the South-
ern Railway Company, the company still owns valuable land in and
about Company Shops, now known as the city of Burlington.
When the board of directors appointed by Governor Aycock took
charge of the company's affairs, there was a floating indebtedness of
$10,000. The May balance, 1912, of the secretary and treasurer
shows that said indebtedness has been paid and a special divi-
228 MlS( ELLANEOT S
dend of one-half of one per cent, amounting to $20,000, and the corn-
puny lias to its credit in the bank the sum of $21,128.64, all of which,
except a small balance, is drawing 4 per cent interest. Again, on
August 1, 1912, an extra one-half of one per cent dividend, amounting
to $20,000, was paid. Promptly upon the payment of the lease
money on the first of January and July in each year, the directors
declare a dividend, and the secretary and treasurer pay to the State
Treasurer immediately $105,000, and a like dividend is paid to the
private stockholders on the first day of February and August of each
year. The present board of directors, as appointed by Governor
Kitchin on the part of the State, are given below. The State's
proxy is Jo. M. Reese; the expert is John W. Thompson, and the
company's attorney is Prank R. McNinch.*
A true sketch of this company would be incomplete without calling
attention to the long and invaluable services of Gen. R. P. Hoke as
director. His experience and great knowledge of affairs, and life-
long devotion to the best interest of the company, entitle him to the
gratitude of the State, as well as the private stockholders. His
death on July 3, 1912, was deeply and universally lamented.
The question is sometimes asked why the organization of the
North Carolina Railroad Company is kept up, and what particular
functions it performs.
This company, as some people think, does not belong to the State
of North Carolina. It is a quasi-public corporation like all other
railroad companies, in which the State owns three-fourths of the
stock. It is managed practically as any private corporation would
be managed, the principal difference being that the Governor has
the appointment of eight of the directors, while the private stock-
holders have the election of four of the directors.
The organization is maintained for the purpose of enforcing the
terms of the lease to the Southern Railway Company, and, in case
of the termination of that lease for any cause, to resume the opera-
tion of the road.
It is required to see that the bonds given for the prompt payment
of the rent, and also the bond to maintain the rolling stock in good
condition, are kept in force. It receives the rent money of $280,000
per year, payable semi-annually, and declares a dividend and pays
* Tins article was written in 1912.
Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad Company 229
the same to the stockholders of record. It transfers stock like other
corporations.
In leasing its property to the Southern Railway Company it re-
served its office building, which is the residence of the secretary and
treasurer, containing its vault and records, at Burlington, N. C. It
owns certain real estate in and about the city of Burlington, which
is sold by its land committee from time to time.
The secretary and treasurer is required to give a bond in the sum
of $50,000, and his books and accounts are audited by a finance com-
mittee at stated times. It is required to file a report annually with
the State Corporation Commission and one with the Interstate Com-
merce Commission, as other railroad companies must do. It also
reports its income for Federal taxation like other corporations. Its
stock is the most valuable holding that the State of North Carolina
has amongst its assets, and whether it will be the policy of the State
to hold its stock perpetually or to dispose of the same is a matter
for the Legislature of the future.
THE ATLANTIC AND NORTH CAROLINA RAILROAD COMPANY.
[Reprinted from the North Carolina Manual of 1915. The editor regrets that
he has not been able to get the data necessary to bring the article up to date.]
The Atlantic and Northern Carolina Railroad was chartered by the
General Assembly of North Carolina in 1852, duration of the charter
being ninety-nine years. The charter was amended in 1854 and 1855.
Work on the railroad was begun shortly afterwards, and pushed to
completion from Goldsboro to a point on the seacoast now known
as Ivlorehead City, a distance of 95 miles, in 1858.
Not having the necessary data at hand, I state from memory, and
from information gained from other sources, the names of the differ-
ent presidents of the railroad company, in the order of their service
from the beginning up to the time when the railroad was leased to
the Howland Improvement Company, during the administration of
Hon. C. B. Aycock as Governor of North Carolina, on September 1,
1904, as follows: John D. Whitford, Charles R. Thomas, John D.
Whitford, E. R. Stanley, R. W. King, L. W. Humphrey, John
Hughes, John D. Whitford, Washington Bryan, W. S. Chadwick,
Robert Hancock, D. W. Patrick, James A. Bryan.
230 AIix i i i. mill's
The road was capitalized at $1,800,000; the par value of the stock
was fixed at $100 per share. The State of North Carolina owns
12,666 shares of the stock. The county of Craven owns 1,293 shares,
county of Lenoir owns 500 shares,* the county of Pamlico owns
202 shares. The balance of the stock of the road is owned by private
individuals. The equipment of the road was by no means complete
when the War between the States began (1861), and by reason of
the fact that a- good portion of the road was under the control
of the Federal arms from the fall of New Bern in 1862 to the
close of the war in 1865, the road when turned over to its rightful
owners was little more, if any, than a burden to carry, which was
in part the cause of no returns to the stockholders 6n their invest-
ments for thirty-four years after the road was constructed.
During the administration of Hon. T. J. Jarvis, Governor of
North Carolina, the railroad was leased to W. J. Best, who had
control and operated same for a short time only, and then returned
it back to its owner.
There is an outstanding bonded indebtedness against the road cf
$325,000, bearing interest at 6 per cent per annum, the interest
payable semi-annually. Bonds for same were issued in 1887 and
will mature in 1817. t During the last year of the presidency of
James A. Bryan two suits were instituted in the Federal Court for
the Eastern District of North Carolina for the appointment of
receivers of the road— first by K. S. Finch of New York, and the
second by John P. Cuyler of New Jersey. Receivers were appointed
in both cases, but relief was granted by higher courts.
The vast amount of unsettled business in which the Atlantic and
North Carolina Railroad Company was in any way interested at the
time the Howland Improvement Company, "lessees," assumed con-
trol of the railroad, was very largely adjusted during the first two
years. The expiration of the third year of the lease found only a
small amount of difference to be looked after, which in time was
settled. Suit was brought in the Superior Court of Craven County,
in 1906, to annul the lease to the Howland Improvement Company,
resulting in a decision upholding the lease, which decision was
affirmed by the Supreme Court.
The contract for lease with the Howland Improvement Company
terminates in ninety-one years and four months from the date of
* Sold to private individuals, t "Written in 1914.
North Carolina Agricultural Society 231
its execution, and the stipulations contained in same have, up to
the last meeting of the stockholders of the Atlantic and North Caro-
lina Railroad Company, in 1912, been largely complied with, as
will be seen from the annual reports to the stockholders' meeting
of the president, treasurer and expert of the lessor company. The
Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad has, with some other short
lines in Eastern North Carolina, been merged into and now forms
part of the Norfolk Southern Railway system.
The following have been presidents of the company: James A.
Bryan, J. W. Grainger, S. W. Ferrebee, L. P. Tapp, H. H. Grainger
and Thomas D. Warren.
THE NORTH CAROLINA AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Joseph E. Pogue, Secretary, Raleigh.
The North Carolina Agricultural Society, which operates the
State Fair annually in Raleigh during the month of October, was
chartered by special act of the Legislature in 1852 "to provide a
place for the holding of annual fairs, that the citizens may be en-
couraged by exhibitions, premiums and other means to develop and
improve the productions of agriculture and every species of native
industry; and to this end, and for these great and valuable pur-
poses, and to no other, shall the corporation apply all the funds
which by any means it may acquire."
No capital stock was provided for in that charter. Various public-
spirited citizens loaned to the Society a sum of money sufficient to
purchase grounds and erect buildings for the purposes of an annual
fair, taking therefor the bonds of the Society. The real property
pledged to secure this bonded debt is held in trust. The bonded
debt was originally $26,600, but was reduced in 1905 to $22,600, and
refunded for twenty years at five per cent instead of six per cent,
the former rate. These bonds are now generally held at par value.
In 1917 ten. thousand dollars more was borrowed from the Citizens
National Bank of Raleigh, at six per cent, to build the Woman's
Building. This is payable in annual installments of $1,000 each,
$5,000 of which has been paid.
232 MlS( II LANEOUS
Any profits made in the operation of the Pair go into a surplus
fund, which is spent in permanent improvements of all kinds at
the Fair Grounds, for increased premiums, and other betterments
that go toward making the Fair more efficient and for payment
of the interest on the Bonds.
The present Fair Grounds are in the western suburbs of the city
of Raleigh, at the terminus of the electric street car line. They
were purchased about forty years ago, and cover sixty-seven acres
of land in one of the most desirable of Raleigh's suburbs. The
Society has twelve large buildings on these grounds. Some of these
buildings were erected when the site was acquired, but most of
them have gradually been added from annual profits of the Fair.
Most of them have been put up in recent years. The three live-
stock buildings were erected in 1913. The "Sandhills" Building
was donated through President Leonard Tufts in 1916, and the
Woman's Building was built in 1917. A new sheep building was
erected, 25x162 feet in dimension. Modern bleacher seats to accom-
modate 1,500 persons and many changes and improvements on the
grounds were made in 1920. Nearly all of the old buildings have
been remodeled and practically rebuilt out of the current income.
A few years ago a Machinery Shed, 48 x 200 feet, with metal roof,
was erected for the accommodation of exhibits of heavy farm
machinery. A modern reinforced concrete building 60 x 150 feet has
been put up for the exhibitors of agricultural and horticultural
products. This is equipped with a concrete floor. The State Board
of Agriculture usually occupies about one-half of this building with
a most attractive exhibit of the various activities of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture. A modern fireproof poultry house has been
erected and gives 9,000 square feet of space for exhibits of this
valuable and growing industry of the State.
Among other improvements might be mentioned the widening
three times of the "Midway" within the last dozen years, to afford
room for the ever increasing crowds, and the macadamizing of this
thoroughfare; the overhauling and remodeling of the Arts and
Crafts Building, known as "Floral Hall"; a large increase in the
number of box stalls for exhibition and race horses, the wiring of
the buildings for electric lights, the extension of the city water
pipe to the Fair Grounds, providing running water throughout.
The live-stock buildings cost nearly $10,000; the swine building
North Carolina Agricultural Society 233
has a concrete floor. And all of these improvements, with the ex-
ception of the Woman's Building, have been erected and paid for
out of the current revenues, without adding one dollar of bonded
debt. This is an achievement of which the management feels proud.
In addition to this, the management found the Society heavily
in debt and facing the possibilty of a foreclosure of the mortgage.
All floating debts have been paid. Nearly $15,000 has been p
for past-due interest and in reducing the bonded debt.
It may be said, in conservative terms, that the Fair has grown
from modest beginnings, until in recent years, just as the Old North
State is taking her proper place among the foremost States of the
Union, her State Fair is taking rank with the leading institutions
of the kind in the country. Moreover, it has been gaining more
and more the enthusiastic support, cooperation and advice of men
in all industries of the State, a thing that is absolutely necessary
for the making of a larger and greater fair.
It is the intention of the management to continue to put up new
permanent buildings as fast as the profits from the fair will permit,
or the public policy of the State towards her agricultural and indus-
trial interests as expressed at the State Fair will make possible,
replacing all of the old wooden structures with buildings that are
adapted to the rapidly increasing needs of the more representative
exhibitors that are year by year demanding larger and better ac-
commodations. A new race track wras completed in 1920 at a cost of
$23,000, releasing the old track site for improvements.
Some definite idea of the growth of the Fair during the last few
years may be gathered from the fact that in one year the number of
solid carloads of exhibits jumped from 42 to 83, and the number of
separate entries from 1,201 in 1909 to 3,501 in 1910, and 4,136 in
1911, and each year since has shown a healthy growth, 1922 wit-
nessing the largest exhibits in the long history of the Society.
No other occasion in North Carolina draw's anything like the
throngs that visit the State Fair each year. The railroads for years
have been putting on special rates and extra trains to handle the
crowds, and thousands come by automobile.
Keeping pace with the most modern methods of stimulating the
efforts to produce better and better crops of all kinds, the manage-
ment during the last few years has instituted the corn contest fea
234 Misi i i i wi:urs
ture for boys, cotton contests for men and boys, the tomato contest
for girls, the Pig Clubs for boys and girls, and the Poultry Clubs
for boys and girls, and still more and larger prizes for individual
and county exhibits and agricultural products. The Girls' and Boys'
Poultry Clubs were invited to enter our poultry show free of entry
fees, and they made a fine showing and won a large percentage of
the prize money in this department.
The Fair of 1922, by common consent, was pronounced the best in
its long history of fifty-seven years. Especially did the exhibits
in cattle, horses, swine and sheep excel anything yet seen at the State
Fair or anywhere else in our Fair Zone.
The list of national live-stock associations offering their special
premiums at the Fair keeps growing larger as the years go by, and
in the case of one of the most prominent of these associations the
North Carolina State Fair is honored among only four Southern
fairs. It is thus apparent that our State Fair is recognized as one
of the greatest gathering points for pure-bred live-stock in the South.
For years the management has been working away from the big-
midway and little-exhibit condition of a fair back to the funda-
mental purpose of its existence, the competition of the best to make
better, and all questionable shows and doubtful games are abso-
lutely forbidden in the grounds, and a clear field is given to the
best shows offering legitimate amusement as well as educational
features. The management is icorking for the ideal State Fair,
ivhich shall he the meeting place of agriculture and industry, a dr.
light ful outing for all the members of the family, a short school
for men and women, boys and girls, the best short course in agri-
culture in the State, a great industrial exchange, a university of
experience and experiment, an annual, advertisement of the great-
ness of a great State.
Mrs. Edith Vanderbilt of Biltmore, N. C, was elected president of
the Society in 1921, and has just been re-elected president for 1923
her third term. Her activities for the promotion, enlargement and
development of State Fair along all useful lines, during her adminis-
tration has set a new pace, culminating in the largest display of
live-stock at the 1922 State Fair ever seen in the South, and the
Society is to be congratulated upon her accepting the presidency
for another year, when even greater results are naturally to be
expected. She also inaugurated an active State campaign for new
North Carolina State Capitol 235
life and annual memberships in the Society, and increased the
number this year from 65 to 233, and this campaign will be con-
tinued throughout the State during 1923.
Mr. E. V. Walborn, formerly manager of the Ohio State Fair, is
now serving his first year as business manager of the North Caro-
lina State Fair, and brings to us advanced ideas which he should
naturally develop in so large a field of experience, having served
the Ohio State Fair for four years, terminating when he came here
in January of 1922.
The outlook for the North Carolina State Fair for 1923 is such
as to indicate and justify every hope of making the State Fair this
fall a State, Fair in fact as well as name, which is the goal set by
the President, Mrs. Edith Vanderbilt. A most commendable ambi-
tion, and one likely to be achieved by the quite remarkable energy
and determination of this most gracious and practical lady.
THE NORTH CAROLINA STATE CAPITOL.
On the morning of June 21, 1831, the State Capitol of North Caro-
lina was destroyed by fire. Though the public records of the State
were saved, the State Library, containing many valuable books and
manuscripts, was lost.
The citizens of Raleigh naturally bemoaned the destruction of the
building, but Governor Stokes did not regard it as a great loss. In
his opinion there were some mitigating circumstances. In his mes-
sage to the General Assembly, when it met the following November,
he said that the calamity was not so great, because the old State-
house, built in 1794, was almost ready to tumble down of its own
accord, and that perhaps many valuable lives had been saved by its
being destroyed by fire instead of tumbling down on the Legislature
while in session.
At once Senator Seawell of Wake brought forward a bill providing
for the erection of a new Capitol on the site of the old one. At the
same time a similar bill was introduced in the House of Commons.
As there was a strong sentiment in the State favorable to the re-
moval of the capital from Raleigh to Fayetteville, these two bills to
rebuild at Raleigh met with vigorous opposition. Accordingly, Sen-
ator Seawell's bill was quickly disposed of. Senator Wilson of Edge-
236 Miscellaneous
combe moved to table it, and it was tabled. The House bill was
longer discussed. The discussion was prolonged for two days, but
on a yea and nay vote the bill failed, 65 to 68. The Assembly of
1831 refused to rebuild.
A year passed, and the ruins of the old Statehouse still marked
the site of the former Capitol. But the Constitution, or rather the
Ordinance, of 1789, located the capital at Raleigh, and the Legisla-
ture had no power to move it. It was even questioned with great
seriousness whether the Assembly could hold its sessions in the
Governor's Mansion, at the end of Fayetteville Street, as that was
outside of the limits of the town. To move the Capital a con-
vention was necessary, and a majority of the Legislature was not
favorable to a convention.
At the session of November, 1832, the Assembly, by a vote of
35 to 28 in the Senate and 73 to 60 in the House, resolved to rebuild
on the old site, and $50,000 was appropriated for the purpose.
William Boylan, Duncan Cameron, Henry Seawell, Romulus M.
Saunders and William S. Mohoon were appointed commissioners to
have the work done. The commissioners, with $50,000 at their
command, did not dally. The rubbish was cleared away, the excava-
tions made and the foundations were laid. On July 4, 1833, the
'corner-stone was set in place. Up to that time W. S. Drummond
was the superintendent and chief architect, and he was one of the
principal persons in the ceremony of laying the corner-stone.
After the foundations were laid the work progressed more slowly,
and it was so expensive that the appropriation was exhausted. The
Legislature at its next session appropriated $75,000 more. To do
the stone and finer work many skilled artisans had been brought
from Scotland and other countries. Part of the work was con-
ducted under the supervision of W. S. Drummond and another part
under Colonel Thomas Bragg, but these arrangements did not prove
satisfactory, and a year later, in September, 1834, Mr. I. Theil Town
of New York, acting for the commissioners, contracted with David
Paton to come to Raleigh and superintend the work.
Mr. Paton was an architect who had come from Scotland the year
before. He was then thirty-three years of age. He was the son of
John Paton of Edinburgh, who was an extensive builder in that city
and vicinity and who had built the greater part of the new town and
North Carolina State Capitol 237
constructed the famous Dean Bridge across the water of Leith, and
he ranked high in his profession. Having received a. liberal educa-
tion at the University of Edinburgh, David Paton took up the pro-
fession of his father and was regularly bred as an architect and
builder under his father and under Sir John Sloan, R. A., professor
of architecture to the Royal Academy of London. He soon demon-
strated his capacity. When he first came to Raleigh the cost of over-
seeing the work on the Capitol was $25 a day. He reduced that cost
to $9. Twenty-eight stonecutters were paid $81 a day. This he
reduced to $56. He made a saving in these two items alone of $42
a day. He found himself to be not merely supervisor of the work,
but the superintendent; not merely the superintendent, but the
bookkeeper and paymaster. He had every detail of the work on his
shoulders. And then he had to make the working drawings. He
was the builder, the architect, the designer.
Both the commissioners and the architect had large ideas. The
former were wise enough to expend the original $50,000, which the
General Assembly expected would complete the structure, on its
foundation. Their work being severely criticised, they resigned
January 1, 1835. Their successors were Beverly Daniel, chairman,
Samuel P. Patterson, Charles Manly and Alfred Jones. The Legis-
lature was compelled to make appropriations for the work from
time to time. The following is a table of the several appropriations
made :
Session of 1832-33 $ 50,000.00
Session of 1833-34 75,000.00
Session of 1834-35 75,000.00
Session of 1835 75,000.00
Session of 1836-37 120,000.00
Session of 1838-39 105,300.00
Session of 1840-41 31,374.46
Total $531,674.46
It must be remembered that the stone with which the building
was erected was the property of the State. Had the State been
compelled to purchase this material the cost of the Capitol would
have been considerably increased.
The following is a description of the Capitol, written by David
Paton, the architect:
238 Miscellaneous
"The State Capitol is 160 feet in length from north to south by
140 feet from- east to west. The whole height is 97 V. feet in the
center. The apex of pediment is 64 feet in height. The stylobate
is 18 feet in height. The columns of the east and west porticoes
are 5 feet 21/L> inches in diameter. An entablature, including block-
ing course, is continued around the building, 12 feet high.
"The columns and entablature are Grecian Doric, and copied
from the Temple of Minerva, commonly called the Parthenon, which
was erected in Athens about 500 years before Christ. An octagon
tower surrounds the rotunda, which is ornamented with Grecian
cornices, etc., and its dome is decorated at top with a similar orna-
ment to that of the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, commonly
called the Lanthorn of Demosthenes.
"The interior of the Capitol is divided into three stories: First,
the lower story, consisting of ten rooms, eight of which are appro-
priated as offices to the Governor, Secretary, Treasurer, and Comp-
troller, each having two rooms of the same size — the one contain-
ing an area of 649 square feet, the other 528 square feet — the two
committee rooms, each containing 200 square feet, and four closets;
also the rotunda, corridors, vestibules, and plazas, contain an area of
4,370 square feet. The vestibules are decorated with columns and
antaee, similar to those of the Tonic Temple on the Ilissus, near the
Acropolis of Athens. The remainder is groined with stone and
brick, springing from columns and pilasters of the Roman Doric.
"The second story consists of Senatorial and Representatives'
chambers, the former containing an area of 2,545 and the latter
2,849 square feet. Four apartments enter from Senate Chamber, two
of which contain each an area of 169 square feet, and the other two
contain an area of 154 square feet; also, two rooms enter from
Representatives' chamber, each containing an area of 170 square
feet; of two committee rooms, each containing an area of 231 feet;
of four presses and the passages, stairs, lobbies, and colonnades,
containing an area of 3,204 square feet.
"The lobbies and Hall of Representatives have their columns
and antaee of the Octagon Tower of Andronicus Cyrrhestes and the
plan of the hall is of the formation of the Greek theater and the
columns and antsee in the Senatorial chamber and rotunda are of
the Temple of Erechetus, Minerva Polias, and Pandrosus, in the
Acropolis of Athens, near the above named Parthenon.
North Carolina State Capitol 239
"Third, or attic story, consists of rooms appropriated to the Su-
preme Court and Library, each containing an area of 693 square
feet. Galleries of both houses have an area of 1,300 square feet;
also two apartments entering from Senate gallery, each 169 square
feet, of four presses and the lobbies' stairs, 988 square feet. These
lobbies, as well as rotunda, are lit with cupolas, and it is proposed
to finish the court and library in the florid Gothic style."
In the summer of 1840 the work was finished. The Assembly had,
in December, 1832, appropriated $50,000 for the building. Mr. Boy-
Ian, Judge Cameron and State Treasurer Mohoon and their associates
spent that sum in the foundation. They proposed to have a Capitol
worthy of the State. At every subsequent session the Assembly
made additional appropriations. There was some caviling, and the
commissioners resigned; but the Legislature and the new commis-
sioners took no step backwards. Year by year they pressed on the
work as it had been begun, until at last, after more than seven
years, the sum of $531,674.46 was expend-ed. As large as that sum
was for the time, when the State was so poor and when the entire
taxes for all State purposes reached less than $100,000, yet the
people were satisfied. The building had been erected with rigorous
economy, and it was an object of great pride to the people. Indeed,
never was money better expended than in the erection of this noble
Capitol.
Speaking of this structure, Samuel A. Ashe, in an address on
David Paton, delivered in 1909, says:
"Not seventy years have passed since the completion of this build-
ing, yet it has undying memories. It was finished the year Henry
Clay was set aside and his place as the Whig leader given to General
Harrison. Four years later Clay spoke from the .western portico;
but, like Webster and Calhoun, the. prize of the presidency was
denied him. The voices of other men of large mould also have been
heard within this Capitol. Here, too, our great jurists — Gaston,
Ruffin, Pearson and their associates — held their sessions and brought
renown to North Carolina. Here, Badger, Mangum, Dobbin and
scores of men known to fame held high debates. Here was brought,
forth in great travail our system of internal improvements, and of
education, ramifying the State, disseminating enlightenment and
opening the pathways to prosperous, contented and happy homes for
our people.
240 Miscellaneous
"Here Ellis and Clark and the mighty Vance directed the affair?'
of State in the trying days of war and suffering and desolation, the
glories mingled with pain and sorrow, and fading away in heart-
rending defeat; hut through it all the women and men, alike heroes,
worthy the poets' loftiest strains. Then, when the people were still
bowed in anguish, Carolinians turned their faces to the future,
and, with resolution and intelligence, themselves modified their
laws and institutions to meet the new conditions but in vain, for
these mute walls are the witnesses of the saturnalia of Reconstruc-
tion, still awaiting some Dante to portray the scenes with realistic
power. Yet the dark cloud had its silver lining, and the courageous
devotion of Jarvis, John Graham and their Spartan band adds
historic interest to that time of fearful storm.
"Later, here was the scene of the great State trial, the impeach-
men. of the Chief Magistrate of the Commonwealth and the contest
between the intellectual giants of that generation, Governor Graham
and Bragg and Merrimon, contesting with Smith and Conigland
and Richard Badger.
"And these walls have witnessed the reversal of that State policy
forced on an unwilling people by the mailed hand of the conquering
power, and the full restoration of Anglo-Saxon control. Never in
history has a people been so clearly and effectually vindicated as
those gallant souls of North Carolina, who, emulating the constancy
of Hamilcar, swore their children to undying opposition to those
who would destroy their civilization. Let the oppressed of future
ages gaze on the scene and take courage. Already hallowed are the
memories that these chambers evoke. What grand occasions yet
await them! We may not lift the veil of the future, but experience
warns us that history constantly repeats itself, and as the web
woven by destiny unrolls itself there will yet occur within these
enduring walls occasions of surpassing magnitude affecting the
weal and woe of our posterity."
STATE ADMINISTRATION BUILDING.
Mindful of the fact that only a little more than a generation ago
the State Capitol of North Carolina was destroyed by fire, entailing
the loss of many valuable records and papers, for some years prior
State Administrative Building 241
to the convening of the 1911 session of the General Assembly the
demand has been insistent for a safer housing of several depart-
ments of the State Government at Raleigh, notably the books and
records of the North Carolina Historical Commission, which has
now grown to be one of the most important branches of the work at
the seat of government.
Early in the session a movement was started for the building of
a State administration building at the capital, and after numerous
conferences and compromises of differences as to the amount that
should be appropriated for that purpose, a bill was at length unani-
mously passed by both houses, appropriating the sum of $250,000
for this purpose and conferring upon the government the appoint-
ment of a State Building Commission for the consummation of this
worthy undertaking. Soon after the adjournment of the Legislature
Governor W. W. Kitchin named as the members of the Commission
Ashley Home of Clayton, William E. Springer of Wilmington,
Julian S. Carr of Durham, W. L. Parsons of Rockingham, A. S.
Rascoe of Windsor, J. A. Long of Roxboro, and J. Elwood Cox of
High Point, men of affairs and recognized business ability in the
State.
The State Building Commission held its first meeting in the office
of the State Auditor at 12:30 p. m., May 9, 1911, and organized by
the election of Ashley Home, of Clayton, as chairman, and William
E. Springer, of Wilmington, as secretary. Following organization a
conference was held with the Board of Public Buildings and
Grounds, composed of the Governor, Secretary of State, Treasurer,
and Attorney-General. It was stated as the purpose of the General
Assembly to provide ample room for the Supreme Court, all valu-
able State records, the State Library, offices for the Attorney-
General, and several of the other State departments. The grounds
were carefully gone over, the situation canvassed, and a subcom-
mittee composed of Chairman Home, Secretary Springer, and
Commissioner Cox was appointed to go further into the matter of
a building and site.
At a subsequent meeting, on May 19, 1911, the committee reported
that it had secured an option on three sites, and recommended the
purchase of the Grimes tract for $45,000. This recommendation was
accepted by the Commission as a whole, and on June 6, 1911.
1(\
242 Miscellaneous
plans as prepared by P. Thornton Marye, of Atlanta, were accepted
after hearing a number of others and after several conferences.
These plans were later reviewed by Glenn Brown, of Washington,
D. C, another expert in building construction, and were declared
eminently proper and in order in every respect. The plans call
for a modern fireproof building four stories in height and admirably
adapted to the purpose to which it will be put.
On November 1, 1911, the Commission met again in Rale'gh, after
proposals had been invited for the building, and after considering a
number of bids for the construction, the contract was at length
awarded to the John T. Wilson Company, of Richmond, Va., at a
cost of $188,000, the building to be completed and ready for occu-
pancy by January 19, 1913.
How well the State Building Commission wrought is attested by
the splendid building, wdiich now stands opposite the Capitol
grounds and which was occupied in January, 1914, by the several
departments of government as agreed upon after the numerous
conferences of the Commission. The departments occupying the
building are as follows: First floor, State Library; second floor,
North Carolina Historical Commission and the Library Commis-
sion; third floor, the Supreme Court and Attorney-General; fourth
floor, Supreme Court Library.
SOUTH CAROLISA DAY.
The following act. entitled "An Act to Provide for the Celebration
of North Carolina Day in the Public Schools," is chapter 164 of the
Public Laws of 1901:
The General Assembly of North Carolina do enact:
Section 1. That the 12th day of October in each and every year,
to be called "North Carolina Day" may be devoted, by appropriate
exercises in the public schools of the State, to the consideration of
some topic or topics of our State history, to be selected by the Super-
intendent of Public Instruction. Provided, that if the said day shall
fall on Saturday or Sunday, then, the celebration shall occur on the
Monday next following: Provided, further, that if the said day shall
fall at a time when any such schools may not be in session, the
celebration may be held within one month from the beginning of the
term, unless the Superintendent of Public Instruction shall desig-
nate some other time.
Sec. 2. This act shall be in force from and after its ratification.
In the General Assembly read three times, and ratified this the
9th day of February, A. D.. 1901.
Legal Holidays in North Carolina 243
October 12th, the date selected for North Carolina Day, is the
anniversary of the laying of the corner-stone of the University of
North Carolina, October 12, 1793. In accordance with the pro-
visions of this act, the Superintendent of Public Instruction has
had prepared and distributed to the schools of the State each year
a program of exercises devoted to the study of some phase of North
Carolina history.
Since the creation of North Carolina Day the following subjects
have been studied each year (back numbers of the programs can
be secured from the State Superintendent of Public Instruction,
Raleigh, N. C.) :
1901. The Roanoke Island Colonies. Prepared by Fred A. Olds.
1902. The Albemarle Section. Prepared by a Committee.
1903. The Lower Cape Fear Section. Prepared by R. D. W. Connor.
1904. The Pamlico-Neuse Section. Prepared by Charles L. Coon.
1905. The Scotch Highlanders in North Carolina. Prepared by R. D. W. Connor.
1906. Charles D. Mclver Memorial Day. Prepared by R. D. W. Connor.
1907. The Scotch-Irish in North Carolina. Prepared by Charles H. Mebane.
1908. The German Settlements in North Carolina "\
1909. Western North Carolina. I Each prepared b
1910. North Carolina Poets and Poetry. > ' ' .,„ '
■tnii t -I j n „■ , ( R. D. \\ . Connor.
1911. Local and County History. I
1912. Charles B. Aycock Memorial Day. "
1913. North Carolina Rural Life and Knapp Memorial Day. Edited by N. C.
Newbold.
1914. Community Service.
1915. School and Neighborhood Improvement Day.
1916. Murphy Day: Archibald DeBow Murphy". Prepared by Edgar W.
Knight.
1917. Thrift, Conservatism, Patriotism.
LEGAL HOLIDAYS IN NORTH CAROLINA.
Although certain great days in each year — such as New Year's
Day, Fourth of July, Thanksgiving Day, and Christmas Day— have
long been observed as general holidays, there were no "legal" holi-
days in North Carolina prior to 1881. The Legislature of that year,
in the interest of commercial transactions, passed an act to make
these customary holidays "legal" holidays. It is chapter 294, Public
Laws of 18S1, and was brought forward in The Code of 1S83 as
sections 3784-37S6 of chapter 61. It provides:
"That the first day of January, twenty-second day of February,
tenth day of May, twentieth day of May, fourth day of July, and a
day appointed by the Governor of North Carolina as a thanksgiving
day, and the twenty-fifth day of December of each and every year be,
244 Miscellaneous
and the same are hereby declared to be public holidays; and that
whenever any such holiday shall fall upon Sunday, the Monday next
following shall be deemed a public holiday, and papers due on such
Sunday shall be payable on the Saturday next preceding, and papers
which would otherwise be payable on said Monday shall be payable
on the Tuesday next thereafter.
"Sec. 2. Be it further enacted, That whenever either of the above
named days shall fall on Saturday, the papers due on the Sunday
following shall be payable on the Monday next succeeding.
"Sec. 3. Be it further enacted. That whenever the above named
days shall fall on Monday, the papers which should otherwise be
payable on that day shall be payable on Tuesday next succeeding."
Ten years later, the nineteenth of January was made a "legal"
holiday, by chapter 58, Public Laws of 1891, which provides:
"That the nineteenth day of January, the birthday of the peerless
Robert E. Lee, in each and every year hereafter, shall be a public
holiday."
In 1899, the first Thursday in September was designated as Labor
Day and made a "legal" holiday. The Legislature of 1901 amended
this Act by changing the holiday from the first Thursday to the
first Monday in September. The reason for this change was re-
cited in the preamble of the act as follows:
"Whereas it is dsirable that the same date should be set aside by
both State and Federal statutes for the observance of the same holi-
day;
"And whereas the first Monday in September is designated by stat-
utes in various States and also by Federal Statutes as Labor Day,
while the first Thursday in September is designated as Labor Day by
statute of this State, thereby causing confusion and annoyance in
mercantile transactions, therefore," etc.
These several Acts were all brought forward in the Revisal of
1905 as section 2838.
The Legislature of 1907 added another legal holiday to the list
by setting aside as a holiday "Tuesday after the first Monday in
November, when a general election is held." This is chapter 996, Pub-
lic Laws of 1907.
The latest of our legal holidays is the twelfth day of April. Th:s
was provided for by chapter 888, Public Laws of 1909, which is as
follows:
Legal Holidays in North Carolina 245
"Whereas the Provincial Congress which met at Halifax, in this
State, in April, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-six, after
providing for the military organization of the State, did, on the
twelfth day of April, one thousand seven hundred and seventy-six,
adopt the following resolutions, generally known as the 'Halifax
Resolutions,' to-wit:
" 'Resolved, That the delegates for this colony in the Continental
Congress be empowered to concur with the delegates of the other
colonies in declaring independency, and forming foreign alliances,
reserving to this colony the sole and exclusive right of forming a
constitution and laws for this colony.'
'And whereas said resolution is the first declaration in favor of in-
dependence by the people of the whole State, through their duly
authorized representatives, and was adopted more than two months
before the Declaration of Independence by the Continental Congress;
and whereas an occurrence so momentous in the history of our State
and Nation, and so illustrative of the patriotism and wisdom of the
whole people of North Carolina, should be commemorated, therefore,
''The General Assembly of North Carolina do enact:
"Section 1. That the twelfth day of April in each and every
year be, and the same is hereby made a legal holiday in North
Carolina."
Legal holidays in North Carolina, therefore, are as follows:
January 1 — New Year's Day.
January 19 — Birthday of General Robert E. Lee.
February 22 — Birthday of George Washington.
April 12 — Anniversary of the Resolutions adopted by the Pro-
vincial Congress of North Carolina, at Halifax, April 12, 1776, in-
structing the delegates from North Carolina to the Continental
Congress to vote for a Declaration of Independence.
May 10 — Confederate Memorial Day.
May 20 — Anniversary of the "Mecklenburg Declaration of Inde-
pendence."
July 4 — Independence Day.
September, first Monday — Labor Day.
November, Tuesday after first Monday — General Election Day.
November 11 — Armistice Day.
November, last Thursday — Thanksgiving Day.
December 25— Christmas Day.
246 MlS< I' LANEOUS
THE STATE FLA(i.
The first legislation on the subject of a State flag was enacted
by the Convention of 1861. May 20, 1861, the Convention adopted
the Ordinance of Secession.
On that same day Col. John D. Whitford, a member of the Con-
vention from Craven County, introduced the following ordinance,
which was passed and referred to a select committee of seven:
"Be it ordained that the flag of this State shall be a blue field
with a white V thereon, and a star, encircling which shall be the
words 'Surgit astrum, May 20th, 1775.' "
Colonel Whitford was made chairman of the committete to which
this ordinance was referred. The committee secured the aid and
advice of William Garl Brown, an artist of Raleigh. Brown pre-
pared and submitted a model to this committee. And this model
was adopted by the Convention on the 22d day of June, 1861. It
will be observed that the Brown model, to be hereafter explained,
was vastly different from the one originally proposed by Colonel
Whitford. Here is the ordinance as it appears on the Journal of
the Convention:
"AX ORDINANCE IX EELATIOX TO A STATE FLAG."
"Be it ordained by this Convention, and it is hereby ordained by
the authority of the same, That the Flag of North Carolina shall
consist of a red field with a white star in the center, and with the in-
scription, above the star, in a semi-circular form, of 'May 20th, 1775/
and below the star, in a semi-circular form, of 'May 20. 1861.' That
there shall be two bars of equal width, and the length of the field
shall be equal to the bar, the width of the field being equal to both
bars; the first bar shall be blue, and the second shall be white; and
the length of the flag shall be one-third more than its width. (Rati-
fied the 22d day of June, 1861.)"
This State flag, adopted in 1861, is said to have been issued to
the first ten regiments of State troops during the summer of that
year, and was borne by them throughout the war, being the only
flag, except the National and Confederate colors, used by the North
Carolina troops during the Civil War. This flag existed until 1885.
when the Legislature of that year adopted a new model.
The bill, which was introduced by General Johnstone Jones on
the 5th of February, 1885, passed its final reading one month later
after little or no debate. This act reads as follows:
The Great Seal 247
AN ACT TO ESTABLISH A STATE FLAG.
The General Assembly of North Carolina do enact:
Section 1. That the flag of North Carolina shall consist of a blue
union, containing in the center thereof a white star with the letter
N in gilt on the left and the letter C in gilt on the right of said
star, the circle containing the same to be one-third the width of
the union.
Sec. 2. That the fly of the flag shall consist of two equally pro-
portioned bars; the upper bar to be red, the lower bar to be white;
that the length of the bars horizontally shall be equal to the per-
pendicular length of the union, and the total length of the flag shall
be one-third more than its width.
Sec. 3. That above the star in the center of the union there shall
be a gilt scroll in semi-circular form, containing in black letters
this inscription: "May 20th, 1775," and that below the star there
shall be a similar scroll containing in block letters the inscription:
"April 12, 1776."
In the General Assembly read three times and ratified this 9th
day of March, A. D. 1885.
No change has been made in the flag since the passage of this
act. By an act of 1907 it is provided:
"That the board of trustees or managers of the several State in-
stitutions and public buildings shall provide a North Carolina flag,
of such dimensions and material as they may deem best, and the
same shall be displayed from a staff upon the top of each and every
such building at all times except during inclement weather, and
upon the death of any State officer or any prominent citizen the
flag shall be put at half-mast until the burial of such person shall
have taken place.
"That the Board of County Commissioners of the several counties
in this State shall likewise authorize the procuring of a North Caro-
lina flag, to be displayed either on a staff upon the top, or draped
behind the Judges' stand, in each and every courthouse in the
State, and that the State flag shall be displayed at each and every
term of court held, and on such other public occasions as the Com-
missioners may deem proper."
THE GREAT SEAL.*
The Constitution of North Carolina, Article TIT, sect inn Id, re-
quires that
* Abridged from "The Great Seal of North Carolii ' Iryan Gr
Publications of the North Carolina Historical Commission, Bulletin No. 5.
24S Miscellaneous
"There shall be a seal of the State which shall be kept by the
Governor, and used by him as occasion may acquire, and shall be
called 'The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina.' All grants
and commissions shall be issued in the name and by the authority
of the State of North Carolina, sealed with 'The Great Seal of the
State,' signed by the Governor and countersigned by the Secretary
of State.' "
The use of a Great Seal for the attestation of important docu-
ments began with the institution of government in North Carolina.
There have been at various times nine different seals in use in the
colony and State. The first seal was adopted by the Lords Proprie-
tors of Carolina soon after receiving their charters from the Crown
in 1665. This seal is to be seen in the Public Record Office in Lon-
don. It is described as follows:
"The obverse side has a shield bearing on its face two cornucopias
crossed, filled with products and having for supporters, on the sin-
ister side, an Indian chief holding an arrow. On the dexter is an
Indian squaw with a papoose by her side and one in her arms.
These natives, I imagine, are supposed to be bringing tribute. The
crest is a stag upon a wreath above a helmet from which there is a
mantling. On the scroll below the shield is the motto, D omit us
Cultoribus Orbis. Around the shield are the words MANGUM
SIGILLUM CAROLINAE DOMINORUM. On the reverse side is a
disc bearing a cross, around which are arranged the coats-of-arms
of the Lords Proprietors in the following order: Clarendon, Albe-
marle, Craven, John Berkeley, Cooper, Carteret, William Berkeley,
and Colleton. The size of this seal is 3 3-8 inches in diameter, and
was made by placing together two wax cakes with tape between
before being impressed, and was about % inch thick. This seal
was used on all the official papers of the Lords Proprietors for
Carolina, embracing North and South Carolina."
About 1665 the government of Albemarle County was organized,
and for a seal the reverse side of the seal of the Lords Proprietors
was adopted. It bore the word A-L-B-E-M-A-R-L-E, beginning with
the letter A between the names of Clarendon and Albemarle, L be-
tween the arms of Albemarle and Craven, BE between the arms of
Craven, Lord John Berkeley, etc.
This was a small seal 1 7-16 inches in diameter, with one face
only, and is now frequently to be found attached to colonial papers.
It was first used for the government of the County of Albemarle,
and then became the seal of the Province of North Carolina, being
used until just after the purchase by the Crown.
The Gkeat Seal 249
In 1730, after the purchase of the colony by the Crown, the Lords
of Trade proposed to the King a new seal "whereon Liberty is rep-
resented introducing Plenty to your Majesty with this motto. Q
sera tamen respexit, and this inscription around the circumference,
Sigillum Provincae Nostrae Carolinae, Septentrionalis." The back-
ground on which the King and these figures stand is a map of
the coast of North Carolina, and in the offing is a ship. On the
reverse of this seal are the Royal Arms, Crown, Garter, Supporters
and Motto, with this inscription around the circumference, Georgius
Secunclus Dei Gratia Magnae Britaniae, Franciae, et Hiberniae, !'■ .
Ficlei Defensor, Brunsviei et Lunenbergi Dux, Sacri Roman i Im-
perii Archi Thesaurarius. et Elector.
This seal was made by placing two cakes or layers of wax to-
gether, between which was the ribbon or tape with which the in-
strument was interlaced and by which the seal was appended. It
was customary to put a piece of paper on the outside of these cakes
before they were impressed. The seal complete was 4% inches in
diameter and from y2 to % inch thick and weighed about 5x/2
ounces.
In 1767 Governor Tryon received from the King a new Great
Seal for the Province. The new seal was engraved on the one side
with the Royal Arms, Garter, Crown, Supporters and Motto, and
this inscription around the circumference "Georgius III D: G: Mag.
Bri, Fr. et Hib. Rex, F. D. Brun, et Lun, Dux, S. R. I. ar TJies. ct
El." On the other side are figures of the King and Liberty who is
introducing Plenty to the King with this Motto, Quae Sera Tain en
Respexit. Around the circumference is the following legend: Sig-
illium, Provinciae Nostrae Carolinae, Septentrionalis. This seal
was 4 inches in diameter, % to % inches thick, and weighed 4%
ounces.
Sometimes a smaller seal than the Great Seal was used, as com-
missions and grants are often found with a small heart-shaped seal
about one inch wide and a quarter of an inch thick which was
impressed with a crown. Also a seal was occasionally used about
three inches long and two inches wide and a half an inch thick, in
the shape of an ellipse. These impressions were evidently made by
putting the wax far enough under the edge of the Great Seal to
take the impression of the crown. The royal governors also some-
times used their private seals.
250 Miscellaneous
When the government of the independent State of North Caro-
lina was organized, the Constitution adopted at Halifax, December
IS, 1776, provided, Section XVII, "That there shall be a seal of this
State, which shall be kept by the Governor, and used by him as
occasion may require; and shall be called the Great Seal of the
State of North Carolina and be affixed to all grants and commis-
sions."
The Convention of 1868 changed the section of the Constitution,
with reference to the seal, to read as it now stands.
The Assembly of 177S appointed William Tisdale to cut and en-
grave the first State seal, under the direction of the Governor. This
seal was used until 1794. Its actual size was three inches in diame-
ter and Vi inch thick. It was made by putting two cakes of wax
together with paper wafers on the outside and pressed between the
dies forming the obverse and reverse sides of this seal.
The seal of 1778 is described as follows:
"On one side is the figure of Minerva or Liberty holding in the
right hand the pole with cap and in the left hand with arm ex-
tended is held a large scroll on which appears in large capital let-
ters the word 'Constitution.' Under the figure the words, IN LEGI-
BUS SALUS. Around the circumference are the words, THE
GREAT SEAL OF THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA. On the
other side of the shield is the figure of a woman, probably Plenty.
The right arm is folded across her breast and in her right hand
inclining toward her left shoulder is held a distaff. In the left
hand with arm extended is held an ear of corn. In the distance be-
yond a tree browses a cow. Under these figures appear the word
and letters 'INDEPENDENCE— MDCCLXXVI.' Around the cir-
cumference appear the words 0. FORTUNATOS, NIMIUM. SUA
SI. BONA. NORINT, COLONOS."
In December, 1781, the General Assembly authorized the Gov-
ernor to procure a seal that should "be prepared with one side only,
and calculated to make the impression on the face of such grant,
commission, record, or other public act," etc. An artist in Phila-
delphia submitted a sketch to the Governor as follows: Minerva is
represented in the act of introducing Ceres with her horn of plenty
to Liberty, who is seated on a pedestal holding in her right hand
a book on which is inscribed the word "Constitution." In the
background are introduced a pyramid, denoting strength and dura-
The Geeat Seal 251
bility, and a pine tree which relates immediately to the products of
the State.
This sketch, omitting Minerva and with some minor changes,
was accepted hy Governor Speight. The new seal was very much
like the present one. It has two figures, Liberty and Plenty. Lib-
erty is seated on a pedestal with her pole in her right hand, and
her cap on the pole; in her left hand is a scroll with the word
"Constitution" upon it. Plenty is standing to the left and front of
Liberty; around her head is a circlet of flowers; in her right hand,
leaning against her shoulder, is her cornucopia, mouth upwards,
overflowing with fruits and produce. In her left is an ear of corn.
Around the circumference are the words THE GREAT SEAL OF
THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA.
This seal was 2% inches in diameter, slightly larger than the
present one, and was used until about 1835.
In 1834 the Legislature authorized the Governor to procure a new
seal. The preamble to the act states that the old seal had been in
use since the first day of March, 1793. The seal adopted in 1835,
which was used until 1883, was very similar to its predecessor.
On it Liberty and Plenty faced each other. Liberty was standing,
her pole with cap on it in her left hand, and a scroll with the word
"Constitution" inscribed thereon in her right hand. Plenty is sit-
ting down, her right arm half extended towards Liberty, three
heads of wheat in her right hand, and in her left the small end
of her horn, the mouth of which is resting at her feet, and the
contents of her horn rolling out. Around the circumference were
♦he words THE GREAT SEAL OF THE STATE OF NORTH CAR-
OLINA. This seal was 2% inches in diameter.
In 1883 an act was passed relative to the seal, which was incor-
porated in the Code as section 3329. The seal therein provided fin-
is described as follows:
"The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina shall be two an 1
one-quarter inches in diameter, and its design shall be a representa-
tion of the figures of Liberty and Plenty, looking toward ea h
other, but not more than half fronting each other, and otherwise
disposed as follows: Liberty, the first figure, standing, her pole
with cap on it in her left hand and a scroll with the word ('(insti-
tution' inscribed thereon in her right hand. Plenty, the second fig-
ure, sitting down, her right arm half extended towards Liberty,
252 Miscellaneous
three heads of wheat in her right hand, and in her left the small
end of her horn, the mouth of which is resting at her feet, and the
contents of the horn rolling out."
In 1893 an act, introduced hy Jacob Battle, added at the foot of
the coat of arms of the State as a part thereof the motto "Esse
Quam Videri," and required that the words, "May 20, 1775," be in-
scribed at the top of the coat of arms.
The present Great Seal of the State of North Carolina is de-
scribed at the top of the coat of arms.
"The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina is two and one-
quarter inches in diameter, and its design is a representation of
the figures of Liberty and Plenty, looking toward each other, but
not more than half fronting each other, and otherwise disposed as
follows: Liberty, the first figure standing, her pole with cap on it
in her left hand and a scroll with the word 'Constitution' inscribed
thereon in her right hand. Plenty, the second figure, sitting down,
her right arm half extended toward Liberty, three heads of wheat
in her right hand, and in her left the small end of her horn, the
mouth of which is resting at her feet, and the contents of horn roll-
ing out. In the exergon is inserted the words May 20, 1775, above
the coat of arms. Around the circumference is the legend, 'The
Great Seal of the State, of North Carolina,' and the motto, 'Esse
Quam Videri.' "
STATE MOTTO AM) ITS OBIGIJT.*
The General Assembly of 1893 (chapter 145) adopted the words
"Esse Quam Videri" as the State's motto and directed that these
words with the date, "20 May, 1775," should be placed with our
Coat of Arms upon the Great Seal of the State.
The words "Esse Quam Videri" mean "to be rather than to seem."
Nearly every State has adopted a motto, generally in Latin. The
reason for their mottoes being in Latin is that the Latin tongue
is far more condensed and terse than the English. The three
words, "Esse Quam Videri," require at least six English words to
express the same idea.
Curiosity has been aroused to learn the origin of our State motto.
It is found in Cicero in his essay on Friendship (Cicero de Ami-
citia, chap. 26). He says, "Virtute enim ipsa non tain multi prediti
* Adopted from an article by Chief Justice "Walter Clark in The North Caro-
lina Booklet, Vol. IX, No. 3.
State Motto and its Origin 253
esse quam videri," i. e., "Virtue is a quality which not so many de-
sire to possess as desire to seem to possess," or, translated literally,
"For indeed not so many wish to be endowed with virtue as wish
to seem to be."
The phrase is a striking one, and Cicero's version of it has been
caught up and often used as a motto. No less than three houses
of British nobility have adopted it, to-wit: the Earl of Winterton,
Earl Brownlow and Lord Lurgan.
It has been adopted by many associations, especially literary
societies. In this State it is the motto of Wilson Collegiate Insti-
tute and, with some modifications, of one of the societies at Wake
Forest College.
The figures on our State Coat of Arms are Liberty and Plenty.
It has been objected that the motto has no reference or application
to the figures on the coat of arms. It is very rarely that such is
the case. The national motto, "E Pluribus Unum," has no refer-
ence to the Eagle and Shield and the Thunderbolts on the national
coat of arms. Nor has the "Excelsior" of New York, the "Dirigo"
of Maine, the "Qui Transtulet, Sustinet" of Connecticut any appli-
cation to the figures above them. Indeed, Virginia's "Sic Semper
Tyrannis" is one of the very few instances in which the motto
bears such reference. But, in fact, is our motto so entirely with-
out reference to the coat of arms as is usually the case? The fig-
ures are, as just stated, Liberty and Plenty. Is it inappropriate to
say we prefer to be free and prosperous than seem to be so. There
have been States that had all the appearance of liberty and pros-
perity, when in truth having lost the reality of both, they were
tottering to their fall.
It is a little singular that until the act of 1S93 the sovereign State
of North Carolina had no motto since its declaration of independ-
ence. It was one of the very few States which did not have a
motto, and the only one of the original thirteen without one.
It may be noted that up to the time it became a "sovereign and
independent State" the Colony or Province of North Carolina bore
on its great seal "Quae sera tamen respexit." This was taken from
the first Eclogue of Virgil (line 27) and, referring to the figure of
Liberty, meant "Which, though late, looked upon me" — the full line
in Virgil being "Liberty, which though late, looked upon me indo-
lent." No wonder that this was dropped by the new State. Noth-
254 Mix i LLANEOUS
ing could possibly have been more inappropriate. Liberty came
not to her late; and it came not to a people inert or unseeking
her rewards. To such, liberty never comes.
It may he mentioned, to prevent any misunderstanding as to the
scope of the Act of 1893 (now Revisal, sec. 5320), that it does not
apply to county seals. Each county is authorized to adopt its own
seal. Revisal, sec. 1318 (24). Many counties now have on their
county seals the appropriate phrase, "Leges Jaraque Vindicamus."
Some have adopted the State motto. But this is a 'matter left to
the discretion of the county commissioners in each county.
Note by the Editors (of The Booklet). — The bill which was
passed in 1893 to adopt our State motto was introduced by Senator
Jacob Battle, of Nash, afterwards Judge of the Superior Court.
We have before us a letter from him in which he states that the
motto was selected by Judge — since Chief Justice — Walter Clark,
who also drew the bill and requested him to present it. He adds
that the words "20 May, 1775," secured the hearty cooperation of
Senator Brevard McDowell, of Mecklenburg, and by their joint
efforts the bill passed by the unanimous vote of both houses of the
General Assembly, and without amendment.
THE CONFEDERATE MUSEUM AT RICHMOND.
In the house in Richmond, Virginia, which was the Executive
Mansion of the Confederate States, and as such was occupied by
President Jefferson Davis from 1861 to 1835, the United Daughters
of the Confederacy support a museum of relics of the Confederacy.
To each of the former Confederate States is assigned a room which
it supports. To the support of the North Carolina Room, the
General Assembly appropriates $200 annually. About eight years
ago it was decided that each room must raise an endowment of
$2,000. The officials of the North Carolina Room increased theirs
to $3,000, and up to date are the only ones who have completed
their fund. The North Carolina Room contains one of the largest
collections of relics, and the largest collection of portraits, in the
museum. About 15,000 persons visit the museum annually.
The State Regent for North Carolina is. in 1918, Mrs. Latta C.
Johnson of Charlotte, the Vice-Regent is Mrs. J. Allison Hodges,
Richmond, Va.
PART VIII.
PLATFORMS OF POLITICAL PARTIES. 1922.
1. National Democratic Platform.
2. National Republican Platform.
3. National Socialist Platform.
4. National Prohibition Platform.
5. State Democratic Platform.
6. State Republican Platform.
7. State Socialist Platform.
NATIONAL DEMOCRATIC PLATFORM 1920.
The Democratic Party, in its national convention now assembled,
sends greetings to the President of the United States, Woodrow
Wilson, and hails with patriotic pride the great achievements for
country and the world wrought by a Democratic administration
under his leadership.
It salutes the mighty people of this great republic, -emerging
with imperishable honor, from the severe tests and grevious strains
of the most tragic war in history, having earned the plaudits and
the gratitude of all free nations.
It declares its adherence to the fundamental progressive principles
of social, economic and industrial justice and advance, and pur-
poses to resume the great work of translating these principles
into effective laws, begun and carried far by the Democratic ad-
ministration and interrupted only when the war claimed all the
national energies for the single task of victory.
LEAGUE OF NATIONS
The Democratic Party favors the League of Nations as the
surest, if not the only, practicable means of maintaining the perma-
nent peace of the world, and terminating the insufferable burden
of great military and naval establishments. It was for this that
America broke away from traditional isolation and spent her blood
and treasure to crush a colossal scheme of conquest. It was upon
this basis that the President of the United States, in prearrangement
with our allies, consented to a suspension of hostilities against the
imperial German government; the armistice was granted and a
treaty of peace negotiated upon the definite assurance to Germany
as well as to the powers pitted against Germany, that "a general
association of nations must be formed, under specific covenants,
for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political inde-
pendence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike."
Hence, we not only congratulate the President on the vision mani-
fested and the vigor exhibited in the prosecution of the war, but
we felicitate him and his associates on the exceptional achieve-
ments at Paris involved in the adoption of a league and treaty
17 1257 1
25S Platforms of Political Parties
so near akin to previously expressed American ideals and so in-
timately related to the aspirations of civilized people everywhere.
We commend the President for his courage and his high con-
ception of good faith in steadfastly standing for the covenant
agreed to by all the associated and allied nations at war with
Germany, and we condemn the Republican Senate for its refusal
to ratify the treaty merely because it was the product of Democratic
statesmanship, thus interposing partisan envy and personal hatred
in the way of peace and renewed prosperity of the world. By every
accepted standard of international morality the President is justi
fied in asserting that the honor of the country is involved in this
business; and we point to the accusing fact that before it was de-
termined to initiate political antagonism to the treaty, the now
Republican chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
himself publicly proclaimed that any proposition for separate peace
with Germany such as he and his party associates thereafter re-
ported to the Senate, would make us "guilty of the blackest crime."
On May 15, last, the Knox substitute for the Versailles treaty
was passed by the Republican Senate, and this convention can
contrive no more fitting characterization of its obloquy than that
made in the Forum Magazine of December, 1918, by Henry Cabot
Lodge, when he said:
"If we send our armies and young men abroad to be killed and
wounded in Northern France and Flanders with no result but this,
our entrance into war with such an intention was a crime which
nothing can justify."
The intent of Congress and the intent of the President was that
there would be no peace until we could create a situation where
no such war as this could recur. We cannot make peace except in
company with our allies. It would brand us with everlasting dis-
honor and bring ruin to us also if we undertook to make a separate
peace.
Thus to that which Mr. Lodge, in saner moments, considered
"the blackest crime" he and his party in madness sought to give
the sancity of law, that which eighteen months ago was of "ever
lasting dishonor," the Republican Party and its candidates today
accept as the essence of faith.
National, Democratic Platform 259
We endorse the President's view of our international obligations
and his firm stand against reservations designed to cut to pieces
the vital provisions of the Versailles treaty and we commend the
Democrats in Congress for voting against resolutions for separate
peace which would disgrace the nation. We advocate the immediate
ratification of the treaty without reservations which would impair
its essential integrity; but we do not oppose the acceptance of any
reservations making clearer or more specific the obligations of the
United States in the league associates. Only by doing this may we
retrieve the reputation of this Nation among the powers of the
earth and recover the moral leadership which President Wilson
won and which Republican politicians at Washington sacrificed.
Only by doing this may we hope to aid effectively in the restoration
of order throughout the world, and to take the place which we
should assume in the front ranks of spiritual, commercial, and in-
dustrial advancement
We reject as utterly vain, if not vicious, the Republican assump-
tion that ratification of the treaty and membership in the League
of Nations would in any way impair the integrity or independence
of our country. The fact that the covenant has been entered into
by twenty-nine nations, all as jealous of their independence as
we are of ours, is a sufficient refutation of such charges. The
President repeatedly has declared, and this convention reaffirms,
that all our duties and obligations as a member of the league must
be fulfilled in strict conformity with the Constitution of the United
States, embodied in which is the fundamental requirement of
declaratory action by the Congress before this Nation becomes a
participant in any war.
CONDUCT OF WAR
During the war President Wilson exhibited the very broadest
conception of liberal Americanism. In his conduct of the war, as
in the general administration of his high office, there was no sem-
blance of partisan bias. He invited to Washington as his counsellors
and coadjutors hundreds of the most prominent and pronounced
Republicans in the country. To these he committed responsibilities
of the gravest import and most confidential nature. Many of them
had charge of vital activities of the Government.
260 Platforms of Political Parties
And yet, with the war successfully prosecuted and gloriously
ended, the Republican Party in Congress, far from applauding
tho masterly leadership of the President and felicitating the country
on the amazing achievements of the American Government, has
meanly requited the considerate course of the Chief Magistrate
by savagely defaming tho commander-in-chief of the army and navy
and by assailing nearly every public officer of every branch of the
service intimately concerned in winning the war abroad and pre-
serving the security of the Government at home.
We express to the soldiers and sailors and marines of America
the admiration of their fellow countrymen. Guided by the genius
of such commanders as Gen. John J. Pershing, the armed force
of America constituted a decisive factor in the victory and brought
new luster to the flag.
Wo commend the patriotic men and women who sustained tho
efforts of their Government in the crucial hours of the war and
contributed to the brilliant administrative success achieved under
the broad-visioned leadership of our President.
FINANCIAL ACHIEVEMENTS
A review of the record of the Democratic Party during the
administration of Woodrow Wilson presents a chapter of substan-
tial achievements unsurpassed in the history of tho republic. For
fifty years before the advent of this administration periodical con-
vulsions had impeded the industrial progress of the American
people and caused inestimable loss and distress. By tho enactment
of the Federal Reserve Act the old system, which bred panics, was
replaced by a new system, which insured confidence. It was an
indispensable factor in winning the war, and today it is the hope
and inspiration of business. Indeed, one vital danger against which
the American people should keep constantly on guard is the com-
mitment of this system to partisan enemies who struggled against
its adoption and vainly attempted to retain in the hands of specu-
lative bankers a monopoly of the currency and credits of the nation.
Already there are well defined indications of an assault upon the
vital principles of the system in the event of Republican success
in tho elections in November.
Under Democratic leadership the American people successfully
financed their stupendous part in the greatest war of all time. Tho
National Democratic Platform 261
Treasury wisely insisted upon the meeting of an adequate portion
of the war expenditure from current taxes and the bulk of the
balance from popular loans, and, during the first full fiscal year
after fighting stopped, upon meeting current expenditures from
current receipts notwithstanding the new and unnecessary burdens
thrown upon the Treasury by the delay, obstruction and extrava-
gance of a Republican Congress.
The nonpartisan Federal Reserve authorities have been wholly
free of political interference or motive; and, in their own time
and their own way, have used courageously, though cautiously,
the instruments at their disposal to prevent undue expansion of
credit in the country. As a result of these sound Treasury and
Federal Reserve policies, the inevitable war inflation has been
held down to a minimum, and the cost of living has been pre-
vented from increasing here in proportion to the increase in other
belligerent countries and in neutral countries which are in close
contact with the world's commerce and exchange.
After a year and a half of fighting in Europe, and despite another
year and half of Republican obstruction at home, the credit of
the Government of the United States stands unimpaired, the Fed-
eral Reserve note is the unit of value throughout all the world
and the United States is the one great country in the world which
maintains a free gold market.
We condemn the attempt of the Republican Party to deprive the
American people of their legitimate pride in the financing of the
war — an achievement without parallel in the financial history of
this or any other country, in this or any other war. And in par-
ticular we condemn the pernicious attempt of the Republican party
to create discontent among the holders of the bonds of the Govern-
ment of the United States and to drag our public finance and our
banking and currency system back into the arena of party politics.
tax law revision.
We condemn the failure of the present Congress to respond to
the oft repeated demand of the President and the Secretaries of the
Treasury to revise the existing tax laws. The continuance in
force in peace times of taxes devised under pressure of imperative
necessity to produce a revenue for war purposes, is indefensible and
262 Platforms of Political Parties
can only result in lasting injury to the people. The Republican
Congress persistently failed, through sheer political cowardice,
to make a single move toward readjustment of tax laws which it
denounced before the last election and was afraid to revise before
the next election.
We advocate tax reform and a searching revision of the war
revenue acts to fit peace conditions so that the wealth of the nation
may not be withdrawn from productive enterprise and diverted to
wasteful or nonproductive expenditure.
We demand prompt action by the next Congress for a complete
survey of existing taxes and their modification and simplification
with a view to secure greater equity and justice in tax burden and
improvement in administration.
public economy.
Claiming to have effected great economies in Government ex-
penditures, the Republican Party cannot show the reduction of
one dollar in taxation as a corollary of this false pretense. In
contrast, the last Democratic Congress enacted legislation reducing
taxes from eight billions, designed to be raised, to six billions for
the first year after the armistice, and to four billions thereafter;
and there the total is left undiminished by our political adversa-
ries. Two years after armistice day a Republican Congress pro-
vides for expending the stupendous sum of $5,403,390,327.30.
Affecting great paper economies by reducing departmental esti-
mates of sums which would not have been spent in any event, and
by reducing formal appropriations, the Republican statement of
the expenditures omits the pregnant fact that Congress authorized
the use of one and a half billion dollars in the hands of various
departments and bureaus, which otherwise would have been covered
into the Treasury, and which should be added to the Republican
total of expenditures.
high cost of living
The high cost of living and the depreciation of bond values in
this country are primarily due to war itself, to the necessary gov-
ernmental expenditures for the destructive purposes of war, to
private extravagance, to the world shortage of capital, to the in-
flation of foreign currencies and credits, and, in large degree, to
conscienceless profiteering.
National Democratic Platform 263
The Republican Party is responsible for the failure to restore
peace and peace conditions in Europe, which is a principal causo
of post-armistice inflation the world over. It has denied the de-
mand of the President for necessary legislation to deal with sec-
ondary and local causes. The sound policies pursued by the Treas-
ury and the Federal Reserve System have limited in this country,
though they could not prevent the inflation which was world-wide.
Elected upon specific promises to curtail public expenditures and
to bring the country back to a status of effective economy, the
Republican Party in Congress wasted time and energy for more
than a year in vain and extravagant investigation, costing the tax-
payers great sums of money, while revealing nothing beyond the
incapacity of Republican politicians to cope with the problem.
Demanding that the President, from his place at the peace table,
call the Congress into extraordinary session for imperative pur-
poses of readjustment, the Congress when convened spent thirteen
months in partisan pursuits, failing to repeal a single war statute
which harassed business or to initiate a single constructive meas-
ure to help business. It busied itself making a pre-election record
of pretended thrift, having not one particle of substantial existence
in fact. It raged against profiteers and the high cost of living
without enacting a single statute to make the former afraid of
doing a single act to bring the latter within limitations.
The simple truth is that the high cost of living can only bo
remedied by increased production, strict governmental economy,
and a relentless pursuit of those who take advantage of post-war
conditions and are demanding and receiving outrageous profits.
We pledge the Democratic Party to a policy of strict economy in
Government expenditures and to the enactment and enforcement of
such legislation as may be required to bring profiteers before the
bar of criminal justice.
the tariff
We reaffirm the traditional policy of the Democratic Party in
favor of a tariff for revenue only, and to confirm the policy of
basing tariff revisions upon the intelligent research of a nonparti-
san commission, rather than upon the demands of selfish interests,
temporarily held in abeyance.
264 Platforms of Political Parties
budget.
In the interest of economy and good administration, we favor the
creation of an effective budget system that will function in accord
with the principles of the Constitution. The reform should reach
both the executive and the legislative aspects of the question. The
supervision and preparation of the budget should be vested in the
Secretary of the Treasury as the representative of the President.
The budget, as such, should not be increased by the Congress except
by a two-third vote, each House, however, being free to exercise
its constitutional privilege of making appropriations through inde-
pendent bills. The appropriation bills should be considered by the
single committees of the House and the Senate. The audit sys-
tem should be consolidated, and its powers expanded so as to
pass upon the wisdom of, as well as the authority for, expenditures.
A budget bill was passed in the closing days of the second session
of the sixty-sixth Congress which invalidated by plain constitu-
tional defects and defaced by consideration of patronage, the Presi-
dent was obliged to veto. The House amended the bill to meet
the executive objection. We condemn the Republican Senate for
adjourning without passing the amended measure, when by devot-
ing an hour or two more to this urgent public business a budget
system could have been provided.
SENATE RULES.
We favor such alteration of the rules of procedure of the Senate
of the United States as will permit the prompt transaction of the
nation's legislative business
AGRICULTURAL INTERESTS.
To the great agricultural interests of the country the Democratic
Party does not find it necessary to make promises. It already is
rich in its record of things actually accomplished. For nearly half
a century of Republican rule not a sentence was written into fhe
Federal statutes affording one dollar of bank credits to the farm-
ing interests of America. In the first term of this Democratic ad-
ministration the National Bank Act was so altered as to authorize
loans of five years maturity on improved farm lands. Later was
established a system of farm loan banks, from which the borrowings
already exceed $300,000,000, and under which the interest rate to
National Democratic Platform 265
farmers has been so materially reduced as to drive out of business
the farm loan sharks who formerly subsisted by extortion upon the
great agricultural interests of the country.
Thus it was a Democratic Congress in the administration of a
Democratic President which enabled the farmers of America for
the first time to obtain credit upon reasonable terms and insured
their opportunity for the further development of the nation's
agricultural resources. Tied up in Supreme Court proceedings, in
a suit by hostile interests, the Federal Farm Loan System, origi-
nally opposed by the Republican candidate for the Presidency, ap-
pealed in vain to a Republican Congress for an adequate financial
assistant to tide over the interim between the beginning and the
ending of the current year, awaiting a final decision of the highest
court on the validity of the contested act. We pledge prompt and
consistent support of sound and effective measures to sustain, am-
plify and perfect the rural credits statutes and thus to check and
reduce the growth and course of farm tenancy.
Not only did the Democratic Party put into effect a great farm
loan system of land mortgage banks, but it passed the Smith-Lever
agricultural extension act, carrying to every farmer in every sec-
tion of the country, through the medium of trained experts and
by demonstration farms, the practical knowledge acquired by the
Federal Agricultural Department in all things relating to agricul-
ture, horticulture, and animal life; it established the bureau of
markets, the bureau of farm management, and passed the cotton
futures act, the grain grades bill, the cooperative farm administra-
tion act, and the Federal warehouse act.
The Democratic Party has vastly improved the rural mail sys-
tem, and has built up the parcel post system to such an extent
as to render its activities and its practical service indispensable to
the farming community. It was this wise encouragement and this
effective concern of the Democratic Party for the farmers of the
United States that enabled this great interest to render such essen-
tial service in feeding the armies of America and the allied nations
of the war and succoring starving populations since armistice day.
Meanwhile the Republican leaders at Washington have failed
utterly to propose one single measure to make rural life more
tolerable. They have signalized their fifteen months of congres-
266 Platforms of Political Parties
sional power by urging schemes which would strip the farms of
labor; by assailing the principles of the Farm Loan System and
seeking to impair its efficiency; by covertly attempting to destroy
the great nitrogen plant at Muscle Shoals upon which the Govern-
ment has expended $70,000,000 to supply American farmers with
fertilizers at reasonable cost; by ruthlessly crippling nearly every
branch of agricultural endeavor, literally crippling the productive
mediums through which the people must be fed.
We favor such legislation as will confirm to the primary pro-
ducers of the nation the right of collective bargaining and the right
of cooperative handling and marketing of the products of the
workshop and the farm, and such legislation as will facilitate the
exportation of our farm products.
We favor comprehensive studies of farm production costs and
the uncensored publication of facts found in such studies.
LABOR AND INDUSTRY.
The Democratic Party is now, as ever, the firm friend of honest
labor and the promoter of progressive industry. It established
the Department of Labor at Washington and a Democratic Presi-
dent called to his official council board the first practical working
man who ever held a cabinet portfolio. Under this administration
have been established employment bureaus to bring the man and
the job together; have been peaceably determined many bitter dis-
putes between capital and labor; were passed the child labor law,
the workingman's compensation act (the extension of which we
advocate so as to include laborers engaged in loading and unload-
ing ships and in interstate commerce), the eight-hour law, the
act for vocational training, and a code of other wholesome laws
affecting the liberties and bettering the conditions of the laboring
classes. In the Department of Labor the Democratic administra-
tion established a woman's bureau, which a Republican Congress
destroyed by withholding appropriations.
Labor is not a commodity, it is human. Those who labor have
rights and the national security and safety depend upon a just
recognition of those rights and the conservation of the strength of
the workers and their families in the interest of sound-hearted
and sound-headed men, women and children. Laws regulating
National Democratic Platform 267
hours of labor and conditions under which labor is performed,
when passed in recognition of the conditions under which life
must be lived to attain the highest development and happiness, are
just assertions of the national interest in the welfare of the people.
At the same time the Nation depends upon the products of labor,
a cessation of production means loss, and, if long continued, dis-
aster. The whole people, therefore, have a right to insist that
justice shall be done to those who work, and in turn that those
whose labor creates the necessities upon which the life of the
nation depends must recognize reciprocal obligation between the
worker and the State. They should participate in the formulation
of sound laws and regulations governing the conditions under which
labor is performed, recognize and obey the laws so formulated,
and seek their amendment when necessary by the processes ordi-
narily addressed to the laws and regulations affecting the other
relations of life.
Labor, as well as capital, is entitled to adequate compensation.
Each has the indefensible right of organization, of collective bar-
gaining, and of speaking through representatives of their own
selection. Neither class, however, should at any time nor in any
circumstances, take action that will put in jeopardy the public
welfare. Resort to strikes and lockouts which endanger the health
or lives of the people is an unsatisfactory device for determining
disputes, and the Democratic Party pledges itself to contrive, if
possible, and put into effective operation a fair and comprehensive
method of composing differences of this nature.
In private industrial disputes, we are opposed to compulsory
arbitration as a method plausible in theory but a failure in fact.
With respect to Government service, we hold distinctly that the
rights of the people are paramount to the right to strike. How-
ever, we confess scrupulous regard for the conditions of public
employment and pledge the Democratic Party to be instant in inquiry
into the pay of Government employes and equally speedy regula-
tions designed to bring salaries to a just and proper level.
WOMAN SUFFRAGE
We endorse the proposed 19th amendment to the Constitution of
the United States, granting equal suffrage to women. We congratu-
268 ' Platforms of Political Parties
late the Legislatures of thirty-five States which have already ratified
said amendment, and we urge the Democratic Governors and Legis-
latures of Tennessee, North Carolina, and Florida and such States
as have not yet ratified the Federal suffrage amendment to unite
in an effort to complete the process of ratification and secure the
36th State in time for all the women of the United States to partici-
pate in the fall election. We commend the effective advocacy of the
measure of President Wilson.
WOMEN IN INDUSTRY
We urge cooperation with the States for the protection of child
life through infancy and maternity care; in the prohibition of
child labor and by adequate appropriations for the children's
bureau and the women's bureau of the Department of Labor. Co-
operative Federal assistance to the State is immediately required
for the instruction in citizenship for both native"and foreign born;
increased appropriation for vocational training in home economics;
re-establishment of joint Federal and State employment service
with women's departments under the direction of technically quali-
fied women. We advocate full representation of women on all
commissions dealing with women's interest and a reclassification
of the Federal Civil Service free from discrimination on the ground
of sex; a continuance of appropriations for education in sex hygiene;
Federal legislation which shall insure that American women resi-
dent in the United States, but married to aliens, shall retain their
American citizenship, and that the same process of naturalization
shall be required for women as for men.
DISABLED SOLDIERS.
The Federal Government should treat with the utmost considera-
tion every disabled soldier, sailor and marine of the world war,
whether his disability be due to wounds received in line of action
or to health impaired in service, and for the dependents of the
brave men who died in line of duty the Government's tenderest
concern and richest bounty should be their requital. The fine
patriotism exhibited, the heroic conduct dsplayed by American
soldiers and sailors and marines at home and abroad constitute
a sacred heritage of posterity, the worth of which can never be
recompensed from the Treasury and the glory of which must not be
diminished by any such expedients.
National Democratic Platform 269
The Democratic administration wisely established a war risk
insurance bureau, giving four and a half millions of enlisted men
insurance at unprecedentedly low rates and through the medium of
which compensation of men and women injured in service is readily
adjusted, the hospital facilities for those whose health is impaired
are abundantly afforded.
The Federal board of vocational education should be made a
part of the war risk insurance bureau in order that the task may
be treated as a whole, and this machinery of protection and assist-
ance must receive every aid of law and appreciation to full and
effective operation.
We believe that no higher or more valued privilege can be afforded
to an American citizen than to become a free holder in the soil of
the United States and to that end we pledge our party to the en-
actment of soldiers' settlements and home aid legislation which
will afford to the men who fought for America the opportunity to
become land and home owners under conditions affording genuine
government assistance unincumbered by needless difficulties of red
tape or adverse financial investment.
THE RAILROADS.
The railroads were subjected to Federal control as a war measure
without other idea than the swift transport of troops, munitions and
supplies. When human life and national hopes were at stake, profits
could not be considered, and were not. Federal operation, however,
was marked by an intelligence and efficiency that minimized loss
and resulted in many and marked reforms. The equipment taken
over was not only grossly inadequate, but shamefully outworn.
Unification practices overcame the initial handicaps and provided
additions, betterments and improvements. Economics enabled opera-
tion without rate raises that private control would have found
necessary, and labor was treated with an exact justice that secured
the enthusiastic cooperation that victory demanded. The funda-
mental purpose of Federal control was achieved fully and splendidly,
and at far less cost to the taxpayer than would have been the case
under private operation. Investments in railroad properties were
not only saved by government operation, but government manage-
ment returned these properties vastly improved in every physical
and executive detail. A great task flatly discharged.
270 Platforms of Political Parties
The President's recommendation of return to private ownership
gave the Republican majority a full year in which to enact the
necessary legislation. The house took six months to formulate
its ideas and another six months was consumed by the Republican
Senate in equally vague debate. As a consequence, the Esch-
Cummings bill went to the President in the closing hours of Con-
gress, and he was forced to a choice between the chaos of a veto
and the acquiesence in the measure submitted, however grave may
have been his objections to it.
There should be a fair and complete test of the law until careful
and mature action by Congress may cure its defects and insure a
thoroughly effective transportation system under private owner-
ship without government subsidy at the expense of the taxpayers
of the country.
IMPROVED HIGHWAYS.
Improved roads are of vital importance not only to commerce
and industry, but also to agriculture and rural life. The Federal
Road Act for 1916, enacted by the Democratic Congress, represented
the first systematic effort of the government to insure the building
of an adequate system of roads, in this country. The act, as
amended, has resulted in placing the movement for improved high-
ways on a progressive and substantial basis in every State in the
union and in bringing under actual construction more than 13,000
miles of roads suited to the traffic of the communities in which
they are located.
We favor a continuance of the present federal aid plan under
existing federal and State agencies, amended so as to include as
one of the elements in determining the ratio in which the several
States shall be entitled to share in the fund, the area of any public
lands therein.
Inasmuch as the postal service has been extended by the Demo-
cratic party to the door of practically every producer and every
consumer in the country (rural free delivery alone having been
provided for six million additional patrons within the past eight
years without material added cost), we declare that this instrumen-
tality can and will be used to the maximum of its capacity to im-
prove the efficiency of distribution and reduce the cost of living to
consumers while increasing the profitable operations of producers.
National Democratic Platform 271
We strongly favor the increased use of the motor vehicle in the
transporation of the mails and urge the removal of the restric-
tions imposed by the Republican Congress on the use of motor
devices in mail transportation in rural territories.
merchant marine.
We desire to congratulate the American people on the rebirth of
our merchant marine, which once more maintains its former place
in the world. It was under a Democratic administration that this
was accomplished after seventy years of indifference and neglect,
thirteen million tons having been constructed since the act was
passed in 1916. We pledge the policy of our party to the continued
growth of our merchant marine under proper legislation so that
American products will be carried to all ports of the world by
vessels built in American yards, flying the American flag.
PORT FACILITIES.
The urgent demands of the war for adequate transportation of
war materials as well as for domestic need, revealed the fact that
our port facilities and rate adjustment were such as to seriously
effect the whole country in times of peace as well as war.
We pledge our party to stand for equality of rates, both import
and export, for the ports of the country to the end that there might
be adequate and fair facilities and rates for the mobilization of the
products of the country offered for shipment.
INLAND WATERWAYS.
We call attention to the failure of the Republican rational Con-
vention to recognize in any way the rapid development of barge
transportation on our inland waterways, which development is
the result of the constructive policies of the Democratic adminis-
tration. And ' we pledge ourselves to the further development of
our inland waterways, and we recognize the importance of con-
necting the Great Lakes with the sea by way of the Mississippi
River and its tributaries, as well as by the St. Lawrence River.
We favor an enterprising foreign trade policy with all nations, and
in this connection we favor the full utilization of all Atlantic,
Gulf and Pacific ports, and an equitable distribution of shipping
facilities between the various ports.
272 PlatforxMs of Political Parties
Transportaton remains an increasingly vital problem in the
continued development and prosperity of the nation.
Our present facilities for distribution by rail are inadequate, and
the promotion of transportation by water is imperative.
We, therefore, favor a liberal and comprehensive policy for the de-
velopment and utilization of our harbors and interior waterways.
FLOOD CONTROL
We commend the Democratic Congress for the redemption of
the pledge contained in our last platform by the passage of the
flood control act of March 1, 1917, and point to the successful con-
trol of the floods of the Mississippi River and the Sacramento
River, California, under the policy of that law, for its complete
justification. We favor the extension of this policy to other flood
control problems wherever the Federal interest justifies the ex-
penditure required.
RECLAMATION OF ARID LANDS.
By wise legislation and progressive administration we have
transferred the Government reclamation projects representing an
investment of $100,000,000 from a condition of impending failure
and loss of confidence in the ability of the government to carry
through such large enterprises, to a condition of demonstrated
success, whereby formerly arid and wholly unproductive lands now
sustain 40,000 prosperous families and have an annual crop produc-
tion of over $70,000,000, not including the crops grown on a million
acres outside the projects supplied with storage water for Govern-
ment workers.
We favor ample appropriations for the continuation and extension
of this great work of homebuilding and internal improvement
along the same general lines to the end that all practical projects
shall be built, and waters now running to waste, •shall be made
to provide homes and add to the food supply proper resources and
taxable property, with the government ultimately reimbursed for
the entire outlay.
THE TRADE COMMISSION.
The Democratic party heartily endorses the creation and work of
the Federal Trade Commission in establishing a fair field for com-
petitive business, free from restraints of trade and monopoly and
National Democratic Platform 273
recommends amplification of the statutes governing its activities
so as to grant it authority to prevent the unfair use of patents in
restraint of trade.
LIVE STOCK MARKETS.
For the purpose of insuring just and fair treatment in the great
interstate live stock market, and thus instilling confidence in
growers through which production will be stimulated and the price
of meats to consumers bs ultimately reduced, we Tavor the enact-
ment of legislation for the supervision of such markets by the
national government.
MEXICO.
The United States is the neighbor and friend of the nations of
the three Americas. In a very special sense, our international re-
lations in this hemisphere should be characterized by good will
and free from any possible suspicion as to our national purpose.
The administration, remembering always that Mexico is an in-
dependent nation and that permanent stability in her government
and her institutions could come only from the consent of her
own people to a government of their own making, has been unwilling
either to profit by the misfortune of the people of Mexico or to
enfeeble their future by imposing from the outside a rule upon their
temporarily distracted councils. As a consequence, order is grad-
ually reappearing in Mexico; at no time in many years have
American lives and interest been so safe as they now are; peace
reigns along the border and industry is resuming.
When the new government of Mexico shall have given ample
proof of its ability permanently to maintain law and order, signi-
fied its willingness to meet its international obligations and written
upon its statute books just laws under which foreign investors
shall have rights as well as duties, that government should receive
our recognition and systematic assistance. Until these proper ex-
pectations have been met, Mexico must realize the propriety of a
policy that asserts the rights of the United States to demand full
protection for its citizens.
PETROLEUM.
The Democratic party recognizes the importance of the acquisi-
tion by Americans of additional sources of supply of petroleum
18
274 Platforms of Political Parties
and other minerals and declares that such acquisition both at home
and abroad should be fostered and encouraged.
We urge such action, legislative and executive, as may secure to
American citizens the same rights in the acquirement of mineral
rights and foreign countries as are enjoyed by the citizens or sub-
jects of any other nation.
NEW NATIONS.
The Democratic party expresses its active sympathy with the
people of China, Czecho-Slovakia, Finland, Poland, Persia and
others who have recently established representative government and
who are striving to develop the institutions of true democracy.
IRELAND.
The great principle of national self-determination has received
constant reiteration as one of the chief objectives for which this
country entered the war, and victory established this principle.
Within the limitation of international comity and usage, this
convention repeats the several previous expressions of the sympathy
of the Democratic party of the United States for the aspirations
of Ireland for self-government.
ARMENIA.
We express our deep and earnest sympathy for the unfortunate
people of Armenia, and we believe that our government, consistent
with its constitution and principles, should render every possible
and proper aid to them in their efforts to establish and maintain
a government of their own.
THE PHILIPPINES.
We favor the granting of independence without unnecessary de-
lay to the 10,500,000 inhabitants of the Philippine Islands.
HAWAII.
We favor a liberal policy of homesteading public lands in Hawaii
to promote a larger middle class citizen population, with equal rights
to all citizens.
PORTO RICO
We favor the granting to the people of Porto Rico the traditional
territorial form of government, with a view to ultimate statehood,
National Democratic Platform 275
accorded to all territories of the United States since the beginning
of our government, and we believe that the officials appointed to
administer the government of such territories should be qualified
by previous bona fide residence therein.
ALASKA
We commend the Democratic Administration for inaugurating a
new policy as to Alaska as evidenced by the construction of the
Alaska railroad and opening of the coal and oil fields.
We declare for the modification of the existing coal land law,
to promote development without disturbing the features intended
to prevent monopoly.
For such changes in the policy 01 forestry control as will permit
the immediate initiation of the paper pulp industry.
For relieving the territory from the evils of long distance govern-
ment by authority and interlocking bureaucratic regulation, and to
that end we urge the speedy passage of a law containing the
essential features of the Lane^Curry bill now pending, coordinating
and consolidating all Federal control of natural resources under
one department to be administered by a nonpartisan board perma-
nently resident in the territory.
For the fullest measure of territorial self-government with the
view to ultimate statehood, with jurisdiction over all matters not
of purely Federal concern, including fisheries and game, and for
an intelligent administration of Federal control, we believe that
all officials appointed should be qualified by previous bona fide
residence in the territory.
For a comprehensive system of road construction with increased
appropriations and the full extension of the Federal road act to
Alaska.
For the extension to Alaska of the Federal farm loan act.
ASIATIC IMMIGRATION.
The policy of the United States with reference to the non-admis-
sion of Asiatic immigrants is a true expression of the judgment
of our people and to the several States, whose geographical situa-
tion or internal condition make this policy and the enforcement of
the laws enacted pursuant thereto, of particular concern, we pledge
our support.
276 Platforms of Political Parties
the postal service.
The efficiency of the Postoffice Department has been vindicated
against a malicious and designing assault by the efficiency of its
operation. Its record refutes its assailants. Their voices are
silenced and their charges have collapsed.
We commend the work of the joint commission on the reclassi-
fication of salaries of postal employes, recently concluded, which
commission was created by a Democratic administration. The
Democratic party has always favored and will continue to favor the
fair and just treatment of all government employes.
FREE SPEECH AND PRESS.
We resent the unfounded reproaches directed against the Demo-
cratic administration for alleged interference of the freedom of
the press and freedom of speech.
No utterances from any quarter have been assailed, and no publi-
cation has been repressed which has not been animated by the
reasonable purpose and directed against the nation's peace, order
and security in time of war.
We reaffirm our respect for the great principles of free speech
and a free press, but assert as an indisputable proposition that
they afford no toleration of enemy propaganda or the advocacy of
the overthrow of the government of the State or nation by force
or violence.
EEPVBLICAX CORRUPTION.
The shocking disclosure of the lavish use of money by aspirants
for the Republican nomination for the highest office in the gift of
the people has created a painful impression throughout the coun-
try. Viewed in connection with the recent conviction of a Republi-
can Senator from the State of Michigan for the criminal transgres-
sion of the law limiting expenditures on behalf of a candidate for
the United States Senate, it indicates the re-entry, under Republi-
can auspices, of money as an influential factor in elections, thus
nullifying the letter and flaunting the spirit of numerous laws
enacted by the people to proctect the ballot from the contamination
of corrupt practices. We deplore those delinquencies and invoke
their stern popular rebuke, pledging our earnest efforts to strength-
ening of the present statutes against corrupt practices and their
rigorous enforcement.
National Republican Platform 277
We remind the people that it was only by the return of a Repub-
lican Senator in Michigan, who is now under conviction and sen-
tence for the criminal misuse of money in his election, that the
present organization of the Senate with a Republican majority
was made possible.
CONCLUSION
Believing that we have kept the Democratic faith and resting
our claims in the confidence of the people not upon grandiose
promises but upon performances of our duty, we submit our record
to the nation's Federation and ask that the pledges of this platform
be appraised in the light of that record.
NATIONAL REPUBLICAN PLATFORM, 1920
The Republican party, assembled in representative national con-
vention, reaffirms its unyielding devotion to the Constitution of
the United States, and to the guarantees of civil, political and
religious liberty therein contained. It will resist all attempts
to overthrow the foundations of the government or to weaken the
force of its controlling principles and ideals, whether these at-
tempts be made in the form of international policy or domestic
agitation.
For seven years the national government has been controlled
by the Democratic party. During that period a war of unparalleled
magnitude has shaken the foundations of civilization, decimated
the population of Europe, and left in its train economic misery
and suffering second only to the war itself.
The outstanding features of the Democratic administration have
been complete unpreparedness for war and complete unpreparedness
for peace.
UNPREPAHEDNESS FOR WAR.
Inexcusable failure to make timely preparation is the chief indict-
ment against the Democratic administration in the conduct of the
war. Had not our Associates protected us, both on land and sea,
during the first twelve months of our participation, and furnished
us to the very day of the Armistice with munitions, planes and
artillery, this failure would have been punished with disaster.
It directly resulted in unneccessary losses to our gallant troops, in
27S Platforms of Political Parties
the impediment of victory itself, and in an enormous waste of
public funds literally poured into the breach created by gross
neglect. Today it is reflected in our huge tax burden and in the
high cost of living.
TJNPREPARDNESS FOR PEACE.
Peace found the Administration as unprepared for peace as war
found it unprepared for war. The vital needs of the country de-
manded the early and systematic return to a peace-time basis.
This called for vision, leadership and intelligent planning. All
three have been lacking. While the country has been left to shift
for itself, the Government has continued on a war-basis. The
Administration has not demobilized the army of place holders. It
continued a method of financing which was indefensible during the
period of reconstruction. It has used legislation passed to meet
the emergency of war to continue its arbitrary and inquisitorial
control over the life of the people in time of peace, and to carry
confusion into industrial life. Under the despot's plea of necessity
or superior wisdom, executive usurpation of legislative and judicial
functions still undermines our institutions. Eighteen months after
the Armistice, with its war-time powers unabridged, its war-time
departments undischarged, its war-time army of place holders still
mobilized, the Administration continues to flounder helplessly.
The demonstrated incapacity of the Democratic party has de-
stroyed public confidence, weakened the authority of the govern-
ment, and produced a feeling of distrust and hesitation so univer-
sal as to increase enormously the difficulties of readjustment and to
delay the return to normal conditions.
Never has our nation been confronted with graver problems.
The people are entitled to know in definite terms how the parties
purpose solving these problems. To that end, the Republican party
declares its policies and program to be as follows:
CONSTITUTIONAL GOVERNMENT.
We undertake to end executive autocracy and to restore to the
people their constitutional government.
The policies herein declared will be carried out by the federal
and State governments, each acting within its constitutional powers.
National Republican Platform 279
foreign relations.
The foreign policy of the Administration has been founded upon
no principle and directed by no definite conception of our nation's
rights and obligations. It has been humiliating to America and
irritating to other nations, with the result that after a period of
unexampled sacrifice, our motives are suspected, our moral influence
impaired, and our Government stands discredited and friendless
among the nations of the world.
We favor a liberal and generous foreign policy founded upon
definite normal and political principles characterized by a clear
understanding of and a firm adherence to our own rights, and un-
failing respect for the rights of others. We should afford full
and adequate protection to the life, liberty, property and all in-
ternational rights of every American citizen, and should require
a proper respect for the American flag; but we should be equally
careful to manifest a just regard for the rights of other nations.
A scrupulous observance of our international engagements when
lawfully assumed is essential to our own honor and self-respect,
and the respect of other nations. Subject to a due regard for our
international obligations, we should leave our country free to de-
velop its civilization along lines most conducive to happiness and
welfare of its people, and to cast its influence on the side of justice
and right should occasion require.
(a) MEXICO.
The ineffective policy of the present Administration in Mexican
matters has been largely responsible for the continued loss of
American lives in that country and upon our border; for the enor-
mous loss of American and foreign property; for the lowering
of American standards of morality and social relations with Mexi-
cans, and for the bringing American ideals and justice, national
honor and political integrity into contempt and ridicule in Mexico
and throughout the world.
The policy of wordy, futile written protests against the acts
of Mexican officials, explained the following day by the President
himself as being meaningless and not intended to be considered
seriously, or enforced, has but added in degree to that contempt,
and has earned for us the sneers and jeers of Mexican bandits,
and added insult upon insult against our national honor and dignity.
2S0 Platforms of Political Parties
Wo should not recognize any Mexican government unless it be
a responsible government willing and able to give sufficient guar-
antees that the lives and property of American citizens are re-
spected and protected; that wrongs will be promptly corrected and
just compensation will be made for injury sustained. The Republi-
can party pledges itself to a consistent, firm and effective policy
towards Mexico that shall enforce respect for the American flag
and that shall protect the rights of American citizens lawfully in
Mexico to security of life and enjoyment of property, in accord-
ance with established principles of international law and our
treaty rights.
The Republican party is a sincere friend of the Mexican people.
In its insistence upon the maintenance of order for the protection
of American citizens within its border a great service will be
rendered the Mexican people themselves; for a continuation of
present conditions means disaster to their interests and patriotic
aspirations.
(b) MANDATE FOP. ARMENIA.
We condemn President Wilson for asking Congress to empower
him to accept a mandate for Armenia. We commend the Republi-
can Senate for refusing the President's request to empower him
to accept the mandate for Armenia. The acceptance of such man-
date would throw the United States into the very maelstrom of
European quarrels. According to the estimate of the Harbord
Commission, organized by authority of President Wilson, we would
be called upon to send 59,000 American boys to police Armenia
and to expend $276,000,000 in the first year and $756,000,000 in
five years. This estimate is made upon the basis that we would
have only roving bands to fight; but in case of serious trouble with
the Turks or with Russia, a force exceeding 200,000 would be
necessary.
No more striking illustration can be found of President Wilson's
disregard of the lives of American boys or of American interests.
We deeply sympathize with the people of Armenia and stand
ready to help them in all proper ways, but the Republican party
will oppose now and hereafter the acceptance of a mandate for
any country in Europe or Asia.
National Republican Platform 2S1
(C) LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
The Republican party stands for agreement among the nations
to preserve the peace of the world. We believe that such an
international association must be based upon international justice,
and must provide methods which shall maintain the rule of public
right by the development of law and the decision of impartial
courts, and which shall secure instant and general international
conference whenever peace shall be threatened by political action,
so that the nations pledged to do and insist upon what is just
and fair may exercise their influence and power for the prevention
of war.
We believe that all this can be done without the compromise
of national independence, without depriving the people of the
United States in advance of the right to determine for them-
selves what is just and fair when the occasion arises, and with-
out involving them as participants and not as peacemakers in a
multitude of quarrels, the merits of which they are unable to
judge.
The covenant signed by the President at Paris failed signally to
accomplish this great purpose, and contains stipulations, not only
intolerable for an independent people, but certain to produce the
injustice, hostility, and controversy among nations which it pro-
posed to prevent.
That covenant repudiated, to a degree wholly unnecessary and
unjustifiable, the time-honored policies in favor of peace declared
by Washington, Jefferson and Monroe, and pursued by all Ameri-
can administrations for more than a century, and it ignored the
universal sentiment of America for generations past in favor of
international law and arbitration, and it rested the hope of the
future upon mere expediency and negotiation.
The unfortunate insistence of the President upon having his
own way, without any change and without any regard to the opin-
ions of a majority of the Senate, which shares with him in the
treaty-making power, and the President's demand that the Treaty
should be ratified without any modification, created a situation
in which Senators were required to vote upon their consciences
and their oaths according to their judgment against the Treaty
as it was presented, or submit to the commands of a dictator in
282 Platforiis of Political Parties
a matter where the authority and the responsibility under the
Constitution were theirs, and not his.
The Senators performed their duty faithfully. We approve their
conduct and honor their courage and fidelity. And we pledge the
coming Republican administration to such agreements with the
other nations of the world as shall meet the full duty of America
to civilization and humanity, in accordance with American ideals,
and without surrendering the right of the Amercan people to
exercise its judgment and its power in favor of justice and peace.
CONGRESS AND RECONSTRUCTION.
Despite the unconstitutional and dictatorial course of the Presi-
dent and the partisan obstruction of the Democratic Congressional
minority, the Republican majority has enacted a program of con-
structive legislation which in great part, however, has been nulli-
fied by the vindictive vetoes of the President.
The Republican Congress has met the problems presented by
the Administration's unpreparedness for peace. It has repealed
the greater part of the vexatious war legislation. It has enacted
a transportation act making possible the rehabilitation of the rail-
road systems of the country, the operation of which under the pres-
end Democratic Administration has been wasteful, extravagant and
inefficient in the highest degree. The Transportation Act made pro-
vision for the peaceful settlement of wage disputes, partially nulli-
fied, however, by the President's delay in appointing the Wage Board
created by the act. This delay precipitated the outlaw railroad
strike.
We stopped the flood of public treasure, recklessly poured into
the lap of an inept Shipping Board, and laid the foundations
for the creation of a great merchant marine; we took from the
incompetent Democratic Administration the administration of the
telegraph and telephone lines of the country and returned them
to private ownership; we reduced the cost of postage and in-
creased the pay of the postal employes— the poorest paid of all
public servants; we provided pensions for superannuated and retired
civil servants; and for an increase in pay of soldiers and sailors.
We reorganized the Army on a peace footing, and provided for the
maintenance of a powerful and efficient Navy.
National Republican Platforji 283
The Republican Congress established by law a permanent Wo-
man's Bureau in the Department of Labor; we submitted to the
country the constitutional amendment for woman suffrage, and
furnished twenty-nine of the thirty-five Legislatures which have
ratified it to date.
Legislation for the relief of the consumers of print paper, for
the extension of the powers of the government under the Food
Control Act, for broadening the scope of the War Risk Insurance
Act, better provisions for the dwindling number of aged veterans
of the Civil War and for the better support of the maimed and
injured of the Great War, and for making practical the Vocational
Rehabilitation Act, has been enacted by the Republican Congress.
We passed an oil leasing and water power bill to unlock for the
public good the great pent-up resources of the country; we have
sought to check the profligacy of the Administration, to realize upon
the assets of the government and to husband the revenues derived
from taxation. The Republicans in Congress have been responsible
for cuts in the estimates for government expenditure of nearly
$3,000,000,000 since the signing of the armistice.
We enacted a national executive budget law; we strengthened
the Federal Reserve Act to permit banks to lend needed assistance
to farmers; we authorized financial incorporations to develop ex-
port trade; and finally, amended the rules of the Senate and House,
which will reform evils in procedure and guarantee more efficient
and responsible government.
AGRICULTURE.
The farmer is the backbone of the nation. National greatness
and economic independence demanded a population distributed be-
tween industry and the farm, and sharing on equal terms the pros-
perity which is wholly dependent upon the efforts of both. Neither
can prosper at the expense of the other without inviting joint
disaster.
The crux of the present agricultural condition lies in prices,
labor and credit.
The Republican party believes that this condition can be im-
proved by: practical and adequate farm representation in the ap-
pointment of governmental officials and commissions; the right to
2S4 Platforms of Political Parties
form cooperative associations for marketing their products, and pro-
tection against discrimination; the scientific study of agricultural
prices and farm production costs, at home and abroad, with a
view of reducing the frequency of abnormal fluctuations; the un-
censored publication of such reports; the authorization of asso-
ciations for the extension of personal credit; a national inquiry
on the co-ordination of rail, water and motor transportation with
adequate facilities for receiving, handling and marketing food;
the encouragement of our export trade; an end to unnecessary
price-fixing and ill considered efforts arbitrary to reduce prices of
farm products which invariably result to the disadvantage both of
producer and consumer; and the encouragement of the production
and importation of fertilizing material and its extensive use.
The Federal Farm Loan Act should be so administered as to
facilitate the acquisition of farm land by those desiring to be-
come owners and proprietors and thus minimize the evils of farm
tenantry, and to furnish such long time credits as farmers may
need to finance adequately their larger and long time production
operations.
INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS.
There are two different conceptions of the relations of capital
and labor. The one is contractual and emphasizes the diversity
of interests of employer and employe. The other is that of co-
partnership in a common task.
We recognize the justice of collective bargaining as a means of
promoting good will, establishing closer and more harmonious re-
lations between employers and employes, and realizing the true
ends of industrial justice.
The strike or the lockout, as a means of settling industrial dis-
putes, inflicts such loss and suffering on the community as to justify
government initiative to reduce its frequency and limit its con-
sequences.
We deny the right to strike against the government; but the
rights and interests of al! government employes must be safe-
guarded by impartial laws and tribunals.
In public utilities we favor the establishment of an impartial
tribunal to make an investigation of the facts and to render a de-
cision to the end that there may be no organized interruption
National Republican Platform 285
of service necessary to the lives, health and welfare of the people.
The decisions of the tribunals should be morally but not legally
binding, and an informed public sentiment be relied on to secure
their acceptance. The tribunals, however, should refuse to accept
jurisdiction except for the purpose of investigation, as long as
tho public service be interrupted. For public utilities we favor the
type of tribunal provided for in the Transportation Act of 1920.
In private industries we do not advocate the principle of compul-
sory arbitration, but we favor impartial commissions and better
facilities for voluntary mediation, conciliation and arbitration, sup-
plemented by that full publicity which will enlist the influence
of an aroused public opinion. The Government should take the
initiative in inviting the establishment of tribunals or commissions
for the purpose of voluntary arbitration and of investigation of
disputed issues.
We demand the exclusion from interstate commerce of the pro-
ducts of convict labor.
national economy.
A Republican Congress reduced the estimates submitted by tho
Administration almost three billion dollars. Greater economies
could have been effected had it not been for the stubborn refusal
Oj! tho Administration to cooperate with Congress in an economy
program. The universal demand for an executive budget is a
recognition of the incontrovertible fact that leadership and sincere
assistance on the part of the executive departments are essential
to effective economy and constructive retrenchment.
The Overman Act invested the President of the United States
with all the authority and power necessary to restore the Federal
Government to a normal peace basis and to reorganize, retrench
and demobilize. Tho dominant fact is that eighteen months after
the Armistice the United Sates Government is still on a war-time
basis, and the expenditure program of the Executive reflects
war-time extravagance rather than rigid peace-time economy.
As an example of tho failure to retrench which has characterized
tho post-war policy of the Administration, we cite the fact that
not including the War and Navy Departments, the executive de-
partments and other establishments at Wash.njton actually record
an increase subsequent to the Armistice of 2,184 employes The
2S6 Platforms of Political Parties
net decrease in pay-roll cost contained in the 1921 demands sub-
mitted by the Administration is only one per cent under that of
1920. The annual expenses of the Federal Government can be
reduced hundreds of millions of dollars without impairing the
efficiency of the public service.
We pledge ourselves to a carefully planned readjustment to a
peace-time basis and to a policy of rigid economy, to the better
coordination of departmental activities, to 'the elimination of un-
necessary officials and employes, and to the raising of the standard
of individual efficiency.
THE EXECUTIVE BUDGET.
We congratulate the Republican Congress on the enactment of
a law providing for the establishment of an Executive Budget as
a necessary instrument for a sound and business-like administration
of the national finances; and we condemn the veto of the President
which defeated this great financial reform.
REORGANIZATION OF FEDERAL DEPARTMENTS AND BUREAUS.
We advocate a thorough investigation of the present organization
of the Federal departments and bureaus, with a view to securing
consolidation, a more business-like distribution of functions, the
elimination of duplication, delays and over-lapping of work, and the
establishment of an up-to-date and efficient administrative organiza-
tion.
WAR POWERS OF THE PRESIDENT.
The President clings tenaciously to his autocratic war-time
powers. His veto of the resolution declaring peace and his refusal
to sign the bill repealing war-time legislation, no longer necessary,
evidence his determination not to restore to the Nation and to the
States the form of government provided for by the Constitution.
This usurpation is intolerable and deserves the severest condem-
nation.
TAXATION.
The burden of taxation imposed upon the American people is
staggering; but in presenting a true statement of the situation we
must face the fact that, while the character of the taxes can and
should be changed, an early reduction of the amount of revenue
National Republican Platform 287
to be raised is not to be excepted. The next Republican administra-
tion will inherit from its Democratic predecessor a floating in-
debtedness of over three billion dollars, the prompt liquidation of
which is demanded by sound financial considerations. Moreover,
the whole fiscal policy of the Government must be deeply influenced
by the necessity of meeting obligations in excess of five billion
dollars which mature in 1923. But sound policy equally demands
the early accomplishment of that real reduction of the tax burden
which may be achieved by substituting simple for complex tax
laws and procedure; prompt and certain determination of the tax
liability for delay and uncertainty; tax law's which do not, for tax
laws which do, excessively mulct the consumer or needlessly repress
enterprise and thrift.
We advocate the issuance of a simplified form of income return;
authorizing the Treasury Department to make changes in regu-
lations effective only from the date of their approval; empowering
the Commissioner of Internal Revenue, with the consent of the
taxpayer, to make final and conclusive settlements of tax claims
and assessments barring fraud, and the creation of a Tax Board
consisting of at least three representatives of the tax-paying pub-
lic and the heads of the principal divisions of the Bureau of
Internal Revenue to act as a standing committee on the simpli-
fication of forms, procedure and law, and to make recommendations
to the Congress.
banking and currency
The fact is that the war, to a great extent, was financed by a
policy of inflation through certificate borrowing from the banks,
and bonds issued at artificial rates sustained by the low discount
rates established by the Federal Reserve Board. The continuance
of this policy since the armistice lays the Administration open
to severe criticism. Almost up to the present time the practices
of the Federal Reserve Board- as to credit control have been frankly
dominated by the convenience of the Treasury.
The results have been a greatly increased war cost, a serious
loss to the millions of people who in good faith bought Liberty
Bonds and Victory Notes at par, and extensive post-war specula-
tion, followed today by a restricted credit for legitimate industrial
expansion. As a matter of public policy, we urge all banks to
give credit preference to essential industries.
2SS Platforms of Political Pasties
The Federal Reserve System should be free from political in-
fluence, which is quite as important as its independence of domi-
nation by financial combinations.
THE HIGH COST OF LIVING.
The prime cause of the "High Cost of Living" has been first
and foremost a fifty per cent depreciation in the purchasing power
of the dollar, due to a gross expansion of our currency and credit.
Reduced production, burdensome taxation, swollen profits, and the
increased demand for goods arising from a fictitious but enlarged
buying power have been contributing causes in a greater or less
degree.
We condemn the unsound fiscal policies of the Democratic adminis-
tration which have brought these things to pass, and their at-
tempts to impute the consequences to minor and secondary causes.
Much of the injury wrought is irreparable. There is no short way
out, and we decline to deceive the people with vain promises or
quack remedies. But as the political party that throughout its
history has stood for honest money and sound finance, we pledge
ourselves to earnest and consistent attack upon the high cost of
living by rigorous avoidance of further inflation in our govern-
ment borrowing, by courageous and intelligent deflation of over-
expanded credit and currency, by encouragement of heightened
production of goods and services, by prevention of unreasonable
profits, by exercise of public economy and stimulation of private
thrift and by revision of war-imposed taxes unsuited to peace-time
economy.
PROFITEERING.
We condemn the Democratic administration for failure impar-
tially to enforce the anti-profiteering laws enacted by the Republi-
can Congress.
RAILROADS.
We are opposed to government ownership and operation or em-
ploye operation of the railroads. In view of the conditions prevail-
ing in this country, the experience of the last two years, and the con-
clusions which may fairly be drawn from an observation of the
transportation systems of other countries, it is clear that adequate
transportation service both for the present and future can be
National Republican Platform 289
furnished more certainly, economically and efficiently through
private ownership and operation under proper regulation and con-
trol.
There should be no speculative profit in rendering the service
of transportation; but in order to do justice to the capital already
invested in railway enterprises, to restore railway credit, to in-
duce future investment at a reasonable rate, and to furnish en-
larged facilities to meet the requirements of the constantly increas-
ing development and distribution, a fair return upon actual value
of the railway property used in transportation should be made
reasonably sure, and at the same time provide constant employ-
ment to those engaged in transportation service, with fair hours
and favorable working conditions, at wages or compensation at
least equal to those prevailing in similar lines of industry.
We endorse the Transportation Act of 1920 enacted by the Re-
publican Congress as a most constructive legislative achievement.
WATERWAYS.
We declare it to be our policy to encourage and develop water
transportation service and facilities in connection with the com-
merce of the United States.
REGULATION OF INDUSTRY AND COMMERCE.
We approve in general the existing Federal legislation against
monopoly and combinations in restraint of trade, but since the
known certainty of a law is the safety of all, we advocate such
amendment as will provide American business men with better
means of determining in advance whether a proposed combination
is or is not unlawful. The Federal Trade Commission, under a
Democratic Administration, has not accomplished the purposes for
which it was created. This Commission properly organized and
its duties efficiently administered should afford protection to the
public and legitimate business interests. There should be no per-
secution of honest business, but to the extent that circumstances
warrant we pledge ourselves to strengthen the law against unfair
practices.
We pledge the party to an immediate resumption of trade rela-
tions with every nation with which we are at peace.
19
290 Platforms of Political Parties
international trade and tariff.
The uncertain and unsettled condition of international balances,
the abnormal economic and trade situation of the world, and
the impossibility of forecasting accurately even the near future, pre-
clude the formulation of a definite program to meet conditions a
year hence. But the Republican party reaffirms its belief in the
protective principle and pledges itself to a revision of the tariff as
soon as conditions shall make it necessary for the preservation of
the home market for American labor, agriculture and industry.
MERCHANT MARINE.
The national defense and our foreign commerce require a mer-
chant marine of the best type of modern ship flying the American
flag, manned by American seamen, owned by private capital, and
operated by private energy. We endorse the sound legislation
recently enacted by the Republican Congress that will insure the
promotion and maintenance of the American merchant marine.
We favor the application of the Workmen's Compensation Acts
to the merchant marine.
We recommend that all ships engaged in coastwise trade and all
vessels of the American merchant marine shall pass through the
Panama Canal without payment of tolls.
IMMIGRATION.
The standard of living and the standard of citizenship of a
nation are its most precious possessions, and the preservation
and elevation of those standards is the first duty of our govern-
ment. The immigration policy of the United States should be such
as to insure that the number of foreigners in the country at any
time shall not exceed that which can be assimilated with reason-
able rapidity, and to favor immigrants whose standards are similar
to ours.
The selective tests that are at present applied should be im-
proved by requiring a higher physical standard, a more complete
exclusion of mental defectives and of criminals, and a more effec-
tive inspection applied as near the source of immigration as
possible, as well as at the port of entry. Justice to the foreigner
and to ourselves demands provision for the guidance, protection
National Republican Platform 291
and better economic distribution of our alien population. To
facilitate government supervision, all aliens' sbould be required to
register annually until they become naturalized.
The existing policy of the United States for the practical exclu-
sion of Asiatic immigrants is sound, and should be maintained.
NATURALIZATION.
There is urgent need of improvement in cur naturalization law.
No alien should become a citizen until he has become genuinely
American, and adequate tests for determining the alien's fitness
for American citizenship should be provided for by law.
We advocate, in addition, the independent naturalization of mar-
ried women. An American woman, resident in the United States,
should not lose her citizenship by marriage to an alien.
FREE SPEECH AND ALIEN AGITATION.
We demand that every American citizen shall enjoy the ancient
and constitutional right of free speech, free press and free assembly
and the no less sacred right of the qualified voter to be repre-
sented by his duly chosen representative; but no man may advo-
cate resistance to the law, and no man may advocate violent over-
throw of the government.
Aliens within the jurisdiction of the United States are not entitled
of right to liberty of agitation directed against the government or
American institutions.
Every government has the power to exclude and deport those
aliens who constitute a real menace to its peaceful existence. But
in view of the large numbers of people affected by the immigra-
tion acts and in view of the vigorous malpractice of the Depart-
ments of Justice and Labor, an adequate public hearing before a
competent administrative tribunal should be assured to all.
LYNCHING.
We urge Congress to consider the most effective means to end
lynching in this country, which continues to be a terrible blot on
our American civilization.
292 Platfobms ok Political Parties
publk roads ami highways.
We favor liberal appropriations in cooperation with the State ;
for the construction of highways, which will bring about a redac-
tion in transportation costs, better marketing of farm products,
improvements in rural postal delivery, as well as meet the needs of
military defense.
In determining the proportion of Federal aid for road construc-
tion among the States the sums lost in taxation to the respective
States by the setting apart of large portions of their area as forest
reservations should be considered as a controlling factor.
CONSERVATION.
Conservation is a Republican policy. It began with the passage
of the Reclamation Act signed by President Roosevelt. The recent
passage of the coal, oil and phosphate leasing act by a Republican
Congress and the enactment of the waterpower bill fashioned in
accordance with the same principle, are consistent landmarks in
the development of the conservation of our national resources. We
denounce the refusal of the President to sign the waterpower bill,
passed after ten years of controversy. The Republican party has
taken an especially honorable part in saving our national forests
and in the effort to establish a national forest policy. Our most
pressing conservation question relates to our forests. We are using
our forest resources faster than they are being renewed. The result
is to raise unduly the cost of forest products to consumers and
especially farmers, who use more than half the lumber produced in
America, and in the end to create a timber famine. The Federal
Government, the States and private interests must unite in devising
means to meet the menace.
reclamation.
We favor a fixed and comprehensive policy of reclamation to in-
crease national wealth and production.
We recognize in the development of reclamation through Federal
action with its increase of production and taxable wealth a safe-
guard for the nation.
We commend to Congress a policy to reclaim lands and the
establishment of a fixed national policy of development of natural
National Republican Platform 293
resources in relation to reclamation through the now designated
government agencies.
ARMY AND NAVY.
We feel the deepest pride in the fine courage, the resolute en-
durance, the gallant spirit of the officers and men of our army
and navy in the World War. They were in all ways worthy of the
best traditions of the nation's defenders, and we pledge ourselves
to proper maintenance of the military and naval establishments
upon which our national security and dignity depend.
THE SERVICE MEN.
We hold in imperishable remembrance the valor and the patriot-
ism of the soldiers and sailors of America who fought in the great
war for human liberty, and we pledge ourselves to discharge to
the fullest the obligations which a grateful nation justly should
fulfill in appreciation of the services rendered by its defenders on
sea and on land.
Republicans are not ungrateful. Throughout their history they
have shown their gratitude toward the nation's defenders. Liberal
legislation for the care of the disabled and infirm and their de-
pendents has ever marked Republican policy toward the soldier
and sailor of all the wars in which our country has participated.
The present Congress has appropriated generously for the disabled
of the World War.
The amounts already applied and authorized for the fiscal year
1920-21 for this purpose reached the stupendous sum of $1,180,571,-
893. This legislation is significant of the party's purpose in
generously caring for the maimed and disabled men of the recent
war.
CIVIL SERVICE.
We renew our repeated declaration that the civil service law
shall be thoroughly and honestly enforced and extended wherever
practicable. The recent action of Congress in enacting a compre-
hensive civil service retirement law and in working out a com-
prehensive employment and wage policy that will guarantee equal
and just treatment to the army of government workers, and in
centralizing the administration of the new and progressive employ-
294 Platforms of Political Parties
ment policy in the hands of the Civil Service Commission is
worthy of all praise.
postal service.
We condemn the present Administration for its destruction of
the efficiency of the postal service, and the telegraph and tele-
phone service when controlled by the government and for its
failure to properly compensate employes whose expert knowledge
is essential to the proper conduct of the affairs of the postal system.
We commend the Republican Congress for the enactment of legis-
lation increasing the pay of postal employes, who up to that time
were the poorest paid in the government service.
WOMAN SUFFRAGE.
We welcome women into full participation in the affairs of
government and the activities of the Republican party. We earnestly
hope that Republican Legislatures in States which have not yet
acted on the Suffrage Amendment will ratify the amendment, to
the end that all of the women of the nation of voting age may
participate in the election of 1920, which is so important to the
welfare of our country.
SOCIAL PROGRESS.
The supreme duty of the nation is the conservation of human
resources through an enlightened measure of social and industrial
justice. Although the federal jurisdiction over social problems is
limited, they affect the welfare and interest of the nation as a whole.
We pledge the Republican party to a solution of these problems
through national and State legislation in accordance with the
best progressive thought of the country.
EDUCATION AND HEALTH.
We endorse the principle of Federal aid to the States for the
purposes of vocational and agricultural training.
Whenever Federal money is devoted to education, such education
must be so directed as to awaken in the youth the spirit of America
and a sense of patriotic duty to the United States.
A thorough system of physical education for all children up to
the age of 19, including adequate health supervision and instruc-
tion, would remedy conditions revealed by the draft and would
National Republican Platform 295
add to the economic and industrial strength of the nation. National
leadership and stimulation will be necessary to induce the States
to adopt a wise system of physical training.
The public health activities of the Federal government are
scattered through numerous departments and bureaus, resulting
in inefficiency, duplication and extravagance. We advocate a greater
centralization of the Federal functions, and in addition urge
the better coordination of the work of the Federal, State and local
health agencies.
CHILD LABOR.
The Republican party stands for a Federal child labor law and
for its rigid enforcement. If the present law be found uncon-
stitutional or ineffective, we shall seek other means to enable Con-
gress to prevent the evils of child labor.
WOMEN IN INDUSTRY.
Women have special problems of employment which make neces-
sary special study. We commend Congress for the permanent
establishment of a Women's Bureau in the United States Department
of Labor to serve as a source of information to the States and
to Congress.
The principle of equal pay for equal service should be applied
throughout all branches of the Federal government in which women
are employed.
Federal aid for vocational training should take into consider-
ation the special aptitudes and needs of women workers.
We demand Federal legislation to limit the hours of employment
of women engaged in intensive industry, the product of which
enters into interstate commerce.
HOUSING.
The housing shortage has not only compelled careful study of
ways of stimulating building, but it has brought into relief the
unsatisfactory character of the housing accommodations of large
numbers of the inhabitants of our cities. A nation of home owners
is the best guaranty of the maintenance of those principles of
liberty, law and order upon which our government is founded.
Both national and State governments should encourage in all proper
296 Platforms ui- Political Parties
ways the acquiring of homes by our citizens. The United States
Government should make available the valuable information on
housing and town planning collected during the war. This infor-
mation should be kept up to date and made currently available.
HAWAII.
For Hawaii we recommend Federal assistance in Americanizing
and educating their greatly disproportionate foreign population;
home rule; and the rehabilitation of the Hawaiian race.
Pointing to its history and relying on its fundamental principles,
we declare that the Republican party has the genius, courage and
constructive ability to end executive usurpation and restore con-
stitutional government; to fulfill our world obligations without
sacrificing our national independence; to raise the national stand-
ards of education, health and general welfare; to re-establish a
peace-time administration and to substitute economy and efficiency
for extravagance and chaos; to restore and maintain the national
credit; to reform unequal and burdensome taxes; to free business
from arbitrary and unnecessary official control; to suppress dis-
loyalty without the denial of justice; to repel the arrogant chal-
lenge of any class and to maintain a government of all the people,
as contrasted with government for some of the people, and finally
to allay unrest, suspicion and strife, and to secure the cooperation
and unity of all citizens in the solution of the complex problems
of the clay, to the end that our country, happy and prosperous,
proud of its past, sure of itsilf and of its institut'ons, may look
forward with confidence to the future.
NATIONAL SOCIALIST PLATFORM.
In the national campaign of 1920 the Socialist party calls upon
all American workers of hand and brain, and upon all citizens
who believe in political liberty and social justice, to free the
country from the oppressive misrule of the old political parties,
and to take the government into their own hands under the ban-
ner and upon the program of the Socialist party.
The outgoing administration, like Democratic and Republican
administrations of the past, leaves behind it a disgraceful record
National Scoalist Platform 297
of solemn pledges unscrupulously broken and public confidence
ruthlessly betrayed.
It obtained the suffrage of the people on a platform of peace,
liberalism and social betterment, but drew the country into a
devastating war, and inaugurated a regime of despotism, reaction
and oppression unsurpassed in the annals of the republic.
It promised to the American people a treaty which would assure
to the world a reign of international right and true democracy.
It gave its sanction and support to an infamous pact formulated
behind closed doors by predatory elder statesmen of European and
Asiatic Imperialism. Under this pact territories have been an-
nexed against the will of their populations and cut off from then-
source of sustenance; nations seeking their freedom in the exer-
cise of the much heralded right of self-determination have been
brutally fought with armed force, intrigue and starvation blockades.
To the millions of young men who staked their lives on the
field of battle, to the people of the country who gave unstmtingly
of their toil and property to support the war, the Democratic
administration held out the sublime ideal of a union of the peoples
of the world organized to maintain perpetual peace among nations
on the basis of justice and freedom. It helped create a reactionary
alliance of imperialistic governments, banded together to bully
weak nations, crush working-class governments and perpetuate strife
and warfare.
While thus furthering the ends of reaction, violence and oppres-
sion abroad, our administration suppressed the cherished and
fundamental rights and civil liberties at home.
Upon the pretext of war-time necessity, the Chief Executive of
the republic, and the appointed heads of his administration, were
clothed with dictatorial powers (which were often exercised arbi-
trarily), and Congress enacted laws in open and direct violation of
the constitutional safeguards of freedom of expression.
Hundreds of citizens who raised their voices for the maintenance
of political and industrial rights during the war were indicted
under the Espionage Law, tried in an atmosphere of prejudice and
hysteria, and many of them are now serving inhumanly long jail
sentences for daring to uphold the traditions of liberty which once
were sacred in this country.
298 Platforms of Political Parties
Agents of the Federal Government unlawfully raided homes and
meeting places and prevented or broke up peaceable gatherings of
citizens.
The Postmaster-General established a censorship of the press
more autocratic than ever tolerated in a regime of absolutism,
and has harassed and destroyed publications on account of their
advanced political and economic views, by excluding them from
the mails.
And after the war was in fact long over, the administration has not
scrupled to continue a policy of repression and terrorism under
the shadow and hypocritical guise of war-time measures.
It has practically imposed involuntary servitude and peonage on
a large class of American workers by denying them the right to
quit work and coercing them into acceptance of inadequate wages
and onerous conditions of labor. It has dealt a foul blow to the
traditional American right of asylum by deporting hundreds of
foreign-born workers by administrative order, on the mere sus-
picion of harboring radical views, and often for the sinister pur-
pose of breaking labor strikes.
In the short span of three years our self-styled liberal adminis-
tration has succeeded in undermining the very foundation of
political liberty and economic rights, which this republic has built
up in more than a century of struggle and progress.
Under the cloak of a false and hypocritical patriotism and under
the protection of governmental terror the Democratic administra-
tion has given the ruling classes unrestrained license to plunder
the people by intensive exploitation of labor, by the extortion of
enormous profits, and by increasing the cost of all necessities
of life. Profiteering has become reckless and rampant, billions
have been coined by the capitalists out of the suffering and misery
of their fellow men. The American financial oligarchy has be-
come a dominant factor in the world, while the condition of the
American workers has grown more precarious.
The responsibility does not rest upon the Democratic party alone.
The Republican party, through its representatives in Congress and
otherwise, has not only openly condoned the political misdeeds
of the last three years, but has sought to outdo its Democratic rival
in the orgy of political reaction and repression. Its criticism of
National Socialist Platform 299
the Democratic administrative policy is that it is not reactionary
and drastic enough.
America is now at the parting of the roads. If the outraging of
political liberty, and concentration of economic power into the
hands of the few is permitted to go on, it can have only one con-
sequence, the reduction of the country to a state of absolute capi-
talist despotism.
We particularly denounce the militaristic policy of both old
parties of investing countless hundreds of millions of dollars in
armaments after the victorious completion of what was to have
been the "last war." We call attention to the fatal results of such
a program in Europe, carried on prior to 1914, and culminating in
the Great War; we declare that such a policy, adding unbearable
burdens to the working class and to all the people, can lead only
to the complete Prussianization of the nation, and ultimately to
war; and we demand immediate and complete abandonment of this
fatal program.
The Socialist party sounds the warning. It calls upon the people
to defeat both parties at the polls, and to elect the candidates of
the Socialist party to the end of restoring political democracy and
bringing about complete industrial freedom.
The Socialist party of the United States therefore summons
all who believe in this fundamental doctrine to prepare for a com-
plete reorganization of our social system, based upon public owner-
ship of public necessities; upon government by representatives
chosen from occupational as well as from geographical groups, in
harmony with our industrial development; and with citizenship
based on service, that we may end forever the exploitation of
class by class.
To achieve this end the Socialist party pledges itself to the
following program:
1. social.
1. All business vitally essential for the existence and welfare
of the people, such as railroads, express service, steamship lines,
telegraph lines, oil wells, power plants, elevators, packing houses,
cold-storage plants and all industries operating on a national
scale, should be take*n over by the nation.
300 Platforms of Political Parties
2. All publicly owned industries should be administered jointly
by the government and representatives of the workers, not for
revenue of profit, but with the sole object of securing just com-
pensation and humane conditions of employment to the workers
and efficient and reasonable service to the public.
3. All banks should be acquired by the government, and incor-
porated in a unified public banking system.
4. The business of insurance should be taken over by the gov-
ernment, and should be extended to include insurance against
accident, sickness, invalidity, old age and unemployment, without
contribution on the part of the worker.
5. Congress should enforce the provisions of the Thirteenth,
Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments in reference to the Negroes,
and executive Federal legislation should be enacted to secure to
the Negroes full civil, political, industrial and educational rights.
2. INDUSTRIAL.
1. Congress should enact effective laws to abolish child labor,
to fix minimum wages, based on an ascertained cost of a decent
standard of life, to protect migratory and unemployed workers
from oppression, to abolish detective and strike-breaking agencies
and to establish a shorter workday in keeping with increased
industrial productivity.
3. POLITICAL.
1. The constitutional freedom of speech, press, and assembly should
be restored by repealing the Espionage Law, and all other repres-
sive legislation, and by prohibiting the executive usurpation of
authority.
2. All prosecutions under the Espionage Law should be discon-
tinued, and all persons serving prison sentences for alleged offenses
growing out of religious beliefs, political views or industrial activi-
ties should be fully pardoned and immediately released.
3. No alien should be deported from the United States on account
of his political views or participation in labor struggles, nor in
any event without proper trial on specific charges. The arbitrary
power to deport aliens by administrative order- should be repealed.
National Socialist Platform 301
4. The power of the courts to restrain workers in their struggles
against employers by the writ of injunction or otherwise, and
their power to nullify congressional legislation, should he abro-
gated.
5. Federal judges should be elected by the people and be subject
to recall.
6. The President and the Vice-President of the United States
should be elected by direct popular election, and be subject to re-
call. All members of the Cabinet should be elected by Congress
and be responsible at all times to the vote thereof.
7. Suffrage should be equal and unrestricted in fact as well as in
law for all men and women throughout the nation.
8. Because of the strict residential qualification of suffrage in
this country, millions of citizens are disfranchised in every elec-
tion; adequate provision should be made for the registration and
voting of migratory voters.
9. The Constitution of the United States should be amended to
strengthen the safeguards of civil and political liberty, and to
remove all obstacles to industrial and social reform, and recon-
struction, including the changes enumerated in this program, in
keeping with the will and interest of the people. It should be
made amendable by a majority of the voters of the nation upon
their own initiative, or upon the initiative of Congress.
4. FOREIGN RELATIONS.
1. All claims of the United States against allied countries for
loans made during the war should be cancelled upon the under-
standing that all war debts among such countries shall likewise
be cancelled. The largest possible credit in food, raw material
and machinery should be extended to the stricken nations of
Europe in order to help them rebuild the ruined world.
2. The Government of the United States should initiate a move-
ment to dissolve the mischievous organization called the "League
of Nations" and to create an international parliament, compos ,1
of democratically elected representatives of all nations of the
world, based upon the recognition of their equal rights, the prin-
ciples of self-determination, the right to national existence of
colonies and other dependencies, freedom of international trade
302 Platforms of Political Parties
and trade routes by land and sea, and universal disarmament, and
be charged with revising the Treaty of Peace on the principles of
justice and conciliation.
3. The United States should immediately make peace with the
Central Powers and open commercial and diplomatic relations with
Russia under the Soviet Government. It should promptly recog-
nize the independence of the Irish Republic.
4. The United States should make and proclaim it a fixed prin-
ciple in its foreign policy that American capitalists, who acquire
concessions or make investments in foreign countries, do so at
their own risk, and under no circumstances should our govern-
ment enter into diplomatic negotiations or controversies or resort
to armed conflicts on account of foreign property claims of Ameri-
can capitalists.
5. FISCAL.
1. All war debts and other debts of the Federal Government
should immediately be paid in full, the funds for such payment
to be raised by means of a progressive property tax, whose bur-
dens should fall upon the rich and particularly upon great fortunes
made during the war.
2. A standing progressive income tax and a graduated inheri-
tance tax should be levied to provide for all needs of the govern-
ment, including the cost of its increasing social and industrial func-
tions.
3. The unearned increment of land should be taxed, all land
held out of use should be taxed at full rental value.
NATIONAL PROHIBITION PLATFORM.
The Prohibition Party assembled in National Convention in the
city of Lincoln, Nebraska, on this twenty-second day of July, 1920,
expresses its thanks to Almighty God for the victory over the bever-
age liquor traffic which crowns fifty years of consecrated effort.
The principles which we have advocated throughout our history
have been so far recognized that the manufacture and traffic in
intoxicating drink have been forever prohibited in the fundamental
law of the land; Congress has rightly interpreted the Eighteenth
Amendment in laws enacted for its enforcement; and the Supreme
Court has upheld both the Amendment and the law.
National Prohibition Platform 303
Asking that it be clothed with governmental power, the Prohi-
bition Party challenges the attention of the Nation and requests
the votes of the people on this Declaration of Principles.
NULLIFICATION CONDEMNED.
The organized liquor traffic is engaged in a treasonable attempt
to nullify the amendment by such modification of the enforcement
act as will increase the alcoholic content of beer and wine and
thus thwart the will of the people as constitutionally expressed.
In face of this open threat the Republican and Democratic parties
refused to make platform declarations in favor of law enforcement,
though petitioned so to do by multitudes of people. Thus the
Prohibition party remains the sole political champion of National
Prohibition.
The Prohibition party in its platform in 1872 declared: "There
can be no greater peril to the nation than the existing party com-
petition for the liquor vote; any party not openly opposed to the
traffic, experience shows, will engage in this competition, will court
the favor of the criminal classes, will barter away the public morals,
the purity of the ballot, and every object of good government for
party success." Notwithstanding the liquor traffic is now outlawed
by the Constitution, this fitly describes the present political attitude
of the old parties.
The issue is not only the enforcement but also the maintenance
of the law to make the amendment effective.
The proposed increase in the alcoholic content of beverages would
be fraught with grave danger in that it would mean the return of
the open saloon with all its attendant evils.
THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS.
The League of Nations is now in existence and is functioning
in world affairs. We favor the entrance of the United States into
the League by the immediate ratification of the treaty of peace,
not objecting to reasonable reservations interpreting American un-
derstanding of the covenant. The time is past when the Qnited
States can hold aloof from the affairs of the world. Such course is
shortsighted and only invites disaster.
304 Platforms of Political Parties
peace.
We stand for a constitutional amendment providing that treaties
of peace shall be ratified by a majority of both Houses of Congress.
We stand by our declaration of 1916 against militarism and uni-
versal military training. Without it our boys were in a short
time trained to whip the greatest army ever assembled and with
national prohibition to make sure the most virile manhood in the
world, we should encourage universal disarmament and devotion to
the acts of peace.
EDUCATION.
We stand for compulsory education with instruction in the
English language, which, if given in private or parochial schools,
must be equivalent to that afforded by the public schools, and be
under state supervision.
SUFFRAGE.
The Prohibition party has long advocated the enfranchisement of
women. Suffrage should not be conditioned upon sex. We con-
gratulate the women upon the freedom which the party has helped
them to achieve.
WOMAN AND THE HOME.
We approve and adopt the program of the National League of
Women Voters providing for:
The prohibition of child labor;
Adequate appropriation for the Children's Bureau;
Protection for infant life through a federal program for mater-
nity and infancy care;
A Federal department of education, Federal aid for the removal
of illiteracy and the increase of teachers' salaries;
Instruction of the youth and the newcomer to our shores in the
duties and ideals of citizenship;
Vocational training in home economics;
Federal supervision of the marketing and distribution of food,
the enactment and enforcement of such measures as will open the
channels of trade, prevent excess profits, and eliminate unfair com-
petition and control of the necessities of life;
National Prohibition Platform 305
The establishment of a Woman's Bureau in the Department of
Labor to determine standards and policies which will improve work-
ing conditions for women and increase their efficiency;
The appointment of women in the mediation and conciliation
service and on any industrial commissions and tribunals which
may be created;
The establishment of a joint Federal and State employment service
with women's departments under the direction of qualified women;
The merit system in the Civil Service free from discrimination
on account of sex with a wage scale determined by skill demanded
for the work and in no wise below the cost of living as established
by official investigation;
Appropriation to carry on a campaign against venereal diseases
and for public education in sex hygiene;
Federal legislation permitting an American born woman to
retain her citizenship while resident in the United States, though
married to an alien;
And further, that an alien woman who* marries an American
citizen must take the obligation of citizenship before she can be-
come a citizen.
ECONOMY IN ADMINISTRATION.
We believe in the Budget system and we stand for economy in
governmental administration. There should be a reduction in
boards, committees, commissions and offices which consume taxes
and increase expenses.
LABOR AND INDUSTRY.
We stand for Industrial Peace. We believe the time has come for
the government to assume responsibility for the protection of the
public against the waste and terror of industrial warfare, and to
that end we demand legislation defining the rights of labor and the
creation of industrial courts, which will guarantee to labor and
employing capital equal and exact justice, and to the general pub-
lic protection against the paralysis of industry due to this warfare.
PROFITEERING.
The Prohibition party pledges the nation to rid it of the profiteer
and to close the door against his return. It will endeavor to
20
306 Platforms of Political Parties
eliminate all unnecessary middlemen by the encouragement of or-
ganizations among producers that will bring those who sell and
those who use nearer together. It will enact and enforce laws
needful to effectively prevent excessive charges by such middlemen.
To this end it will demand legislation subjecting to the penalties
of the criminal law all corporate officers and employes who give
or carry out instructions that result in extortion; it will make it
unlawful for anyone engaged in interstate commerce to make a
sale of one article dependent upon the purchase of another article
and it will require such corporation to disclose to customers the
difference between cost price and selling price or limit the profit
thai can be legally charged, as the rate of interest is now limited.
AGRICULTURE.
We pledge our aid to the farmer in working out a plan to equal-
ize prices, to secure labor, and to organize a system of cooperative
marketing, including public terminals, mills and storage for the
purpose of encouraging agriculture and securing for the farmer
such return as will tend to increased production.
We favor such extension of the parcel post as will further
facilitate the direct traffic between the producer and consumer.
PRESIDENTIAL QUALIFICATIONS.
The qualifications for President stated in the Constitution have
to do with age and citizenship. We call attention to the fact that
of greater importance are those not so stated referring to moral,
intellectual and spiritual endowments. The President of the United
States in his daily life, his home and family relationships and in
his official career is expected to typify the finest and best the
country can produce. He is the leader of the nation. The moral
force and power of his example are immeasurable. No man or
woman should ever be elected to the high office who is out of har-
mony with the purposes of the people or who lacks sympathy with
their highest and holiest ideals, and with the Christian principles
upon which the nation was founded.
LAW AND ORDER.
A crying evil of the day is the general lax enforcement of the law.
Without obedience to law and maintenance of order our American
institutions must perish.
State Democratic Platform 307
The Prohibition party now, as ever, pledges impartial enforce-
ment of all law.
CONCLUSION.
In this national and world crisis the Prohibition party reminds
the people of its long time faithfulness and its wisdom, proved by the
many reforms which it was the first to advocate; and on its
record as the oldest minority party — one which has never sold its
birthright for a mess of pottage but throughout the years has
stood for the best interests of the country — it asks the favorable
consideration of the voters, believing that by its support they can
make it necessary for all political organizations to come up to a
higher level and to render a finer quality of service.
It pledges itself resolutely to stand for the right and oppose
the wrong and dauntlessly to lead in the advocacy of righteous
and patriotic principles. On its record and on this Declaration
of Principles it submits its case to the American people.
STATE DEMOCRATIC PLATFORM, 1922.
Profoundly thankful to Divine Providence for the great bless-
ings to our beloved Commonwealth of North Carolina, the Demo-
cratic party in convention assembled does hereby declare its plat-
form, as follows:
national affairs
We reaffirm our allegiance to the time honored principles of the
Democratic party, and we hereby commend the constructive policy
of the Democratic party under our great President, Woodrow
Wilson.
We heartily endorse the course of our Senators and Represen-
tatives in Congress and point with pride to the record they
have made.
We condemn the Republican Administration for its failure to
pass legislation to meet the needs of the country.
STATE AFFAIRS.
The Democratic party since it has been entrusted with power
in this State has uniformly favored and enacted legislation pro-
viding for longer and better schools for the children of the State,
30S Platforms of Political Parties
for increased facilities for the care of the State's unfortunates, for
the conservation of the public health, for the building up and
encouragement in every proper way of the agricultural interests
of the State, for the fostering of all legitimate business enter-
prises, for the protection of the mutual interests of labor and
capital, for the construction and improvement of public roads,
and, in fact, for the upbuilding and uplifting of the State.
THE PRESENT ADMINISTRATION.
We heartily endorse the Democratic State Administration. We
commend and endorse the action of the recent General Assembly
of North Carolina in the great constructive programs which have
been carried on for the material and industrial progress of the
State.
We recommend the Legislature for the enactment of legislation
looking to the care and protection of the interests of the youthful
delinquents and defectives of the State; we commend the Legis-
lature for the enactment of legislation looking to the construc-
tion and establishment of a system of hard-surfaced and other
dependable roads connecting the county seats with the principal
cities and towns, and we pledge the people of this State that this
road program will be carried on with efficiency and economy; we
commend the provisions made for increasing the facilities of our
State institutions, both educational and charitable; we commend
the legislation providing the splendid program being carried on
in the State for the protection and conservation of the public
health, and the improvement of sanitary living conditions, both
urban and rural; we commend the legislation providing for the
collection, of the State's entire revenue from incomes, inheritances,
franchises, insurance policies, fees, and rentals from the State's
property, thereby providing a system of taxation whereby no
taxes whatever are levied for State purposes upon property, and
the establishment of a department for the assessment and col-
lection of the State's revenues; we recommend the legislation
simplifying the judicial procedure in civil actions and reducing
the cost of litigation; we commend the provisions made for the
care of our Confederate veterans and their widows, and pledge
the Democratic party to a continuation of all of those policies.
State Democratic Platform 309
We point with pride to the fact that Governor Morrison has
recommended and vigorously urged the passage of this great con-
structive program enacted by the last General Assembly.
In the administration of his office as Governor, Governor Morri-
son has inaugurated many measures and improvements for the moral
and material upbuilding of the State.
(a) We endorse the appointment by him of boards of consulting
specialists to visit and minister to the needs of the insane, the
delinquents, the defectives, and other unfortunates in the State.*
Under this plan a score or more of eminent specialists have visited
each institution, performing operations and otherwise treating hun-
dreds of these patients, without one cent of cost to the State.
The thanks of the State are due to these gentlemen for the great
and unselfish service they have rendered suffering humanity.
(b) We heartily endorse the program suggested by Governor
Morrison and adopted by the Departments of Agriculture, Educa-
tion, Health and Public Welfare work, looking to the production
of sufficient food for the people of the State, and earnestly hope
for the early realization of this great idea, the consummation of
which is greatly to be desired, and which is in line with the pro-
gram for the upbuilding of the moral and material welfare ©f the
people.
(c) We heartily commend the Governor for his program looking
to the production and conservation of fish, oysters, and other sea
food in the waters of our State.
We pledge to the people of the State that the Democratic party
will administer the affairs of the State, «ounties, and munici-
palities, with every economy consistent with efficient and progressive
government.
We pledge to the people of the various counties and munici-
palities of the State the greatest measure of control of their local
affairs, consistent with efficient and orderly government, and the
rights of other counties and municipalities.
We favor the passage of a workman's compensation act fair to
both employer and employe.
We are profoundly grateful to the service men of the late war, and
we recommend to the National Government the enactment of legis-
lation looking to their relief.
310 Platforms of Political Parties
We recommend that the State Executive Committee be authorized
and directed to amend the plan of organization so as to double the
number of that committee, to the end that full representation of
women may be had thereon. Provided, that fifty members shall
constitute a quorum. The committee, at its next meeting, shall
provide the necessary machinery for the election of these ad-
ditional members.
We denounce the covert, unfair and cowardly attack made by
Jhe Republican party in its platform adopted at its convention at
Winston-Salem, upon the program for a fair and equitable sys-
tem of taxation, the education of the children, and the construc-
tion and maintenance of the highways; and we warn the people
that if the Republican party be entrusted with power in this State,
the evils warned against by them will indeed be realized.
REPUBLICAN .STATE PLATFORM, 1922.
We, the Republicans of North Carolina, in convention assembled
at Winston-Salem, April, 1922, reaffirm our devotion to the prin-
ciples of the Republican party which are now, as they have
ever been, the surest guarantee of the. preservation and con-
tinued prosperity of this State and Nation.
NATIONAL AFFAIRS.
We view with pride the wise and conservative leadership of
our President, Warren G. Harding. We congratulate him and
the country upon the selection of men of pre-eminent ability to
fill cabinet positions, whose concerted efforts have restored our
nation to its place of wholesome leadership in the affairs of
the world from which it had been displaced by the preceding
Democratic administration.
We congratulate the country upon the progress made by the
Republican Administration in fulfiling its platform pledges, and
in its effort to restore the country to normality after the shock
given it by the Democratic party, and upon the safe, sound
and conservative policies adopted in all departments of the gov-
ernment which are gradually bringing relief from the conditions
created by the reckless era of extravagrance and mis-manage-
ment, and accompanying burden of taxation under the Wilson
State Republican Platform 311
administration. Constitutional government has been restored, ex-
travagant expenditures have been eliminated by the creation of
the budget system, the public finances have been placed upon
a scientific basis, we have reduced the public debt $3,700,000,000
and have reduced taxes to the extent of three-quarters of a
billion dollars a year. The extent to which the confidence of
the people in the government has been restored may be measured
by the fact that during the year that has past Liberty Bonds and
Victory Notes have increased in value to the extent of two
billions of dollars.
TAXATION.
We deplore and condemn the extravagrance indulged in by the
Democratic administration in this State, While the National
Republican Administration is practising every economy, decreas-
ing the number of government employes, and reducing taxation
wherever possible, the Democratic Administration in the State
of North Carolina is creating opportunities for political hench-
men, issuing bonds and borrowing money with a reckless disre-
gard of the property rights and welfare of the people, and as
a result the very land of the State is tottering under taxation,
piling ever higher, and the rank and file of our people burdened
as never before.
We condemn the dominant party for its jugglery of the tax
provisions of the State for political purposes as is illustrated
in the manipulation of the Revaluation Act. We assert it is time
to apply business methods to our tax system, and end the present
tampering with our finances which is endangering the credit of
the State at home and abroad, and keeps the contitutionality of
legislation governing taxation, and the validity of securities is-
sued by the State and its sub-divisions, almost continually before
the Supreme Court.
EDUCATION.
The Republican party in North Carolina, as in every other
State, favors public education and liberal support to all public
educational institutions, and if our party is intrusted with the
management of our State government we would immediately pro-
vide for the election of our County Board of Education by the
people, and thereby restore to the people the control and manag-
ment of our public schools, and we guarantee to observe and
312 Platforms of Political Parties
enforce the Constitutional requirements of a six months school
term in each county in the State, and at a greatly reduced rate
of taxation
We pledge the people of the State to provide a uniform system
of taxation for schools throughout the State and to give each
county in the State the same rate of taxation for schools and each
county its proportionate share of the constitutional requirements
for a uniform system of public education throughout the State,
and at a greatly reduced rate of taxation. Such a system will
insure uniformity in tax rate, uniformity in school facilities and
eliminate waste and extravagance in County and State in school
administration and give the State a new impetus in public edu-
cation.
We condemn the Democratic party for the frequent and un-
necessary change in the text books used in the public schools,
which result in hundreds of thousands of dollars of increased
profits to the publishers of school books, but which are a needless
and burdensome expense upon the people of the State. We favor
the policy of the State's furnishing free text books in the public
schools and thereby saving to our people thousands of dollars
now expended for text books and bringing to the child of our
poor man the same opportunity of education now enjoyed by
the child of the rich.
ROADS.
We melieve in a State system of highways; and we point with
pride to the fact that what progress we have made towards ob-
taining a State system of highways has been brought about by
the fearless advocacy of the Republican party in its platform, on
the hustings and in the Legislature. But we condemn the Demo-
cratic party for prostituting the road system, as it has the school
system to purposes of politics and for the reckless extravagance and
favoritism with which it has expended the people's money.
AGRICULTURE.
We believe that it is the first duty of the State to help alleviate
the burdens under which agriculture is staggering in North
Carolina. Specifically we pledge ourselves to the establishment
of an adequate system of rural credits and to such a reorganization
State Republican Platform 313
of the State Department of Agriculture that it will become a real
aid to the farmers of the State instead of being as it is now, a
haven for job hunters.
CARE OF SOLDIERS.
We favor a continuation of the time honored policy of the
Republican party of enacting liberal legislation to provide for the
care of infirm and disabled soldiers and their dependents. The
unselfish and patrotic service rendered by them and their more
fortunate brothers in arms, will ever be proud heritage of our
country.
We demand that necessary legislation be enacted to make the
Farm Loan Banks properly function in behalf of the farmers
in accordance with the avowed purpose of the creation of such
banks; giving to the farmers short term loans on security of
farm products and long term loans on real estate all at a rate
of interest, such as is accorded by banks on commercial loans,
and that the Farm Loan Banks be completely divorced from In-
ternational Banking.
POLITICAL HONESTY.
The most degrading thing in the life of North Carolina is
the political dishonesty which is shamelessly flouted by the ma-
chine of the Democratic party. This dishonesty is striking at
the very vitals of the State and has already produced that cynical
attitude towards public affairs which invariably accompanies the
decline of free government. No State can live that tolerates
dishonesty and no party should survive which winks at or en-
courages it.
We do not charge that all elections are dishonest. We do
charge that the election laws of the State lend themselves to fraud,
that they were framed with that end in view and that the Demo-
cratic machine of the State under these laws, perpetrates the most
shameless fraud whenever it deems fraud necessary to accom-
plish its purposes.
ELECTION LAW.
We denounce the Democratic party for refusing to pass the
Australian Ballot law, and for amending the Absentee Voter law
in such a way as to make fraud easy to perpetrate and hard to
314 Platfokms of Political Parties
punish. And we pledge ourselves to enact the Australian Ballot
law and to place adequate safeguards around the Absentee Ballot.
The time has come for corrupt elections to cease.
"GERRYMANDERING."
Another form of political dishonesty is the "Gerrymandering"
of the State by the Democratic party, by means of which 43
per cent of the voters of the State are robbed of their proper
right of representation. The Congressional Districts required by
law to be compact and contiguous are veritable geographical
monstrosities. One need only look at a map and a census table
to see that the Republicans of Carolina have been robbed of our
representatives in Congress. In like manner the Republicans of
North Carolina have been robbed of Solicitors and State Senators,
and the plan of electing judges by the State at large while allow-
ing the Democrats of the various districts to select the candi-
dates for those districts is but another form of the same evil,
by which the high office of Judge is dragged into politics and
the Republican districts are denied representation on the bench.
CAMPAIGN methods.
We denounce the Democratic machine for the infamous methods
employed by it in the campaign of 1920. We believe the decent
right thinking people of North Carolina who love their State
and Nation and believe in clean- politics, will not longer permit
the dominant party to resort to such degrading tatics in its effort
to inflame the passions of the people and divert their minds
from a calm consideration of the issues before them. A party
which stoops to such base methods is not worthy to be entrusted
with the sacred rights of the people.
We deplore the attempt of the Democratic party to drag the
negro question into any campaign. The Republican party of North
Carolina is an organization of white men and women. It has no
intention of appointing negroes to office within the State.
To sum up our position, we commend:
Education, in accordance with our Constitution and with election
of the School Board by direct vote of the people.
Good roads, built on business principles, without favorites or
waste with reduced overhead charges.
State Republican Platform 315
Conservation of all products and investigation of the most scien-
tific methods of saving producers, whether by warehouses, storage,
cold storage or other means; also a system of credits for the
products so stored.
Economy of the strictest kind in all public affairs and this
should mean the reduction of amounts paid as salaries in the
public offices to unnecessary employes.
Budget System for towns, counties and State and all sub-
divisions, that the taxpayers may know where tax moneys go,
and that every department be compelled to live within the esti-
mates of such budget.
We condemn:
Election frauds to be a disgrace to the State.
Text book methods, in choosing of which millions are lost to
taxpayers, and a public scandal is disgracing our State; we need
free text books, printed within our State so far as practical.
Bond issuing in such a reckless manner without any prepa-
ration to meet interest and repayment. Such methods are enslaving
our children to the third and fourth generation.
System of bank examinations which permit insolvency and loss
to depositors which could be prevented.
Public debt being constantly increased without the slightest at-
tempt at economy or curbing needless expenses.
Useless additional bureaus, costing the taxpayers untold millions
to make new jobs for political favorites, such as a commission to
collect taxes which is the duty of every sheriff.
Gerrymandering the districts of the State to the end that a
party remains in power though the voters have lost confidence in
its efficiency and honesty.
"We promise:
Honest election laws and the Australian Ballot.
Reduction in taxes, and the creation of a modern taxing system.
State taxes shall be raised without burdensome property tax,
which tax should be used for reduction of debt if necessary at all.
Publicity in the fullest sense of all public business both as to
assessing of all taxes and payment of all costs of government.
316 Platforms of Political Parties
Reduction of officers, the number of which has been increased
without necessity and without reason.
Judges shall be selected from both parties to the end that every
man may feel assured of obtaining justice and escaping partisan
prejudice.
Officers elected on our platform shall be true to every trust,
painstaking in every duty, considerate of every citizen, honest in
every public act; any delinquent will be driven from power in-
stead of being supported by a mistaken idea of partisan policy.
STATE SOCIALIST PLATF0E3I.
The political expression of the platform of all parties voice
the economic interests of the people or class, which they subserve.
The Socialist party assumes to represent the interest of the working
class of field and industry only.
As between the Democratic and Republican parties there is no
essential difference, both standing for the competitive system.
Dominant political parties in the present compaign confine their
discussions to such issues as "The Capitalist League of Nations,"
and other equally unimportant issues, so far as the common people
are concerned, unmindful of the fact that a large proportion of our
population is being robbed by the capitalist system of four-fifths
of its production, thus bringing destitution and crime as a natural
correlative of the conditions under which they exist.
The Socialist party stands for the abolition of the competitive
system and substitution therefor of the collective, or cooperative,
ownership of all means of production and distribution, which are
used for exploitation. The Socialist party of North Carolina
affirms its allegiance to the principles of International Socialism
as enunciated in the National Platform of the Socialist party.
While realizing that only by a complete revolution, or change, of
the system of government now in vogue can we bring about the
emancipation of the toiling masses, yet we are sensible to the fact
that there are present immediate demands for the alleviation of
conditions which now confront us.
Therefore, we call upon all workers of industry and farm to
unite with us for the establishing of a government and industry
State Republican Platform 317
We especially favor that plank in the national platform in re-
gard to a public banking system.
The development by the State of natural resources, to the end
of promoting the industrial and social conditions of the whole
people.
REVENUE.
The taxation of income, inheritances and industry to an extent
sufficient to meet all the requirements of the State. The exemption
of all properties or incomes of the amount of $2,000.00 or less of
any taxation whatever.
These demands are to be regarded as only of temporary value
during the period of transformation of the government and industry
from capitalism to socialism, and the ultimate aims should not
be lost sight of. The people should move onward to the conquest
of all the public powers to an entire change of the present system
for one which will secure to them collectively all blessings of
modern civilization, and of that culture hitherto unknown to
history.
Note — We extend our congratulations to the women of the State
on their acquirement of the ballot after so long and courageous
a fight, and call their attention to the fact that the Socialist party
has since its inception stood unqualifiedly for the right of women
to the full use of the ballot. They should realize that the end is
not merely the acquirement of the use of the ballot, but to complete
emancipation of all workers from Lhe tyranny of industry and we
call upon them to unite with us for the securing of these aims.
318 Platforms of Political Parties
owned and controlled collectively by the workers, and as a means
to the establishment of these things we make the present demands.
POLITICAL.
The right of every citizen whether male or female, without re-
gard to race or color, to the full use of the ballot. The elimination
of the poll tax qualification for voting. The full use of the
Initiative, the Referendum and Recall. The gradual substitution
of occupational representation for the present territorial representa-
tion and the Australian ballot.
INDUSTRIAL.
The collective ownership and democratic management of all
the essential, vital industries and natural resources of the State.
The full right of all labor to organize and bargain collectively.
Complete discontinuance of the use of the writ of the injunction
and the use of the militia against labor, in the settlement of dis-
putes.
The paying of old age pensions and the insurance against in-
dustrial accidents to an extent adequate to meet the cost of living,
while keeping the person in his or her own home.
AGRICULTURE.
The paying into the State as taxes the full rental value of all
lands held for speculation and investment. State aid to all renting
and tenant farmers desiring to own land, to the end that all farm-
ing may be carried on by those owing their own land.
State aid in the marketing of the farmers product and the sup-
plying of farm machinery and fertilizer at the lowest possible
cost.
SOCIAL.
The consolidation of the school districts so as to make every
school a standard high school, giving every child the opportunity
of securing a high school education. Adequate pay to teachers in
the schools so as to demand the best possible talent. The furnish-
ing free text books by the State.
The construction and maintenance of a State-wide system of im-
proved public roads.
PART IX.
ELECTION RETURNS.
1. Vote for President by States, 1912-1920.
2. Vote for President by Counties, 1912-1920.
3. Vote by Counties for Governor in Democratic Pri-
maries, 1916-1920.
1. Vote for State Officers in Democratic Primaries,
1920.
5. Vote for Governor by Counties, 1912-1920.
6. Vote for United States Senator, 1918-1920.
7. Vote for Members of Congress, 1918-1920.
S. Vote for Constitutional Amendments by Counties,
1920.
[3101
320
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5,111
64,076
8,046
10,350
988
5,189
38
74,747
24,703
16,1181
15,510
6,409
2,214
8,876
32,267
28,947
56,106
1,639
20,242
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Election Returns
VOTE FOR PRESIDENT BY COUNTIES, 1912-1920.
1912
1916
1920
Counties
c
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CO
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Q
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Alamance __.
Alexander
2 032
"'S52
652
1,487
1 , 043
217
1,605
1,571
1,140
777
3,716
1,365
1,738
1,627
303
1,153
705
2,110
1,652
906
663
372
2,351
1.668
1,819
1,678
622
397
2,484
823
1,757
2,197
1,851
3,042
1,856
2,333
618
416
1,561
894
3,830
2,300
1,364
2,068
1,092
742
626
636
2,528
1,210
2,757
635
862
150
523
208
125
478
138
295
43
33
280
426
48
389
482
40
218
154
203
70
734
60
17
81
155
79
235
6
238
1,509
810
33
124
102
1,689
71
244
95
261
192
124
460
42
148
354
801
61
63
76
392
315
1,335
35
451
1,637
497
256
118
1,241
950
548
61
511
456
2,285
1,288
1,584
1,167
62
537
45
1,872
1,343
477
77
387
943
892
190
870
8
80
1,143
345
1,066
1,204
77
1,262
346
1,279
179
003
343
152
1,979
135
1,035
861
380
105
40
300
1.047
729
1,083
125
fiO
10
2,476
954
796
2,046
1,898
360
1,957
1,461
1,261
810
4,229
1,621
2,080
1,725
368
1,165
849
2,569
1,839
1,362
610
400
2,764
2,143
1,780
1,971
945
470
2,675
910
1,824
2,463
2,028
4,115
2,057
3,019
826
476
1,713
1,066
4,616
2,312
1,992
2.403
1,166
977
780
840
3,335
1,306
3,468
712
1,054
2,278
1,187
641
301
1,930
1,158
1,274
116
651
989
3,830
1,474
2,314
1,659
86
1,246
338
2,614
1,501
1,362
91
453
1,497
1 , 327
542
1,217
87
363
2,801
1,245
1,527
1,837
135
3,585
396
2,542
309
460
648
294
3,670
299
1,603
1,523
1,795
209
110
277
2,073
1,288
2,R57
233
573
5
1
22
4
14
12
6
24
238
44
1
8
4
2
1
9
10
1
2
"I
1
11
1
3
5,255
2,045
1,409
3.175
3,431
397
3,522
1 , 840
1,939
1 , 253
10,167
3,262
4,418
2,931
540
2,070
1,239
5,404
3,186
1,761
1,091
755
5,181
3,111
3,413
3 233
1 i 000
825
4,797
1,624
3,398
4,646
3,343
8.123
2,742
7,148
796
644
2,622
1,649
9,615
3,429
3,919
4,229
2,496
1,104
1,266
1,134
6,470
2,385
6,030
964
2,327
4,619
2,643
Alleghany
1,201
Anson
433
Ashe
1
2
61
3, $08
Averv ..
Beaufort
Bertie
2,503
2,266
212
Bladen
1,064
Brunswick. _.
1.362
Buncombe. _.
Burke
101
....
8,917
3,592
Cabarrus
5,148
Caldwell
Camden
11
....
3,258
142
Carteret
2,315
Caswell
505
Catawba
Chatham
Cherokee _.
2
3
5,935
2,906
2,506
Chowan
209
Clay
911
Cleveland
Columbus.. _
2,953
1,783
Craven
731
Cumberland.
Currituck
10
....
1,972
86
Dare
632
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe..
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates...
10
3
1
49
325
1
46
12
1
"T
22
5,90
2,591
2,697
3,550
24
6,792
589
5,803
327
Graham, ...
Granville
915
833
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood
Henderson. ..
Hertford
"""43"
.....
6
0
"26"
....
439
7,920
524
3,311
3,000
3,337
221
Hoke
166
Hvde ..
530
Iredell
Jackson
5
2
4. 102
2,355
5,588
385
Lee
1,143
Vote for President
325
VOTE FOR PRESIDENT — Continued.
1912
1916
1920
Counties
c
o
I
+3
03
>
pi
c
c
O
0
en
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to
3
M
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03
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2
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19
18
1
5
21
12
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"5"
"3"
>,
=
a
=
1
2
4
"i
1
3
4
2
y.
0
O
M
c
1,568
1,280
1,020
897
1,251
1,037
3,967
385
1,012
1,167
1,862
2,021
1 , 625
901
997
094
972
967
647
820
2,303
675
2,665
1,319
2,706
1.939
2,748
2,lf0
1,265
751
1,702
1,144
1,919
766
631
297
1,786
1,204
3,996
987
503
933
2,293
1,636
1,741
713
1,112
122
49
134
430
229
343
284
203
144
252
172
140
57
66
172
74
77
19
228
784
347
153
370
■82
154
694
2S0
82
84
9
105
1.450
2,277
220
107
224
92
168
282
112
384
420
95
331
82
791
60
347
1,066
841
1,320
34
773
533
716
846
678
576
107
53
550
821
329
184
268
44
184
433
501
1,809
174
660
778
1,537
1 , 553
2,520
75
1,548
210
608
858
537
100
457
234
1,517
46
149
819
1,11911
2,571
561
599
1,336
1,666
1,521
1,146
972
1,472
1,274
4,508
462
1,222
1 , 337
2,189
2,355
1,518
1.197
1,230
710
1,177
970
615
953
2,839
679
2,747
1,553
2,894
2,316
3,053
2,445
1,369
938
2,110
1,569
2,029
829
821
416
2,662
1,451
4,827
1,217
651
1,141
2,625
1,632
2,052
879
1,273
667
1,369
1,069
1,965
281
1.218
1,257
1,298
1,196
1,047
826
492
45
785
1,158
527
270
400
288
917
719
750
3,031
650
1 , 453
1.957
2,320
1,871
2,727
137
1,941
1,852
2,977
1,128
841
392
702
558
2,461
227
486
1,352
1,446
3,470
730
1,721
1,082
2,560
3,331
2,177
1,310
2,561
2,809
11,313
697
2,321
2,679
4,031
4,102
2,305
1,557
1,993
1,286
1,736
1,580
1,042
1,646
4,196
1,361
5,110
3,341
6,183
4,507
6,421
5,101
2,426
1,705
3,843
1,999
3,547
1,434
1,542
718
4,168
2,461
8,020
1,865
1,116
1,721
4,794
2,843
:;, 196
1,350
2,280
1,153
Lincoln
3
12
3,137
2.050
3,616
.r30
McDowell...
Mecklenburg
Mitchell .
10
38
2,561
3,421
2,153
Montgomery
Moore
Nash
N'wHanovor.
Northampton
"l7~
42
....
2,304
2,279
1,556
712
165
853
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank.
4
20
1 , 737
1,008
507
699
Perquimans.
Person
487
1,566
Pitt
Polk....
3
1
6
3
~~8~
864
1,326
Randolph...
Richmond...
Robeson
6,297
1,124
2,220
Rockingham.
Rowan..
Rutherford..
51
50
7
9
7
1
3,605
l.SsS
4,015
5,353
306
Stanly..
4,312
Stokes
Surry
Swain
22
1
2,926
5,170
2,239
Traasvlvania .
Tyrrell
Union
1
4
19
1,680
532
1, 101
816
Wake
Warren
12
....
3,653
295
Washington
071
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
2
16
"9"
2,631
2,822
6,451
Wilson
Yadkin
....
1,374
::. 101
Yancey
2,596
117
Totals
144,507
29,139
69.130
1,025
168,383
120,890
509
'.:;
305,447
232,848
Eugene V. Debs (Socialist), Electors, 446.
Aaron S. Watkins (Prohibitionist) Electors, 17.
326
Election Returns
VOTE BY COUNTIES FOR GOVERNOR EN DEMOCRATIC
PRIMARIES,* 1916-1920.
1916
1920
First Primary
1920
Second Primary
Counties
4*
■>■
n
a
bD
"Si
3
Q
0
0
o
03
a
a
M
03
o
M
O
M
•V
a
O
386
214
124
1,458
200
131
708
971
644
216
1,398
398
295
347
368
710
509
614
697
231
271
98
1,012
1,081
563
644
280
190
1,115
316
632
P68
353
663
1 , 528
1,086
118
185
818
688
1,212
1,495
640
1,258
261
582
283
178
1,555
67
14
18
276
22
16
376
689
306
247
1,943
531
89
181
84
123
161
111
212
90
78
32
671
826
268
968
406
46
237
39
436
605
1,181
295
527
364
41
19
565
73
1,010
396
375
704
313
258
346
139
915
134
187
131
590
214
18
438
694
694
91
1,873
633
303
270
161
449
89
891
535
147
282
101
4C
806
1,263
413
408
202
553
160
265
752
1,254
514
1,323
956
128
53
518
209
497
359
368
1,674
378
250
450
92
1,578
488
183
60
834
107
157
1,086
229
229
306
1,443
346
149
262
277
427
219
292
349
195
247
13
2,219
'699
718
957
99
68
281
50
697
608
713
1,094
715
1,258
196
627
373
692
1,177
595
395
228
576
177
254
478
182
14
eo
569
45
g
73
350
316
172
217
55
284
31
106
136
375
343
319
17
137
26
521
420
124
443
184
30
833
237
133
410
457
510
547
279
120
2
282
70
1,298
607
542
113
22
213
233
201
313
358
375
320
986
429
41
579
027
1,037
209
2,052
737
532
361
142
382
292
1,033
689
315
232
103
390
1,011
1,451
840
450
189
886
277
741
1,106
1 , 004
936
1,349
1,375
189
ISO
847
284
1,031
915
783
1,162
478
406
409
492
1,959
488
Alexander ._
203
Alleghany-
200
1,082
173
308
1,220
517
Bladen --
334
445
1,967
P-urke ---
359
321
Caldwell
Camden
443
158
273
Caswell
433
401
Chatham
390
Cherokee
106
186
Clay
26
Cleveland
3,248
Columbus
1 322
951
Cumberland
1,323
135
Dare
13
752
Davie
211
Duplin .
757
Durham.
584
767
Forsvth
1,410
Franklin
Gaston
632
1,494
Gates
145
Graham
Granville
713
Greene
576
Guilford
1,307
Halifax
999
Harnett
682
Haywood
553
Henderson
257
Hertford . .
Hoke
592
1S9
Hyde _
Iredell
444
1,011
*Thc Republican party held no gubernatorial primary .
Vote for Governor
VOTE FOR GOVERNOR, 1916-1920 — Continued.
327
1016
1920
First Primary
1920
Second Primary
Counties
-p
o
a
m
a
m
-p
JS
M
3
c3
Q
a
o
en
(H
o
u
a
a
o
o
Hi
0
m
M
O
fe-4
u
o
B
T3
u
a
O
479
980
238
480
599
559
280
148
197
237
1,742
93
558
516
619
813
1,267
458
374
238
746
5S6
306
363
869
191
811
1,294
1,830
940
800
1,093
435
583
232
245
394
254
81
63
1,850
865
2,483
888
172
201
1,030
549
922
237
111
76
848
102
140
650
74
20
194
280
268
1,207
42
114
486
1,021
1,587
428
236
199
95
379
348
117
227
1,052
174
311
394
669
376
755
530
7.3
300
76
39
148
121
209
20
303
536
1,765
471
164
5
441
411
647
59
141
397
1,154
464
458
240
227
175
215
537
309
3,022
108
205
298
953
615
398
418
85
201
188
215
69
62
896
177
1.031
853
1,974
76
733
453
194
401
316
154
315
210
245
11
528
215
1,090
485
36
92
690
915
1,161
130
386
297
577
251
230
900
543
73
226
274
421
436
160
49
69
521
1,097
1,023
313
358
327
332
268
435
170
1,392
138
147
274
2,536
546
1,104
1,158
183
205
333
103
294
98
91
146
1,152
500
2,281
541
247
25
917
117
292
130
464
30
178
32
346
290
398
21
22
118
21
2,048
14
615
697
32!
482
399
98
256
28
350
430
141
164
792
I
811
686
615
290
535
88
162
276
468
100
377
16
17
31
898
398
1,593
315
137
43
-162
61
354
140
1!
266
1,924
453
788
530
364
350
269
632
422
3, !i::
62
474
695
1.395
1,167
l»57
431
181
246
420
691
112
180
1,457
256
1,373
1,077
1,861
447
856
613
331
557
721
384
580
280
345
51
791
3711
2,131
678
151
271
1,106
1,435
1,640
261
285
339
1,240
378
368
1,050
595
224
147
361
507
1,506
Mitchell
182
304
202
873
735
835
298
440
220
279
235
219
277
Pitt
1,480
Polk -
177
512
785
2,472
718
878
1,<I29
206
1 '1
164
197
715
78
Tyrrell
Hi7
Union.
1,463
112
Wake
2,585
542
124
24
955
Wilkes
186
Wilson..
195
392
Totals
63,121
37,017
49,070
48,983
:ii!,isn
70,332
61,073
32S Election Returns
VOTE FOR STATE OFFICERS IN DEMOCRATIC PRIMARIES,
1920.
FOR GOVERNOR—
First Primai y:
Cameron Morrison - -- 49,0<u
O. Max Gardner - - — - .48,983
R. N. Page— - - - 30.180
Second Primary:
Cameron Morrison— .0,332
O. Max Gardner — 61,073
FOR LIEUTENANT-GOVERNOR—
W. B. Cooper ..64,225
F. C. Harding- 51,605
FOR STATE TREASURER—
B. R. Lacy - - ..83,914
B. F. Renfrew - .30,686
FOR COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE—
W. A. Graham. - - 75,192
H. E. Thompson 37,845
FOR COMMISSIONER OF LABOR AND PRINTING—
M. L. Shipman — "3,505
D. P. Dellinger — - 35,227
FOR STATE AUDITOR—
First Primary:
Bvxter Durham- — .36,461
J. P. Colk— - 2730
D. A- McDonald— - 17.479
D. L. Boyd- ---- ...16,427
W. T. Woodley - 13,042
Second Promary:
Baxter Durham 64,697
J.P.Cook — - - 52,682
FOR INSURANCE COMMISSIONER—
Stacey W. Wade — — - - .o,810
John Underwood- 25,874
C. T. McCleneghan 16,792
FOR ASSOCIATE JUSTICE OF SUPREME COURT-
First Primary:
W. A. Hoke 59,/49
W. P. Stacy 34.633
B. F.Long - 33,843
W. J.Adams—. - - - 88,141
N. G. Gullet- - 20,. 06
O. H. Guion —
N. J. Rouse- 1(),<10
Second Primary:
W. P. STacy - -- - <M37
B. F. Long 49'110
FOR UNITED STATES SENATOR—
Lee S. Overman 94,806
A. L. Brooks - 23,869
TOTE IN REPUBLICAN PRESIDENTIAL PRIMARY.
FOR PRESIDENT-
Leonard Wood— - - - ,'n'o-i
Hiram Johnson- - - -- 15,3.5
'Figures not obtainable at time of publication.
Vote for Governor
VOTE FOR GOVERNOR BY COUNTIES, 1921-1920.
329
1912
1916
1920
Counties
u
u
c
h^3
a
-^»
<v
zc
a
E
o
to
o
u
o
t-l
1— 1
O
+3
o
V
S
s
O
>.
o
c
c
<
a
C3
01
c
0
OQ
0
0
£
O
c
u
7-.
f-
O
"5
1-5
Alamance...-
2,168
871
676
1,513
1,700
227
1,825
1,036
1,229
827
3,875
1,375
1,864
1,661
317
1,165
830
2,136
1,683
949
695
381
2,398
1,894
1,859
1.7S8
629
391
2,505
835
1.829
2,264
1,823
3,119
1,941
2,363
640
431
1,670
921
3.874
2,334
1,409
2,087
1,086
764
658
685
2,649
324
852
366
135
1,027
172
293
28
43
380
1,045
91
1,094
593
29
222
202
300
155
1,165
48
9
114
343
118
499
21
243
2,118
1,082
46
349
93
2,046
113
390
110
411
289
163
661
40
21 IS
561
695
88
24
59
512
1,416
141
103
80
641
847
482
57
414
201
1,493
1,211
782
828
48
489
10
1,763
1,219
74
60
386
845
424
135
480
4
14
567
68
970
932
43
312
202
1,076
100
72
198
99
1,685
120
901
625
805
53
32
236
1,000
10
72
~78~
2
5
12
"¥
2
"Y
~y
5
15
3
6
49
301
1
39
39"
"16"
4
2
....
2,483
922
784
2,047
1,889
324
1,919
1,475
1,259
825
4,487
1,585
2,091
1,724
374
1,142
838-
2,547
1,813
1,003
604
398
2,705
2,192
1,787
1,996
921
458
2,647
001
1,836
2,505
2,018
4,108
2,092
3,019
800
475
1.702
1,062
4,588
2,337
1,979
2,376
1,154
967
794
792
3,290
2 293
1*208
616
274
1,950
1,283
1,256
60
598
981
3,835
1,484
2,308
1,707
64
1,263
342
2,685
1,514
1,361
80
464
1,469
1,245
507
1,173
72
375
2,814
1,259
1,516
1,786
117
3,629
381
2,531
287
460
612
286
3,643
246
1,624
1,526
1 , 794
ITS
85
284
2,076
3
63
~T
"is"
3
"T
13
"13"
8
"T
25
215
"47"
1
9
....
5,274
2,000
1.417
3.340
3,628
403
3,559
1,886
1,991
1,311
10,412
3,314
4,394
2,953
565
2,094
1,250
5,424
3,219
1,762
1,129
763
5,116
3,313
3,464
3,316
974
846
4,907
1,634
3,432
1,706
3,395
8,250
2,786
7,220
812
655
2,662
1,604
9,594
3,540
3,902
1 , 227
2,525
1,165
1 , 266
1,170
6,351
4,624
2,643
1,187
422
Avery
3,800
2,497
Beaufort. .
2,212
Bertie.-
147
1,010
Brunswick..--
1,381
8,005
3,566
5,226
Caldwell -
3,222
116
2,292
Caswell .-
496
5,912
2,895
2,474
162
Clav -
913
2,978
1,655
604
1,849
69
Dare
624
Davidson
5,844
2,583
Duplin __---
2,704
3,494
Edgecombe..-
292
Forsyth -
6,759
Franklin. _
552
Gaston---
5,749
294
916
793
427
Guilford
7,788
Halifax..- _.
113
3,318
Hay w ood
Henderson
2,962
3,604
Hertford
210
Hoke
156
Hyde .
475
Iredell — -
4,4194
330
Election Retubns
VOTE FOR GOVERNOR, 1912-1920 — Continued.
Counties
Jackson--
Johnston ...
Jones
Lee....—
Lenoir
Lincoln..-
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell-.. _
Mecklenburg- .
Mitchell-
Montgomery-..
Moore---
Nash
New Hanover-
Northampton-
Onslow
Orange---
Pamlico---
Pasquotank—-
Pende—
Perquimans— .
Ferson. --
Pitt
Polk..-
Randolph--
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham-.
Rowan--
Rutherford
Sami son- —
Scotland
Stanly..
Stokes
Surry..-
Swain
Transylvania..
Tyrrell
Union—
Vance--
Wake
Warren---
Washington- ..
Watauga-
Wayne ..--
Wilkes
Wilson...
Yadkin
Yancey
1912
Totals
O
o
o
o
233
959
694
888
666
324
056
925
264
062
110
412
132
208
922
990
672
904
096
703
011
988
686
847
42(1
676
828
357
103
997
839
241
289
774
742
168
006
799
640
382
724
,223
,221
,044
509
981
,390
,622
,877
774
,150
149,975 43,625
03
E
o
h
764
1,761
76
95
214
67
314
842
231
886
452
177
291
464
200
211
13
55
516
108
61
21
310
811
457
61
475
116
211
899
3' is
165
176
lii'i)
585
529
789
310
309
1H
199
593
471
723
131
528
65
1,068
50
220
507
66
386
201
1,015
614
900
18
189
342
717
668
410
426"
69
42
444
468
279
117
234
42
62
239
5
1,759
85
344
153
961
1,423
2,366
48
1,005
48
288
246
321
43
326
151
913
29
39
455
948
2,332
442
1,028
1916
03
C
1,302
3,227
705
1,049
1,690
1 , 502
1,126
941
1,403
1 , 268
4,403
462
1,225
1,361
2,174
2,499
1,462
1,144
1,213
700
1,168
973
631
937
2,762
683
2,761
1,606
3,068
2,288
3,001
2 132
L326
944
2,105
1,513
2,n22
794
821
410
2,758
1,459
4,719
1,279
651
1,134
2,627
1,595
2.050
858
1.263
49,930 944 167761 120,157
<;
1,293
2,946
231
581
653
1,380
1,053
1,991
270
1,234
1,163
297
1,188
1,029
826
251
30
8C4
1,159
530
929
353
286
929
740
743
3,037
593
1,435
1 , 978
2,454
1,871
2,758
161
1,945
1,871
2,982
1,141
836
388
635
537
2 298
"'l33
486
1,381
1,425
3,471
676
1,738
1,101
1920
19
20
35
13
03
O
2,398
6,076
999
2,319
2,882
3,326
2,101
1,330
2,577
2,821
11,221
736
2,305
2,708
4,072
4,342
2,329
1,578
2,081
1,291
1,816
1,6H
1,057
1,629
4,156
1,387
5,066
3,219
6,185
4,469
6,427
5,092
2,428
1.671
3,901
2,001
3,569
1,418
1,549
717
4,025
2,459
8,145
1,891
1,115
1,753
4,817
2,884
3,530
1,355
2,306
590 308,151
W. B. Taylor, Socialist, 336.
Vote for U. S. Senator
TOTE FOR IT. S. SENATOR, 1918-1920.
331
19
18
19
20
Counties
d
DQ
c
0
9
g
in
fa
c3
o
a
u
a
o
1-5
c
03
s
M
>
o
o
OJ
a
0
"o
n
<
Alamance
2,528
821
687
1,666
1,778
198
1,704
1,159
951
385
4,104
1,352
1,840
1,670
305
1,064
872
2,323
1,716
903
608
370
2,410
1,346
1,561
1,344
507
364
2,535
674
1,672
2,030
1,568
4,(127
1 , 597
3,164
446
371
1,474
720
3.747
1,746
1,865
2,085
98 1
693
769
57(1
37.398
2,241
1,144
475
148
1,875
690
688
28
349
520
3,281
1,510
2,065
1,542
58
992
228
2,485
1,422
1,120
46
428
1.116
529
256
356
34
293
2,680
1,216
1,051
1,144
50
2.917
188
2,120
102
335
344
132
2,394
89
1,373
1. ill
1,450
80
32
136
1.664
5,289
2,045
1,426
3,375
3,630
404
3,564
1,887
2,000
1,317
10,413
3,311
4,429
2,966
563
2,094
1,253
5,436
3,229
1 , 753
1 , 133
783
5,202
3,337
3,463
3,341
974
845
4 , 933
1.636
3,442
4,772
3,413
8,309
2,799
7,236
812
653
2,671
1,662
3,547
3,918
1 . 225
2.522
1,168
1,274
1,169
6.493
4,604
2,639
1,182
423
3 793
Alexander
Alleghany
Anson _
Ashe
2,496
2 214
Beaufort
Bertie
145
Bladen
1 003
Brunswick
1 378
Buncombe
7 914
Burke
3 569
Cabarrus
5 208
Caldwell
3 208
Camden
118
Carteret
2 289
Caswell
493
5,907
2 894
Chatham
Cherokee
2 473
Chowan
17'1
Clay
913
Cleveland
2 '145
Columbus _
1 639
Craven ...
603
Cumberland
1 836
Currituck
67
Dare .
624
Davidson
5,819
2.579
Davie...
Duplin
2,699
Durham
3,472
Edgecombe
217
Forsyth.
6,717
Franklin
540
Gaston
5,743
094
Graham
914
Granville
793
Greene
427
Guilford...
7,733
Halifax..
404
Harnett
3,312
Haywood
2,962
Henderson
3,498
Hertford
Hoke....
154
Hyde
476
Iredell
4.384
332
Election Returns
VOTE FOR U. S. SENATOR, 1918-1920 — Continued.
1918
19
20
Counties
Q
m
a
o
£
B
fa
"0
a
"3
a
0
>->
c
03
S
U
o
>
o
GO
o
a
J
a
c
"3
a
<
1,040
3,213
639
902
1,295
1,438
1,148
601
1,313
1,198
3,995
311
1,116
1,189
1,579
1,177
1,121
930
741
522
635
897
486
791
2,569
657
2,655
1,513
2,576
2,001
2,871
2,198
1,026
803
1,977
1,345
1,815
047
790
308
2,157
1,230
3,740
1,081
511
1.005
2,245
1 . 720
1,416
607
1,108
915
2,594
134
568
260
1,372
945
1,378
230
1,183
782
779
950
830
354
31
22
418
641
400
114
346
I'd
814
333
671
2,884
319
625
1,733
2,099
1,712
2,418
84
1,786
1,724
2,577
949
737
246
267
294
1,318
71
451
1,274
963
2,752
290
1,495
794
2,399
6,081
1,000
2,364
2,881
3,337
2,106
1,335
2,574
2,817
11,542
737
2,337
2,747
4,084
4,342
2,330
1,574
2,127
1,291
1.817
1,606
1,060
1,656
4,201
1,390
5,078
3,368
6,297
4,512
6,438
5,111
2,433
1,702
3,911
2,009
3,581
1,419
1,549
717
4.2(13
2,508
8,307
1,894
1,115
1,757
4,867
2,884
3,539
1,360
2,306
2,354
5,332
337
1,124
1,021
3,125
2,033
3,610
498
McDowell .. .
2,568
3,253
Mitchell .
2,554
2,294
M oore
2,223
Nash
1,511
New Hanover
472
Northampton - -
127
Onslow
821
Orange. _
1,727
1,010
Pasquotank
416
672
Perquimans
478
Person
1,565
Pitt --
821
Polk....
1.350
Rand ol oh
6,239
Robeson
1,098
2,055
Rockingham
3,587
Rowan .. .
4,888
Rutherford
3,993
Sampson,. _
5.2S9
Scotland
286
Stanly
4,275
Stokes
2,988
Surry
5,153
Swain .
2 , 252
Transylvania
1,664
Tyrrell
535
Union
1,365
Vance
768
Wake
3,278
Warren _
240
Washington .. ...
970
Watauga .
2,598
Wayne .. .. .
2,766
Wilkes
6,458
Wilson.. _.
1,319
Yadkin....
3,290
Yancey
2,574
Totals
143,524
93,697
310.504
229,343
Vote for Members of . Congress
333
VOTE FOE MEMBERS OF CONGRESS, 191S-1920.
FIRST CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
1918
19
20
19
22
Counties
0
"3
H
M
a
~
>->
D
U
C3
-
w
a
u
a
V
o
02
"3
W
u
o
5
C3
d
Beaufort
1,640
263
603
490
304
439
571
532
1,303
517
467
2,518
306
474
698
108
53
66
346
106
108
183
221
240
204
375
231
462
3,526
581
1,102
977
811
790
1,143
1,227
2,487
1,759
1,045
4,135
715
1,116
2,164
97
160
48
520
305
184
441
552
399
458
699
532
936
1,854
223
312
368
648
708
438
470
1,030
607
455
1,653
611
824
557
6
2
Camden
Chowan..
Currituck
10
473
Dare
Gates
141
Hertford
28
Hvde
79
Martin
39
Pasquotank
150
Perquimans
108
Pitt
89
Tvrrell
307
Washington
432
Totals
10,427
3,401
21,414
7,495
10,201
3 401
SECOND CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
1918
1920
1922
C
Q
Q
Counties
g
s
.r;
J3
3
A
V
O
-^
+^
X
w
W
G
m
-3
T3
■3
3
3
o
3
oJ
e3
O
o
£
O
Bertie
1,139
1,549
662
1,717
1,307
1,094
1,106
1,412
1,838
3,:;9S
1,648
3,502
2,889
2,293
1,900
3,422
81
180
383
295
808
121
220
1,279
765
Edgecombe
1 , 228
Greene
B26
Halifax
1,314
Lenoir
1,402
Northampton
SI Mi
Warren
978
Wilson.
1,214
Totals _.
9,986
20,890
3,367
8,533
334
Election Returns
VOTES FOR MEMBERS OF CONGRESS, 1918-1922— Continued
THIRD CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
1918
1920
1922
Counties
e
o
xn
a
Ph~
_;a
3
£
C3
CO
>>
O
c3
O
s
o
c
0
BO
c
n—
z
3
3
m
to
a
't-t
o
u
03
o
>*
d
u
o
o
tn ■■ —
£
o
H
Carteret
981
1,527
1,607
621
923
530
874
1,009
2,163
1,070
278
1,036
134
422
390
314
2,404
952
2,077
3,454
3,414
984
1,528
1,289
1,541
2,440
4,820
2,280
591
2,676
319
858
998
642
5,296
2,687
2,583
1,867
2,621
494
833
838
900
1,494
2,471
1,563
Craven
57
Duplin -
669
Jones . -
53
Onslow
161
Pamlico
280
Pender. .
242
Sampson
3,117
Wayne
782
Totals
10,205
7,000
21,547
16,347
14,101
6,925
FOURTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
1918
19
20
19
22
^-,
Q
g
P
g
Q
g
—
a
* —
1-
* —
M
3
o
3
O
3
^
O
X
O
O
CO
Counties
Ph
Q
Ph
c3
Ph
"3
*H
-3
Q
■3
a
u
U
03
en
o
60
3
■S
JZ
S
S
K
■3
o
"3
' J
w
K
H
&h
Chatham
1,708
1,565
3,141
1,551
1,215
3,673
1,441
172
2,594
317
274
1,230
3,192
2,772
6,066
3,957
2,415
8.068
2,890
476
5,267
1,470
762
3,219
3,326
1,135
5,271
2,277
921
4,275
2,814
Franklin ._
111
Johnston
4,240
Nash
104
Vance --
155
Wake..
662
Totals
12,853
6,028
26,470
14,084
16,205
8,086
Vote for Memrers of Congress
335
VOTES FOR MEMBERS OF CONGRESS, 1918-192C— Continued
FIFTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
Counties
Alamance...
Caswell
Durham
Forsyth
Granville
Guilford..—
Orange
Person
Rockingham
Stokes
Surry
Totals...
1918
a
G
2Q
CO w
5
O
2,487
852
1,965
4,004
1,469
3,693
724
754
1,997
1,316
1,815
21,076
a
.rt
2,239
216
1,133
2,905
327
2,373
640
786
1,718
1,716
2,582
16,635
1920
£q
o
5,272
1,195
4,604
8,240
2,570
10,000
2,057
1,411
4,479
1,969
3,504
45,301
*#
4,566
506
3,522
6,569
822
7,422
1,685
1.753
3,585
2,932
5,122
38,484
1922
e
s
13
^O
03
o
3,851
860
3,194
5,748
5,553
1,697
1,647
4,155
1,818
3,755
33,694
03
a
S
►J
1,579
191
1,478
3,479
3,598
868
827
2,071
2,067
4,020
20,380
SIXTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
19
c
18
19
20
19
22
13
js
Q
03
a
0
Counties
O
^>
o
«
c
0
Q
^5
>>
>.
►— i
Cv
a
^
^
f~r—
• --?
•t^
•
*-a
if-il
.9
£
M
U
£
a
03 03
c3
a
MO
£
m
£
^3
03
O o
c
o
r^
X
<s
W
«
W
$■
Bladen
923
359
1,370
1 , 356
1,833
1,156
2,578
356
514
515
329
1,361
627
2,025
1,357
3,382
3,329
3,918
3,930
6,233
981
1 , 263
1,463
1,813
3,295
406
1,819
2,325
1,188
2,241
1,163
3,529
1,871
2,729
569
Brunswick.
1,109
Columbus «.
466
Cumberland
373
Harnett
2,098
New Hanover
85
Robeson
566
Totals..
9,575
3,702
24,174
11,040
14,996
5,266
336
Election Returns
VOTES FOR MEMBERS OF CONGRESS, 1918-1920— Continued.
SEVENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
Counties
Anson.. ,
Davidson
Davie
Hoke
Lee
Montgomery
Moore
Randolph
Richmond....
Scotland
Union
Wilkes
Yadkin
Totals...
1918
03 C
03 O
SI
1,678
2,523
659
758
887
1,112
1,194
2,645
1,539
804
2,063
1,710
603
18,275
to
O'
•«
140
2,659
1,204
32
560
949
812
2,895
333
84
253
1,214
1,417
14,116
1920
03
2
03
3,393
4,870
1,627
1,259
2,321
2,310
2,707
5,072
3,343
1,684
4,167
2,972
1,346
37,071
o
O
395
5,742
2,552
138
1,102
2,274
2,197
6,183
1,095
325
1,217
6,«32
3,242
32,784
1922
C3
s
1,753
5,753
1,617
627
1,363
2,491
2,468
5,691
2,440
858
1,362
3,051
1,155
30,629
o
70
5,100
1,980
20
318
2,119
1,708
5,558
218
30
234
4,354
1,883
23,592
EIGHTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
1918
19
20
1922
c
a
a
,^
o
o
«
0
d
.^
>>
o
c
.c
^3
Counties
t£
us
t
■3
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O
o
.0
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X2
Qt
G~
a
Qx
<Q
~K
,-p
S
P
s
<*-
+3
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3
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u
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(n
r^>
1-5
g
i-s
Alexander
827
719
1,148
448
2; 052
1,455
2,613
1,115
2,192
1,584
2,221
Alleghany
1,105
Ashe
1,792
1,829
3,642
3,686
4,089
3,629
Cabarrus
1,863
2,042
4,380
5,178
4,235
3,929
Caldwell
1,700
3,390
2,888
1,955
1,521
1,677
2,085
1.797
3,015
6,483
6,283
3,836
3,135
4,378
4,515
4,279
3,396
5,481
4,633
3,673
2,782
Iredell
2,468
Rowan
2,620
Stanly
3,620
Watauga. .
971
1,279
1,788
2,557
2,056
2,119
Totals
16,105
13,826
32,934
31,456
31,340
24,235
Vote for Members of Congress
337
VOTES FOR MEMBERS OF CONGRESS, 1918-192C— CWiWd.
NINTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
19
18
1920
1922
Counties
Q
x>
o
.2
fa
g
CO
03
1-2
<
CO
u
c3
o
Q
cd
3
"3
PQ
fa
<
O
fa
CD
A!
03
"-5
Q
3
a
*3
fa
fa
<j
d
U
o
"a
03
w
fa
279
1 , 329
2,332
2,406
3,152
1,418
628
3,969
365
1,104
607
1,490
2,468
1,134
2,154
1,387
1,271
770
773
776
417
3,323
5,474
5,143
7,160
3,284
1,337
11,047
729
2,281
2,457
3,511
6,176
2,947
5,696
3,060
3,607
3,494
2,198
2,540
552
3,963
5,595
2,532
4,212
3,014
1,390
3,976
634
2,728
1,605
2,881
4,923
981
1,147
2,255
1,919
677
Mitchell
1,191
1,589
Totals ---
16,982
12,830
40,195
35,686
28,596
19,168
TENTH CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICT.
19
18
19
20
19
22
Counties
a
CD
>
03
CD
a
fa
*?
fa
CO
fa
G
fa.
>
a
o
"3
fa
«
fa
CO
a
3
a
o
1-5
fa
fa
P
U
>
03
C
o
"3
SI
fa
CD
CO
fa
«i
fa
a
03
fa
4,015
913
375
362
2,090
976
1,040
1,198
1,085
645
2,169
668
787
3,442
1,188
431
351
1,139
1,482
923
1,183
998
717
1,738
937
742
10,295
1 , 745
771
648
4,228
2,523
2,395
2,827
2,103
1,379
5,048
1,436
1,525
8,096
2,458
908
923
2,943
3,513
2,359
2,554
2,018
1,367
3,585
2,221
1,680
9,356
1,994
950
785
4,224
2,874
2,798
3,23]
2,539
1,364
4,194
1,572
1,745
5,331
2,019
935
931
1,728
2,580
2 , 533
2,522
1,982
Polk .
1,384
2,838
1,497
1,912
Totals -.
16,323
15,271
36,923
34,625
37,626
28,192
22
338 Election Retubns
VOTE FOR CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT BY COUNTIES, 1922.
THESE AMENDMENTS
1. Give authority to the State to tax net income from all sources above
exemption of not less than $2,000 for married man or widow or widower
having dependent minor child or children, and to all other persons not
less than $1,000.
2. To limit poll tax to not exceeding $2 for State, and for municipalities, $1.
3. To reduce rate of tax on property for general expenses of State and counties
from 66 2-3 cents to a limit of 15 cents on each $100 worth of property.
4. To substitute a rule of one instead of two years residence in State and
four months in precinct, as qualification for voting.
5. To abolish payment of poll tax as qualification for voting.
Chapter 5, Public Laws, Extra Session of 1920, is as follows:
AN ACT TO AMEND CHAPTER 129 OF THE PUBLIC LAWS OP 1919, AND
TO FURTHER AMEND THE CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE O- NORTH
CAROLINA.
The General Assembly of North Carolina do enact:
Section 1. That chapter one hundred and twenty-nine of the
Public Laws of nineteen hundred and nineteen be and the same is
hereby amended so as hereafter to read as follows:
Section 2. That the Constitution of the State of North Carolina
be, and the same is hereby, amended in manner and form as
follows:
I. Amend article five, section three, by repealing the proviso
in said section, "that no income shall be taxed when the property
from which the income is derived is taxed,'' and substituting in
lieu thereof the following: "Provided, the rate of tax on incomes
shall not in any case exceed six per cent (6%), and there shall
be allowed the following exemptions, to be deducted from the
amount of annual incomes, to wit: for a married man with a wife
living with him, or to a widow or wndower having minor child or
children, natural or adopted, not less than $2,000; to all other
persons not less than $1,000, and there may be allowed other
deductions (not including living expenses) so that only net in-
comes are taxed." >
II. By striking out section one of article five and substituting
therefor the following:
Vote on Constitutional Amendments 339
"Section 1. The General Assembly may levy a capitation tax
on every male inhabitant of the State over twenty-one and under
fifty years of age, which said tax shall not exceed two dollars, and
cities and towns may levy a capitation tax which shall not exceed
one dollar. No other capitation tax shall be levied. The commis-
sioners of the several counties and of the cities and towns may
exempt from the capitation tax any special cases on account of
poverty or infirmity."
III. By striking out section six article five and substituting
therefor the following: "The total of the State and county tax
on property shall not exceed fifteen cents on the one hundred
dollars value of property, except when the county property tax is
levied for a special purpose and with the special approval of the
General Assembly, which may be done by special or general act:
Provided, this limitation shall not apply to taxes levied for the
maintenance of the public schools of the State for the term re-
quired by article nine, section three, of the Constitution: Provided
further, the State tax shall not exceed five cents on the one hun-
dred dollars value of property."
IV: By striking out that part of the first sentence of section two
of article six ending with the word "election" before the word
"provided," and substituting therefor the following: "He shall
reside in the State of North Carolina for one year and in the
precinct, ward, or other election district in which he offers to vote
four months next preceding the election.
V. By abrogating the following requirement of section four of
article V: "And before he shall be entitled to vote he shall have
paid on or before the first day of May of the year in which he
proposes to vote, his poll tax for the previous year, as prescribed
by article V, section 1, of the Constitution," and by abrogating the
following proviso at the end of section 4 of article VI: "Provided
such person shall have paid his poll tax as. above required."
Sec. 3. That amendments I, II, and III to the Constitution shall
be considered as one amendment, and amendments IV and V shall
be considered as one amendment, and shall be submitted to the
qualified voters of the whole State at the general election.
Sec. 4. That the electors favoring the adoption of amendments
I, II, and III shall vote ballots on which shall be written or printed,
"For Amendments to Limit Rate of State and County Taxes, and
340 Election Returns
Amount of Poll Taxes, and to Authorize Income Tax," and those
opposed, ballots on which shall be written or printed "Against
Amendments to Limit Rate of State and County Taxes, and
Amount of Poll Tax, and to Authorize Tax."
Sec. 5. That the electors favoring the adoption of amendments
IV and V shall vote ballots on which shall be written or printed,
"For Amendments to Change Requirement of Two Years Residence
in the State and Payment of Poll Tax as Qualification for Voting,"
and those opposed, ballots onwhich shall be written or printed,
"Against Amendments to Change Requirement of Two Years Resi-
dence in the State and Payment of Poll Tax as Qualification for
Voting.''
Sec. 6. That the election upon the amendments shall be conducted
in the same manner and under the same rules and regulations as
provided by the laws governing general elections, and if the ma-
jority of the votes cast be in favor of the amendments, or any of
them, it shall be the duty of the Governor of the State to certify
the amendments receiving a majority of votes cast under the seal
of the State to the Secretary of State, who shall enroll the said
amendments so certified among the permanent records of his office,
and the same shall be in force, and every part thereof, from and
after the date of such certification.
Sec 7. This act shall be in force from and after its ratification.
Ratified this 26th day of August, A. D. 1920.
Vote on Constitutional Amendments
341
VOTE ON FOREGOING AMENDMENTS.
Counties
Amendme
V, Sectio
and 6: 1
Rate of J
County J
Poll fa?
Authorii
on Net
from all
nt to Art.
ns 1, 3, 4
limiting
State and
'axes and
:es, and
-ing Tax
Income
Sources
Amend mi
VI, Secti
4: Chang
dence 1
ment for
from Tw
Year in t
and to
County, c
ishing Pa
Poll Tax
site for
nt to Art
Dns 2 and-
ing Resi-
equire-
Voting
o to One
he State,
Four in
nd Abol-
yment of
as Krqui-
Voting
For
Against
For
Against
5,190
1,974
1,156
1,965
2,738
1,395
3,018
1,569
2,068
612
7,707
3,787
3,223
1,939
605
2,618
851
7,154
2,986
1,588
928
867
;».:;n;,
2,840
3,115
1,942
931
868
4,246
1,580
2,485
3,091
2,185
9,049
1,981
2,207
719
769
2,176
1,417
9,707
1,549
3,674
4,172
3,137
1,114
978
837
5,874
2,305
3,822
658
1,682
194
803
441
15
1,653
255
537
227
1,413
1,117
1,352
582
8
124
164
684
1,357
342
269
54
656
861
410
1,735
50
36
2,783
679
2,162
1,954
797
1,228
881
2,573
128
263
730
447
2,964
1,791
1,475
648
307
148
177
202
414
462
2,675
5,703
1,974
1,124
1,675
1,988
884
2,625
1,508
1,844
382
6,931
3,818
991
1,711
482
2,582
569
7,187
1 , 922
1,347
397
. 867
4,781
2,922
2, '942
1,803
93
868
4,246
1,431
2,384
2,374
2,178
9,456
1.547
2,038
516
331
2,107
1,079
9,316
1,032
2.614
1 , 262
3,662
755
686
830
6,557
1,838
3,976
S18
1 752
Alleghany.- . .. ...
301
Anson ... ... - ... -
Ashe .
1.241
31
Avery _ _ _ _ _ _. ..
15
1,718
254
Bladen
459
254
1,803
Burke . .-■- -
467
1,219
Caldwell
355
Camden ._
4
Carteret .
254
Caswell...
182
699
Chatham.
770
232
Chowan
255
Clay
54
Cleveland . .
835
Columbus _ .. -. -
Craven .
713
339
Cumberland . -
1,587
Currituck
50
Dare .
36
Davie ..
2,783
472
Duplin .
1 , 995
2,489
852
Forsvth _ . . . -
451
Franklin
792
2,238
Gates
40
118
716
Greene .
508
Guilford -.-
3,250
1,982
Harnett.
2. HIS
69
479
Hertford ..
370
Hoke
345
Hyde
197
761
us
2,400
342
Election Returns
VOTE ON FOREGOING AMENDMENTS— Continued.
Counties
Jones
Lee
Lenoir ...
Lincoln ..
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg ..
Mitchell
Montgomery..
Moore ...
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank..
Pender
Perquimans ..
Person
Pitt....
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham..
Rowan
Rutherford...
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry.
Swain
Transvlvania.
Tyrrell
Union
Vance_
Wake
Warren
Washington...
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
Totals....
Amendment to Art.
V, Sections 1, 3, 4
and 6: Limiting
Rate of State and
County Taxes and
Authorizing Tax
on Net Income
from all Sources
For
910
350
602
663
695
027
002
793
912
437
976
172
446
290
113
455
906
464
786
45!
184
296
806
888
185
546
207
046
495
504
896
765
SI'S
254
337
469
091
022
825
685
798
104
070
141
503
443
310
958
474
26,873
Against
102
475
967
379
128
661
530
1
1,410
84
687
368
877
1,093
912
224
540
240
121
27
207
582
2,125
125
1,952
231
2,458
1,196
900
402
1,052
789
222
1 ,' 344
857
128
11
104
195
748
3,396
793
131
190
2,200
513
1,234
1,127
504
2 222
81,109
Amendment to Art.
VI, Sections 2 and
4: Changing Resi-
dence Require-
ment for Voting
from Two to One
Year in the State,
and to Four in
County, and Abol-
ishing Payment of
Poll Tax as Requi-
site forVoting
For
813
2,221
1,808
2,665
2,717
2,703
1,402
3,201
8,128
720
1,714
3,040
2,693
2,064
944
1,115
1,205
1,038
1,585
1,003
1,163
610
1,196
1,617
2,014
2,546
4,227
3,100
5,758
4,727
2,181
736
1,861
4,234
1,892
1,043
974
3,277
828
5,165
800
936
1,141
3,013
4,447
2,024
1,456
2,698
235,608
Against
123
730
840
619
141
849
559
1,160
189
435
279
1,272
1,042
929
295
1 999
228
54
636
189
324
2,553
116
,838
231
2,45
1,9778
1,614
693
1,040
730
2,569
1,
839
119
181
142
583
877
3,399
867
633
190
2,265
509
1,133
1,439
97
83,366
Vote on Amendment to Section 28: II
343
VOTE ON AMENDMENT TO SECTION 28, ARTICLE II: INCREASING PAY OF
MEMBERS OF THE LEGISLATURE FROM S4 TO $10 PER DAY.
Counties
Alamance...
Alexander ...
Alleghany...
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick ..
Buncombe..
Burke
Cabarrus
Caldwell....
Camden
Carteret
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham...
Cherokee....
Chowan
Clay.
Cleveland...
Columbus ...
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck...
Dare
Davidson...
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe.
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville ...
Greene
Guilford....
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood...
Henderson..
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell _
Jackson
Johnston. ...
Jones
Lee_
For
Against
1,855
1,843
249
1,943
62
1,327
302
1,319
417
818
129
402
1,127
858
244
427
783
1,787
235
1,211
3,771
7,032
2,022
656
1,700
2,234
348
89
152
38
1,849
867
231
648
476
2,011
276
3,826
653
1,315
132
141
91
835
1,051
1,870
573
1,795
1,096
631
403
941
141
203
421
210
597
1,983
155
1,645
1,480
1,813
1,630
1,497
481
693
2,125
1,920
322
803
2,136
1,448
166
459
187
396
517
936
176
696
1,997
3.S57
514
750
1,562
2,076
1,921
1,415
1,169
2,498
144
279
131
449
118
340
1,878
3,086
649
117
1,748
5,361
51
448
438
996
344
Election Returns
Counties
Lenoir_
Lincoln
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg..
Mitchell
Montgomery...
Moore
Nash
New Hanover.
Northampton.
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank
Pender
Perquimans
Person
Pitt _
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham...
Rowan
Rutherford
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania..
Tyrrell
Union
Vance
Wake..
Warren...
Washington
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
Totals
For
Against
242
1,124
927
2,478
657
1,307
278
1,819
301
647
237
437
1,746
2,001
149
719
40
169
681
2,540
593
649
852
782
224
456
78
719
519
1,687
169
401
335
322
178
1,046
252
234
126
1,699
251
1,314
376
501
89
2,477
714
925
828
2,027
1,919
2,053
3,605
1,763
1,101
4,838
493
3,670
362
300
2,115
2,783
225
1,900
283
2,918
241
817
636
9
483
138
266
989
231
662
2,129
2,169
299
594
685
379
233
1,165
868
2,102
584
3,567
188
905
115
1,978
1,253
624
72,297
138,765
PART X.
1. The Halifax Resolution of April 12, 1776.
2. The Declaration of Independence.
[345]
THE HALIFAX RESOLUTION.
Adopted by the Provincial Congress of 2sorth Carolina
in session at Halifax, April 12, 1776.
It appears to your committee that pursuant to the plan concerted
by the British Ministry for subjugating America, the King and
Parliament of Great Britain have usurped a power over the per-
sons and properties of the people unlimited and uncontrouled;
and disregarding their humble petitions for peace, liberty and
safety, have made divers legislative acts, denouncing war, famine,
and every species of calamity, against the Continent in general.
That British fleets and armies have been, and still are, daily em-
ployed in destroying the people, and committing the most horrid
devastations on the country. That Governors in different Colonies
have declared protection to slaves who should imbrue their hands
in the blood of their masters. That ships belonging to America
are declared prizes of war, and many of them have been violently
seized and confiscated. In consequence of all of which multitudes of
the people have been destroyed, or from easy circumstances re-
duced to the most lamentable distress.
And whereas the moderation hitherto manifested by the United
Colonies and their sincere desire to be reconciled to the mother
country on constitutional principles, have procured no mitigation
of the aforesaid wrongs and usurpations, and no hopes remain of
obtaining redress by those means alone which have been hitherto
tried, your committee are of opinion that the House should enter
into the following resolve, to-wit:
Resolved, That the delegates for this Colony in the Continental
Congress be impowered to concur with the delegates of the other
Colonies in declaring Independency, and forming foreign alliances,
reserving to this Colony the sole and exclusive right of forming
a Constitution and laws for this Colony, and of appointing dele-
gates from time to time (under the direction of a general repre-
sentation thereof), to meet the delegates of the other Colonies for
such purposes as shall be hereafter pointed out.
1347 1
348 Declaration of Independence
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.
lit Congress, July 4, 1776.
The Unanimous Declaration of the Thirteen United States
of America.
When in the Course of human events, it becomes necessary for one
people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them
with another, and to assume among the Powers of the earth, the
separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of Na-
ture's God entitled them, a decent respect to the opinions of man-
kind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them
to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created
equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with cerain unalien-
able Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of
Happiness. That to secure these rights, G-overnments are instituted
among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the
governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destruc-
tive of these ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolish
it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such
principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall
seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, in-
deed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be
changed for light and transient causes; and accordingly all experi-
ence hath shown, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while
evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms
to which they are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and
usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to
reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their
duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for
their future security. — 'Such has been the patient sufferance of these
Colonies; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to
alter their former Systems of Government. The history of the pres-
ent King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usur-
pations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute
Tryanny over these States. To provide this, let Facts be submitted
to a candid world.
He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and
necessary for the public good.
Declaration of Independence 348
He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and
pressing importance, unless suspended in their operation till his
Assent should be obtained; and when so suspended, he has utterly
neglected to attend to them.
He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large
districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right
of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them
and formidable to tyrants only.
He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncom-
fortable, and distant from the depository of their Public Records,
for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his
measures.
He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing
with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people.
He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause
others to be elected; whereby the Legislative Powers, incapable of
Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exer-
cise; the State remaining in the mean time exposed to all the
dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.
He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States; for
that purpose obstructing the Laws of Naturalization of Foreigners;
refusing to pass others to encourage their migration hither, and
raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.
He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his
Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers.
He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure
of their offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries.
He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms
of Officers to harass our People, and eat out their substance.
He has kept among us, in times of peace, Standing Armies with-
out the Consent of our legislature.
He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior
to the Civil Power.
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction
foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving
his Assent to their acts of pretended legislation:
For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
350 Declaration of Independence
For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from Punishment for any
Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these
States:
For cutting off of Trade with all parts of the world:
For imposing taxes on us without our Consent:
For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by Jury:
For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended offenses:
For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighboring
Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarg-
ing its Boundaries so as to render it at once an example and fit in-
strument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies:
For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws,
and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments:
For suspending our own Legislature, and declaring themselves in-
vested with Power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his
Protection and waging "War against us.
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns,
and destroyed the lives of our people.
He is at this time transporting large armies of foreign mercena-
ries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already
begun with circumstances of Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in
the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civil-
ized nation.
He has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive on the high
Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners
of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands.
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeav-
oured to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless
Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an undistinguished
destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions.
In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Re-
dress in the most humble terms: Our repeated Petitions have been
answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose character is
thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be
the ruler of a free People.
Declaration of Independence 351
Nor have We been wanting in attention to our British brethren.
We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legis-
lature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have
reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settle-
ment here. We have appealed to their native justice and magna-
nimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our common kin-
dred to disavow these unsurpations, which would inevitably interrupt
our connection and correspondence. They too have been deaf to
the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, ac-
quiesce in the necessity, which denounces our Separation, and hold
them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace
Friends.
We, therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America,
in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of
the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the Name, and by
Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish
and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to
be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all
Allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection
between them and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be
totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they
have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances,
establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which Inde-
pendent States may of right do. And for the support of this Decla-
ration, with a firm reliance on the Protection of Divine Providence,
we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes and our
sacred Honor. JOHN HANCOCK.
New Hampshire — Josiah Bartlett, Wm. Whipple, Matthew
Thornton.
Massachusetts Bay — Saml. Adams, John Adams, Robt. Tkeat
Paine, Elbridge Gerry.
Rhode Island — Step. Hopkins, William Ellert.
Connecticut — Rodger Sherman, Sam'el Huntington, Wm. Will-
iams, Oliver Wolcott.
New York — Wm. Floyd, Phil. Livingston, Frans. Lewis, Lewis
Morris.
New Jersey — Richd. Stockton, Jno. Witherspoon, Fras. Hopkin-
son, John Hart, Abra. Clark.
352 Declaration of Independence
Pennsylvania— Robt. Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benja. Franklin,
John Morton, Geo. Clymer, Jas. Smith, Geo. Taylor, James Wilson,
Geo. Ross.
Delaware — Caesar Rodney, Geo. Read, Tho. M'Kean.
Maryland— Samuel Chase, Wm. Paca, Thos. Stone, Charles Car-
roll of Carrollton.
.Virginia — George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Th. Jefferson,
Benja. Harrison, Thos. Nelson, Jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter
Braxton.
North Carolina — Wm. Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn.
South Carolina — Edward Rutledge, Thos. Heywood, junr.,
Thomas Lynch, junr., Arthur Middleton.
Georgia — Button Gwinnett, Lyman Hall, Geo. Walton.*
* This arrangement of the names is made for convenience. The States are
not mentioned in the original.
PART XI.
CONSTITUTIONS.
1. Constitution" of the United States.
2. Constitution of North Carolina.
3. Index to the Constitution of North Carolina.
23 I 353 ]
CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.
We, the People of the United States, in order to form a more per-
fect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquillity, provide
for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure
the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain
and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
Article I.
Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested
in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate
and House of Representatives.
Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of
Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several
States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications
requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the Stats
Legislature.
No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained
to the Age of twenty-five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of
the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabi-
tant of that State in which he shall be chosen.
Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the
several States which may be included within this Union, according
to their respective numbers, which shall be determined by adding
to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to
Service for a Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three
fifths of all other Persons. The actual Enumeration shall be made
within three Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the
United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in
such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The number of Repre-
sentatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each
State shall have at Least one Representative; and until such enum-
eration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be entitled
to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode Island and Providence
Plantations one, Connecticut five, New York six, New Jersey four,
Pennsylvania eight, Delaware one, Maryland six, Virginia ten,
North Carolina five, South Carolina five, and Georgia three.
[ 355 ]
356 Constitution of the United States
When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the
Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such
vacancies.
The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other
Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.
Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of
two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof, for
six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.
Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the
first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three
Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated
at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the
Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expira-
tion of the sixth Year, so that one third may be chosen every second
Year; and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during
the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof
may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the
Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.
No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the
Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United
States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that
State for which he shall be chosen.
The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the
Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.
The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President
pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall
exercise the Office of President of the United States.
The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments.
When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation.
When the President of the United States is tried the Chief Justice
shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Con-
currence of two thirds of the Members present.
Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend further than
to removal from Office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any
Office of honor, Trust or Profit under the United States: but the
Party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to Indict-
ment, Trial, Judgment and Punishment, according to law.
Constitution of the United States 357
Section 4. The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections
for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State
by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by
Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of
chusing Senators.
The Congress shall assemble at least once in every Year, and such
Meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall
by Law appoint a different Day.
Section 5. Each House shall be the Judge of the Elections, Re-
turns and Qualifications of its own Members, and a Majority of each
shall constitute a Quorum to do Business; but a smaller Number
may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel the
Attendance of absent Members, in such Manner, and under such
Penalties as each House may provide.
Each House may determine the Rules of its Proceedings, Punish
its Members for disorderly Behaviour, and, with the Concurrence of
two thirds, expel a member.
Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings, and from time
to time publish the same, excepting such Parts as may in their Judg-
ment require Secrecy; and the Yeas and Nays of the Members of
either House on any question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those
Present, be entered on the Journal.
Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall, without the
Consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any
other Place than that in which the two Houses shall bo sitting.
Section 6. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a Com-
pensation for their Services, to be ascertained by Law, and paid out
of the Treasury of the United States. They shall in all Cases, ex-
cept Treason, Felony and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from
Arrest during their Attendance at the Session of their respective
Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and for any
Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not be questioned in
any other Place.
No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he
was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of
the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments
whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no Person
holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of
either House during his Continuance in Office.
358 Constitution of the United States
Section 7. All Bills for raising Revenue shall originate in the
House of Representatives; but the Senate may propose or concur
with Amendments as on other Bills.
Every Bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives
and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a Law, be presented to the
President of the United States; If he approve he shall sign it, but
if not he shall return it, with his Objections, to that House in which
it shall have originated, who shall enter the [Objections at large on
their Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If lafter such Reconsid-
eration two thirds of that, House shall agree to pass the Bill, it shall
be sent, together with the Objections, to the other House, by which
it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two thirds of
that House, it shall become a law. But in all such Cases the Votes
of both Houses shall be determined by Yeas and Nays, and the
Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shaH bo en-
tered on the Journal of each House respectively. If any Bill shall
not be returned by the President within ten Days (Sundays ex-
cepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be
a Law, in like manner as if he had signed it unless the Congress by
their Adjournment prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not
be a Law.
Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the Concurrence of the
Senate and House of Representatives may be necessary (except on
a question of Adjournment) shall be presented to the President of
the United States; and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be
approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by
two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives according to
the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the Case of a Bill.
Section 8. The Congress shall have the Power To lay and collect
Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises,' to pay the Debts and provide for
the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but
all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the
United States;
To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;
To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the sev-
eral States, and with the Indian Tribes;
To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform
Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;
Constitution of the United States 359
To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin,
and to fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;
To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the securities
and current Coin of the United States;
To establish Post Offices and post Roads;
To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing
for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Rights to
their respective Writings and Discoveries;
To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;
To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high
Seas, and Offences against the Law of Nations;
To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make
Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;
To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to
that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;
To provide and maintain a Navy;
To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land
and naval Forces;
To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the
Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;
To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia,
and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the
Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively,
the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the
Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over
such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of
particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat
of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Author-
ity over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of
the State in which the same shall be, for the Erection of Forts,
Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings; —
And
To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carry-
ing into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested
by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in
any Department or Officer thereof.
360 Constitution of the United States
.Section- 9. The Migration or Importation of such Persons as any
of the States now existing shall think proper to admit, shall not be
prohibited by the Congress prior to the Year one thousand eight
hundred and eight, but a Tax or duty may be imposed on such Im-
portation, not exceeding ten dollars for each Person.
The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not be sus-
pended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or Invasion the public
Safety may require it.
No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be passed.
No Capitation, or ether direct Tax, should be laid, unless in Pro-
portion to the Census or Enumeration hereinbefore directed to be
taken.
No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported from any State.
No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of Commerce or
Revenue to the Forts of one State over those of another; nor shall
Vessels bound to, or from, one State, be obliged to enter, clear, or
pay Duties in another.
No money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in Consequence
of Appropriations made by Law; and a regular Statement and Ac-
count of the Receipts and Expenditures of all public Money shall be
published from time to time.
No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States: and no
Persons holding any Office of Profit or Trust under them, shall, with-
out the Consent of the Congress, accept of any present. Emolument,
Office, or Title, of any kind whatever, from any King, Prince or for-
eign State.
Section 10. No State shall enter into any Treaty, Alliance, or
Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal; coin Money;
emit BiHs of Credit; make any thing but gold and silver Coin a
Tender in Payment of Debts; pass any Bill of Attainder ex post
facto Law or Law impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant
any Title of Nobility.
No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress, lay any Im-
posts or Duties on Imports or Exports except what may be absolutely
necessary for executing its inspection Laws; and the net Produce
of all Duties and Imposts, laid by any State on Imports or Exports,
shall be for the Use of the Treasury of the United States; and all
such Laws shall be subject to the Revision and Control of the Con
gress.
Constitution of the United States 361
No State shall, without the Consent rf Congress, lay any Duty of
Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time of Peace, enter into
any Agreement or Compact with another State, or with a foreign
Power, or engage in War, unless actually invaded, or in such immi-
nent Danger as will not admit of Delay.
Article II.
Section 1. The executive Power shall be vested in a President of
the United States of America. He shall hold his Office during the
Term of four Years, and, together with the Vice President, chosen
for the same Term, be elected, as follows:
Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the Legislature there-
of 'may direct, a Number of Electors, equal to the whole Number of
Senators and Representatives to which the State may be entitled in
the Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person holding
an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States, shall be ap-
pointed an Elector.
The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by
Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least shall not be an Inhab-
itant of the same State with themselves. And they shall make a List
of all the Persons voted for, and of the Number of Votes for each;
which List they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the
Seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the Presi-
dent of the Senate. The President of the Senate, shall, in the
Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the
Certificates, and the Votes shall then be counted. The Person hav-
ing the greatest Number of Votes shall be the President, if such
Number be a Majority of the whole Number of Electors appointed;
and if there be more than one who have such Majority, and have an
equal Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall
immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President; and if no
Person have a Majority, then from the five highest on the List the
said House shall in like manner chuse the President. But in chusing
the President, the Votes shall be taken by States, the Representation
from each State having one Vote; A quorum for this Purpose shall
consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the States, and
a Majority of all the States shall be necessary to a Choice. In every
Case, after the Choice of the President, the Person having the great-
est Number of Votes of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But
362 Constitution of the United 'States
if there should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the Senate
shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice President.
The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the Electors,
and the Day on which they shall give their Votes; which Day shall
be the same throughout the United States.
No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen of the
United States, at the time of the Adoption of this Constitution, shall
be eligible to the Office of President; neither shall any Person be
eligible to that Office who shall not have attained to the Age of
thirty-five Years, and been fourteen Years a Resident within the
United States.
In Case of the Removal of the President from Office, or of his
Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the Powers and Duties
of the said Office, the Same shall devolve on the Vice President,
and the Congress may by Law provide for the Case of Removal,
Death, Resignation or Inability, both of the President and Vice
President, declaring what Officer shall then act as President and
such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be removed,
or a President shall be elected.
The President shall at stated Times, receive for his Services, a
Compensation, which shall neither be Increased nor diminished dur-
ing the Period for which he shall have been elected, and he shall not
receive within that Period any other Emolument from the United
States, or any of them.
Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he shall take the
following Oath or Affirmation: —
"I do solemnly swear (on- affirm) that I will faithfully execute the
Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my
Ability, preserve, protect, and defend the Constitution of the United
States."
Section 2. The President shall be Commander in Chief of the
Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the sev-
eral States, when called into the actual Service of the United States;
he may require the Opinion, in writing, of the principal Officer in
each of the executive Departments, upon any Subject relating to the
Duties of their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant
Reprieves and Pardons for Offences against the United States, except
in Cases of Impeachment.
Constitution of the United States 363
He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and Consent of the
Senate, to make Treaties, provided two thirds of the Senators
present concur; and he shall nominate, and by and with the Advice
and Consent of the Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public
Ministers and Consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other
Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not herein
otherwise provided for, and which shall be established by Law; but
the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior
Officers, as they think proper, in the President alone, in the Courts
of Law, or in the Heads of Departments.
The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may
happen during the Recess of the Senate, by granting Commissions
which shall expire at the End of their next Session.
Section. 3. He shall from time to time give to the Congress Infor-
mation of the State of the Union, and recommend to their Consider-
ation such Measures as he shall judge necessary and expedient; he
may, on extraordinary Occasions, convene both Houses, or either
of them, and in Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to
the Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time as he
shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and other public
Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be faithfully executed,
and shall Commission all the Officers of the United States.
Section. 4. The President. Vice president and all civil Officers of
the United States, shall be removed from Office on Impeachment for,
and Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Mis-
demeanors.
Article III.
Section. 1. The Judicial Power of the United States, shall be
vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the
Congress may from time to time ordain and establish. The Judges,
both of the supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their Offices dur-
ing good Behavior, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their
Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished during
their continuance in Office.
Section. 2. The judicial Power shall extend to all Cases, in Law
and Equity, arising under this Constitution, the Laws of the United
States, and treaties made, or which shall be made, under their Au-
thority;— to all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers
and Consuls; — to all Cases of admiralty and maritime Jurisdiction;
364 Constitution of the United States
— to Controversies to which the United States shall be a Party; — to
Controversies between two or more States; — between a State and
Citizens of another State; — between Citizens of different States, —
between Citizens of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of
different States, and between a State, or the Citizens thereof, and
foreign States, Citizens, or Subjects.
In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and
Consuls, and those in which a State shall be a Party, the supreme
Court shall have original Jurisdiction. In all the other Cases before
mentioned the Supreme Court shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both
as to Law and Pact, with such Exceptions, and under such regula-
tion as the Congress shall make.
The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of Impeachment, shall be
by Jury; and* such Trial shall be held in the State where the said
Crimes shall have been committed; but when not committed within
any State, the Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress
may by Law have directed.
Section. 3. Treason against the United States, shall consist only
in levying War against them, or in adhering to their Enemies, giving
them Aid and Comfort. No Person shall be convicted of Treason
unless on the Testimony of two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or
on Confession in open Court.
The Congress shall have Power to declare the Punishment of
Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall work Corruption of
Blood or Forfeiture except during the Life of the Person attainted.
i
Article IV.
Section. 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in each State to
the public Acts, Records, and judicial Proceedings of every other
State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe the Man-
ner in which such Acts, records and Proceedings shall be proved,
and the effect thereof.
Section. 2. The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all
Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States.
A person charged in any State with Treason, Felony, or other
Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found in another State
shall on Demand of the executive Authority of the State from which
he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having Jurisdic-
tion of the Crime.
Constitution of the United States 365
No Person held to Service or Labour in one State, under the Laws
thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any Law, or
Regulation therein, be discharged from such Service or Labour, but
shall be delivered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Serv-
ice or Labour may be due.
Section. 3. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this
Union; but no new State shall be formed or erected within the
Jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State be formed by the
Junction of two or more States, or Parts of States, without the Con-
sent of the Legislatures of the States concerned as well as of the
Congress.
The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all need-
ful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property
belonging to the United States; and nothing in this Constitution
shall be so construed as to Prejudice any Claims of the United
States, or any particular State.
Section. 4. The United States shall guarantee to every State in
this Union a Republican Form of Government, and shall protect each
of them against Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or
of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened) against
domestic Violence.
Article V.
The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses shall deem it
necessary, shall propose Amendments to this Constitution, or, on the
Application of the Legislature of two thirds of the several States,
shall call a Convention for proposing Amendments, which, in either
case, shall be valid to all Intents and Purposes as part of this Con-
stitution, when ratified by the Legislature of three fourths of the
several States, or by Conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one
or the other Mode of Ratification may be proposed by the Congress;
Provided that no Amendment which may be made prior to the Year
one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner affect
the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of the first Article;
and that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal
Suffrage in the Senate.
• Article VI.
All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into, before the
Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid against the United
States under this Constitution, as under the Confederation.
366 Constitution of the United States
This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States which shall
be made in Pursuance thereof; and all Treaties made, or which shall
be made, under the Authority of the United States, shall be the
supreme Law of the land; and the Judges in every State shall be
bound thereby, any thing in the Constitution or laws of any State
to the Contrary notwithstanding.
The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the Mem-
bers of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial
Officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall
be bound by Oath or Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but
no religious Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any
Office or public Trust under the United States.
Article VII.
The Ratification of the Convention of nine States, shall be suf-
ficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States
so ratifying the Same.
THE AMENDMENTS
I.
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of re-
ligion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof, or abridging the free-
dom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably
to assemble, and to petition the Government for redress of griev-
ances.
II.
A well-regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free
State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be
infringed.
III.
No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house, with-
out the consent of the Owner, nor in time of war, but in a manner to
be prescribed by law.
IV.
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses,
papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall
not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable
cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing
the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
Constitution of the United States 367
V.
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise in-
famous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand
Jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the
Militia, when in actual service in time of War or public danger;
nor shall any person be subject for the same offence to be twice put
in jeopardy of life or limb; nor shall be compelled in any Criminal
Case to be witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty,
or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property
be taken for public use, without just compensation.
VI.
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a
speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district
wherein the crime shall have' been committed, which district shall
have been previously ascertained by law, and to be informed of the
nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the wit-
nesses against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining Wit-
nesses in his favor, and to have the Assistance of Counsel for his
defence.
VII.
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall ex-
ceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and
no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any Court
of the United States, than according to the rules of the common law.
VIII.
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed,
nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
IX
The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not
be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.
X.
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Consitution
nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respec-
tively, or to the people.
368 Constitution of the United States
XI.
The Judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to
extend to any suit in law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against
one of the United States by Citizens of another State, or by Citizens
or Subjects of any Foreign State.
XII.
The Electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by
ballot for President and Vice-President, one of whom, at least, shall
not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves; they shall
name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in dis-
tinct ballots the person voted for as Vice-President, and they shall
make distinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all
persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of votes for
each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to
the seat of the government of the United States, directed to the
President of the Senate; — The President of the Senate shall, in the
presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the
certificates and the votes shall then be counted; — The person having
the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President,
if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors ap-
pointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the per-
sons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of
those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall
choose immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the
President, the vote shall be taken by States, the representation from
each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose shall consist
of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a ma-
jority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the
House of Representatives shall not choose a President whenever
the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth day
of March next following, then the Vice-President shall act as Presi-
dent, as in the case of the death or other constitutional disability of
the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as
Vice-President shall be Vice-President, if such number be a ma-
jority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person
have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the
Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the purpose
shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a
Constitution of the United States
majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But
no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall
be eligible to that of Vice-President of the United States.
XIII.
Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a
punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly con-
victed, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to
their jurisdiction.
Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
XIV.
Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States,
and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United
States and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make
or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities
of citizens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any per-
son of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor
deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of
the laws.
Section. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several
States according to their respective numbers, counting the whole
number of persons in each State, excluding Indians not taxed. But
when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for
President and Vice-President of the United States, Representatives
in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State, or the
members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any of the male in-
habitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and citizens
of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation
in rebellion, or other crime, the basis. of representation therein shall
be reduced in the proportion which the number of such male citi-
zens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one
years of age in such State.
Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Con-
gress, or elector of President and Vice-President, or hold any office,
civil or military, under the United States, or under any State, who
having previously taken an oath as a member of Congress, or as an
officer of the United States, or as a member of any State Legislature
or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the
24
370 Constitution of the United States
Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection
or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort to the enemies
thereof. But Congress may by a vote of two-thirds of each House
remove such disability.
Section. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States,
authorized by law, including debts incurred for payment of pensions
and bounties for services in suppressing insurrection or rebellion,
shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State
shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aM of insur-
rection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the
loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obligations and
claims shall be held illegal and void.
Section 5. The Congress shall have power to enforce, by appro-
priate legislation, the provisions of this article.
XV.
Section 1. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote
shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any
State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article
by appropriate legislation.
XVI.
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes,
from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the
several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.
XVII.
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators
from each State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and
each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each State shall
have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous
branch of the State Legislatures.
When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the
Senate, the executive authority of such State shall issue writs of
election to fill such vacancies: Provided, That the Legislature of
any State may empower the executive thereof to make temporary
appointments until the people fill the vacancies by election as the
Legislature may direct.
Constitution of the United States 371
XVIII.
Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this article the
manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within,
the importation thereof into, the exportation thereof from the
United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof
for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.
Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall have con-
current power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
XIX.
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be
denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account
of sex.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate
legislation.
ratification of the constitution.
The Constitution was ratified by the thirteen original States in
the following order:
Delaware, December 7, 1787; Pennsylvania, December 12, 1787;
New Jersey, December IS, 1787; Georgia, January 2, 1789; Connecti-
cut, January 9, 1788; Massachusetts, February 6, 1788; Maryland,
April 28, 17S8; South Carolina, May 23, 1788; New Hampshire, June
21, 1788; Virginia, June 25, 1788; New York, July 26, 1788; North
Carolina, November 21, 1789; Rhode Island, May 29, 1790.
ratification of the amendments.
The First to Tenth, inclusive, were declared in force December 15,
1781; the Eleventh, January 8, 1798; the Twelfth, September 25,
1804; the Thirteenth was proclaimed December 18, 1865; the Four-
teenth, July 28, 1868; the Fifteenth, March 30, 1870; the Sixteenth,
February 25, 1913; the Seventeenth, May 30, 1913; the Eighteenth,
January 29, 1919; the Nineteenth, August 26, 1920.
CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA.
(revised.)
PREAMBLE.
We, the people of the State of North Carolina, grateful to Almighty-
God, the Sovereign Ruler of Nations, for the preservation of the
American Union, and the existence of our civil, political and re-
ligious liberties, and acknowledging our dependence upon Him
for the continuance of those blessings to us and our posterity,
do for the more certain security thereof, and for the better
government of this State, ordain and establish this Constitution:
ARTICLE I.
DECLARATION OF RIGHTS.
That the great, general and essential principles of liberty and
free government may be recognized and established, and that the
relations of this State to the Union and Government of the United
States, and those of the people of this State to the rest of the
American people, may be defined and affirmed we do declare:
Section 1. That we hold it to be self-evident that all men are
created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with cer-
tain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, the
enjoyment of the fruits of their own labor, and the pursuit of
happiness.
Sec. 2. That all political power is vested in, and derived from,
the people; all government of right originates from the people, is
founded upon their will only, and is instituted solely for the good
of the whole.
Sec. 3. That the people of this State have the inherent, sole
and exclusive right of regulating the internal government and
police thereof, and of altering and abolishing their Constitution
and form of government whenever it may be necessary for their
safety and happiness; but every such right should be exercised
in pursuance of law, and consistently with the Constitution of the
United States.
Sec. 4. That this State shall ever remain a member of the
American Union; that the people thereof are a part of the Ameri-
can Nation; that there is no right on the part of the State to
[372]
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 373
secede, and that all attempts, from whatever source or upon what-
ever pretext, to dissolve said Union or to sever said Nation, ought
to be resisted with the whole power of the State.
Sec. 5. That every citizen of this State owes paramount alle-
giance to the Constitution and government of the United States,
and that no law or ordinance of the State in contravention or
subversion thereof can have any binding force.
Sec. 6. The State shall never assume or pay, or authorize the
collection of any debt or obligation, express or implied, incurred
in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or
any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; nor shall the
General Assembly assume or pay, or authorize the collection of
any tax to pay, either directly or indirectly, expressed or implied,
any debt or bond incurred or issued by authority of the convention
of the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty eight, nor any
debt or bond incurred or issued by the Legislature of the year
one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight, either at its special
session of the year one thousand eight hundred and sixty-eight,
or at its regular sessions of the years one thousand eight hundred
and sixty-eight, and one thousand eight bunded and sixty-nine,
and one thousand eight hundred and seventy, except the bonds
issued to fund the interest on the old debt of the State, unless
the proposing to pay the same shall have first been submitted
to the people and by them ratified by the vote of the majority of
all the qualified voters of the State, at a regular election held for
that purpose.
Sec. 7. No man or set of men are entitled to exclusive or
separate emoluments or privileges from the community but in
consideration of public services.
Sec. 8. The legislative, executive and supreme judicial powers
of the government ought to be forever separate and distinct from
each other.
Sec. 9. All power of suspending laws, or the execution of laws,
by any authority, without the .consent of the representatives of
the people, is injurious to their rights, and ought not to be exer-
cised.
Sec. 10. All elections ought to he free.
Sec. 11. In all criminal prosecutions, every man has the right
to be informed of the accusation against him and to confront the
374 Constitution of the State of North Carolina
accusers and witnesses with, other testimony, and to have counsel
for his defense, and not to be compelled to give evidence against
himself, or to pay costs, jail fees, or necessary witness fees of the
defense, unless found guilty.
Sec. 12. No person shall be put to answer any criminal charge,
except as hereinafter allowed, but by indictment, presentment or
impeachment.
Sec. 13. No person shall be convicted of any crime but by the
unanimous verdict of a jury of good and lawful men in open court.
The Legislature may, however, provide other means of trial for
petty misdemeanors, with the right of appeal.
Sec. 14. Excessive bail should not be required, nor excessive
fines imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishments inflicted.
Sec. 15. General warrants, whereby any officer or messenger
may be commanded to search suspected places, without evidence
of the act committed, or to seize any person or persons not named,
whose offense is not particularly described and supported by evi-
dence, are dangerous to liberty and ought not to be granted.
Sec. 16. There shall be no imprisonment for debt in this State,
except in cases of fraud.
Sec. 17. No person ought to be taken, imprisoned, or disseized
of his freehold, liberties or privileges, or outlawed or exiled, or in
any manner deprived of his life, liberty or property but by the
law of the land.
Sec. 18. Every person restrained of his liberty is entitled to a
remedy to inquire into the lawfulness thereof, and to remove the
same, if unlawful; and such remedy ought not to be denied or
delayed.
Sec. 19. In all controversies at law respecting property, the
ancient mode of trial by jury is one of the best securities of the
rights of the people, and ought to remain sacred and inviolable.
Sec. 20. The freedom of the press is one of the great bulwarks
of liberty, and therefore ought never to be restrained, but every
individual shall be held responsible for the abuse of the same.
Sec. 21. The privileges of the writ of liabeas corpus shall not be
suspended.
Sec. 22. As political rights and privileges are not dependent upon,
or modified by, property, therefore no property qualification ought
to affect the right to vote or hold office.
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 375
Sec. 23. The people of the State ought not to be taxed, or made
subject to the payment of any impost or duty, without the con-
sent of themselves, or their representatives in General Assembly,
freely given.
Sec. 24. A well regulated militia being necessary to the security
of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms
shall not be infringed; and, as standing armies in time of p^aeo
are dangerous to liberty, they ought not to be kept up, and tho
military should be kept under strict subordination to, and gov-
erned by, the civil power. Nothing herein contained shall justify
the practice of carrying concealed weapons, or prevent the Legis-
lature from enacting penal statutes against said practice.
Sec. 25. The people have a right to assemble together to con-
sult for their common good, to instruct their representatives, and
to apply to the Legislature for redress of grievances. But secret
political societies are dangerous to the liberties of a free people,
and should not be tolerated.
Sec. 26. All men have a natural and inalienable right to worship
Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences,
and no human authority should, in any case whatever, control or
interfere with the rights of conscience.
Sec. 27. The people have the right to the privilege of education,
and it is the duty of the State to guard and maintain that right.
Sec. 28. For redress of grievances, and for amending and strength-
ening the laws, elections should be often held.
Sec. 29. A frequent recurrence to fundamental principles is abso-
lutely necessary to preserve the blessings of liberty.
Sec. 30. No hereditary emoluments, privileges or honors ought
to be granted or conferred in this State.
Sec. 31. Perpetuities and monopolies are contrary to the genius
of a free State and ought not to be allowed.
Sec. 32. Retrospective laws, punishing acts committed before
the existence of such laws, and by them only declared criminal,
are oppressive, unjust and incompatible with liberty; wherefore
no ex post facto law ought to be made. No law taxing retrospec
tively sales, purchases, or other acts previously done, ought to be
passed.
376 Constitution of the State of North Carolina
Sec. 33. Slavery and involuntary servitude, otherwise than for
crime, whereof the parties shall have been duly convicted, shall be
and are hereby forever prohibited within the State.
Sec. 34. The limits and boundaries of the State shall be and
remain as they now are.
Sec. 35. All courts shall be open; and every person for an injury
done him in his lands, goods, person or reputation, shall have
remedy by due course of law, and right and justice administered
without sale, denial or delay.
Sec. 36. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any
house without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war but
in a manner prescribed by law.
Sec. 37. This enumeration of rights shall not be construed to
impair or deny others retained by the people; and all powers not
herein delegated remain with the people.
ARTICLE II.
LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT.
Section 1. The legislative authority shall be vested in two dis-
tinct branches, both dependent on the people, to wit, a Senate and
House of Representatives.
Sec. 2. The Senate and House of Representatives shall meet
biennially on the first Wednesday after the first Monday in Janu-
ary next after their election; and, when assembled, shall be denomi-
nated the General Assembly. Neither house shall proceed upon
public business unless a majority of all the members are actually
present.
Sec. 3. The Senate shall be composed of fifty Senators, biennially
chosen by ballot.
Sec. 4. The Senate Districts shall be so altered by the General
Assembly, at the first session after the return of every enumera-
tion by order of Congress, that each Senate District shall contain,
as near as may be, an equal number of inhabitants, excluding
aliens and Indians not taxed, and shall remain unaltered until
the return of another enumeration and shall at all times consist
of contiguous territory; and no county shall be divided in the
formation of a Senate District, unless such county shaall be equit-
ably entitled to two or more Senators.
CONSTITUTION' OF THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA 377
Sec. 5. The House of Representatives shall be composed of one
hundred and twenty Representatives, biennially chosen by ballot,
to be elected by the counties respectively, according to their popu-
lation, and each county shall have at least one Representative in
the House of Representatives, although it may not contain the
requisite ratio of representation; this apportionment shall be
made by the General Assembly at the respective times and periods
when the districts of the Senate are hereinbefore directed to be
laid off.
Sec. 6. In making the apportionment in the House of Repre-
sentatives, the ratio of representation shall be ascertained by
dividing the amount of the population of the State, exclusive of
that comprehended within those counties which do not severally
contain the one hundred and twentieth part of the population of
the State, by the number of Representatives, less the number
assigned to such counties; and in ascertaining the number of the
population of the State, aliens and Indians not taxed shall not be
included. To each county containing the said ratio and not twice
the said ratio there shall be assigned one Representative; to each
county containing two but not three times the said ratio there
shall be assigned two Representatives, and so on progressively,
and then the remaining Representatives shall be assigned sever-
ally to the counties having the largest fractions.
Sec. 7. Each member of the Senate shall not be less than twenty-
five years of age, shall have resided in the State as a citizen two
years, and shall have usually resided in the district for which he
is chosen one year immediately preceding his election.
Sec. 8. Each member of the House of Representatives shall be
a qualified elector of the State, and shall have resided in the
county for which he is chosen for one year immediately preceding
his election.
Sec. 9. In the election of all officers, whose appointment shall
be conferred upon the General Assembly by the Constitution, the
vote shall be viva voce.
Sec. 10. The General Assembly shall have the power to pass
general laws regulating divorce and alimony, but shall not have
power to grant a divorce or secure alimony in any individual case.
Sec. 11. The General Assembly shall not have power to pass
any private law to alter the name of any person, or to legitimate
37S Constitution of the State of North Carolina
any person not born in lawful wedlock, or to restore to the rights
of citizenship any person convicted of an infamous crime, but shall
have power to pass general laws regulating the same.
Sec. 12. The General Assembly shall not pass any private law,
unless it shall be made to appear that thirty days' notice of appli-
cation to pass such a law shall have been given, under such direc-
tion and in such manner as shall be provided by law.
Sec. 13. If vacancies shall occur in the General Assembly by
death, resignation or otherwise, writs of election shall be issued
by the Governor under such regulations as may be prescribed by
law.
Sec. 14. No law shall be passed to raise money on the credit
of the State, or to pledge the faith of the State, directly or in-
directly, for the payment of any debt, or to impose any tax upon
the people of the State, or allow the counties, cities or towns to
do so, unless the bill for the purpose shall have been read three
several times in each House of the General Assembly and passed
three several readings, which readings shall have been on three
different days, and agreed to by each House respectively, and
unless the yeas and nays on the second and third readings of the
bill shall have been entered on the journal.
Sec. 15. The General Assembly shall regulate entails in such
manner as to prevent perpetuities.
Sec. 16. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings,
which shall be printed and made public immediately after the
adjournment of the General Assembly.
Sec. 17. Any member of either House may dissent from and
protest against any act or resolve which he may think injurious
to the public, or any individual, and have the reasons of his dis-
sent entered on the journal.
Sec. 18. The House of Representatives shall choose their own
Speaker and other officers.
Sec. 19. The Lieutenant-Governor shall preside in the Senate, but
shall have no vote unless it may be equally divided.
Sec. 20. The Senate shall choose its other officers and also a
Speaker {pro tempore) in the absence of the Lieutenant-Gov-
ernor, or when he shall exercise the office of Governor.
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 379
Sec. 21. The style of the acts shall be: "The General Assembly
of North Carolina do enact."
Sec. 22. Each House shall be judge of the qualifications and
election of its own members, shall sit upon its own adjournment
from day to day, prepare bills to be passed into laws; and the two
Houses may also jointly adjourn to any future day or other place.
Sec. 23. All bills and resolutions of a legislative nature shall
be read three times in each House before they pass into laws, and
shall be signed by the presiding officers of both Houses.
Sec. 24. Each member of the General Assembly, before taking
his seat, shall take an oath or affirmation that he will support the
Constitution and laws of the United States, and the Constitution
of the State of North Carolina, and will faithfully discharge his
duty as a member of the Senate or House of Representatives.
Sec. 25. The terms of office for Senators and members of the
House of Representatives shall commence at the time of their
election.
Sec 26. Upon motion made and seconded in either House by
one-fifth of the members present, the yeas and nays upon any
question shall be taken and entered upon the journals.
Sec. 27. The election for members of the General Assembly
shall be held for the respective districts and counties, at the places
where they are now held, or may be directed hereafter to be held,
in such manner as may be prescribed by law, on the first Thursday
in August, in the year one thousand eight hundred and seventy,
and every two years thereafter. But the General Assembly may
change the time of holding the elections.
Sec. 28. The members of the General Assembly for the term
for which they have been elected shall receive as a compensation
for their services the sum of four dollars per day for each day of
their session, for a period not exceeding sixty days; and should
they remain longer in session they shall serve without compensa-
tion. They shall also be entitled to receive ten cents per mile,
both while coming to the seat of government and while return-
ing home, the said distance to be computed by the nearest line
or route of public travel. The compensation of the presiding
officers of the two Houses shall be six dollars per day and mileage.
Should an extra session of the General Assembly be called, the
380 Constitution of the State of North Carolina
members and presiding officers shall receive a like rate of com-
pensation for a period of not exceeding twenty days.
Sec. 29. The General Assembly shall not pass any local, pri-
vate, or special act or resolution relating to the establishment of
courts inferior to the Superior Court; relating to the appointment
of justices of the peace; relating to health, sanitation, and the
abatement of nuisances; changing the names of cities, towns and
townships; authorizing the laying out, opening, altering main-
taining, or discontinuing of highways, streets, or alleys; relating
to ferries or bridges; relating to non-navigable streams; relating to
cemeteries; relating to the pay of jurors; erecting new townships,
or changing township lines, or establishing or changing the lines of
school districts; remitting fines, penalties, and forfeitures, or re-
funding moneys legally paid into the public treasury; regulating
labor, trade, mining, or manufacturing; extending the time for
the assessment or collection of taxes or otherwise relieving any
collector of taxes from the due performance of his official duties
or his sureties from liability; giving effect to informal wills and
deeds; nor shall the General Assembly enact any such local, pri-
vate or special act by the partial repeal of a general law, but the
General Assembly may at any time repeal local, private, or special
laws enacted by it. Any local, private, or special act or resolution
passed in violation of the provisions of this section shall be void.
The General Assembly shall have power to pass general laws
regulating matters set out in this section.
ARTICLE III.
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT.
Section 1. The Executive Department shall consist of a Gov-
ernor, in whom shall be vested the supreme executive power of
the State, a Lieutenant-Governor, a Secretary of State, an Au-
ditor, a Treasurer, a Superintendent of Public Instruction, and an
Attorney-General, who shall be elected for a term of four years
by the qualified electors of the State, at the same time and places
and in the same manner as members of the General Assembly are
elected. Their term of office shall commence on the first day of
January next after their election, and continue until their suc-
cessors are elected and qualified: Provided, that the officers first
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 381
elected shall assume the duties of their office ten days after the
approval of this Constitution by the Congress of the United States,
and shall hold their offices four years from and after the first day
of January.
Sec. 2. No person shall be eligible as Governor or Lieutenant-
Governor unless he shall have attained the age of thirty years,
shall have been a citizen of the United States five years, and shall
have been a resident of this State for two years next before the
election ; nor shall the person elected to either of these two offices
be eligible to the same office more than four years in any term of
eight years, unless the office shall have been cast upon him as
Lieutenant-Governor or President of the Senate.
Sec. 3. The returns of every election for officers of the Execu-
tive Department shall be sealed up and transmitted to the seat of
government by the returning officers, directed to the Speaker of
the House of Representatives, who shall open and publish the
same in the presence of a majority of the members of both Houses
of the General Assembly. The persons having the highest number
of votes respectively shall be declared duly elected; but if two or
more be equal and highest in votes for the same office, one of
them shall be chosen by joint ballot of both Houses of the Gen-
eral Assembly. Contested elections shall be determined by a joint
ballot of both Houses of the General Assembly in such manner
as shall be prescribed by law.
Sec. 4. The Governor, before entering upon the duties of his
office shall, in the presence of the members of both branches of
the General Assembly, or before any Justice of the Supreme Court,
take an oath or affirmation that he will support the Constitution
and laws of the United States, and of the State of North Carolina,
and that he will faithfully perform the duties appertaining to the
office of Governor, to which he has been elected.
Sec. 5. The Governor shall reside at the seat of government
of this State, and he shall, from time to time, give the General
Assembly information of the affairs of the State, and recommend
to their consideration such measures as he shall deem expedient.
Sec. 6. The Governor shall have power to grant reprieves, com-
mutations and pardons, after conviction, for all offenses (except
in cases of impeachment), upon such conditions as he may think
proper, subject to such regulations as may be provided by law
382 Constitution of the State of North Carolina
relative to the manner of applying for pardons. He shall biennially
communicate to the General Assembly each case of reprieve, com-
mutation or pardon granted, stating the name of each convict, the
crime for which he was convicted, the sentence and its date, the
date of the commutation, pardon or reprieve and the reasons
therefor.
Sec. 7. The officers of the Executive Department and of the
public institutions of the State shall, at least five days previous
to each regular session of the General Assembly, severally report
to the Governor, who shall transmit such reports with his mes-
sage to the General Assembly, and the Governor may, at any time,
require information in writing from the officers in the Executive
Department upon any subject relating to the duties of their
respective offices, and shall take care that the laws be faithfully
executed.
Sec. 8. The Governor shall be Commander in Chief of the mili-
tia of the State, except when they shall be called into the service
of the United States.
Sec. 9. The Governor shall have power, on extraordinary occa-
sions, by and with the advice of the Council of State, to convene
the General Assembly in extra session by his proclamation, stat-
ing therein the purpose or purposes for which they are thus
convened.
Sec. 10. The Governor shall nominate and, by and with the
advice and consent of a majority of the Senators-elect, appoint all
officers whose offices are established by this Constitution and whose
appointments are not otherwise provided for.
Sec. 11. The Lieutenant-Governor shall be President of the
Senate, but shall have no vote unless the Senate is equally divided.
He shall, whilst acting as President of the Senate, receive for his
services the same pay which shall, for the same period, be allowed
to the Speaker of the House of Representatives; and he shall
receive no other compensation except when he is acting as Gov-
ernor.
Sec. 12. In case of the impeachment of the Governor, his fail-
ure to qualify, his absence from the State, his inability to dis-
charge the duties of his office, or, in case the office of Governor
shall in any wise become vacant, the powers, duties and emolu-
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 3S3
ments of the office shall devolve upon the Lieutenant-Governor
until the disability shall cease or a new Governor shall be elected
and qualified. In every case in which the Lieutenant-Governor
shall be unable to preside over the Senate, the Senators shall elect
one of their own number President of their body; and the powers,
duties and emoluments of the office of Governor shall devolve
upon him whenever the Lieutenant-Governor shall, for any reason,
be prevented from discharging the duties of such office as above
provided, and he shall continue as acting Governor until the dis-
abilities are removed, or a new Governor or Lieutenant-Governor
shall be elected and qualified. Whenever, during the recess of the
General Assembly, it shall become necessary for the President of
the Senate to administer the government, the Secretary of State
shall convene the Senate, that they may select such President.
Sec. 13. The respective duties of the Secretary of State, Audi-
tor, Treasurer, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and Attor-
ney-General shall be prescribed by law. If the office of any of
said offices shall be vacated by death, resignation or otherwise,
it shall be the duty of the Governor to appoint another until the
disability be removed or his successor be elected and qualified.
Every such vacancy shall be filled by election at the first general
election that occurs more than thirty days after the vacancy has
taken place, and the persons chosen shall hold the office for the
remainder of the unexpired term fixed in the first section of this
article.
Sec. 14. The Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer, and Su-
perintendent of Public Instruction shall constitute, ex officio, the
Council of State, who shall advise the Governor in the execution
of his office; any three of them shall constitute a quorum. Their
advice and proceedings in this capacity shall be entered in a jour-
nal to be kept for this purpose exclusively, and signed by the
members present, from any part of which any member may enter
his dissent; and such journal shall be placed before the General
Assembly when called for by either House. The Attorney-Gen-
eral shall be, ex officio, the legal adviser of the Executive Depart-
ment.
Sec. 15. The officers mentioned in this article shall, at stated
periods, receive for their services a compensation to be estab-
lished by law, which shall neither be increased nor diminished
384 Constitution of the State of Nokth Carolina
during the time for which they shall have been elected, and the
said officers shall receive no other emolument or allowance what-
ever.
Sec. 16. There shall be a seal of the State, which shall be kept
by the Governor, and used by him as occasion may require, and
shall be called "The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina."
All grants and commissions shall be issued in the name and by
the authority of the State of North Carolina, sealed with "The
Great Seal of the State," signed by the Governor and counter-
signed by the Secretary of State.
Sec. 17. The General Assembly shall establish a Department
of Agriculture, Immigration and Statistics, under such regula-
tions as may best promote the agricultural interests of the State,
and shall enact laws for the adequate protection and encourage-
ment of sheep husbandry.
ARTICLE IV.
JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT.
Section 1. The distinction between actions at law and suits
in equity, and the forms of all such actions and suits, shall be
abolished; and there shall be in this State but one form of action
for the enforcement or protection of private rights or the redress
of private wrongs, which shall be denominated a civil action; and
every action prosecuted by the people of the State as a party
against a person charged with a public offense, for the punish-
ment of the same, shall be termed a criminal action. Feigned
issues shall also be abolished, and the fact at issue tried by order
of court before jury.
Sec. 2. The judicial power of the State shall be vested in a
Court for the trial of Impeachments, a Supreme Court, Superior
Courts, Courts of Justices of the Peace, and such other courts in-
ferior to the Supreme Court as may be established by law.
Sec. 3. The Court for the Trial of Impeachments shall be the
Senate. A majority of the members shall be necessary to a
quorum, and the judgment shall not extend beyond removal from
and disqualification to hold office in this State; but the party shall
be liable to indictment and punishment according to law.
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 385
Sec. 4. The House of Representatives solely shall have the
power of impeaching. No person shall be convicted without the
concurrence of two-thirds of the Senators present. When the
Governor is impeached, the Chief Justice shall preside.
Sec. 5. Treason against the State shall consist only in levying
war against it, or adhering to its enemies, giving them aid and
comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the
testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or on confession
in open court. No conviction of treason or attainder shall work
corruption of blood or forfeiture.
Sec 6. The Supreme Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and
four Associate Justices.
Sec. 7. The terms of the Supreme Court shall be held in the
city of Raleigh, as now, unless otherwise provided by the General
Assembly.
Sec. 8. The Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction to review,
upon appeal, any decision of the courts below, upon any matter
of law or legal inference. And the jurisdiction of said Court over
"issues of fact" and "questions of fact" shall be the same exer-
cised by it before the adoption of the Constitution of one thousand
eight hundred and sixty-eight, and the Court shall have the power
to issue any remedial writs necessary to give it a general super-
vision and control over the proceedings of the inferior courts.
Sec 9. The Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction to
hear claims against the State, but its decisions shall be merely
recommendatory; no process in the nature of execution shall issue
thereon; they shall be reported to the next session of the General
Assembly for its action.
Sec 10. The State shall be divided into nine judicial districts,
for each of which a judge shall be chosen, and there shall be held
a Superior Court in each county at least twice in each year, to
continue for such time in each county as may be prescribed by
law. But the General Assembly may reduce or increase the num-
ber of districts.
Sec 11. Every judge of the Superior Court shall reside in the
district for which he is elected. The judges shall preside in the
courts of the different districts successively, but no judge shall
hold the courts in the same district oftener than once in four
25
386 Constitution of the State of North Carolina
years; but in case of the protracted illness of the judge assigned
to preside in any district, or of any other unavoidable accident
to him, by reason of which he shall be unable to preside, the
Governor may require any judge to hold one or more specified
terms in said district, in lieu of the judge assigned to hold the
courts of the said district; and the General Assembly may by gen-
eral Jaws provide for the selection of special or emergency judges
to hold the Superior Courts of any county or district, when the
judge assigned thereto by reason of sickness, disability, or other
cause, is unable to attend and hold said court, and when no other
judge is available to hold the same. Such special or emergency
judges shall have the power and authority of regular judges of
the Superior Courts, in the courts which they are so appointed
to hold; and the General Assembly shall provide for their reason-
able compensation.
Sec. 12. The General Assembly shall have no power to deprive
the Judicial Department of any power or jurisdiction which right-
fully pertains to it as a coordinate department of the govern-
ment; but the General Assembly shall allot and distribute that
portion of this power and jurisdiction which does not pertain to
the Supreme Court among other courts prescribed by this Consti-
tution or which may be established by law, in such manner as it
may deem best; provide also a proper system of appeals, and
regulate by law, when necessary, the methods of proceeding in
the exercise of their powers of all the courts below the Supreme
Court, so far as the same may be done without conflict with other
provisions of this Constitution.
Sec. 13. In all issues of fact, joined in any court, the parties
may waive the right to have the same determined by a jury, in
which case the finding of the judge upon the facts shall have the
force and effect of a verdict by a jury.
Sec. 14. The General Assembly shall provide for the establish-
ment of special courts, for the trial of misdemeanors, in cities
and towns where the same may be necessary.
Sec. 15. The Clerk of the Supreme Court shall be appointed by
the Court, and shall hold his office for eight years.
Sec. 16. A Clerk of the Superior Court for each county shall
be elected by the qualified voters thereof, at the time and in the
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 387
manner prescribed by law for the election of members of the
General Assembly.
Sec. 17. Clerks of the Superior Courts shall hold their offices
for four years.
Sec. 18. The General Assembly shall prescribe and regulate
the fees, salaries, and emoluments of all officers provided for in
this article; but the salaries of the judges shall not be diminished
during their continuance in office.
Sec. 19. The laws of North Carolina, not repugnant to this
Constitution, or the Constitution and laws of the United States,
shall be in force until lawfully altered.
Sec. 20. Actions at law and suits in equity pending when this
Constitution shall go into effect shall be transferred to the courts
having jurisdiction thereof, without prejudice by reason of the
change; and all such actions and suits commenced before, and
pending the adoption by the General Assembly of the rules of
practice and procedure herein provided for, shall be heard and
determined according to the practice now in use, unless otherwise
provided for by said rules.
Sec. 21. The Justices of the Supreme Court shall be elected by
the qualified voters of the State, as is provided for the election of
members of the General Assembly. They shall hold their offices
for eight years. The judges of the Superior Courts, elected at
the first election under this amendment, shall be elected in like
manner as is provided for Justices of the Supreme Court, and
shall hold their offices for eight years. The General Assembly
may, from time to time, provide by law that the judges of the
Superior Courts, chosen at succeeding elections, instead of being
elected by the voters of the whole State, as is herein provided for,
shall be elected by the voters of their respective districts.
Sec. 22. The Superior Courts shall be at all times open for the
transaction of all business within their jurisdiction, except the
trial of issues of fact requiring a jury.
Sec. 23. A solicitor shall be elected for each judicial district,
by the qualified voters thereof, as is prescribed for members of
the General Assembly, who shall hold office for the term of four
years, and prosecute on behalf of the State, in all criminal actions
in the Superior Courts, and advise the officers of justice in his
district.
I'.ss Constitution of the State of North Carolina
Sec. 24. In each county a sheriff and coroner shall be elected
by the qualified voters thereof, as is prescribed for members of
the General Assembly, and shall hold their offices for two years.
In each township there shall be a constable elected in like man-
ner by the voters thereof, who shall hold his office for two years.
When there is no coroner in a county, the clerk of the Superior
Court for the county may appoint one for special cases. In case
of a vacancy existing for any cause in any of the offices created
by this section, the commissioners of the county may appoint to
such office for the unexpired term.
Sec. 25. All vacancies occurring in the offices provided for by
this article of the Constitution shall be filled by the appointment
of the Governor, unless otherwise provided for, and the appointees
shall hold their places until the next regular election for members
of the General Assembly, when elections shall be held to fill such
offices. If any person, elected or appointed to any of said offices,
shall neglect and fail to qualify, such offices shall be appointed
to, held and filled as provided in case of vacancies occurring
therein. All incumbents of said offices shall hold until their suc-
cessors are qualified.
Sec. 26. The officers elected at the first election held under this
Constitution shall hold their offices for the terms prescribed for
them respectively, next ensuing after the next regular election
for members of the General Assembly. But their terms shall be-
gin upon the approval of this Constitution by the Congress of the
United States.
Sec. 27. The several justices of the peace shall have jurisdic-
tion, under such regulations as the General Assembly shall pre-
scribe, of civil actions, founded on contract, wherein the sum de-
manded shall not exceed two hundred dollars, and wherein the
title to real estate shall not be in controversy; and of all criminal
matters arising within their counties where the punishment can-
not exceed a fine of fifty dollars or imprisonment for thirty days.
And the General Assembly may give to the justices of the peace
jurisdiction of other civil actions wherein the value of the prop-
erty in controversy does not exceed fifty dollars. When an issue
of fact shall be joined before a justice, on demand of either party
thereto, he shall cause a jury of six men to be summoned, who
shall try the same. The party against whom judgment shall be
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 389
rendered in any civil action may appeal to the Superior Court
from the same. In all cases of a criminal nature the party against
whom judgment is given may appeal to the Superior Court, where
the matter shall be heard anew. In all cases brought before a
justice, he shall make a record of the proceedings and file same
with the clerk of the Superior Court for his county.
Sec. 28. When the office of justice of the peace shall become
vacant otherwise than by expiration of the term, and in case of
a failure by the voters of any district to elect, the clerk of the
Superior Court for the county shall appoint to fill the vacancy for
the unexpired term.
Sec. 2'9. In case the office of clerk of a Superior Court for a
county shall become vacant otherwise than by the expiration of
the term, and in case of a failure by the people to elect, the judge
of the Superior Court for the county shall appoint to fill the
vacancy until an election can be regularly held.
Sec. 30. In case the General Assembly shall establish other
courts inferior to the Supreme Court, the presiding officers and
clerks thereof shall be elected in such manner as the General
Assembly may from time to time prescribe, and they shall hold
their offices for a term not exceeding eight years.
Sec. 31. Any judge of the Supreme Court or of the Superior
Courts, and the presiding officers of such courts inferior to the
Supreme Court as may be established by law, may be removed
from office for mental or physical inability, upon a concurrent
resolution of two-thirds of both Houses of the General Assembly.
The judge or presiding officer against whom the General Assembly
may be about to proceed shall receive notice thereof, accompanied
by a copy of the causes alleged for his removal, at least twenty
days before the day on which either House of the General Assem-
bly shall act thereon.
Sec. 32. Any clerk of the Supreme Court or of the Superior
Courts, or of such courts inferior to the Supreme Court as may
be established by law, may be removed from office for mental or
physical inability; the Clerk of the Supreme Court by the judges
of said Court, the clerks of the Superior Courts by the judge
riding the district, and the clerks of such courts inferior to the
Supreme Court as may be established by law by the presiding
officers of said courts. The clerk against whom proceedings are
390 Constitution of the State of North Carolina
instituted shall receive notice thereof, accompanied by a copy of
the causes alleged for his removal, at least ten days before the
day appointed to act thereon, and the clerk shall be entitled to an
appeal to the next term of the Superior Court, and thence to the
Supreme Court as provided in other cases of appeals.
Sec. 33. The amendments made to the Constitution of North
Carolina by this Convention shall not have the effect to vacate
any office or term of office now existing under the Constitution of
the State and filled or held by virtue of any election or appoint-
ment under the said Constitution and the laws of the State made
in pursuance thereof.
ARTICLE V.
REVENUE AND TAXATION.
Section 1. The General Assembly may levy a capitation tax on
every male inhabitant of the State over twenty-one and under
fifty years of age, which said tax shall not exceed two dollars, and
cities and towns may levy a capitation tax which shall not exceed
one dollar. No other capitation tax shall be levied. The commis-
sioners of the several counties and of the cities and towns may
exempt from the capitation tax any special cases on account of
poverty or infirmity.
Sec. 2. The proceeds of the State and county capitiation tax
shall be applied to the purpose of education and the support of
the poor, but in no one year shall more than twenty-five per cent
thereof be appropriated to the latter purpose.
Sec. 3. Laws shall be passed taxing, by a uniform rule, all
moneys, credits, investments in bonds, stocks, joint-stock companies,
or otherwise; and, also, all real and personal property, according to
its true value in money; Provided, notes, mortgages, and all other
evidence of indebtedness given in good faith for the purchase price
of a home, when said purchase price does not exceed three thousand
dollars, and said notes and mortgages and other evidence of indebt-
edness shall be made to run for not less than five nor more than
twenty years, shall be exempt from taxation of every kind: Pro-
vided, that the interest carried by such notes and mortgages shall
not exceed five and one-half per cent. The General Assembly may
also tax trades, professions, franchises and income: Provided, the
rate of tax on incomes shall not in any case exceed six per cent
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 391
(6%*) and there shall be allowed the following exemptions, to be
deducted from the amount of annual incomes, to wit: for a mar-
ried man with a wife living with him, or to a widow or widower
having minor child or children, natural or adopted, not less than
$2,000; to all other persons not less than $1,000, and there may be
allowed other deductions (not including living expenses) so that
only net incomes are taxed.
Sec. 4. Until the bonds of the State shall be at par, the General
Assembly shall have no power to contract any new debt or pecu-
niary obligation in behalf of the State, except to supply a casual
deficit, or for suppressing invasions or insurrections, unless it
shall in the same .bill levy a special tax to pay the interest an-
nually. And the General Assembly shall have no power to give
or lend the credit of the State in aid of any person, association
or corporation, except to aid in the completion of such railroads
as may be unfinished at the time of the adoption of this Constitu-
tion, or in which the State has a direct pecuniary interest, unless
the subject be submitted to a direct vote of the people of the
State, and be approved by the majority of those who shall vote
thereon.
Sec. 5. Property belonging to the State, or to municipal corpor-
ations, shall be exempt from taxation. The General Assembly
may exempt cemeteries and property held for educational, scien-
tific, literary, charitable or religious purposes; also wearing ap-
parel, arms for muster, household and kitchen furniture, the me-
chanical and agricultural implements of mechanics and farmers,
libraries and scientific instruments, or any other personal prop-
erty, to a value not exceeding three hundred dollars.
Sec. 6. The total of the State and county tax on propei-ty shall
not exceed fifteen cents on the hundred dollars value of prop-
erty, except when the county property tax is levied for a special
purpose and with the special approval of the General Assembly,
which may be done by special or general act: Provided, this limi-
tation shall not apply to taxes levied for the maintenance of the
public schools of the State for the term required by article nine,
section three, of the Constitution: Provided further, the State tax
shall not exceed five cents on the one hundred dollars value of
property.
392 Constitution of the State of North Carolina
Sec. 7. Every act of the General Assembly levying a tax shall
state the special object to which it is to be applied, and it shall
be applied to no other purpose.
ARTICLE VI.
SUFFRAGE AND ELIGIBILITY TO OFFICE.
Section 1. Every male person born in the United States, and
every male person who has been naturalized, twenty-one years of
age, and possessing the qualifications set out in this article, shall
be entitled to vote at any election by the people in the State,
except as herein -otherwise provided.
Sec. 2. He shall reside in the State of North Carolina for one
year and in the precinct, ward, or other election district in which
he offers to vote four months next preceding the election: Provided,
that removal from one precinct, ward or other election district to
another in the same county shall not operate to deprive any person
of the right to vote in the precinct, ward or other election district
from which he has removed until four months after such removal.
No person who has been convicted, or who has confessed his guilt
in open court, upon indictment, of any crime the punishment of
which now is or may hereafter be imprisonment in the State's
Prison, shall be permitted to vote unless the said person shall be
first restored to citizenship in the manner prescribed by law.
Sec. 3. Every person offering to vote shall be at the time a
legally registered voter as herein prescribed and in the manner
hereafter provided by law, and the General Assembly of North
Carolina shall enact general registration laws to carry into effect
the provisions of this article.
Sec. 4. Every person presenting himself for registration shall
be able to read and write any section of the Constitution in the
English language. But no male person who was on January 1,
1867, or at any time prior thereto, entitled to vote under the laws
of any State in the United States wherein he then resided, and no
lineal descendant of any such person, shall be denied the right to
register and vote at any election in this State by reason of his
failure to possess the educational qualifications herein prescribed:
Provided, he shall have l-egistered in accordance with the terms of
this section prior to December 1, 190S. The General Assembly shall
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 393
provide for the registration of all persons entitled to vote without
the educational qualifications herein prescribed, and shall, on or
before November 1, 1908, provide for making a permanent record
*bf such registration, and all persons so registered shall forever
thereafter have the right to vote in all elections by the people in
this State, unless disqualified under section 2 of this article.
Sec. 5. That this amendment to the Constitution is presented
and adopted as one indivisible plan for the regulation of the
suffrage, with the intent and purpose to so connect the different
parts and to make them so dependent upon each other that the
whole shall stand or fall together.
Sec. 6. All elections by the people shall be by ballot, and all
elections by the General Assembly shall be viva voce.
Sec. 7. Every voter in North Carolina, except as in this article
disqualified, shall be eligible to office, but before entering upon the
duties of the office he shall take and subscribe the following oath:
"I, , do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support
and maintain the Constitution and laws of the United States, and
the Constitution and laws of North Carolina not inconsistent
therewith, and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of my
office as So help me, God."
Sec. 8. The following classes of persons shall be disqualified
for office: First, all persons who shall deny the being of Almighty
God. Second, all persons who shall have been convicted or con-
fessed their guilt on indictment pending and whether sentenced
or not, or under judgment suspended, of any treason or felony,
or of any other crime for which the punishment may be imprison-
ment in the penitentiary, since becoming citizens of the United
States, or of corruption or malpractice in office, unless such per-
son shall be restored to the rights of citizenship in a manner pre-
scribed by law.
Sec. 9. That this amendment to the Constitution shall go into
effect on the first day of July, nineteen hundred and two, if a
majority of votes cast at the next general election shall be cast in
favor of this suffrage amendment.
394 Constitution of the State of North Carolina
ARTICLE VII.
MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS.
Section 1. In each county there shall be elected biennially by
the qualified voters thereof, as provided for the election of mem-
bers of the General Assembly, the following officers: A treasurer,
register of deeds, surveyor, and five commissioners.
Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of the commissioners to exercise a
general supervision and control of the penal and charitable insti-
tutions, schools, roads, bridges, levying of taxes, and finances of
the county, as may be prescribed by law. The register of deeds
shall be, ex officio, clerk of the board of commissioners.
Sec 3. It shall be the duty of the commissioners first elected
in each county to divide the same into convenient districts, and
to report the same to the General Assembly before the first day
of January, 1869.
Sec. 4. Upon the approval of the reports provided for in the
foregoing section by the General Assembly, the said districts shall
have corporate powers for the necessary purposes of local govern-
ment, and shall be known as townships.
Sec 5. In each township there shall be biennially elected by
the qualified voters thereof a clerk and two justices of the peace,
who shall constitute a board of trustees and shall, under the
supervision of the county commissioners, have control of the
taxes and finances, roads and bridges of the townships, as may be
prescribed by law. The General Assembly may provide for the
election of a larger number of justices of the peace in cities
and towns and in those townships in which cities and towns are
situated. In every township there shall also be biennially elected
a school committee, consisting of three persons, whose duties shall
be prescribed by law.
Sec 6. The township board of trustees shall assess the taxa-
ble property of their township and make returns to the county
commissioners for revision, as may be prescribed by law. The
clerk shall be ex officio treasurer of the township.
Sec 7. No county, city, town or other municipal corporation
shall contract any debt, pledge its faith or loan its credit, nor
shall any tax be levied or collected by any officers of the same
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 395
except for the necessary expenses thereof, unless by a vote of the
majority of the qualified voters therein.
Sec. 8. No money shall be drawn from any county or township
treasury except by authority of law.
Sec. 9. All taxes levied by any county, city, town or township
shall be uniform and ad valorem upon all property in the same,
except property exempted by this Constitution.
Sec. 10. The county officers first elected under the provisions
of this article shall enter upon their duties ten days after the ap-
proval of this Constitution by the Congress of the United States.
Sec. 11. The Governor shall appoint a sufficient number of
justices of the peace in each county, who shall hold their places
until sections four, five and six of this article shall have been
carried into effect.
Sec. 12. All charters, ordinances and provisions relating to
municipal corporations shall remain in force until legally changed,
unless inconsistent with the provisions of this Constitution.
Sec. 13. No county, city, town or other municipal corporation
shall assume to pay, nor shall any tax be levied or collected for
the payment of any debt, or the interest upon any debt, contracted
directly or indirectly in aid or support of the rebellion.
Sec. 14. The General Assembly shall have full power by stat-
ute to modify, change or abrogate any and all of the provisions
of this article and substitute others in their place, except sections
seven, nine, and thirteen.
ARTICLE VIII.
CORPORATIONS OTHER THAN MUNICIPAL.
Section 1. No corporation shall be created nor shall its char-
ter be extended, altered, or amended by special act, except cor-
porations for charitable, educational, penal, or reformatory pur-
poses that are to be and remain under the patronage and con-
trol of the State; but the General Assembly shall provide by
general laws for the chartering and organization of all corpora-
tions and for amending, extending, and forfeiture of all charters,
except those above permitted by special act. All such general
laws and special acts may be altered from time to time or re-
pealed; and the General Assembly may at any time by special
act repeal the charter of any corporation.
396 Constitution of the State of North Carolina
Sec. 2. Dues from corporations shall be secured by such- in-
dividual liabilities of the corporations and other means as may
be prescribed by law.
Sec. 3. The term corporation, as used in this article, shall be
construed to include all associations and joint-stock companies
having any of the powers and privileges of corporations not pos-
sessed by individuals or partnerships. And all corporations shall
have the right to sue and shall be subject to be sued in all courts
in like cases as natural persons.
Sec. 4. It shall be the duty of the Legislature to provide by
general laws for the organization of cities, towns, and incor-
porated villages, and to restrict their powers of taxation, assess-
ment, borrowing money, contracting debts, and loaning their credit,
so as to prevent abuses in assessment and in contracting debts
by such municipal corporations.
ARTICLE IX.
EDUCATION.
Section 1. Religion, morality and knowledge being necessary
to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and
the means of education shall forever be encouraged.
Sec 2. The General Assembly at its first session under this
Constitution shall provide by taxation and otherwise for a gen-
eral and uniform system of public schools, wherein tuition shall be
free of charge to all the children of the State between the ages
of six and twenty-one years. And the children of the white race
and the children of the colored race shall be taught in separate
public schools; but there shall be no discrimination in favor of
or to the prejudice of either race.
Sec. 3. Each county of the State shall be divided into a con-
venient number of districts, in which one or more public schools
shall be maintained at least six months in every year; and if the
commissioners of any county shall fail to comply with the afore-
said requirements of this section they shall be liable to indict-
ment.
Sec. 4. The proceeds of all lands that have been or hereafter
may be granted by the United States to this State and not other-
wise apportioned by this State or the United States, also all
Constitution of the State of North Caboeiw 397
money, stocks, bonds and other property now belonging to any
State fund for purposes of education, also the net proceeds of all
sales of the swamp lands belonging to the State, and all other
grants, gifts or clevises that have been or hereafter may be made
to the State and not otherwise appropriated by the State or by
the terms of the grant, gift or devise, shall be paid into the State
treasury, and, together with so much of the ordinary revenue
of the State as may by law be set apart for that purpose, shall
be faithfully appropriated for establishing and maintaining in
this State a system of free public schools, and for no other uses
or purposes whatsoever.
Sec. 5. All moneys, stocks, bonds and other property belonging
to a county school fund, also the net proceeds from the sale of
estrays, also the clear proceeds of all penalties and forfeitures
and of all fines collected in the several counties for any breach
of the penal or military laws of the State, and all moneys which
shall be paid by persons as an equivalent for exemption from
military duty, shall belong to and remain in the several counties,
and shall be faithfully appropriated for establishing and main-
taining free public schools in the several counties of this State:
Provided, that the amount collected in each county shall be an-
nually reported to the Superintendent of Public Instruction.
Sec. 6. The General Assembly shall have power to provide for
the election of trustees of the University of North Carolina, in
whom, when chosen, shall be vested all the privileges, rights, fran-
chises and endowments thereof in any wise granted to or con-
ferred upon the trustees of said University, and the General As-
sembly may make such provisions, laws and regulations from
time to time as may be necessary or expedient for the mainte-
nance and management of said University.
Sec 7. The General Assembly shall provide that the benefits
of the University, as far as practicable, be extended to the youth
of the State free of expense for tuition; also that all the property
which has heretofore accrued to the State or shall hereafter accrue
from escheats, unclaimed dividends or distributive shares of the
estates of deceased persons shall be appropriated to the use of
the University.
398 Constitution of the State of Nokth Carolina
Sec 8. The Governor, Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State,
Treasurer, Auditor, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and
Attorney-General shall constitute a State Board of Education.
Sec. 9. The Governor shall be president and the Superintendent
of Public Instruction shall be secretary of the Board of Education.
Sec. 10. The Board of Education shall succeed to all the pow-
ers and trusts of the president and directors of the Literary Fund
of North Carolina, and shall have full power to legislate and
make all needful rules and regulations in relation to free public
schools and the educational fund of the State; but all acts, rules
and regulations of said board may be altered, amended, or re-
pealed by the General Assembly, and when so altered, amended
or repealed, they shall not be re-enacted by the board.
Sec. 11. The first session of the Board of Education shall be
held at the capital of the State within fifteen days after the organi-
zation of the State government under this Constitution; the time
of future meetings may be determined by the board.
Sec. 12. A majority of the board shall constitute a quorum for
the transaction of business.
Sec. 13. The contigent expenses of the board shall be provided
by the General Assembly.
Sec. 14. As soon as practicable after the adoption of this Con-
stitution the General Assembly shall establish and maintain in
connection with the University a department of agriculture, of
mechanics, of mining, and of normal instruction.
Sec. 15. The General Assembly is hereby empowered to enact
that every child of sufficient mental and physical ability shall
attend the public schools during the period between the ages of
six and eighteen years for a term of not less than sixteen months,
unless educated by other means.
ARTICLE X.
homesteads and exemptions.
Section 1. The personal property of any resident of this State
to the value of five hundred dollars, to be selected by such resi-
dent, shall be and is hereby exempted from sale under execution
or other final process of any court issued for the collection of any
debt.
Constitution op the State of North Carolina 399
Sec. 2. Every homestead, and the dwellings and buildings used
therewith, not exceeding in value one thousand dollars, to be
selected by the owner thereof, or in lieu thereof, at the option
of the owner, any lot in a city or village, with the dwellings and
buildings used thereon, owned and occupied by any resident of
this State, and not exceeding the value of one thousand dollars,
shall be exempt from sale under execution or other final process
obtained on any debt. But no property shall be exempt from
sale for taxes or for payment of obligations contracted for the
purchase of said premises.
Sec. 3. The homestead, after the death of the owner thereof,
shall be exempt from payment of any debt during the minority
of his children or any one of them.
Sec. 4. The provisions of sections one and two of this article
shall not be so construed as to prevent a laborer's lien for work
done and performed for the person claiming such exemptions, or a
mechanic's lien for work done on the premises.
Sec. 5. If the owner of a homestead die, leaving a widow but
no children, the same shall be exempt from the debts of her hus-
band, and the rents and profits thereof shall inure to the benefit
during her widowhood, unless she be the owner of a homestead
in her own right.
Sec. 6. The real and personal property of any female in this
State acquired before marriage, and all property, real and per-
sonal, to which she may, after marriage, become in any manner
entitled, shall be and remain the sole and separate estate and
property of such female, and shall not be liable for any debts,
obligations or engagements of her husband, and may be devised
and bequeathed, and, with the written assent of her husband,
conveyed by her as if she were unmarried.
Sec 7. The husband may insure his own life for the sole use
and benefit of his wife and children, and in case of the death
of the husband the amount thus insured shall be paid over to the
wife and children, or to the guardian if under age, for her or
their own use, free from all the claims of the representatives of
her husband or any of his creditors.
Sec. 8. Nothing contained in the foregoing sections of this
article shall operate to prevent the owner of a homestead from
400 Constitution of the State of North Carolina
disposing of the same by deed; but no deed made by the owner
of a homestead shall be valid without the volutary signature
and assent of his wife, signified on her private examination accord-
ing to law.
ARTICLE XI.
PUNISHMENTS, PENAL INSTITUTIONS AND PUBLIC CHARITIES.
Sec. 1. The following punishments only shall be known to
the laws of this State, viz., death, imprisonment with or without
hard labor, fines, removal from office, and disqualification to hold
and enjoy any office of honor, trust or profit under this State.
The foregoing provision for imprisonment with hard labor shall
be construed to authorize the employment of such convict labor
on public works or highways, or other labor for public benefit,
and the farming out thereof, where and in such manner as may be
provided by law; but no convict shall be farmed out who has been
sentenced on a charge of murder, manslaughter, rape, attempt to
commit rape, or arson: Provided, that no convict whose labor
may be farmed out shall be punished for any failure of duty as
a laborer except by a responsible officer of the State; but the
convicts so farmed out shall be at all times under the supervision
and control, as to their government and discipline, of the peniten-
tiary board or some officer of the State.
Sec. 2. The object of punishment being not only to satisfy
justice, but also to reform the offender, and thus prevent crime,
murder, arson, burglary and rape, and these only, may be punish-
able with death, if the General Assembly shall so enact.
Sec. 3. The General Assembly shall, at its first meeting, make
provision for the erection and conduct of a State's Prison or
penitentiary at some central and accessible point within the State.
Sec. 4. The General Assembly may provide for the erection of
a house of correction, where vagrants and persons guilty of mis-
demeanors shall be restrained and usefully employed.
Sec. 5. A house or houses of refuge may be established when-
ever the public interests may require it, for the correction and
instruction of other classes of offenders.
Sec. 6. It shall be required by competent legislation that the
structure and superintendence of penal institutions of the State,
the county jails and city police prisons secure the health and
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 401
comfort of the prisoners and that male and female prisoners be
never confined in the same room or cell.
Sec. 7. Beneficent provisions for the poor, the unfortunate and
orphan being one of the first duties of a civilized and Christian
State, the General Assembly shall, at its first session, appoint and
define the duties of a Board of Public Charities, to whom shall
be entrusted the supervision of all charitable and penal State
institutions, and who shall annually report to the Governor upon
their condition, with suggestions for their improvement.
Sec. 8. There shall also, as soon as practicable, be measures
devised by the State for the establishment of one or more orphan
houses where destitute orphans may be cared for, educated and
taught some business or trade.
Sec. 9. It shall be the duty of the Legislature, as soon as prac-
ticable, to devise means for the education of idiots and inebriates.
Sec. 10. The General Assembly may provide that the indigent
deaf-mute, blind and insane of the State shall be cared for at the
charge of the State.
Sec. 11. It shall be steadily kept in view by the Legislature
and the Board of Public Charities that all penal and charitable
institutions should be made as nearly self-supporting as is con-
sistent with the purposes of their creation.
ARTICLE XII.
MILITIA.
Section 1. All able-bodied male citizens of the State of North
Carolina, between the ages of twenty-one and forty years, who are
citizens of the United States, shall be liable to do duty in the
militia: Provided, that all persons who may be averse to bearing
arms, from religious scruples, shall be exempt therefrom.
Sec. 2. The General Assembly shall provide for the organizing,
arming, equipping and discipline of the militia, and for paying
the same when called into active service.
Sec. 3. Tne Governor shall be Commander in Chief, and shall
have power to call out the militia to execute the law, suppress
riots or insurrections, and to repel invasion.
2G
402 CoNSTni no.N of the State of North Carolina
Sec. 4. The General Assembly shall have power to make such
exemptions as may be deemed necessary, and enact laws that may
be expedient for the government of the militia.
ARTICLE XIII.
AMENDMENTS.
Section 1. No convention of the people of this State shall ever
be called by the General Assembly, unless by the concurrence of
two-thirds of all the members of each House of the General As-
sembly, and except the proposition, Convention or No Convention,
be first submitted to the qualified voters of the whole State, at
the next general election in a manner to be prescribed by law.
And should a majority of the votes be cast in favor of said con-
vention, it shall assemble on such day as may be prescribed by
the General Assembly.
Sec. 2. No part of the Constitution of this State shall be altered
unless a bill to alter the same shall have been agreed to by three-
fifths of each House of the General Assembly. And the amend-
ment or amendments so agreed to shall be submitted at the next
general election to the qualified voters of the whole State, in such
a manner as may be prescribed by law. And in the event of their
adoption by a majority of the votes cast, such amendment or
amendments shall become a part of the Constitution of the State.
ARTICLE XIV.
MISCELLANEOUS.
Section 1. All indictments which shall have been found, or may
hereafter be found, for any crime or offense committed before this
Constitution takes effect may be proceeded upon in the proper
courts, but no punishment shall be inflicted which is forbidden
by this Constitution.
Sec. 2. No person who shall hereafter fight a duel, or assist in
the same as a second, or send, accept, or knowingly carry a chal-
lenge therefor, or agree to go out of the State to fight a duel, shall
hold any office in this State.
Sec 3. No money shall be drawn from the treasury but in con-
sequence of appropriations made by law; and an accurate account
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 403
of the receipts and expenditures of the public money shall be
annually published.
Sec. 4. The General Assembly shall provide, by proper legisla-
tion, for giving to mechanics and laborers an adequate lien on
the subject-matter of their labor.
Sec. 5. In the absence of any contrary provision, all officers of
this State, whether heretofore elected, or appointed by the Gov-
ernor, shall hold their positions only until other appointments are
made by the Governor, or, if the officers are elective, until their
successors shall have been chosen and duly qualified according to
the provisions of this Constitution.
Sec. 6. The seat of government of this State shall remain at
the city of Raleigh.
Sec. 7. No person who shall hold any office or place of trust
or profit under the United States, or any department thereof, or
under this State, or under any other State or government, shall
hold or exercise any other office or place of trust or profit under
the authority of this State, or be eligible to a seat in either House
of the General Assembly: Provided, that nothing herein con-
tained shall extend to officers in the militia, justices of the peace,
commissioners of public charities, or commissioners for special
purposes.
Sec. 8. All marriages between a white person and a negro, or
between a white person and a person of negro descent to the third
generation inclusive, are hereby forever prohibited.
404 Constitution of the State of North Carolina
INDEX TO CONSTITUTION.
Abuses in assessments and contracting debts by municipal corporations, General
Assembly to prevent, A. 8, S. 4.
Actions at law and equity suits, no distinction, A. 4, S. 1.
Pending when Constitution took effect, A. 4, S. 20.
Acts of General Assembly, style of, A. 2, S. 21.
Levying taxes, must stato object, A. 5, S. 7.
Agricultural Department, A. 3, S. 17.
In connection with University, A. 9, S. 14.
Alimony, General Assembly does not secure, A. 2, S. 10.
Allegiance to United States Government, A. 1, S. 5.
Amendments, A. 13.
Do not vacate existing office, A. 4, S. 33.
Answer to criminal charge, A. 1, S. 12.
Apportionment of Senators and Representatives, A. 2, SS. 4, 5, 6.
Arms, right to bear, A. 1, S. 24.
Article seven, General Assembly may modify or repeal certain sections, A. 7, S. 14.
Assemblage, right of, A. 1, S. 25.
Attorney-General advises Executive, A. 3, S. 14.
Duties of, A. 3, S. 13.
Auditor, duties of, A. 3, S. 13.
Bail, excessive, A. 1, S. 14.
Ballot, elections to be by, A. 6, S. 3.
Bills of General Assembly, read three times, A. 2, S. 23.
Blind provided for, A. 11, S. 10.
Board of Charities, A. 11, S. 7.
Boundaries of State, A. 1, S. 34.
Capitation tax, application of proceeds from, A. 5, S. 2.
Exempts, A. 5, S. 1.
Capital punishment, A. 11, S. 2.
Charities, public, A. 11.
Deaf-mutes, and the blind, A. 11, S. 10.
Idiots and inebriates, A. 11, S. 9.
Provisions for orphans and the poor, A. 11, S. 7.
Self-supporting, as far as possible, A. 11, S. 14.
Cities organized by legislation, A. 8, S. 4.
Citizenship, restoration to, A. 2, S. 11.
Civil and criminal actions, A. 4, S. 1.
Claims against the State, A. 4, S. 9.
Clerk of Superior Court, election of, A. 4, S. 10.
Removal for inability, A. 4, S. 32.
Clerk of Supreme Court, A. 4, S. 15.
Removal of, A. 4, S. 32.
Terms of office of, A. 4, S. 17.
Commutations, A. 3, S. 6.
Compulsory education, General Assembly may provide, A. 9, S. 15.
Concealed weapons, carrying not justified, A. 1, S. 24.
Constitution, how changed, A. 13, S. 2.
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 405
Controversies at law about property, A. 1, S. 19.
Convention, how called, A. 13.
Convict labor, A. 11, S. 1.
Coroner and sheriff, A. 4, S. 24.
Corporations, municipal, A. 7.
Charter remain in force till legally changed, A. 7, S. 12.
Power of General Assembly over, A. 7, S. 12.
Corporations other than municipal, A. 8.
Debts of, how secured, A. 8, S. 2.
Special charters prohibited, A. 8, S. 1.
Correction, houses of, A. 11, S. 4.
Council of State, A. 3, S. 14.
Counsel allowed defendant, A. 1, S. 11.
County commissioners, election and duty of, A. 7, SS. 1, 2.
Counties, commissioners divide into districts, A. 7, S. 3.
Districts have corporate powers as townships, A. 7, S. 4.
Majority of voters necessary to levy taxes, etc., A. 7, S. 7.
Money, how drawn from treasury, A. 7, S. 8.
Officers enter on duty, when, A. 7, S. 10.
Of townships, A. 7, S. 5.
School districts, A. 9, S. 3.
Fund, A. 9, S. 5.
Taxes to be ad valorem, A. 7, S. 9.
Township trustees assess property, A. 7, S. 6.
County Treasurer, A. 7, S. 1.
Courts to be open, A. 1, S. 35.
Kinds of, A. 4, S. 2.
Criminal charges, answer to, A. 1, S. 12.
Criminal and civil actions, A. 4, S. 1.
Courts for cities and towns, A. 4, S. 14.
Prosecutions, A. 1, S. 11.
Deaf-mutes provided for, A. 11, S. 10.
Death punishment, A. 11, S. 2.
Debt does not affect homestead. A. 10, S. 3.
County, citv or town cannot contract, except bv majoritv of qualified voters,
A. 7, S. 7.
Imprisonment for, A. 1, S. 16.
In aid of rebellion, void, A. 7, S. 13.
Debt, restrictions upon increase of public, etc., A. 5, S. 4.
What bonds declared invalid, A. 1, S. 6.
Declaration of rights, A. 1.
Department of Agriculture, A. 3, S. 17.
Divorce, General Assembly does not grant, A. 2, S. 17.
Disqualification for office, A. 6, S. 5 ; A. 14, S. 7.
Dueling disqualifies, A. 14, S. 2.
Education, Board of, A. 9, S. 8.
Officers, A. 9, S. 9.
Expenses, A. 9, S. 13.
Countv school fund, A. 9, S. 5.
Encouraged, A. 9, S. 1 ; A. 1, S. 27.
First session of, A. 9, S. 11.
Power of, A. 9, S. 10.
Property devoted to, A. 9, SS. 4, 5.
Quorum, A. 9, S. 12.
Election of officers by General Assembly, viva voce, A. 2, S. 9.
406 Constitution of the State of North Carolina
Elections, by people and Genera] Assembly, A. 6, S. 3.
Contested, returns of, A. 3, S. 3.
Free, A. 1, S. 10.
Frequent, A. 1, S. 28.
Electors, oath of office of, A. 6, S. 4.
Qualifications of, A. 6, S. 1.
Registration of, A. 6, S. 2.
Eligibility to office, A. 6.
Emergency judges, A. 4, S. 11.
Emoluments, exclusive, none, A. 1, S. 7.
Hereditary, A. 1, S. 30.
Entails to be regulated, A. 2, S. 15.
Enumeration of rights not to impair others retained by people, A. 1, S. 37.
Equity suits and actions at law, distinction abolished, A. 4, S. 1.
Pending when Constitution took effect, A. 4, S. 20.
Evidenco against himself, criminal not compelled to give, A. 1, S. 11.
Executive, Attorney-General advises, A. 3, S. 14.
Department of, A. 3.
Distinct, A. 1. S. 8.
Officers, A. 3, S. 1.
Compensation, A. 3, S. 15.
Duties, A. 3, S. 13.
Reports of, A. 3, S. 7.
Terms of office of, A. 3, S. 1.
Sea] of State, A. 3, S. 16.
Vacancy in, how filled, A. 3, S. 13.
Exemption, A. 10, S. 1.
By reason of military duty, etc., A. 12, S. 4.
Property of feme covert not liable for husband's debts, A. 10, S. 6.
Ex post facto laws, A. 1, S. 32.
Extra session of Gene- al Assembly, A. 3, S. 9.
Feigned issues abolished, A. 4, S. 1.
Feme sole, property of, not liable for husband's debts, A. 10, S. 6.
Fines, excessive, A. 1, S. 14.
Freedom of tho press, A. 1, S. 20.
Fundamental principles, frequent recurrence to, A. 1, S. 29.
General Assembly, acts, style »of, A. 2, S. 21.
Article seven may be modified or repealed by, A. 7, S. 14.
Bills and resolutions read thiee times, A. 2, S. 23.
Compulsory education may bo enforced by, A. 9, S. 15.
Election by, A. 6, S. 3.
Entails regulated by, A. 2, S. 15.
Extra session, A. 2, S. 28; A. 3, S. 9.
Journals kept, A. 2, S. 16.
Protests entered on, A. 2, S. 17.
Members of, A. 2, S. 24.
Assemble, when, A. 2, S. 2.
Election for, when, A. 2, S. 27.
Office a disqualification, A. 14, S. 7.
Terms commence with election, A. 2, S. 25.
Vacancies, how filled, A. 2, S. 13.
Municipal corporations controlled by, A. 7, S. 11.
Names, personal, not changed by, A. 2, S, 11.
Officers of, election, I'iva voce, A. 2, S. 9.
Pay of, A. 2, S. 28.
President of Senate, A. 2, S. 19.
Speaker of House, A. 2, S. 18.
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 407
Powers of, A. 2, S. 22.
In relation to divorce and alimony, A. 2, S. 10.
Representation apportioned by, A. 2, SS. 4, 5.
Revenue, A. 2, S. 14.
Schools provided by, A. 9, S. 2.
University to be maintained by, A. 9, SS. 6, 7.
Yeas and nays, A. 2, SS. 14, 26.
Government, allegianco to United States, A. 1, S. 5.
Internal, of State, A. 1, S. 3.
Origin of, A. 1, S. 2.
Seat of, remains in Raleigh, A. 14, S. 6.
Governor, commands militia, A. 3, S. 8.
Commutations, pardons, reprieves, A. 3, S. 6.
Compensation, A. 3, S. 15.
Duties of, A. 3, S. 12.
Extra sessions called by, A. 3, S.. 9.
Impeachment of, A. 3, S. 12.
Justices of peace appointed by, when, A. 7, S. 11.
Lieutenant, qualifications of, A. 3, S. 2.
Oath of office, A. 3, S. 4.
Officers appointed by, A. 3, S. 10; A. 14, S. 5.
Qualification of, A. 3, S. 2.
Resident of, A. 3, S. 5.
Vacancy in office of, A. 3, S. 12.
Habeas corpus, A. 1, S. 21.
Hereditary emoluments, A. 1, S. 30.
Homestead and exemption, A. 10, S. 2.
Benefit of widow, income, A. 10, S. 5.
Exempted from debt, A. 10, S. 3.
Laborer's lien attaches, A. 10, S. 4.
Privy examination of wifu to dispose of, A. 10, S. 8.
House of correction, A, 11, S. 4.
Orphans, A. 11, S. 8.
Refuge, A. 11, 8. 5.
House of Representatives, representatives, apportionment, A. 2, S. 5.
Officers of, A. 2, S. 18.
Term begins when, A. 2, S. 25.
Qualification for, A. 2, S. 8.
Ratio of, A. 2, S. 6.
Husband can insure life for benefit of family, A. 10, S. 7.
Idiots provided for, A. 11, S. 9.
Immigration, Department of, A. 3, S. 17.
Impeachment, A. 4, S. 4.
Court of, A. 4, S. 3.
Of Governor, A. 3, S. 12.
Imprisonment for debt, A. 1, S. 16.
Except by law, wrong, A. 1, S. 17.
Indictments for crime committed before Constitution took effect, A. 14, S. 1.
Inebriates, A. 11, S. 9.
Inferior courts, A. 4, S. 12.
Officers of, A. 4, S. 30.
Insana provided for, A. 11, S. 10.
Institutions, charitable, A. 11.
Penal, A. 11.
Public, annual reports from, A. 3, S. 7.
Self-supporting as far as possible. A. 11, S. 11.
Sexes to be separated, A. 11, S. 6.
40S CONSTIT! HON OF THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
Instruction, superintendent of public, A. 3, S. 13.
Intermarriage of whites and negroes prohibited, A. 14, S. 8.
Internal government of State, A. 1, S. 3.
Issues of fact, by whom tried and how waived, A. 4, S. l<i.
Judges, election, terms of, etc., A. 4, S. 21.
Fees, salaries, emoluments, A. 4, S. IS.
Removal of for inability, A. 4, S. 31.
Residence of, A. 4, S. 11.
Judicial department, A. 4.
Districtr, for superior courts, A. 4, S. 10.
General Assembly not to deprive of jurisdiction, A. 4, S. 12.
Powers, division of, A. 4, S. 2.
Term of first officers under Constitution, A. 4, S. 26.
Vacancies, A. 4, 8. 25.
Judicial remedy, allowed all, A. 1, S. 35.
Judiciary distinct, A. 1, S. 8.
Jurisdiction, «ourts inferior to Supreme, A. 4, S. 12.
Justices of the peace, A. 4, S. 27.
Supreme Court, A. 4, S. 8.
Jury, right of, A. 1, S. 13.
Sacred and inviolable, A. 1, S. 19.
Trial by, waived, A. 4, S. 13.
Justices of the peare, Governor appoints, when, A. 7, S. 11.
Jurisdiction of, A. 4, S. 27.
Vacancies in office, A. 4, S. 28.
Laborers' and Mechanics' lien, A. 14, S. 4.
Attaches homestead, A. 10, S. 4.
Law of the land, no person imprisoned, or deprived of life, etc., but by, A. 1. S. 17.
Laws, e:e xost facto and retrospective, A. 1, S. 32.
Private, thirty days' notice before passage, A. 2, S. 12.
What in force, A. 4, S. 19.
Legislative Department, distinct, A. 1, S. 8.
Legislature, two branches of, A. 2, S. 1.
Provide for organizing towns, etc., A. 8, S. 4.
Trials other than jury, A. 1, S. 13.
Legitimation, General Assembly can -pass genera] laws for, A. 2, S. 11.
Libertv, deprivation of, except by law, A. 1, S. 17.
R'eligious, A. 1, S. 26.
Restraint of, remedied, A. 1, S. 18.
Warrants without evidence, dangerous to, A. 1, S. 15.
Lien of laborers and mechanics, A. 14, S. 4.
Lieutenant-Governor, President of Senate, duties of, A. 3, S. 11.
When Governor, A. 3, S. 12.
Literary Fand, Board of Education to succeed to rights of, A. 9. S. 10.
Local legislation prohibited, A. 2, S. 29.
Marriages between whites and negroes forbidden, A. 14, S. 8.
Married woman, husband can insure life for benefit of, A. 10, S. 7.
Privy examination of, to dispose of homestead, A. 10, S. 8.
Property of, not liable for husband's debts, A. 10, S. 6.
Mechanics, lien, A. 14, S. 4.
Men. equality, rights of, A. 1, S. 1.
Militia, A. 1, S. 24; A. 12.
Exemptions from duty, A. 12, S. 4.
Governor commands, A. 3, S. 8; A. 12, S. 3.
Organization of, A. 12. S. 2.
Who liable to bear arms, A. 12, S. 1.
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 409
Money, how drawn from State Treasury, A. 4, S. 1.
County or township treasury, A. 7, S. 8.
Monopolies are injurious, A. 1, S. 31.
Municipal corporations, A. 7.
Cannot contract debt except by majority of qualified voters, A. 7, S. 7.
Charters remain in force till changed, A. 7, S. 12.
General Assembly to provide for organization oi, taxation, etc., by, A. H, S. -i
Power of General Assembly over, A. 7, S. 14.
Special charters prohibited, A. 8, S. 4.
Names, personal, how changed, A. 2, S. 11.
Normal School, to be maintained by General Assembly at University, A. 9, S. 14.
Oath of Governor, A. 3, S. 4.
Oath of member of Genera] Assembly, A. 2, S. 24.
Oath of office, A. 6, S. 4.
Office, cannoi hold two, A. 14, S. 7.
Disqualification, A. 6, S. 5.
Dueling disqualifies for, A. 14, S. 2.
Eligibility to, A. 6.
Qualification, property, none, A. 1, S. 22.
Officers, county, A. 7, S. 1 ; A. 7, S. 10.
First elected, A. 4, S. 26.
What, appointed by Governor, A. 3, S. 10; A. 4, S. 5.
Orphans, houses for, A. 11, S. 8.
Provision for, A. 11, S. 7.
Pardons, A. 3, S. 6.
Peace, soldiers quartered in time of, A. 1, S. 36.
Penitentiary, A. 11, S. 3.
Convict labor, A. 11, S. 1.
Self-supporting as far as possible, A. 11, S. 11.
Sexes separated, A. 11, S. 6.
People, right of, to assemble together, A. 1, S. 25.
Perpetuities, injurious, A. 1, S. 31.
General Assembly shall prevent, A. 2, S. 15.
Political power and government, A. 1, S. 2.
Societies in secret dangerous, A. 1, S. 25.
Poor, provision for, A. 11, S. 7.
Power of General Assembly, A. 2, S. 22.
To suspend laws injurious, A. 1, S. 9.
Powers, executive, judicial and legislative, distinct, A. 1, S. 8.
Judicial, division of, A. 4, S. 2.
Press, freedom and abuse of, A. 1, S. 20.
Principles, recurrence to, fundamental, A. 1, S. 29.
Prisoners, health and comfort secured, A. 11, S. 6.
Private laws, A. 2, SS. 11, 12.
Privileges, exclusive, none, A. 1, S. 7.
Property, controversies at law about, A. ., S. 19.
Deprivation of, except by law wrong, A. 1, S. 17.
Devoted to education, A. 9, S. 4.
Exemptions from taxation, A. 5, S. 5.
Feme sole not liable for husband's debts, A. 10, S. 6.
Qualifications, none, A. 1, S. 22.
Prosecution, criminal, A. 1, S. 11.
Protest, by whom and when made, A. 2, S. 17.
Public debt, increase of, restricted, etc., A. 5, S. 4.
What bonds declared invalid, A. 1, S. 6.
lln Constitution of the State of North Carolina
Public money, how drawn, A. 14, S. 3.
Public Schools, General Assembly to provide for, A. 9, S. 2.
Punishments, penal institutions and public charities, A. 11.
Cruel or unusual, A, 1, S. 14; A. 14, S. 1.
Qualification and election of Members of General Assembly, each house judge of,
A. 2, S. 22.
Rebellion, debt in aid of, not to be paid, A. 7, S. 13.
Recurrence to fundamental principles, A. 1, S. 29.
Refuge, houses of, A. 11, S. 5.
Register of deeds, A. 7, S. 1.
Registration of electors, A. 6, S. 2.
Religious liberty, A. 1, S. 2b.
Scruples against bearing arms, A. 12, S. 1.
Removal of judges, A. 4, S. 31.
Of clerks, A. 4, S. 32.
Representation and taxation, A. 1, S. 23.
Reprieves, A. 3, S. 6.
Retrospective laws, A. 1, S. 32.
Revenue, A. 2, S. 14; A. 5.
Right of assemblage, A. 1, S. 25.
Jury, A. 1, S. 13.
Right of secession, none, A. 1, S. 4.
To bear arms, A. 1, S. 24.
To suspend laws, injurious, A. 1, S. 9.
Rights, declaration of A. 1.
Of men, A. 1, S. 1 ; A. 1, S. 37.
Salaries and fees, General Assembly to regulate, A. 4, S. 1°
Schools, attendance of children, A. 9, S. 15.
County, divided into districts, A. 9. S. 3.
Fund, A. 9, S. 5.
Provided by legislation, A. 9, S. 2.
Races separate, A. 9, S. 2.
Seal of State, A. 3, S. 16.
Search warrants without evidence, wrong, A. 1, S. 15.
Seat of government at Raleigh, A. 14, S. 6.
Secession, no right of, A. 1, S. 4.
Secretary of State, duties of, A. 3, S. 13.
Senate, presiding officer, A. 2, S. 19.
Pro tern. Speaker, when elected, A. 2, S. 20.
Senators, number of, A. 2, S. 3.
Other senatorial officers, A. 2, S. 20.
President of, A. 2, S. 19.
Qualifications for, A. 2. S. 7.
Regulating senatorial districts, A. 2, S. 4.
Sexes, separated in confinement, A. 11, S. 6.
Sheriff and coroner, A. 4, S. 24.
Slavery prohibited, A. 1, S. 33.
Societies, secret political, dangerous, A. 1, S. 25.
Soldiers, how quartered, A. 1, S. 36.
Solicitor, how elected, A. 4, S. 23.
Special courts, A. 4, S. 14.
State boundaries, A. 1, S. 34.
Constitution of the State of North Carolina 411
Claims against, A. 4, S. 9.
Internal government, A. 1, S. 3.
Statistics, department of, A. 3, S. 17.
Suffrage and eligibility to office, A. 6.
Superintendent of Public Instruction, A. 3, S. 13.
Reports of county school fund to be made, A. 9, S. 5.
Superior Court, open at all times except for jury trials, A. 4, S. 22.
Clerk, his election, A. 4, S. 16.
Districts, A. 4, S. 10.
Judges, election and term, A. 4, S. 21.
Residence, A. 4, S. 11.
Rotation, A. 4, S. 11.
Solicitor for each district, A. 4, S. 23.
Special term, A. 4, S. 12.
Term, A. 4, S. 17.
Vacancy, A. 4, S. 29.
Transaction of business, A. 4, S. 22.
Supreme Court, clerk, A. 4, S. 15.
Jurisdiction, A. 4, SS. 8, 9.
Justices, A. 4, S. 6.
Election and terms of, A. 4, S. 21.
Terms of, A. 4, S. 7.
Surveyor, A. 7, S. 1.
Suspending laws without consent of representatives, not to be exercised, A. 1, S. 9.
Taxation, ad valorem and uniform, A. 5, S. 3.
And revenue, A. 5 ; A. 1, S. 23.
Except for necessary expenses, not levied by county, city or town without
assent of majority of voters, A. 7, S. 7.
Income, A. 5, S. 3.
Limitation, A. 5, S. 6.
Of county to be ad valorem, A. 7, S. 9.
Of purchases and sales retrospectively not to be passed, A. 1, S. 32.
Property exemptions from, A. 5, S. 5.
Taxes, acts to levy, to state object, A. 5, S. 7.
Towns, etc., organized by legislation, A. 8, S. 4.
Townships, officers of, A, 7, S. 5.
Treason against State, A. 4, S. 5.
Treasurer, duties of, A. 3, S. 13.
University, agricultural department of, mechanics, mining and normal instruction
connected with, A. 9, S. 14.
Benefits of, A. 9, S. 7.
Election of trustees, A. 9, S. 6.
General Assembly shall maintain, A. 9, S. 7.
Maintenance of, A. 9, S. 6.
Property devoted to, A. 9, S. 7.
Vacancies in General Assembly, A. 2, S. 13.
Other, A. 3, SS. 12, 13; A. 4, SS, 25, 28, 29.
Vagrants, houses of correction for, A. 11, fe. 4.
Warrants without evidence injurious, A. 1, S. 15.
Whites and negroes cannot intermarry, A. 1 ±, S. 8.
Separated in schools, A. 9, S. 2.
Widow, homestead benefits, A. 10, S. 5.
Yeas and nays, when entered, A. 2, SS. 14, 26.
PART XII
CENSUS
1. Population and Area of the Several States and
Territories, 1910 and 1920.
2. Population (Estimated) of North Carolina, 1675-
1786.
3. Census of North Carolina, 1790-1840.
4. Census of North Carolina, 1850-1920.
5. Population of North Carolina Cities and Towns,
1900-1920.
6. North Carolina Counties and County Seats.
1413]
United States
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POPULATION (Estimated) OF NORTH CAROLINA, 1675-17S6.
1675 4,000
1701 5,000
1707 7,000
1715 11,000
1729 35,000
1752 100,000
1765 200,000
1771 250,000
1786 350,000
27 '417
41S
Cexsus
(i:\Srs OF NORTH CAROLINA, 1790-1840.
Count ies
Date of
Forma-
tion
1790
1800
1810
1820
1830
1840
1 Alamance
1840
1847
1859
1749
1799
2 Alexander
3 Alleghany
4 Anson.
5,133
8,146
2,783
8,831
3,694
12,534
4,335
14,095
6,987
15,077
7,467
5 Ashe __ _.
6 Avery
7 Beaufort
8 Bertie
9 Bladen
1705
1722
1734
1764
1791
1777
1792
1841
1777
1722
1777
1842
1770
1839
1672
1861
1841
1808
1712
1754
1672
1870
18 22
1836
1749
1881
1732
1849
1779
1846
1779
1872
1746
1799
1770
175S
1855
1808
1838
1759
5,462
12,606
5,084
3,071
6,242
11,249
7,028
4,110
5,812
9,929
5,094
7,203
11,218
5,671
4,778
9,277
11,007
6,158
9,850
10,805
7,276
5,480
10,542
13,411
7,248
10,969
12,262
7,811
6,516
16,281
17,888
8,810
12,225
12,175
8,022
5,265
10,084
10 Brunswick
11 Buncombe
12 Burke
8,118
15,799
9 '59
13 Cabarrus
14 Caldwell
15 Camden
4,033
3,732
10,096
4,191
1,399
8,701
5,347
4,823
11,757
6,347
5,609
13,253
6,733
6,597
15,785
5,663
6,592
14,693
16 Carteret __
17 Caswell _ _.
18 Catawba..
19 Chatham
9,221
11,861
12,977
12,661
15,405
16 949
20 Cherokee __.„
3,4*7
21 Chow-an
5,011
5,132
5,297
6,464
0,697
6,690
22 Clav
23 Cleveland....
24 Columbus..
3,022
12,676
9,382
6,985
3,912
13,394
14,446
8,098
4.111
13,734
14,834
7,655
3,941
25 Craven.. .
10,469
8,671
5,219
10,245
9,264
6,928
13,438
15,284
6,703
27 Currituck
28 Dare
29 Davidson... . ..
13,389
14,606
30 Davie
7.574
31 Duplin
5,662
6,796
7,863
9,744
11,291
11 18°
32 Durham. _ .
33 Edgecombe..
34 Forsyth
10,225
10,421
12,423
13,276
14,935
15,708
35 Franklin
36 Gaston ._ ..
7,559
8,529
10,166
9,741
10,665
10,980
37 Gates
5,392
5,881
5,965
6,837
7,866
8 161
38 Graham
39 Granville
10,982
6,893
7,191
13,965
14,015
4,218
9, 142
13,945
15.576
4,867
1 1 , 420
13,620
18,222
4,533
14,511
17,237
19,355
6.413
IS, 737
17,739
18,817
6 595
40 Greene*...
41 Guilford....
19 175
42 Halifax
16,865
43 Harnett
44 Haywood _
2,780
4,073
4,578
4,975
45 Henderson...
5,129
46 Hertford .
5,828
6.701
6,052
7,712
8,537
4 484
47 Hoke
48 Hvde
1705
1788
1S51
1746
1779
1907
1791
1779
1842
1828
1851
1774
4,120
5, 135
4,829
8,856
6,029
10,972
4,967
13,071
6,184
14,918
6,458
49 Iredell
15,685
50 Jackson _
51 Johnston..
52 Jones...
53 Lee
5,634
4,822
6,301
4,339
6,867
4,908
9,607
5,216
10.938
5,608
10,599
4,945
54 Lenoir..
4,005
12,660
5,572
16,359
6,799
18,147
7,-723
22,455
7,605
55 Lincoln
56 McDowell _.
9,224
26,160
57 Macon
5,333
4,869
58 Madison
59 Martin
6,080
5,629
5.9S7
6,320
8,539 1
7,637
North Carolina
CENSUS OF NORTH CAROLINA, 1850-1920.
419
Land
An a in
1850
1860
1870
1880
1890
1900
1!.10
1920
Square
Wiles
11,444
11,852
11,874
14,613
18,271
25,665
28,712
32,718
494
1
5,220
6,022
6,868
8,355
9,430
10,950
11,592
12,212
297
2
3,598
3,691
5,486
6,523
7,759
7,745
7,403
223
3
13,489
13,664
12,428
17,994
20,027
21,870
25,465
28,334
551
4
8,777
7,956
9,573
11,437
15,628
19,581
19,074
21,001
10,335
31,024
399
819
5
6
13.816
14,766
13,011
17,474
21,072
26,404
30,877
7
12,851
14,310
12,950
16,399
19,176
20,538
23,039
23,993
712
8
9,767
11,995
12,831
16,158
16,763
17,677
18,006
19,761
1,013
9
7,272
8,406
7,754
9,389
10,900
12,657
14,432
14,876
812
10
13,425
12,654
15,412
21,909
35,206
44,288
49,798
64,148
624
11
7,772
9,237
9,777
12,809
14,939
17,699
21,408
23,297
534
12
9,747
10,546
11,954
14,964
18,142
22,456
26,240
33,730
387
13
6,317
7,497
8,476
10,291
12,298
15,694
20,579
19,984
507
14
6,049
5,343
5,361
6,274
5,667
5,474
5,640
5,382
218
15
6,939
8,186
9,010
9,784
10,825
11,811
13,776
15,384
538
16
15,259
16,215
16,081
17,825
16,028
15,028
14,858
15,759
396
17
8,862
10,729
10,984
14,946
18,689
22,123
27,918
33,839
408
18
18,449
19,101
19,723
23,453
25,413
23,912
22,635
23,814
785
19
6,838
9,166
8,080
8,182
9,976
11,860
14,136
15,242
451
211
6,721
6,842
6,450
7,900
9,167
10,258
1 1 , 303
10,649
ltil
21
2,461
12,696
3,316
16,571
4,197
20,394
4,532
25,078
3,11)9
29,494
4,646
34,272
185
485
22
10,396
12,348
23
5,909
8,597
8,474
14,439
17,856
21,274
28,020
30,124
937
24
14,709
16,268
20,516
19,729
20,533
24,164
25,594
29,048
us;,
25
20,610
16,369
17,035
23,836
27,321
29,249
35,284
35,064
l.iv.s
26
7,236
7,115
5,131
6,476.
6,747
6,529 '
7,693
7,268
273
27
2,778
17,414
3,244
20,333
3,768
21,702
4.757
23,403
4,811
29,404
5.115
35,201
405
563
28
15,320
16,601
211
7,S66
8,491
9,620
11,096
11,62!
12,115
13,394
13,578
261
30
13,514
15,784
15,542
18,773
18,690
22,405
25,442
30,223
830
31
IS, 141
24,113
26,233
26,591
35,276
32,010
12,219
37,995
284
515
32
17,189
17.376
22,970
26,181
33
11,168
12,092
13,050
18,078
28,434
35,261
47,311
77,269
309
31
11,713
14,107
14,135
20,829
21,098
25,115
24,692
26,667
171
35
8,173
9,307
12.602
14,254
17,764
27,903
37,063
51,242
359
16
8,426
8,443
7,724
8,897
10,252
10,413
10,455
10.537
356
37
2,335
31,286
3,313
24,84
4 . 343
23,263
4,749
25. 102
4,872
102
504
38
21,249
23,396
24,831
39
6,619
7,925
8,687
10,037
10,039
12,038
13,083
16,212
258
40
19,754
20,056
22,736
23,585
2S.052
39,074
i,u. 197
79,272
674
1!
16,589
19,442
20,408
30, 300
2,8,908
30,793
37,646
: 1,766
681
42
8,039
8,895
10,862
13,700
I5.9SS
22.174
28,313
596
1 ;
7,074
5,081
7,921
10,271
13,310
16,222
21,020
1 !, 196
5 41
11
6.853
10,448
7,706
10,281
12,589
14,104
16,202
18,248
362
15
8,142
9,504
9.273
11,843
13,851
14,294
15,436
16.291
1 1 . 722
8,386
596
46
17
7,636
7,732
6,445
7,765
8,903
9,278
8,840
18
11.719
15,347
L6 931
22,675
25.462
29,064
34,315
37,959
592
49
5,515
6,683
7,343
9,512
11,853
12,998
1 196
mi
50
~13.72<i~
15,656
16,897
23,461
27,239
32,250
11. 101
18,998
688
51
5,038
5,7:io
5,002
7. 191
7,403
8,226
8,721
1 1 , 376
22,7611
r. too
I'll
136
52
53
7,828
10,220
10,434
15,344
14,879
18,639
54
7,746
8,195
9,573
11,061
12,586
15,498
17,132
17,862
296
55
6,246
7,12(1
7,592
9,836
10,939
12,567
13,538
16,703
137
56
6,389
6,004
6,015
8,064
10 101'
12,104
12, 191
12,887
531
57
5,908
8,192
12,810
17,805
20,644
20,132
20, os:;
i:;i
58
8,307
10,195
9,647
13,140
15,221
15,383
17,797
20,826
1 18
59
420
Census
CENSUS OF NORTH CAROLINA, m0-lM0— Continued.
Counties
Date of
Forma-
tion
1790
1800
1810
1820
183C
1840
60 Mecklenburg
til Mitchell
1762
1861
1779
1784
1777
1729
1741
1734
1752
1872
1672
1875
1672
1791
1760
1855
1779
1779
1786
1785
1753
1779
1784
1899
1S41
1789
1771
1871
1861
1729
1842
1881
1770
1779
1799
1849
1779
1777
1S55
1850
1833
11,395
10,439
14,272
16,895
20,073
18,273
62 Montgomery
63 Moore
64 Nash
4,725
3,770
7,393
6,831
9,981
5,387
12,216
7,677
4,767
6,975
7,060
12,353
5,623
16,362
8,430
6,367
7,268
11,465
13,082
6,669
20,135
8,693
7,128
8,125
10,866
13,242
7,016
23,492
10,919
7,745
8,490
10,959
13,391
7,814
23,908
10,780
7,988
9,047
13,312
13,369
7,527
24,356
65 New Hanover
66 Northampton
67 Onslow
68 Orange
69 Pamlico ...
70 Pasquotank
71 Pender
5,497
5,379
7,674
8,008
8,641
8,514
72 Perquimans.. ..
73 Person _ _
5,140
5,708
6,402
9,084
6,052
6,642
9,169
6.857
9,029
10,001
7,419
10,027
12,093
7,346
9,790
11,806
74 Pitt
8,275
75 Polk
76 Randolph
77 Richmond
78 Robeson
7,276
5,055
5,326
6,187
15,828
7,808
6,065
9,234
5,623
6,839
8,277
20,064
10,753
6,719
10,112
6,695
7,528
10,316
21,543
13,202
6,620
11,331
7,537
8,204
11,474
26,009
15,351
8,908
12,406
9,396
9,433
12,935
20,786
17,557
11,634
12,875
8,909
10,370
13,442
12,109
19,202
12,157
79 Rockingham
80 Rowan..
81 Rutherford
82 Sampson
83 Scotland
84 Stanly
85 Stokes
8,528
7,19!
11,026
9,509
11,645
• 10,366
14,033
12,320
16,196
14,504
16,265
15,079
86 Surrv
87 Swain
88 Transvlvania
89 Tyrrell
4,744
3,395
3,364
4,319
4,732
4,657
90 Union
91 Vance
92 Wake
93 Warren
10,192
9,397
13,437
11,284
2,422
17,080
11,004
3,464
20,102
11,158
3,986
20,398
11,877
4,552
21,118
12,919
4,525
94 Washington
95 Watauga . ._
96 Wavne
6,133
8,143
6,772
7,217
8,687
9,054
9,040
9,967
10,331
11,968
10,891
12,577
97 Wilkes
98 Wilson
99 Yadkin
lOOYancev
5 962
Totals
393,751
478,103
555,500
038.829
737,987
753,409
*Inl758 Dobbs County was formed from part of Johnston. In 1791 Dobbs was divided
into Lenoir and Glasgow. In 1799 the name of Glasgow was changed to Greene.
North Carolina
421
CENSUS OF NORTH CAROLINA, 1850-1920— Continued.
Land
1850
1800
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
Area in
Square
Miles
13,914
17,374
24,299
34,175
42,673
55,208
67,031
80,695
590
60
4,705
7,487
9,435
9,3 ',<
12,807
11,239
15,221
14,197
17,245
14,967
11,278
14,607
362
489
01
0,872
7,649
62
9,342
11,427
12,048
16,821
20,479
23 022
17,010
21,388
798
63
10,657
11,687
11,077
17,731
20,707
25', 478
33,727
41,001
584
04
17,668
21,715
27,978
21,376
24,026
25,785
32,037
40,020
199
05
13,335
13,372
14,749
20,032
21,242
21,150
22,323
23,184
523
66
8,283
8,856
7,509
9,829
10,303
1 1 , 940
14,125
14,703
645
67
17,055
16,947
17.507
23,698
14,918
14,690
15,084
17,895
386
68
6,323
10,369
7,146
10,748
8,045
13,660
9,966
16,693
9,000
17,670
358
231
69
8,950
8,940
8,131
70
12,468
9,466
12,514
9,293
13,381
10,091
15,471
11,054
14,788
11,137
883
251
71
7,332
7,238
7,745
72
10,781
11,221
11,170
13,719
15,151
16,685
17,356
18,973
386
73
13,397
16,080
17,276
21,794
25,519
30,889
36,340
45,569
644
74
4,043
4,319
5,062
5,902
7,004
7,040
8,832
258
75
15,832
16,793
17,551
20,836
25,195
28,232
29,491
30,856
795
76
9,818
11,009
12,882
18,245
23,948
15,855
19,073
25,567
466
77
12,826
15,489
16,262
23,380
31,483
40,371
51,945
54,674
1,043
78
14,495
16,746
15,718
21,744
25,363
33,103
36,442
44,149
573
79
13,870
14,589
16,810
19,965
24,123
31,066
37,521
44,062
483
80
13,550
11,573
13,121
15,198
18,770
25,101
28,385
31,426
547
81
14,585
16,624
16,436
22,894
25,096
26,380
29,982
36,002
921
82
12,553
15,220
15,363
19,909
15,600
27,429
387
413
83
6,922
7,801
8,315
10,505
12,136
84
9,206
10,402
11,208
15,353
17,199
19,866
20,151
20,575
472
85
18,443
10,380
11,252
15,302
19,281
25,515
29,705
32,464
531
86
3,784
5,340
4,545
6,577
5,881
4,225
8,401
6,620
4,980
10,403
7,191
5,219
13,224
9,303
4,849
560
371
397
87
3,536
4,173
88
5,133
4,944
89
10,151
11,202
12,217
18,056
21,259
27,150
33,277
30,029
561
90
17,581
49,207
16,684
54,626
19,425
63,229
22,799
75,155
276
841
91
24,888
28,627
35,617
47,939
92
13,912
15,726
17,768
22,619
19,300
19,151
20,266
21,593
432
93
5,664
6,357
6,516
8,928
10,200
10,608
11,002
11,429
334
94
3,400
4,957
5,287
8,160
10,011
13,417
13,556
13,477
330
95
13,486
14,905
18,144
24,951
20,100
31,356
35,698
43,040
597
90
12,899
14,749
15,539
19,181
22,075
26,872
30,282
32,r,ll
718
97
9,720
12,258
16,1 nit
18,044
23,590
28,269
30,813
392
98
10,714
10,697
12,420
13,790
14,083
15,428
16,391
334
99
8,204
8,655
5,909
7,694
9,490
11,464
12,072
15,093
302
100
869.039
992,622
1.071,361
1,399,750
1, (',17,947
1. 893. 810
2.206,287
2.559.123
18,580
422
Census
POPULATION OF NORTH CAROLINA CITIES AM) TOWNS,
1900-1920.
City or Town
Abbottsburg
Aberdeen...
Acme
Advance..
Ahoskie
Albemarle
Alexander*
Almond
Andrews
Angier
Ansonville
Apex
Archdale
Arden.
Asheboro
Asheville
Atkinson
Atlantic*.
Aulander
Aurora
Autryville
Ayden
Bailey
Bakersville
Banner Elk
Bath
Battleboro
Bayboro
Beargrass —
Beaufort
Belhaven
Belmont
Benson
Bessemer City...
Bethel
Big Lick
Biltmore
Biscoe
Black Creek.....
Black Mountain.
Bladenboro
Blowing Rock...
Boardman
Bolivia
Bonsai _.
Boone
Boonville..
Bostie
Brevard..
Bridgersville*
Bridgeton
Broadway
Brookford
Bryson
Buie
Buie's Creek
County
Bladen.
Moore
Columbus
Davie
Hertford
Stanly
Buncombe
Swain
Cherokee
Harnett
Anson
Wake*
Randolph
Buncombe
Randolph
Buncombe
Pender
Carteret
Bertie
Beaufort
Sampson
Pitt
Nash ■-
Mitchell
Avery
Beaufort
Edgecombe and Nash.
Pamlico
Martin
Carteret
Beaufort
Gaston
Johnston
Gaston
Pitt
Stanly
Buncombe
Montgomery
Wilson
Buncombe
Bladen
Watauga
Columbus.
Brunswick
Chatham and Wake...
Watauga
Yadkin
Rutherford
Transylvania
Wilson
Craven
Lee
Catawba
Swain
Robeson
Harnett
1920
1910
78
858
183
280
,429
,691
148
,634
375
486
926
178
2,559
28,504
296
803
524
351
1,673
518
162
274
309
349
108
2,968
1,816
2,941
1,123
2,176
800
282
172
755
274
531
459
338
828
199
178
374
162
. 206
1,658
548
250
709
291
159
794
283
924
116
118
98
936
221
486
681
145
151
865
,762
115
524
543
440
77
990
195
416
283
211
370
56
,483
,863
,176
800
,529
569
162
173
697
219
311
278
261
796
85
179
28
209
919
50
348
149
725
612
66
249
Towns marked * are not reported to date.
North Carolina
POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS- Contii ued.
423
City or Town
Burgaw
Burlington
Burnsville*
Calypso
Cameron.
Candor
Canton
Carrb oro
Carthage
Cary
Castalia
Catawba
Cerro Gordo
Chadbourn
Chapel Hill
Charlotte...
Cherry
Cherry ville
China Grove
Chocowinity*....
Claremont...
Clarendon
Clarkton...
Clayton
Cleveland
Clinton
Clyde
Coats
Colerain
Collettsyille.
Columbia
Columbus
Concord
Conetoe
Conover
Contentnea
Cornelius..
Council...
Cove City...
Creedmoor
Creswell
Cronly*
Grouse
Cumberland
Dallas.
Davidson
Delco
Denton
Denver
Dillsboro
D obson
Dover
Drexel
Dudley
Dunn
Durham
East Bend.. -----
East Kings Mountain*
East Laurinburg
East Lumberton
County
Pender
Alamance
Yancey
Duplin
Moore
Montgomery.
Haywood
Orange
Moore
Wake-
Nash
Catawba
Columbus
Columbus
Orange
Mecklenburg-
Washington..
Gaston
Rowan
Beaufort
Catawba
Columbus
Bladen _-
Johnston
Rowan
Sampson
Haywood
Harnett
Bertie
Caldwell
Tyrrell
Polk
Cabarrus
Edgecombe...
Catawba
Greene
Mecklenburg-
Bladen
Craven
Granville
Washington..
Columbus
Lincoln... ...
Cumberland..
Gaston
Mecklenburg.
Columbus
Davidson
Lincoln
Jackson
Surry
Craven
Burke
Wayne.
Harnett
Durham
Yadkin
Gaston
Scotland
Robeson
1920
,040
,952
1
16
1
1
405
241
267
,584
,129
962
645
263
250
2G2
904
,483
,338
99
884
,027
435
135
368
,423
366
,110
363
526
215
123
738
168
,903
160
681
1
141
92
258
392
209
80
397
156
210
559
243
528
368
670
392
240
805
719
508
541
,(ill
1910
956
4, SI IS
422
259
160
1,393
1,
863
383
219
222
323
1,242
1,149
34,014
76
,153
852
127
297
147
276
1,441
426
1,101
344
160
189
80
848
122
8,715
158
421
246
833
74
308
324
329
289
175
300
1.065
1 , 056
320
282
277
360
737
164
1,823
18,241
522
383
577
881
1900
387
3,692
207
218
"230
605
333
163
169
123
243
1,099
18,091
"Tooi
887
"160
754
198
958
244
'""207
57
382
334
7,910
132
413
224
78
"343
514
904
199
279
327
1,072
6,679
III
Towns marked * are not reported to date.
424
Census
POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS-Continued.
City or Town
County
1920
1910
1900
East Spencer
Rowan ..
2,239
2,777
153
8,925
335
1,729
2,789
171
8,412
117
377
886
293
Edenton.
Chowan..
3,046
99
6,348
144
498
860
17°
Edwards
Beaufort..
Elizabeth Citv..._ -
Pasquotank
Elizabethtown..
Bladen
Elk Park*
Mitchell
Elkin
Surry
1,195
383
473
653
248
1,648
Ellenboro _ __
Rutherford
Ellerbee
Richmond
Elon College ...
Alamance
200
638
East Mondos
Iredell
Enfield
Halifax
1,167
81
162
146
248
441
730
519
352
361
Enoehsville* ..
Rowan
93
Eureka
Wavne
123
Everetts .
Martin
230
139
397
1,000
477
348
200
198
1,780
8,877
2,312
127
Evergreen..- . _. .
Columbus
Fair Bluff
Columbus
3°8
Fairmont _ ._-.__
Robeson .
432
308
Faison _
Duplin
Faith
Rowan
Faleon
Cumberland
Falkland
Pitt
132
816
7,045
1,592
137
189
329
379
809
951
127
284
169
5,759
203
154
1,162
308
119
102
304
126
6,107
240
2,504
381
363
15,895
4,101
291
330
209
314
452
2,173
205
230
140
90
139
Farmville
Pitt
OQ9
Fayetteville
Cumberland
.i 670
Forest Citv.. _
Rutherford
1 090
Forestville* ._
Wake
157
Fountain
Pitt....
243
583
773
1,058
1,294
555
376
263
12,871
Four Oaks . .
Johnston
171
Franklin __
Macon
335
Franklinton __ ..
Franklin
761
Fremont
Wayne
435
Fuquay Springs
Wake
Garner Springs _
Wake
Garvsburg _ _
Northampton...
269
Gastonia .
Gaston
4 610
Gatesville* .
Gates
°00
Germantown.. . .
Stokes
132
1,385
346
132
90
261
130
11,296
239
2,366
1,101
466
19,861
5,772
375
463
296
299
474
3,659
175
129
Gibsonville
Alamance-Guilford
Burke
591
Glen Alpine _
137
Glenw:ood ..
McDowell
Godwin _.
Cumberland....
Gold Hill
Rowan t
514
Gold Point
Martin
I'M
Goldsboro
Wayne
5,877
Goldston
Chatham
Graham
Alamance..
' 059
Granite Falls
Caldwell..
277
Granite Quarry .
Rowan
Greensboro
Guilford...
10 035
Greenville
Pitt
2,565
Grifton
Pitt
229
Grimesland
Pitt
277
Grover
Cleveland..
174
Halifax
Halifax
306
Hamilton
Martin
493
Hamlet
Richmond.
639
Hampton
Rutherford..
Gaston
Hardin Mills*
205
Harrellsville
Hertford
131
85
109
Hassell _
Martin
Towns marked * are not reported to date.
North Carolina
425
POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS— Continued.
City or Town
Hayesville ._
Haywood -
Hazelwood
Henderson
Hendersonville__
Hertford
Hickory
High Point.. ....
Highland
Highlands _.
Hildebrand
Hillsboro
Hobgood
Hoffman
Holly Springs...
Hollyville
Hookerton
Hope Mills
Hot Springs
Hudson _.
Huntersville
Icemorlee
Indian Trail
Ingold*
Iron Station
Jackson...
Jacksonville
Jamesville
Jason*
Jefferson
Jonesboro.
Jonesville
Jupiter
KeUord
Kenansville
Kenly
Kernersville
Keyser
Kings Mountain.
Kinston
Kittrell
LaGrange...
Landis
Lasker
Lattimore
Laurinburg
Lawndale
Leaksville
Leechville*
Leicester*
Lenoir..
Lewarae
Lewiston
Lexington
Liberty
Lilesville
Lillington
Lincolnton
Linden
Littleton
County
Clay
Chatham
Haywood
Vance
Henderson
Perquimans
Catawba
Guilford
Catawba
Macon
Burke
Orange
Halifax ._._
Richmond
Wake
Pamlico
Greene ___
Cumberland
Madison
Caldwell
Mecklenburg
Union
Union
Sampson... _.
Lincoln
Northampton
Onslow
Martin
Greene
Ashe
Lee
Yadkin
Buncombe
Bertie
Duplin
Johnston
Forsyth
Moore
Cleveland-Gaston.
Lenoir
Vance
Lenoir
Rowan
Northampton
Cleveland
Scotland
Cleveland
Rockingham
Beaufort
Buncombe
Caldwell
Richmond
Bertie
Davidson
Randolph
Anson
Harnett
Lincoln
Cumberland
Halifax-Warren
1920
257
. 141
484
5.222
3,720
1,704
5,076
14,303
1,062
504
172
,180
336
385
333
107
294
783
495
403
833
447
224
I.
223
579
656
389
1900
1900
196
886
787
87
223
302
827
1,219
113
2,800
9,771
223
1,399
972
196
262
2,643
774
1,606
3,718
424
244
5,254
636
440
593
3,390
191
760
162
428
4,503
2,818
1,841
3,716
9,525
487
267
140
857
165
175
261
126
204
964
443
411
591
398
154
124
107
527
505
398
60
184
799
621
111
316
270
726
1,128
170
2,218
6,995
242
1,007
437
203
297
2,322
568
1,127
151
153
3,364
279
262
4,163
474
386
380
2,413
3,748
1,917
1,382
2,525
4,163
""249
109
707
122
184
219
" 139
881
445
"""533
86
'""441
309
235
"""230
640
""l"§7
167
271
260
652
180
2,062
4,106
168
853
""121
108
1,334
""688
100
126
1,296
"m
1,234
304
213
65
828
1,152
Towns marked * are not reported to date.
426
Census
POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS— Continued.
City or Town
County
1920
1910
1900
Longview
Catawba
Franklin
Gaston
755
1 , 954
1,154
516
202
2,691
1,162
219
149
1,247
694
1,266
141
394
99
166
147
1,784
243
1,775
876
266
165
2,230
983
186
189
1,033
653
664
220
408
52
Louisburg.. ..
1,178
290
Wilson.. ...
236
Lumber Bridge
Robeson
181
Lumberton . .
Robeson
Gaston
849
MoAdenville
1,144
McFarland .
Anson.
W.irren _.
112
157
Madison
Rockingham
813
Duplin... .
454
Maiden
Catawba...
Moore
614
176
Manteo
Mapleton _
Dare .
Hertford
Cherokee
312
Marble . ..
Margarettsville. .
Northampton . .
107
1,519
225
301
802
499
396
141
123
Marion
McDowell
Pitt
1,116
Marlboro*
111
Mars Hill ..
Madison
364
748
828
310
289
Marshal!
Madison _
337
Marshville _
Union . . .
349
Matthews ..
Mecklenburg
Pitt
378
Maupin .
Greene . _
61
1,397
1,886
536
1,341
118
183
104
697
375
84
Robeson. .
1,321
874
345
693
88
74
117
467
419
86
194
1,063
100
4,082
254
198
3,400
2,039
2,712
151
261
498
3,844
723
526
1,071
753
347
809
977
750
160
95
935
Mayodan '.
Rockingham..
Jones . _
904
Mavsville .
98
218
Merrv Oaks _.
Chatham . ... . .
Johnston
61
Middleburg .
Vance.
169
Nash...
Milton .
Caswell .. _.
490
Mineral Springs .
Union
Mint Hill*
Mecklenburg
192
Mo^ksville...
Davip . .
1,146
136
4,084
745
Chatham
Monroe . .
Union ...... . _
Mitchell
2,427
219
Cleveland..
228
4,315
2,958
2,867
166
83
631
4,752
975
1,160
2,297
770
144
Moorpsville
Iredell
Carteret .
Burke
Wake
Caldwell
1,533
Morehead Citv.
Morganton
1,379
1,928
100
Morven.. .
Anson .. ....
Surry
447
Mount Airy .. .
Mount Gilead
Mount Holly... . ... . ..
Mount Olive
2,680
Montgomery
Gaston . . . .
395
630
Wayne
Cabarrus
617
444
Mountain Island* ..
Gaston. ■
450
Murf reesboro
Hertford
Cherokee
Nash
602
1,314
939
243
657
Murphv.. __ .
604
479
McDowell. ._
Wake ...
New Hill
Avery
Stanly _ _. ._
Craven
289
228
12,198
404
New London.
New Bern
312
9,961
321
299
8,090
Newport
Carteret
328
Towns marked * not reported to date.
North Carolina
POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS— Continued.
427
City or Town
Newton
Newton Grove
North Wilkesboro...
Norwood...
Oakboro
Oak City
Oakley
Old Fort
Ore Hill*
Oriental
Orrum.
Oxford
Pactolus
Palmyra
Pantego
Parkersburg
Parkton
Parmele
Patterson
Peachland
Pee Dee*
Pembroke
Pendleton*
Pikeville
Pilot Mountain
Pine Level
Pine Bluff
Pinetops
Pineville
Pink Hill
Pittsboro
Plvmouth
Polkton
Pollocksville..
Powellsville
Princeton.
Prineeville
Raeford
Raleigh
Ramseur
Randleman.. .
Red Springs
Reidsville
Rennert..
Rhodhiss
Rich Square.
Richfield
Richlands
Ringwood*
Roanoke Rapids
Robbinsville
Roberdel...
Robersonville
Rockingham
Rockwell
Rocky Mount
Rocky Mount Mills.
Rolesville*
Roper
Rose Hill
Roseboro
County
Catawba
Sampson
Wilkes...
Stanly
Stanly ,
Martin
Pitt
McDowell...
Chatham...
Pamlico
Robeson
Granville. _
Pitt
Halifax
Beaufort
Sampson
Robeson
Martin
Caldwell.....
Anson.
Richmond
Robeson
Northampton
Wayne
Surry
Johnston
Moore
Edgecombe
Mecklenburg
Lenoir
Chatham
Washington . _
Anson
Jones
Bertie
Johnston
Edgecombe
Hoke
Wake
Randolph
Randolph
Robeson _.
Rockingham
Robeson
Caldwell
Northampton
Stanly
Onslow
Halifax
Halifax
Graham
Richmond
Mjartin
Richmond
Rowan
Edgecombe-Nash.
Nash
Wake...
Washington
Duplin
Sampson
1920
021
125
363
221
282
397
49
931
607
86
,606
210
103
335
76
382
355
183
196
329
333
707
373
165
465
689
160
584
847
575
339
157
403
562
235
076
014
,967
018
333
292
835
475
177
548
3611
119
476
199
51 ill
45::
742
833
043
516
749
1910
2,316
73
1,902
928
251
57
778
94
645
214
3,018
154
94
324
67
219
272
86
232
628
258
62
210
652
394
92
211
688
58
502
2,165
287
227
75
354
627
580
111, IMS
1,022
1,950
1,089
4,828
,179
370
367
210
445
147
, 670
122
422
616
2,155
8,051
480
170
819
364
183
1,
1,
1900
1,583
75
918
663
115
""253
""306
"2~059
52
131
253
57
'""336
""156
86
168
710
266
585
"424
1,011
276
198
44
281
552
"i:L643
769
2,190
858
3,262
133
""""232
73
160
98
1,009
275
1,507
1^937
605
155
C3
Towns marked * not reported to date.
428
Census
POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS— Conh
nved.
City or Town
County
1920
1910
1900
Rosman
Transylvania
527
767
3,214
2,207
442
275
1,693
1,147
145
787
1,425
491
437
229
1,062
419
5,533
7,153
235
2,282
136
1,726
280
1,331
139
121
3,127
315
308
895
1,347
450
Rowland
Robeson
357
Roxboro
Person
1,021
Bertie
997
Royall Cotton Mills
Wake
Rutherford College .
Burke
Rutherfordton..
Rutherford..
880
St. Pauls
Robeson
Forsyth _ ... _._
3,642
Rowan
13,884
549
2,977
6,277
Polk
211
Lee
1,044
Wilson __ _ _.
123
Scotland Neck
Halifax
2,061
1,348
Seaboard*
Northampton _..
287
Johnston
1,601
174
334
3,609
93
816
Shallotte -
Brunswick _. . .
149
'Nash...
Shelby
Cleveland _
1,874
Pitt
Yadkin _ ._
Siler City
Chatham
1,253
1,895
700
717
245
373
293
743
1,664
159
2,510
1,221
584
424
467
7,895
121
245
138
179
472
218
440
Smithfield
Johnston
764
Greene
405
Spruce Pine
Mitchell
Buncombe
238
390
202
542
1,484
199
1,915
1,246
321
204
239
4,599
312
South Mills
Camden..
Anson
154
Moore .
517
1,336
Alleghanv
501
Rowan
Nash _ _ _-
666
Gaston
441
Wilson
Star
Mont gomcry
211
Iredell
3,141
Cumberland...
Stem
Granville
Pitt
Guilford
Rockingham
Pamlico .
79
159
404
161
82
305
185
390
698
418
4,129
662
154
3,877
269
168
Stouts*
Union
Stovall
Granville
414
184
420
863
782
4,568
1,122
164
5,676
Hyde
Onslow
265
Jackson
281
Tabor
Columbus
Tarboro.
Edgecombe
Alexander
2,499
413
Duplin
Thomasville
Davidson
Halifax
751
Tillery*
258
Todd
Ashe
Wilson
82
ToisnotJ
590
560
Vance
206
488
400
342
Jones...
331
332
230
338
Trinity
Randolph
274
Iredell...
Towns marked * are not reported to date.
fReported under Winston-Salem.
JReported under Elm City.
North Carolina
429
POPULATION OF CITIES AND TOWNS-f ',„/.„„, ,/.
City or Town
County
1920
1910
1900
Trov
Montgomery.
1,102
1,067
142
147
156
540
308
467
273
189
190
2,648
174
1,425
1,055
700
43
139
155
392
296
273
420
185
878
324
Tryon
Polk
Tunis
Hertford
Union
Hertford
176
Union Mills
Rutherford
Yanceboro
Craven
291
169
Vandemere
Pamlico
Vass
Moore
Vaughan . __
Warren
Waco
Cleveland.
160
Wade
Cumberland
Wadesboro
Anson
2,376
1,546
Wagrarn
Scotland
Wake Forest ...
Wake
1,443
287
444
215
480
127
807
723
6,211
169
602
2,008
442
227
1,999
759
846
823
142
218
Wakefield*
Wake
Wallace
Duplin
648
Walnut*
Madison
Walnut Cove...
Stokes
651
158
927
1,108
6,166
181
750
1,942
606
74
1,861
1,239
1,266
462
336
Walstonburg.
Greene
Warrenton .
Warren
836
576
4,842
Warsaw ..
Duplin...
Washington.
Beaufort
Watha
Pender
Waxhaw
Union..
752
Waynesville
Haywood
1 307
Weaverville
Buncombe
329
Webster
Jackson
Weldon
Halifax .
1 433
Wendell
Wake
West Hickory
Catawba
213
West Jefferson
Ashe _.
West I.umberton
Robeson
231
46
755
179
1,368
216
45
799
53
1,574
25,748
6,717
684
289
353
17,167
484
624
312
187
Westray
Nash...
48
723
164
1,664
261
Whitakers
Edgecombe-Nash
388
Whitehall
Wayne
114
Whiteville
Columbus
643
Whittirr
Jacls son-Swain
Wilbanks
Wilson _
46
Wilkesboro.. _
Wilkes
814
635
Williams*
Yadkin
Williamston
Martin _
1,800
33,372
10,612
1,210
288
470
48,395
650
489
400
012
Wilmington
New Hanover
20,976
Wilson
Wilson..
3,525
Windsor
Bertie
597
Winfall
Perquimans
222
Wingate
Union
Winston-Salem
Forsyth
10,008
Winterville
Pitt
243
Winton
Hertford
Northampton
688
Woodland
242
Woodleaf*...
Rowan..
Woodville.
Bertie
Randolph
381
367
20
254
445
Worth ville
393
54
130
432
338
431
483
467
Wrightsville Beach
New Hanover
22
Yadkin College.
Davidson
210
Yadkinville..
Yadkin
292
Yancevville*
Youngsville
Franklin
370
953
345
Zebulon '
Wake
Towns marked * are not reported to date.
i::i>
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PART XIII
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES
1 Executive Officials.
2. Justices of the Supreme Court.
3. Senators and Representatives in Congress.
4. Senators and Representatives in the General As-
sembly.
i 1 13 I
EXECUTIVE OFFICIALS.
CAMERON MORRISON
GOVERNOR
Cameron Morrison, Democrat, of Richmond County, was born in
Richmond County, North Carolina, October 15th, 1869. Sou of Daniel
M. Morrison and his wife, Martha Cameron Morrison. Educated in
the private schools of M. C. McCaskill at Ellerbe Springs, N. C,
and Dr. William Carroll of Rockingham. Lawyer. Member of Sen-
ate Branch of the General Assembly in 1900. Mayor of the town of
Rockingham in 1893. Elected Governor of North Carolina in 1920.
Presbyterian. Married Miss Lottie May Tomlinson of Durham,
N. C, who died Nov. 12, 1919. One child, a daughter, Angelia. Ad-
dress: Raleigh, N. C.
135
43G Biographical Sketches
JOHN BRYAN GRIMES*
SECRETARY OF STATE
J. Bryan Grimes, Democrat, of Fitt County, was born in
Raleigh, N. C., June 3, 1868. Son of Bryan and Charlotte
Emily (Bryan) Grimes. Educated at private schools:
Raleigh Male Academy; Trinity school (Chocowinity, N.
C); Lynch's High School (High Point, N. C); University
of North Carolina; Bryant and Stratton Business College
(Baltimore, Md.) Planter, Member of State Farmers Al-
liance. Member Executive Committee North Carolina Ag-
ricultural Society. Member State Board of Agriculture,
1899-1900. Was elected Secretary of State in 1900, re-elected
in 1904, 1908, 1912, 1916 and 1920. Term expires 1925.
Ex-president Tobacco Growers Association of North Caro-
lina 1899-1900. Chairman North Carolina Historical Com-
mission 1907-1923. Member State Literary and Historical
Association. President of the North Carolina Society of
Sons of the Revolution 1911-1923. Member Executive Com-
mittee, Trustees University of North Carolina. Chairman
of Committee of Trustees for the Extension and Develop-
ment of the University Buildings and Grounds. Member
of the Farmers Cooperative and Education Union. President
Scottish Society of America 1918-1919. Member Executive
Committee of North Carolina Council of Defense. Aide-de-
camp on staff of Governor E'lias Carr, with rank of Colonel.
Director of Tobacco Growers Cooperative Association 1922-
23. Episcopalian. Married November 14, 1894, Miss Mary
Octavia Laughinghouse; February 3, 1904, Miss Elizabeth
Forest Laughinghouse. Address: Raleigh, N. C.
*Sinco the abovo was written Colonel Grimes died of pneumonia, January
11, 1923. — Editor.
Executive Officials 437
WILLIAM NASH EVERETT
SECRETARY OF STATE1
William Nash Everett, Democrat, Secretary of State, was boru
in Rockingham, December 29, 1S64. Son of William I. and Fannie
(LeGrand) Everett. Attended Rockingham High School, 1882; Uni
versity of North Carolina 1886. Parmer and Merchant. State
Senator, 1917. Member House 1919-1921-1923. Methodist. Mar-ied
Miss Lena Payne in 1888. Address: Raleigh, N. C.
BENJAMIN RICE LACY
STATE TREASURER
Benjamin R. Lacy, Democrat, of Wake County, was born in Ral-
eigh, N. C, June 19, 1854. Son of Rev. Drury and Mary Rice Lacy,
and a grandson of the Revs. Drury Lacy and Benjamin H. Rice.
Both his grandfathers, his father, his brother and his son were
Presbyterian Ministers, and he is an elder in the First Presbyterian
Church in the City of Raleigh. He attended the Preparatory
School of R. H. Graves, Graham, N. C, in 1868; Bingham School,
Mebane, N. C, in 1869. Then served a regular apprenticeship as a
machinist in the old Raleigh & Gaston Shops, was general foreman
of these shops for four years and ran a locomotive engine fifteen
years. He is a member of Division No. 339 Brotherhood of Locomo-
tive Engineers, was a delegate to three Grand Conventions of the
B. of L. E.; is a member of Manteo Lodge Independent Order of Odd
Fellows, also of Walnut Creek Council No. 55 Jr. 0. U. A. M. Is
Past Worshipful Master of William Hill Lodge No. 218, Raleigh,
N. C, and Neuse Lodge No. 97, Millbrook, N. C, A. F. & A. M., and
is Grand Treasurer of the Grand Lodge. Was Alderman of the
City of Raleigh. State Commissioner of Labor and Printing for six
years. Elected State Treasurer in 1900; re-elected in 1904, 1908, 1912,
1916 and 1920. Term expires 1924. Married June 27, 1882, to Miss
Mary Burwell. They have seven children. Address: Raleigh, N. C.
BAXTER DURHAM
STATE AUDITOR
Baxter Durham, Democrat, was born in Durham, N. C, August
20, 1878. Son of Columbus and Lila (Walters) Durham. At-
1Appointed by the Governor, January 16, 1923. — Editor.
438 Biographical Sketches
tended public schools of Durham and Raleigh 1884-1892; Raleigh
Male Academy, 1892-1894; Wake Forest College, 1894-1895. Travel-
ing Auditor, Department of State Auditor. Served as private,
Sergeant, Captain and Major in National Guard, 1907-1919. B. P.
0. E. Elected State Auditor November 2, 1920. Baptist. Address:
Raleigh, N. C.
EUGENE CLYDE BROOKS.
Eugene Clyde Brooks, Democrat, of Durham County, was born in
Greene County, December 3, 1871. He is a son of Edward J. and
Martha Eleanor (Broks) Brooks. He was prepared for college at
Bethel Academy in Lenoir County in 1881-1890, and was graduated
at Trinity College in 1894. In 1913-1914 he was a student at Teach-
ers' College, Columbia University. Dr. Brooks has been a teacher
all his life. He was principal of the Kinston graded schools in
1900; Superintendent of the Monroe graded schools in 1900-1903;
Rural School Supervisor and Secretary to the Educational Cam-
paign Committee (in North Carolina State Department of Educa-
tion), 1903-1904; Superintendent of the Goldsboro graded schools,
1904-1907; and Professor of Education in Trinity College, 1907-1919.
In 1906 he became editor of "North Carolina Education." He was
president of the North Carolina Teachers' Assembly in 1913-1914;
and a member of the State Educational Commission, 1917-1918. In
1918 he was appointed State Director of the National Educational
Association. Davidson College conferred upon him the honorary
degree of Doctor of Literature in 1918, and in 1920 Trinity College
conferred upon him the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws. Mr.
Brooks has always taken an active interest in civic matters. In
1913 he was a member of the Board of Aldermen of the city of
Durham; vice-president of the Durham Chamber of Commerce in
1918; vice-president of the Durham Building and Loan Association,
1916-1918; member of the Executive Committee of the Durham
Public Library. 1914-1918; and a member of the Board of Education
of the Durham City Schools, 1914-1919. Mr. Brooks is the author
of "Story of Cotton," "Story of Corn," "Life of Braxton Craven,"
"Woodrow Wilson as President," "Agriculture and Rural Life
Day," and "Education for Democracy," and co-author of North
Carolina Geography," "Agricultural Arithmetic," and "History in
the Elementary Schools," and editor of "North Carolina Poems."
Executive Officials 4b 9
He was a member of the Durham Rotary Club and is a member of
Phi Beta Kappa. Methodist. Married Miss Ida Myrtle Sapp.. Ad-
dress: Raleigh, N. C.
JAMES SMITH MANNING.
ATTORNEY-GENERAL.
James Smith Manning, Democrat, of Durham County, was born
June 1, 1859. Son of John and Louisa Jones (Hall) Manning.
Educated at Pittsboro Female Academy (Dr. Sutton) and A. H.
Merritt's school; University of North Carolina, A. B., 1879; Univer-
sity of North Carolina Law Sehool. Lawyer. Nominated for
Superior Court Judge, 1898. Attorney for city of Durham, 1886-
1887. Representative from Durham County in General Assembly
of 1907. State Senator from Nineteenth District in 1909. Associate
Justice of the Supreme Court, 1909-1910. In 1913 moved to Raleigh
and joined a partnership with former Governor W. W. Kitchin
under the firm name of Manning and Kitchin. Elected Attorney-
General in 1916. Trustee of University of North Carolina. Episco-
palian. Married, December 12, 1888, Miss Julia Tate Cain. Ad-
dress: Raleigh, N. C.
WILLIAM ALEXANDER GRAHAM.
COMMISSIONER OF AGRICULTURE.
William A. Graham, Democrat, of Lincoln County, was born
December 26, 1839, at Hillsboro, N. C. Son of William A. and
Susan (Washington) Graham. Educated at private schools, 1847-
1848; Caldwell Institute (Hillsboro, N. C.) ; Union Academy (Wash-
ington, D. C); University of North Carolina, 1856-1859; Princeton
College, A. B. I860. Farmer. President North Carolina Farmers'
Alliance, three terms; State Senator, 1874-1875 and 1878-1879;
Representative 1905. Member North Carolina Board of Agriculture,
1899-1908. Elected Commisioner of Agriculture in 1908, and re-
elected in 1912, and 1916, and 1920. Captain Co. K. 2nd N. C.
Cavalry, C. S. A. Major and Assistant Adjutant General of
North Carolina State Troops. Baptist. Moderator of South
Fork Association. Thirty years Chairman of Executive Com-
mittee. President Baptist State Convention. Author: Genera]
Joseph Graham and His Revolutionary Papers; History of South
440 Biographical Sketch ks
Fork Association; Life and Services of General William L. David-
son; Battle of Ramsaur's Mill; History of Second Regiment North
Carolina Cavalry, and North Carolina Adjutant General's Depart-
ment (North Carolina Regiments) 1861-1865. Walter Clark, Editor.
Married Mi6s Julia Lane, June 9, 1864. Eleven children. Ad-
dress: Raleigh, N. C.
MITCHELL LEE SHIPMAN.
COMMISSIONER OF LABOR AND PRINTING.
M. L. Shipman, Democrat, of Henderson County, was born at
Bowman's Bluff, Henderson County, December 31, 1866. Son of
F. M. and Martha A. (Dawson) Shipman. Educated in public
schools and private schools. Editor. Teacher. Superintendent
Public Instruction Transylvania County, 1892-1895. Twice First
Vice-President, eight times Historian, and once President North
Carolina Press Association. Member National Editorial Association.
Chairman Henderson County Democratic Executive Committee,
1898-1906; Chairman Senatorial and Congressional District Com-
mittees; member State Democratic Executive Committee; Calendar
Clerk, State Senate, 1899-1905; Assistant Commissioner of Labor
and Printing, 1905-1908. Elected Commissioner Labor and Print-
ing, 1908; re-elected 1912-1916 and 1920. Term expires 1924. Federal
Director N. C. Employment Service. First Vice-President Inter-
national Association of Labor Commissioners and Chairman of the
Executive Committee. Fraternal orders: Odd Fellows (Past Grand
Master, now Grand Treasurer), Knights of Pythias (Past Chancel-
lor), Royal Arcanum, Jr. O. U. A. M. Sec-Treas. North Carolina
Orphan Association and Chairman Publicity Committee. Baptist;
Clerk of Carolina Association, 1902. Married Miss Lula Osborne, of
Brevard, July 12, 1896. Four children. Address: Raleigh, N. C.
STACEY W. WADE.
INSURANCE COMMISSIONER.
Stacey W. Wade, Democrat, was born at Morehead City, N. C,
August 18, 1875. Son of David B. and Sarah (Royal) Wade. At-
tended public and private schools of home town. Insurance Com-
missioner. Assistant Principal Clerk of the State Senate, 1903,
Executive Officials 441
5, 7, 8, and 9; Vice-President Carteret lie Company, 1904-1906;
City Clerk, 1906-1908; Director of the Bank of Carteret, 1907-1909*;
Auditor and Member Finance Committee Atlantic and North Caro-
lina Railroad' Company, 1911-1921; Chief Deputy Insurance Commis-
sioner, 1909-1921. Insurance Commissioner, ex officio Fire Marshall
Janaury 1, 1921-1925. Mason, Knights Templar, Shrine. Methodist.
Married Miss Clyde Mann, December, 1905. Address: Raleigh, N. C.
ALSTON DAVIDSON WATTS.1
COMMISSIONER OF REVENUE.
A. D. Watts, Democrat, of Iredell County, was born in Shiloh
township, that county, where he still retains his legal residence,
March 12th, 1866. Son of Thomas A. and Margaret (Morrison)
Watts. Educated in the free schools, academies, Bingham School,
and for a short time at Davidson College. Served as deputy register
of deeds and deputy clerk, and edited a newspaper in his native
county. Was personal clerk to Senator Simmons and clerk to the
Committees of the U. S. Senate of which he was chairman, with two
or three short interruptions, from December, 1901 to July, 1913,
when he resigned, being at that time clerk to the Committee on
Finance. Was collector of internal revenue for the fifth district
July, 1913, to August, 1919; was supervisor of internal revenue for
the State from August to December, 1919, when he resigned to go
into the income tax business in which he engaged until appointed
to his present position. Was a member of the House of Representa-
tives in 1901 and 1903 and of the State Senate in 1913, resigning in
July of that year to become collector of internal revenue. Has been
chairman of his precinct and a member of his county Democratic
Committee since he became a voter in 1888, and a member of the State
Committee since his first election in 1896. Was an alternate to the
Democratic National Convention in Chicago in 1892 and a delegate to
the one at Kansas City in 1900. Is a Presbyterian, Mason, and Jr.
O. U. A. M. Was appointed Commissioner of Revenue by Governor
Morrison April 2nd, 1921, and assumed office May 1st 1921.
1Colonel Watts resigned Jan. 29, 1923. lie was succeeded by Hon. R. A.
Dough ton. — Editor.
JUSTICES OF THE SUPREME COURT.
WALTER CLARK.
CHIEF JUSTICE.
Walter Clark, Democrat, of Wake County, was born in Halifax
County, N. C, August 19, 1846. Son of David and Anna M. (Thorne)
Clark. Graduated from University of North Carolina 1864. Lieu-
tenant Colonel, C. S. A. Admitted to the bar 1868. Judge of Supe-
rior Court, 1885-1889. Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, 1889-
1902. Chief Justice since January 1, 1903. Frequent contributor to
periodical literature. Author: Clark's Annotated Code of Civil Pro-
cedure. Translator from the French: Constant's Memoirs of Na-
poleon (3 vols.). Editor: The State Records of North Carolina (16
vols.); The North Carolina Regiments, 1861-1865 (5 vols.); Reprints
of North Carolina Supreme Court Reports, with annotations (164
vols.). President North Carolina Literary and Historical Associa
tion, 1900-1901. LL.D. (University of N. C). Methodist. Married.
Address: Raleigh, N. C.
PLATT DICKINSON WALKER.
ASSOCIATE JUSTICE.
Piatt D. Walker, Democrat, of Mecklenburg County, was born in
Wilmington, N. C. Son of Thomas D. and Mary Vance (Dickinson)
Walker. Educated at George W. Jewett's School, Wilmington, and
James H. Horner's School, Oxford, N. C; University of North Caro-
lina. Finished collegiate course at University of Virginia and
studied law there under Prof. John B. Minor and Prof. Southall,
and received LL.B. Diploma. Obtained his license to practice law
from Supreme Court; admitted to Bar of North Carolina and settled
at Rockingham, and practiced law with the late Hon. Walter L.
Steele, afterwards member of Congress. Representative from Rich-
mond County in General Assembly of North Carolina. Removed to
Charlotte and entered into partnership with the late Hon. Clement
[442]
Justices of the Supreme Court 443
Dowd (afterwards member of Congress) for the practice of law, and
later with Hon. Armistead Burwell, afterwards Justice of the
Supreme Court, and E. T. Cansler, Esq. Has been Associate Justice
of the Supreme Court of North Carolina since January, 1903. First
President of the North Carolina Bar Association, 1899. President
of the State Literary Historical Association, 1909-1910. Trustee of
the University of North Carolina, 1901-1905. LL.D. (Davidson Col-
lege, 1903, and University of North Carolina 1908). Episcopalian.
Married Miss Nettie Settle Covington, June 5, 1878, at Reidsville,
N. C; Miss Alma Locke Mordecai, June 8, 1910. Residence: Char-
lotte, N. C. Office: Raleigh, N. C.
WILLIAM ALEXANDER HOKE.
ASSOCIATE JUSTICE.
William A. Hoke, Democrat, of Lincoln County, was born at Lin-
colnton, N. C, October 25, 1851. Son of Col. John Franklin and
Catherine Wilson (Alexander) Hoke. Educated at private schools.
Studied law under Chief Justice Richmond Pearson at Richmond
Hill, N. C. Admitted to Bar 1872. Practiced law at Shelby and
Lincolnton, N. C, until 1891. Representative in Legislature of North
Carolina in 1889. Judge of the Superior Court, 1891-1904. Elected
Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of North Carolina, 1904; re-
elected, 1912 and again in 1920. Member Society of the Cincinnati.
LL.D. (University of N. C). Episcopalian. At Lincolnton, Decem-
ber, 16, 1897, married to Miss Mary McBee. Residence: Lincolnton,
N. C. Office: Raleigh, N. C.
WALTER PARKER STACY.
ASSOCIATE JUSTICE.
Walter Parker Stacy, Democrat, was born in Ansonville. Decem-
ber, 1884. Son of Rev. L. E. and Rosa (Johnson) Stacy. Attended
Weaverville College, 1895-1898; Morven High School, 1899-1902;
University of North Carolina, degree of A. B., 190S: University
Law School, 1908-1909. Lawyer. Member of North Carolina Bar
Association. Represented New Hanover County in General As-
sembly of 1915. Judge Superior Court, Eighth Judicial District.
444 Biographical Sketches
1916-1920. Elected Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of
North Carolina, 1920. Lecturer University Summer Law School,
1922. Methodist. Residence: Wilmington, N. C. Office: Raleigh,
N. C.
W. J. ADAMS
ASSOCIATE JUSTICE
W. J. Adams, Democrat, of Moore County. Graduate of University
of North Carolina. Member House of Representatives, North Caro-
lina, 1893. State Senator 1895. Appointed Judge Superior Court in
December, 1908, to fill unexpired term of Judge Neal, who had
resigned. Elected for full terni in 1910 and again in 1918. Ap-
pointed Associate Justice Supreme Court by Governor Morrison in
September, 1921, to fill unexpired term of Judge Allen, deceased.
Elected to same office in 1922. Address: Raleigh, N. C.
MEMBERS OF CONGRESS.
FURNIFOLD McLENDEL SIMMONS.
F. M. Simmons, Democrat, of New Bern, Craven County, was born
January 20, 1854, in the County of Jones, N. C. Educated at Wake
Forest College and at Trinity College, graduating at Trinity Col-
lege with the degree of A.B., in June, 1873; was admitted to the
Bar in 1875, and practiced the profession of law until his election
to the United States Senate in 1901. In 1886 was elected a member
of the Fiftieth Congress from the Second Congressional District
of North Carolina. In 1893 was appointed Collector of Internal
Revenue for the Fourth (the Eastern) Collection District of North
Carolina, and served in that office during the term of Mr. Cleveland.
In the campaigns of 1892, 1898, 1900, 1902, 1904, and 1906, was
Chairman of the Democratic Executive Committee of the State.
LL.D. of Trinity College, N. C, 1901; University of North Caro-
lina, 1915. He was elected to the United States Senate to succeed
Marion Butler, Populist, for the term beginning March 4, 1901,
and re-elected in 1907, and again in 1913, having been chosen in
the Democratic primary November 5, 1912, over two opponents,
Governor W. W. Kitchin and Chief Justice Walter Clark. Chairman
of Finance Committee in the Sixty-third, Sixty-fourth and Sixty-
fifth Congresses during Democratic control of the United States Senate.
One of the authors of the Underwood-Simmons Tariff Cct of 1913-
1921, and of the Revenue Measures which provided for the financing
of the World War on the part of America. In 1918 re-elected to the
Senate for term March 4, 1919-March 3, 1925. Led the Democrats of
the Senate in their great fights against the Republican Revenue
Bills and the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Bill in 1921 and 1922.
Member of Democratic National Senatorial Committee in campaign of
1922, and was offered its chairmanship but declined it. Is now
Chairman of the Democratic Patronage and the Library Committees
of tho Senate, ranking Democratic (minority) member of the Com-
I 445 1
446 Biographical Sketches
mittee on Finance, member of the Steering Committee, the Committee
on Commerce, and of other committees of the Senate. Was honored
with the vote of North Carolina for the Presidency of the United
States in the Democratic National Convention of 1920.
LEE SLATER OVERMAN
Lee Slater Overman, Democrat, of Salisbury, was born Jan-
uary 3, 1854, in Salisbury, Rowan County; graduated at Trinity
College, North Carolina, with the degree of A. B., June, 1874; the
degree of M. A. was conferred upon him two years later; since that
time the degree of LL.D.; also degree of LL.D. conferred by the
University of North Carolina in 1917; also LL.D. conferred by David-
son College, North Carolina, in 1922; taught school two years; was
private secretary to Gov. Z. B. Vance in 1877-78, private secretary to
Gov. Thomas J. Jarvis in 1879; began the practice of law in his
native town in 1880; was five times a member of the legislature,
sessions of 1883, 1885, 1887, 1893, and 1899; was the unanimous choice
of his party and elected speaker of the house of representatives,
session of 1893; was president of the North Carolina Railroad Co. in
1894; was the choice of the Democratic caucus for United States
Senator in 1895, and defeated in open session by Hon. Jeter C. Prit-
chard, through a combination of Republicans and Populists; was
president of the Democratic State convention ir 1900 and 1911; for
10 years a member of the board of trustees of the State University;
is also trustee of Trinity College; was chosen presidential elector for
the State at large in 1900; married Mary P., the eldest daughter ot
United States Senator (afterwards Chief Justice) A. S. Merrimon,
October 31, 1878; was elected to the United States Senate to succeed
Hon. Jeter C. Pritchard, Republican, for the term beginning March 4,
1903, and re-elected in 1909; was elected on November 3, 1914, for a
third term, being the first Senator elected to. the United States
Senate by direct vote of the people of his State. Elected on the 2d
day of November, 1920, for the fourth term by a majority of 81,161.
Members of Congress i i~,
HALLETT S. WARD.
(First District. — Counties: Currituck, Camden, Dare, Pasquotank,
Perquimans, Chowan, Gates, Hertford, Washington. Tyrrell. .Mar-
tin, Beaufort, Hyde, Pitt. Population, 206,137.)
Hallett S. Ward, Democrat, of Beaufort County, was born in Gates
County August 31st, 1870. Attended only the public schools of the
county and a short period at the Corao Academy in Hertford County
under the great teacher of that day, Capt. Julian H. Picot. Studied
law at the University in the summer of 1893. Located in Plymouth,
N. C. Married Aileen Latham. Elected to State Senates of 1899
and 1901. Elected Solicitor of the First Judicial District in 1904;
served six years. Elected to Sixty-seventh Congress in 1920.
CLAUDE KITCHIN.
(Second District. — Counties: Bertie, Edgecombe, Greene, Halifax,
Lenoir, Northampton, Warren and Wilson. Population 233,111).
CLAUDE KITCHIN, Democrat, of Scotland Neck, was born in
Halifax County, N. C, near] Scotland Neck, March, 24, 1869;
graduated from Wake Forest College June, 1888, and was married to
Miss Kate Mills November 13 of the same year; was admitted to the
bar September, 1890, and has since been engaged in the practice of
the law at Scotland Neck; never held public office until elected to the
Fifty-seventh Congress; elected to the Fifty-eighth, Fifty-ninth,
Sixtieth, Sixty-first, Sixty-second, Sixty-third, Sixty-fourth, Sixty-
fifth, and Sixty-sixth Congresses and re-elected to the Sixty-seventh
Congress. Majority leader in the Sixty-fourth and Sixty-fifth Con-
gresses and Minority Leader in Sixty-seventh Congress.
CHARLES LABAN ABERNETHV.
(Third District. — Counties: Carteret, Craven, Duplin, Jones, Ons-
low, Pamlico, Pender, Sampson and Wayne. Population. 202,760).
Charles Laban Abernethy, Democrat, from the Third District,
was born at Rutherford College, N. C, March 18. 1ST:'. He is the
448 Biographical Sketches
son of Rev. John Turner Abernethy and Martha Anna Scott Aber-
nethy. He was educated at Mount Olive preparatory schools, Ruther-
ford College, and the Law School of the University of North Caro-
lina. Lawyer. Member of the Kiwanis Club of New Bern and New
Bern Chamber of Commerce. County Attorney of Carteret County
1896; Presidential Elector 1900 and Presidential Elector 1904, Solicitor
3rd and 5th Judicial Districts for about 12 years. Odd Fellow. K.
of P. B. P. 0. E. Red Men. J. 0. U. A. M. Mason. Methodist. Married
Miss Minne May, in 1895. Address: New Bern, N. C.
EDWARD WILLIAM POU.
(Fourth District.— Counties: Chatham, Franklin, Johnston, Nash,
Vance, and Wake. Population, 238,594.)
Edward William Pou, Democrat, of Johnston County, was born at
Tuskegee, Ala., September 9, 1863. Presidental Elector in 1888.
Elected Solicitor of the Fourth Judicial District of North Carolina
in 1890, 1894. and 1898. Elected to the Fifty-seventh, Fifty-eighth,
Fifty-ninth, Sixtieth, Sixty-first, Sixty-second, Sixty-third, Sixty-
fourth, Sixty-fifth, Sixty-sixth, and Sixty-seventh Congresses. Ad-
dress: Smithfield, N. C.
CHARLES MANLY STEDMAN.
(Fifth District.— Counties: Alamance, Caswell, Durham, Forsyth,
Granville, Guilford, Orange, Person, Rockingham, Stokes, Surry.
Population, 408-138.)
Charles Manly Stedman, Democrat, of Greensboro, was born Jan-
uary 29, 1841, in Pittsboro, Chatham County; moved with his
father's family to Fayetteville when he was 12 years of age. Pre-
pared for college at the Pittsboro Academy, and at the Donaldson
Academy in Fayetteville. Graduated from the University of North
Carolina in 1861. In response to the call for volunteers, he left
the University before the commencement exercises and volunteered
as a private in the Fayetteville Independent Light Infantry Com-
pany, which was in the first North Carolina (or Bethel) Regiment.
Upon the disbanding of this regiment he joined a company from
Members of Congkess
Chatham County; was lieutenant, then captain, and afterwards its
major. This company belonged to the Forty-fourth North Carolina
Regiment. He served with Lee's Army during the entire war; was
three times wounded, and surrendered at Appomattox. He is one
of the twelve sokliers who were engaged in the battle at Bethel
and who surrendered with Lee at Appomattox. At the close of the
Civil War he returned to Chatham County, where he taught school
for a year; while there he studied law under Hon. John Manning
and procured his license to practice. Married Miss Catherine de
Rosser Wright, January 8, 1866. In 1867 he moved to Wilmington,
where he practiced law for many years; he was a member of the
firm of Wright & Stedman. Delegate to the Democratic National
Convention, 1880. Elected Lieutenant Governor, 1884. In 1898 he
moved to Greensboro and formed a copartnership with A. Wayland
Cooke, under the firm name of Stedman & Cooke. Since residing
in Greensboro he has served as President of the North Carolina
Bar Association. In 1909 he was appointed by Governor Kitchin
a director of the North Carolina Railroad Company, representing
the State's interest, and was afterwards elected its president. For
many years he was trustee of the University of North Carolina. He
is a director of the Guilford Battle Ground Company; was elected
to the Sixty-sscond, Sixty-third, Sixty-fourth, Sixty-fifth, Sixty-sixth
Sixty-seventh and Sixty-eighth Congresses.
HOMER LeGRAND LYON.
(Sixth District. — Counties: Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, Cum-
berland, Harnett, New Hanover and Robeson. Population, 223,434.)
Homer LeGrand Lyon, Democrat, of Whiteville, N. C, was born
March 1st, 1879, in Elizabethtown, N. C; was educated at Davis
Military School and the University of North Carolina; was lie. used
to practice law in September, 1900. Had been Solicitor of the Sth
Judicial District for seven years preceding his election to Congress.
Married Miss Kate M. Burkhead in 1904.
29
450 Biographical Sketches
WILLIAM C. HAMMER.
(Seventh District.— Counties: Anson, Davidson, Davie, Hoke, Lee,
Montgomery, Moore, Randolph, Richmond, Scotland, Union, Wilkes,
and Yadkin. Population, 295,917.)
William C. Hammer, Democrat, was born in Randolph County,
March 24, 1864. Son of William C. and Hannah Jane (Burrows)
Hammer. Educated in the public schools, Yadkin College, Western
Maryland College, University of North Carolina Law School.
Lawyer. Member American Bar Association; North Carolina Bar
Association; National Editorial Association; North Carolina Press
Association. Mayor of Asheboro; Town Commissioner; School
Commissioner; County Superintendent of Schools; Solicitor 10th
and 15th Judicial Districts of North Carolina; United States Attor-
ney Western District of North Carolina; Delegate from Fourth
North Carolina District Democratic National Convention, 1896, at
Chicago, Delegate at large to Democratic National Convention at Bal-
timore, 1912; President North Carolina Press Association, 1914-1915.
Mason. Odd Fellow, Jr. 0. U. A. M., Woodman of the World. Meth-
odist. Married Miss Minnie Lee Hancock, 1893. Address: Ashe-
boro, N. C.
ROBERT LEE DOUGHTON.1
(Eighth District. — Counties: Alexander, Alleghany, Ashe, Cabar-
rus, Caldwell, Iredell, Rowan, Stanly, and Watagua. Population
217,254.)
Robert L. Doughton, Democrat, Laurel Springs, N. C, was born
at Laurel Springs, N. C, November 7, 1863; was educated in the
public schools and at Laurel Springs and Sparta High Schools; is
a farmer and stock raiser; was appointed a member of the Board
of Agriculture in 1903; elected to the State Senate from the Thirty-
fifth District of North Carolina in 1908; served as a director of the
State Prison from 1909 to 1911; elected to the Sixty-second, Sixty-
third, Sixty-fourth, Sixty-fifth, Sixty-sixth, Sixty-seventh and Sixty-
eighth Congresses.
^esisjned Jan. 29, 1923 to become Commissioner of Revenue. — Editor.
Members of Congress 451
ALBERT LEE BULWINKLE.
(Ninth District. — Counties: Mecklenburg, Gaston, Cleveland, Lin-
coln, Catawba, Burke, Madison, Mitchell, Yancey and Avery. Popu-
lation, 297,996.)
A. L. Bulwinkle, Democrat, Gastonia, Gaston County, born April
21, 1883; attended school in Dallas, N. C; studied law at the Uni-
versity of North Carolina. Lawyer; member of the firm of Bul-
winkle & Cherry. Prosecuting Attorney in the Municipal Court of
the City of Gastonia, 1913-1916; nominated for the State Senate by
the Democratic Primary of 1916, but withdrew on account of being
in the military service on the Mexican Border; Captain, 1st In-
fantry, N. C. N. G., 1909-1917; Major, commanding 2nd Battalion,
113 F. A., 55th F. A. Brigade, 30th Div., 1917-1919. Married Miss
Bessie Lewis, 1911; two children; was elected to the Sixty-seventh
Congress, and re-elected to the 68th Congress.
ZEBULON WEAVER.
(Tenth District. — Counties: Cherokee, Buncombe, Clay, Graham,
Haywood, Henderson, Jackson, McDowell, Macon, Polk, Rutherford,
Swain, Transylvania. Population, 231,483.)
Zebulon Weaver, Democrat, of Buncombe County, was born in
Weaverville, N. C, May 12, 1872. He is the son of W. E. and Han-
nah E. (Baird) Weaver. A. B. of Weaverville College, 1889. Studied
law at the University of North Carolina, 1894. Lawyer. Represented
Buncombe County in the General Assembly of North Carolina in
1907 and 1909. State Senator, 1913 and 1915. After a close contest
with James J. Britt, Republican, in 1916 was declared elected Repre-
sentative in the Sixty-fifth Congress. Was elected to Sixty-sixth,
Sixty-seventh and Sixty-eighth Congresses. Methodist. Married
Miss Anna Hyman of New Bern, N. C. Has five children. Address:
Asheville, N. C.
MEMBERS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY.
OFFICERS OF THE SENATE.
WILLIAM BRYANT COOPER.
PRESIDENT OF THE SENATE.
William Bryant Cooper, New Hanover County, Democrat, Lieu-
tenant Governor, was born at Cool Springs, S. C, Jan. 22, 1867.
Son of Noah Bryant and Lucinda Jennette Cooper. Attended
public schools of Mullins, S. C. Banker. Member of the Chamber
of Commerce of Wilmington; president in 1900; member of Board
of Trade in 1910; Mason; president of Masonic Temple Corpora-
tion. Methodist; steward; Sunday school Superintendent, 1905-
1910. Married Miss Ala Francis Gore, 1893. Address: Wilmington,
N. C.
FRANK DOBBIN HACKETT.
Frank D. Hackett, Democrat, Principal Clerk of the Senate, was
born at Maizefield, Wilkes County, June 14, 1857. Son of Charles
Carroll and Jane Cuthbert (Sturgis) Hackett. Attended Jonesville
Academy, 1866-1870; Swansboro Academy, 1870; private tuition,
1870; H. Bingham's Law School, Stattsville, N. C, 1888-1889;
Licensed in February, 1890. Lawyer. Member North Carolina
Bar Association; Wilkes County Bar Association; President Wilkes
County Bar Association, 1914-1915; Secretary Treasurer North
Wilkesboro Building and Loan Association, 1908-1915. Special Dep-
utp Collector Internal Revenue, 1895-1896. Assistant Clerk North
Carolina House of Representatives, 1899-1901. State Bank Examiner,
1902 Mayor of North-Wikesboro, 1900-1904 Supervisor for Wilkes
County Revaluation Work. 1919-1920. Elected Principal Clerk of
Senate Special Session. 1920. I. O. O. F.; Grand Warden, Grand
[452]
State Senators 453
Lodge, 1908-1919; Deputy Grand Master, 1909-1910; Grand Master,
1910 and 1911; Grand Representative from North Carolina to
Sovereign Grand Lodge World, 1912-1913. Methodist; Sunday school
superintendent; chairman Board of Stewards for about ten years.
Married, April, 1883, to Miss Alice Phillips. Address: North
Wilkesboro, N. C.
SENATORS (STATE)
FRANK ARMFIELD.
{Twentieth District. — Counties: Cabarrus and Mecklenburg. Two
Senators.)
Frank Armfield, Democrat, Senator from the twentieth district,
was born at Monroe, N. C, May 24, 1870. He is the son of E. A.
md Rachel (Phifer) Armfield. He received his preparatory education
at Monroe High School, National School of Elocution and Oratory of
Philadelphia, 1890. Attended Trinity College and Yale University;
also the Law School of the University of North Carolina. Lawyer.
Member N. C. Bar Association, Merchants and Manufacturers Club,
National Pecan Growers. Member of N. C. State Guard for about
five years. B. P. O. E. Jr. O. U. A. M. Mayor of Monroe for two
years. Married Miss Lucille Armfield in 1905. Address: Concord,
N. C.
JOHN ROBERT BAGGETT.
(Ticelfth District. — Counties: Harnett, Hoke, Moore and Ran-
dolph. Two Senators.)
John Robert Baggett, Democrat, Senator from the twelfth dis-
trict, was born in Sampson County, October 1871. Son of Silas E.,
and Winnefred (Wilson) Baggett. Attended Salem High School and
the Law School of the University of North Carolina. Lawyer.
Member of the N. C. Bar Association. State Senator 1911; Mayor
of Lillington 1912-1918; Member of Board of Directors of Caswell
Training School 1911-1917; Member of Central Hospital Board from
1917-1921; Member of Lillington High School Board 1913 to date.
Mason. J. O. U. A. M. Baptist; Superintendent of Sunday
School and Teacher. Married, in 1901, to Miss Allene Keeter. Ad-
dress: Lillington, N. C.
454 Biographical Sketches
EMMETT HARGROVE BELLAMY.
(Ninth District. — Counties: Duplin, New Hanover, Pender, and
Sampson. Two Senators).
Emmett Hargrove Bellamy, Democrat, Senator from Ninth Dis-
trict, was born in Wilmington, N. C, September 12, 1891. Son
of John D. and Emma (Hargrove) Bellamy. Attended Horner's
Military School, 1904-1907; A.B., University of North Carolina,
1912; LL.B., Columbia University Law School, 1915. Lawyer. Mem-
ber North Carolina Bar Association. Served as First Lieutenant
of Field Artillery in United States Army, 1917-1919. Author Bellamy
Law requiring physical examination as prerequisite to matrimony.
Sigma Alpha Epsilon. Odd Fellow; Noble Grand, 1919-1921.
Episcopalian. Address: Wilmington, N. C.
C. C. BENNETT.
(Eighteenth District. — Counties: Davidson, Montgomery, Rich-
mond, and Scotland. Two Senators.)
C. C. Bennett, Democrat, Senator from Eighteenth Senatorial Dis-
trict. Address: Samarcand, N. C.
JOHN M. BOYETTE.
(Nineteenth. — Counties: Anson, Stanly and Union. Two Sena-
tors. )
John M. Boyette, Democrat, Senator from the nineteenth district,
was born in Anson County, April 15, 1873. Son of John M. and
Catherine Jane Gray Boyette. Education in the public schools of the
locality. Real Estate. Member of the Lion's Club. Commissioner
of Albemarle 1901-1903; Register of Deeds Stanly County 1906, 1908,
1910, 1920. Mason. J. O. U. A. M., K. of P., having held offices in
each of these orders. Methodist, steward from 1906 to date. Married
Miss Anna Blalock 1900; second marriage Miss Minnie Blalock
1912. Address: Albemarle, N. C.
State Senatobs 455
JOSEPH ADDISON BROWN.
{Tenth District. — Counties: Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus and
Cumberland. Two Senators).
Joseph Addison Brown, Democrat, Senator from the Tenth Sena-
torial District, was born at Rockingham, N. C, in 1861. Attended
commercial school one year. Merchant. Farmer. State Senator in
1893, 1899, 1901, 1903, 1911. Member State's Prison Board in 1902.
Mason. Odd Fellow. K. of P. Presbyterian. Married, in 1897, to
Miss Minnie Mclver. Address: Chadbourn, N. C.
JUNIUS C. BROWN
{Seventeenth District — Counties: Guilford and Rockingham, Two
Senators.)
Junius C. Brown, Democrat, Senator from the Seventeenth Dis-
trict, was born in Apex, Dec. 2, 1886. Son of James G. and Cornelia
(Hunter) Brown. Received his preparatory education at Buie's
Creek Academy and Cary High School. Graduated from Wake
Forest College in 1913; Bachelor of Arts and Bachelor of Laws.
Took special course at the University of Grenoble, France. Lawyer.
Member of N. C. Bar Association. Attorney for town of Madison
1915 to date. Served with A. E. F. in the 321st Infantry, 81st
Division. J. O. U. A. M.; A. F. and A. M. Baptist. Married Miss
Eliza Ray Pratt, 1921. Address: Madison, N. C.
ALLEN THURMAN CASTELLOE
{Third District — Counties: Northampton and Bertie. One Sen-
ator.)
Allen Thurman Castelloe, Democrat, Senator from the Third
District, was born in Hertford County, August 1, 1892. Son of
William H. Castelloe and Celia Mitchell. Attended Aulander High
School, 1908-1912, and University of North Carolina. 1916. A. B.
Also attended Law School of Wake Forest College, 1917, and Har-
vard University 1919-1922. Lawyer. President, Farmers Bank Inf..
Aulander since 1921; President Aulander Brick Company since
456 Biographical Sketches
1918; Director of Bank of Aulander since 1919. Mayor of Aulander,
1917. Member of Board of Trustees Aulander Schools since 1917;
Mason Baptist. Lecturer to Bible Class. Married Miss Sallie
Hollowell in 1916. Address: Aulander, N. C.
THOMAS WILLIAM COSTEN
{First District— Counties: Camden, Chowan, Currituck, Gates,
Hertford, Pasquotank and Perquimans. Two Senators.)
Thomas William Costen, Democrat, Senator from the First Dis-
trict, was born at Sunbury, Gates County, June 20, 1873. Son of
Thomas William and Lucy Headen (Brown) Costen. Attended Sun-
bury Academy 1883-1888, Guilford College 1889-1892, and the Law
School of the University of North Carolina in 1896. Admitted to
the Bar in 1896. Lawyer. Superintendent of Schools, Gates County,
1900-1916; Chairman of Board of Education, 1918-1922. Methodist;
Member Board of Stewards. Married Miss Nannie M. Seawell in
1896. Chairman of Gates County Chapter Red Cross during War;
also member of Local Advisory Board. Address: Gatesville, N. C.
JAMES LESTER DELANEY
{Twentieth District. — Counties: Cabarrus and Mecklenburg. Two
Senators.)
J. L. DeLaney, Democrat, Senator from the Twentieth Senatorial
District, was born in Union County. Son of James Stanhope and
Margaret E. (Matthews) DeLaney. ^ Educated at Weddington Acad-
emy, 1896-1900. University of North Carolina, 1900-1902. Univer-
sity of North Carolina Law School, 1904. Lawyer. Prosecuting
attorney for city of Charlotte, 1911-1913. State Senator, 1919, 1921.
Mason. Odd Fellow. J. O. U. A. M. Presbyterian. Married Miss
Cora Matthews, 1905. Address: Charlotte, N. C.
State Senators 4."i7
PLATO DURHAM EBBS
(Thirty -fir st District. — County: Buncombe. One Senator.)
Plato Durham Ebbs, Democrat, Senator from the Thirty-first
District, was born in Madison County. Son of Jasper and Tolitha
(Flemmons) E'bbs. Wholesale Grocer. Director, Asheville Chamber
of Commerce and Merchants Association. Representative from
Madison County 1915-1917. United Commercial Travelers. B. P.
0. E. Married Miss Katie Sprinkle, December 1903. Address:
Asheville, N. C.
SIMON JUSTUS EVERETT
(Fifth District.— County: Pitt. One Senator.)
Simon Justus Everett, Democrat, Senator from the Fifth Sena-
torial District, was born in Martin County in 1877. Son of Justus
and Elizabeth (Best) Everett. Attended Hamilton (Martin County)
Preparatory schools, Vine Hill Male Academy at Scotland Neck;
Ph.B. of the University of North Carolina; Law Schools of Uni-
versity of North Carolina and Columbia University. Lawyer. Mem-
ber of American Bar Association. Director of three small banks
and a small cotton mill. County Attorney for Pitt County, four
years. Federal Food Administrator for Pitt County and Chair-
man, Fair Price Committee during the World War. Chairman,
Democratic Executive Committee for Pitt County two years. Mason.
Principal of High School of Monroe one year, and of Salisbury one
year. Member of Immanuel Missionary Baptist Church. Teacher
of Philathea Class. Married Miss Margaret Whitmore Shields in
1907. Address: Greenville, N. C.
DENISON FOY GILES
(Twenty-seventh District. — Counties: Cleveland, Henderson, Mc-
Dowell, Polk and Rutherford. Two Senators.)
D. F. Giles, Democrat, Senator from the twenty-seventh sena-
torial district, was born in McDowell County, July 26, 1880. Son
of M. D. and Julia (Gibbs) Giles. Attended Mount Fleasanl I
legiate Institute, Trinity College three years, and the University
458 Biographical Sketches
of North Carolina for one year. Educator. County Superintendent
of Public Schools in McDowell County seven years; City Superin-
tendent of Public Schools at Marion, N. C. for three years; County
Superintendent of Public Schools in Wake County for three years;
Member State Board Institute Conductors for two years; Member
State Senate 1915. Active in the Councils of the National Educa-
tional Association, Southern Educational Conference, and N. C.
Teachers Assembly for a number of years. Mason. K. of P.
Redmen. J. O. U. A. M. Methodist. Married Miss Katherine
Lee Reed in 1908. Address: Marion, N. C.
PAUL DAVIS GRADY
(Eighth District. — Counties: Johnson and Wayne. Two Sena-
tors.)
Paul D. Grady, Senator from Eighth Senatorial District was born
at Seven Springs, Wayne County, North Carolina, on September
5, 1890. Son of Dr. James Calhoun and Ella Smith Grady. Edu-
cated at Tennessee Military Institute, Wake Forest College, and
Washington and Lee University. Received license to practice law
at the February Term 1911 of the Supreme Court of North Carolina.
Special Attorney for the United States Department of Justice 1914-
1916. Mayor of Town of Kenly 1918. Deputy Collector of Internal
Revenue 1919-1920. Represented Johnston County in the House of
Representatives in 1919 and 1921.
WILLIAM ALEXANDER GRAHAM JR.
(Ticenty-fifth District. — Counties: Catawba, Iredell and Lincoln.
Two Senators.)
William Alexander Graham, Jr., Democrat, Senator from the
Twenty-fifth Senatorial District, was born in Lincoln County, in
1873. Son of William A. and Julia (Lane) Graham. Attended Pied-
mont Seminary at Lincolnton, Horner Military School, and Univer-
sity of North Carolina. Farmer. Delegate to Lincoln Cotton Grow-
ers' Convention at Montgomery, Ala., in 1920. Clerk to Senate Fi-
nance Committee under Judge Osborne; Clerk of Joint Finance
State Skxators 459
Committee of Senate and House under Judge Osborne and Hon.
J. B. Holeman, session 1899. Registration Clerk in Department of
Agriculture; Chief Clerk to Commissioner S. L. Patterson; Acting
Commissioner of Agriculture in absence of Mr. Patterson. Sei
as a member of Precinct Democratic Executive Committee; often
member of County Democratic Executive Committee. At present
Chairman of Precinct Executive Committee and Member of Demo-
cratic County Executive Committee. K. of P. Address: Iron
Station, N. C.
JAMES L. GRIFFIN.
(Thirteenth District.— Counties: Chatham, Lee and Wake. Two
Senators.)
James L. Griffin, Democrat, Senator from the Thirteenth Sena-
torial District, was born in Pittsboro, March 26, 1874. Son of J. M.
and Euphemia (Hatch) Griffin. Attended Pittsboro High School;
and Wake Forest College, 1893-1895. Cashier Bank of Pittsboro.
Superintendent of Schools for Chatham County 1901-1902; Clerk of
the Superior Court, Chatham County 1902-1903. Mason. Baptist;
member of the Board of Trustees of Wake Forest College. Married
Miss Hettie Wrenn in 1898. Address: Pittsboro, N. C.
J. S. HARGETT.
(Seventh District. — Counties: Carteret, Craven, Greene, Jones,
Lenoir, and Onslow. Two Senators.)
J. S. Hargett, Democrat Senator from the Seventh Senatorial
District. . Born May 18, 1874. Attended Richland High Scho -1
and University. Married twice, f^rst wife Olivia Steed, of
Richland. Of this union six children, four living. Second wife,
Mrs. Susan Koonce Burt. No children by this union. Member of
Methodist Church, Steward and charge lay leader. Sheriff Jones
County for twelve years. Chairman County Democratic Executive
Committee for last six years. Member State Executive Committee.
Member Masonic order and Shrine. Member last Legislature.
460 Biographical Sketches
CHARLES UPCHURCH HARRIS.
(Thirteenth District. — Counties: Chatham, Lee and Wake. Two
Senators.)
Charles Upchurch Harris, Democrat, Senator from the Thirteenth
Senatorial District. Born at Raleigh, March 12, 1883. Son of
Cebern Logan and Florence C. (Upchurch) Harris. Attended the
Raleigh Graded Schools, 1888-1893; Raleigh Male Academy, 1893-
1897; N. C. College of Agriculture and Mechanical Arts, 1897-1899;
Wake Forest College, 1899-1901; University of North Carolina 1902-
1903, graduating in 1903 with degree of LL.B.; Wake Forest College
Law School, 1903-1904. Lawyer. Member N. C. Bar Association.
Represented Wake County in General Assembly of 1907. Judge of
Recorders Court, 1919-1921. B. F. O. E., Exalted Ruler 1914-1915,
Grand Lodge Representative 1915-1922. Episcopalian; Director of
Brotherhood of St. Andrew, 1922. Married Miss Saidee Robbins in
1909. Address: Raleigh, N. C.
CLYDE PEEBLES HARRIS.
(Sixth District. — Counties: Franklin, Nash and Wilson. Two
Senators.)
Clyde Peebles Harris, Democrat, Senator from Sixth Senatorial
District, was born in Franklin County, September 19th, 1864. Son
of Col. Harville and Roxanna (Daniel) Harris. Attended Louisburg
Academy 1880-1881 and rural schools. Farmer. Was Director and
Vice-President of Farmers and Merchants Bank, Louisburg, N. C.
for many years and January, 1920, was made President. Baptist.
Church treasurer 1905-1920. Married Miss Annie Fleming in 1891.
Address: Mapleville, N. C.
WILLIAM EDWARD HARRISON.
(Eighteenth District. — Counties: Davidson, Montgomery, Rich-
mond, and Scotland. Two Senators.)
William Edward Harrison, Democrat, Senator from the Eight-
eenth Senatorial District. Born in Sussex County, Virginia, May
State Senators 461
21, 1867. Son of Trezevant and Mary Louisa (Land) Harrison.
Merchant. Baptist. Married, in 1895, to Miss Annie Marshall.
Address: Rockingham, N. C.
RUFUS LAFEYETTE HAYMORE.
(Tiventif-thircl District. — Counties: Stokes and Surry. One Sena-
tor.)
Rufus L. Haymore, Republican, of Surry County, Senator from
the Twenty-third Senatorial District. Born in Surry in 1851.
Lawyer. County Commissioner, 1883. Mayor of Mount Airy, X. C,
1897. Representative in the General Assembly of 1909, 1913, 1917.
State Senator in 1911, 1915, 1919. Address: Mount Airy, N. C.
WILLIAM CROW HEATH.
(Nineteenth District. — Counties: Anson, Stanly and Union. Two
Senators.)
William Crow Heath, Democrat, Senator from the Nineteenth
Senatorial District. Born in Union County, November 24, 1S66.
Son of A. W. and Nannie J. (Crow) Heath. Received his educa-
tion in the following schools: Common schools till 1876, Professors,
Hodges and Scroggs, 1877-1879, A. R. Banks, preparatory School at
Fort Mill, S. C, 1880-1881, King's Mountain Military Academy,
1882, South Carolina Military Academy 1882-1886, Bryant and Si
ton Business College, Baltimore, 1887. Graduated from The Citadel
in class of 1886 as A.B. and C.E., and from Bryant ami Stratton
in 1887. Merchant, Manufacturer and Farmer. Member American
Cotton Manufacturers' Association, president of same 1904-1905;
President Southern Carriage and Vehicle Manufacturers' Associa-
tion, 1S07-1908; President First National Bank, .Monroe, N. C,
1907-1908; Vice-President Piedmont Wagon Sompany, Hickory, N. C,
1900-1902. Captain Monroe Light Infantry, National Guards 1890-
1894. Major First Battalion, 4th Regiment N. C. National Guards,
1895-1897. At present Assistant Paymaster General, Rank of Colonel
on staff of General Julian S. Carr, U.C.V. Methodist. Married
Miss Alice Armfield, November, 1887. Address: Monroe. N. C.
462 Biographical Sketches
ARCHIBALD ARRINGTON HICKS.
(Fifteenth District.— Counties: Granville and Person. One Sen-
ator.)
Archibald Arrington Hicks, Democrat, Senator from the Seven-
teenth Senatorial District. Born in Granville County, September
9, 1862. Son of Benjamin Willis and Isabella Jane (Crews) Hicks.
Attended Pleasant Hill Academy, 1868-1878; Shiloh Academy, 1878-
1879; Yadkin College, 1879-1883. Studied law as he taught school.
Attorney. Mayor of Oxford 1892-1894; Chairman Democratic Exec-
utive Committee six years; State Senator, 1899-1911. Mason. Odd
Fellow. Office holder in both of these orders. Methodist; Superin-
tendent of Sunday School for eight years; Delegate to General Con-
ference in Washington, D. C. Married Miss Hettie Minor in 1S94.
Address: Oxford, N. C.
JOSEPH M. HODGES.
(Thirtieth District.— Counties: Avery, Madison, Mitchell and
Yancey. One Senator.)
Joseph M. Hodges, Republican, Senator from the Thirteenth Sena-
torial District. Born in Watauga County, April 16, 1867. Son of
Rev. Larkin and Thursa (Michael) Hodges. Attended the common
schools of his county, and taught there for six years. Attended
Baltimore Medical (now the University of Maryland) graduating
in 1904. Took one year hospital course in the Maryland General
Hospital, 1904-1905. Medical doctor. Railroad surgeon for the East
Tennessee & Western North Carolina Railroad since 1910. Mem-
ber Avery County Medical Society, State Medical, and American
Medical Associations. U. S. Pension examiner 1908-1910; Quaran-
tine officer for Avery County at present. Elected County Com-
missioner for Avery County, served as Chairman in 1917 and 1918.
Chairman, Republican Executive Committee for Avery County in
1918 and 1920. Chairman of 30th Senatorial District in 1914 and
1915. First coroner of Avery County; appointed in 1910 and served
two years. Served, also, as County Health officer for Avery County,
1912-1914. Mason. Missionary Baptist; secretary 1890-1900. Mar-
ried, in 1908 to Miss Emma Hodge. Address: Cranberry, N. C.
State Senators 463
PAUL H. JOHNSON.
(Second District. — Counties: Beaufort, Dare, Hyde, Martin,
Pamlico, Tyrrell, and Washington. Two Senators.)
Paul H. Johnson, Democrat, Senator from the Second Senatorial
District. Address: Pantego, N. C.
RIVERS D. JOHNSON.
(Ninth District. — Counties: Duplin, New Hanover, Pender, and
Sampson. Two Senators.)
Rivers D. Johnson, Democrat, Senator from the Ninth Senatorial
District. Address: Warsaw, N. C.
ALLEN JONES.
(Twenty-ninth District. — Counties: Alleghany, Ashe, and Wa-
tauga. One Senator.)
Allen Jones, Democrat, Senator from the Twenty-ninth Senato-
rial District. Born in Alleghany County, December 11, 1845. Son
of John A. and Elizabeth (Baldwin) Jones. Educated in the public
schools. Farmer. Served two years in the Civil War as a pri-
vate. Mason. Baptist; clerk and deacon for about forty years.
Married first, Miss Lettie A. Brown, in 1871; second, Miss Nannie
J. Cot in 1880; and third, Miss Nora Warden, in 1905. Address:
Furches, N. C, R. F. D., Box. No. 56.
HOWARD FEILD JONES.
(Fourteenth District. — Counties: Vance and Warren. One Sena-
tor.)
Howard Feild Jones, Democrat, Senator from the Fourteenth Sena-
torial District. Born in Warren County, in 1866. Son of Joseph
Speed and Mary Ann (Fort) Jones. Educated at home, by tutors
and in the Home School for Young Ladies and Small Boys al
Shocco Hill Plantation. Taught school. County Superintendent
464 Biographical Sketch* 3
of Public Instruction, 1911-1919, in Warren County; Chairman, Board
of Education, Warren County, 1909-1911; Deputy Clerk Superior
Court of Warren; General Superintendent Carolina Telephone and
Telegraph Company. Assistant Engrossing Clerk in the Senate
and later Assistant Enrolling Clerk. Newspaper man. President,
Press Publishing Company; owner of The Warren Record, The News
Reporter, The Franklin News. At present Secretary of County
Executive Committee. Mason; office holder. Methodist; Super-
intendent of Sunday School for a number of years. Married Miss
E'sts'.le Brodie in 1897. Address: Warrenton, N. C.
PAUL JONES.
(Fourth District. — Counties: Edgecombe and Halifax. Two Sena-
tors.)
Paul Jones, Democrat, Senator from the Fourth Senatorial Dis-
trict, was born at Tarboro, N. C, June 22, 1867. Son of John Wesley
and Eugenia Helen (Jeffreys) Jones. Received his preparatory
education at Tarboro Male Academy, 1875-1881. Attended Wake
Forest College 1882-1883; Trinity College 18S3rl885; graduated
from Trinity 1885; University of North Carolina Law School.
Planter. Director in Edgecombe County Chamber of Commerce.
Mayor of Tarboro for six years. Captain Company A, Edgecombe
Guards, 2nd N. C. Infantry, 1906-1916. Jr. 0. U. A. M.; State Coun-
cellor of Junior Order. Methodist; chairman Board of Stewards;
Trustee; Superintendent of Sunday School. E'ditor North Caro-
lina Law Journal for State Bar Association. Married Miss Ida
McClure Adams. Address : Tarboro, N. C.
BUREN JURNEY.
(Twenty-fifth District. — Counties. Catawba, Iredell, and Lincoln.
Two Senators.)
Buren Jurney, Democrat, Senator from Twenty-fifth Senatorial
District. Born in Iredell County, February 23, 1890. Son of Z. T.
and Sarah Louise (Patterson) Jurney. Attended Mars Hill 1908-
State Senators 165
1912; University of North Carolina 1912-1913; and Wake Forest
Law School 1914-1915. Attorney-at-law. Member X. 0. Bar Asso-
ciation. K. of P.; Patrotic Order of Sons of America. Methodist.
Address. Statesville, N. C.
SAMUEL CUSTER LATTIMORE.
(Tiventy-seventh District. Counties: Cleveland, Henderson, Mc-
Dowell, Polk, and Rutherford. Two Senators.)
Samuel Custer Lattimore, Democrat, Senator from the Twenty-
seventh District. Born in Cleveland County, October 12, 1890. Son
of William A. and Mary (Elliot) Lattimore. Attended Boiling
Springs High School. Planter. Superintendent South Shelby
Graded School, 1915-1918; Food Administrator, 1917-1918; Assist-
ant supervisor of Revaluation, 1919. Member Kiwanis Club. Cor-
poral in World War June, 1918 - December, 1918. Mason. Baptist.
Address: Shelby, N. C, R. F. D., No. 3.
WILLIAM LUNSFORD LONG.
(Fotirth District. — Counties: Halifax and Edgecombe. Two Sena-
tors.)
William Lunsford Long, Democrat, of Halifax County. Senator
from the Fourth District, was born February 5, 1890, at Garysburg.
Son of Lemuel McKinney and Bettie Gray (Mason) Long. A.B. of
the University of North Carolina, 1909. Lawyer. Director First
National Bank, Roanoke Rapids, N. C; Rosemary Banking & Trust
Co., Rosemary, N. C; Carolina & Northeastern Railroad Co.; Vice-
President Schlichter Lumber Company; Roanoke Mills Company:
Rosemary Mfg. Co. Representative in the General Assembly, 1915.
State Senator, 1917-1919. S. A. E. (Collet Fraternity), Gimghoul.
Phi Beta Kappa of University of North Carolina. Mnson; K. of P.
Married Miss Rosa Arrington Heath, of Petersburg, Va. Address:
Roanoke Rapids N. C.
30
466 Biographical Sketches
DANIEL ALLEN McDONALD.
(Twelfth District.— Counties. Harnett, Hoke, Moore and Ran-
dolph. Two Senators.
Daniel Allen McDonald, Democrat, Senator from the Twelfth
Senatorial District. Born at Curriesville, N. C, June, 1851. Son
of Allan and Mary Ann (Mclver) McDonald. Attended Free Schools
of his locality and Commercial College at Lexington, Ky. Farmer.
County Surveyor, 1882; Clerk of Superior Court, 1886-1906; Member
of General Assembly 1909-1911. State Explosive Inspector, 1917-
1918. Director of Insane Asylum six years. President Bank of
Carthage at one time, and also President of Randolph and Cumber-
land Railroad. Mason. Presbyterian; Deacon, 1886-1900. Married
Miss Ida Ann Martin in 1884. Address: Carthage, N. C.
OTTIS EARL MENDENHALL.
(Seventeenth District. — Counties: Guilford and Rockingham.
Two Senators.)
Ottis Earl Mendenhall, Democrat, Senator from the Twentieth
Senatorial District, was born at Jamestown, N. C, Jur>e, 1875.
Son of James Nathan and Martha Fiorina (Wheeler) Mendenhall.
Received his preparatory education at Lexington High School. A.B.
from Guilford College in 1895; A.B. from Haverford College, Haver-
ford, Pa., in 1897; A.M. from Haverford College in 1898. Real
Estate, Insurance, and Banking. Member Rotary Club, Commercial
Club, and Chamber of Commerce of High Point; Member City
Council of High Point, 1913-14; Member 1921 N. C. General Assem-
bly, Senate. Vice-president of High Point Morris Flan Bank;
Vice-Chairman Guilford County Democratic Executive Committee,
1916-1920. Loyal Order of Moose; dictator 1918-1919; past-dictator
since 1919. Quaker; Treasurer North Carolina Yearly Meeting of
Friends since 1917; clerk of High Point Monthly Meeting of Friends,
1918-1920. Married April, 1907, to Miss Lizette Brown. Address:
High Point, N. C.
State Senators 467
OTWAY BINNS MOSS.
(Sixth District. — Counties: Franklin, Nash, and Wilson. Two
Senators.)
Otway Binns Moss, Democrat, Senator from the Sixth District.
Born at Wilson, N. C, October 20, 1890. Son of V. F. and Loula
(Binns) Moss. Attended Wilson Graded Schools, graduating in
1907. B.L. of Wake Forest College. Attorney-at-Law. Chairman
Township Democratic Executive Commitee for last three years.
Vice-Recorder County Recorder's Court for four years. Supervisor
of 1920 Census for Fourth Congressional District. Mason. Baptist;
Superintendent of Sunday School, 1919; Teacher of Mens Class, 1921.
Married Miss Dolly Edwards in 1915. Address: Spring Hope, N. C.
HERSEY BAYLIES PARKER.
(Eighth District. — Counties: Johnson and Wayne. Two Sena-
tors.)
Hersey Baylies Parker, Democrat, Senator from the Eighth Sena-
torial District. Born at Coma, Hertford County, N. C. Son of
Rev. Hersey Baylies and Maria Agnes (Majette) Parker. Attended
Buckhorn Academy, 1889; University of North Carolina, 1889-1890.
Attorney-at-Law and Farmer. President of Parker Motor Com-
pany. Member of N. C. Bar Association. Attorney for Golds
boro Saving and Trust Company, New York Equitable Life Assur-
ance Society, Virginia Lumber and Box Company, and R. G. Dun
and Company for 30 years. Mayor of North Wilkesboro 1894;
Chairman of Board of Election of Wayne County 1905-1916; Secre-
tary of Democratic County Executive Committee, 1903-1918; Chair-
man Wayne County Democratic Executive Committee, 1920-1922;
Member Legislature, 1903. Member of Company D, Goldsboro Rifles
from 1889-1901 filling all non-commissioned offices; Captain of
Company, 1901-1903. Inspector-General of North Carolina on Gov-
ernor Kitchin's staff, with rank of Major. J. O. U. A. M. Bap-
tist; Superintendent of Sunday School for fourteen years; teacher
and deacon. Married, 1904, to Miss Helen A. Vann. Address:
Goldsboro, N. C.
468 Biographical Sketches
J. CLYDE RAY.
(Sixteenth Disrict. — Counties. Alamance, Caswell, Durham, and
Orange. Two Senators.)
J. Clyde Ray, Democrat, Senator from the Sixteenth Senatorial
District. Born in Orange County, February, 1890. Son of John
W., and Lila (Williams) Ray. Attended Hillsboro High School
1909-1912; University of North Carolina, graduating in 1916 with
A.B. degree. Attorney. Member N. C. Bar Association. Private
in the Army from September 7, 1918, to January 7, 1919. Metho-
dist; steward 1916-1922. Married Miss Mamie E. Brown, 1918.
Address: Hillsboro, N. C.
JOSEPH WATTERS RUARK.
{Tenth District.— Counties. Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, and
Cumberland. Two Senators.)
Joseph Watters Ruark, Democrat, Senator from the Tenth Sena-
torial District. Born at Southport, N. C, in 1885. Son of J. B.
and Sallie (Longest) Ruark. Attended Southport Academy and
Law School of the University of North Carolina. Attorney. Mem-
ber of Southport Chamber of Commerce. Elected Attorney for
Brunswick County, 1922. Mayor of Sanford, 1911-1912; Mayor of
Southport, 1915-1921; Recorder for Brunswick County 1921-1922.
J. O. U. A. M. Methodist; steward. Married Miss Bessie Cross
in 1911. Address: Southport, N. C.
ANDREW FULLER SAMS.
(Twenty-second District. — County. Forsyth. One Senator.)
A. F. Sams, Democrat, Senator from the Twenty-second Sena-
torial District, was born in Buncombe County. Son of Leroy Warren
and Alica (Brown) Sams. Attended preparatory schools and Mars
Hill College 1885-1894. A.B., Wake Forest College in 1897. Licensed
Attorney at Law in 1903. Solicitor Winston-Salem Municipal
Court 1910-1913; State Senate 1921. Baptist. Married Miss Minnie
Bonner in 1899. Address: Winston-Salem, N. C.
State Senators 169
HARRY WILLIAMS STUBBS.
(Second District. — Counties: Beaufort, Dare, Hyde, JMartin, l
lico, Tyrell, and Washington. 'Two Senators.)
Harry Williams Stubbs, Democrat, Senator from the Second Sena-
torial District, was born at Williamston, N. C, in 1860. Son of
Jesse R. and Mary L. (Williams) Stubbs. Attended Horner and
Graves School, Oxford N. C, and public schools; University of
North Carolina, 1879. Dick and Dillard's Law School. Attorney
at Law. Member of the General Assembly for twenty-five years.
Mason; Odd Fellow. Address: Williamston, N. C.
MARK SQUIRES.
(Tiuenty-eighth District.- — Counties: Alexander, Burke, and Cald-
well. One Senator.)
Mark Squires, Democrat, Senator from the Twenty-eighth Sena-
torial District. Born in Union County, in 1878. Son of John B.
and Mary A. (Stevens) Squires. Educated in public schools and
the North Carolina State College. Lawyer. Chairman County
Executive Committee, 1910-1912; Mayor of Lenoir, 1911-1914; Read-
ing Clerk State Senate, 1909-1911; Member State Senate Special
Session 1921; Wilson and Marshall Elector in 1915. Mason; office
holder. Married Miss Mary E. Dunlap in 1902. Address. Lenoir,
N. C.
L. P. TAPP.
(Seventh District. — Counties: Carteret, Craven, Greene, Jones,
Lenoir, and Onslow. Two Senators.)
L. P. Tapp, Democrat, Senator from the Seventh District. Born
in Orange County, October, 1869. Son of Ruffin R., and Malissa
(Dunnagan) Tapp. Educated in the free schools and Caldwell
Institute. Tobacconist. Town Alderman at Kinston for 'six years.
President of the Atlantic and North Carolina Railroad. Methodist.
Married Miss Lillie Laws. Address: Kinston, N. C.
470 Biographical Sketches
LYCURGUS RAYNER VARSER.
{Eleventh, District. — County. Robeson. One Senator.)
Lycurgus Rayner Varser, Senator from the Eleventh Sena-
torial District, was born in Gates County, August, 1878. Son of
W. H. and Emily T. (Duck) Varser. Attended Reynoldson Insti-
tute, 1892-1895; Wake Forest College A.B., 1899; Wake Forest Law
School, 1899-1901. Lawyer. Member North Carolina Bar Associa-
tion and President of American Bar Association. Jr. O. U. A. M.;
Mason. Held all chairs of I. 0. O. F. Baptist; deacon; moderator.
Married, June, 1904, to Miss Lily Ford Snead. Address: Lumberton,
N. C.
GEORGE BENJAMIN WALKER.
(Thirty-tMrd District. — Counties: Cherokae, Clay, Graham, Ma-
con, and Swain. One Senator.)
George Benjamin Walker, Democrat, Senator from the Thirty-
third Senatorial District. Born in Cherokee County, N. C. Son
of William,' and Margaret J. (Scott) Walker. Educated in the
public schools of his county. Farmer and stock raiser. Vice-
President and Director Merchants and Manufacturers Bank of
Andrews, N. C. Chairman, Democratic Executive Committee Gra-
ham County for twenty years, and the same in Cherokee County
for eight years. Member Legislature from Graham County in 1883.
Director, six years, of the Insane Asylum at Morganton. Presby-
terian. Married Miss Martha Barker in 1SS4. Address: Andrews,
N. C.
GEORGE THOMAS WHITE.
(Twenty-fourth District. — Counties: Davie, Wilkes, and Yadkin.
One Senator.)
George Thomas White, Republican, Senator from the Twenty-
fourth Senatorial District. Born in Iredell County in 1865. Son of
W. Pinkey and Adeline (Daniel) White. Educated at Moravian
Falls, N. C. Miller and Farmer. County Commissioner, 1902-1904.
High Sheriff from 1904-1908. Mason. Woodman of the World.
Methodist; steward, 1900-1922. Married, in 1887 to Miss Mary
McCollis Johnson; in 1917 to Miss Mallie L. Thomasson. Address:
Hamptonville, N. C.
State Senators » 471
PATRICK HENRY WILLIAMS.
(First District. — Counties: Camden, Chowan, Currituck, Gates,
Hertford, Pasquotank and Perquimans. Two Senators.)
Patrick Henry Williams, Democrat, Senator from the First Sena-
torial District. Born in Camden County, in 1869. Son of Robert,
and Marenda (Torksey) Williams. Attended Elizabeth City schools
till 1886; David Military School at La Grange, N. C, 1S86-1S88;
University of North Carolina, 1888-1889; Smith's Business College,
1899, at Lexington, Ky.; Randolph-Macon College, 1892-1896. A.B.
of the University of North Carolina, 1897. Banker. Manager, Secre-
tary-Treasurer Elizabeth City Hosiery Company, 1902-191S; Direc-
tor First National Bank, Elizabeth City, 1900-1917; President Sav-
ings Bank & Trust Company, Elizabeth City, 1916 to the present
time; Director Atlantic Joint Stock Bank, Raleigh, N. C. Alder-
man 1921; District Supervisor under Revaluation Act, 1919-1920.
Kappa Alpha. Odd Fellow; office holder. Methodist; Superin-
tendent of Sunday School, Board of Stewards, Board of Trustees,
Lay Leader, and Teacher. Married, in 1891, to Miss Minnie White;
in 1898 to Miss Ella Kramer. Address: Elizabeth City, X. C.
ROBERT THOMAS WILSON.
(Sixteenth District. — Counties: Alamance, Caswell, Durham, and
Orange. Two Senators.)
Robert Thomas Wilson, Democrat, Senator from the Sixteenth
Senatorial District. Born in Caswell County in lSSH. Son of
Robert P., and Virginia A. (Travis) Wilson. Attended public
schools of Caswell County; Danville Military Institute, 1900-1902;
N. C. State College, 1903; Wake Forest Law School, 1915. Lawyer.
During World War, member of Legal Advisory Board, Caswell
County; -Chairman War Savings Committee; Chairman Distribu-
tion of Food under the Food Administrator; Captain of the Home
Guards. Register of Deeds, 1910-1920, Caswell County. J. O. U.
A.M.; Mason; office holder in each. Missionary Baptist; Deacon.
Married Miss Mary F. Flintoff in 1907; Miss Ella S. White in
1911. Address: Yanceyville, N. C
472 ' Biographical Sketches
ALBERT EDGAR WOLTZ.
(Twenty-sixth District. — County: Gaston. One Senator.)
Albert Edgar Woltz, Democrat, Senator from the Twenty-sixth
Senatorial District, was born at Dobson, N. C, August, 1877. Son
of Dr. John R. and Louisa J. (Kingsbury) Woltz. Received his
preparatory education at Dobson High School, 1893-1895, and Siloam
Academy, 1S95-1S97. Attended University of North Carolina, 1897-
1901; Central University, 1905-1907, A.B. and A.M., and the Uni-
versity Law School, 1909-1911. Member Gaston County Bar Asso-
ciation, State of North Carolina Bar Association and American
Bar Association. Mayor of Granite Palls, 1902. Member Board
of Directors, Chamber of Commerce, City of Gastonia, N. C, 1919-
1920; City School Board of Gastonia, 1912-1916; Board of Directors
of Gaston Mutual Building and Loan Association, 1919-1920; Legal
Advisory Board for Gaston County, 1917-1919; Member Board of
Directors of Gaston County Fair Association, 1916-1920; Congres-
sional Executive Committee, Ninth District, 1920. Superintendent
of Granite Falls Graded Schools, 1901-1902; Lenoir Graded Schools,
1903-1907; Goldsboro Graded Schools, 1907-1909. Burser of Uni-
versity of North Carolina, 1909-1912. Mason; I. O. O. F.; Noble
Grand, 1919; Grand Guardian, 1920; Deputy Grand Master, 1922;
Red Men; Knights of Pythias; Past Councilor, Jr. O. U. A. M.
Methodist; steward, 1914-1922. Vice-President Alba Cotton Mill,
1920-1922. Married Miss Daisy C. Mackie, 1903. Represented
Gaston County in the House of Representatives, Session 1921.
Address: G?stonia, N. C.
WALTER H. WOODSON.
(Twenty-first District. — County: Rowan. One Senator.)
Walter H. Woodson, Democrat, Senator from the Twenty-first Dis-
trict, was born in Salisbury, April 20th, 1875. Son of Horatio Nelson
and Margaret Elizabeth (Bostian) Woodson. Attended Salisbury
Graded Schools, 1881-1889; James M. Hill's High School at Salis-
bury. 1S89-1S92; B. S. University of North Carolina, 1892-1896. Uni-
versity Law School, 1898-1899. Lawyer. Member of North Carolina
Bar Association. City Attorney of Salisbury, 1910-1913; Mayor of
City of Salisbury, 1913-1919; Chairman Salisbury City School Board,
1913-1919; Chairman of Democratic Executive Committee Rowan
Representatives in General Assembly 473
County, 1922; Knights of Pythias; Jr. 0. U. A. M.; Methodist; Church
Trustee. Married Miss Pauline Mary Bernhardt, December 20. 1900.
Address, Salisbury, N.' C.
JOSEPH MANSON ZACHARY.
(Thirty-second District. — Counties: Haywood, Jackson and Tran-
sylvania. One Senator).
Joseph Manson Zachary, Democrat, Senator from the Thirty-second
Senatorial District. Born in Jackson County, N. C, in 1864. Son of
Jonathan, and Eliza A. (Jones) Zachary. Attended Calvert Public
Schools 1882-1883; Simpsonville, S. C, High School 1886-1887. Far-
mer. Mason. Married, in 1894, to Miss Emma 0. Brooks. Address:
Calvert, N. C.
REPRESENTATIVES.
JOHN GILMER DAWSON.
Speaker.
J. G. Dawson, Democrat, Representative from Lenoir County, was
born in that county in 1882. Son of John Henry and Annie E.
(Daly) Dawson. Attended Kinston public schools; Law school of
the University of North Carolina, 1907-1909. Lawyer. Member
American Bar Association; N. C. Bar Association. Mason. Odd
Fellow. J. O. U. A. M. Kappa Sigma. Episcopalian. Married Miss
Margaret R. Weyher in 1911. Address: Kinston, N. C.
BERT E. BENNETT.
Bert E. Bennett, Democrat, Representative from Anson County.
Address: Wadesboro, N. C.
THOMAS C. BOWIE.
Thomas C. Bowie, Democrat, Representative from Ashe County,
was born at Lake St. Joseph, La., in 1876. He is a son of John Ruth
474 Biographical Sketches
and Frances (Calloway) Bowie. Received his preparatory education
at Moravian Falls Academy, 1891; Trap Hill High School, 1892;
and Mars Hill College, 1893. Received Ph.D. in 1899 from the
University of North Carolina. Did post-graduate work at Yale
College in 1900 in Political and Social Science. Attended law
schools of Yale and University of North Carolina. Lawyer. Mem-
ber of State Bar Association and American Bar Association. Repre-
sented Ashe County in the Legislatures of 1909, 1913, 1915, 1921,
and was Speaker of the House in 1915. Mason, Odd Fellow.
Episcopalian. Married Miss Jean Davis in 1906. Address: West
Jefferson, N. C.
JAMES CORNELIUS BRASWELL.
James Cornelius Braswell, Democrat, Representative from Nash
County. Born, January 22, 1859, in Edgecombe County. Son of
Archelaus and Margaret (Cutchin) Braswell. Received his prepara-
tory education in Horner's School, and Emory and Henry College, Va.
Attended the University of Maryland, graduating from the medical
department in 1882. In 1882-83 he attended the New York Post
Graduate Medical School. Physician and Farmer. Member Nash
County Board of Health. Represented his county in Legislature of
1909. Odd Fellow. Mason. Held offices in both orders. Married
Miss Mary Lyon in 1887; second marriage, 1907. Address: Whit-
akers, N. C.
BENJAMIN FRANKLIN BRAY.
Benjamin Franklin Bray, Democrat, Representative from Per-
quimans County, was born in Washington, N. C, in 1846. Son of
Solomon and Polly (Burgess) Bray. Educated in the public schools.
Sheriff of his county for sixteen years. Mason. Odd Fellow. Bap-
tist; deacon. Address: Hertford, N. C.
NEEDHAM LEWIS BROUGHTON.
Needham Lewis Broughton, Democrat, Representative from Wake
County, was born at Garner, in 1884. Son of Joseph T. and Martha
H. (Snelling) Broughton. Attended Garner Public Schools, Oak
Representatives in General Assembly 475
Ridge Institute, Elon College, graduating from Elon College in 1903.
Also attended Eastman Business College at Poughkeepsie, X. Y.
Seedsman and Farmer. Mayor of Garner for eight years. Investiga-
tor Marketing Cotton Seed and its Products, Bureau of Markets,
Washington, D. C, in 1918. Mason. B. P. 0. E. Methodist; steward
for eight years. Married Miss Flossie Bagwell in 1911. Address:
Garner, N. C.
JULIUS BROWN.
Julius Brown, Democrat, Representative from Pitt County, was
born in that county in 1879. Son of Fernando and Ann (Martin)
Brown. Attended Bethel (Pitt County) High School; and the Uni-
versity of North Carolina Law School, 1901-1902. Lawyer. Repre-
sentative in the Legislatures of 1919, 1921. Odd Fellow. Mason.
Married Miss Estell Thigpen in 1913. Address: Greenville. X. ('.
VICTOR SILAS BRYANT.
Victor Silas Bryant, Democrat, Representative from Durham
County, was born at Durham, N. C, September 29, 1898. Son of
Victor S. and Matilda (Heartt) Bryant. Attended Durham High
School, 1910-1914; A. B. of the University of North Carolina. 191 s;
University of North Carolina Law School, 1919. Lawyer. Member
of the Kiwanis Club; Zeta Fsi Fraternity. Presbyterian. Married
Miss Elizabeth Scales in 1921. Address: Durham, N. C.
DAVID M. BUCK.
David M. Buck, Democrat, Representative from Yancey County,
was born at Lees Mills, Va. in 1878. Son of E. C. and Gilla (Lee)
Buck. Attended Johnston City High School, Tennessee; and Milli-
gan College, 1892-1895. Merchant and Farmer. Representative in
General Assemblies of 1909 and 1911. Mason; having held offices
in that order. Baptist. Married Miss Pearl Ramsey in 1901. Ad-
dress: Bald Mountain, N. C.
476 BlOGKAPHICAL SKETCHES
THOMAS PRITCHARD BUMGARDNER.
Thomas Pritchard Bumgardner, Democrat, Representative from
Stanly County, was born at Taylorsville, N. C, in 18S3. Son of
W. J. and Elizabeth (Kerley) Bumgardner. Attended public schools;
1899-1900, Taylorsville Collegiate Institute; 1901-1902 Moravian
Falls Academy; Oak Ridge Institute, 1903. At present in the
automobile business. Member of the Lions Club. In 1907-1909
Private Secretary to Hon. R. N. Hackett, Congressman Eighth
North Carolina District; Assistant Engrossing Clerk, House of
Representatives 1903; Assistant to Principal Clerk, House of Repre-
sentatives, 1905, 1907. Mason. Baptist. Married, in 1907, to Miss
Roberta Christine Stover. Address:* Albemarle, N. C.
WILLIAM HYSLOP SUMNER BURGWYN. „
W. H. S. Burgwyn, Bemocrat, Representative Northampton County,
was born at Jackson, January 22, 1886. Son of George Pollock and
Emma Wright (Ridley) Burgwyn. Attended Warrenton High School,
1898-1900; Episcopal High School, Alexandria, Va., 1900-1902; George-
town University; University of North Carolina Law School 1906-1908.
Attorney at Law. Farmer. Mayor of Jackson, 1917-1918. State
Senator from Third District, 1917-1918, 1921-1922 and 1922-1923;
County Attorney Northampton County; Trustee of the University
of North Carolina since 1914. Mason, Royal Arch, Knight Templar,
32nd Degree, Shriner. A. T. O., College Fraternity. Episcopalian;
vestryman. Married Miss Josephine Griffin, January 2, 1911. Ad-
dress: Woodland, N. C.
ARNOLD W. BYRD.
Arnold W. Byrd, Democrat, Representative from Wayne County,
was born in Duplin County. Son of N. B. and Bettie C. Byrd.
Attended Mount Olive High School, 1905-1909. A. B. of Trinity
College. Attended Trinity College Law School, 1914-1916. Lawyer.
Secretary Mount Olive Business Men's Club. Representative from
Wayne County in General Assembly of 1919. Represented North
Carolina Colleges in National Peace Oratorical Contest in 1914.
Representatives in General Assemble 177
Served as 1st Lieutenant in World War, in France and Germany,
1918-1919. Mason. Odd Fellow. J. 0. U. A. M. Methodist; steward.
Address: Mount Olive, N. C.
CLARENCE HEFLIN CHAMBLEE.
Clarence Heflin Chamblee, Democrat, Representative from Wake
County, was born at Wakefield, N. C, in 1877. Son of Dr. M. C.
and Henrietta Reid (Brown) Chamblee. Educated at Stringfield
and Ferrell School, Wakefield, N. C. Merchant and Farmer. Mason;
J. 0. U. A. M. Baptist; Sunday School Superintendent, and deacon.
Married in 1905 to Miss Nannie Sentelle. Address: Zebulon, N. C.
COLLIER COBB.
Collier Cobb, Democrat, Representative from Robeson County,
was born at Parkton, N. C, in 1880. Son of Col. Stephen J. and
Ninetta (Thaggard) Cobb. Received his education in the Park-
ton Graded schools. Merchant and Farmer. Mayor of Parkton
1901; served a,s alderman for several terms; trustee of Parkton
Graded Schools since 1908. Served in the National Guard from
1898 to 1911. Baptist; deacon since 1912; superintendent of
Sunday School since 1915. Married Miss Mary B. Hughes in
1905. Address: Parkton, N. C.
AUSTIN BLAINE COFFEY.
Austin Blaine Coffey, Republican, Representative from Watauga
County, was born at Shulls Mills, N. C, January 14, 1SS7. Son
of David N. and Carolin Coffey. Attended the public schools and
Appalachian Training Schools, 1901-1903. Farmer. Represented
Watauga County in the Legislature of 1917. Represented Wautau
County in the Legislature of 1921 and special session of 1921.
Odd Fellow. Baptist; deacon since August, 1918. Married March,
1913, to Miss Hailey Harris. Address: Shulls Mills, N. ('.. H. P. D.
No. 1, Box 45.
478 Biographical Sketches
F. P. COHOON.
F. F. Cohoon, Democrat, Representative from Pasquotank County.
Address: Elizabeth City, N. C.
FREDERICK LUDFORD WILSON COHOON.
F. L. W. Cohoon, Republican, Representative from Tyrrell County,
was born at Gum Neck, N. C. Son of Frederick and Eliza (Janis)
Cohoon. Received his education in the public schools. Farmer.
Sheriff of his county for 12 years. J. O. U. A. M. Episcopalian.
Married Miss Lula A. Ambrose in 1896. Address: Columbia, N. C.
HENRY GROVES CONNOR, JR.
Henry Groves Connor, Jr., Democrat, Representative from Wilson
County, was born at Wilson, N. C, July 19, 1876. Son of Henry
Groves and Kate (Whitfield) Connor. Was educated at Wilson
Graded Schools; private schools in Wilson; B. S. of University
of North Carolina, 1897. Law School, University of North Caro-
lina, 1898. Lawyer. Chairman County Democratic Executive Com-
mittee; Delegate National Democratic Conventions, 1912-1916. Sigma
Alpha Epsilon (college fraternity). Married Miss Elizabeth Clark,
April 17, 1901. Address: Wilson, N. C.
GEORGE G. COOPER.
George H. Cooper, Democrat, Representative from Franklin
County, was born at Laurel, N. C. Son of William and Martha
(Gupton) Cooper. Received his education at the Louisburg Male
Academy, 1878-1879. Manufacturer and Lumber Dealer. Baptist.
Married Miss Mary E. Andrews. Address: Louisburg, N. C,
Box No. 396.
OSCAR B. COWARD.
Oscar B. Coward, Democrat, Representative from Jackson County,
was born in that County. Son of Nathan and Jane (Rogers)
Representatives in General Assembly 479
Coward. Attended Eastlaporte schools. Farmer and surveyor.
State Senator in 1918^1920. Mason. Married, first, to Miss Emma
Long in 1885; later to Miss Nora Zachary, in 1898. Address:
Webster, N. C.
ROBERT MARTIN COX.
Robert Martin Cox, Democrat, Representative from Forsyth
County, was born in that county July 9, 1876. Son of Romulus
L. and Susan E. (Barrow) Cox. Attended Oak Ridge Institute,
1894-189l5. Farmer and Seedsman. Representative in the General
Assembly, 1907, 1917,1919, and 1921. Methodist Protestant.
Married 1917, Miss Lillian Miller. Jfddress: Rural Hall, N. C.
CHARLES H. COWLES.
Charles H. Cowles, Republican, Representative from Wilkes
County. Address: Wilkesboro, N. C.
CHARLES RUFUS DANIEL.
Charles Rufus Daniel, Democrat, Representative from Halifax
County, was born at Weldon, in 1894. Son of Walter E. and
Jeannette M. (Snead) Daniel. Attended Fork Union Military
Academy, Va; Wake Forest College; A.B. of University of North
Carolina, 1916; LL. B. degree, 1920. Lawyer. City Attorney at
Weldon, 1921, Served a.s 1st Lieutenant with the American Ex-
peditionary Forces. Kappa Alpha. Baptist. Address: Weldon,
N. C.
GEORGE E. DAVIS.
George E. Davis, Democrat, Representative from Hyde County,
was born at Engelhard, N. C, in 1870. Son of Thomas M. and Eliza
J. Davis. Attended private and public schools, 1879-1897. Farmer.
Sheriff of Hyde County, 1912-19161 Methodist. Married Miss
Credle in 1904. Address: Lake Landing, N. C.
480 Biographical Sketches
JEDETH ROAN DAVIS.
J. R. Davis, Democrat, Representative from Cleveland County,,
was born in that county in 1887. Son of George L. and Jane Davis.
Attended Piedmont High School, 1907-1910; Trinity College, 1914;
University of North Carolina Law School, 1915. Lawyer. Served
in the U. S. Navy eighteen months during the World War. Mason;
Pythian. Methodist. Married Miss Berta Milles in 1920. Address:
Kings Mountain, N. C.
MARION LESLIE DAVIS.
M. Leslie Davis, Democrat, Representative from Carteret County,
was born at Beaufort, N. (\ in 1879. Son of John D. and Nar-
cissa Elizabeth (Webb) Davis. Attended Beaufort High School;
Graduated from Wake Forest College, A.B. degree, in 1905; B.L.
degree, in 1906. Lawyer. Alderman at Beaufort, 1907, 1911, 1913,
1915. Odd Fellow. Woodmen of the World. Knights of Harmony;
Charitable Brotherhood. Baptist; Superintendent of Sunday School
for IS years; Deacon; Church clerk; Moderator Neuse-Atlantic
Association since 1909; Trustee Wake Forest College; Member
State Board of Education, Baptist State Convention, 1914-1919;
Trustee Baptist State Convention, 1917-1918. Married Miss Ruth
Ivey in 1914. Address: Beaufort, N. C.
WILLIS ALEXANDER DEATON.
W. A. Deaton, Democrat, Representative from Catawba County,
was born in Rowan County in 1862. Son of John Ernsley and Nancy
Jane (Crosby) Deaton. Attended public schools, and Union Academy
1881-1882; Enochsville Academy 1883-1884; Roanoke College; Grad-
uated from North Carolina College, A. B. Degree, in 1889. Mount
Airy Theological Seminary, Philadelphia, 1889-1891. Clergyman.
President of Lenoir College 1901; twice President of Evangelical
Lutheran Tennessee Synod; A. M. from North Carolina College 1892;
D. D. Lenoir College, 1812; Chairman Executive Committee,
N. C. Lutheran Synod; Member Board of Trustees, Lenoir College,
North Carolina College. City councilman 1886-1887. Member of the
Evangelical Lutheran Church. Married Miss Margaret Pauline Mil-
ler, in 1891. Address: Hickory, N. C.
Representatives i-\ Genekal Assembly 181
JAMES DEHART.
James DeHart, Democrat, Representative from Swain County.
Born in Swain County, December 30, 1873. Son of William Joseph
and Eliza (Gibson) DaHart. Attended schools of Bryson City,
University of Nashville (collegiate and medical) ; graduated with
M. D. degree. Physician. County Physician Swain County. Alder-
man. Mason. "Woodman. Baptist. Deacon. Married Miss Emily
May February 15, 1906. Address: Bryson City, N. C.
JOHN HENRY DILLARD JR.
J. H. Dillard Jr., Democrat, Representative from Cherokee County,
was born in Rockingham County, N. C. Son of John Henry and Anne
(Martin) Dillard. Attended public and private schools 1869-1878;
University of North Carolina 1S7S-1S79; Dick and Dillard Law
School at Greensboro 1879-1883. LawTyer. Member American Bar
Association; N. C. Bar Association. Member of Board of Aldermen,
Greensboro, 1896-1897; Representative from Cherokee in 1911; Mayor
of Murphey 1921-1922. Served as 2nd Lieutenant in National Guard
1SS0-1SS1. Mason. Odd Fellow. Presbyterian; elder for twenty-one
years; moderator Asheville Presbytery: Commissioner to General
Assembly; Superintendent of Sunday school for twenty-one years.
Married, in 1888, to Miss Dixie King. Address: Murphy, N. C.
SANFORD LAFAYETTE DOUB.
S. L. Doub, Republican, Representative from Yadkin County, was
born at East Bend, in 1860. Son of Henry Cannon and Jennie
(Dowlin) Doub. Attended East Bend High School, 1885-1S86. Far-
mer. County Treasurer, Yadkin County, 1896-1900; Member of Board
of County Commissioners of Yadkin County, 1912-1918; Chairman
four years. Methodist steward since 1890. Married Ella Davis,
in 1912. Address: East Bend, N. C.
31
482 BlOGB M'llK \i Sketi Ills
RUPUS A. DOUGHTON.
Rufus A. Doughton, Democrat, Representative from Alleghany
County, was born in that county, January 10, 1857. Son of J. Hor-
ton and Rebecca (Jones) Doughton. Educated at Independence
(Va.) High School, 1876-1877; University of North Carolina. Studied
law at University of North Carolina, 1890. Lawyer, farmer and
banker. President of Bank of Sparta. Representative in the
General Assembly, 1887, 1889, 1891, 1909, 1911, 1913, 1915, 1917
and 1919-1921. Lieutenant Governor, 1893-1897. Speaker of the
House, 1891. Member of the Highway Commission but will resign
that place on entering upon his duties as member of Legislature.
Mason. Methodist. Married January 3, 1883, Miss Sue B. Parks.
Address: Sparta, N. C.
W. H. DUCKWORTH.
W. H. Duckworth, Democrat, Representative from Transylvania
County. Address: Brevard, N. C.
JAMES L. DUNTON.
J. L. Dunton, Democrat, Representative from Currituck County,
was born in the county in 1863. Son of Alexander and Elizabeth
(Hampton) Dunton. Received his education in the public schools.
Parmer. Baptist. Married Miss Lina P. Newman in 1890. Address:
Waterlily, N. C.
SAMUEL JAMES ERVIN, JR.
S. J. Ervin Jr., Democrat, Representative from Burke County,
was born at Morganton, in 1896. Son of Samuel James and Laura
(Powe) Ervin. Attended Morganton Graded Schools 1903-1913;
Naval Academy Preparatory School, Annapolis Md., February-April,
1913; University of North Carolina 1913-1917; Summer Law School,
1919; A. B. degree in 1917; Harvard University Law School, 1919-
Representatives in General Assembly 4S3
1921; LL. B. degreel922. Lawyer. Member Kiwanis Club; secre-
tary-treasurer 1922. Served as 2nd Lieutenant with American Expe-
ditionary Forces; wounded several times; cited for "conspicuous
gallantry in action." . Member American Legion; post historian
1919-1922; department historian 1920-1921. Mason. Odd Fellow;
K. of P. K. of K. Phi Delta Phi. Sigma Upsilon. Presbyterian.
Author of "A Pre-Revolutionary History of Rowan County," a
James Sprunt Publication, University of North Carolina. Address:
Morganton, N. C.
REUBEN OSCAR EVERETT.
Reuben Oscar Everett, Democrat, Representative from Durham
County, was born in October, 1879. Son of Justus and Elizabeth
(Purvis) Everett. Graduate of the University of North Carolina.
Lawyer. Episcopalian. Address: Durham, N. C.
WILLIAM NASH EVERETT.1
WESLEY LUTHER FERRELL.
vV L. Ferrell, Democrat, Representative from Forsyth County,
was born at Durham, N. C, in 1895. Son of William L., and Mary
S. (Walker) Ferrell. Attended Winston High School, 1908-1812;
Trinity College, 1912-1916, A. B. Degree. Trinity College Law School
1916-1920. Attorney. Member Rotary Club, Twin City Club, Forsyth
Country Club, N. C. Bar Association, Forsyth County Bar Associa-
tion, American Legion. Served as First Lieutenant, M. T. C, from
1 17 to 1919. Pi Kappa Alpha Fraternity. B. P. 0. E. Methodist;
Sunday school teacher. Address: Winston-Salem, N. C.
RICHARD TILLMAN FOUNTAIN.
Richard Tillman Fountain, Democrat, Representative from Edge-
combe County, was born in Edgecombe County, February 15th, 1885.
Son of Almon L. and Louisa (Eagles) Fountain. Was educated in
designed Jan. 16, 1923 to become Secretary of State. — Editor
484 Biographical Sketches
the public Schools of Edgecombe County and the Tarboro Male
Academy; University of North Carolina, 1905-1907. Lawyer. Mem-
ber and Vice-President of the North Carolina Bar Association, also
member the American Bar Association. Member Legislature, Sessions
1919-1921. Judge of the Municipal Court of the City of Rocky Mount,
1911-1918. Trustee Rocky Mount Graded Schools 1917-1921, Secre-
tary from 1918-1921. Knights of Pythias. Presbyterian. Married
Miss Susan Rankin of Gastonia, October 3rd, 1918. Address:
Rocky Mount, N. C.
HARLEY BLACK GASTON.
Harley B. Gaston, Democrat, Representative from Gaston County,
was born in that county, November 20th, 1891. He is the son of
S. J. and Cora (Black) Gaston. He received his preparatory edu-
cation in the Lowell Public Schools and the Belmont High School;
A. B. Trinity College, Class of 1914. Was a High School Principal
for three years; studied law at the University of North Carolina;
He served as a Second Lieutenant in the Fourth Regular Army
Division 1917-1919. Wounded. Member of American Legion; Mem-
ber of North Carolina Bar Association; Mason, Knights of Pythias,
and Methodist. Superintendent of Belmont Main Street Sunday
School since 1920. Representative from Gaston County in both the
regular and the extra session of the General Assembly during
1921. Attorney at Law, Belmont, N. C.
EDWARD HERBERT GIBSON.
E. H. Gibson, Democrat, Representative from Scotland County,
was born in that county, in 1880. Son of Nelson W., and Catherine
(Easterling) Gibson. Attended private school of Professor P. P.
Wyche, Gibson, N. C, and private school of C. D. Koonce, Gibson,
N. C, until 1898; Trinity College a year and a half; University Law
School 1902-1903. Lawyer. Member North Carolina Bar Association,
Scotland County Chamber of Commerce. Trial Justice of the Crim-
inal Court for Scotland County 1913-1918. Served as Chairman of
Scotland County Local Board under the Selective Service Law, 1918;
Y. M. C. A. Secretary with American Expeditionary Forces in France
1918-1919. Mason. Methodist. Married Miss Edith Moore Gibson
in 1906. Address: Laurinburg, N. C.
Representatives in Genebal Assemble 485
CHARLES ALFRED GOSNEY.
Charles Alfred Gasney, Democrat, Representative from Wake
County, was born in Pittsylvania County, Va., in 1889. Son of
James H. and Ida (Dodson) Gosney. Lawyer. Served with Head-
quarters 60th Infantry Brigade during the World War. Served as
Representative from Wake County in the General Assembly of
1921. Married, 1920, to Miss Janie Fetner. Address: Raleigh, N. C.
ALEXANDER HAWKINS GRAHAM.
Alexander Hawkins Graham, Democrat, Representative from
Orange County, was born at Hillsboro, N. C, August, 1S90. Son
of John W. and Maggie F. (Bailey) Graham. Received his pre-
paratory education in the Episcopal High School, Alexandria,
Va,, 1906-1908; A.B., University of North Carolina, 1912; attended
Unversity of North Carolina Summer School 1912-1913, and Har-
vard Law School, 1913-1914. Attorney at law. Member of the
North Carolina Bar Association. Commissioned Second Lieutenant
at Fort Oglethorpe in 1917; promoted to First Lieutenant and then
to Captain, serving overseas with the Slst Division. Episcopalian.
Married Miss Kathleen Long in August, 1917. Address: Hills-
boro, N. C.
HORACE V. GRANT.
Horace V. Grant, Democrat, Representative from Onslow County,
was born at Sneads Ferry in 1S73. Son of Daniel Lindsey and
Carolyn (Piner) Grant. Educated in the Public schools of his
locality. Farmer and stock raiser. Member of the Co-operative
Marketing Association. Justice of the Peace, 1900-1910; member of
General Assembly of North Carolina, 1915, 1917. Member of North
Carolina Home Guards. Mason. Trustee of Sneads Ferry Methodist
Church. Married Miss Pearl Mattacks, in 1897. Address: Sneads
Ferry, N. C.
CHARLES HOWARD GRADY.
C. H. Grady, Democrat, Representative from Dare County, was
born at Kenly, N. C, in 1899. Son of J. C, and Ella (Outlaw)
Grady. Received his preparatory education in Kenly High School,
486 Biographical Sketches
and Donaldson Military School. Attended University of Virginia,
University of North Carolina, and Wake Forest College. Attorney.
Presbyterian. Married Miss Ella Glenmore Koonce. Address:
Manteo, N. C.
FRANKLIN DAVIS GRIST.
F. D. Grist, Democrat, Representative from Caldwell County,, was
born at Lenoir, in 1891. Son of John Taylor, and Mary Nancy
(Davis) Grist. Received his education in the Lenoir public
schools. Printer. Served as private in the World War in France
and in the Army of Occupation; wounded in action. Methodist.
Married in 1919 to Miss Jessie Deal. Address: Lenoir, N. C.
F. C. GWALTNEY.
F. C. Gwaltney, Republican, Representative from Alexander
County, was born in 1858. Received his education in the public
schools and at Cedar Run Academy. Farmer. Justice of the
Peace, 1892-1904; United States Deputy Marshal, 1900-1903. Married
Miss Allice 0. Daniel in 1884. Address: Taylorsville, N. C.
R. F. D. No. 3, Box 57.
THOMAS LENOIR GWYN.
T. L. Gwyn, Democrat, Representative from Haywood County, was
born at Springdale, N. C, in 1882. Son of James, and Amelia
(Foster) Gwyn. Attended Bingham School, Asheville, 1898-1899;
University of North Carolina, Ph.B. in 1903. Farmer and stock
raiser; also lumber dealer. Member Civitan Club, Canton, N. C.
President Western North Carolina Good Roads Association; Chair-
man Legislative Committee North Carolina Good Roads Associa-
tion; President Haywood Supply Company (wholesale grocers);
President North Carolina Shorthorn Breeders Association: Vice-
President First National Bank, Waynesville; Vice-President State
Fair, 1921-1922; Vice-President State Assocation County Commis-
sioners, 1921. Member County Board of Education, Haywood County,
1918-1922. Mason. Zeta Psi Fraternity. Episcopalian. Married
Miss Hilda Way in 1919. Address. Springdale, N. C.
Representatives in General Assembly 487
C. E. HAMILTON.
C. E. Hamilton, Democrat, Representative from Forsyth County.
Address: Winston-Salem, N. C.
CHARLES MILLER HAUSER.
Charles Miller Hauser, Democrat, Representative from Stokes
County, was born at Clemmons, N. C, in 1868. Son of Philip, and
Margaret (Pledger) Hauser. Received his education at Reeds
Academy, 1892-1893. Farmer. Chairman of Farmers Co-operative
Association of Stokes County; director of Bank of Stokes County,
since 1911. Justice of Peace in Forsyth County, 1900-1917. Justice
of Peace in Stokes since 1921. J. 0. U. A. M. Methodist; steward
1S00-1922. Married Miss Minnie Lee Foster in 1893. Address:
Germantown, N. C.
METIER HACKSON HENDRICKS.
M. J. Hendricks, Democrat, Representative from Davie County,
was horn in that county in 1867. Son of Francis Monroe, and
Martha Ann (Reedman) Hendricks. Attended Courtney Acad-
emy, Yadkin County; and Cana Academy, Davie County, from 1885-
18S8. Farmer. Farm Demonstration Agent for Davie County
1910-1913. Road Supervisor for Farmington Township, 1915-1916.
Lecturer in Farmers Institutes, 1910-1918. Mason. Baptist; deacon
and treasurer for past twenty years; Sunday School Superintendent
for fifteen years. Married Miss Emma Grace Eaton in 18S9. Ad-
dress: Cana, N. C.
LEVI HILL.
Levi Hill, Democrat, Representative from Greene County, was
born in Lenoir County in 1868. Son of Robert P. and Elizabeth
(Hinson) Hill. Attended public and private schools, 1889; Col-
legiate Institute at Institute, N. C, 1890. Taught in public schools
about twelve years. Farmer. Justice of the Peace. Woodman
of the World. Baptist; Clerk for ten years. Married Miss Edith
C. Herring in 1899. Address: Snow Hill, N. C, Route No. 4.
4SS Biographical Sketches
FRANK B. HOOKER.
Frank B. Hooker, Democrat, Representative from Pamlico County,
was born at Bayboro, N. C, in 1854. Son of Henry H., and Hannah
(Twiford) Hooker. Received his education in the public schools
and Bush Grove Academy. Retired from business. President of
Oriental Chamber of Commerce. Mayor of Oriental 1912; County
Commissioner of Beaufort County, 1884-1888; Represented Beau-
fort County in General Assembly 1895, 1903, 1907, 1909; Assistant
Clerk in the enrolling office 1901; Clerk to House Judiciary Com-
mittee, 1905; Journal Clerk in engrossing office of the House, 1911,
1913, 1915; Represented Pamlico in 1817; Assistant in engrossing
office of House, 1919, 1921. Mason; Master of Pamlico Lodge.
Methodist; steward since 1900; recording steward at present.
Married in 1876 to Miss Emma J. Rives; in 1912, to Mrs. Laura
Dixon. Address: Oriental, X. C.
GEORGE WESLEY HOOKS.
George Wesley Hooks, Democrat, Representative from Columbus
County, was born at Cerro Gordo, in 1884. Son of James Pinkney
and Mary Jane (Martin) Hooks. Received his education in the
public schools of his county. Farmer and journalist. Odd Fellow.
Mason. Baptist; clerk, 1908-1912; Sunday School Superintendent
1907-1919; teacher 1907-1922. Author of several papers and poems.
Address: Whiteville, N. C.
WINSTON MONTGOMERY JACKSON.
W. M. Jackson, Republican, Representative from Surry County,
was born in that county in 1876. Son of Job, and Winnie E.
(Nichols) Jackson. Attended Siloan Academy, 1897-1898; took law
course at Wake Forest College. Taught in public schools of Surry
County for five years. Lawyer. Married Miss Magdaline Riggs, in
1908. Address: Dobson, N. C.
Representatives in General Assembly 489
THEO M. JENKINS.
Theo. M. Jenkins, Republican, Representative from Graham
County, was born in Buncombe County, in 1887. Son of C. L., and
Sue L. (Redmond) Jenkins. Attended Fair View Collegiate In-
stitute, 1905; University of North Carolina (Summer School) 1908;
Wake Forest Law School, 1916. Lawyer. Member North Carolina
Bar Association. Mayor of Robbinsville, 1922; County Attorney
for Graham County, 1917-1920, 1922; United States Government
Appeal Agent, Attorney to Local Board, Graham County, 1917-1919.
Mason. Baptist. Married Miss Winnie V. Mauney, 1915. Address:
Robbinsville, N. C.
DAVID BONYAX JOHNSON.
D. B. Johnson, Democrat, Representative from Bladen County,
was born at Cedar Creek, N. C. Son of T. J., and Minnie Johnson.
Attended White Oak School, 1910-1914; Wake Forest College, 1917,
1918, 1920. LL. B. Lawyer. Mayor of Elizabethtown, 1921-1922.
Served fifteen months as corporal in World War. Mason. Baptist;
clerk of the Baptist Association Bladen County. Address: Eliza-
bethtown, N. C.
JOHN W. KING.
John W. King, Democrat, Representative from Guilford County,
was born at Danbury, N. C, in 1871. Son of Walter W. and Cornelia
A. (McCandless) King. Attended public and private schools of Dan-
bury; Oak Ridge Institute, 1887-1888. Graduated from Eastman
College, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., in 1891. Farmer. Member Tri-State
Tobacco Growers Cooperative Association; Central Carolina Ware-
housing Corporation; Greensboro Chamber of Commerce; Merchants
and Manufacturers Club. Director of Tri-State Tobacco Crowns
Cooperative Association; President of Central Carolina Warebousin^
Corporation. Member Travelers Protective Association; United
Commercial Travelers; Chairman of Legislative Commission, and
Chairman of Good Roads Commission. Member of Christian Disci-
ples Church; Chairman of Finance Committee. Married Miss
Anna Louise Howard in 1909. Address: Greensboro, N. C.
490 Biographical Sketches
LLOYD J. LAWRENCE.
Lloyd J. Lawrence, Democrat, Representative from Hertford
County, was born at Murfreesboro, N. C, in 1871. Son of Jamee
N., and Mary Elizabeth (Pruden) Lawrence. Attended Murfrees-
boro High School, 1883-1888; M.irfreesboro Military Academy, 1888-
1890; University of North Carolina Law School, 1890-1892 Lawyer.
Member State Bar Association; Commercial Law League of America.
President of Citizens Bank, 191.1-1919; President of First National
Bank of Murfreesboro, 1919-1922; President United Telephone Com-
pany, 1904-1922; Editor Hertford Observer, 1922. Mayor of Mur-
freesboro, 1893-1901; Chairman Board of Education; Chairman Board
of Elections; County Attorney; Representative in General Assembly
of 1901; Supervisor 1st N. C. District, 1920 Census. Methodist;
Sunday School Superintendent and steward. Married, in 1895,
to Miss Eva Alberta Eldridge; in 1919 to Miss Olive B. Vinson.
Address: Murfreesboro. N. C.
WILLIAM HEZEKIAH LEWIS.
W. H. Lewis, Democrat, Representative from Pender County,
was born at Atkinson, N. C. Son of J. E. Lewis and Margaret J.
(Bonner) Lewis. Farmer and Banker. Member Board of Trade
of Atkinson, N. C. Mayor Atkinson six years; Notary Public eight
years. Postmaster twenty years; County Commissioner four years.
Mason; served eight years as secretary. Woodman of the World.
Baptist; deacon for past six years. Married Miss Carrie L. Peterson
in 1892. Address: Atkinson, N. C.
ED S. LOVEN.
Ed. S. Loven, Democrat, Representative from Avery County, was
born in Burke County, in 1892. Son of Anderson and Mary Jane
(Webb) Loven. Received his education in the public schools.
Merchant. Sheriff of Avery County, 1911-1912. Mason. Presby-
terian. Married Miss Myrtle L. Clay in 1S95. Address: Lineville,
N. C.
Representatives i\ General Assembly 491
JAMES EDWARD McFARLAND.
J. E. McFarland, Democrat, Representative from Rutherford
County, was born at Spartanburg, S. C, in 1861. Mason. Presby-
terian. Member Board of Trade. Member Town Council, 1917-1918.
Address: Forest City, N. C
EVANDER McNAIR McIVER.
E. M. Mclver Democrat, Representative from Lee County, was
born at Jonesboro, N. C, in 1876. Son of A. A. and Flora (Bryan)
Mclver. Attended Jonesboro High School, 1884-1893; University of
North Carolina, A. B. degree, 1904.; George Washington University
Medical School, 1904-1907; University of North Carolina Medical De-
partment, M. D., 1908. Physician. Member of County, State, South-
ern Medical and American Medical Societies. Captain of Medical
Corps in the World War, 1917-1919. Mason. J. O. U. A. M. Presby-
terian; deacon since 1910. Married, in 1920, to Miss Rachel
Tucker. Address: Jonesboro, N. C.
DANIEL PRATHER McKINNON.
D. P. McKinnon, Democrat, Representative from Robeson County,
was born in Rowland, N. C, in 1896. Son of Graham and Allie
(Bird) McKinnon. Attended Tennessee Military Institute, 1912-
1916; University of North Carolina, 1916-1917; Washington and
Lee University, 1919-1921. Lawyer. Phi Delta Phi. Served as
Second Lieutenant in World War. Mason. K. of P. Phi Delta
Theta. Presbyterian. Won Washington and Lee Medal in oratory
in 1920 Address: Rowland, N. C.
VAN BUREN MARTIN.
Van Buren Martin, Democrat, Representative from Washington
County, was born in Northampton County. Son of J. V. and Ida
(Stancell) Martin. Received his preparatory education at Conway
492 Biographical Sketches
High School and Whitsett Institute. B.L. of Wake Forest College,
1904. Attorney at law. Mayor of Plymouth, N. C, 1919-1920.
Superintendent of Public School, Washington County, 1909-1910.
Prosecuting Attorney for Washington County, 1910-1919. Member
of State Senate from Second Senatorial District, 1909 and 1911.
Member of State Legislature 1921 and 1923, from Washington County.
A. F. & A. M., Knights of Pythias, Royal Arch Mason. Baptist.
Married, in 1907, to Miss Estell Johnston. Address: Plymouth,
N. C.
WILLIAM ROBERT MATTHEWS.
William Robert Matthews, Democrat, Representative from
Mecklenburg County, was born in Rockingham County, November
30th, 1857. Son of Dr. J. T. and Ruth F. (Price) Matthews. At-
tended Oak Ridge Institute, 1878-1879. Real estate and insurance.
Mayor of Madison, 1889. Alderman City of Charlotte, 1911-1912.
School Commissioner City of Charlotte, 1915-1916. Chairman Road
Trustee, Charlotte Township, 1917-1918. W. O. W.; Jr. O. U. A. M.
Representative in the General Assembly of 1917-1919-1921; extra
session, 1920-1921. Organized the Sons and Daughters of American
Liberty, 1919; headquarters, Charlotte, N. C; at present Chief
Commander of the order. President, Oaklawn Cemetery, Charlotte,
N. C. Married Miss Sallie E. Melton, Chester, S. C, May 23rd, 1888.
Address: Charlotte, N. C.
JESSE FEARRING-TON MILLIKEN.
J. F. Milliken, Democrat, Representative from Union County, was
born in Chatham County in 1888. Son of John R., and Annie (Fear-
rington) Milliken. Attended Pittsboro Academy from 1896-1903;
Law School of the University of North Carolina 1909-1910. Attorney
at Law. Served as private, Battalion Sergeant Major and 2nd
Lieutenant in World War. Sigma Nu Fraternity. Mason. Member
American Legion; First Commander Lee County Post. Address:
Monroe, N. C.
Representatives in General Assembly 493
CLAYTON MOORE.
Clayton Moore, Democrat, Representative from Martin County,
was born at Williamston in 1888. Son of James E. and Jane (Sykes)
Moore. Attended Williamston High School; Oak Ridge Institute;
A. and M. College; V. P. I., and University of North Carolina Law
School. Attorney. Member State Bar Association; Representative
from Martin County in General Assembly of 1921. City and County
Attorney. Mason. B. P. O. E. Episcopalian; member of vestry.
Married Miss Jennie Swanner in 1914. Address: Williamston, N. C.
CLARENCE W. MORGAN.
C. W. Morgan, Republican, Reresentative from Polk County,
was born near Trycm, N. C. in 1879. Son of Henry C. and Sophia
(Hill) Morgan. Attended Folk County Country schools. Took busi-
ness course, in 1898, from Bowling Green Business College & Normal
Institute, Ky. Hardware Merchant. Member Tryon Board of Trade.
Methodist. Married Miss Alma Morris in 1903. Address: Tryon,
N. C.
IRA CLEVELAND MOSER.
I. C. Moser, Democrat, Representative from Randolph County,
was born at Rock Creek, N. C, in 1886. Son of Thaddeus Lucian,
and Barbara Catherine (Garrett) Moser. Attended Oak Ridge Insti-
tute, and Friendship Academy. Graduated from tho University of
North Carolina, with degree of A.B., in 1911. University of North
Carolina Law School in 1915. Lawyer. Member United Lutheran
Church of America. Married, in 1915 to Miss Lou Ola Tuttle. Ad-
dress: Asheboro, N. 0
WALTER MURPHY.
Walter Murphy, Democrat, Representative from Rowan County.
was born in Salisbury, N. C, October, 1872. Son of Andrew and
Plelen (Long) Murphy. Educated at the University of North
Carolina Attended University Law School, L892-1894. Lawyer.
494 Biographical Sketches
Trustee of the University since 1903; executive committee of same.
General Secretary of the Alumni of the University of North Caro-
lina. Trustee of the North Carolina Sanatorium for the Treat-
ment of Tuberculosis, 1907-1914. Member of the State Democratic
Executive Committee, 1898, 1913. City Attorney for Salisbury,
1903-1908; member of the General Assembly, 1897, 1901, 1903, 1905,
1907, 1913, 1915 and 1921. Speaker of the House of Representatives
at the extra session, 1914; of the regular session, 1917. Reading
Clerk of State Senate, 1899. Elector-at-large for North Carolina,
190S. B. P. O. E., F. O. E.; Red Men; K. of P.; Mason; Sigma Nu
(college) Fraternity. President of the General Alumni Association
of the University of North Carolina. — President Salisbury Kiwanis
Club, A. A. O. N. M. S. Oasis Temple. Episcopalian. Married Miss
Maud Harvey, 1903. Address: Salisbury, N. C.
WILLIAM WEAVER NEAL.
William W. Neal, Democrat, Representative from McDowell County
since 1919. Address: Marion, N. C.
JACOB WILEY NELSON.
J. W. Nelson, Democrat, Representative from Madison County,
was born at Marshall, N. C, in 1863. Son of John Burton and Marga-
rite (Garrison) Nelson. Received his educattion in the free schools
from 1870-1876. Retired merchant. Mason. Member Missionary
Baptist Church; deacon 1907-1821. Address: Marshall, N. C.
HARRY L. NETTLES.
Harry L. Nettles, Democrat, Representative from Buncombe
County, was born at Biltmore, N. C, in 1885. Son of W. M. and Eliza
(Joyner) Nettles. Attended public schools, Christ School, and Ashe-
ville Business College, 1906. Farmer. Representative in the General
Assembly of 1915. K. of P. J. O. U. A. M. Modern Woodmen of
America. D. O. K. K. Married Miss Margaret Bibson in 1908.
Address : Biltmore, N. C.
Representatives i\ General Assembly
J. H. NEWBERRY.
J. H. Newberry, Democrat, Representative from Duplin County.
Address: Warsaw, N. C.
Q. K. NIMOCKS, SR.
Q. K. Nimocks, Sr., Democrat, Representative from Cumberland
County. Address: Fayetteville, N. C.
CHARLES NORRIS.
Charles Norris, Democrat, Representative from Camden County,
was born in that county in 1867. Son of Thomas and Elizabeth
(West) Norris. Received his education in the public schools of
his county. Merchant. Chairman County Board of Camden County
Commissioners; Justice of the Peace for fourteen years. Mason.
Odd Fellow. Modern Woodmen of America. Methodist; steward
for twenty years. Married, first, Miss Sallie Guaranton; second,
Miss Almeda Sawyer. Address: South Mills, N. C.
LUTHER A. NOWELL.
Luther A. Nowell, Democrat, Representative from Bertie County,
was born at Colerain, N. C, in 1871. Son of Alpheus, and Virginia
(Britton) Nowell. Attended Davis Military School 1887-1888; Globe
Academy 1889; Wake Forest College, 1890-1893; was graduated from
the University of Maryland in 1895. Physician and Banker. Mem-
ber N. C. Medical Society; Seaboard Medical Society of North Caro-
lina and Virginia. President Bank of Colerain since its organization.
Commissioner Bertie County 1908-1914; Member Board of Education
of Bertie County for two years. Odd Fellow. W. O. W. M
Miss Cleo Britton in 1905. Address: Colerain, N. C.
T. E. OWE'XS.
T. E. Owens, Republican, Representative from Sampson County,
was born near Roseboro, N. C. Son of Edmund B.( and Mary ( Sp
man) Owens. Received his education in the public schools of Samp-
496 Biographical Sketches
son County. Farmer, Lumberman, and Banker. Member of Legis
latures of 1901, 1903, 1907, and 1921. Presidential Elector in 1904.
Elected Treasurer of Sampson County 1908-1916. Mason. Metbodist.
Married Miss Elizabeth Underwood in 1895. Founded, and edited
for eigbt years the Neios Dispatch of Clinton. Address: Roseboro,
N. C.
EDWARD S. PARKER, JR.
Edward S. Parker, Jr., Democrat, Representative from Alamance
County, was born at Graham, N. C. Son of Edward S., and Ellen
Caroline (Northam) Parker. Receivea liis education in thy local
public schools, and at Oak Ridge Institute. T<>ok law course at the
University of North Carolina in 1893. Attorney. Member of N. C.
Bar Association. Chairman Executive Committee of N. C. Bar Asso-
ciation in 1922. Mayor of Graham several terms. Chairman Board
Trustees Graham Graded School 1901-1918. K. of P. Mason. Presby-
terian. Married Miss Mary E. Mebane in 1897. Address: Graham.
N. C.
ROBERT HUNT PARKER.
R. H. Parker, Democrat, Representative from Halifax County.
Born at Enfield, in 1892. Son of R. B. and Victoria C. (Hunt) Par-
ker. Bachelor of Arts at the University of Virginia in 1912;
Bachelor of Laws University of Virginia in 1915. Lawyer. Member
of the American Legion. Served as Lieutenant with the American
Expeditionary Forces in the World War. Kappa Sigma. Episco-
palian. Address: Enfield, N. C.
WILLIAM BASCOM PASS.
W. B. Pass, Democrat, Representative from Clay County, was
born at Hayesville, N. C, in 1856. Son of Richard S., and Elizabeth
N. Pass. Received his education at the Hayesville High School.
Wholesale drug broker. Married Miss Mary D. Davidson in 1880.
Address: Hayesville, N. C.
Representatives in General Assembly 497
MARTIN A. PATTERSON.
Martin A. Patterson, Democrat, Representative from Hoke County,
was born in Cumberland County in 1870. Son of Duncan J..
Margaret (Leslie) Patterson. Received his education in the public
schools of Cumberland County, and at Thompson School at Siler
City, N. C. Farmer. Presbyterian; ruling elder since 1892. Mar-
ried Miss Martha Jane Monroe in 1900. Address: Raeford, N. C.
RUFUS MORGAN PERSON.
Rufus Morgan Person, Democrat, Representative from Mecklen-
burg County, was born in Franklin County in 1871. He is a son
of Joseph Arlington Person and Alice (Morgan) Person. Attended
Horner's School, Oxford, N. C, 1886-1887. Manufacturer and farmer.
Member of the Farm Bureau and Cotton Growers' Association.
Postmaster at Kittrell, N. C, under Cleveland. Mayor of Kittrell,
1892-1893. Mason, Shriner, W. O. W. , Jr. O. U. A. M. Episcopalian.
Married in 1895 to Miss Jessie Allen. Address. Charlotte, N. C,
R. F. D. No. 8.
CHARLES AUGUSTUS PETERSON.
C. A. Peterson, Republican, Representative from Mitchell County,
was born at Relief, N. C, in 1882. Son of Solomon, and Julia (Ed-
wards) Peterson. Attended Bawmon Academy, Bakersville, N. C,
1900; Dwight Institute, Erwin, Tenn., 1901; Tennessee Medical Col-
lege, 1903-1906; N. C. Medical College, degree of M.D., 1907; Post
graduate course at New York Post Graduate Medical School and
Hospital; Tulane University. Physician and Surgeon, Member
N. C. State Medical Society; Southern Medical Association; Am
can Medical Association. President Bank of Spruce Pine, N. C,
1916-1922; President Board of Trade Spruce Pine. 1920; Secret
United States Pension Board since 1916. Freemason., K. of P.
Married Miss Nora McCall in 190S. Address: Spruce Pine, N. C.
EDGAR WALKER PHARR.
Edgar Walker Pharr, Democrat, Representative from Mec1
burg County, was born near Charlotte, March 4. 1899. Son
32
498 Biographical Sketches
Walter S. and Jennie E. (Walker) Fharr. Attended rural public
school until 1905; Charlotte University School, 1905-1906; A.B.,
Erskine College, Due West, S. C, 1909. Studied law at the Uni-
versity of North Carolina. Lawyer. Member County, State, and
American Bar Associations. Knights of Pythias; Mason; Shriner;
D. O. K. K. Chairman, War Savings Committee for Mecklenburg
County, 1918. Representative in the General Assembly, 1917, 1919,
special session 1920-1921 regular and special. Associate Reformed
Presbyterian. Married in 1914 to Alta Ruth Knox, Atlanta, Ga.
Address: Charlotte, N. C.
LEWIS JULIEN POISSON.
L. J. Poisson, Democrat, Representative from New Hanover County,
was born at Wilmington, N. C, in 18S7. Son of L. J., and Manie
(Allen) Poisson. Attended Woodbury Forest School, Cape Fear
Academy, North Carolina A. and M. College, and the Law School
of the University of North Carolina. Lawyer. Special Assistant
United States Attorney General 1914-1916. Episcopalian. Married
Miss Gethyn Rugan in 1920. Address: Wilmington, N. C.
WILLIAM DOSSEY PRUDEN.
W. D. Pruden, Democrat, Representative from Chowan County,
was born in that county in 1894. Son of W. D. and Annie (Wood)
Pruden. Attended Warrenton High School 1910-1911; Edenton
public schools prior to this date; University of North Carolina, A.B.
degree, in 1915; Harvard Law School 1915-1917. Lawyer. Served
as 2nd Lieutenant with the American Expeditionary Forces 1917-
1919. Episcopalian. Address: Edenton, N. C.
AUGUSTUS L. QUICKEL.
Augustus L. Quickel, Democrat, Representative from Lincoln
County, was born in that county August, 1874. Son of John C. and
Josephine (Crouse) Quickel. Attended Piedmont Seminary; B.L.,
University of North Carolina, 1895; University of North Carolina
Representatives i\ Generai Assembly
Law School 1896-1897. Lawyer. Member State Bar Association.
Represented his county in General Assembly, 1903-1911 and 1921;
Clerk to Judiciary Committee of the House of Represents i the
United States Congress, 1914-1919. Lutheran. Address: Lincolnl
N. C.
THOMAS WHITSETT RANKIN.
T. W. Rankin, Democrat, Representative from Rockingham County,
was born in that county, in 1888. Son of Thomas Franklin, and
Mary (Wade) Rankin. Received his education in the public scln
Engaged in the life insurance business. Mason. Presbyterian. .Mar-
ried in 1916 to Miss Louise Anderson. Address: Reidsville, N. C.
J. FRANK RAY.
J. Frank Ray, Democrat, Representative from Macon County, was
born in that county in 1858. Son of John, and Nancy (Summ
Ray. Lawyer. Address: Franklin, N. C.
REUBEN REYNOLDS.
Reuben Reynolds, Democrat, Representative from Montgomery
County, was born in that county in 1867. Son of Joseph and Mary
Ann (Hurley) Reynolds. Received his education at Ellerbe Sprii
N. C. Farmer and Lumberman. Engrossing Clerk for the House in
1897. Mayor of Star, 1917-1918. Mason. Methodist; steward
twenty years; superintendent of Sunday school for three years.
Married Miss Hettie Smith in 1902; married Mis- Masie Petree in
lit 19. Address: Star, N. C.
JAMES WILEY RIDEOUTTE.
J. W. Rideoutte, Democrat, Representative from Rowan County,
was born at Raleigh, N. C, in 1S78. Son of James Thomas and
Nancy Elizabeth (Johnson) Rideoutte. Attended public sch<
at New Bern, N. C. 1884-1887; Columbia, S. C, I hool 1887
500 Biographical Sketches
1893. Machinist with Southern Railway Company. Member Inter-
national Association of Machinists; Foreman Southern Railway
1910; General Foreman, 1911. Member of Salisbury Board of Al-
derman 1914-1915, 1916-1917; Member of Company D., 1st South
Carolina Volunteers 1895-1897. W. 0. W., Moose. Episcopalian Mar-
ried Miss Agnes D. Crawford in 1899. Address: Salisbury, N. C.
JOHN W. ROBBINS.
John W. Robbins, Democrat, Representative from Nash County,
was born in that county in 1867. Son of John D. and Emelyne
(Weaver) Robbins. Received his education in public schools 1887-
1890. Farmer. Odd Fellow. K. of P. Baptist; deacon since 1908.
Married Miss Mittie Hales in 1891. Address: Sharpsburg, N. C.
CARROLL PICKENS ROGERS.
Carroll Pickens Rogers, Democrat, Representative from Henderson
County, was born at Johnson, S. C, in 1880. Son of Rev. William
A. and Annie Maria (Anderson). Attended the Graded Schools at
Marion, S. C, 1886-1890; Charleston, S. C, 1890-1892; Spartanburg,
S. C, 1892-1894; Wofford Fitting School, 1894-1895; Furman Uni-
versity, 1897-1898. Was graduated at Wofford College in 1900. with
A. B. degree. Kappa Alpha Fraternity. Manufacturer. Member
National Association of Hosiery and Underwear Manufacturers.
Member Chamber of Commerce, Hendersonville, N. C. Justice
of Peace, 1910-1922. Member Henderson County Executive Com-
mittee, 1912-1922. Delegate to State Convention, 1922. Served
as 2nd Lieutenant of North Carolina Reserve Militia, 1917-1918.
Mason. K. of P. W. O. W. Red Men. Methodist; treasurer;
Chairman of Board of Stewards; Chairman Board of Trustees.
Married Miss Susan Mildred Erskine in 1911. Address: East
Flat Rock, N. C.
GEORGE ROMULUS ROSS.
George Romulus Ross,. Democrat, Representative from Moore
County, was born in Randolph County, May 22, 1888. Son of
Representatives in General Assembly 501
Romulus Rudolphus and Rebecca Ellen (McCulloch) Ross. Re-
ceived his preparatory education from the Asheboro High School.
Was graduated from the North Carolina Agricultural and Mechani-
cal College, Raleigh, N. C, in 1911. Farmer and Manager of Jackson
Packing Company. Mason, Woodman of the World, Jr. 0. U. A. M.
Methodist Protestant. Married Miss Margaret Charlotte Goley,
February, 1914. Address: Jackson Springs, N. C.
W. M. SAUNDERS.
W. M. Saunders, Democrat, Representative from Johnston County.
Address: Smithfield, N. C.
HIRAM SYLVANUS SELLERS.
H. S. Sellers, Democrat, Representative from Gaston County,
was born in that county in 1858. Son of Abraham and Easter
Sellers. Received his education in the public schools and at Ruther-
ford College. Deputy Sheriff, 1888-1895; Coroner, 1912-1918; Justice
of the Peace for last six years. K. of P. Mason. D. O. K. K.
Methodist. Married Mrs. Laura Evans in 1882; Mrs. D. A. Beatty
in 1914. Address: Kings Mountain, N. C.
JOHN BASCOM SHERRILL.
J. B. Sherrill, Democrat, Representative from Cabarrus County,
was born in Iredell County, February 23, 1864, and is a son of the
late Rev. M. V. Sherrill. His mother was Miss Martha J. Douglas.
He was educated under Prof. W. H. Brooks, of Olin, N. C. News-
paper man. Secretary and treasurer of the North Carolina Pn
Association for 32 consecutive years, from 1SSS-1920. He was
elected President in 1921, and re-elected to that office in 1922.
Postmaster of Concord under Cleveland's second administration.
Trustee of Trinity College. Member from Cabarrus County in the
Lower House of the North Carolina Genera] Assembly. Married
Miss Anna Montgomery.
502 Biographical Sketches
RICHARD W. SIMPSON.
R. W. Simpson, Democrat, Representative from Gates County,
was born in Perquimans County, in 1858. Son of Willam C. and
Sarah A. (Riddick) Simpson. Received his education at Belvidere
Academy. Farmer. Chairman Board of Education for six years;
member Legislature of 1905, 1907 extra session 1908. Justice of the
Peace for thirty-two years. Deputy Sheriff for four years. Mis-
sionary Baptist; clerk for twenty years; deacon; trustee. Married
Miss Mary E. Hunter in 1SS4. Address: Trotville, N. C.
ROBERT WILLIAMS SMITH.
Robert Williams Smith, Democrat, Representative from Pitt
County, was born near Greenville, November 2, 1S69. Son of
Theophilus and Elizabeth (May) Smith. Educated at the Oxford
Orphanage, 1878-1880, and in the public schools of Pitt County.
Merchant and farmer. Director Winterville Oil Mill, President
Planters Tobacco Warehouse Company, President Ayden Chamber
of Commerce. Mayor of Ayden 1916 and 1918. Thirty-second
Scottish Rite Mason; I. O. O. F. Several terms Master of Aydeh
Lodge, A. F. & A. M.; Noble Grand of I. O. O. F. Several years.
Christian Church; deacon for last twenty years. July 8, 1896,
married Miss Cora E. Hart. Address: Ayden, N. C.
CHARLES ALEXANDER SNIPES.
Charles Alexander Snipes, Democrat Representative from Chat-
ham County was born at Chapel Hill in 1872. Son of William F.
and Bettie (Ellis) Snipes. Attended Thompson School, Siler City,
1889-1901. Farmer. Justice of the Peace 1916-1918. Mason. Me-
thodist; Superintendent of Sunday School, 1910-1921; steward since
1908; Chairman of Board of Stewards since 1912. Married Miss
Daisy D. Hackney in 1895. Address: Bynum, N. C.
THOMAS I. SUTTON.
Thomas I. Sutton, Democrat, Representative from Wayne County,
was born in Sampson County, in 1S65. Son of Oats, and Susanna
Representatives in General Assi mbli
(.Murphy) Sutton. Attended Woodland Academy, lvV."> and Na-
hunta Academy, 1886-1887. Farmer. Justice of the Peace, 19
1913. Missionary Baptist; clerk, 1896-1904; deacon since 1904.
Married Miss Sarah E. Jinnett in 1891. Address: Goldsboro, .v
EUGENE TAYLOR.
Eugene Taylor, Democrat, Representative from Buncombe County,
was born in that county in 1896. Son of James B. and Zora E.
(Wells) Taylor. Attended Asheville High School, 1911-1914. Law-
School of Wake Forest College, degree of LL.B. in 1917. Lawyer.
Member County and State Bar Associations. Served as 2nd Lieu-
tenant in World War. Member American Legion. W. 0. W. Ad-
dress: Asheville. N. C.
ROBERT BELLAMY TAYLOR.
Robert Bellamy Taylor, Democrat, Representative from Vance
County, was born in Townsville, December, 1S93. Son of Edward
Osborne and Allene Grist (Hargrove) Taylor. Attended Horner's
Military School, 1911-1914. Farmer and lumber dealer. Three
years in military school. Served as sergeant on Mexican Border,
1916-1817. Commissioned 1st Lieutenant at First Officers Training
Camp. One year's service overseas, 1918-1919. Episcopalian. Ad-
dress: Townsville, N. C.
WALTER LEE TAYLOR.
Walter Lee Taylor, Democrat, Representative from Ca^
County, was born at Semora, N. C, in 1875. Son of William Hoppe,
and Mary E. (Hamlett) Taylor. Attended private schools, 1883-
1892; Elon College, 1892-1893, 1896. Farmer. Mason. Member Chris-
tian Church; deacon. Married Miss Mary John Yarborough in 1916.
Address: Semora, N. C.
DOC JONES THURSTON.
D. J. Thurston, Democrat, Representative from Johnston County,
was born near Clayton, N. C, in 1S73. Son of W. .1. V.. and
Zilphia (Culley) Thurston. Attended public and private sch
504 Biographical Sk
in his country. Took summer law course at Wake Forest Col-
lege. Farmer. Missionary Baptist. Married Miss Jessie Jen-
kens in 1903. Address: Clayton. X. C.
HOWARD DAVIS TOWNSEND.
Howard Davis Townsend. Democrat. Representative from David-
son County, was born in Cabarrus County, in 1892. Son of Pinkney
P. and Ida Dorcas (Porter) Townsend. Received his education
in the public schools. Cotton manufacturer. Member of Lexing-
ton Chamber of Commerce; Board of Directors and Vice-President
of Davidson Fair Association, 1921-1922. Justice of the Peace,
1916-1922; Notary Public. 1918-1922; Home Guards, 1918-1919.
K. of P. B. P. O. E. Mason. Presbyterian. President Erlanger
Baraca Class and First Vice-President North Carolina Baraca
Association. Married Miss Esther Huffsticker, in 1917. Address:
Erlanger, N. C.
N. A. TOWNSEND.
N. A. Townsend. Democrat, Representative from Harnett County.
Son of Jackson and Sarah M. (Oliver) Townsend. Was born in
Robeson County May 1, 18S2. A.B. University of North Carolina
1905. Studied law at University of North Carolina 1905-1906. Law-
yer. Admitted to bar February 1906. Married 1909. to Miss Myrtle
Agnes Wade. Mayor of the Town of Dunn 1911-1912. Attorney Town
of Dunn 1917-1921. Member of the House of Representatives 1921.
Address: Dunn. N. C.
ZEBULON VANCE' TURLINGTON.
Z. V. Turlington, Democrat, Representative from Iredell County.
was born in Johnston County, in 1S77. Son of Eli and Sarah
(Woodalll Turlington. Attended Turlington Institute. Smithfield,
N. C. 1893-1896; Dniversity of North Carolina Law School 1898-1899.
Lawyer. Member Rotary Club. Member of House of Representatives
in 1905, 1907, 1909, and 1911. Presbyterian. Married Miss Mary
Howard Rankin, in 1902. Address: Mooresville, N. C.
Representatives in General Assembly
WALTER ROBERT VAUGHAN.
W. R. Vaughan, Democrat, Representative from Warren County.
was born in Granville County, in 1871. Son of Robert Starke and
Mary Eliza (Clarke) Vaughan. Attended private schools in Hen-
derson, N. C, 1876-1884 and Henderson Academy 18S4-1S89. Farmer
and Railroad Agent. Mayor of Vaughan 1895-1S99; Chairman County
Convention of Warren 1901; Chairman Township Executive Com-
mittee for a number of years; Member Board of Education Warren
County two years; Member and Secretary County Highway Com-
mission one year; Chairman School Board for about ten years; Jus-
tice of the Peace. Member of Safety First Committee of S. A. L..
in 1917. Appointed by the Governor member of Soldiers Advisory
Committee during World War. Mason. Order of Railroad Tele-
graphers. Methodist: Superintendent of Sunday School for last
twenty-five years. Married Miss Valeria James Fl tyd in Ad-
dress Vaughan. N. C.
JAMES EDWARD LEE WADE.
J. E. L. Wade, Democrat, Representative from New Hanover
County, was born at Monroe. N. C. in 1889. Son of Edward Timothy,
and Virginia Colwell (Whitfield) Wade. Attended public schools
and Cape Fear Academy. Transportation, A. C. L. Railway. Mem-
ber of Advisory Committee to Board of Education in New Ham
County 1920-1921; Member City Council 1920-1921. Mason. R
of Brotherhood of Railway Trainmen. Served as Local Chairman
and Vice-Chairman of A. C. L. Board of Adjustment. J. 0. U. A. M.
Red Men. Odd Fellow. Modern Woodmen of America. Baptist;
member of Business Men's Class. Married Miss Alberta Thurman
Dickerson. Address: Wilmington, X. C.
JAMES WILLIAM WALKER.
James William Walker, Democratic, Representative fr ock-
ingham County, was born in that County, January 22nd, 1860. Son
of Robert T. and Mary M. (Montgomery) Walker. Attended prh
and public schools 1S70-1S80; Stevens Creek High School, A'
1881; Normal Summer School at Chapel Hill, 1 '">'
506 Biographic \i. Sket< hes
Institutes for teachers for eight or ten years. Taught in public
schools for six or eight years. Contractor and builder over twenty-
five years. Vice-President and director of Burton Clarence Walker
Co., Furniture and Undertaking, Mercantile business, of Reidsville,
N. C. Representative in the General Assembly 1921. Odd Fellow;
filled all chairs up to and including Noble Grand and twice repre-
sentative to the State Grand Lodge. Methodist, Steward for last
seventeen years. Married 1883, to Miss Mary Annie Martin. Married
second time December 1920 to Miss Mary S. Gibbs. Address: Reids-
ville, N. C.
LINDSAY CARTER WARREN.
Lindsay Carter Warren, Democrat, Representative from Beaufort
County, was born at Washington, N. C, in 1889. Son of Charles
F. and Elizabeth Mutter (Blount) Warren. Received his preparatory
education at Bingham School, at Asheville, 1903-1906. Attended
University of North Carolina 1906-1908; Law School of the University
of North Carolina 1911-1912. Lawyer. Chairman Democratic Exec-
utive Committee of Beaufort County since 1912; County Attorney
of Beaufort County since 1912; State Senator 1917, and 1919. Presi-
dent pro tempore State Senate in 1919; Member Code Commission
1919; Chairman Legal Advisory Board and Government Appeal
Agent for Beaufort County during World War; Chairman Demo-
cratic State Platform Committee, 1920; Chairman Legislative Com-
mission for Workmens Compensation Act, 1920; Trustee University
of North Carolina; Director First National Bank of Washington;
Director, The Trust Company of Washington. Member Alpha Tau
Omega Fraternity. B. P. O. E. Member Kiwanis club; president.
Episcopalian. Married Miss Emily D. Harris, in 1916. Address:
Washington, N. C.
WILLIAM ALGERNON WARREN.
W. A. Warren, Democrat, Representative from Person County,
was born in Caswell County in 1852. Son of F. L. and Mary A.
(Wells) Warren. Attended Hughes Academy. County Commissioner
1899-1900; Member Board of Education 1901-1902; Representative in
'Representatives in General Assembly
507
General Assembly of 1903, and 1911. Primitive Baptist. Married
Miss Hulda Aj Hester in 1882. Address: Hurdle Mill, I". C. Route,
No. 2.
John S. W
was born i
(Reid) Watfi
Farmers
Farmers'
Mason. W
School
dress: Vii
n bat
is.
Mial
JOHN S. WATKINS.
ins, Democrat, Representative from Granville County.
county in 1879. Son of John A. and Margaret
Attended Scottsburg Normal College, 1898-1899.
iry and Treasurer of Granville County Branch of
Fire Insurance Company, 1918 to present date.
Baptist; chairman of Board of Deacons; Sunday
Married Miss Belle Norwood in 1905. Ad-
na, Va., Route, No. 2.
W
Suputendent.
MARVIN BRODGON WATKINS.
Marvin 1 don Watkins, Democrat, Representative from Bruns-
wick Counvas born at Ellenboro, N. C, in 18S9. Son of Daniel
A. and S (Brogdon) Watkins. Attended Salemburg High
School, 19 Farmer and Merchant. Served four years in U. S.
Naval Res : on duty three months in 1918. Member of the
American on. Methodist; Sunday School Superintendent and
steward, ried Miss Mattie J. Thompson, in 1911. Address:
Town CreT. C.
Thoma v
County,
Thomas
neighbor
Farmer.
1911; t*
State
Eightee
cutive
years
THOMAS CALVIN WHITAKER.
rin Whitaker, Democrat, Representative from Jones
orn at Cypress Creek, January 25th, 18*55. Son of
d Sarah Eliza (Koonce) Whitaker. Educated in
schools, 1863-1S74, and Rutherford College. 1S75.
ve years secretary to Hon. C. R. Thomas, M. ('.. 1
•s Director of A. & N. C. R. R., 1899-1901; four yens
& N. C. R. R., Kitchen Administration. L909 L913.
a member, twelve years secretary, Democratic
, third North Carolina District, 1894-1912. Eighteen
n Democratic County Executive Committee, Jones
Gee
508 Biographical Sketches
County, 1S92-1910. Methodist; Superintendent Sunday School of
Wilson, N. C. 1S94-1920. Married, December, 1880, Miss Elizabeth
Murray. Address: Trenton, N. C.
THOMAS EARLY WHITAKER.
Thomas Early Whitaker, Democrat, Representativerom Guilford
County, was born in Granville County in 1866. So of David W.
and Carrie A. (Freeman) Whitaker. Attended Oak llge Institute,
1883-1886; Judge R. P. Dick's Law School at Gresboro, N. C.,'
1896. President of Oak Ridge Institute; Farmer anLawyer. Re-
presented Guilford County in General Assembly 1!, 1903, 1921.
J. O. U. A. M. Modern Woodmen of America. Methist. Married
Miss Ida L. Ogburn in 1891. Address: Oak Ridgel". C.
RICHARD PATRICK WILLIAMS
R P. Williams, Democrat, Representative from ven County,
was born at New Bern. N. C. in 1853. Son of The, and Sarah
Ann (Ellis) Williams. Received his education in thblic schools
of New Bern and High Point. Farmer and Stock Dr. Alderman
of New Bern, 1886-1888; Mayor of New Bern, ISSRepresented
his county in the General Assembly of 1893 and ' Justice of
the Peace and County Commissioner, 1897-1899; Tr, 1899. At
present, Commissioner Seventh Township Craven ity. Metho-
dist. Married Miss Pauline Telfair Carrington. ress: New
Bern, N. C.
C. G. WRIGHT.
C. G. Wright, Democrat, Representative from >rd County.
Capitalist. Educated at the University of North tia, class of
1886. Representative in the General Assembly of L919. Trus-
tee of the University of North Carolina since Address:
Greensboro, N. C.
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