NORTH C/
STOKES
OLINA
THE LIBRARY OF THE
UNIVERSITY OF
NORTH CAROLINA
AT CHAPEL HILL
THE COLLECTION OF
NORTH CAROLINIANA
C917.05
N87m
1985
C.5
UNIVERSITY OF N C AT CHAPEL HILL
000
7482966
This book is due on the last date stamped
below unless recalled sooner. It may be
renewed only once and must be brought to
the North Carolina Collection for renewal.
Form No. A-369
NORTH CAROLINA
MANUAL
1985-1986
Issued by
THAD EURE
Secretary of State
Edited by
John L. Cheney, Jr.
Director, Publications Division
Raleigh
STATEMENT OF PUBLICATION COST
Four thousand five hundred (4,500) copies of the 1985-86 North CaroUna Manual
were printed - four thousand (4,000) casebound and five hundred (500) perfect bound
-at a cost to the State of $53,715.00 (estimated), or $1 1.94 per volume.
11
/985
C.5
TO THE
1985 MEMBERS OF THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY
OF NORTH CAROLINA
TO THE
STATE, COUNTY, CITY AND TOWN OFFICIALS
AND TO THE
PEOPLE OF THE OLD NORTH STATE
AT HOME AND ABROAD
THIS MANUAL IS RESPECTFULLY
DEDICATED
Secretary of State
OS
1-0
111
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Dedication by Thad Eure, Secretary of State iii
PARTI
HISTORICAL MISCELLANEA
A Brief History of the State 3
The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina 9
The North CaroHna State Capitol 17
Description of the Capitol, by Architect David Patton 21
"The Capitol," by Edwin Gill 22
The Legislative Building 25
The Executive Residences of North Carolina 27
The State Flag 35
The Mecklenburg Declaration of 20th May, 1775 39
The Halifax Resolution 40
The Declaration of Independence 41
The American Flag, Its Origin 45
The Proper Display 47
The Pledge of Allegiance 51
The State Bird, Flower, and Insect 53
The State Tree and Mammal 55
Name and Nicknames of the State 55
The State Shell and Salt Water Fish 57
The State Motto 57
The State Colors 57
The State Precious Stone 58
The State Reptile 59
The State Rock 60
The State Song 61
The State Toast 62
Public Holidays 63
PART II
CENSUS
Population of the State of North Carolina, 20th Census: 1980 67
State Population Statistics - Census Statistices and Projections 68
County Population Statistics 69
Population of Incorporated Places of 10,000 or More 71
Population of Incorporated Places of 2,500-9,999 72
Population of Incorporated Places of 1,000-2,499 74
Population of Incorporated Places of Less than 1,000 77
PART III
CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF NORTH CAROLINA
Chapter One, A Brief History of the Constitutions
of North Carolina, by John L. Sanders 87
Chapter Two, The Constitution of North Carolina
Preamble iOl
Article 1, Declaration of Rights 101
Article II, Legislature 104
Article 111, Executive 108
Article IV, Judicial 1 1 1
Article V, Finance 1 16
Article VI, Suffrage and Eligibility to Office 121
Article VII, Local Government 122
Article VIII, Corporations 123
Article IX, Education 123
Article X, Homesteads and Exemptions 125
Article XI, Punishments, Corrections, and Charities 126
Article XII, Military Forces 127
Article XIII, Conventions, Constitutional Amendments and Revision 127
Article XIV, Miscellaneous 128
Chapter Three, Voting Results on Constitutional Issues since 1970
Introduction '-^'
Constitutional Issues Voted on in the General Elections held November 3, 1970 133
Abstract of Votes Cast FOR and AGAINST Constitutional Amendments 134
Constitutional Issues Voted on in the General Elections held November 7, 1972 141
Abstract of Votes Cast FOR and AGAINST Constitutional Amendments 142
Constitutional Issues Voted on in the General Elections held November 5, 1974 147
Abstract of Votes Cast FOR and AGAINST Constitutional Amendments 148
Constitutional Issues Voted on in the Primary Elections held March 23, 1976 151
Abstract of Votes Cast FOR and AGAINST Constitutional Amendments 152
Constitutional Issues Voted on in the General Elections held November 8, 1977 155
Abstract of Votes Cast FOR and AGAINST Constitutional Amendments 157
Constitutional Issues Voted on in the General Elections held November 4, 1980 163
Abstract of Votes Cast FOR and AGAINST Constitutional Amendments 164
Constitutional Issues Voted on in the Primary Elections held June 29, 1982 165
Abstract of Votes Cast FOR and AGAINST Constitutional Amendments 166
Constitutional Issues Voted on in the General Elections held November 2, 1982 171
Abstract of Votes Cast FOR and AGAINST Constitutional Amendments 172
Constitutional Issues Voted on in the Primary Elections held May 8, 1984 174
Abstract of Votes Cast FOR and AGAINST Constitutional Amendments 1 75
Constitutional Issues Votes on in the General Elections held November 6, 1984 176
Abstract of Votes Cast FOR and AGAINST Constitutional Amendments 177
Chapter Four, The Constitution of the United States
Preamble ' '"^
Article 1 (Legislative) '^^
Article II (Executive) '8-^
Article III (Judicial) '^5
Article IV (Rights of Citizens and States) '86
vi
Article V (Amending the Constitution) 187
Article VI (Miscellaneous) 187
Article Vll (Ratification ot the Constitutions) 187
Amendments to the Constitution 189
The Ten Original Amendments (The Bill of Rights) 189
Subsequent Amendments 190
PART IV
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE UNITED STATES
Chapter One, The Executive Branch
President of the United States (biographical sketch) 199
Presidents of the United States 2U1
Presidental Cabinet and Major Appointments 203
Secretary, United States Department of Transportation (biographical sketch) 205
Chapter Two, The United States Congress
The Capitol at Washington 207
The Senate:
Officers and Standing Committees 209
Senators from North Carolina (biographical sketches) 21 1
The House of Representatives:
Officers and Standing Committees 215
Representatives from North Carolina (biographical sketches) 217
Chapter Three, The United States Judiciary
The United States Supreme Court 239
The United States Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals 239
,The United States District Courts - North Carolina 239
United States Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals (biographical sketches) 241
United States District Court (biographical sketches) 243
PART V
NORTH CAROLINA STATE GOVERNMENT
Chapter One, The Legislative Branch
Historical Introduction 261
North Carolina Senate:
Seating Diagram 264
Officers 265
Senators 265
Speakers of the Senate (Historical List) 267
Presidents Pro Tempore of the Senate (Historical List) 268
President, Pro Tempore of the Senate 271
Senate Majority Leader 273
Senate Minority Leader 275
Senators (biographical sketches) 276
Principal Clerk of the Senate 325
Occupations of Senators 327
Senate Committee Assignments 329
Rules of the Senate 335
vii
How An Idea Becomes A Law 355
North Carolina House of Representatives:
Seating Diagram 356
Officers 357
Representatives 357
Speakers of the House of Representatives (Historical List) 360
Speaker of the House of Representatives 365
Speaker Pro Tempore of the House of Respresentatives 367
Minority Leader 369
Representatives - Biographical Sketches 370
Principal Clerk of the House of Representatives 487
Occupations 489
Committee Assignments 492
Rules of the House of Representatives 508
Legislative Services Officer 527
Chapter Two, The Executive Branch
Introduction 529
Council of State 53 1
Office of the Governor:
Governor f. 535
Organizational Chart 536
The Office of the Governor 537
Boards and Commissions within the Office of the Governor 541
Governors of North Carolina (Historical List) 543
Office of the Lieutenant Governor:
Lieutenant Governor 553
Organizational Chart 554
The Office of the Lieutenant Governor 555
Boards within the Office of the Lieutenant Governor 557
Lieutenant Governors of North Carolina (Historical List) 559
Department of the Secretary of State:
Secretary of State 561
Organizational Chart 562
The Department of the Secretary of State 563
Secretaries of North Carolina (Historical List) 566
Department of the State Auditor:
State Auditor 571
Organizational Chart 572
The Department of the State Auditor 573
Boards within the Department of the State Auditor 575
Auditors of Public Accounts & State Auditors (Historical List) 576
Department of the State Treasurer:
State Treasurer 579
Organizational Chart 580
The Department of the State Treasurer 58 1
Boards within the Department of the State Treasurer 587
Treasurers of North Carolina (Historical List) 589
Department of Public Education:
Superintendent of Public Instruction 593
Organizational Chart. 594
The Department of Public Education 595
Boards within the Department of Public Education 599
Superintendents of Common Schools and Public Instruction (Historical List) 603
viii
Department of Justice;
Attorney General 605
Organizational Chart 606
The Department of Justice 607
Boards within the Department of Justice 613
Attorney General of North Carolina (Historical List) 614
Department of Agriculture:
Commissioner of Agriculture 619
The Department of Agriculture 62 1
Organizational Chart 622
Boards within the Department of Agriculture 633
Commissioners of Agriculture (Historical List) 637
Department of Labor:
Commissioner of Labor 639
The Department of Labor 641
Organizational Chart 642
Boards within the Department of Labor 646
Commissioners of Labor (Historical List) 647
Department of Insurance:
Commissioner of Insurance 649
Organizational Chart 650
The Department of Insurance 651
Boards within the Department of Insurance 652
Commissioners of Insurance (Historical List) 656
Department of Administration:
Secretary of Administration 659
Organizational Chart 660
The Department of Administration 661
Boards within the Department of Administration 666
Secretaries, Department of Administration (Historical List) 681
Department of Commerce:
Secretary of Commerce 683
Organizational Chart 684
The Department of Commerce 685
Boards within the Department of Commerce 688
Secretaries, Department of Commerce (Historical List) 697
Department of Correction:
Secretary of Correction 699
Organizational Chart 700
The Department of Corrections 701
Boards within the Department of Corrections 707
Secretaries, Department of Correction (Historical List) 709
Department of Crime Control and Public Safety:
Secretary of Crime Control and Public Safety 71 1
Organizational Chart 712
The Department of Crime Control and Public Saftey 713
Adjutant General (Historical List) 716
Boards within the Department of Crime Control
and Public Safety 717
Secretaries, Department of Crime Control
and Public Safety (Historical List) 721
Department of Cultural Resources:
Secretary of Cultural Resources 723
ix
Organizational Chart 724
The Department of Cultural Resources 725
Boards within the Department of Cultural Resources 733
Secretaries, Department of Cultural Resources (Historical List) 743
Department of Human Resources:
Secretary of Human Resources 745
The Department of Human Resources 747
Organizational Chart 748
Boards within the Department of Human Resources 757
Secretaries, Department of Human Resources (Historical List) 773
Department of Natural Resources and Community Development:
Secretary of Natural Resources and Community Development 775
Organizational Chart 776
The Department of Natural Resources
and Community Development 777
Boards within the Department of Natural Resources
and Community Development 783
Secretaries, Department of NRCD (Historical List) 791
Department of Revenue:
Secretary of Revenue 793
Organizational Chart 794
The Department of Revenue 795
Secretaries, Department of Revenue (Historical List) 803
Department of Transportation:
Secretary of Transportation 805
Organizational Chart 806
The Department of Transportation 807
Boards within the Department of Transportation 814
Secretaries, Department of Transportation (Historical List) 817
State Board of Elections 819
Chapter Three, The Judicial Branch
Introduction 823
The Appellate Court Division 829
North Carolina Supreme Court (biographical sketches) 829
Chief Justices of the Supreme Court of North Carolina (historical list) 846
North Carolina Court of Appeals (biographical ketches) 849
Director, Administrative Office of the Courts 873
Judges of the Superior Court 874
District Court Judges 876
District Attorneys of North Carolina 879
Public Defenders 879
Chapter Four, Miscellaneous Boards and Commissions
Independent Boards 881
Licensing Boards 892
PART VI
HIGHER EDUCATION IN NORTH CAROLINA
Chapter One, The University of North Carolina System
Organizational Chart 906
Historical Development 907
X
Members of the Board of Governors 91 1
General Administration '^13
Chancellors of the Constituent Institutions 913
President, University of North Carolina System 915
Appalachian State University 917
East Carolina University 923
Elizabeth City State Uni\ersity 929
Fayetteville State University 935
North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University 941
North Carolina Central University 947
North Carolina School of the Arts 955
North Carolina State University 961
Pembroke State Uni\ersity 969
University of North Carolina- Asheville 975
University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill 981
University of North Carolina-Charlotte 989
University of North Carolina-Greensboro 995
University of North Carolina-Wilmmgton 1001
Western Carolina University 1007
Winston-Salem State University 1013
Chapter Two, Private Higher Education
Historical Development 1019
Presidents of the Colleges and Universities 1021
Chapter Three, The North Carolina Community College System
Organizational Chart 1022
The Community College System 1023
The State Board of Community Colleges and Technical Institutions 1026
Membership 1027
The Department of Community Colleges 1028
Presidents of the Community Colleges and Technical Institutes 1028
Past Presidents, North Carolina Community College System (Historical List) 1029
President, North Carolina Community College System 1031
Anson Technical College 1032
Asheville-Buncombe Technical College 1034
Beaufort County Community College 1036
Bladen Technical College 1038
Blue Ridge Technical College 1040
Brunswick lechnical College 1042
Caldwell Community College 1044
Cape Fear Technical College 1046
Carteret Technical College 1048
Catawba Valley Technical College 1050
Central Carolina Technical College 1052
Central Piedmont Community College 1054
Cleveland Technical College 1056
Coastal Carolina Community College 1058
College of the Albemarle 1060
Craven Community College 1062
Davidson County Community College 1064
Durham Technical Institute 1066
Edgecombe Technical College 1068
xi
Fayetteville Technical Institute 1070
Forsyth Technical College 1072
Gaston College 1074
Guilford Technical College 1076
Halifax Community College 1078
Haywood Technical College 1080
Isothermal Community College 1082
James Sprunt Technical College 1084
Johnston Technical College 1086
Lenoir Community College 1088
Martin Community College 1090
Mayland Technical College 1092
McDowell Technical College 1094
Mitchell Community College 1096
Montgomery Technical college 1097
Nash Technical College 1099
Pamlico Technical College 1101
Piedmont Technical College 1 103
Pitt Community College 1 106
Randolph Technical College 1 108
Richmond Technical College 1 1 10
Roanoke-Chowan Technical College 1 1 12
Robeson Technical College 1 1 14
Rockingham Community College 1116
Rowan Technical College 1118
Sampson Technical College 1 120
Sandhills Community College 1 122
Southeastern Community College 1 124
Southwestern Community College 1 127
Stanly Technical College 1 129
Surry Community College 1 131
Technical College of Alamance 1 133
Tri-County Community College 1 135
Vance-Granville Community College 1 137
Wake Technical College 1 139
Wayne Community College 1 142
Western Piedmont Community College 1 144
Wilkes Community College 1 146
Wilson County Technical Institute 1 148
PART VII
POLITICAL PARTIES
Chapter One, The Democratic Party
North Carolina Democratic Party Platform 1 153
Plan of Organization 1 165
Democratic Party Executive Council 1 '91
Democratic Party County Chairmen 1 191
Chapter Two, The Republican Party
North Carolina Republican Party Platforms 1 195
Plan of Organization 1203
State Executive Committee 1223
Republican Party County Chairmen 1223
xii
PART VIII
ELECTION RETURNS AND VOTER REGISTRATION STATISTICS
Chapter One, Voter Registration Statistics
Introduction 1229
Voter Registration Statistics for the Primary Elections, May 8, 1984 1230
Voter Registration Statistics for the General Elections, November 6, 1984 1232
Voter Registration Statistics for the Primary Elections, June 29, 1982 1234
Voter Registration Statistics for the General Elections, November 2, 1982 1236
Voter Registration Statistics for the Primary Elections. May 6, 1980 1238
Voter Registration Statistics for the General Elections, November 4, 1980 1240
Chapter Two, North Carolina Election Districts
Congressional Districts 1243
Apportionment of Senators by Districts 1245
Apportionment of Members of the House of Representatives by Districts 1247
Judicial and Prosecutorial Districts 1249
Chapter Three, President of the United States
Introduction 1251
The Democratic Presidential Preference Primary, May 8, 1984 1252
The Democratic Presidential Preference Primary, May 6, 1980 1254
The Republican Presidential Preference Primary, May 6. 1980 1256
Votes Cast for President, General Election, November 6, 1984 1258
Votes Cast for President, General Election, November 4, 1980 1260
Votes Cast for President, General Election, November 2, 1976 1262
Popular Votes for President, 1960-1972 (County) 1264
Chapter Four, The United States Congress
Introduction '267
Votes Cast for United States Senator, Primary Election, May 8. 1984 1268
Votes Cast for United States Senator. General Election, November 6. 1984 1270
Votes Cast for United States Senator, General Election, November 4, 1980 1272
Votes Cast for United States Senator, General Election. November 7, 1978 1274
Tabulation of Votes for United States Senator in Primary Elections 1276
Votes Cast for Members of Congress, Primary Election, May 8, 1984 1277
Votes Cast for Members of Congress, General Election, November 6, 1984 1280
Votes Cast for Members of Congress. General Election, November 2, 1982 1284
Votes Cast for Members of Congress, General Elections, 1978-1980 1288
Votes Cast for Members of Congress, General Elections, 1972-1976 1292
Chapter Five, State Officers
introduction 1297
Votes Cast for Governor in the Democratic Primary Elections, May 8, 1984 1298
Votes Cast for Governor in the Republican Primary Elections, May 8, 1984 1300
Votes Cast for Governor in the Second Democratic Primary Election, June 5, 1984 1301
Votes Cast for Governor in the General Election, November 6, 1984 1302
Votes Cast for Governor in the Primary Election, May 6, 1980 1304
Votes Cast for Governor in the General Elections Since i960 1306
Votes Cast for Lieutenant Governor, Primary Election, May 8, 1984 1310
Votes Cast for Lieutenant Governor,
Republican Second Primary Election, June 5, 1984 1312
Votes Cast for Lieutenant Governor, Primary Election, May 6, 1980 1313
xiii
Votes Cast for State Officers, Democratic Primary Election, May 8, 1984 1314
Votes Cast for Commissioner of Labor, Second Democratic Primary, June 5, 1984 1317
Votes Cast for State Officers, General Election, November 6, 1984 1318
Votes Cast for Lieutenant Governor, General elections, 1976 & 1980 1326
Tabulation of Votes for State Officers, Primary Elections, since 1964 1328
Tabulation of Votes for State Officers, General Elections, since 1964 1336
PART IX
NORTH CAROLINA COUNTY GOVERNMENT
Chapter One, A Brief History of County Government in North Carolina 1345
Chapter Two, Brief Histories of the Counties of North Carolina
Alamance 1357
Alexander 1357
Alleghany 1358
Anson 1358
Ashe 1358
Avery 1359
Beaufort 1359
Bertie 1359
Bladen 1359
Brunswick 1360
Buncombe 1360
Burke 1360
Cabarrus 1361
Caldwell 1361
Camden 1361
Carteret 1361
Caswell 1362
Catawba 1362
Chatham 1363
Cherokee 1363
Chowan 1363
Cleveland 1364
Columbus 1364
Craven 1364
Cumberland 1365
Currituck 1365
Clay 1365
Dare 1365
Davidson 1366
Davie 1366
Duplin 1366
Durham 1366
Edgecombe 1367
Forsyth 1367
Franklin 1367
Gaston 1368
Gates 1368
Graham 1368
Granville 1369
Greene 1369
xiv
Guilford 1369
Halifax 1370
Harnett 1370
Haywood 1370
Henderson 1371
Hertford 1371
Hoke 1371
Hyde 1372
Iredell 1372
Jackson 1372
Johnston 1373
Jones 1373
Lee 1373
Lenoir 1373
Lincoln 1374
Macon 1374
Madison 1374
Martin 1375
McDowell 1375
Mecklenburg 1375
Mitchell 1376
Montgomery 1377
Moore 1378
Nash 1378
New Hanover 1378
Northampton 1379
Onslow 1379
Orange 1379
Pamlico 1380
Pasquotank 1380
Pender 1380
Perquimans 1381
Person 1381
Pitt 1381
Polk 1382
Randolph 1382
Richmond 1382
Robeson 1383
Rockingham 1383
Rowan 1383
Rutherford 1384
Sampson 1384
Scotland 1385
Stanly 1385
Stokes 1385
Surry 1386
Swain 1386
Transylvania 1387
Tyrrell 1387
Union 1387
Vance 1388
Wake 1388
Warren 1388
XV
Washington 1388
Watauga 1389
Wayne 1389
Wilkes 1390
Wilson 1390
Yadkin 1391
Yancey 1391
TABLE OF DIAGRAMS AND ORGANIZATIONAL CHARTS
Organization Chart, The Legislative Branch 260
Seating Diagram, North Carolina Senate 264
How An Idea Becomes A Law 355
Seating Diagram, North Carolina House of Representative 356
Organization Chart, North Carolina State Government 528
Organizational Chart, Office of the Governor 536
Organizational Chart, Office of the Lieutenant Governor 554
Organizational Chart, Department of the Secretary of State 562
Organizational Chart, Department of the State Auditor 572
Organizational Chart, Department of the State Treasurer 580
Organizational Chart, Department of Public Education 594
Organizational Chart, Department of Public Instruction 596
Organizational Chart, Controller's Office 598
Organizational Chart, Department of Justice 606
Organizational Chart, Department of Agriculture 622
Organizational Chart, Department of Labor 642
Organizational Chart, Department of Insurance 650
Organizational Chart, Department of Administration 660
Organizational Chart, Department of Commerce 688
Organizational Chart, Department of Correction 700
Organizational Chart, Department of Crime Control and Public Safety 712
Organizational Chart, Department of Cultural Resources 724
Organizational Chart, Department of Human Resources 748
Organizational Chart, Department of Natural Resources and Community Development 776
Organizational Chart, Department of Revenue 794
Organizational Chart, Department of Transportation 806
Organizational Chart, The Judicial Branch 822
Organizational Chart, The University of North Carolina System 906
Organizational Chart, Department of Community Colleges 1022
TABLE OF MAPS
White Map, 1585 2
Oghby Map, 1672 4
Mouzon Map, 1755 6
North Carolina Congressional Districts, 1982- 1242
North Carolina State Senate Districts, 1982- 1244
North Carolina State House of Representatives, 1982- 1246
North Carolina Counties 1342
XVI
TABLE OF ILLUSTRATIONS AND PHOTOGRAPHS
Seal of the Lords Proprietors of Carolina 9
Seal of the Government of Albemale, 1665-1730 10
Seal of the Province of North Carohna, 1730-1767 10
Seal of the Province of North Carolina, 1767-1776 1 1
Seal of the State of North Carolina, 1779-1794 12
Great Seal of the State of North Carolina, 1794-1836 13
Great Seal of the State of North Carolina, 1836-1893 14
Great Seal of the State of North Carolina, 1893-1971 15
Great Seal of the State of North Carolina, 1971-1983 16
Great Seal of the State of North Carolina, 1983- 16
The Capitol Building 18
The Legislative Building 24
Tryon Palace 28
The Governor's Executive Mansion 30
The State Flag 36
The American Flag 44
The State Bird, Flower and Insect 52
The State Tree and Mammal 54
The State Shell and Salt Water Fish 56
The State Precious Stone 58
The State Reptile 59
The State Rock 60
The White House, Washington, D.C 200
The United States Capitol Building 206
The United States Supreme Court Building 238
Symbol of the Democratic Party 1 152
Symbol of the Republican Party 1 194
XVU
PARTI
HISTORICAL MISCELLANEA
North Carolina Manual
O;
Historical Miscellanea
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE STATE
The first known European exploration of North Carolina occurred during the sum-
mer of 1524. A Florentine navigator named Giovanni da Verrazzano, in the service of
France, explored the coastal area of North Carolina between the Cape Fear and Kitty
Hawk. A report of his findings was sent to Francis I, and published in Richard Hak-
luyt's Divers Voyages touching the Discoverie of America; however, no attempt was made
to colonize the area.
Between 1540 and 1570 several Spanish explorers from the Florida Gulf region ex-
plored portions of North Carolina, but no permanent settlements were established.
Coastal North Carolina was the scene of the first attempt to colonize America by
English-speaking people. Under a charter granted by Queen Elizabeth to Sir Walter
Raleigh, two colonies were begun in the 1580's. The first, in 1585 under the leadership
of Ralph Lane, ended in failure.
A second expedition under the leadership of John White began in the spring of 1587
when 110 settlers including seventeen women and nine children set sail for the new
world. The White colony arrived off Hatteras in June, 1587 and went on to Roanoke
Island, where they found the houses built by the previous expedition still standing.
Shortly after the arrival of the colony two significant events occurred — the baptism of
two "friendly" Indians and the birth of Virginia Dare, the first child of English-
speaking parents born in the new colony. As supplies ran short problems beset the colo-
nists and White, under pressure from the colonists was forced to return to England for
provisions. Once in England White was unable to immediately return to Roanoke due
to an impending attack by the Spanish Armada. When he was able to return in 1590 he
found only the remnants of what was once a settlement. There were no signs of life.
Carved on a nearby tree he found the word "CROATOAN". Many have speculated as
to the fate of the "Lost Colony" but none have ever explained it.
The first permanent English settlers to North Carolina came from the tidewater area
of Virginia around 1650. These overflow immigrants moved into the Albemarle area of
northeast North Carolina.
In 1663 Charles II granted to eight Lords Proprietors a charter for the territory lying
"within six and thirty degrees of the northern latitude, and tc the west as far as the
south seas, and so southerly as far as the River St. Mattias, which bordereth upon the
coast of Florida, and within one and thirty degrees of northern latitude, and so west in a
direct line as far as the south seas aforesaid; . . ." and the colony was called Carolina. In
1665 another charter was granted in order to clarify territorial questions not answered
in the first charter. This charter extended the limits of Carolina so that the northern line
was 36 degrees and 30 minutes north latitude, and the southern line was 29 degrees
north latitude, and both of these lines extended westward to the South Seas.
Between 1663 and 1729 North Carolina was under the control of the Lords Proprie-
tors and their decendents who commissioned colonial officials and authorized the gov-
ernor and his council to grant lands in the name of the Lords Proprietors. In 1669 John
Locke wrote the Fundamental Constitutions as a model for the government of Caro-
lina. Albemarle County was divided into local governmental units called precincts. Ini-
tially there were three precincts — Berkeley, Carteret and Shaftesbury — but as the col-
ony expanded to the south and west new precincts were created. By 1729, there were a
North Carolina Manual
Historical Miscellanea
total of eleven precincts — six in Albemarle County and five in Bath County which had
been created in 1696. Although the Albemarle Region was the first permanent settle-
ment in the Carolina Area, another region was developed around present-day Charles-
ton, South Carolina. Because of the natural harbor and easier access to trade with the
West Indies, more attention was given to developing the Charleston area than her
northern counterparts. For a twenty-year period, 1692-1712, the two colonies of North
and South Carolina existed as one unit of government. Although North Carolina still
had her own assembly and council, the governor of Carolina resided in Charleston and,
a deputy governor was appointed by him for the northern colony. On December 7, 1710
Carolina was divided into two distinct colonies; however, it was not until May, 1712
that a governor was appointed for North Carolina.
In 1729 seven of the Lords Proprietors sold their interest in North Carolina to the
Crown and North Carolina became a royal colony. The eighth proprietor Lord Gran-
ville, retained economic interest and continued granting land in the northern half of
North Carolina. All political functions were under the supervision of the crown until
1775.
Colonial government in North Carolina was essentially the same during both the pro-
prietary and royal periods. The major difference being who appointed colonial officials.
Government was conducted by two distinct groups — the governor and his council, on
the one hand, and the popularly-elected colonial general assembly on the other. There
were colonial courts, but unlike today, they were rarely involved in the formulation of
governmental policy. All colonial officials were appointed by either the Lords Proprie-
tors prior to 1729, or the crown afterwards. Members of the colonial assembly were
elected from the various precincts and from certain towns which had been granted rep-
resentation. The term "precinct" as a geological unit ceased to exist after 1735 and these
areas became known by the term "county" as they are today. About this same time
"Albemarle County" and "Bath County" ceased to exist as governmental units.
The governor was an appointed official — as were the colonial secretary, attorney gen-
eral, surveyor general, and receiver general. All served at the pleasure of either the
Lords Proprietors or the crown. The council during the proprietary period was com-
prised of persons appointed as agents by the proprietors to look after their interest in
the new world. Many council members were also colonial officials. The council during
both the proprietary and royal periods served as an advisory group to the governor, and
one of its members was chosen president. The council also served as the upper house of
the legislature when the assembly was in session. The governor was authorized to carry
out all mandates of the proprietors, or crown, and could, when vacancies occurred in
colonial offices or on the council, make a temporary appointment until the vacancy was
filled by proprietary or royal commission. When a governor, or deputy governor, was
unable to carry on as chief executive either by illness, death, resignation or absence from
the colony, the president of the council became the chief executive and exercised all the
powers of the governor until such time as the governor returned, or a new governor
commissioned.
The colonial assembly was made up of men elected from each precinct and town
where representation had been granted. Not all counties were entitled to the same num-
ber of representatives. Many of the older counties had five representatives each while
North Carolina Manual
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Historical Miscellanea
the new ones — those formed after 1696 — were allowed only two each. Each town grant-
ed representation was allowed one representative. The presiding officer of the colonial
assembly was called the speaker and was elected from the entire membership of the
house. When a vacancy occurred a new election was ordered by the speaker to fill it. On
the final day of each session the bills passed by the legislature were signed by both the
speaker and the president of the council.
The colonial assembly could not meet arbitrarily, but rather convened only when
called into session by the governor. Since the legislature was the only body authorized
to grant a salary to the governor and was also responsible for spending tax monies, they
met on a regular basis until just before the Revolutionary War. However, there was a
constant battle for authority between the governor and his council on the one hand and
the general assembly on the other. Two of the most explosive issues were the power of
the purse and the electing of the treasurer, both privileges of the assembly. Another is-
sue which raised itself was who had the authority to create new counties. On more than
one occasion elected representatives from counties created by the governor and council,
without consultation and proper legislative action by the lower house, were refused
seats until the matter was resolved. These conflicts between the executive and legislative
bodies were to have a profound effect on the organization of state government after
Independence.
North Carolina, on April 12, 1776, authorized her delegates in the Continental Con-
gress to vote for independence, and on December 18, 1776, adopted a constitution.
Richard Caswell became the first governor under this constitution. On November 21,
1789, the state adopted the United States Constitution, being the twelfth state to enter
the Federal Union. North Carolina, in 1788, had rejected the Consitution on the
grounds that certain amendments were vital and necessary to a free people.
A Constitutional convention was held in 1835 and among several changes made in the
Constitution was the method of electing the governor. After this change the governor
was elected by the people for a term of two years instead of being elected by the Legisla-
ture for a term of one year. Edward Bishop Dudley was the first governor elected by the
people.
In 1868 a second constitution was adopted which drastically altered government in
North Carolina. For the first time all major state officers were elected by the people.
The governor and other executive officers were elected to four-year terms; while the jus-
tices of the supreme court and judges of the superior court were elected to eight-year
terms. The members of the general assembly continued to be elected for two year terms.
Between 1868 and 1970 numerous amendments were incorporated into the 1868 consti-
tution, so that in 1970, the people voted to adopt a completely new constitution. Since
then several amendments have been ratified, but one in particular is a break from the
past. In 1977 the people voted to allow the governor and lieutenant governor to run for
reelection successively for one additional term.
North Carolina has had two permanent capitals — New Bern and Raleigh — and there
have been three capitol buildings. Tryon's Palace in New Bern was constructed in the
period, 1767-1770, and the main building was destroyed by fire February 27, 1798. The
first capitol in Raleigh was completed in 1794 and was destroyed by fire on June 21,
1831. The present capitol was completed in 1840.
In 1790 North Carolina ceded her western lands, which was composed of Washing-
8 North Carolina Manual
ton, Davidson, Hawkins, Greene, Sullivan, Sumner, and Tennessee counties, to the
Federal government. Between 1790 and 1796 the territory was known as Tennessee Ter-
ritory, but in 1796 it became the fifteenth state in the Union.
When North Carolina adopted the Federal Constitution on November 21, 1789, she
was authorized to send two senators and five representatives to the Congress of the
United States according to the constitutional apportionment. In 1792, when the first
federal census had been completed and tabulated, it was found that North Carolina was
entitled to ten representatives. It was then that the General Assembly divided the state
into ten congressional districts. In 1812, the state had grown and increased in popula-
tion until it was entitled to thirteen representatives in Congress. Between 1812 and 1865,
however, the population decreased so much in proportion to the population of other
states of the Union that North Carolina was entitled to only seven representatives. After
1865 the population of the state showed a steady increase so that beginning in 1943
North Carolina was entitled to twelve representatives in Congress. The 1970 census
showed that the state had more than a half million more people than in 1960, but this in-
crease was not nearly as much in proportion to that of other states. North Carolina is
now entitled to only eleven representatives in Congress.
Historical Miscellanea
THE GREAT SEAL OF THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
The use of a seal for attesting to important documents began before the implementa-
tion of government in North Carolina. In the colonial period North Carolina used suc-
cessively four different seals. Since the colony became a state, five distinct seals have
been used.
Shortly after they were issued their charter in 1663, the Lords Proprietors thought it
proper to adopt for their newly acquired domains in America, a seal of which no official
description has been found, but which is to be seen in the British Public Record Office
in London. The Seal — pictured below — had two sides. The size of this seal was three
and three-eights inches in diameter, and it was made by placing together two wax cakes
with tape between before being impressed. The impression after being made was about
one-fourth inch thick. This seal was used on all official papers of the Lords Proprietors
of Carolina, embracing both North Carolina and South Carolina.
Seal of the Lords Proprietors of Carolina
About 1665 the Government of Albemarle was organized and it adopted for a seal the
reverse side of the seal of the Lords Proprietors. Between the coats-of-arms the word
A-L-BE-M-A-R-L-E was fixed in capitals, beginning with the letter "A" between the
arms of Clarendon and Albemarle, "L" between Albemarle and Craven, "BE" between
the Craven arms and those of Lord John Berekeley, et cetera..
This was a small seal — one and seven-sixteenths inches in diameter, with one face
only — and is now frequently to be found attached to colonial papers. It is generally im-
pressed on red wax, but is occasionally seen impressed on a wafer which is stuck to the
instrument with soft wax. It was first used for the government of the county of Albe-
marle, and then became the seal of the Province of North Carolina, being used until just
after the purchase by the crown. During the troublous times of the Cary Rebellion the
Albemarle seal was not used. In 1708 Cary used his family arms on a large seal to his of-
ficial papers. A fine specimen of this seal showing the Cary arms is preserved in the pa-
pers of the secretary of state located in the North Carolina Archives. During William
Glover's presidency (1710) he used his private seal.
10
North Carolina Manual
Seal of Government of Albemarle and Province of North Carolina, 1665-1730
When North CaroHna was purchased by the Crown in 1729, the old "Albemarle" seal
was no longer applicable. On February 3, 1729/30, the Board of Trade recommended to
the king that he order a public seal for the Province of North Carolina.
On February 21, 1729/30, his Majesty in council was pleased to approve the recom-
mendations and ordered ". . .that a Publick Seal be prepared and given to the Governor
of the said Province of North Carolina, And that the said Lords Commissioners for
Trade and Plantations do cause a Draft of such Seal, to be prepared and laid before His
Majesty at the Board, for his Royall Approbation."
On March 25, 1730, The Board of Trade laid before his Majesty for his royal appro-
bation a draft of a proposed seal for the Province of North Carolina. On the 10th day of
April, 1730, the king approved the recommendations, except that it appears "Georgius
Secundus" was to be substituted for the original "Geo. II.," and his chief engraver of
seals was ordered to "engrave a silver Seal according to said draught. ..." A certain
Rollos, his Majesty's engraver was 'ordered to prepare a draft of the seal.
Obverse Reverse
Seal of the Province of North Carolina, 1730-1767
Historical Miscellanea
11
There was some delay in receiving the new seal, for at a council held at Edenton,
March 30, 1 73 1 , it was "Ordered that the old seal of the Colony be used till the new seal
arrives." The latter part of April the seal came, and "The Messenger that went to Cape
Fear to fetch the Publick Seal of this Province" was paid the sum often pounds for his
journey. This seal was made by placing two cakes or layers of wax together, between
which was the ribbon or tape with which the instrument was interlaced and by which the
seal was appended. It was customary to put a piece of paper on the outside of three
cakes before they were impressed. The complete seal was four and three-eighths inches
in diameter and from one-half to five-eighths inches thick and weighed about five and
one-half ounces.
At a council held at New Bern, December 14, 1767, Governor Tryon produced to the
Board a new Great Seal for the province with his Majesty's Royal Warrant bearing date
at the Court of St. James the 9th day of July, 1767. The old seal was sent to New York
by Captain [John Abraham] Collet, commander of Fort Johnston, to be returned to his
Majesty's Council office at Whitehall. Accompanying his Majesty's warrant was a de-
scription of the new seal. This seal was to be used in sealing all patents and grants of
lands and all public instruments passed in the king's name for service within the prov-
ince. It was four inches in diameter, one-half to five-eighths inches thick, and weighed
four and one-half ounces.
Obverse
Reverse
Seal of the Province of North Carolina, 1767-1776
It appears that sometimes a smaller seal than the Great Seal was used, as commis-
sions and grants with a small heart-shaped seal about one inch wide and a quarter of an
inch thick which was impressed with a crown have been used. Also a seal was occasion-
ally used about three inches long and two inches wide and half an inch thick, in the
shape of an ellipse. These impressions were evidently made by putting the wax far
enough under the edge of the Great Seal to take the irnpression of the crown. The royal
governors also sometimes used their private seals on commissions and grants.
12
North Carolina Manual
Lord Granville, on the grants issued by him, used his private seal. The last reference
found to the colonial seal is in a letter from Governor Martin to the Earl of Hills-
borough in November, 1771, in which he said "that the Province Seal was broke," but
that he had had it repaired and that it had been "awkwardly mended but in such man-
ner as to answer all purposes."
When the government of the State of North Carolina was organized, the constitution
adopted at Halifax, December 18, 1776, provided in Section XVII, "That there shall be
a Seal of this State, which shall be kept by the Governor, and used by him as occasion
may require; and shall be called the Great Seal of the State of North Carolina, and be
affixed to all grants and commissions." The Constitutional Convention of 1835 brought
this section forward unchanged.
The convention of 1868 adopted a new constitution, and the convention of 1875
brought the section referring to the seal forward as adopted in 1868. Article III, Section
16 of the constitution reads: "There shall be a seal of the State, which shall be kept by
the Governor, and used by him, as occasion may require, and shall be called 'The Great
Seal of the State of North Carolina' All grants and commissions shall be issued in the
name and by the authority of the State of North Carolina, sealed with 'The Great Seal
of the State,' signed by the Governor and countersigned by the Secretary of State."
On December 22, 1776, an ordinance was passed by the Provincial Congress at Hali-
fax appointing William Hooper, Joseph Hewes and Thomas Burke commissioners to
procure a Great Seal for the State of North Carolina, but no record of a report being
made by this commission could be found. The ordinance provided that the governor
should use his "private seal at arms" until the Great Seal for the state was procured. On
April 29, 1778, a bill which directed the procurement of a Great Seal for the state and
which became law on May 2, was introduced in the lower house of the general assembly
Obverse Reverse
Seal of the State of North Carolina, 1779-1794
Historical Miscellanea
13
held in New Bern. It provided that "William Tisdale, Esq., be and he is hereby appoint-
ed to cut and engrave a Seal, under the Direction of his Excellency the Governor, for the
use of the State; . . . ." On Sunday, November 7, 1779 the senate concurred in the resolu-
tion passed by the house of commons allowing William Tisdale, Esq., the sum of one
hundred and fifty pounds for making the Great Seal of the State. Under this act a seal
was procured which was used until 1794. The actual size of the seal was three inches in
diameter and one-fourth inch thick. It was made by putting two cakes of wax together
with paper wafers on the outside and pressing them between the dies, thus forming the
obverse and reverse sides of the seal. The seal press must have been very large and un-
wieldy, for Governor Richard Dobbs Spaight in writing to Colonel Abisha Thomas in
February, 1793 said: "Let the screws by which the impression is to be made be as port-
able as possible so as it may be adapted to our present itinerant government. The one
now in use by which the Great Seal is a present made is so large and unwieldy as to be
carried only in a cart or wagon and of course has become stationary at the Secretary's
office which makes it very convenient." Governor Spaight in January, 1793 in writing of
the Tisdale Seal then in use says, "This old seal is not only nearly worn out but in my
opinion has always been a reproach to the genius of the State." An official description
of this seal cannot be found, but many of the seals are still in existence in an almost per-
fect state of preservation.
In January, 1792 the general assembly in session at New Bern passed an act author-
izing and requiring the governor to procure for the state a seal, and provided that it
should "be prepared with only one side, and calculated to make the impression on the
face of such grant, commission, record or other public acts " Governor Alexander
Martin commissioned Colonel Abisha Thomas, the agent of North Carolina in Phila-
The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina, 1794-1836
14
North Carolina Manual
delphia for the settlement of the State's Revolutionary claims against the Federal Gov-
ernment, to have one made and, at the same time sent him a design therefor. After cor-
respondence between Governor Martin and Colonel Thomas concerning the seal, in
which suggestions were made by Dr. Hugh Williamson and Senator Samuel Johnston,
they concluded that the sketch submitted by Governor Martin would not do and Colo-
nel Thomas submitted a sketch by an artist. This sketch, with some modification, was fi-
nally accepted by Governor Spaight, and Colonel Thomas had the seal made accord-
ingly. The seal was cut some time during the summer of 1793, and Colonel Thomas
brought it home with him in time for the meeting of the legislature in November, 1793,
at which session it was "approbated." The screw to the seal would not work, so in 1795
the general assembly passed an act authorizing the use of the old seal of 1778 until the
new one could be put in order. The new seal was two and one half inches in diameter
and was used until around 1835.
In the winter of 1834-35 the legislature passed an act authorizing the governor to pro-
cure a new seal. The preamble to the act states that the old seal had been in use since the
first day of March, 1793. The seal adopted in 1835, which was not changed until 1839,
was very similar to its predecessor. It was two and one-fourth inches in diameter. In
1868 the legislature authorized the governor to procure a Great Seal and required him
to provide a new seal whenever the old one was lost or so worn or defaced as to render it
unfit for use.
In 1883 Colonel S. MCD. Tate introduced a bill in the legislature which became law.
This act did not provide that a new seal be procured but it described in more detail what
the seal should be like. In 1893 Jacob Battle introduced a bill which became law. This
made no change in the seal except to add at the foot of the coat-of-arms of the state as
part thereof the motto Esse Quam Videri and to provide the words "May 20, 1775," be
incribed at the top of the coat-of-arms.
The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina, 1836-1893
Historical Miscellanea
15
At this time the ship that appeared in the offing in the seals of George II and George
III and in our seal from 1835-1893 seems to have disappeared, and the designer of the
seal shows mountains in the background instead of both mountains and the sea as for-
merly.
The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina, 1893-1971
The preceding history illustrates the great variety in seals and the liberty that was
taken in the design in the official State seal from time to time. The 1971 General As-
sembly, in an effort to "provide a standard for the Great Seal of the State of North
Carolina," passed the following Act amending the General Statutes provision relative
to the State Seal:
The Governor shall procure for the State a Seal, which shall be called the
great seal of the State of North Carolina, and shall be two and one-quarter
inches in diameter, and its design shall be a representation of the figures of
Liberty and Plenty, looking toward each other, but not more than half-
fronting each other and otherwise disposed as follows: Liberty, the first figure,
standing, her pole with cap on it in her left hand and a scroll with the word
"Constitution" inscribed thereon in her right hand. Plenty, the second figure,
sitting down, her right arm half extended toward Liberty, three heads of grain
in her right hand, and in her left, the small end of her horn, the mouth of
which is resting at her feet, and the contents of the horn rolling out.
The background on the seal shall contain a depiction of mountains running
from left to right to the middle of the seal. A side view of a three-masted ship
shall be located on the ocean and to the right of Plenty. The date "May 20,
1775" shall appear within the seal and across the top of the seal and the words
"esse quam videri" shall appear at the bottom around the perimeter. No other
words, figures or other embellishments shall appear on the seal.
It shall be the duty of the Governor to file in the office of the Secretary of
State an impression of the great seal, certified to under his hand and attested
to by the Secretary of State, which impression so certified the Secretary of
State shall carefully preserve among the records of this Office.
16
North Carolina Manual
The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina,
1971-1984
The late Jullian R. AUsbrook who served in the North Carohna Senate for many
years, feh that the adoption date of the HaHfax Resolves ought to be commemorated on
the State seal as it was already on the State flag. This to "serve as a constant reminder of
the people of this state's committment to liberty." Legislation adding the date "April
12, 1776" to the Great Seal of the State of North Carolina was ratified May 2, 1983,
with an effective date of January 1, 1984. Chapter 257 of the Session Laws of North
Carolina for 1983 included provisions that would not invalidate any Great Seal of the
State of North Carolina in use or on display. Instead replacement could occur as the
need arose.
The Great Seal of the State of North Carolina, 1984—
Historical Miscellanea 17
THE NORTH CAROLINA STATE CAPITOL
The North Carolina State Capitol is one of the finest and best preserved examples of
a major civic building in the Greek Revival Style of architecture.
Prior to 1792, North Carolina legislators met in various towns throughout the
state — Halifax, Hillsboro, and New Bern were the most frequent locations. Meetings
were held in local plantation houses, court houses, and even churches — whatever was
available; however, when the City of Raleigh was established as the permanent seat of
the Government of North Carolina in 1792, a simple, two-story brick State House was
built on Union Square. The State House was completed in 1796.
The State House was enlarged in 1820-24 by the architect William Nichols. A third
fioor and eastern and western wings were added to the building, and a domed rotunda
was constructed at its center to house Antonio Canova's statue of President George
Washington, acquired by the State in 1821. When the State House burned down on
June 21, 1831, the statue of Washington was damaged beyond repair.
The General Assembly of 1832-33 ordered that a new Capitol (as the present building
has always been called) be built as an enlarged version of the old State House — that is, a
cross-shaped building with a central, domed rotunda. The sum of $50,000 was appropri-
ated, and a commission appointed to initiate the plan. The Commissioners for Rebuild-
ing the Capitol first employed William Nichols, Jr., to help them prepare plans for the
building. In August of 1833, Nichols was replaced by the distinguished New York archi-
tectural firm of Ithiel Town and Alexander Jackson Davis. They modified and greatly
improved the earlier design, giving the Capitol essentially its present appearance and
plan. David Paton (1802-82), and Edinburgh-born architect who had worked for John
Seoane, the noted English architect, was hired in September, 1834, to superintend the
construction of the Capitol. Paton replaced Town and Davis as the Commissioners' ar-
chitect early in 1835. The Capitol was built under Paton's supervision except for the ex-
terior stone walls, which were largely in place when he got to Raleigh. Paton made sev-
eral modifications in the Town and Davis plans for the interior. He is responsible for
the cantilevered or overhanging gallery at the second floor level of the rotunda, the
groined masonry vaulting of the first fioor office and corridor ceilings, and the interior
arrangement of the east and west wings. After clearing away the rubbish of the old State
House, excavations were made and a new foundation laid. On July 4, 1833, the corner
stone was set in place. Following this, work progressed more slowly, and the orignal ap-
propriation soon exhausted. At the next session of the Legislature, an additional appro-
priation of $75,0(X) was necessary so that work could begin on the stone and finer work.
Many skilled artisans were brought over from Scotland and other countries to carry out
this phase of construction.
Most of the architectural details — columns, mouldings, ornamental plasterwork, and
the honeysuckle crown atop the dome, for example — were carefully patterned after fea-
tures of particular ancient Greek temples: The exterior columns are Doric in style and
modeled after those of the Parthenon, the House of Representatives Chamber follows
the semicircular plan of a Greek theater and its architectural ornament is in the Corin-
thian style of the Tower of the Winds, and the Senate Chamber is decorated in the Ionic
style of the Erechtheum. The only non-classical parts of the building are two large
rooms on the third floor which were finished in the Gothic Style, then just beginning to
rise to popularity in America.
Historical Miscellanea 19
The ornamental ironwork, chandeliers, hardware, and marble mantels of the Capitol
came from Philadelphia, as did the man who executed all of the ornamental plaster-
work. The desks and chairs in the House and Senate Chambers were made by a Raleigh
Cabinetmaker, William Thompson.
The Capitol was completed in 1840 at a total cost (including furnishings) of
$532,682.34, or more than three times the yearly general income of the State at that
time.
In plan, the Capitol is a cross-shaped building, centering on a domed rotunda where
the wings join. It is 160 feet from north to south, 140 feet from east to west (including
the porticoes), and stands 97 Vi feet from the base of the rotunda to the crown atop the
dome. The exterior walls are built of gneiss (a form of granite). This stone was quarried
in southeastern Raleigh and hauled to the site on the horse-drawn Experimental Rail
Road, the first railway in North Carolina. The interior walls are of stone and brick. The
massive, original wooden truss system still carries the roof.
The first floor contains eight offices in the north and south wings and smaller rooms
in the east and west wings. (These offices originally housed all of the executive branch of
state government — a total of six full-time officials in 1840.) The rotunda contains a
duplicate original of Canova's statue of Washington, acquired in 1970. In niches around
the rotunda are busts of three Governors and a United States Senator. Stairways in the
east and west wings give access to the second floor, where the Senate and House
Chambers and related offices are located. Rooms in the east and west wings, built as
legislative committee rooms, have been converted to other uses. On the third fioor are
the galleries of the Senate and House Chambers, and in the east and west wings are the
original State Supreme Court Chamber and State Library Room, both decorated in the
Gothic Style. The domed, top-lit vestibules of those two rooms are especially note-
worthy.
The Capitol housed all of the state government until the 1880's. The Supreme Court
moved to its own building in 1888. The General Assembly moved to the State Legisla-
tive Building (the State's first building erected exclusively for legislative use) in 1963.
Today the only official occupants of the Capitol are some of the personnel of the Gover-
nor and the Secretary of State.
The Capitol probably has been less changed in appearance, inside and out, than any
major American civic building of its era. The stonework, the ornamental plaster and
ironwork, the furniture of the legislative chambers, and all but one of the marble man-
tels that the visitor sees today are original, not restorations or reproductions. Yet con-
tinuous and heavy use since 1840 has left its marks on the building, and to cope with
them the Capitol currently is undergoing a careful rehabilitation. This work was begun
in 1971 and is intended to preserve and enhance the architectural splendor and decora-
tive beauty of the Capitol for future generations. Work done to date includes replacing
the leaky copper roof, cleaning and sealing the exterior stone, and repainting the ro-
tunda in colors similar to those originally used. More recently completed phases include
repairing plaster-work damaged by roof leaks, replacing obsolete wiring and plumbing,
reworking the heating and cooling systems in the upper floors to make them less con-
spicuous, replacing worn carpets and draperies, and repainting the rest of the interior
according to the original color scheme.
20 North Carolina Manual
1976 was an eventful year not only for our nation, but for our State Capitol building
as well. After several years of work, the old senate and house chambers and the execu-
tive offices on the first floor were completed. Shortly after being elected to his first term,
Governor James B. Hunt, Jr. announced his intention of moving some of the Office of
the Governor back into the Capitol. Governor Hunt and Secretary of State Thad Eure
are working residents in this symbol of government in North Carolina.
In an effort to make the newly renovated Capitol more accessible to the people of
North Carolina, the building has been opened to the public on weekends with guided
tours available for all visitors.
Historical Miscellanea 21
Description of the Capitol
by
Architect David Paton
The State Capitol is 160 feet in length from north to south by 140 feet from east to
west. The whole height is 97 Vi feet in the center. The apex of pediment is 64 feet in
height. The stylobate is 18 feet in height. The columns of the east and west porticoes are
5 feet 2 \'i inches in diameter. An entablature, including blocking course, is continued
around the building 12 feet high.
The columns and entablature are Grecian Doric, and copied from the Temple of
Minerva, commonly called the Parthenon, which was erected in Athens about 500 years
before Christ. An octagon tower surrounds the rotunda, which is ornamented with Gre-
cian cornices, etc., and its dome is decorated at top with a similar ornament to that of
the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates, commonly called the Lanthorn of Demosthenes.
The interior of the Capitol is divided into three stories: First, the lower story, consist-
ing often rooms, eight of which are appropriated as offices to the Governor, Secretary,
Treasurer, and Comptroller, each having two rooms of the same size — the one contain-
ing an area of 649 square feet, the other 528 square feet — the two committee rooms,
each containing 200 square feet and four closets: also the rotunda, corridors, vestibules,
and piazzas, contain an area of 4,370 square feet. The vestibules are decorated with
columns and antae, similar to those of the Ionic Temple on the Ilissus, near the Acrop-
olis of Athens. The remainder is groined with stone and brick, springing from columns
and pilasters of the Roman Doric.
The second story consists of Senatorial and Representatives' chambers, the former
containing an area of 2,545 and the latter 2,849 square feet. Four apartments enter from
Senate Chamber, two of which contain each an area of 169 square feet, and the other
two contain each an area of 154 square feet; also, two rooms enter from Representa-
tives' chamber, each containing an area of 170 square feet; of two committee rooms,
each containing an area of 23 1 square feet; of four presses and the passages, stairs, lob-
bies, and colonnades, containing an area of 3,204 square feet.
The lobbies and Hall of Representatives have their columns and antae of the Octagon
Tower of Andronicus Cyrrhestes and the plan of the hall is of the formation of the
Greek theatre and the columns and antae in the Senatorial chamber and rotunda are of
the Temple of Erectheus, Minerva, Polias, and Pandrosus, in the Acropolis of Athens,
near the above named Parthenon.
Third, or attic story, consists of rooms appropriated to the Supreme Court and Li-
brary, each containing an area of 693 square feet. Galleries of both houses have an area
of 1,300 square feet; also two apartments entering from Senate gallery, each 169 square
feet; of four presses and the lobbies" stairs, 988 square feet. These lobbies as well as ro-
tunda, are lit with cupolas, and it is proposed to finish the court and library in the florid
Gothic style.
22 North Carolina Manual
THE CAPITOL
by
Edwin Gill*
I am the Capitol; upon my copper dome, I wear a crown. If it were gilded, it would
flash a signal to the sun. This crown is more than decoration. It is a symbol of sover-
eignty.
When the sun is bright and the arch of heaven is clear, the greenish-blue of my dome
is bold against the sky. But sometimes, when the sun is veiled, the grey of my dome ap-
pears to blend with infinity.
Between 1933 and 1840, I was constructed of stone quarried nearby, which time has
mellowed. These stones were precision cut and, nicely balanced. The traffic of human
feet has worn some stones, and, occasionally, I have been roughly used. The edges of
steps have been broken. But I am hale and hearty and will, of course, endure.
The Court, the Legislature and the Auditor have left me for more modern homes. It is
rumored that others may go. However, I am assured I shall become a shrine. Now what
is a shrine? No one seems to know, except they say it has something to do with memory
and Glory.
I am complimented that many people are concerned about my condition. Questions
have been raised. Let me assure one and all that I am solid and sound of body. My
problems are mostly superficial.
My roof has leaked a bit, and inquiries should be made into the soundness of the tim-
bers that undergird it. Also, at appropriate intervals, my electrical wiring should be
carefully examined.
In fairness to the past, a sprinkler system was installed beneath my roof in 1939, and
my exterior was cleaned effectively in 1952.
But it is well to have the Governor, the Council of State and others concerned about
my future. It is good to know there are those who care — to have a flutter of interest in
my behalf. Even the pigeons and squirrels are concerned!
Some time before the year is out, I am informed, we will dedicate, in an appropriate
ceremony, the receipt from Italy of the figure of Washington carved in marble. It is meet
and proper in anticipation of this event that I be cleaned, refurnished and made in every
way presentable. Incidentally, my architect told me that in the original plans I was to
have this statue. So, in a sense, I am unfinished until it is in place.
There are those who think I should be restored to my former splendor. The doctors of
history suggest I should be arrayed in the mode of 1840. This, I suppose has something
to do with my ultimate status as a shrine.
I favor this restoration. But I doubt that such a project can be completely achieved.
After all, in recent times, I have become a creature of modern conveniences, such as cen-
tral heating, inside plumbing and electricity — all unavailable in 1840. Whatever is done,
my comfort should be considered. Especially, I would like to have hot, as well as cold,
running water!
•Mr. Gill was State Treasurer of North Carolina from 1953-1977. The above was ordered spread upon the
minutes of the Council of State on June 17, 1970.
Historical Miscellanea 23
In my bosom laws were made. Through the decades, I have heard the thunders of elo-
quence. I have been amused at the wit and tall tales of statesmen.
Today my halls are silent. People come and go and look at me, and marvel at the
stories of the past. They say I am a symbol of all that has been achieved within the borders
of our State. So be it. I am a symbol.
Historical Miscellanea 25
THE LEGISLATIVE BUILDING
The need for larger quarters for legislators and their respective staffs, and the growth
of services provided by the legislative branch of government led the General Assembly
of 1959 to appropriate funds for the formation of a Building Commission for the con-
struction of a new building for the Legislature. A statute creating such a commission
was ratified on June 12, 1959. It was to "consist of two persons who have served in the
State Senate, appointed by the President of the Senate; two persons who have served in
the House of Representatives, appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representa-
tives; and three persons appointed by the Governor."
Lieutenant Governor Luther E. Earnhardt, President of the Senate, appointed Archie
K. Davis and Robert F. Morgan, who was elected Vice-chairman of the Commission;
Speaker of the House Addison Hewlett appointed B. L Satterfield and Thomas J.
White, who was elected Chairman of the Commission; and Governor Hodges appoint-
ed A. E. Finley, Edwin Gill, and Oliver R. Rowe. In addition to these members, Paul A.
Johnston, Director of the Department of Administration, was elected Executive Secre-
tary. The Commission elected Frank B.Turner, State Property Officer as Executive
Secretary upon the resignation of Mr. Johnson.
The Commission selected Edward Durell Stone of New York with John S. Holloway
and Ralph B. Reeves, Jr., Associated as the architectural consultants.
After a thorough study by the Commission, a site for construction was selected — a
5'/2 acre area one block North of the Capitol. This site, encompassing two blocks, is
bounded by Jones, Salisbury, Lane and Wilmington Streets. A section of Halifax Street
between Jones and Lane was closed and made a part of the new site.
Bids on the new building were received in December, 1960 and constrution began
early the following year. The 1961 General Assembly appropriated an additional $1 mil-
lion for furnishings and equipment. This brought the total appropriation to $5 Vi mil-
lion or $1.24 for each citizen of North Carolina. (This figure based on the 1960 census.)
One of the consulting architects wrote the following description of the new building:
The State Legislative Building, though not an imitation of historic classical
styles, is classical in character. Rising from a 340 foot wide podium of North
Carolina granite, the building proper is 242 feet square. The walls and the
columns are of Vermont marble, the latter forming a colonnade encompassing
the building and reaching 24 feet from the podium to the roof of the second
fioor.
Inset in the south podium floor, at the main entrance, is a 28 foot diameter
terrazzo mosaid of the Great Seal of the State. From the first fioor main en-
trance (at Jones Street) the carpeted 22 foot wide main stair extends directly to
the third floor and the public galleries of the Senate and House, the audi-
torium, the display area, and the roof gardens.
The four garden courts are located at the corners of the building. These
courts contain tropical plants, and three have pools, fountains, and hanging
planters. The main fioor areas of the courts are located in the first fioor, and
messanines overlook the courts from the second fioor. The skylights which
provide natural lighting are located within the roof gardens overhead. The
courts provide access to committee rooms in the first fioor, the legislative
chambers in the second fioor, and to members' offices in both fioors.
26 North Carolina Manual
The Senate and House chambers, each 5,180 square feet in area, occupy the
east and west wings of the second floor. Following the traditional relationship
of the two chambers in the Capitol, the two spaces are divided by the rotunda;
and when the main brass doors are open, the two presiding officers face one
another. Each pair of brass doors weigh 1,500 pounds.
The five pyramidal roofs covering the Senate and House chambers, the au-
ditorium, the main stair, and the rotunda are sheathed with copper, as is the
Capitol. The pyramidal shape of the roofs is visible in the pointed ceilings in-
side. The structural ribs form a coffered ceiling; and inside the coffered pat-
terns, concentric patterns are outlined in gold. In each chamber, the distance
from the floor to the peak of the ceiling is 45 feet.
Chandeliers in the chambers and main stair are 8 feet in diameter and weigh
625 pounds each. The 12 foot diameter chandelier of the rotunda, like the
others, is of brass, but its weight is 750 pounds.
Because of the interior environment, the garden courts and rotunda have
tropical plants and trees. Outside, however, the shrubs and trees are of an in-
digenous type. Among the trees in the gounds, on the roof areas are sugar
maples, dogwoods, crabapples, magnolias, crepe myrtles, and pines.
Throughout the building, the same color scheme is maintained: Walnut,
white, gold and red, with green foliage. In general, all wood is American wal-
nut, metal is brass or other gold colored material, carpets are red, and uphol-
stery is gold or black.
The enclosed area consists of 206,000 square feet of floor area with a volume
of 3,210,000 cubic feet. Heating equipment provides over 7,000,000 B.T.U. per
hour; and the cooling equipment has a capaciy of 620 tones. For lighting,
motors, and other electircal equipment, the building has a connected service
load of over 2,000,000 watts.
Historical Miscellanea 27
THE EXECUTIVE RESIDENCES OF NORTH CAROLINA
North Carolina has not always provided an official home for its governors and their
families. Prior to 1770, the chief executive lived wherever he chose at his own expense. It
was not until 1776 that the general assembly authorized the construction of the first
such residence; in 1770 the magnificent Governor's Palace in New Bern was occupied by
Royal Governor William Tryon. "Tryon's Palace," as the building came to be known,
was destined to serve as the formal residence of governors for only a short time. It was
exposed to the threats of enemy forces during the American Revolution, and the palace
was virtually abandoned. In 1798 a fire destroyed all but the west wing.
North Carolina's first legislators were traveling men. With no "fixed seat of govern-
ment," early members of the general assembly traveled from plantation to plantation,
town to town, until 1792, when a capital "city" was planned and laid out in the "hills of
Wake" on Joel Lane's plantation. It was named in honor of the Elizabethan patron of
early colonization. Sir Walter Raleigh. Shortly thereafter an act was passed by the legis-
lature requiring the governor to reside at the permanent seat of government. Samuel
Ashe of New Hanover was the first governor to come under this edict. He expressed his
reaction emphatically: ". . . it was never supposed that a Man annually elected to the
Chief Magistracy would commit such folly as to attempt the building of a House at the
seat of Government in which he might for a time reside.
The committee of the general assembly to whom Ashe's letter was referred hastened
to inform him that the law was enacted before he was elected governor and could be
considered "as a condition under the incumbrance of which he accepted the appoint-
ment."
Despite the remonstrance to Ashe, the general assembly took steps to provide a
dwelling for the chief executive. The State Treasurer was instructed to purchase or lease
a suitable house and, in 1797, a plain, two-story frame building, painted white, and an
office for the governor were provided on lot 131, the southwest corner of Fayetteville
and Hargett streets.
This house proved helplessly inadequate. To remedy this situation, the general assem-
bly, in 1813, appointed a committee to provide better facilities, and plans were made for
the erection of a more suitable dwelling. A site was selected at the foot of Fayetteville
Street facing the capitol. In 1816 the elaborate brick structure with white columned
porticoes was completed and Governor William Miller became the first occupant of the
"Governor's Palace."
In traditional ante-bellum fashion, the twenty succeeding governors resided in the
Palace, as it was officially termed, and much of the history of the state centered there.
General Lafayette was a visitor in 1825. Some sessions of the general assembly were
held in the Palace following the burning of the Capitol in 1831. The last governor to oc-
cupy the Palace was Zebulon Baird Vance. Sherman and later federal occupants of the
governor's palace, while they may have injured the pride of local citizens, did no serious
damage to the building. But years of neglect and the structural inadequacy of the house
from the very beginning made it unattractive to those governors coming into office in
the years following the war. During the Reconstruction days, and until the present man-
sion was built, the chief executives resided in Raleigh living in rented houses, hotels
or — during two administrations — in their own homes. From 1871 to 1891 the
Yarborough House, a noted Raleigh hotel, served as the unofficial residence for several
North Carolina governors.
Historical Miscellanea 29
Governor Vance, the last occupant of the Palace, was again in office in 1879. In that
year he presented the report of a commission appointed two years previously by the
legislature to investigate the possibiliites of providing a suitable residence for the gover-
nor. The commission was also charged with the task of selling unused State land in and
adjacent to the city of Raleigh. Proceeds from these sales were earmarked for the con-
struction of a house and outbuildings suitable for the governor.
Meanwhile the matter of hiring an architect was investigated and David Paton natur-
ally came to mind. Paton had established his reputation in North Carolina as the archi-
tect of the State Capitol. He was an associate of Ithiel Town of New York, the architect
originally consulted in rebuilding the Capitol. By the 1880's, however, Paton was in his
middle seventies and age and poor health made it necessary for him to decline the invi-
tation to visit Raleigh to help select a location and plan a house for the governor.
The decision to build the present governor's mansion was made by the general assem-
bly at the perseverance of Governor Thomas Jarvis. Under the governor's prompting
the legislature approached the problem of providing adequate housing for the chief
executive. A bill ratified in February, 1883, authorized construction of a house on
Burke Square, provided for major furnishings, and required (upon its completion) the
governor to occupy it. The governor and Council of State were directed to use convict
labor and such materials as were "manufactured or prepared, either in whole or in
part," at the penitentiary, when such a procedure seemed feasible. To finance the proj-
ect, the governor was authorized to use money realized from the sale of State lands
(1877) and was instructed to sell the old Palace and grounds. Expenditures were not to
exceed the sum realized and an accurate accounting was demanded; a record of the
money spent by the governor and council was to be entered on a journal and the auditor
was instructed to check and file itemized accounts before issuing warrants for payment.
Two months after passage of the bill, the Council of State met with the governor.
Jarvis was then instructed to advertise the Palace and grounds for immediate sale and to
employ an architect to make sketches and specifications for the Council's consideration.
Governor Jarvis accordingly wrote W. J. Hicks, architect and warden of the prison, sug-
gesting a plan which called for construction of the house under exclusive direction of the
penitentiary authorities and payment of a definite sum to that institution. The law pro-
vided that the council and the governor might call on the penitentiary for all the labor
and material it could furnish "in whole or in part." Jarvis felt there might be some dif-
ferences of opinion as to the meaning of the statement. He reasoned that with construc-
tion work then being done at the penitentiary, by using the same material and labor in
building the mansion, a saving could be realized in buying in larger quantities. From a
practical standpoint Jarvis thought the State would profit by having both projects under
the same management, and experienced businessmen advised such a plan might save the
State as much as twenty thousand dollars.
Samuel Sloan of Philadelphia and his assistant, Gustavus Adolphus Bauer, were
chosen as architects. Sloan arrived in Raleigh on April 28, 1883, with his designs for the
residence. These were declared "very artistic, representing an ornate bulding, in modern
style, three stories in height, with the ample porches, hallways, and windows which
every house built in this climate should have." On May 7 came the news that the designs
submitted by Sloan had been accepted, with some modifications suggested by "able
builders" of the city.
Historical Miscellanea 31
Officers at the penitentiary board making a report (1882-1884) declared the building
handsome in design, constructed of the best material by the best workers, using pressed
brick made at the prison and trimmed with North Carolina sandstone which, they felt,
gave "a very happy relief to the external appearance." They also expressed satisfaction
with the artistry and convenience of the house's interior and wished to enhance it
further by using an "elaborate North Carolina hard-wood finish."
In another progress report, a year later, Jarvis gave the additional information that
the stone was quarried in Anson County and most of the work in finishing it had been
done by the convicts. He also favored an interior of North Carolina hardwood, includ-
ing the ceiling, wainscotting, and woodwork of the halls and rooms of the first fioor.
Dreams of a beautiful mansion for the governor were in danger of being lost as 1889
dawned. Money for its construction had run out. A meeting of the Council of State and
the governor was called to discuss the question of beginning work on the house again
and pushing it to completion. As a result of their discussion, the governor was given au-
thority "to cause the sale of the property in Raleigh belonging to the fund, the sale of
which was provided for by the recent legislature, and to appropriate the proceeds to the
work of completing the mansion."
By the end of December, 1890, the house was nearly finished but Governor Daniel
Fowle did not move in until after the new year. He was particularly anxious to occupy
the house in view of the earlier attempts to abandon it as a residence for the governor.
As soon as the mansion was reported "erected," the Council of State announced the
Board of Public Buildings and Grounds would have charge of its supervision. The
board was to take over in December. But in November, before it was occupied, repair
and preservation work had already begun with "certain exterior and interior painting"
of the woodwork. Most of the accounts emphasize the deplorable condition of the
"completed house. The plumbing was cheap and dirt was laid between the floor to
deaden sound.
The third floor and basement were left unfinished. On the lot were stables for "horses
driven to the governor's carriage" and other outhouses. A pump provided drinking
water for the mansion and a little gas engine pumped water from the two cisterns in the
basement to a tank on the top floor.
The earliest laws providing for the construction of a governor's residence, as well as
most of the later planning, called for the purchase of furnishings. As the cost of con-
struction mounted, only a small portion of money remained for furniture. Some pur-
chases were made, however, before the house was furnished and an appropriation of
$1500 in 1891 made further purchases possible. Other furnishings were bought by the
individual occupants during their stay in the mansion.
On moving in. Governor Fowle brought his own furniture to make up the deficit in
the mansion, setting a precedent followed for many years before the house was ade-
quately furnished. He filed a list of furnishings in the treasurer's office to avoid any con-
fusion in the future as to who owned what.
Elias Carr was the first governor to live at the mansion for a full term (1893-1897) of
four years. Like his predecessors he soon found the house in need of furnishings and re-
pairs. Funds were allocated by the legislature in February for necessary furniture and
for "completion and repairing the mansion." Two years later another appropriation
was made for work on the grounds. Some time previously the attorney general had
32 North Carolina Manual
ruled that the mansion and grounds, as public property, were under the care of the
Board of Public Buildings and Grounds and directly under the supervision of the keeper
of the capitol.
As frequently seemed the case with new governors. Governor Bickett's residency be-
gan with an inspection of the mansion and recommendations in keeping with the needs
found there. The superintendent of buildings and grounds made a detailed report in ad-
dition to the recommendations for improving the interior made by Architect James A.
Salter and Mrs. Bickett. The repairs and improvements recommended for the exterior
and surrounding grounds were extensive, amounting to nearly ten thousand dollars.
Shortly after Governor Daniel Russell came into office in 1897, the legislature ap-
pointed a committee to examine the mansion and see whether it needed any alterations.
The committee reported that repairs were needed and a resolution was promptly intro-
duced to provide the necessary money.
Mrs. Bickett wrote a letter to the joint committee on public buildings and grounds of
the legislature and attached estimates given by Salter. Her plea received sufficient atten-
tion to merit the introduction of a bill for the requested repairs and renovations with the
provision that these be made up to an expenditure of $65,000 out of any funds in the
hands of the State Treasurer not otherwise appropriated." This optimistic bill, however,
failed to pass and a substitute law was enacted in March, 1917, allowing $4,000 "to ren-
ovate, equip, and properly furnish the Governor's Mansion and improve the surround-
ing grounds." The succeeding legislature passed another act, allowing an expenditure of
$2,000 annually for the years 1919 and 1920.
As preparations were made for Governor Angus W. McLean's residence in the man-
sion, previous renovations were considered inadequate by the incoming governor and
citizens alike. Sentiment for abandoning the house was aroused once more; it was so ob-
solete and so uncomfortable, public opinion in Raleigh favored scrapping the building
and providing the governor with a new house in one of the city's residential sections.
Burke Square could then be used as a public partk.
Secretary of State W. N. Everett halted the movement. Rather than do away with the
mansion, he thought it should be repaired and furnished in such a way as to provide a
comfortable dwelling. Thus, he and Governor McLean must be credited not only with
saving the mansion but also making it, for the first time, a house in keeping with the dig-
nity of the governor and his office.
McLean's plans for renovating and refurnishing were based on information beyond
that gained through casual observation and the complaints of his predecessors. Some-
time earlier the legislature had passed a law requiring the State Board of Health to in-
spect all state institutions for sanitation, and the mansion, coming under this category,
was inspected in February, 1925, shortly after McLean's inauguration.
The report from the Board of Health was startling. Inspection was made and ratings
given on the basis used in inspecting hotels: the mansion received "the very low rating of
71." The report added that the management of a hotel receiving such a rating would be
subject to indictment. A further charge was made that the principal deductions in scor-
ing were for uncleanliness.
Dr. W. S. Rankin, State Health Officer, after accompanying the sanitary engineer on
his tour of inspection of the mansion, was so impressed with the necessity of making
these improvements, he felt it his duty to bring the matter before the general assembly.
Historical Miscellanea 33
Secretary of State Everett had made his own examination and reported major repairs
were needed for the sake of preservation. He suggested a sum not exceeding $50,000 for
these repairs and new furnishings. Although this action was taken without McLean's
knowledge, upon learning of it, he soon became active in seeking authority to begin the
much-needed repairs.
When money became available a firm of architects, Atwood and Nash, were em-
ployed to carry out the renovations. H. Pier-Giavina, a "decorative artist" of Wilming-
ton helped in the interior decorating. Renovation included painting throughout and
modernizing of plumbing and electrical facilities.
In working out a scheme of decoration and deciding on furniture purchases, the serv-
ices of Elizabeth Thompson, local interior decorator, and the experience of Mrs.
McLean were employed. The first lady, whose efforts were bent toward the simple and
substantial, was eminently fitted for the task by her own "excellent taste and wide ob-
servation." Cloak rooms and servants quarters were added to the basement and the pre-
viously unfinished third floor.
It was not until McLean's administration, in 1925, that the legislature made a specific
appropriation for maintaining the governor's mansion. Previously, expenditures were
made, as needed, out of the general fund.
The renovation undertaken by Governor McLean was not actually completed while
he was in residence. This was particularly true of the furnishings. Governor-elect Gard-
ner felt the home of the governor should preserve a uniform appearance regardless of
the temporary occupant. He asked the Board of Public Buildings and Grounds to
confer with the McLeans to determine what was needed and to make provisions for
these needs before he came into office. McLean brought the matter to the attention of
the board and a "Special Furniture and Equipment Account Available for Incoming
Governor" was set up for this purpose.
The Gardners had not been in the mansion long before the legislature passed an act
authorizing the State Highway Commission to build and maintain walkways and drives
"within the Mansion Square. . .". Included in this project was a plan for a general
landscaping of the mansion grounds.
For advice in landscaping, Thomas W. Sears, landscape architect of Philadelphia,
was contacted. Blueprints were drawn and plans submitted. Mrs. Gardner's concern for
landscaping the gounds led to further interest in the exterior appearance of the house
and at their suggestion the outside woodwork was painted brown to blend with the
sandstone and brick.
The master plan drawn by Elizabeth Thompson in 1925, at Governor McLean's re-
quest, provided a guide for succeeding residents and allowed some consistency in fur-
nishings and decoration. Governors of the past few decades — Ehringhaus, Hoey,
Broughton, Cherry, Scott, Umstead, Hodges, Sanford, Moore, and Scott— have wit-
nessed further changes and improvements.
The feasibility of continuing to use the Mansion as both an official residence and as
the domicile of the governor and his family during his term of office has come to the
forefront in recent years. The massive structure for all its beauty and heritage has been
questioned from a practical aspect. The 1971 General Assembly created "The Executive
Residence Building Commission" to study the current needs of the Executive family
and to make recommendations regarding the future use of the Mansion. The commis-
34 North Carolina Manual
sion was composed of seven members, two appointed by Lieutenant Governor Pat
Taylor — Mr. John Church and Mr. J. J. Harrington — from the membership of the Sen-
ate, two appointed by Speaker of the House Phil Godwin — Mr. Kenneth Royall and
Mr. Dwight Quinn — from the membership of the House, and three appointed by Gov-
ernor Bob Scott — Mr. Wayne Corpening, Mrs. Gladys Bullard, and Mr. Charles Brad-
shaw. An advisory committee was also authorized to aid the Residence Commission on
technical aspects.
The work of the Commission covered nearly two years of study, including periodic
meetings as well as visits to other states to view Mansions and residences "which they
deemed most appropriate in design and suited to the needs of the Governor of North
Carolina." Following these visits, and after hearing presentations from six architectural
firms, recommendations were made to the Capital Building Authority, and the firm of
Dodge and Beckwith was commissioned to draw up the plans and to make cost esti-
mates for a new Executive Residence. The plans were accepted on October 5, 1972 and
the cost estimate given to the governor and Advisory Budget Commission on October
30, for inclusion in the 1973-1975 budget proposals to the general assembly.
Included in the report made to the 1973 General Assembly was an Addendum con-
taining suggestions, made at the request of the commission, from Mr. Carroll Mann,
then State Property Officer, regarding the renovation of the Mansion and the cost of
such an undertaking. Also included in the Addendum were suggestions by the commis-
sion members for "modernizing and restoring the Executive Mansion," if it was kept as
the Executive Residence. As a result of the Study Commission's report, the 1973 Gener-
al Assembly appropriated $575,000 for renovation and alterations of the Executive
Mansion. Work began during the summer, 1973, and was completed in late 1974. The
plans for the constructing of a new executive mansion have been dropped.
Since these initial renovations in 1973 and 1974, additional renovation and moderni-
zation work has been done to the Mansion to improve its energy efficiency and live-
ability.
Historical Miscellanea 35
THE STATE FLAG
The flag is an emblem of antiquity and has commanded respect and reverence from
practically all nations from the earliest times. History traces it to divine origin, the early
peoples of the earth attributing to it strange, mysterious, and supernatural powers. In-
deed, our first recorded references to the standard and the banner, of which our present
flag is but a modified form, are from sacred rather than from secular sources. We are
told that it was around the banner that the prophets of old rallied their armies and
under which the hosts of Israel were led to war, believing, as they did, that it carried
with it divine favor and protection.
Since that time all nations and all peoples have had their flags and emblems, though
the ancient superstition regarding their divine merits and supernatural powers has dis-
appeared from among civilized peoples. The flag now, the world over, posseses the same
meaning and has a uniform significance to all nations wherever found. It stands as the
symbol of strength and unity, representing the national spirit and patriotism of the peo-
ple over whom it floats. In both lord and subject, the ruler and the ruled, it commands
respect, inspires patriotism, and instills loyalty both in peace and war.
In this country we have a national flag which stands as the emblem of our strength
and unity as a nation, a living representation of our national spirit and honor. In addi-
tion to our national flag, each of the states in the Union has a "state flag" symbolic of
its own individuality and domestic ideals, which is expressive of some particular trait, or
commemorative of some historical event, of the people over whom it floats. The flags of
most of the states, however, consist of the coat of arms of that state upon a suitably
colored field. It is said that the first state flag of North Carolina was built on this model,
but so far as we can learn from the records the first legislation on this subject of estab-
lishing and recognizing a "state flag" was in the year 1861.
The constitutional convention of 1861, which passed the ordinance of secession,
adopted what is termed a state flag. On May 20, 1861, the day the secession resolution
was adopted, Col. John D. Whitford, a member of the convention from Craven County,
introduced the following ordinance, which was referred to a select committee of seven.
Be it ordained. That the flag of this State shall be blue field with a white V thereon,
and a star, incircling which shall be the words "'Surgit astrum. May 20th, 1775."
Colonel Whitford was made chairman of the committee to which this ordinance was
referred. The committee secured the aid and advice of William Jarl Browne, an artist of
Raleigh. Browne prepared and submitted a model to this committee. And this model
was adopted by the convention of June 22, 1861. It will be observed that the Browne
model, to be hereafter explained, was vastly different from the one originally proposed
by Colonel Whitford. Here is the ordinance as it appears in the ordinance and resolu-
tions passed by the convention:
AN ORDINANCE IN RELATION TO A STATE FLAG
Be it ordained by this Convention, and it is hereby ordained by the authority oj the same.
That the Flag of North Carolina shall consist of a red field with a white star in the cen-
tre, and with the inscription, above the star, in a semi-circular form, of "May 20th,
1775," and below the star, in a semicircular form, of "May 20th, 1861." That there shall
be two bars of equal width, and the length of the field shall be equal to the bar, the width
Historical Miscellanea 37
of the field being equal to both bars: the first bar shall be blue, and second shall be
white; and the length of the flag shall be one-third more than its width. [Ralijied the 22nd
day of June, 1S6I.]
This state flag, adopted in 1861, is said to have been issued to North Carolina regi-
ments of state troops during the summer of that year and was borne by them through-
out the war, being the only flag, except the national and Confederate colors, used by the
North Carolina troops during the Civil War. This flag existed until 1885, when the Leg-
islature adopted a new model.
As stated above the Legislature of 1885 adopted a new state flag. The bill, which was
introduced by General Johnstone Jones on February 5, 1885, passed its final reading
one month later after little or no debate. This act reads as follows:
AN ACT TO ESTABLISH A STATE FLAG
The General Assembly of North Carolina do enact:
SECTION 1. That the flag of North Carolina shall consist of a blue union, contain-
ing in the centre thereof a white star with the letter N. in gilt on the left and the letter C.
in gilt on the right of said star, the circle containing the same to be one-third the width of
the union.
SEC. 2. That the fly of the flag shall consist of two equally proportioned bars; the up-
per bar to be red, the lower bar to bewhite; that the length of the bars horizontally shall
be equal to the perpendicular length of the union, and the total length of the flag shall be
one-third more than its width.
SEC. 3. That above the star in the centre of the union there shall be a gilt scroll in
semi-circular form, containing in black letters this inscription "May 20th, 1775," and
that below the star there shall be a similar scroll containing in black letters the inscrip-
tion: "April 12th, 1776."
SEC. 4. That this act shall take effect from and after its ratification.
In the General Asembly read three times and ratified this 9th day of March, A.D. 1885.
Perhaps, it may be of interest to make a passing reference to the significance of the
dates found on each flag. The first date, "May 20th, 1775," refers to the Mecklenburg
Declaration of Independence, the authenticity of which we shall not here stop either to
doubt or to defend. The second date appearing on the state flag of 1861 is that of "May
20th, 1861." This date commemorated the secession of the State from the Union; but as
the cause of secession was defeated this date no longer represented anything after the
Civil War. So when a new flag was adopted in 1885, this date was removed, and an-
other, "April 12th, 1776," took its place. This date commemorates the Halifax
Resolves — a document that places the Old North State in the very front rank, both in
point of time and in spirit, among those that demanded unconditional freedom and ab-
solute independence from any foreign poer. This document stands out as one of the
great landmarks in the annals of North Carolina history.
Since 1885 there has been no change in our state flag. For the most part, it has re-
mained unknown and a stranger to the good people of our State. However, as we be-
came more intelligent, and therefore, more patriotic and public spirited, the emblem of
the Old North State assumed a station of greater prominence among our people. One
hopeful sign of this increased interest was the act passed by the Legislature of 1907, re-
quiring the state flag to be floated from all state institutions, public buildings, and
courthouses. In addition to this, many public and private schools, fraternal orders, and
38 North Carolina Manual
other organizations now float the state flag. The people of the State should become
acquainted with the emblem of that government to which they owe allegiance and from
which they secure protection.
AN ACT TO PROMOTE LOYALTY AND GREATER RESPECT
FOR THE SOVEREIGNTY OF THE STATE
The General Assembly of North Carolina do enact:
SECTION 1. That for the purpose of promoting greater loyalty and respect to the
state and inasmuch as a special act of the Legislature has adopted an emblem of our gov-
ernment known as the North Carolina State flag, that it is meet and proper that it shall
be given greater prominence.
SEC. 2. That the board of trustees or managers of the several state insitutions and
public buildings shall provide a North Carolina flag, of such dimensions and materials
as they may deem best, and the same shall be displayed from a staff upon the top of each
and every such building at all times except during inclement weather, and upon the
death of any state officer or any prominent citizen the flag shall be put at half-mast until
the burial of such person shall have taken place.
SEC. 3. That the Board of County Commissioners of the several counties in this state
shall likewise authorize the procuring of a North Carolina flag, to be displayed either on
a staff upon the top, or draped behind the judge's stand, in each and every courthouse in
the state, and that the state flag shall be displayed at each and every term of court held,
and on such other public occasions as the Commissioners may deem proper.
SEC. 4. That no state flag shall be allowed in or over any building here mentioned
that does not conform to section five thousand three hundred and twenty-one of the
Revisal of one thousand nine hundred and five.
SEC. 5. That this act shall be in force from and after its ratification.
In the General Assembly read three times, and ratified this the 9th day of March,
A.D. 1907.
The "first flag of 1861 had the date "May 20, 1861" as well as that of May 20, 1775.
The date of May 20, 1861 represented the date North Carolina seceded from the union;
however, since the secession cause no longer existed after 1865, the date "April 12,
1776" was substituted in 1885. This date is known to most North Carolinians as the
date of the Halifax Resolves, a document which was one of the first calls by the colonies
for unconditional independence from Great Britain. The latter date, May 20, 1775, is
the date of the alledged signing of the Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence. His-
torians have for many years debated the authenticity of the document since no original
document exists. The only documentation is a reproduction from memory many years
later by one of the delegates attending the convention. The main argument of historians
against the authenticity of the document — other than its non-existence in original docu-
mentation — is that the Mecklenburg Resolves adopted just eleven days after the al-
ledged adoption of the Declaration are comparatively weak in tone, almost to the point
of complete opposites. It is difficult for historians to believe that the irreconcilable tone
of the Declaration could have been the work of the same people who produced the re-
solves. Efforts have been made to have the date taken off both the flag and the seal, but
as yet, these have proved fruitless. Removal from the seal would be simple enough, for
the date of the Halifax Resolves could be substituted easily without changing the basic
intention of the date. The flag is another matter, for there is no other date of signifi-
cance which could be easily substituted.
Historical Miscellanea
39
THE MECKLENBURG DECLARATION OF20TH MAY, 1775*
OFFICERS
Abraham Alexander, Chairman
John McKnitt Alexander, Clerk
Col. Thomas Polk
Ephriam Brevard
Hezekiah J. Balch
John Phifer
James Harris
William Kennon
John Ford
Richard Barry
Henry Downs
DELEGATES
Ezra Alexander
William Graham
John Quary
Abraham Alexander
John McKnitt Alexander
Hezekiah Alexander
Adam Alexander
Charles Alexander
Zacheus Wilson, Sen.
Waightsill Avery
Benjamin Patton
Mathew McClure
Neil Morrison
Robert Irwin
John Flenniken
David Reese
Richard Harris, Sen.
The following resolutions were presented:
1. Resolved. That whosoever directly or indirectly abetted or in any way form or
manner contenanced the unchartered and dangerous invasion of our rights as claimed
by Great Britain is an enemy to this country, to America, and to the inherent and in-
alienable rights of man.
2. Resolved. That we the citizens of Mecklenburg County, do hereby dissolve the
political bonds which have connected us to the mother country and hereby absolve our-
selves from all allegiance to the British Crown and abjure all political connections con-
tract or association with that nation who have wantonly trampled on our rights and lib-
erties and inhumanly shed the blood of American patriots at Lexington.
3. Resolved. That we do hereby declare ourselves a free and independent people, are,
and of right ought to be a sovereign and self-governing association under the control of
no power other than that of our God and the General Government of the Congress to
the maintenance of which independence we solemnly pledge to each other our mutual
cooperation, our lives, our fortunes, and our most sacred honor.
4. Resolved, That as we now acknowledge the existence and control of no law or legal
officer, civil or military within this County, we do hereby ordain and adopt as a rule of
life all, each and every of our former laws — wherein nevertheless the Crown of Great
Britain never can be considered as holding rights, privileges, immunities, or authority
therein.
5. Resolved, That it is further decreed that all, each and every Military Officer in this
County is hereby reinstated in his former command and authority, he acting conform-
ably to these regulations. And that every member present of this delegation shall hence-
forth be a civil officer, viz., a justice of the peace, in the character of a "committee man"
to issue process, hear and determine all matters of controversy according to said adopt-
ed laws and to preserve peace, union and harmony in said county, and to use every exer-
tion to spread the love of Country and fire of freedom throughout America, until a
more general and organized government be established in this Province.
*This document is found in Vol. IX, pages 1263-65 of the Colonial Records oj North Carolina: however, the
authenticity of the declaration has become a source of controversy among historians. The controversy arises be-
cause the text of the Resolves was recalled from memory by the clerk some twenty years after the Mecklenburg
meeting. The original notes had been lost in a fire.
40 North Carolina Manual
THE HALIFAX RESOLUTION*
"The Select Committee taking into Consideration the usurpations and violences at-
tempted and committed by the King and Parliament of Britain against America, and the
further Measures to be taken for frustrating the same, and for the better defence of this
province reported as follows, to wit,
"It appears to your Committee that pursuant to the Plan concerted by the British
Ministry for subjugating America, the King and Parliament of Great Britain have
usurped a Power over the Persons and Properties of the People unlimited and uncon-
trouled; and disregarding their humble Petitions for Peace, Liberty and safety, have
made divers Legislative Acts, denouncing War Famine and every Species of Calamity
against the Continent in General. That British Fleets and Armies have been and still are
daily employed in destroying the People and committing the most horrid devastations
on the Country. That Governors in different Colonies have declared Protection to
Slaves who should imbrue their Hands in the Blood of their Masters. That the Ships be-
longing to America are declared prizes of War and many of them have been violently
seized and confiscated in consequence of which multitudes of the people have been de-
stroyed or from easy Circumstances reduced to the most Lamentable distress.
"And whereas the moderation hitherto manifested by the United Colonies and their
sincere desire to be reconciled to the mother Country on Constitutional Principles, have
procured no mitigation of the aforesaid Wrongs and usurpations and no hopes remain
of obtaining redress by those Means alone which have been hitherto tried. Your Com-
mittee are of Opinion that the house should enter into the following Resolve, to wit
"Resolved that the delegates for this Colony in the Continental Congress be im-
powered to concur with the delegates of the other Colonies in declaring Independency,
and forming foreign Alliances, resolving to this Colony the Sole, and Exclusive right of
forming a Constitution and Laws for this Colony, and of appointing delegates from
time to time (under the direction of a general Representation thereoO to meet the dele-
gates of the other Colonies for such purposes as shall be hereafter pointed out."
*The Halifax Resolves were unanimously adopted on April 12, 1776 by the 83 delegates present at the Fourth
Provincial Congress assembled in Halifax. This was the first official action calling for independence taken by a
state. It is important not only for this reason, but also because it was not a unilateral recommendation, but rather
one directed to all the colonies and their delegates assembled at the Continental Congress in Philadelphia. Vir-
ginia followed soon after and on July 4 the final draft of the Declaration of Independence was signed.
Historical Miscellanea 41
THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
(Unanimously Adopted in Congress, July 4, 1776, at Philadelphia)
When, in the course of human events, it becomes necessary for one people to dissolve
the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the
powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of Nature and of
Nature's God entitles them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that
they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation.
We hold these truths to be self-evident: That all men are created equal; that they are
endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable Rights; that among these are Life,
Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. That, to secure these rights. Governments are in-
stituted among Men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed; That,
whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Right of
the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its founda-
tions on such principles, and organizing its powers in such forms, as to them shall seem
most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that
Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes;
and, accordingly, all experience hath shewn, that mankind are more disposed to suffer,
while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing the forms to which they
are accustomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably
the same Object, evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their
right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for
their future security. Such has been the patient sufference of these Colonies, and such is
now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of Government.
The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and
usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over
these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.
He has refused his assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public
good.
He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance,
unless suspended in their operation till his Assent should be obtained; and, when so sus-
pended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them.
He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people,
unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature — a
right inestimable to them, and formidable to tyrants only.
He has called together legislative bodies at placed unusual, uncomfortable and dis-
tant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them
into compliance with his measures.
He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for opposing with manly firm-
ness his invasions on the rights of the people.
He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected;
whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People
at large for their exercise; the State remaining, in the meantime, exposed to all the dan-
gers of invasion from without, and convulsions within.
He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States for that purpose ob-
structing the Laws of Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to encourage
42 North Carolina Manual
their migration hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.
He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his assent to laws for es-
tablishing Judiciary Powers.
He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of their offices, and
the amount and payment of their salaries.
He has erected a multitude of New Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to har-
ass our people, and eat out their substance.
He has kept among us, in times of peace. Standing Armies without the Consent of
Our Legislature.
He has affected to render the Military independent of, and superior to, the Civil
power.
He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction foreign to our constitu-
tion, and unacknowledged by our laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pretended Leg-
islation. For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us:
For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any Murders which they
should commit on the inhabitants of these States:
For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:
For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:
For depriving us, in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by jury:
For transporting us beyond Seas, to be tried for pretended offenses;
For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighboring Province, estab-
lishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries, so as to render it
at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these
Colonies:
For taking away our Charters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fun-
damentally, the Forms of our Governments:
For suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power
to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever.
He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging
War against us.
He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the
lives of our people.
He is at this time transporting large Armies of foreign mercenaries to complete the
works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of Cruelty
and perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the
Head of a civilized nation.
He has constrained our fellow-Citizens, taken captive on the high Seas, to bear Arms
against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to
fall themselves by their Hands.
He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on
the inhabitants of our frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of war-
fare is an undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes, and conditions.
In every stage of these Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most hum-
ble terms; Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince,
whose character is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be
the ruler of a free people.
Historical Miscellanea
43
Nor have we been wanting in attention to our British brethren. We have warned them
from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an unwarrantable jurisdic-
tion over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and settle-
ment here. We have appealed to their native justice and magnanimity, and we have con-
jured them by the ties of our common kindred to disavow these usurpation, which in-
evitably interrupt our connections with correspondence. They, too, have been deaf to
the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We must, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity,
which denounces our Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind —
Enemies in War, in Peace Friends.
We, Therefore, the Representatives of the United States of America, in General
Congress Assembled; appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of
our intentions, do, in the Name and by authority of the good People of these Colonies,
solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be
free and independent States; that they are Absolved from All Allegiance to the British
Crown, and that all political connections between them and the State of Great Britain
is, and ought to be, totally dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they
have full power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce,
and to do all other Acts and Things which Independent States may of right do. And for
the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Provi-
dence, we mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our sacred
Honor.
Button Gwinnett
Lyman Hall
Geo[rge] Walton
W[illia]m Hooper
Joseph Hewes
John Penn
Tho[ma]s Stone
Charles Carroll of Carrollton
James Wilson
Geo[rge] Ross
Caesar Rodney
Geo[rge] Reed
Tho. M. Kean
W[iilia]m Floyd
Phil [lip] Livingston
Fran[ci]s Lewis
Lewis Morris
Rich[ar]d Stockton
J[onatha]n Witherspoon
Fras. Hopkinson
John Hart
Abra Clark
George Wythe
Richard Henry Lee
Th[omas] Jefferson
Benja[min] Harrison
Tho[ma]s Nelson, Jr.
Francis Lightfoot Lee
John Hancock
Edward Rutledge
Thomas Heyward, Junr.
Thomas Lynch, Junr.
Arthur Middleton
Samuel Chase
W[illia] Paca
Carter Braxton
Rob[er]t Morris
Benjamin Rush
Benja[min] Franklin
John Morton
Geo[rge] Clymer
Ja[me]s Smith
Geo[rge] Taylor
Josiah Bartlett
W[illia]m Hippie
Sam[ue]l Adams
John Adams
Rob[er]t Treat Payne
Eldridge Gerry
Step[hen] Hopkins
William Ellery
Roger Sherman
Samuel Huntington
W[illia]m Williams
Oliver Woolcott
Matthew Thornton
Historical Miscellanea 45
THE AMERICAN FLAG
A flag is more than just a piece of brightly colored cloth fluttering in the breeze. It is a
symbol that represents a cause, an idea, or a purpose. Every country in the world has a
flag — a national symbol with a special meaning. A symbol that can stir people to joy
and sadness, to courage and sacrifice. A flag's gentle ripple as it is caught by a soft
breeze, or its violent twisting when caught by a sudden gust of wind is a sight to behold.
Even the most depressed of people feel their spirits lifted when their eyes fall upon the
flag of their country. Hearts beat with a sense of pride and feelings are transformed into
happiness and gratitude.
Origins of the American Flag
In 1775, the Philadelphia Troop of Light Horse Harry Lee carried a standard with
thirteen alternating blue and silver stripes in the upper left-hand corner. At Cambridge
on January 2, 1776, Washington, without authorization of the Continental Congress
raised a flag consisting of thirteen alternate white and red stripes with the crosses of St.
George and St. Andrew in a blue field on the upper left-hand corner. It was called the
"Union Flag," "Grand Union Flag," and the "Continental Flag," and was employed
until displaced by the Stars and Stripes adopted by the Continental Congress.
Historians are unsure of who designed the first fiag. Francis Hopkinson, one of the
signers of the Declaration of Independence, claims to have been the designer of the
Stars and Stripes. A native of Philadelphia, born September 21, 1737, Hopkinson was a
graduate of the University of Pennsylvania. He was a lawyer and later served as a judge
in both New Jersey and Philadelphia. He is also credited with designing the first Great
Seal of the United States. He died in Philadelphia May 9, 1791.
The traditional story that Betsy Ross, as early as June 1776, made a stars and stripes
flag from a pencil sketch supplied by Washington, but changed the points of the stars
from six to five, is repudiated by most historians. Noted historian Theodore D. Gottlieb
states that while Betsy Ross did make fiags, she did not make the first stars and stripes
flag. He writes:
The Department of State, the War and Navy departments, the Historical Sites Com-
mission of Philadelphia and other official bodies repudiate the legend. The book and
pamphlet material available is overwhelmingly against the legend.
The story arose for the first time on March 14, 1870, when William J. Canby read a
paper before the Pennsylvania Historical Society in which he states that in 1836, when
his grandmother, Betsy Ross, was 84 years old and he was 1 1, she told him the story. He
apparently thought little of it because nothing was done until 1857, when at the sugges-
tion of his Aunt Clarissa, oldest daughter of Betsy, he wrote out the notes as he remem-
bered the conversation.
Nothing further was done until 1870 when he wrote his paper. The Historical Society
of Pennsylvania thought so little of the paper it neither catalogued nor kept a copy of it.
Even George Canby, younger brother of William, disputed several points in the paper.
The legend grew to strength from 1888 to 1893 when promotors secured an option on
the so-called Flag House.
Modern historical researchers are giving much thought to Francis Hopkinson of New
Jersey as the possible designer and the Fillmore or Bennington flag as the first flag.
46 North Carolina Manual
Modern historical researchers are giving much thought to Francis Hopkinson of New
Jersey as the possible designer and the Fillmore or Bennington flag as the first flag.
Half a dozen localities claim to have been the place where the Stars and Stripes was
first used. Within New York State such contention has been for Fort Ann on July 8,
Fort Stanwix on August 3, Bennington on August 13, and Saratoga on September 19,
1777. The flag with thirteen stripes and thirteen stars, authorized on June 14, 1777, con-
tinued to be used as the national emblem until Congress passed the following act, which
President Washington signed:
"That from and after May 1, 1795, the flag of the United States be fifteen stripes, al-
ternate red and white; and that the union be fifteen stars, white in a blue field."
This action was necessitated by the admission of the States of Vermont and Kentucky
to the Union.
The flag of 1 795 had the stars arranged in three rows of five each instead of in a circle,
and served for 23 years.
With the admission of more new states, however, it became apparent that the 1795
would have to be further modified; hence in 1818 a law was passed by Congress provid-
ing:
"That from and after the fourth day of July next, the fiag of the United States be
thirteen horizontal stripes, alternate red and white; that the union have twenty stars,
white in a blue field.
"That on the admission of every new state into the Union, one star be added to the
union of the fiag; and that such addition shall take effect on the Fourth of July next suc-
ceeding such admission."
Since 1818 additional stars have been added until today they are 50 on the flag. No
law has been passed to designate how the stars shall be arranged. At one time they
formed a design of a larger star. Now they form five rows of six stars each and four rows
of five stars each.
Each flag's colors and designs have specific meanings. Our Flag, "Old Glory" as it is
often referred to and which parallels the origin of our country stands for the hard work
and sacrifice of millions of Americans. Its seven red and six white stripes represent the
thirteen original colonies. Its white stars on a blue field represent the union of the states.
The flag makers left no records to tell us why they chose red, white and blue for the
colors of the Flag. In 1 782, the colors of the Flag were made part of the newly designed
Great Seal of the United States, and the Department of State said the colors have these
meanings:
RED — hardiness and courage
WHITE — the symbol of purity and innocence
BLUE — vigilance, perseverance and justice
There is a legend that George Washington said:
"We take the stars and blue union from
Heaven, the red from our mother country,
separating it by white stripes, thus
showing we have separated from her, and
the white stripes shall go down to
posterity representing liberty."
The "Stars and Stripes," proportions and shape was first made official by President
William Howard Taft in 1912, although he withdrew his order six months later. Presi-
Historical Miscellanea 47
dent Woodrow Wilson, in 1916, put the order back into effect and it remains in effect
today. The horizontal length is 1 9/10 times its vertical width. The union is as wide,
vertically, as seven of the thirteen stripes. The horizontal length of the union is 76/100
the vertical width of the Flag.
The Proper Display
SEC. 1. That the following codification of existing rules and customs pertaining to
the display and use of the flag of the United States of America be, and is hereby, estab-
lished for the use of such civilians or civilian groups or organizations as may not be re-
quired to conform with regulations promulgated by one or more executive departments
of the Government of the United States. The flag of the United States for the purpose of
this chapter shall be defined according to title 4, United States Code, Chapter 1, section
1 and section 2 and Executive Order 10834 issued pursuant thereto.
SEC. 2(a) It is the universal custom to display the flag only from sunrise to sunset on
buildings and on stationary flagstaffs in the open. However, when a patriotic effect is
desired, the flag may be displayed twenty-four hours a day if properly illuminated dur-
ing the hours of darkness.
(b) The flag should be hoisted briskly and lowered ceremoniously.
(c) The flag should not be displayed on days when the weather is inclement,
except when an all weather flag is displayed.
(d) The flag should be displayed on all days, especially on New Year's Day,
January 1; Inauguration Day, January 20; Lincoln's Birthday, February 12; Washing-
ton's Birthday, third Monday in February; Easter Sunday (variable); Mother's Day,
second Sunday in May; Armed Forces Day, third Saturday in May; Memorial Day
(half-staff until noon), the last Monday in May; Flag Day, June 14; Independence Day,
July 4; Labor Day, first Monday in September; Constitution Day, September 17; Col-
umbus Day, second Monday in October; Navy Day, October 27; Veterans Day, No-
vember 1 1; Thanksgiving Day, fourth Thursday in November; Christmas Day, Decem-
ber 25; and such other days as may be proclaimed by the President of the United States:
The birthdays of States (date of admission); and on State holidays.
(e) The flag should be displayed daily on or near the main administration
building of every public institution.
(0 The flag should be displayed in or near every polling place on election
days.
(g) The flag should be displayed during school days in or near every school-
house.
SEC. 3 That the flag, when carried in a procession with another flag or flags, should
be either on the marching right; that is, the flag's own right, or, if there is a line of other
flags, in front of the center of that line.
(a) The flag should not be displayed on a float in a parade except from a staff,
or as provided in subsection (i).
(b) The flag should not be draped over the hood, top, sides, or back of a vehi-
cle or of a railroad train or a boat. When the flag is displayed on a motor car, the staff
should be fix ed firmly to the chassis or clamped to the right fender.
* Public Law 94-344 (94th Congress, S.J. Resolution 49, July 7, 1976.)
48 North Carolina Manual
(c) No other flag or pennant should be placed above or, if on the same level,
to the right of the flag of the United States of America, except during church services
conducted by naval chaplains at sea, when the church pennant may be flown above the
flag during church services for the personnel of the Navy.
(d) The flag of the United States of America, when it is displayed with an-
other flag against a wall from crossed staffs, should be on the right, and its staff should
be in front of the staff of the other flag.
(e) The flag of the United States of America should be at the center and at the
highest point of the group when a number of flags of States or localities or pennants of
societies are grouped and displayed from staffs.
(f) When flags of states, cities, or localities, or pennants of societies are flown
on the same halyard with the flag of the United States, the latter should always be at the
peak. When the flags are flown from adjacent staffs, the flag of the United States should
be hoisted first and lowered last. No such flag or pennant may be placed above the flag
of the United States or to the United States Flag's right.
(g) When flags of two or more nations are displayed, they are to be flown
from separate staffs of the same height. The flags should be of approximately equal size.
International usage forbids the display of the flag of one nation above that of another
nation in time of peace.
(h) When the flag of the United States is displayed from a staff projecting
horizontally or at an angle from the window sill, balcony, or front of a building, the
union of the flag should be placed at the peak of the staff unless the flag is at half staff.
When the flag is suspended over a sidewalk from a rope extending from a house to a
pole at the edge of the sidewalk, the flag should be hoisted out, union first, from the
building.
(i) When displayed either horizontally or vertically against a wall, the union
should be uppermost and to the flag's own right, that is, to the observer's left. When dis-
played in a window, the flag should be displayed in the same way, with the union or blue
field to the left of the observer in the street.
(j) When the flag is displayed over the middle of the street, it should be sus-
pended vertically with the union to the north in an east and west street or to the east in a
north and south street.
(k) When used on a speaker's platform, the flag, if displayed flat should be
displayed above and behind the speaker. When displayed from a staff in a church or
pubHc auditorium, the flag of the United States of America should hold the position of
superior prominence, in advance of the audience, and in the position of honor at the
clergyman's or speaker's right as he faces the audience. Any other flag so displayed
should be placed on the left of the clergyman or speaker or to the right of the audience.
(1) The flag should form a distinctive feature of the ceremony of unveiling a
statue or monument, but it should never be used as the covering for the statue or monu-
ment.
(m) The flag, when flown at half-staff, should be first hoisted to the peak for
an instant and then lowered to the half-staff position. The flag should be again raised to
the peak before it is lowered for the day. On Memorial Day the flag should be displayed
at half-staff until noon only, then raised to the top of the staff. By order of the Presi-
dent, the flag shall be flown at half-staff upon the death of principal figures of the
Historical Miscellanea 49
United States Government and the Governor of a State, territory, or possession, as a
mark of respect to their memory. In the event of the death of other officials or foreign
dignitaries, the flag is to be displayed at half-staff according to Presidential instructions
or orders, or in accordance with recognized customs or practices not inconsistent with
law. In the event of the death of a present or former official of the government of any
State, territory, or possession of the United States, the Governor of that State, territory,
or possession may proclaim that the National flag shall be flown at half-staff. The flag
shall be flown at half-staff thirty days from the death of the President or a former Presi-
dent; ten days from the day of death of the Vice president, the Chief Justice or a retired
Chief Justice of the United States, or the Speaker of the House of Representatives; from
the day of death until interment of an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court, a Secre-
tary of an executive or military department, a former Vice President, or the Governor of
a State, territory, or possession; and on the day of death and the following day for a
Member of Congress. As used in this subsection —
(1) the term 'half-staff means the position of the flag when it is one-half
the distance between the top and bottom of the staff;
(2) the term 'executive or military department' means any agency listed
under sections 101 and 102 of title 5, United States Code; and
(3) the term 'Member of Congress' means a Senator, a Representative, a
Delegate, or the Resident Commissioner from Puerto Rico.
(n) When the flag is used to cover a casket, it should be so placed that the
union is at the head and over the left shoulder. The flag should not be lowered into the
grave or allowed to touch the ground.
(o) When the flag is suspended across a corridor or lobby in a building with
only one main entrance, it should be suspended vertically with the union of the flag to
the observer's left upon entering. If the building has more than one main entrance, the
flag should be suspended vertically near the center of the corridor or lobby with the
union to the north, when entrances are to the east and west or to the east when en-
trances are to the north and south. If there are entrances in more than two directions,
the union should be to the east.
SEC. 4 That no disrespect should be shown to the flag of the United States of Ameri-
ca; the flag should not be dipped to any person or thing. Regimental colors. State flags,
and organization or institutional flags are to be dipped as a mark of honor.
(a) The flag should never be displayed with the union down, except as a signal
of dire distress in instances of extreme danger to life or property.
(b) The flag should never touch anything beneath it, such as the ground, the
floor, water, or merchandise.
(c) The flag should never be carried flat or horizontally, but always aloft and
free.
(d) The flag should never be used as wearing apparel, bedding, or drapery. It
should never be festooned, drawn back, nor up, in folds, but always allowed to fall free.
Bunting of blue, white, and red, always arranged with the blue above, the white in the
middle, and red below, should be used for covering a speaker's desk, draping the front
of the platform, and for decoration in general.
(e) The flag should never be fastened, displayed, used, or stored in such a
manner as to permit it to be easily torn, soiled, or damaged in any way.
50 North Carolina Manual
(f) The flag should never be used as a covering for a ceiling.
(g) The flag should never have placed upon it, nor on any part of it, nor at-
tached to it any mark, insignia, letter, word, figure, design, picture, or drawing of any
nature.
(h) The flag should never be used as a receptacle for receiving, holding, carry-
ing or delivering anything.
(i) The flag should never be used for advertising purposes in any manner
whatsoever. It should not be embroidered on such articles as cushions or handkerchiefs
and the like, printed or otherwise impressed on paper napkins or boxes or anything that
is designed for temporary use and discard. Advertising signs should not be fastened to a
staff or halyard from which the flag is flown.
(j) No part of the flag should ever be used as a costume or athletic uniform.
However, a flag patch may be affixed to the uniform of military personnel, firemen,
policemen, and members of patriotic organizations. The flag represents a living country
and is itself considered a living thing. Therefore, the lapel flag pin being a replica,
should be worn on the left lapel near the heart.
(k) The flag, when it is in such condition that it is no longer a fitting emblem
for display, should be destroyed in a dignified way, preferably by burning.
SEC. 5 During the ceremony of hoisting or lowering the fiag or when the flag is pass-
ing in a parade or in review, all persons present except those in uniform should face the
fiag and stand at attention with the right hand over the heart. Those present in uniform
should render the military salute. When not in uniform, men should remove their head-
dress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart.
Aliens should stand at attention. The salute to the fiag in a moving column should be
rendered at the moment the flag passes.
SEC. 6 During rendition of the national anthem when the fiag is displayed, all pres-
ent except those in uniform should stand at attention facing the fiag with the right hand
over the heart. Men not in uniform should remove their headdress with their right hand
and hold it at the left shoulder, the hand being over the heart. Persons in uniform
should render the military salute at the first note of the anthem and retain this position
until the last note. When the flag is not displayed, those present should face toward the
music and act in the same manner they would if the flag were displayed there.
SEC. 7 The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag, 'I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the
United States of America, and to the Republic for which it stands, one Nation under
God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all', should be rendered by standing at at-
tention facing the fiag with the right hand over the heart. When not in uniform men
should remove their headdress with their right hand and hold it at the left shoulder, the
hand being over the heart. Persons in uniform should remain silent, face the fiag and
render the military salute.
SEC. 8 Any rule or custom pertaining to the display of the fiag of the United States
of America, set forth herein, may be altered, modified, or repealed, or additional rules
with respect thereto may be prescribed, by the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed
Forces of the United States, whenever he deems it to be appropriate or desirable; and
any such alteration or additional rule shall be set forth in a proclamation.
Historical Miscellanea 51
The Pledge
The Pledge to the Flag, according to a report of the Historical Committee of the
United States Flag Association (May 18, 1939), was written by Francis Bellamy (August
1892), a member of the editorial staff of The Youth's Companion, in Boston, Massachu-
setts. It was first repeated at the exercises in connection with the celebration of Colum-
bus Day (October 12, 1892, Old Style). The idea of this national celebration on Colum-
bus Day was largely that of James B. Upham, one of the junior proprietors of The
Youth's Companion.
Francis Hopkinson, a signer of the Declaration of Independence, was the designer of
the Stars and Stripes— not Betsy Ross of Philadelphia, who made flags. He also de-
signed the first Great Seal of the United States, a number of coins and several items of
paper currency in the early days of the Republic.
Hopkinson, born in Philadelphia (September 21, 1737), and a graduate of the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania, was the first native American composer of a secular song, "My
Days Have Been So Wondrous Free." He was a lawyer and later a judge in New Jersey
and then in Pennsylvania. He died in Philadelphia (May 9, 1791). His portrait, painted
by himself, hangs in the rooms of the Pennsylvania Historical Society, Philadelphia. He
played the organ and harpsichord.
"I pledge allegiance to the flag
of the United States of America,
And to the Republic for which it stands.
One Nation under God, indivisible.
With liberty and justice for all."
Historical Miscellanea 53
THE STATE BIRD
By popular choice the Cardinal was selected for adoption as our State Bird as of
March 4, 1943. {Session Laws, 1943 c. 595; G. S. 145-2.)
This bird is sometimes called the Winter Redbird because it is most conspicuous in
winter and is the only "redbird" present at that season. It is an all year round resident
and one of the commonest birds in our gardens and thickets. It is about the size of a
Catbird with a longer tail, red all over, except that the throat and region around the bill
is black; the head is conspicuously crested and the large stout bill is red; the female is
much duller — the red being mostly confined to the crest, wings and tail. There are no
seasonal changes in the plumage.
The Cardinal is a fine singer, and what is unusual among birds the female is said to
sing as well as the male, which latter sex usually has a monopoly of that art in the
feathered throngs.
The nest is rather an untidy affiar built of weed stems, grass and similar materials in a
low shrub, small tree or bunch of briars, usually not over four feet above the ground.
The usual number of eggs to a set is three in this State, usually four further North. Pos-
sibly the Cardinal raises an extra brood down here to make up the difference, or pos-
sibly he can keep up his normal population more easily here through not having to face
inclement winters of the colder North. A conspicuous bird faces more hazards.
The Cardinal is by nature a seed eater, but he does not dislike small fruits and insects.
THE STATE FLOWER
The General Assembly of 1941 designated the dogwood as the State flower. {Public
Laws, 1941, c. 289; G.S. 145-1.)
The Dogwood is one of the most prevalent trees in our State and can be found in all
parts of the State from the mountains to the coast. Its blossoms which appear in early
spring and continue on into summer, are most often found in white, although shades of
pink are not uncommon.
THE STATE INSECT
The General Assembly of 1973 designated the Honey Bee as the official State Insect.
{Session Laws, 1973, c. 55)
This industrious creature is responsible for the production of more than $2 million
worth of honey in the state each year. However, its greatest value results from the pol-
Hnation of North Carolina crops which is estimated to be worth nearly $50 million an-
nually.
Historical Miscellanea 55
THE STATE TREE
The pine was officially designated as the State tree by the General Assembly of 1963.
{Session Laws, 1963, c. 41).
This choice was not unexpected as the pine is the most common of the trees found in
North Carolina, as well as the most important one in the history of our State. During
the Colonial and early Statehood periods, the pine was a vital part of the economy of
North Carolina. From it came many of the "naval stores" — resin, turpentine, and tim-
ber — which was needed by merchants and the navy for their ships. It has continued to
provide North Carolina with a supply of products.
THE STATE MAMMAL
The General Assembly of 1969 designated the Gray Squirrel as the official State
Mammal. {Session Laws, 1969 c. 1207; G. S. 145-5.)
The gray squirrel is a common inhabitant of most areas of North Carolina from "the
swamps of eastern North Carolina to the upland hardwood forests of the piedmont and
western counfies." He feels more at home in an "untouched wilderness" environment,
although a large portion of their population inhabit our city parks and suburbs. During
the fall and winter months the gray squirrel survives on a diet of hardwoods, with
acorns providing carbohydrates and other nuts protein. In the spring and summer their
diet consists of "new growth and fruits" supplemented by early corn, peanuts and in-
sects.
NAME OF STATE AND NICKNAMES
In 1629 King Charles the First of England "erected into a province," all the land
from Albemarle Sound on the north to the St. John's River on the south, which he di-
rected should be called Carolina. The word Carolina is from the word Carolus, the
Latin form of Charles.
When Carolina was divided in 1710, the southern part was called South Carolina and
the northern or older settlement was called North Carolina, or the "Old North State."
Historians had recorded the fact that the principal products of this State were "tar,
pitch and turpentine." It was during one of the fiercest battles of the War Between the
States, so the story goes, that the column supporting the North Carolina troops was
driven from the field. After the battle the North Carolinians, who had successfully
fought it out alone, were greeted from the passing derelict regiment with the question:
"Any more tar down in the Old North State, boys?" Quick as a flash came the answer:
"No; not a bit; old Jeffs bought it all up." "Is that so; what is he going to do with it?"
was asked. "He is going to put it on you-uns heels to make you stick better in the next
fight." Creecy relates that General Lee, hearing of the incident, said: "God bless the Tar
Heel boys," and from that they took the name. (—Adapted from Grandfather Tales oj
North Carolina by R. B. Creecy and Histories of North Carolina Regiments, Vol. Ill, by
Walter Clark).
Historical Miscellanea 57
THE STATE SHELL
The General Assembly of 1965 designated the Scotch Bonnet (pronounced bonay) as
the State Shell. {Session Laws, 1965, c. 681.)
A colorful and beautifully shaped shell, the Scotch Bonnet is abundant in North
Carolina coastal waters between 500 and 200 feet deep. The best source of live speci-
mens is from offshore commercial fisherman.
THE STATE SALT WATER FISH
The General Assembly of 1971 designated the Channel Bass (Red Drum) as the offi-
cial State Salt Water Fish. (Session Laws, 1971, c. 274; G. S. 145-6)
Channel Bass usually occur in great supply along the Tar Heel coastal waters and
have been found to weigh up to 75 pounds although most large ones average between 30
and 40 pounds.
THE STATE MOTTO
The General Assembly of 1893 (chapter 145) adopted the words "Esse Quam Videri"
as the State's motto and directed that these words with the date "20 May, 1775," should
be placed with our Coat of Arms upon the Great Seal of the State.
The words "Esse Quam Videri" mean "to be rather than to seem." Nearly every State
has adopted a motto, generally in Latin. The reason for their mottoes being in Latin is
that the Latin tongue is far more condensed and terse than the English. The three
words, "Esse Quam Videri," require at least six English words to express the same idea.
Curiosity has been aroused to learn the origin of our State motto. It is found in
Cicero in his essay on Friendship (Cicero de Amnicitia, Chap. 26)
It is a little singular that until the act of 1893 the soverign State of North Carolina had
no motto since its declaration of independence. It was one of the very few states which
did not have a motto and the only one of the original thirteen without one. (Rev., s
5320; 1893, c. 145; G. S. 144-2.)
THE STATE COLORS
The General Assembly of 1945 declared Red and Blue of shades appearing in the
North Carolina State Flag and the American Flag as the official State Colors. {Session
Laws, 1945, c. 878.)
58
North Carolina Manual
THE STATE PRECIOUS STONE
The General Assembly of 1973 designated the emerald as the official State precious
stone. {Session Laws, 1973, c. 136.)
A greater variety of minerals, more than 300, have been found in North Carolina
than any other state.
These include some of the most valuable and unique gems in the world. The largest
Emerald in North Carolina is a 1,438-carat specimen found at Hiddenite, near States-
ville. Also, the "Carolina Emerald," now owned by Tiffany & Company of New York
was found at Hiddenite in 1970. When cut to 13.14 carats, the stone was valued at
$100,000 and became the largest and finest cut emerald on this continent.
Historical Miscellanea
59
THE STATE REPTILE
The General Assembly of 1979 designated the turtle — specifically the Eastern Box
Turtle — as the official State Reptile for the State of North Carolina. {Session Laws,
1979, c. 154)
The turtle is one of nature's most useful creatures. Through its dietary habits it serves
to assist in the control of harmful and pestiferous insects and as a clean-up crew, helping
to preserve the purity and beauty of our waters. At a superficial glance, the turtle ap-
pears to be a mundane and uninteresting creature; however, closer examination reveals
that it to be a most fascinating creature, ranging from species well adapted to modern
conditions to species which have existed virtually unchanged since prehistoric times.
Derided by many, the turtle is really a cuUinary delight, providing the gourmet food
enthusiast with numerous tasty dishes from soups to entries.
The turtle watches undisturbed as countless generations of faster "hares" run by to
quick oblivion, and is thus a model of patience for mankind, and a symbol of our State's
unrelenting pursuit of great and lofty goals.
60
North Carolina Manual
THE STATE ROCK
The General Assembly of 1979 designated Granite as the official Rock for the State
of North Carolina. {Session Laws, 1979, C. 906)
The State of North Carolina has been blessed with an abundant source of "the noble
rock" granite. Just outside Mount Airy in Surry County is the largest open face granite
quarry in the world measuring one mile long and 1,800 feet in width. The granite from
this quarry is unblemished, gleaming and without interfering seams to mar its splendor
and the high quality of this granite allows its widespread use as a building material, in
both industrial applications and in laboratory applications where super smooth surfaces
are a prerequisite.
North Carolina granite has been used for many magnificent edifices of government
throughout the United States such as the Wright Brothers Memorial at Kitty Hawk, the
gold depository at Fort Knox, the Arlington Memorial Bridge and numerous court-
houses throughout the land. Granite is a symbol of strength and steadfastness, qualities
characteristic of North Carolinians. It is fitting and just that the State of North Caro^
Una recognize the contribution of granite in providing employment to its citizens and
enhancing the beauty of its public buildings.
Historical Miscellanea
61
THE STATE SONG
The song known as "The Old North State" was adopted as the official song of the
State of North Carolina by the General Assembly of 1927. (Public Laws, 1927, c. 26; G.
S. 149-1).
THE OLD NORTH STATE
(Traditional air as Mung in 1926)
WaXIAM GlSTOH
With spirit
COLUECTKO AHS UBAHOIO
BT Msa. E. B. BiMDOLTB
^^
5^
t:
i
3Crz:S
1. Car - o - li - na! Car
2. Tho' she en - vies not
3. Then let all those who
li - nal heav-en's bless-ings at - tend her,
oth • ers, their mer - it - ed glo - ry,
love us, love the land that we live in,
While we live we will cher • ish, pro tect and
Say whose name stands the fore - most, in lib • er
As hap • py a re ■ gion as on this side
de • fend her, Tho' the
ty'ssto • ry, Tho' too
of heav-eo, Where
t
^
eES;
■0T-X^-
scorn - er nay sneer at and wit - lings de - fame her. Sti!! our hearts swell with
true to her - self e er to crouch to op -pres-sion. Who can yield to just
plen - ty and peace, love and joy smile be - fore us, Raise a>loud, rais; to-
eS^
=^
• ■ r r 'I
T — r
« — -^
lJ=t*
CaoRCB
W-
glad - ness when ev - er we name her.
rule a more loy • a! sub - mis - sion. Hur • rahl
geth - er the heart thrill - ing chorus.
Hur - rahl
the
-* «'
Old North State for - ev
Igl
It:
er, Hur - rahl
-* • I-S" —
Hur - rahl the good Old North State.
^ul:
\^ <J
:^3t
7^-— a>-
1
62 North Carolina Manual
THE STATE TOAST*
Officially adopted as the toast of North Carolina by the General Assembly of 1957.
{Session Laws, 1957, c. 777.)
Here's to the land of the long leaf pine,
The summer land where the sun doth shine.
Where the weak grow strong and the strong grow great.
Here's to "Down Home," the Old North State!
Here's to the land of the cotton bloom white,
Where the scuppernong perfumes the breeze at night.
Where the soft southern moss and jessamine mate,
'Neath the murmuring pines of the Old North State!
Here's to the land where the galax grows.
Where the rhododendron's rosette glows.
Where soars Mount Mitchell's summit great,
In the "Land of the Sky," in the Old North State!
Here's to the land where maidens are fair,
Where friends are true and cold hearts rare,
The near land, the dear land whatever fate.
The blest land, the best land, the Old North State!
'Composed in 1904 by Leonora Martin and Mary Burke Kerr.
Historical Miscellanea 63
Dates of Public Holidays
(a) The following are declared to be legal public holidays:
(1) New Year's Day, January 1.
(2) Robert E. Lee's Birthday, January 19.
(3) Washington's Birthday, the third Monday in February.
(3a) Greek Independence Day, March 25.
(4) Anniversary of signing of Halifax Resolves, April 12.
(5) Confederate Memorial Day, May 10.
(6) Anniversary of Mecklenburg Declaration of Independence, May 20.
(7) Memorial Day, the last Monday in May.
(8) Easter Monday.
(9) Independence Day, July 4.
(10) Labor Day, the first Monday in September.
(11) Columbus Day, the second Monday in October.
(11a) Yom Kippur.
(12) Veterans Day, November 11.
(13) Tuesday after the first Monday in November in years in which a general elec-
tion is to be held.
(14) Thanksgiving Day, the fourth Thursday in November.
(15) Christmas Day, December 25.
Provided that Easter Monday and Memorial Day, the last Monday in May, shall be a
holiday for all State and national banks only.
(b) Whenever any public holiday shall fall upon Sunday, the Monday following shall
be a public holiday. (1881, c. 294; Code, s. 3784; 1891, c. 58; 1899, c. 410; 1901, c. 25;
Rev., s. 2838; 1907, c. 996; 1909, c. 888; 1919, c. 287; C.S., s. 2959; 1935, c. 212; 1959, c.
1011; 1969, c. 521; 1973, c. 53; 1979, c. 84; 1981, c. 135.)
PART II
CENSUS
Census 67
POPULATION OF THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
Twentieth Census of the United States — 1980
The 1980 Census, the Twentieth Census of the United States, was one of the most
accurate ever taken. There have been numerous challenges to the figures released by
the Bureau of the Census; however, most of these challenges are the result of growth
rates being lower than anticipated by local governmental officials. The lower figures
are due to the figures of the 1970 Census which were found to be higher in many cases
than they actually were. This created a faulty base on which to make initial projections
during the decade of the seventies.
In North Carolina there were 42 incorporated places of 10,000 or more in 1980.
Three of these reached this size since 1970 — Boone, Havelock, and Laurinburg. Of
the incorporated places over 10,000, Charlotte is the largest with 314,447 people, fol-
lowed by Greensboro with 155,642 and Raleigh with 149,771. Winston-Salem, the
third largest in 1970, experienced a drop from 132,913 in 1970 to 131,885 in 1980.
During the 1970's several of the incorporated urban areas annexed military bases
which were adjacent to them. This in part accounts for the dramatic increases in the
population of certain incorporated areas.
According to the final figures of the 1980 Census, 97 of the counties gained in popu-
lation. This is quite a change from the previous census which showed only 62 counties
with gains while 38 had declines. Currituck County showed the greatest percentage
gain with an increase of 91.2%. Dare County was a distant second with a 59.0%
increase. Brunswick County was third at 47.7%.
The first census of North Carolina was taken in 1790, returning a population of
393,751. The population has shown an increase in every census since that time. The
population passed 1,000,000 between 1860 and 1870; 2,000,000 between 1900 and 1910;
3,000,000 between 1920 and 1930; 4,000,000 between 1940 and 1950; and 5,000,000
between 1960 and 1970. The recent census reveals that the present population of North
Carolina is 5,874,429. This represents a growth rate of 15.5%, or more than three
quarters of a million people, during the last decade as opposed to a rate of approxi-
mately 12%, or half a million people, during the 1960's. Almost half (47.7%) of the
1970-1980 change in population was due to net migration. This is in contrast to the
previous decade where all the growth was due to natural increase (or an excess of
births over deaths). In fact, natural increase during the 1960's was greater than total
growth, due to a net out-migration of 70,319 persons during that decade. If the same
high rate of natural increase in the 1960's had continued during the 1970's the state
would have had around 271,000 more residents than reflected in the 1980 figure. As it
was, a tremendous increase in net migration much more than offset the decrease in
birth rates.
North Carolina has a total area of 52,712 square miles of which 48,798 is land area
and 3,914 is water. Based on the population figures of 1980, North Carolina has a
density of 1 1 1.4 inhabitants per square mile — an increase of 15 o\:pr the 1970 density
figure of 96.4 inhabitants.
The tables that follow give various population figures based on tabulations made
during the 1980 census and corrections of initial reporting errors and any changes that
have occurred since April 1, 1980.
68
North Carolina Manual
TABLE 1. STATE POPULATION STATISTICS —
CENSUS STATISTICS & PROJECTIONS
1-A. Components of Population Change.
Percent
1960-1970 Change 1970-1980
Growth 528.256 12.0 790,018
Births 1,011,061 22.0 861,157
Deaths 412,486 9.0 464,508
Natural Increase 598,575 13.0 396,649
Net Migration -70,319 -2.0 393.369
1-B. Regional Components of Growth.
Percent
1960-1970 Change 1970-1980
Growth:
Coastal Plain 72,788 4.47 230,888
Piedmont 366,352 17.05 410,636
Mountains 89,116 11.43 148,494
Births;
Coastal Plain 379,266 23.30 328,207
Piedmont 471,843 21.96 397,598
Mountains 159,964 20.52 135,368
Deaths:
Coastal Plain 146,280 8.99 157,489
Piedmont 192,378 8.95 222,830
Mountains 73,838 9.47 84,197
Natural Increase:
Coastal Plain 232.986 14.31 170,718
Piedmont 279,465 13.01 174,768
Mountains 86,126 11.05 51,171
Net Migration:
Coastal Plain -160,198 -9.84 60,170
Piedmont 86,887 4.04 235,868
Mountains 2,990 0.38 97,323
1-C. Statewide Census Figures.
Date of Data Population
April 1, 1960 4,556,155
April 1, 1970 5,084,411
April 1, 1980 5,874,429
July 1, 1985* 6,241,000
April 1, 1990* 6,601,000
Change from
Last Census
494,226
528,256
790,018
787,227
Percent
Change
Change
In Rates
15.5
3.5
17.0
-5.0
9.0
0.0
8.0
-5.0
7.0
9.0
Percent
Change
Change
in Rates
13.58
9.11
16.33
-0.72
17.10
5.67
19.30
-4.00
15.81
-6.15
15.58
-4.94
9.26
0.27
8.86
-0.09
9.69
0.22
10.04
-4.27
6.95
-6.06
5.89
-5.16
3.50
13.38
9.38
5.34
11.20
10.82
Percent
Changi
t
12.2
11.6
15.5
13.5
Projected Data
Census
69
TABLE 2. COUNTY POPULATION STATISTICS, 1980 CENSUS
County
Land Area
in Square
Miles
1970 Census
Total
Population
Density
1980 Census
Total
Population
Density
Percent
Change
19701980
Alamance ...
Alexander ...
Alleghany ...
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick ..
Buncombe ..
Burke
Cabarrus ....
Caldwell
Camden
Carteret
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham ....
Cherokee ....
Chowan
Clay
Cleveland ...
Columbus ...
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck ....
Dare
Davidson ....
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe .
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville ....
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood ....
Henderson ..
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
428
96,502
225.1
99,319
232.1
2.9
259
19,466
75.2
24,999
96.5
28.4
225
8,134
36,2
9,587
42.6
17.9
533
23,488
44.1
25,649
48.1
8.9
426
19.571
45.9
22,325
52.4
14.1
245
12,655
51.7
14,409
58.8
13.9
826
35,980
43.6
40,355
48.9
12.2
698
20,528
29.4
21,024
30.1
2.4
883
26,477
30.0
30,491
34.5
15.1
856
24,223
28.3
35,777
41.8
47.7
657
145,056
220.8
160,934
245.0
10.9
511
60,364
118. 1
72,504
141.9
20.1
363
74,629
205.6
85,895
326.6
15.1
469
56,699
120.9
67,746
144.4
19.5
239
5,453
22.8
5,829
24.4
6.9
536
3 1 ,603
59.0
41,092
76.7
30.0
428
19,055
44.5
20,705
48.4
8.7
394
90,873
230.6
105,208
267.0
15.8
709
29,554
41.7
33,415
47.1
13. 1
452
16,330
36.1
18,933
40.4
15.9
173
10,764
62.2
12,558
72.6
16.7
209
5,180
24.8
6,619
31.7
27.8
468
72,556
155.0
83,435
177.6
15.0
945
46,937
49.7
51,037
54.0
8.7
699
62,554
89.5
71,043
101.6
13.6
654
212,042
324.2
247,160
377.9
16.6
246
6,976
28.4
11,089
45.1
59.0
391
6,995
17.9
13,377
34.2
91.2
549
95,627
174.2
113,162
206.1
18.3
265
18,855
71.2
24,599
92.8
30.5
815
38,015
46.6
40,952
50.2
7.7
295
132,681
449.8
152,785
517.9
15.2
510
52,341
102.6
55,988
109.8
7.0
419
215,118
513.4
243,704
581.6
13.3
491
26,820
54.6
30,055
61.2
12.1
356
148,415
416.9
162,568
456.7
9.5
337
8,524
25.3
8,875
26.3
4.1
292
6,562
22.5
7,217
24.7
10.0
537
32.762
61.0
34,043
63.4
3.9
267
14,967
56.1
16,117
60.4
7.7
655
288,645
440.6
317,154
484.2
9.9
734
53,884
73.4
55,076
75.0
2.3
603
49,667
82.4
59,570
98.8
19.9
551
41,710
75.7
46,495
84.4
11.5
378
42,804
113.2
58,580
155.0
36.9
353
24,439
66.7
23,368
66.2
-4.4
389
16,436
42.3
20,383
52.6
24.0
613
5,571
9.1
5,873
9.6
5.4
572
72,197
126.2
82,538
144.3
14.3
491
21,593
44.0
25,811
52.6
19.5
70
North Carolina Manual
TABLE 2. COUNTY POPULATION STATISTICS,
1980 CENSUS (Continued)
County
Land Area
in Square
Miles
1970 Census
Total
Population
Density
1980 Census
Total
Population
Density
Percent
Change
1970-1980
Johnston 797
Jones 467
Lee 256
Lenoir 400
Lincoln 297
McDowell 436
Macon 513
Madison 450
Martin 455
Mecklenburg 530
Mitchell 215
Montgomery 488
Moore 704
Nash 544
New Hanover 185
Northampton 536
Onslow 765
Orange 400
Pamlico 338
Pasquotank 228
Pender 871
Perquimans 246
Person 401
Pitt 655
Polk 239
Randolph 798
Richmond 475
Robeson 949
Rockingham 569
Rowan 523
Rutherford 563
Sampson 945
Scotland 319
Stanly 398
Stokes 457
Surry 536
Swain 524
Transylvania 382
Tyrrell 390
Union 639
Vance 249
Wake 858
Warren 424
Washington 343
Watauga 317
Wayne 557
Wilkes 757
Wilson 375
Yadkin 336
Yancey 312
61,737
77.5
9,779
20.9
30,467
119.0
55,204
138.0
32,682
110.0
30,648
70.3
15,788
30.8
16,003
35.6
24,730
54.4
354,656
669.2
13,447
62.5
19,267
39.5
39,048
55.5
59,122
108.7
82,996
448.6
23,099
43.1
103,126
134.8
57,567
143.9
9,467
28.0
26,824
117.6
18,149
20.8
8,351
33.9
25,914
64.6
73,900
112.8
11,735
49.1
76,358
95.7
39,889
84.0
84,842
89.4
72,402
127.2
90.035
172.2
47,337
84.1
44,954
47.6
26,929
84.4
42,822
107.6
23,782
52.0
51,415
95.9
8,835
16.9
19,713
51.6
3,806
9.8
54,714
85.6
32,691
131.3
229,006
266.9
15,810
37.3
14,038
40.9
23,404
73.8
85,408
153.3
49,524
65.4
57,486
153.3
24,599
73.2
12,629
40.5
70,599
88.6
14.4
9,705
20.8
-0.8
36,718
143.4
20.5
59,819
149.5
8.4
42,372
142.7
29.6
35,135
80.6
14.6
20,178
39.3
27.8
16,827
37.4
5.1
25,948
120.7
4.9
404,270
762.8
14.0
14,428
67.1
7.3
22.469
46.0
16.6
50,505
71.7
29.3
67,153
123.4
13.6
103,471
559.3
24.7
22,195
42.1
-2.2
112,784
147.4
9.4
77,055
192,6
33.9
10,398
30.8
9.8
28,462
124.8
6.1
22,262
25.5
22.5
9,486
38.6
13.6
29,164
72.7
12.5
90,146
137.6
22.0
12,984
54.3
10.6
91,728
114.9
20.1
45,481
95.7
14.0
101,610
107.0
19.8
83,426
146.6
15.2
99,186
189.6
10.2
53,787
95.5
13.6
49,687
52.6
10.5
32,273
101.2
19.8
48,517
121.9
13.3
33,086
72.4
39.1
59,449
110.9
15.6
10,283
19.6
16.4
23,417
61.3
18.8
3,975
10.2
4.4
70,436
110.1
28.6
36,748
147.6
12.4
301,429
351.3
31.6
16,232
38.3
2.7
14,801
43.2
5.4
31,666
99.8
35.3
97,054
174.2
13.6
58,657
77.5
18.4
63,132
168.4
9.8
28,439
84.6
15.6
14,934
47.9
18.3
Census
71
TABLE 3. POPULATION OF INCORPORATED PLACES OF
10,000 OR MORE
City or Town
County
1970
Census
1980
Census
Percent
Change
Albemarle Stanly
Asheboro Randolph .
Asheville Buncombe
Boone Watauga ...
Burlington Alamance .
Cary Wake
Chapel Hill Durham, Orange
Charlotte Mecklenburg
Concord Cabarrus
Durham Durham
11,126
10,797
57,820
8,754
35,930
7,640
26,199
241,420
18,464
95.438
15,110
15,252
54,022
10,191
37,266
21,763
32,421
314,447
16,942
100,538
35.8
41.3
-7.3
16.4
3.7
184.9
23.7
30.2
-8.2
5.7
Eden Rockingham
Elizabeth City Pasquotank, Camden
Fayetteville Cumberland
Gastonia Gaston
Goldsboro Wayne
15,871
14,381
53,510
47,322
26,960
15,672
14,004
59,507
47,333
31,871
-1.3
-2.6
11.2
0.0
18.2
Greensboro Guilford
Greenville Pitt
Havelock Craven
Henderson Vance
Hickory Burke, Catawba
High Point Randolph, Guilford
Jacksonville Onslow
Kannapolis Cabarrus, Rowan -..
Kinston Lenoir
Laurinburg Scotland
144.076
29,063
3,012
13,896
20,569
63,229
16,289
23,020
8,859
155,642
35,740
17,718
13,522
20,757
63,479
18,237
30,303
25,234
11.480
8.0
23.0
488.2
-2.7
0.9
0.2
8.0
9.6
29.6
Lenoir Caldwell .
Lexington Davidson
Lumberton Robeson .
Monroe Union
Morganton Burke
New Bern Craven
Raleigh Wake
Reidsville Rockingham
Roanoke Rapids Halifax
Rocky Mount Edgecombe, Nash.
Salisbury Rowan
Sanford Lee
Shelby Cleveland
Statesville Iredell
Thomasville Davidson
14,705
17,205
16,961
11,282
13,625
14,660
122,830
13,636
13,508
34,284
22,515
11,716
16,328
20,007
15.230
13,748
15,711
18,340
14,555
13,763
14,557
150,255
12,492
14.702
41.526
22,677
14,773
15,310
18.622
14.144
-6.5
-8.7
8.1
25.0
1.0
-0.7
22.3
-8.4
8.8
20. 4
0.7
26.1
-6.2
-6.9
-7.1
Wilmington New Hanover
Wilson Wilson
Winston-Salem Forsyth
46,169
29,347
133.683
44,000
34,424
131,885
-4.7
17.3
-1.3
72 North Carolina Manual
TABLE 4. POPULATION OF INCORPORATED PLACES OF
2,500-9,999 INHABITANTS
1970 1980 Percent
City or Town County Census Census Change
Ahoskie Hertford
Apex Wake
Archdale Randolph, Guilford
Beaufort Carteret
Belmont Gaston
Benson Johnston
Bessemer City Gaston
Black Mountain Buncombe ...
Brevard Transylvania
Canton Haywood
Carrboro Orange
Cherryville Gaston ,
Clayton Johnston
Clinton Sampson
Conover Catawba ,
Dallas Gaston
Davidson Mecklenburg, Iredell
Dunn Harnett
Edenton Chowan
Elizabethtown Bladen
Elkin Surry, Wilkes
Elon College Town Alamance
Enfield Halifax
Erwin Harnett
Fairmont Robeson
Farmville Pitt
Forest City Rutherford
Franklin Macon
Fuquay-Varina Wake
Gamewell Caldwell ...
Garner Wake
Gibsonville Guilford, Alamance
Graham Alamance
Granite Falls Caldwell
Hamlet Richmond
Hendersonville Henderson ..
Hillsborough Orange
Hope Mills Cumberland
Hudson Caldwell
Kernersville Forsvth
Kings Mountain Cleveland, Gaston
Kings Stokes
La Grange Lenoir
Lincolnton Lincoln
Longview Burke, Catawba ...
Louisburg Franklin
5,105
4,887
-4.3
2,234
2,847
27.4
4,874
5,326
17.9
3,368
3,826
13.6
5,054
4,607
-8.8
2,267
2,792
23.2
4,991
4,787
-4.1
3,204
4,083
27.4
5,412
5,323
1.5
5,158
4,631
10.2
5,058
7,517
48.6
5,258
4,844
-7.9
3,103
4,091
31.8
7,157
7,552
5.5
3,355
4,245
26.5
4,059
3,340
-17.7
2,931
3,241
10.6
8,302
8,962
7.9
4,956
5,264
6.2
1,418
3,551
150.4
2,899
2,858
-1.4
2,150
2,873
33.6
3,272
2,995
-8.5
2,852
2,828
-0.8
2,827
2,658
-6.0
4,424
4,707
6.4
7,179
7,688
7.1
2,336
2,640
13.0
3,576
3,110
-13.0
—
2,910
—
4,923
9,556
94.1
2,019
2,865
41.9
8,172
8,674
6.1
2,388
2,580
8.0
4,627
4,720
2.0
6,443
6,862
6.5
1,444
3,019
109.1
1,866
5,412
190.0
2,820
2,888
2.4
4,815
6,802
41.3
8,465
9,080
7.3
—
3,811
—
2,679
3,147
17.5
5,293
4,879
-7.8
3,360
3,587
6.8
2,941
3,238
10.1
Census 73
TABLE 4. POPULATION OF INCORPORATED PLACES OF
2,500-9,999 INHABITANTS (Continued)
1970 19B0 Percent
City or Town County Census Census Change
Lowell Gaston
Madison Rockingham
Maiden Catawba, Lincoln
Marion McDowell
Maxton Robeson, Scotland
Mayodan Rockingham
Mebane Alamance, Orange
Mint Hill Mecklenburg
Mocksville Davie
Mooresville Iredell
Morehead City Carteret
Mount Airy Surry
Mount Holly Gaston
Mount Olive Duplin, Wayne
Murfreesboro Hertford
Nashville Nash
Newton Catawba
North Wilkesboro Wilkes
Oxford Granville
Pembroke Robeson
Plymouth Washington
Raeford Hoke
Red Springs Robeson
Rockingham Richmond ...
Roxboro Person
Rutherfordton Rutherford
Scotland Neck Halifax
Selma Johnston ...
Siler City Chatham ...
Smithfield Johnston ...
Southern Pines Moore
Southport Brunswick ....
Spencer Rowan
Spindale Rutherford ..
Spring Lake Cumberland .
Tabor City Columbus ....
Tarboro Edgecombe ..
Troy Montgomery
Valdese Burke
Wadesboro Anson
Wake Forest Wake
Wallace Duphn, Pender
Warsaw Duplin
Washington Beaufort
Waynesville Haywood
Whiteville Columbus
Williamston Martin
Wingate Union
Woodfin Buncombe
Wrightsville Beach New Hanover
3,307
2,917
-11.8
2,018
2,806
39.0
2,416
2,574
6.5
3,335
3.684
10.5
1,885
2,711
43.8
2,875
2,627
-8.6
2,573
2,782
7,915
8.1
2,529
2,637
4.3
8,808
8,575
-2.6
5,233
4,359
-16.7
7,325
6,862
-6.3
5,107
4,530
-11.3
4,914
4,876
-0.8
4,418
3,007
-31.0
1,670
3,033
80.0
7,857
7,624
-3.0
3,357
3,260
-2.9
7,178
7,603
5.7
1,982
2,698
36.1
4,774
4,571
-4.3
3,180
3,630
14.2
3,383
3,607
6.6
5,852
8,300
41.8
5,370
7,532
40.3
3,245
3,434
5.8
2,869
2,834
-1.2
4,356
4,762
9.3
4,689
4,446
-5.2
6,677
7,288
9.2
5,937
8,620
45.2
2,220
2,824
27.2
3,075
2,938
-4.5
3,848
4,246
10.3
3,968
6,273
58.1
2,400
2,710
12.9
9,425
8,741
-8.4
2,429
2,702
11.2
3,182
3,364
5.7
3,977
4,119
3.6
3,148
3,780
20.1
2,905
2,903
-0.1
2,701
2,910
7.7
8,961
8,418
-6.1
6,488
6,765
4.3
4,195
5,565
32.7
6,570
6,159
-6.3
2,569
2,615
3 260
1.8
1,701
2,910
71.3
74 North Carouna Manual
TABLE 5. POPULATION OF INCORPORATED PLACES OF
1,000-2,499
i970 1980"
City or Town County Census Census
Aberdeen Moore
Andrews Cherokee
Angier Harnett
Aulander Bertie
Banner Elk Avery
Belhaven Beaufort ...
Bethel Pitt
Beaulaville Duplin
Biltmore Forest Buncombe
Bladenboro Bladen
Blowing Rock Caldwell, Watauga
Boiling Springs Cleveland
Boonville Yadkin
Bryson City Swain
Burgaw Pender
Burnsville Yancey
Cajah Mountain Caldwell
Carolina Beach New Hanover
Chadbourn Rowan
China Grove Rowan
Coats Harnett
Cornelius Mecklenburg
Clyde Haywood
Cramerton Gaston
Creedmore Granville .
Dobbins Heights Richmond
Dobson Surry
Drexel Burke
East Spencer Rowan
Ellerbe Richmond
Elm City Wilson
Fair Bluff Columbus .
Four Oaks Johnston ..
Franklinton Franklin ...
Fremont Wayne
Garysburg Northampton
Granite Quarry Northampton
Grifton Lenoir, Pitt ...
Harrisburg Cabarrus
Haw River Alamance
Hazelwood Haywood
Hertford Perquimans ..
Huntersville Mecklenburg
Jamestown Guilford
1,592
1,945
1,383
1,621
1,431
1.709
947
1.214
754
1.087
2,259
2,430
1,514
1.825
1,156
1,060
1,298
1.499
783
1,385
801
1,337
2,284
2,381
687
1,028
1,290
1,556
1,744
1,738
1,348
1,452
—
1.884
1,663
2.000
2,213
1.195
1,788
2,081
1,051
1,385
1,296
1.460
814
1,008
2,142
1.869
1,405
1.641
—
1.237
933
1.222
1.431
1,392
2,217
2,150
913
1,415
1,201
1,561
1,039
1,095
1.057
1,049
1,459
1,394
1,596
1,736
231
1,434
1 ,344
1,294
1,860
2,179
—
1,433
2,117
2.057
1,811
2.023
1,941
1.538
1,294
1.297
2,148
Census 75
TABLE 5. POPULATION OF INCORPORATED PLACES OF
1,000-2,499 (Continued)
~ 1970 f980"
City or Town County Census Census
Jefferson Ashe
Jonesville Yadkin
Kenly Johnston, Wilson
Kill Devil Hills Dare
Lake Waccamaw Columbus
Landis Rowan
Liberty Randolph
Lillington Harnett
Locust Stanly
Long Beach Brunswick ....
Lucama Wilson
Mars Hill Madison
Marshville Union
Matthews Mecklenburg
Mount Gilead Montgomery
Mount Pleasant Cabarrus
Murphy Cherokee
Nags Head Dare
Newport Carteret
Norwood Stanly
Pilot Mountain Surry
Pinetops Edgecombe ...
Pineville Mecklenburg
Pittsboro Chatham
Princeton Johnston
Princeville Edgecombe ....
Ramseur Randolph
Randleman Randolph
Ranio Gaston
Rich Square Northampton
Robbins Moore
Robbinsville Graham
Robersonville Martin
Rockwell Rowan
Roseboro Sampson
Rose Hill Duplin
Rowland robeson ...
Rural Hall Forsyth ...
Rutherford College Burke
St. Pauls Robeson ..
Snow Hill Greene
Sparta Alleghany
Spring Hope Nash
Spruce Pine Mitchell ...
Stallings Union
943
1,086
1,659
1,752
1,370
1 ,433
357
1,671
924
1,133
2,297
2,092
2,167
1,997
1,155
1,948
—
1,590
493
1,834
610
1,070
1,623
2,126
1,405
2,011
783
1,648
1,286
1,423
LI74
1,210
2,082
2,070
414
1,020
1,735
1,883
1,896
1,818
1,309
1,090
1,379
1,465
1,948
1,525
1,447
1,332
1,044
1,034
654
1,508
1,328
1,162
2,312
2,156
2,092
1,774
1,254
1,057
1,059
1,256
777
1,370
1,910
1,981
999
1,339
1,235
1,227
1,448
1,508
1,358
1,841
—
1,336
—
1,108
2,011
1,639
1,359
1,374
1,304
1,687
1,334
1,254
2,333
2,282
—
1,826
76 North Carolina Manual
TABLE 5. POPULATION OF INCORPORATED PLACES OF
1,000-2,499 (Continued)
1970 1980
City or Town County Census Census
Stanley Gaston
Stoneville Rockingham
Swansboro Onslow
Sylva Jackson
Taylorsville Alexander
Trentwoods Craven
Troutman Iredell
Tryon Polk
Walkertown Forsyth ....
Walnut Cove Stokes
Waxhaw Union
Weaverville Buncombe
Weldon Halifax
Wendell Wake
Whispering Pines Moore
Wilkesboro Wilkes ,
Windsor Bertie ..
Wmterville Pitt
Yadkinville Yadkin
Zebulon Wake ...
2,336
2,341
1,030
1,054
1,207
976
1.561
1,699
1,231
1,103
719
1,177
797
1,360
1,951
1,796
—
1,321
1,213
1,147
1,248
1,208
1,280
1,495
2,304
1,844
1,929
2.222
362
1,160
2,038
2,335
2,199
2,126
1,437
2,052
2,232
2,216
1,839
2,055
Census
77
TABLE 6. POPULATION OF INCORPORATED PLACES OF
LESS THAN 1,000
City or Town
County
1970
Census
1980
Census
Alexander Mills Rutherford
Alamance Alamance ..
Alliance Pamlico
Ansonville Anson
Arapahoe Pamlico
Arlington Yadkin ...
Ashwville Bertie
Atkinson Pender ....
Aurora Beaufort .
Autryville Sampson
Ayden Pitt
Bailey Nash
Bakersville Mitchell
Bath Beaufort
Battleboro Edgecombe, Nash
Hayboro Pamlico
Beargrass Martin
Beech Mountain Avery, Watauga
Seville Brunswick
Belwood Cleveland
Black Creek Wilson
Boiling Spring Lakes Brunswick .
Bolvia Brunswick .
Bolton Columbus ..
Bostic Rutherford
Bridgeton Craven ....
Broadway Lee
Brookford Catawba ..
Brunswick Columbus
Bunn Franklin ..
Calabash Brunswick ....
Calypso Duplin
Cameron Moore
Candor Montgomery
Cape Carteret Carteret
Carthage Moore
Casar Cleveland .
Cashiers Jackson ....
Castalia Nash
Caswell Beach Brunswick
Catawba Catawba ..
Centerville Franklin ..
Cerro Gordo Columbus
Chadwick Acres Onslow ....
Chocowinity Beaufort ..
988
643
—
320
577
616
694
794
474
467
711
872
247
227
325
298
620
698
213
228
3.450
184
724
685
409
373
231
207
562
632
821
759
99
82
—
190
59
102
—
613
449
523
245
998
185
252
534
563
289
476
520
461
694
908
590
467
206
223
284
505
128
_
462
639
204
225
561
868
616
944
1,034
925
339
346
230
553
265
358
—
110
565
509
123
135
322
295
12
15
566
644
78 North Carolina Manual
TABLE 6. POPULATION OF INCORPORATED PLACES OF
LESS THAN 1,000 (Continued)
1970 1980
City or Town County Census Census
Claremont Catawba
Clarkton Bladen
Cleveland Rowan
Cofield Hertford
Colerain Bertie
Columbia Tyrrell
Columbus Polk
Como Hertford
Conetoe Edgecombe ....
Conway Northampton
Cover City Craven
Creswell Washington ...
Crossnore Avery
Danbury Stokes
Dellview Gaston
Denton Davidson
Dillsboro Jackson ..
Dover Craven ...
Dortches Nash
Dublin Bladen ....
East Arcadia Bladen
Earl Cleveland
East Bend Yadkin ....
East Laurinburg Scotland ..
Elk Park Avery
Ellenboro Rutherford
Emerald Isle Carteret
Eureka Wayne
Everetts martin
Faison Rowan
Faith Cleveland
Fallstone Cleveland
Falcon Cumberland, Sampson
Falkland Pitt
Fountain Pitt
Foxfire Moore
Franklinville Randolph
Garland Sampson
Gaston Northampton
Gatesville Gates
Gibson Scotland
Glen Alpine Burke
Godwin Cumberland
Goldston Chatham
Greenevers Duplm
788
880
662
664
614
595
318
465
373
284
902
758
731
727
211
89
160
215
694
678
485
500
633
426
264
297
152
140
—
7
.017
949
215
179
585
600
—
885
283
477
_
461
—
206
485
602
487
536
503
535
465
560
122
865
263
303
198
213
598
636
506
552
301
614
357
339
130
118
434
424
153
794
607
656
885
,105
883
338
363
502
533
797
645
129
340
364
353
424
477
Census
79
TABLE 6. POPULATION OF INCORPORATED PLACES OF
LESS THAN 1,000 (Continued)
City or Town
County
1970
Census
1980
Census
Grimesland Pitt
Grover Cleveland
Halifax Halifax ...
Hamilton Martin
Harmony Iredell
Harrells Duplin, Sampson
Harrellsville Hertford
Hassell Martin
Hayesville Clay
High Shoals Gaston, Lincoln ..
Highlands Macon
Hildebran Burke
Hobgood Halifax
Hoffman Richmond
Holden Beach Brunswick
Holly Ridge Onslow
Holly Springs Wake
Hollyville Pamlico
Hookerton Greene
Hot Springs Madison
Indian Beach Carteret
Indian Trail Union
Jackson Northampton
Jamesville Martin
Kellford Bertie
Kenansville Duplin
Kittrell Vance
Knightdale Wake
Kure Beach New Hanover
Lake Lure Rutherford ....
Lansing Ashe
Lasker Northampton
Lattimore Cleveland
Laurel Park Henderson
Lawndale Cleveland
Leggett Edgecombe ..
Lewiston Bertie
Lilesville Anson
Linden Cumberland
Linville Avery
Littleton Halifax
Love Valley Iredell
Lumber Bridge Robeson ....
Macclesfield Edgecombe
McAdenville Gaston
394
453
555
597
335
253
579
638
377
470
249
255
165
151
160
109
428
376
—
586
583
653
481
628
530
483
434
389
136
232
415
465
697
688
—
100
441
460
653
678
54
405
811
762
720
533
604
295
254
762
931
427
225
815
985
394
611
456
488
283
194
114
96
257
237
581
764
544
469
120
99
327
459
641
588
205
365
—
244
903
820
40
55
117
171
536
504
950
947
80 North Carolina Manual
TABLE 6. POPULATION OF INCORPORATED PLACES OF
LESS THAN 1,000 (Continued)
1970 1980
City or Town County Census Census
McDonald Robeson
McFariand Anson
Macon Warren
Maggie Valley Haywood
Magnolia Duplin
Manteo Dare
Marshall Madison .
Mayesville Jones
Mesic Pamlico ..
Micro Johnston
Middleburg Vance
Middlesex Nash
Milton Caswell
Minesott Beach Pamlico
Montreat Buncombe
Morrisville Wake
Moreven Anson
Mooresville Cleveland .
Navassa Brunswick
Newland Avery
New London Stanly
Newton Grove Sampson .
Norlina Warren
Norman Richmond
Oakboro Stanly
Oak City Martin
Ocean Isle Beach Brunswick
Old Fort McDowell
Oriental Pamlico ...
Orrum Robeson ..
Pantego Beaufort ..
Parkton Robeson ..
Parmele Martin
Patterson Springs C leveland
Peachland Anson
Pikesville Wayne ....
Pinebluff Moore ....
Pine Level Johnston
Pink Hill Lenoir ....
Pine Knoll Shores Carteret ..
Polkton Anson
Polkville Cleveland
Pollocksville Jones
Powellsville Bertie
Proctorville Robeson .,
80
117
140
133
179
153
—
202
614
592
547
902
982
809
912
877
—
390
300
438
149
185
729
837
235
235
—
171
581
741
209
251
562
765
—
405
—
439
524
722
285
454
546
564
696
901
157
252
568
587
559
475
78
143
676
752
445
536
162
167
218
185
550
564
373
484
—
731
556
506
260
662
570
935
983
953
522
644
—
646
845
762
494
528
456
318
247
320
157
205
Census
81
TABLE 6. POPULATION OF INCORPORATED PLACES OF
LESS THAN 1,000 (Continued)
City or Town
County
1970
Census
1980
Census
Raynham Robeson
Red Oak Nash
Rennert Robeson
Rhodhiss Burke, Caldv\t
Richfield Stanly
Richlands Onslow
Robbinsville Graham
Rolesville Wake ,
Ronda Wilkes
Roper Washington .,
Rosman Transylvania
Roxobel Bertie
Ruth Rutherford ...
Salemburg Sampson
Saluda Polk
Saratoga Wilson
Seaboard Northampton ....
Seagrove Randolph
Seven Devils Watauga, Avery
Seven Springs Wayne
Severn Northampton
Shady Forest Brunswick
Shallotte Brunswick
Sharpsburg Edgecombe, Nash, Wilson
Simpson Ritt
Sims Wilson
Southern Shores Dare
Speed Edgecombe
Spencer Mountain Gaston
Staley Randolph ..
Stanfield Stanly
Stantonburg Wilson
Star Montgomery
Stedman Cumberland .
Stem Gran\ille
Stonewall Pamlico ....
Stovall Gran\ille ..
Sunset Beach Brunswick
Surf City Pender
Swansboro Onslow
Tarheel Bladen ....
Teachey Duplin ....
Topsail Beach Pender ....
Trenton Jones
Turkey Sampson
—
83
359
314
—
178
784
727
306
373
935
825
—
814
533
381
465
457
649
795
407
512
347
278
360
381
669
742
546
607
391
381
611
687
354
294
—
21
188
166
356
309
—
43
597
680
789
997
—
407
205
192
—
520
142
95
300
169
239
204
458
463
869
920
892
816
505
723
242
222
335
360
405
417
108
304
166
421
1,207
976
87
118
219
373
108
264
539
407
329
417
82 North Carolina Manual
TABLE 6. POPULATION OF INCORPORATED PLACES OF
LESS THAN 1,000 (Continued)
1970 1980
City or Town County Census Census
Vanceboro Craven
Vandermere Pamlico
Vass Moore
Waco Cleveland
Wade Cumberland
Wagram Scotland
Watstonburg Greene ...
Warrenton Warren ..
Washington Park Beaufort
Watha Pender ...
Webster Jackson
Weddington Union
West Jefferson Ashe
Whitakers Edgecombe/ Nash
White Lake Vance
Williamsboro Vance
Winfall Perquimans ...
Winton Hertford
Woodland Northampton
Woodville Bertie
Yaupon Beach Brunswick
Youngsville Franklin ...
758
833
379
335
885
828
245
322
315
474
718
617
176
181
1,035
908
517
514
181
196
189
200
—
848
889
822
926
924
232
968
_
59
581
634
917
825
744
861
253
212
334
569
555
486
PART III
CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
OF NORTH CAROLINA
A Brief History of the Constitutions of North Carolina 87
Chapter One
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE
CONSTITUTIONS OF NORTH CAROLINA
by
John L. Sanders*
North Carolina has had three Constitutions in her history as a State: the Constitution
of 1776, the Constitution of 1868, and the Constitution of 1971.
Constitution of 1776
Drafted and promulgated by the Fifth Provincial Congress in December, 1776, with-
out submission to the people, the Constitution of 1776 and its separate but accompany-
ing Declaration of Rights sketched the main outlines of the new state government and
secured the rights of the citizen from governmental interference. While the principle of
separation of powers was explicitly affirmed and the familiar three branches of govern-
ment were provided for, the true center of power lay in the General Assembly. That
body not only exercised full legislative power; it also chose all the state executive and ju-
dicial officers, the former for short terms and the judges for life.
Profound distrust of the executive power is evident throughout the document. The
Governor was chosen by the legislature for a one-year term and was eligible for only
three terms in six years. The little power granted him was hedged about in many in-
stances by requiring for its exercise the concurrence of a seven-member Council of State
chosen by the legislature.
Judicial offices were established, but the court system itself was left to legislative de-
sign. No system of local government was prescribed by the Constitution, although the
offices of justice of the peace, sheriff, coroner, and constable were created.
The system of legislative representation was based on units of local government. The
voters of each county elected one Senator and two members of the House of Commons,
while six (later seven) towns each elected one member of the House. It was distinctly a
property owner's government, for only landowners could vote for Senators until 1857,
and progressive property qualifications were required of members of the House, Sena-
tors, and the Governor until 1868. Legislators were the only state officers who were
elected by the people until 1836.
Dissatisfaction with the legislative representation system, which gave no direct recog-
nition to population, resulted in the Convention of 1835. Extensive constitutional
amendments adopted by that Convention were ratified by vote of the people, 26,771 to
21,606, on November 9, 1835. The Amendments of 1835 fixed the membership of the
Senate and House at their present levels, 50 and 120. The House apportionment formu-
* Director of the Institute of Government of The University of North CaroHna at Chapel Hill.
88 North Carolina Manual
la then devised gave one seat to each county and distributed the remainder of the
seats — nearly half of them at that time — according to a mathematical formula favoring
the more populous counties. From 1836 until 1868, Senators were elected from districts
laid out according to the amount of taxes paid to the State from the respective counties,
thus effecting senatorial representation in proportion to property values.
The Amendments of 1835 also made the Governor popularly elective for a two-year
term, greatly strengthening that office; relaxed the religious qualifications for office
holding; abolished free Negro suffrage; equalized the capitation tax on slaves and free
white males; prohibited the General Assembly from granting divorces, legitimating per-
sons, or changing personal names by private act; specified procedures for the impeach-
ment of state officers and the removal of judges for disability; made legislative sessions
biennial instead of annual; and provided methods of amending the Constitution. Fol-
lowing the precedent established in amending the United States Constitution, the 1835
amendments were appended to the Constitution of 1776, not incorporated in it as is the
modern practice.
The Convention of 1861-62, called by act of the General Assembly, took the State out
of the Union and into the Confederacy and adopted a dozen constitutional amend-
ments. These were promulgated by the Convention without the necessity of voter ap-
proval, a procedure that was permitted by the Constitution until 1971.
The Convention of 1 865-66, called by the Provisional Governor on orders of the Pres-
ident, nullified secession and abolished slavery, with voter approval, in 1865. It also
drafted a revised Consitution in 1866. That document was largely a restatement of the
Constitution of 1776 and the 1835 amendments, plus several new features. It was reject-
ed by a vote of 21,770 to 19,880 on August 2, 1866.
Constitution of 1868
The Convention of 1868, called upon the initiative of Congress but with a popular
vote of approval, wrote a new Constitution which the people ratified in April of 1868 by
a vote of 93,086 to 74,016. Drafted and put through the Convention by a combination
of native Republicans and a few Carpetbaggers, the Constitution was highly unpopular
with the more conservative elements of the State. For its time it was a progressive and
democratic instrument of government. In this respect it differed markedly from the pro-
posed Constitution of 1866. The Constitution of 1868 was an amalgam of provisions
copied or adapted from the Declaration of Rights of 1 776, the Constitution of 1 776 and
its amendments, the proposed Constitution of 1866, and the constitutions of other
states, together with some new and original provisions. Although often amended, a ma-
jority of the provisions of that document remained intact until 1971, and the Constitu-
tion of 1971 brought forward much of the 1868 language with little or no change.
The Constitution of 1868 incorporated the 1776 Declaration of Rights into the Con-
stitution as Article I and added several important guarantees. To the people was given
the power to elect all significant state executive officers, all judges, and all county offi-
cials, as well as legislators. All property qualifications for voting and office holding were
abolished. The plan of representation in the Senate was changed from a property to a
popular basis, and the 1835 House apportionment plan was retained. Annual legislative
sessions were restored.
A Brief History of the Constitutions of North Carolina 89
The executive branch of government was strengthened by popular election for four-
year terms of office and the Governor's powers were increased significantly.
A simple and uniform court system was established with the jurisdiction of each court
fixed in the Constitution. The distinctions between actions at law and suits in equity
were abolished.
For the first time, detailed constitutional provision was made for a system of taxa-
tion, and the powers of the General Assembly to levy taxes and to borrow money were
limited. Homestead and personal property exemptions were granted. Free public
schools were called for and the maintenance of penal and charitable institutions by the
State was commanded. A uniform scheme of county and township government was pre-
scribed.
The declared objective of the Conservative Party (under whose banner the older na-
tive political leaders grouped themselves) was to repeal the Constitution of 1868 at the
earliest opportunity. When the Conservative Party gained control of the General As-
sembly in 1870, a proposal to call a convention of the people to revise the constitution
was submitted by the General Assembly to the voters and rejected in 1871 by a vote of
95,252 to 86,007.
The General Assembly thereupon resorted to the legislative initiative for amending
the Constitution. That procedure then called for legislative approval of each proposed
amendment at two successive sessions, followed by a vote of the people on the amend-
ment. The 1871-72 legislative session adopted an act calling for about three dozen
amendments to the Constitution which had the general purpose of restoring to the Gen-
eral Assembly the bulk of the power over local government, the courts, and the public
schools and the University that had been taken from it by the Constitution of 1868. The
1872-73 session of the General Assembly approved for the second time and submitted to
the people only eight of those amendments, all of which were approved by the voters in
1873 by wide margins. These amendments restored biennial sessions of the General As-
sembly, transferred control of the University of North Carolina from the State Board of
Education to the General Assembly, abolished various new state offices, altered the
double office-holding prohibition, and repealed the prohibition against repudiation of
the state debt.
In 1875, the General Assembly called a convention of the people to consider constitu-
tional revision. No confirmation of that action by popular referendum was had, and
none was then constitutionally required. The Convention of 1875 (the most recent in the
State's history) sat for five weeks in the fall of that year. It was a limited convention, cer-
tain actions — for example, the reinstatement of property qualifications for office-
holding or voting — being forbidden to it.
The Convention of 1875 adopted and the voters on November 7, 1876, approved by a
vote of 120,159 to 106,554 a set of 30 amendments affecting 36 sections of the Constitu-
tion. These amendments (which took effect on January 1, 1877) prohibited secret politi-
cal societies, moved the legislative convening date from November of even numbered
years to January of odd-numbered years, fixed in the Constitution for the first time the
rate of legislative compensation, called for legislation establishing a State Department
of Agriculture, abandoned the simplicity and uniformity of the 1868 court system by
giving the General Assembly power to determine the jurisdiction of all courts below the
Supreme Court and to establish such courts inferior to the Supreme Court as it might
90 North Carolina Manual
see fit, reduced the Supreme Court from five to three members, required Superior Court
judges to rotate among all judicial districts of the State, disqualified for voting persons
guilty of certain crimes, established a one-year residency requirement for voting, re-
quired non-discriminatory racial segregation in the public schools, gave the General As-
sembly full power to revise or abolish the form and powers of county and township gov-
ernments, and simplified the procedure for constitutional amendment by providing that
the General Assembly might by act adopted by three-fifths of each house at one legisla-
tive session submit an amendment to the voters of the State (thus eliminating the former
requirement of enactment by two successive sessions of the General Assembly). The
principal effect of the amendments of 1873 and 1875 was to restore in considerable
measure the former power of the General Assembly, particularly as to the courts and
local government.
The amendments framed by the Convention of 1875 seem to have satisfied most of
the need for constitutional change for a generation, for only four amendments were sub-
mitted by the General Assembly to the voters throughout the remainder of the nine-
teenth century. Three of them were ratified; one failed.
In 1900 the suffrage article was revised to add the literacy test and poll tax require-
ment for voting (the latter provision was repealed in 1920). A slate often amendments
prepared by a constitutional commission and proposed by the General Assembly in
1913 was rejected by the voters in 1914. With the passage of time and amendments, the
attitude towards the Constitution of 1868 had changed from resentment to a reverence
so great that until the second third of the twentieth century, amendments were very dif-
ficult to obtain. Between 1900 and 1933, the voters ratified 15 and rejected 20 amend-
ments. During the first third of this century, nevertheless, amendments were adopted
lengthening the school term from four to six months, prohibiting legislative charters to
private corporations, authorizing special Superior Court judges, further limiting the
General Assembly's powers to levy taxes and incur debt, and abolishing the poll tax re-
quirement for voting and reducing the residence qualification for voters. Amendments
designed to restrict the legislature's power to enact local, private, and special legislation
were made partly ineffective by judicial interpretation.
A significant effort at general revision of the Constitution was made in 1931-33. A
Constitutional Commission created by the General Assembly of 1931 drafted and the
General Assembly of 1933 approved a revised Constitution. Blocked by a technicality
raised in an advisory opinion of the State Supreme Court, the proposed Constitution of
1933 never reached the voters for approval. It would have granted the Governor the
veto power; given to a Judicial Council composed of all the judges of the Supreme and
Superior Courts power to make all rules of practice and procedure in the courts inferior
to the Supreme Court; required the creation of inferior courts by general laws only; re-
moved most of the limitations on the taxing powers of the General Assembly; required
the General Assembly to provide for the organization and powers of local governments
by general law only; established an appointive State Board of Education with general
supervision over the public school system; and set forth an enlightened policy of state
responsibility for the maintenance of educaUonal, charitable, and reformatory institu-
tions and programs.
Several provisions of the proposed Constitution of 1933 were later incorporated into
A Brief History of the Constitutions of North Carolina 91
the Constitution by individual amendments, and to a limited extent it served as a model
for the work of the 1957-59 Constitutional Commission.
Between the mid-1930's and the late 1950's, greater receptiveness to constitutional
change resulted in amendments authorizing the classification of property for taxation;
strengthening the limitations upon public debt; authorizing the General Assembly to
enlarge the Supreme Court, divide the State into judicial divisions, increase the number
of Superior Court judges, and create a Department of Justice under the Attorney Gen-
eral; enlarging the Council of State by three members; creating a new, appointive State
Board of Education with general supervision of the schools; permitting women to serve
as jurors; transferring the Governor's power to assign judges to the Chief Justice and his
parole power to a Board of Paroles; permitting the waiver of indictment in non-capital
cases; raising the compensation of the General Assembly and authorizing legislative ex-
pense allowances; increasing the general purpose property tax levy limitation and the
maximum income tax rate, and authorizing the closing of public schools on a local op-
tion basis and the payment of educational expense grants in certain cases.
The increased legislative and public willingness to accept constitutional change be-
tween 1934 and 1960 resulted in 32 constitutional amendments being ratified by the
voters while only six were rejected.
At the request of Governor Luther H. Hodges, the General Assembly of 1957 author-
ized the Governor to appoint a fifteen-member Constitutional Commission to study the
need for changes in the Constitution and to make recommendations to the Governor
and the 1959 General Assembly.
That Commission recommended rewriting the whole Constitution and submitting it
to the voters for approval or disapproval as a unit, the changes suggested being too nu-
merous to be effected by individual amendments. The proposed Constitution drafted by
the Commission represented in large part a careful job of editorial pruning, rearrange-
ment, clarification, and modernization, but it also included several significant substan-
tive changes. The Senate would have been increased from 50 to 60 members and the ini-
tiative (but not the sole authority) for decennial redistricting of the Senate would have
been shifted from the General Assembly to an ex-officio committee of three legislative
officers. Decennial reapportionment of the House of Representatives would have been
made a duty of the Speaker of the House, rather than of the General Assembly as a
whole. Problems of succession to constitutional State executive offices and of determi-
nation of issues of officers' disability would have been either resolved in the Constitu-
tion or their resolution assigned to the General Assembly. The authority to classify
property for taxation and to exempt property from taxation would have been required
to be exercised only by the General Assembly and only on a uniform, statewide basis.
The requirement that the public schools constitute a "general and uniform system"
would have been eliminated, and the constitutional authority of the State Board of Edu-
cation reduced. Fairly extensive changes were recommended in the judicial article of the
Constitution, including the establishment of a General Court of Justice with an Appel-
late Division, a Superior Court Division, and a Local Trial Court Divsion. A uniform
system of District Courts and Trial Commissioners would have replaced the existing
multitude of inferior courts and justices of the peace, the creation of an intermediate
Court of Appeals would have been provided for, and uniformity of jurisdiction of the
92 North Carolina Manual
courts within each division would have been required. Otherwise, the General Assembly
would have retained essentially its then-existing power over the courts, their jurisdic-
tion, and their procedures.
The General Assembly of 1959 also had before it a recommendation for a constitu-
tional amendment with respect to the court system that had originated with a Court
Study Committee of the North Carolina Bar Association. In general, the recommenda-
tions of that Committee called for more fundamental changes in the courts than those
of the Constitutional Commission. The principal difference between the two sets of rec-
ommendations lay in the extent of the proposed authority of the General Assembly over
the courts. The Constitutional Commission generally favored legislative authority over
the courts and proposed only moderate curtailment of it; the Court Study Committee
accepted more literally the concept of an independent judiciary and its proposals would
have minimized the authority of the General Assembly over the courts of the State,
though structurally, its system would have been much like that of the Constitutional
Commission.
The proposed Constitution received extended attention from the General Assembly
of 1959. The Senate modified and passed the bill to submit the proposed Constitution to
the voters, but it failed to pass the House, due chiefly to the inability of the supporters
of the two divergent approaches to court revision to reach agreement.
As had been true of the proposed Constitution of 1933, the proposed Constitution of
1959, though not adopted as a whole, subsequently provided the material for several
amendment proposals that were submitted individually to the voters and approved by
them during the next decade.
In the General Assembly of 1961, the proponents of court reform were successful in
obtaining enactment of a constitutional amendment, approved by the voters in 1962,
creating a unified and uniform General Court of Justice for the State. Other amend-
ments submitted by the same session and approved by the voters provided for the auto-
matic decennial reapportionment of the State House of Representatives, clarified the
provisions for succession to elective State executive offices and disability determination,
authorized a reduction in the residence period for voters for President, allowed in-
creases in the compensation of elected state executive officers during their terms, and re-
quired that the power of the General Assembly to classify and exempt property for taxa-
tion be exercised by it alone and only on a uniform, statewide basis.
The session of 1963 submitted two amendments: One to enlarge the rights of married
women to deal with their own property was approved by the voters; one to enlarge the
Senate from fifty to seventy members and allocate one Representative to each county
was rejected by the voters. The General Assembly of 1965 submitted and the voters ap-
proved an amendment authorizing the legislative creation of a Court of Appeals.
The 1967 General Assembly proposed and the voters approved amendments author-
izing the General Assembly to fix its own compensation and revising the legislative ap-
portionment scheme to conform to the judicially-established requirement of representa-
tion in proportion to population in both houses.
Constitution of 1971
From 1869 through 1968, there were submitted to the voters of North Carolina a to-
tal of 97 propositions for amending the Constitution of the State. All but one of these
A Brief History of the Constitutions of North Carolina 93
proposals originated in the General Assembly. Of those 97 amendment proposals, 69
were ratified by the voters and 28 were rejected by them. The changing attitude of the
voters toward constitutional amendments is well illustrated by the fact that from 1869
to 1933, 21 of the 48 amendment propositions were rejected by the voters, a failure rate
of three out of seven. Between 1933 and 1968, only seven of 49 proposed amendments
were rejected by the voters, a failure rate of one out of seven.
After the amendments of the early 1960's, the pressure for constitutional change
seemed at the time to have abated. Yet while an increasingly frequently used amend-
ment process had relieved many of the pressures that otherwise would have strength-
ened the case for constitutional reform, it had not kept the Constitution current in all
respects. Constitutional amendments usually were drafted in response to particular
problems experienced or anticipated and generally they were limited in scope so as to
achieve the essential goal, while arousing minimum unnecessary opposition. Thus
amendments sometimes were not as comprehensive as they should have been to avoid
inconsistency in result. Obsolete and invalid provisions had been allowed to remain in
the Constitution to mislead the unwary reader. Moreover, in the absence of a compre-
hensive reappraisal, there had been no recent occasion to reconsider constitutional pro-
visions that might be obsolescent but might not have proved so frustrating or unpopular
in their effect as to provoke curative amendments.
It was perhaps for these reasons that when Governor Dan K. Moore recommended
to the North Carolina State Bar in the fall of 1967 that it take the lead in making a study
of the need for revision of the State Constitution, the response was prompt and affirm-
ative. The North Carolina State Bar and the North Carolina Bar Association joined to
create the North Carolina State Constitution Study Commission as a joint agency of the
two organizations. The 25 members of that commission (fifteen attorneys and ten lay-
men) were chosen by a steering committee representative of the sponsoring organiza-
tions. The Chairman of the Commission was former state Chief Justice Emery B.
Denny.
The State Constitution Study Commission worked throughout most of 1968. It be-
came clear early in the course of its proceedings that the amendments the Commission
wished to propose were too numerous to be submitted to the voters as independent
propositions. On the other hand, the Commission did not wish to embody all of its pro-
posed changes in a single document, to be approved or disapproved by the voters on a
single vote. The compromise procedure developed by the Commission and approved by
the General Assembly was a blend of the two approaches. The Commission combined
in a revised text of the Constitution all of the extensive editorial changes that it thought
should be made in the Constitution, together with such substantive changes as the Com-
mission deemed not to be controversial or fundamental in nature. These were embodied
in the document that came to be known as the Constitution of 1971. Those proposals
for change that were deemed to be sufficiently fundamental or potentially controversial
in character as to justify it, the Commission set out as independent amendment proposi-
tions, to be considered by the General Assembly and by the voters of the State on their
independent merits. Thus the opposition to the latter proposals would not be cumu-
lated. The separate proposals framed by the Commission were ten in number, including
one extensive revision of the finance article of the Constitution which was largely the
work of the Local Government Study Commission, a legislatively-established group
94 North Carolina Manual
then at work on the revision of constitutional and statutory provisions with respect to
local government. The amendments were so drafted that any number or combination of
them might be ratified by the voters and yet produce a consistent result.
The General Assembly of 1969, to which the recommendations of the State Constitu-
tion Study Commission were submitted, received a total of 28 proposals for constitu-
tional amendments. Constitutional revision was an active subject of interest throughout
the session. The proposed Constitution of 1971, in the course of seven roll-call votes
(four in the House and three in the Senate), received only one negative vote. The inde-
pendent amendments fared variously; ultimately six were approved by the General As-
sembly and submitted to the voters. These were the executive reorganization amend-
ment, the finance amendment, an amendment to the income tax provision of the Consti-
tution, a reassignment of the benefits of the escheats, authorization for calling extra leg-
islative sessions on the petition of members of the General Assembly, and abolition of
the literacy test for voting. All but the last two of these amendments had been recom-
mended by the State Constitution Study Commission. At the election held on Novem-
ber 3, 1970, the proposed Constitution of 1971 was approved by a vote of 393,759 to
251,132. Five of the six separate amendments were approved by the voters; the literacy
test repeal was rejected.
The Constitution of 1971 took effect under its own terms on July 1, 1971 (hence its
designation as the "Constitution of 1971"). So did the executive reorganization amend-
ment, the income tax amendment, the escheats amendment, and the amendment with
respect to extra legislative sessions, all of which amended the Constitution of 1971 at the
instant it took effect. The finance amendment, which made extensive revisions in the
Constitution of 1971 with respect to debt and local taxation, took effect on July 1, 1973.
The two-year delay in its effective date was occasioned by the necessity to conform state
statutes with respect to local government finance to the terms of the agreement.
The Constitution of 1971, the State Constitution Study Commission stated in its re-
port recommending its adoption,
effects a general editorial revision of the constitution .... The deletions, reorganizations, and im-
provements in the clarity and consistency of language will be found in the proposed constitution. Some
of the changes are substantive, but none is calculated to impair any present right of the individual citi-
zen or to bring about any fundamental change in the power of state and local government or the dis-
tribution of that power.
In the new Constitution, the old fourteen-article organization of the Constitution was
retained, but the contents of several articles — notably Articles I, II, III, V, IX, and X —
were rearranged in more logical sequence. Sections were shifted from one article to an-
other to make a more logical subject-matter arrangement. Clearly obsolete and consti-
tutionally invalid matter was omitted, as were provisions essentially legislative in char-
acter. Uniformity of expression was sought where uniformity of meaning was impor-
tant. Directness and currency of language were also sought, together with standardiza-
tion in spelling, punctuation, capitalization, and other essentially editorial matters.
Greater brevity of the Constitution as a whole was a by-product of the revision, though
not itself a primary objective.
The Declaration of Rights (Article I), which dates from 1776 with some 1868 addi-
tions, was retained with a few additions. The organization of the article was improved
and the frequently used subjunctive mood was replaced by the imperative in order to
A Brief History of the Constitutions of North Carolina 95
make clear that the provisions of that article are commands and not mere admonitions.
(For example, "All elections ought to be free" became "All elections shall be free.") To
the article were added a guarantee of freedom of speech, a guarantee of equal protection
of the laws, and a prohibition against exclusion from jury service or other discrimina-
tion by the State on the basis of race or religion. Since all of the rights newly expressed
in the Constitution of 1971 were already guaranteed by the United States Constitution,
their inclusion simply constituted an explicit recognition by the State of their impor-
tance.
In the course of reorganizing and abbreviating Article III (the Executive), the Gover-
nor's role as chief executive was brought into clear focus. The scattered statements of
the Governor's duties were collected in one section, to which was added a brief state-
ment of his budget powers, formerly merely statutory in origin. No change was made in
the Governor's eligibility or term, or in the list of state executives previously elected by
the people. To the Council of State (formerly seven elected executives with the Gover-
nor as presiding officer) were added the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, and Attorney
General as ex-officio members.
Having been entirely rewritten in 1962, the judicial article (Article IV) was the subject
of little editorial alteration and of no substantive change.
The editorial amendments to Article V, dealing with finance and taxation, were ex-
tensive. Provisions concerning finance were transferred to it from four other articles.
The former finance provisions were expanded in some instances to make clearer the
meaning of excessively condensed provisions. The only substantive change of note gave
a wife who is the primary wage-earner in her family the same constitutionally guaran-
teed income tax exemption now granted a husband who is the chief wage-earner; she al-
ready had that benefit under statute.
The revision of Article VI (voting and elections) added out-of-state and federal fel-
onies to felonies committed against the State of North Carolina as grounds for denial of
voting and office-holding rights in this State. The General Assembly was directed to en-
act general laws governing voter registration.
The provision that has been interpreted to mean that only voters can hold office was
modified to limit its application to popularly elective offices only; thus it is left to the
legislature to determine whether one must be a voter in order to hold an appointive of-
fice.
The Constitution of 1971 prohibits the concurrent holding of two or more elective
state offices or of a federal office and an elective state office. It expressly prohibits the
concurrent holding of any two or more appointive offices or places of trust or profit, or
of any combination of elective and appointive offices or places of trust or profit, except
as the General Assembly may allow by general law.
The power to provide for local government remains in the legislature, confining the
constitutional provisions on the subject to a general description of the General Assem-
bly's plenary authority over local government, a declaration that any unit formed by the
merger of a city and a county should be deemed both a city and a county for constitu-
tional purposes, and a section retaining the sheriff as an elective county officer.
The education article (Article IX) was rearranged to improve upon the former hodge-
podge treatment of public schools and higher education, obsolete provisions (especially
96 North Carolina Manual
those pertaining to racial matters) were eliminated, and other changes were made to re-
flect current practice in the administration and financing of schools.
The constitutionally-mandated school term was extended from six months (set in
1918) to a minimum of nine months (where it was fixed by statute many years earlier).
The possibly restrictive age limits on tuition-free public schooling were removed. Units
of local government to which the General Assembly assigns a share of responsibility for
financing public education were authorized to finance from local revenues education
programs, including both public schools and technical institutes and community col-
leges, without a popular vote of approval. It was made mandatory (it was formerly per-
missive) that the General Assembly require school attendance.
The Superintendent of Public Instruction was eliminated as a voting member of the
State Board of Education but retained as the Board's secretary. He was replaced with an
additional at-large appointee. A potential conflict of authority between the Superin-
tendent and the Board (both of which previously had constitutional authority to admin-
ister the public schools) was eliminated by making the Superintendent the chief admin-
istrative officer of the Board, which is to supervise and administer the schools.
The provisions with respect to the state and county school funds were retained with
only minor editorial modifications. Fines, penalties, and forfeitures continue to be ear-
marked for the county school fund.
The former provisions dealing with The University of North Carolina were broad-
ened into a statement of the General Assembly's duty to maintain a system of higher
education.
The General Assembly was authorized by the changes made in Article X (Home-
steads and Exemptions) to set the amounts of the personal property exemption and the
homestead exemption (constitutionally fixed at $500 and $1,000 respectively since 1868)
at what it considers to be reasonable levels, with the constitutional figures being treated
as minimums. The provision protecting the rights of married women to deal with their
own property was left untouched. The protection given life insurance taken out for the
benefit of the wife and children of the insured was broadened.
The provisions prescribing the permissible punishments for crime and limiting the
crimes punishable by death (Article XI) were left essentially intact.
The procedures for constitutional revision (Article XIII) were made more explicit.
The five constitutional amendments ratified at the same time as the Constitution of
1971 deserve particular mention.
By the end of the 1960's, North Carolina state government consisted ofover 200 state
administrative agencies. The State Constitution Study Commission concluded on the
advice of witnesses who had tried it that no governor could effectively oversee an ad-
ministrative apparatus of such disjointed complexity. The Commission's solution was
an amendment, patterned after the Model State Constitution and the constitutions of a
few other states, requiring the General Assembly to reduce the number of administra-
tive departments to not more than 25 by 1975, and to give the Governor authority to ef-
fect agency reorganizations and consolidations, subject to disapproval by action of
either house of the legislature if the changes affected existing statutes.
The second separate constitutional amendment ratified in 1970 supplemented the ex-
isting authority of the Governor to call extra sessions of the General Assembly with the
advice of the Council of State. The amendment provides that on written request of
A Brief History of the Constitutions of North Carolina 97
three-fifths of all the members of each house, the President of the Senate and the
Speaker of the House of Representatives shall convene an extra session of the General
Assembly. Thus the legislative branch is now able to convene itself, notwithstanding the
contrary wishes of the Governor.
The most significant of the separate amendments and in some ways the most impor-
tant of the constitutional changes ratified in 1970 was the finance amendment. The
changes it effected are especially important in the financing of local government. The
amendment became effective on July 1, 1973. Its principal provisions are as follows:
(1) All forms of capitation or poll tax were prohibited.
(2) The General Assembly was authorized to enact laws empowering counties, cities,
and towns to establish special taxing districts less extensive in area than the entire
county or city in order to finance the provision within those special districts of a
higher level of governmental service than is available in the unit at large, either by
supplementing existing services or providing services not otherwise available.
That provision eliminated the previous necessity of creating a new, independent
governmental unit to accomplish the same result.
(3) For a century, the Constitution required that the levying of taxes and the borrow-
ing of money by local government be approved by a vote of the people of the unit,
unless the money were to be used for a "necessary expense." The court, not the
General Assembly, was the final arbiter of what was a "necessary expense," and
the State Supreme Court took a rather restrictive view of the embrace of that con-
cept. The determination of what types of public expenditures should require voter
approval and what types should be made by a governing board on its own author-
ity was found by the General Assembly to be a legislative and not a judicial mat-
ter. In that conviction, the finance amendment provided that the General Assem-
bly, acting on a uniform, statewide basis, should make the final determination of
whether voter approval must be had for the levy of property taxes or the borrow-
ing of money to finance particular activities of local government.
(4) To facilitate governmental and private cooperative endeavors, the state and local
governmental units were authorized by the amendment to enter into contracts
with and appropriate money to private entitites "for the accomplishment of pub-
lic purposes only."
(5) The various forms of public financial obligations were more precisely defined
than in the previous constitution, with the general effect of requiring voter ap-
proval only for the issuance of general obligation bonds and notes or for govern-
mental guarantees of the debts of private persons or organizations. The General
Assembly was directed to regulate by general law (permitting classified but not lo-
cal acts) the contracting of debt by local governments.
(6) The amendments retained the existing limitation that the state and local govern-
ments may not, without voter approval, borrow more than the equivalent of two-
thirds of the amount by which the unit's indebtedness was reduced during the last
fiscal period, except for purposes listed in the Constitution. This list was length-
ened to include "emergencies immediately threatening public health or safety."
(7) No change was made in the provisions with respect to the classification and ex-
emption of property for purposes of property taxation. The limitation of 200 on
98 North Carolina Manual
the $100 valuation previously imposed on the general county property tax was
omitted.
The fourth independent amendment also dealt with taxation. It struck out a schedule
of specified minimum exemptions from the constitutional provision on t-he state income
tax, leaving those exemptions to be fixed by the General Assembly. This change enabled
the legislature to provide for the filing of joint tax returns by husbands and wives and to
adopt a "piggy-back" state income tax to be computed as a percentage of the federal in-
come tax, thus relieving the taxpayer of two sets of computations. The amendment re-
tains the maximum tax rate at ten per cent.
The final amendment ratified in 1970 assigned the benefits of property escheating to
the State for want of an heir or other lawful claimant to a special fund, to be available to
help needy North Carolina students attending public institutions of higher education in
the State. Property escheating prior to July 1, 1971, continues to be held by The Univer-
sity of North Carolina.
The one amendment defeated by the voters in 1970 would have repealed the state con-
stitutional requirement that in order to register as a voter, one must be able to read and
write the English language. That requirement was already ineffective by virtue of federal
legislation and therefore the failure of repeal had no practical effect.
The General Assembly of 1971 submitted to the voters five state constitutional
amendments, all of which were ratified by the voters on November 7, 1972. Those
amendments set the constitutionally-specified voting age at 18 years, required the Gen-
eral Assembly to set maximum age limits for service as justices and judges of the state
courts, authorized the General Assembly to prescribe procedures for the censure and re-
moval of state judges and justices, added to the Constitution a statement of policy with
regard to the conservation and the protection of natural resources, and limited the au-
thority of the General Assembly to incorporate cities and towns within close proximity
to existing municipalities.
The General Assembly at its 1973 session submitted and the voters in 1974 approved
an amendment changing the title of the Solicitor to that of District Attorney. The 1974
legislative session submitted an amendment authorizing the issuance by state or county
governments of revenue bonds to finance industrial facilities, which the voters rejected.
In 1975, the General Assembly submitted two amendments authorizing legislation to
permit the issuance of revenue bonds (1) by state and local governments to finance
health care facilities and (2) by counties to finance industrial facilities. Both received
voter approval on March 23, 1976.
The constitutional amendments of 1835 had permitted the voters to elect a Governor
for two successive two-year terms. The Constitution of 1868 extended the Governor's
term to four years but prohibited the Governor and Lieutenant Governor from serving
successive four-year terms of the same office. The 1971 Constitution retained this limi-
tation. An amendment to empower the voters to elect both the Governor and Lieu-
tenant Governor to two successive terms of the same office was submitted by the 1977
General Assembly and ratified by the voters on November 8, 1977. Four other amend-
ments were approved by the voters at the same time. They required that the State oper-
ate on a balanced budget at all times, extended to widowers (as well as to widows) the
benefit of the homestead exemption, allowed a woman (as well as a man) to insure her
life for the benefit of her spouse or children free from all claims of the insured's credit-
ors or of her (or his) estate, and authorized municipalities owning or operating electric
A Brief History of the Constitutions of North Carolina 99
power facilities to do so jointly with other public or private power organizations and to
issue electric system revenue bonds to finance such facilities.
Only one amendment was proposed by the General Assembly of 1979. Approved by
the voters in 1980, it required that all justices and judges of the State courts be licensed
lawyers as a condition of election or appointment to the bench.
The 1981 session of the General Assembly sent five amendments to the voters for de-
cision on June 29, 1982. The two ratified amendments ratified by the voters authorized
the General Assembly (1) to provide for the recall of retired State Supreme Court Jus-
tices and Court of Appeals Judges to temporary duty on either court and (2) to em-
power the Supreme Court to review direct appeals from the Utilities Commission. The
voters rejected amendments (1) extending the terms of all members of the General As-
sembly from two to four years; (2) authorizing the General Assembly to empower pub-
lic agencies to develop new and existing seaports and airports, and to finance and re-
finance seaport, airport, and related commercial and industrial facilities for public and
private parties; and (3) authorizing the General Assembly to empower a State agency to
issue bonds to finance facilities for private institutions of higher education.
At its 1982 session, the General Assembly submitted two amendments. On November
2, 1982, the electorate ratified an amendment shifting the begining of legislative terms
from the date of election to January 1 next after the election, and rejected an amend-
ment permitting the issuance of tax-increment bonds without voter approval.
On May 8, 1984, the voters rejected an amendment submitted by the General As-
sembly of 1983 to authorize the General Assembly to create an agency to issue revenue
bonds to finance agricultural facilities. And on November 6, 1984, the voters approved
an amendment requiring that the Attorney General and all District Attorneys be li-
censed lawyers as a condition of election or appointment.
Conclusion
The people of North Carolina have treated their constitution with conservatism and
respect. The fact that we have adopted only three constitutions in two centuries of exist-
ence as a state is the chief evidence of that attitude. (Some states have adopted as many
as five or ten constitutions in a like period.) The relative fewness of amendments, even
in recent years, is another point of contrast to many states. It reflects the fact that North
Carolina has been less disposed than have many states to write into its state constitution
detailed provisions with respect to transitory matters better left to legislation. The Con-
stitution has allowed the General Assembly wide latitude for decision on public affairs,
and legislators have been willing to accept responsibility for and act on matters within
their authority instead of passing the responsibility for difficult decisions on to the
voters in the form of constitutional amendments.
Constitutional draftsmen have not been so convinced of their own exclusive hold on
wisdom or so doubtful of the reliability of later generations of legislators that they
found it necessary to write into the Constitution the large amount of regulatory detail
often found in state constitutions. Delegates to constitutional conventions and members
of the General Assembly have acted consistently with the advice of the late John J.
Parker, Chief Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
(1925-58), who observed:
100
North Carolina Manual
I he purpose ola stalcconstuulion is two-lold; { I ) to protect the rights ol the indi\idual I rom encroachment by the Stale; and (2) to
pro\idc a Iramework ol government tor the Stale and its subdivisions. It is not the lunction ol a constitution to deal VMth temporary
conditions, but to lay down general principles ol government v\hich must be observed amid changing conditions. It rollo\\s,then. that a
constitution should not contain elaborate legislative provisions, but should lay do«n brielly and clearly lundamcntal principles upon
vshich the government shall proceed, leaving it to the people's representatives to apply these principles through legislation to conditions
as Ihey arise
NORTH CAROLINA CONSTITUTIONAL PROPOSITIONS
VOTED ON BY THE PEOPLE SINCE 1868
Year
of Vote
Ratified
Rejected
1868
1
1873
8
1876
1
1880
2
1888
1
1892
1
1900
1
1914
10
1916
4
1918
2
1920
2
1922
1
1924
3
1
1926
1
1928
1
2
1930
3
1932
1
3
1936
5
1938
2
1942
2
1944
5
1946
1
1
1948
1
3
1950
5
1952
3
1954
4
1
1956
4
1958
1
1962
6
1964
1
1
1966
1
1968
2
1970
6
1
1972
5
1974
1
1
1976
2
1977
5
1980
1
1982
3
4
1984
2
Totals
95
34
In the above table, each issue on which the people have voted is counted as one, whether it involved only a
single section (as was often the case), a whole article (as in the case of the 1900 suffrage amendment and the
1962 court amendment, or a revision of the entire Constitution (as in 1868 and 1970).
The Constitution of North Carolina 101
Chapter Two
CONSTITUTION
of
NORTH CAROLINA
PREAMBLE
We, the people of the State of North Carolina, grateful to Almighty God, the Sovereign
Ruler of Nations, for the preservation of the American Union and the existence of our civil,
political and religious liberties, and acknowledging our dependence upon Him Jor the con-
tinuance of those blessings to us and our posterity, do, for the more certain security thereoj
and for the better government of this State, ordain and establish this Constitution.
ARTICLE I
DECLARATION OF RIGHTS
That the great, general, and essential principles of liberty and free government may be
recognized and established, and that the relations of this State to the Union and govern-
ment of the United States and those of the people of this State to the rest of the Ameri-
can people may be defined and affirmed, we do declare that:
Section 1. The equality and rights of persons. We hold it to be self-evident that all per-
sons are created equal; that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable
rights; that among these are life, liberty, the enjoyment of the fruits of their own labor,
and the pursuit of happiness.
Sec. 2. Sovereignty of the people. All political power is vested in and derived from the
people; all government of right originates from the people, is founded upon their will
only, and is instituted solely for the good of the whole.
Sec. 3. Internal government of the State. The people of this State have the inherent,
sole, and exclusive right of regulating the internal government and police thereof, and of
altering or abolishing their Constitution and form of government whenever it may be
necessary to their safety and happiness; but every such right shall be exercised in pur-
suance of law and consistently with the Constitution of the United States.
Sec. 4. Secession prohibited. This State shall ever remain a member of the American
Union; the people thereof are part of the American nation; there is no right on the part
of this State to secede; and all attempts, from whatever source or upon whatever pre-
text, to dissolve this Union or to sever this Nation, shall be resisted with the whole
power of the State.
102 North Carolina Manual
Sec. 5. Allegiance to the United States. Every citizen of this State owes paramount
allegiance to the Constitution and government of the United States, and no law or ordi-
nance of the State in contravention or subversion thereof can have any binding force.
Sec. 6. Separation of powers. The legislative, executive, and supreme judicial powers
of the State government shall be forever separate and distinct from each other.
Sec. 7. Suspending laws. All power of suspending laws or the execution of laws by any
authority, without the consent of the representatives of the people, is injurious to their
rights and shall not be exercised.
Sec. 8. Representation and taxation. The people of this State shall not be taxed or
made subject to the payment of any impost or duty without the consent of themselves or
their representatives in the General Assembly, freely given.
Sec. 9. Frequent elections. For redress of grievances and for amending and strengthen-
ing the laws, elections shall be often held.
Sec. 10. Free elections. All elections shall be free.
Sec. 1 1 . Properly qualifications. As political rights and privileges are not dependent
upon or modified by property, no property qualification shall affect the right to vote or
hold office.
Sec. 12. Right of assembly and petition. The people have a right to assemble together
to consult for their common good, to instruct their representatives, and to apply to the
General Assembly for redress of grievances; but secret political societies are dangerous
to the liberties of a free people and shall not be tolerated.
Sec. 13. Religious liberty. All persons have a natural and inalienable right to worship
Almighty God according to the dictates of their own consciences, and no human au-
thority shall, in any case whatever, control or interfere with the rights of conscience.
Sec. 14. Freedom of speech and press. Freedom of speech and of the press are two of
the great bulwarks of liberty and therefore shall never be restrained, but every person
shall be held responsible for their abuse.
Sec. 15. Education. The people have a right to the privilege of education, and it is the
duty of the State to guard and maintain that right.
Sec. 16. Ex post facto laws. Retrospective laws, punishing acts committed before the
existence of such laws and by them only declared criminal, are oppressive, unjust, and
incompatible with liberty, and therefore no ex post facto law shall be enacted. No law
taxing retrospectively sales, purchases, or other acts previously done shall be enacted.
Sec. 17. Slavery and involuntary servitude. Slavery is forever prohibited. Involuntary
servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the parties have been adjudged
guilty, is forever prohibited.
Sec. 18. Courts shall be open. All courts shall be open; every person for an injury done
him in his lands, goods, person, or reputation shall have remedy by due course of law;
and right and justice shall be administered without favor, denial, or delay.
Sec. 19. Law of the land: equal protection of the laws. No person shall be taken, impris-
oned, or disseized of his freehold, liberties, or privileges, or outlawed, or exiled, or in
The Constitution of North Carolina 103
any manner deprived of his life, liberty, or property, but by the law of the land. No per-
son shall be denied the equal protection of the laws; nor shall any person be subjected to
discrimination by the State because of race, color, religion, or national origin.
Sec. 20. General warrants. General warrants, whereby any officer or other person may
be commanded to search suspected places without evidence of the act committed, or to
seize any person or persons not named, whose offense is not particularly described and
supported by evidence, are dangerous to liberty and shall not be granted.
Sec. 21. Inquiry into restraints on liberty. Every person restrained of his liberty is en-
titled to a remedy to inquire into the lawfulness thereof, and to remove the restraint if
unlawful, and that remedy shall not be denied or delayed. The privilege of the writ of
habeas corpus shall not be suspended.
Sec. 22. Modes of prosecution. Except in misdemeanor cases initiated in the District
Court Division, no person shall be put to answer any criminal charge but by indictment,
presentment, or impeachment. But any person, when represented by counsel, may, un-
der such regulations as the General Assembly shall prescribe, waive indictment in non-
capital cases.
Sec. 23. Rights of accused. In all criminal prosecutions, every person charged with
crime has the right to be informed of the accusation and to confront the accusers and
witnesses with other testimony, and to have counsel for defense, and not be compelled
to give self-incriminating evidence, or to pay costs, jail fees, or necessary witness fees of
the defense, unless found guilty.
Sec. 24. Right of jury trial in criminal cases. No person shall be convicted of any crime
but by the unanimous verdict of a jury in open court. The General Assembly may, how-
ever, provide for other means of trial for misdemeanors, with the right of appeal for
trial de novo.
Sec. 25. Right of jury trial in civil cases. In all controversies at law respecting property,
the ancient mode of trial by jury is one of the best securities of the rights of the people,
and shall remain sacred and inviolable.
Sec. 26. Jury service. No person shall be excluded from jury service on account of sex,
race, color, religion, or national origin.
Sec. 27. Bail, fines, and punishments. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive
fines imposed, nor cruel or unusual punishments inflicted.
Sec. 28. Imprisonment for debt. There shall be no imprisonment for debt in this State,
except in cases of fraud.
Sec. 29. Treason against the State. Treason against the State shall consist only of levy-
ing war against it or adhering to its enemies by giving them aid and comfort. No person
shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt
act, or on confession in open court. No conviction of treason or attainder shall work
corruption of blood or forfeiture.
Sec. 30. Militia and the right to bear arms. A well regulated militia being necessary to
the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be in-
fringed; and, as standing armies in time of peace are dangerous to liberty, they shall not
104 North Carolina Manual
be maintained, and the military shall be kept under strict subordination to, and
governed by, the civil power. Nothing herein shall justify the practice of carrying con-
cealed weapons, or prevent the General Assembly from enacting penal statutes against
that practice.
Sec. 31. Quartering of soldiers. No soldier shall in time of peace be quartered in any
house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner prescribed
by law.
Sec. 32. Exclusive emoluments. No person or set of persons is entitled to exclusive or
separate emoluments or privileges from the community but in consideration of public
services.
Sec. 33. Hereditary emoluments and honors . No hereditary emoluments, privileges, or
honors shall be granted or conferred in this State.
Sec. 34. Perpetuities and monopolies. Perpetuities and monopolies are contrary to the
genius of a free state and shall not be allowed.
Sec. 35. Recurrence to fundamental principals. A frequent recurrence to fundamental
principles is absolutely necessary to preserve the blessings of liberty.
Sec. 36. Other rights of the people. The enumeration of rights in this Article shall not
be construed to impair or deny others retained by the people.
ARTICLE II
LEGISLATIVE
Section 1. Legislative power. The legislative power of the State shall be vested in the
General Assembly, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives.
Sec. 2. Number of Senators. The Senate shall be composed of 50 Senators, biennially
chosen by ballot.
Sec. 3. Senate districts; apportionment of Senators. The Senators shall be elected from
districts. The General Assembly, at the first regular session convening after the return of
every decennial census of population taken by order of Congress, shall revise the senate
districts and the apportionment of Senators among those districts, subject to the follow-
ing requirements:
(1) Each Senator shall represent, as nearly as may be, an equal number of inhabitants,
the number of inhabitants that each Senator represents being determined for this pur-
pose by dividing the population of the district that he represents by the number of Sena-
tors apportioned to that district;
(2) Each senate district shall at all times consist of contiguous territory;
(3) No county shall be divided in the formation of a senate district;
(4) When established, the senate districts and the apportionment of Senators shall re-
main unaltered until the return of another decennial census of population taken by or-
der of Congress.
Sec. 4. Number of Representatives. The House of Representatives shall be composed
of 120 Representatives, biennially chosen by ballot.
The Constitution of North Carolina 105
Sec. 5. Representative districts; apportionment of Representatives. The Representatives
shall be elected from districts. The General Assembly, at the first regular session con-
vening after the return of every decennial census of population taken by order of
Congress, shall revise the representative districts and the apportionment of Representa-
tives among those districts, subject to the following requirements:
(1) Each Representative shall represent, as nearly as may be, an equal number of in-
habitants, the number of inhabitants that each Representative represents being
determined for this purpose by dividing the population of the district that he represents
by the number of Representatives apportioned to that district;
(2) Each representative district shall at all times consist of contiguous territory;
(3) No county shall be divided in the formation of a representative district;
(4) When established, the representative districts and the apportionment of Repre-
sentatives shall remain unaltered until the return of another decennial census of popula-
tion taken by order of Congress.
Sec. 6. Qualifications for Senator. Each Senator, at the time of his election, shall be
not less than 25 years of age, shall be a qualified voter of the State, and shall have re-
sided in the State as a citizen for two years and in the district for which he is chosen for
one year immediately preceding his election.
Sec. 7. Qualifications for Representative. Each Representative, at the time of his
election, shall be a qualified voter of the State, and shall have resided in the district for
which he is chosen for one year immediately preceding his election.
Sec. 8. Elections. The election for members of the General Assembly shall be held for
the respective districts in 1972 and every two years thereafter, at the places and on the
day prescribed by law.
Sec. 9. Term of office. The term of office of Senators and Representatives shall com-
mence on the first day of January next after their election.
Sec. 10. Vacancies. Every vacancy occurring in the membership of the General As-
sembly by reason of death, resignation, or other cause shall be filled in the manner pre-
scribed by law.
Sec. 1 1 . Sessions.
(1) Regular Sessions. The General Assembly shall meet in regular session in 1973 and
every two years thereafter on the day prescribed by law. Neither house shall proceeed
upon public business unless a majority of all of its members are actually present.
(2) Extra sessions on legislative call. The President of the Senate and the Speaker of
the House of Representatives shall convene the General Assembly in extra session by
their joint proclamation upon receipt by the President of the Senate of written requests
therefor signed by three-fifths of all the members of the Senate and upon receipt by the
Speaker of the House of Representatives of written requests therefor signed by three-
fifths of all the members of the House of Representatives.
Sec. 12. Oath of members. Each member of the General Assembly, before taking his
106 North Carolina Manual
seat, shall take an oath or affirmation that he will support the Constitution and laws of
the United States and the Constitution of the State of North Carolina, and will faith-
fully discharge his duty as a member of the Senate or House of Representatives.
Sec. 13. President of the Senate. The Lieutenant Governor shall be President of the
Senate and shall preside over the Senate, but shall have no vote unless the Senate is
equally divided.
Sec. 14. Other officers of the Senate.
(1) President Pro Tempore - succession to presidency. The Senate shall elect from its
membership a President Pro Tempore, who shall become President of the Senate upon
the failure of the Lieutenant Governor-elect to qualify, or upon succession by the Lieu-
tenant Governor to the office of Governor, or upon the death, resignation, or removal
from office of the President of the Senate, and who shall serve until the expiration of his
term of office as Senator.
(2) President Pro Tempore - temporary succession. During the physical or mental in-
capacity of the President of the Senate to perform the duties of his office, or during the
absence of the President of the Senate, the President Pro Tempore shall preside over the
Senate.
(3) Other Officers. The Senate shall elect its other officers.
Sec. 15. Officers of the House of Representatives. The House of Representatives shall
elect its Speaker and other officers.
Sec. 16. Compensation and allowances. The members and officers of the General As-
sembly shall receive for their services the compensation and allowances prescribed by
law. An increase in the compensation or allowances of members shall become effective
at the beginning of the next regular session of the General Assembly following the ses-
sion at which it was enacted.
Sec. 17. Journals. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, which shall be
printed and made public immediately after the adjournment of the General Assembly.
Sec. 18. Protests. Any member of either house may dissent from and protest against
any act or resolve which he may think injurious to the public or to any individual, and
have the reasons of his dissent entered on the journal.
Sec. 19. Record votes. Upon motion made in either house and seconded by one fifth of
the members present, the yeas and nays upon any question shall be taken and entered
upon the journal.
Sec. 20. Powers of the General Assembly. Each house shall be judge of the qualifica-
tions and elections of its own members, shall sit upon its own adjournment from day to
day, and shall prepare bills to be enacted into laws. The two houses may jointly adjourn
to any future day or other place. Either house may, of its own motion, adjourn for a
period not in excess of three days.
Sec. 21. Style of the acts. The style of the acts shall be: "The General Assembly of
North Carolina enacts:".
Sec. 22. Action on bills. All bills and resolutions of a legislative nature shall be read
The Constitution of North Carolina 107
three times in each house before they become laws, and shall be signed by the presiding
officers of both houses.
Sec. 23. Revenue hills. No laws shall be enacted to raise money on the credit of the
State, or to pledge the faith of the State directly or indirectly for the payment of any
debt, or to impose any tax upon the people of the State, or to allow the counties, cities,
or towns to do so, unless the bill for the purpose shall have been read three several times
in each house of the General Assembly and passed three several readings, which read-
ings shall have been on three different days, and shall have been agreed to by each house
respectively, and unless the yeas and nays on the second and third readings of the bill
shall have been entered on the journal.
Sec. 24. Limitations on local, private, and special legislation.
(1) Prohibited subjects. The General Assembly shall not enact any local, private, or
special act or resolution:
(a) Relating to health, sanitation, and the abatement of nuisances;
(b) Changing the names of cities, towns, and townships;
(c) Authorizing the laying out, opening, altering, maintaining, or discontinuing of
highways, streets, or alleys;
(d) Relating to ferries or bridges;
(e) Relating to non-navigable streams;
( f ) Relating to cemeteries;
(g) Relating to the pay of jurors;
(h ) Erecting new townships, or changing township lines, or establishing or changing
the lines of school districts;
( i ) Remitting fines, penalties, and forfeitures, or refunding moneys legally paid into
the public treasury;
(j ) Regulating labor, trade, mining, or manufacturing;
(k ) Extending the time for the levy or collection of taxes or otherwise relieving any
collector of taxes from the due performance of his official duties or his sureties
from liability;
( 1 ) Giving effect to informal wills and deeds;
(m) Granting a divorce or securing alimony in any individual case;
(n) Altering the name of any person, or legitimating any person not born in lawful
wedlock, or restoring to the rights of citizenship any person convicted of a fel-
ony.
(2) Repeals. Nor shall the General Assembly enact any such local, private, or special
act by partial repeal of a general law; but the General Assembly may at any time repeal
local, private, or special laws enacted by it.
(3) Prohibited acts void. Any local, private, or special act or resolution enacted in vio-
lation of the provisions of this Section shall be void.
(4) General laws. The General Assembly may enact general laws regulating the mat-
ters set out in this Section.
108 North Carolina Manual
ARTICLE III
EXECUTIVE
Section 1. Executive power. The executive power of the State shall be vested in the
Governor.
Sec. 2. Governor and Lieutenant Governor: election, term, and qualijications.
(1) Election and term. The Governor and Lieutenant Governor shall be elected by the
qualified voters of the State in 1972 and every four years thereafter, at the same time
and places as members of the General Assembly are elected. Their term of office shall be
four years and shall commence on the first day of January next after their election and
continue until their successors are elected and qualified.
(2) Qualifications. No person shall be eligible for election to the office of Governor or
Lieutenant Governor unless, at the time of his election, he shall have attained the age of
30 years and shall have been a citizen of the United States for five years and a resident of
this State for two years immediately preceding his election. No person elected to the of-
fice of Governor or Lieutenant Governor shall be eligible for election to more than two
consecutive terms of the same office.
Sec. 3. Succession to office of Governor.
(1) Succession as Governor. The Lieutenant Governor-elect shall become Governor
upon the failure of the Governor-elect to qualify. The Lieutenant Governor shall be-
come Governor upon the death, resignation, or removal from office of the Governor.
The further order of succession to the office of Governor shall be prescribed by law. A
successor shall serve for the remainder of the term of the Governor whom he succeeds
and until a new Governor is elected and qualified.
(2) Succession as Acting Governor. During the absence of the Governor from the
State, or during the physical or mental incapacity of the Governor to perform the duties
of his office, the Lieutenant Governor shall be Acting Governor. The further order of
succession as Acting Governor shall be prescribed by law.
(3) Physical incapacity. The Governor may, by a written statement filed with the At-
torney General, declare that he is physically incapable of performing the duties of his
office, and may thereafter in the same manner declare that he is physically capable of
performing the duties of his office.
(4) Mental incapacity. The mental incapacity of the Governor to perform the duties of
his office shall be determined only by joint resolution adopted by a vote of two-thirds of
all the members of each house of the General Assembly. Thereafter, the mental capacity
of the Governor to perform the duties of his office shall be determined only by joint res-
olution adopted by a vote of a majority of all the members of each house of the General
Assembly. In all cases, the General Assembly shall give the Governor such notice as it
may deem proper and shall allow him an opportunity to be heard before a joint session
of the General Assembly before it takes final action. When the General Assembly is not
in session, the Council of State, a majority of its members concurring, may convene it in
extra session for the purpose of proceeding under this paragraph.
Sec. 4. Oath of office for Governor. The Governor, before entering upon the duties of
The Constitution of North Carolina 109
his office, shall, before any Justice of the Supreme Court, take an oath or affirmation
that he will support the Constitution and laws of the United States and of the State of
North Carolina, and that he will faithfully perform the duties pertaining to the office of
Governor.
Sec. 5. Duties of Governor.
(1) Residence. The Governor shall reside at the seat of government of this State.
(2) Information to General Assembly. The Governor shall from time to time give the
General Assembly information of the affairs of the State and recommend to their con-
sideration such measures as he shall deem expedient.
(3) Budget. The Governor shall prepare and recommend to the General Assembly a
comprehensive budget of the anticipated revenue and proposed expenditures of the
State for the ensuing fiscal period. The budget as enacted by the General Assembly shall
be administered by the Governor.
The total expenditures of the State for the fiscal period covered by the budget shall
not exceed the total of receipts during that fiscal period and the surplus remaining in the
State Treasury at the beginning of the period. To insure that the State does not incur a
deficit for any fiscal period, the Governor shall continually survey the collection of the
revenue and shall effect the necessary economies in State expenditures, after first mak-
ing adequate provision for the prompt payment of the principal of and interest on
bonds and notes of the State according to their terms, whenever he determines that re-
ceipts during the fiscal period, when added to any surplus remaining in the State
Treasury at the beginning of the period, will not be sufficient to meet budgeted expendi-
tures. This section shall not be construed to impair the power of the State to issue its
bonds and notes within the limitations imposed in Article V of this Constitution, nor to
impair the obligation of bonds and notes of the State now outstanding or issued here-
after.
(4) Execution of laws. The Governor shall take care that the laws be faithfully exe-
cuted.
(5) Commander in Chief. The Governor shall be Commander in Chief of the military
forces of the State except when they shall be called into the service of the United States.
(6) Clemency. The Governor may grant reprieves, commutations, and pardons, after
conviction, for all offenses (except in cases of impeachment), upon such conditions as he
may think proper, subject to regulations prescribed by law relative to the manner of ap-
plying for pardons. The terms reprieves, commutations, and pardons shall not include
paroles.
(7) Extra sessions. The Governor may, on extraordinary occasions, by and with the
advice of the Council of State, convene the General Assembly in extra session by his
proclamation, stating therein the purpose or purposes for which they are thus convened.
(8) Appointments. The Governor shall nominate and by and with the advice and con-
sent of a majority of the Senators appoint all officers whose appointments are not other-
wise provided for.
(9) Information. The Governor may at any time require information in writing from
110 North Carolina Manual
the head of any administrative department or agency upon any subject relating to the
duties of his office.
(10) Administrative reorganization. The General Assembly shall prescribe the func-
tions, powers, and duties of the administrative departments and agencies of the State
and may alter them from time to time, but the Governor may make such changes in the
allocation of offices and agencies and in the allocation of those functions, powers, and
duties as he considers necessary for efficient administration. If those changes affect ex-
isting law, they shall be set forth in executive orders, which shall be submitted to the
General Assembly not later than the sixtieth calendar day of its session, and shall be-
come effective and shall have the force of law upon adjournment sine die of the session,
unless specifically disapproved by resolution of either house of the General Assembly or
specifically modified by joint resolution of both houses of the General Assembly.
Sec. 6. Duties of the Lieutenant Governor. The Lieutenant Governor shall be President
of the Senate, but shall have no vote unless the Senate is equally divided. He shall per-
form such additional duties as the General Assembly or the Governor may assign to
him. He shall receive the compensation and allowances prescribed by law.
Sec. 7. Other elective officers.
(1) Officers. A Secretary of State, an Auditor, a Treasurer, a Superintendent of Public
Instruction, an Attorney General, a Commissioner of Agriculture, a Commissioner of
Labor, and a Commissioner of Insurance shall be elected by the qualified voters of the
State in 1972 and every four years thereafter, at the same time and places as members of
the General Assembly are elected. Their term of office shall be four years and shall com-
mence on the first day of January next after their election and continue until their suc-
cessors are elected and qualified.
(2) Duties. Their respective duties shall be prescribed by law.
(3) Vacancies. If the office of any of these officers is vacated by death, resignation, or
otherwise, it shall be the duty of the Governor to appoint another to serve until his suc-
cessor is elected and qualified. Every such vacancy shall be filled by election at the first
election for members of the General Assembly that occurs more than 30 days after the
vacancy has taken place, and the person chosen shall hold the office for the remainder
of the unexpired term fixed in this Section. When a vacancy occurs in the office of any
of the officers named in this Section and the term expires on the first day of January suc-
ceeding the next election for members of the General Assembly, the Governor shall ap-
point to fill the vacancy for the unexpired term of the office.
(4) Interim officers. Upon the occurrence of a vacancy in the office of any one of these
officers for any of the causes stated in the preceding paragraph, the Governor may ap-
point an interim officer to perform the duties of that office until a person is appointed
or elected pursuant to this Section to fill the vacancy and is qualified.
(5) Acting officers. During the physical or mental incapacity of any one of these of-
ficers to perform the duties of his office, as determined pursuant to this Section, the
duties of his office shall be performed by an acting officer who shall be appointed by the
Governor.
(6) Determination of incapacity. The General Assembly shall by law prescribe with re-
The Constitution of North Carolina 111
spect to those officers, other than the Governor, whose offices are created by this
Article, procedures for determining the physical or mental incapacity of any officer to
perform the duties of his office, and for determining whether an officer who has been
temporarily incapacitated has sufficiently recovered his physical or mental capacity to
perform the duties of his office. Removal of those officers from office for any other
cause shall be by impeachment.
(7) Special Qualifications for Attorney General. Only persons duly authorized to prac-
tice law in the courts of this State shall be eligible for appointment or election as At-
torney General.
Sec. 8. Council of State. The Council of State shall consist of the officers whose offices
are established by this Article.
Sec. 9. Compensation and allowances. The officers whose offices are established by this
Article shall at stated periods receive the compensation and allowances prescribed by
law, which shall not be diminished during the time for which they have been chosen.
Sec. 10. Seal of State. There shall be a seal of the State, which shall be kept by the
Governor and used by him as occasion may require, and shall be called "The Great Seal
of the State of North Carolina." All grants or commissions shall be issued in the name
and by the authority of the State of North Carolina, sealed with "The Great Seal of the
State of North Carolina," and signed by the Governor.
Sec. 11. Administrative departments. Not later than July 1, 1975, all administrative
departments, agencies, and offices of the State and their respective functions, powers,
and duties shall be allocated by law among and within not more than 25 principal ad-
ministrative departments so as to group them as far as practicable according to major
purposes. Regulatory, quasi-judicial, and temporary agencies may, but need not, be
allocated within a principal department.
ARTICLE IV
JUDICIAL
Section 1. Judicial power. The judicial power of the State shall, except as provided in
Section 3 of this Article, be vested in a Court for the Trial of Impeachments and in a
General Court of Justice. The General Assembly shall have no power to deprive the
judicial department of any power or jurisdiction that rightfully pertains to it as a co-
ordinate department of the government, nor shall it establish or authorize any courts
other than as permitted by this Article.
Sec. 2. General Court of Justice. The General Court of Justice shall constitute a uni-
fied judicial system for purposes of jurisdiction, operation, and administration, and
shall consist of an Appellate Division, a Superior Court Division, and a District Court
Division.
Sec. 3. Judicial powers of administrative agencies. The General Assembly may vest in
administrative agencies established pursuant to law such judicial powers as may be
reasonably necessary as an incident to the accomplishment of the purposes for which
the agencies were created. Appeals from administrative agencies shall be to the General
Court of Justice.
112 North Carolina Manual
Sec. 4. Court for the Trial of Impeachments. The House of Representatives solely shall
have the power of impeaching. The Court for the Trial of Impeachments shall be the
Senate. When the Governor or Lieutenant Governor is impeached, the Chief Justice
shall preside over the Court. A majority of the members shall be necessary to a quorum,
and no person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the Senators
present. Judgment upon conviction shall not extend beyond removal from and disquali-
fication to hold office in this State, but the party shall be liable to indictment and pun-
ishment according to law.
Sec. 5. Appellate division. The Appellate Division of the General Court of Justice shall
consist of the Supreme Court and the Court of Appeals.
Sec. 6. Supreme Court.
(1) Membership. The Supreme Court shall consist of a Chief Justice and six Associate
Justices, but the General Assembly may increase the number of Associate Justices to
not more than eight. In the event the Chief Justice is unable, on account of absence or
temporary incapacity, to perform any of the duties placed upon him, the senior Asso-
ciate Justice available may discharge those duties.
(2) Sessions of the Supreme Court. The sessions of the Supreme Court shall be held in
the City of Raleigh unless otherwise provided by the General Assembly.
Sec. 7. Court of Appeals. The structure, organization, and composition of the Court
of Appeals shall be determined by the General Assembly. The Court shall have not less
than five members, and may be authorized to sit in divisions, or other than en banc. Ses-
sions of the Court shall be held at such times and places as the General Assembly may
prescribe.
Sec. 8. Retirement of Justices and Judges. The General Assembly shall provide by
general law for the retirement of Justices and Judges of the General Court of Justice,
and may provide for the temporary recall of any retired Justice or Judge to serve on the
court from which he was retired. The General Assembly shall also prescribe maximum
age limits service as a Justice or Judge.
Sec. 9. Superior Courts.
(1) Superior Court districts. The General Assembly shall, from time to time, divide the
State into a convenient number of Superior Court judicial districts and shall provide for
the election of one or more Superior Court Judges for each district. Each regular
Superior Court Judge shall reside in the district for which he is elected. The General As-
sembly may provide by general law for the selection or appointment of special or
emergency Superior Court Judges not selected for a particular judicial district.
(2) Open at all times; sessions for trial of cases. The Superior Courts shall be open at
all times for the transaction of all business except the trial of issues of fact requiring a
jury. Regular trial sessions of the Superior Court shall be held at times fixed pursuant to
a calendar of courts promulgated by the Supreme Court. At least two sessions for the
trial of jury cases shall be held annually in each county.
(3) Clerks. A Clerk of the Superior Court for each county shall be elected for a term
of four years by the qualified voters thereof, at the same time and places as members of
The Constitution of North Carolina 113
the General Assembly are elected. If the office of Clerk of the Superior Court becomes
vacant otherwise than by the expiration of the term, or if the people fail to elect, the
senior regular resident Judge of the Superior Court serving the county shall appoint to
fill the vacancy until an election can be regularly held.
Sec. 10. District Courts. The General Assembly shall, from time to time, divide the
State into a convenient number of local court districts and shall prescribe where the Dis-
trict Courts shall sit, but a District Court must sit in at least one place in each county.
District judges shall be elected for each district for a term of four years, in a manner
prescribed by law. When more than one District Judge is authorized and elected for a
district, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court shall designate one of the judges as
Chief District Judge. Every District Judge shall reside in the district for which he is
elected. For each county, the senior regular resident Judge of the Superior Court serving
the county shall appoint for a term of two years, from nominations submitted by the
Clerk of the Superior Court of the county, one or more Magistrates who shall be of-
ficers of the District Court. The number of District Judges and Magistrates shall, from
time to time, be determined by the General Assembly. Vacancies in the office of District
Judge shall be filled for the unexpired term in a manner prescribed by law. Vacancies in
the office of Magistrate shall be filled for the unexpired term in the manner provided for
original appointment to the office.
Sec. 1 1. Assignment of Judges. The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, acting in ac-
cordance with rules of the Supreme Court, shall make assignments of Judges of the
Superior Court and may transfer District Judges from one district to another for tem-
porary or specialized duty. The principle of rotating Superior Court Judges among the
various districts of a division is a salutary one and shall be observed. For this purpose
the General Assembly may divide the State into a number of judicial divisions. Subject
to the general supervision of the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, assignment of Dis-
trict Judges within each local court district shall be made by the Chief District Judge.
Sec. 12. Jurisdiction oj the General Court of Justice.
(1) Supreme Court. The Supreme Court shall have jurisdiction to review upon appeal
any decision of the courts below, upon any matter of law or legal inference. The juris-
diction of the Supreme Court over "issues of fact" and "questions of fact" shall be the
same exercised by it prior to the adoption of this Article, and the Court may issue any
remedial writs necessary to give it general supervision and control over the proceedings
of the other courts. The Supreme Court also has jurisdiction to review, when authorized
by law, direct appeals from a final order or decision of the North Carolina Utilities
Commission.
(2) Court of Appeals. The Court of Appeals shall have such appellate jurisdiction as
the General Assembly may prescribe.
(3) Superior Court. Except as otherwise provided by the General Assembly, the
Superior Court shall have original general jurisdiction throughout the State. The Clerks
of the Superior Court shall have such jurisdiction and powers as the General Assembly
shall prescribe by general law uniformly applicable in every county of the State.
(4) District Courts: Magistrates. The General Assembly shall, by general law uni-
114 North Carolina Manual
formly applicable in every local court district of the State, prescribe the jurisdiction and
powers of the District Courts and Magistrates.
(5) Waiver. The General Assembly may by general law provide that the jurisdictional
limits may be waived in civil cases.
(6) Appeals. The General Assembly shall by general law provide a proper system of
appeals. Appeals from Magistrates shall be heard de novo, with the right of trial by jury
as defined in this Constitution and the laws of this State.
Sec. 13. Forms of action; rules of procedure.
(1) Forms of Action. There shall be in this State but one form of action for the enforce-
ment or protection of private rights or the redress of private wrongs, which shall be de-
nominated a civil action, and in which there shall be a right to have issues of fact tried
before a jury. Every action prosecuted by the people of the State as a party against a
person charged with a public offense, for the punishment thereof, shall be termed a
criminal action.
(2) Rules of procedure. The Supreme Court shall have exclusive authority to make
rules of procedure and practice for the Appellate Division. The General Assembly may
make rules of procedure and practice for the Superior Court and District Court Divi-
sions, and the General Assembly may delegate this authority to the Supreme Court. No
rule of procedure or practice shall abridge substantive rights or abrogate or limit the
right of trial by jury. If the General Assembly should delegate to the Supreme Court the
rule-making power, the General Assembly may, nevertheless, alter, amend, or repeal
any rule of procedure or practice adopted by the Supreme Court for the Superior Court
or District Court Divisions.
Sec. 14 Waiver of jury trial. In all issues of fact joined in any court, the parties in any
civil case may waive the right to have the issues determined by a jury, in which case the
finding of the judge upon the facts shall have the force and effect of a verdict by a jury.
Sec. 15. Administration. The General Assembly shall provide for an administrative of-
fice of the courts to carry out the provisions of this Article.
Sec. 16. Terms of office and election of Justices oj the Supreme Court. Judges of the
Court of Appeals, and Judges of the Superior Court. Justices of the Supreme Court,
Judges of the Court of Appeals, and regular Judges of the Superior Court shall be elect-
ed by the qualified voters and shall hold office for terms of eight years and until their
successors are elected and qualified. Justices of the Supreme Court and Judges of the
Court of Appeals shall be elected by the qualified voters of the State. Regular Judges of
the Superior Court may be elected by the qualified voters of the State or by the voters of
their respective districts, as the General Assembly may prescribe.
Sec. 17. Removal of Judges, Magistrates and Clerks.
(1) Removal of Judges by the General Assembly. Any Justice or Judge of the General
Court of Justice may be removed from office for mental or physical incapacity by joint
resolution of two-thirds of all the members of each house of the General Assembly. Any
Justice or Judge against whom the General Assembly may be about to proceed shall re-
ceive notice thereof, accompanied by a copy of the causes alleged for his removal, at
least 20 days before the day on which either house of the General Assembly shall act
The Constitution of North Carolina 115
thereon. Removal from office by the General Assembly for any other cause shall be by
impeachment.
(2) Additional method of removal of Judges. The General Assembly shall prescribe a
procedure, in addition to impeachment and address set forth in this Section, for the re-
moval of a Justice or Judge of the General Court of Justice for mental or physical in-
capacity interfering with the performance of his duties which is, or is likely to become,
permanent, and for the censure and removal of a Justice or Judge of the General Court
of Justice for willful misconduct in office, willful and persistent failure to perform his
duties, habitual intemperance, conviction of a crime involving moral turpitude, or con-
duct prejudicial to the administration of justice that brings the judicial office into disr-
epute.
(3) Removal of Magistrates. The General Assembly shall provide by general law for
the removal of Magistrates for misconduct or mental or physical incapacity.
(4) Removal of Clerks. Any Clerk of the Superior Court may be removed from office
for misconduct or mental or physical incapacity by the senior regular resident Superior
Court Judge serving the county. Any Clerk against whom proceedings are instituted
shall receive written notice of the charges against him at least ten days before the hear-
ing upon the charges. Any Clerk so removed from office shall be entitled to an appeal as
provided by law.
Sec. 18. District Attorney and Prosecutorial Districts.
(1) District Attorneys. The General Assembly shall, from time to time, divide the
State into a convenient number of prosecutorial districts, for each of which a District
Attorney shall be chosen for a term of four years by the qualified voters thereof, at the
same time and places as members of the General Assembly are elected. Only persons
duly authorized to practice law in the courts of this State shall be eligible for election or
appointment as a District Attorney. The District Attorney shall advise the officers of
justice in his district, be responsible for the prosecution on behalf of the State of all
criminal actions in the Superior Courts of his district, perform such duties related to ap-
peals therefrom as the Attorney General may require, and perform such other duties as
the General Assembly may prescribe.
(2) Prosecution in District Court Division. Criminal actions in the District Court Divi-
sion shall be prosecuted in such manner as the General Assembly may prescribe by
general law uniformly applicable in every local court district of the State.
Sec. 19. Vacancies. Unless otherwise provided in this Article, all vacancies occurring
in the offices provided for by this Article shall be filled by appointment of the Gov-
ernor, and the appointees shall hold their places until the next election for members of
the General Assembly that is held more than 30 days after the vacancy occurs, when
elections shall be held to fill the offices. When the unexpired term of any of the offices
named in this Article of the Constitution in which a vacancy has occurred, and in which
it is herein provided that the Governor shall fill the vacancy, expires on the first day of
January succeeding the next election for members of the General Assembly, the Gover-
nor shall appoint to fill that vacancy for the unexpired term of the office. If any person
elected or appointed to any of these offices shall fail to qualify, the office shall be ap-
116 North Carolina Manual
pointed to, held, and filled as provided in case of vacancies occurring therein. All in-
cumbents of these offices shall hold until their successors are qualified.
Sec. 20. Revenues and expenses of the judicial department. The General Assembly shall
provide for the establishment of a schedule of court fees and costs which shall be uni-
form throughout the State within each division of the General Court of Justice. The
operating expenses of the judicial department, other than compensation to process
servers and other locally paid non-judicial officers, shall be paid from State funds.
Sec. 21. Fees, salaries, and emoluments. The General Assembly shall prescribe and
regulate the fees, salaries, and emoluments of all officers provided for in this Article, but
the salaries of Judges shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. In no
case shall the compensation of any Judge or Magistrate be dependent upon his decision
or upon the collection of costs.
Sec. 22. Qualification of Justices and Judges. Only persons duly authorized to practice
law in the courts of this State shall be eligible for election or appointment as a Justice of
the Supreme Court, Judge of the Court of Appeals, Judge of the Superior Court, or
Judge of District Court. This section shall not apply to persons elected to or serving in
such capacities on or before January 1, 1981.
ARTICLE V
FINANCE
Section 1. No capitation tax to be levied. No poll or capitation tax shall be levied by
the General Assembly or by any county, city or town, or other taxing unit.
Sec. 2. State and local taxation.
(1) Power of taxation. The power of taxation shall be exercised in a just and equitable
manner, for public purposes only, and shall never be surrendered, suspended, or
contracted away.
(2) Classification. Only the General Assembly shall have the power to classify prop-
erty for taxation, which power shall be exercised only on a State-wide basis and shall
not be delegated. No class of property shall be taxed except by uniform rule, and every
classification shall be made by general law uniformly applicable in every county, city
and town, and other unit of local government.
(3) Exemptions. Property belonging to the State, counties, and municipal corpora-
tions shall be exempt from taxation. The General Assembly may exempt cemeteries and
property held for educational, scientific, literary, cultural, charitable, or religious pur-
poses, and, to a value not exceeding $300, any personal property. The General As-
sembly may exempt from taxation not exceeding $1,000 in value of property held and
used as the place of residence of the owner. Every exemption shall be on a State-wide
basis and shall be made by general law uniformly applicable in every county, city and
town, and other unit of local government. No taxing authority other than the General
Assembly may grant exemptions, and the General Assembly shall not delegate the
powers accorded to it by this subsection.
(4) Special tax areas. Subject to the limitations imposed by Section 4, the General As-
The Constitution of North Carolina 117
sembly may enact general laws authorizing the governing body of any county, city or
town to define territorial areas and to levy taxes within those areas, in addition to those
levied throughout the county, city, or town, in order to finance, provide, or maintain
services, facilities, and functions in addition to or to a greater extent than those
financed, provided, or maintained for the entire county, city, or town.
(5) Purposes of property tax. The General Assembly shall not authorize any county,
city or town, special district, or other unit of local government to levy taxes or property,
except for purposes authorized by general law uniformly applicable throughout the
State, unless the tax is approved by a majority of the qualified voters of the unit who
vote thereon.
(6) Income tax. The rate of tax on incomes shall not in any case exceed ten per cent,
and there shall be allowed personal exemptions and deductions so that only net incomes
are taxed.
(7) Contracts. The General Assembly may enact laws whereby the State, any county,
city or town, and any other public corporation may contract with and appropriate
money to any person, association, or corporation for the accomplishment of public pur-
poses only.
Sec. 3. Limitations upon the increase of State debt.
(1) Authorized purposes: two-thirds limitation. The General Assembly shall have no
power to contract debts secured by a pledge of the faith and credit of the State, unless
approved by a majority of the qualified voters of the State who vote thereon, except for
the following purposes:
(a) To fund or refund a valid existing debt;
(b) to supply an unforeseen deficiency in the revenue;
(c) to borrow in anticipation of the collection of taxes due and payable within the
current fiscal year to an amount not exceeding 50 per cent of such taxes;
(d) to suppress riots or insurrections, or to repel invasions;
(e) to meet emergencies immediately threatening the public health or safety, as con-
clusively determined in writing by the Governor;
(f) for any other lawful purpose, to the extent of two-thirds of the amount by which
the State's outstanding indebtedness shall have been reduced during the next pre-
ceding biennium.
(2) Gift or loan of credit regulated. The General Assembly shall have no power to give
or lend the credit of the State in aid of any person, association, or corporation, except a
corporation in which the State has a controlling interest, unless the subject is submitted
to a direct vote of the people of the State, and is approved by a majority of the qualified
voters who vote thereon.
(3) Definitions. A debt is incurred within the meaning of this Section when the State
borrows money. A pledge of the faith and credit within the meaning of this Section is a
pledge of the taxing power. A loan of credit within the meaning of this Section occurs
when the State exchanges its obligations with or in any way guarantees the debts of an
individual, association or private corporation.
118 North Carolina Manual
(4) Certain debts barred. The General Assembly shall never assume or pay any debt or
obligation, express or implied, incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the
United States. Neither shall the General Assembly assume or pay any debt or bond in-
curred or issued by authority of the Convention of 1868, the special session of the
General Assembly of 1868, or the General Assemblies of 1868-69 and 1869-70, unless
the subject is submitted to the people of the State and is approved by a majority of all
the qualified voters at a referendum held for that sole purpose.
(5) Outstanding debt. Except as provided in subsection (4), nothing in this Section
shall be construed to invalidate or impair the obligation of any bond, note, or other evi-
dence of indebtedness outstanding or authorized for issue as of July 1, 1973.
Sec. 4. Limitations upon the increase of local government debt.
(1) Regulation of borrowing and debt. The General Assembly shall enact general laws
relating to the borrowing of money secured by a pledge of the faith and credit and the
contracting of other debts by counties, cities and towns, special districts, and other
units, authorities, and agencies of local government.
(2) Authorized purposes: two-thirds limitation. The General Assembly shall have no
power to authorize any county, city or town, special district, or other unit of local
government to contract debts secured by a pledge of its faith and credit unless approved
by a majority of the qualified voters of the unit who vote thereon, except for the follow-
ing purposes:
(a) to fund or refund a valid existing debt;
(b) to supply an unforseen deficiency in the revenue;
(c) to borrow in anticipation of the collection of taxes due and payable within the
current fiscal year to an amount not exceeding 50 per cent of such taxes;
(d) to suppress riots or insurrections;
(e) to meet emergencies immediately threatening the public health or safety, as con-
conclusively determined in writing by the Governor;
(f) for purposes authorized by general laws uniformly applicable throughout the
State, to the extent of two-thirds of the amount by which the unit's outstanding
indebtedness shall have been reduced during the next preceding fiscal year.
(3) Gift or loan of credit regulated. No county, city or town, special district, or other
unit of local government shall give or lend its credit in aid of any person, association, or
corporation, except for public purposes as authorized by general law, and unless ap-
proved by a majority of the qualified voters of the unit who vote thereon.
(4) Certain debts barred. No county, city or town, or other unit of local government
shall assume or pay any debt or the interest thereon contracted directly or indirectly in
aid or support of rebellion or insurrection against the United States.
(5) Definitions. A debt is incurred within the meaning of this Section when a county,
city or town, special district, or other unit, authority, or agency of local government
borrows money. A pledge of faith and credit within the meaning of this Section is a
pledge of the taxing power. A loan of credit within the meaning of this Section occurs
when a county, city or town, special district, or other unit, authority, or agency of local
The Constitution of North Carolina 119
government exchanges its obligations with or in any way guarantees the debts of an
individual, association, or private corporation.
(6) Outstanding debt. Except as provided in subsection (4), nothing in this Section
shall be construed to invalidate or impair the obligation of any bond, note, or other evi-
dence of indebtedness outstanding or authorized for issue as of July 1, 1973.
Sec. 5. Acts levying taxes to state objects. Every act of the General Assembly levying a
tax shall state the special object to which it is to be applied, and it shall be applied to no
other purpose.
Sec. 6. Inviolability oj sinking funds and retirement junds.
(1) Sinking funds. The General Assembly shall not use or authorize to be used any
part of the amount of any sinking fund for any purpose other than the retirement of the
bonds for which the sinking fund has been created, except that these funds may be in-
vested as authorized by law.
(2) Retirement funds. Neither the General Assembly nor any public officer, employee,
or agency shall use or authorize to be used any part of the funds of the Teachers' and
State Employees' Retirement System or the Local Governmental Employees' Retire-
ment System for any purpose other than retirement system benefits and purposes, ad-
ministrative expenses, and refunds; except that retirement system funds may be invested
as authorized by law, subject to the investment limitation that the funds of the Teachers'
and State Employees' Retirement System and the Local Governmental Employees' Re-
tirement System shall not be applied, diverted, loaned to, or used by the State, any State
agency. State officer, public officer, or public employee.
Sec. 7. Drawing public money.
(1) State treasury. No money shall be drawn from the State Treasury but in conse-
quence of appropriations made by law, and an accurate account of the receipts and
expenditures of State funds shall be published annually.
(2) Local treasury. No money shall be drawn from the treasury of any county, city or
town, or other unit of local government except by authority of law.
Sec. 8. Health care facilities. Notwithstanding any other provisions of this Constitu-
tion, the General Assembly may enact general laws to authorize the State, counties,
cities or towns, and other State and local governmental entities to issue revenue bonds
to finance or refinance for any such governmental entity or any nonprofit private cor-
poration, regardless of any church or religious relationship, the cost of acquiring, con-
structing, and financing health care facility projects to be operated to serve and benefit
the public; provided, no cost incurred earlier than two years prior to the effective date of
this section shall be refinanced. Such bonds shall be payable from the revenues, gross or
net, of any such projects and any other health care facilities of any such governmental
entity or nonprofit private corporation pledged therefor; shall not be secured by a
pledge of the full faith and credit, or deemed to create an indebtedness requiring voter
approval of any governmental entity; and may be secured by an agreement which may
provide for the conveyance of title of, with or without consideration, any such project
or facilities to the governmental entity or nonprofit private corporation. The power of
eminent domain shall not be used pursuant hereto for nonprofit private corporations.
120 North Carolina Manual
Sec. 9. Capital projects for industry. Notwithstanding any other provision of this Con-
stitution, the General Assembly may enact general laws to authorize counties to create
authorities to issue revenue bonds to finance, but not to refinance, the cost of capital
projects consisting of industrial, manufacturing and pollution control facilities for in-
dustry and pollution control facilities for public utilities, and to refund such bonds.
In no event shall such revenue bonds be secured by or payable from any public
moneys whatsoever, but such revenue bonds shall be secured by and payable only from
revenues or property derived from private parties. All such capital projects and all
transactions therefor shall be subject to taxation to the extent such projects and trans-
actions would be subject to taxation if no public body were involved therewith; pro-
vided, however, that the General Assembly may provide that the interest on such reve-
nue bonds shall be exempt from income taxes within the State.
The power of eminent domain shall not be exercised to provide any property for any
such capital project.
Sec. 10. Joint ownership of generation and transmission facilities. In addition to other
powers conferred upon them by law, municipalities owning or operating facilities for
the generation, transmission or distribution of electric power and energy and joint
agencies formed by such municipalities for the purpose of owning or operating facilities
for the generation and transmission of electric power and energy (each, respectively, "a
unit of municipal government") may jointly or severally own, operate and maintain
works, plants and facilities, within or without the State, for the generation and trans-
mission of electric power and energy, or both, with any person, firm, association or cor-
poration, public or private, engaged in the generation, transmission or distribution of
electric power and energy for resale (each, respectively, "a co-owner") within this State
or any state contiguous to this State, and may enter into and carry out agreements with
respect to such jointly owned facilities. For the purpose of financing its share of the cost
of any such jointly owned electric generation or transmission facilities, a unit of munici-
pal government may issue its revenue bonds in the manner prescribed by the General
Assembly, payable as to both principal and interest solely from and secured by a lien
and charge on all or any part of the revenue derived, or to be derived, by such unit of
municipal government from the ownership and operation of its electric facilities; pro-
vided, however, that no unit of municipal government shall be liable, either jointly or
severally, for any acts, omissions or obligations of any co-owner, nor shall any money
or property of any unit of municipal government be credited or otherwise applied to the
account of any co-owner or be charged with any debt, lien or mortgage as a result of any
debt or obligation of any co-owner.
Sec. 11. Capital projects for agriculture. Notwithstanding any other provision of the
Constitution the General Assembly may enact general laws to authorize the creation of
an agency to issue revenue bonds to finance the cost of capital projects consisting of
agricultural facilities, and to refund such bonds.
In no event shall such revenue bonds be secured by or payable from any public
moneys whatsoever, but such revenue bonds shall be secured by and payable only from
revenues or property derived from private parties. All such capital projects and all
transactions therefor shall be subject to taxation if no public body were involved there-
with; provided, however, that the General Assembly may provide that the interest on
The Constitution of North Carolina 121
such revenue bonds shall be exempt from income taxes within the State.
The power of eminent domain shall not be exercised to provide any property for any
such capital project.
ARTICLE VI
SUFFRAGE AND ELIGIBILITY TO OFFICE
Section 1. Who may vote. Every person born in the United States and every person
who has been naturalized, 18 years of age, and possessing the qualifications set out in
this Article, shall be entitled to vote at any election by the people of the State, except as
herein otherwise provided.
Sec. 2. Qualifications of voter.
(1) Residence period for State elections. Any person who has resided in the State of
North Carolina for one year and in the precinct, ward, or other election district for 30
days next preceding an election, and possesses the other qualifications set out in this
Article, shall be entitled to vote at any election held in this State. Removal from one
precinct, ward, or other election district to another in this State shall not operate to de-
prive any person of the right to vote in the precinct, ward, or other election district from
which that person has removed until 30 days after the removal.
(2) Residence period for presidential elections. The General Assembly may reduce the
time of residence for persons voting in presidential elections. A person made eligible by
reason of a reduction in time of residence shall possess the other qualifications set out in
this Article, shall only be entitled to vote for President and Vice President of the United
States or for electors for President and Vice President, and shall not thereby become
eligible to hold office in this State.
(3) Disqualification of felon. No person adjudged guilty of a felony against this State
or the United States, or adjudged guilty of a felony in another state that also would be a
felony if it had been committed in this State, shall be permitted to vote unless that per-
son shall be first restored to the rights of citizenship in the manner prescribed by law.
Sec. 3. Registration. Every person offering to vote shall be at the time legally regis-
tered as a voter as herein prescribed and in the manner provided by law. The General
Assembly shall enact general laws governing the registration of voters.
Sec. 4. Qualification for registration. Every person presenting himself for registration
shall be able to read and write any section of the Constitution in the English language.
Sec. 5. Elections by people and General Assembly. All elections by the people shall be
by ballot, and all elections by the General Assembly shall be viva voce. A contested elec-
tion for any office established by Article III of this Constitution shall be determined by
joint ballot of both houses of the General Assembly in the manner prescribed by law.
Sec. 6. Eligibility to elective office. Every qualified voter in North Carolina who is 21
years of age, except as in this Constitution disqualified, shall be eligible for election by
the people to office.
Sec. 7. Oath. Before entering upon the duties of an office, a person elected or ap-
pointed to the office shall take and subscribe the following oath:
122 North Carolina Manual
"I, , do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will support and
maintain the Constitution and laws of the United States, and the Constitution and laws
of North Carolina not inconsistent therewith, and that I will faithfully discharge the
duties of my office as so help me God."
Sec. 8. Disqualifications for office. The following persons shall be disqualified for of-
fice:
First, any person who shall deny the being of Almighty God.
Second, with respect to any office that is filled by election by the people, any person
who is not qualified to vote in an election for that office.
Third, any person who has been adjudged guilty of treason or any other felony
against this State or the United States, or any person who had been adjudged guilty of a
felony in another state that also would be a felony if it had been committed in this State,
or any person who has been adjudged guilty of corruption or malpractice in any office,
or any person who has been removed by impeachment from any office, and who has not
been restored to the rights of citizenship in the manner prescribed by law.
Sec. 9. Dual office holding.
(1) Prohibitions. It is salutary that the responsibilities of self-government be widely
shared among the citizens of the State and that the potential abuse of authority inherent
in the holding of multiple offices by an individual be avoided. Therefore, no person who
holds any office or place of trust or profit under the United States or any department
thereof, or under any other state or government, shall be eligible to hold any office in
this State that is filled by election by the people. No person shall hold concurrently any
two offices in this State that are filled by election of the people. No person shall hold
concurrently any two or more appointive offices or places of trust or profit, or any com-
bination of elective and appointive offices or places of trust or profit, except as the
General Assembly shall provide by general law.
(2) Exceptions. The provisions of this Section shall not prohibit any officer of the
military forces of the State or of the United States not on active duty for an extensive
period of time, any notary public, or any delegate to a Convention of the People from
holding concurrently another office or place of trust or profit under this State or the
United States or any department thereof.
Sec. 10. Continuation in office. In the absence of any contrary provision, all officers in
this State, whether appointed or elected, shall hold their positions until other appoint-
ments are made or, if the offices are elective, until their successors are chosen and quali-
fied.
ARTICLE VII
LOCAL GOVERNMENT
Section 1. General Assembly to provide for local government. The General Assembly
shall provide for the organization and government and the fixing of boundaries of coun-
ties, cities and towns, and other governmental subdivisions, and, except as otherwise
prohibited by this Constitution, may give such powers and duties to counties, cities and
towns, and other governmental subdivisions as it may deem advisable.
The Constitution of North Carolina 123
The General Assembly shall not incorporate as a city or town, nor shall it authorize
to be incorporated as a city or town, any territory lying within one mile of the corporate
limits of any other city or town having a population of 5,000 or more according to the
most recent decennial census of population taken by order of Congress, or lying within
three miles of the corporate limits of any other city or town having a population of
10,000 or more according to the most recent decennial census of population taken by
order of Congress, or lying within four miles of the corporate limits of any other city or
town having a population of 25,000 or more according to the most recent decennial cen-
sus of population taken by order of Congress, or lying within five miles of the corporate
limits of any other city or town having a population of 50,000 or more according to the
most recent decennial census of population taken by order of Congress. Notwithstand-
ing the foregoing limitations, the General Assembly may incorporate a city or town by
an act adopted by vote of three-fifths of all the members of each house.
Sec. 2. Sheriffs. In each county a Sheriff shall be elected by the qualified voters there-
of at the same time and places as members of the General Assembly are elected and
shall hold his office for a period of four years, subject to removal for cause as provided
by law.
Sec. 3. Merged or consolidated counties. Any unit of local government formed by the
merger or consolidation of a county or counties and the cities and tow ns therein shall be
deemed both a county and a city for the purposes of this Constitution, and may exercise
any authority conferred by law on counties, or on cities and towns, or both, as the Gen-
eral Assembly may provide.
ARTICLE VIII
CORPORATIONS
Section 1. Corporate charters. No corporation shall be created, nor shall its charter
be extended, altered, or amended by special act, except corporations for charitable, edu-
cational, penal, or reformatory purposes that are to be and remain under the patronage
and control of the State; but the General Assembly shall provide by general laws for the
chartering, organization, and powers of all corporations, and for the amending, extend-
ing, and forfeiture of all charters, except those above permitted by special act. All such
general acts may be altered from time to time or repealed. The General Assembly may
at any time by special act repeal the charter of any corporation.
Sec. 2. Corporations defined. The term "corporation" as used in this Section shall be
construed to include all associations and joint-stock companies having any of the
powers and privileges of corporations not possessed by individuals or partnerships. All
corporations shall have the right to sue and shall be subject to be sued in all courts, in
like cases as natural persons.
ARTICLE IX
EDUCATION
Section 1. Education encouraged. Religion, morality, and knowledge being necessary
to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools, libraries, and the means of
education shall forever be encouraged.
124 North Carolina Manual
Sec. 2. Uniform system of schools.
(1) General and uniform system: term. The General Assembly shall provide by taxa-
tion and otherwise for a general and uniform system of free public schools, which shall
be maintained at least nine months in every year, and wherein equal opportunities shall
be provided for all students.
(2) Local responsibility. The General Assembly may assign to units of local govern-
ment such responsibility for the financial support of the free public schools as it may
deem appropriate. The governing boards of units of local government with financial re-
sponsibility for public education may use local revenues to add to or supplement any
public school or post-secondary school program.
Sec. 3. School attendance. The General Assembly shall provide that every child of ap-
propriate age and of sufficient mental and physical ability shall attend the public
schools, unless educated by other means.
Sec. 4. State Board of Education.
(1) Board. The State Board of Education shall consist of the Lieutenant Governor,
the Treasurer, and eleven members appointed by the Governor, subject to confirmation
by the General Assembly in joint session. The General Assembly shall divide the State
into eight educational districts. Of the appointive members of the Board, one shall be
appointed from each of the eight educational districts and three shall be appointed from
the State at large. Appointments shall be for overlapping terms of eight years. Appoint-
ments to fill vacancies shall be made by the Governor for the unexpired terms and shall
not be subject to confirmation.
(2) Superintendent of Public Instruction. The Superintendent of Public Instructiuon
shall be the secretary and chief administrative officer of the State Board of Education.
Sec. 5. Powers and duties of Board. The State Board of Education shall supervise and
administer the free public school system and the educational funds provided for its sup-
port, except the funds mentioned in Section 7 of this Article, and shall make all needed
rules and regulations in relation thereto, subject to laws enacted by the General As-
sembly.
Sec. 6. State school fund. The proceeds of all lands that have been or hereafter may be
granted by the United States to this State, and not otherwise appropriated by this State
or the United States; all moneys, stocks, bonds, and other property belonging to the
State for purposes of public education; the net proceeds of all sales of the swamp lands
belonging to the State; and all other grants, gifts, and devises that have been or hereafter
may be made to the State, and not otherwise appropriated by the State or by the terms
of the grant, gift, or devise, shall be paid into the State Treasury and, together with so
much of the revenue of the State as may be set apart for that purpose, shall be faithfully
appropriated and used exclusively for establishing and maintaining a uniform system of
free public schools.
Sec. 7. County school fund. All moneys, stocks, bonds, and other property belonging
to a county school fund, and the clear proceeds of all penalties and forfeitures and of all
fines collected in the several counties for any breach of the penal laws of the State, shall
belong to and remain in the several counties, and shall be faithfully appropriated and
used exclusively for maintaining free public schools.
The Constitution of North Carolina 125
Sec. 8. Higher education. The General Assembly shall maintain a public system of
higher education, comprising The University of North Carolina and such other institu-
tions of higher education as the General Assembly may deem wise. The General As-
sembly shall provide for the selection of trustees of The University of North Carolina
and of the other institutions of higher education, in whom shall be vested all the
privileges, rights, franchises, and endowments heretofore granted to or conferred upon
the trustees of these institutions. The General Assembly may enact laws necessary and
expedient for the maintenance and management of The University of North Carolina
and the other public institutions of higher education.
Sec. 9. Benefits of public institutions of higher education. The General Assembly shall
provide that the benefits of The University of North Carolina and other public institu-
tions of higher education, as far as practicable, be extended to the people of the State
free of expense.
Sec. 10. Escheats.
(1) Escheats prior to July I. 1971. All property that prior to July 1, 1971, accrued to
the State from escheats, unclaimed dividends, or distributive shares of the estates of de-
ceased persons shall be appropriated to the use of The University of North Carolina.
(2) Escheats after June 30, 1971. All property that, after June 30, 1971, shall accrue to
the State from escheats, unclaimed dividends or distributive shares of the estates of de-
ceased persons shall be used to aid worthy and needy students who are residents of this
State and are enrolled in public institutions of higher education in this State. The
method, amount, and type of distribution shall be prescribed by law.
ARTICLE X
HOMESTEADS AND EXEMPTIONS
Section 1. Personal property exemptions. The personal property of any resident of
this State, to a value fixed by the General Assembly but not less than $500, to be
selected by the resident, is exempted from sale under execution or other final process of
any court, issued for the collection of any debt.
Sec. 2. Homestead exemptions.
(1) Exemption from sale: exceptions. Every homestead and the dwellings and build-
ings used therewith, to a value fixed by the General Assembly but not less than SI, 000,
to be selected by the owner thereof, or in lieu thereof, at the option of the owner, any lot
in a city or town with the dwellings and buildings used thereon, and to the same value,
owned and occupied by a resident of the State, shall be exempt from sale under execu-
tion or other final process obtained on any debt. But no property shall be exempt from
sale for taxes, or for payment of obligations contracted for its purchase.
(2) Exemption for benefit of children. The homestead, after the death of the owner
thereof, shall be exempt from the payment of any debt during the minority of the
owner's children, or any of them.
(3) Exemption for benefit of surviving spouse. If the owner of a homestead dies, leaving
a surviving spouse but no minor children, the homestead shall be exempt from the debts
126 North Carolina Manual
of the owner, and the rents and profits thereof shall inure to the benefit of the surviving
spouse until he or she remarries, unless the surviving spouse is the owner of a separate
homestead.
(4) Conveyance of homestead. Nothing contained in this Article shall operate to pre-
vent the owner of a homestead from disposing of it by deed, but no deed made by a mar-
ried owner of a homestead shall be valid without the signature and acknowledgement of
his or her spouse.
Sec. 3. Mechanics' and laborers' liens. The General Assembly shall provide by proper
legislation for giving to mechanics and laborers an adequate lien on the subject-matter
of their labor. The provisions of Sections 1 and 2 of this Article shall not be so con-
strued as to prevent a laborer's lien for work done and performed for the person claim-
ing the exemption or a mechanic's lien for work done on the premises.
Sec. 4. Property of married women secured to them. The real and personal property of
any female in this State acquired before marriage, and all property, real and personal, to
which she may, after marriage, become in any manner entitled, shall be and remain the
sole and separate estate and property of such female, and shall not be liable for any
debts, obligations, or engagements of her husband, and may be devised and bequeathed
and conveyed by her, subject to such regulations and limitations as the General As-
sembly may prescribe. Every married woman may exercise powers of attorney conferred
upon her by her husband, including the power to execute and acknowledge deeds to
property owned by herself and her husband or by her husband.
Sec. 5. Insurance. A person may insure his or her own life for the sole use and benefit
of his or her spouse or children or both, and upon his or her death the proceeds from the
insurance shall be paid to or for the benefit of the spouse or children or both, or to a
guardian, free from all claims of the representatives or creditors of the insured or his or
her estate. Any insurance policy which insures the life of a person for the sole use and
benefit of that person's spouse or children or both shall not be subject to the claims of
creditors of the insured during his or her lifetime, whether or not the policy reserves to
the insured during his or her lifetime any or all rights provided for by the policy and
whether or not the policy proceeds are payable to the estate of the insured in the event
the beneficiary or beneficiaries predecease the insured.
ARTICLE XI
PUNISHMENTS, CORRECTIONS, AND CHARITIES
Section 1. Punishments. The following punishments only shall be known to the laws
of this State: death, imprisonment, fines, removal from office, and disqualification to
hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under this State.
Sec. 2. Death punishment. The object of punishments being not only to satisfy justice,
but also to reform the offender and thus prevent crime, murder, arson, burglary, and
rape, and these only, may be punishable with death, if the General Assembly shall so en-
act.
Sec. 3. Charitable and correctional institutions and agencies. Such charitable, benevo-
lent, penal, and correctional institutions and agencies as the needs of humanity and the
The Constitution of North Carolina 127
public good may require shall be established and operated by the State under such or-
ganization and in such manner as the General Assembly may prescribe.
Sec. 4. Welfare policy; board of public welfare. Beneficent provision for the poor, the
unfortunate, and the orphan is one of the first duties of a civilized and a Christian state.
Therefore the General Assembly shall provide for and define the duties of a board of
public welfare.
ARTICLE XII
MILITARY FORCES
Section 1. Governor is Commander in Chief The Governor shall be Commander in
Chief of the military forces of the State and may call out those forces to execute the law,
suppress riots and insurrections, and repel invasion.
ARTICLE XIII
CONVENTIONS; CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT AND REVISION
Section 1. Convention of the People. No Convention of the People of this State shall
ever be called unless by the concurrence of two-thirds of all the members of each house
of the General Assembly, and unless the proposition "Convention or No Convention"
is first submitted to the qualified voters of the State at the time and in the manner pre-
scribed by the General Assembly. If a majority of the votes cast upon the proposition
are in favor of a Convention, it shall assemble on the day prescribed by the General As-
sembly. The General Assembly shall, in the act of submitting the convention proposi-
tion, propose limitations upon the authority of the Convention; and if a majority of the
votes cast upon the proposition are in favor of a Convention, those limitations shall be-
come binding upon the Convention. Delegates to the Convention shall be elected by the
qualified voters at the time and in the manner prescribed in the act of submission. The
Convention shall consist of a number of delegates equal to the membership of the
House of Representatives of the General Assembly that submits the convention propo-
sition and the delegates shall be apportioned as is the House of Representatives. A Con-
vention shall adopt no ordinance not necessary to the purpose for which the Conven-
tion has been called.
Sec. 2. Power to revise or amend Constitution reserved to people. The people of this
State reserve the power to amend this Constitution and to adopt a new or revised Con-
stitution. This power may be exercised by either of the methods set out hereinafter in
this Article, but in no other way.
Sec. 3. Revision or amendment by Convention oj the People. A Convention of the
People of this State may be called pursuant to Section 1 of this Article to propose a new
or revised Constitution or to propose amendments to this Constitution. Every new or
revised Constitution and every constitutional amendment adopted by a Convention
shall be submitted to the qualified voters of the State at the time and in the manner
prescribed by the Convention. If a majority of the votes cast thereon are in favor of rati-
fication of the new or revised Constitution or the constitutional amendment or amend-
ments, it or they shall become effective January first next after ratification by the quali-
fied voters unless a different effective date is prescribed by the Convention.
128 North Carolina Manual
Sec. 4. Revision or amendment by legislative initiation. A proposal of a new or revised
Constitution or an amendment or amendments to this Constitution may be initiated by
the General Assembly, but only if three-fifths of all the members of each house shall
adopt an act submitting the proposal to the qualified voters of the State for their ratifi-
cation or rejection. The proposal shall be submitted at the time and in the manner
prescribed by the General Assembly. If a majority of the votes cast thereon are in favor
of the proposed new or revised Constitution or constitutional amendment or amend-
ments, it or they shall become effective January first next after ratification by the voters
unless a different effective date is prescribed in the act submitting the proposal or pro-
posals to the qualified voters.
ARTICLE XIV
MISCELLANEOUS
Section 1. Seat of government. The permanent seat of government of this State shall
be at the City of Raleigh.
Sec. 2. State boundaries. The limits and boundaries of the State shall be and remain
as they now are.
Sec. 3. General laws defined. Whenever the General Assembly is directed or au-
thorized by this Constitution to enact general laws, or general laws uniformly applicable
throughout the State, or general laws uniformly applicable in every county, city and
town, and other unit of local government, or in every local court district, no special or
local act shall be enacted concerning the subject matter directed or authorized to be ac-
complished by general or uniformly applicable laws, and every amendment or repeal of
any law relating to such subject matter shall also be general and uniform in its effect
throughout the State. General laws may be enacted for classes defined by population or
other criteria. General laws uniformly applicable throughout the State shall be made
applicable without classification or exception in every unit of local government of like
kind, such as every county, or every city and town, but need not be made applicable in
every unit of local government in the State. General laws uniformly applicable in every
county, city and town, and other unit of local government, or in every local court dis-
trict, shall be made applicable without classification or exception in every unit of local
governm government, or in every local court district, as the case may be. The Genera!
Assembly may at any time repeal any special, local, or private act.
Sec. 4. Continuity of laws; protection of office holders. The laws of North Carolina not
in conflict with this Constitution shall continue in force until lawfully altered. Except as
otherwise specifically provided, the adoption of this Consion shall not have the effect of
vacating any office or term of office now filled or held by virtue of any election or ap-
pointment made under the prior Constitution of North Carolina and the laws of the
State enacted pursuant thereto."
Sec. 5. Conservation of natural resources. It shall be the policy of this State to con-
serve and protect its lands and waters for the benefit of all its citizenry, and to this end it
shall be a proper function of the State of North Carolina and its political subdivisions to
acquire and preserve park, recreational, and scenic areas, to control and limit the pollu-
tion of our air and water, to control excessive noise, and in every other appropriate way
The Constitution of North Carolina 129
to preserve as a part of the common heritage of this State its forests, wetlands, estuaries,
beaches, historical sites, openlands, and places of beauty.
To accomplish the aforementioned public purposes, the State and its counties, cities
and towns, and other units of local government may acquire by purchase or gift proper-
ties or interests in properties which shall, upon their special dedication to and ac-
ceptance by resolution adopted by a vote of three-fifths of the members of each hous-e of
the General Assembly for those public purposes, constitute part of the "State Nature
and Historic Preserve", and which shall not be used for other purposes except as au-
thorized by law enacted by a vote of three-fifths of the members of each house of the
General Assembly. The General Assembly shall prescribe by general law the conditions
and procedures under which such properties or interests therein shall be dedicated for
the aforementioned public purposes.
Voting Results on Constitutional Issues Since 1970 131
Chapter Three
VOTING RESULTS ON CONSTITUTIONAL
ISSUES SINCE 1970
INTRODUCTION
Provisions for amending and revising the Constitution are found in Article XIII of
the Constitution of North Carohna. The two methods outlined in this article are: ( 1 ) by
convention of the people and (2) by legislative initiation. In both instances all con-
stitutional issues proposed must be submitted for approval by the qualified voters of the
State.
The convention method for amending the constitution has not been used during this
century. The last convention called to amend a constitution of North Carolina was held
in 1875. The preferred method since that time has been by legislative initiation. Section
4 of Article XIII states:
A proposal of a new or revised Constitution or an amendment or amendments to this
Constitution may be initiated by the General Assembly, but only if three-fifths of all the
members of each house shall adopt an act submitting the proposal to the qualified voters
of the State for their ratification or rejection. The proposal shall be submitted at the time
and in the manner prescribed by the General Assembly.
North Carolina is currently under its third Constitution. The present one became ef-
fective on July 1, 1971, having been adopted on November 3, 1970, by the voters of
North Carolina. The Constitution of 1971 was the result of recommendations made by
the State Constitutional Study Commission to the General Assembly of 1969. From
these recommendations came seven proposals regarding changes to the Constitution
— one being the adoption of a new constitution.
Since 1970 other constitutional issues have been presented to the voters of our State.
The county by county tabulations of those issues are found in this chapter. In order to
present the material in a uniform format, a description of the ballot issues as they were
presented to the voters is given on a separate page preceeding the actual tabulation of
votes. A number has been assigned each ballot issue for each election date on which the
issue or issues were presented. In the tabulations each number identifies a particular
ballot issue described on the previous page. The votes "FOR" or "AGAINST" each is-
sue are given by county. The counties are listed in alphabetical order and a statewide
total appears at the end of each issue.
Voting Results on Constitutional Issues Since 1970 133
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES VOTED ON IN THE GENERAL
ELECTIONS HELD NOVEMBER 3, 1970
Ballot Tabulations of Votes
Number Description ol Constitutional Issue |Cltation| For Against
1 Constitutional amendment for the revision and amend-
ment of the Constitution of North Carolina. 393,759 251,132
(Chapter 1258, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1969)
2 Constitutional amendment to require the General
Assembly to reduce number of state administrative
departments to 25 and to authorize the Governor to
reorganize administrative departments, subject to legis-
lative approval. 400,892 248,759
(Chapter 932, Session Laws of North CaroUna, 1969)
3 Constitutional amendment permitting 3/ 5 of the mem-
bers of the General Assembly to convene extra sessions
of the General Assembly. 332,981 285,587
(Chapter 1270, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1969)
4 Constitutional amendment revising those portions of
the present or proposed state constitution concerning
state and local finance. 323, 131 28 1 ,087
(Chapter 1200, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1969)
5 Constitutional amendment authorizing General Assem-
bly to fix personal exemptions for income tax purposes. 336,660 282,697
(Chapter 872, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1969)
6 Constitutional amendment providing that after June
30, 1971, the escheats shall be used to aid North Carol-
ina residents enrolled in any public institution of higher
education in this state. 362,097 248,451
(Chapter 827, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1969)
7 Constitutional amendment abolishing literacy require-
ment for voting. 279,132 355,347
(Chapter 1004, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1969)
134
North Carolina Manual
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST THE
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AT THE GENERAL
ELECTION HELD NOVEMBER 3, 1970
1
2
County
For
Against
For
Against
Alamance
6,948
2,772
922
2,054
2,445
984
2,359
605
1,211
2,163
10,006
6,920
7,231
6,683
328
4,286
1,104
10,097
2,062
2,501
728
793
6,294
1,999
2,829
6,604
439
597
11,064
2,070
2,674
8,429
2,061
18,022
1.194
13,457
392
1,424
878
751
22.095
1,228
2,583
5,008
4,120
882
926
406
7,306
2,839
4,076
2,698
843
934
1.375
430
1,092
432
1,070
2.333
4.903
5,432
5,257
4,500
227
1,578
1,112
7,156
2,048
1 .430
235
433
3,833
1.714
1,770
3.720
318
249
8,336
1,728
2,299
4,411
1,409
9,185
2,211
6,856
181
681
929
843
9,891
1,724
3.293
3.117
2,962
372
513
273
4.034
1,472
7,532
3.143
1,027
2,006
2,843
1,014
2,417
672
1.218
2,009
9,520
6,283
6.960
6.935
286
4,643
1,181
9,211
2.149
2,273
670
729
6,362
1.989
3,047
6.913
391
587
12,290
2,319
2,785
9.479
2,046
19.109
1,193
12,698
335
1,081
867
773
22,219
1,283
2.779
4.463
3,733
790
891
454
8.360
2.683
3 758
Alexander
2 516
Alleghany
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie
724
906
1,175
369
1,073
■<68
Bladen
957
Brunswick
Buncombe
Burke
2,333
5,872
5,907
5.594
4,271
221
1 414
Cabarrus
Caldwell
Camden
Caswell
Chatham
975
8,801
1 984
Cherokee
Chowan
1 ,354
261
Clay
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
406
3,649
1,602
1 701
Cumberland
Currituck
3,553
342
Dare
Davidson
242
7.572
Da\'ic ...
1,424
2,119
Durham
Edgecombe
Forsyth
Franklin . .
4.247
1,391
8,087
2,075
Gaston
Gates
7,635
224
Graham
Granville
Greene
1.113
943
810
Guilford
9,738
1,702
Harnett
Haywood
Henderson
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
2.896
3,432
3,511
358
567
220
3.271
Jackson
1,433
Voting Results on Constitutional Issues Since 1970
135
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST THE
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AT THE GENERAL
ELECTION HELD NOVEMBER 3, 1970
County
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg
Mitchell
Montgomery
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank
Pender
Perquimans
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
Totals
For
Against
For
Against
.1,120
908
1 ,030
4,176
4,815
1,989
1,121
2,048
2,951
30,682
1.016
2,202
3,995
2,365
5,374
1.706
3,473
6,139
697
1,206
1,169
498
1,457
6,216
945
4,857
1 ,654
6,533
5,028
9,479
4,925
4,489
1,232
5,009
2,748
5,782
1,199
3,429
282
4,398
1,214
17,202
1,016
1,043
2,978
2,549
4,023
3,673
2,011
1,875
393,759
4,057
862
978
4,395
3,326
1,270
365
857
2,817
8,999
516
1,919
3,139
2,629
3,468
526
2,150
2,350
561
722
966
268
1,108
2,812
369
4,078
864
4,199
3,509
7,221
3,583
3,866
639
4,528
2,529
3,372
593
2,202
159
1,788
1,626
10,844
1,442
653
1,181
4,168
2,541
3,290
2,121
889
251,132
3,024
858
1,116
3,908
4,676
1 ,895
1,089
2,272
2,864
32,820
1,102
2,308
4,257
2,320
5,379
802
3,573
5,581
883
1,117
1,117
456
1 ,399
6,626
982
5,882
1,748
6,062
5,164
9,675
5,069
4,578
1 ,300
5,164
2,890
5,954
992
3,252
299
4,764
1.172
17,635
1.048
l.lll
2,912
3,154
4,274
3,623
2,246
1,860
400,893
3,894
845
1,084
4,586
3,641
1,255
408
761
2,790
8,949
507
1,801
2,768
2,645
3,309
841
2,023
2,964
514
818
875
284
934
2,557
412
3,448
819
3,929
3,094
7,352
3,362
3,504
1,595
4,650
2,227
3,293
876
2,100
143
1,552
1,594
12,266
1 ,325
602
1 ,32 1
3,831
2,311
3,352
1,873
816
248,795
136
North Carolina Manual
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST THE
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AT THE GENERAL
ELECTION HELD ON THE 3rd DAY OF
NOVEMBER A.D. 1970 — Continued
County
Alamance
Alexander
Alleghany
Anson
Ashe
A\ery
Beaufort
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick
Buncombe
Burke
Cabarrus
Caldwell
Camden
Carteret
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan
Clay
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood
Henderson
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
For
Against
For
Against
6,092
2.230
671
1,581
1,986
716
2.03 1
537
1.010
1.858
10.053
5,217
5.420
4.952
264
3,907
953
8,085
1,769
2,111
636
672
4,810
1,727
2,514
5,846
386
550
9,966
1,499
2,237
8,294
1.835
16.450
967
10.516
314
1,250
808
652
18,948
1,207
2.299
4,327
3,833
747
800
335
5,343
2,682
4,625
3,145
916
1,218
1.383
558
1 .230
421
1.137
2.304
5.085
6,503
6,784
5.710
228
1.755
1.112
8.797
2.183
1.514
290
449
4.950
1.801
1.844
4.316
340
247
9.128
1.866
2,382
4,714
1 .423
9,627
2,198
8,940
188
663
930
882
11,648
1.724
3.301
3,343
3,089
331
583
272
5,471
1,387
6,070
2.375
688
1.612
1.944
738
1 .905
515
1 .039
1.866
9,308
5,627
5,431
4,845
232
3.836
944
7.946
1.741
2.169
622
680
4,773
1.728
2.275
5,116
356
489
9.847
1.685
2.274
7.601
1.736
14,497
945
9,870
320
1 .308
748
652
19.201
1.092
2.235
4.139
3.481
682
600
312
5.636
2.683
4.480
2.922
880
1,078
1,349
498
1,272
422
1.059
2.197
5,185
6.005
6.538
5.561
230
1.708
1.008
8.552
2.039
1,302
288
419
4,581
1.713
1.940
5.016
345
285
8.454
1.766
2.240
4,882
1.448
10,799
2,103
9,138
163
690
931
853
10.823
1.794
3,208
3,322
3,272
400
790
252
4.797
1 .354
Voting Results on Constitutional Issues Since 1970
137
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST THE
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AT THE GENERAL
ELECTION HELD ON THE 3rd DAY OF
NOVEMBER A.D. 1970 — Continued
County
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg
Mitchell
Montgomery
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank
Pender
Perquimans
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
Totals
For
Against
For
Against
2,397
772
943
3,744
3,646
1,706
1,016
1,831
2,349
25,215
776
1,765
3,466
2,032
5,072
632
3,104
5,473
580
1,111
1,027
442
1,170
5,297
854
4,110
1,426
5,480
4,101
7,784
3,921
3,590
1,046
3,837
2,328
5,139
996
3,048
242
3,283
1,070
15,344
846
905
2,195
2,434
3,169
2,927
1,652
1,796
4,016
845
1,056
4,464
4,194
1,413
397
982
3,097
14,619
626
2,171
3,333
2,636
3,460
891
2,334
2,758
620
710
947
294
1,143
3,296
486
4,516
956
4,374
3,748
8,631
4,367
3,989
722
5,114
2,485
3,484
672
2,283
163
2,627
1,618
12,243
1,409
709
1,651
4,268
3,007
3,766
2,194
818
2,249
770
898
3,582
3,690
1,722
1.009
1,561
2,299
23,855
750
1,768
3,378
1,915
4,386
565
3,049
5,357
659
1,006
982
423
1,199
4,921
824
4,237
1 ,344
5,506
4,110
7,697
3,884
3,621
1,123
4,132
2,304
4,953
1,034
3,073
220
3,399
936
14,761
801
878
2,382
2,106
3,263
2,638
1,701
1,797
3,959
812
1,081
4,473
4,005
1,278
376
1,110
2,932
15,121
561
2.040
3,115
2,696
3,942
928
2,235
2,545
557
781
938
286
910
3,330
489
4,206
971
4,142
3,423
8,270
4,106
3,793
662
4,859
2,383
3,555
573
2,223
154
2,254
1,704
13,199
1,384
679
1,554
4,478
2,792
3,924
2,150
798
332,981
285,587
323, 1 3 1
281,087
138
North Carolina Manual
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST THE
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AT THE GENERAL
ELECTION HELD ON THE 3rd DAY OF
NOVEMBER A.D. 1970 - Continued
County
Alamance
Alexander
Alleghany
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick
Buncombe
Burke
Cabarrus
Caldwell
Camden
Carteret
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan
Clay
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood
Henderson
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
For
Against
For
Against
6,061
2.354
692
1,708
2,099
81«
2,013
533
1,127
1,820
9,561
5,772
6,270
5,110
282
3,760
1,039
8,372
1,796
2,084
659
689
5,124
1,730
2,473
5,745
374
525
9.419
1,626
2,249
8,121
1,857
14,119
1.109
10,223
330
1,289
790
671
19,558
1,188
2,428
3,994
3,556
776
835
335
6,315
2,603
4,767
3,003
937
1.092
1.268
501
1.247
433
1.025
2.398
5.578
5.985
5.913
5,553
206
1,892
1 ,037
8,396
2,104
1 ,436
268
448
4,436
1,805
1.951
4.419
341
275
9.753
1.918
2.256
4.865
1,409
11.792
2.072
9.304
167
706
938
837
11,166
1.710
3.141
3.646
3.492
387
577
264
4.603
1.471
6.614
2.63 1
782
1,775
2.182
867
2.218
584
1,227
2.030
10.164
6.477
6.722
6,023
284
4.068
1.042
9.565
1.805
2.273
702
750
5.546
1.839
2.754
6,225
406
566
10.190
1.852
2.486
7.811
2. 1 34
15.105
1.135
12.229
311
1.404
826
768
19,955
1,400
2,593
4.624
4.025
787
860
344
6.33 I
2.760
4,058
2,648
786
958
1.147
391
1.035
381
922
2.078
4,668
5,107
5,279
4.490
197
1.481
994
7.124
1.992
1,274
209
370
3,941
1,656
1,655
3,792
295
205
8,511
1,650
2,072
4,839
1.178
10,363
1,968
6,793
175
615
872
780
10,285
1,518
3,030
2,828
2,837
359
516
246
4,252
1,259
Voting Results on Constitutional Issues Since 1970
139
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST THE
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AT THE GENERAL
ELECTION HELD ON THE 3rd DAY OF
NOVEMBER A.D. 1970 - Continued
County
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg
Mitchell
Montgomery
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank
Pender
Perquimans
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
Totals
For
Against
For
Against
2,449
751
1,027
3,544
3,881
1,649
1,013
1,775
2,393
27,662
791
1,798
3,346
2,064
4,293
628
2,897
5,443
635
1,088
1,009
444
1,292
5,152
839
4,246
1,379
5,434
4,090
8,073
4,057
3,685
1,071
4,252
2,149
4,809
996
2,871
248
3,572
1,128
15,863
888
863
2,657
2,483
3,363
3,301
1,597
1,741
3,975
853
1,001
4,707
3,950
1,488
402
960
3,048
12,397
587
2,125
3,321
2,631
4,251
912
2,546
2,698
615
742
984
291
989
3,370
480
4,499
1,048
4,377
3,789
8,266
4,115
3,897
738
4,881
2,619
3,873
654
2,522
159
2,319
1,554
11,788
1,339
726
1,415
4,220
2,823
3,432
2,262
863
2,494
837
1,037
4,000
4,314
1,909
1,061
1,880
2,898
28,475
856
1,920
3,626
2,401
5,048
1,596
3,296
4,913
779
1,134
1,079
451
1,244
5,441
905
4,407
1,510
5,882
4,219
8,806
4,556
3,918
1,138
4,482
2,345
5,276
1,085
3,224
255
3,846
1,135
16,678
1,059
1,024
2,557
2,674
3,461
3,421
1,736
1,758
3,813
743
959
4,187
3,395
1,159
331
827
2,417
11,201
475
1,957
2,995
2,281
3,459
518
2,086
3,190
469
674
865
272
887
2,949
420
4,091
873
3,794
3,400
7,220
3,512
3,518
648
4,527
2,331
3,223
514
2,151
129
1,853
1,499
10,743
1,289
564
1,339
4,025
2,505
3,240
2,018
837
140
North Carolina Manual
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST THE
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AT THE GENERAL
ELECTION HELD ON THE 3rd DAY OF
NOVEMBER A.D. 1970 - Continued
County
Alamance
Alexander
Alleghany
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick
Buncombe
Burke
Cabarrus
Caldwell
Camden
Carteret
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan
Clay
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
Cumberland ...
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood
Henderson
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
Totals
For
Against
County
For
Against
4,XI0
2,361
665
1 .302
2,660
854
1,413
411
856
1,605
7,866
5,607
4,744
5,243
177
3,043
834
7,759
1,511
2,063
483
724
4,191
1,456
1,804
4,097
244
405
7,953
1,505
1,800
6,073
1,350
1 1 ,409
822
9,508
241
1,249
579
470
15,978
949
1,840
3,950
3,265
599
682
209
4,338
2,431
6,150
2,824
1 ,003
1,565
1,296
570
1,973
681
1,343
2,734
7,510
6,362
7.559
5,665
317
2,800
1,290
9,291
2,461
1,525
457
473
5,470
2,095
2,762
6.096
496
444
11.096
1,964
2,922
7,058
1.956
15.433
2,231
10,214
280
655
1.151
1,058
15,758
2,016
3,761
3,857
3,856
655
729
439
6,845
1,638
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir ...
Lmcoln ..
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg .
Mitchell
Montgomery .
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank ...
Pender
Perquimans ...
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph ....
Richmond ...
Robeson
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford
Sampson ...
Scotland ....
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrell'
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes ,
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
1.956
628
727
2,519
3,879
1,519
1,065
1,394
2,581
18,861
837
1,694
2,678
1,413
3,606
1,429
2,176
4,470
486
832
795
331
1,050
3,326
886
3,728
1,072
4,450
3,421
6,190
3,742
3,123
821
3,465
2,173
4,436
1,049
2,774
180
2,694
830
12,569
932
671
2,758
1,658
3,397
2,009
1,535
1,839
4,626
966
1,341
5,894
3,978
1.656
422
1,460
2.995
22,523
657
2,33 1
4,201
3,426
5,544
957
3,343
3.840
783
1,087
1,219
412
1,277
5,424
536
5,307
1,431
5,445
4,681
10.357
4,504
4,560
1,034
5,730
2,742
4,305
689
2,713
261
3,398
1 ,893
16.315
1.605
990
1,528
5,199
2,916
4,797
2,382
863
279,132
355,340
Voting Results on Constitutional Issues Since 1970 141
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES VOTED ON IN THE GENERAL
ELECTIONS HELD NOVEMBER 7, 1972
Ballot Tabulations of Votes
Number Description ol Constitutional Issue (Citation) For Against
Constitutional amendment reducing the voting age to
18 years and providing that only persons 21 years of
age or older shall be eligible for elective office. 762,651 425,708
(Chapter 201, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1971)
Constitutional amendment to require the General
Assembly to prescribe maximum age limits for service
as a Justice or a Judge. 8 1 1 ,440 304,489
(Chapter 451, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1971)
Constitutional amendment authorizing the General
Assembly to prescribe procedures for the censure and
removal of Justices and Judges of the General Court of
Justice. 807,960 272,470
(Chapter 560, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1971)
Constitutional amendment to conserve and protect
North Carolina's natural resources. 976,581 146,895
(Chapter 630, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1971)
Constitutional amendment limiting incorporation of
cities and towns. 694,921 374,184
(Chapter 857, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1971)
142
North Carolina Manual
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST THE
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AT THE GENERAL
ELECTION HELD ON THE 7th DAY OF
NOVEMBER A.D. 1973
1
1
County
For
Against
For
Against
Alamance
14,818
7,724
6,353
5,274
Alexander
4,008
2.935
4,110
2,491
Alleghany
1,588
1,023
1,320
996
Anson
3,538
1,845
3,600
1,142
Ashe
4,000
2,108
3,384
2,024
Avery
2,161
932
2,172
779
Beaufort
5,593
2,899
5,886
1,727
Bertie
1,413
568
1,454
348
Bladen
4,080
1,83
3,974
1,492
Brunswick
4,814
2,372
4,413
1,929
Buncombe
15,891
7,841
18,972
4,174
Burke
11,770
6,896
11,855
5,293
Cabarrus
13,824
7,793
15,155
5,559
Caldwell
9,736
5,829
9,930
4,689
Camden
897
474
925
238
Carteret
7,137
3,137
7,568
2,089
Caswell
3,010
1.253
2,794
974
Catawba
17,578
10.917
19,510
7,497
Chatham
5,438
2,858
5,091
2,600
Cherokee
3,379
1,304
3,009
1,180
Chowan
1,721
803
1,882
438
Clay
1,257
387
1,162
291
Cleveland
10,752
5,702
11,719
3,927
Columbus
5,485
2,489
5,256
2,025
5,861
3,007
6,354
2,021
Cumberland
21,659
10,242
22,192
8,008
Currituck
1,394
626
1,446
379
Dare
1,556
599
1,619
321
18,946
10,523
19,501
8,276
Davie
4,244
1,926
3.927
1,644
5,650
3,113
5.981
2,066
Durham
15,593
7,248
15,734
3,208
17.472
7.614
12,714
1,987
Forsyth
31,264
16.549
31,401
14,684
4,479
21,319
2.425
11,596
4,565
22,719
1,620
Gaston
8,699
Gates
1,373
619
1,426
279
Graham
1,346
719
1,285
636
Granville
4,952
2,466
5,037
1.663
Greene
2,308
41.630
960
26,453
2,418
45.444
652
Guilford
19,339
Halifax
7,991
3,991
8,508
2,650
Harnett
7,645
4,749
7,373
3,836
8,299
4.216
8,818
2,984
Henderson
7,584
3,402
8,402
2.153
Hertford
1,882
562
1.913
1,412
Hoke
2,301
855
1,811
1,117
Hyde
891
443
874
256
Iredell
13,405
7,086
14,468
5,103
Jackson
4,223
2,330
4,357
1,677
Voting Results on Constitutional Issues Since 1970
143
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST THE
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AT THE GENERAL
ELECTION HELD ON THE 7th DAY OF
NOVEMBER A.D. 1972 — Continued
County
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg
Mitchell
Montgomery
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank
Pender
Perquimans
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
Totals
For
Against
For
Against
7,040
1,744
2,761
9.073
7,046
3,479
1,085
2,310
4,756
44,515
2,549
3,382
7,716
10,381
13,289
2,210
7,956
12,522
1,588
2,982
2,696
1,286
4,569
11,083
1,724
11,034
4,242
12,035
11,145
17,071
7,823
7,766
2,653
9,388
5,370
5,758
1,383
4,939
671
8,362
5,489
38,882
2,483
2,381
4,289
6,723
8,190
9,505
4,216
2,181
762.651
4,230
684
1,262
4,485
4,181
1,450
648
1,138
2,769
27,217
1,279
2.086
4.152
5.382
7,683
836
3,685
10,307
758
1,375
1.401
482
2.428
6.441
961
5,604
3,161
5,476
6,234
9,052
4,642
4,048
1,287
5.641
2.660
2,612
448
2,264
253
4,461
3.187
24.487
1.340
1.434
2.947
3.088
4,673
5,134
2,499
1.455
425.708
7.068
1.712
2,986
10,013
7,268
3,487
1,041
2.213
5.007
57.017
2,499
3,448
8.087
11.309
13,651
2,227
8,413
14,320
1,594
3,355
2,697
1,314
4,42 i
12,472
1,943
11,020
4,629
11,365
11,161
18,179
8,124
7,354
2,872
9,783
4,752
5,746
1,417
4,982
633
9,178
5,341
45,190
2,375
2,645
4.594
7,249
7,939
10,532
3,920
2,115
811,440
3,236
512
925
2,782
3.358
1,012
521
680
2.097
13.770
908
1,636
2,935
3,267
6,087
560
2,683
6,583
495
804
978
301
1,736
3,984
727
4,426
2,092
4,148
4,719
6,807
3,755
3,121
837
4,238
2,447
2,211
299
1,808
178
2,844
2,550
15,483
967
803
2,073
2,231
4,327
3,115
2,079
743
304,489
144
North Carolina Manual
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST THE
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AT THE GENERAL
ELECTION HELD ON THE 7th DAY OF
NOVEMBER A.D. 1972 — Continued
County
Alamance
Alexander
Alleghany
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick
Buncombe
Burke
Cabarrus
Caldwell
Camden
Carteret
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan
Clay
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood
Henderson
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
For
Against
For
Against
16,033
4,079
1,294
3,405
3,341
2,118
6,139
1,434
3,956
4,245
18,811
12,461
15,720
10,182
911
7,787
2,679
19,569
4,925
2,934
1,849
1,118
11,879
4,934
6,378
23,470
1,424
1,570
19,097
3,958
5,735
17,128
7,529
32,680
4,394
23,438
1,393
1,228
5,008
2,431
43,852
8,509
7,610
8,770
7,849
1,921
1,979
863
14,638
4,360
4,622
19,998
2,400
4,579
918
1,485
1,052
4,190
1,815
4,367
655
2,559
1,419
7,163
282
1,717
1,268
4,761
1,810
5,399
3,643
21,617
4,578
14,653
4,847
17,101
4,060
12,420
203
972
1,616
9,009
860
3,376
6,406
22,405
2,477
6,436
1,105
3,590
361
2,198
263
1,342
3,233
12,896
1,995
6,235
1,709
7,516
6,227
27,825
309
1,652
261
1,732
7,754
24,751
1,400
4,841
1,757
7,024
12,380
23,340
1,866
8,920
12,275
41,337
1,424
5,496
6,748
27,380
236
1,691
628
1,400
1,468
6,058
541
2,811
19,236
59,598
2,287
9,978
3,478
9,275
2.614
10,384
2,163
9,067
335
2,270
970
2,746
191
823
4,372
16,994
1,469
5,194
1,887
1,978
638
546
1,225
373
784
131
701
1,051
1,861
2,994
3,486
2,452
229
839
390
4,269
1,232
824
140
156
2,344
1,088
989
2,885
213
273
3,498
786
1,090
6,183
708
5,319
749
4,026
83
530
668
278
6,197
1,060
2,091
1,401
1,130
115
268
144
2,688
951
Voting Results on Constitutional Issues Since 1970
145
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST THE
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AT THE GENERAL
ELECTION HELD ON THE 7th DAY OF
NOVEMBER A.D. 1972 — Continued
County
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg
Mitchell
Montgomery
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank
Pender
Perquimans
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
Totals
For
Against
For
Against
7,043
1,670
3,072
10,228
7,126
3,413
1,001
2,492
4,734
56,997
2,393
3,301
8,131
11,057
13,807
2,196
8,776
15,278
1.580
3,322
2,507
1,274
4,139
12,634
1,905
10,595
4,557
11,383
10,803
18,573
8,114
7,055
2,965
9,445
4,502
5,651
1,395
5,007
595
8,998
5,168
43,038
2,278
2,610
4,612
7,290
7,636
10,694
3,937
1,698
2,903
470
739
2,166
3,037
937
508
604
1,738
12,456
812
1,600
2,475
2.910
5,250
458
2.074
5,684
421
706
839
276
1,488
3,296
735
4,226
1,884
3,622
4,478
5,512
3,300
2,832
592
3,880
2,219
2,169
265
1,573
146
2,267
2,422
15,879
908
592
1,839
1,983
4,179
2,582
1,855
689
8,569
1,984
3,468
11,419
8,376
4,074
1,261
2.879
5.851
60.369
3.013
3.841
9.980
13.403
16.969
2.474
10.362
20.516
1.880
3.879
3.302
1.513
5.256
15,130
2,115
13,927
5,546
13,726
14,149
21,854
10,040
8,438
3,437
11.379
6.187
6,916
1,512
5,978
727
10,827
6,737
53,510
2,892
3.015
5.541
8.377
9.277
12.620
5.234
2,151
1,780
237
439
1,325
2,038
497
332
362
1,135
10,341
463
1,225
1,221
1,181
2,995
238
958
1,099
263
321
394
131
743
1,722
492
1,882
1,182
1,720
1,937
3,229
1,832
1,926
224
2,587
1,141
1,176
255
999
72
1,268
1,154
7,444
444
344
1.538
1,197
2,916
1.110
1,057
358
807,960
272.470
976,581
146,895
146
North Carolina Manual
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST THE
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AT THE GENERAL
ELECTION HELD ON THE 7th DAY OF
NOVEMBER A.D. 1972 — Continued
County
Alamance
Alexander
Alleghany
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick
Buncombe
Burke
Cabarrus
Caldwell
Camden
Carteret
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan
Clay
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
Cumberland ..
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe ....
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood
Henderson ....
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
Totals
For
14,109
3,331
1,147
2,910
3,009
2,027
5,131
1,144
1,344
3,744
15,370
10,569
10,755
8,702
813
6,738
2,252
16,304
4,433
2,609
1,649
938
9,395
4,370
5,396
18,893
1,198
1,294
17,537
3,240
5,241
15,443
6,375
31,669
3,887
18,499
1,229
1,133
4,445
2,071
45,942
6,990
6,731
7,635
7,137
1,695
2,121
730
11,015
3,721
Against
6,675
3,059
950
1,575
2,134
1,028
2,147
595
1,866
2,400
7,007
6,410
9,449
5,684
231
2,720
1,264
9,947
2,876
1,434
564
429
5,846
2,599
2,779
10,182
547
553
9,635
2,031
2,470
13,253
2,611
13,688
1,901
11,626
400
695
1,834
844
16,390
3,702
4,389
3,690
3,083
517
800
320
7,268
2,103
County
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg
Mitchell
Montgomery
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank ..
Pender
Perquimans ..
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond ....
Robeson
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford ...
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington .
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
For
6,017
1.446
2,474
8,281
5,756
2,928
958
2,109
3,837
44,394
2,096
2,886
6,926
9,540
12,133
1,828
7,130
14,536
1,280
2,864
2,272
1,101
3,756
10,703
1,805
9,555
3,788
9,853
9,831
14,577
7,001
6,224
2,412
7,634
4,092
5,394
1,211
4,734
517
7,149
4,604
37,786
1,979
2,187
4,027
6,194
6,905
8,804
3,543
1,705
Against
694,921
3,615
657
1,224
3,891
4,314
1 ,342
537
931
2,884
24,328
1,127
1.910
3,565
4,298
6,859
684
3,627
5,763
713
1,184
1,163
471
1,871
4,874
831
5,179
2,615
5,062
5,341
9,196
4,236
3,479
1 ,083
5,494
2,593
2,505
454
2,151
216
4,176
2,971
18,812
1,151
1,142
2,297
2,948
4,913
4,137
2,246
654
374,184
Voting Results on Constitutional Issues Since 1970 147
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES VOTED ON IN THE GENERAL
ELECTIONS HELD NOVEMBER 5, 1974
Billot Tabulitlont of VoUt
Number Description of Conitltutional Issue For Against
1 Constitutional amendment changing the title of the
constitutional office of "solicitor" to "District Attor-
ney". 474,199 249,452
(Chapter 394, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1973)
2 Constitutional amendment to create jobs and employ-
ment opportunities and to protect the environment by
authorizing the issuance of revenue bonds to finance
industrial and pollution control facilities among others
for industry and the ratification, vahdation, confirma-
tion, and approval of Chapter 633 of the 1971 Session
Laws as amended by Chapter 476 of the 1973 Session
Laws of the General Assembly. 3 1 7,285 376,269
(Chapter 1222, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1973
Regular Session, 1974)
148
North Carolina Manual
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST THE
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AT THE GENERAL
ELECTION HELD ON THE 5th DAY OF
NOVEMBER 5, 1974
1
2
County
For
Against
For
Against
Alamance
7.106
2,889
3,873
6.020
Alexander
3,540
3,291
2,842
3,326
Alleghany
790
1,054
911
954
Anson
2,043
932
1,830
1,069
Ashe
3,113
2,635
2,440
2,730
Avery
1,178
871
1,048
854
Beaufort
3,024
1,650
1,985
2,341
Bertie
465
157
359
322
Bladen
2,091
1.082
1,509
1,430
Brunswick
3,809
2.267
2,797
2,512
Buncombe
10,183
4,453
5.113
10,350
Burke
8,683
5,928
7.171
6,703
Cabarrus
9,899
6,023
6,641
7,682
Caldwell
8,137
5,082
6,741
6,185
Camden
407
198
293
226
Carteret
4.205
1,932
2,874
2,876
Caswell
1,701
1,144
1,430
1,271
Catawba
12,902
7,115
9,812
9,536
Chatham
3,228
2,621
2,343
3,033
Cherokee
2,521
2,517
2,073
2.504
Chowan
604
164
462
292
Clay
1,499
580
1,328
504
Cleveland
6,363
3,612
4,712
4.839
Columbus
2,853
1,757
2.177
1.937
Craven
2,745
1,459
1.452
2.899
Cumberland
11,093
3.930
8,012
7,055
Currituck
760
458
491
610
Dare
1,235
399
894
576
Davidson
12,841
9.405
9,452
12,274
Davie
2,718
2,091
1,988
2.536
Duplin
2,542
1,731
2,002
1.993
Durham
6,974
2,189
2,885
6,245
Edgecombe
3,296
1,456
2.327
1,987
Forsyth
20,075
8,278
10.353
16,109
Franklin
1,976
1,662
1.381
2,018
Gaston
14,793
7,460
10.875
10,957
Gates
695
221
543
282
Graham
1,115
782
890
747
2.033
1,314
1.472
1,644
Greene
1,229
682
967
773
Guilford
27,731
10,317
14.018
24,008
Halifax
3.240
1,703
2.603
1,977
Harnett
4.374
3,647
2,874
4,439
Haywood
5,012
3,317
3,563
4.261
Henderson
5.086
2.672
3,251
4.569
Hertford
733
171
479
431
Hoke
1.516
688
1,122
1,016
Hyde
490
260
390
368
Iredell
8,952
5.887
6.377
7,876
Jackson
2,140
1,518
1.722
1,909
Voting Results on Constitutional Issues Since 1970
149
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST THE
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AT THE GENERAL
ELECTION HELD ON THE 5th DAY OF
NOVEMBER 5. 1974 — Continued
County
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg
Mitchell
Montgomery
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank
Pender
Perquimans
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
Totals
For
Against
For
Against
3,728
910
1 ,365
4,493
6,328
3,019
1,466
979
3,998
30,958
1,627
2,544
5,323
4,268
8,716
963
4,878
8,141
922
2,039
1,844
565
1,330
6,843
1,134
6,197
1,721
6,968
6,381
11,317
6,631
5,305
1,057
6,997
4,487
2,588
1,101
2,428
292
5,099
2,770
22,175
1,468
1,195
3.694
2,884
6,866
4,666
3,510
2,283
474.199
2,640
602
470
3,202
4.732
1,725
576
365
2,542
6.739
1.028
2,220
3,056
2,435
4,454
316
2,222
2,410
508
770
803
260
577
2,751
464
4,279
760
3,131
4,272
7.594
3,953
4,322
402
4,577
3,599
1,089
844
1,483
147
2,363
1,938
7,101
873
636
2,328
1,086
5,376
2.012
2.583
1.185
249.452
2,163
738
667
3,073
5.056
2,679
1,287
660
3,008
18,102
1,392
1,879
3,858
2,827
4,181
783
3,775
4,673
608
1.381
1,508
421
959
4,294
466
4,281
985
5.514
4.465
7.041
5.342
4,147
689
5,496
3.900
1.847
731
1.736
228
3,721
1.854
9,226
1,242
788
3,225
2.220
5,152
3,121
2,730
2,019
317,285
3,778
554
1,110
4,395
5.347
1,863
720
680
2,909
18,885
1,162
2,398
4,161
3,566
9,109
477
2,944
5,999
661
1,311
1,073
346
1,046
4,626
1,128
5,871
1,498
3,555
5,511
10,879
4,616
4,245
760
5,255
3,584
1,773
1,221
2,200
176
3,433
2,436
20,942
866
768
2,564
1,862
5,884
3,184
2.808
1.095
376,269
Voting Results on Constitutional Issues Since 1970 151
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES VOTED ON IN THE PRIMARY
ELECTIONS HELD MARCH 23, 1976
Ballot Tabulations of Vote*
Number Description o( Conttltutlonal Issue For Against
1 Constitutional amendment to permit the General
Assembly to enact general laws to authorize the state,
counties, cities or towns, and other state and local
governmental entities to issue revenue bonds to finance
or refinance health care facilities. 382,093 311,300
(Chapter 641, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1975)
2 Constitutional amendment to permit the General
Assembly to enact general laws to authorize counties to
create authorities to issue revenue bonds to finance, but
not to refinance, the cost of capital projects consisting
of industrial, manufacturing and pollution control facil-
ities for industry and pollution control facilities for
public utilities. 373,033 304,938
(Chapter 826, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1975)
152
North Carolina Manual
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST
THE CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AT THE SPECIAL
ELECTION HELD ON MARCH 23, 1976
1
2
County
For
Against
For
Against
Alamance
5,637
5,829
5,395
5,547
Alexander
1,335
2,072
1,428
1,979
Alleghany
700
721
719
702
Anson
2,101
1,191
2,012
1,191
Ashe
1,845
1,650
1,935
1,486
Avery
1,652
1,592
1,600
1,576
Beaufort
2,380
2,513
2,467
2,409
Bertie
592
510
630
453
Bladen
2,061
2,349
1,351
2,602
2,025
2,193
1,247
Brunswick
2,556
Buncombe
12,609
6,875
12,651
6,946
Burke
5,247
5,202
5,239
5,096
Cabarrus
5,112
5,498
5,025
5,478
Caldwell
3,898
4,339
4,198
3,987
Camden
403
326
386
330
Carteret
2,463
3,231
2,310
3,295
Caswell
1,123
1,338
1,106
1,274
Catawba
7,519
7,439
7,536
7,199
Chatham
2,436
2,342
2,353
2,327
Cherokee
1,615
722
1,619
633
Chowan
545
282
521
271
Clay
598
345
592
344
Cleveland
4,361
4,458
4,320
4,395
Columbus
2,895
2,719
2.864
2,695
Craven
2,934
2,483
2,774
2,460
12,700
7,219
11,164
8,131
Currituck
437
562
419
572
Dare
786
637
751
634
Davidson
6,365
7,473
6,377
7,401
Davie
1,403
1,820
1,398
1,752
Duplin
2,552
2,625
2,505
2,582
Durham
11,741
6,683
11,347
6,429
Edgecombe
3,435
2,773
3,299
2,693
Forsyth
13,805
12,925
13,273
13,309
Franklin
1,536
2,433
1,520
2,424
Gaston
8,811
7,715
8,855
7,447
Gates
695
344
658
345
Graham
626
456
567
424
Granville
2,269
1,803
2,270
1,741
Greene
1,150
900
1,186
843
Guilford
21.492
15,762
19,786
16,372
Halifax
3,349
2,894
3,299
2,733
Harnett
2,814
4,291
2,862
4,238
Haywood
3,879
4,020
3,961
3.727
Henderson
4,788
2,415
4,840
2,272
Hertford
903
557
833
586
Hoke
1,212
838
1,089
863
Hyde
424
498
380
507
Iredell
6,102
4,889
6,293
4,674
2,449
1,495
2,439
1,515
Voting Results on Constitutional Issues Since 1970
153
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST
THE CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AT THE SPECIAL
ELECTION HELD ON MARCH 23, 1976
County
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg
Mitchell
Montgomery
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank
Pender
Perquimans
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
Totals
For
Against
For
Against
3,223
796
1,724
3,892
3,229
2,016
906
1,204
2,047
31,946
996
1,281
4,002
4,475
6.185
1,413
3,645
9,726
891
1,545
1,708
660
1,250
5,669
1,180
4,161
3,227
5,519
5,184
6,766
3,235
2,479
1,358
4,070
1,794
2,934
734
1,973
407
3,945
1,896
26,153
1,485
1,203
2,473
4,713
3,827
3,997
1,736
1,082
382,093
3,728
1,015
1,547
4,249
2,963
1,567
575
952
1 ,933
16,400
1.175
1 ,938
3,491
4,090
5,006
957
3,171
4,664
776
1,230
1.204
402
975
4.646
627
5.305
2.391
4,196
4,097
7,348
780
715
987
,573
514
,277
398
,497
192
,221
2,322
14,841
936
818
1,989
2,954
4,622
3,113
2.364
912
3.062
856
1,677
4,174
3.362
1,880
928
1,102
2.052
31,335
958
1,348
3,956
4,306
6,380
1,248
4,067
9,054
831
1,487
1,743
644
1,197
5,647
1,096
4,065
3,274
5,269
5,069
7,007
3,235
2.507
1,370
3,934
1,727
2,768
715
2,026
354
3,906
1,938
23,870
1,455
995
2,455
5,046
3,802
3,859
1,705
1,023
3,627
912
1,561
3,942
2,793
1,660
504
843
1,866
16,264
1,140
1,831
3,465
4,035
4,587
886
2,720
5.048
764
1.163
1,143
373
932
4,493
671
4,991
2,219
4,128
3,983
7,007
3,756
3,564
927
3,393
2,512
2,168
339
1,350
213
3,108
2,218
14,818
855
683
2,041
2,484
4,611
3,035
2,312
910
311,300
373,033
304,938
Voting Results on Constitutional Issues Since 1970 155
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES VOTED ON IN THE GENERAL
ELECTIONS HELD NOVEMBER 8, 1977
Ballot Tabulations ol Votes
Number Description o( Constitutional Issue For Against
1 Constitutional amendment extending to a married
man (as a married woman now has) the right to receive
the homestead exemption, so that the homestead ex-
emption is available to the surviving spouse of the
owner of a homestead, if the owner dies leaving no
minor children and the surviving spouse does not own a
separate homestead. 517,366 59,714
(Chapter 80, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1977)
2 Constitutional amendment allowing every person the
right to insure his or her life for the benefit of his or her
spouse or children or both, free from all claims of the
representatives or creditors of the insured or his or her
estate. 513,526 57,835
(Chapter 115, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1977)
3 Constitutional amendment empowering the qualified
voters of the State to elect the Governor and Lieutenant
Governor to a second successive term of the same
office. 307,754 278,013
(Chapter 363, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1977)
4 Constitutional amendment to permit municipalities
owning or operating electric generation, transmission or
distribution facilities and joint agencies composed of
such municipalities to own, operate and maintain gen-
eration and transmission facilities with any person,
firm, association or corporation, public or private,
engaged in the generation, transmission or distribution
of electric power and energy for resale (each, respec-
tively, "a co-owner") within this State or any state con-
tiguous to this State, and to issue electric revenue bonds
to finance the cost of the ownership share of such
municipalities or joint agencies, such bonds to be secured
by and payable only from the electric revenues of such
municipalities or joint agencies and providing that no
money or property of such municipalities or joint agen-
cies shall be credited or applied to the account of any
such co-owner. 349,935 180,624
(Chapter 528, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1977)
156 North Carolina Manual
Constitutional amendment requiring that the total
expenditures of the State for the fiscal period covered
by the State budget shall not exceed the total of
revenues raised during that fiscal period and any sur-
plus remaining the State Treasury at the beginning of
the period, and requiring the Governor to effect the
necessary economies in State expenditures whenever he
determines that a deficit is threatened. 443,453 104,935
(Chapter 690 Session Laws of North Carolina, 1977)
Voting Results on Constitutional Issues Since 1970
157
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST
THE CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AT THE SPECIAL
ELECTION HELD ON 8th DAY OF NOVEMBER A.D. 1977
County
Alamance
Alexander
Alleghany
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick
Buncombe
Burke
Cabarrus
Caldwell
Camden
Carteret
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan
Clay
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood
Henderson
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
For
Against
For
Against
8,727
2,087
863
1,948
1,789
1,151
3,534
1,478
2,474
4,614
12,667
5,286
6,186
4,301
628
4,616
1,283
9,200
3,431
1,094
1,277
408
5,873
4,249
4,839
14,435
858
1,561
9,702
2,106
3,826
15,641
4,716
27,141
2,820
12,181
755
544
2,923
1,116
25,468
6,231
4,548
3,571
3,809
1,413
1,395
638
7,292
2,707
885
595
159
140
389
268
407
181
380
677
1,732
743
619
509
80
548
251
869
471
134
124
91
694
674
641
1,163
129
115
1,432
312
580
1,481
419
2,198
506
1,139
67
115
414
120
,518
808
786
460
257
145
142
52
515
917
8,680
1,978
805
1,925
1,736
1,106
3,564
1,429
2,431
4,656
12,498
5,228
6,153
4,190
545
4,660
1,238
9,016
3,291
1,071
1,279
391
5,787
4,220
4,994
14,534
843
1,532
9,666
2,048
3,843
15,483
4,761
26,930
2,831
12,182
755
542
2,898
1,124
25,307
6,210
4,502
3,575
3,741
1,380
1,396
626
7,126
2,688
910
674
201
148
377
275
348
167
343
565
1,709
752
600
531
74
500
285
895
533
173
114
97
672
669
587
930
135
118
1,437
329
527
1,609
337
2,017
466
1,074
64
106
386
108
1,585
714
796
432
309
131
136
54
593
919
158
North Carolina Manual
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST THE
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AT THE GENERAL
ELECTION HELD ON THE 8th DAY OF
NOVEMBER A.D. 1977 — Continued
1
2
Counly
For
Against
For
Against
Johnston
Jones
5,727
8X6
3.228
4,155
4,050
2.038
1.020
2,159
1 ,805
46,354
926
2,189
5,902
5.115
8.830
1,972
4.655
10.950
1.419
1 .863
3.036
1.421
1.270
8.691
1.359
6.713
2.513
11.282
6,928
8,946
5,448
3,723
1.213
4,590
1.587
3.281
589
2,315
371
7.138
3.330
37,628
1.729
1.685
2.294
5.268
7.695
5.640
2,130
910
917
178
528
399
532
220
168
302
217
4,115
225
377
706
577
837
256
471
575
126
215
518
170
200
704
266
940
387
1,334
1,152
1,006
931
890
235
740
467
511
106
242
41
1,087
388
2,968
215
171
372
779
1,780
523
427
152
5,675
904
3,188
4,162
3,900
2,005
943
2.147
1.781
46,584
933
2,168
5,819
5,014
8,829
1.840
4.692
10.737
1 .395
1,846
3,078
1.440
1.296
8.609
1 .397
6.543
2.621
11.226
6,735
8,878
5,279
3,729
1,254
4,468
1.539
3.234
595
2,309
355
7,093
3,302
37,335
1,714
1,688
2,286
5,318
7,688
5,595
2,054
912
902
15"!
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
Macon
557
377
570
228
Madison
183
Martin
272
McDowell
Mecklenburg
Mitchell
210
3.647
193
Montgomery
Moore
391
723
Nash
New Hanover . .
632
775
Northampton
240
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank
406
672
133
174
Pender
Perquimans
432
144
Person
178
Pitt
674
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham
223
1,013
315
1,099
LII9
Rowan
968
Rutherford
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
978
832
210
859
490
495
104
Transylvania
232
Tyrell
Union
36
1 016
Vance
Wake
Warren
373
2,991
203
Washington
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
147
348
707
1.615
Wilson
Yadkin
476
469
Yancey
140
Totals
517,366
59,714
513.526
57,835
Voting Results on Constitutional Issues Since 1970
159
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST THE
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AT THE GENERAL
ELECTION HELD ON THE 8th DAY OF
NOVEMBER A.D. 1977 — Continued
. 1
3
4
County
For
Against
For
Against
Alamance
5,094
4,705
5,481
3,441
Alexander
879
1,812
1,142
1,394
Alleghany
478
574
536
381
Anson
1,294
822
1,361
545
Ashe
1,214
78
1,252
728
Avery
613
809
622
601
Beaufort
2,300
1,689
2,624
1,022
Bertie
1,053
640
1,172
328
Bladen
1,474
1,373
1,781
938
Brunswick
3,180
2,078
3,216
1,745
Buncombe
7,556
7,212
8,337
4,817
Burke
2,646
3,458
3,746
2,026
Cabarrus
3,542
3,326
4,428
2,012
Caldwell
2,534
2,342
2,657
1,712
Camden
391
334
449
180
Carteret
2,453
2,549
3,057
1,775
Caswell
684
860
700
729
5,488
4,706
5,998
3,330
Chatham
1,720
2,232
2,053
1,492
Cherokee
695
588
767
405
Chowan
904
519
1,084
268
Clay
242
267
266
192
Cleveland
3,335
3,290
3,999
2,038
Columbus
2,741
2,232
2,905
1,646
Craven
3,247
2,404
3,859
1,566
Cumberland
9,400
6,183
11,278
3,546
Currituck
513
470
546
357
Dare
1,119
548
1,111
367
Davidson
5,467
5,781
6,509
4,252
Davie
1,156
1,258
1,285
941
Duplin
2,132
2 327
2 574
1,481
4,812
Durham
10,084
7,447
11,078
Edgecombe
2,950
2,262
3,695
1,110
Forsyth
16,868
13,389
16,425
8,605
Franklin
1,540
1,820
1,869
1,180
Gaston
7,558
5,948
7,778
4,382
Gates
448
337
545
199
Graham
390
293
371
224
Granville
1,563
1,807
1.854
1,099
Greene
622
14,213
624
13.482
836
15,164
325
Guilford
10,002
Halifax
3,127
3,948
4,538
2,042
Harnett
2,333
3,063
3,008
1,953
Haywood
2,041
2,024
2,469
1,312
Henderson
2,267
1,803
2,616
1,200
Hertford
945
619
962
416
Hoke
937
595
999
447
Hyde
408
286
423
189
Iredell
2,941
4,952
5.326
2,039
Jackson
1,914
1,746
1,953
1,509
160
North Carolina Manual
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST THE
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AT THE GENERAL
ELECTION HELD ON THE 8th DAY OF
NOVEMBER A.D. 1977 — Continued
County
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg
Mitchell
Montgomery
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank
Pender
Perquimans
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
Totals
For
Against
For
Against
3,117
578
1,477
2,113
2,549
1,203
681
1,42!
1,147
29,706
522
1,285
3,149
2,468
5,142
1,298
2,807
7,261
907
1,286
1,796
1 ,023
687
5,108
1,049
3,164
1,543
8,007
3,369
5,557
3,167
2,209
1,101
2,649
791
1,881
434
1,576
250
4.516
1,820
20,441
1 ,063
1,162
1,496
3,160
4.252
4.004
1,031
598
307,754
3,731
482
2,494
2,395
2.183
1.046
534
1,037
891
21.783
635
1 .283
3.568
3,344
4,735
866
2,359
4,400
651
828
1,728
572
842
4,318
589
4,676
1,316
4.457
4.704
4.570
3.232
2,463
397
2,751
1,292
2,004
275
984
155
3.634
1 .938
21,336
935
690
1,159
3,109
5.408
2,335
1,598
490
278,013
3,943
602
2,115
2,991
2,962
1,470
806
1.490
1.301
33,518
634
1,368
3,561
3,706
5,440
1.442
3.192
7.143
967
1.537
1.773
1 .003
811
6.733
1.053
4,074
1,700
7.912
3,597
6,089
3.276
2.427
1.129
3,147
855
2,359
455
1.539
244
4,162
2,213
25,354
1,102
1.219
1.603
3,812
4,885
4,503
1.293
716
349,935
2.139
374
1.308
1,262
1 .367
634
308
642
558
12,518
416
948
2,475
1,617
3,317
509
1,686
3,278
399
412
1,483
439
535
2,039
486
2,993
968
3,336
3,508
3,276
2,584
1,840
302
1,894
984
1,182
203
851
99
3,282
1,199
11,174
640
477
837
1,815
4,109
1,286
1,046
290
180,624
Voting Results on Constitutional Issues Since 1970
161
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST THE
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AT THE GENERAL
ELECTION HELD ON THE 8th DAY OF
NOVEMBER A.D. 1977 - Continued
5
5
County
For
Against
County
For
Against
Alamance
7,713
1,609
694
1,692
1,493
841
3,097
1,271
2,179
4,047
10,550
4,605
5,453
3,634
589
3,812
871
7,928
2,847
963
1,146
338
5,150
3.617
4,548
12,811
686
1,315
8,210
1,723
3,208
13,162
4,216
23,474
2.381
10,602
652
472
2,453
986
22,320
5,380
3,845
3,077
3,528
1,188
1,216
542
6,506
2,322
1,585
996
280
289
462
458
691
253
591
1,041
2,740
1,323
1,142
901
150
1,067
609
1,606
863
250
198
138
1.128
1,072
977
2.180
247
237
2,621
574
1,068
3,040
708
4,302
791
2,025
126
155
702
217
3,644
1,394
1,273
798
469
236
278
117
1.064
1,207
Johnston
4,876
752
2,735
3,669
3,582
1,771
884
1,756
1,601
41,135
763
1,818
5,076
4,536
7,721
1.692
4,021
7,885
1,198
1,636
2,462
1,170
I.IOO
7.650
1.278
5.558
2.197
9.478
5.405
7.671
4,496
3,167
950
3,894
1,200
2,819
541
2,034
309
5,739
2,941
32,117
1,478
1,464
1,947
4,585
6,189
5,142
1,694
789
1,349
Jones
263
Alleghany
Lee
Lenoir
727
699
Ashe
Lincoln
853
Avery
Beaufort
Macon
393
Madison
268
Bertie
Bladen
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg
Mitchell
434
332
Brunswick
Buncombe
6,162
312
Burke
Montgomery
Moore
587
Cabarrus
1,270
Caldwell
Camden
Carteret
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
947
1,509
335
Caswell
932
Catawba
Chatham
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank
Pender
Perquimans
2,985
258
Cherokee
346
Chowan
905
Clay
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
302
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
328
1.291
304
Cumberland
Currituck . .
1,674
534
Dare
2.056
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
1,965
Davie
Duplin . .
1,894
1,600
Durham
1,255
Edgecombe
Forsyth
Franklin
492
1.189
773
Gaston
Gates
761
140
Graham
Transylvania
440
Granville
Greene
Tyrell
Union
59
2,024
Guilford
Halifax .
Vance
Wake
Warren
628
5,952
Harnett
355
Haywood
Washington
291
Henderson
Hertford
Hoke
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
594
1,074
2.999
Hyde
Wilson
764
Iredell
Yadkin
725
Jackson
Yancey
223
Totals
443,453
104,935
Voting Results on Constitutional Issues Since 1970 163
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES VOTED ON IN THE GENERAL
ELECTIONS HELD NOVEMBER 4, 1980
Billot Tabulitlont ol Votes
Number Descrlpllon ol Contlltutloml Issue For Agslnsl
1 Constitutional amendment requiring Justices and
Judges of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, Super-
ior Court and District Court to be duly authorized to
practice law prior to election or appointment. 888,634 352,714
(Chapter 638, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1979)
164
North Carolina Manual
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST THE
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS AT THE GENERAL
ELECTION HELD ON THE 4th DAY OF
NOVEMBER A.D. 1980
County
Alamance
Alexander
Alleghany
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick
Buncombe
Burke
Cabarrus
Caldwell
Camden
Carteret
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan
Clay
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
Cumberland ...
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood
Henderson
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
For
11.141
6,417
2,594
4,839
5,628
3,139
8,676
1,314
2,629
6,176
22,566
13,909
12,464
13,113
1,386
7,229
3,866
22,441
8,649
3,426
845
2,089
11,943
7,243
5,562
30,834
2,549
3,923
21,197
6,283
7,428
15,046
7,234
43,477
5,690
15,968
2,342
2,238
6,337
64
49,410
10,003
3,385
12,667
12,005
2,200
3,269
1,422
15.575
4,037
Against
5,097
3,671
993
1,807
2,433
1,305
3,378
563
1,444
3,873
4,361
9.268
6,510
7,182
476
2,705
1,266
11,992
3,513
1,389
219
847
4,776
4,691
2.908
10.523
886
1,158
9,282
2,712
4,495
3,893
2,186
12,929
2,573
5,536
627
699
2,052
24
16,601
3,673
1,552
3,644
3,758
878
1,105
460
6,369
961
County
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell ....
Mecklenburg
Mitchell
Montgomery
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank ..
Pender
Perquimans ..
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond ....
Robeson
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford ....
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania .
Tyrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington ..
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancev
Totals
For
8,717
2,168
2,990
9,712
10,407
6,321
1,425
2,067
4,790
45.692
3.921
4.554
12,912
11,913
12,214
2,238
8,573
20,354
2,227
2,426
4,704
1,795
1,473
17,321
1,723
11,541
5,948
14,635
14,031
14,292
8,185
10,950
1,651
7,356
5,797
6.086
1 ,394
5,262
965
12,570
5,023
44.078
3,845
3,580
4,595
4,825
7,594
5,895
7,016
5.016
Against
888,634
4.481
1,242
980
7,044
5,221
1,880
545
523
1,417
14,787
1,433
2.538
4,601
4,148
5,033
697
3,120
6.541
1,168
850
2.180
563
573
7,060
454
4,622
2.901
6.450
5.361
8,336
3,171
4,360
733
4,180
2,932
2,746
277
1.319
238
5.522
1 .963
14.077
1.021
1.094
2,105
5,441
3,282
1,944
3,235
1,082
352,714
Voting Results on Constitutional Issues Since 1970 165
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES VOTED ON IN THE PRIMARY
ELECTIONS HELD JUNE 29, 1982
Billot Tabulations ot Votes
Number Description of Constitutional Issue jCltitlon) For Against
1 Constitutional amendment making the term of mem-
bers of the General Assembly four years, beginning
with members elected in 1982; and conforming amend-
ments concerning the election of other officers and the
fining of vacancies. 163,058 522,181
(Chapter 504, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1981)
2 Constitutional amendment authorizing General Assem-
bly to provide for temporary recall of retired Supreme
Court Justices or Court of Appeals Judges to serve
temporarily on either appellate court. 356,895 295,638
(Chapter 513, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1981)
3 Constitutional amendment giving the Supreme Court
authority to review, when authorized by law, direct
appeals from the N.C. Utilities Commission. 392,886 253,629
(Chapter 803, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1981)
4 Constitutional amendment to permit the General
Assembly to grant to appropriate public bodies addi-
tional powers to develop new and existing seaports and
airports, including powers to finance and refinance for
public and private parties seaport and airport and
related commercial, industrial, manufacturing, process-
ing, mining, transportation, distribution, storage,
marine, aviation and environmental facilities and im-
provements. 292,031 342,567
(Chapter 808, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1981)
5 Constitutional amendment to permit the General
Assembly to enact general laws to authorize the State,
or any state entity to issue revenue bonds to finance or
refinance the cost of acquiring, constructing and financ-
ing higher education facilities for any nonprofit private
corporation, regardless of any church or religious rela-
tionship, such bonds to be payable from any revenues
or assets of any such nonprofit private corporation
pledged therefor. 303,292 338,650
(Chapter 887, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1981)
166
North Carolina Manual
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST
THE CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS IN THE FIRST
ELECTION HELD ON JUNE 29, 1982
1
2
County
For
Against
For
Agiintt
Alamance
1,472
9,443
5,215
5,086
Alexander
468
2,108
1,053
1,351
Alleghany
636
1,561
943
1,041
Anson
1,431
2,659
1,965
1,923
Ashe
1,320
3,253
2,114
2,087
Avery
922
1,849
1,213
1,423
Beaufort
1,184
5,015
3,455
2,479
Bertie
547
1,519
1,036
824
Bladen
643
2,398
1,197
1,703
Brunswick
2,114
5,327
3,533
3,547
Buncombe
1,595
12,954
4,561
9,649
Burke
1,099
4,862
3,039
2,883
Cabarrus
i.715
7,610
4,407
4,525
Caldwell
1,995
6,177
3,397
4,448
Camden
746
738
788
610
1,303
3,852
2,853
2,115
Caswell
1,724
3,176
1,926
2,675
Catawba
907
4,813
3,181
2,298
Chatham
905
3,925
2,226
2,173
Cherokee
659
1,397
668
1,297
Chowan
342
891
693
490
Clay
621
1,057
640
933
Cleveland
4,307
9,420
7,203
5,931
Columbus
2,353
7,607
3,906
5,636
Craven
1,244
5,011
3,272
2,722
Cumberland
6,355
15,028
12,554
8,136
Currituck
1,268
1,173
1,394
1,003
Dare
1,426
1,736
1,953
1,181
Davidson
1,796
7,435
4,737
4,237
Davie
1,156
3,067
1,945
2,063
1,988
4,436
3,613
5,243
19,945
6,569
3,684
10,906
5,872
3,334
Durham
12,874
Edgecombe
3,778
Forsyth
5,000
16,954
13,619
7,246
1,245
3,900
3.901
8,139
2,569
6,822
2,284
Gaston
4,855
Gates
1,035
1,141
1,062
1,013
Graham
365
1,214
641
984
Granville
2,680
4,765
3,789
2,989
Greene
1,255
2,533
1,905
1,708
Guilford
4,895
27,021
21,220
9,310
Halifax
2,576
7,901
5,316
4,936
Harnett
1,613
5,269
3,575
2,960
Haywood
1,519
7,113
2,966
5,257
Henderson
389
3,207
1,834
1,688
Hertford
390
2,464
1,178
1,389
Hoke
1,477
2,916
1,943
2,258
Hyde
493
1,129
822
671
Iredell
821
4,452
3,200
1,888
Jackson
528
2,003
734
1,480
Voting Results on Constitutional Issues Since 1970
167
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS IN THE PRIMARY
ELECTION HELD ON JUNE 29, 1982 — Continued
County
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg
Mitchell
Montgomery
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank
Pender
Perquimans
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
.Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
Totals
For
Against
For
Against
1,022
654
606
1,892
1,521
862
417
344
1.366
4,890
939
1,190
1,659
2,491
2,961
809
2,349
2,769
841
1,112
1,217
741
681
2,645
272
843
1,798
7,327
3,607
1,309
2,229
2.573
675
1,415
1,645
848
298
391
339
2,046
1,603
4,872
1,695
793
807
1,194
1,234
1,366
703
727
4,455
1,587
4,389
5,496
3,614
2,364
1,590
1,452
3,415
15,757
2,580
3,013
6,772
8,705
8,317
2,519
6,239
9,790
1,993
1,556
2,559
L197
2,010
8,257
1,776
6,687
4,765
11,432
8,664
6,447
6,102
5,106
1,649
4,852
4,171
3,581
1,080
1,784
531
5,261
3,836
32,816
3,193
2,071
3,211
7,559
4.847
4.670
3,005
2,519
2,907
889
2,460
3,483
2,454
1,365
844
926
2,145
12,344
1 .304
1,813
5,010
6,290
7,066
2,026
4.466
7.922
1.266
1.573
1.926
966
1.444
5,637
943
3,497
3,273
10,351
6,216
4,098
4,257
4,076
1,321
2,940
2,467
2,308
341
901
449
4.397
2,963
23,876
2,162
1,359
1,972
4,633
2,764
3,344
1.524
1,213
2.233
1,245
2,141
3,485
2,440
1,690
975
715
2,461
6,955
2.082
2,111
3,029
4,236
3,785
1,033
3,851
4,349
1,365
963
1,686
852
919
4,917
999
3,420
2,922
7,704
5,475
3,372
3,852
3,231
894
3,066
3,074
1,665
959
1 224
348
2,620
2,257
11,300
2,423
1,578
1,815
3,490
3,006
2,186
1,979
1,890
163,058
522,181
356,895
295,638
168
North Carolina Manual
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST
THE CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS IN THE FIRST
ELECTION HELD ON JUNE 29, 1982 - Continued
County
Alamance
Alexander
Alleghany
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick
Buncombe
Burke
Cabarrus
Caldwell
Camden
Carteret
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan
Clay
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood
Henderson
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
For
Against
For
Against
5,610
1.126
918
2,244
2,338
1,391
3,946
1,189
1,438
3,928
4,622
2,786
4,772
4,568
1,039
3,070
2,483
3,477
2,797
794
715
722
8,369
4,77!
3,513
14,291
1,629
2,148
5,147
2,263
4,049
10,939
6,909
14,878
2,982
7,424
1,292
827
4,460
2,230
22,075
6,176
4,151
3,607
1,182
1,311
2,886
981
2,460
885
4,553
1,361
910
1 ,603
1,812
1,215
1,968
629
1,407
3,123
9,437
3,065
4,024
3,245
454
1,835
2,076
1,994
1,590
1,168
463
834
4,756
4,682
2.448
6,169
762
873
3.835
1,733
2,807
12,114
2,698
6,022
1 ,843
4,089
806
851
2,176
1,328
8,124
4.014
2,368
4,624
2.307
1,210
1,444
537
2,611
1,337
4,806
782
718
1,659
1,606
824
2,961
933
1,018
3,089
3,388
1,741
2,778
2.620
710
2,488
1,701
2,557
1,739
605
609
513
5,586
3,329
2,612
10,671
1,236
1.824
3,626
1.676
3.103
11.934
5,198
11,895
1.933
5.220
993
591
3.022
1,627
14,680
4,474
2,777
2,411
1,374
998
1,708
773
2,687
581
5,262
1,684
1.188
2.141
2.482
1,700
2.888
846
1,808
4,004
10.392
4.041
5,567
5,131
620
2,378
2,769
2,871
2,516
1.343
545
1.004
7,267
5,672
3,263
9,659
1,104
1.167
5,128
2,294
3,701
10,957
4.263
8.013
2,752
6,253
994
975
3,587
1,895
14.759
5.675
3.696
5,690
2.131
1,482
2,457
709
2,354
1,621
Voting Results on Constitutional Issues Since 1970
169
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS IN THE PRIMARY
ELECTION HELD ON JUNE 29, 1982 - Continued
County
Johnston
Jones
Lee ,
Lenoir
Lincoln
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg
Mitchell
Montgomery
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank
Pender
Perquimans
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
Totals
For
Against
For
Against
3,177
1.143
2.651
4,154
2,761
1,619
782
1,001
2,282
13,871
1,507
2,121
5,353
6.780
7,616
2,144
4,904
8,063
1,475
1,698
2,353
1,183
1,539
6,340
725
3,791
3,778
11,541
6,920
4,581
4,323
4,697
1,415
3,429
2,888
2,298
461
878
541
4,456
3,301
25,520
2,762
1,472
2,090
4,920
3,024
3,603
1,777
1,370
1,936
966
1,896
2,821
2,102
1,444
930
607
2,364
5,025
1,912
1,810
2,640
3,636
3,189
900
3,407
3,766
1,140
803
1,266
637
793
4,114
1,192
3,107
2,397
6,311
4,236
2,885
3,787
2,436
774
2,552
2,653
1,660
847
1,238
241
2,430
1,920
9,527
1,770
1,245
1,688
3,140
2,747
1,865
L756
1,787
2,140
835
1,999
3,054
1,996
917
520
854
1,316
12,455
969
1,587
3,974
4,868
6,300
1,797
3,692
5,301
1,152
1,388
1,723
886
1,161
4,678
624
2,735
2,721
8,495
4,636
3,325
2,799
3,562
1.175
2,440
2,115
1,989
385
661
392
3,234
2,432
19,097
1,856
1,167
1 .473
3,672
2,196
2,674
1,228
1,002
2,918
1,248
2,452
3,771
2.794
2.054
1.290
650
3.112
6,480
2,280
2,248
3,984
5,401
4.183
1.163
4,431
6,255
1,454
1,065
1,821
890
1,122
5.497
1,256
4,012
3,380
9,274
6,700
3,939
5,058
3,433
969
3,419
3,312
1,956
895
1,461
143
3,575
2,599
15,044
2,575
1,551
2,261
4,142
3,363
2,676
2,230
2,083
392,886
253.629
292,031
342,567
170
North Carolina Manual
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST
THE CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS IN THE FIRST
ELECTION HELD ON JUNE 29, 1982 - Continued
5
5
County
For
Against
County
For
Against
Alamance
5,317
949
853
1,793
1,854
1,129
2,930
1,555
1,045
2,918
4,091
2,004
3,133
3,495
677
2,431
1,921
2,855
1,817
651
591
593
5,793
3,257
2,464
10,109
1,199
1,650
3,932
1,805
3,197
13,173
4,995
12,204
2,013
5,489
956
620
3,204
1,816
14,715
4,365
3,256
3,285
1,408
1,061
1,755
788
3,034
552
4,984
1,548
1,109
2,039
2,266
1,478
2,951
865
1,824
4,134
10,054
3,817
5,293
4,364
653
2,399
2,625
2,643
2,483
1,320
593
944
7,201
5,672
3,464
10,364
1,139
1.341
4,852
2,144
3,682
9,383
4,552
8,448
2,643
6,068
1,062
963
3,432
1,753
15,172
5,795
3,364
4,824
2,119
1,475
2,329
724
2,094
1,678
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
2,203
821
2,095
2,975
2,212
1,092
536
886
1,551
11,716
1,071
2,062
3,970
5,003
5,708
1,862
3,321
5,290
1,064
1,323
1,632
850
1,154
4,657
704
2,857
2,807
8,729
5,384
3,783
3,207
3,403
1,082
2,849
2,479
2,131
369
807
409
3,727
2,309
18,527
1,864
1,555
1,544
3,832
2,242
2,817
1,399
1,125
2,853
Alexander
Alleghany
Anson
1,279
2,353
3,931
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie
Lincoln
Macon
Madison
Martin
2,624
1,897
1,275
706
Bladen
Brunswick
Buncombe
Burke
Cabarrus
Caldwell
Camden
McDowell
Mecklenburg
Mitchell
Montgomery
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
2,885
7,851
2,194
1,943
4,084
5,367
4,792
Carteret
Northampton
1,218
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham
Cherokee
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank
4,826
6,542
1,558
1,143
Chowan
Clay
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Pender
Perquimans
1,931
923
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham
1,175
5,556
1,238
3,905
3,305
8,987
6,087
Davie
Rowan
3,624
Duplin
Durham
Rutherford
Sampson
4,678
3,612
Edgecombe
Forsyth
Frankhn
Gaston
Gates
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
1,118
3,052
3,139
1,681
916
Transylvania
1,299
Granville
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Tyrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
380
3,284
2,774
16,279
2,603
Haywood
Henderson
Hertford
Hoke
Washington
1,209
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
2,214
4,121
3,369
Hyde
Iredell
Wilson
Yadkin
2,697
2,082
Jackson
Yancey
1,978
Totals
303,292
338,650
Voting Results on Constitutional Issues Since 1970 171
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES VOTED ON IN THE GENERAL
ELECTIONS HELD NOVEMBER 2, 1982
Billot Tabulations of Votes
Number Description ol Constitutional Issue For Against
Constitutional amendment to provide that terms of
legislators begin on January 1st following their election. 690,218 276,432
(Chapter 1241, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1981,
1982 Session)
Constitutional amendment to permit the issuance of
tax increment bonds without voter approval. 182,147 810,565
(Chapter 1247, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1981,
1982 Session)
172
North Carolina Manual
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST
THE CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS IN THE FIRST
ELECTION HELD ON NOVEMBER 2, 1982 - Continued
1
2
County
For
Against
For
Against
Alamance
10,280
5,879
3,754
2,937
1,907
1,830
12 147
Alexander
6,950
Alleghany
2,268
1.36?
584
3.057
Anson
3,250
493
994
162
841
77
3,010
Ashe
584
Avery
2,282
1,121
440
2,872
Beaufort
5,436
2,387
1,174
6,405
Bertie
802
229
153
874
Bladen
2,076
1,228
762
2,883
Brunswick
6,500
3,312
1,295
8,498
Buncombe
14,213
14,274
5,743
23,625
Burke
10,680
5,714
2.157
14,039
Cabarrus
9.691
3,121
1,458
11,724
Caldwell
9.250
3,962
1.352
12,100
Camden
679
199
183
643
Carteret
5.958
2,585
1.166
7,199
Caswell
2,680
1.263
778
3,079
Catawba
16,272
4.122
2,736
17,863
Chatham
5,202
3.187
1,236
6,724
Cherokee
2,147
1.823
442
3,549
473
2,022
135
1,357
96
50!
503
Clay
2,754
Cleveland
9,892
1,885
1,986
9,555
Columbus
4,379
2,115
1,000
5.546
Craven
4,069
1,588
694
5,001
Cumberland
21,968
7,245
3,665
25,800
Currituck
1,890
499
378
1,963
Dare
2,099
596
405
2,259
Davidson
16,688
4,943
2,826
18,426
Davie
4,587
2,212
969
5,334
Duplin
5,456
2,583
1.162
6,565
Durham
12,840
10,164
2,996
20,457
Edgecombe
7,106
2,059
1,595
7,688
Forsyth
26,255
11.614
8,771
29.817
3,983
18,008
1.752
3.688
796
2,719
4.631
Gaston
19.300
Gates
1.978
531
530
1.733
Graham
1,547
1.162
403
2.209
Granville
4.097
1.887
1 ,805
805
919
419
4.690
Greene
2,108
Guilford
41,931
8,938
9,916
41,845
Halifax
6,557
2,462
1,664
7,556
Harnett
7,461
7,714
3,014
3,333
1,554
1.350
8,919
Haywood
9,687
Henderson
9.143
4,053
2.427
11,027
Hertford
1,191
398
250
1,288
Hoke
2,803
1,009
619
2,929
Hyde
779
375
176
908
Iredell
12,022
2,662
1,864
13,198
Jackson
1,817
1,624
933
2,961
Voting Results on Constitutional Issues Since 1970
173
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS IN THE PRIMARY
ELECTION HELD ON NOVEMBER 2, 1982 - Continued
County
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg
Mitchell
Montgomery
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank
Pender
Perquimans
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
Totals
For
Against
For
Against
8,978
1,461
2,244
6,912
8,874
4,858
1,566
1,263
3,783
50,335
1,884
3,705
10,231
10,203
10,400
1,441
6,500
13,612
1,448
1,289
3,762
1,182
1,131
8,473
1,285
9,600
6,729
10,405
11,366
13,019
9,117
10,583
1,014
5.421
5,095
3,753
468
4,641
476
7,496
3,206
30,421
2,965
2,228
4,651
3,799
6,608
4.963
4,173
2,531
690,218
3,039
748
940
3,080
3,636
2,271
924
499
2,688
9,720
1,370
2,118
2,701
3.257
7,401
550
1,708
3,629
686
529
1,953
342
453
4,215
1 .254
5.229
1.995
4.678
3.004
2.968
2,851
4.593
648
2.054
3,134
1,933
469
2,205
153
1.747
1,556
15,163
1,109
1,194
1,871
5,133
2.717
1.600
2.239
2.135
276.432
1.573
388
415
1.235
2,234
820
357
297
680
13,677
402
883
1,961
1.823
3.161
410
796
30,891
376
350
816
299
204
1.802
474
1,831
1,224
2,483
2,067
2,316
1,280
2,675
293
992
1,264
1.091
215
975
334
1.381
713
7.214
890
506
967
792
1.243
1.140
987
1.273
182.167
10.195
1,695
2.750
8,478
9,997
6,221
2,163
1,428
5.782
46,564
2,851
4.532
11,210
11,592
15,165
1,542
7,554
14,088
1 ,633
1 ,432
4,599
1,155
1,376
10,485
2,066
12,968
7.366
12.195
12.168
13.740
10.704
11.518
1,431
6,556
6,696
4,562
717
5.966
435
7,920
4,059
38.570
2.971
2.711
5.541
8.201
8.229
5.311
5.121
3.824
810.565
174 North Carolina Manual
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES VOTED ON IN THE PRIMARY
ELECTIONS HELD MAY 8, 1984
Billot Tabulitlont of Votu
Number Deicrlptlon of Conilltutlonil Issue For Agilnit
1 Constitutional amendment to permit the General
Assembly to enact general laws to authorize the crea-
tion of an agency to issue revenue bonds to finance the
cost of capital projects consisting of agricultural facili-
ties, and to refund such bonds, such bonds to be
secured by and payable only from revenues or property
derived from private parties and in no event to be
secured by or payable from any public moneys what-
soever. 420,405 360,009
(Chapter 765, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1983)
Voting Results on Constitutional Issues Since 1970
175
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST
THE CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT IN THE PRIMARY
ELECTION HELD ON MAY 8, 1984
County
Alamance
Alexander
Alleghany
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick
Buncombe
Burke
Cabarrus
Caldwell
Camden
Carteret
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan
Clay
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
Cumberland ..
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe ....
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood
Henderson
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
For
Against
County
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell ....
Mecklenburg
Mitchell
Montgomery
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank ..
Pender
Perquimans ..
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond ....
Robeson
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford ...
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington .
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
Totals
For
Against
2,992
1,396
1,134
3,361
1,735
1,533
4,178
1,804
1,275
3,329
7,157
5,566
6,033
3,810
870
3,082
3,500
8,239
5,427
708
332
528
6,831
4,183
1,830
14,120
1,284
1,464
5,818
2,396
4,207
8,094
8,806
14,821
3,701
9,351
1,744
651
4,603
2,698
21,010
6,573
5,793
4,680
5,415
1,371
2,250
822
8,945
1,386
4.716
1,686
975
2,787
1,574
1.875
4,122
503
1,210
4,878
4.105
6.303
4,741
4,476
780
2,814
2.297
6,868
5,069
742
184
411
6,987
3,813
2,254
15.048
1.260
1 ,343
4,832
2,437
3,818
3,330
5,638
8,418
3,262
9,514
1.111
605
3,406
1,569
17,163
6,343
4,701
3,204
3,627
776
1.622
718
6,331
668
7,044
1,354
1,232
6,008
3,907
2,500
882
1,167
1,609
24,604
1,507
2,187
4,647
8,406
2,787
2,029
4,426
9,328
1,262
1,503
2,219
1,344
959
9,470
740
3,211
3,884
9,265
6,687
5,617
2,851
5,101
2,021
2,519
2,360
1,259
263
1,981
586
5,584
3,637
17,067
2,875
2,292
2,478
2,478
2,727
2,812
2,583
2,310
5,046
1,496
783
6,574
4,180
1,798
301
549
1,225
24,636
1,439
2,166
4,429
6,876
5,398
1,066
5,393
8,371
1,783
1,095
3,000
798
490
7,812
476
2,397
3,511
9,126
5,751
3,882
2,910
4,272
1,926
2.794
2,480
682
97
1,489
458
4,778
2,894
10,578
2,017
1.642
1,997
1,767
2,419
1.949
2.206
1.893
420,405
360,009
176 North Carolina Manual
CONSTITUTIONAL ISSUES VOTED ON IN THE GENERAL
ELECTIONS HELD NOVEMBER 6, 1984
Ballot Tabulations of Votes
Number Description of Constitutional Issue For Against
1 Constitutional amendment requiring Attorney Gen-
eral and District Attorneys to be duly authorized to
practice law prior to election or appointment. 1,159,460 357,791
(Chapter 298, Session Laws of North Carolina, 1983)
Voting Results on Constitutional Issues Since 1970
177
ABSTRACT OF VOTES CAST FOR AND AGAINST
THE CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENT IN THE PRIMARY
ELECTION HELD ON THE5.th DAY OF NOVEMBER, 1984
County
Alamance
Alexander
Alleghany
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick
Buncombe
Burke
Cabarrus
Caldwell
Camden
Carteret
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan
Clay
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
Cumberland ..
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe ....
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood
Henderson
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
For
Against
County
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
Macon
Madison
Martin
McDowell
Mecklenburg
Mitchell
Montgomery
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank ..
Pender
Perquimans ..
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond ....
Robeson
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford ...
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington .
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
Totals
For
Against
14.320
7,525
2,815
5,758
6,832
3,666
10,670
1 ,543
2,777
10,861
29,389
18,925
15,773
11,438
1,604
8,896
5,175
20,367
10,656
3,232
1,091
2,301
14,495
7,574
5,874
40,762
3,056
4,040
21,875
7.439
8,814
21.766
14,475
56,533
7,159
33,303
2,751
2,376
6,186
3,904
61,568
12,873
12,721
13,476
19,865
2,217
4,082
1,456
22,256
1,037
9,873
3,518
990
2,614
2,248
1,463
3,460
538
1,065
3,994
5,473
8,329
4,944
3,98 1
496
2,270
2,297
5,439
3,940
1,565
254
852
5,002
2,499
2,507
10,524
953
1,171
6,674
2,639
4,277
4,591
4,071
10,848
2.636
11.274
715
936
1.772
1.605
13,097
4,404
4,306
4,023
4,782
580
1,297
583
7,994
2,807
16,616
2,391
3,518
13,612
11,900
7,064
2,215
1,726
6,653
77,188
2,094
5,586
12,760
18,196
15,367
2,603
11,851
26,648
3,017
3,126
6,468
2,441
2,315
23,645
2,396
13,481
9,462
20,380
19,300
15,983
9,471
7,943
1,596
7,019
9,354
6,079
1,053
7,452
1,082
16,620
5.279
61,211
3,992
4,467
6,697
6,990
10,480
8,954
7,549
4,713
1,159,560
5,086
1,342
801
7,101
5,287
2,346
668
363
2,428
23,236
592
2,567
3,698
5,210
3,897
648
3,302
6,509
1,289
628
2,220
642
716
6,277
608
3,829
3,390
6,318
6,903
4,528
3,222
3,044
429
3,166
3,563
1,580
564
2,674
283
6,515
1,538
13,173
1,200
1,038
1,566
3,947
2,637
2,317
2,998
1,738
157,791
The Constitution of the United States 1 79
Chapter Four
THE CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES
Preamble
We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect Union, establish
justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the gen-
eral welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain
and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
ARTICLE I
Section 1 — All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the
United States, which shall consist of a Senate and a House of Representatives.
Sec. 2 — 1 . The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every
second year by the people of the several States, and the electors in each State shall have
the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legis-
lature.
2. No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the age of
twenty-five years, and been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not,
when elected, be an inhabitant of the State in which he shall be chosen.
3. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States
which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers, which
shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including those
bound to service for a term of years and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all
other persons. The actual enumejation shall be made within three years after the first
meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent term often
years, in such manner as they shall by law direct. The number of Representatives shall
not exceed one for every thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Repre-
sentative; and until such enumeration shall be made, the State of New Hampshire- shall
be entitled to choose 3; Massachusetts, 8; Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, 1;
Connecticut, 5; New York, 6; New Jersey, 4; Pennsylvania, 8; Delaware, I; Maryland,
6; Virginia, 10; North Carolina, 5; South Carolina, 5; and Georgia, 3.*
*See Article XIV, Amendments,
180 North Carolina Manual
4. When vacancies happen in the representation from any State the Executive Au-
thority thereof shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies.
5. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other officers, and
shall have the sole power of impeachment.
Sec. 3 — 1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from
each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years; and each Senator shall have
one vote.t
2. Immediately after they shall be assembled in consequence of the first election, they
shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes. The seats of the Senators of the
first class shall be vacated at the expiration of the second year; of the second class at the
expiration of the fourth year; and of the third class at the expiration of the sixth year, so
that one-third may be chosen every second year, and if vacancies happen by resignation,
or otherwise, during the recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof
may make temporary appointments until the next meeting of the Legislature, which
shall then fill such vacancies.!
3. No person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the age of thirty years,
and been nine years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be
an inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.
4. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall
have no vote, unless they be equally divided.
5. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in
the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the office of the President of
the United States.
6. The Senate shall have the sole power to try all impeachments. When sitting for
that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President of the United
States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside; and no person shall be convicted without
the concurrence of two-thirds of the members present.
7. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall not extend further than to removal from
office, and disqualification to hold and enjoy any office of honor, trust, or profit under
the United States; but the party convicted shall nevertheless be liable and subject to in-
dictment, trial, judgment, and punishment, according to law.
Sec.4 — 1. The times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Repre-
sentatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof, but the Congress
may at any time by law make or alter such regulations, except as to the places of choos-
ing Senators.
2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be
on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.
Sec. 5 — 1. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns, and qualifications
of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business;
but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may be authorized to compel
tSee Article XVII, Amendments.
The Constitution of the United States 181
the attendance of absent members, in such manner and under such penalties as each
House may provide.
2. Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for
disorderly behavior, and, with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member.
3. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and from time to time publish
the same, excepting such parts as may in their judgment require secrecy; and the yeas
and nays of the members of either House on any question shall, at the desire of one-fifth
of those present, be entered on the journal.
4. Neither House, during the session of Congress, shall, without the consent of the
other, adjourn for more than three days, nor to any other place than that in which the
two Houses shall be sitting.
Sec. 6 — 1. The Senators and Representatives shall receive a compensation for their
services, to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States.
They shall in all cases, except treason, felony, and breach of the peace, be privileged
from arrest during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in go-
ing to and returning from the same; and for any speech or debate in either House they
shall not be questioned in any other place.
2. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be
appointed to any civil office under the authority of the United States which shall have
been created, or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time;
and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of either
House during his continuance in office.
Sec. 7 — 1 . All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives;
but the Senate may propose or concur with amendments, as on other bills.
2. Every bill which shall have passed the House of Representatives and the Senate
shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President of the United States; if he
approves, he shall sign it, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to that House
in which it shall have originated, who shall enter the objections at large on their journal,
and proceed to reconsider it. If after such reconsideration two-thirds of that House shall
agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent together with the objectives, to the other House, by
which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if approved by two-thirds of that House, it
shall become a law. But in all such cases the votes of both Houses shall be determined
by yeas and nays, and the names of the persons voting for and against the bill shall be
entered on the journal of each House respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the
President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him,
the same shall be a law, in like manner as if he had signed it, unless the Congress by their
adjournment prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law.
3. Every order, resolution, or vote to which the concurrence of the Senate and House
of Representatives may be necessary (except on a question of adjournment) shall be pre-
sented to the President of the United States; and before the same shall take effect, shall
be approved by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by two-thirds of the
Senate and House of Representatives, according to the rules and limitations prescribed
in the case of a bill.
182 North Carolina Manual
Sec. 8. The Congress shall have power:
1. To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide
for the common defense and general welfare of the United States; but all duties, imposts
and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;
2. To borrow money on the credit of the United States;
3. To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States, and
with the Indian tribes;
4. To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of
bankruptcies throughout the United States;
5. To coin money, regulate the value thereof, and of foreign coin, and fix the stand-
ards of weights and measures;
6. To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of
the United States;
7. To establish postoffices and postroads;
8. To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing, for limited times,
to authors and inventors, the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries;
9. To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court;
10. To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and of-
fenses against the law of nations;
1 1. To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning
captures on land and water;
12. To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be
for a longer term than two years;
13. To provide and maintain a navy;
14. To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces;
15. To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress
insurrections, and repel invasions;
16. To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining the militia, and for governing
such part of them as may be employed in the service of the United States, reserving to
the State respectively the appointment of the officers and the authority of training the
militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
17. To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever over such district (not ex-
ceeding ten miles square) as may be cession of particular States and the acceptance of
Congress, become the seat of Government of the United States, and to exercise like au-
thority over all places purchased by the consent of the Legislature of the State, in which
the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock-yards, and other
needful buildings; — and
18. To make all laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution
The Constitution of the United States 183
the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the Govern-
ment of the United States, or any department or officer thereof.
Sec. 9 — 1 . The migration or importation of such persons as any of the States now ex-
isting shall think proper to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior to the
year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed on such
importation, not exceeding ten dollars for each person.
2. The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless when in
cases of rebellion or invasion the public safety may require it.
3. No bill of attainer or ex post facto law shall be passed.
4. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or
enumeration hereinbefore directed to be taken.*
5. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State.
6. No preference shall be given by any regulation of commerce or revenue to the
ports of one State over those of another; nor shall vessels bound to, or from, one State
be obliged to enter, clear, or pay duties in another.
7. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury but in consequence of appropriations
made by law; and a regular statement and account of the receipts and expenditures of all
public money shall be published from time to time.
8. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States; and no person holding
any office or profit or trust under them, shall, without the consent of the Congress, ac-
cept of any present, emolument, office, or title, of any kind whatever, from any king,
prince, or foreign state.
Sec. 10 — 1. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance, or confederation; grant let-
ters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold
and silver coin a tender in payment of debts; pass any bill of attainer; ex post facto law,
or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility.
2. No State shall, without the consent of the Congress, lay any imposts or duties on
imports or exports except what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspection
laws; and the net produce of all duties and imports, laid by any State on imports or ex-
ports, shall be for the use of the Treasury of the United States; and all such laws shall be
subject to the revision and control of the Congress.
3. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep
troops, or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with an-
other State, or with a foreign power, or engage in war, unless actually invaded, or in
such imminent danger as will not admit delay.
ARTICLE II
Section 1 — 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President of the United States
*See Article XVI, Amendments.
184 North Carolina Manual
of America. He shall hold his office during the term of four years, and, together with the
Vice President, chosen for the same term, be elected as follows:
2. Each State shall appoint, in such manner as the legislature thereof may direct, a
number of electors, equal to the whole number of Senators and Representatives to
which the State may be entitled in the Congress; but no Senator or Representative or
person holding an office of trust or profit under the United States shall be appointed an
elector.
3. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for two per-
sons, of whom one at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same state with themselves.
And they shall make a hst of all the persons voted for, and of the number of votes for
each; which list they shall sign and certify, and transmit, sealed, to the seat of the Gov-
ernment of the United States, directed to the President of the Senate. The President of
the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives open all the
certificates, and the votes shall then be counted. The person having the greatest number
of votes shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of
electors appointed; and if there be more than one who have such majority, and have an
equal number of votes, then the House of Representatives shall immediately choose by
ballot one of them for President; and if no person have a majority, then from the five
highest on the list the said House shall in like manner choose the President. But in
choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by States, the representation from each
State having one vote; a quorum, for this purpose, shall consist of a member or mem-
bers from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a
choice. In every case, after the choice of the President, the person having the greatest
number of votes of the electors shall be the Vice-President. But if there shall remain two
or more who have equal votes, the Senate shall choose from them by ballot the Vice
President.*
4. The Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors and the day on
which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the same throughout the United
States.
5. No person except a natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States, at the
time of the adoption of this Constitution, shall be eligible to the office of President;
neither shall any person be eligible to that office who shall not have attained to the age
of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States.
6. In case of the removal of the President from office, or of his death, resignation or
inability to discharge the powers and duties of the said office, the same shall devolve on
the Vice President, and the Congress may by law provide for the case of removal, death,
resignation, or inability, both of the President and Vice President, declaring what officer
shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly until the disability be
removed, or a President shall be elected.
7. The President shall, at stated fimes, receive for his services a compensation which
shall neither be increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been
'This clause is superseded by Article XII, Amendments.
The Constitution of the United States 185
elected, and he shall not receive within that period any other emolument from the
United States, or any of them.
8. Before he enters on the execution of his office, he shall take the following oath or
affirmation:
"I do solemly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of
the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect, and defend the
Constitution of the United States."
Sec. 2 — 1 . The President shall be Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy of the
United States, and of the militia of the several States, when called into the actual service
of the United States; he may require the opinion, in writing, of the principal officer in
each of the executive departments, upon any subject relating to the duties of their re-
spective offices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves, and pardons for offenses
against the United States, except in cases of impeachment.
2. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make
treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nominate and,
by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, shall appoint ambassadors, other
public ministers and consuls, judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the
United States, whose appointments are not herein otherwise provided for, and which
shall be established by law; but the Congress may by law vest the appointment of such
inferior officers as they think proper in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in
the heads of departments.
3. The President shall have power to fill up all vacancies that may happen during the
recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next
session.
Sec. 3 — He shall from time to time give to the Congress information of the State of
the Union, and recommend to their consideration such measures as he shall judge nec-
essary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or
either of them, and in case of disagreement between them with respect to the time of ad-
journment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper; he shall receive
ambassadors and other public ministers; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully ex-
ecuted, and shall commission all the officers of the United States.
Sec. 4 — The President, Vice President, and all civil officers of the United States, shall
be removed from office on impeachment for, and conviction of, treason, bribery, or
other high crimes and misdemeanors.
ARTICLE III
Section 1 — The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme
Court, and in such inferior courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain and es-
tablish. The judges, both of the Supreme and inferior courts, shall hold their offices dur-
ing good behavior, and shall, at stated times, receive for their services a compensation
which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office.
186 North Carolina Manual
Sec. 2 — 1. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under
this Constitution, the laws of the United States, and treaties made, or which shall be
made, under their authority; — to all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers
and consuls; to all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction; — to controversies to
which the United States shall be a party; — to controversies between two or more
States; — between citizens of the same State, claiming lands under grants of different
States, and between a State, or the citizens thereof, and foreign States, citizens, or sub-
jects.
2. In all cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, and those
in which a State shall be a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In
all the other cases before mentioned the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdic-
tion, both as to law and fact, with such exceptions and under such regulations as the
Congress shall make.
3. The trial of all crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be by jury, and such
trial shall be held in the State where the said crimes shall have been committed; but
when not committed within any State the trial shall be at such place or places as the
Congress may by law have directed.
Sec. 3 — 1. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against
them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be
convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same overt act, or
on confession in open court.
2. The Congress shall have power to declare the punishment of treason; but no at-
tainder of treason shall work corruption of blood, or forfeiture except during the life of
the person attained.
ARTICLE IV
Section 1— Full faith and credit shall be given in each State to the public acts, records,
and judicial proceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general laws
prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and
the effect thereof.
Sec. 2 — 1. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities
of citizens in the several States.
2. A person charged in any State with treason, felony, or other crime, who shall flee
from justice and be found in another State, shall, on demand of the Executive authority
of the State from which he fled, be delivered up, to be removed to the State having juris-
diction of the crime.
3. No person held to service or labor in one State, under the laws thereof, escaping
into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from
such service or labor, but shall be delivered upon claim of the party to whom such serv-
ice or labor may be due.
Sec. 3—1. New States may be admitted by the Congress into this Union; but no new
State shall be formed or erected within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor any State
The Constitution of the United States 187
be formed by the junction of two or more States, on parts of States, without the consent
of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of the Congress.
2. The Congress shall have power to dispose of and make all needful rules and regu-
lations respecting the territory or other property belonging to the United States; and
nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as to prejudice any claims of the
United States or of any particular State.
Sec. 4 — The United States shall guarantee to every State in this Union a republican
form of government, and shall protect each of them against invasion, and, on applica-
tion of the Legislature, or of the Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened),
against domestic violence.
ARTICLE V
The Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall pro-
pose amendments to this Constitution, or, on the application of the Legislatures of two-
thirds of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in
either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution, when
ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in
three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by
the Congress; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one
thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses
in the Ninth Section of the First Article; and that no State, without its consent, shall be
deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate.
ARTICLE VI
1. All debts contracted and engagements entered into before the adoption of this
Constitution, shall be as valid against the United States under this Constitution, as
under the Confederation.
2. This Constitution and the laws of the United States which shall be made in pur-
suance thereof; and all treaties made, or which shall be made, under the authority of the
United States, shall be the supreme law of the land; and the judges in every State shall
be bound thereby, anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary not-
withstanding.
3. The Senators and Representatives before mentioned, and the members of the sev-
eral State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States
and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation to support this Consti-
tution; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or pub-
lic trust under the United States.
ARTICLE VII
The ratification of the Convention of nine States shall be sufficient for the establish-
ment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same.
188
North Carouna Manual
Done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the States present the Seventeenth
Day of September, in the Year of Our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-
seven, and of the Independence of the United States of America the Twelfth. In witness
whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names.*
GEO[RGE] WASHINGTON,
President and deputy from Virginia
NEW HAMPSHIRE
John Langdon
Nicholas Gilman
MASSACHUSETTS
Nathaniel Gorham
Rufus King,
CONNECTICUT
W[illiai]m Sam[ue]l Johnson
Roger Sherman
Geo[rge]Clymer
Jared Ingersoll
Gouv. Morris
DELAWARE
Geo[rge] Read
John Dickinson
Jaco[b] Broom
Gunning Bedford, Jr.
Richard Bassett
MARYLAND
James McHenry
Dan[ie]l Carroll
Dan[iel] of St. Thos. Jenifer
VIRGINIA
John Blair
NEW YORK
Alexander Hamilton
NEW JERSEY
Wil[liam] Livingston
David Brearley
W[illia]m Patterson
Jona[than] Dayton
PENNSYLVANIA
B[enjamin] Franklin
Rob[er]t Morris
Tho[ma]s Fitzsimmons
James Wilson
Thomas Mifflin
Ja[me]s Madison, Jr.
NORTH CAROLINA
W[illia]m Blount
Hu[gh] Williamson
Rich[ar]d Dobbs Spaight
SOUTH CAROLINA
J[ames] Rutledge
Charles Pinckney
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
Pierce Butler
GEORGIA
William Few
Abr[aham] Baldwin
ATTEST:
William Jackson, Secretary
*The Constitution was declared in effect on the first Wednesday in March, 1789.
The Constitution of the United States 189
AMENDMENTS TO THE CONSTITUTION
OF THE UNITED STATES
THE TEN ORIGINAL AMENDMENTS*
The following amendments to the Constitution, Article I to X, inclusive, were pro-
posed at the First Session of the First Congress, begun and held at the City of New
York, on Wednesday, March 4, 1789, and were adopted by the necessary number of
States. The original proposal of the ten amendments was preceded by this preamble and
resolution:
"The conventions of a number of the States having, at the time of their
adopting the Constitution, expressed a desire, in order to prevent misconstruc-
tion or abuse of its powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses
should be added, and as extending the ground of public confidence in the Gov-
ernment will best insure the beneficient ends of its institution:
"RESOLVED, By the Senate and House of Representatives of the United
States of America, in Congress assembled, two-thirds of both Houses con-
curring that the following articles be proposed to the Legislatures of the sev-
eral States, as amendments to the Constitution of the United States; all or any
of which articles, when ratified by three-fourths of the said Legislatures, to be
valid to all intents and purposes, as part of the said Constitution, namely";
ARTICLE I
Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting
the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press; or the right
of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of
grievances.
ARTICLE II
A well-regulated militia being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the
people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed.
ARTICLE III
No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of
the owner, nor in time of war but in a manner to be prescribed by law.
ARTICLE IV
The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects
against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no warrants shall
issue, but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly de-
scribing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
*These amendments known as The Bill of Rights, were declared in force December 15, 1791. North Carolina
ratified these ten amendments on December 22, 1789 (Ch. 19, Laws of 17S9).
190 North Carouna Manual
ARTICLE V
No person shall be held to answer for a capital or otherwise infamous crime, unless
on a presentment or indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or na-
val forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger; nor
shall any person be subject for the same offense to be twice put in jeopardy of life or
limb; nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against him, nor be de-
prived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor shall private property
be taken for public use, without just compensation.
ARTICLE VI
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy, and public
trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been
committed, which district shall have been previously ascertained by law, and be in-
formed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses
against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to
have the assistance of counsel for his defense.
ARTICLE VII
In suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars,
the right of tiral by jury shall be preserved and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise
re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the com-
mon law.
ARTICLE VIII
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unu-
sual punishments inflicted.
ARTICLE IX
The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny
or disparage others retained by the people.
ARTICLE X
The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by
it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.
SUBSEQUENT AMENDMENTS
ARTICLE XI
The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in
law or equity, commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States, by citizens of
another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign State.
(Proposed to the Legislatures of the several States by the Third Congress on the 5th of March, 1794, and de-
clared to have been ratified by Executive Proclamation, January 8, 1798. It was ratified by North Carolina on
February 7, 1795.)
I
The Constitution of the United States 191
ARTICLE XII
The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and
Vice President, one of whom at least shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with
themselves; they shall name in their ballots the person voted for as President, and in dis-
tinct ballots the persons voted for as Vice President; and they shall make distinct lists of
all persons voted for as President, and of all persons voted for as Vice President, and of
the number of votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and transmit,
sealed, to the seat of the Government of the United States, directed to the President of
the Senate; the President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the Senate and House of
Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted; the person
having the greatest number of votes for President shall be the President, if such number
be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed; and if no person have such
majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers, not exceeding three on the
list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immedi-
ately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the President, the votes shall be taken by
States, the representation from each State having one vote; a quorum for this purpose
shall consist of a member or members from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of
all the States shall be necessary to a choice. And if the House of Representatives shall
not choose a President, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the
fourth day of March next following, then the Vice President shall act as President, as in
the case of the death or other constitutional disability of the President. The person hav-
ing the greatest number of votes as Vice President shall be the Vice President, if such
number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have
a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the
Vice President; a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole num-
ber of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But
no person constitutionally ineligible to the office of President shall be eligible to that of
Vice President of the United States.
[Proposed by the Eighth Congress on the 12 of December, 1803, declared ratified by the Secretary of State,
September 25, 1804. It was ratified by North Carolina on December 21, 1803. It was ratified by all the States ex-
cept Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, and New Hampshire.]
ARTICLE XIII
1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime
whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or
any place subject to their jurisdiction.
2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
[Proposed by the Thirty-eighth Congress on the 1st of February, 1865, declared ratified by the Secretary of
State, December 18, 1865. It was ratified by North Carolina on December 4, 1865 (Resolution, Public Laws of
1865. It was rejected by Delaware and Kentucky; was conditionally ratified by Alabama and Mississippi; and
Texas took no action, )
ARTICLE XIV
1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction
thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they reside. No State
192 North Carolina Manual
shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges of immunities of citi-
zens of the United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty, or prop-
erty, without due process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal
protection of the laws.
2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the several States according to their
respective numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each State, excluding In-
dians not taxed. But when the right to vote at any election for the choice of electors for
President and Vice President of the United States, Representatives in Congress, the
executive and judicial officers of a State, or the members of the Legislature thereof, is
denied to any of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one years of age, and
citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebel-
lion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the propor-
tion which the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citi-
zens twenty-one years of age in such State.
3. No person shall be a Senator or Representative in Congress, or elector of Presi-
dent and Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under the United States, or
under any State, who, having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as
an officer of the United Sttaes, or as a member of any State Legislature, or as an execu-
tive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of the United States,
shall have engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or given aid or comfort
to the enemies thereof. But Congress may, by a vote of two-thirds of each house, re-
move such disability.
4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, authorized by law including
debts incurred for payment of pensions and bounties for services in suppressing insur-
rection or rebellion, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State
shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion
against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave; but all
such debts, obligations, and claims shall be held illegal and void.
5. The Congress shall have power to enforce by appropriate legislation the provisions
of this article.
[The Reconstruction Amendment, by the Thirty-ninth Congress on the 16th day of June, 1866, was declared
ratified by the Secretary of State, July 28, 1868. The amendment got the support of 23 Northern States; it was re-
jected by Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and 10 Southern States. California took no action. Later it was rati-
fied by the 10 Southern States. North Carolina ratified it on July 4, 1868 (Resolution 2. Public Laws of 1868).]
ARTICLE XV
1. The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or
abridged by the United States or by any State on account of race, color, or previous
condition of servitude.
2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
[Proposed by the Fortieth Congress the 27th of February, 1869, and was declared ratified by the Secretary of
State, March 30, 1870. It was not acted on by Tennessee; it was rejected by California, Delaware, Kentucky,
Maryland and Oregon; ratified by the remaining 30 States. North Carolina ratified it on March 5, 1869 (Public
Laws of 1868-69). New York rescinded its ratification January 5, 1870. New Jersey rejected it in 1870, but ratified
it in 1871.)]
The Constitution of the United States 193
ARTICLE XVI
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever
source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to
any census or enumeration.
[Proposed by the Sixty-first Congress, July 12, 1909, and declared ratified February 25, 1913. The income tax
amendment was ratified by all the States, except Connecticut, Florida, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Utah, and
Virginia. North Carolina ratified it on February 11, 1911 (Resolution 11, Public Laws of 1911).]
ARTICLE XVII
1. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each
State, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote.
The electors in each State shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most
numerous branch of the State Legislatures.
2. When vacancies happen in the representation of any State in the Senate, the execu-
tive authority of such State shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies; Provided,
That the Legislature of any State may empower the Executive thereof to make tempor-
ary appointments until the people fill the vacancies by elections as the Legislature may
direct.
3. This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect the election or term of any
Senator chosen before it becomes valid as part of the Constitution.
[Proposed by the Sixty-second Congress on the 16th day of May, 1912, and declared ratified May 31, 1913.
Adopted by all the States except Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Missis-
sippi, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Utah and Virginia. North Carolina ratified it on January 25, 1913 (Resolu-
tion 10, Public Laws of 1913).]
ARTICLE XVIII
1. After one year from the ratification of this article the manufacture, sale, or trans-
portation of intoxicating liquours within, the importation thereof into, or the exporta-
tion thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof
for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.
2. The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation.
3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment
to the Constitution by the Legislatures of the several States as provided in the Constitu-
tion, within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Con-
gress.
[Proposed by the Sixty-fifth Congress, December 18, 1917, and ratified by 36 States; was declared in effect on
January 16, 1920. It was ratified by North Carolina on January 16, 1919 (Resolution 8, Public Laws of 1919).]
ARTICLE XIX
1 . The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by
the United States or by any State on account of sex.
2. Congress shall have power, by appropriate legislation, to enforce the provisions of
this article.
194 North Carouna Manual
[Proposed by the Sixty-nfth Congress. On August 26, 1920, it was proclaimed in effect, having been ratified by
three-quarters of the States. It was ratified by North Carolina on May 6, 1971 (Ch. 327, Session Laws of 1971).
The Tennessee House, August 31st, rescinded its ratification, 47 to 24.]
ARTICLE XX
1. The terms of the President and Vice President shall end at noon on the 20th day of
January, and the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the 3rd day of Janu-
ary of the years in which such terms would have ended if this article had not been rati-
fied; and the terms of their successors shall then begin.
2. The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be-
gin at noon on the 3rd day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a different day.
3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of the term of the President, the President
elect shall have died, the Vice President elect shall become President. If a President shall
not have been chosen before the time fixed for the beginning of his term, or if the Presi-
dent elect shall have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall act as President
until a President shall have qualified; and the Congress may by law provide for the case
wherein neither a President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have qualified, declar-
ing who shall then act as President, or the manner in which one who is to act shall be se-
lected, and such person shall act accordingly, until a President or Vice President shall
have qualified.
4. The Congress may by law provide for the case of the death of any of the persons
from whom the House of Representatives may choose a President whenever the right of
choice shall have devolved upon them, and for the case of the death of any of the per-
sons from whom the Senate may choose a Vice President when the right of choice shall
have devolved upon them.
5. Section 1 and 2 shall take effect on the 15th day of October following the ratifica-
tion of this article.
6. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment
to the Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven
years from the date of its submission.
[Proposed by the 72nd Congress, First Session. On February 6, 1933, it was proclaimed in effect, having been
ratified by thirty-nine states. It was ratified by North Carolina on January 5, 1933 (Resolution 4, Public Laws of
1935).]
ARTICLE XXI
1. The eighteenth article of amendment to the Constitution of the United States is
hereby repealed.
2. The transportation or importation into any State, Territory, or possession of the
United States for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws
thereof, is hereby prohibited.
3. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment
to the Constitution by convention in the several States, as provided in the Constitution,
within seven years from the date of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.
The Constitution of the United States 195
(Proposed by the 72nd Congress, Second Session. Proclaimed in effect on December 5, 1933, having been rati-
fied by thirty-six States. North Carolina did not ratify this Amendment. By proclamation of the same date, the
President proclaimed that the eighteenth amendment to the Constitution was repealed on December 5, 1933.)
ARTICLE XXII
1. No person shall be elected to the office of the President more than twice, and no
person who has held the office of President, or acted as President, for more than two
years of a term to which some other person was elected President shall be elected to the
office of the President more than once. But this article shall not apply to any person
holding the office of President when this article was proposed by the Congress, and shall
not prevent any person who may be holding the office of President, or acting as Presi-
dent, during the term within which this article becomes operative from holding the of-
fice of President or acting as President during the remainder of such term.
2. This article shall be inoperative unless it shall have been ratified as an amendment
to the constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States within seven
years from the date of its submission to the States by the congress.
[Proposed by the 80th Congress in 1947 and became effective on Feb. 26, 1951, having been ratified by thirty-
six states. It was ratified by North Carolina on January 28, 1951 (Ch. 136, Session laws of 1951).]
ARTICLE XXIII
1. The District constituting the seat of Government of the United States shall ap-
point in such manner as the Congress may direct:
A number of electors of President and Vice President equal to the whole number of
Senators and Representatives in Congress to which the District would be entitled if it
were a State, but in no event more than the least populous State; they shall be in addi-
tion to those appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for the purpose of
the election of President and Vice President, to be electors appointed by a State; and
they shall meet in the District and perform such duties as provided by the twelfth article
of amendment.
2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
[Proposed by the 86th Congress in June of 1960 and ratified by the 38th State, March 29, 1961 and proclaimed
a part of the Constitution, April 3, 1961. North Carolina did not ratify it.]
ARTICLE XXIV
1. The right of citizens of the United States to vote in any primary or other election
for President or Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President, or for Sena-
tor or Representative in Congress, shall not be denied or abridged by the United States
or any State by reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.
2. The Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
[Proposed by the 87th Congress, August 27, 1962 and ratified by the 38th State, January 23, 1964. It was not
ratified by North Carolina.]
196 North Carolina Manual
ARTICLE XXV
1. In case of the removal of the President from office or of his death or resignation,
the Vice President shall become President.
2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office of the Vice President, the President shall
nominate a Vice President who shall take office upon confirmation by a majority vote
of both Houses of Congress.
3. Whenever the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate and
the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that he is unable to
discharge the powers and duties of his office, and until he transmits to them a written
declaration to the contrary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the Vice Pres-
ident as Acting President.
4. Whenever the Vice President and a majority of either the principal officers of the
executive departments or of such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit
to the President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representa-
tives their written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and
duties of his office, the Vice President shall immediately assume the powers and duties
of the office as Acting President.
Thereafter, when the President transmits to the President pro tempore of the Senate
and the Speaker of the House of Representatives his written declaration that no in-
ability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of his office unless the Vice Presi-
dent and a majority of either the principal officers of the executive department or of
such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit within four days to the Presi-
dent pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their
written declaration that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his
office. Thereupon Congress shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours
for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within twenty-one days after receipt
of the latter written declaration, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one days
after Congress is required to assemble, determines by two-thirds vote of both Houses
that the President is unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice
President shall continue to discharge the same as Acfing President; otherwise, the Presi-
dent shall resume the powers and duties of his office.
[Submitted to the Legislatures of the fifty States July 6, 1965. Ratified by the 38th State (Nevada) February 10,
1967. It was ratified by North Carolina on March 22, 1967 (Ch. 77, Session Laws of 1967).]
ARTICLE XXVI
1. The right of citizens of the United States, who are eighteen years of age or older, to
vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any State on account of age.
2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce this article by appropriate legisla-
tion.
[Proposed to the States by Congress on March 23, 1971 and ratification completed June 30, 1971. It was rati-
fied by North Carolina on July 1, 1971 (Ch. 725, Session Laws of 1971).]
PART IV
THE GOVERNMENT OF THE
UNITED STATES
y
198
North Carolina Manual
The Executive Branch 199
Chapter One
THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH
RONALD WILSON REAGAN
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Early Years: Born in Tampico, Illinois, on February 6, 1911, to John Edward and
Nelle Wilson Reagan.
Education: Graduated Dixon (Illinois) High School, 1932; Eureka College (lUi-
nois)1932, B.A. (Economics and Sociology).
Professional Background: Rancher; spokesman for conservation cause (radio broad-
casts and syndicated news column), 1975-1980; motion picture actor (50 feature-
length films), 1937-1966; television series host and sometimes actor ("General Elec-
tric Theater" and "Death Valley Days"), 1962-1966; sportscaster (WOC in
Davenport, Iowa; WHO in DesMoines, Iowa), 1932-1937.
Organizations: Member, Screen Actors Guild (President, 1947-1952 and 1959); Tau
Kappa Epsilon; Friars Club.
Boards and Commissions: Member, Presidential Commission Investigating the CIA,
1974-1975; Committee on the Present Danger (Board of Directors), 1977-1978;
founded Citizens for the Republic.
Political Activities: President of the United States of America, 1981-(Elected 1980;
re-elected, 1984); Governor of California 1967-1975; Chairman, Republican Gover-
nors Association, 1969; active campaigner for Republican candidates and spokes-
man for conservative political views.
Military Service: Served in U.S. Army Reserves, Captain (1942-1945).
Literary Works: Author, Creative Society (New York, 1968); Where's the Rest of Me?
(New York, 1965).
Honors: National Humanitarian Award, National Conference of Christians and Jews;
City of Hope "Touch of Life" Award for Humanitarian Service; Horatio Alger
Award; American Newspaper Guild Award; Freedoms Foundation Awards; Dis-
tinguished American Award, National Football Foundation Hall of Fame; Ameri-
can Patriots Hall of Fame; and Medal of Valor of the State of Israel.
Religious Activities: Attends Hollywood Beverly Christian Church (California).
Family: Married Nancy Davis, March 4, 1952; Children: Patricia and Ronald; Mau-
reen (by previous marriage to Jane Wyman); and Michael (adopted.)
200
North Carolina Manual
^
The Executive Branch 201
PRESIDENTS OF THE UNITED STATES
No. Name Native State Born Inau.
1. George Washington (F) Va 1732 1789
2. John Adams (F) Mass 1735 1797
3. Thomas Jefferson (D-R) Va 1743 1801
4. James Madison (D-R) Va 1751 1809
5. James Monroe (D-R) Va 1758 1817
6. John Quincy Adams (N-R) Mass 1767 1825
7. Andrew Jackson (D) N. C 1767 1829
8. Martin Van Buren (WHIG) N. Y 1782 1837
9. William H. Harrison' (A) Va 1773 1841
10. John Tyler (W) Va 1790 1841
11. James Knox Polk (D) N. C 1795 1845
12. Zachary TaylorMWHIG) Va 1784 1849
13. Millard Fillmore (WHIG) N. Y 1800 1850
14. Franklin Pierce (D) N. H 1804 1853
15. James Buchanan (D) Pa 1791 1857
16. Abraham LincolnMR) Ky 1809 1861
17. Andrew Johnson^ (-) N. C 1808 1865
18. Ulysses S. Grant (R) Ohio 1822 1869
19. Rutherford B. Hayes (R) Ohio 1822 1877
20. James A. Garfield^ (R) Ohio 1831 1881
21. Chester A. Arthur (R) Vt 1830 1881
22. Grover ClevelandMD) N.J 1837 1885
23. Benjamin Harrison (R) Ohio 1833 1889
24. Grover ClevelandMD) N.J 1837 1893
25. William McKinleyMR) Ohio 1843 1897
26. Theodore Roosevelt (R) N. Y 1858 1901
27. William H. Taft (R) Ohio 1857 1909
28. Woodrow Wilson (D) Va 1856 1913
29. Warren G. Harding^R) Ohio 1865 1921
30. Calvin Coolidge(R) Vt 1872 1923
31. Herbert C. Hoover (R) Iowa 1874 1929
32. Franklin D. Roosevelt'o (D) N. Y 1882 1933
'Harrison died on April 4. 1841.
-Taylor died on July 9, 1«50.
^Lincoln was shot April 14, 1865, and died the following day.
"Andrew Johnson — a Democrat, nominated vice president by Republicans and elected with Lincoln on
National Union ticket.
'Garfield was shot July 2. 1881. and died September 19.
''According to a ruling of the State Dept., Grover Cleveland is counted twice, as the 22nd and the 24ih
President, because his two terms were not consecutive. Only 39 individuals have been President.
'See footnote 6.
"MelCinley was shot September 6, 1901, and died September 14.
'Harding died on August 2, 1923.
"'Roosevelt died on April 12, 1945.
202 North Carolina Manual
No. Name Native State Born Inau.
33. Harry S. Truman (D) Missouri 1884 1945
34. Dwight D. Eisenhower (R) Texas 1890 1953
35. John F. Kennedy" (D) Massachusetts... 1917 1961
36. Lyndon B. Johnson (D) Texas 1908 1963
37. Richard M. Nixoni2(R) California 1913 1969
38. Gerald R. Ford (R) Michigan 1913 1974
39. James Earl Carter (D) Georgia 1924 1977
40. Ronald Wilson Reagan (R) Illinois 1911 1981
"Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963.
'^Nixon resigned August 9, 1974 following several months of pressure over the "Watergate" coverup and
related issues.
The Executive Branch 203
PRESIDENTIAL CABINET
Vice President George Bush
Secretary of Agriculture John R. Block
Secretary of Commerce Malcolm Balridge
Secretary of Defense Casper W. Weinberger
Secretary of Education William J. Bennett
Secretary of Energy Donald Hodell
Secretary of Health and Human Services Vacancy
Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Samuel R. Pierce, Jr.
Secretary of the Interior William Clark
Secretary of Labor Raymond J. Donovan
Secretary of State George P. Schultz
Secretary of Transportation* Elizabeth Hanford Dole
Secretary of the Treasury James A. Baker, III
Attorney General Edwin Meese
Ambassador to the United Nations Jeane J. Kirkpatrick
MAJOR APPOINTMENTS
White House Chief of Staff Donald T. Regan
National Security Adviser Robert C. McFarlane
Press Secretary Laurence M. Speakes
Director, Central Intelligence Agency William J. Casey
Chairman, Council on Wage and Price Stability Alfred E. Kahn
Chairman, Federal Reserve Board Paul A. Volcker
Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Staff Gen. John W. Vessey, Jr.
Director, Office of Management and Budget
Postmaster General William F. Bolger
"Native of North Carolina
204
North Carolina Manual
The Executive Branch 205
ELIZABETH HANFORD DOLE
Secretary, United States Department of Transportation
Early Years: Born in Salisbury, Rowan County, NC, July 29, 1937, to John Van and
Mary (Cathey) Hanford.
Education: Duke University, B.A. (Political Science); Harvard University, M.S. (Edu-
cation and Government); Harvard University School of Law, J.D.
Professional Background: Secretary, US Department of Transportation; former As-
sistant to the President for Public Liaison, 1981-83; Federal Trade Commission,
1973-1979 (temporary leave of absence, 1976); Deputy Director, Office of Consu-
mer Affairs, 1971-73; Executive Director, President's Committee on Consumer
Interests, 1969-71; former Staff Assistant to Assistant Secretary of Health, Educa-
tion and Welfare.
Boards & Commissions: Board of Trustees, Duke University; Board of Advisors, Duke
University Business School; Overseers Committee, John F. Kennedy School of
Government, Harvard University; Director, National Council of the Aging; Direc-
tor, Wolf Trap Foundation for the Performing Arts; Director, Washington Opera
Board; Board of Directors, American Council on Young Political Leaders.
Political Activities: Secretary, US Department of Transportation, 1983- (nominated by
President Reagan, January 25, 1983; confirmed by the US Senate, February 1,
1983; sworn in, February 7, 1983); Chairman, Voters for Reagan-3ush, 1980;
Reagan-Bush Truth Squad, 1980; Director, Human Services Group for the Office
of Executive Branch Management, Office of the President-elect; National Advisory
Council of the National Federation of Republican Women.
Honors: "Faces of the Future," TIME MAGAZINE, 1974; Arthur S. Fleming Award
for Outstanding Government Service, 1972; Phi Beta Kappa, Duke University;
President, Duke University Student Body.
Family: Married Robert J. Dole, Senior US Senator from Kansas, December 6, 1975.
The United States Congress 207
Chapter Two
THE UNITED STATES CONGRESS
THE CAPITOL AT WASHINGTON
The Capitol building in Washington, D. C, is situated on a plateau 88 feet above
the level of the Potomac River and covers an area of 153, 112 square feet, or approxi-
mately three and one-half acres. Its length, from north to south, is 751 feet, four
inches; its width, including approaches, is 350 feet; and its location is described as
being in latitude 38°53'20.4" N. and longitude 70°00'35.7" W. from Greenwich. Its
height above the base line on the east front to the top of the Statue of Freedom is 287
feet, five and one-half inches. The dome is built of iron, and the aggregate weight of
material used in its construction is 8,909,200 pounds.
The Statue of Freedom surmounting the dome is of bronze and weighs 14,985
pounds. It was modeled by Thomas Crawford, father of Francis Marion Crawford, the
novelist, in Rome, and the plaster model shipped to this country. It was cast in bronze
at the shops of Clark Mills, on the Bladensburg Road, near Washington. The cost of
the casting and the expenses in connection were $20,796.82, and the sculptor was paid
$3,000 for the plaster model. It was erected and placed in its present position
December 2, 1863.
The grounds have had an area of 58.8 acres, at one time a part of Cern Abby
Manor, and at an early date was occupied by a subtribe of the Algonquin Indians
known as the Powhatans, whose council house was then located at the foot of the hill.
By subsequent purchase of ground at the North of the Capitol and at the west of the
new House Office building the area of the grounds has been increased to 139'/2 acres.
The Rotunda is 97 feet 6 inches in diameter, and its height from the floor to the top
of the canopy is 180 feet, 3 inches.
The Senate Chamber is 1 13 feet, 3 inches, in length by 80 feet, 3 inches, in width and
36 feet in height. The galleries will accommodate 682 persons.
The Representatives' Hall is 139 feet in length by 93 feet in width and 36 feet in
height.
The room, until 1935 the meeting place of the Supreme Court, was, until 1859,
occupied as the Senate Chamber. Previous to that time the court occupied the room
immediately beneath, now used as a law library.
The Capitol has a floor area of 14 a(?res, and 430 rooms are devoted to office,
committee, and storage purposes. There are 14,518 square feet of skylights, 679 win-
dows, and 550 doorways.
The dome receives light through 108 windows, and from the architect's office to the
dome there are 365 steps, one for each day of the year.
The southeast cornerstone of the original building was laid September 18, 1793, by
President Washington, with Masonic ceremonies. It is constructed of sandstone from
208 North Carouna Manual
quarries on Aquia Creek, Va. The original designs were prepared by Dr. William
Thornton, and the work was done under the direction of Stephen H. Hallet, James
Hoban, George Hadfield, and B. H. Latrobe, architects.
The north wing was finished in 1800 and the south wing in 1811. A wooden pas-
sageway connected them. On August 24, 1814, the interior of both wings was des-
troyed by fire, set by the British. The damage to the building was immediately
repaired.
In 1818 the central portion of the building was commenced under the architectural
superintendence of Charles Bullfinch. The original building was finally completed in
1827. Its cost, including the grading of the grounds, alterations, and repairs, up to
1827, was $2,433,844.13.
The cornerstone of the extensions was laid on the Fourth of July, 1851, by President
Fillmore, Daniel Webster officiating as orator. The work was prosecuted under the
architectual direction of Thomas U. Walter until 1865. when he resigned, and it was
completed under the supervision of Edward Clark. The material used in the walls is
white marble from the quarries of Lee, Massachusetts, and that in the columns from
the quarries from Cockeysville, Maryland. The House extension was first occupied for
legislative purposes December 16, 1857, and the Senate January 4, 1859.
The House office building was begun in 1905 and occupied on January 10. 1908;
later a story on top was added. The Senate office building was started in 1906 and
occupied on March 5, 1909. The House building cost, with site, $4,860,155; the Senate
structure, $5,019,251.
Among the paintings in the Capitol are:
In Rotunda: Signing of the Declaration of Independence, Surrender of General Bur-
goyne. Surrender of Lord Cornwallis at Yorktown. Va., George Washington Resigning
His Commission as Commander in Chief of the Army, all by John Trumbull.
Baptism of Pocahontas, by John G. Chapman; Landing of Columbus, by John
Vanderlyn; Discovery of the Mississippi River by DeSoto. by William H. Powell;
Embarkation of the Pilgrims, by Robert W. Weir.
In House Wing: Westward the Course of Empire Takes Its Way, by Emanuel
Leutze; First Reading of the Emancipation Proclamation, by Francis Bicknell
Carpenter.
In Senate Wing: Battle of Lake Erie, by William H. Powell; Battle of Chapultepec,
by James Walker.
The United States Congress
209
NINETY-NINTH CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES
THE SENATE
President of the Senate
George Bush (Texas)
President Pro-Tempore of the Senate
J. Strom Thurmond (South CaroHna)
Secretary of the Senate
Jo Ann Coe
Majority Leader
Robert Dole (Kansas)
Majority Whip
Alan K. Simpson (Wyoming)
Minority Leader
Robert C. Byrd (West Virginia)
Minority Whip
Alan Cranston (California)
SENATORS FROM NORTH CAROLINA
Jesse Helms
John P. East
STANDING COMMITTEES
Agriculture, Nutrition & Forestry
Appropriations
Armed Services
Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs
Budget
Commerce, Science & Transportation
Energy and Natural Resources
Environment & Public Works
Finance
Foreign Relations
Government Affairs
Judiciary
Labor and Human Resources
Rules and Administration
Small Business
Veteran's Affairs
Ethics
SELECT COMMITTEES
Indian Affairs Intelligence
SPECIAL COMMITTEES
Aging
Economy
JOINT COMMITTEES
Library Printing
Taxation
The United States Congress 211
JESSE HELMS
(Republican)
Early Years: Born in Monroe, Union County, October 18, 1921, to Jesse A. and Ethel
Mae Helms.
Education: Monroe High School; Wingate College; Wake Forest University.
Professional Background: Former Executive Vice President, Vice Chairman of the
Board and Assistant Chief Executive Officer, Capitol Broadcasting Company,
Raleigh; editorialist, WRAL television, 80 radio stations in NC and 200 newspapers
nationwide; former editor. The Raleigh Times.
Organizations: President and Vice President, Raleigh Rotary Club; President, Raleigh
Exchange Club; former Trustee, Campbell College, Wingate College, Meredith Col-
lege Trustee, John F. Kennedy College, Douglas MacArthur Freedom Academy,
Delaware Law School and Camp Willow Run; NC Tobacco Council; Director,
United Fund of Raleigh; State Advisor, Young Americans for Freedom; Director,
Raleigh Chamber of Commerce; Mason, Raleigh Lodge No. 500; Grand Orator,
Grand Lodge of NC, 1966.
Political Activities: Member, US Congress (elected to the US Senate, November, 1972,
1978, 1984- now serving his 3rd term); Raleigh City Council, 1957-1961; Adminis-
trative Assistant, US Senator Willis Smith; Administrative Assistant, US Senator
Alton Lennon; director, radio-television campaign, Richard B. Russell of Georgia,
Democratic presidential candidate, 1952.
Honors: Honorary degrees. Grove City College and Bob Jones University; Honorary
Director, NC Cerebral Palsy Hospital; Freedom Foundation Award (best television
editorial); Taxpayers' Best Friend Award, National Taxpayer's Union, 1981, 1982.
1983, 1984; Watchdog of the Treasury Award, National Associated Businessmen,
1973-84; Outstanding Senator Award, Christian Action Council, 1983; Most Ad-
mired Conservative in Congress, Conservative Digest, 1980, 1981; NC Public Ser-
vice Award, 1980; National Man of the Year in Politics, Christian Voice, 1980;
Legislator of the Year, Christians for a Better America, 1980.
Religious Activities: Member, Hayes Barton Baptist Church, Raleigh.
Family: Married, Dorothy Jane Coble, October 31, 1942. Children: Jane (Helms)
Knox, Nancy (Helms) Stuart and Charles.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Committee.
Foreign Relations Committee.
(Chairman, Subcommittee on Western Hemisphere Affairs.)
Rules Committee.
Ethics Committee.
m
^^A
^^p
1
The United States Congress 213
JOHN PORTER EAST
(Republican)
Early Years: Born in Springfield, Illinois, May 5, 1931.
Education: Earlham College; University of Illinois Law School, 1959, J.D.; University
of Florida, 1964, M.A. and Ph.D. (Political Science).
Professional Background: Professor of Political Science, East Carolina University.
Organizations: Phi Beta Kappa; Florida Bar Association.
Political Activities: Member, US Congress (elected to the US Senate, November 1980-
now serving his 2nd term); National Committeeman, 1976, 1980; Platform Commit-
teeman, 1976.
Military Service: Served, US Marine Corps, 1953-55 (Lieutenant).
Literary Works: Author: Council- Manager Government and various articles in Mod-
ern Age, Political Science Review, Human Events, The Wall Street Journal and
Western Political Quarterly; Editorial Board, Modern Age and Political Science
Review, weekly participant, "Crossfire" (television debate program).
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church, Greenville.
Family: Married, Priscilla Sherk, September, 1953. Children: Kathryn and Martha.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Committee on Armed Services.
(Subcommittee on Military Construction.)
(Subcommittee on Manpower and Personnel Preparedness.)
Committee on the Judiciary.
(Chairman, Subcommittee on Courts.)
(Subcommittee on Security and Terrorism.)
(Subcommittee on Administrative Practice and Procedure.)
The United States Congress
215
THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Speaker of the House
Thomas P. O'Neill, Jr., (Massachusetts)
Clerk of the House
Edmund L. Henshaw, Jr.
Majority Leader
Jim Wright (Texas)
Majority Whip
Thomas S. Foley (Washington)
Minority Leader
Robert H. Michel (Illinois)
Minority Whip
Trent Lott (Mississippi)
REPRESENTATIVES FROM NORTH CAROLINA
Walter B. Jones (First District)
I. T. Valentine, Jr. (Second District)
Charles O. Whitley (Third District)
William W. Cobey, Jr. (Fourth District)
Stephen L. Neal (Fifth District)
J. Howard Coble (Sixth District)
Charles G. Rose (Seventh District)
W. G. Hefner (Eighth District)
J. Alex McMillan (Nineth District)
James T. Broyhill (Tenth District)
William M. Hendon (Eleventh District)
STANDING COMMITTEES
Agriculture
Appropriations
Armed Services
Banking, Finance, and Urban Affairs
Budget
District of Columbia
Education and Labor
Energy and Commerce
Foreign Affairs
Government Operations
House Administration
Interior and Insular Affairs
Judiciary
Merchant Marine and Fisheries
Post Office and Civil Service
Public Works and Transportation
Rules
Science and Technology
Small Business
Standards of Official Conduct
Veterans' Affairs
Ways and Means
Aging
Economy
SELECT COMMITTEES
Intelligence Narcotics Abuse and Control
SPECIAL COMMITTEES
Aging
JOINT COMMITTEES
Library Printing Taxation
The United States Congress 217
WALTER BEAMAN JONES
(Democrat — First Congressional District)
(Beaufort, Bertie, Camden, Carteret, Chowan, Craven, Currituck. Dare,
Gates, Greene, Hertford, Hyde, Lenoir, Martin, Northampton, Pamlico,
Pasquotank, Perquimans, F^itt, lyrrell, and Washington Counties —
population 529,635.)
Early Years: Born in Fayetteville, Cumberland County, August 19, 1913, to Walter G.
and Fannie M. (Anderson) Jones.
Education: Elise Academy, 1926-1930; NC State College, 1934, B.S. (Education).
Professional Background: Office equipment dealer.
Organizations: Masonic Lodge; Scottish Rite; Rotary Club (President, 1949); Loyal
Order of Moose; Junior Order; Elks Lodge.
Boards & Commissions: Director, Farmville Savings & Loan Association.
Political Activities: Member, US Congress (elected to US House of Representatives,
1966 in a special election to finish the unexpired term of Herbert C. Bonner, who
had died; elected to full term, November, 1966; reelected in each subsequent general
election — now serving his 10th term); member, NC Senate, 1965-66; member, NC
House of Representatives, 1955-1959; Mayor, Town of Farmville 1949-53; Judge,
Farmville Recorder's Court, 1949-53; Commissioner, Town of Farmville, 1947-49
(Mayor Pro Tem. 1947-49).
Religious Activities: Baptist; Deacon, 1945-.
Family: Married, Elizabeth Fischer, November 7, 1984. Children; Dot Dee (Jones)
Moye and Walter B., II.
HOUSE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman, Merchant Marine and Fisheries Committee.
Agriculture Committee.
(Ranking Member, Subcommittee on Peanuts and Tobacco.)
-.j^0ffH^Z''!i!^US^;
The United States Congress 219
ITIMOUS THADDEUS VALENTINE, JR.
(Democrat — Second Congressional District)
(Caswell, Durham, Edgecombe, Granville, Halifax, Johnston (part),
Nash, Person, Vance, Warren, and Wilson Counties — population
541,009.)
Early Years: Born in Nashville, Nash County, March 15, 1926, to Itimous T. and
Hazel Valentine.
Education: The Citadel, 1948, A.B. (Political Science); UNC-Chapel Hill, School of
Law, 1952, LL.B.
Professional Background: Attorney (senior member, firm of Valentine, Adams &
Lamar).
Organizations: Nash-Edgecombe, Seventh Judicial, NC and American Bar Associa-
tions (former President, Nash-Edgecombe Bar); NC Academy of Trial Lawyers;
former Master, Morning Star Lodge No. 85, A.F.&A.M.; former President: Nash-
ville Lions Club, Nashville Jaycees and Nashville Chamber of Commerce.
Boards and Commissions: NC Courts Commission; former Trustee, Nash General
Hospital.
Political Activities: Member, US Congress (elected to US House of Representatives,
November, 1982; reelected, 1984 — now serving his 2nd term); member, NC House
of Representatives, 1955-56, 1957, 1959; Chairman, NC Democratic Executive
Committee, 1966-68; Legislative Counsel, Governor Dan K. Moore, 1967; Legal
Advisor, Governor Dan K. Moore, 1965.
Military Service: Served, US Army Air Corps, 1944-46.
Religious Activities: Member, Nashville Baptist Church; former Chairman, Board of
Deacons.
Family: Married, Elizabeth Salyer Carr of Rocky Mount. Children: Stephen M., Mark
L., Philip C. and Anna E.
HOUSE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Public Works and Transportation Committee.
(Subcommittee on Surface Transportation.)
(Subcommittee on Aviation).
Science and Technology Committee.
(Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture, Research and Environment.)
(Subcommittee on Aviation.)
(Subcommittee on Science, Research and Technology.)
The United States Congress 221
CHARLES ORVILLE WHITLEY
(Democrat — Third Congressional District)
(Bladen, Duplin, Harnett, Johnston (part), Jones, Lee, Moore (part),
Onslow, Pender, Sampson, and Wayne Counties - population 529,732.)
Early Years: Born in Siler City, Chatham County, January 3, 1927, to John and
Mamie (Goodwin) Whitley.
Education: Siler City Public Schools; Wake Forest University, 1948, B.A.; Wake
Forest University, School of Law, 1950, LL.B.; George Washington University,
1974, M.A. (Legislative Affairs).
Professional Background: Attorney; Attorney, Town of Mount Olive, 1952-58.
Organizations: Wayne County and NC Bar Associations; Masonic Order; WOW;
American Legion; Rotary Club; former Jaycee.
Political Activities: Member, US Congress (elected to US House of Representatives,
November, 1976; reelected in each subsequent general election — now serving his
5th term); Administrative Assistant, Congressman David N. Henderson, 1961-1976.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1944-46; Reserves, 1946-50 (Lieutenant).
Religious Activities: Member, Baptist Church; Deacon; Sunday School teacher, 1952-.
Family: Married, Audrey Kornegay, June 1 1, 1949. Children: Charles, Jr., Martha and
Sara.
HOUSE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Agriculture Committee.
(Chairman, Subcommittee on Forests, Family Farms and Energy.)
(Subcommittee on Tobacco and Peanuts.)
(Subcommittee on Cotton, Rice and Sugar.)
(Subcommittee on Wheat, Soybeans, and Feed Grain.)
The United States Congress 223
WILLIAM WILFRED COBEY, JR.
(Republican — Fourth Congressional District)
(Chatham, Frankhn, Orange, Randolph and Wake Counties — popula-
tion 530,673.)
Early Years: Born in Washington, D.C., May 13, 1939.
Education: Emory University, 1962, B.A. (Chemistry); University of Pennsylavania,
1964, M.B.A. (Marketing); University of Pittsburgh, 1968, M.Ed. (Health and
Physical Education).
Professional Background: President, Cobey & Associates, Inc. Formerly, Chairman,
Taxpayers Educational Coalition; Director of Athletics, UNC-Chapel Hill; Assist-
ant Athletic Director, UNC-Chapel Hill; Assistant Athletic Business Manager,
UNC-Chapel Hill; Academic Counselor for football team, UNC-Chapel Hill.
Organizations: President, Chapel Hill-Carrboro YMCA, 1975-76, 1981.
Boards & Commissions: Director, Happenings, Inc.; Honorary Trustee, Shaw Univer-
sity Divinity School.
Political Activities: Member, US Congress (elected to US House of Representatives,
November, 1984).
Religious Activities: Member, Chapel Hill Bible Church.
Family: Married, Nancy Lee Sullivan. Children: Cathy and Billy.
HOUSE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Science and Technology Committee.
(Subcommittee on Energy Development and Application.)
(Subcommittee on Science, Research and Technology.)
Small Business Committee.
(Subcommittee on Export Opportunities and Special Small Business Problems.)
(Subcommittee on Energy, Environment and Safety Issues Effecting Small
Business.)
The United States Congress 225
STEPHEN LYBROOK NEAL
(Democrat — Fifth Congressional District)
(Alexander, Alleghany, Ashe, Forsyth, Rockingham, Stokes, Surry and
Wilkes Counties — Population 535,212.)
Early Years: Born in Winston-Salem, Forsyth County, November 7, 1934, to Charles
Herbert and Mary Martha (Lybrook) Neal.
Education: University of California at Santa Barbara; University of Hawaii, 1959,
A.B. (Pscyhology).
Professional Background: Former mortgage banker and newspaper publisher (Presi-
dent and publisher. Community Press, Inc.)
Boards and Commissions: Trustee, Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation; Board of Advi-
sors, Babcock Graduate School of Management; President, Sunbelt Research Coa-
lition; National Board of Advisors, Straight, Inc.; Washington Policy Council,
International Management Development Institute.
Political Activities: Member, US Congress (elected to the US House of Representa-
tives, November, 1974; reelected in each subsequent general election — now serving
his 6th term); Chairman, Congressional Sunbelt Council; Congressional Rural
Caucus; Congressional Textile Caucus; Export Task Force; Agricultural Exports
Task Force; Democratic Trade Task Force; Conservative Democratic Forum;
Travel and Tourism Caucus; Congressional Advisory Committee of the Tax Lim-
itation Committee; Military Reform Caucus; Environmental and Energy Study
Conference; Congressional Arts Caucus; Congress for Peace through Law; United
Democrats of Congress; Congressional Alcohol Fuels Caucus; Congressional Clear-
inghouse on the Future; Democratic Study Group.
Significant Achievements: Authored successful bills and amendments to: prevent the
damming of the New River; create Solar Energy Bank; avail Urban Development
Action grants to "pockets of poverty", including Winston-Salem and other 5th Dis-
trict cities; save the furniture industry $19.5 billion in meeting flammability stand-
ards; postpone the building of 21 MX missiles, 1984-85. As a fiscal conservative,
introduced bills to freeze federal spending and require a balanced budget.
Religious Activities: Presbyterian.
Family: Married, Rachel Landis Miller, June 6, 1963. Children: Mary Piper and Ste-
phen L., Jr.
HOUSE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs Committee.
(Chairman, Subcommittee on International Finance,
Trade and Monetary Policy.)
(Subcommittee on Domestic Monetary Policy.)
(Subcommittee on Consumer Affairs and Coinage.)
(Subcommittee on Government Information, Justice and Agriculture.)
(Subcommittee on Legislation and National Security.)
The United States Congress 227
JOHN HOWARD COBLE
(Republican — Sixth Congressional District)
(Alamance, Davidson, and Guilford Counties ^Population 537,682.)
Early Years: Born in Greensboro, Guilford County, March 19, 1931, to Joe Howard
and Johnnie E. (Holt) Coble.
Education: Alamance High School, 1949; Appalachian State University, 1950; Guil-
ford College, 1958, A.B. (History); UNC-Chapel Hill, School of Law, 1962, J.D.
Professional Background: Attorney (member, firm of Turner, Enochs & Sparrow,
1979-83).
Organizations: Greensboro, NC and NC State Bar Associations; American Legion;
Lions Club; Veterans of Foreign Wars of the US.
Political Activities: Member, US Congress (elected to US House of Representatives,
November, 1984); member, NC House of Representatives, 1969, 1979-80, 1981-82,
1983-84; Secretary, NC Department of Revenue, 1973-76; Assistant US Attorney,
US Middle District, 1969-73.
Military Service: Served, US Coast Guard and US Coast Guard Reserves, 1952-;
Commanding Officer, Wilmington unit.
Religious Activities: Member, Alamance Presbyterian Church.
HOUSE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Judiciary Committee.
Small Business Committee.
The United States Congress 229
CHARLES GRANDISON ROSE, III
(Democrat — Seventh Congressional District)
(Brunswick, Columbus, Cumberland, New Hanover and Robeson Coun-
ties — Population 539,012.)
Early Years: Born in Fayetteville, August 10, 1939, to Charles G. and Frances (Duck-
worth) Rose.
Education: Fayetteville High School, 1957; Davidson College, 1969, B.A.; UNC-
Chapel Hill, School of Law, 1964, LL.B.
Professional Background: Attorney.
Organizations: Cumberland County and NC State Bar Associations.
Political Activities: Member, US Congress (elected to US House of Representatives,
November, 1972; reelected in each subsequent general election — now serving his
7th term); Chief District Court Prosecutor, 1 2th Judicial District, 1967-70.
Literary Works: Editor, Davidson College Yearbook.
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church, Fayetteville; Sunday School
teacher.
Family: Married Sara Richardson, June 30, 1962. Children: Charles G., IV and Sara
Louise.
HOUSE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Agriculture Committee.
(Chairman, Subcommittee on Tobacco and Peanuts.)
(Subcommittee on Livestock, Dairy and Poultry.)
(Subcommittee on Cotton, Rice and Sugar.)
(Subcommittee on Wheat, Soybeans and Feed Grains.)
House Administration Committee.
(Subcommittee on Elections.)
(Chairman, Subcommittee on Office Systems.)
Chairman, Speaker's Advisory Committee on Broadcasting.
The United States Congress 231
W. G. (BILL) HEFNER
(Democrat — Eighth Congressional District)
(Anson, Cabarrus, Davie, Hoke, Montgomery, Moore (part), Richmond,
Rowan, Scotland, Stanly, Union and Yadkin (part) Counties — popula-
tion 538,184.)
Early Years: Born in Elora, Tennessee, April 1 1, 1930.
Professional Background: President, WRKB Radio, Kannapolis; Harvesters Quartet;
television performer.
Organizations: Concord Noon Optimist Club; Publicity Committee, Cabarrus County
United Appeal; President, Odell School PTA; Director, County Chapter, American
Cancer Society; Director, Cabarrus County Boys Club; Director, Cabarrus County
Humane Society.
Political Activities: Member, US Congress (elected to US House of Representatives,
November, 1974; reelected in each subsequent general election — now serving his
6th term); Congressional Textile Caucus; Congressional Travel and Tourism Cau-
cus; Conservative Democratic Forum.
Religious Activities: Member, North Kannapolis Baptist Church.
Family: Married, Nancy Hill of Gadsden, Alabama. Children: Stacye and Shelly.
HOUSE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Appropriations Committee.
(Subcommittee on Defense.)
(Subcommittee on Military Construction.)
Budget Committee.
Leadership Assignments Committee.
Democratic Caucus Committee on Party Effectiveness.
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The United States Congress 233
J. ALEX MCMILLAN, III
(Republican — Ninth Congressional District)
(Iredell, Lincoln, Mecklenburg and Yadkin (part) Counties — population
529,180.)
Early Years: Born in Charlotte, May 9, 1932, to J. Alex (deceased) and Mildred Eliza-
beth (Shepherd) McMillan.
Education: Woodberry Forest School, 1950; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1954, B.A. (History);
UVA, 1958, M.B.A.
Professional Background: President and Chief Executive Officer, Ruddick Corpora-
tion Officer and Liason, Harris-Teeter Super Markets, Inc.; Secretary, Vice Presi-
dent, Vice President for Finance and Treasurer, Ruddick Corporation, 1968-83;
Secretary and Vice President, R.S. Dickson & Company, 1963-70; sales, family
business in Charlotte; sales and control, Carolina Paper Board Corporation,
1958-60.
Organizations: Director, Charlotte City Club, 198 1-; Trustee, Union Theological
Seminary, 1978-; Trustee, Woodberry Forest School, 1978-; Alumni Board (Presi-
dent, 1979-81) and Trustee, Darden School of Business, UVA, 1977-; Board of
Visitors, Davidson College, 1983-84; Spirit Square Board, 1975-84 (first president);
United Community Service Board, 1973-84; Director, Inroads, Inc., 1982-83; WTVI
Public Television, 1978-83 (first Chairman, Charlotte-Mecklenburg Public Broad-
casting Authority); Director, Greater Charlotte Chamber of Commerce, 1980-82;
Committee Vice Chairman, Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 1978-79;
Director, Charlotte-Mecklenburg Arts and Science Council, 1974-79; Director,
Mecklenburg County Board of Social Services, 1974-77 (Chairman, 1975-77);
Director, Charlotte Speech and Hearing Center, 1974-77.
Political Activities: Member, US Congress (elected to US House of Representatives,
November, 1984); Commissioner, Mecklenburg County, 1972-74.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1954-56; Counter-intelligence Corps.
Religious Activities: Member, Myers Park Presbyterian Church, Charlotte; Elder.
Mecklenburg Presbyterian Task Force on Hunger, 1975-76.
Family: Married, Caroline Houston of Greenville, South Carolina, November 21,
1959. Children: Elizabeth H. and John A., IV.
HOUSE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Banking, Finance and Urban Affairs Committee.
Small Business Committee.
The United States Congress 235
JAMES THOMAS BROYHILL
(Republican — Tenth Congressional District)
(Avery (part), Burke, Caldwell, Catawba, Cleveland, Gaston, and
Watauga Counties — population 537,548.)
Early Years: Born in Lenoir, August 19, 1927, to James Edgar and Satie Leona (Hunt)
Broyhill.
Education: Lenoir Public Schools, 1933-46; Lenoir High School, 1946; UNC-Chapel
Hill, 1950. B.S. (Commerce).
Professional Background: Furniture manufacturer.
Organizations: Southern Furniture Manufacturers Association; NC Forestry Associa-
tion; Industrial Planning Committee of the Northwest; NC Development Associa-
tion; Hibriten Lodge No. 262, A.F. & A.M.; Oasis Temple of the Shrine. Lenoir
Chamber of Commerce (former President and Director).
Boards and Commissions: Lenoir Planning and Zoning Commissions; Development
Board, Lenoir-Rhyne College. Former member: City of Lenoir Recreation Com-
mission; Board of Advisors, Lees-McRae College; Board of Visitors, Lenoir-Rhyne
College; Board of Trustees, Wake Forest University.
Political Activities: Member, US Congress (elected to US House of Representatives,
November, 1962; reelected in each subsequent general election — now serving his
12th term); Vice Chairman, Congressional Textile Caucus; Dean, NC Congres-
sional Delegation; Republican Committee on Committees; Republican Research
Committee; Task Force on Regulatory Reform; Republican Study Committee;
Congressional Sunbelt Council; Congressional Rural Caucus.
Honors: Distinguished Service Award, UNC-Chapel Hill, 1981; Honorary Doctor of
Law, Catawba College, 1966; Young Man of the Year, Lenoir and Caldwell Coun-
ties, 1957.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church, Lenoir.
Family: Married, Louise Horton Robbins, June 2, 1951. Children: Marilyn Louise
(Broyhill) Beach, James Edgar, 11 and Phillip Robbins.
HOUSE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Energy and Commerce Committee.
(Ranking Minority Leader and E.x Officio Member, all Subcommittees.)
(Ranking Minority Leader, Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations.)
The United States Congress 237
WILLIAM M. HENDON
(Republican — Eleventh Congressional District)
(Avery (part). Buncombe, Cherokee, Clay, Graham, Haywood, Hender-
son, Jackson, McDowell, Macon, Madison, Mitchell, Polk, Rutherford,
Swain, Transylvania and Yancey Counties — population 526,562.)
Early Years: Born in Buncombe County, November 9, 1944, to J. William and Mary
Adams (Ward) Hendon.
Education: Grace Elementary School; David Millard Junior High School; Lee Edwards
High School; University of Tennessee, 1966, B.A.; University of Tennessee, 1971,
M.A.
Organizations: Sigma Alpha Epsilon; Asheville Boys Club (founder and first Presi-
dent).
Boards & Commissions: Director, Memorial Mission Hospital; Trustee, Asheville
Orthopedic Hospital.
Political Activities: Member, US Congress (elected to the US House of Representa-
tives, November, 1980; reelected, 1984 — now serving his 2nd term).
Literary Works: Author, Transportation Journal article.
Religious Activities: Member, Trinity Episcopal Church; Vestry, 1972-75 (Secretary,
1972); Chairman, Every Member Canvas, 1974.
Family: Married, Robbie Peters. Children: Carrie and Jennie.
HOUSE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Interior and Insular Affairs Committee.
(Subcommittee on National Parks and Recreation.)
(Subcommittee on Energy and the Environment.)
Veterans' Affairs Committee.
(Subcommittee on Hospitalization and Health.)
(Subcommittee on Education, Training and Employment.)
The Judicial System 239
Chapter Three
THE UNITED STATES JUDICIARY
THE SUPREME COURT OF THE UNITED STATES
Warren E. Burger Chief Justice Minnesota
William H. Rehnquist Associate Justice Arizona
Byron R. White Associate Justice Colorado
Thurgood Marshall Associate Justice New York
William J. Brennan, Jr Associate Justice New Jersey
Lewis F. Powell, Jr Associate Justice Virginia
Harry A. Blackmun Associate Justice Minnesota
Sandra Day O'Connor Associate Justice Arizona
UNITED STATES FOURTH CIRCUIT COURT OF APPEALS
James Dickson Phillips, Jr Judge Chapel Hill
Sam J. Ervin, Hi Judge Morganton
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
Eastern District for North Carolina
Franklin T. Dupree, Jr Chiet Judge Raleigh
W. Earl Britt Judge Fayetteville
James C. Fox Judge Wilmington
John D. Larkins, Jr Senior Judge Trenton
Samuel T. Currin U.S. Attorney Raleigh
J. Rich Leonard Court Clerk Raleigh
Middle District for North Carolina
Eugene A. Gordon Chief Judge Burlington
Hiram H. Ward Judge Denton
Richard C. Erwin Judge Winston-Salem
Frank W. Bullock, Jr Judge Durham
Kenneth W. McAllister U.S. Attorney Greensboro
J. P. Creekmore Court Clerk Greensboro
Western District for North Carolina
Woodrow W. Jones Chief Judge Asheville
James B. McMillan Judge Charlotte
Robert D. Potter Judge Charlotte
Charles R. Brewer U.S. Attorney Asheville
J. Toliver Davis Court Clerk Asheville
The Judicial System 241
UNITED STATES FOURTH CIRCUIT
COURT OF APPEALS
JAMES DICKSON PHILLIPS, JR.
JUDGE
Early Years: Born in Scotland County, September 23, 1922, to James Dickson
(deceased) and Helen (Shepherd) Phillips.
Education: Davidson College, 1943, B.S., cum laude; UNC-Chapel Hill, School of
Law. 1945-48, J.D. with honors.
Professional Background: Judge, US Court of Appeals, 4th Circuit.
Organizations: NC Bar Association; Director, NC Nature Conservancy; Kappa Sigma.
Political Activities: Member, Democratic Party.
Military Services: Served, US Army, 1944-46 (1st Lieutenant); parachute infantry.
Honors: John J. Parkker Memorial Award; Thomas Jefferson Award; Distinguished
Alumni Professor Award.
Religious Activities: Member, Presbyterian Church; former Elder and Deacon. Mem-
ber, University Presbyterian Church, Chapel Hill, 1970-76 (Chairman, 1971-74).
Permanent Judicial Commission, Presbyterian Churches in the US.
Family: Married, Jean Duff Nanalee, July 16, 1960. Children: Evelyn (Phillips) Perry,
James Dickson, 111, Elizabeth Duff and Ida Willis.
SAMUEL JAMES ERVIN, III
JUDGE
Early Years: Born in Morganton, Burke County, March 2, 1926, to Samuel James and
Margaret Bruce (Bell) Ervin, Jr.
Education: Morganton Public Schools; Morganton High School, 1943; Davidson Col-
lege, 1948, B.S.; Harvard Lau School, 1951, LL.B.
Professional Background: Judge, US Court of Appeals, 4th Circuit; Judge, NC Super-
ior Court, 25th District, 1967-80; legal practice, 1952-67; Solicitor, Burke County
Criminal Court, 1954-56.
Organizations: Burke County and NC Bar Associations; Mason.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1965-67.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1944-46, 1951-52 (Colonel); infanty; Judge Advo-
cate General's Corps. Served, NC Army National Guard, 1955-59.
Honors: Young Man of the Year and Distinguished Service Award, Morganton
Chamber of Commerce, 1954.
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church; Elder; Deacon; Sunday
School teacher; advisor. Senior High Youth.
Family: Married, Elizabeth Crawford, October 25, 1952. Children: Samuel James, IV,
Elizabeth Fore, Robert Crawford and Margaret Bell.
The Judicial System 243
FRANKLIN TAYLOR DUPREE, JR.
CHIEF JUDGE — EASTERN DISTRICT
Early Years: Born in Angler, Harnett County, October 18, 1913, to Franklin T. and
Elizabeth Mason (Wells) Dupree.
Education: Angier High School, 1925-28; Campbell College High School, 1928-29;
UNC-Chapel Hill, 1933, A.B.; UNC-Chapel Hill, School of Law, 1936, LL.B.
Professional Background: Judge, US District Court, 1970-.
Organizations: Wake County, NC and American Bar Association; American Judica-
ture Society; Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks.
Political Activities: Member, Republican Party.
Military Service: Served, US Navy, 1943-46 (Lieutenant).
Religious Activities: Member, Hayes Barton Baptist Church.
Family: Married, Rosalyn Dupree, December 30, 1939. Children: Elizabeth (Dupree)
Dement and Nancy (Dupree) Miller.
The Judicial System 245
W. EARL BRITT
JUDGE — EASTERN DISTRICT
Early Years: Born in McDonald, Robeson County, December 7, 1932, to Dudley H.
and Martha Mae (Hall) Britt.
Education: Rowland High School, 1950; Campbell College, 1950-52; Wake Forest
University, 1956, B.S.; Wake Forest University, School of Law, 1958, LL.B.
Organizations: NC and American Bar Associations.
Professional Background: Judge, US District Court, Eastern District.
Political Activities: Member, Democratic Party.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1953-55 (Corporal).
Honors: "Tar Heel of the Week," The News and Observer, 1981.
Religious Activities: Member, McDonald Baptist Church.
Family: Married, Judith Moore, April 17, 1976. Children: Clifford Paul, Mark Earl
and Elizabeth Carol.
JAMES CARROLL FOX
JUDGE — EASTERN DISTRICT
Early Years: Born in Atchison, Kansas, November 6, 1928, to Jared Copeland and
Ethel (Carroll) Fox.
Education: Woodberry Forest School, 1946; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1950, B.S. (Business
Administration); UNC-Chapel Hill, School of Law, 1957, LL.B. with honors.
Professional Background: Judge, US District Court, Eastern District, 1982-; New
Hanover County Attorney, 1967-81; partner, firm of Murchison, Fox & Nev.'ton,
1960- (associate, 1958-59).
Organizations: NC, NC State and American Bar Associations; NC Academy of Trial
Lawyers; Wilmington Civitan; legal advisor, NC Jazz Fetival, Inc.; Director, New
Hanover Workshop; Director, First Union Bank, 1974- (Chairman, 1982-83).
Military Service: Served, US Army Reserves, 1951-59 (Corporal); honorable discharge.
Religious Activities: Member, St. James Episcopal Church, Wilmington; Senior Warde,
1979-82; Vestryman, 1974-75.
Family: Married, Katharine deRosset Rhett of Wilmington, December 30, 1950.
Children: James C, Jr., Jane Haskell (Fox) Brown and Ruth Rhett (Fox) Jordan.
The Judicial System 247
JOHN DAVIS LARKINS, JR.
SENIOR JUDGE — EASTERN DISTRICT
Early Years: Born in Morristown, Tennessee, June 8, 1909 to Charles H. and Mamie
(Dorsett) Larkins; foster son of John Davis and Emma Cooper Larkins.
Education: Wake Forest University, 1929, B.A.; Wake Forest University, School of
Law, 1929-30.
Professional Background: Senior US District Judge, Eastern District.
Organizations: NC, American and Federal Bar Associations.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1936, 1937, 1938, 1939, 1941; President Pro
Tem, 1943, 1949, 1951. 1953; Chairman and Secretary, State Democratic Executive
Committee, 1952, 1954, 1956, 1958; National Committeeman, 1958, 1960.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1945 (Private).
Honors: Distinguished Service Award, American Cancer Society; Distinguished
Alumni Award, Wake Forest University.
Religious Activities: Baptist; former Chairman, Board of Deacons.
Family: Married, Pauline A. Murrell, March 13, 1930. Children: Emma Sue (Larkins)
Loften and Paulene (Larkins) Bearden.
The Judicial System 249
EUGENE ANDREW GORDON
CHIEF JUDGE — MIDDLE DISTRICT
Early Years: Born in Brown Summitt, July 10, 1917, to Charles Robert and Carrie
(Scott) Gordon.
Education: Elon College, 1939, A.B.; Duke University. School of Law. 1941, LL.B.
Professional Background: Chief Judge, US District Court. Middle District. 1964-.
Organizations: NC, American and Federal Bar Associations; American Judicature
Society; Phi Delta Phi.
Political Activities: Member. Democratic Party.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1942-46 (Captain); field artillery.
Religious Activities: Member, Starmount Presbyterian Church.
Family: Married, Virginia Stoner, January 1, 1943. Children: Eugene Andrew and
Rosemary Ann.
I
The Judicial System 251
HIRAM HAMILTON WARD
JUDGE — MIDDLE DISTRICT
Early Years: Born in Thomasville, Davidson County, April 29, 1923, to O. L. Ward
and Margaret A. (Lowdermilk) Ward.
Education: Denton High School; Wake Forest University; Wake Forest University,
School of Law, 1950, J. D.
Professional Background: Judge, US District Court, Middle District, 1972-.
Organizations: American and NC Bar Associations; American Judicature Society;
Mason; [*hi Alpha Delta; Trustee, Wingate College.
Political Activities: Member, Democratic Party; NC State Board of Elections, 1964-72;
Chairman, Federal Land Condemnation Commission, 1964-65.
Military Service: Served, US Air Force, 1940-45 (Lieutenant Colonel); pilot; Civil Air
Patrol.
Religious Activities: Member Baptist Church; Deacon, Sunday School teacher. Liberty
Baptist Association.
Family: Married, Evelyn McDaniel, June 1, 1947. Children: William M. and James
Randolph.
RICHARD CANNON ERWIN
JUDGE — MIDDLE DISTRICT
Early Years: Born in Marion, August 23, 1923, to John Adams and Flora (Cannon)
Erwin.
Education: McDowell County Public Schools; Johnson C. Smith University, 1947,
B.A.; Howard University, School of Law, 1951, LL.B.
Professional Background: Judge, US District Court, Middle District; attorney, firm of
Erwin and Beaty.
Organizations: Forsyth County (former President) and NC State Bar Associations; Bar
of the US Supreme Court; Kappa Alpha Psi.
Political Activities: Judge, NC Court of Appeals, 1977-80; member, NC House of
Representatives, 1975-77.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1945-46 (1st Sergeant).
Honors: Silver Cup, Citizens Coalition of Forsyth County, 1974.
Religious Activities: Member, St. PauPs United Methodist Church; National Metho-
dist Layman.
Family: Married, Demerice Whitley, August 25, 1946. Children: Arelia Whitley and
Richard Cannon, Jr.
The Judicial System 253
FRANK WILLIAM BULLOCK, JR.
JUDGE — MIDDLE DISTRICT
Early Years: Born in Oxford, Granville County, November 3, 1938.
Education: Duke University; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1961, B.S. (Business Administration);
LINC-Chapel Hill, School of Law, 1963, LL.B.
Professional Background: Judge, US District Court, Middle District 1982-; attorney
(partner, firm of Douglas, Ravenel, Hardy, Crihfield & Bullock); Assistant Direc-
tor, Administrative Office of the Courts, State of NC, 1968-73; partner, firm of
Maupin, Taylor & Ellis, 1964-68; law clerk. Chief Judge Algernon L. Butler, US
District Court, Eastern District, State of NC, 1963-64.
Organizations: Former member: Greensboro, Wake County, NC, NC State, American,
10th and 18th Judicial Districts Bar Associations.
Literary Works: NC Business Practice Handbook, Wake Forest University, School of
Law, 1981; NC Labor Relations Practice, NC Bar Association Foundation, Inc.,
1979; "Tenth Annual Survey of NC Case Law on Municipal Corporations and
Public Utilities," NC Law Review, 1963; "Insane Persons-Guardianship," NC Law
Review, 1962; "Criminal Law-Split Sentence." NC Law Review, 1962; contributor,
annual committee reports. Labor and Employment Relations Law Section, Ameri-
can Bar Association.
Honors: NC Conference of Superior Court Judges Award; Scholarship Key, Delta
Theta Phi; Board of Editors, NC Law Review.
Family: Married, Frances Dockery Haywood. Children: Frank W. Bullock, ill.
The Judicial System 255
WOODROW WILSON JONES
CHIEF JUDGE — WESTERN DISTRICT
Early Years: Born in Rutherford County, January 26, 1914, to Bernard B. and Karl
Jane (Nanney) Jones.
Education: Rutherford County Public Schools, 1920-32; Mars Hill Colelge, 1934,
A.S.; Wake Forest University, School of Law, 1937, LL.B.
Professional Background: Judge, US District Court, Western District, 1967-.
Organizations: Rutherford County (President, 1946), NC and American Bar Associa-
tions; Trustee, Gardner-Webb College; Rutherfordton Chamber of Commerce
(former Director); former President, Rutherfordton Kiwanis Club.
Political Activities: NC Democratic Executive Committee, 1938-60; member, NC
House of Representatives, 1947-49; Solicitor, Recorder's Court, Rutherford County,
1941-43.
Honors: Outstanding Service Citation, Gardner-Webb College, 1965; Outstanding
Serxice Award. Rutherfordton Lions Club, 1950.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church, Rutherfordton; teacher; Deacon.
Family: Married, Rachel Phelps, November 22, 1936. Children: W. Wilson, Jr. and
Michael A.
The Judicial System 257
JAMES BRYAN McMILLAN
JUDGE — WESTERN DISTRICT
Early Years: Born in Goldsboro, December 19, 1916. to Robert Hunter and Sarah
(Outlaw) McMillan.
Education: Lumberton Public Schools; Presbyterian Junior College (now St. Andrews),
1932-34, A. A.; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1937, m'.A.; Harvard Law School, 1940, J. D.
Professional Background: Judge, US District Court, Western District.
Organizations: Mecklenburg County (President, 1957-58), NC, NC State and Ameri-
can Bar Associations; American Judicature Society; Omicron Delta Kappa; Order
of the Golden Fleece.
Military Service: Served, US Navy, 1942-45.
Literary Works: Author of numerous case opinions and orders.
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church; Ruling Elder, 1963-71,
I975-; former Treasurer and Deacon.
Family: Married, Margaret Blair Miles, February 27, 1944. Children: James Bryan, Jr.
and Marjorie Miles (McMillan) Rodell.
ROBERT D. POTTER
FUDGE — WESTERN DISTRICT
Early Years: Born in Wilmington. April 4, 1924.
Education: New Hanover High School, 1938-40; Duke University, 1940-43, 1947, A.B.
(Chemistry); Duke University, 1947-50, LL.B.
Professional Background: Chief Judge, US District Court, Western District, 1984-;
Judge, US District Court, Western District, 1981-84; legal practice, 1951-81.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1945-46 (2nd Lieutenant); infantry.
Family: Married, Kathleen Neilson, February 13, 1954. Children: Robert D., Jr., Mary
Louise and Catherine Ann.
259
PART V
NORTH CAROLINA STATE
GOVERNMENT
260
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The Legislative Branch 261
Chapter One
THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
The general assembly is the oldest governmental body in North Carolina. According
to tradition a "legislative assembly of free holders" met sometime in 1666; however,
there is no extant proof that such a meeting took place. Actual provisions for a repre-
sentative assembly did not exist prior to the adoption of the Concessions and Agree-
ments of 1665. Then an unicameral body composed of the governor, his council, and
"twelve men . . . chosen annually" sat as a legislature. This system of representation pre-
vailed until 1670 when Albemarle County was divided in three "precincts" — Berkely,
Carteret and Shaftsbury. At that time each precinct was apparently allowed five repre-
sentatives. Around 1682, four new precincts were created from the original three as
population and western expansion increased. The number of representatives allowed
new precincts was usually two, although some had more. Beginning with the Assembly
of 1723, some of the larger, more important towns were allowed representatives. Eden-
ton was the first, followed by Bath, New Bern, Wilmington, Brunswick, Halifax,
Cambellton (now Fayetteville), Salisbury, Hillsborough and Tarborough (now Tar-
boro). By the middle of the eighteenth century, the term "precinct" had been replaced
by "county" in reference to the geographical subdivisions.
The unicameral form of the legislature continued until around 1697 when a bicameral
form was adopted. The "upper house" was composed of the governor, or chief execu-
tive at the time, and his council; the elected "precinct" representative sat as the "lower
house" or "House of Burgesses." The lower house could adopt its own rules of pro-
cedure and elect its own speaker and other officers; however, it could meet only when
the governor called it into session and only at a location designated by him. This did not
prove a disadvantage since the lower house had "the power of the purse." As a result,
the governor usually called them into session at least once during a biennium, and
usually more often, in order that he might be paid his salary. Throughout the colonial
period, this "power of the purse" was a source of constant controversy between the
governor and the lower house, and the house used it effectively to increase its influence
and prestige.
In 1776, when our first State Constitution was adopted, the effects of the executive-
legislative conflicts of the colonial period were reflected in its provisions. The legislature
was the primary organ of state government with control over all phases of government.
Its most important power was its power to elect all officials in the executive and judicial
branches. This was done by joint ballot of the members of the two houses. This con-
262 North Carolina Manual
tinued until 1835 when the governor became a popularly elected official; however, it was
not until 1868 that the remaining executive officials and the judiciary were popularly
elected.
The Constitution of 1776 provided for a bicameral legislature, both elected by the
people. The senate was composed of one representative from each county, and the
house of commons was composed of two representatives from each county, one from
each town listed in the Constitution. This arrangement continued until 1835 when
several amendments were adopted affecting the general assembly. The membership of
the senate was set at fifty and the state was divided into districts with representation
based on the population of the district. The membership of the house of commons was
set at 120 with representation based on the population of the county in accordance with
provisions set forth in the amendment; however, each county was entitled to at least one
representative. Provisions were made so that future representation would be based on
the federal census taken every ten years.
In 1868, a new constitution was adopted which changed the name of the "house of
commons" to the "house of representatives" and eliminated the previously unfair
"property qualifications" for holding office. Also the current organizational structure
with the lieutenant governor as president of the senate and provisions for the election of
a president pro tempore came into existance.
In 1966, the house of representatives adopted a district setup similar to that used by
the senate. Today, the general assembly is the legislative branch of state government. It
is equal with, but independent of, the executive and judicial branches. The legislative
body is composed of two chambers, the senate and the house of representatives, which
convene in odd-year biennial sessions on the first Wednesday after the second Monday
in January. (By parliamentary means, the general assembly may divide the biennal ses-
sion into annual segments.) (The senate has fifty members and the house has 120 mem-
bers, all of whom are elected biennially from districts containing approximately equal
populations.) However, one of the distinct disadvantages of the district system, par-
ticularly as it relates to the house of representatives, is that an increasingly large number
of counties are without a "resident" legislator.
In 1982, a constitutional amendment was approved by the voters of North Carolina
setting January 1, following the November general election as the date legislator, offi-
cially took office.
As the legislative branch of government, the general assembly has three major func-
tions: to enact general and local laws governing the affairs of the state, to provide and
allocate funds for operating the government by enacting tax and appropriation laws,
and to conduct investigations into such operations of the state as it deems necessary for
regulation and funding. The main work of the general assembly is the enactment of sub-
stantive legislation.
Much of the legislaUve work of the general assembly is done in committees composed
of members of the respective houses. Senate committees are appointed by the lieutenant
governor, who serves as presiding officer of the senate (president of the senate); house
committees are appointed by the speaker of the house, who is elected from among the
membership of the house of representatives.
Administrative authority for the general assembly is vested in the Legislative Serv-
ices Commission. The president pro tempore of the senate and the speaker of the
The Legislative Branch 263
house are ex officio chairmen of the Legislative Services Commission; each appoints
six members from his respective house to serve on the commission. The Legislative
Services Commission employs a legislative services officer as chief staff officer, a di-
rector of fiscal research to deal with money matters, and a director of research to
handle all other informational needs. The Legislative Research Commission is
separated from the Legislative Services Commission, and its authority is limited to re-
search projects. Again, the president pro tempore and the speaker are ex ojjicio chair-
men of the Legislative Research Commission; each appoints five members to sit on
this commission.
The staff and elective officers of the general assembly assist the membership in ac-
complishing legislative tasks. The Legislative Services Commission is responsible for
general and fiscal research, disbursing supplies and materials, production and storage
of legislative documents, personnel management, supervision and maintenance of the
legislative building, contracting for services, and payment of accounts. The commis-
sion employs a staff, directed by the legislative services officer, to carry out these func-
tions. The Legislative Research Commission produces extensive study documents and
drafts legislation for consideration by the general assembly. Special study commissions
are set up to investigate difficult or technical subjects for later reports to the legisla-
ture. In addition, standing committees of the general assembly have been authorized
to meet during interim periods to carry on committee business and to conduct related
studies. The Legislative Services Commission provides, or arranges, for staff assistance
to the Legislative Research Commission and standing committees and coordinates
staff work with the special commissions.
264
North Carolina Manual
PRESIDE^
The Legislative Branch 265
1985 NORTH CAROLINA SENATE
Officers
President Robert B. Jordan, III
President Pro Tern J. J. Harrington
Majority Leader Kenneth C. Royall, Jr.
Minority Leader William W. Redman, Jr.
Principal Clerk Sylvia M. Fink
Reading Clerk LeRoy Clark, Jr.
Sergeant-at-Arms Gerda Pleasants
Senators
Name County Dist. Address Seat
Ballenger, T. Cass (R) Catawba 26th Hickory 37
Barnes, Henson P Wayne 8th Goldsboro 4
Basnight, Marc Dare 1st Manteo 28
Cobb, Laurence A. (R) Mecklenburg 35th Charlotte 38
Conder, J. Richard Richmond 17th Rockingham 15
Ezzell, James E., Jr Nash 10th Rocky Mount 45
Goldston, W. D., Jr Rockingham 24th Eden 31
Guy, A. D Onslow 4th Jacksonville 26
Hardison, Harold W Lenoir 5th Deep Run 8
Harrington, J. J Bertie 2nd Lewiston-Woodville 25
Harris, OUie Cleveland 25th Kings Mountain 2
Hipps, Charles W Haywood 29th Waynesville 13
Hunt, Ralph A Durham 13th Durham 30
Hunt, Wanda H Moore 16th Pinehurst 16
Johnson, James C, Jr. (R) Cabarrus 22nd Concord 34
Johnson, Joseph E Wake 14th Raleigh 18
Jordan, John M.' Alamance 21st Saxapahaw 11
Kaplan, Ted Forsyth 20th Winston-Salem 22
Kincaid, Donald R. (R) Caldwell 27th Lenoir 39
Martin, R. L Pitt 6th Bethel 29
Martin, William N Guilford 31st Greensboro 10
Marvin, Helen Rhyne Gaston 25th Gastonia 23
McDuffie, James D. (R) Mecklenburg 34th Charlotte 36
Parnell, David R Robeson 30th Parkton 27
Plyler, Aaron W Union 17th Monroe 21
Price, Weldon R Rockingham 24th Reidsville 14
Rand, Anthony E. Cumberland 12th Fayetteville 7
Rauch, Marshall A Gaston 25th Gastonia 1
Redman, Wm. W., Jr. (R) Iredell 26th Statesville 42
Royall, Kenneth C, Jr Durham 13th Durham 46
Sawyer, Wendell H. (R) Guilford 32nd Greensboro 35
Shaw, Robert G. (R) Guilford 19th Greensboro 43
Simpson, Daniel R. (R) Burke 27th Morganton 40
Smith, Paul S. (R) Rowan 23rd Salisbury 44
Soles, R. C, Jr Columbus 18th Tabor City 5
Somers, Robert V. (R) Rowan 23rd Salisbury 33
Speed, James D Franklin 11th Louisburg 9
Staton, William W Lee 14th Sanford 20
Swain, Robert S Buncombe 28th Asheville 24
Taft, Thomas F Pitt 9th Greenville 47
Tally, Lura S Cumberland 12th Fayetteville 49
Thomas, Joseph E Craven 3rd Vanceboro 17
266 North Carolina Manual
Name County Dist. Address Seat
Thomas, Joseph E Craven 3rd Vanceboro 17
Thomas, R. P Henderson 29th Hendersonville 32
Walker, Russell G Randolph 16th Asheboro 6
Ward, Marvin Forsyth 20th Winston-Salem 50
Warren, Robert D Johnston 15th Benson 3
Watt, Melvin L Mecklenburg 33rd Charlotte 48
Winner, Dennis J Buncombe 28th Asheville 12
Woodard, Wilma C Wake 14th Garner 19
Wright, J. A. (R)2 New Hanover 7th Wilmington 41
Williams, Frank E. (Rp New Hanover 7th Wilmington 41
McDowell, Timothy H."* Alamance 21st Mebane 1 1
'Jordan resigned effective August 15, 1985.
-Wright resigned effective June 1, 1985.
'Williams was appointed June 4, 1985, by Governor Martin to replace Wright.
■•McDowell was appointed September 20, 1985, by Governor Martin to replace Jordan.
The Legislative Branch 267
SPEAKERS OF THE SENATE
Assembly Senator Residence
1777 Samuel Ashe New Hanover
1778 Whitmel Hill Martin
Allen Jones Northampton
1779 Allen Jones Northampton
Abner Nash Jones
1780 Abner Nash Jones
Alexander Martin Guilford
1781 Alexander Martin Guilford
1782 Alexander Martin Guilford
Richard Caswell Dobbs
1783 Richard Caswell Dobbs
1784 (April) Richard Caswell Dobbs
1784 (October) Richard Caswell Dobbs
1785 Alexander Martin Guilford
1786-87 James Coor Craven
1787 Alexander Martin Guilford
1788 Alexander Martin Guilford
1789 Richard Caswell Dobbs
Charles Johnston Chowan
1790 William Lenoir Wilkes
1791-92 William Lenoir Wilkes
1792-93 William Lenoir Wilkes
1793-94 William Lenoir Wilkes
1794-95 William Lenoir Wilkes
1795 Benjamin Smith Brunswick
1796 Benjamin Smith Brunswick
1797 Benjamin Smith Brunswick
1798 Benjamin Smith Brunswick
1799 Benjamin Smith Brunswick
1800 Joseph Riddick Gates
1801 Joseph Riddick Gates
1802 Joseph Riddick Gates
1803 Joseph Riddick Gates
1804 Joseph Riddick Gates
1805 Alexander Martin Guilford
1806 Joseph Riddick Gates
1807 Joseph Riddick Gates
1808 Joseph Riddick Gates
1809 Joseph Riddick Gates
1810 Joseph Riddick Gates
1811 Joseph Riddick Gates
1812 George Outlaw Bertie
1813 George Outlaw Bertie
1814 George Outlaw Bertie
1815 John Branch Halifax
1816 John Branch Halifax
1817 John Branch Halifax
Bartlett Yancey Caswell
1818 Bartlett Yancey Caswell
1819 Bartlett Yancey Caswell
1820 Bartlett Yancey Caswell
1821 Bartlett Yancey Caswell
1822 Bartlett Yancey Caswell
268 North Carolina Manual
Assembly Senator Residence
1823-24 Bartlett Yancey Caswell
1824-25 Bartlett Yancey Caswell
1825-26 Bartlett Yancey Caswell
1826-27 Bartlett Yancey Caswell
1827-28 Bartlett Yancey Caswell
1828-29 Jesse Speight Greene
1829-30 Bedford Brown Caswell
David F. Caldwell Rowan
1830-31 David F. Caldwell Rowan
1831-32 David F. Caldwell Rowan
1832-33 William D. Mosely Lenoir
1833-34 William D. Mosely Lenoir
1834-35 William D. Mosely Lenoir
1835 William D. Mosely Lenoir
1836-37 Hugh Waddell Orange
1838-39 Andrew Joyner Halifax
1840-41 Andrew Joyner Halifax
1842-43 Lewis D. Wilson Edgecombe
1844-45 Burgess S. Gaither Burke
1846-47 Andrew Joyner Halifax
1848-49 Calvin Graves Caswell
1850-51 Weldon N. Edwards Warren
1852 Weldon N. Edwards Warren
1854-55 Warren Winslow Cumberland
1856-57 William W.Avery Burke
1858-59 Henry T. Clark Edgecombe
1860-61 Henry T. Clark Edgecombe
1862-64 Giles Mebane Alamance
1864-65 Giles Mebane Alamance
1865-66 Thomas Settle Rockingham
1866-67 Matthias E. Manly Craven
Joseph H. Wilson Mecklenburg
PRESIDENTS PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE*
Assembly Senator Residence
1870-72 Edward J. Warren Beaufort
1872-74 James T. Morehead Guilford
1874-75
1876-77 James L. Robinson Macon
1879-80 William A. Graham Lincoln
1881 William T. Dorch Buncombe
1883
1885 E. T. Boykin Sampson
1887
•With the adoption of a new constitution in 1868, the office of "Speaker of the Senate" ceased to exist. A provision in the
constitution created the office of "lieutenant governor" whose duties and functions were similar to those previously carried out by
the speaker. The lieutenant governor presides over the senate and is called "The President of the Senate" when serving in this
capacity. The senators also elected one of their own to serve as "President Pro Tempore" during periods when the lieutenant can
not preside.
The Legislative Branch 269
Assembly Senator Residence
1889 [Edwin W. Kerr] Sampson
1891 William D. Turner Iredell
1893 John L. King Guilford
1895 E. L. Franck, Jr Onslow
1897
1899-1900 R. L. Smith Stanly
F. A. Whitaker Wake
1901 Henry A. London Chatham
1903 Henry A. London Chatham
1905 Charles A. Webb Buncombe
1907-1908 Charles A. Webb Buncombe
1909 Whitehead Klutz Rowan
1911 Henry N. Pharr Mecklenburg
1913 Henry N. Pharr Mecklenburg
1915 Oliver Max Gardner Cleveland
1917 FordyceC. Harding Pitt
1919-20 Lindsey C. Warren Washington
1921 William L. Long Halifax
1923-24 William L. Long Halifax
1925 William S. H. Burgwyn Northampton
1927 William L. Long Halifax
1929 Thomas L. Johnson Robeson
1931 Rivers D. Johnson DupHn
1933 William G. Clark Edgecombe
1935 Paul D. Grady Johnston
1937-38 Andrew H. Johnston Buncombe
James A. Bell Mecklenburg
1939 Whitman E. Smith Stanly
1941 John D. Larkins, Jr Jones
1943 John H. Price Rockingham
1945 Archie C. Gay Northampton
1947 Joseph L. Blythe Mecklenburg
1949 James C. Pittman Lee
1951 Rufus G. Rankin Gaston
1953 Edwin Pate Scotland
1955-56 Paul E. Jones Pitt
1957 Claude Currie Durham
1959 : Robert F. Morgan Cleveland
1961 William L. Crew Halifax
1963 Ralph H. Scott Alamance
1965-66 Robert B. Morgan Harnett
1967 Herman A. Moore Mecklenburg
1969 Neill H. McGeachy Cumberland
1971 Frank N. Patterson, Jr Stanly
Gordon P. Allen Person
1973-74 Gordon P. Allen Person
1975-76 JohnT. Henley Cumberland
1977-78 JohnT. Henley Cumberland
1979-80 W. Craig Lawing Mecklenburg
1981-82 W. Craig Lawing Mecklenburg
1983-84 W. Craig Lawing Mecklenburg
1985-86 J. J. Harrington Bertie
The Legislative Branch 271
JOSEPH JULIAN HARRINGTON
PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE OF THE SENATE
(Democrat — Bertie County)
Second Senatorial District — Bertie (part), Edgecombe (part), Gates (part), Halifax (part), Hert-
ford, Martin (part), Northampton, and Warren (part) Counties — One Senator.
Early Years: Born in Lewiston, Bertie County, February 18, 1919, to Julian Picott and
Ethel Mae (Barnes) Harrington.
Education: Lewiston-Woodville High School.
Profession: Retired.
Organizations: Farm Bureau; David Lodge No. 39; 32nd Degree Scottish Rite;
Shriner, Sudan Temple.
Boards & Commissions: Trustee, Chowan College; Director, School of Veterinary
Medicine, NCSU; former Trustee, Elizabeth City State University.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1963, 1965, 1967, 1969, 1971, 1973-74, 1975-
76, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-; Executive Committee, Southern
Legislative Conference; Legislative Organization and Management Committee,
National Conference of State Legislatures.
Military Service: Served, World War II, 1942-45 (Technical Sergeant).
Honors: "Tarheel of the Week", The News and Observer, Honorary Attorney, State of
NC and NC Senate.
Religious Activities: Member, Lewiston Baptist Church; Deacon.
Family: Married, Dianne P. Harrington. Children: Robert E., Julian Picott, II and
Victoria.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Rules and Operation of the Senate.
Vice Chairman: Ways and Means.
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations-Human Resources; Base Budget;
Children and Youth; Commerce; Finance; Human Resources; Pensions and
Retirement; Transportation.
The Legislative Branch 273
KENNETH CLAIBORNE ROYALL, JR.
MAJORITY LEADER — SENATE
(Democrat — Durham County)
Thirteenth Senatorial District — Durham, Granville, Orange (part) and Person Counties — Two
Senators.
Early Years: Born in Warsaw, Duplin County, September 2, 1918, to Kenneth Clai-
borne and Margaret Pierce (Best) Royall, Sr.
Education: Goldsboro High School, 1932-34; Episcopal High School, 1936; UNC-
Chapel Hill, 1940, A.B.; UVA, School of Law, 1940-41; Wake Forest University,
School of Law, 1941-42.
Profession: Furniture retailer (owner. Style Craft Interiors).
Organizations: Director, American Red Cross; Director, YMCA; Director, NC Mer-
chant's Association, 1975-76; Rotary Club; Elks Club; Delta Kappa Epsilon; Direc-
tor, Training for Hearing Impaired Children, 1971-76; Vice President, NC Commit-
tee for the Prevention of Blindness, 1973-76; Durham Chamber of Commerce,
1962-72 (Director and Vice President, 1972).
Boards and Commissions: Chairman, Council of State Governments, 1981-82; Chair-
man, Southern Leadership Conference, 1977-83; Legislative Building Commission,
1971-72; Board of Higher Education, 1971-72; Executive Residence Building Com-
mission, 1972; Chairman, Mental Health Study Commission, 1972-83; Governmen-
tal Operations Study Commission, 1974-1984; Director, Eckerd Wilderness Educa-
tional System of NC, 1978-1981; Durham Advisory Board, Duke Hospital, 1975-
1983; Director, Triangle Service Center, Inc., 1974-83; Executive Committee,
NCSL, 1976-78, 1980-81, 1984-; NCSL Legislative Leaders, 1985-86.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1973-74, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82,
1983-84, and 1985-; Senate Majority Leader, 1973-74; 1977-78; Legislative Services
Commission, 1973-; NC House of Representatives, 1967, 1969, 1971; Chairman,
Advisory Budget Commission, 198 1-.
Military Service: Served, US Marine Corps, 1942-45 (Major); Platoon Leader, South
Pacific, World War II; Bronze Star with Combat V.
Honors: Certificate of Appreciation and Recognition, NC Psychology Association,
1983; Honorary LL.D., NCCU, 1982; Legislator of the Year, NCSEA, 1980; Out-
standing State Legislator, NCSGEA, 1980 and Assembly of Governmental Em-
ployees, 1980; Most Influential Member of NC Senate, 1979-80, 1981-82; Distin-
guished Service Award for Outstanding Legislative Service, NC Mental Health
Center Association, 1978; Civic Honor Award, Durham Chamber of Commerce,
1977; Valand Award (outstanding service to mental health), 1976; Distinguished
Service Award, NC Public Health Association, 1975; Certificate of Commendation,
National Association of Mental Health, 1974; Distinguished Service Medal, UNC
Alumni, 1985.
Religious Activities: Member, St. Phillip's Episcopal Church, Durham; Senior Warden,
1964; Junior Warden, 1959, Vestry, three terms.
Family: Married, Julia Bryan Zollicoffer, February 10, 1945. Children: Kenneth C,
III, Jere Zollicoffer and Julia Bryan.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Ways and Means.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations; Rules and Operations of the Senate.
Member: Base Budget; Children and Youth; Commerce; Finance; Higher Educa-
tion; Human Resources; Judiciary IV; Pensions and Retirement; State Govern-
ment.
The Legislative Branch 275
WILLIAM WALTER REDMAN, JR.
MINORITY LEADER — SENATE
(Republican — Iredell County)
Twenty-sixth Senatorial District — Alexander, Catawba, Iredell, and Yadkin Counties — Two
Senators.
Early Years: Born in Statesville, Iredell County, October 15, 1933, to William Walter
and Mildred (Huie) Redman.
Education: Statesville Senior High, 1952; University of Southern California, 1966;
Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, 1972, B.S.; Command and General Staff
College (PHII), 1974; Reahors Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, 1978, GRI; Bank Mar-
keting Institute, University of Maryland, 1975.
Profession: Real Estate Broker; retired military officer.
Organizations: Retired Officers Association; Civitan; Statesville Lodge No. 1823,
BPOE; Legion Post No. 65; Veterans of Foreign Wars; Disabled Veterans; former
member. Advisory Board, Salvation Army.
Boards and Commissions: Trustee, Gardner-Webb College; Governor's Council on
Physical Fitness and Health; ex officio member. Mental Health Study Commission;
New Health Licensing Laws Study Commission; State Regional Offices Study
Commission.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1954-1974 (Lt. Col.); Master Aviator and Com-
mercial Pilot, (helicopters and fixed wing aircraft); Distinguished Flying Crosses
(2); Bronze Stars (3); Air Medal (16); Meritorious Service, Commendation Medal
(2). NC Army National Guard, 1953-54; NC Air National Guard, 1952-53.
Honors: "Hall of Fame", Infantry Officers Candidate School.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church, Statesville; Deacon, 1976-79,
1982-84, 1985; Sunday School Teacher, 1974-78.
Family: Married, Elizabeth Wilhelm, December 28, 1956. Children: Lisa Dawn (Red-
man) Flanigan, Kathryn Marlene and Adreinne Ann.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Human Resources
Member: Agriculture; Children and Youth; Commerce; Finance; Natural and
Economic Resources and Wildlife; Rules and Operation of the Senate; State
Government.
Member: Joint Legislative Ethics Committee.
276
North Carouna Manual
THOMAS CASS BALLENGER
(Republican — Catawba County)
Twenty-Sixth Senatorial District — Alexander, Catawba, Iredell, and
Yadkin Counties - Two Senators.
Early Years: Born in Hickory, Catawba County, December 6, 1926, to Richard E. and
Dorothy (Collins) Ballenger.
Education: Episcopal High School, 1944; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1944-45; Amherst Col-
lege, 1948, B.A.
Profession: Manufacturing executive (President, Hickory Paper Box Co. and Presi-
dent, Plastic Packaging).
Political Activities: Served in N.C. Senate, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-;
Catawba County Board of County Commissioners 1966-1974 (Chairman, 1970-
1974).
Military Service: Served, US Naval Air Corps, 1944-45.
Religious Activities: Member, Episcopal Church; Senior Warden; Junior Warden; Lay
Leader.
Family: Married, Donna Davis, June 14, 1952. Children: Lucinda Garrison, Mellissa
Jane (Ballenger) Jordan, and Dorothy Davis.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Children and Youth.
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations — Human Resources; Base Budget;
Commerce; Human Resources; Insurance; Judiciary IV; Manufacturing and
Labor; Ways and Means.
The Legislative Branch 277
HENSON PERRYMOORE BARNES
(Democrat — Wayne County)
Eighth Senatorial District — Greene and Wayne Counties — One
Senator.
Early Years: Born in Bladen County, November 18, 1934, to Reverend Lalon L. and
Mable (Cumbee) Barnes.
Education: Garland High School, 1953; Wilmington College, 1958, A.A.; UNC-Chapel
Hill, 1959, A.B.; UNC-Chapel Hill, School of Law, 1961, J. D.
Profession: Attorney; farm owner.
Organizations: Wayne County, NC and American Bar Associations; American Trial
Lawyers Association; Masonic Order; Shrine; Elks; American Legion; Moose
Lodge; Civitan Club.
Boards & Commissions: Energy Policy Council; Courts Commission; Criminal Code
Commission; Emergency Medical Services Advisory Council; Law Enforcement
Officers' Benefit and Retirement Fund.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-;
NG House of Representatives, 1975-76; Chairman, Wayne County Democratic
Party; former President, Wayne County Young Democrats.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1953-56; Paratrooper.
Honors: Outstanding American Family, 1985; Honorary Doctor of Humane Letters,
William Carter College, 1979; Robert H. Futrelle Good Government Award, 1975;
Outstanding Young Man, Goldsboro, 1963.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church, Goldsboro; Deacon; Sunday
School Teacher; Budget and Finance Board.
Family: Married, Kitty Allen Barnes, August 27, 1961. Children: Rebecca and Amy.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Judiciary L
Vice Chairman: Rules and Operations of the Senate.
Member: Agriculture; Appropriations; Appropriations — Natural and Economic
Resources; Base Budget; Children and Youth; Senior Citizens; Transpor-
tation.
i
278
North Carolina Manual
MARC BASNIGHT
(Democrat — Dare County)
First Senatorial District — Beaufort (part), Bertie (part) Camden,
Chowan, Currituck, Dare, Gates (part), Hyde, Pasquotank, Perquimans,
Tyrrell, and Washington Counties — One Senator.
Early Years: Born in Manteo, Dare County, May 13, 1947. to St. Clair and Cora Mae
(Daniels) Basnight.
Education: Manteo High School, 1966.
Profession: Construction.
Political Activities: Member, N.C. Senate, 1985.
Religious Activities: Member, Methodist Church.
Family: Married Sandy Tillett, March 23, 1968. Children: Vicki and Caroline.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Transportation.
Member: Agriculture; Appropriations; Appropriations — Natural and Economic
Resources; Base Budget; Education; Local Government and Regional Affairs;
Manufacturing and Labor; Natural and Economic Resources and Wildlife.
The Legislative Branch 279
LAURENCE ARTHUR COBB
(Republican — Mecklenburg County)
Thirty-fifth Senatorial District — Mecklenburg County (part) — One
Senator.
Early Years: Born in Teaneck. New Jersey, May 20, 1933, to Gardinier and Georgette
(Robedee) Cobb.
Education: Freeport High School, 1951; Rutgers University, 1951-52; UNC-Chapel
Hill, 1955 (Business Administration, Banking); Washburn University, School of
Law, 1955-57; UNC-Chapel Hill, School of Law, 1958, J.D. with honors.
Profession: Attorney (partner in firm of Hamrick, Monteith and Cobb).
Organizations: Mecklenburg County, NC State, NC and American Bar Associations
(Chairman, Public Relations Committee, NC Bar); Commercial Law League of
America (member. Fellows); NC Association of Trial Lawyers; President and
Director, Lawyers of NC, Inc.; Director, Alpha Sigma of Chi Psi, Inc., 1964; Char-
lotte Chamber of Commerce; NC Citizens Association; Director, NC Chapter
American Cancer Society (member. Rehabilitation and Services Committee); Mec-
klenburg Chapter, American Cancer Society (Vice President, Director, Executive
Board, former Crusade Chairman); Kidney Foundation of Mecklenburg County
(first President, former Director); former Director, NC Epilepsy Association and
UNC Law School Association.
Boards & Commissions: Board of Governors, Consolidated University of NC; Audi-
torium-Coliseum-Civic Center Authority, City of Charlotte. Former member: Char-
lotte Review Commission; Committee of 100, Charlotte; UNC-Charlotte Athletic
Foundation (President and Director).
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1985-; NC House of Representatives, 1971,
1973-74, 1975-76, 1979-80, 1981-82; former House Minority Leader.
Military Service: Served, US Air Force, 1959-62; Reserves, 1962-present; (1st Lieuten-
ant); Judge Advocate General Corps.
Religious Activities: Member, Christ Episcopal Church.
Family: Married, Edna Fa ye Pugh of Asheboro, January 30, 1960. Children: Laura,
Georgette (Cobb) Creason and Glenn Laurence.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Higher Education.
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations-Justice and Public Safety; Base Bud-
get; Commerce; Election Laws; Judiciary IV; State Government.
Member: Joint Legislative Ethics Committee.
280 North Carolina Manual
JAMES RICHARD CONDER
(Democrat — Richmond County)
Seventeenth Senatorial District ~ Anson, Montgomery, Richmond,
Scotland, Stanly and Union Counties — Two Senators.
Early Years: Born in Hamlet, Richmond County, July 20, 1930, to Parks Holms and
Ona Lee (Crow) Conder.
Education: Hamlet High School, 1949; ECU, 1958, B.S. (Business); LSU, Graduate
School of Banking, 1968; UNC-Chapel Hill, NC Bankers Association School.
Profession: Vice President, First Union National Bank.
Organizations: Hamlet Rotary Club (President, 1963); Rockingham Rotary Club
(President, 1970).
Boards & Commissions: Former chairman, Richmond County Industrial Development
Commission, 1970-82.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1985-; Commissioner, Richmond County,
1962-84 (Chairman, 1964-1984); President, National Association of Counties, 1981-
82; President, NC Association of County Commissioners, 1972-1973.
Military Service: Served, US Air Force, 1951-55; Reserves, 1955-59.
Honors: Outstanding Alumnus, ECU, 1982; "Tar Heel of the Week," The News and
Observer, 1982; NC Distinguished Citizens Award, 1982; President Reagan's Pri-
vate Sector Initiative, 1981-82.
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church, Rockingham; Elder, 1965-
1974, 1983-.
Family: Married, Barbara Ann Speight of Roanoke Rapids, June 16, 1956. Children:
Rebecca Anne, Mary Elizabeth and James Richard, Jr.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: State Government.
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations — General Government; Base Budget;
Children and Youth; Education; Higher Education; Local Government and
Regional Affairs; Natural and Economic Resources and Wildlife; Senior
Citizens.
The Legislative Branch
281
JAMES EARL EZZELL, JR.
(Democrat — Nash County)
Tenth Senatorial District ~ Edgecombe (part), Halifax (part), Nash,
Warren (part) and Wilson (part) Counties — One Senator.
Early Years: Born in Rocky Mount, Edgecombe County, September 6, 1936, to James
Earl and Edith (Batchelor) Ezzell, Sr.
Education: Rocky Mount Senior High School, 1956; Wake Forest University, 1960,
B.A.: Wake Forest University, School of Law, 1963, LL.D.
Profession: Attorney.
Organizations: NC Bar Association; Masonic Order; Shrine.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1985-; NC House of Representatives, 1977-
78, 1979-80; District Court Judge, 1980-83; Solicitor, Recorders Court, 1964-68.
Religious Activities: Member, Englewood Baptist Church; Board of Deacons (former
Chairman); Chairman, Finance Committee.
Family: Married. Patsy Wall, February 5, 1966. Children: Mark, James E., Ill and
Stanton.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Local Government and Regional Affairs.
Member: Agriculture; Appropriations; Appropriations-General Government;
Base Budget; Election Laws; Judiciary U; Senior Citizens.
282 North Carolina Manual
WILLIAM DAVID GOLDSTON, JR.
(Democrat — Rockingham Coumy)
Twenty-fourth Senatorial District — Alleghany, Ashe, Rockingham,
Stokes, Surry and Watauga Counties — Two Senators.
Early Years: Born in Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, December 26, 1925. to William
D. and Rose (Hinson) Goldston.
Education: Leaksville Public Schools; Oak Ridge Military Institute, 1942-44; UNC-
Chapel Hill, 1945; High Point College, 1947, B.S.; (Business); UNC-Chapel Hill,
1966-67 (Executive Program)..
Profession: Retired business executive (President, Eden Impressions, Inc., 1984; Presi-
dent, Southern Printwear, Inc., 1984; President, Goldston, Inc., 1952-83; Marshall
Field & Co., 1948-52; Goldston Transfer, 1947-48).
Organizations: American Trucking Association (Former Director); NC Motor Carriers
Association (President, 1972-73); Eden Chamber of Commerce; Masonic Order;
Shrine; UNC Chancellor's Club. Former member: Jaycees; Rotary (President); Tri
City Chamber of Commerce (Chairman, New Industry Committee).
Boards & Commissions: Rockingham Community College Foundation; Morehead
Scholarship Selection Committee; UNC Educational Foundation; Board of Vis-
itors, High Point College; Local Board, NCNB; former Chairman, Leaksville
School Board.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1985-.
Military Service: Served, US Air Force, 1944-45; pilot training. Served, NC National
Guard, 1947-50; (2nd Lieutenant).
Honors: NC Boss of the Year, 1971; Boss of the Year, Eden Jaycees, 1970; Eden Man
of the Year, 1967.
Religious Activities: Member, Leaksville Methodist Church, Eden; Administrative
Board; Chairman, Foundation Committee.
Family: Married, Beverly M. Burton, August 25, 1946. Children: William D., III.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Manufacturing and Labor.
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations — Education; Base Budget; Commerce;
Higher Education; Judiciary IV; Transportation.
The Legislative Branch 283
ALEXANDER DUKE GUY
(Democrat — Onslow County)
Fourth Senatorial District — Onslow County — One Senator.
Early Years: Born in Calypso, Duplin County, November 20, 1918, to Alexander Buck
and Elizabeth (Faust) Guy.
Eduation: Calypso high School, 1935; NCSU, NYA Program, 1936-37; Institute of
Government, UNC-Chapel Hill, 1958-59.
Profession: Insurance and real estate executive.
Organizations: Independent Insurance Agents of NC, Inc.; NC Association of Real-
tors; Professional Producers Council; Continental National American Insurance
Companies, 1975-77; Loyal Order of the Moose; charter President, Onslow County
Chapter, American Cancer Society; charter member, Jacksonville Toast Masters,
1955.
Boards and Commissions: National Association of Real Estate Boards; Jacksonville
Board of Realtors; Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission; Jacksonville
Hospital Authority, 1977-79; Onslow Memorial Hospital Authority, 1977-78; Di-
rector, NC League of Municipalities, 1962-65.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1983-84, 1985-; NC House of Representa-
tives, 1979-80, 1981-82; Commissioner. Onslow County, 1969-70; Jacksonville City
Council, six years (Mayor, two years; Mayor Pro Tem, two years); NC Mayors
Co-operating Committee, 1964.
Religious Activities: Member, Trinity United Methodist Church; Board of Trustees,
1976-81; Administrative Board, 1968-78; Campaign Chairman, Christian Higher
Education Fund, 1959.
Family: Married, Margaret Holmes, January 31, 1975. Children: Alexander Duke, II,
Bundage Humphrey and Douglas Bryan.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: State Government.
Vice Chairman: Commerce.
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations-Natural and Economic Resources;
Base Budget; Finance; Manufacturing and Labor; Natural and Economic
Resources and Wildlife; Senior Citizens; Ways and Means.
284 North Carolina Manual
HAROLD WOODROW HARDISON
(Democrat — Lenoir County)
Fifth Senatorial District — Duplin, Jones, Lenoir and Pender (part)
Counties — One Senator.
Early Years: Born in Deep Run, Lenoir County, September 8, 1923, to Rutha and
Annie (Stroud) Hardison.
Education: Deep Run High School; Atlantic Christian College.
Profession: President, Eastern United Tires, Inc.
Organizations: Charter member. Deep Run Ruritan Club; former Master, Pleasant
Hill Masonic Lodge No. 304; Shriner; Sudan Temple (former Lt. Commander,
Legion of Honor); former Chairman, Lenoir County United Fund; honorary
member, Kenansville Jaycees.
Boards & Commissions: Selective Service Board No. 55, Lenoir County; Neuse River
Economic Development Commission; Kinston-Lenoir County Industrial and Agri-
cultural Development Commission; Chairman, Deep Run School Board; Chair-
man, South Lenoir School Board; Board of Directors and Executive Board, Mount
Olive College; Director, NCNB, Kinston; Director, First Financial Savings & Loan,
Kinston; former and first President, Deep Run Water Corporation.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1973-74, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82,
1983-84, 1985-; NC House of Representatives, 1971.
Military Service: Served, US Air Force, 1942-46.
Religious Activities: Member, Deep Run Free Will Baptist Church; Sunday school
teacher; former Chairman, Finance Committee.
Family: Married, Arlene Humphrey, June 14, 1944. Children: Pamela (Hardison)
Braxton.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Commerce.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations; Pensions and Retirement.
Member: Finance; Human Resources; Insurance; Rules and Operation of the
Senate; State Government; Ways and Means.
The Legislative Branch 285
J. OLLE HARRIS
(Democrat — Cleveland County)
Twenty-fifth Senatorial District — Cleveland, Gaston, Lincoln, and
Rutherford Counties — Three Senators.
Early Years: Born in Anderson, South Carolina, September 2, 1913, to J. Frank and
Jessie (Hambright) Harris.
Education: Shelby High School, 1931; Gupton-Jones College of Embalming, 1935.
Profession: Funeral director and embalmer (President and Treasurer, Harris Funeral
Home, Inc.).
Organizations: NC Funeral Directors Association (former President); National Fun-
eral Directors Association; National Selected Morticians; former President, NC
Coroners Association; Mason; Shriner.
Boards & Commissions: NC Funeral Directors and Embalming Board (former Presi-
dent); former Trustee, Gardner- Webb College; NC Mental Health Study Commis-
sion, 1977-78, 1979-80.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1971-72, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82,
1983-84, 1985-; Coroner, Cleveland County, 1946-70.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1943-46; 85th Field Hospital; European theatre;
Bronze Star.
Honors: Award of Appreciation and Recognition, NC Psychological Association,
1985; Better Life Award, NC Health Care Facilities, 1979; Valand Award, NC
Mental Health Association, 1979; Legislator of the Year, NC Health Department
Association, 1979.
Religious Activities: Member, Baptist Church; Board member. Baptist State
Convention.
Family: Married, Abbie Jane Wall, May 4, 1934. Children: John, Jr. and Becky (Har-
ris) Hambright.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Human Resources.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations-Human Resources.
Member: Appropriations; Base Budget; Commerce; Children and Youth;
Finance; Judiciary HI; Manufacturing and Labor; State Government; Ways
and Means.
286 North Carolina Manual
CHARLES WILLIAM HIPPS
(Democrat — Haywood County)
Twenty-ninth Senatorial District — Cherokee, Clay, Graham, Haywood,
Henderson, Jackson, Macon, Polk, Swain, and Transylvania Counties
— Two Senators.
Early Years: Born in Waynesville, Haywood County, October 18, 1943, to John
Gudger and Hazel (Rinehart) Hipps.
Education: Waynesville High Shcool, 1961; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1965, A.B. (Political
Science); Emory University, School of Law, 1966; UNC-Chapel Hill, School of
Law, 1968.
Profession: Attorney (senior partner in firm of Hipps and Jordan, P. A.).
Organizations: Former President, Haywood County Bar Association, 30th Judicial
District; former President, Waynesville Merchants Association; Waynesville Rotary
Club; Director, Haywood County Chamber of Commerce.
Boards & Commissions: Executive Director: Southwestern Criminal Justice Planning
Agency, French Broad Criminal Justice Planning Agency; Trustee Emeritus, West-
ern University, 1980-82.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1983-84, 1985-; attorney, Towns of Waynes-
ville and Maggie Valley; Chairman, Haywood County Democratic Party; Mayor
Pro Tem, Waynesville, 1979-82; Assistant District Attorney, 1970-73.
Religious Activities: Member, First United Methodist Church of Waynesville; Secre-
tary, Board of Trustees.
Family: Married, Jane Bates of Charlotte, June 1, 1968. Children: Elizabeth, Will and
John.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Children and Youth.
Vice Chairman: Agriculture; Judiciary I.
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations-Justice and Public Safety; Base
Budget; Education; Rules; Ways and Means.
The Legislative Branch 287
RALPH ALEXANDER HUNT
(Democrat — Durham County)
Thirteenth Senatorial District Durham, Granville, Orange (part), and
Person Counties — Two Senators.
Early Years: Born in Oxford, Granville County, April 10, 1932, to Johnnie and
Amanda (Harris) Hunt.
Education: Mary Potter High School, 1950; Orange Street Elementary School, 1945;
Johnson C. Smith University, 1956, B.A.; NCCU, 1964, M. A.
Profession: Independent retail merchant (convenience stores).
Organizations: Kappa Alpha Psi.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1985-; Mayor Pro Tem, City of Durham,
1981-84; Durham City Council, 1973-74.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1953-55 (Corporal).
Religious Activities: Member, White Rock Baptist Church; Trustee.
Family: Married, Elvira Rebecca Cooke, June 17. 1961. Children: Ralph A., Jr.,
Reginald C. and Regina C
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Senior Citizens.
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations-General Government; Base Budget;
Education; Higher Education; Local Government and Regional Affairs; Pen-
sions and Retirement.
288 North Carold«ja Manual
WANDA H. HUNT
(Democrat — Moore County)
Sixteenth Senatorial District Chatham, Moore, Orange (part), and
Randolph Counties — Two Senators.
Early Years: Born in Bakersville, Mitchell County, March 22, 1944, to Farrall and Jane
(Ledford) Holder.
Education: Southwest High School; Appalachian State University.
Profession: Legislator; account executive. Resorts of Pinehurst, Inc.; former state
government and public school employee; former corporate secretary, private
industry (small computer business).
Organizations: NC State Government Employees Association; NC School Board
Association; NC Social Services Board Association (former chairman); Women in
State Government; NC Status of Women; NC Heart Fund Association; certified
judge, "Junior Miss" and "Miss" Pageants; former President, Cystic Fibrosis;
former Vice President, Southern Pines Jaycettes; former Chairman, Moore County
Bicentennial Ball; former Education Chairman, Southern Pines Junior Women's
Club; former Chairman, Moore County Heart Fund Ball.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1983-84, 1985-; Pensions Committee,
National Conference of State Legislators, 1985; NC General Assembly Women's
Caucus; Legislative Committee, Travel Council of NC, Inc.; Southern Legislative
Conference; State Legislators' Network, Women's Network; Precinct Chairman,
Moore County Democratic Women; Moore County Democratic Executive Com-
mittee; YDC, Appalachian State University; NC Assembly on Women and the
Economy; American Council of Young Political Leaders (former delegate. El Sal-
vador, Honduras, Costa Rica, Panama); delegate, various state, district, local con-
ventions; delegate, Miami Conference on the Carribean; Moore County Board of
Education, 1976-83.
Honors:Volunteer Service Award, National Cystic Fibrosis; Certificate of Apprecia-
tion and Founders Award, Heart Fund; Golden Mountaineer Award, Appalachian
State University; Distinguished Service Award, Moore County Board of Education;
Social Services Award, 1978-81.
Religious Activities: Member, Pinehurst Community Church; Youth Coordinator.
Family: Married, Robert Frank Hunt of Pinehurst, March 24, 1962. Children: Donna
Lynn.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Senior Citizens.
Member: Education; Finance; Human Resources; Judiciary II; Natural and
Economic Resources and Wildlife; Pensions and Retirement.
The Legislative Branch 289
JAMES CALVIN JOHNSON, JR.
(Republican — Cabarrus County)
Twenty-second Senatorial District — Cabarrus and Mecklenburg (part)
Counties One Senator.
Early Years: Born in Greensboro, Guilford County, June 5, 1935, to James Calvin and
Juanita (Hill) Johnson, Sr.
Education: Spartanburg High School, 1954; Spartanburg Junior College, 1956; East
Tennessee State University, 1958, B.S.; Wake Forest University, School of Law,
1962; LL.B.
Profession: Attorney; owner. Fort Johnson Military Museum, Inc.
Organizations: Cabarrus County and NC State Bar Associations; NC Academy of
Trial Lawyers; American Judicature Society; NC Juvenile Court Judges Associa-
tion (former President); Concord Jaycees (former NC Vice President and National
Regional Director); Phi Delta Phi.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1985-; NC House of Representatives, 1967,
1969, 1971; Attorney, Cabarrus County, 1966-70; Judge; Domestic Relations and
Juvenile Court, 1963-66; Attorney, US District Court, NC, 1962-63.
Military Service: Served, US National Guard, Active Reserves, 1953-62; Distinguished
Serviceman, 1965.
Honors: Who's Who in American Politics, 1967-68; Outstanding Personalities of the
South, 1967; Outstanding Young Men of America, 1967; Outstanding Young Men
of NC, 1966.
Literary Works: Editor, The Guardian, 1964-65 (selected as the most outstanding pub-
lication of its kind in the US by the National Council of Juvenile Court Judges).
Religious Activities: Member, Central Methodist Church; Sunday School Teacher.
Family: Married, Angie Morgan of Landis. Children: James Calvin, HI, Kay Lynn
and Jen Cherise.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations-General Government; Base Budget;
Children and Youth; Judiciary I; Senior Citizens; Transportation.
290 North Carolina Manual
JOSEPH EDWARD JOHNSON
(Democrat — Wake County)
Fourteenth Senatorial District Harnett, Lee, and Wake (part) Counties
— Three Senators.
Early Years: Born in Raleigh, Wake County, October 17, 1941, to Ira Edward and
Grace (Ivey) Johnson.
Education: Raleigh Public Schools, 1946-59; NCSU, 1959-61; Wake Forest University,
1964, B.A.; Wake Forest University, School of Law, 1966, J.D.
Profession: Attorney.
Organizations: Wake County, NC and American Bar Associations; Alpha Kappa Psi;
Phi Delta Phi.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-; NC House of
Representatives, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1967-69 (1st Lt.); Military Police Corps; Army
Commendation Medal.
Religious Activities: Member, Edenton Street United Methodist Church, Raleigh;
Administrative Board; Assistant Superintendent, Sunday School; Sunday School
teacher.
Family: Married, Jane Francum, January 31, 1964. Children: Jane Elizabeth, Kathryn
Ivey and Susan Briles.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Insurance.
Vice Chairman: Judiciary III.
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations-Justice and Public Safety; Base Bud-
get; Commerce; Election Laws; Manufacturing and Labor.
The Legislative Branch
291
JOHN M. JORDAN*
(Democrat — Alamance County)
Twenty-first Senatorial District
One Senator.
Alamance and Caswell Counties —
Early Years: Born, February 16, 1936, to B. Everett and Katherine (McLean) Jordan.
Education: Saxaphaw Elementary School; Woodberry Forest; Walter Williams High
School; Duke University, 1958, B.S.; Technical College of Alamance, NCSU and
Clemson, additional studies.
Profession: Agriculture, land and water developer.
Organizations: NC Farm Bureau; founder and President, NC Chianina & Charolais
Association; NC Cattlemen's Association; Mason; Shrine; Moose; Exchange;
Ruritan; founder and advisor. Explorer Post No. 65; Executive Board, Cherokee
Council, Boy Scouts of America; Alamance Chamber of Commerce.
Boards and Commissions: Alamance County Planning Board.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1985-; NC House of Representatives, 1975-
76, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84; former President and Treasurer, Alamance YDC.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Manufacturing and Labor.
Member: Agriculture; Education; Election Laws; Finance; Senior Citizens;
Transportation.
*Jordan resigned his seat effective August 15, 1985, (Jordan to Martin, August 15, 1985, copy on file. Publi-
cations Division, Secretary ol State, Raleigh, NC).
292 North Carouna Manual
IAN THEODORE KAPLAN
(Democrat — Forsyth County)
Twentieth Senatorial District — Forsyth County (part) — Two Senators.
Early Years: Born in Greensboro, Guilford County, December 26, 1946, to Leon and j
Renee (Myers) Kaplan. '
Education: Riverside Military Academy, 1962-1964; R. J. Reynolds High School,
1965; Guilford College.
Profession: President, Kaplan Press.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1985-; NC House of Representatives, 1977-
78, 1979-80, 1981-82.
Military Service: Served, US Navy, 1969-1971; Reserves, 1968-69 (E-3).
Religious Activities: Member, Temple Emanuel, Winston-Salem.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Election Laws.
Member: Finance; Judiciary II; Pension and Retirement; Transportation.
The Legislative Branch 293
DONALD R. KINCAID
(Republican — Caldwell County)
Twenty-seventh Senatorial District — Avery, Burke, Caldwell, Mitchell,
and Wilkes Counties Two Senators.
Early Years: Born in Caldwell County, June 2, 1936, to Hugh T. and Myrtle (McCall)
Kincaid.
Education: Gamewell High School, 1954; Appalachian State Teachers College, 1959,
B.S.; Clevenger's Business College, 1955.
Profession: School teacher; owner, Kincaid Insurance Agency.
Organizations: Lenoir Lions Club (Lion Tamer, former Secretary); Lenoir Rotary
Club; NC Cattlemen's Association; Carolina Association of Mutual Insurance
Agents; Caldwell County Chamber of Commerce. Former member: NCAE, Game-
well Ruritan Club.
Boards & Commissions: Legislative Advisory Board, CAPIA: Board of Trustees,
Gardner-Webb College; Director, Carolina Association of Professional Insurance
Agents. Former member: NC Board of Agriculture.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1973-74, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82,
1983-84, 1985-; Senate Minority Leader, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84; NC
House of Representatives, 1967, 1969, 1971.
Military Service: Served, NC National Guard, nine years (5-E).
Religious Activities: Member, Grandview Park Baptist Church, Lenoir.
Family: Married, Syretha Weatherford, June 30, 1956; four children.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Insurance.
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations — Natural and Economic Resources;
Base Budget; Judiciary ill; Manufacturing and Labor; Natural and Eco-
nomic Resources and Wildlife; Rules and Operation of the Senate.
294 North Carolina Manual
ROBERT LAFAYETTE MARTIN
(Democrat — Pitt County)
Sixth Senatorial District — Edgecombe (part). Martin (part), Pitt (part),
and Wilson (part) Counties — One Senator.
Early Years: Born in Bethel, Pitt County. November 8, 1918, to John Wesley and Lena
(Sessums) Martin.
Education: Oxford Orphanage High School; School of Electrictiy, Oxford Orphanage.
Profession: President. Farmers Mutual Fire Insurance Association; farmer.
Organizations: Shriner; 32nd Degree Mason.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate. 1985-; Commissioner, Pitt County. 1956-
1984; Mayor, Town of Bethel. 1951-1956; Commissioner, Town of Bethel, 1941.
Religious Activities: Member, Bethel Missionary Baptist Church; Chairman, Board of
Deacons; Superintendent, Sunday School; Sunday School teacher.
Family: Married, Sue Cooper. June 29, 1940. Children: Lynda and Bobbie Sue.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Appropriations — Natural and Economic Resources.
Member: Agriculture; Appropriations; Base Budget; Commerce; Education;
Local Government and Regional Affairs; Natural and Economic Resources
and Wildlife; Transportation.
The Legislative Branch 295
WILLIAM NELSON MARTIN
(Democrat — Guilford County)
Thirty-first Senatorial District — Guilford County (part) — One Senator.
Early Years: Born in Eden, Rockingham County, May 25, 1945, to Thomas William
and Carolyn (Henderson) Martin.
Education: Douglas High School, 1962; NC A&T State University, 1966, B.S. (Eco-
nomics); George Washington University, School of Law, 1973, J.D.
Profession: Attorney.
Organizations: NC and DC Bar Associations; One Step Further, Inc., 1982 (co-
founder and first President); National Black Child Development Institute, 1976-
(Chairman, Public Policy Committee; Board member, 1979-82); Phi Beta Sigma
(President, local chapter, 1978-80; Vice President, local chapter, 1976-78). Former
member: Social Concerns Committee (Co-Chairman); Council of Churches; Greens-
boro Citizens Forum, 1979-84; Congress of Racial Equality (special assistant.
Northwestern Regional Director, 1969-73).
Boards and Commissions: Director and co-founder, Charlotte Hawkins Brown His-
torical Foundation; Guilford County Finance Study Commission, 1982-; Greens-
boro Housing Commission, 1979-; Director, Triad Sickle Cell Anemia Foundation,
1978-;
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1985-; delegate, Guilford County, 1981 White
House Conference on Children; NC Task Force 1980 White House Conference on
Families.
Religious Activities: Member, Providence Baptist Church, Greensboro.
Family: Children: Thomas William and William Nelson, Jr. (twins).
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Higher Education.
Vice Chairman: Judiciary II.
Member: Appropriations: Appropriations-Education; Base Budget; Children
and Youth; Education; Human Resources.
296 North Carolina Manual
HELEN RHYNE MARVIN
(Democrat — Gaston County)
Twenty-fifth Senatorial District — Cleveland, Gaston, Lincoln, and
Rutherford Counties - Three Senators.
Early Years: Born in Gastonia, Gaston County, November 30, 1917, to Dane S. and
Tessie (Hastings) Rhyne.
Education: Gastonia High School, 1934; Furman University, 1938, B.A. magna cum
laude (History; Political Science); LSU, 1939, M.A. (Government); post graduate
studies, Winthrop College, UNC-Chapel Hill, UNC-Charlotte, University of Colo-
rado, University of Vermont, University of Oslo.
Profession: Realtor (President, Marvin Rhyne Realty Co.); college instructor (Gaston
College).
Organizations: Southern and NC Political Science Associations (former President);
Rho Chapter of Delta Kappa Gamma; NCCCSSA (former Chairman, Advisory
Committee); Gaston College Unit, NCAE (former President); Community College
Division, NC Association of Educators; Faculty Senate, Gaston College; Altrusa
Club; Director, Gaston County United Way; Director, Gaston County Mental
Health Association.
Boards and Commissions: Director, Holy Angels Nursery, Gaston County Family
Planning Council; Gaston County Council for Children with Special Needs; Gover-
nor's Advocacy Council on Children and Youth; NC Apprenticeship Council;
Trustee, Vagabond School of Drama and Flat Rock Playhouse; NC Commission
on the Year 2000; NCSL Arts and State Committee. Former member: Southern
Piedmont Health Services Agency (Secretary); NC State Health Coordinating
Council.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-;
NCSL Committee on Arts, Tourism and Cultural Resources; Gaston County
Democratic Women (former President); Gaston County Democrats Century Club;
former member, Gaston County and NC State Democratic Executive Committees;
NC Democratic Unity Party Committee, 1980; delegate. National Democratic Con-
vention, 1972.
Honors: Valand Award (outstanding legislator in mental health field), 1980; Woman
of the Year, Gastonia Civitan Club, 1978; Outstanding Educator, Gaston College,
1975; Valedictorian, college graduating class.
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church, Gastonia; Chairman, Prim-
ary Department; Circle; Bible Moderator; Deacon; Former Sunday School teacher.
Family: Married, Ned L Marvin, November 21, 1941. Children: Kathryn Andrea
(Marvin) Nisbet, Richard Morris and David Rhyne.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Pensions and Retirement.
Vice Chairman: Children and Youth.
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations-Human Resources; Base Budget;
Education, Human Resources; Judiciary H; Local Government and Regional
Affairs.
The Legislative Branch
297
JAMES DOYLE McDLFFIE
(Republican — Mecklenburg County)
Mecklenburg County (part)
Thirty-fourth Senatorial District
Senator.
One
Early Years: Born in Kannapolis, Cabarrus County, November 17, 1929, to James
Dewey and Viola (Cress) McDuffie.
Education: Cannon High School, 1946; Pfeiffer Junior College, 1948, A. A.; Catawba
College, 1950, B.A.; University of Denver, 1955, M.A.
Profession: General agent and broker. State Farm Insurance Company; Merit Agent;
Millionaire Agent.
Organizations: Life Underwriters Association; American Legion; Honor President,
East Mecklenburg Optimist Club.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1981-82, 1985-; Charlotte
City Council, 1972-1974.
Religious Activities: Member, Pritchard Baptist Church, Charlotte.
Family: Married, M. Darlene Sears, April 10, 1953. Children: David, Mark, Tricia and
John.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Agriculture; Education; Finance; Pensions and Retirement; Trans-
portation.
298 North Carolina Manual
DAVID RUSSELL PARNELL
(Democrat — Robeson County)
Thirtieth Senatorial District — Hoke and Robeson Counties — One
Senator.
Early Years: Born in Parkton, Robeson County, November 16, 1925, to John Quincy
and Clelia (Britt) Parnell.
Education: Parkton Public Schools, 1931-41; Oak Ridge Military Institute, 1941-44;
Wake Forest University, 1949, B.S.
Profession: Merchant and farmer.
Organizations: NC Merchants Association; NC Oil Jobbers Association; Director. NC
Plant Food Association; NC State Humanities Foundation, 1975-1979.
Boards and Commissions: Robeson County Industrial Development Commission,
1963-; Trustee, Meredith Colelge, 1977; NC State Highway Commission. 1969-72.
Political Activities; Member, NC Senate, 1983-84, 1985-; NC House of Representa-
tives, 1975-76. 1977-78, 1979-80; 1981-82; Mayor, Town of Parkton, 1964-69.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1945-46 (Corporal).
Religious Activities: Member, Parkton Baptist Church; Sunday School teacher, I950-;
Board of Deacons, 1972-73, 1974-75, 1968-69; Treasurer, 1950-72.
Family: Married, Barbara Johnson, June 11, 1948. Children: David R. Jr., Anne J.
and Timothy Scott.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Appropriations-Justice and Public Safety.
Vice Chairman: Insurance; Manufacturing and Labor.
Member: Agriculture; Appropriations; Base Budget; Commerce; Election; Laws;
Judiciary IV; State Government; Ways and Means.
The Legislative Branch 299
AARON W. PLYLER
(Democrat — Union County)
Seventeenth Senatorial District — Anson, Montgomery, Richmond,
Scotland, Stanly, and Union Counties — Two Senators.
Early Years: Born in Union County, October 1, 1926; to Isom F. and Ida (Foard)
Plyler.
Education: Benton Heights School; Florida Military Academy.
Profession: Independent businessman (President and owner, Plyler Grading and Pav-
ing, Inc.; President, Hill Top Enterprises); farming and real estate interests.
Organizations: Associated General Contractors of Ameria; National Federation of
Independent Businessmen; NC Restaurant Association (Director); NC Citizens
Association; Moore-Union County Chamber of Commerce (former President);
Director, Mecklenburg-Union County United Way; Wingate College Patron Club
(former President); Rolling Hills Country Club.
Boards and Commissions: Director: United Carolina Bank; Yadkin-Pee Dee River
Basin.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1983-84, 1985-; NC House of Representa-
tives, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82; former Chairman, Union County Demo-
cratic Party; Precinct Chairman, 10 years.
Honors: Andrew Jackson Award, 1980; Union County Leadership Award, 1973;
Patron Club Award, Wingate College, 1971; Man of the Year, Union County, 1971;
Leadership Award, Monroe-Union County, 1970.
Religious Activities: Member, Benton Heights Presbyterian Church; Ruling Elder;
former Chairman, Board of Deacons.
Family: Married, Dorothy Moser, May 22, 1948. Children: Barbara (Plyler) Faulk,
Diane (Plyler) Hough, Aaron W., Jr., Alan and Alton.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Appropriations.
Vice Chairman: Ways and Means.
Member: Agriculture; Base Budget; Commerce; Election Laws; Finance; Manu-
facturing and Labor; Pensions and Retirement; Rules and Operation of the
Senate.
300
North Carolina Manual
WELDON ROBERT PRICE
(Democrat — Rockingham Coumy)
Twenty-fourth Senatorial District —
Stokes, Surry, and Watauga Counties
Alleghany, Ashe, Rockingham,
- Two Senators.
Early Years: Born in Rockingham County, January 18, 1928, to Robert and Bessie
(Turner) Price.
Education: Reidsville High School, 1945; Elon College, 1957, A.B. (Business Ad-
ministration).
Profession: Superintendent, American Tobacco Company.
Organizations: Veterans of Foreign Wars, Post 8297; American Legion; BPO Elks.
Boards and Commissions: Board of Health, Rockingham County; Trustee, Rock-
ingham Community College.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1985-; Board of County Commissioners,
Rockingham County, 1972-1984 (Vice-Chairman); Reidsville City Council, 1966-
1972; former Mayor and Mayor Pro Tem, City of Reidsville.
Religious Activities: Member, First United Methodist Church, Reidsville; Vice-
Chairman, Official Board; Trustee.
Military Service: Served, U S Army, 1950-1952 (Staff Sergeant); Parachute Badge.
Family: Married, Barbara Pritchett of Williamsburg, June 27, 1953. Children: Jeffrey,
Bradford and Teresa.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Local Government and Regional Affairs.
Member: Agriculture; Election Laws; Finance; Judiciary I; Manufacturing and
Labor; Pensions and Retirement.
The Legislative Branch 301
ANTHONY EDEN RAND
(Democrat — Cumberland County)
Twelfth Senatorial District — Cumberland County (part) — Two
Senators.
Early Years: Born in Garner, Wake County, September 1, 1939, to Walter and Geneva
(Yeargan) Rand, Jr.
Education: Garner High School, 1957; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1961; UNC-Chapel Hill,
School of Law, 1964.
Profession: Attorney (partner in firm of Rose, Rand, Ray, Winfrey & Gregory, P. A.)
Organizations: NC, Cumberland County, DC and American Bar Associations; Ameri-
can Judicature Society; Association of Trial Lawyers of America; NC Academy of
Trial Lawyers; Fayetteville Home Builders Association (Director, 1974-80); Associ-
ation of the US Army; Fayetteville Area Chamber of Commerce; Kiwanis Club.
Commissions: Cumberland County Auditorium Commission (Chairman, 1983-84; Vice
Chairman, 1982; Secretary, 1980-81); ABLE Program, Compensatory Education
Board; Special Activities Committee, Fort Bragg; Governmental Operations Com-
mission; NC Courts Commission; Fayetteville Family Life Center board; Medical
Cost Containment Commission, 1982-85.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-; Joint Committee on
Hospital and Medical Benefits for Teachers and State Employees, 1985; Committee
on Law and Justice, National Conference of State Legislatures, State-Federal
Assembly; Executive Committee, NC State Democratic Party, 1975-1981; Chair-
man, Cumberland County Democratic Executive Committee, 1977-1981; Legisla-
tive Services Commission, 1982.
Religious Activities: Member, St. John's Episcopal Church, Fayetteville; Lay Reader.
Family: Married, Karen L. Skarda of Chicago, Illinois, May 30, 1981. Children:
Ripley Eagles and Craven McLean.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Base Budget.
Vice Chairman: Judiciary IV.
Member: Appropriations; Finance; Insurance; Rules and Operations of the
Senate; State Government; Transportation; Ways and Means.
302 North Carolina Manual
MARSHALL ARTHUR RAUCH
(Democrat — Gaston County)
Twenty-fifth Senatorial District — Cleveland, Gaston, Lincoln, and
^^ Rutherford Counties — Three Senators.
^^^^ ^ ^^^H Early Years: Born in New York, New York, February 2, 1923, to
^^^ ' ^^^ Nathan A. and Tillie P. (Wohl) Rauch.
Education: Woodmere High School, 1950; Duke University.
Profession: Corporate executive (Chairman and President, Rauch Industries, Inc.;
Director and Treasurer, E.P. Press, Inc.; Director and President, Magic, Ltd.;
Director and President, P.D.R. Trucking, Inc.; Director, Majestic Insurance Financ-
ing Corporation).
Organizations: Director, Holy Angels Nursery, 1960-73; Director, Gastonia YMCA,
1959-62, 1967-72 (Vice President, 1970; President, 1971); Salvation Army Boys
Club, 1963-71; Gastonia Boys Club, 1947-71 (Senior Advisor, 1943-63; Director,
1964-71); Gastonia Chamber of Commerce.
Boards and Commissions: Former Commission member: Wildlife Tax Study (Chair-
man, 1979-80); Legislative Services, 1977-1980; Governmental Evaluation (Vice
Chairman, 1977-80); Legislative Tax Study (Chairman, 1977-1980); Sports Facility,
1977-80; Governmental Incentive (Vice Chairman, 1977-79); Intangibles Tax Study,
1978. Trustee, NC Land Conservance, 1978-80; Board of Advisors, Gardner-Webb
College, 1969-77; Trustee, UNC-Chapel Hill, 1969-73; NC Citizens for Dental
Health, 1968-73; Advisory Committee, NC Vocational Textile School, 1970-71.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1967, 1969, 1971. 1973-74, 1975-76, 1977-78,
1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-; Advisory Budget Commission, 1973-74, 1977-80;
Gastonia City Council, 1953-54, 1961-65 (Mayor Pro Tem, 1952-1954, 1961-1963).
Military Service: Served, US Army, World War II, Combat Infantry Award.
Honors: Who's Who in World Jewry; Who's Who in the South and Southwest; Who's
Who in Israel; Who 's Who in American Politics; Leading Men in the United States;
The National Register of Prominent Americans; Human Services Award, NC Asso-
ciation of Jewish Men and State of NC; Man of the Year, (Gastonia Red Shield
Club, 1970; NC Health Department; Gaston County Omega Psi Phi, 1966; Gasto-
nia Junior Women's Club, 1964; Gastonia Junior Chamber of Commerce, 1957);
National Council of Christians and Jews Award, 1969; National Recreation Associ-
ation Citation, 1965.
Religious Activities: Member, Temple Emanuel, Gastonia (former President and Sun-
day School Teacher) and Temple Israel, Charlotte. Chairman, Gaston Jewish Wel-
fare Fund; Vice President, NC Association of Jewish Men; President, Frank Gold-
berg Lodge, B'Nai B'Rith; Governor. NC Jewish Home Board; Cabinet member,
NC United Jewish Appeal.
Family: Married, Jeanne Girard, May 18, 1946. Children: John, Ingrid, Marc, Peter
and Stephanie.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Joint Legislative Ethics Committee.
Co-Chairman: Finance.
Member: Commerce; Election Laws; Higher Education; Manufacturing and
Labor; Rules and Operation of the Senate; Ways and Means.
The Legislative Branch
303
WENDELL HACKER SAWYER
(Republican — Guilford County)
Thirty-second Senatorial District
Senator.
Guilford County (part) — One
Early Years: Born in Durham, Durham County, February 8, 1951, to Thomas B. and
Dorothy Marie (Siler) Sawyer.
Education: High Point College, 1976, B.A. cum laude; University of Arkansas, School
of Law, 1980, J. D.
Profession: Attorney.
Organizations: NC and NC State Bar Associations.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1985-; Executive Committee, Guilford County
Republican Party; former Treasurer, Guilford County Republican Forum; former
Chairman, Greensboro Chapter, Young Americans for Freedom.
Military Service: Served, NC National Guard, 1971-77 (Specialist 4th Class).
Religious Activities: Member, Saint Benedict's Catholic Church, Greensboro.
Family: Married, Deborah Ann Adolfi of Greensboro, January 8, 1978. Children:
Mary Ann.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Education; Finance; Higher Education; Judiciary 1; State Government.
304
North Carouna Manual
^"^SuS"
Nineteenth Senatorial District
Counties — One Senator.
ROBERT G. SHAW
(Republican — Guilford County)
Forsyth (part) and Guilford (part)
Early Years: Born in Erwin, Harnett County, November 22, 1924, to R.G.B. and
Annie (Byrd) Shaw.
Education: Campbell College; UNC-Chapel Hill.
Profession: Restaurateur.
Boards & Commissions: Chairman, NC Council on Community and Economic
Development, 1975-77; Director, Natural and Economic Resources, 1975-77.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1985-; NC Republican Party Chairman,
1975-77; Republican National Committee, 1975-77; County Commissioner, Guil-
ford County, 1968-76 (former Chairman).
Military Service: Served, US Army Air Corps, 1943-46.
Religious Activities: Member, Presbyterian Church, Greensboro; Deacon.
Family: Married, Linda Owens of High Point, 1981. Children: Ann (Shaw) Hewett
and Barbara (Shaw) Twining.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Agriculture; Finance; Local Government and Regional Affairs;
Natural and Economic Resources and Wildlife; Senior Citizens.
The Legislative Branch 305
DANIEL REID SIMPSON
(Republican — Burke County)
Twenty-seventh Senatorial District — Avery, Burke, Caldwell, Mitchell,
and Wilkes Counties — Two Senators.
Early Years: Born in Morganton, Burke County, February 20, 1927, to James Reid
and Ethel Margaret (Newton) Simpson.
Education: Glen Alpine Public Schools, 1932-43; University of Mississippi; Auburn
University; Lenoir Rhyne College; Wake Forest University, 1949, B.S.; Wake
Forest University, School of Law, 1951, LL.B.
Profession: Attorney (President and senior member in firm of Simpson, Aycock,
Beyer, and Simpson, P. A.); former Attorney: Town of Glen Alpine, Burke County
and Burke County Schools.
Organizations: Burke County, NC, NC State, and American Bar Associations; Ca-
tawba Valley Lodge No. 217 (former Grand Master); Free and Accepted Masons.
Former member: Lions Club; Junior Chamber of Commerce; Sigma Chi; Phi Delta
Phi.
Boards & Commissions: Director: Western Steer — Mom 'n' Pops, Inc.; Whitehall
Galleries, Ltd.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1985-; NC House of Representatives, 1957,
1961, 1963; Chairman, Joint Caucus; former Chairman, Burke County Republican
Executive Committee; former President and Vice President, Burke County Young
Republicans Club; former Mayor and Councilman, Town of Glen Alpine.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1945-46 (T/5); South Pacific theater.
Honors: Who's Who in American Law.
Religious Activities; Member, Glen Alpine Methodist Church; Sunday School teacher.
Family: Married, Mary Alice Leonard of Glen Alpine, September 16, 1951. Children:
Mary Alma (Simpson) Beyer, James Reid, II and Ethel Barie (Simpson) Todd.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations — Education; Base Budget; Educa-
tion; Judiciary II; Local Government and Regional Affairs; State Government.
306 North Carouna Manual
PAUL SANDERS SMITH
(Republican — Rowan County)
Twenty-third Senatorial District — Davidson, Davie and Rowan
Counties — Two Senators.
Early Years: Born in Salisbury, Rowan County, March 16, 1927, to Karl F. and Mary
1. (Sanders) Smith.
Education: Boyden High School, 1948; Catawba College, 1948-1949; Management
Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, 1966-1970.
Profession: Executive Vice President, Marketing and Operations, Holding Brothers,
inc.
Organizations: Salisbury Sales and Marketing Executives (President, 1975-76);
Salisbury-Rowan Merchants Association (President, 1975); Lexington Retail Mer-
chants Association; Rowan Oil Dealers Association (President, 1966-1976); NC
Merchants Association, Advisory Board, 1982-; Boy Scouts of America (Scoutmas-
ter; Advisory Board, Central NC Council, 1983-); Coach (Little League Baseball
and YMCA Basketball); Salisbury Chamber of Commerce (President, 1976); Lex-
ington Chamber of Commerce; Salisbury Rotary (Director, 1970-71); Salvation
Army Advisory Board, 1979-; Davidson County Art Guild; Catawba College
Alumni Association; Friends of the College; Association for Retarded Citizens.
Former member: NC Oil Jobbers Governmental Affairs Board; North State Foot-
ball Officials Association; Tri-County Mental Health board; United Way (Budget
Chairman, 1976).
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1981-82; 1985-; Rowan County Republican
Party (Chairman, 1983-84); GOP Presidential Elector, 8th District, 1984; Chair-
man, Rules and Resolutions, GOP 8th District, 1984; State Executive Committee,
1981-1984.
Military: Served, US Navy, 1943-45 (Seaman 1st Class).
Honors: Friends of the Library, 1983; Oil Industry Award, NC Oil Jobbers; Order of
the arrow; Scouter's Key; Man of the Year, 1976; Citizen of the Year, 1975; Boss of
the Year, 1971; Friends of the Boy, 1965.
Religious Activities: Member, St. John's Lutheran Church, Salisbury; Church Council;
Pulpit Committee; Men of the Church; Vice President, J. L. Fisher Bible Class;
Chairman, Education Committee.
Family: Married, Alda Olivia Clark of Salisbury, September 4, 1950. Children: Paula
S., Thomas, Charles Sanders and Amy Clark.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Election Laws.
Member: Commerce; Finance; Higher Education; Insurance; Manufacturing and
Labor, State Government.
The Legislative Branch
307
ROBERT CHARLES SOLES, JR.
(Democrat — CoJumbus County)
Eighteenth Senatorial District Bladen, Brunswick, Columbus, and
Cumberland (part) Counties — One Senator.
^'"*-<(*^
k
Early Years: Born in Tabor City, December 17, 1934, to Robert C. and Myrtle
(Norris) Soles.
Education: Tabor City High School; Wake Forest University, 1956, B.S.; UNC-Chapel
Hill, School of Law, 1959, J.D.
Profession: Attorney.
Organizations: American and NC Bar Associations; American Trial Lawyers Associa-
tion; NC Association of County Attorneys; Phi Alpha Delta; Rotary Club (former
President).
Boards and Commissions: President, Southeastern Community College Foundation;
Southern Growth Policies Board; Trustee, UNC-Wilmington; former Trustee,
UNC-Chapel Hill.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1977-78, 1978-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-;
NC House of Representatives, 1969, 1971, 1973-74, 1975-76.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1957-67 (Captain).
Religious Activities: Member, Tabor City Baptist Church.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Judiciary IV.
Vice Chairman: State Government.
Member: Agriculture; Commerce; Finance; insurance.
308 North Carolina Manual
ROBERT VANCE SOMERS
(Republican — Rowan County)
Twenty tWird Senatorial District — Davidson, Davie, and Rowan
Counties — Two Senators.
Early Years: Born in Statesville, Iredell County, November 21, 1937, to Walker Vance
and Ethel (Owens) Somers.
Education: liast Tennessee State University, 1960, B.S.; UNC-Chapel Hill, School of
Law, 1963, J. D.
Profession: Attorney.
Organizations: NC Association of Trial Lawyers; NC Bar Association.
Political Activities: Member. NC Senate, 1973-74, 1977-78, 1985-; Prosecutor, Rowan
County, 1964, 1967-68; Judge, Randolph County Court, 1965-66; Republican can-
didate, US Senate, 1968.
Religious Activities: Member, Cleveland Methodist Church.
Family: Married, Denise Lingelbach of Asheville, Decembers, 1984. Children: Jordan
(Somers) Christian.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Finance; Judiciary 111, Local Government and Regional Affairs;
Senior Citizens.
The Legislative Branch
309
JAMES DAVIS SPEED
(Democrat — Franklin County)
Ele\enth Senatorial District
ties — One Senator.
Franklin, Vance, and Wake (part) Coun-
«rr^
Early Years: Born in Louisburg, Franklin County, January 30, 1915 to Henry
Piummer and Addie (Jeffreys) Speed.
Education: Gold Sand High School; NCSU.
Profession: Farmer; tobacco warehousenian.
Organizations: Farm Bureau; Mason; Shriner; Louisburg Masonic Lodge (former
Master).
Boards and Commissions: NC Agri-Business Council; NC Emergency Medical Advi-
sory Board; NC Tobacco Foundation (former President). Former member: State
Board of Directors, NC Farm Bureau Federation; NC Board of Agriculture.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1977-78, 1979-80. 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-;
NC House of Representatives 1961, 1963, 1965, 1967, 1969, 1971.
Religious Activities: Member, Baptist Church.
Family: Married, Martha Matthews, November 29, 1947. Children: Claudia, Tommy
end James M.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Agriculture.
Vice Chairman: Senior Citizens.
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations-General Government; Base Budget;
Children and Youth; Education; Pensions and Retirement; Transportation.
310 North Carolina Manual
WILLIAM WAYNE STATON
(Democrat — Lee County)
Fourteenth Senatorial District — Harnett, Lee, and Wake (part) Counties
— Three Senators.
Early Years: Born in Olive Branch, Union County, October 11, 1917, to Oscar M. and
Mae (Young) Staton.
Education: Mt. Ulla High School; Wake Forest University, 1938, B.S.; Wake Forest
University, School of Law, 1941, LL.B. and J.D.
Profession: Attorney (senior member in firm of Staton, Perkinson, West and Doster).
Former Attorney: Sanford Board of Education, 1956-1972; Central Carolina Tech-
nical College, 1960-1972; Town of Carrboro, 1971-1972.
Organizations: Eleventh Judicial District Bar Association (President); American Bar
Association; BPO Elks; Royal Order of Moose; Veterans of Foreign Wars; Ameri-
can Legion; Disabled American Veterans; Woodmen of the World. Former mem-
ber: Sanford Chamber of Commerce (President); United Fund of Lee County (Presi-
dent); Sanford Cotillion Club (President); Lee District Boy Scouts (Chairman);
Occoneechee Council, BSA (Vice President); Cape Fear Basin Development Asso-
ciation (President, 1948-1950); Sanford Executive Club (President).
Boards and Commissions: Board of Directors: Mid-South Bank & Trust Company,
1974-; Golden Corral Corporation,, 1974-; Investors Management Corporation,
1974-. Former member, NC Commission for Improved Courts.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1969, 1971, 1973-74, 1975-76, 1983-84, 1985-;
NC House of Representatives, 1967; Democratic National Committee, 1960-1964;
NC Democratic Executive Committee, 1951-1952, 1960-1964; President, Young
Democrats of NC, 1951-1952; Lee County Democratic Executive Committee,
1948-1949.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1942-1946, Reserves, 1948-68 (Colonel); Judge
Advocate Corps; Battle Stars (3) European Theatre; Purple Heart, Battle of the
Bulge; Bronze Star Metal for Valor, Ordennes Campaign of 1945.
Honors: NC Legion of Merit; Sanford Community Service Award, 1982.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church, Sanford Board of Deacons;
Chairman, Board of Trustees; teacher. Men's Bible Class, 27 years.
Family: Married, Ellen Boone of Jackson, June 28, 1947. Children: William Wayne,
Jr. and Allyn Moore.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Judiciary II.
Vice Chairman: Finance.
Member: Commerce; Higher Education; Insurance; Manufacturing and Labor;
Natural and Economic Resources and Wildlife.
The Legislative Branch 311
ROBERT STRINGFIELD SWAIN
(Democrat — Buncombe County)
j-.^ 1 wenty-eiuhih Senatorial District Buncombi-, McDowell, Madison,
\ r and Yancey L ounties — Two Senators.
Early Years: Born in Ashcville, July 25, 1921, to John Edward and Mozelle Brewster
(Stringfield) Swain.
Education: Lee H. Edwards High School, 1939; Mars Hill College (Wake Forest-
Meredith summer school), 1939; UNC-Chapel Hill 1939-40; Biltmore College, 1940;
University of New Mexico, 1941-42; UNC-Chapel Hill, School of Law, 1946-49,
LL.B.
Profession: Attorney.
Organizations: Buncombe County and NC Bar Associations; NC Trial Lawyers Asso-
ciation; Moose International; Phi Alpha Delta; York Rite Mason; Shrine.
Boards and Commissions: Chairman, Criminal Justice Commission of SLC; Gover-
nor's Crime Commission.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-;
Solicitor, I9th District, Buncombe and Madison Counties, 1955-67.
Military Service: Served, US Army Air Corps, 1943-1946 (1st Lieutenant).
Religious Activities: Member, Methodist Church; Board of Stewards; Sunday School
teacher.
Family: Children: Jennifer Ellen, Barbara Giffen, Patricia Ann, Robert Edwards and
Katherine Anne.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Judiciary HI.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations-Justice and Public Safety.
Member: Appropriations; Base Budget; Election Laws; Pensions and Retire-
ment; Rules and Operation of the Senate; Senior Citizens; Ways and Means.
312 North Carolina Manual
^
THOMAS FLEMING TAFT
(Democrat - Pitt County)
Ninth Senatorial District — Beaufort (part), Martin (part), and Pitt
(part) Counties — One Senator.
Early Years: Born in Greenville, Pitt County, December 29, 1945, to Edmund Hoover
and Helen Irene (Fleming) Taft, Jr.
Education: J. H. Rose High School, 1964; Duke University, 1968, A.B.; Unidersidadi-
bero-Americana, Mexico City, summer, 1965; UNC-Chapel Hill, School of Law,
J.D.; Hague Academy of International Law, 1970; City of London, 1970, Certifi-
cate of International Law.
Profession: Attorney (managing partner, firm of Taft, Taft, and Haigler); President,
Eastern Lumber and Supply Company; President, Hardware Suppliers of America,
Inc.; President, Mercer Glass Company; President, Bowser Construction Company,
Inc.; President, Lake Placid Development Company, Inc.; President, University
Medical Park, Inc.
Organizations: Pitt County, NC and American Bar Associations; NC Academy of
Trial Lawyers; American Trial Lawyers Association; NC Home Builders Associa-
tion; Pitt-Greenville Chamber of Commerce; NC Business and Industry Associa-
tion; University City Kiwanis Club; Master Mason; Pitt County Farm Bureau.
Boards and Commissions: ECU Medical Foundation; NC State Ports Authority
(Chairman, 1977-78); Southern Growth Policies Board, 1978-79.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1985-; legal counsel to James B. Hunt, Lt.
Governor, 1972-74.
Honors: Jaycee Distinguished Service Award; President's Cup, Pitt County United
Way; Outstanding Young Men of America.
Military Service: Served, US Army Reserves, 1968-74 (Specialist 4th Class), Field
Artillery and Forward Air Defense.
Religious Activities: Member, Jarvis Memorial United Methodist Church; Official
Board 1980-83 (Co-Chairman, 1981); Stewardship Campaign.
Family: Married, Kathy Arnold, January 30, 1982. Children: Jessica, Paige and
Thomas.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Agriculture.
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations-Justice and Public Safety; Base Bud-
get; Education; Human Resources; Insurance; Judiciary III; State Govern-
ment.
The Legislative Branch 313
LURA SELF TALLY
(Democrat — Cumberland County)
Twelfth Senatorial District — Cumberland (part) County — Two
Senators.
Early Years: Born in Statesville, December 9, 1921, to R.O. and Sara Sherrill (Cowles)
Self.
Education: Raleigh Public Schools and Needham Broughton High School, 1938;
Peace College; Duke University, A.B., 1942; NCSU School of Education, 1970
MA.
Profession: Teacher and guidance counselor, Fayetteville City Schools; teacher. Adult
Education, Fayetteville Technical Institute.
Organizations: NEA; NC Association of Educators; NC Personnel and Guidance
Association; American Association of University Women; Business and Profes-
sional Women's Club; NC Federation of Women's Clubs; NC Society for Preserva-
tion of Antiquities (former President); Fayetteville Women's Club (former Presi-
dent); President, Cumberland County Mental Health Association; Coordinator of
Volunteers, Cumberland County Mental Health Center; Kappa Delta.
Boards and Commissions: Fayetteville Recreation Commission; NCSU Foundation
Board; Fayetteville Technical Institute Board, 1983; Juvenile Code Revision Com-
mission, 1977-79.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1983-84, 1985-; NC House of Representa-
tives, 1973-74, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82.
Honors: Business and Professional Woman of the Year, Fayetteville, 1978.
Religious Activities: Member, Hay Street Methodist Church, Fayetteville.
Family: Children: Robert Taylor and John Cowles.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Natural and Economic Resources and Wildlife.
Vice Chairman: Higher Education.
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations-Education; Base Budget; Children
and Youth; Education; Judiciary I; Local Government and Regional Affairs.
314 North Carolina Manual
JOSEPH EUGENE THOMAS
(Democrat — Craven County)
Third Senatorial District — Carteret, Craven, and Pamlico Counties
One Senator.
Early Years: Born in Askins, Craven County, July 18, 1941, to Edison E. and Elsie
(Cowan) Thomas.
Education: Ernul Elementary School, 1947-54; Farm Life School, 1955-59; NCSU
1963, B.S. (Forestry).
Profession: Corporate executive (Senior Vice President, Westmister Company); farmer;
realtor; licensed contractor; registered forester.
Organizations: East Carolina Engineers; Society of American Foresters; National
Association of Home Builders; NC Society of Engineers; Chairman, Vanceboro
Medical Center, Inc.; Director, NC Agriculture Foundation, Inc.; Vanceboro
Rotary (former President); New Bern BPOE; Vanceboro Fire Deaprtment; Ducks
Unlimited; NCSU Alumni Club.
Boards and Commissions: Chairman, Vanceboro Planning Board; Wildlife Resources
Commission; NC Board of Transportation, 1977-79 (Commissioner, 2nd Division);
Craven County Advisory Council for Vocational Education, 1978; Advisory Board,
NCNA, 1972-76; Chairman, Water Resources Management and Development
Committee; Environmental Management Commission, 1972-75; NC Board of Water
and Air Resources 1969-75.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1979-80 (appointed January 5, 1979 to fill the
seat vacated by death of Senator D. Livingstone Stallings), 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-.
Honors: Various merit awards, Weyerhaeuser Company.
Religious Activities: Member, Kitt Swamp Christian Church; Deacon, 1963; has held
all offices.
Family: Married, Linda Morris, October 5, 1963. Children: Scott Eugene, Allen Mor-
ris, Joel Brynn and Emma Jo-Lin.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Appropriations-Natural and Economic Resources.
Vice Chairman: Natural and Economic Resources and Wildlife.
Member: Agriculture; Appropriations; Base Budget; Finance; Local Govern-
ment and Regional Affairs; Rules and Operation of the Senate; Transporta-
tion; Ways and Means.
The Legislative Branch
315
ROYCE PHELPS THOMAS
(Democrat — Henderson County)
Twenty-ninth Senatorial District — Cherokee, Clay, Graham, Haywood,
Henderson, Jackson, Macon, Polk, Swain, and Transylvania Counties
— Two Senators.
Early Years: Born in Avon Park, Florida, January 3, 1932, to J.R. and Eunice M.
(Phelps) Thomas.
Education: Blue Ridge School for Boys, 1946-48; Duke University, 1948-51; US Army
Advanced Infantry Officers School, 1957-58.
Profession: Fruit and vegetable distributor.
Organizations: BPO Elks Lodge No.# 1616; Lions Club.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-; Chairman,
11th Congressional District, Democratic Party of NC, 1980-81, 1982-83.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1951-60 (Captain); Infantry; Hall of Fame,
Infantry OCS
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church, Hendersonville; Deacon,
1979-81.
Family: Married, Margaret C. Stonecipher, May 19, 1951. Children: James Royce,
Mary Cecille (Thomas) Vierira and Richard Latt.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Co-Chairman: Finance.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations — General Government.
Member: Appropriations; Base Budget; Human Resources; Judiciary III; Manu-
facturing and Labor; Natural and Economic Resources and Wildlife.
316
North Carolenja Manual
RUSSELL GRADY WALKER
(Democrat — Randolph County)
Sixteenth Senatorial District — Chatham, Moore, Orange (part), and
Randolph Counties — Two Senators.
Early Years: Born in Conetoe, Edgecombe County, August 26, 1918, to Ashley and
Alleen (Bryant) Walker.
Education: High Point High School; US Army Air Corps Pilot Training School.
Profession: Retired chain supermarket operator (former President, Food Line Super
Markets, Inc.)
Organizations: Masonic Order, Balfour Lodge; Asheboro Kiwanis Club (former Presi-
dent; former Lt. Governor, Carolinas District); former President, NC Food Dealers
Association.
Boards and Commissions: Chairman, Commission on Children with Special Needs;
ex-officio member. Mental Health Study Commission; Asheboro Airport Authority
(former Chairman); Co-Chairman, Social Services Study Commission; Co-
Chairman, Legislative Research Commission on Waste Disposal, Planning and
Management; Governor's Task Force on Waste Management; Legislative Research
Commission on Revenue Sharing with Counties and Municipalities; NC Energy
Policy Council, 1975-78.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84,
1985-; Chairman, NC Democratic Party, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-; Asheboro City
Council, 1961-65.
Military Service: Served, US Army Air Corps, 1941-46; Reserves, 1947-55 (Captain).
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church, Asheboro; Deacon, 1968-1971.
Family: Married, Ruth Brunt, July 13, 1941. Children: Russell G., Jr., Susan (Walker)
Smith and Stephen Allen.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Appropriations-Human Resources.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations; Human Resources; Local Government and
Regional Affairs.
Member: Base Budget; Children and Youth; Finance; Judiciary HI; Rules and
Operation of the Senate; State Government.
Member: Joint Legislative Ethics Committee.
The Legis lati ve Bran ch 317
MARVIN MARTIN WARD
(Democrat — Forsyth County)
Twentieth Senatorial District — Forsyth County (part) — Two Senators.
Early Years: Born in Morrison, Virginia, February 10, 1914, to Charles Tilden and
Nora Belle (Martin) Ward.
Education: East Bend High School, 1930; Appalachian State University, 1934, B.S.;
UNC-Chapel Hill, 1940, M.A.
Profession: Retired educator (former Superintendent of Winston-Salem/ Forsyth
County Schools).
Organizations: American Association of School Administrators; NC Division of
Superintendents; Mid-URBAN Superintendents (former President and Director)
life member, PTA; life member, National Education Association; Lions Club
Ardmore Community Club (former President); Winston-Salem Automobile Club
Director, Southern Regional Education Board.
Boards and Commissions: Forsyth County Mental Health Association; ex-officio
member, Mental Health Study Commission; NC Commission on Education for
Economic Growth; NC Block Grant Committee on Education; Chairman, Mental
Health Ad-Hoc Committee for Chemical Dependency; Study Commissions; Cafete-
ria Benefits for Teachers, Children with Special Needs, Day Care Issues, Aging.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-.
Religious Activities: Member, Methodist Cetenary Church, Winston-Salem; Adminis-
trative Board; Budget and Finance Committee; Sunday School teacher; Chairman,
Staff Parish Committee, 1974-77; Sunday School Superintendent, 1958-61.
Family: Married, Mary June Darden, August 23, 1941. Children: Elizabeth (Ward)
Cone and Marvin Thomas.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Appropriations-Education.
Vice Chairman: Education; Natural and Economic Resources and Wildlife.
Member: Appropriations; Base Budget; Children and Youth; Finance; Human
Resources; Rules and Operation of the Senate; Transportation.
318
North Carouna Manual
ROBERT DAVIS WARREN
(Democrat — Johnston County)
Fifteenth Senatorial District — Johnston and Sampson Counties
Senator.
One
Early Years: Born in Sampson County, July 22, 1928, to Opheus and Neta (Jackson)
Warren.
Education: NCSU, 1950, B.S.; NCSU, 1968, M.Ed.; graduate studies, ECU.
Profession: Realtor; auctioneer; retired educator.
Organization: Masonic Order; Scottish Rite Shrine, Sudan Temple; NC Farm Bureau;
Johnston County Arts Society; NC Wildlife Federation; Mental Health Association
of Johnston County; Coats Hunting & Fishing Club; Benson Chamber of Com-
merce.
Boards and Commissions: Benson Recreation Commission; Council on Developmental
Disabilities; Capital City Planning Commission.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-; Sampson County
Democratic Men's Club; Governor's Advisory Committee on Vocational Educa-
tion, 1969-73.
Honors: Boss of the Year, Johnston County, Honorary Farmer Degree, FFA (chapter
and state); Outstanding Mason, Relief Lodge No. 431, 1981; Citizen of The Year,
Benson, 1980.
Religious Activities: Member, Benson Baptist Church; Deacon, 1950-; Sunday School
Superintendent; Sunday School Teacher, Married Couples' Class, 1966.
Family: Married, Ann Sparks, January 20, 1951; Children: Robert Davis, Jr. and Gary
Burrell.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Transportation.
Vice Chairman: Agriculture; Appropriations; Education.
Member: Base Budget; Finance; Human Resources; Judiciary I; Rules and
Operation of the Senate.
The Legislative Branch 319
MELVIN LUTHER WATT
(Democrat — Mecklenburg)
Thirty-third Senatorial District — Mecklenburg County (part) — One
Senator.
Early Years: Born in Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, August 26, 1945, to Graham E.
and Evelyn (Mauney) Watt.
Education: Plato Prince School; York Road High School, 1963; UNC-Chapel Hill,
1967, B.S. (Business Administration); Yale University, School of Law, 1970, J.D.
Profession: Attorney (Secretary-Treasurer, firm of Ferguson, Watt and Adkins, P. A.).
Organizations: NC and NC State Bar Associations; Executive Committee, 26th Judi-
cial District Bar Association; NC Association of Black Lawyers; NC Academy of
Trial Lawyers; Charlotte Chamber of Commerce; Inroads, Inc.; United Way; Tra-
velers Aid Society; UNC Alumni Association.
Boards and Commissions: General Statutes Commission of NC; Sports Action Coun-
cil (former Vice President); Auditorium-Coliseum-Civic Center Authority; Mint
Museum Board. Former member: Mecklenburg Court Volunteers; Dillworth Com-
munity Development Association; Legal Aid of the Southern Piedmont; Family
Housing Services.
Politicial Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1985-; Black Political Caucus; campaign
manager, Harvey Gant for Mayor.
Honors: Phi Beta Kappa; Phi Eta Sigma; President, Beta Gamma Sigma.
Religious Activities: Member, Mount Olive United Presbyterian Church, Charlotte.
Family: Married, Eulada Paysour of Lowell, November 25, 1967. Children: Brian and
Jason.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Election Laws.
Member: Appropriations; Appropriations-Human Resources; Base Budget; Com-
merce; Human Resources; Judiciary I; State Government.
320
North Carolina Manual
DENNIS JAY WINNER
(Democrat — Buncombe County)
Twenty-eighth Senatorial District — Buncombe, McDowell, Madison,
and Yancey Counties — Two Senators.
I
Early Years: Born in Canton, Buncombe County, March 29, 1942, to Harry and
Julienne (Marder) Winner.
Education: Lee H. Edwards High School, 1960; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1963, A.B.; UNC-
Chapel Hill, School of Law, 1966, J.D. with honors.
Profession: Attorney (firm of Erwin and Winner, P. A.).
Boards and Commissions: Board of Directors: Asheville Chamber Music Association;
UNC Law Alumni Association, 1982-; UNC Board of Visitors, 1976-; Asheville Art
Museum. Former member: NC Judicial Council, 1973-74; NC Courts Commission.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1983-84, 1985-; Superior Court Judge, 1972-
75; District Court Judge, 1970-72; President, Buncombe County Young Democrats
Club, 1968.
Military Service: Served, NC Air National Guard, 1966-1972 (Sergeant).
Religious Activities: Member, Congregation Beth Ha Tephila, Asheville.
Family: Married, Jane Linda Cogdill of Asheville, August 21, 1965. Children: Leanne
and Lauren.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Education.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations-Education; Finance.
Member: Appropriations; Base Budget; Judiciary IV; Rules and Operation of
the Senate; State Government; Ways and Means.
Member: Joint Legislative Ethics Committee.
The Legislative Branch 321
WILMA CUMMINGS WOODARD
(Democrat — Wake County)
Fourteenth Senatorial District — Harnett, Lee and Wake (part) Counties
— Three Senators.
Early Years: Born in Angler, Harnett County, November 18,
1934, to C. Claud and Lutheria (Searcy) Cummings.
Education: Beaufort High School; UNC-Chapel Hill; NCSU, 1969, B.A. magna cum
laude (History); graduate studies. Public Affairs, NCSU.
Profession: Legislator; homemaker.
Organizations: American Association of University Women; Garner Chamber of
Commerce; Womens Forum of NC (Director, 1980); chapter member, Raleigh-
Wake Urban League; Honorary Chairman, Wake County Cancer Society, 1983;
NCSU Alumni Association (Director, 1978-81); Medical Parents Club, UNC-
Chapel Hill, 1979; Vice President, Wake County PTA Council, 1977.
Boards and Commissions: NC Capital Planning Commission; Legislative Services
Commission; Governor's Blue Ribbon Committee to Assess the Needs of NC Train-
ing Schools; NC Conference for Social Services; Task Force on Aging; Outer Loop
Committee of Wake County; Advisory Council, Wake Technical Institute Nursing
Program; Legislative Council and Board of Directors, NC Retail Merchants Asso-
ciation; 1981-83 Needs of Women Study Commission; Garner Planning Board
1977-83 (Chairman, 1977); NC State Museum of Natural History, Advisory Com-
mission, 1977; Wake Land Use Code Committee, 1977; Advisory Board, Wake
County CETA, 1977.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1983-84, 1985-; NC House of Representa-
tives, 1978 (appointed to fill vacancy created by resignation of Robert L. Farmer),
1979-80, 1981-82; Advisory Budget Commission (first woman); Co-Chairman, Joint
Legislative Pay Equity Advisory Committee; Wake County Democratic Women;
charter member and Secretary, Wake County Women's Political Caucus; Wake
County Democratic Party (Treasurer, 1977); delegate. White House Conference on
Aging, 1981; delegate to county, district and state conventions, 1976.
Honors: Legislator of the Year, NC Home Economics Association, 1983; Woman of
the Year, Wake County ABWA, 1984; Government Award, Academy of Women,
1984; Women in the Economy, NC Women Attorneys, 1984; NC Citizen of the
Year, National Association of Social Workers, 1985; Special Citizen's Award, NC
Association for Counseling and Development, 1985, Outstanding Women in Govern-
ment, Garner Jaycettes, 1985; Thad Eure Award, Wake County YDC, 1985; Wake
County YMCA Academy of Women for Outstanding Contributions in Govern-
ment, 1984; B. F. Brown Award, Outstanding Liberal Arts Student, 1969; Phi
Kappa Phi.
Religious Activities: Member, United Methodist Church, Garner.
Family: Married, Dr. Warden Lewis Woodard, Jr., March 17, 1952; Children: Mary
Ellen (Woodard) Nixon, Warden Lewis, HI, Albert Searcy and Richard Allen.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Appropriations-General Government.
Member: Appropriations; Base Budget; Children and Youth; Commerce; Higher
Education; Judiciary I; Pensions and Retirement; Rules and Operation of the
Senate; State Government.
322
North Carolina Manual
JULIUS ARNETTE WRIGHT*
(Republican — New Hanover County)
Seventh Senatorial District — New Hanover and Pender (part) Counties
— One Senator.
Early Years: Born in Waycross, Georgia, October 10, 1951, to Julius A. and Shirley
Gordon Wright, Jr.
Education: Roswell High School, 1967-69; Valdosta State College, 1974, B.S. magna
cum laude (Chemistry); Georgia State University, 1978, M.B.A. magna cum laude
(Finance and Economics).
Profession: Senior project engineer. Corning Glassworks.
Organizations: American Chemical Society; American Association of MBA's; Sigma
Alpha Epsilon Alumni Association (Vice President); Jaycees.
Boards and Commissions: Director, American Cancer Society; New Hanover County
Railroad Museum; American Legislative Exchange Council.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-; Executive and Steer-
ing Committees, NC Republican Party; Joint Caucus Leader, NC Legislature, 1985.
Honors: "Outstanding Freshman Republican Senator," 1981; Alpha Chi Honor
Society.
Religious Activities: Member, Myrtle Grove Presbyterian Church, Wilmington.
Family: Married, Phyllis Ann Powell, June 14, 1975. Children: Rebekah.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Pension and Retirement.
Member: Education; Finance; Judiciary II; Local Government and Regional
Affairs; Natural and Economic Resources and Wildlife.
*Resigned, effective June 1, 1985, following his appointment as a Public Utility Commissioner.
(Letter from Wright to Governor James G. Martin. May 30, 1985; copy on file. Publications
Division, Department of the Secretary of State, Raleigh, NC)
The Legislative Branch 323
FRANKLIN ERVIN WILLIAMS*
(Republican — New Hanover County)
Seventh Senatorial District — New Hanover and Pender (part) Counties
— One Senator.
Early Years: Born in Beulaville, Duplin County, July 31, 1931, to Joseph Frank and
Leanna (Brinson) Williams.
Education: Wallace High School, 1949, University of Georgia, 1958, P.D. (Pharmacy
Chemistry).
Profession: Business executive (President and major stockholder, ASCO Wilmington,
Inc.) and former pharmacist (owner, Williams Pharmacy, 1962-79.)
Organizations: Candidate Fellow, American Academy of Consulting Pharmacists;
Chairman NC Academy of Consulting Pharmacists; NC Pharmaceutical Associa-
tion; YMCA; Wilmington Executives Club. Former member: Wilmington Sertoma
Club, 1974; New Hanover County Drug Abuse Program, 1972.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate, 1985- (appointed June 4, 1985 by Governor
James G. Martin to fill the vacancy created by the resignation of Senator Chip
Wright); Chairman, New Hanover County Republican Party; New Hanover County
Executive Committee; Precinct Chairman, 3 terms; Board of Human Resources,
1974-76.
Military: Served, US Army, 1951-53; Reserves, 1949-61 (Master Sergeant).
Religious Activities: Member, Winter Park Presbyterian Church, Wilmington; Record-
ing Treasurer; Disbursing Treasurer; Chairman, Board of Deacons; Ruling Elder;
Sunday School teacher; Choir.
Family: Married Marilyn Williams of Wallace, November 26, 1954. Children: Kathe
(Williams) Richardson; and Frank, Jr.
SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Education; Finance; Judiciary II; Local Government and Regional
Affairs; Natural and Economic Resources and Wildlife; Pensions and
Retirement.
*Appointcd June 4. 1985, by Ciovernor Martin to replace Wright.
324 North Carolina Manual
TIMOTHY HILL McDOWELL*
(Democrat - Alamance County)
tfgg, ^Ji (Twenty-first Senatorial District - Alamance and Caswell Counties - One
Senator.)
Early Years: Born in Burlington, Alamance County, January 16, 1946, to Charles
Lamar and Golda Marjorie (Perry) McDowell.
Education: Technical College of Alamance, 1970, A.A.S.; Elon College, 1976, B.A.S.
Profession: Director, Community Relations, Elon College; former editor, Mebane
Enterprise Journal, 1970-74.
Organizations: Burlington Rotary Club; College News Association of the Carolinas.
Boards and Commissions: President, Elon Home for Children; Director, Alamance
Arts Council; Council for Advancement and Support of Education; Director,
Volunteers for People; Mebane Board of Adjustments, 1973-74.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate 1985- (appointed September 20, 1985 to
replace John Jordan); Member, NC House of Representatives, 1977-78, 1979-80,
1981-82, 1983-84, 1985.
Military Service: Served, US Naval Reserves, 1966-71 (Third Class Petty Officer).
Honors: Outstanding Young Men in America, 1980; second place, best editorial, NC
Press Association, 1973; Outstanding Contribution to Conservation, Orange
County Soil and Water Conservation District, 1972.
Religious Activities: Member, Hawfields Presbyterian Church.
Family: Married, Zorado Kernodle, February 25, 1967. Children: Chris Michelle and
Joshua Truth.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Natural and Economic Resources.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations-Base Budget Committee on Education; Appropriations-
Expansion Budget Committee on Education; Higher Education.
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Constitu-
tional Amendments; Corrections; Judiciary I; Mental Health; Rules and Operation
of the House.
(Note: Presumably McDowell will be appointed to fill vacancies on the same commit-
tees on which Jordan served; however, this decision lies with the Lieutenant Gov-
ernor.)
♦Appointed September 20, 1985, to replace Jordan.
The Legislative Branch
325
SYLVIA MORRIS FINK
Principal Clerk
North Carolina Senate
Early Years: Born in Charlotte, August 8, 1936, to Warren Reid (deceased) and Effie
(Howard) Morris.
Education: Mount Holly High School, 1954; Pfeiffer College, 1955-56.
Profession: Principal Clerk, NC Senate, 1976- (first woman); General Assembly staff,
1967, 1973-76; Deputy Clerk, NC Court of Appeals, 1967-68; formerly employed by
Duke Power Company, Cannon Mills Company and Charlotte Chamber of Com-
merce.
Organizations: American Society of Legislative Clerks and Secretaries; Wake Demo-
cratic Women; Executive Committee, Pfeiffer College (former Program Chairman).
Political Activities: Principal Clerk, NC Senate, 1976, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-
84, 1985-; Journal Clerk, NC Senate, 1975-76; Assistant Journal Clerk, NC Senate,
1973-74; Committee Clerk, NC Senate, 1967.
Religious Activities: Member, Benson Memorial United Methodist Church; life mem-
ber. Women's Society of Christian Service (former President and Vice President).
Former MYF counselor, Sunday School teacher, organist, choir member.
Family: Children: Paige Elizabeth.
I
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327
OCCUPATIONS OF SENATORS
Account Executive
Wanda H. Hunt
Attorney
Barnes, Henson P.
Cobb, Laurence A.
Ezzell, James E., Jr.
Hipps, Charles W.
Johnson, James C, Jr.
Johnson, Joseph E.
Martin, WilHam N.
Rand, Anthony E.
Sawyer, Wendell H.
Simpson, Daniel R.
Soles, Robert C, Jr.
Somers, Robert V.
Staton, William W.
Swain, Robert S.
Taft, Thomas F.
Watt, Melvin L.
Winner, Dennis J.
Auctioneer
Warren, Robert D.
Banker
Conder, J. Richard
Business Executive
Ballenger, T. Cass
Goldston, W. D., Jr. (retired)
Hardison, Harold W.
Harrington, J. J. (retired)
Kaplan, Ted
Plyler, Aaron W.
Price, Weldon R.
Rauch, Marshall A.
Smith, Paul S.
Taft, Thomas F.
Thomas, Joseph E.
Walker, Russell G. (retired)
Williams, Frank E.
Contractor
Basnight, Marc
Thomas, Joseph E.
Developer
Jordan, John M.
Educator
Kincaid, Donald R.
Marvin, Helen Rhyne
Tally, Lura S.
Ward, Marvin (retired)
Warren, Robert D. (retired)
Engineer
Wright, J. A.
Farmer
Barnes, Henson P.
Martin, R. L.
Parnell, David R.
Speed, James D.
Thomas, Joseph E.
Forester
Thomas, Joseph E.
Funeral Home Owner
Harris, OUie
Homemaker
Woodard, Wilma C.
Insurance Executive
Guy, A. D.
Kincaid, Donald R.
Martin, R. L.
McDuffie, James D.
Legislator
Hunt, Wanda H.
Woodard, Wilma C.
Merchant
Hunt, Ralph A.
Parnell, David R.
Royall, Kenneth C, Jr.
Military Officer
Redman, William W., Jr. (retired)
Museum Owner
Johnson, James C, Jr.
Produce Distributor
Thomas, R. P.
328 North Carolina Manual
Real Estate Executive
Guy, A. D.
Marvin, Helen Rhyne
Plyler, Aaron W.
Redman, William W., Jr.
Thomas, Joseph E.
Warren, Robert D.
Restaurateur
Shaw, Robert G.
Tobacco Warehouseman
Speed, James D.
The Legislative Branch
329
1985 SENATE COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
AGRICULTURE
Chairman: Speed, James D.
Vice Chairman: Hipps, Charles W.
Vice Chairman: Taft, Thomas F.
Vice Chairman: Warren, Robert D.
Barnes, Henson P.
Jordan, John M.
Parnell, David R.
Redman, WilHam W., Jr.
Thomas, Joseph E.
Ballenger, T. Cass
Cobb, Laurence A.
Goldston,W. D.,Jr.
Harris, Oliie
Johnson, James C, Jr.
Martin, R. L.
Parnell, David R.
Speed, James D.
Tally, Lura S.
Ward, Marvin
Woodard,WilmaC.
Basnight, Marc
McDuffie, James D.
Plyler, Aaron W.
Shaw, Robert G.
Ezzell, James E., Jr.
Martin, R. L.
Price, Weldon R.
Soles, R.C., Jr.
APPROPRIATIONS
Chairman: Plyler, Aaron W.
Vice Chairman: Hardison, Harold W.
Vice Chairman: Royall, Kenneth G.
Vice Chairman: Walker, Russell G.
Vice Chairman: Warren, Robert D.
Barnes, Henson P.
Conder, J. Richard
Guy,A.D.
Hipps, Charles W.
Johnson, Joseph E.
Martin, William N.
Rand, Anthony E.
Swain, Robert S.
Thomas, Joseph E.
Watt, Melvin L.
Basnight, Marc
Ezzell, James E., Jr.
Harrington, J. J.
Hunt, Ralph A.
Kincaid, Donald R.
Marvin, Helen Rhyne
Simpson, Daniel R.
Taft, Thomas F.
Thomas, R. P.
Winner, Dennis J.
Goldston,W.D.,Jr.
Tally, Lura S.
APPROPRIATIONS — EDUCATION
Chairman: Ward, Marvin
Vice Chairman: Winner, Dennis J.
Martin, William N. Simpson, Daniel R.
APPROPRIATIONS — GENERAL GOVERNMENT
Conder, J. Richard
Johnson, James C, Jr.
Chairman: Woodard, Wilma C.
Vice Chairman: Thomas, R. P.
Ezzell, James E., Jr.
Speed, James D.
Hunt, Ralph A.
APPROPRIATIONS — HUMAN RESOURCES
Chairman: Walker, Russell G.
Vice Chairman: Harris, Ollie
Ballenger, T. Cass
Watt, Melvin L.
Harrington, J. J.
Marvin, Helen Rhyne
APPROPRIATIONS — JUSTICE AND PUBLIC SAFETY
Chairman: Parnell, David R.
Vice Chairman: Swain, Robert S.
Cobb, Laurence A. Hipps, Charles W. Johnson, Joseph E.
Taft, Thomas F.
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North Carolina Manual
APPROPRIATIONS — NATURAL AND ECONOMIC RESOURCES
Barnes, Henson P.
Kincaid, Donald R.
Chairman: Thomas, Joseph E.
Vice Chairman: Martin, R. L.
Basnight, Marc
Guy,A.D.
BASE BUDGET
Chairman: Rand, Anthony E.
(All members of the APPROPRIATIONS COMMITTEE)
CHILDREN AND YOUTH
Chairman: Hipps, Charles W.
Vice Chairman: Ballenger, T. Cass
Vice Chairman: Marvin, Helen Rhyne
Barnes, Henson P.
Harris, Ollie
Redman, William W., Jr.
Tally, Lura S.
Woodard, Wilma C.
Conder, J. Richard
Johnson, James C, Jr.
Royall, Kenneth C, Jr.
Walker, Russell G.
Harrington, J. J.
Martin, William N.
Speed, James D.
Ward, Marvin
Ballenger, T. Cass
Harrington, J. J.
Martin, R. L.
Rauch, Marshall A.
Smith, Paul S.
Watt, Melvin L.
Basnight, Marc
Hunt, Ralph A.
McDuffie, James D.
Marvin, Helen Rhyne
Speed, James D.
Williams, Frank E.
COMMERCE
Chairman: Hardison, Harold W.
Vice Chairman: Guy, A. D.
Cobb, Laurence A.
Harris, Ollie
Parnell, David R.
Redman, William W., Jr.
Soles, R. C, Jr.
Woodard, Wilma C.
EDUCATION
Chairman: Winner, Dennis J.
Vice Chairman: Ward, Marvin
Vice Chairman: Warren, Robert D.
Conder, J. Richard
Hunt, Wanda H.
Martin, R. L.
Sawyer, Wendell H.
Taft, Thomas F.
Goldston,W. D.,Jr.
Johnson, Joseph E.
Plyler, Aaron W.
Royall, Kenneth C, Jr.
Staton, William W.
Hipps, Charles W.
Jordan, John M.
Martin, William N.
Simpson, Daniel R.
Tally, LuraS.
Cobb, Laurence A.
Jordan, John M.
Price, Weldon R.
ELECTION LAWS
Chairman: Kaplan, Ted
Vice Chairman: Smith, Paul S.
Vice Chairman: Watt, Melvin L.
Ezzell, James E., Jr.
Parnell, David R.
Rauch, Marshall A.
Johnson, Joseph E.
Plyler, Aaron W.
Swain, Roberts.
The Legislative Branch
331
Guy, A. D.
Harris, Ollie
Kaplan, Ted
Price, Weldon R.
Royal!, Kenneth C.
Smith, Paul S.
Thomas, Joseph E.
Warren, Robert D.
Jr.
FINANCE
Co-Chairmen: Rauch, Marshall A.
Thomas, R. P.
Vice Chairman: Staton, William W.
Vice Chairman: Winner, Dennis J.
Hardison, Harold W.
Hunt, Wanda H.
McDuffie, James D.
Rand, Anthony E.
Sawyer, Wendell H.
Soles, R. C, Jr.
Walker, Russell G.
Williams, Frank E.
Harrington, J. J.
Jordan, John M.
Plyler, Aaron W.
Redman, William W.
Shaw, Robert G.
Somers, Robert V.
Ward, Marvin
Jr.
Conder, Jr. Richard
Rauch, Marshall A.
Smith, Paul S.
HIGHER EDUCATION
Chairman: Martin, William N.
Vice Chairman: Cobb, Laurence A.
Vice Chairman: Tally, Lura S.
Goldston, W. D.,Jr.
Royall, Kenneth C, Jr.
Staton, William W.
HUMAN RESOURCES
Hunt, Ralph A.
Sawyer, Wendell H.
Woodard, Wilma C.
Chairman: Harris, Ollie
Vice Chairman: Redman, William W., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Walker, Russell G.
Ballenger, T. Cass
Hunt, Wanda H.
Royall, Kenneth C, Jr.
Ward, Marvin
Ballenger, T. Cass
Smith, Pauls.
Taft, Thomas F.
Johnson, James C, Jr.
Tally, Lura S.
Woodard, Wilma C.
Ezzell, James E., Jr.
Marvin, Helen Rhyne
Hardison, Harold W.
Martin, William N.
Taft, Thomas F.
Warren, Robert D.
Harrington, J. J.
Marvin, Helen Rhyne
Thomas, R. P.
Watt, Melvin L.
INSURANCE
Chairman: Johnson, Joseph E.
Vice Chairman: Kincaid, Donald R.
Vice Chairman: Parneli, David R.
Hardison, Harold W.
Soles, R. C, Jr.
Rand, Anthony E.
Staton, William W.
JUDICIARY I
Chairman: Barnes, Henson P.
Vice Chairman: Hipps, Charles W.
Price, Weldon R.
Warren, Robert D.
Sawyer, Wendell H.
Watt, Melvin L.
JUDICIARY II
Chairman: Staton, William W.
Vice Chairman: Martin, William N.
Hunt. Wanda H.
Simpson, Daniel R.
Kaplan, Ted
Williams, Frank E.
332
North Carolina Manual
JUDICIARY III
Chairman: Swain, Robert S.
Vice Chairman: Johnson, Joseph E.
Harris, Ollie
Taft, Thomas F.
Kincaid, Donald R.
Thomas, R. P.
Somers, Robert V.
Walker, Russell G.
JUDICIARY IV
Chairman: Soles, R. C, Jr.
Vice Chairman: Rand, Anthony E.
Ballenger, T. Cass
Parnell, David R.
Cobb, Laurence A.
Royall, Kenneth C, Jr.
Goldston, W. D.,Jr.
Winner, Dennis Jr.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND REGIONAL AFFAIRS
Chairman: Ezzell, James E., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Price, Weldon R.
Vice Chairman: Walker, Russell G.
Basnight, Marc
Martin, R. L.
Simpson, Daniel R.
Thomas, Joseph E.
Conder, J. Richard
Marvin, Helen Rhyne
Somers, Robert V.
Williams, Frank E.
Hunt, Ralph A.
Shaw, Robert G.
Tally, Lura S.
MANUFACTURING AND LABOR
Chairman: Jordan, John M.
Vice Chairman: Goldston, W. D., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Parnell, David R.
Ballenger, T. Cass
Harris, Ollie
Plyler, Aaron W.
Smith, Paul S.
Basnight, Marc
Johnson, Joseph E.
Price, Weldon R.
Staton, William W.
Guy, AD.
Kincaid, Donald R.
Rauch, Marshall A.
Thomas, R. P.
NATURAL AND ECONOMIC RESOURCES AND WILDLIFE
Chairman: Tally, Lura S.
Vice Chairman: Thomas, Joseph E.
Vice Chairman: Ward, Marvin
Basnight, Marc
Hunt, Wanda H.
Redman, William W., Jr.
Thomas, R. P.
Conder, J. Richard
Kincaid, Donald R.
Shaw, Robert G.
Williams, Frank E.
Guy, AD.
Martin, R. L.
Staton, William W.
PENSIONS AND RETIREMENT
Chairman: Marvin, Helen Rhyne
Vice Chairman: Hardison, Harold W.
Harrington, J. J.
Kaplan, Ted
Price, Weldon R.
Swain, Robert S.
Hunt, Ralph A.
McDuffie, James D.
Royall, Kenneth C, Jr.
Williams, Frank E.
Hunt, Wanda H.
Plyler, Aaron W.
Speed, James D.
Woodard, Wilma C.
The Legislative Branch
333
RULES AND OPERATION OF THE SENATE
Chairman: Harrington, J. J.
Vice Chairman: Barnes, Henson P.
Vice Chairman: Royal!, Kenneth C, Jr.
Hardison, Harold W.
Plyler, Aaron W.
Redman, William W., Jr.
Walker, Russell G.
Winner, Dennis J.
Barnes, Henson P.
Guy, A. D.
Shaw, Robert G.
Cobb, Laurence A.
Parnell, David R.
Redman, William W., Jr.
Smith, Paul S.
Watt, Melvin L.
Barnes, Henson P.
Johnson, James C, Jr.
McDuffie, James D.
Redman, William W., Jr.
Ward, Marvin
Ballenger, T. Cass
Harris, OUie
Rand, Anthony E.
Thomas, Joseph E.
Hipps, Charles W.
Rand, Anthony E.
Swain, Robert S.
Ward, Marvin
Woodard, Wilma C.
SENIOR CITIZENS
Chairman: Hunt, Wanda H.
Vice Chairman: Hunt, Ralph A.
Vice Chairman: Speed, James D.
Kincaid, Donald R.
Rauch, Marshall A.
Thomas, Joseph E.
Warren, Robert D.
Conder, J. Richard
Johnson, James C, Jr.
Somers, Robert V.
STATE GOVERNMENT
Ezzell, James E., Jr.
Jordan, John M.
Swain, Robert S.
Chairman: Guy, A. D.
Vice Chairman: Conder, J. Richard
Vice Chairman: Soles, R. C, Jr.
Hardison, Harold W.
Rand, Anthony E.
Sawyer, Wendell H.
Taft, Thomas F.
Winner, Dennis J.
TRANSPORTATION
Chairman: Warren, Robert D.
Vice Chairman: Basnight, Marc
Harris, Ollie
Royall, Kenneth C,
Simpson, Daniel R.
Walker, Russell G.
Woodard, Wilma C.
Jr.
Goldston, W. D., Jr.
Jordan, John M.
Martin, R. L.
Speed, James D.
Harrington, J. J.
Kaplan, Ted
Rand, Anthony E.
Thomas, Joseph E.
WAYS AND MEANS
Chairman: Royall, Kenneth C, Jr.
Vice Chairman: Harrington, J. J.
Vice Chairman: Plyler, Aaron W.
Guy, A.D.
Hipps, Charles W.
Rauch, Marshall A.
Winner, Dennis J.
Hardison, Harold W.
Parnell, David R.
Swain, Robert S.
334 North Carolina Manual
1985 JOINT LEGISLATIVE ETHICS COMMITTEE
Chairman: Rauch, Marshall A.
Senate Members House of Representatives Members
Cobb, Laurence A. Allran, Austin M.
Redman, William W., Jr. Hunter, Robert C.
Walker, Russell G. Keesee-Forrester, Margaret P.
Winner, Dennis J. Kennedy, Annie B.
The Legislative Branch 335
PERMANENT RULES OF THE 1985 SENATE
GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF NORTH CAROLINA
I. Order of Business, Rules 1-7
II. Conduct of Debate, Rules 8- 17
III. Motions, Rules 18-24
IV. Voting, Rules 25-30
V. Committees, Rules 31-37
VI. Handling Bills, Rules 38-59
VII. Legislative Officers and Employees,
Rules 60-65
VIII. General Rules, Rules 66-77
I. Order of Business
RULE 1. Rules controlling the Senate of North Carolina and its Committees. — The
following rules shall govern and control all actions and procedures of the Senate and its
committees.
RULE 2. Convening hour. — The President shall take the Chair at the hour fixed by
the Senate upon adjournment on the preceding legislative day, and shall call the mem-
bers to order. In case the Senate adjourned on the preceding legislative day without hav-
ing fixed the hour of reconvening, the Senate shall reconvene on the next legislative day
at 1:30 p.m.
RULE 3. Opening the session. — The President shall, upon order being obtained,
have the sessions of the Senate opened with prayer.
RULE 4. Convening in absence of President. — In the absence of the President, the
President Pro Tempore shall reconvene the Senate and preside, and during such time
shall be vested with all powers of the President except that of casting a vote in case of tie
when he has already voted on the question as a Senator. In the event of the absence of
the President and President Pro Tempore at any time fixed for the reconvening of the
Senate, the Principal Clerk of the Senate, or in his absence also, some member of the
Senate Committee on Rules and Operation of the Senate, shall call the Senate to order
and designate some member to act as President.
RULE 5. Quorum. — (a) A quorum consists of a majority of all the qualified mem-
bers of the Senate.
(b) When a lesser number than a quorum convene, the Senators present may send the
doorkeeper or any person, for any or all absent Senators, as a majority of the Senators
present determine.
RULE 6. Approval of Journal. — After the prayer, and upon appearance of a quo-
rum, the President shall cause the Journal of the preceding day to be read and approved,
unless the Chairman of the Committee on Rules and Operation of the Senate or some
member of the Senate by motion sustained by a majority of the members present, has
the reading thereof dispensed with and the same approved as written.
336 NdTH Carolina Manual
RULE 7. Order of Business. — After approval of the journal, the order of business
shall be as follows:
(1) Reports of standing committees.
(2) Reports of select committees.
(3) Introduction of bills, petitions, and resolutions.
(4) Messages from the House of Representatives.
(5) Unfinished business of preceding day.
(6) Special orders.
(7) General Orders:
(a) Local bills in numerical order, Senate bills first
(i) Third reading roll call and electronic
voting system votes
(ii) Second reading roll call and electronic
voting system votes
(iii) Second reading viva voce
(iv) Third reading viva voce
(b) Public bills in numerical order. Senate bills first
(i) Third reading roll call and electronic
voting system votes
(ii) Second reading roll call and electronic
voting system votes
(iii) Second reading viva voce
(iv) Third reading viva voce
\\. Conduct of Debate
RULE 8. President to maintain order. — The President shall have general direction of
the Hall of the Senate and shall be authorized to take such action as is necessary to
maintain order, and in case of any disturbance or disorderly conduct in the galleries or
lobbies, he shall have the power to order those areas cleared.
RULE 9. Substitution for President. — The President shall have the right to call on
any member to perform the duties of the Chair, but substitution shall not extend be-
yond one day.
RULE 10. Points of order. — (a) The President shall preserve order and decorum and
proceed with the business of the Senate according to the rules adopted. He shall decide
all questions of order, subject to an appeal to the Senate by any member, on which ap-
peal no member shall speak more than once unless by leave of the Senate. A two-thirds
vote of the membership of the Senate is necessary to sustain any appeal from the ruling
of the Chair.
(b) In the event the Senate Rules do not provide for, or cover any point of order
raised by any Senator, the rules of the United States House of Representatives shall
govern.
(c) When a Senator is called to order he shall take his seat until the President de-
termines whether he was in order or not; if decided to be out of order, he shall not pro-
ceed without the permission of the Senate; and every question of order shall be decided
The Legislative Branch 337
by the President, subject to an appeal to the Senate by any Senator; and if a Senator is
called to order for words spoken, the words excepted to shall be immediately taken
down in writing, that the President or Senate may be better able to judge the matter.
RULE 1 1 . Debating and voting by Lieutenant Governor. — The Lieutenant Governor,
as President of the Senate, being a Constitutional Officer shall not have the right to de-
bate any question or to address the Senate upon any proposition unless by permission
of the majority of members present, and shall have the right to vote only when there is a
tie vote upon any question or election.
RULE 12. Obtaining recognition. — (a) When any Senator is about to speak in debate
or deliver any matter to the Senate, he shall rise from his seat and respectfully address
the President. No member shall speak further until recognized by the President, and
when two or more members rise at the same time, the President shall name the member
to speak.
(b) A Senator who has the floor may yield the floor to another Senator only for the
purpose of allowing another Senator to state a question. Only the Chair may award the
floor to any Senator for the purposes of allowing that Senator to engage in general de-
bate.
(c) A senator who has obtained the floor may be interrupted only for the following
reasons:
1. a request that the member speaking yield for a question,
2. a point of order, or
3. a parliamentary inquiry.
RULE 13. Recognition for extending courtesies. — (a) Courtesies of the floor and
galleries shall be extended only by the President on his own motion or upon the written
request of a member of the Senate to former members of the General Assembly or to
distinguished visitors.
(b) Members may designate Honorary Pages by a statement delivered to the Principal
Clerk who will have a certificate issued therefor.
(c) The President may upon written request at intervals between various orders of
business extend courtesies to schools or other special large groups visiting in the gal-
leries while they are present, and the President shall, at such times as he deems ap-
propriate, express to those visitors in the galleries the pleasure of the Senate for their
presence.
RULE 14. Limitations on individual debate. — (a) No Senator shall speak on the same
day more than twice on the main question, nor longer than thirty minutes for the first
speech and fifteen minutes for the second speech. No senator shall speak on the same
day more than once on an amendment or a motion to reconsider, commit, appeal or
postpone, and then no longer than ten minutes.
(b) By permission of the President any member of the Senate may address the Senate
from the well of the senate for the purpose of explaining a bill or of giving an invoca-
tion.
RULE 15. Priority of business. — All questions relating to priority of business shall
be decided without debate.
338 North Carolina Manual
RULE 16. Reading of papers. — When the reading of a paper, other than a petition, is
called for, and any Senator objects to the reading, the question shall be determined by
the Senate without debate.
RULE 17. General decorum. — (a) Male Senators and male visitors shall uncover
their heads upon entering the Senate Chamber while the Senate is in session and shall
continue uncovered during their continuance in the Chamber, unless one's religion re-
quires his head to be covered.
(b) No remark reflecting personally upon the action of any Senator shall be in order
upon the floor of the Senate unless preceded by a motion or resolution of censure.
(c) When the President is putting a question, or a division by counting is in progress,
no Senator shall walk out of or across the Chamber, nor when a Senator is speaking,
pass between him and the President.
(d) When a motion to adjourn or for recess is affirmatively determined, no member
or officer shall leave his place until adjournment or recess is declared by the President.
(e) Smoking shall not be allowed in the galleries of the Senate during sessions.
(f) No remark soliciting the donation of funds for the support of any person or or-
ganization shall be in order upon the fioor of the Senate, unless the remark has some
relevance to a bill or resolution before the body. No article of any kind soliciting busi-
ness or donations may be placed by any person anywhere in the Senate Chamber or in
any Senate office.
(g) Food or beverage shall not be permitted in the Senate Chamber, either on the
fioor or in the galleries: however, after the Senate has remained in session for a period of
two hours, food and beverage shall be allowed upon the floor of the Senate.
(h) Reading of newspapers, magazines, periodicals or books shall not be acceptable
while the Senate is in session.
in. Motions
RULE 18. Motions generally. — All motions shall be reduced to writing, if desired by
the President or a Senator, delivered at the table, and read by the President or Reading
Clerk before the same are debated; but any motion may be withdrawn by the introducer
at any time before decision or amendment. No motion relating to a bill shall be in order
which does not identify the bill by its number and short title. Except as otherwise speci-
ficially provided in these rules, no second is required.
RULE 19. Motions; order of precedence. — When a question is before the Senate no
motion shall be received except those herein specified, which motions shall have prece-
dence as follows:
(1) To adjourn.
(2) To lay on the table.
(3) For the previous question.
(4) To postpone indefinitely.
(5) To postpone to a certain day.
(6) To commit to a standing committee.
(7) To commit to a select committee.
(8) To amend.
(9) To substitute.
The Legislative Branch 339
RULE 20. Motions requiring a second. — The motions to adjourn, to lay on the table,
and to call for the previous question, shall be seconded and decided without debate,
and the motion to adjourn shall always be in order when made by a Senator entitled to
the floor.
RULE 21. Motions to postpone to certain day and to commit. — The respective
motions to postpone to a certain day, or to commit to a standing or select committee,
shall preclude debate on the main question.
RULE 22. (Reserved for future use)
RULE 23. Motion for previous question. — The previous question shall be as follows:
"Shall the main question be now put?" and until it is decided shall preclude all amend-
ments and debate. If this question is decided in the affirmative, the "main question"
shall be on the passage of the bill, resolution, or other matter under consideration; but
when amendments are pending, the question shall be taken upon such amendments in
their inverse order, without further debate or amendment: Provided, that no one shall
move the previous question except the chairman of the committee submitting the report
on the bill or other matter under consideration, or the member introducing the bill or
other matter under consideration or the member in charge of the measure, who shall be
designated by the chairman of the committee reporting the same to the Senate at the
time the bill or other matter under consideration is reported to the Senate or taken up
for consideration.
RULE 24. Motion to reconsider. — When a question has been once put and decided,
any Senator who voted in the majority may move to reconsideration thereof; but no
motion for the reconsideration of any vote shall be in order after the bill, resolution,
message, report, amendment, or motion upon which the vote was taken has gone out of
the possession of the Senate; nor shall any motion for reconsideration be in order unless
made on the same day or in the next following legislative day on which the vote pro-
posed to be reconsidered took place, unless the motion is made by the Committee on
Rules and Operation of the Senate for verbal or grammatical errors in the bills, when
the motion may be made at any time: Provided, that when the next legislative day has by
motion of the Senate, been restricted as to matters which may be considered, a motion
to reconsider shall be in order on the next succeeding day upon which regular business is
conducted. No question shall be reconsidered more than once.
IV. Voting
RULE 25. Use of electronic voting system. — (a) Votes on the following questions
shall be taken on the electronic voting system, and the ayes and noes shall be recorded
on the Journal:
(1) All questions on which the Constitution of North Carolina requires that the ayes
and noes be taken and recorded on the Journal.
(2) All questions on which a call for the ayes and noes under Rule 26(b) has been sus-
tained.
(3) Both second and third readings of bills proposing amendment of the Constitution
of North Carolina.
340 North Carouna Manual
(b) Votes on thns Committee on General Government, Appropriations Committee on
Justice and Public Safety, Appropriations Committee on Natural and Economic Re-
sources and Wildlife, or the Committee on Base Budget for a report back to the Com-
mittee on Appropriations.
RULE 42. References of appropriations and finance bills. — All bills introduced in the
Senate providing for appropriations from the State, or any subdivision thereof, shall,
before being considered by the Senate, be referred to the Committee on Appropriations,
and bills referred to other committees carrying any such provisions shall be reported to
the Senate as being bills to be referred to the Appropriations Committee before proper
action may be taken by the Senate. All bills introduced in the Senate providing for bond
issues, levying taxes, or in any manner affecting the taxing power of the State or any
subdivision thereof, shall, before being considered by the Senate, be referred to the
Committee on Finance, and bills referred to other committees carrying any such pro-
visions shall be reported to the Senate as being bills to be referred to the Finance Com-
mittee before proper action may be taken by the Senate.
RULE 42. 1 . Fiscal notes. — (a) The Chairman or Vice-Chairman of the Appropria-
tions Committee, of the Finance Committee or of the Rules Committee, or of the Ways
and Means Committee, upon the floor of the Senate, may request that a fiscal analysis
be made of a bill, resolution or an amendment to a bill or resolution which is in the pos-
session of the Senate and that a fiscal note be attached to the measure, when in the opin-
ion of that Chairman or Vice-Chairman the fiscal effects of that measure are not ap-
parent from the language of the measure.
(b) The fiscal note shall be filed and attached to the bill or amendment within two leg-
islative days of the request. If it is impossible to prepare a fiscal note within two legisla-
tive days, the Director of Fiscal Research shall, in writing, so advise the Presiding Of-
ficer, the Principal Clerk, and the member introducing or proposing the measure and
shall indicate the time when the fiscal note will be ready.
(c) The fiscal note shall be prepared by the Fiscal Research Division on a form ap-
proved by the Rules Committee as to content and form and signed by the staff member
RULE 42. References of appropriations and finance bills. — All bills introduced in the
Senate providing for appropriations from the State, or any subdivision thereof, shall,
before being considered by the Senate, be referred to the Commiittee on Appropriations,
346 North Carouna Manual
and bills referred to other committees carrying any such provisions shall be reported to
the Senate as being bills to be referred to the Appropriations Committee before proper
action may be taken by the Senate. All bills introduced in the Senate providing for bond
issues, levying taxes, or in any manner affecting the taxing power of the State or any
subdivision thereof, shall, before being considered by the Senate, be referred to the
Committee on Finance, and bills referred to other committees carrying any such pro-
visions shall be reported to the Senate as being bills to be referred to the Finance Com-
mittee before proper action may be taken by the Senate.
RULE 42. 1 . Fiscal notes. — (a) The chairman or co-chairman or vice-chairman of the
Appropriations Committee, of the Finance Committee or of the Rules Committee, or of
the Ways and Means Committee, upon the floor of the Senate, may request that a fiscal
analysis be made of a bill, resolution or an amendment to a bill or resolution which is in
the possession of the Senate and that a fiscal note be attached to the measure, when in
the opinion of that Chairman or Vice-Chairman the fiscal effects of that measure are
not apparent from the language of the measure.
(b) The fiscal note shall be filed and attached to the bill or amendment within two
legislative days of the request. If it is impossible to prepare a fiscal note within two legis-
lative days, the Director of Fiscal Research shall, in writing, so advise the Presiding Of-
ficer, the Principal Clerk, and the member introducing or proposing the measure and
shall indicate the time when the fiscal note will be ready.
(c) The fiscal note shall be prepared by the Fiscal Research Division on a form ap-
proved by the Rules Committee as to content and form and signed by the staff member
or members preparing it. If no estimate in dollars is possible, the fiscal note shall indi-
cate the reasons that no estimate is provided. The fiscal note shall not comment on the
merit but may identify technical problems. The Fiscal Research Division shall make the
fiscal note available to the membership of the Senate.
(d) A sponsor of a bill or amendment may deliver a copy of his bill or amendment to
the Fiscal Research Division for the preparation of a fiscal note. Prior to the filing of
the bill or proposing of the amendment, the Fiscal Research Division, except to the
sponsor, shall keep in confidence the identity of the sponsor. The sponsor shall attach
the fiscal note to the bill when he files the bill or to the amendment when he moves its
adoption.
(e) The sponsor of a bill or amendment to which a fiscal note is attached who objects
to the estimates and information provided may reduce to writing his objections. These
objections shall be appended to the fiscal note attached to the bill or amendment and to
the copies of the fiscal note available to the membership.
(0 Subsection (a) of this rule shall not apply to the current operations appropriations
bill or the capital improvements appropriations bill. This rule shall not apply to a bill or
amendment requiring an actuarial note under these rules.
RULE 42.2. Actuarial notes. — (a) Every bill or resolution proposing any change in
the law relative to any State-administered retirement or pension system shall have at-
tached to it at the time of its consideration by any committee a brief explanatory state-
ment or note which shall include a reliable estimate of the financial and actuarial effect
of the proposed change to that retirement or pension system. The actuarial note shall be
attached to the jacket of each proposed bill or resolution which is reported favorably by
The Legislative Branch 347
any committee, shall be separate therefrom, and shall be clearly designated as an
actuarial note.
(b) The sponsor of the bill or resolution shall present a copy of the measure, with his
request for an actuarial note, to the Fiscal Research Division which shall prepare the
actuarial note as promptly as possible but not later than two weeks after the request is
made. Actuarial notes shall be prepared in the order of receipt of request and shall be
transmitted to the sponsor of the measure. The actuarial note of the Fiscal Research
Division shall be prepared and signed by an actuary.
(c) The sponsor of the bill or resolution shall also present a copy of the measure to
the chief administrative officer of the retirement or pension system affected by the
measure. The chief administrative officer shall have an actuarial note prepared by the
system's actuary on the measure and shall transmit the note to the sponsor of the
measure not later than two weeks after the request is received. The actuarial note shall
be attached to the jacket of the measure.
(d) The note shall be factual and shall, if possible, provide a reliable estimate of both
the immediate effect and, if determinable, the long range fiscal and actuarial effect of
the measure. If, after careful investigation, it is determined that no dollar estimate is
possible, the note shall contain a statement to that effect, setting forth the reasons why
no dollar estimate can be given. No comment or opinion shall be included in the
actuarial note with regard to the merits of the measure for which the note is prepared.
Technical and mechanical defects in the measure may be noted.
(e) When any committee reports a measure to which an actuarial note is attached at
the time of committee consideration, with any amendment of such nature as would sub-
stantially affect the cost to or the revenues of any retirement or pension system, the
chairman of the committee reporting the measure shall obtain from the Fiscal Research
Division an actuarial note of the fiscal and actuarial effect of the proposed amendment.
The actuarial note shall be attached to the jacket of the measure. An amendment to any
bill or resolution shall not be in order if the amendment affects the costs to or the reve-
nues of a State-administered retirement or pension system, unless the amendment is ac-
companied by an actuarial note, prepared by the Fiscal Research Division, as to the
actuarial effect of the amendment.
(f) The Fiscal Research Division shall make all relevant actuarial notes available to
the membership of the Senate.
RULE 42.3 Assessment reports. — Every legislative proposal introduced in the Senate
proposing the establishment of an occupational or professional licensing board or a
study for the need to establish such a board shall have attached to the jacket of the
original bill at the time of its consideration on second or third readings by the Senate or
by any committee of the Senate prior to a favorable report, an assessment report from
the Legislative Committee on New Occupational and Professional Licensing Boards,
pursuant to Article 18 of Chapter 120 of the General Statutes. The assessment report
shall not constitute any part of the expression of legislative intent proposed by the for-
mation of a licensing board. Upon receipt of the request the Legislative Committe on
New Occupational and Professional Licensing Boards shall prepare and return the as-
sessment report as soon as possible but not later than 60 days, reserving the right to ex-
tend this time to 90 days. A supplementary report shall be prepared and submitted to
the requesting Senator not later than 30 days after the receipt of the request.
348 North Carolina Manual
RULE 43. First reading: reference to committee. — All bills filed, upon presentation
to the Senate, shall be read in regular order of business by their number and title which
shall constitute the first reading of the bill and unless otherwise disposed of, the Presi-
dent or Presiding Officer shall announce the referral of the document. The title and re-
ferral shall be entered on the Journal.
RULE 44. Bills to receive three readings. — Every bill shall receive three readings
previous to being passed, and the President shall give notice at each whether it be the
first, second, or third. After the first reading, unless a motion is made by some Senator,
the President shall refer the bill to an appropriate committee. No bill shall be amended
upon the floor of the Senate until it has been twice read. Senate simple resolutions shall
not require three readings.
RULE 44. 1 Vote required on public bills or resolutions jiled ajter May 15. — No public
bill or resolution filed in either house, after May 15, shall pass either its second or third
readings unless voted on affirmatively by two-thirds (2/3) of the membership of the
Senate. This sub-section shall not apply to a bill or resolution proposing adjournment,
an emergency appropriation, continuance and/or expansion of the State budget, or
changes in State revenues; proposing or ratifying a constitutional amendment; or calling
for a constitutional convention.
RULE 45. Reports of committees. — Every Senator presenting a report of a com-
mittee shall endorse the report with the name of the committee and, in case of a
minority report, with the names of the members making the report. The report of the
committee shall show that a majority of the committee were present and voted. Every
report of the committee upon a bill or resolution shall stand upon the general orders
with the bill or resolution. No committee shall report a bill or resolution without preju-
dice.
RULE 45.1. Action on amendment before re-referral. — If any committee recom-
mends adoption of an amendment or committee substitute of a bill which, under the
rules of the Senate must be referred to the Committee on Appropriations or Committee
on Finance, the amendment or committee substitute shall be considered and, if
adopted, the amendment or substitute engrossed before the bill is re-referred.
RULE 46. Unfavorable report by committee. — (a) All bills reported unfavorably by
the committee to which they were referred, and having no minority report, shall lie
upon the table, but may be taken from the table, and placed upon the calendar by a two-
thirds vote of the membership of the Senate.
(b) When a bill is reported by a committee with an unfavorable report, but accom-
panied by a minority report, signed by at least three members of the committee who
were present and who voted on the bill when the bill was considered in committee, then
the minority report shall be placed on the calendar and considered the following day,
and the question before the Senate shall be "The adoption of the Minority Report". If
the minority report is adopted by a majority vote, the bill shall be placed upon the
calendar; if the minority report is not adopted, the bill shall lie upon the table.
RULE 47. Recall of bill from committee. — When a bill has been introduced and re-
ferred to a committee, if after 10 days the committee has failed to report thereon, then
the author of the bill may, after three days' public notice given in the Senate and de-
The Legislative Branch 349
livered in writing to the chairman of the committee, on motion supported by a vote of
two-thirds of the membership of the Senate, recall the bill from the committee to the
floor of the Senate for consideration and such action thereon as a majority of the Sena-
tors present may direct. This rule shall not be temporarily suspended without one day's
notice on the motion given in the Senate and delivered in writing to the chairman of the
committee and to sustain that motion two-thirds of the membership of the Senate shall
be required.
RULE 48. Calendar; order to be followed. — The President and the Principal Clerk of
the Senate shall see that all bills are acted upon by the Senate in the order in which they
stand upon the calendar, unless otherwise ordered as hereinafter provided. The publish-
ed calendar shall include all bills reported favorably from committees, or reported with
a minority report attached, or placed on the calendar on motion: Provided, that the pub-
lished local calendar may carry the number of each bill, the county or counties referred
to, and an abbreviated statement of the title of the bill.
RULE 49. Considering bills out of regular order. — Except as provided in Rule 50, any
bill or other matter may be taken up out of order upon order of the President or upon
motion sustained by a majority of the membership of the Senate.
RULE 50. Third reading requirements. — No bill on its third reading shall be acted
upon out of the regular order in which it stands on the calendar, and no bill shall be act-
ed upon on its third reading the same day on which it passed its second reading, unless
so ordered by two-thirds of the membership of the Senate.
RULE 5 1 . Special orders. — Any bill or other matter may be made a special order for
a particular day or hour by a vote of the majority of the Senators voting, and if action
on the bill is not completed on that day, it shall be returned to its place on the calendar,
unless it is made a special order for another day: and when a special order is under con-
sideration it shall take precedence over any special order or subsequent order for the
day, but such subsequent order may be taken up immediately after the previous special
order has been disposed of.
RULE 52. Procedure when necessary number of Senators not present. — If, on taking
the question on a bill, it appears that a constitutional quorum is not present, or if the
bill requires a vote of a certain proportion of all the Senators to pass it, and it appears
that such number is not present, the bill shall be again read and the question taken
thereon; if the bill fails a second time for the want of the necessary number being present
and voting, the bill shall not be finally lost, but shall be returned to the calendar in its
proper order.
RULE 53. Effect of defeated bill. — (a) After a bill has been tabled, has failed to pass
on any of its readings, or has been placed on the unfavorable calendar, the contents of
such bill or the principal provisions of its subject matter shall not be embodied in any
other measure. Upon the point of order being raised and sustained by the Chair, such
measure shall be laid upon the table, and shall not be taken therefrom except by a vote
of two-thirds of the qualified membership of the Senate: Provided, no local bill shall be
held by the Chair as embodying the provisions, or being identical with any statewide
measure which has been laid upon the table or failed to pass any of its readings.
350 North Carolina Manual
(b) When a bill has been postponed indefinitely by the Senate, the bill shall lie upon
the table, and shall not be taken therefrom except by a vote of two-thirds of the mem-
bership of the Senate.
RULE 54. Taking bill from table. — No bill which has been laid upon the table shall
be taken therefrom except by a vote of two-thirds of the Senators present.
RULE 54.1. Bill title. — The title of each bill shall adequately and fairly reflect its
subject matter.
RULE 55. Amending titles of bills. — When a bill is materially modified or the scope
of its application extended or decreased, or if the county, or counties, to which it applies
is changed, the title of the bill shall be changed by the Senator introducing the bill or by
the committee having it in charge, or by the Principal Clerk, so as to indicate the full
purport of the bill as amended and the county or counties to which it applies.
RULE 56. Corrections of typographical errors in bills. — The Enrolling Clerk is au-
thorized to make corrections of typographical errors in the text of bills at any time prior
to ratification. Before the correction is made, the Enrolling Clerk shall have the approv-
al of the Chairman of the Committee on Rules and Operation of the Senate.
RULE 57. Conference committees. — Whenever the Senate declines or refuses to con-
cur in amendments put by the House to a bill originating in the Senate, or refuses to
adopt a substitute adopted by the House for a bill originating in the Senate, a confer-
ence committee shall be appointed upon motion and the bill under consideration shall
thereupon go to and be considered by the joint conferees on the part of the Senate and
House. In considering matters in difference between the Senate and House committed
to the conferees, only such matters as are in difference between the two houses shall be
considered by the conferees, and the conference report shall deal only with such mat-
ters. The conference report shall not be amended. Except as herein set out, the rules of
the United States House of Representatives shall govern the appointment, conduct, and
reports of the conferees.
RULE 57. 1 . Amendments and committee substitutes adopted by the House to bills origi-
nating in the Senate. — (a) Whenever the House has adopted an amendment or a com-
mittee substitute for a bill originating in the Senate, and has returned the bill to the Sen-
ate for concurrence in that amendment or committee substitute, the Senate may not
concur in that amendment or committee substitute until the next legislative day follow-
ing the day on which the Senate receives that measure.
(b) The Presiding Officer may, and upon motion supported by a majority of the Sen-
ate present and voting, shall refer the bill to an appropriate committee for consideration
of the amendment or committee substitute.
(c) The Presiding Officer shall, in placing the bill on the calendar, rule whether the
amendment or committee substitute is a material amendment under Article II, Section
23, of the State's Constitution. If the measure was referred to committee, the committee
shall:
(i.) report the bill with the recommendation either that the Senate concur or that
the Senate do not concur: and
(ii.) advise the presiding officer as to whether or not the amendment or commit-
tee substitute is a material amendment under Article II, Section 23, of the
State's Constitution.
The Legislative Branch 351
(d) If the amendment or committee substitute for a bill is not a material amendment,
the question before the Senate shall be concurrence.
(e) If the amendment or committee substitute for a bill is a material amendment, the
receiving of that bill on messages shall constitute first reading and the question before
the house shall be concurrence on second reading. If the motion is passed, the question
then shall be concurrence on third reading on the next legislative day.
(0 No committee substitute adopted by the House to a bill originating in the Senate
may be amended by the Senate.
RULE 58. Certification of passage of bills. — The Principal Clerk shall certify the pas-
sage of bills by the Senate, with the date thereof, together with the fact whether passed
by vote of three-fifths or two-thirds of the Senate, whenever such vote may be required
by the Constitution or laws of the State.
RULE 59. Transmittal of bills to House. — No bill shall be sent from the Senate on
the day of its passage except on the last day of the session, unless otherwise ordered by a
vote of two-thirds of the membership of the Senate.
RULE 59.1. Engrossment. — Bills and resolutions, except those making appropria-
tions, which originate in the Senate and which are amended shall be engrossed before
being sent to the House.
VII. Legislative Officers and Employees
RULE 60. Pages. — The President of the Senate shall appoint pages. The President,
or such person as he may designate, shall supervise the pages and assign to them their
duties. Each page shall be at least 14 years of age.
RULE 61. Sergeants-at-Arms. — (a) There shall be 14 positions of Assistant
Sergeants-at-Arms to be appointed by the Sergeant-at-Arms who are to work under his
supervision and to be assigned such duties and powers as he shall direct.
(b) The Sergeant-at-Arms shall be responsible for the safety of the members and em-
ployees of the Senate while in the Senate Chamber, or any place in which the Senate or
its committees are in session.
(c) The Sergeant-at-Arms shall serve all warrants and subpoenas issued by orders of
the Senate and signed by the President of the Senate, and said warrants and subpoenas
shall be returnable to the Principal Clerk of the Senate.
RULE 62. Principal Clerk's staff. — The Principal Clerk of the Senate shall employ
all necessary employees and clerks required to carry out the duties of his office. The
Principal Clerk shall have supervision and control, and shall assign such duties and
powers as he shall direct to his employees and clerks.
RULE 63. Committee Clerks and Secretaries. — (a) Each committee shall have a
clerk. The clerk to a committee shall serve as secretary to the chairman of that com-
mittee.
(b) Each member shall be assigned a secretary, unless he has a committee clerk to
serve as his secretary.
(c) The selection of said clerk and/or secretary shall be the prerogative of the indi-
352 North Carouna Manual
vidual member. Such clerks and secretaries shall file initial applications for employment
with the Supervisor of Clerks and shall receive compensation as prescribed by the Legis-
lative Services Commission. The employment period of clerks and secretaries shall
comply with the period as established by the Legislative Services Commission unless
employment for an extended period is approved by the President Pro Tempore. The
clerks and secretaries shall adhere to such uniform regulations and other conditions of
employment (including retention) under the direction of the Supervisor of Clerks as the
Committee on Rules and Operation of the Senate shall adopt.
(d) The Supervisor of Clerks and any assistants shall be appointed by the President of
the Senate.
RULE 64. Senate Journal. — The Principal Clerk shall prepare and be responsible for
the Journal. The Committee on Rules and Operation of the Senate shall examine the
Journal to determine if the proceedings of the previous day have been correctly re-
corded.
RULE 65. (Reserved for future addition to rules.)
VIIL General Rules
RULE 66. President to sign papers. — All acts, addresses and resolutions, and all war-
rants and subpoenas issued by order of the Senate shall be signed by the President or by
the President Pro Tempore presiding in his absence.
RULE 67. Admission to the floor of the Senate. — No person except members of the
Senate, members of the House of Representatives, staff of the General Assembly;
Judges of the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals, and Superior Courts; the Governor
and members of the Council of State; former members of the General Assembly; and
persons particularly invited and extended the privileges of the floor by the President
shall be admitted to the floor of the Senate during its session. No registered lobbyist
shall be admitted to the floor of the Senate or Senate Chamber while the Senate is in ses-
sion.
RULE 68. Privileges of the floor. — Any group or individual other than members of
the Senate who desires to make remarks upon the floor of the Senate will first obtain ap-
proval of the Committee on Rules and Operation of the Senate.
RULE 69. News media. — The President is authorized to assign area and equipment
on the floor of the Senate for the use of the representatives of news media; and the Presi-
dent shall provide regulations for the operation of the representatives of the news media
on the floor of the Senate.
RULE 70. Absence without leave. — No Senator or officer of the Senate shall depart
the service of the Senate without leave, or receive pay as a Senator or officer for the time
he is absent without leave.
RULE 71. Placing material on Senators' desks. — Any person other than a member of
the Senate desiring to place articles of any kind on or about desks in the Senate
Chamber or in the offices of the members of the Senate shall make written application
to, and obtain written approval from the Principal Clerk.
RULE 72. Assignment of seats; offices. — (a) The President Pro Tempore of the Sen-
The Legislative Branch 353
ate shall assign seats in the Senate Chamber to the members elected. In making such as-
signments, each member elected to the immediate preceding session of the Senate shall
be entitled to the seat occupied by him or to his selection of any other seat vacated. The
President Pro Tempore, when assigning seats, shall give preferential consideration to
the respective members according to the length of service which each member has
rendered in the Senate. No incumbent appointed to fill an unexpired term in the im-
mediate preceding session shall retain the seat if requested by a Senator elected to said
Session.
(b) Not later than two days after initial committee assignments become final, the
President Pro Tempore of the Senate is authorized to make assignments of committee
rooms and offices to designated committees, chairmen, and members of the Senate. The
office adjacent to any committee room assigned to a principal committee by the Presi-
dent Pro Tempore shall be automatically assigned to the chairman of the principal com-
mittee. In making such assignments of individual offices, the President Pro Tempore
shall give preferential consideration to the respective members according to the length
of service which each member has rendered in the Senate.
RULE 73. Administrative rules and regulations involving Senate employees. — All ad-
ministrative rules, regulations and orders involving all individuals employed to perform
duties for the Senate, other than those appointed by the Principal Clerk and the
Sergeant-at-Arms, shall be first approved by the Committee on Rules and Operation of
the Senate.
RULE 74. Notice of public hearings. — Notice shall be given not less than five
calendar days prior to public hearings. Such notices shall be issued as information for
the press and the information shall be posted in the places designated by the Principal
Clerk.
RULE 75. Public hearings, filing of written statements. — Persons desiring to appear
and be heard at a public hearing are encouraged to file with the chairman of the com-
mittee a brief or a written statement of the remarks to be made at least 24 hours before
the time of the hearing.
RULE 76. Voting in joint sessions. — When any Senate Committee sits jointly with
the House Committee, the Senate Committee reserves the right to vote separately from
the House Committee.
RULE 77. Alterations, suspension or rescission of rules. — (a) These rules may not be
permanently rescinded or altered except by Senate simple resolution passed by a two-
thirds vote of the membership of the Senate. The introducer of the resolution must, on
the fioor of the Senate, give notice of his intent to introduce the resolution on the legis-
lative day preceding its introduction.
(b) Except as otherwise provided herein, the Senate, upon two-thirds (2/3) vote of
the membership of the Senate, may temporarily suspend any of these rules.
The Legislative Branch
355
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CLERKS
SPEAKER
CLERKS
The Legislative Branch 357
1985 NORTH CAROLINA HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Officers
Speaker Liston B. Ramsey
Speaker Pro Tern John J. Hunt
Minority Leader Betsy L. Cochrane
Principal Clerk Grace A. CoUins
Reading Clerk Sam J. Burrow, Jr.
Sergeant-at-Arms Larry P. Eagles
Representatives
Name County Oist. Address Seat
AUran, Austin M. (R) Catawba 45th Hickory 97
Anderson, Gerald L Craven 3rd New Bern 19
Ballance, Frank W., Jr Warren 7th Warrenlon 45
Barbee, Allen C Nash 72nd Spring Hope 20
Barker, Chris S., Jr Craven 3rd New Bern 1
Barnes, Anne C Orange 24th Chapel Hill 70
Barnhill, Howard C Mecklenburg 60th Charlotte 55
Beall, Charles W Haywood 52nd Clyde 18
Beard, R. D Cumberland 18th Fayetteville 30
Blue, Daniel T., Jr Wake 21st Raleigh 80
Bowman, J. Fred Alamance 25th Burlington 53
Boyd, William T. (R) Randolph 30th Asheboro 1 14
Brannan, George W Johnston 20th Smithfield 58
Brawley, C. Robert (R) Iredell 43rd Mooresville 100
Brinkley, L. M Hertford 6th Ahoskie 67
Brown, John Waher(R) Wilkes 41st Elkin Ill
Brubaker, Harold J. (R) Randolph 38th Asheboro 1 17
Buchanan, Charles F. (R) Mitchell 46th Green Mountain 89
Bumgardner, David W., Jr Gaston 44th Belmont 47
Chalk, Richard E. (R) Guilford 28th High Point 77
Chapin, Howard B Beaufort 2nd Washington 50
Church, John T Vance 22nd Henderson 9
Clark, William E Cumberland 18th Fayetteville 44
Cochrane, Betsy L. (R) Davie 37th Advance 104
Cole, James M. (R) Watauga 40th Boone 1 10
Colton, Marie W Buncombe 51st Asheville 51
Craven, James M. (R) Moore 31st Pinebluff 86
Crawford, James W., Jr Granville 22nd Oxford 36
Crawford, Narvel J., Jr Buncombe 51st Asheville 63
Creecy, C. Melvin Northampton 5th Rich Square 68
Cromer, Charles L. (R) Davidson 37th Thomasville 106
Dawkins, Donald M Richmond 32nd Rockingham 84
Decker, Michael (R) Forsyth 29th Walkertown 76
DeVane, Daniel H Hoke 16th Raeford 28
Diamont, David Hunter Surry 40th Pilot Mountain 42
Duncan, Ann Q. (R) Forsyth 39th Pfafftown 92
Easterling, Ruth M Mecklenburg 58th Charlotte 5
Edwards, C. R Cumberland 17th Fayetteville 29
Enloe, Jeff H., Jr Macon 53rd Franklin 61
Esposito, Theresa H. (R) Forsyth 39th Winston-Salem 91
Etheridge. Bobby R Harnett 19th Lillington 35
Etheridge, Larry E. (R) Wilson 71st Wilson 32
Ethridge, Bruce Onslow 4th Swansboro 34
•Democrat unless indicated otherwise
358 North Carolina Manual
Name* County Dist. Address Seat
Evans, Charles D Dare 1st Nags Head 37
Fitch, Milton F., Jr Wilson 70th Wilson 31
Fletcher, Ray C Burke 47th Valdese 59
Foster, Jo Graham Mecklenburg 56th Charlotte 6
Fussell, Aaron E Wake 65th Raleigh 10
Gardner, Charlotte A. (R) Rowan 35th Salisbury 101
Gist, Herman C Guilford 26th Greensboro 74
Greenwood, Gordon H Buncombe 51st Black Mountain 64
Hackney, Joe Orange 24th Chapel Hill 69
Hall, A. M New Hanover 13th Wilmington 73
Hall, Marshall (R) Stokes 40th King 98
Hasty, John Calvin Robeson 16th Maxton 15
Hauser, C. B Forsyth 67th Winston-Salem 33
Hcge, Joe H., Jr. (R) Davidson 37th Lexington 105
Hightower, Foyle R., Jr Anson 33rd Wadesboro 46
Holmes, George M. (R) Yadkin 41st Hamptonville 1 19
Holroyd, Casper Wake 61st Raleigh 81
Holt, Bertha M Alamance 25th Burlington 66
Hudson, Joe R Union 34th Waxhaw 60
Huffman, Doris R. (R) Catawba 45th Newton 1 15
Hughes, James F. (R) Avery 46th Linville 1 13
Hunt, John J Cleveland 48th Lattimore 23
Hunter, Robert C McDowell 49th Marion 62
Hurst, Gerald B. (R) Onslow 4th Jacksonville 118
James, Vernon G Pasquotank 1st Elizabeth City 24
Jeralds, Luther R Cumberland 17th Fayetteville 41
Jones, Walter B., Jr Pitt 9th Farmville 3
Justus, Larry T. (R) Henderson 50th Hendersonville 108
Keesee-Forrester,
Margaret P. (R) Guilford 27th Greensboro 109
Kennedy, Annie Brown Forsyth 66th Winston-Salem 21
Lancaster, H. Martin Wayne J 1th Goldsboro 26
Ligon, Bradford V. (R) Rowan 35th Salisbury 102
Lilley, Daniel T Lenoir 3rd Kinston 2
Lineberry, Albert S Guilford 27th Greensboro 75
Locks, Sidney A Robeson 16th Lumberton 16
Lutz, Edith Ledford Cleveland 48th Lawndale 12
Mavretic, Josephus L Edgecombe 8th Tarboro 49
McAlister, Robert L Rockingham 25th Ruffin 65
McDowell, Timothy HJ Alamance 25th Mebane 54
McLaughlin, John B Mecklenburg 54th Newell 39
Michaux, H. M., Jr Durham 23rd Durham 57
Miller, George W., Jr Durham 69th Durham 43
Mothershead, C. Ivan (R) Mecklenburg 55th Charlotte 88
Murphy, Wendell H Duplin 10th Rose Hill 72
Nesbitt, Martin L Buncombe 51st Asheville 52
Noles, David J. (R) Lincoln 44th Lincolnton 95
Nye. Edd Bladen 12th Elizabethtown 14
Owens, Charles Rutherford 48th Forest City 1 1
Payne, Harry E., Jr New Hanover 13th Wilmington 85
Pool, Murray P Sampson 12th Clinton 40
Privette, Coy C. (R) Cabarrus 34th Kannapolis 1 12
Pulley, W. Paul Durham 68th Durham 38
Quinn, Dwight W Cabarrus 34th Kannapolis 7
Ramsey, Liston B Madison 52nd Marshall **
The Legislative Branch 359
Name* County Dist. Address Seat
Redwine, E. David Brunswick 14th Shallotte 13
Rhodes, Frank E. (R) Forsyth 39th Winston-Salem 107
Rhyne, Johnathan L., Jr. (R) Lincoln 44th Lincolnton 96
Richardson, James F Mecklenburg 59th Charlotte 56
Robinson, George S. (R) Caldwell 46th Lenoir 99
Sizemore, Frank J., ill (R) Guilford 27th Greensboro 1 16
Sparrow, J. Ray Wake 62nd Cary 82
Spoon, L. P. (R) Mecklenburg 57th Charlotte 103
Stamey, Margaret Wake 63rd Raleigh 79
Tallent, Timothy N. (R) Cabarrus 34th Concord 90
Tyndall, J. Paul Onslow 4th Jackson\ille 71
Tyson, Henry M Cumberland 18th Fayetteville 17
Walker, Lois S. (R) Iredell 42nd Statesville 93
Warren, Edward N Pitt 9th Greenville 4
Warren, Raymond (R) Mecklenburg 36th Charlotte 87
Watkins, William T Granville 22nd Oxford 48
Wicker, Dennis A Lee 19th Sanford 22
Wmdley, Walter H. (R) Gaston 44th Gastonia 94
Wiser, Betty H Wake 64th Raleigh 83
Wood, Stephen W. (R) Guilford 28th High Point 78
Woodard, Barney Paul Johnston 20th Princeton 8
Woodard, Charles D Wayne 1 1th Goldsboro 27
Wright, Richard Columbus 15th Tabor City 25
Hunt, R. Samual, ill- Alamance 25th Burlington 54
'McDouL'll resigned September 25. 1985, lollowing his uppointmenl to the N.C. Senate.
-Hunt was appointed No\ember 7. 1985. b\ Cioxernor Martin to replace McDouell.
360 North Carolina Manual
SPEAKERS OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Lower House of the Colonial Assembly
Assembly Representative Residence
1666 George Catchmaid Albemarle
1672 Valentine Bird [Pasquotank]
1673 [Valentine Bird] [Pasquotank]
1675 Thomas Eastchurch
1677 Thomas Cullen [Chowan]
1679 George Durant [Currituck]
1689 John Nixon [Chowan]
1697/98 John Porter [Bath]
[1703] William Wilkison [Chowan]
1707 Thomas Boyd
1708 Edward Mosely [Chowan]
1709 Richard Sanderson [Currituck]
1711 William Swann [Currituck]
1711/ 12 Thomas Snoden [Perquimans]
1715/ 16 Edward Moseley [Chowan]
1720 [Edward Moseley] [Chowan]
1722 Edward Moseley [Chowan]
1723 Edward Moseley [Chowan]
1725-26 Maurice Moore [Perquimans]
John Baptista Ashe Beaufort
1727 [John Baptista Ashe] [Beaufort]
1729 Thomas Swann [Pasquotank]
1731 Edward Moseley Chowan
1733 Edward Moseley Chowan
1734 Edward Moseley Chowan
1735 William Downing Tyrrell
1736-37 William Downing Tyrrell
1738-39 William Downing Tyrrell
1739/40-1740 John Hodgson Chowan
1741 John Hodgson Chowan
1742/43-1744 Samuel Swann Onslow
1744-45 Samuel Swann Onslow
1746 Samuel Swann Onslow
1746/47-1752 Samuel Swann Onslow
1753-54 Samuel Swann Onslow
1754-60 John Campbell Bertie
Samuel Swann Onslow
1760 Samuel Swann Onslow
1761 Samuel Swann Onslow
1762 Samuel Swann Onslow
John Ashe New Hanover
1764-65 John Ashe New Hanover
1766-68 John Harvey Perquimans
1769 John Harvey Perquimans
1770-71 Richard Caswell Craven
1773 John Harvey Perquimans
1773-74 John Harvey Perquimans
1775 John Harvey Perquimans
The Legislative Branch 361
House of Commons
Assembly Representative Residence
1777 Abner Nash Craven
1778 John Williams Granville
Thomas Benbury Chowan
1779 Thomas Benbury Chowan
1780 Thomas Benbury Chowan
1781 Thomas Benbury Chowan
1782 Thomas Benbury Chowan
1783 Edward Starkey Onslow
1784 (April) Thomas Benbury Chowan
1784 (October) William Blount Craven
1785 Richard Dobbs Spaight Craven
1786-87 John B. Ashe Halifax
1787 John Sitgreaves Craven
1788 John Sitgreaves Craven
1789 Stephen Cabarrus Chowan
1790 Stephen Cabarrus Chowan
1791-92 Stephen Cabarrus Chowan
1792-93 Stephen Cabarrus Chowan
1793-94 John Leigh Edgecombe
1794-95 Timothy Blood worth New Hanover
1795 John Leigh Edgecombe
1796 John Leigh Edgecombe
1797 Musendine Matthews Iredell
1798 Musendine Matthews Iredell
1799 Musendine Matthews Iredell
1800 Stephen Cabarrus Chowan
1801 Stephen Cabarrus Chowan
1802 Stephen Cabarrus Chowan
1803 Stephen Cabarrus Chowan
1804 Stephen Cabarrus Chowan
1805 Stephen Cabarrus Chowan
1806 John Moore Lincoln
1807 Joshua Grainger Wright New Hanover
1808 Joshua Grainger Wright New Hanover
William Gaston Craven
1809 Thomas Davis Cumberland
1810 William Hawkins Granville
1811 William Hawkins Granville
1812 William Miller Warren
1813 William Miller Warren
1814 William Miller Warren
1815 John Craig Orange
1816 Thomas Ruffins Orange
James Iredell Chowan
1817 James Iredell, Jr Chowan
1818 James Iredell, Jr Chowan
1819 Romulus M. Saunders Caswell
1820 Romulus M. Saunders Caswell
1821 James Mebane Orange
1822 John D. Jones New Hanover
1823-24 Alfred Moore Brunswick
1824-25 Alfred Moore Brunswick
1825-26 John Stanly Craven
1826-27 John Stanly Craven
1827-28 James Iredell, Jr Chowan
362 North Carolina Manual
Assembly Representative Residence
1828-29 Thomas Settle Rockingham
1829-30 WiUiam J. Alexander Mecklenburg
1830-31 Charles Fisher Rowan
1831-32 Charles Fisher Rowan
1832-33 Louis D. Henry Cumberland
1833-34 William J. Alexander Mecklenburg
1834-35 William J. Alexander Mecklenburg
1835 William D. Haywood, Jr Wake
1836-37 William H. Haywood, Jr Wake
1838-39 William A. Graham Orange
1840-41 William A. Graham Orange
Robert B. Gilliam Granville
1842-43 Clavin Graves Caswell
1844-45 Edward Stanly Beauford
1846-47 Edward Stanly Beauford
Robert B. Gilliam Granville
1848-49 Robert B. Gilliam Granville
1850-51 James C. Dobbs Cumberland
1852 John Baxter Henderson
1854-55 Samuel P. Hill Caswell
1856-57 Jesse G. Shepherd Cumberland
1858-59 Thomas Settle, Jr Rockingham
1860-61 William T. Dortch Wayne
Nathan N. Fleming Rowan
1862-64 Robert B. GiHiam Granville
Richard S. Donnel! Beaufort
Marmaduke S. Robbins Randolph
1864-65 Richard S. Donnel Beaufort
1865-66 Samuel F. Phillips Orange
1866-67 Rufus Y. McAden Alamance
House of Representatives*
1868 Joseph W. Holden Wake
1869-70 Joseph W. Holden Wake
1870 Thomas J. Jarvis Tyrrell
1872 James L. Robinson Macon
1874-75 James L. Robinson Macon
1876-77 Charles Price Davie
1879 John M. Moring Chatham
1881 Charles M. Cooke Franklin
1883 George M. Rose Cumberland
1885 Thomas M. Holt Alamance
1887 John R. Webster Rockingham
1889 Augustus Leazar Iredell
1891 Rufus A. Doughton Alleghany
1893 Lee S. Overman Rowan
1895 Zeb V. Walser Davidson
*With the adoption of a new State Constitution in 1868, the name "House of Commons" was
changed to "House of Representatives."
The Legislative Branch 363
Assembly Representative Residence
1897 A. F. Hileman Cabarrus
1899-1900 Henry G. Connor Wilson
1901 Walter E. Moore Jackson
1903 S. M. Gattis Orange
1905 Owen H. Guion Craven
1907 E. J. Justice Guilford
1909 A. W. Graham Granville
1911 W. C. Dowd Mecklenburg
1913 George Connor Wilson
1915 Emmett R. Wooten Lenoir
1917 Walter Murphy Rowan
1919 Dennis G. Brummitt Granville
1921 Harry P. Grier Iredell
1923-24 John G. Dawson Lenoir
1925 Edgar W. Pharr Mecklenburg
1927 Richard T. Fountain Edgecombe
1929 A. H. Graham Orange
1931 Wilhs Smith Wake
1933 R. L. Harris Person
1935-36 Robert Johnson Pender
1937 R. Gregg Cherry.. Gaston
1939 D. L. Ward Craven
1941 0. M. Mull Cleveland
1943 John Kerr, Jr Warren
1945 Oscar L. Richardson Union
1947 Thomas J. Pearsall Nash
1949 Kerr Craig Ramsay Rowan
1951 W. Frank Taylor Wayne
1953 Eugene T. Bost, Jr Cabarrus
1955-56 Larry I. Moore, Jr Wilson
1957 James K. Doughton Alleghany
1959 Addison Hewlett New Hanover
1961 Joseph M. Hunt, Jr Guilford
1963 H. Clifton Blue Moore
1965-66 H. Patrick Taylor, Jr Anson
1967 David M. Britt Robeson
1969 Earl W. Vaughn Rockingham
1971 Phihp P. Godwin Gates
1973-74 James E. Ramsey Person
1975-76 James C. Green Bladen
1977-78 Carl J. Stewart, Jr Gaston
1979-80 Carl J. Stewart, Jr Gaston
1981-82 Liston B. Ramsey Madison
1983-84 Liston B. Ramsey Madison
1985-86 Liston B. Ramsey Madison
^^^^H ^m ''^'''*' '■" ■
\
.^^^^
^^^^^^^^^^^.^^^^K
The Legislative Branch 365
LISTON BRYAN RAMSEY
SPEAKER
(Democrat - Madison County)
(Fifty-second Representative District - Graham (part), Haywood, Jack-
son, Madison and Swain Counties - Two Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Marshall, Madison County, February 26, 1919, to John Morgan
and Delia Lee (Bryan) Ramsey.
Education: Mars Hill College, 1938.
Profession: Retired merchant.
Organizations: Elk; Mason; American Legion (former Commander); Veterans of For-
eign Wars.
Boards and Commissions: Co-Chairman, Governmental Operations Commission, 1981-82,
1983-84, 1985- (member, 1973-74, 1975-76); Co-Chairman, Legislative Services
Commission, 1971, 1973-74, 1975-76, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-; Co-Chairman, Legis-
lative Research Commission, 1975-76, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-; Co-Chairman, Joint
Committee on Separation of Powers, 1982; Advisory Budget Commission, 1973-74,
1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80,; Blue Ribbon Study Commission on Transportation,
1979-80.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1961, 1963, 1967, 1969,
1971, 1973-74, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-; Speaker of the
House, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-; Executive Committee, Southern Legislative Con-
ference, 1981-82, 1983-84; Chairman, 1 1th Congressional District Democratic Executive
Committee, 1972, 1974, 1976, 1980; delegate. Democratic National Convention,
1968; County Chairman, Democratic Executive Committee, 1958-60, 1962; Board
of Alderman, Town of Marshall, 1949-61.
Military Service: Served, Army Air Corps, 1944-46 (Sergeant).
Honors: NC Public Service Award, 1985; Friend of Education, NCAE, 1985; honorary
member, NC AFL-CIO, 1985; Roy A. Taylor Service Award, 1978.
Religious Activities: Baptist.
Family: Married, Florence McDevitt. Children: Martha (Ramsey) Geouge.
The Legislative Branch 367
JOHN JACKSON "JACK " HUNT
SPEAKER PRO TEM
(Democratic - Cleveland County)
(Forty-eighth Representative District - Cleveland, Polk and Rutherford
Counties - Three Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Lattimore, Cleveland County, November 27, 1922, to Robert Lee
and Alma (Harrill) Hunt.
Education: Wake Forest University, 1943, B.S.; Emory Universtiy, 1946, D.D.S.
Profession: Dentist, merchant and farmer.
Organization: ADA; NCDS; Isothermal Dental Society; Mason; Shriner.
Boards and Commissions: Legislative Research Committee; National Conference of
State Legislative; Governmental Operations.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1973-74, 1975-76, 1979-80,
1981-84, 1985-; Speaker Pro Tem, NC House of Representatives, 1985-; Chairman,
Rules and Operation of House, 1981-82; Chairman, Military and Veterans' Affairs
Commission, 1979-80; Alderman, City of Lattimore, 1958-64.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1943-48, 1950-52 (Major).
Honors: Honorary member, NC National Guard; USS NC Battleship Award, AMVETS.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church.
Family: Married, Ruby Cowder, June 22, 1946. Children: Judy (Hunt) Kohler, Penny
(Hunt) Corn, Libby (Hunt) Sarazen, Sally Hunt and Cindy (Hunt) Martin.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Appropriations-Base Budget Committee on Justice and Public
Safety; Appropriations-Expansion Budget on Justice and Public Safety;
Energy; Rules and Operation of the House.
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Judi-
ciary 1; Law Enforcement; Military and Veterans' Affairs; Small Business;
Transportation; Water and Air Resources.
I
The Legislative Branch 369
BETSY LANE COCHRANE
MINORITY LEADER
(Republican - Davie County)
(Thirty-seventh Representative District - Davidson, Davie and Iredell
Counties - Three Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Asheboro, Randolph County, to William Jennings and Brodus
Inez (Campell) Lane.
Education: Asheboro Grammar Schools and High School; Meredith College, B.A.
with honors (Elementary Education).
Profession: Teacher and housewife.
Organization: Kappa Nu Sigma; Vice President, Mocksville Women's Club; Director,
Neighborhood Property Owners Association; NC Symphony; NC Museum Associ-
ation; NC Museum of Art.
Boards and Commissions: Piedmont Health Systems Agency; NC Advisory Council
on Teacher Education; Republican Education Commission for the 80's.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-.
Minority Leader, 1985-; Vice Chairman, Davie County Republican Party; Execu-
tive Committee, NC Republican Party; NC delegate. National Convention, 1976.
Honors: Outstanding Women in Government, NC Jaycees, 1985; Outstanding Fresh-
man Representative (GOP), 1981; Who's Who for American Women; Who's Who
in American Colleges and Universities; yearbook editor, college and high school.
Religious Activities: Member, Knollwood Baptist Church; President, Women's WMU;
Nominating Committee; Sunday School Teacher, 1960-77.
Family: Married, Joe Kenneth Cochrane. Children: Lisa Lane and Craig Campell.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on Natural and Economic Resources; Appropriations-Expansion Budget;
Appropriations-Expansion Budget Committee on Natural and Economic
Resources; Banks and Thrift Institutions; Children and Youth; Higher Edu-
cation; Judiciary \; Natural and Economic Resources; Rules and Operation
of the House; University Board of Governors Nominating Committee.
370
North Carouna Manual
AUSTIN MURPHY ALLRAN
(Republican - Catawba County)
(Forty-fifth Representative District
Counties - Two Representatives.)
Burke (part) and Catawba (part)
Early Years: Born in Hickory, Catawba County, December 13, 1951, to Albert M. and
Mary Ethel (Houser) Allran.
Education: Hickory High School, 1967-70; Duke University, 1974, B.A.; Southern
Methodist University, School of Law, 1978, J.D.
Profession: Attorney.
Organizations: NC, NC State and Catawba County Bar Associations; Catawba
County Chamber of Commerce; Hickory Museum of Art; Catawba County Histor-
ical Association; Hickory Jaycees; Duke University Alumni Association.
Political Acitivities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-;
Joint Legislative Ethics Committee, 1985-; Legislative Assistant, Governor James
Holshouser, 1974; Congressional Intern, Congressman James T. Broyhill, 1973;
Catawba County YRC.
Literary Works: Author, John Godfrey Arends: A Biographical Sketch.
Religious Activities: Member, Corinth Reforme United Church of Christ, Hickory.
Family: Married, Judy Mosbash, September 27, 1980. Children: Elizabeth Austin.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Children and Youth; Corporations; Courts and Administration of Jus-
tice; Election Laws; Judiciary II; Local Government 1; Manufacturers and
Labor.
The Legislative Branch 371
GERALD L. ANDERSON
(Democrat - Craven County)
(Third Representative District - Craven, Lenoir, and Pamlico Counties
-Three Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Craven County, June 29, 1939, to Noah L. and Hazel (Rowe)
Anderson.
Education: New Bern High School, 1958; Deaver Realty Institute, 1974; Realtors Insti-
tute, Chapel Hill.
Profession: Businessman (Forestry, logging and real estate interests).
Boards and Commissions: Director, Craven County Committee of 100; Director, Kin-
ston Board of Realtors; New Bern-Craven County Chamber of Commerce; New
Bern Board of Realtors.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1980, 1981-82, 1983-84,
1985-; Commissioner, Craven County, 1978-80.
Religious Activities: Member, Pleasant Acres Free Will Baptist Church.
Family: Married, Marie Stilley, January 25, 1959. Children: Teresa, Tina, Jerry, Lisa
and Josh.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Appropriations-Base Budget Committee on Justice and Public Safe-
ty-
Vice Chairman: Agriculture; Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-
Expansion Budget; Natural and Economic Resources.
Member: Appropriations-Expansion Budget on Justice and Public Safety; Banks
and Thrift Institutions; Insurance; Marine Fisheries; Rules and Operation of
the House; State Government.
372 North Carolina Manual
FRANK W. BALLANCE, JR.
(Democrat - Warren County)
(Seventh Representative District - Halifax (part), Martin (part), and
Warren (part) Counties - One Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Windsor, Bertie County, February 15, 1942.
Education: W.S. Etheridge High School, 1959; NC Central University, 1963, B.A.; NC
Central University, School of Law, 1965, J.D.
Profession: Attorney.
Organizations: Board of Governors, National Bar Association; Director, Region Four
National Bar Association; President, Ninth Judicial Bar Association; Charles Willi-
amson and Warren County Bar Associations; Board of Governors, President and
Parliamentarian, NC Association of Black Lawyers; NC Association of Trial Law-
yers; President, NC Central University Law School Alumni Association; Trustee,
Elizabeth City State University; Vice Chairman, Board of Trustees, NC Central
University (Chancellor and Law School Dean Search Committee); life member,
NAACP; Omega Psi Phi.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84, 1985-; Chairman
Warren County Board of Elections; Vice Chairman, Warren County Political
Action Council; Chairman, Second Congressional District Black Caucus.
Military Service: Served, NC National Guard.
Religious Activities: Member, Greenwood Baptist Church; Board of Trustees.
Family: Married, Bernadine Smallwood, July, 1969. Children: Garey, Angela and
Valerie.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Housing
Vice Chairman: Commissions and Schools for the Blind and Deaf; Judiciary IV.
Member: Children and Youth; Courts and Administration of Justice; Finance;
Insurance; State Government; University Board of Governors Nominating
Committee.
The Legislative Branch 373
ALLEN CROMWELL BARBEL
(Democrat - Nash County)
(Seventy-second Representative District - Edgecombe (part) and Nash
(part) Counties - One Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Spring Hope, Nash County, December 18, 1912, to John Lucian
and Deborah Lena (Vester) Barbee.
Education: Spring Hope High School; UNC-Chapel Hill.
Profession: Farmer; broker; developer; hotel operator.
Organizations: Elk; Mason; Shriner.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1961, 1963, 1965, 1967,
1969, 1971, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-; Mayor, Spring
Hope, 1952-60; Town Commissioner, Spring Hope, 1951-52.
Military Service: Served, US Air Force, 1942-46 (Captain); European theater; Allied
Airborne Invasion Medal.
Religious Activities: Member, Methodist Church; Official Board, 1946- (Chairman,
1947-57).
Family: Married, Mabel McClellan Dixon, March 7, 1942. Children: Rebecca and
Allen Cromwell, II.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Transportation.
Vice Chairman: Finance; Small Business.
Member: Agriculture; Commissions and Schools for the Blind and Deaf; Local
Government I; Rules and Operation of the House; State Government.
374 North Carolina Manual
CHRISTOPHER SYLVANUS BARKER, JR.
(Democrat - Craven County)
(Third Representative District - Craven, Lenoir, and Pamlico Counties
-Three Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Trenton, Jones County, September 7, 1911, to Dr. Christopher
Sylvanus and Ruth Jane (Henderson) Barker (both deceased).
Education: New Bern High School, 1928; US Naval Academy, 1933, B.S.
Profession: Retired (registered securities representative, 1965-75; naval officer 1928-59;
Professor of Naval Science, University of South Carolina, 1954-57; Associate Pro-
fessor of Naval Science, Princeton University, 1945-48).
Organizations: New Bern Civitan Club (President, 1964-64); Craven County Chapter
for Retarded Citizens (President, 1965-66); 32nd Mason; Shriner (Sojourner); Elk;
Moose; American Legion; Veterans of Foreign Wars; New York and East Carolina
Yacht Clubs; Vice President, New Bern USO, 1971-73; Treasurer, Coastal Carolina
Council, US Navy League, 1966-73.
Boards and Commissions: Mental Health Study Commission, 1973-; Legislative Re-
search Commission, 1977-82; Commission on Mental Health and Mental Retarda-
tion, 1977-82; Chairman, NC Drug Authority, 1971-75; Vice Chairman, Commer-
cial and Sports Fisheries Advisory Board, 1969-74; Chairman, Study Commission
on the Use of Illegal and Harmful Drugs in the State of NC, 1970.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1969, 1971, 1973-74, 1975-
76, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-.
Military Service: Served, US Navy, 1928-59 (Rear Admiral); Legion of Merit and
Bronze Star, World War II.
Honors: Outstanding Legislator, Mental Health Area Boards Association, 1980;
Valand Award (outstanding service in mental health), 1980; Citizen of the Year,
New Bern, 1975.
Religious Activities: Member, Methodist Church; Administrative Board, 1972-75,
1978-81; Official Board, 1963-66.
Family: Married, Jean Kouwenhoven, December 30. 1949. Children: Christopher Syl-
vanus, III, Marie Anne (Barker) Faulkenberry and Gary Cornelius.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Mental Health.
Vice Chairman: Finance; Public Utilities.
Member: Education; Election Laws; Governmental Ethics; Military and Vete-
rans' Affairs; Wildlife Resources.
The Legislative Branch 375
ANNE CRAIG BARNES
(Democrat - Orange County)
(Twenty-fourth Representative District - Chatham (part) and Orange
Counties - Two Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Gaston County, March 29, 1932, to George Hoyle Craig and
Jessie Tarlton.
Education: Mount Holly High School, 1950.
Profession: Legislator, homemaker, former ballet instructor.
Organizations: NC Recreation and Parks Society; Director, NC Merchants Associa-
tion (Board of Directors); Women's Forum of NC; former member. Chapel Hill
Service League.
Boards and Commissions: Chairman, Juvenile Law Study Commission; Director,
Orange Cardiovascular Foundation, Region J Employment Training Advisory
Council; Mental Health Study Commission; NC Public Education Policy Council;
NC Child Enforcement Council; Administrative Rules Review Committee, 1982-83;
Orange County Board of Social Services, 1978-81; NC Association of County
Commissioners, 1978-81; National Association of Counties, 1978-81 Orange County
Council on Aging, 1978-80; Chapel Hill charter Commission, 1973-74; Chapel Hill
Recreation and Parks Commission, 1969-72 (Chairman, 1970-82).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-;
Orange County Democratic Party (Executive Committee, 1969-76; Chairman, 1974-
76; Vice Chairman, 1972-74); delegate to county, district and state conventions,
1969-82; Commissioner, Orange County, 1978-81; Carter-Mondale campaign staff,
1980; Executive Committee, NC Democratic Party, 1974-78; delegate. National
Convention, 1974.
Honors: Orange County "Distinguished Democrat", 1976.
Religious Activities: Sunday School Teacher ; youth adviser; recreation leader; Dea-
con, 1977-80.
Family: Married, Billy Ebert Barnes, July 19, 1952; Children: Billy, Jr. and Betsy.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Corrections
Vice Chairman: Manufacturers and Labor; Mental Health.
Member: Agriculture; Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Bud-
get Committee on Education; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Ap-
propriations-Expansion Budget Committee on Education; Election Laws;
Health; Judiciary IH; Local Government ; Judiciary III; Local Government 1;
State Personnel.
376 North Carolina Manual
HOWARD CLINTON BARNHILL
(Democrat - Mecklenburg County)
(Sixtieth Representative District - Mecklenburg (part) County - One
Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Greenville, Pitt County, February 7, 1916,
to Lonnie C. and Josephine (Staton) Barnhill.
Education: Epps High School, 1934; NC A&T State University, 1938, B.S.; NC Cen-
tral University, 1948, M.S (Public Health); UNC- Chapel Hill, School of Public
Health, graduate studies.
Profession: Retired educator (former Clinical Professor, School of Public Health,
UNC-Chapel Hill); public health educator, Mecklenburg County Health Depart-
ment; Director, Health Education Centers Program, School of Public Health,
UNC-Chapel Hill.
Organizations: Charlotte-Mecklenburg Community Relations Committee, 1983-; Char-
lotte Club, 1983-; Marketing Task Force, Charlotte Drug Education Center, 1984-;
Charlotte Medical Society, 1957-; Dimensions for Charlotte-Mecklenburg Commit-
tee, 1973-74; Citizens Advisory Committee on Urban Renewal and Community
Improvement, Charlotte, 1965-72.
Boards and Commissions: Director, Charlotte Area Fund, Inc., 1984-; Charlotte-
Mecklenburg School Health Advisory Council, 1984-; Mecklenburg County Health
and Hospital Council Board, 1973-76; Board of Governors, UNC System of Higher
Education, 1972-73; Trustee, NC A&T State University, 1969-72; Trustee, Florence
Crittenton Services, 1965-71.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-; Governor's Task
Force on Organization for the Delivery of Primary Health Services, 1969-70.
Military Service: Served, US Air Force, 1942-46 (Staff Sergeant); American theatre
Service Medal; Pacific Service Medal; Good Conduct Medal; World War II Victory
Medal.
Honors: Laurel Wreath, Kappa Alpha Psi; Distinguished Service to Higher Education,
NC A&T State University, 1980; Merit Award, 1976 and Twenty -five Years Service
Award, 1977, NC Public Health Association; Excellence Award, 1973 and Twelve
Years Service Award, 1965, NC A&T State University Alumni Association; Reli-
gious and Civic Service Award, St. Paul's Baptist Church, 1965; Outstanding Ser-
vice in the Field of Health Education, Scorpian Club, 1965; Meritorious Commun-
ity Service Award, Opportunity Foundation, Inc., 1965.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist-West Church, Charlotte; Sunday School
Teacher, 1972-; Board of Directors, 1967-76.
Family: Married, Lois Clay of Roxboro, March 27, 1948. Children: Howard C, Jr.
and Angela C.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Aging; Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Com-
mittee on General Government: Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appropria-
tions-Expansion Budget Committee on General Government; Constitutional
Amendments; Education; Health; Housing; Human Resources; Mental
Health; University Board of Governors Nominating Committee.
The Legislative Branch 377
CHARLES MILLWEE BEALL
(Democrat - Haywood County)
(Fifty-second Representative District - Graham (part), Haywood, Jack-
son, Madison and Swain Counties - Two Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Asheville, Buncombe County, October 20, 1920, to Charles M.
and Nina P. (Morgan) Beall.
Education: Bethel High School, 1936; Brevard College, 1937-38.
Profession: Inventory controller, Champion Paper.
Organizations: Pigeon River Lodge No. 386, Mason (former Master); Asheville Con-
sistory Scottish Rite, 32nd Degree; Vaner-Rhinehart Post, American Legion; Can-
ton Chapter, York Rite Masons (former High Priest).
Boards and Commissions: Commission on the Future of NC; Commission on Manu-
factured Housing; Governor's Task Force on Financing of Public School Facilities,
1982; Revenue Laws Committee, 1981; Judicial Nominating Committee, 1981;
Chairman, Haywood County Board of Elections, eight years.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-;
Chairman, Haywood County Democratic Executive Committee, six years; delegate.
National Democratic Convention, 1980; Chairman, Vance-Aycock Banquet, 1980;
Board of Alderman, Town of Canton, two terms.
Military Service: Served, USAAF (Captain); Air Transport Command; World War II;
Good Conduct Medal; American Theatre Operations Medal.
Religious Activities: Member, Central United Methodist Church; Sunday School
Teacher; Chairman, Administrative Board, 1978-; former Finance Chairman and
Treasurer.
Family: Married, Margaret Jewell Rhidehart, January 19, 1954. Children: Anna K.
(Beall) Cathey, Cynthia H. (Beall) Hyatt and Margaret F.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Election Laws.
Vice Chairman: State Government; Transportation.
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on General Government; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appropriations-
Expansion Budget Committee on General Government; Higher Education;
Insurance; Manufacturers and Labor; Rules and Operation of the House;
State Properties.
378 North Carolina Manual
RAYFORD DONALD BEARD
(Democrat - Cumberland County)
(Eighteenth Representative District - Cumberland (part) County - Three
Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Beard, Cumberland County, March 24, 1923, to William A. and
Lola (Maxwell) Beard.
Education: Central High School, 1942; various insurance courses.
Profession: Insurance.
Organizations: Professional Insurance Agents Association; NC Independent Agents
Association; NC Association of Premium Service Companies; Lions Club; Masonic
Order; Shriner; Scottish Rite.
Boards and Commissions: Mental Health Study Commission; New Occupational and
Professional Licensing Commission.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80,
1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-.
Religious Activities: Member, Snyder Memorial Baptist Church; Sunday School
Teacher; Deacon 1950-; former Chairman, Deacon, Church Moderator, 1960.
Family: Married, Katherine Smith, July 30, 1944. Children: Linda B. Kay, Kathy B.
Allen and Don, Jr.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Appropriations-Base Budget Committee on General Government.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Expansion Bud-
get; Appropriations-Expansion Budget on General Government; Insurance;
Mental Health.
Member: Alcoholic Beverage Control; Banks and Thrift Institutions; Constitu-
tional Amendments; Governmental Ethics; Judiciary IV.
The Legislative Branch 379
DANIEL TERRY BLUE, JR.
(Democrat - Wake County)
(Twenty-first Representative District - Wake County - One Represen-
tative.)
Early Years: Born in Lumberton, Robeson County, April 18, 1949, to Daniel Terry
and Allene (Morris) Blue, Sr.
Education: Oak Ridge High School, 1956-66; NCCU, 1970, B.S. (Mathematics); Duke
University, School of Law, 1973, J.D.; certificate. National Institute for Trial
Advocacy, 1977.
Profession: Attorney (managing partner, firm of Thigpen, Blue, Stephens & Fellers,
1976-; associate, firm of Sanford, Adams, McCuUough & Beard, 1973-76); faculty,
National Institute for Trial Advocacy, 1983.
Organizations: American, NC and Wake County (former member. Executive Commit-
tee) Bar Associations; American Associations of Trial Lawyers; Board of Gover-
nors, NC Academy of Trial Lawyers; NC Association of Black Lawyers; Duke Law
Alumni Council; Raleigh-Wake Citizens Association; Kiwanis; Alpha Phi Alpha;
former President, Triangle Chapter, American Red Cross.
Boards and Commissions: East Raleigh Citizens Advisory Council; Director, East
Central Community Legal Services; Wake County Council on Aging; Director, NC
Center for Public Policy Research; NC Courts Commission; NC Criminal Code
Commission (Chairman, Study Committee); Board of Visitors, Duke University
Law School.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-;
Wake YDC; NC Democratic Black Leadership Caucus; Chairman, NC Legislative
Black Caucus; former member. State Democratic Executive Committee; former
Committeeman, Raleigh Precinct 39; former Chairman, Raleigh Precinct 28; per-
manent Chairman, Wake County Democratic Convention, 1979; Chairman, Wake
County Democratic Campaign, 1978; active in Democratic politics on all levels.
Honors: Distinguished Service Award, Garner Road YMCA, 1984; "Powers That Will
Be," Carolina Life Style Magzine, 1983; Third Annual Heritage Award and Distin-
guished Service Award, Shaw University, 1981; Citizen of the Year, Kappa Alpha
Psi, 1981; Man of the Year, Omega Psi Phi, 1981; Man of Year Award, Prince Hall
Masons, 1980; Humanitarian Award, Sigma Gamma Rho, 1977.
Religious Activities: Member, Davie St. Presbyterian Church; Board of Trustees.
Family: Married, Edna Earle Smith, January 26, 1972. Children: Daniel Terry, III,
Kanika and Dhamian.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Appropriations-Base Budget Committee on Human Resources.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Expansion Bud-
get; Judiciary 111; Manufacturers and Labor.
Member: Appropriation-Expansion Budget Committee on Human Resources;
Education; Election Laws; Health; Insurance; Rules and Operation of the
House; State Properties.
I
380 North Carolina Manual
JAMES FRED BOWMAN
( Democrat - Alamance County)
(Twenty-fifth Representative District - Alamance, Rockingham, and
Stokes (part) Counties - Four Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Kimesville, Guilford County, February 13, 1927, to William
Daniel and Nannie (Neese) Bowman.
Education: Nathaniel Green High School, 1944; Elon College, 1951, A.B. (Business,
Math, Physics); Duke University, M.S.E.E. (Engineering); UNC-Greensboro, 1975,
M.S. (Business Management).
Profession: NC licensed professional engineer and land surveyor; engineer, AT&T
Technologies (formerly Western Electric Company), 1946-; farm manager, 1944-46.
Organizations: Burlington-Graham Engineers Club (President, 1981; Vice President,
1981-82); Alamance Executive Club (President and Vice President, 1981-82); NC
Educational Foundation for Commerce and Industry (President, 1974-76); Alam-
ance Art Council; Private College Committee; Director, Burlington Civitan Club,
1979, 1983; President and Vice President, Burlington City Schools PTA, 1975-76;
NC Society of Engineers, 1970-74.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-; Democratic State
Executive Committee, 1972-; Alamance County Democratic Party (Chairman,
1978-82; Treasurer, 1975-77); Supervisor, Alamance Conservation Soil and Water,
1982-84; County Chairman, Candidates for President, Governor and Attorney
General.
Honors: Valedictorian, Nathaniel Green High School, 1944.
Literary Works: "Analysis of the HE-NE Gas Lasers for Use in Ultra-Precision and
Surface Quality Measuring Techniques for Production Processes", M.S.E.E. The-
sis, Duke University.
Religious Activities: Member, Beverly Hills United Church of Christ, Burlington; Dea-
con; Board of Christian Education; Finance Chairman, Building Committee, 1966-
84; Sunday School Teacher, 1955-84; former Sunday School Superintendent.
Family: Married, Dr. Betty Lynch of Mebane, June 30, 1946. Children: J. Thomas,
Zeulon L., Nan (Bowman) Wooten and Fred J.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Aging; Banks and Thrift Institutions; Education; Employment Secur-
ity; Finance; Manufacturers and Labor; Mental Health; Small Business.
The Legislative Branch 381
WILLIAM THOMAS BOYD
(Republican - Randolph County)
_^- ''■P (Thirtieth Representative District - Chatham (part) and Randolph (part)
!"''» } Counties - One Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Asheboro, Randolph County, November 14, 1941, to Fred L. and
Mary (Hinshaw) Boyd.
Education: Grays Chapel High School, 1961; Appalachian State College.
Profession: President: Piedmont Construction of Asheboro, inc.; Boyd Realty and
Builders, Inc.; Integrity Group, Inc.; Joshua Corporation.
Organizations: Asheboro-Randolph Home Builders Association (President, 1969-70);
Asheboro-Randolph Realtors (President, 1972); NC Home Builders Assocation
(President, 1976); Asheboro Kiwanis Club; Director, YMCA; Director, Randolph
Mental Health; Director, Asheboro-Randolph Chamber of Commerce; Director,
Randolph County Hospital.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-; former Commis-
sioner, Randolph County (Chairman, 1982); Chairman, Randolph County Bill
Cobey Campaign, 1982; Co-Chairman, 4th District Bill Cobey Campaign, 1984.
Religious Activities: Member, First Assembly of God, Asheboro; certified Lay Speaker;
Laywitness Coordinator; Full Gospel Businessmen Fellowship International. Dis-
trict Lay Leader, United Methodist Church, 1976-81.
Family: Married, Shirley Carter of Asheboro, June 9, 1983. Children: Angela E. and
William T., Jr.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Finance; Highway Safety; Judiciary III; Law Enforcement; Local
Government II; Natural and Economic Resources; State Properties; Water
and Air Resources.
382 North Carolina Manual
GEORGE WYATT BRANNAN
(Democrat - Johnston County)
(Twentieth Representative District - Franklin and Johnston Counties
Two Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Erwin, Harnett County, March 3, 1932, to Wade Melbry and
Hannah (Hollomon) Brannan.
Education: Dunn High School; NC State University, 1954, B.S. (Mechanical En-
gineering).
Profession: Nurseryman.
Organizations: Chairman, Horticulture Advisory Committee, NC Community Col-
leges; former President, NC Association of Nurserymen and NC Association of
Landscape Contractors; charter member, Smithfield Jaycees; former Chairman,
Johnston County Airport Authority.
Boards and Commissions: Energy Policy Council; Governor's Advisory Committee on
Agriculture, Forestry and Seafood.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1981-82, 1983-84, I985-.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1955-57; Reserves, 1957-65 (Captain).
Family: Married, Mary Jane Warrick, June 27, 1954. Children: Beth (Brannan) Mayer
and George Wyatt, Jr.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Law Enforcement.
Vice Chairman: Education; Housing.
Member: Banks and Thrift Institutions, Election Laws; Energy; Finance; Local
Government I.
The Legislative Branch
383
CLYDE ROBERT BRAWLEY, JR.
(Republican - Iredell County)
(Forty-third Representative District - Alexander (part), Catawba (part),
and Iredell (part) Counties - One Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Mooresville, Iredell County, April 10, 1944, to Clyde R. and
Sarah (Goodnight) Brawley.
Education: Mooresville Senior High, 1959-62; NC State University, 1968, B.S. (Engi-
neering Operations).
Profession: Insurance agent.
Organizations: National Association of Life Underwriters; Rotary Club.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-.
Military Service: Served, US Army National Guard, 1967-(Major).
Religious Activities: Member, Triplet! Methodist Church; President, Men's Club;
Sunday School Teacher.
Family: Married, Mary Kipka, March 31, 1972. Children: Woody, Shelly, Edward,
Sarah and Susan.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Agriculture; Banks and Thrift Institutions; Finance; Housing; Insur-
ance; Mental Health; Small Business; State Properties.
384
North Carouna Manual
LEDIE MUSTAIN BRINKLEY, SR.
(Democrat - Hertford County)
(Sixth Representative District
(part), and Pitt (part) Counties
- Bertie (part), Hertford (part).
One Representative.)
Martin
Early Years: Born in Ahoskie, Hertford County, December 30, 1920, to Ledie Alphus
and Lou (Overton) Brinkley.
Education: Ahoskie High School, 1926.
Profession: Senior partner, L.M. Brinkley & Sons; partner, Ramada Inn Motel.
Organizations: Ahoskie Lions Club.
Boards and Commissions: Codes and Qualifications Board of NC, 1982-85; Northeast-
ern NC Tommorrow, 1981-85; Personal Finance Chairman, Mid East Board, 1970-
85; Chowan College Board of Trustees, 1968-85 (Executive Committee, 1980-85).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-; Commissioner,
Hertford County, 1973-85; Ahoskie Town Council, 1964-72.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church, Ahoskie; Sunday School Teacher;
Finance Officer; Deacon; 1955-84.
Family: Married, Eva Brown of Lancaster, South Carolina, May 30, 1941. Children;
L.M., Jr. and Arthur Leroy.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Agriculture; Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Bud-
get Committee on Justice and Public Safety; Appropriations-Expansion
Budget; Appropriations-Expansion Budget Committee on Justice and Public
Safety; Health; Housing; Local Government L Public Utilities; Small Busi-
ness; State Properties; Wildlife Resources.
The Legislative Branch
385
JOHN WALTER BROWN
(Republican - Wilkes County)
(Forty-first Representative District - Alexander (part), Wilkes, and Yad-
kin Counties - Two Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Traphill, Wilkes County, September 12, 1918, to James Walter
and Nora Blackburn Brown.
Education: Virginia Trade School, 1940; Appalachian State University, 1937.
Profession: Farmer (beefcattle, poultry and tobacco).
Organizations: NC Cattlemen's Association; Woodmen of the World; Farm Bureau.
Political Activites: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1971, 1973-74, 1979-80,
1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1944-46 (Private); Engineer Corps; World War II.
Religious Activities: Member, Charity United Methodist Church; Chairman, Official
Board; Trustee; Church School Superintendent; Teacher, Young Adult Class;
Church Lay Speaker.
Family: Married, Ruth Hanks, September 14, 1941. Children: Betty Ruth (Brown)
Morenstein and Johnsie Charles.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Aging; Agriculture; Finance; Governmental Ethics; Military and Vete-
ran's Affairs; State Government; Transportation; Wildlife Resources.
386 North Carolina Manual
HAROLD JAMES BRUBAKER
(Republican - Randolph County)
(Thirty-eighth Representative District - Randolph (part) County - One
Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Mount Joy, Pennsylvania, November 11, 1946, to Paul N. and
Verna Mae (Miller) Brubaker.
Education: Pennsylvania State University, 1969, B.S. (Agricultural Economics);
NC State University, 1971, Masters (Economics).
Profession: President, Harold J. Brubaker & Associates (real estate appraisals, eco-
nomic feasibility studies, investment anaylsis).
Organizations: Randolph County Farm Bureau; Grange; NC Holstein Association;
4-H Club leader (former President, NC Development Fund); Director, Salvation
Army; former Director, Westside Volunteer Fire Department; former Director,
Randolph Technical College Foundation; former Director, National Conference on
Citizenship; former Vice President, National FFA.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82,
1983-84, 1985-; House of Minority Leader, 1981-82, 1983-84; Joint Caucus Leader,
Republican Members of the NC General Assembly, 1979-80; Executive and Central
Committees, NC Republican Party (former Assistant Secretary); Executive Com-
mittee, Randolph County Republican Party; Executive Committee, National Asso-
ciation for Republican Legislators; former Executive Committee member, 4th Dis-
trict Republican Party; Co-Chairman, NC Reagan-Bush Committee, 1980; delegate
at large. National Republican Convention, 1980; Chairman, Randolph County
Young Republicans, 1971.
Honors: Outstanding Young Men in NC, 1981; Outstanding 4-H Alumni of NC, 1981;
Distinguished Service Award, 1981.
Religious Activities: Member, St. John's Lutheran Church; Congregation Chairman;
Vice Chairman, Deacon Board.
Family: Married, Geraldine Baldwin, November, 1972. Children: Jonathon Nissley
and Justin Andrew.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Banks and Thrift Institutions.
Member: Agriculture; Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Bud-
get Committee on Justice and Public Safety; Appropriations-Expansion
Budget; Appropriations-Expansion Budget Committee on Justice and Public
Safety; Health; Housing; Manufacturers and Labor; Rules and Operations of
the House; Transportation; University Board of Governors Nominating Committee.
3
The Legislative Branch 387
CHARLES FRANKLIN BUCHANAN
(Republican - Mitchell County)
(Forty-sixth Representative District - Alexander (part), Avery, Burke
(part), Caldwell. Mitchell and Watauga (part) Counties- Three Representa-
tives.)
Early Years: Born in Poplar, Mitchell County, October 5, 1936, to Robert and Hattie
Mae (Garland) Buchanan.
Education: Poplar School, 1942-49; North Side School, 1949-51; US Air Force High
School; Southern College of Optometry, B.S., 1960; Doctor of Optometry.
Organizations: Bakersville Lions Club (President, 1983); Spruce Pine Mountaineer
Shrine Club; Scottish Rite and York Rite, Asheville; OASIS Temple, Charlotte;
Master of Bakersville Masonic Lodge #357.
Boards and Commissions: Former Director: Northwestern Housing Authority; Mit-
chell County Finance Committee; Region D Council of Governments; WAMY
Community Action; Mitchell County EDC; Region D SBA; NC Labor Training
Action; Mitchell County Social Services; NC Council on Aging; Personnel Com-
mittee, Mitchell County; Mitchell County Transportation Authority (former Chair-
man); Association of Social Services; Tennessee Valley Authority, 1978-82; NC
Association of County Commissioners, 1978-82.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-; former Commis-
sioner, Mitchell County (Chairman, two years); White House Conference on Aging,
1980.
Military Service: Served, US Air Force, 1958-62; Reserves, 1962-64 (A/ Ic).
Religious Activities: Member, Poplar Free Will Baptsit Church.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Aging; Agriculture; Finance; Local Government 1; Military and Vete-
rans' Affairs; State Personnel; Transportation; Wildlfe Resources.
388 North Carouna Manual
/^^■'
DAVID WEBSTER BUMGARDNER, JR.
(Democrat - Gaston County)
(Forty-fourth Representative District - Gaston and Lincoln Counties
Four Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Belmont, Gaston County, November 2, 1921, to David Webster
and Winnifred (Ballard) Bumgardner.
Education: Belmont Public Schools, 1927-38; Belmont Abbey College, 1938^0; Gupton-
Jones College of Mortuary Science, 1942.
Profession: Mortician (President and Treasurer, Bumgardner, Inc.; President, McLean-
Bumgardner, Inc.).
Organizations: NC Funeral Directors Association; National Funeral Directors Associ-
ation; Mason, Belmont Lodge No. 627; Gastonia York Rite Masonic Order;
Shriner, Oasis Temple. Former President: Belmont Kiwanis Club, Belmont United
Fund, Inc., Belmont Chamber of Commerce.
Boards and Commissions: Director, Belmont Savings & Loan; Director, Lakeside
Cable TV, Inc.; Planning and Zoning Board of Belmont (Original Board); Board of
Transportation, 1977-82; Governmental Evaluation Commission, 1977-81; NC Com-
mission for the Study of Local and Ad Valorum Tax Structure, 1970.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1967, 1969, 1971, 1973-74,
1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1942-45; Reserves, 1949-55; European-African
theatre; NC National Guard, 1955-1974 (Lieutenant Colonel).
Honors: Community Service Award, American Legion, 1983; Man of the Year, Bel-
mont Chamber of Commerce , 1967; Distinguished Service Award, Gupton-Jones
College of Mortuary Science, 1954.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church, Belmont. Former: Deacon, Parli-
amentarian, Sunday School Superintendant, Finance Committee Chairman, Build-
ing Committee member.
Family: Married, Sara Margaret Jones, August 14, 1948. Children: Sharon (Bum-
gardner) Hill and Sandra (Bumgardner) Branch.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Public Utilities
Vice Chairman: Highway Safety; Transportation.
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on Natural and Economic Resources; Appropriations-Expansion Budget;
Appropriations-Expansion Budget Committee on Natural and Economic Re-
sources; Judiciary III; Law Enforcement; Local Government II; State Govern-
ment.
)P^ ^f
The Legislative Branch 389
RICHARD EUGENE CHALK, JR.
(Republican - Guilford County)
(Twenty-eighth Representative District - Guilford (part) County - Two
Representatives.)
£
Early Years: Born in Columbia, South Carolina, June 3, 1952, to Richard E. and
Louise (Craps) Chalk, Sr.
Education: Airport High School, 1970; The Citadel, 1974, B.A. (Political Science);
New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary, 1979, M.A. (Church Music).
Profession: Owner, Specialty Wood Products.
Organizations: Boy Scouts of America (Chairman, District Membership Retention);
High Point Chamber of Commerce.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-.
Honors: Eagle Scout; Outstanding Young Men of America; Vigil member. Order of
the Arrow.
Religious: Member, Reavis Memorial Baptist Church, High Point; Minister of Music.
Family: Married, Maelda Miranda of New Orleans, Louisiana, December 22, 1979.
Children: Cristina and Richard E., III.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on Natural and Economic Resources; Appropriations-Expansion Budget;
Appropriations-Expansion Budget Committee on Natural and Economic Re-
sources; Courts and Administration of Justice; Education; Human Resour-
ces; Judiciary III; Local Government I; Small Business; Water and Air
Resources.
i
390 North Carouna Manual
HOWARD B. CHAPIN
(Democrat - Beaufort County)
(Second Representative District - Beaulort, Hyde and Washington (part)
Counties - One Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Ahoskie, Hertford County, December 9, 1921, to Henry B. and
Lavenia (Howard) Chapin (both deceased).
Education: Public Schools of Weldon and Aurora; Kinston High School; Atlantic
Christian College, 1947, A.B.; Civic Institute of Government, UNC-Chapel Hill;
ECU, additional studies in political science.
Profession: Retired educator.
Organizations: Member, Belhaven Lions Club (past president); Washington Kiwanis
Club (past president; Golden K Club; VFW).
Boards and Commissions: Former member, Washington Planning Board.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80,
1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-.
Military Service: Served, US Army Air Force, 1943-45 (Sergeant); 8th Air Force.
Religious Activities: Member, First Christian Church, Washington.
Family: Married, Mary Alice Beasley, January 29, 1948. Children: J.Michael and
Kenneth E.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Marine Fisheries.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations-Base Budget Committee on Education; Ap-
propriations-Expansion Budget Committee on Education; Corrections.
Member: Alcoholic Beverage Control; Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropri-
ations-Expansion Budget; Education; Cultural Resources; Higher Education;
Natural and Economic Resources.
The Legislative Branch 391
JOHN TRAMMELL CHURCH
(Democrat - Vance County)
(Twenty-second Representative District - Caswell, Granville, Halifax
(part), Person, Vance and Warren - Three Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Raleigh, Wake County, September 22,
1917, to Charles R. and Lela (Johnson) Church.
Education: Boyden High School, 1935; Catawba College, 1936-37; UNC-Chapel Hill,
1942, B.S. (Pharmacy).
Profession: Chairman Emeritus of the Board, Roses Stores, Inc.
Organizations: Executive Committee and Director: NC Merchants Association, NC
Citizens Association, NC Agri-Business Council. Director: National Retail Mer-
chants Association, UNC-Chapel Hill Business Foundation, Association of General
Merchandise Concerns (Secretary). Henderson-Vance Chamber of Commerce; Hen-
derson- 1 Vance United Fund (former Trustee and Executive Committee, Carolinas
United); Rotary; Henderson Country Club; Mason; Shriner; Elk; American Legion;
Newcomers Society of NC; Vanwarco and North District Occoneechee Council,
BSA; Kappa Alpha of Chi Beta Phi; Tarheel Lung Association; National Society to
Prevent Blindness.
Boards and Commissions: Director, People's Bank (former Chairman, Advisory
Board); Advisory Boards: SE Regional Council, BSA and Salvation Army. Trus-
tee: Louisburg College (Chairman) and Vance-Granville Community College (Secre-
tary). Board of Visitors, UNC-Chapel Hill. Director: NC Ports Authority and NC
Railroads. Committees: State Revenue Sharing, Morehead Scholarship Selection,
NC-VA Water Management. Commissions: Kerr Lake, UNC Utilities Study (Chair-
man), Executive Residence Building, NC Tax Study, NC Legislative Services, NC
Research, State Art Museum Building, NC Agency for Telecommunications.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1967, 1969, 1977-78, 1979-
80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-; NC Senate, 1971; delegate. National Democratic Con-
vention, 1972; Democratic National Committee, 1972; Chairman, NC Democratic
Executive Committee, 1972; Chairman, Democratic Executive Committee, Vance
County, 1966, 1976; Henderson City Council, 1966-67.
Military Service: Served, US Marine Corp Reserves, 1942-45 (Captain); naval
aviation.
Honors: Man of the Year, Henderson-Vance Chamber of Commerce; Businessman in
the News, NC Citizens Association; "Tar Heel of the Week," The News and
Observer; Silver Beaver and Distinguished Citizen Awards, BSA; Dintinguished
Alumnus, Catawba College, 1973.
Religious Activities: Member, First United Methodist Church, Henderson; Chairman
of the Board (former President): Trustee; former Chairman, Finance Committee.
Family: Married, Emma Thomas Rose of Henderson, December 31, 1943. Children:
John Trammel, Jr. and Elizabeth (Church) Bacon.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Higher Education
Vice Chairman: Finance; UNC Board of Governors Nominating Committee.
Member:Agriculture; Local Government H; Natural and Economic Resources;
Rules and Operation of the House; Transportation.
392
North Carolina Manual
WILLIAM EDWIN CLARK
(Democrat - Cumberland County)
(Eighteenth Representative District - Cumberland (part) County - Three
Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Fayetteville, Cumberland County, January 12, 1943, to Franklin
S. and Mary Pride (Cruikshank) Clark.
Education: Davidson College, 1965, B.A.; UNC-Chapel Hill, School of Law, 1965-68,
J.D.
Profession: Land developer and manufacturing interests; Attorney, City of Fayette-
ville, 1974-76.
Organizations: Cumberland County and NC Bar Associations; Kiwanis Club.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-
84, 1985-.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1970 (Captain)
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Alcoholic Beverage Control.
Vice-Chairman: Corporations; Judiciary 1.
Member: Banks and Thrift Institutions; Courts and Administration of Justice;
Employment Security; Finance; Manufacturers and Labor; Water and Air
Resources.
The Legislative Branch 393
JAMES MONROE COLE*
(Republican - Watauga County)
(Fortieth Representative District - Alleghany, Ashe, Stokes (part), Surry
and Watauga (part) Counties - Three Representatives.)
^^ ^
Early Years: Born in Itta Bena, Mississippi, April 2, 1922, to Richard Monroe and
Ruby Mae (Knott) Cole.
Education: Itta Bena High School, 1939; University of Cincinnati, 1948, B.S.; Cincin-
nati Conservatory of Music, 1948; University of Cincinnati, 1952, M.Ed.; UNCand
Nova University, additional studies.
Profession: Professor of Education, Appalachian State University; former Assistant
Vice Chancellor, Appalachian State University.
Organizations: NC Association of Educators (President, Higher Education Division);
Governor, Boone Moose Lodge; Senior Vice Commander, Boone V.F.W.; Direc-
tor, NC Elks.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-.
Military Service: Served, US Air Force, 1940-45 (1st Lieutenant); Aircraft Com-
mander; Air Medal with Three Oak Leaf Cluster; Distinguished Flying Cross.
Religious Activities: Member, Deerfield Methodist Church, Boone; choir director,
1975-80, 1982-83.
Family: Married, Kathleen B. Carter of Graham, February 22, 1985. Children:
Richard M., Susan H., Jennifer A., James K., Michael C, Thomas S. and Kathe-
rine E.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member:: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on Education; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appropriations-Expansion
Budget Committee on Education; Corrections; Cultural Resources; Educa-
tion; Higher Education; State Government: State Personnel; Transportation.
*i
"Seat declared vacant on November 4, 1985, following his registering to vote in his new county
of residence ~ Alamance County.
394
North Carolina Manual
MARIE (WAITERS) COLTON
(Democrat - Buncombe County)
(Fifty-first Representative District - Buncombe, Henderson (part) and
Transylvania Counties - Four Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, October 20, 1922, to John Piper
and Sarah Thomas Watters.
Education: Chapel High School, 1939; St. Mary's Junior College; UNC-Chapel Hill,
1943, B.A. (Spanish); Mars Hill College and UNC-Asheville, post graduate studies.
Profession: Legislator.
Organizations: Business and Professional Women; League of Women Voters; Ameri-
can Association of University Women; Sir Walter Cabinet; Children's Welfare
League.
Boards and Commissions: Director, Vagabond School of Drama; National Board of
Advisors, Brevard Music Center; NC Public Radio Advisory Committee; Board of
Visitors, UNC-Chapel Hill.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84,
1985-.
Family: Married, Henry E. Colton. Children: Elizabeth, Marie (Colton) Pelzer; Sarah
(Colton) Villeminot and Walter.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Appropriations-Base Budget Committee on Natural and Economic
Resources.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Expansion Bud-
get; Cultural Resources; Human Resources.
Member: Aging; Appropriations-Expansion Budget Committee on Natural and
Economic Resources; Children and Youth; Governmental Ethics; Judiciary
HI; Local Government U; Water and Air Resources.
The Legislative Branch 395
JAMES M. CRAVEN
(Republican - Moore County)
(Thirty-first Representative District - Moore County - One Representa-
tive.)
Early Years: Born in Pine Bluff, Moore County, July 17, 1930.
Education: Ellerbe High School, 1948.
Profession: Chairman of the Board, New South Industries, (a division of Erico
Corporation).
Organizations: Southern Pines Rotary; Roman Eagle Lodge No. 550; Aberdeen A&A;
Scottish Rite.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1981-82, 1985-; Commis-
sioner, Moore County, 1980-82; former Chairman, Moore County Republican
Party
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1948-69 (M/ Sergeant); Airborn Infantry.
Religious Activities: Member, Pine Bluff Methodist Church; Administrative Board.
Family: Married, Kathleen Freeman of Eagle Springs, September 8, 1950. Children:
Richard, Donna, Steve and Jennifer.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Agriculture; Alcoholic Beverage Control; Constitutional Amendments;
Finance; Law Enforcement; Pensions and Retirement; Water and Air Re-
sources; Wildlife Resources.
396 North Carouna Manual
JAMES WALKER CRAWFORD, JR.
(Democrat - Granville County)
(Twenty-second Representative District - Caswell, Granville, Halifax
(part). Person, Vance and Warren Counties - One Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Durham, Durham County, October 4, 1937, to James Walker
and Julia Brent (Hicks) Crawford.
Education: Oxford High School, 1952-56; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1980, B.S. (Industrial
Relations).
Profession: Retail merchant (The Fabric Shop); Coble Boulevard Investments; Vice
President, Skateeum, Inc.
Organizations: NC Merchants Association; Jaycees; Director, Oxford Jaycees Presi-
dent, Rucker Recreation Association; Director, Vance Academy, Inc., 1965-82.
Boards and Commissions: Local Board, Central Carolina Bank, 1972-82.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84, 1985-; Oxford
City Council, 1964-68.
Military Service: Served, US Navy, 1960-62 (Lieutenant).
Honors: Distinguished Service Award, Jaycees.
Religious Activities: Member, Oxford United Methodist Church; Chairman, Board of
Trustees, 1980-81; Treasurer, 1972.
Family: Married, Harriet C. Cannon, February 11, 1961. Children: James W., Ill,
Julia Brent and Harriet Cannon.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Appropriations-Base Budget Committee on Human Resources;
Appropriations-Expansion Budget Committee on Human Reosurces; Public
Utilities; State Government.
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Expansion Budget;
Banks and Thrift Institutions; Higher Education; Judiciary 1; Local Govern-
ment I; Mental Health; Rules and Operation of the House.
The Legislative Branch 397
NARVEL JAMES CRAWFORD, JR.
(Democrat - Buncombe County)
(Fifty-first Representative District - Buncombe, Henderson (part) and
Transylvania Counties - Four Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Asheville, Buncombe County, November 9, 1929, to Narvel J.
and Tymah (Phillips) Crawford.
Education: Lee Edwards High School, 1946-48; Duke University, A.B., 1952; UNC-
Chapel Hill, 1959-60, graduate studies in history.
Profession: Property management.
Organizations: V.F.W. Post 789; Asheville Civitan Club; Legislative Task Force,
Industrial Relations and Economic Development Committees, Asheville Chamber
of Commerce; director, American Lung Association of NC (western region); Direc-
tor, NC Hemophilia Foundation; Director, Epilepsy Association of NC; Director,
American Foundation for the Deaf.
Boards and Commissions: Director, NC State Theater at Flat Rock; Director, Thomas
Rehabilitation Hospital; Director, Buncombe County Social Services; State Parks
Study Commission (co-chairman).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-;
Democratic State Executive Committee, third term; Secretary, Buncombe County
Executive Committee, 1978-79; Chairman, Asheville Precinct No. 3, 1972-78; Presi-
dent, Democratic Forum of Bumcombe County, 1972-78; campaign manager,
Asheville City Council, 1977; representative. Eleventh Congressional District, State
Democratic Platform Committee, 1976.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1954-56; Counter-intelligence Corps.
Honors: Phi Beta Kappa.
Religious Activities: Member, All Souls Episcopal Church, Asheville; Chalice Admin-
istrator; lector; National Council, American Church Union.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: University Board of Governors Nominating Committee.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations-Base Budget Committee on General Govern-
ment; Appropriations-Expansion Budget Committee on General Govern-
ment; State Properties.
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Con-
stitutional Amendments; Election Laws, Rules and Operation of the House.
398
North Carolina Manual
CHARLES MELVIN CREECY
(Democrat - Northampton)
(Fifth Representative District - Bertie (part). Gates (part), Hertford (part)
and Northampton Counties - One Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Rich Square, Northampton County, December 2, 1920, to Wil-
ham Spencer and Susie M. (Griffin) Creecy.
Education: Rich Square Institute, 1927-36; W.S. Creecy School, 1936-38; Shaw Uni-
versity, 1938-1942, B.A.; Shaw University, School of Religion, 1942-45, M. Div.;
Shaw University, D.D.; Andover-Newton, B.D.; Theological School, 1976; NCCU,
courses in social studies.
Profession: Minister (Nebo Baptist Church, Zoar Baptist Church, Indian Woods
Church and New Bethany Church); farmer.
Organizations: Phi Beta Sigma, 32nd Degree Mason.
Boards and Commissions: Trustee, Director and Executive Board, Shaw University
(Chairman, Committee on Student Affairs); Executive Committee and Board, Lett
Carey Foreign Mission Convention.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-.
Honors: D.D. and M.Div., Shaw University.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptsit Church, Rich Square; Executive Commit-
tee and Board, General Baptist State Convention.
Family: Married, Clementine Savage, January 28, 1948. Children: Charles M., Jr.,
Bryant Dewitt, Norma Rose (Creecy) Jones and Elizabeth Ann.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Energy
Vice-Chairman: Agriculture; Corrections.
Member: Alcoholic Beverage Control; Finance; Highway Safety; Mental Health;
Transportation; Wildlife Resources.
The Legislative Branch 399
CHARLES LEMUEL CROMER
(Republican - Davidson County)
(Thirty-seventh District - Davidson, Davie and Iredell (part) Counties
-Three Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in High Point, Guilford County, January 27, 1939, to Charles Nor-
man and Wilma (Duggins) Cromer.
Education: High Point High School, 1957; Sandhills Community College, 1972, A. A.
with honors; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1972, B.A. with honors; Wake Forest University,
School of Law, 1975, J. D., cum laude.
Profession: Attorney, 1977-; law teacher, Davidson Community College, 1975-82;
associate, firm of Morgan, Post Herring & Morgan, 1975-77; insurance adjustor,
1967-71.
Organizations: NC and 18th Judicial Bar Associations; NC Academy of Trial Lawyers;
Director and charter member. Parent to Parent; Director, Association for Retarded
Citizens (liason with High Point City Schools); Director, High Point Rescue
Squad; Director, High Point Kindergarten for the Handicapped.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1962-65 (Sp-4).
Honors: American Jurisprudence awards and Law Review invitation. School of Law ,
Wake Forest University.
Religious Activities: Member, First United Methodist Church, High Point; Chairman,
Estate Committee; Finance Committee; class president, 1980.
Family: Married, Sheila Sue Whitlow of High Point. Children: Tonja Dawn and Ash-
ley Nicole.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Aging; Agriculture; Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base
Budget Committee on Human Resources; Appropriations-Expansion Budget;
Appropriations-Expansion Budget Committee on Human Resources; Com-
missions and Schools for the Blind and Deaf; Health; Human Resources;
Judiciary IV; Local Government 1; Mental Health.
400 North Carolina Manual
DONALD MARTIN DAWKINS
(Democrat - Richmond County)
(Thirty-second Representative District - Richmond and Scotland (part)
Counties - One Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Rockingham, Richmond County, June 28, 1938, to Eugene
Dennis and Myrtle Eunice (Blake) Dawkins.
Education: Rockingham High School, 1956; NCSU, 1960, B.S. (Mechanical and
Aeronautical Engineering); University of Southern California, 1970, Masters (Man-
agement); St. Mary's University, School of Law, 1973, J.D.
Profession: Attorney; lay pastor.
Organizations: Richmond County, NC, NC State, American, Texas and Florida Bar
Associations; American Trial Lawyers Association; NC Academy of Trial Lawyers.
Political Activites: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1960-71 (Major); helicopter pilot; Signal Corps;
Distinguished Flying Crosses (2); Meritorious Service Medal; Bronze Star for
Achievement; Bronze Star for Valour; Army Commendation Medal; Air Medals
(17); Air Medal with "V"; various campaign medals.
Religious Acitivities: Member, Tabernacle United Methodist Church, Hamlet; lay pas-
tor, 1978-; Sunday School Teacher.
Family: Married, Patricia Ellen Settle of Rockingham, September 1 1, 1960.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Aging; Banks and Thrift Institutions; Courts and Administration of
Justice; Finance; Higher Education; Judiciary H; Veterans' Affairs; Water
and Air Resources.
l/"
The Legislative Branch 401
MICHAEL DECKER
(Republican - Forsyth County)
l«.^.. iS (Twenty-ninth Representative District - Forsyth (part) and Guilford
■ "^ (part) Counties - One Representative.)
t
Early Years: Born in Red Bud, Illinois, December 18, 1944, to Harvey and Margaret
(Parvin) Decker.
Education: Piedmont Bible College, 1969-74; Winston-Salem State University, 1976,
B.S. (Education).
Profession: Teacher (Gospel Light Christian School, 1976-).
Organizations: Little League Baseball (Director, 1981-84, Secretary, 1982-83, coach,
1979-81).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-; Forsyth County
Republican Party (Vice Chairman, 1981-83); Chairman, Belews Creek Precinct,
1979-84.
Military Service: Served, US Navy, 1962-68 (E-5); submarine services.
Religious Activities: Member, Gospel Light Baptist Church, Walkertown; Sunday
School Teacher.
Family: Married, Marlene Allen of Creston, June 4, 1966. Children: Michael, Jr.,
Mark and Michelle.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Aging; Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Com-
mittee on Justice and Public Safety; Appropriations-Expansion Budget;
Appropriations-Expansion Budget on Justice and Public Safety; Banks and
Thrift Institutions; Children and Youth; Education; Human Resources; Insu-
rance; Public Utilities.
402
North Carolina Manual
DANIEL HOWARD DEVANE
(Democrat - Hoke County)
(Sixteenth Representative District - Hoke, Robeson and Scotland (part)
Counties - Three Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Elizabethtown, Bladen County, June 4, 1945, to Junie Franklin
and Duel (Strickland) DeVane.
Education: White Oak High School, 1964; Missouri Auction School, 1975.
Profession: Real estate executive and auctioneer (owner, DeVane Realty & Auction);
owner, DeVane's Men's Clothing, 1972-82; Raeford Department Store, 1969-72;
Fayetteville Police Department, 1966-69.
Organizations: Former member: Raeford Kiwanis Club; Hoke County Rescue Squad
(Commander, 1972-75); Hillcrest Volunteer Fire Department; Jaycees.
Boards and Commissions: Trustee, Flora Macdonald Academy (Chairman, 1981-82).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84, 1985-; Council of
Government, Region N, 1976-82 (Chairman, 1980); Hoke County Commissioner,
1976-82.
Military Service: Served, NC National Guard, 1965 (6 months); Reserves, 5 1/2 years.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church; Deacon.
Family: Married, Alice Smith, July 6, 1968. Children: Daniel Howard, II.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Appropriations-Base Budget Committee on General Govern-
ment; Appropriations-Expansion Budget Committee on General Govern-
ment; Banks and Thrift Institutions; Health.
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Judiciary
11; Law Enforcement; Pensions and Retirement; Public Utilities; Rules and
Operation of the House; State Government; University Board of Governors
Nominating Committee.
The Legislative Branch
403
DAVID HUNTER DIAMONT
(Democrat - Surry County)
(Fortieth Representative District - Alleghany, Ashe, Stokes (part), Surry
and Watauga (part) Counties - Three Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Greensboro, Guilford County, February 9, 1946, to David Elijah
and Hyacinth Cleo (Hunter) Diamont (both deceased).
Education: East Surry High School, 1961-63; Frank L. Ashley High School, 1963-64;
Wake Forest University, 1968, B.A.; Appalachian State University, 1972, M.A.
Profession: History teacher and head varsity football coach. East Surry High School,
1977- (varsity coaching record: 57 wins and 29 losses; state play offs, 1979, 1981,
1982, 1983); history teacher and assistant football coach. Mount Airy Senior High
School, 1968-77.
Organization: NRA; NCAE; NC Coaches Association; Lambda Chi Alpha; National
Historical Society; Sierra Club; Surry County Historical Society; Deacon Club,
Wake Forest University; former member. Pilot Mountain Jaycees.
Boards and Commissions: Governor's Council on Physical Fitness and Health, 1979-;
Director, Pilot Mountain Foundation, Inc.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80,
1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-.
Honors: Assistant coach, East-West All Star Football Game, 1985; Coach of the Year,
Northwest 3-A Conference, 1979, 1983.
Religious Activities: Member, First United Methodist Church, Pilot Mountain; Board
of Trustees.
Family: Married, Debby Severs of Greensboro.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Appropriations-Expansion Budget Committee on Human Resources.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Expansion Bud-
get; Banks and Thrift Institutions; Education.
Member:Appropriations-Base Budget Committee on Human Resources; Health;
Human Resources; Local Government 11; Rules and Operation of the House;
University Board of Governors Nominating Committee; Water and Air
Resources.
404 North Carolina Manual
ANN QUARTERMAN DUNCAN
(Republican - Forsyth County)
(Thirty-ninth Representative District - Forsyth (part) County - Three
Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Waycross, Georgia, April 15, 1938, to John H. (deceased) and
Jessie Elizabeth (Smith) Quarterman.
Education: Waycross High School, 1956; University of Georgia, 1956-59; Jacksonville
University, B.S. (Education); UNC-Greensboro graduate studies.
Profession: Social worker; former school teacher.
Organizations: National Teachers Association; Florida Education Association; Amos
Cottage Guild; Navy Officers' Wives Club (Treasurer, 1974-75).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-; Forsyth County
Republican Women's Club; National Federation of Republican Women.
Honors: Educator of the Year; Elks Leadership Award; senior superlative; state tennis
champion, three years.
Religious Activities: Member, Centenary Methodist Church, Winston-Salem; Circle;
Active Youth Fellowship.
Family: Married, Donald Eric Duncan of Oil City, Pennsylvania, June 24, 1972.
Children: Stephanie Ann (Duncan) Spence.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS |
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on Human Resources; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appropriations-
Expansion Budget on Human Resources; Banks and Thrift Institutions; Cul-
tural Resources; Education; Higher Education; Military and Veterans' Af-
fairs; University Board of Governors Nominating Committee.
The Legislative Branch 405
RUTH M. EASTERLING
(Democrat - Mecklenburg County)
(Fifty-eighth Representative District - Mecklenburg (part) County - One
Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Gaffney, South Carolina, December 26, 1910, to Benjamin Harri-
son and Lillie Mae (Crawley) Moss.
Education: Centralized High School, 1929; Limestone College, 1932 (English, Math,
History); Queens College, post graduate studies in Business Law, Personnel Admin-
istration, Business Administration.
Profession: Executive Assistant to the President, Radiator Specialty Co., 1947-85.
Organizations: Legislative Committee, International and Professional Women, 198 1-;
Women's Equity Action League; Women Executives of Charlotte; Women's Forum
of NC; Professional Secretaries International (Chairman, Public and World Affairs,
1975-76); Business and Professional Women's Club (national President, 1970-71);
League of Women Voters; American Association of University Women; Trustee,
Wildacres Retreat.
Boards and Commissions: Governors Advocacy Council for Persons with Disability;
Advisory Council on OSHA; Legislative Study Committee on Physicians' Assist-
ants; Research and Education Committee, National Business and Professional
Women's Foundation, 1978-1981.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82,
1983-84, 1985-; House Chairman, Study Committee on the Economic, Social and
Legal Problems and Needs of Women; NC Women's Political Caucus (NC Presi-
dent, 1974); Charlotte City Council, 1972-73; Governor's Commission on the Status
of Women, 1964.
Honors: Personalities of the South; Certificate of Achievement, NC Association of
Women Attorneys, 1982; Outstanding Career Woman, NC Federation of Business
and Professional Women, 1980; Charlotte's Outstanding Career Woman, 1971;
Woman of the Year, WBT Radio, 1964.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church, Charlotte;Associate Superintend-
ent of Training; Associate Superintendent, Sunday School Intermediate Depart-
ment; Library, Financial Planning and Personnel Committees. President, Baptist
Business Women, First Baptist Church and Mecklenburg Baptist Associations.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Children and Youth.
Vice Chairman: Cultural Resources; Governmental Ethics.
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on Human Resources; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appropriations-
Expansion Budget Committee on Human Resources; Energy; Judiciary 1;
Local Government II; Manufacturers and Labor.
406 North Carolina Manual
CHANCY RUDOLPH EDWARDS
(Democrat - Cumberland County)
(Seventeenth Representative District - Cumberland (part) County - Two
Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Nash County, February 28, 1925, to B.H. and Lucy (Kearney)
Edwards (both deceased).
Education: Nash County Training Schools; Shaw University, 1946, B.A.; Shaw Uni-
versity Divinity School, 1949, M.Div.; Union Theological Seminary and Southeast-
ern Theological Seminary, additional studies.
Profession: Pastor (First Baptist Church, Fayetteville, 1953-; Spring Garden Baptist
Church, Washington, 1948-53).
Organizations: Chairman, Cumberland County Community Action Program; Chair-
man, OIC Organization.
Boards and Commissions: State Board of Education; Trustee, Shaw University;
Chairman, Fayetteville City Board of Education; National Sunday School Board;
Mayor's Council for Human Relations.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84, 1985-; Precinct
Chairman; delegate. National Democratic Convention.
Honors: Distinguished Public Service Award, Shaw University, 1982; Distinguished
Citizens Award, Occoneechee Council, BSA, 1980; Human Relations Award,
Cumberland County, 1971; Award of Honor, City of Fayetteville, 1967.
Religious Activities: Pastor, First Baptist Church, Fayetteville, 1953-. President, Gen-
eral Baptist State Convention of NC, Inc.; President, Lott Carey Baptist Foreign
Mission Convention; Executive Committee, Baptist World Alliance; National
Sunday School Board.
Family: Married, Luella Dickens, August 30, 1947. Child: Jewyl Anita (Edwards)
Dunn.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Children and Youth; Higher Education; Local Government L
Member: Aging; Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget on
Education; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appropriations-Expansion Bud-
get; Committee on Education; Corrections; Education; Housing; Human
Resources; Mental Health; Rules and Operation of the House.
The Legislative Branch 407
JEFF HAILEN ENLOE, JR.
(Democrat - Macon County)
(Fifty-third Representative District - Cherokee, Clay, Graham (part) and
Macon Counties - One Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Franklin, Macon County, September 2, 1914, to Jeff H. and
Jessie (Hester) Enloe, Sr.
Education: Franklin Public Schools; Franklin High School, 1932; NC State College,
1938, B.S. (Agriculture Education).
Profession: Retired government employee (US Department of Agriculture, 34 years).
Boards and Commissions: State Health Coordinating Council.
Political Activities : Member, NC House of Representatives, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-
80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-; Advisory Budget Committee.
Military Service: Served, US Navy, 1943-46 (Petty Officer, 2nd Class).
Religious Activities: Member, Methodist Church.
Family: Married, Ruth Drummond, July 20, 1946. Children: William A., Jeff H., HI,
James R. and Gregory M.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Employment Security.
Vice Chairman: Agriculture; Health.
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on General Government; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appropriations-
Expansion Budget Committee on General Government; Corporations; Elec-
tion Laws; Military and Veterans' Affairs; State Personnel; Transportation.
408
North Carouna Manual
Hl^ '
h
1
^^^
a
THERESA HARLOW ESPOSITO
(Republican - Forsyth County)
(Thirty-ninth Representative District
Representatives.)
Forsyth (part) County - Three
Early Years: Born in Washington, DC, November 17. 1930, to Herman Richard and
Marie Theresa (Burke) Harlow (both deceased).
Education: Saint Cecelia's Academy, 1948; National Institute of Practical Nursing,
1957, L.P.N.; Prince George Community College and Salem College, additional
studies.
Profession: Retired federal government employee.
Organizations: Friends of SECCA; Associates of NC School of the Arts; Audubon
Garden Club; Officers' Wives Club; Winston-Salem Tennis, Inc. (Director, 1981-
82); Chairman and Coordinator, US Tennis/ Winston-Salem Tennis, Inc.; Beautifi-
cation Committee, Winston-Salem Garden Council; Volunteers for New Born
Nursery, Forsyth Hospital (former Chairman).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-; alternate delegate,
Forsyth County and NC State Conventions, 1984; alternate delegate at large.
Republican National Convention, 1984; NC Federation of Republican Women
(Protocol Officer, 1983-84; Program Chairman, 1984); Forsyth County Republican
Party (Recruitment Committee, 1983; Executive Board, 1982-83); Forsyth County
Republican Women (President, 1982-83); Women's National Republican Club;
National Federation of Republican women.
Honors: Various outstanding performance awards as a federal government employee.
Religious Activities: Member, St. Leo's Catholic Church, Winston-Salem.
Family: Married, Brigadier General Alfred L. Esposito, November 18, 1972. Children:
Sharon Marie, Carolyn (Esposito) Stephens and Carol Anne (Esposito) Seals.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Aging; Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget
Committee on Natural and Economic Resources; Appropriations-Expansion
Budget; Appropriations-Expansion Budget on Natural and Economic
Resources; Commissions and Schools for the Blind and Deaf; Cultural
Resources; Energy; Health; Law Enforcement; Marine Fisheries; Military
and Veterans' Affairs.
The Legislative Branch
409
BOBBY R. ETHERIDGE
(Democrat - Harnett County)
(Nineteenth Representative District - Harnett and Lee Conuties
Representatives.)
Two
Early Years: Born in Sampson County, August 7, 1941, to John P. and Beatrice
(Coats) Etheridge.
Education: Cleveland School, 1947-59; Campell University, 1965, B.S. (Business
Administration); NCSU, 1967, additional studies in economics.
Profession: Vice-President, Sorensen-Christian Industries; Layton Supply Co.; Presi-
dent, WLLN Radio; Director, NCNB, Lillington; farmer.
Organizations: Director, Harnett County Farm Bureau; Industrial Management Club
(former President); Lillington Lions Club; American Legion; Lillington Masonic
Lodge; Shriners; Chairman, Cape Fear District Boy Scouts; Harnett County Arts
Council; former Chairman, Harnett Cystic Fibrosis Campaign; Chairman, Harnett
Sheltered Workshop, 1978; President, Lillington Chamber of Commerce, 1977.
Boards and Commissions: Director, Campell University Alumni Board; Joint Legisla-
tive Commission on Governmental Operations; Courts Commission, 1982-85; NC
Land Use Advisory Council, 1976; Harnett Mental Health Board, 1975-76; NC Law
and Order Commission, 1975-76; former Chairman, Harnett Youth Advisory
Council.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84,
1985-; Co-Chairman, Legislative Study Commission on Pension Plans for Rescue
Squads, 1979-80; Committee on Government Operations, National Conference of
State Legislatures; Harnett County Commissioner, 1973-76; (Chairman, 1974-76).
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1965-67.
Honors: Outstanding Men in America; Distinguished Citizen Award, BSA, 1985; Dis-
tinguished Alumnus, Campbell University, 1976; Lillington Community Service
Award, 1976; Distinguished Service Award, Lillington Jaycees, 1975.
Religious Activities: mernber, Leaflet Presbyterian Church; Sunday School Teacher;
Deacon, 1978; Sunday School Superintendent, 1967-76. President, NC Presbyterian
Synod of Men, 1977-78; President, Fayetteville Presbytery Men, 1975-76.
Family: Married, Faye Cameron, November 25, 1965. Children: Brian Cameron,
Catherine Anne and David Blair.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Appropriations-Base Budget.
Vice Chairman: Pensions and Retirement; Small Business.
Member: Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Children and Youth; Education;
Military and Veterans' Affairs; Public Utilities; Transportation.
410
North Carolina Manual
LARRY EUGENE ETHERIDGE
(Republican - Wilson County)
Nash (part) and Wilson (part)
(Seventy-first Representative District
Counties - One Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Wilson, Wilson County, May 9, 1959, to Andrew J. and Evelyn
(Bunch) Etheridge, Jr.
Education: Ralph L. Fike High School, 1977; Wilson County Technical Institute,
1980.
Profession: Partner: Subs and Spuds, C&E Enterprises, Inc., owner, Branigan's; Man-
ager, Eckerd Drugs, 1982-83.
Organizations: Wilson County Chamber of Commerce; Wilson Jaycees; Moose Lodge.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-; (youngest member
in the 1985 General Assembly).
Religious Activities: Member, Five Points Missionary Baptist Church, High Point.
Family: Married, Beverly Vick of Wilson, June 29, 1985.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on Human Resources; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appropriations-
Expansion Budget Committee on Human Resources; Corrections; Insurance;
Natural and Economic Resources; Small business; State Government; State
Properties; University Board of Governors Nominating Committee.
The Legislative Branch 411
WILBUR BRUCE ETHRIDGE
(Democrat - Onslow County)
(Fourth Representative District - Carteret and Onslow Counties - Three
Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Rocky Mount, Nash County. April 17, 1938, to Wilbur Henry
and Virginia (Sellers) Ethridge.
Education: Rocky Mount High School, 1956; NCSU; Fayetteville Technical Institute.
Profession: Engineer, Carolina Telephone & Telegraph Company.
Organizations: NCSU Alumni; Jacksonville Rotary Club; NC Society of Engineers.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1978, 1979-80, 1981-82,
1983-84, 1985.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church; former Deacon; Sunday School
Teacher; staff committee.
Family: Married, Katie Tyner, August 9, 1958. Children: Kitty Dare and Mark Bruce.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Appropriations-Expansion Budget Committee on Natural and Eco-
nomic Resources.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Expansion Bud-
get; Natural and Economic Resources; Water and Air Resources.
Member: Aging; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee on Natural and Eco-
nomic Resources; Commissions and Schools for the Blind and Deaf; Educa-
tion; Human Resources; Marine Fisheries.
412 North Carolina Manual
CHARLES DOUGLAS EVANS
(Democrat - Dare County)
(First Representative District - Camden, Chowan, Currituck, Dare,
Gates (part), Pasquotank, Perquimans, Tyrrell and Washington (part)
Counties - Two Repesentatives.)
Early Years: Born in Manteo, Dare County, October 8, 1944, to
Charles R. And Evelyn (Mann) Evans.
Education: Manteo High School, 1963; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1967, B.A. (Economics);
UNC-Chapel Hill, School of Law, 1972, J.D.
Profession: Attorney.
Organizations: Dare County, NC and American Bar Associations; Rotary Club;
Albemarle Law and Order Association (former Officer); Albemarle Area Develop-
ment Association; Director, Outer Banks Chamber of Commerce, 1974-77.
Boards and Commissions: Albemarle Regional Planning and Development Commiss-
sion; Governor's Special Task Force on Alcohol and Drug Abuse Among Teen-
agers and Youth; Juvenile Law Study Commission; Governor's Special Task Force
on Drinking Drivers, 1982-83; Chairman and Executive Committee, Natural Re-
sources Panel, 1981-83; Legislative Services Commission; NC Boundary Commis-
sion, 1977; NC Coastal Resources Advisory Council, 1974-77; NC Coastal Resour-
ces Commission, 1977-82; NC Seafood Industrial Park Authority, 1977-82; local
Director, First Union National Bank (Chairman, 1979-82); Commission on the
Future of NC.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84,
1985-; Committee on Commerce, Banking and Economic Development, National
Conference of State Legislatures; delegate. Democratic National Conventions,
1981, 1984; Mayor, (1975-78) and Commissioner, (1973-78), Town of Nags Head.
Honors: NC Environmental Management Commission Award, 1985; Outstanding
Young Men of America, 1976, 1980; Distinguished Service Award, Dare County
Jaycees, 1978; attended SALT II briefings, 1979; NC Most Outstanding Young
Man, 1962. 4-H Club honors: NC Honor Club, 1964; delegate, Tennessee State
Round Up, 1964; delegate. National Congress, 1963; state winner (citizenship, 1963;
public speaking, 1960).
Literary Works: Author, "Workman's Compensation at Sea," Vanderbilt Law Journal.
Religious Activities: Member, Mount Olivet United Methodist Church; former mem-
ber. Administrative Board.
Family: Married, Rebecca Aydlett, June 27, 1976. Children: Charles Kramer, Win-
borne Harrell and Douglas Aydlett.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Banks and Thrift Institutions.
Vice Chairman: Rules and Operation of the House; Judiciary IV.
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on Justice and Public Safety; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appropria-
tions-Expansion Budget Committee on Justice and Public Safety; Courts and
Administration of Justice; Insurance; Marine Fisheries; Natural and Eco-
nomic Resources; Water and Air Resources.
The Legislative Branch
413
MILTON FREDERICK FITCH, JR.
(Democrat - Wilson County)
(Seventieth Representative District - Edgecombe (part), Nash (part), and
Wilson (part) Counties - One Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Wilson, Wilson County, October 20, 1946, to Milton Frederick
and Cora (Whitted) Fitch.
Education: C.H. Darden High School, 1964; NC Central University, 1968, B.S.; NC
Central University, School of Law, 1972, J.D.
Profession: Attorney.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-.
Religious Activities: Member, Jackson Chapel Baptist Church, Wilson.
Family: Married, Judy K. Bradley, October 20, 1979. Child: Melonie Ann.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Employment Security; Finance; Housing; Human Resources; Insur-
ance; Judiciary III; Manufacturers and Labor; Water and Air Resources.
414 North Carolina Manual
RAY CHARLES FLETCHER
(Democrat - Burke County)
(Forty-seventh Representative District - Burke (part) County - One
Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Forest City, Rutherford County, May 4, 1931, to Troy L. and
Geneva (Beddingfield) Fletcher, Sr.
Education: Drexel High School; UNC-Chapel Hill.
Profession: Secretary-Treasurer, City Motor Company of Valdese, Inc.
Organizations: President, Rotary Club; Burke County Chamber of Commerce; Val-
dese Merchants Association (former President); Lovelady United Fund (former
President); Valdese Jaycees (former President); former Chairman, Valdese Parks
and Recreation.
Boards and Commissions: Chairman of the Board, NC School for Deaf.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84, 1985-; Mayor,
Town of Valdese; Burke County Democratic Party; former President and Chair-
man, Burke County Young Democrats Club.
Military Service: Served, US Navy, 1951-54.
Honors: Rotarian of the Year, 1965; Young Man of the Year, Valdese Jaycees, 1961.
Religious Acdtivities: Member, Waldensian Presbyterian Church; former Deacon.
Family: Married, Mary Beth Goodman, November 29, 1980. Children: Raye Lynn, r
Randy, Ruthie, and Christie (Fletcher) Taylor.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS I
Chairman: Commissions and Schools for the Blind and Deaf.
Vice Chairman: State Government; State Personnel.
Member: Election Laws; Finance; Local Government I; Mental Health; Small j
Business; Transportation; Water And Air Resources. '
The Legislative Branch 415
JO GRAHAM FOSTER
(Democrat - Mecklenburg County)
(Fifty-sixth Representative District - Mecklenburg (part) County - One
Representative.)
Early Years: Born May 22, 1915, to Reverend Joseph Alexander and Queen (McDo-
nald) Graham.
Education: McBee High School, 1927-28; Spring Hill Central High School, 1928-31;
Columbia College, 1935.
Profession: Retired (former Administrative Assistant to the Superintendent, Charlotte-
Mecklenburg Schools.)
Organizations: National Education Association; NC Association of Educators (former
President); PACE; PENC; Charlotte-Mecklenburg Educators; National Associa-
tion, Secondary School Principals; Delta Kappa Gamma; Gamma Sigma; Sigma
Tau Delta; International Platform Association.
Boards and Commissions: Education Commission of the States; Board of Visitors,
Johnson C. Smith University; Board of Visitors, Boys Town; Board of Relatives,
Mental Health Board and Total Care Board, Bethlehem Center; National Task
Force on Sex Equity in Education; National Committee for Citizenship and Social
Studies, State-Federal Assembly.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1973-74, 1975-76, 1977-78,
1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-; Precint Committee.
Honors: Who's Who of American Platform; Legislator Psychologist Award; Outstand-
ing Educator, Elementary School Principals; World Gideon Bible, 1979; National
Legislator of the Year, American School Counselors, 1979; Legislator of the Year,
NC School Counselors, 1979; nominee. Salute to Working Women, 1968.
Religious Activities: Member, Dilworth Methodist Church, Charlotte; Board of Ste-
wards; Adult Sunday School Teacher; Lay Speaker; Committee on Education and
various other committees.
Family: Married, James Benjamin Foster, June 4, 1937. Children: Mary Jo (Foster)
McClure.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Education.
Vice Chairman: Aging; Military and Veterans' Affairs.
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on Education; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appropriations-Expansion
Budget Committee on Education; Banks and Thrift Institutions; Health; Pen-
sions and Retirements; State Goverment; University Board of Governors
Nominating Committee.
416 North Carolina Manual
AARON ELEAZAR FUSSELL
(Democrat - Wake County)
(Sixty-fifth Representative District - Wake (part) County - One Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Rose Hill, Duplin County, July 5, 1923, to C.T. and Myra Blake
(Cavenaugh) Fussell.
Education: Rose Hill High School 1940; Atlantic Christian College, 1946, A.B., cum
laude; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1952, M.Ed.; Duke University and NCSU, post graduate
studies.
Profession: Retired educator (Superintendent, Wake County Public Schools, 35 years).
Organizations: Educational Chamber; Educational Fraternity; Mason; Scottish Rite;
North Raleigh Lions Club, 30 years (former President); various civil and political
organizations.
Boards and Commissions: Chairman, Capital Area Visitor Services Committee; Local
Government Advocacy Council.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84,
1985-.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1943-45, 5 major campaign decorations.
Honors: Author, "Teacher Evaluation Legal Residence."
Religious Activities: Member, Millbrook United Methodist Church; Past Chairman of
the Board; President, Men's Club; Lay Leader; teacher; Trustee.
Family: Married, Polly Batts, August 14, 1949; four children.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Highway Safety.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations-Base Budget Committee on Education; Education.
Member: Aging; Agriculture; Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations Ex-
pansion Budget; Appropriations-Expansion Budget Committee on Educa-
tion; Commissions and Schools for the Blind and Deaf; Higher Edcation;
Rules and Operation of the House.
The Legislative Branch
417
CHARLOTTE ANCHER GARDNER
(Republican - Rowan County)
Rowan County- Two Representa
(Thirty-fifth Representative District
tives.)
Early Years: Born in Baltimore, Maryland, November 14, 1931, to Marcel and Char-
lotte (Knapp) Ancher.
Education: St. Anne's, 1943; St. Anthony's, 1945; Rockwell High School, 1949;
Catawba College, 1952, A.B.
Profession: Former high school teacher.
Organizations: Leader, Boy Scouts and Girl Scouts of America; NC Right to Life;
Rowan County Humane Society; MADD (Director, 1984-85; Vice President, 1982-
84); Secretary, Rowan County Conservation Group, 1980-82; Choral Society, 1974.
Boards and Commissions: Director, Community Life Council, 1980-81.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-; NC Republican
Women (District Representative, 1983-84); Salisbury-Rowan Republican Women
(Vice President, 1982-84); Central Committee, Rowan Republican Party (Vice
Chairman, 1981-83); Women's Task Force, 8th District, 1983-84.
Religious Activities: Member, Sacred Heart Catholic Church, Salisbury; youth leader;
choir; Sacred Heart PTA; Treasurer, Church Women United, 1982-84; Grand
Regeant Catholic Daughter, 1975.
Family: Married, Lester Gardner of Bellwood, Pennsylvania, June 7, 1952. Children:
Jeanne Dianne, Terrence Lee, Leslie Eugenia, Timothy Andrew, Thomas Alan and
Ted Alexander.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Corrections; Education; Employment Security; Finance; Higher Edu-
cation; Highway Safety; Human Resources; Mental Health.
418 North Carolina Manual
HERMAN COLRIDGE GIST
(Democrat - Guilford County)
(Twenty-sixth Representative District - Guilford (part) and Randolph
(part) Counties - One Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Spartanburg, South Carolina, December 12, 1923, to Arthur and
Louie (Casey) Gist.
Education: Highland Grade School, 1929-36; Carver High School, 1936-40; NC A&T
State University, 1964, B.S. (Biology).
Profession: Coffee, herbs and tea distributor.
Organizations: Chairman, Political Awareness; Greensboro Citizens Forum, 1979-;
Omega Psi Phi, 1942-.
Boards and Commissions: Alcoholic Beverage Control Board, 1980-.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84, 1985-.
Military Service: Served, US Army (Corporal); Quartermaster Corps; Good Conduct
Medal.
Religious Activities: Member, St. Matthews Church.
Family: Married, Grace Grant, November, 1968; three children.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Alcoholic Beverage Control; Higher Education; University
Board of Govenors Nominating Committee.
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on Justice and Public Safety; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appro-
priations-Expansion Budget Committee on Justice and Public Safety; Banks
and Thrift Institutions; Election Laws; Insurance; Small Business; State
Government.
The Legislative Branch 419
GORDON HICKS GREENWOOD
(Democrat - Buncombe County)
(Fifthy-first Representative District - Buncombe, Henderson (part) and
Transylvania Counties - Four Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Black Mountain, Buncombe County, July 3, 1909, to James
Hicks and Louella (Ray) Greenwood.
Education: University of Illinois, 1941, B.S. (Journalism); University of London, 1945.
Profession: College administrator and former professor (Assistant to the President,
Montreat-Anderson College; Director of Admissions, Montreat-Anderson College,
1973-76; Assistant Professor of Journalism, Boston University, 1951-52; manager.
New England Press Association).
Organizations: Black Mountain Lodge No. 663, A.F.&A.M., Asheville Chapter No.
25; Black Mountain Lions Club; Chamber of Commerce; V.F.W.; American
Legion; D.A.V.; Sons of the American Revolution; Sons of Confederate Veterans;
Western NC Development Association (original organizer).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1959, 1961, 1963, 1965-66,
1967, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-; Town Board, Black Mountain,
1973-76; Commissioner, Buncombe County, 1968-72.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1943-45; psychologist.
Honors: Outstanding Alumnus, UNC-Asheville, 1981; NC Commissioner of the Year,
1971.
Religious Activities: Member, Black Mountain United Methodist Church; Official
Board.
Family: Married, Garnet Elizabeth Carder, March 8, 1941, Children: G. Gordon and
Ricky Eugene.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Appropriations-Expansion Budget Committee on Education.
Vice Chairman: Aging; Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Expansion
Budget; Health.
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget Committee on Education; Banks and
Thrift Institutions; Manufacturers and Labor; Military and Veterans' Affairs;
State Properties; Water and Air Resources; Wildlife Resources.
420
North Carolina Manual
JOE HACKNEY
(Democrat - Orange County)
(Twenty-fourth Representative District - Chatham (part) and Orange
Counties - Two Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Siler City, Chatham County, September 23, 1945, to Herbert
Harold and Ida Lillian (Dorsett) Hackney.
Education: Slik Hope High School, 1963; NC State University, 1963-64; UNC-Chapel
Hill, 1967, A.B. with honors (Political Science); UNC-Chapel Hill, School of Law,
1970, J. D.
Profession: Attorney (partner, firm of Epting & Hackney); Assistant District Attorney,
15th District, 1971-74; research assistant, J. Frank Huskins, Associate Justice, NC
Supreme Court, 1970-71.
Organizations: Orange County (former President), NC and American Bar Associa-
tions; NC Academy of Trial Lawyers; Committee on Legislature and Law Reform,
NC Bar; former President, 15th District Bar; former President, Orange-Chatham
Legal Services.
Boards and Commissions: Joint Orange-Chatham Community Action, Inc.; Conserva-
tion Foundation and Council of NC; Citizens Commission on Alternatives to
Incarceration; Governor's Crime Commission; Appalachian Trial Conference.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-.
Religious Activities: Member, Hickory Mountain Baptist Church.
Family: Married, Betsy Strandberg, September 15, 1979. Child: Daniel Howard.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Water and Air Resources.
Vice Chairman: Corrections; Judiciary I.
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on Natural and Economic Resources; Appropriations-Expansion Budget;
Appropriations-Expansion Budget Committee on Natural and Economic
Resources; Courts and Administration of Justice; Energy; Higher Education;
Natural and Economic Resources.
The Legislative Branch
421
ALEXANDER MORTON HALL
(Democrat - New Hanover County)
New Hanover (part) County
(Thirteenth Representative District
Representatives.)
Two
Early Years: Born in Wilmington, New Hanover County, July 20, 1948, to James M.
ber of Commerce, I981-; Wilmington Industrial Development, Inc.; Trustee, Wil-
mington Kiwanis Club, 1978-82; NC Jaycees, 1969-73.
Boards and Commissions: New Hanover Transportation Efficiency Council; Mayor's
Transportation Task Force.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-; Precinct Chairman,
New Hanover County Democratic Party.
Religious Activities: Member, St. Andrew's Covenant Presbyterian Church, Wilming-
ton; Deacon.
Family: Married, Maria Clontz of Wilmington, August 15, 1971. Children: Sarah
Elizabeth.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Courts and Administration of Justice; Education; Employment Secur-
ity; Finance; Judiciary II; Local Government 1; Marine Fisheries; Small Busi-
ness; University Board of Governors Nominating Committee.
422
North Carolina Manual
I
1.
JAMES MARSHALL HALL
(Republican - Stokes County)
(Fortieth Representative District - Alleghany, Ashe, Stokes (part), Surry,
and Watauga Counties - Three Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in King, Stokes County, August 6, 1922, to Raleigh F. and Hattie
(Fowler) Hall.
Education: King High School, 1940.
Profession: Farmer and insurance executive.
Organizations: American Legion; President, NC Little League Baseball Association,
198 1-; Southern Region Tournament Advisory Board, Little League Baseball,
1980-; District Administrator, Little League Baseball, Inc., 1974-; King Lions Club
(Treasurer, 1968-72).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-; Stokes County
Republican Party (State Executive Committee, 1973-; Chairman, 1979-81).
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1942-45 (Sergeant).
Religious Activities: Member, Mount Olive Baptist Church, King.
Family: Married, Melba Covington of King, January 24, 1946. Children: Barry, Bruce
and Emily.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Agriculture; Banks and Thrift Institutions; Election Laws; Energy;
Finance; Insurance; Local Government II; Mental Health.
J
The Legislative Branch 423
JOHN CALVIN HASTY
(Democrat - Robeson County)
(Sixteenth Representative District - Hoke, Robeson and Scotland (part)
Counties - Three Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Maxton, Robeson County, March 9, 1930, to William Howard
and Flora (Belle) Currie Hasty.
Education: Maxton Public Schools; Maxton High School, 1948; Presbyterian Junior
College, 1950, A.S.; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1953, B.S.
Profession: Insurance and real estate agent (President, Hasty Insurance Agency, Inc.;
President, Pace-Henderson Finance Co., Inc.; President, Future Agency of Laurin-
burg. Inc.; partner. Hasty Realty).
Organizations: Independent Insurance Agents Association; NC Association of Pre-
mium Finance Companies (Secretary, 1981-82; Director, 1978-82); Mormax Club
(President, 1971); Director, Cape Fear Area Council, Boy Scouts of America, 1967-
(President, 1973-75); Laurinburg-Scotland Area Chamber of Commerce (Director,
1976); former President, Maxton Historical Society; former President, Maxton
Junior Chamber of Commerce.
Boards and Commissions: Laurinburg-Maxton Airport Commission (Chairman, 1980-
82); Trustee and Executive Committee, Scotland Memorial Hospital; local Direc-
tor, Southern National Bank; Maxton Planning Commission; Maxton Zoning
Board.
Political Activites: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84, 1985-; Mayor and
City Council, Town of Maxton.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1953-55 (Sergeant); 101st Airborne Division.
Religious Activities: Member, St. Paul's United Methodist Church; Chairman, Admin-
istrative Board, 1976-77; Chairman, Building Committee, 1972; Chairman, Finance;
national conference delegate.
Family: Married, Betty Anne Upchurch, October 22, 1955. Children: John Calvin, Jr.,
Flora Anne (Hasty) McCook and Elizabeth Upchurch.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Appropriations-Base Budget Committee on Natural and Eco-
nomic Resources; Appropriations-Expansion Budget Committee on Natural
and Economic Resources; Local Government II; Manufacturers and Labor.
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Expansion Budget;
Banks and Thrift Institutions; Insurance; Judiciary III; Law Enforcement;
Public Utilities; University Board of Governors Nominating Committee.
424 North Carolina Manual
CHARLIE BRADY HAUSER
(Democrat - Forsyth County)
^ T ■"wT^'^UJ^ (Sixty-seventh Representative District - Forsyth (part) County - One
, Representative.)
^^^m. /^QH^^^ Early Years: Born in Yadkinville. October 13, 1917, to Daniel M.
^^^^ x^^^B gj^jj Callie V. Hauser (both deceased).
Education: Dunbar High School, 1932-36; Winston-Salem University, 1940, B.S.; Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, 1947, M.S.; University of Pennsylvania, 1956, M.S.; Texas
Southern University, 1968.
Profession: Professor (Winston-Salem State University, 1956-77; Allen University,
1955-56); Former principal and teacher.
Organizations: NBA (life member); National Retired Teachers Association; Chairman,
Life Membership Committee, NAACP (life member); Omega Psi Phi (life member);
Century Club, YMCA; Advisory Committee, DEEP, Winston-Salem/ Forsyth
County Schools, 1974-; Phi Delta Kappa; Urban League Guild; Emancipation
Association; Winston-Salem Improvement Association; American Lung Associa-
tion; Forsyth County Mental Health Association; International Municipal Cooper-
ation Committee of Winston-Salem; Director, Winston Lake Family YMCA
(former Chairman); Trustee, Forsyth Technical Institute; Director, Winston-
Salem/ Forsyth County YMCA; Winston-Salem/ Forsyth County Council, IRA,
1973-74; UNC Board of Governors. Former member: ATE, NCAE, NCARE and
Citizens for Improvement of Reading, American Educational Research Associa-
tion.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84, 1985-; former
Judge, Precinct Chairman and Registrar, Paisley Precinct; Executive Committee
(county and state); delegate to county, district and state conventions; campaign
chairman; first Black elected to a county office in Forsyth County since Recon-
struction, 1960.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1942-45 (Staff Sergeant); ETO Ribbon with Five
Battle Stars; Good Conduct Medal.
Honors: Sports Hall of Fame, Winston-Salem State University and CIAA; Omega
Man of the Year, 1966, 1984; honors from various charitable, civic, educational,
fraternal and religious organizations.
Religious Activities: Member, Mt. Zion Baptist Church; Assistant Superintendent,
Sunday School; Trustee, Oraculum Staff; former member. Pulpit Search Committee.
Family: Married, Lois Elizabeth Brown, April 4, 1943. Children: Fay E. and Lois H.
(Hauser) Golding.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Appropriations-Base Budget Committee on Natural and Eco-
nomic Resources; Appropriations-Expansion Budget Committee on Natural
and Economic Resources; Higher Education; Pensions and Retirement.
Member: Aging; Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Expansion Bud-
get; Education; Human Resources; Mental Health; Small Business
The Legislative Branch 425
JOEH. HEGE, JR.
(Republican - Davidson County)
(Thirty-seventh Representative District - Davidson, Davie and Iredell
(part) Counties - Three Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Lexington, Davidson County, January 28, 1926, to Joe H. and
Ellen J. (Hilliard) Hege, Sr.
Education: Pilot High School, 1943; Institute of Government, UNC-Chapel Hill, 1969,
Certificate of Police Administration; Oklahoma University, 1975.
Profession: Broker and counselor. National Realty, Inc.; Assistant Director, Services
for the Blind, State of NC, 1973-77; Veterans Service Officer, Davidson County,
1948-50.
Organizations: Lexington Board of Realtors; Amvets; Veterans of Foreign Wars; Air-
craft Owners and Pilots Association; Kiwanis; Lions International; American
Legion.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1967, 1969, 1971, 1973-74,
1985-; Minority Whip, 1969, 1971; Secretary, Joint House-Senate GOP Caucus,
1973; State Republican Executive Committee; Treasurer, 5th District Republican
Executive Committee, 1979-80; Sheriff, Davidson County, 1969-70.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1944-46 (Sergeant); European theatre; European-
African-Middle East Service Medal with Two Bronze Stars; Good Conduct Medal;
World War II Victory Medal; Army Occupation Medal.
Honors: Republican of the Year, Davidson County, 1984.
Religious Activities: Member, Pilgrim Reformed United Church of Christ, Lexington;
Audit Committee (former President, Treasurer, Chairman); Elder; Deacon of Con-
sistory; Chairman, Cemetary Committee; Sunday School Teacher.
Family: Married, Jane Owen of Davidson County, November 27, 1948. Children: Joe
H., Ill, Karen L. (Hege) Watford and Edwin Lamar.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on Education; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appropriations-Expansion
Budget Committee on Education; Banks and Thrift Institutions; Commis-
sions and Schools for the Blind and Deaf; Election Laws; Judiciary II; Public
Utilities; Rules and Operation of the House; State Government.
426
North Carolina Manual
FOYLE ROBERT HIGHTOWER, JR.
(Democrat - Anson County)
(Thirty-third Representative District - Anson and Montgomery Counties
- One Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Wadesboro, Anson County, January 21, 1941, to Foyle Robert
and Mildred (Brigman) Hightower, Sr.
Education: Wadesboro Public Schools; Wadesboro High School, 1959; Elon College;
UNC-Chapel Hill; Wingate College, B.G.S.
Profession: Corporate executive (Vice President, Hightower Ice & Fuel Company,
inc.).
Organizations: Kilwinning Lodge No. 64, Wadesboro Ancient, Free and Accepted
Masons; 32nd Degree Mason; Shriner; Woodmen of the World; Jaycees; Wades-
boro Civitan Club (former Director); former Chairman, Anson Blood Program;
American Red Cross; Merit Badge Committee and Board of Review, Boy Scouts of
America; former Area Chairman, Cancer Drive; Master Counselor. Wadesboro
Order of DeMolay.
Boards and Commissions: Legislative Services Commission; former member, NC
Wildlife Resources Commission.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1971, 1973-74, 1975-76,
1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-.
Military Service: Served, US Army Reserves, 1963-69 (Corporal).
Honors: Man of the Year, Anson County, 1975.
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church, Wadesboro; Sunday School
teacher; Chairman, Board of Deacons, 1981; Men of the Church (President, 1973,
1977, 1978; Secretary-Treasurer, 1971).
Family: Married, Pauline McElveen of Lake City. South Carolina. Children: Victoria
Joan and Caroline Ruth.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: State Government.
Vice Chairman: Finance; Insurance.
Member: Agriculture; Children and Youth; Education; Election Laws; Water
and Air Resources; Wildlife Resources.
The Legislative Branch 427
GEORGE MILTON HOLMES
(Republican - Yadkin County)
(Forty-first Representative District - Alexander (part), Wilkes and Yad-
kin Counties - Two Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Mount Airy, Surry County, June 20, 1929, to John William and
Thelma Elizabeth (Dobie) Holmes.
Education: Mount Airy High School, 1944; Western High School, 1945-48; Appalach-
ian State University, 1954; Travelers Multiple Line Insurance School, 1959.
Profession: Insurance executive (President, W.N. Ireland Insurance Agency, Inc.).
Organizations: NC Association of Independent Insurance Agents; National Associa-
tion of Life Underwriters; Yadkin Lodge 162, F.&A.M.; Winston-Salem Consis-
tory, Scottish Rite of Free Masonry; Shriner; Oasis Temple.
Boards and Commissions: Governor's Crime Study Commission, 1976; Fire and Casu-
alty Rate Study Commission, 1976; Board of Directors, Carolina Epilepsy Research
Foundation; Board of Directors, Northwestern Bank, Yadkinville.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1975-76, 1979-80, 1981-82,
1983-84, I985-; Minority Whip, 1981-82; Advisory Budget Commission; Minority
Party Joint Caucus Leader, 1983-84; Yadkin County Republican Executive Com-
mittee; Eighth District Republican Executive Committee; State Republican Execu-
tive Committee, 1975-76, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84; State Republican Central
Committee, 1983-84.
Religious Activities: Member, Flat Rock Baptist Church; Deacon, 1956-70; Trustee,
1970-; Superintendent, 1968-72; Former Secretary and Sunday School Teacher.
Family: Married, Barbara Ann Ireland, June 30, 1956. Children: Jennifer (Holmes)
Crawley.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Insurance
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on General Government; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appropriations-
Expansion Budget Committee on General Government; Banks and Thrift
Institutions; Courts and Administration of Justice; Judiciary IV; Local
Government II; Manufacturers and Labor; Rules and Operation of the
House.
428
North Carolina Manual
WILLIAM CASPER HOLROYD, JR.
(Democrat - Wake County)
Wake (part) County - One Repre-
(Sixty-first Representative District
sentative.)
Early Years: Born in Rose Hill, South Carolina, September 16, 1927, to William
Casper and Lucile (Dacus) Holroyd.
Education: Greenwood High School, 1944; Duke University, 1948, A.B. (Economics).
Profession: Salesman, Pennsylvania Life Insurance Company, 1954; production plan-
ning, Burlington Industries, 1948-54.
Organizations: Million Dollar Roundtable (life member); Raleigh Association of Life
Underwriters (former Preseident); Chartered Life Underwriters (CLU); Raleigh
Lions Club; Raleigh Swim Association (former President); former Director, Wake
Up for Children and Wake County Women's Center.
Boards and Commissions: Advisory Board, Methodist Home for Children; Advisory
Board, Duke Comprehensive Cancer Center; Advisory Board, Duke Medical Cen-
ter; NC Secondary Committee, Southern Association of Colleges and Schools;
Selection Committee, Governor's (Public) School Programs of Excellence.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1985-;
Wake County Democratic Men; Wake County Democratic Senior Citizens; Wake
County YDC; Raleigh Board of Education, 12 years (Chairman, 7 years).
Religious Activities: Member, Hayes Barton United Methodist Church, Raleigh;
Board of Stewards; Vice President, Men's Fellowship; lead teacher. Youth Depart-
ment, 1951-.
Family: Married, Dr. Mary Mayesky of Detroit, Michigan, November 25, 1981. Child-
ren: Ann (Holroyd) Youngblood, Jane (Holroyd) Holding, Kaye (Holroyd) Mul-
keen and Claire M.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Cultural Resources.
Vice Chairman: Education; Children and Youth.
Member: Aging; Finance; Insurance; Public Utilities; Water and Air Resources.
The Legislative Branch 429
BERTHA MERRILL HOLT
(Democrat - Alamance County)
(Twenty-fifth Representative District - Alamance, Rockingham and
Stokes (part) Counties - Four Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Eufaula, Alabama, August 16, 1916, to William H. and Bertha H.
(Moore) Merrill.
Education: Eufaula High School; Agnes Scott College, 1938, B.A.; UNC-Chapel Hill,
School of Law, 1939-40; University of Alabama, School of Law, 1941, LL.B.;
George Washington University, 1942, graduate studies.
Profession: Legislator and attorney; former attorney, US Treasury and Department of
the Interior.
Organizations: NC Bar Association; Pi Beta Phi; English Speaking Union; Les Amis
du Vin; NC Historical Society.
Boards and Commissions: Board of Directors, Director, Hospice; Joint Commission
on Governmental Operations; Advisory Committee, Archaeology, 1979-84; Board
of Directors, Alumni Association, UNC-Chapel Hill, School of Law 1978-80;
Board of Directors, State Council on Social Legislation, 1978-80; Social Services
Board, 1973-74.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80,
1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-; former President, Alamance County Democratic Women
(Chairman, Headquarters Committee, 1962-64); Democratic Executive Committee,
1964-75; Vice Chairman, Alamance County Democratic Executive Committee,
1964-66.
Honors: Outstanding Alumnus (1978) and Community Service Award, Agnes Scott
College; Who's Who of American Women.
Religious Activities: Member, Episcopal Church of Holy Comforter, Burlington;
teacher. High School Sunday School Class; Diocesan Council, 1972-74, 1984-;
Chairman, Diocese Grant Committee, 1972-80; Standing Committee of Diocese,
1975-77; Senior Warden, Vestry, 1974; Chairman, Finance Committee, Diocese of
NC 1973-74; former President, Episcopal Church Women.
Family: Married, Winfield Clary Holt, March 14, 1942. Children: Harriet (Holt) Whi-
tley, William Merrill and Winfield Jefferson.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Appropriations-Expansion Budget Committee on Justice and Public
Safety.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Expansion Bud-
get; Constitutional Amendments; Judiciary HI.
Member: Aging; Alcoholic Beverage Control; Appropriations-Base Budget Com-
mittee on Justice and Public Safety; Children and Youth; Cultural Resources;
Human Resources; Water and Air Resources.
430 North Carolina Manual
JOSEPH RICHARDSON HUDSON
(Democrat - Union County)
(Thirty-fourth Representative District - Cabarrus, Stanly, and Union
Counties - Four Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Waxhaw, Union County, October 29, 1931, to Richard Alex-
ander and Hilda (Loftin) Hudson.
Education: Waxhaw High School, 1949; Wingate Jr. College, 1951; Queens College
1961, A. B. (Economics).
Profession: Corporate executive (President, RCS, Inc. - complete sewer services).
Political Activities: member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84, 1985-; Commis-
sioner, Union County, 1974, 1978-82 (Chairman, 1978-82); Chariman, Centralina
Council of Governments, 1977-79.
Military Service: Served, US Air Force, 1951-55.
Religious Activities: Member, Providence Presbyterian Church; Superintendent; Dea-
con; Elder, 1981-84.
Family: Married, Edith Bradley Sise, January 22, 1955. Children: Jamie Susan, Cathe-
rine Sise, Joseph R. Jr. and Barbara Hilda.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Agriculture; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee on Justice
and Public Safety; Appropriations-Expansion Budget Committee on Justice
and Public Safety; Children and Youth.
Member: Alcoholic Beverage Control; Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropria-
tions Expansion Budget; Judiciary III; Local Government 1; Rules and Oper-
ation of the House; Transportation; Water and Air Resources.
■^
The Legislative Branch 431
DORIS ROGERS HUFFMAN
(Reublican - Catawba County)
(Forty-fifth Representative District - Burke (part) and Catawba (part)
Counties - Two Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Burke County, August 3, 1935, to Bradus K. and Myrtle (Deal)
Rogers.
Education: Hickory City Schools, 1953; Catawba Valley Technical College, 1973
(Accounting and Tax).
Profession: Corporate executive (Secretary, Huffman Home Builders, Inc.).
Organizations: Hickory-Catawba Valley Home Builders Association; charter member,
HBA Auxiliary (membership award, 1979); Red Cross Blood Mobile; Salvation
Army.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-; Catawba County
Republican Women's Club; Executive Committee, NC GOP; Catawba Valley
Republican Party (Secretary, 1980; Vice Chairman, 1981; Chairman, 1982).
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church, Newton; Community Chairman,
Long-Range Planning; leader, Bible Drill Team.
Family: Married, L. Wilburn Huffman of Hickory, January 3, 1953. Children: Sandra
(Huffman) Medlin.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on General Government; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appropriations-
Expansion Budget Committee on General Government; Commissions and
Schools for the Blind and Deaf; Courts and Administration of Justice; Edu-
cation; Election Laws; Housing; Judiciary 11; Local Government I.
432
North Carolina Manual
JAMES FRANK HUGHES
(Republican - Avery County)
(Forty-sixth Representative District - Alexander (part), Avery, Burke
(part), Caldwell, Mitchell and Watauga (part) Counties - Three Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Linville, Avery County, June 20, 1925, to Columbus Henry and
Bertha (Boone) Hughes.
Education: Newland Elementary and Newland High School, 1930-42.
Profession: Owner and operator. Pixie Motor Inn.
Organizations: Linville Masonic Lodge #489; Oasis Shrine Temple; Newland Moose
Lodge #489; life member, Pat Ray Post VFW; National Rifle Association; High-
land Shrine Club; Optimist Club of Avery County.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1957, 1981-82, 1983-84,
1985-; NC Senate, 1973-74.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1944-46.
Religious Activities: Member, Linville Methodist Church.
Family: Married, Marietta Pittman, March 25, 1947. Children: Kaye (Hughes) Greene,
Sharon (Hughes) Peters and James F., Jr.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Alcoholic Beverage Control; Energy; Finance; Insurance; Judiciary I;
Pensions and Retirement; Public Utilities; Transportation.
The Legislative Branch
433
ROBERT CARL HUNTER
(Democrat - McDowell County)
(Forty-ninth Representative District - McDowell and Yancy Counties-
One Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Marion, McDowell County, January 14, 1944, to L. Penn and
Lucy (Turner) Hunter.
Education: Glenwood School; Marion City Schools; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1966, B.A.;
UNC-Chapel Hill, School of Law, 1969, J.D.
Profession: Attorney; former Assistant District Attorney, 29th Judicial District.
Organizations: McDowell County (former President), NC, American and 29th Judicial
District (former President) Bar Associations; NC Academy of Trial Lawyers;
Marion Rotary Club (former President); Marion Jaycees (former Secretary); Sigma
Phi Epsilon; Delta Theta Phi; former Director, McDowell County United Fund;
former Director, McDowell County Chamber of Commerce; former President, NC
County Attorneys Association; former Director, UNC Law Alumni Association.
Boards and Commissions: NC Courts Commission; Executive Committee, Southern
Legislative Conference; NC Advisory Council on the Eastern Band of the Chero-
kee; Chairman, Criminal Justice Committee, Southern Legislative Conference of
the Council of State Governments; former member, NC Judicial Council.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-;
Joint Legislative Ethics Committee, 1985-.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church, Marion; Trustee.
Family: Married, Nancy Hinson, August 22, 1970. Children: Megan Allen and Claire
Alise.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Appropriations-Expansion Budget Committee on General Govern-
ment.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Expansion Bud-
get; Courts and Administration of Justice; Judiciary IV.
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget Committee on General Government;
Corporations; Election Laws; Higher Education; Pensions and Retirement;
Rules and Operation of the House; State Personnel; Transportation.
434 North Carolina Manual
GERALD BARRY HURST
(Republican - Onslow County)
(Fourth Representative District - Carteret and Onslow Counties - Three
Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Wilimington, New Hanover County, July 24, 1933, to William
Barry (deceased) and Sybil (Covil) Hurst.
Education: Jacksonville High School, 1951; NCSU, 1956, B.S. (Mechanical Engineer-
ing); US Air Force: (Pilot Training School, Air Command and Staff College, Air
War College).
Profession: President and owner, Barry-Hurst, Inc.; retired Colonel, US Air Force.
Organizations: Jacksonville-Onslow Home Builders Association; Jacksonville
Chamber of Commerce; Order of Daedalians, US Air Force; American Legion;
Disabled American Veterans; Noble of the Mystic Shrine, Sudan Temple; 32nd
Degree Mason; Bergstrom-Austin Community Council, 1978-82; Austin Energy
Conservation Council, 1978-82.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-; first Republican
elected to NC House of Representatives from Onslow County.
Military Service: Served, US Air Force, 1956-82 (Colonel); Distinguished Flying
Cross; Bronze Star Medal; Meretorious Service Medal; Air Medals (11); Air Force
Commendation Medals (2); Purple Heart; Humanitarian Service Medal; Outstand-
ing Engineer, Tactical Air Command, 1980; Top Fighter Pilot, Pacific, 1963.
Literary Works: "di," published in two USAF flying safety magazines (di is the factor
of decision irreversibility); owner, copyright of republished work. Buck Barry,
Texas Ranger and Frontiersman.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church, Jacksonville.
Family: Married, Amelia Zahary of Plainville, Connecticut, December 28, 1957.
Children: Leighton and Barrie.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Education; Finance; Higher Education; Marine Fisheries; Mental
Health; Military and Veterans' Affairs; Pensions and Retirement; University
Board of Governors Nominating Committee.
The Legislative Branch 435
VERNON GRANT JAMES
(Democrat - Pasquotank County)
^^ 3^ _^ (First Representative District - Camden, Ciiowan, Currituck, Dare,
^'Sf'i'i J' Gates (part), Pasquotank, Perquimans, Tyrell and Washington (part)
%
\
A
Counties - Two Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Pasquotank County, July 1 1, 1910, to John Calvin and Fannie
(Coopersmith) James (both deceased).
Education: Weeksville High School, 1930; NC State University, 1930-31.
Profession: Produce supply business (President and manager, James Brothers, Inc.);
farmer.
Organizations: NC and National Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Growers Association;
National Potato Steering Committee, 1966-; Chairman, Potato Board, 1977-78;
former Director, Elizabeth City Chamber of Commerce.
Boards and Commissions: Trustee, College of the Albemarle, I960-.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1945, 1947, 1973-74, 1977-
78, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-.
Honors: Dinstinguished Service to Agriculture, NC Farm Bureau, 1983; Outstanding
Service Award, NC County Commissioners, 1983; Outstanding Service Award, NC
School Board Association, 1983; Outstanding Contribution Award, NC Soybean
Association, 1983; Governor's Award for Air Conservation, NC Wildlife Federa-
tion, 1981; Commissioner of Agriculture's Award (for promotion of fresh fruit and
vegetables), 1971; "Tar Heel of the Week," The News and Observer, 1965; Alumni
Recognition Award, 4-H Club, 1954.
Religious Activities: Member, Salem Baptist Church.
Family: Married, Thelma L. Luton, April 1, 1978. Children: John Thomas and Vernon
Grant, Jr. (both deceased).
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Agriculture.
Vice Chairman: Marine Fisheries; Transportation.
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Committee on
Natural and Economic Resources; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Ap-
propriations-Expansion Budget Committee on Natural and Economic Re-
sources; Constitutional Amendments; Public Utilities; Rules and Operation
of the House; State Properties.
436 North Carolina Manual
LUTHER REGINALD JERALDS
(Democrat - Cumberland County)
(Seventeenth Representative District - Cumberland (part) County - Two
Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Orrum, Robeson County, August 20, 1938, to Winnie B. and
Amy Lee (McMillan) Jeralds.
Education: Newbold Elementary School, 1943-51; St. Emma Military Academy, 1952-
54; E.E. Smith Senior High School, 1955-56; NC State College, 1961, B.S.
(Accounting).
Profession: Realtor and small businessman.
Organizations: Fayetteville Business and Professional League; NC Association of
Minority Businesses; Knights of Columbus.
Boards and Commissions: Board of Directors, YMCA
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84, 1985-; Advisory
Budget Commission.
Religious Activities:: Member, St. Ann's Catholic Church.
Family: Married, Jo Ann Fuller, May 7, 1958. Children: Adonis, Dominic and
Minikki.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Military and Veterans' Affairs.
Vice Chairman: Health; Small Business.
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on Human Resources; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appropriations-
Expansion Budget Committee on Human Resources; Banks and Thrift Insti-
tutions; Election Laws; Human Resources; Rules and Operation of the
House.
The Legislative Branch
437
WALTER BEAMAN JONES, JR.
(Democrat - Pitt County)
(Ninth Representative District - Greene and Pitt (part) Counties - Two
Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Farmville, Pitt County, February 10, 1943, to Walter B. and
Doris (Long) Jones.
Education: Farmville Public Schools; Hargrave Military Academy; NCSU; Atlantic
Christian College, 1967, A.B. (History).
Profession: Business consultant.
Organizations: Farmville Chamber of Commerce; Farmville Rotary Club; Pitt-
Greenville Chamber of Commerce; Director, 1985 Flue-Cured Tobacco Festival,
Inc.
Boards and Commissions: Mid-East Commission; Farmville Housing Authority; Advi-
sory Council, Rural Education Institute, ECU; Director, Pitt County Mental
Health Association; Foundation Board, Eastern Carolina Vocational Center; East-
ern Carolina Health Education Center Development Corporation (Education-for-
Health Center); Director, Pitt County Family Violence Program (member. Task
Force on Family Violence).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84, 1985-.
Family: Married, Joe Anne Whitehurst, June 26, 1966. Children: Ashley.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Children; Election Laws; Human Resources.
Member: Education; Finance; Highway Safety; Local Government II; State Per-
sonnel; University Board of Governors Nominating Committee.
438 North Carouna Manual
LARRY T.JUSTUS
(Republican - Henderson County)
(Fiftieth Representative District - Henderson (part) County - One
Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Hendersonville, Henderson County, April 30, 1932, to Brownlow
and Helen (Stepp) Justus (deceased).
Education: Dana High School, 1950; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1954; US Air Force: (Naviga-
tion Flight School, Commercial Flight Training School, Squadron Officers
School).
Profession: Real estate broker; retired Lieutenant Colonel, US Air Force. Formerly:
owner and operator, Justus Sand and Stone (1957-78); apple orchardist; owner,
outdoor advertising company; US Census technical officer.
Organizations: Veterans of Foreign Wars; former President, W.N.C. Waste Water
Treatment Association Scouts (Cub Pack); former Director, NC Apple Orchard
Beauty Pageant.
Boards and Commissions: Henderson County Board of Elections; Henderson County
Energy Council.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-; State Executive
Committee; State Central Committee; Governor's Committee on Better Roads;
Chairman, Henderson County Republican Party; former Chairman, Finance officer
Campaign Officer, llth Congressional District; former District Director, Lt. Gov-
ernor campaign; former manager, county GOP gubernatorial campaign; former city
campaign manager; former Chairman, North Blue Ridge Precinct; delegate. Repub-
lican National Convention, 1980.
Military Service: Served, US Air Force, 1954-57, 1961-62; Reserves, 1957-61, 1962-82
(Lieutenant Colonel); Squadron Commander; Military Aviator; Korean conflict;
Vietnam Executive Officer; Diaster Preparedness Officer; Information and Public
Relations Officer; Protocol Officer; Vietnam Service Ribbon; Combat Readiness
Ribbon; Presidential Unit Citation; Commendation Medal with Oak Leaf Cluster;
National Defence Reserve Medal.
Religious Activities: Member, Refuge Baptist Church, Hendersonville.
Family: Married, Carolyn King of Hendersonville, June 15, 1978. Children: Scott,
Ronnie, Chris and Seth.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on Justice and Public Safety; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appropria-
tions-Expansion Budget Committee on Justice and Public Safety; Comissions
and Schools for the Blind and Deaf; Constitutional Amendments; Human
Resources; Military and Veterans' Affairs; Small Business; Transportation.
The Legislative Branch
439
MARGARET POLLARD KEESEE-FORRESTER
(Republican - Guilford County)
(Twenty-seventh Representative District - Guilford (part) County - Three
Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Greensboro, Guilford County, January 6, 1945, to Charles Rog-
ers and Margaret Lena (Kersey) Keesee
Education: Guilford College, 1967, B.A.; Radford, 1967, graduate studies in Early
Childhood Education.
Profession: Homemaker; former classroom teacher.
Organizations: Greensboro Branch, American Association of University Women,
1973-; Women's Professional Forum; Mental Health Association of Greensboro;
Women's Forum of NC; League of Women Voters.
Boards and Commissions: Director, Sue Lynn Residential Services, Inc.; NC State
Advisory Committee, US Commission on Civil Rights, 1974-84; State Day Care
Study Commission, 1981, 1983.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1973-74, 1979-80, 1980-81,
1983-84, 1985-; Joint Legislative Ethics Committee, 1985-; Greater Greensboro
Republican Women.
Honors: Teacher of the Year, David Jones School, Greensboro, 1976, 1977.
Religious Activities: Member, Christ United Methodist Church.
Family: Married, Charles R. Forrester.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Election Laws.
Member: Children and Youth; Education; Finance; Governmental Ethics; High-
way Safety; Local Government II; Water and Air Resources.
440 North Carouna Manual
ANNIE BROWN KENNEDY
(Democrat - Forsyth County)
(Sixty-sixth Representative District - Forsyth (part) County - One Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Atlanta, Georgia, October 13. 1924, to Mancy (deceased) and
Mary Louise (Sheats) Brown.
Education: David T. Howard Elementary and Junior High Schools, 1930-38; Booker
T. Washington High School, 1983-41; Spelman College, 1945, A.B. (Economics);
Howard University School of Law, 1951, J.D.
Profession: Attorney (firm of Kennedy, Kennedy, Kennedy & Kennedy).
Organizations: Forsyth County (former Secretary), NC and National Bar Associations;
Forsyth County Association of Women Attorneys; NC Academy of Trial Lawyers;
NC Association of Black Attorneys; Altrusa Club of Winston-Salem (President,
1979-80); YWCA (former Director); NAACP; Women's Forum of NC; former
member. League of Women Voters; United Way of Forsyth County, 1972-77,
1979-83.
Boards and Commissions: County Morehead Scholarship Selection Committee; Clini-
cal Research Practices Committee, Bowman Gray School of Medicine; National
Council of Negro Women; Director, Winston-Salem State University Foundation,
Inc.; Board of Visitors, UNC-Chapel Hill; local Director, Southern National Bank;
Advisory Board, Amercian Federal Savings & Loan Association of Greensboro;
NC Criminal Code Commission. Former member, Winston-Salem Bicentennial
Commission; former Director: Winston-Salem Housing Foundation, Legal Aid
Society of Forsyth County and Forsyth Tuberculosis Association.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1979-80, 1983-84, 1985-;
Joint Legislative Ethics Committee; Democratic Women of Forsyth County, 1964-
(President, 1970-71); NC Executive Committee; delegate. Democratic National
Convention, 1984 (alternate delegate, 1972); presidential and vice presidential
Democratic elector, 1976; NC Commission on the Status of Women, 1964.
Honors: Distinguished Alumni Leadership, National Association for Equal Opportun-
ity in Higher Education, 1984; Outstanding Business Woman of the Year, Iota Phi
Phi, 1981; Citizen of the Year, Omega Psi Phi, 1979.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church; Board of Trustees, 1974-.
Family: Married, Harold L. Kennedy, Jr., December 23, 1950. Children: Harold L.,
Ill, Harvey L. and Michael D.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Governmental Ethics.
Vice Chairman: Local Government II; Natural and Economic Resources.
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on General Government; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appropriations-
Expansion Budget Committee on General Government; Courts and Adminis-
tration of Justice; Judiciary I; University Board of Governors Nominating
Committee; Water and Air Resources.
The Legislative Branch 441
H. MARTIN LANCASTER
(Democrat - Wayne County)
(Eleventh Representative District - Wayne County - Two Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Wayne County, March 24, 1943, to Harold W. and Eva Madena
(Pate) Lancaster.
Education: Pikeville High Schol, 1948-61; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1965, A.B.; UNC-Chapel
Hill, Law School, 1967, J. D.
Profession: Attorney.
Organizations: Wayne County, 8th Judicial District, NC and American Bar Associa-
tions; Mason; Shriner; Elk; Goldsboro Kiwanis; NC Society for Historic Preservation.
Boards and Commissions: Advisory Board, Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation, 1984;
Board of Governors, NC Bar Association, 1984; Chairman, NC Arts Council, 1977-
81; Chairman, Wayne County Public Library, 1979-80; Chairman, Wayne County
Chapter, American Red Cross, 1978-79; Chairman, Goldsboro-Wayne County
Bicentennial Commission, 1975-76; President, Goldsboro Community Arts Council,
1973-74; President, Wayne Community Concert Association, 1972-73.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84,
1985-.
Military Service: Served, LIS Navy, 1967-1970 (Lieutenant); Air Force Reserves, 1971-
1982 (Major); Naval Reserves, 1982- (Commander).
Honors: Valand Award, NC Mental Health Association. 1985; NC Crime and Justice
Award, Governor's Crime Commission, 1984; Outstanding Legislator Award, NC
Association of School Counselors, 1983; Outstanding Legislator Award, NC Academy
of Trial Lawyers, 1981; Distinguished Service Award, Goldsboro Jaycees, 1977.
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church; Elder, 1980-; Deacon, 1972-75.
Family: Married, Alice Matheny, May 31, 1975. Children: Ashley Elizabeth and Mary
Martin.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Judiciary 111.
Vice Chairman: Highway Safety; University Board of Governors Nominating
Committee.
Member: Education; Finance; Housing; Governmental Ethics; Mental Health;
Military and Veterans' Affairs; Rules and Operation of the House.
442 North Carolina Manual
BRADFORD VERDIZE LIGON
(Republican - Rowan County)
(Thirty-fifth Representative District - Rowan County - Two Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Buffalo, South Carolina, January 17, 1922, to William H. Ligon
and Lola (Collins) Ligon.
Education: Union High School, 1940; Medical University of South Carolina, College
of Pharmacy, 1950, B.S. (Pharmacy).
Profession: Pharmacist, (Manager, Kroger Sav-on).
Organizations: NC Pharmacy Association; Piedmont Pharmacy Association; Andrew
Jackson Masonic Lodge; American Legion, Harold B. Jarrett Post; Veterans of
Foreign Wars.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-;
Rowan County Commissioner, 1979-80.
Military Service: Served, US Marine Corp, 1942-45 (Corporal).
Religious Activities: Member, New Hope Baptist Church; Sunday School Teacher,
Adult Class; former Deacon.
Family: Married, Jemelle Huckabee, January 20, 1945. Children: Bradford Gene and
Michael Dennis.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Aging; Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Com-
mittee General Government; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appropri-
ations-Expansion Budget Committee on General Government; Corporations;
Employment Security; Health; Human Resources; Pensions and Retirement;
Small Business; Water and Air Resources.
rt!
The Legislative Branch 443
DANIEL T. LILLEY
(Democrat - Lenoir County)
(Third Representative District - Craven, Lenoir and Pamlico Counties
-Three Representatives.)
m.A
Early Years: Born in Martin County, August 15, 1920, to Alfred Tom and Ethel Grace
(Gurkin) Lilley (both deceased).
Education: Farm Life High School; Spartan School of Aeronautics; School of Flight
(airline maintenance course); College of Life Underwriters, 1967, C.L.U.
Profession: Life insurance salesman (Penn Mutual Life Insurance Company); minister.
Organizations: Lenoir County Life Underwriters Association; American Society of
Chartered Life Underwriters; Kinston Rotary Club; former President, Kinston Jun-
ior Chamber of Commerce.
Boards and Commissions: Southern Growth Policies Board; Greene Lamp, Inc.;
Chairman, State Government Issues and Organizations Committee, Assembly on
the Legislature; Chairman, State Aeronautics Council.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives. 1969, 1971, 1973-74, 1975-
76, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-; Reappointment Committee, National
Conference of State Legislators; Commissioner, Lenoir County, 1964-68.
Military service: Served, US Air Force, 6 years (Colonel); World War II; US Air Force
Reserve; Meritorious Service Award, 1980. NC Civil Air Patrol (Lieutenant Colonel).
Honors: National Quality Award, National Association of Life Underwriters, 1980;
Governor's Award (Conservation Legislator of the Year), NC Wildlife Federation,
1975; National Sales Achievement Award, National Association of Life Underwri-
ters, 1974; Citizen of the Year, Kinston Chamber of Commerce, 1963; Distin-
guished Service Award, Kinston Junior Chamber of Commerce.
Religious Activities: Member, Northwest Christian Church, Kinston; Elder.
Family: Married, Jean Hites of McPherson, Kansas, July 7, 1944. Children: Eileen and
Dan, Jr.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Rules and Operation of the House.
Vice Chairman: Finance; Wildlife Resources.
Member: Agriculture; Alcoholic Beverage Control; Banks and Thrift Institu-
tions; Local Government 1; Transportation.
444 North Carold^a Manual
^\
ALBERT S. LINEBERRY, SR.
(Democrat - Guilford County)
(Twenty-seventh House District - Guilford (part) County - Three
Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Memphis, Tennessee, April 13, 1918.
5,^^ Education: Cumberland University, Army Air Corps School;
Gupton-Jones College of Mortuary Law and Science; Na-
tional Foundation School of Management.
Profession: Chairman of the Board, Hanes-Lineberry Funeral Service, 1968-; Presi-
dent, Westminister Gardens, 1968-; President, Gaines Corporation, 1964-; partner,
J.A.S.E. Properties, 1976-; associate, Thanatology Department, Columbia University.
Organizations: Wake forest Deacons Club; Greensboro Sports Council; Director
Greensboro YMCA; President, Greensboro Symphony; Corinthian Lodge 542
AMFM; PP Turner Lodge 746; Eastern Star; White Shrine; Shrine Oasis Temple;
Scottish Rite Bodies; Independent Order of Odd Fellows; Greensboro Country
Club; Roaring Gap Club; Scottish Rite Mason (32nd, KCCH degree); Rhododen-
dron Royal Brigade of Guards; Director, Greensboro Opera; Director, Greensboro
City Club. Life member: YMCA; PTA; NC Congress of Parents and Teachers;
Greensboro Chamber of Commerce. BSA: National Advisory Board; Executive
Committee, General Greene Council; Director, SE Region.
Boards and Commissions: Board of Visitors, Maryfield Nursing Home and Guilford
College; Trustee, Greensboro College; Director, Greater Greensboro Foundation;
Chairman, Greensboro War Memorial Foundation.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-.
Military Service: Served, US Army Air Corps; World War II; pilot.
Honors: Greensboro Business Leaders Hall of Fame, 1984; Lineberry- Adams Award,
SE Seminary, 1982; Uncle Joe Cannon and Distinguished Citizen Awards, Greens-
boro Chamber of Commerce; Silver Beaver and Silver Fox, BSA; Good Shepherd
Award, Baptists for Scouting; Outstanding Citizen, Greensboro Inter Club Council,
1977; Boss of the Year, Dolly Madison Chapter, American Business Women, 1974;
Outstanding Citizen, National Conference of Christians and Jews, 1972; Book of
Golden Deed, Exchange Club, 1969; Man of the Year, Asheville, 1949.
Literary Works: "Dying Patient and Death and Funeral Service to Medical Society,"
NSM. 1977; "Justification," NSM. 1974; What You Should Know About Pre-
planning Funeral Service, 1973; Over or Under Sensitized; About the Funeral.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church, Greensboro; Deacon; depart-
mental Superintendent; Finance Committee. Chairman and charter member. Develop-
mental Council, SE Seminary; President's Cabinet, Pan American Union of Baptist
Men; Director, Bill Glass Evangelistic Association.
Family: Married, Helen Howerton; five children.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on Justice and Public Safety; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appropria-
tions-Expansion Budget Committee on Justice and Public Safety; Banks and
Thrift Institutions; Education; Governmental Ethics; Local Government I;
Public Utilities; Rules and Operation of the House; Small Business.
I
The Legislative Branch 445
SIDNEY ALVIN LOCKS
(Democrat - Robeson County)
(Sixteenth Representative District - Hoke, Robeson and Scotland (part)
Counties - Three Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Lafayette, Louisiana, February 5, 1949, to Sidney A. and Gloria
Jean (Harris) Locks.
Education: J.C. Clark High School (Opelousas, Louisiana); Wiley College, 1972, B.A.;
Morehouse School of Religion, 1975, Master of Divinity.
Profession: Minister; day care administrator.
Organizations: Operation Sickle Cell, Robeson Democratic Party; Alpha Phi Alpha;
Golden Leaf Lodge #124; Carpenters Consistory 164; NAACP of Robeson County;
former Chairman, Alpha Phi Omega; Robeson County Church and Community
Center.
Boards and Commissions: Director, Four County Community Action; NC Energy Pol-
icy Council; former Chairman, Lumberton Human Relations Commission.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84, 1985-; Lumber-
ton Board of Education.
Honors: Outstanding Young Men of America, 198L
Religious Activities: Minister, Sandy Grove Baptist Church; Progressive National Bap-
tist Convention, Inc.
Family: Married, Carol Ann Freeman, June 2, 1973. Children: Sidney Alvin Edward,
Frederick Douglas Maynard and Odetta Tandawi Carol.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Aging.
Vice Chairman: Governmental Ethics; Human Resources.
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on Human Resources; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appropriations-
Expansion Budget Committee on Human Resources; Corrections; Health;
Mental Health; Rules and Operation of the House.
446
North Carolina Manual
EDITH LEDFORD LUTZ
(Democrat - Cleveland County)
Cleveland, Polk, and Rutherford
(Forty-eighth Representative District
Counties - Three Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Lawndale, Cleveland County, October 20, 1914, to Thomas Cur-
tis and Annie (Hoyle) Ledford.
Education: Belwood High School.
Occupation: Farmer and fruit grower.
Organizations: Director, Cleveland County Farm Bureau; Director, Upper Cleveland
County Chamber of Commerce; NC Apple Growers' Association; Sheltered Work-
shops of Rutherford County; American Association of Business Women.
Boards and Commissions: Southern Legislative Conference; Mental Health Study
Commission; Agriculture, Forestry and Seafood Awareness Study Commission.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1976, 1977-78, 1979-80,
1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-.
Honors: Who's Who of American Women; "Farm Woman of the Year," Southwestern
District.
Religious Activities: Member, Kadish Methodist Church; Sunday School Teacher;
Treasurer, Women's Organization; counselor. Youth Fellowship.
Family: Married, M. Everett Lutz, October 25, 1933. Children: E.Jacob.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Local Government II.
Vice Chairman: Agriculture; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee on Human
Resources; Appropriations-Expansion Budget Committee on Human Resources.
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Children and Youth; Human Resources;
Insurance; Law Enforcement; Mental Health; State Personnel.
The Legislative Branch 447
JOSEPHUS LYMAN MAVRETIC
(Democrat - Edgecombe County)
(Eighth Representative District - Edgecombe (part) and Nash (part)
Counties - One Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Powells Point, Currituck County, July 29, 1934, to Joseph M.
(deceased) and Virginia (Bateman) Mavretic.
Education: New Bern High School; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1956, A.B. (English); George
Washington University, 1972, M.S. (Political Science, International Affairs); Naval
War College, distinguished graduate, 1972.
Profession: Retired military officer.
Organizations: Rotary Club of Tarboro; Retired Officers Association; American
Legion Post 58; Marine Corps Aviation Association; Director, Edgecombe County
chapter, American Red Cross; Phi Gamma Delta; Loyal Order of the Moose; coor-
dinator. Cub Scout Pack 96; Director, American Cancer Society (NC division);
Director, Edgecombe County Historic Preservation Fund; Director, NC Museum
of History Associates.
Boards and Commissions: Director, NC Council on Alcoholism; Steering Committee,
NC Educational Policy Seminars; former Chairman, Laurel Bay School Board;
former Director, First Carolina Bank.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1980 (appointed to fill
vacancy created by resignation of James Ezzell), 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-.
Military Service: Served, US Marine Corps, 1956-77 (Lieutenant Colonel); 300 combat
missions in Vietnam; 3000 flight hours in fighter aircraft; Bronze Star with Combat
"V".
Religious Activities: Member, St. James United Methodist Church; President, Metho-
dist Men's Club, 1981; Administrative Board, 1981; Finance Committee, 1980.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Pensions and Retirement.
Vice Chairman: Education; Finance.
Member: Agriculture; Constitutional Amendments; Natural and Economic Resources;
Public Utilities; Rules and Operation of the House; Transportation; Water
and Air Resources.
448 North Carolina Manual
ROBERT LEE McALISTER
(Democrat - Rockingham County)
(Twenty-fifth Representative District - Alamance, Rockingham and
Stokes (part) Counties - Four Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Reidsville, Rockingham County, February 6, 1923, to James
Denny and Maggie Ehzabeth (Meador) McAhster.
Education: Ruffin High School, 1942.
Profession: Farming and agri-business interests.
Organizations: NC Farm Bureau (member. Tobacco Committee); Rockingham County
Development Association; Vice Chairman, Rockingham County Farm Bureau
(member. Tobacco and Legislative Committee); Director, Northern Piedmont Area
Development Association.
Boards and Commissions: Director, NC Agriculture Foundation, NCSU; Director,
NC Tobacco Foundation, NCSU; Rockingham County Draft Board; Chairman,
Advisory Board, Rockingham County Extension; NC Agri-Business Council; Chair-
man, Advisory Board, Rockingham County FCX Service.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1977-78 (appointed to fill
vacancy created by resignation of Conrad R. Duncan, Jr.), 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-
84, 1985-; Secondary Roads Council, 7th Division, 1977; District Executive Com-
mittee, NC House, 1975.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1943-47, 1950-51 (Sergeant First Class); Anti-
Aircraft Artillery.
Honors: Progressive Community Leadership Award, Northern Piedmont Area Devel-
opment Association; Contributions Award, NC Irrigation Society; Leadership
Award, NC Agriculture Foundation, NCSU.
Religious Activities: Member, Mt. Carmel United Methodist Church; Trustee, 1970-
74; Administrative Board, 1967-76; Finance Secretary, 1969-75.
Family: Married, Doris Elizabeth Cox, February 1, 1944. Children: Dennis Lee and
Sidney Robert.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Local Government I.
Vice Chairman: State Properties; Water and Air Resources.
Member: Agriculture; Election Laws; Finance; Health; Military and Veterans'
Affairs; Transportation.
V -^w
The Legislative Branch 449
TIMOTHY HILL McDOWELL
(Democrat - Alamance County)
(Twenty-fifth Representative District - Alamance. Rockingham and Stokes
(part) Counties - Four Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Burlington, Alamance County, January 16, 1946, to Charles
Lamar and Golda Marjorie (Perry) McDowell.
Education: Technical College of Alamance, 1970, A.A.S.; Elon College, 1976, B.A.S.
Profession: Director, Community Relations, Elon College; former editor, Mebane
Enterprise Journal, 1970-74.
Organizations: Burlington Rotary Club; College News Association of the Carolinas.
Boards and Commissions: President, Elon Home for Children; Director, Alamance
Arts Council; Council for Advancement and Support of Education; Director,
Volunteers for People; Mebane Board of Adjustments, 1973-74.
Political Activities: Member, NC Senate 1985- (appointed September 20, 1985 to
replace John Jordan); Member. NC House of Representatives, 1977-78, 1979-80,
1981-82, 1983-84, 1985.
Military Service: Served, US Naval Reserves, 1966-71 (Third Class Petty Officer).
Honors: Outstanding Young Men in America, 1980; second place, best editorial, NC
Press Association, 1973; Outstanding Contribution to Conservation, Orange County
Soil and Water Conservation District, 1972.
Religious Activities: Member, Hawfields Presbyterian Church.
Family: Married, Zorado Kernodle, February 25, 1967. Children: Chris Michelle and
Joshua Truth.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Natural and Economic Resources.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations-Base Budget Committee on Education; Ap-
propriations-Expansion Budget Committee on Education; Higher Education.
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Con-
stitutional Amendments; Corrections; Judiciary I; Mental Health; Rules and
Operation of the House.
* Resigned effective September 25, 1985, following appointment to the N.C. Senate.
450 North Carolina Manual
JOHN BELL MCLAUGHLIN
(Democrat - Mecklenburg County)
(Fifty-fourth Representative District - Mecklenburg (part) County- One
Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Mecklenburg County, September I, 1925, to John and Maude
(Utley) McLaughlin.
Education: Newell Public Schools.
Profession: Retired (former postmaster, farmer, merchant and businessman).
Organizations: American Legion Post 287; Newell - UNC-Charlotte Lions Club.
Boards and Commissions: Former member, Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Educa-
tion, (10 years).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1950-52 (Corporal).
Religious Activities: Member, Back Creek Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church;
Elder.
Family: Married, Margaret Alexander of Mecklenburg County, June 20, 1954. Three
children.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Education; Election Laws; Finance; Higher Education; Insurance; Law
Enforcement; Local Government II; Mental Health; State Government.
The Legislative Branch 451
HENRY MCKINLEY MICHAUX, JR.
(Democrat - Durham County)
(Twenty-third Representative District - Durham (part) County - One
Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Durham, Durham County, September 4, 1930, to Henry McKin-
ley and Isadore (Coats) Michaux, Sr.
Education: Palmer Memorial Institute, 1948; NC Central University, 1952, B.S.; NC
Central University, School of Law, 1964, J.D.; Rutgers University and NC Central
University, graduate studies.
Profession: Attorney and business executive (Executive Vice President and Director:
Union Insurance and Realty Company; Glenview Memorial Park, Inc.; Washington
Terrace Apartments, Inc.; Terrace Insurance and Realty Company).
Organizations: NC, NC State and National Bar Associations; NC Association of Black
Lawyers; George H. White Bar Association; National Association of Real Estate
Brokers (General Counsel, 1966-77).
Boards and Commissions: Trustee, NC Central University; Chairman, Public Affairs
Committee, National Association of Real Estate Brokers.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1973-74, 1975-76, 1977,
1985-; speaker, Democratic Convention, 1984; Chief Assistant District Attorney,
14th Judicial District, 1977-81; delegate, Democratic Convention, 1976; District
Solicitor, 1969.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1952-54; Reserves, 1954-60 (Sergeant).
Honors: Honorary Doctor of Law, NC Central University and Durham College.
Religious Activities: Member, St. Joseph's AME Church, Durham; Steward Board.
Family: Children: Jocelyn (Michaux) Winston.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Constitutional Amendments.
Vice Chairman: Courts and Administration of Justice; Judiciary II.
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on Education; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appropriations-Expansion
Budget Committee on Education; Election Laws; Higher Education; Rules
and Operation of the House; University Board of Governors Noiuinating
Committee.
452 North Carolina Manual
GEORGE W. MILLER, JR.
(Democrat - Durham County)
(Sixty-ninth Representative District - Durham (part) County - One
Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Spencer, Rowan County, May 14, 1930, to George W. and
Blanche M. (Iddings) Miller.
Education: Spencer Elementary and High School, 1936-48; UNC-Chapel Hill, B.S.
(Business Administration); UNC-Chapel Hill, School of Law, 1954-57, LL.B.
Profession: Attorney (firm of Haywood, Denny & Miller).
Organizations: Durham County, NC and American Bar Associations; International
Association of Insurance Counsels; Phi Alpha Delta; Sertoma Club.
Boards and Commissions: Board of Visitors, NC Central University School of Law;
Utility Review Commission.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1971, 1973-74, 1975-76,
1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-; NC Young Democrats Club (President,
1964-65).
Military Service: Served, US Marine Corps, 1951-53 (Sergeant).
Religious Activities: Member, Duke Memorial Methodist Church, Durham; former
Chairman, Duke Memorial Week Day School Committee; former member, Official
Board.
Family: Married, Eula Hux, June 21, 1958. Children: Elizabeth Ann, Blanche Rose
and George, III.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Judiciary I.
Vice Chairman: Insurance; Public Utilities.
Member: Corporations; Finance; Governmental Ethics; Rules and Operation of
the House; University Board of Governors Nominating Committee.
The Legislative Branch 453
CHARLES IVAN MOTHERSHEAD, III
(Republican - Mecklenburg County)
(Fifty-fifth Representative District - Mecklenburg (part) County - One
Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Norfolk, Virginia, June 24, 1948, to Charles Ivan and Johnnie
(Lynbrook) Mothershead, Jr.
Education: Page Senior High School, 1966; NC State University, 1970, B.A. (Econom-
ics); NC State University, 1972, M.A. (Economics).
Profession: President: University Marketing, Inc.; UMI Publications, Inc.; Total
Sports Publications.
Organizations: NC Citizens for Business and Industry; ACC Sportswriter Association;
US Basketball Writers Association; Bureau of Independent Publishers and Distributors.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-; Executive Board,
Mecklenburg Republican Party, 1980-83; Chairman, Special Events Board, Mec-
klenburg Republican Party, 1980-83.
Literary Works: Editor: ACC Basketball Handbook. 1974-; NCSU National Cham-
pionship, 1983; ESPN Sports Almanac, 1983; UNC National Championship, 1982,
ACC Basketball Trivia Trip.
Religious Activities: Member, Christ Episcopal Church, Charlotte.
Family: Married, Dorothy Tull of Charlotte, October 8, 1983. Children: Charles Ivan,
IV.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Alcoholic Beverage Control; Banks and Thrift Institutions; Corpora-
tions; Finance; Insurance; Manufacturers and Labor; Public Utilities; Rules
and Operation of the House.
454
North Carolina Manual
WENDELL HOLMES MURPHY
(Democrat - Duplin County)
(Tenth Representative District
Representative.)
Duplin and Jones Counties - One
Early Years: Born in Rose Hill, September 23, 1938, to Holmes and Lois (King)
Murphy.
Education: Rose Hill High School, 1956; NC State University, B.S. (Agricultural
Education).
Profession: Farming and agri-business interests (President, Murphy Farms, Inc.).
Organizations: Former Vice-President and Director, NC Pork Producers Association.
Boards and Commissions: Director, First Union National Bank; Director, NC State
University Student Aid Association.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84, 1985-.
Honors: NC Outstanding Pork Producer, 1980; Pork All American, 1975.
Religious Activities: Member, Rose Hilt Baptist Church.
Family: Married, Linda Godwin, June, 1979. Children: Wendell H., Jr., Wendy
Deanne, Cindy Hairr and Wesley Hairr.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Health.
Vice Chairman: Banks and Thrift Institutions, Corrections.
Member: Agriculture; Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Bud-
get Committee on Natural and Economic Resources; Appropriations-Ex-
pansion Budget; Appropriations-Expansion Budget Committee on Natural
and Economic Resources; Election Laws; Higher Education; Insurance; Judi-
ciary II; Rules and Operation of the House; University Board of Governors
Nominating Committee.
The Legislative Branch 455
MARTIN L. NESBITT, JR.
(Democrat - Buncombe County)
(Fifty-tirst Representative District - Buncombe, Henderson (part) and
Transylvania Counties - Four Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Asheville, Buncombe County, September 25, 1946, to Martin L.
and Mary (Cordell) Nesbitt, Sr.
Education: Reynolds High School, 1964; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1970, B.A.; UNC-Chapel
Hill, School of Law, 1973, J.D.
Profession: Attorney.
Organizations: Buncombe County and NC State Bar Associations.
Boards and Commissions: NC Capital Planning Commission; Joint Legislative Com-
mission on Governmental Operations; former member, NC 2000 Commission;
Director, The Mediation Center; Director, Buncombe Alternatives.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1979-80, (appointed to fill
unexpired term created by the death of Mary C. Nesbitt), 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-;
State Federal Assembly Committee on Government Operations and Regulations,
National Conference of State Legislatures; Director, Buncombe County Demo-
cratic Men's Club.
Religious Activities: Member, St. Luke's Episcopal Church.
Family: Married, Deanne Sellers, September 28, 1979. Children: William Martin and
Chad Sellers.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Insurance.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations-Base Budget Committee on Education; Appropria-
tions-Expansion Budget Committee on Education; Courts and Administra-
tion of Justice.
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Expansion Budgt; Judi-
ciary I; Local Government II; Pensions and Retirement; Rules and Operation
of the House; Small Business; Water and Air Resources.
.
456 North Carolina Manual
n
DAVID JAMES NOLES
(Republican - Lincoln County)
(Forty-fourth Representative District - Gaston and Lincoln Counties
Four Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Lincolnton, Lincoln County, September 17, 1938, to Pervey
James and Edith (Lemmond) Noles.
Education: Asbury Elementary School; Lincoln Senior High School.
Profession: Farmer.
Organizations: Vice Chairman, Regional State Farmers Market; Lincoln Band Boos-
ters; scoutmaster, BSA.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-; State Organization
Chairman of the Year; Precinct Chairman, Lincoln County; Campaign Chairman,
Bill Hiatt.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1957-60; Reserves, 1960-63 (PFC).
Religious Activities: Member, First United Methodist Church, Lincoln.
Family: Married, Brenda Leatherman, December 30, 1963. Children: Jeffrey David,
Sherry Lynn, Michael David and Amy Katherine.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Agriculture; Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget
Committee on General Government; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Ap-
propriations-Expansion Budget Committee on General Government; High-
way Safety; Law Enforcement; Local Government I; Mental Health; Military
and Veterans' Affairs; Pensions and Retirement.
The Legislative Branch
457
(Twelfth Representative District
Counties - Two Representatives.)
EDD NYE
(Democrat - Bladen County)
Bladen, Pender (part) and Sampson
Early Years: Born in Gulf. Chatham County, to Joseph Burke and Vera (Johnson)
Nye.
Education: Clarkton High School; Southeastern Community College; NCSU.
Profession: Insurance executive.
Organizations: Elizabethtown Chamber of Commerce; Bladen Masonic Lodge; former
member, Jaycees and Lions Club.
Boards and Commissions: Former Trustee, Bladen Technical College.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82,
1985-; NC Senate, 1975-76.
Military Service: Served, US Air Force, 1952-56.
Religious Activities: Member, Elizabethtown Baptist Church; Board of Deacons.
Former member: Bladen Baptist Association (Moderator) and NC Baptist State
Convention.
Family: Married, Peggy McKee of Clarkton, January 9, 1955. Children: Shannon,
Edward and Allison.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Wildlife Resources.
Vice Chairman: Local Government 1; Pensions and Retirement.
Member: Aging; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee on Natural and Eco-
nomic Resources; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appropriations-Expansion
budget Committee on Natural and Economic Resources; Courts and Admin-
istration of Justice; Education; Public Utilities; Transportation.
458
North Carolina Manual
CHARLES DONALD OWENS
(Democrat - Rutherford County)
(Forty-eighth Representative District -Cleveland, Polk, and Rutherford
Counties - Three Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Forest City, Rutherford County, June 6, 1925, to Charles Lee
and Essie (Green) Owens.
Education: Appalachian State University, 1949, B.S.
Profession: Business executive (real estate, land development and auctions).
Organizations: Kiwanis Club (former President)
Boards and Commissions: Trustee, Appalachian State University, 1979-82.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84, 1985-; Mayor
and City Council, Town of Forest City; Chairman, County Democrats, 1972-76.
Military Service: Served, US Marine Corps, 1943-45 (PFC).
Religious Activities: Member, First United Methodist Church; Director, Building
Fund; lay leader; Methodist Church, International Development.
Family: Married, Edna Ogle, May 20, 1950. Child: Charles D., Jr.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Corporations.
Vice Chairman: Local Government I; Water and Air Resources.
Member: Education; Finance; Human Resources; Natural and Economic Re-
sources; State Properties.
The Legislative Branch 459
HARRY EUGENE PAYNE, JR.
(Democrat - New Hanover County)
(Thirteenth Representative District - New Hanover (part) County - Two
Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Wilmington, New Hanover County, September 11, 1952, to
Harry Eugene and Margaret (Tucker) Payne.
Education: New Hanover High School, 1967-70; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1970-74, A.B.
(Political Science, Psychology); Wake Forest University, School of Law, 1974-77.
J.D.
Profession: Attorney (private practice).
Organizations: New Hanover County, NC, NC State and American Bar Associations;
NC Academy of Trial Lawyers.
Boards and Commissions: Offender Aid and Restoration Child Advocacy Commis-
sion.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-.
Religious Activities: Member, Grace United Methodist Church.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Manufacturers and Labor.
Vice Chairman: Law Enforcement; Water and Air Resources.
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on Justice and Public Safety; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appropria-
tions-Expansion Budget Committee on Justice and Public Safety; Banks and
Thrift Institutions; Courts and Administration of Justice; Insurance; Judi-
ciary IV.
460 North Carolina Manual
MURRAY POWELL POOL
(Democrat - Sampson County)
(Twelfth Representative District - Bladen, Pender (part) and Sampson
Counties - Two Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Raleigh, Wake Vounty, January 24, 1947, to Rufus Aldolphus
and Pauline Pool, II.
Education: Clinton High School; UNC-Chaepl Hill, 1969, B.A. (History); UNC-
Chapel Hill, graduate studies; Radcliff College, publishing procedures course.
Profession: Stockbroker.
Organizations: NC Oil Jobbers Association; Director, NC Association of Convenience
Stores; Rotary Club.
Boards and Commissions: Director, Sampson Technical College, 1981-; Director, Clin-
ton Chamber of Commerce, 1982-; Morehead Scholarship Selection Committee,
Sampson County; President, Duplin Group Homes, Inc., 1979-82; Clinton ABC
Board, 1978-81.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84, 1985-; Chairman,
3rd Congressional District Democratic Party, 1982-; Chairman, Sampson County
Democratic Party, 1979-81.
Religious Activities: Member, First Baptist Church.
Family: Children: Murray Powell, Jr. and Jennifer Margery.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Law Enforcement: Local Government II; Small Business.
Member: Agriculture; Alcoholic Beverage Control; Finance; Insurance; Mental
Health; Water and Air Resources.
«
The Legislative Branch 461
COY CLARENCE PRIVETTE
(Republican - Cabarrus County)
(Thirty-fourth Representative District - Cabarrus, Stanly and Union
Counties - Four Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Statesville, Iredell County, January 31, 1933, to Clarence and
Carrie (Harmon) Privette.
Education: Wake Forest University, 1955, B.A.; Southeastern Baptist Theological
Seminary, 1958, M.Div.; School of Pastoral Care, Bowman Gray School of Medi-
cine; Walter Reed Army Medical Center, clinical pastoral studies; US Army Com-
mand and Staff College.
Profession: Executive Director, Christian Action League of NC, Inc.
Associations: Kannapolis Chamber of Commerce.
Boards and Commissions: American Council on Alcoholic Problems, Inc.; Board of
Ministers, Gardner-Webb College; Committee of Ministers, Campbell University;
National Leadership Team, National Consultation on Poronography; Trustee,
Wingate College, 1963-66, 1973-76, 1977-81.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-.
Military Service: Served, US Army Reserves, 1953-.
Honors: Alumnus of the Year, Men's Residence Council, Wake Forest University,
1977; Man of the Year, NC Baptist Men, 1974; Kannapolis Young Man of the
Year, 1966; Student Body President, Wake Forest University, 1954-55; Omnicron
Delta Kappa.
Literary Works: Editor, Tomorrow, a monthly journal concerning moral and ethical
issues.
Religious Activities: Member, North Kannapolis Baptist Church, Kannapolis, pastor,
1962-76. Christian Life Commission, Southern Baptist Convention; Baptist State
Convention (President, 1975-77; First Vice President, 1973-75); Moderator, Cabar-
rus Baptist Association, 1968; President, Kannapolis Ministerial Association, 1965.
Family: Married, Betty Frances Shoaf of Kannapolis, June 21, 1958. Children: Denise
Elaine, Lori Elizabeth, Amy Lynn and Melanie Ann.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Alocoholic Beverage Control; Corrections; Employment Security;
Finance; Governmental Ethics; Human Resources; Judiciary I; Military and
Veterans' Affairs.
462
North Carolina Manual
WILLIAM PAUL PULLEY, JR.
(Democrat - Durham County)
Durham (part) County
(Sixty-eighth Representative District
Representative.)
One
Early Years: Born in Durham, Durham County, August 30, 1936, to WiUiam Paul and
Josie (Bullard) Pulley.
Education: UNC-Chapel Hill, 1958, A.B.; UNC-Chapel Hill, School of Law, 1961,
LL.B.
Profession: Attorney.
Organizations: NC, 14th Judicial District (former member. Executive Committee) and
American Bar Associations; NC Academy of Trial Lawyers; Director, UNC Law
Alumni Association and Foundation; founder and former President, Hollow Rock
Raquet and Swim Club.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84,
1985-.
Religious Activities: Member, Braggtown Baptist Church.
Family: Children: William Paul, HI, Bradley Larkin, Debra Ann Nelson, Margaret
Dees Nelson and Hugh Reavis Nelson, 111.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Judiciary IV.
Vice Chairman: Banks and Thrift Institutions; Water and Air Resources.
Member: Energy; Finance; Natural and Economic Resources; Public Utilities;
Rules and Operation of the House.
The Legislative Branch 463
DWIGHT WILSON QUINN
(Democrat - Cabarrus County)
1 "S^ ^^ (Thirty-fourth Representative District - Cabarrus, Stanly, and Union
• "* Counties - Four Representatives.)
^^^\
it
Early Years: Born in York, South Carolina, to William Lytle (deceased) and Lucy
(Wilson) Quinn.
Education: Cabarrus County Schools; UNC Extension Schools.
Profession: Corporate executive (Cannon Mills Company).
Organizations: American Legion, Post 1 15 (Vice Commander, Posts 40 and 8); Rotar-
ian; Cannon Memorial Lodge 626, AF&AM; Scottish Rite Bodies; Shriner, Oasis
Temple; Director, Cannon Memorial YMCA; Director, Cabarrus County Boys
Club.
Boards and Commissions: Director, Southern Region Education Board; former Chair-
man, Board of Trustees and Executive Committee, Appalachian State University;
Chairman, Governor's Commission on Reorganization of State Government, 1961-
62; Executive Committee, Governor's Committee on Juvenile Delinquency and
Youth Crime; Criminal Code Revision Committee; Governor's Study Commission,
Architectural Barriers for the Benefit of the Handicapped.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1951, 1953, 1955-56, 1957,
1959, 1961, 1963, 1965-66, 1967, 1969, 1971, 1973-74, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80,
1981-82, 1983-84, 1 985-; delegate. National Democratic Convention, 1960 and 1968.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1944-45.
Honors: Honorary Doctor of Law, Appalachian State University, 1978; National Dis-
tinguished Service Award, AMVETS, 1953; Man of the Year, Kannapolis Jaycees,
1948.
Religious Activities: Member, Kimball Memorial Lutheran Church; former member.
Church Council.
Family: Married, Marian Elizabeth Isenhour. Children: Linda Jo (Quinn) Dodge.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Finance.
Vice Chairman: Employment Security; Rules and Operation of the House.
Member: Corporations; Health; Judiciary II; Manufacturers and Labor; Water
and Air Resources.
464 North Carolina Manual
EDWARD DAVID REDWINE
(Democrat - Brunswick County)
(Fourteenth Representative District - Brunswick, New Hanover (part)
and Pender (part) Counties - One Representative.)
i'«^
Early Years: Born in Wilmington, New Hanover County, September 12, 1947, to
Edward Henry and Doris (Frink) Redwine.
Education: Shallottee High School, 1965; ECU, 1970, A.B. (Political Science, His-
tory).
Profession: Vice President and owner. Coastal Insurance and Realty, Inc.
Organizations: Independent Insurance Agents of NC; Carolina Association of Profes-
sional Insurance Agents; South Brunswick Chamber of Commerce (President and
Director, 1976-82); Shallotte Lions Club; Board of Advisors, Cape Fear Council,
BSA; Mason, 1976; Shrine Sudane Temple, 1976.
Boards and Commissions: NC Student Legislative Advisory Council; Board of Advi-
sors, Cape Fear Substance Abuse; Vice Chairman, Brunswick County Parks and
Recreation; NC Battleship Memorial Commission, 1982-83; Trustee, Brunswick
Technical College, 1982.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985; Executive Board,
7th Congressional District; Brunswick County Democratic Party (Chairman, 1979-
82; Treasurer, 1976; Young Democrats of Brunswick County (President, 1978).
Honors: Young Agent of the Year, 1984; Mr. Chairman Award, IIANC, 1982; Who's
Who in American Politics, 1982; Outstanding Young Man of the Year, 1982.
Religious Activities: Member, Shallotte Presbyterian Church.
Family: Married, Margaret Penelope Taylor of Monroe, September 23, 1972. Child-
ren: Erin Elizabeth and Amanda Fletcher.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Marine Fisheries.
Member: Agriculture; Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget
Committee on General Government; Appropriations-Expansion Budget;
Appropriations-Expansion Budget Committee on General Government; Banks
and Thrift Institutions; Children and Youth; Courts and Administration of
Justice; Higher Education; Military and Veterans' Affairs; Public Utilities.
The Legislative Branch
465
FRANK EDWIN RHODES
(Republican - Forsyth County)
Forsyth (part) County - Three
(Thirty-ninth Representative District
Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Worcester, Massachusetts, August 2, 1914, to Frank and Alberta
(Stoddard) Rhodes.
Education: Columbia University (Advertising and Management); Rutgers University
(Sales Management).
Profession: Retired real estate executive (former President, Frank E. Rhodes, Inc.).
Organizations: Winston-Salem Board of Realtors; NC Association of Realtors;
National Association of Realtors; Winston-Salem Kiwanis Club; Salem Masonic
Lodge 289; Oasis Shrine Temple; Winston-Salem Shrine.
Boards and Commissions: Forsyth Zoning Board of Adjustment, 1969-75 (Chairman,
1972-75).
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1981-82, 1985-.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1944-45; OCS; Infantry; Expert Infantryman;
Expert Sharpshooter; Good Conduct Medal.
Honors: Realtor of the Year, 1968.
Religious Activities: Member, Centenary United Methodist Church, Winston-Salem;
Administrative Board.
Family: Married, Fernande Gagne of Quebec City, Canada, July I, 1960. Children:
Ruthann, Frank, III, Tina and Nelson.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on Justice and Public Safety; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appropria-
tions-Expansion Budget Committee on Justice and Public Safety; Correc-
tions; Education; Higher Education; Highway Safety; Mental Health; Natu-
ral and Economic Resources; Small Business.
466
North Carolina Manual
JOHNATHAN LABAN RHYNE, JR.
(Republican - Lincoln County)
(Forty-fourth Representative District - Gaston and Lincoln Counties
Four Representatives.)
'LJnM
Early Years: Born in Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, June 6, 1955, to Johnathan L.
and Marian Lavinia (Stowe) Rhyne, Sr.
Education: Lincolnton High School, 1973; Davidson College, 1977, B.A. (Sociology);
Campbell University, School of Law, 1981, J.D.
Profession: Attorney (partner, firm of Jonas, Jonas and Rhyne); Secretary, Lincoln
Bank of NC.
Organizations: Lincoln County, NC, NC State and American Bar Associations;
Secretary-Treasurer, Judicial District 27B, 1984; Director, Lincoln Apple Festival
Committee.
Boards and Commissions: Former Director, Lincoln Arts Council.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1 985-; Lincoln County
Republican Party (Secretary, 1984).
Honors: 1. Beverly Lake Constitutional Law Scholar, Campbell University.
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church, Lincolnton; Board of Dea-
cons, 1971-73, 1982-84 (Chairman, 1984).
Family: Married, Martha Jane Cameron of Dunn, August 2, 1980.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Banks and Thrift Institutions; Corporations; Courts and Administra-
tion of Justice; Cultural Resources; Finance; Governmental Ethics; Higher
Education; Judiciary IV.
The Legislative Branch
467
JAMES FRANKLIN RICHARDSON
(Democrat - Mecklenburg County)
(Fitty-ninth Representative District - Mecklenburg (part) County - One
Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Charlotte, Mecklenburg County, May 20, 1926, to Sam and
Addle (Pickens) Richardson.
Education: Isabella Wyche Elementary School, 1937; Second Ward High School,
1943; Johnson C. Smith University, 1949, B.S.
Profession: Retired (former postmaster).
Organizations: Masons; NAACP; Omega Psi Phi.
Boards and Commissions: Director, WTVl Public Television; Director, Charlotte
Mint Museum; former Director, Charlotte Housing Authority; former Chairman,
NC Social Services Commission and Mecklenburg Social Services Department.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-.
Military Service: Served, US Navy, 1944-46 (Aviation Metal Smith 1st Class).
Religious Activities: Member, Memorial Presbyterian Church, Charlotte; Deacon;
Social Action Committee.
Family: Married, Mary E. Nixon of Columbia, South Carolina, April 16, 1964. Child-
ren: Gregory and James Franklin, Jr.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Banks and TTirift Institutions; Corrections; Education; Finance; Employment
Security; Health; Human Resources; Mental Health.
468 North Carolina Manual
GEORGE S. ROBINSON
(Republican - Caldwell County)
(Forty-sixth Representative District - Alexander (part), Avery, Burke
(part), Caldwell, Mitchell and Watauga (part) Counties - Three Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Lenoir, Caldwell County, November 15, 1945, to Charles M. and
Lorraine M. Robinson.
Education: Oak Ridge Military Institute, 1963-64; University of Tennessee, 1964-68,
1972-73.
Profession: Lumber executive (President: Robinson Lumber Company, Inc.; Sou-
theastern Lumber Company; Robinson Frugie Lumber Company).
Organization: Lenoir Rotary Club; Alpha Tau Omega; President, Lenoir Little League;
District Commissioner, BSA.
Boards and Commissions: Lenoir Housing Authority.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-.
Military Service: Served, US Air Force, 1968-72 (Sergeant).
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church, Lenoir.
Family: Married, Ann P. Robinson, April 14, 1974. Children: Ricky.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on Human Resources; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appropriations-
Expansion Budget Committee on Human Resources; Courts and Administra-
tion of Justice; Insurance; Judiciary 1; Manufacturers and Labor; Marine
Fisheries; Public Utilities; Water and Air Resources.
The Legislative Branch 469
FRANK JULIAN SIZEMORE, III
(Republican - Guilford County)
(Twenty-seventh Representative District - Guilford (part) County - Three
Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in High Point, Guilford County, July 25, 1946, to Frank Julian and
Jane (Cameron) Sizemore, Jr.
Education: Ferndale Junior High School, 1958-61; Central High School, 1964; Duke
University, 1968, B.A.; Duke University, 1971, J.D.
Profession: Attorney (partner, firm of Smith, Moore, Smith, Schell and Hunter).
Organizations: Greensboro, NC, DC and American Bar Associations (Litigation Sec-
tion, Enviromental Law Subsection, Forum Committee on Health Law, and Natu-
ral Resources Section of American Bar Association); Association of Trial Lawyers
of America; Christian Legal Society; Chamber of Commerce.
Boards and Commissions: Council of Community Development.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-; Special Assistant,
Assistant Administrator for Enforcement and General Counsel, US Enviromental
Protection Agency.
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church, Greensboro; Board of Dea-
cons, 1984-85.
Family: Married, Laura C. Frazier of Greensboro, May 26, 1979. Children: Sara Fraz-
ier and Anna Laura.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on Natural and Economic Resources; Appropriations-Expansion Budget;
Appropriations-Expansion Budget Committee on Natural and Economic
Resources; Education; Higher Education; Human Resources; Judiciary III;
Local Government II; Natural and Economic Resources; Rules and Opera-
tion of the House.
470
North Carolina Manual
JULIAN RAYMOND SPARROW
(Democrat - Wake county)
(Sixty-second Representative District - Wake (part) County
Representative.)
One
Early Years: Born in Norfolk, Virginia, April 29, 1933, to Julian Franklin and Lelly
Hall (Poole) Sparrow.
Education: Maury High School; Durham High School; NCSU.
Profession: President, Sparrow Construction Company, Inc.; Vice President, Sparrow
Residential, Inc.; retired Major, NC National Guard.
Organizations: NC Homebuilders Association (former President); Raleigh-Wake
County Home Builders Association (former Director, President, Vice President).
Boards and Commissions: Trustee and Director, Historic Goodwin House; NC Sav-
ings And Loan Commission (former Chairman); NC Building Code Council.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84 (Appointed July
1, 1983, to replace Ruth Cook). 1985-; Wake County coordinator, Jim Hunt cam-
paign, 1976, 1980.
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church, Raleigh.
Family: Married, Melba Truelove of Apex, June 16, 1973. Children: Ray, Jr., Michele
(Sparrow) Yates and Melanie R.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Law Enforcement.
Member: Banks and Thrift Institutions; Corrections; Constitutional Amend-
ments; Finance; Housing; Judiciary IV; Small Business; Transportation.
The Legislative Branch 471
LEROY PAGE SPOON, JR.
(Republican - Mecklenburg County)
(Fifty-seventh Representative District - Mercklenburg (part) County -
One Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Athens, Georgia, October 19, 1924, to LeRoy Page and Kathryn
(Warren) Spoon, Sr.
Education: Central High School; Clemson College; Boston University, University of
Georgia.
Profession: Manufacturer (switching and electrical equipment); engraver.
Organizations: Masons; Lions Club; Toastmaster Club; Barium Springs Home for
Children.
Boards and Commissions: Board of Regents and Director, Mecklenburg Mental
Health Association; Department of Social Services Commission; Chairman, Lans-
downe School Committee; former Trustee, Erskine College.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1973-74, 1975-76, 1977-78,
1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, I985-.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1942-46, 1950-52; combat infantryman, European
theatre, 1942-46; engineer, Korean theatre, 1950-52. Served, NC National Guard,
1975-1983 (Captain CE); 105th Combat Engineer Battalion, 30th Infantry Division.
Religious Activities: Member, Sardis Presbyterian Church, Charlotte; Elder; Chair-
man, Christian Education Committee; Director, Presbyterian Family Life Center.
Family: Married, Ruth Elizabeth Atwell, September 11, 1948. Children: Carolyn
Christina Fincher, LeRoy P., ill and Wilfred.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Alcoholic Beverage Control.
Member: Finance; Health; Highway Safety; Local Government 1; Military and
Veterans' Affairs; Rules and Operation of the House; Water and Air Resources.
472
North Carolina Manual
MARGARET "PEGGY" ANN STAMEY
(Democrat - Wake County)
(Sixty-third Representative District - Wake (part) County - One Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Asheville, Buncombe County, March 17, 1932, to Chester Frank-
lin and Sudie (Aiken) Mcintosh.
Education: Plonk School of Creative Arts, 1948-51; Brevard College, 1951-52; Univer-
sity of Maryland, 1958-59 (Political Science); Fridan School of Data Systems,
1959-60.
Profession: Fishery consultant (South Atlantic Fishery Management Council; Chair-
man, 1980).
Organizations: Triangle International Trade Association; Triangle Kidney Foundation;
NC Museum of History Associates; Cary Chamber of Commerce; Women in State
Government.
Boards and Commissions: National Coalition for Conservation of Marine Resources,
1979-; US Advisor, International Commission for the Conservation of Atlantic
Tuna, 1980-; Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission; charter member, NC
Child Advocacy Council; Chairman, SAF, 1980.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84, 1985-; National
Association of Women Legislators; Women's Forum; Chairman, Democratic
Women of Wake County, YDC, 1977-79; Wake County Democratic Party (Chair-
man, 1977; Vice Chairman, 1972-76); national committeewomen, YDC, 1968;
former committeewoman. National Democratic Committee.
Honors: Citation, Wake County SPCA, 1984; Thad Eure Award, 1978; NC Demo-
cratic Party Appreciation Award, 1977; Citation, Kidney Foundation, 1977; Jim
Hunt Campaign Award, 1976; Outstanding Young Democrat, NC Young Demo-
crats Club, 1968.
Religious Activities: Member, White Plains Methodist Church.
Family: Married, James H. Stamey, January 3, 1953. Children: Dianna Dee Stamey-
Fulmer, James Franklin, Susan Alice and Melissa Jane (Stamey) Lennon.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: State Personnel.
Vice Chairman: Marine Fisheries; Rules and Operation of the House.
Member: Aging; Banks and Thrift Institutions; Education; Finance; Highway
Safety; Judiciary II.
The Legislative Branch
473
TIMOTHY NORTON TALLENT
(Republican - Cabarrus County)
Cabarrus, Stanly and Union
(Thirty-fourth Representative District
Counties - Four Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Concord, Cabarrus County, November 9, 1949, to Johnny and
Margaret (Weaver) Tallent.
Education: Concord High School; University of South Carolina.
Profession: Secretary, Zion Music Service, Inc.
Organizations: Fellowship of Christian Athletes; Gideons (former President); Presi-
dent, Christian Businessmen.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-.
Honors: Outstanding Lay Person of Cabarrus County.
Religious Activities: Member, Concord Bible Church, Concord.
Family: Married, Dianne Cox of Concord, August 3, 1974. Children: Angela.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on Education; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appropriations-Expansion
Budget Committee on Education; Banks and Thrift Institutions; Children
and Youth; Corporations; Public Utilities; Small Business; State Properties;
Wildlife Resources.
474 North Carolina Manual
JAMES PAUL TYNDALL
(Democrat - Onslow County)
(Fourth Representative District - Carteret and Onslow Counties - Three
Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Arapahoe, Pamlico County, March 28, 1914, to James A. and
Fannie P. Tyndall.
Education: Arapahoe High School, 1929; Washington Collegiate Institute, 1930;
Rutherford Junior College, 1932; Atlantic Christian College, 1936, A.B.; ECU,
1958, M.A.
Profession: Retired educator (former teacher, coach, principal, assistant superinten-
dent, superintendent and Board of Education member).
Organizations: NCAE; NEA; AASA; life member, NC Division of Principals; life
member, NC Division of Superintendents; Kiwanis Club, 1962-72.
Boards and Commission: Legislative Committee, State School Boards Association;
State Chairman, Legislative Committee, NC Retired School Personnel; Legislative
Committee, NC Retired Government Employees; Onslow County Board of Health,
1963-72.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84, 1985-; Onslow
County Board of Education, three terms.
Honors: Community Man Award, Jacksonville Jaycees, 1971; Today's Outstanding
NC Citizen, WNCT-TV, 1969; American Educator Award, Freedom Foundation of
Valley Forge, 1969.
Religious Activities: Member, Trinity United Methodist; Sunday School teacher, 8
years.
Family: Married, Eunice Wilson, June 23, 1979; four children.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Vice Chairman: Education; Mental Health; Wildlife Resources.
Member: Aging; Finance; Marine Fisheries; Military and Veterans' Affairs; Pen-
sions and Retirement; Public Utilities.
The Legislative Branch 475
HENRY MCMILLAN TYSON
(Democrat - Cumberland County)
(Eighteenth Representative District - Cumerland (part) County - Three
Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Cumberland County, October 31, 1914, to Henry Grady and
Tommie (Marsh) Tyson.
Education: Gray's Creek High School.
Profession: Farmer; farm supply dealer; sales supervisor, Fayetteville Tobacco Market,
9 Years.
Organizations: NC Farm Bureau; Cumberland County Livestock Association; Gray's
Creek Ruritan Club (former President); John Huske Anderson Masonic Lodge 731;
(former President); PTA; Fayetteville Eastern Star 334.
Boards and Commissions: Charter member, Cumberland County Soil Conservation
Commission; Cumberland County Agriculture Advisory Council; Chairman, Agri-
Business Commission, Fayetteville Chamber of Commerce.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1973-74, 1977-78, 1979-80,
1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-; former Commissioner, Cumberland County 12 years
(Chairman, 7 years).
Religious Activities: Member, First Presbyterian Church, Fayetteville; former Deacon
and Elder; Sunday School Teacher.
Family: Married, Addie Amelia Williams, June 21, 1940. Children: Carrie Eula, Henry
McMillan, II and John Marsh.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: State Properties.
Vice Chairman: Alcoholic Beverage Control; Law Enforcement.
Member: Agriculture; Finance; Manufacturers and Labor; Water and Air Resources.
4
476 North Carolina Manual
LOIS SIMMONS WALKER
(Republican - Iredell County)
0k
^^P^^^^IM (Forty-second Representative District - Iredell (part) County - One
■■ ^ 4S^V Representative.)
I
^i^-M.
Early Years: Born in Mount Airy, Surry County, August 8. 1930, to John Alexander
and Flossie (Burge) Simmons.
Education: Pilot Mountain High School, 1947; Appalachian State University, 1951,
B.S.; Duke University, graduate studies, 1956; Appalachian State Univeristy, 1978,
M.A.
Profession: Teacher, athletic director and counselor, Statesville Senior High School.
Organizations: NCAE; NAE; American Association of Physical Education, Health
and Recreation; NC Personnel and Guidance Association; NC School Counselors
Association; Statesville Tennis Team, 1978-84.
Boards and Commissions: County Chairman, Western Statesville Recreation Commis-
sion, 1958-72; former Secretary and Vice President, Statesville Recreation Commission.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-.
Religious Activities: Member, First Associate Reformed Presbyterian Church, States-
ville; President, Sunday School; Vice President, choir.
Family: Married, William L. Walker of Statesville, June 28, 1951. Children: Bo and
Enid.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on Education; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appropriations-Expansion
Budget Committee on Education; Education; Election Laws; Governmental
Ethics; Higher Education; Marine Fisheries; Mental Health; State Personnel.
The Legislative Branch 477
EDWARD NELSON WARREN
(Democrat - Pitt County)
(Ninth Representative District - Greene and Pitt (part) Counties -Two
Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Stokes, Pitt County, November 29, 1926, to Elmer Edward and
Daisy (Cox) Warren.
Education: Campbell University, 1950, A. A.; Atlantic Christian College, 1951, A.B.;
ECU, 1953, M.A.; Duke University, 1960-61, doctoral program.
Profession: Tobacco farmer and warehouseman; investment and real estate interests.
Organizations: Greenville Rotary Club; Trustee, Salvation Army; Pitt County Heart
Association (former Chairman); Greenville Chamber of Commerce; United Fund;
Greenville Golf and Country Club.
Boards and Commissions: Chairman, Pitt County Health Board; Pitt County Airport
Authority; former Chairman, Board of Trustees, Pitt Memorial Hospital.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-;
Chairman, Pitt County Board of Commissioners, 1973-79.
Military Service: Served, US Air Force, 1945-48.
Honors: "Tar Heel of the Week," The News and Observer, Outstanding Personalities
of the South.
Religious Activities: Member, First Christian Church; Deacon.
Family: Married, Joan Braswell, 1953.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Appropriations-Base Budget Committee on Education.
Vice Chairman: Agriculture; Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Expan-
sion Budget; Banks and Thrift Institutions.
Member: Appropriations-Expansion Budget Committee on Education; Correc-
tions; Higher Education; Natural and Economic Resources; Pensions and
Retirement; Public Utilities.
478 North Carolina Manual
RAYMOND ALLAN WARREN
(Republican - Mecklenburg County)
(Thiry-sixth Representative District - Mecklenburg (part) County - One
Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Fort Benning, Georgia, June 7, 1957, to Charles Allen and Edith
Ann (Thomas) Warren.
Education: Independence High School, 1975; UNC-Wilmington, 1979, B.A., cum
laude (History); UNC-Chapel Hill, School of Law, 1983, J.D.
Profession: Attorney, real estate executive.
Organizations: Mecklenburg County and NC Bar Associations; charter member and
former Director, Mint Hill Civitan Club; Director, Mint Hill Business Association.
Former member: Christian Legal Society; Unversity Theatre, UNC-Wilmington;
UNC-Wilmington College Republicans (President, 1975-79).
Politcal Activties: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-.
Honors: Who's Who Among University and College Students, 1977-79; Big Man on
Campus, Alpha Phi Omega, 1979.
Literary Works: Co-founder and editor. The Carolina Free Press, UNC-Chapel Hill,
1982-83; columnist, Seahawk, UNC-Wilmington, 1975-79.
Religious Activities: Member, St. John Neuman Catholic Church, Charlotte.
Family: Married, Catherine Elizabeth Baily of Raleigh, March 3, 1979.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Constitutional Amendments; Courts and Administration of Justice;
Finance; Human Resources; Judiciary IV; Law Enforcement; Local Govern-
ment II.
The Legislative Branch 479
WILLIAM THOMAS WATKINS
(Democrat - Granville County)
(Twenty-second Representative District - Caswell, Granville, Halifax
(part). Person, Vance and Warren Counties - Three Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Granville County, July 1, 1921, to John Stradley and Belle (Nor-
wood) Watkins.
Education: Oak Hill High School, 1927-39; Mars Hill Junior College, 1942; Wake
Forest College, 1939-41, 1946-48, 1949, B.S.; Wake Forest Law School, 1949-52,
LL.B.
Profession: Attorney. (Attorney, Granville County; Attorney, City of Creedmore, 1955-68).
Organizations: : Granville County, 9th Judicial District and NC Bar Associations; Pi
Kappa Alpha.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1969, 1971, 1973-74, 1975-
76, 1977-78, 1979-80, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-.
Military Service: Served, US Army, 1942-46 (Staff Sergeant).
Religious Activities: Member, Oxford Baptist Church, Oxford; former Sunday School
teacher.
Family: Married, Louise Marie Best, November 18, 1944. Children: Alma Marie
(Watkins) Nesbitt and Annabell (Watkins) Barker.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Appropriations-Expansion Budget.
Vice Chairman: Election Laws.
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Constitutional Amendments; Corpora-
tions; Courts and Administration of Justice; Health; Judiciary IV; Rules and
Operation of the House; Small Business.
480 North Carolina Manual
DENNIS ALVIN WICKER
(Democrat - Lee County)
(Nineteenth Representative District - Harnett and Lee Counties - Two
Representatives.)
J 1
Early Years: Born in Sanford, Lee County, June 14, 1952, to J. Shelton and Clarice
(Burns) Wicker.
Education: UNC-Chapel Hill, 1974, B.A.; Wake Forest University, 1978, J.D.
Profession: Attorney (firm of Love and Wicker, P. A.).
Organizations: NC, NC State and American Bar Associations; Academy of Trail Law-
yers; Modern Woodsmen of the World.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-.
Religious Activities: Member, St. Luke Methodist Church, Sanford; Administrative
Board.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Courts and Administration of Justice.
Vice Chairman: Finance; Insurance.
Member: Judiciary L Local Government H; Public Utilities; State Government;
Transportation.
The Legislative Branch 481
WALTER HAROLD WINDLEY, III
(Republican - Gaston Conty)
(Forty-fourth Representative District - Gaston and Lincoln Counties -
Four Representatives.)
iVfi
Early Years: Born in Columbia, South Carolina, December 15, 1955, to Walter Harold
and Betty Lou (Elmore) Windley, Jr.
Education: Ashbrook High School, 1974; Appalachian State University, 1978, B.S.
(Business Administration, Economics); Appalachian State University, 1979, M.B.A.
Profession: Vice President, W.J. Barlowe Tank Services, Inc.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-.
Family: Married, Debra Lynn Ramsey of Morganton, June 2, 1979. Children: Walter
Harold, IV and Amanda Michelle.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Constitutional Amendments; Finance; Judiciary II; Local Government
II; Mental Health; Rules and Operation of the House; State Governnment.
482 North Carolina Manual
BETTY HUTCHINSON WISER
(Democrat - Wake County)
(Sixty-fourth Representative District - Wake (part) County - One Representative.
Early Years: Born in Shelby, Ohio, May 12, 1931, to Roscoe
David and Mary Louise (Stine) Hutchinson.
Education: Mexico City College, 1952; Ohio State University, 1954, B.S. (Home Eco-
nomics); Ohio State University. 1958. M.S. (Home Economics); NCSU, 1961, M.S.
(Sociology); Andrus Gerontology Center, University of Southern California, 1979-
81; NCSU, 1982, Ed.D. (Aduh Education).
Profession: President, Retirement Planning Associates, Inc.; Executive Director, Wake
County Council on Aging, Inc., 1975-81; Director and founder. Retired Senior
Volunteer Program of Raleigh- Wake County, 1973-74; director. Volunteer Training
and Volunteer Services projects, NC State University; Instructor, Department of
Sociology, NC State University, 1961-69; former high school and nursery school
teacher; home economist. International Voluntary Services, Iraq, 1955-57.
Organizations: American Business Women; American Association of University
Women; Older Women's League; NC Adult Education Association; NC Associa-
tion of Aging; Membership Chairman, Zonta Club of Raleigh (former President);
Vice President, Delta Kappa Gamma International.
Boards and Commissions: Director, NC center for Public Policy Research; NC Coun-
cil on the Status of Women; NC Conference for Social Services (Director, 1980-83);
NC Council of Women's Organizations (President, 1977-79); Convenor, Women's
Forum of NC; National Council on Aging.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1985-; Democratic Women
of Wake County, Wake County Unity Campaign Committee, 1982.
Literary Works: Retirement Planning Manual: Personal Management of Change;
Resources for Developing Volunteer Programs: An Annotated Bibliography; Guide-
lines Volunteer Coordinator; An Analysis of the Role of the Director of the Aging
Service Provider Agency in North Carolina; Factors Associated with Family Patt-
erns Among Farm Families in a Lx)w Income Rural Area; An Exploratory Study of
the Problems Encountered by the Western Home Economist in Foreign Service;
Handbook of Wake County.
Religious Activities: Member, Unitarian church. Raleigh; former Secretary and Pro-
gram Chairman.
Family: Married, Edward H. Wiser of Raleigh, December 21, 1957. Children: Carla
Blanche and Conrad John.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Aging; Commissions and Schools for the Deaf and Blind; Cultural
Resources; Employment Security; Finance; Human Resources; Local Govern-
ment II; Pensions and Retirement State Personnel.
The Legislative Branch 483
STEPHEN WRAY WOOD
(Republican - Guilford County)
(Twenty-eighth Representative District - Guilford (part) County - Two
Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Winston-Salem, Forsyth County, October 6, 1948, to Dock Wel-
ley Richard Thomas Edmund and Annie Lee (Harris) Wood.
Education: Old Richmond Elementary School, 1962; North Forsyth High School,
1966; John Wesley College, 1970, Bachelor of Theology; Asbury College, 1973,
B.A.; UNC-Greensboro, 1980, M.A.; Luther Rice Seminary, 1982, Doctor of Min-
istry; Princeton Seminary, UNC-Greensboro and Earlham School of Religion,
Appalachian State University, additional studies.
Profession: Pastor; gospel singer, songwriter and recording artist; business executive
(President, Remnant Associates, Real Estate Consultants and Management, 1977-);
former professor and Assistant Academic Dean, John Wesley College.
Organizations: American Historical Association; Society of American Church History
Southern Historical Association; High Point Jaycees (chaplain, 1982).
Boards and Commissions: Steering Committee, Friends Center, Guilford College;
Trustee, John Wesley College; Director and President, Triad Christian Counseling
Center.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1 985-; Vice Chairman.
Guilford County Republican party, 1983-.
Military Service: Served, US Army (E-3).
Literary Works: Album composer and recording artist: Love and Devotion, Travelin
Troubadour, Titus Overature; 4th album in progress. Author, book on contempor-
ary Quaker thought; (to be named at NC yearly Meeting of Friends).
Religious Activities: Member, NC Friends, High Point; pastor, Union-Pilot Mountain
Friends, 1984-; associate pastor, Glenwood Friends; pastor. Deep River Friends,
1981-84; pastor, NC Yearly Meeting of Friends, 1980.
Family: Married, Starr Smith, June 18, 1978. Children: Allison Wray and Joshua
Fleming Harris.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Member: Finance; Governmental Ethics; Higher Education;Housing; Insurance;
Local Government I; Rules and Operation of the House; Small Business.
484 North Carolina Manual
BARNEY PAUL WOODARD
(Democrat - Johnston County)
(Twentieth Representative District - Franklin and Johnston Counties
Two Representatives.)
Early Years: Born in Princeton, November 23, 1914, to John Richard and Elizabeth
(wall) Woodard.
Education: Princeton High School; UNC — Chapel Hill, 1938, Pharmacy degree.
Profession: Pharmacist; (owner, Woodard Pharmacy).
Organizations: National Association of Retail Druggists; Princeton Lions Club (former
President); Johnston County Shrine Club; Johnston County Mental Health Associ-
ation; Johnston County Drug Club; keep Johnston County Beautiful; NC Pharma-
ceutical Association, 1978; Fund Chairman, Mental Helath Association, 1971-72;
Chairman, Princeton School Advisory Committee, 1969-71.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1967, 1973-74, 1975-76,
1977-78, 1979-80, 1983-84, 1985-.
Honors: Bowl of Hygea Award for outstanding Community Service in Pharmacy,
1978.
Religious Activities: Member, United Methodist Church; Trustee, Administrative
Board; teacher, 1969-71.
Family: Married, Annie Louise Sugg, September 6, 1941. Children: Barney Paul, Jr.,
Dianne Louise (Woodard) Taylor, Michael /Sugg and Joy (woodard) McLeod.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Human Resources.
Vice Chairman: Appropriations-Base Budget Committee on Human Resources;
Appropriations-Expansion Budget Committee on Human Resources; State
Personnel.
Member: Aging; Agriculture; Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-
Expansion Budget; Health; Highway Safety; Judiciary II.
The Legislative Branch 485
CHARLES DALMER WOODARD
(Democrat - Wayne County)
(Eleventh Representative District - Wayne County - Two Represen-
tatives.)
Early Years: Born in Goldsboro, Wayne County, May 5. 1948. to Dalmer Vernon and
Bertha (Capps) Woodard.
Education: Goldsboro High School; Mt. Olive College; Brooks Army Medical Train-
ing School.
Profession: President, Woodard Care, Inc.; President, Woodard Retirement Village;
owner, Woodard's Raditor & Muffler Service; owner, Woodard Rentals.
Organizations: Chairman, Goldsboro Jaycees (President, 1981; External Vice Presi-
dent, 1979); Mental Health Committee, Goldsboro Exchange Club.
Boards and Commissions: Director, Governor Charles B. Aycock Commission; Direc-
tor, W.A.G.E.S.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1983-84, 1985-; Wayne
County Democratic Party; Wayne County YDC, 1981.
Military Service: Served, NC National Guard, 1967; Reserves, 1968-80 (E-6; Staff
Sergeant).
Honors: Outstanding Young Man of Wayne County; Outstanding Local President,
NC Jaycees.
Religious Activities: Member, Oak Heights Baptist Church; former Sunday School
class President and Secretary.
Family: Married, Phyllis Grice, October 27, 1968. Children: Brian and Kevin.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Small Business.
Vice Chairman: Aging; Military and Veterans' Affairs.
Member: Appropriations-Base Budget; Appropriations-Base Budget Committee
on Human Resources; Appropriations-Expansion Budget; Appropriations-
Expansion Budget Committee on Human Resources; Highway Safety;
Human Resources; Judiciary II; Law Enforcement; Mental Health.
486
North Carolina Manual
RICHARD WRIGHT
(Democrat - Columbus County)
(Fifteenth Representative District - Columbus County - One Representative.)
Early Years: Born in Loris, South Carolina, October 8, 1944, to Ottis R. and Olive
(Battle) Wright.
Education: Tabor City High School, 1963; UNC-Chapel Hill, 1967, A.B. (Political
Science); UNC-Chapel Hill, School of Law, 1971, J.D.
Profession: Attorney (firm of McGougan, Wright and Worley); farmer; rental proper-
ties owner.
Organizations: Columbus County, 13th Judicial District (Director) and NC Bar Asso-
ciations; Columbus County Farm Bureau; Director, Columbus County Mental
Health Association; Director, Southeastern Oratorio Society; Columbus County
Young Farmers Association; President, Columbus County UNC Alumni Associa-
tion; Civitan Club; Director, Sampson and Columbus Historical Societies; SC
Genealogy Society; Columbus Cotillion.
Boards and Commissions: Columbus Committee of 100; Board of Visitors, UNC-
Chapel Hill, 1983-; Director, Columbus County Arts Council; Director, STRIKE
AT THE WIND, 1979-; Trustee, NC Art Museum, 1980-82; NC Commission on
Criminal Justice Training and Education Standards, 1979-82; NC Criminal Justice
Education and Training Systems Council, 1977-79; State Archaeology Commission,
1975-77; former President, Columbus County Morehead Scholarship Selection
Committee.
Political Activities: Member, NC House of Representatives, 1975-76, 1977-78, 1979-80,
1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-; State Democratic Executive Committee, 1977; presidential
elector, 1976.
Honors: Phi Beta Kappa; Order of the Old Well; Society of Janus.
Literary Works: Articles, Columbus County History, 1980 and Sampson County His-
tory, 1984.
Religious Activities: Member, Methodist Church; Council on Ministries and Adminis-
trative Board; youth coordinator and UMYF counselor.
Family: Married, Jenny McKinnon. Children: Elizabeth Armstrong and Sarah McKinnon.
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Chairman: Judiciary II.
Vice Chairman: Alcoholic Beverage Control; Local Government I.
Member: Children and Youth; Courts and Administration of Justice; Finance;
Highway Safety; Public Utilities; Rules and Operation of the House.
The Legislative Branch 487
GRACE AVERETTE COLLINS
Principal Clerk
North Carolina House of Representatives
Early Years: Born in Fuquay-Varina, Wake County, to Alonzo Deams and Minnie
Lee (Helms) Averette.
Education: Fuquay-Varina High School, 1949; Kings Business College, 1951; addi-
tional studies, Raleigh School of Commerce and Hardbarger Business College.
Profession: Principal Clerk, NC House of Representatives, 1 974-; General Assembly
staff. 1969-73.
Organizations: Executive Committee, National Conference of State Legislators; Exec-
utive Nominating Committte, NCSL; Legislative Management Committee, NCSL
Assembly on the Legislature; Chairman, all standing committees, American Society
of Legislative Clerks and Secretaries (President, 1981-82; Vice President, 1980-8l';
Secretary-Treasurer, 1979-80).
Political Acitivities: Principal Clerk, NC House of Representatives, 1974, 1975-76,
1977-78, 1979-80. 1981-82, 1983-84, 1985-; Chairman, Middle Creek-Fuquay Pre-
cinct, 1971-73; First Vice Chairman. Middle Creek-Fuquay Precinct, 1969-71.
Honors: Who's Who in State Government, 1976; Outstanding Leadership Award,
American Society of Legislative Clerks and Secretaries, 1975 and 1976.
Religious Activities: Member, Fuquay-Varina Methodist Church; Board of Mission;
Chancel Choir; former Sunday School teacher.
Family: Married. John Nolan Collins, October 4. 1952. Children: John N., Jr., Joseph
A., James D. and Laurie E.
The Legislative Branch
489
OCCUPATIONS LIST
1985 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Agri-Business
Etheridge, Bobby R.
James, Vernon G.
McAlister, Robert L.
Murphy, Wendell H.
Tyson, Henry M.
Attorney
Allran, Austin M.
Ballance, Frank W., Jr.
Blue, Daniel T., Jr.
Cromer, Charles M.
Dawkins, Donald M.
Evans, Charles D.
Fitch, Milton F., Jr.
Hackney, Joe
Hall, A.M.
Holt, Bertha M.
Hunter, Robert C.
Kennedy, Annie Brown
Lancaster, H. Martin
Michaux, H.M., Jr.
Miller, George W., Jr.
Nesbitt, Martin L., Jr.
Payne, Harry E., Jr.
Pulley, William P., Jr.
Rhyne, Johnathan L.
Sizemore, Frank J., HI
Warren, Raymond A.
Watkins, William T.
Wicker, Dennis A.
Wright, Richard
Auctioneer
DeVane, Daniel H.
Owens, Charles D.
Broker
Barbee, Allen C.
Barker, Chris S., Jr. (retired)
Pool, Murray P.
Businessperson
Anderson, Gerald L.
Brinkley, L.M., Sr.
Chalk, Richard E. (wood products)
Gist, Herman C. (coffee, herbs, and
tea)
Hall, A.M. (drug store)
Jeralds, Luther R.
McLaughlin, John B.
Warren, Edward N. (investments.
Real Estate)
Windley, W. H., HI (tank services)
Wiser, Betty H. (retirement
planning)
Woodard, Barney Paul (pharmacy)
Wright, Richard (rental properties)
Coach
Diamont, David Hunter
Communications Director
McDowell, Timothy H.
Composer / Entertainer
Wood, Stephen W.
Consultant
Brubaker, Harold J. (investments)
Jones, Walter B., Jr. (business)
Stamey, Peggy (fisheries)
Corporate Executive
Beall, Charles M.
Boyd, William T.
Church, John T.
Craven, James M.
Crawford, James W., Jr.
(investments)
Easterling, Ruth M.
Etheridge, Larry E.
Fletcher, Ray C. (automotive)
Hightower, Foyle R.
(fuel dealerships)
Hudson, Joseph R. (sewer services)
Huffman, Doris R. (building
supplies)
Hurst, Gerald B.
Mothershead, C. Ivan (publisher)
Quinn, Dwight W. (textiles)
Tallent, Timothy N.
Woodard, Charles D. (automotive,
rental properties)
490
North Carouna Manual
Day Care Administrator
Locks, Sidney A.
Dentist
Hunt, John J.
Educator
Barker, Chris S., Jr.
BarnhiU, Howard C. (retired)
Chapin, Howard B.
Cochrane, Betsy L.
Cole, James M.
Decker, Michael
Diamont, David Hunter
Duncan, Ann Q.
Foster, Jo Graham (retired
Administrator)
Fussell, Aaron E. (retired)
Gardner, Charlotte A. (former)
Greenwood, Gordon H.
Hauser, C. B. (retired)
Keesee-Forrester, Margaret (former)
Lineberry, Albert S.
Tyndall, James P. (retired)
Walker, Lois S.
Wiser, Betty H. (former)
Wood, Stephen W. (former)
Engineer
Bowman, J. Fred
Ethridge, Bruce
Engraver
Spoon, L. P., Jr-
Executive Director,
Non Profit Organization
Privette, Coy C.
Farmer
Barbee, Allen C.
Brown, John W.
Creecy, C. Melvin
Etheridge, Bobby R.
Hall, Marshall
Hunt, John J., Jr.
James, Vernon G.
Lutz, Edith L.
McAlister, Robert L.
McLaughhn, John B.
Murphy, Wendell H.
Noles, David J.
Tyson, Henry M.
Warren, Edward N.
Wright, Richard
Funeral Business
Bumgardner, David W., Jr.
Lineberry, Albert S.
General Contractor
Sparrow, J. Ray
Boyd, William T.
Guidance Counselor
Walker, Lois S.
Homemaker
Barnes, Ann C.
Cochrane, Betsy L.
Keesee-Forrester, Margaret
Hotel/ Motel Owner
Barbee, Allen C.
Brinkley, L. M., Jr.
Hughes, James F.
Insurance Executive
Beard, RD.
Brawley, C. Robert Jr.
Hall, Marshall
Hasty, John Calvin
Holroyd, Casper
Holmes, George M.
Lilley, Daniel T.
Michaux, H. M., Jr.
Nye, Edd
Redwine, David E.
Land Developer
Barbee, Allen C.
Clark, WiUiam E.
Owens, Charles D.
Land Surveyor
Bowman, J. Fred
Legislator
Barnes, Ann C.
Buchanan, Charles F.
The Legislative Branch
491
Colton, Marie W.
Holt, Bertha M.
Logging/ Lumber Industry
Anderson, Gerald L.
Robinson, George S.
Livestock Producer
Brown, John Walker
Manufacturer
Clark, William E.
Spoon, L. M., Jr.
Merchant
Crawford, J. W., Jr.
Hunt, John J.
McLaughlin, John B.
Ramsey, Liston B. (retired)
Nurseryman
George W. Brannan
Pastor
Creecy, C. Melvin
Dawkins, Donald M.
Edwards, C. R.
Lilly, Daniel T.
Locks, Sidney A.
Wood, Stephen A.
Pharmacist
Ligon, Bradford V.
Woodard, Barney Paul
Property Manager
Crawford, N. J., Jr.
Publisher
Mothershead, C. Ivan
Radio-TV Station Executive
Bobby R. Etheridge
Real Estate Executive
Anderson, Gerald L.
Boyd, William T.
DeVane, Daniel R. (brokerage)
Hasty, John Calvin (brokerage)
Hege, Joe H., Jr. (broker and
counselor)
Jeralds, Luther R.
Justus, Larry T.
Lineberry, Albert S. (management)
Michaux, H. M. Jr. (management)
Owens, Charles D.
Redwine, David E.
Rhodes, Frank E. (retired)
Warren, Edward N.
Warren, Raymond A.
Wood, Stephen W. (management)
Retired Government Employee
Enloe, Jeff H., Jr.
Esposito, Theresa H.
McLaughlin, John B.
(retired postmaster)
Richardson, James F.
(retired postmaster)
Retired Military Officer
Barker, Chris S., Jr.
Hurst, Gerald B.
Justus, Larry T.
Mavretic, Josephus T.
Sparrow, J. Ray
Social Worker
Duncan, Ann Q.
Warehouseman
Warren, Edward N.
492
North Carolina Manual
1985 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS
Barnhill, Howard C.
Buchanan, Charles F.
Dawkins, Donald M.
Esposito, Theresa H.
Hauser.C. B.
Ligon, Bradford V.
Tyndall.J.Paul
AGING
Chairman: Locks, Sidney A.
Vice Chairman: Foster, Jo Graham
Vice Chairman: Greenwood, Gordon H.
Vice Chairman: Woodard, Charles D.
Bowman, J. Fred
Colton, Marie W.
Decker, Michael
Ethridge, Bruce
Holroyd, Casper
Nye, Edd
Wiser, Betty H.
Brown, John Walter
Cromer, Charles L.
Edwards, C. R.
Fussell, Aaron E.
Holt, Bertha M.
Stanley, Peggy
Woodard, Barney Paul
Barbee, Allen C.
Brawley, C. Robert
Buchanan, Charles F.
Cromer, Charles L.
Hightower, Foyle R., Jr.
Mavretic, Josephus L.
Pool, Murray P.
Woodard, Barney Paul
AGRICULTURE
Chairman: James, Vernon G.
Vice Chairman: Anderson, Gerald L.
Vice Chairman: Creecy, C. Melvin
Vice Chairman: Enloe, Jeff H., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Hudson, Joe R.
Vice Chairman: Lutz, Edith Ledford
Vice Chairman: Warren, Edward N.
Barnes, AnneC.
Brown, John Walter
Church. John T.
Fussell, Aaron E.
Lilley, Daniel T.
Murphy, Wendell H.
Redwine, E. David
Brinkley, L.M.
Brubaker, Harold J.
Craven, James M.
Hall, Marshall
McAlister, Robert L.
Noles, David J.
Tyson, Henry M.
ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE CONTROL
Chairman: Clark, William E.
Vice Chairman: Gist, Herman C.
Vice Chairman: Tyson, Henry M.
Vice Chairman: Wright, Richard
Vice Chairman: Spoon, L. P.
Beard, R.D.
Creecy, C. Melvin
Hughes, James F.
Mothershead, C. Ivan
Chapin, Howard B.
Holt. Bertha M.
Justus, Larry T.
Pool, Murray P.
Craven, James M.
Hudson, Joe R.
Lilley, Daniel T.
Privette, Coy C.
The Legislative Branch
493
APPROPRIATIONS BASE BUDGET
Chairman: Elheridge, Bobby R.
Vice Chairman: Anderson, Gerald L.
Vice Chairman: Beard, R. D.
Vice Chairman: Blue, Daniel T., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Colton, Marie W.
Vice Chairman: Diamont, David Hunter
Vice Chairman: Ethridge, Bruce
Vice Chairman: Greenwood, Gordon H.
Vice Chairman: Holt, Bertha M.
Vice Chairman: Hunter, Robert C.
Vice Chairman: Warren, Edward N.
Barnes, Anne C.
Brinkley, L.M.
Chalk, Richard E.
Cole, James M.
Cromer, Charles L.
Duncan, Ann Q.
Enloe,JeffH.,Jr.
Evans, Charles D.
Gist, Herman C.
Hauser, C.B.
Hudson, Joe R.
James, Vernon G.
Kennedy, Annie Brown
Locks, Sidney A.
Michaux, H.M., Jr.
Noles, David J.
Redwine, E. David
Sizemore, Frank J., Ill
Watkins, William T.
Barnhill, Howard C.
Brubaker, Harold J.
Chapin, Howard B.
Craw ford, James W.
Decker, Michael
Easterling, Ruth M.
Esposito, Theresa H.
Foster, Jo Graham
Hackney, Joe
Hege, Joe H., Jr.
Huffman, Doris R.
Jeralds, Luther R.
Ligon, Bradford V.
Lutz, Edith Ledford
Murphy, Wendell H.
Nye, Edd
Rhodes, Frank E.
Tallent, Timothy N.
Woodard, Barney Paul
Beale, Charles M.
Bumgardner, David W.
Cochrane, Betsy L.
Jr. Crawford, Narvel J., Jr.
DeVane, Daniel H.
Edwards, C. R.
Etheridge, Larry E.
Fussell, Aaron E.
Hasty, John Calvin
Holmes, George M.
Hunt, John J.
Justus, Larry T.
Lineberry, Albert S.
McDowell, Timothy H.
Nesbitt, Martin L.
Payne, Harry E., Jr.
Robinson, George S.
Walker, Lois S. ^
Woodard, Charles D.
APPROPRIATIONS BASE BUDGET COMMITTEE
ON EDUCATION
Chairman: Warren, Edward N.
Vice Chairman: Chapin, Howard B.
Vice Chairman: Fussell, Aaron E.
Vice Chairman: McDowell, Timothy H.
Vice Chairman: Nesbitt, Martin L.
Barnes, AnneC.
Foster, Jo Graham
Michaux, H.M., Jr.
Cole, James M.
Greenwood, Gordon H.
Tallent, Timothy N.
Edwards, C.R.
Hege, Joe H., Jr.
Walker, LoisS.
494 North Carolina Manual
APPROPRIATIONS BASE BUDGET COMMITTEE
ON GENERAL GOVERNMENT
Chairman: Beard, R.D.
Vice Chairman: Crawford, Narvel J., Jr.
Vice Chairman: DeVane, Daniel H.
Beali. Charles M. Barnhill, Howard C. tnloe. JeffH., Jr.
Holmes, George M. Huffman, Doris R. Hunter, Robert C.
Kennedy, Annie Brown Ligon, Bradford V. Noles. David J.
Redwine, E. David
APPROPRIATIONS BASE BUDGET COMMITTEE ON
HUMAN RESOURCES
Chairman: Blue, Daniel T.. Jr.
Vice Chairman: Crawford, James W., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Lutz. Edith Ledford
Vice Chairman: Woodard, Barney Paul
Cromer, Charles L. Diamont, David Hunter Duncan, Ann Q.
Easterling, Ruth M. Etheridge, Larry E. Jeralds, Luther R.
Locks, Sidney A. Robinson, George S. Woodard. Charle.« D.
APPROPRIATIONS BASE BUDGET COMMITTEE
ON JUSTICE AND PUBLIC SAFETY
Chairman: Anderson. Gerald L.
Vice Chairman: Hudson, Joe R.
Vice Chairman: Hunt, John J.
Brinkley, L.M. Brubaker, Harold J. Decker, Michael
Evans, Charles D. Gist, Herman C. Holt, Bertha M.
Justus, Larry T. Lineberry, Albert S. Payne, Harry E., Jr.
Rhodes, Frank E.
APPROPRIATIONS BASE BUDGET COMMITTEE
ON NATURAL AND ECONOMIC RESOURCES
Chairman: Colton, Marie W.
Vice Chairman: Hasty, John Calvin
Vice Chairman: Hauser, C.B.
Bumgardner, David W. Chalk, Richard E. Cochrane, Betsy L.
Esposito, Theresa H. Ethridge, Bruce Hackney, Joe
James, Vernon G. Murphy, Wendell H. Nye, Edd
Sizemore, Frank J., Ill
The Legislative Branch
495
APPROPRIATIONS — EXPANSION BUDGET
Chairman: Watkins, William T.
Vice Chairman: Anderson, Gerald L.
Vice Chairman: Beard, R.D.
Vice Chairman: Blue, Daniel T., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Colton, Marie W.
Vice Chairman: Diamonl, David Hunter
Vice Chairman, Ethridge, Bruce
Vice Chairman: Greenwood, Gordon H.
Vice Chairman: Holt, Bertha M.
Vice Chairman: Hunter, Robert C.
Vice Chairman: Warren, Edward N.
Barnes, Anne C.
Brinkley, L.M.
Chalk, Richard E.
Cole, James M.
Cromer, Charles L.
Duncan, Ann Q.
Enloe,JeffH.,Jr.
Etheridge, Larry E.
Fussell, Aaron E.
Hasty, John Calvin
Holmes, George M.
Hunt, John J.
Justus, Larry T.
Lineberry, Albert S.
McDowell, Timothy H.
Nesbitt, Martin L.
Payne, Harry E., Jr.
Robinson, George S.
Walker, Lois S.
Barnhill, Howard C.
Brubaker, Harold J.
Chapin, Howard B.
Crawford, James W., Jr.
Decker, Michael
Easterling, Ruth M.
Esposito, Theresa H.
Evans, Charles D.
Gist, Herman C.
Hauser, C.B.
Huffman, Doris R.
James, Vernon G.
Kennedy, Annie Brown
Locks, Sidney A.
Michaux, H.M., Jr.
Noles, David J.
Redwine, E. David
Sizemore, Frank J., HI
Woodard, Barney Paul
Beall, Charles M.
Bumgardner, David W.
Cochrane, Betsy L.
Crawford, Narvel J., Jr.
DeVane, Daniel H.
Edwards, C.R.
Etheridge, Bobby R.
Foster, Jo Graham
Hackney, Joe
Hege, Joe H., Jr.
Hudson, Joe R.
Jeralds, Luther R.
Ligon, Bradford V.
Lutz, Edith Ledford
Murphy, Wendell H.
Nye, Edd
Rhodes, Frank E.
Tallent, Timothy N.
Woodard, Charles D.
APPROPRIATIONS EXPANSION BUDGET COMMITTEE
ON EDUCATION
Chairman: Greenwood, Gordon H.
Vice Chairman: Chapin, Howard B.
Vice Chairman: Fussell, Aaron E.
Vice Chairman: McDowell, Timothy H.
Vice Chairman: Nesbitt, Martin L.
Barnes, Anne C.
Foster, Jo Graham
Tallent, Timothy N.
Cole, James M.
Hege, Joe H., Jr.
Walker, Lois S.
Edwards, C.R.
Michaux, H.M., Jr.
Warren, Edward N.
APPROPRIATIONS EXPANSION BUDGET COMMITTEE
ON GENERAL GOVERNMENT
Chairman: Hunter, Robert C.
Vice Chairman: Crawford, Narvel J., Jr.
Vice Chairman: DeVane, Daniel H.
Beall, Charles M.
Enloe,JeffH.,Jr.
Kennedy, Annie Brown
Redwine, E. David
Barnhill, Howard C.
Holmes, George M.
Ligon, Bradford V.
Beard, R.D.
Huffman, Doris R.
Noles, David J.
496
North Carolina Manual
APPROPRIATIONS EXPANSION BUDGET COMMITTEE
ON HUMAN RESOURCES
Chairman: Diamont, David Hunter
Vice Chairman: Crawford, James W., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Lutz, Edith Ledford
Vice Chairman: Woodard, Barney Paul
Cromer, Charles L. Duncan, Ann Q.
Etheridge, Larry E. Jeralds, Luther R.
Robinson, George S. Woodard, Charles D.
Blue, Daniel T., Jr.
Easterling, Ruth M.
Locks, Sidney A.
APPROPRIATIONS EXPANSION BUDGET COMMITTEE
ON JUSTICE AND PUBLIC SAFETY
Chairman: Holt, Bertha M.
Vice Chairman: Hudson, Joe R.
Vice Chairman: Hunt, John J.
Anderson, Gerald L.
Decker, Michael
Justus, Larry T.
Rhodes, Frank E.
Brinkley, L.M.
Evans, Charles D.
Lineberry, Albert S.
Brubaker, Harold J.
Gist, Herman C.
Payne, Harry E., Jr.
APPROPRIATIONS EXPANSION BUDGET COMMITTEE
ON NATURAL AND ECONOMIC RESOURCES
Chairman: Ethridge, Bruce
Vice Chairman: Hasty, John Calvin
Vice Chairman: Hauser, C.B.
Bumgardner, David W.
Colton, Marie W.
James, Vernon G.
Sizemore, Frank J., Ill
Chalk, Richard E.
Esposito, Theresa H.
Murphy, Wendell H.
Cochrane, Betsy L.
Hackney, Joe
Nye, Edd
BANKS AND THRIFT INSTITUTIONS
Chairman: Evans, Charles D.
Vice Chairman: Brubaker, Harold J.
Vice Chairman: DeVane, Daniel H.
Vice Chairman: Diamont, David Hunter
Vice Chairman: Murphy, Wendell H.
Vice Chairman: Pulley, W. Paul
Vice Chairman: Warren, Edward N.
Anderson, Gerald L.
Brannan, George W.
Cochrane, Betsy L.
Decker, Michael
Gist, Herman C.
Hasty, John Calvin
Jeralds, Luther R.
Mothershead, C. Ivan
Rhyne, Johnathan L., Jr.
Stanley, Peggy
Beard. R.D.
Brawley. C. Robert
Crawford, James W., Jr.
Duncan, Ann Q.
Greenwood, Gordon H.
Hege, Joe H., Jr.
Lilley, Daniel T.
Payne, Harry E., Jr.
Redwine, E. David
Bowman, J. Fred
Clark, William E.
Dawkins, Donald M.
Foster, Jo Graham
Hall, Marshall
Holmes, George M.
Lineberry, Albert S.
Rhyne, Johnathan L., Jr.
Sparrow, J. Ray
Tallent, Timothy N.
The Legislative Branch
497
CHILDREN AND YOUTH
Allran, Austin M.
Colton, Marie W.
Hightower, Foyle R.. Jr.
Lutz. Edith Ledford
Wright, Richard
Chairman: Easterling, Ruth M.
Vice Chairman: Edwards, C.R.
Vice Chairman: Holroyd, Casper
Vice Chairman: Hudson, Joe R.
Vice Chairman: Jones. Walter B., Jr.
Ballance, Frank W.
Decker, Michael
Holt, Bertha M.
Redwine, E. David
Jr.
Cochrane, Betsy L.
Etheridge, Bobby R.
Keesee-Forrester. Margaret P.
Tallenl, Timothy N.
COMMISSIONS AND SCHOOLS FOR THE DEAF AND BLIND
Barbee, Allen C.
Ethridge, Bruce
Huffman, Doris R.
Chairman: Fletcher, Ray C.
Vice Chairman: Ballance, Frank W.
Cromer, Charles L.
Fussell, Aaron E.
Justus, Larry T.
, Jr.
Esposito, Theresa H.
Hege, Joe H., Jr.
Wiser, Betty H.
CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS
Barnhili, Howard C.
Crawford, Narvel J., Jr.
McDowell, Timothy H.
Warren, Raymond
Chairman: Michaux, H.M., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Holt, Bertha M.
Beard, R.D.
James, Vernon G.
Mavretic, Josephus L.
Watkins, William T.
Craven, James M.
Justus, Larry T.
Sparrow, J. Ray
Windley, Walter H.
Allran. Austin M.
Ligon, Bradford V.
Quinn, Dwight W.
CORPORATIONS
Chairman: Owens, Charles
Vice Chairman: Clark, William E.
Enloe,JeffH., Jr.
Miller, George W., Jr.
Rhyne, Johnathan L., Jr.
Hunter, Robert C.
Mothershead, C. Ivan
Tallent, Timothv N.
Allran, Austin M.
Etheridge, Larry E.
McDowell, Timothy H.
Richardson. James F.
CORRECTIONS
Chairman: Barnes, Anne C.
Vice Chairman: Chapin, Howard B.
Vice Chairman: Creecy, C. Melvin
Vice Chairman: Hackney, Joe
Vice Chairman: Murphy, Wendell H.
Cole, James M.
Gardner, Charlotte A.
Privette, Coy C.
Sparrow, J. Ray
Edwards, C.R.
Locks, Sidney A.
Rhodes, Frank E.
Warren, Edward N.
498
North Carolina Manual
COURTS AND ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
Chairman: Wicker, Dennis A.
Vice Chairman: Hunter, Robert C.
Vice Chairman: Michaux, H.M., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Nesbitt, Martin L.
Allran, Austin M.
Clark, William E.
Hackney, Joe
Huffman, Doris R.
Payne. Harry E., Jr.
Robinson, George S.
Wright, Richard
Ballance, Frank W.. Jr.
Dawkins, Donald M.
Hail, A.M.
Kennedy, Annie Brown
Redvvine, E. David
Warren. Raymond
Chalk. Richard E.
Evans, Charles D.
Holmes. George M.
Nye, Edd
Rhyne, Johnathan L.
Watkins, William T.
Jr.
Chapin, Howard B.
Esposito, Theresa H.
Wiser, Betty H.
CULTURAL RESOURCES
Chairman: Holroyd, Casper
Vice Chairman: Colton, Marie W.
Vice Chairman: Easterling, Ruth M.
Cole, James M.
Holt. Bertha M.
Duncan. Anne Q.
Rhvne. Johnathan L.
Jr.
Barker, Chris S., Jr.
Bowman, J. Fred
Cole, James M.
Edwards, C.R.
Gardner, Charlotte A.
Hightower, Foyle R.. Jr.
Jones, Walter B.. Jr.
Lineberry, Albert S.
Owens, Charles
Sizemore, Frank J., Ill
EDUCATION
Chairman: Foster, Jo Graham
Vice Chairman: Brannan, George W.
Vice Chairman: Diamont, David Hunter
Vice Chairman: Fussell, Aaron E.
Vice Chairman: Holroyd, Casper
Vice Chairman: Mavretic, Josephus L.
Vice Chairman: Tvndall, J. Paul
Barnhill, Howard C.
Chalk. Richard E.
Decker. Michael
Etheridge. Bobby R.
Hall, A^M.
Huffman, Doris R.
Keessee-Forrester, Margaret P.
McLaughlin, John B.
Rhodes, Frank E.
Stamey, Peggy
Blue, Daniel T.. Jr.
Chapin, Howard B.
Duncan. Ann Q.
Ethridge, Bruce
Hauser. C.B.
Hurst, Gerald B.
Lancaster. H. Martin
Nye, Edd
Richardson, James F.
Walker, Lois S.
Allran, Austin M.
Blue, Daniel T., Jr.
Enloe,JeffH..Jr.
Hall, Marshall
Huffman, Doris R.
McAlister, Robert L.
Murphy, Wendell H.
ELECTIONS LAWS
Chairman: Beall. Charles M.
Vice Chairman: Jones, Walter B.. Jr.
Vice Chairman: Watkins, William T.
Vice Chairman: Keesee-Forrester, Margaret P.
Barker, Chris S., Jr.
Brannan. George W.
Fletcher. Ray C.
Hege. Joe H., Jr.
Hunter. Robert C.
McLaughlin, John B.
Walker, Lois S.
Barnes. .Anne C.
Crawford. Narvel J..
Gist. Herman C.
Hightower, Foyle R.
Jeralds. Luther R.
Michaux. H.M.. Jr.
Jr.
Jr.
The Legislative Branch
499
Bowman, J. Fred
Gardner, Charlotte A.
Privette, Coy C.
Brannan, George W.
Hackney, Joe
Pulley, W. Paul
EMPLOYMENT SECURITY
Chairman: Enloe, Jeff H., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Quinn, Dwight W
Clark, William E.
Hall, A.M.
Richardson, James F.
ENERGY
Chairman: Creecy, C. Melvin
Vice Chairman: Hunt, John J.
Easteriing, Ruth M.
Hall. Marshall
Fitch, Milton F., Jr.
Ligon, Bradford V.
Wiser, Betty H.
Esposito, Theresa H.
Hughes, James F.
FINANCE
Chairman: Quinn, Dwight W.
Vice Chairman: Barker, Chris S., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Barbee, Allen C.
Vice Chairman: Church, John T.
Vice Chairman: Hightower, Foyle R.. Jr.
Vice Chairman: Lilley, Daniel T.
Vice Chairman: Mavretic, Josephus L.
Vice Chairman: Wicker, Dennis A.
Allran. Austin M.
Boyd, William T.
Brown, John Walter
Craven, James M.
Fitch, Milton F., Jr.
Hall, A.M.
Hughes, James F.
Keesee-Forrester, Margaret P.
McLaughlin, John B.
Owens, Charles
Pulley, W. Paul
Sparrow, J. Ray
Tyndall, J. Paul
Windley, Walter H.
Wright, Richard
Ballance, Frank W., Jr.
Brannan, George W.
Buchanan, Charles F.
Creecy, C. Melvin
Fletcher, Ray C.
Hall, Marshall
Hurst, Gerald B.
Lancaster, H. Martin
Miller, George W., Jr.
Pool, Murray P.
Rhyne, Johnathan L., Jr.
Spoon, L.P.
Tyson, Henry M.
Wiser, Betty H.
Bowman, J. Fred
Brawley, C. Robert
Clark, William E.
Dawkins, Donald M.
Gardner, Charlotte A.
Holroyd, Casper
Jones, Walter B., Jr.
McAlister, Robert L.
Mothershead, C. Ivan
Privette, Coy C.
Richardson, James F.
Stamey, Peggy
Warren, Raymond
Wood, Stephen W.
Barker. Chris S., Jr.
Colton, Marie W.
Lineberry, Albert S.
Rhyne, Johnathan L., Jr.
GOVERNMENTAL ETHICS
Chairman: Kennedy, Annie Brown
Vice Chairman: Easteriing, Ruth M.
Vice Chairman: Locks, Sidnev A.
Beard, R.D.
Keesee-Forrester, Margaret P.
Miller, George W., Jr.
Walker, Lois S.
Brown, John Walter
Lancaster, H. Martin
Privette, Coy C.
Wood, Stephen W.
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North Carolina Manual
HEALTH
Chairman: Murphy, Wendell H.
Vice Chairman: DeVane, Daniel H.
Vice Chairman: Enloe, Jeff H., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Greenwood, Gordon H.
Vice Chairman: Jeralds, Luther R.
I
Barnhill, Howard C.
Brinkley, L.M.
Diamont, David Hunter
Ligon, Bradford V.
Quinn, Dwight W.
Watkins. William T.
Barnes, Anne C.
Brubaker, Harold J.
Esposito, Theresa H.
Locks, Sidney A.
Richardson, James F.
Woodard, Barnev Paul
Blue, Daniel T., Jr.
Cromer, Charles L.
Foster, Jo Graham
McAlister, Robert L.
Spoon, L.P.
Beall, Charles M.
Cole, James M.
Duncan, Ann Q.
Hackney, Joe
McLaughlin, John B.
Redwine, E. David
Sizemore, Frank J., HI
Wood, Stephen W.
HIGHER EDUCATION
Chairman: Church. John T.
Vice Chairman: Edwards. C.R.
Vice Chairman: Gist, Herman C.
Vice Chairman: Hauser, C.B.
Vice Chairman: McDowell, Timothy H.
Chapin, Howard B.
Crawford, James W.
Fussell, Aaron E.
Hunter, Robert C.
Michaux, H.M., Jr.
Rhodes, Frank E.
Walker, Lois S.
Cochrane, Betsy L.
Jr. Dawkins, Donald M.
Gardner, Charlotte A.
Hurst, Gerald B.
Murphy, Wendell H.
Rhyne, Johnathan L., Jr.
Warren, Edward N.
Anderson, Gerald L.
Evans, Charles D.
Robinson, George S.
MARINE FISHERIES
Chairman: Chapin, Howard B.
Vice Chairman: James, Vernon G.
Vice Chairman: Redwine, E. David
Vice Chairman: Stamey, Peggy
Esposito, Theresa H.
Hall, A.M.
Tyndall,J.Paul
Ethridge, Bruce
Hurst, Gerald B.
Walker, Lois S.
Barnhill, Howard C.
Crawford, James W., Jr.
Edwards, C.R.
Hall, Marshall
Lancaster, H. Martin
McDowell, Timothy H.
Pool, Murray P.
Walker, Lois S.
MENTAL HEALTH
Chairman: Barker, Chris S., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Barnes, Anne C.
Vice Chairman: Beard, R.D.
Vice Chairman: Tyndall, J. Paul
Bowman, J. Fred
Creecy, C. Melvin
Fletcher, Ray C.
Hauser, C.B.
Locks, Sidney A.
McLaughlin, John B.
Rhodes, Frank E.
Windley, Walter H.
Brawley, C. Robert
Cromer, Charles L.
Gardner, Charlotte A.
Hurst, Gerald B.
Lutz, Edith Ledford
Noles, David J.
Richardson, James F.
Woodard, Charles D.
The Legislative Branch
501
MILITARY AND VETERANS' AFFAIRS
Chairman: Jeralds, Luther R.
Vice Chairman: Foster. Jo Graham
Vice Chairman: Woodard. Charles D.
Barker, Chris S., Jr.
Dawicins, Donald M.
Esposito, Theresa H.
Hunt, John J.
Lancaster, H. Martin
Privette, Coy C.
Tyndall,J. Paul
Brown, John Walter
Duncan, Ann Q.
Etheridge, Bobby R.
Hurst, Gerald B.
McAlister, Robert L.
Redwine, E. David
Buchanan, Charles F.
Enloe,JeffH.,Jr.
Greenwood, Gordon H.
Justus, Larry T.
Noles, David J.
Spoon, L.P.
NATURAL AND ECONOMIC RESOURCES
Chairman: McDowell, Timothy H.
Vice Chairman: Anderson, Gerald L.
Vice Chairman: Ethridge, Bruce
Vice Chairman: Kennedy, Annie Brown
Boyd, William T.
Cochrane, Betsy L.
Hackney, Joe
Pulley, W. Paul
Warren, Edward N.
Boyd. William T.
DeVane, Daniel H.
Hunt, John J.
Noles, David J.
Chapin, Howard B.
Etheridge, Larry E.
Mavretic, Josephus L.
Rhodes, Frank E.
Church, John T.
Evans, Charles D.
Owens, Charles
Sizemore, Frank J.
HI
LAW ENFORCEMENT
Chairman: Brannan, George W.
Vice Chairman: Payne, Harry E.. Jr.
Vice Chairman, Pool, Murray P.
Vice Chairman: Sparrow, J. Ray
Vice Chairman: Tyson, Henry M.
Bumgardner. David W.
Esposito, Theresa H.
Lutz. Edith Ledford
Warren, Raymond
Craven, James M.
Hasty, John Calvin
McLaughlin, John B.
Woodard, Charles D.
AUran, Austin M.
Brannan, George W.
Chalk, Richard E.
Fletcher, Ray C.
Huffman, Doris R.
Noles, David J.
LOCAL GOVERNMENT I
Chairman: McAlister, Robert L.
Vice Chairman: Edwards, C.R.
Vice Chairman: Nye, Edd
Vice Chairman: Owens, Charles
Vice Chairman: Wright, Richard
Barbee, Allen C.
Brinkley, L.M.
Cromer, Charles L.
Hall, A.M.
Lilley, Daniel T.
Spoon, L.P.
Barnes, AnneC.
Buchanan, Charles F.
Crawford, James W., Jr.
Hudson, Joe R.
Lineberry, Albert S.
1
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North Carouna Manual
LOCAL GOVERNMENT II
Chairman: Lutz, Edith Ledford
Vice Chairman: Hasty, John Calvin
Vice Chairman: Kennedy, Annie Brown
Vice Chairman: Pool, Murray P.
Boyd.WilHamT.
Colton, Marie W.
Hall, Marshall
Keesee-Forrester, Margaret P.
Sizemore, Frank J., Ill
Windley, Walter H.
Bumgardner, David W.
Diamont, David Hunter
Holmes, George M.
McLaughlin, John B.
Warren, Raymond
Wiser, BettvH.
Church. John T.
Easterling, Ruth M.
Jones, Walter B., Jr.
Nesbitt, Martin L.
Wicker, Dennis A.
MANUFACTURERS AND LABOR
Chairman: Payne, Harry E., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Barnes, Anne C.
Vice Chairman: Blue, Daniel T., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Hasty, John Calvin
Allran, Austin M.
Brubaker, Harold J.
Fitch, Milton F., Jr.
Mothershead, C. Ivan
Tyson, Henry M.
Beall, Charles M.
Clark, William E.
Greenwood, Gordon H.
Quinn, Dwight W.
Bowman, J. Fred
Easterling, Ruth M.
Holmes, George M.
Robinson, George S.
Cochrane, Betsy L.
Hughes, James F.
McDowell, Timothy H.
Robinson, George S.
JUDICIARY I
Chairman: Miller, George W., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Clark, William E.
Vice Chairman: Hackney, Joe
Crawford, James W., Jr.
Hunt, John J.
Nesbitt, Martin L.
Wicker, Dennis A.
Easterling, Ruth M.
Kennedy, Annie Brown
Privette, Coy C.
Allran, Austin M.
Hall, A.M.
Murphy, Wendell H.
Windley, Walter H.
JUDICIARY II
Chairman: Wright, Richard
Vice Chairman: Michaux, H.M., Jr.
Dawkins, Donald M.
Hege, Joe H., Jr.
Quinn, Dwight W.
Woodard, Barney Paul
DeVane, Daniel H.
Huffman. Doris R.
Stamey, Peggy
Woodard, Charles D.
Barnes, Anne C.
Chalk, Richard E.
Hasty, John Calvin
JUDICIARY III
Chairman: Lancaster, H. Martin
Vice Chairman: Blue, Daniel T., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Holt, Bertha M.
Boyd, William T.
Colton, Marie W.
Hudson, Joe R.
Bumgardner, David W.
Fitch. Milton F., Jr.
Sizemore, Frank J., Ill
The Legislative Branch
503
Beard, R.D.
Payne, Harry E., Jr.
Warren, Raymond
JUDICIARY IV
Chairman: Pulley, W. Paul
Vice Chairman: Ballance, Frank W., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Evans. Charles D.
Vice Chairman: Hunter, Robert C.
Cromer, Charles L.
Rhyne, Johnathan L.
Watkins, William T.
Jr.
Holmes, George M.
Sparrow, J. Ray
Boyd, William T.
Jones, Walter B., Jr.
Rhodes, Frank E.
Woodard, Barney Paul
HIGHWAY SAFETY
Chairman: Fussell, Aaron E.
Vice Chairman: Bumgardner, David W.
Vice Chairman: Lancaster, H. Martin
Creecy, C. Melvin
Keesee-Forrester, Margaret P.
Spoon, L.P.
Woodard, Charles D.
Gardner, Charlotte A.
Noles, David J.
Stamey, Peggy
Wright, Richard
Barnhill, Howard C.
Brubaker, Harold J.
Huffman, Doris R.
Wood, Stephen W.
HOUSING
Chairman: Ballance, Frank W., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Brannan, George W.
Brawley, C. Robert
Edwards, C.R.
Lancaster, H. Martin
Brinkley, L.M.
Fitch, Milton F., Jr.
Sparrow, J. Ray
Barnhill, Howard C.
Decker, Michael
Ethridge, Bruce
Hauser,C.B.
Justus, Larry T.
Owens, Charles
Sizemore, Frank J., Ill
Woodard, Charles D.
HUMAN RESOURCES
Chairman: Woodard, Barney Paul
Vice Chairman: Colton, Marie W.
Vice Chairman: Jones, Walter B., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Locks, Sidney A.
Chalk, Richard E.
Diamont, David Hunter
Fitch, Milton F., Jr.
Holt, Bertha M.
Ligon, Bradford V.
Privette, Coy C.
Warren, Raymond
Cromer, Charles L.
Edwards, C.R.
Gardner, Charlotte A.
Jeralds, Luther R.
Lutz, Edith Ledford
Richardson, James F.
Wiser, Betty H.
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North Carouna Manual
INSURANCE
Anderson, Gerald L.
Blue, Daniel T., Jr.
Etheridge, Larry E.
Gist, Herman C.
Holroyd, Casper
McLaughlin, John B.
Payne, Harry E., Jr.
Wood, Stephen W.
Chairman: Nesbitt, Martin L.
Vice Chairman: Beard, R.D.
Vice Chairman: Hightower, Foyle R., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Miller, George W., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Wicker, Dennis A.
Vice Chairman: Holmes, George M.
Ballance, Frank W., Jr.
Brawley, C. Robert
Evans, Charles D.
Hall, Marshall
Hughes, James P.
Mothershead, C. Ivan
Pool, Murray P.
Beall, Charles M.
Decker, Michael
Fitch, Milton F., Jr.
Hasty, John Calvin
Lutz, Edith Ledt'ord
Murphy, Wendell H.
Robinson, George S.
Craven, James M.
Hughes, James F.
Ligon, Bradford V.
Tyndall, J. Paul
PENSIONS AND RETIREMENT
Chairman: Mavretic, Josephus L.
Vice Chairman: Ethridge, Bobby R.
Vice Chairman: Hauser, C.B.
Vice Chairman: Nye, Edd
DeVane, Daniel H.
Hunter, Robert C.
Nesbitt, Martin L.
Warren, Edward N.
Foster, Jo Graham
Hurst, Gerald B.
Noles, David J.
Wiser, Betty H.
Brinkley, L.M.
Etheridge, Bobby R.
Holroyd, Casper
Lineberry, Albert S.
Nye, Edd
Robinson, George S.
Warren, Edward N.
Wright, Richard
PUBLIC UTILITIES
Chairman: Bumgardner, David W.
Vice Chairman: Barker, Chris S., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Crawford, James W., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Miller, George W., Jr.
Decker, Michael
Hasty, John Calvin
Hughes, James F.
Mavretic, Josephus L.
Pulley, W. Paul
Tallent, Timothy N.
Warren, Raymond
DeVane, Daniel H.
Hege, JoeH., Jr.
James, Vernon G.
Mothershead, C. Ivan
Redwine, E. David
Tyndall, J. Paul
Wicker, Dennis A.
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505
RULES AND OPERATION OF THE HOUSE
Chairman: Lilley, Daniel T.
Vice Chairman: Evans, Charles D.
Vice Chairman: Hunt, John J.
Vice Chairman: Quinn, Dwight W.
Vice Chairman: Stamey, Peggy
Anderson, Gerald L.
Blue, Daniel T., Jr.
Cochrane, Betsy L.
DeVane, Daniel H.
Fussell, Aaron E.
Hudson, Joe R.
Jeralds, Luther R.
Locks, Sidney A.
Michaux, H.M., Jr.
Murphy, Wendell H.
Sizemore, Frank J., Ill
Windley, Walter H.
Bowman, J. Fred
Chalk, Richard E.
Gist, Herman C.
Hunt, John J.
Lineberry, Albert S.
Sparrow, J. Ray
Wood, Stephen W.
Barbee, Allen C.
Brubaker, Harold J.
Crawford, Narvel J., Jr.
Diamont, David Hunter
Hege, Joe H., Jr.
Hunter, Robert C.
Lancaster, H. Martin
McDowell, Timothy H.
Miller, George W., Jr.
Nesbitt, Martin L.
Spoon, L.P.
Wood, Stephen W.
SMALL BUSINESS
Beall, Charles M.
Church, John T.
Crawford, James W., Jr.
Edwards, C.R.
Holmes, George M.
James, Vernon G.
Lineberry, Albert S.
Mavretic, Josephus L.
Mothershead, C. Ivan
Pulley. W. Paul
Watkins, William T.
Wright, Richard
Chairman: Woodard, Charles D.
Vice Chairman: Barbee, Allen C.
Vice Chairman: Etheridge, Bobby R.
Vice Chairman: Jeralds, Luther R.
Vice Chairman: Pool, Murray P.
Brawley, C. Robert
Etheridge, Larry E.
Hall, A.M.
Justus, Larry T.
Nesbitt, Martin L.
Tallent, Timothy N.
Brinkley, L.M.
Fletcher, Ray C.
Hauser, C.B.
Ligon, Bradford V.
Rhodes, Frank E.
Watkins, William T.
Anderson, Gerald L.
Brown, John Walter
DeVane, Daniel H.
Gist, Herman C.
Wicker, Dennis A.
STATE GOVERNMENT
Chairman: Hightower, Foyle R., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Beall, Charles M.
Vice Chairman: Crawford, James W., Sr.
Vice Chairman: Fletcher, Ray C.
Ballance, Frank W., Jr.
Bumgardner, David W.
Etheridge, Larry E.
Hege, Joe H., Jr.
Windley, Walter H.
Barbee, Allen C.
Cole, James M.
Foster, Jo Graham
McLaughlin, John B.
Barnes, AnneC.
Enloe,JeffH.,Jr.
Lutz, Edith Ledford
STATE PERSONNEL
Chairman: Stamey, Peggy
Vice Chairman: Woodard, Barney Paul
Vice Chairman: Fletcher, Ray C.
Buchanan, Charles F.
Hunter, Robert C.
Walker, Lois S.
Cole, James M.
Jones, Walter B., Jr.
Wiser, Betty H.
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North Carolina Manual
STATE PROPERTIES
Beall, Charles M.
Brawley, C. Robert
Greenwood, Gordon H.
Tallent, Timothy N.
Chairman: Tyson, Henry M.
Vice Chairman: McAlister, Robert L.
Vice Chairman: Crawford, Narvel J., Jr.
Blue, Daniel T., Jr.
Brinkley.L.M.
James, Vernon G.
Boyd, William T.
Etheridge, Larry E.
Owens, Charles
Brown, John Walter
Church, John T.
Enloe,JeffH.,Jr.
Hudson, Joe R.
Justus, Larry T.
Mavretic, Josephus L.
Wicker, Dennis A.
TRANSPORTATION
Chairman: Barbee, Allen C.
Vice Chairman: Beall, Charles M.
Vice Chairman: Bumgardner, David W.
Vice Chairman: James, Vernon G.
Brubaker, Harold J.
Cole, James M.
Etheridge, Bobby R.
Hughes, James F.
Liiley, Daniel T.
Nve, Edd
Buchanan, Charles P.
Creecy, C. Melvin
Fletcher, Ray C.
Hunt, John J.
McAlister, Robert L.
Sparrow, J. Ray
UNVIERSITY BOARD OF GOVERNORS
NOMINATING COMMITTEE
Chairman: Crawford, Narvel J., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Church, John T.
Vice Chairman: Gist, Herman C.
Vice Chairman: Lancaster, H. Martin
Ballance, Frank W., Sr.
Cochrane, Betsy L.
Duncan, Ann Q.
Hall, A.M.
Jones, Walter B., Jr.
Miller, George W., Jr.
Barnhill, Howard C.
DeVane, Daniel H.
Etheridge, Larry E.
Hasty, John Calvin
Kennedy, Annie Brown
Murphy, Wendell H.
Brubaker, Harold J.
Diamont, David Hunter
Foster, Jo Graham
Hurst, Gerald B.
Michaux, H.M., Jr.
WATER AND AIR RESOURCES
Chairman: Hackney, Joe
Vice Chairman: Ethridge, Bruce
Vice Chairman: McAlister, Robert L.
Vice Chairman. Owens, Charles
Vice Chairman: Payne, Harry E., Jr.
Vice Chairman: Pulley, W. Paul
Boyd, William T.
Colton, Marie W.
Diamont, David Hunter
Fletcher, Ray C.
Holroyd, Casper
Hunt, John J.
Ligon, Bradford V.
Pool, Murray P.
Spoon, L.P.
Chalk, Richard E.
Craven, James M.
Evans, Charles D.
Greenwood, Gordon H.
Holt, Bertha M.
Keesee-Forrester, Margaret P.
Mavretic, Josephus L.
Quinn, Dwight W.
Tyson, Henry M.
Clark, William E.
Dawkins, Donald M.
Fitch, Milton F., Jr.
Hightower, Foyle R., Jr.
Hudson, Joe R.
Kennedy, Annie Brown
Nesbitt, Martin L.
Robinson, George S.
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WILDLIFE RESOURCES
Chairman; Nye, Edd
Vice Chairman: Lilley, Daniel T.
Vice Chairman: Tyndaii, J. Paul
Barker, Chris S., Jr. Brinkley, L.M. Brown, John Walter
Buchanan, Charles F. Craven, James M. Creecy, C. Melvin
Greenwood, Gordon H. Hightower, Foyle R., Jr. Tallent, Timothy N.
508 North Carolina Manual
RULES OF THE
1985 HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF NORTH CAROLINA
(HOUSE RESOLUTION 5)
I. Order of Business
RULE 1 . Convening Hour. — The House shall convene each legislative day at the hour
fixed by the House. In the event the House adjourns on the preceding legislative day
without having fixed an hour for reconvening, the House shall convene on the next
legislative day at 1:30 p.m.
RULE 2. Opening the Session. — At the convening hour on each legislative day the
Speaker shall call the members to order and shall have the session opened with prayer.
RULE 3. Quorum. — (a) A quorum consists of a majority of the qualified members of
the House.
(b) Should the point of a quorum be raised, the doors shall be closed and the Clerk shall
call the roll of the House, after which the names of those not responding shall again be
called. In the absence of a quorum, fifteen members are authorized to compel the
attendance of absent members and may order that absentees for whom no sufficient
excuses are made be taken into custody wherever they may be found by special messenger
appointed for that purpose.
RULE 4. Approval of Journal. — (a) The Committee on Rules and Operation of the
House shall cause the Journal of the House to be examined daily before the hour of
convening to determine if the proceedings of the previous day have been correctly
recorded.
(b) Immediately following the opening prayer and upon appearance of a quorum, the
Speaker shall call for the Journal report by the Chairman of the Committee on Rules and
Operation of the House or by a Representative designated by the Chairman as to whether
the proceedings of the previous day have been correctly recorded. Without objection, the
Speaker shall cause the Journal to stand approved.
RULE 5. Order of Business of the Day. — After the approval of the Journal of the
preceding day, the House shall proceed to business in the following order:
(1) The receiving of petitions, memorials and papers addressed to the General Assem-
bly or to the House;
(2) Reports of standing committees;
(3) Reports of select committees;
(4) First reading and reference to committee of bills and resolutions;
(5) Messages from the Senate;
(6) Concurrence with Senate amendments or Senate committee substitutes;
(7) The unfinished business of the preceding day;
(8) Calendar (each category in accordance with Rule 40):
(a) Local bills (roll call) third reading
(b) Local bills (roll call) second reading
(c) Local bills third reading
(d) Local bills second reading
(e) Public bills (roll call) third reading
The Legislative Branch 509
(f) Public bills (roil call) second reading
(g) Public bills and resolutions, third reading
(h) Public bills and resolutions, second reading;
(9) Reading of Notices and Announcements; but messages and motions to elect officers
shall always be in order.
II. Conduct of Debate
RULE 6. Duties and Powers of the Speaker. — The Speaker shall have general
direction of the Hall. He may name any member to perform the duties of the Chair, but
substitution shall not extend beyond one day, except in the case of sickness or by leave of
the House.
RULE 7. Obtaining Floor. — (a) When any member desires recognition for any
purpose, he shall rise from his seat and respectfully address the Speaker. No member shall
proceed until recognized by the Speaker.
(b) When a member desires to interrupt a member having the floor, he shall first obtain
recognition by the Speaker and permission of the member occupying the floor, and when
such recognition and permission have been obtained, he may propound a question to the
member occupying the floor; but he shall not otherwise interrupt the member having the
floor, except as provided in subsection (c) of this rule; and the Speaker shall, without the
point of order being raised, enforce this rule.
(c) A member who has obtained the floor may be interrupted only for the following
reasons:
(1) a request that the member speaking yield for a question,
(2) a point of order,
(3) a parliamentary inquiry, or
(4) a question of privilege.
RULE 8. Questions of Privilege. — Upon recognition by the Speakerfor that purpose,
any member may speak to a question of privilege for a time not to exceed three (3)
minutes. Questions of privilege shall be first, those affecting the rights of the House
collectively, its safety, dignity, and the integrity of its proceedings; second, the rights,
reputation, and conduct of members, individually, in their representative capacity only;
and shall have precedence of all other questions, except motions to adjourn. Privilege m.ay
not be used to explain a vote or debate a bill. The Speaker shall determine if the question is
one of privilege and shall, without the point of order being raised, enforce this rule.
RULE 9. Points of Order. — (a) The Speaker shall decide questions of order and may
speak to points of order in preference to other members arising from their seats for that
purpose. Any member may appeal from the ruling of the Chair on questions of order; on
such appeal no member may speak more than once, unless by leave of the House. A
two-thirds (2/ 3) vote of the members present shall be necessary to sustain any appeal from
the ruling of the Chair.
(b) When the Speaker calls a member to order, the member shall take his seat except
that a member called to order may clear a matter of fact, or explain, but shall not proceed
in debate so long as the decision stands. If the member appeals from the ruling of the Chair
and the decision by a two-thirds (2/3) vote of the members present be in favor of the
member called to order, he may proceed; if otherwise, he shall not; and if the case, in the
judgment of the House, requires it, he shall be liable to censure by the House.
510 North Carolina Manual
RULE 10. Limitations on Debate. — (a) No member shall speak on, debate, or solicit
cosponsors for, a bill or resolution at its first reading.
(b) No member shall speak more than twice on the main question, nor longer than 30
minutes for the first speech and 15 minutes for the second speech; nor shall he speak more
than twice upon an amendment or motion to reconsider, commit, appeal or postpone, and
then not longer than 10 minutes, for the first speech and five minutes for the second
speech.
(c) A member may speak only once and for not more than 20 minutes on the question of
the adoption of a minority report.
(d) The House, by consent of a majority of the members present, may suspend the
operation of subsections (b) and (c) of this rule during any debate on any particular
question before the House.
RULE 11. Reading of Papers. — When there is a call for the reading of the text of a
paper which has been presented to the House, and there is objection to such reading, the
question shall be determined by a majority vote of the members of the House present.
Except for protests permitted by the Constitution, no member may have material printed
in the Journal until said material has been presented to the House and the printing
approved by the House, and said material shall not exceed 1,000 words.
RULE 12. General Decorum. — (a) The Speaker shall preserve order and decorum.
(b) Decency of speech shall be observed and disrespect to personalities carefully
avoided.
(c) When the Speaker is putting any question, or addressing the House, no person shall
speak, stand up, walk out of or cross the House, nor when a member is speaking, engage in
disruptive discourse or pass between the member and the Chair.
(d) Food or beverages shall not be permitted on the floor of the House.
(e) The reading of newspapers shall not be permitted on the floor of the House while the
House is in session.
(0 Smoking or the consumption of food or beverages shall not be permitted in the
galleries at any time.
(g) Special recitals, performances by musicians or other groups shall not be permitted
on the floor of the House and special guests of members of the House shall not be
permitted on the floor of the House.
(h) Members shall observe appropriate attire, coat and tie for male members and
dignified dress for female members.
in. Motions
RULE 13. Motions Generally. — (a) Every motion shall be reduced to writing, if the
Speaker or any two members request it.
(b) When a motion is made, it shall be stated by the Speaker, or, if written, it shall be
handed to the Chair and read aloud by the Speaker or Clerk before debate.
(c) After a motion has been stated by the Speaker or read by the Speaker or Clerk, it
shall be in the possession of the House; but it may be withdrawn before a decision or
amendment, except in case of a motion to reconsider, which motion, when made by a
member, shall be in possession of the House and shall not be withdrawn without leave of
the House.
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RULE 14. Motions, Order of Precedence. — When there are motions before the House,
the order of precedence is as follows:
To adjourn
To lay on the table
To postpone indefinitely
Previous question
To postpone to a day certain
To commit
To amend an amendment
To amend
To substitute
To pass the bill
No motion to lay on the table, to postpone indefinitely, to postpone to a day certain, to
commit or to make a particular amendment, being decided, shall be again allowed at the
same stage of the bill or proposition.
RU LE 1 5. Motion to Adjourn. — (a) A motion to adjourn shall be seconded before the
motion is put to the vote of the House.
(b) A motion to adjourn shall be decided without debate, and shall always be in order,
except when the House is voting or some member is speaking; but a motion to adjourn
shall not follow a motion to adjourn until debate or some other business of the House has
intervened.
RULE 16. Motion to Table. — (a) A motion to table shall be seconded before the
motion is put to the vote of the House and is in order except when a motion to adjourn is
before the House.
(b) A motion to table shall be decided without debate.
(c) A motion to table a bill shall constitute a motion to table the bill and all amend-
ments thereto.
(d) When the question before the House is the adoption of an amendment to a bill
or resolution, a motion to table the bill is not in order, and a motion to table an
amendment applies to the amendment only, and the motion may not expressly or by
implication or construction be expanded to include a motion to table the bill also.
(e) When a question has been tabled, it shall not thereafter be considered except on
motion to reconsider under Rule 18, or to remove from the table approved by a two-
thirds (2/3) vote.
RULE 17. Motion to Postpone Indefinitely. — A motion to postpone indefinitely is
in order except when a motion to adjourn or to lay on the table is before the House.
However, after one motion to postpone indefinitely has been decided, another motion
to postpone indefinitely shall not be allowed at the same stage of the bill or proposi-
tion. When a question has been postponed indefinitely, it shall not thereafter be consi-
dered except on motion to reconsider under Rule 18, or to place on the favorable
calendar approved by a two-thirds (2/3) vote.
RULE 18. Motion to Reconsider. — (a) When a question has been decided, it is in
order for any member to move for the reconsideration thereof, on the same or the
succeeding legislative day; provided that if the vote by which the motion was originally
decided was taken by a recorded vote, only a member of the majority may move for
reconsideration.
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(b) A motion to reconsider shall be determined by a majority vote, except a motion
to reconsider a vote upon a motion to table, a motion to postpone indefinitely, a
motion to remove a bill from the unfavorable calendar, a motion that a bill be read
twice on the same day, or a motion to remove from the table, which shall require a
two-thirds (2/3) vote.
RULE 19. Previous Question. — (a) The previous question may be called only by
the member submitting the report on the bill or other matter under consideration, by
the member introducing the bill or other matter under consideration, or by the
member in charge of the measure, who shall be designated by the Chairman of the
committee reporting the same to the House at the time the bill or other matter under
consideration is reported to the House or taken up for consideration.
(b) The previous question shall be as follows: "Shall the main question now be put?"
When the call for the previous question has been decided in the affirmative by a major-
ity vote of the House, the "main question" is on the passage of the bill, resolution or
other matter under consideration.
(c) The call for the previous question shall preclude all motions, amendments and
debate, except the motion to adjourn or motion to table or motion to postpone indefi-
nitely made prior to the determination of the previous question.
(d) If the previous question is decided in the negative, the main question remains
under debate.
IV. Voting
RULE 20. Use of Electronic Voting System. — (a) Votes on the following questions
shall be taken on the electronic voting system, and the ayes and noes shall be recorded
on the Journal:
(1) All questions on which the Constitution of North Carolina requires that the ayes
and noes be taken and recorded on the Journal.
(2) All measures affecting a fee imposed by the State or any subdivision thereof.
(3) All questions on which a call for the ayes and noes under Rule 24(a) has been
sustained.
(4) Both second and third readings of bills proposing amendment of the Constitu-
tion of North Carolina or ratifying resolutions amending the Constitution of the
United States.
(b) Votes on the following questions shall be taken on the electronic voting system:
(1) Second reading of all public bills, all amendments to public bills offered after
second reading, third reading if a public bill was amended after second reading
or if the reading occurs on a day or days following the second reading, all con-
ference reports on public bills, all motions to lay public bills on the table, and all
motions to postpone public bills indefinitely.
(2) Upon a call for division.
(3) Any other question upon direction of the Speaker or upon motion of any
member supported by one-fifth (1/5) of the members present.
(c) When the electronic voting system is used, twenty seconds shall be allowed for
voting on the question before the House unless the Chair shall direct otherwise. The
system shall be set to close automatically when that time has expired. After the system
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is closed, the Speaker may allow any member to vote until he orders the system
locked. Once the system is locked, the vote shall be recorded and printed.
(d) The voting station at each member's desk in the Chamber shall be used only by
the member to which the station is assigned. Under no circumstances shall any other
person vote at a member's station. It is a breach of the ethical obligation of a member
either to request that another person vote at the requesting member's station, or to
vote at another member's station. The Speaker shall enforce this rule without
exception.
(e) When the electronic voting system is used, the Speaker shall state the question
and shall then state substantially the following; "All in favor vote 'aye'; all opposed
vote 'no'; the Clerk will open the vote." After the allotted time for voting has elapsed,
the Speaker shall say: "The Clerk will now lock the machine and record the vote."
After the machine is locked and the vote recorded, the Speaker shall announce the
vote and declare the result.
(0 One copy of the machine printout of the vote record of all votes taken on the
electronic system shall be filed in the office of the Principal Clerk, and one copy shall
be filed in the Legislative Library where it shall be open to public inspection.
(g) When the Speaker ascertains that the electronic voting system is inoperative
before a vote is taken or while a vote is being taken on the electronic system, he shall
announce that fact to the House and any partial electronic system voting record shall
be voided. In such a case, if the Constitution of North Carolina or the Rules of the
House require a call of the ayes and noes, the Clerk shall call the roll of the House,
and the ayes and noes shall be taken manually and shall be recorded on the Journal.
All roll call votes shall be taken alphabetically. All other votes shall be taken by voice
vote. If, after a vote is taken on the electronic system, it is discovered that a malfunc-
tion caused an error in the electronic system printout, the Speaker shall direct the
Reading Clerk and the Principal Clerk to verify and correct the printout record and so
advise the House.
(h) For the purpose of identifying motions on which the vote is taken on the elec-
tronic system, the motions are coded as follows:
(1) To adjourn
(2) To lay on the table
(3) To postpone indefinitely
(4) Previous question
(5) To postpone to a day certain
(6) To commit
(7) To amend an amendment
(8) To amend
(9) To substitute
(10) To reconsider
(11) To concur or not concur
(12) Miscellaneous
RULE 21. Voice Votes; Stating Questions. — (a) When the electronic voting system
is not used, the Speaker shall rise and put a question.
(b) The question shall be put in this form, namely, "Those in favor (as the question
may be) will say 'Aye'," and after the affirmation voice has been expressed, "Those
opposed will say 'No' ".
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RULE 22. Determining Questions. — (a) Unless otherwise provided by the Consti-
tution of North CaroHna or by these rules, all questions shall be determined by a
simple majority of the members present and voting.
(b) No member may vote unless he is in the Chamber when the question is put. This
subsection of this rule cannot be suspended.
RULE 23. Voting by Division. — Any member may call for a division of the
members upon the question before the result of the vote has been announced. Upon a
call for a division, the Speaker shall cause the number voting in the affirmative and in
the negative to be determined. Upon a division and count of the House on any ques-
tion, no member away from his seat shall be counted.
RULE 24. Roll Call Vote. — (a) Before a question is put, any member may call for
the ayes and noes. If the call is sustained by one-fifth ( 1 / 5) of the members present, the
question shall be decided by the ayes and noes upon a roll call vote.
(b) Every member who is in the Hall of the House when the question is put shall
vote upon a call of the ayes and noes, unless excused pursuant to Rule 24. 1 A.
RULE 24.1 A. Excuse From Deliberations and Voting on a Bill. — (a) Any member
shall upon request be excused from the deliberations and voting on a particular bill,
but to do so must make that request after the second reading of the bill and before any
motion or vote on the bill or any amendment thereto. If the reason for the request
arises at some point later in the proceedings, the request may be made at that time.
(b) The member may make a brief statement of the reasons for making that request.
The member may send forward to the Principal Clerk, on a form provided by the
Clerk, a concise statement of the reason for the request, and the Clerk shall include
this statement in the Journal.
(c) The member so excused shall not debate the bill or any amendment to the bill,
vote on the bill, offer or vote on any amendment to the bill, or offer or vote on any
motion concerning the bill at that reading, any subsequent reading, or any subsequent
consideration of the bill.
(d) A member may request that his excuse from deliberations on a particular bill be
withdrawn.
RULE 24. IB. Separation of Propositions. — Any member may call for a question
to be divided into two or more propositions to be voted on separately, and the Speaker
shall determine whether the question admits of such a division.
RULE 25. Voting by Speaker. — In all elections the Speaker may vote. In all other
instances he may exercise his right to vote, or he may reserve this right until there is a
tie in which event he may vote, but in no instance may he vote twice on the same
question.
V. Committees
RULE 26. Committees Generally. — (a) All standing and select committees shall be
appointed by the Speaker. The Speaker shall appoint all standing committees at the
beginning of the session.
(b) Ten legislative days after the Speaker makes his initial appointments to a stand-
ing or select committee, he shall not increase the membership of that committee, but
may fill any vacancies which occur on that committee.
(c) The first member announced on each committee shall be Chairman, and where
the Speaker so desires he may designate a cochairman and one or more vice chairmen.
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(d) Either the Chairman or the Acting Chairman, designated by the Chairman or by
the Speaker, and five other members of the committee, or a majority of the committee,
whichever is fewer, shall constitute a quorum of that committee.
(e) In any joint meeting of the Senate and House Committees, the House Committee
reserves the right to vote separately.
RULE 27. List of Standing Committees. — The standing committees are:
Aging.
Agriculture.
Alcoholic Beverage Control.
Appropriations Base Budget.
Appropriations Base Budget Committee on Education.
Appropriations Base Budget Committee on Justice and Public Safety.
Appropriations Base Budget Committee on Human Resources.
Appropriations Base Budget Committee on General Government.
Appropriations Base Budget Committee on Natural and Economic Resources.
Appropriations Expansion Budget.
Appropriations Expansion Budget Committee on Education.
Appropriations Expansion Budget Committee on Justice and Public Safety.
Appropriations Expansion Budget Committee on Human Resources.
Appropriations Expansion Budget Committee on General Government.
Appropriations Expansion Budget Committee on Natural and Economic Resources.
Banks and Thrift Institutions.
Commercial Fishing
Commissions and Schools for the Blind and Deaf.
Congressional Redistricting.
Constitutional Amendments.
Corporations.
Corrections.
Courts and Administration of Justice.
Cultural Resources.
Economy.
Education.
Election Laws.
Employment Security.
Energy.
Finance.
Governmental Ethics.
Health.
Higher Education.
Highway Safety.
Human Resources.
Insurance.
Judiciary No. I.
Judiciary No. II.
Judiciary No. III.
Judiciary No. IV.
Law Enforcement.
516 North Carolina Manual
Legislative Redistricting.
Local Government No. L
Local Government No. IL
Manufacturers and Labor.
Mental Health.
Military and Veterans' Affairs.
Natural and Economic Resources.
Pensions and Retirement (Refer to G.S. 120-111.1).
Public Utilities.
Rules and Operation of the House.
Small Business.
State Government.
State Personnel.
State Properties.
Transportation.
University Board of Governors Nominating Committee.
Water and Air Resources.
Wildlife Resources.
Redistricting Committee. — In the session next after the federal decennial census,
the Speaker shall appoint a standing committee or committees on redistricting.
RULE 28. Committee Meetings. — (a) Standing committees and subcommittees of
standing committees shall be furnished with suitable meeting places pursuant to a
schedule adopted by the Committee on Rules and Operation of the House. Select
committees shall be furnished with suitable meeting places as their needs require by the
Chairman of the Committee on Rules and Operation of the House.
(b) Subject to the provisions of the subsection (c) of this Rule, committees and
subcommittees thereof shall permit other members of the General Assembly, the press,
and the general public to attend all sessions of said committees or subcommittees.
(c) The Chairman or other presiding officer shall have general direction of the meet-
ing place of the committee or subcommittee and, in case of any disturbance or disor-
derly conduct therein, or if the peace, good order, and proper conduct of the legislative
business is hindered by any person or persons, the Chairman or presiding officer shall
have power to exclude from the session any individual or individuals so hindering the
legislative business or, if necessary, to order the meeting place cleared of all persons
not members of the committee or subcommittee.
(d) Procedure in the committees shall be governed by the rules of the House, so far
as the same may be applicable to such procedure. Before a question is put, any
member may call for the ayes and noes. If the call is sustained by one-fifth (1/5) of the
members present, the question shall be decided by the ayes and noes upon a roll call
vote. All roll call votes shall be taken alphabetically.
(e) No committee or subcommittee shall meet on any day when the House shall not
convene except by permission of the Speaker or by approval of the House by resolu-
tion adopted by a majority vote of the House.
(f) No committee or subcommittee shall meet during any session of the House and
all committee and subcommittee meetings shall adjourn no later than 15 minutes
preceding a regular session of the House.
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(g) Any call or notice of a standing committee meeting between legislative sessions
shall be mailed to each member of the committee by certified mail at least five days
prior to such meeting.
(h) During committee meetings the Chairman may exercise his right to vote, or he
may reserve this right until there is a tie, in which event he may vote, but in no
instance may the Chairman vote twice on the same question.
RULE 29. Notice of Committee Meetings and Committee Hearings; Minutes. —
Public notice of all standing committee meetings shall be given in the House. The
Chairman of the committee shall notify or cause to be notified the sponsor of each bill
which is set for hearing or consideration before the committee as to the date, time and
place of that meeting.
RULE 29.1. Public Hearings. — (a) Any member may request in writing a public
hearing on a public bill. Refusal to grant a member's request may be appealed to the
Speaker. Requests by other than members may be granted in the discretion of the
Chairman. Notice shall be given not less than five calendar days prior to public hear-
ings. These notices shall be issued as information for the press and information shall
be posted in the places designated by the Principal Clerk.
(b) Persons desiring to appear and be heard at a public hearing shall submit their
request to the Chairman of the committee. The committee Chairman may designate
one or more members to arrange the order of appearance of interested parties. A brief,
written statement of testimony may be submitted to the committee without oral pres-
entation and shall be incorporated in the minutes of the public hearing.
Rule 29.2. Committee Minutes to Legislative Library. The Chairman of a committee
shall insure that written minutes are compiled for each of the committee's meetings.
The minutes shall indicate the members present and the actions taken by the commit-
tee at the meeting. Not later than 20 days after the adjournment of each session of the
General Assembly, the Chairman shall deliver the minutes to the Legislative Library.
The Speaker of the House may grant a reasonable extension of time for filing said
minutes upon application of the committee Chairman.
RULE 30. Committee of the Whole House. — (a) A Committee of the Whole House
shall not be formed, except by suspension of the rules, if there be objection by any
member.
(b) After passage of a motion to form a Committee of the Whole House, the
Speaker shall appoint a Chairman to preside in committee, and the Speaker shall leave
the Chair.
(c) The rules of procedure in the House shall be observed in the Committee of the
Whole House, so far as they may be applicable, except the rule limiting the time of
speaking and the previous question.
(d) In the Committee of the Whole House a motion that the committee rise shall
always be in order, except when a member is speaking, and shall be decided without
debate.
(e) When a bill is submitted to the Committee of the Whole House, it shall be read
and debated by sections, leaving the preamble to be last considered. The body of the
bill shall not be defaced or interlined, but all amendments, noting the page and line,
shall be duly entered by the Clerk on a separate paper as the same shall be agreed to
by the committee, and be so reported to the House. After report, the bill shall again be
subject to be debated and amended by sections before a question on its passage be
taken.
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VI. Handling of Bills
RULE 31. Introduction of Bills and Resolutions. — (a) All bills and resolutions
shall be introduced by submitting same to the Principal Clerk's office on the legislative
day prior to the first reading and reference thereof according to the following schedule:
by 8:30 o'clock p.m. each Monday, by 3:00 o'clock p.m. each Tuesday, Wednesday,
Thursday, and Friday.
(b) Bills shall not become resolutions provided the Senate has a similar rule. Resolu-
tions shall not become bills. Resolutions are not law but may be used when a law is
not necessary for the purpose contained therein. Resolutions shall not be used to
appropriate funds for any purpose, but, for example, may be used to express opinions
of the House, to create study commissions or committees or establish investigative
committees, to honor persons, to commend, to memorialize, and to adopt House rules
and internal affairs. Resolutions cannot amend, repeal, or modify a statute; nor do
they have life beyond the term of the Session during which they are adopted.
(c) Every bill or resolution shall be read in regular order of business, except upon
permission of the Speaker or on the report of a committee.
(d) All bills and resolutions shall show in their captions a brief descriptive statement
of the true substance of same, which captions may thereafter be amended; provided
that third reading shall not be had on any bill or resolution on the same day that such
caption is amended.
(e) A Substitute Bill shall be covered with the same color jacket as the original bill
and shall be prefaced as follows:
"House Substitute for" or "House Committee Substitute for "
(f) House Resolutions need not be read more than twice.
(g) Celebration, Commendation and Commemoration Resolutions. All celebration,
commendation, and commemoration resolutions, except those honoring the memory
of deceased persons, shall be excluded from introduction in the House if the Senate
has a substantially similar rule on these resolutions.
RULE 31.1. Deadline on Introduction of Certain Bills. — All local bills or bills
prepared to be introduced for departments, agencies, or institutions of the State must
be introduced not later than April 1 of the session year.
RULE 32. Reference to Commitee. — Each bill, joint resolution, or House resolu-
tion not introduced on the report of a committee shall immediately upon its first read-
ing be referred by the Speaker to such committee as he deems appropriate.
RULE 33. Papers Addressed to the House. — Petitions, memorials and other papers
addressed to the House shall be presented by the Speaker. A brief statement of the
contents thereof may be orally made by the introducer before reference to a commit-
tee, but such papers shall not be debated or decided on the day of their first being read
unless the House shall direct otherwise.
RULE 34. Introduction of Resolutions and Bills, Copies Required. — (a) Whenever
any resolution or bill is introduced, a duplicate copy thereof shall be attached thereto,
and the Principal Clerk shall cause said duplicate copy to be numbered as the original
resolution or bill is numbered, and shall cause the same to be available at all times to
the member introducing the same.
(b) Numbering of House Bills shall be designated as "H.B " (No. following). A
Joint Resolution shall be designated as "H.J.R. " (No. following). A House
Resolution shall be designated as "H.R. " (No. following).
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(c) Whenever any resolution or bill is filed for introduction, it shall be in such form
and have such copies accompanying same as designated by the Speaker, and any reso-
lution or bill introduced without the required number of copies shall be immediately
returned to the introducer. The Clerk shall stamp the copies with the number stamped
upon the original bill.
RULE 35. Duplicating of Bills. — (a) The Legislative Services Officer shall cause
such bills as are introduced to be duplicated in such numbers as may be specified by
the Speaker. The Legislative Services Officer shall cause one copy of each resolution
and public bill for each legislator to be delivered to his clerk or secretary who shall
place it in the appropriate notebook on the legislator's desk. If a legislator so requests,
a second copy shall be delivered to his clerk or secretary who shall place it in the
legislator's office. The remaining copies shall be placed in the Printed Bills Room and
made available to the committees to which the bill is referred, to individual legislators
on request, and to the general public.
(b) Availability of Copies of Bills. A public bill is a bill affecting 15 or more coun-
ties. A local bill is one affecting fewer than 15 counties. No public bill and, upon
objection by a member, no local bill may be considered unless copies of the bill have
been made available to the entire membership of the House.
RULE 35.1. Assessment reports. — Every bill or resolution proposing the estab-
lishment of an occupational or professional licensing board or a study for the need to
establish such a board shall have attached to the jacket of the original bill or resolution
at the time of its consideration on second and third readings by the House or by any
committee of the House, an assessment report from the Legislative Committee on New
Occupational and Professional Licensing Boards pursuant to Article 18 of Chapter 120
of the General Statutes. The assessment report shall not constitute any part of the
expression of legislative intent proposed by the formation of a licensing board. Upon
receipt of the request the Legislative Committee on New Occupational and Profes-
sional Licensing Boards shall prepare and return the assessment report as soon as
possible but not later than 60 days, reserving the right to extend this time to 90 days.
RULE 36. Report by Committee. — All House bills and resolutions shall be
reported from the committee to which referred, with such recommendations as the
committee may desire to make except in the case where the principal introducer
requests in writing to the Chairman of the committee that the bill not be considered.
The Chairmen of the full Appropriations Committees may refer a bill or resolution to
another appropriations committee specifically charged with the subject matter of the
bill or resolution; the committee to which the bill or resolution is referred shall report
the bill or resolution back to the full Appropriations Committees.
(a) Favorable Report. When a committee reports a bill with the recommendation
that it be passed, the bill shall be placed on the favorable calendar for the next suc-
ceeding legislative day; except that committee substitutes for bills shall be placed on
the favorable calendar for the second next succeeding legislative day after being
reported. When a committee substitute is adopted and receives a favorable report by
the committee, the committee chairman shall submit to the committee the question of
an unfavorable report on the original bill. The comittee's action, if any, on the original
bill shall be reported at the same time the committee substitute is reported.
(b) Report Without Prejudice. When a committee reports a bill without prejudice,
the bill shall be placed on the favorable calendar.
520 North Carolina Manual
(c) Postponed Indefinitely. When a committee reports a bill with the recommenda-
tion that it be postponed indefinitely, and no minority report accompanies it, the bill
shall be placed on the unfavorable calendar.
(d) Unfavorable Report. When a committee reports a bill with the recommendation
that it be not passed, and no minority report accompanies it, the bill shall be placed on
the unfavorable calendar.
(e) Minority Report. When a bill is reported by a committee with a recommendation
that it be not passed or that it be postponed indefinitely, but it is accompanied by a
minority report signed by at least one-fourth (14) of the members of the committee
who were present and voting when the bill was considered in committee, the question
before the House shall be: "The adoption of the minority report." If the minority
report is adopted by majority vote, the bill shall be placed on the favorable calendar
for consideration. If the minority report fails of adoption by a majority vote, the bill
shall be placed on the unfavorable calendar.
RULE 37. Removing Bill from Unfavorable Calendar. — A bill may be removed
from the unfavorable calendar upon motion carried by a two-thirds (2/3) vote. A
motion to remove a bill from the unfavorable calendar is debatable.
RULE 38. Reports on Appropriation and Revenue Bills. — (a) All committees,
other than the Committees on Appropriations, when favorably reporting any bill or
resolution which:
1. carries an appropriation from the State; or
2. requires or will require in the future substantial additional State monies from the
General Fund or Highway Fund to implement its provisiosn,
shall indicate same in the report, and said bill or resolution shall be referred to the
Committees on Appropriations for a further report before being acted upon by the
House.
(b) All committees, other than the Committee on Finance, when favorably reporting
any bill which in any way or manner raises revenue, reduces revenue, levies a tax,
authorizes the levying of a tax or a fee, or authorizes the issue of bonds or notes,
whether public, public-local, or private, shall indicate same in the report, and said bill
shall be referred to the Committee on Finance for a further report before being acted
upon by the House.
(c) Action on Amendment Before Re-Referral. If any committe recommends adop-
tion of an amendment or committee substitute of a bill which, under the rules of the
House must be referred to the Committees on Appropriations or Committee on
Finance, the amendment or committee substitute shall be considered and. if adopted,
the amendment or substitute engrossed before the bill is re-referred.
RULE 39. Recall of Bill from Committee. — When a House bill has been intro-
duced and referred to a committee, if after 10 legislative days the committee has failed
to report thereon, then the introducer of the bill or some member designated by him
may, after three legislative days' public notice given in the House and delivered in
writing to the Chairman of the committee, on motion supported by a majority vote ot
the members present and voting, recall the same from the committee to the floor of the
House for consideration and such action thereon as a majority of the members present
may direct. This rule shall not be temporarily suspended without one day's notice on
the motion given in the House and delivered in writing to the Chairman of the com-
The Legislative Branch 521
mittee, and to sustain that motion two-thirds (2/3) of the members present and voting
shall be required.
RULE 39.1. Recall of Bill by the Senate. — Upon a request by the Senate that a
measure in the possession of the House be recalled and returned to the Senate, the
question will be put "Shall the measure be returned?" This rule will be effective only if
the Senate has a substantially similar rule.
RULE 40. Calendars and Schedules of Business. — The Clerk of the House shall
prepare a daily schedule of business, including the Calendar of Bills and Resolutions
for consideration and debate that day, in accordance with the Order of Business of the
Day (Rule 5). The Clerk shall number all bills and resolutions in the order in which
they are introduced. All bills and resolutions shall be taken up as they appear in each
category (Rule 5(8)) in the order they were reported by committee; but the Committee
on Rules and Operation of the House may at any time arrange the order of precedence
in which bills may be considered.
RULE 41. Reading of Bills. — (a) Every bill shall receive three readings in the
House prior to its passage. The first reading and reference to committee of a House
bill shall occur on the next legislative day following its introduction. The first reading
and reference to committee of a Senate bill shall occur on the next legislative day
following its receipt on messages from the Senate. The Speaker shall give notice at
each subsequent reading whether it be the second or third reading.
(b) No bill shall be read more than once on the same day without the concurrence of
two-thirds (2/3) of the members present and voting; provided, no bill governed by
Article M, Section 23 of the North Carolina Constitution or described in Rule 20 (a)(2)
herein shall be read twice on one day under any circumstance.
(c) No public bill or resolution filed in either house, after May 15, shall pass either
its second or third readings unless voted on affirmatively by two-thirds (2/3) of the
members present and voting. This subsection shall not apply to a bill or resolution
proposing adjournment, an emergency appropriation, continuance and/ or expansion
of the State budget, or changing State revenues; proposing or ratifying a constitutional
amendment; or calling for a constitutional convention.
RULE 42. Effect of a Defeated Bill. — (a) Subject to the provisions of subsection
(b) of this rule, after a bill has
(1) been tabled,
(2) been postponed indefinitely,
(3) failed to pass on any of its readings, or
(4) been placed on the unfavorable calendar,
the contents of that bill or the principal provisions of its subject matter shall not be
considered in any other measure originating in the Senate or originating thereafter in
the House. Upon the point of order being raised and sustained by the Chair, that
measure shall be laid upon the table, and shall not be taken therefrom except by a
two-thirds (2/3) vote of the members present and voting.
(b) No local bill shall be held by the Chair to embody the contents of or the princi-
pal provisions of the subject matter of any statewide measure which has been laid on
the table, has failed to pass on any of its readings, or has been placed on the unfavora-
ble calendar.
RULE 43. Amendments and Riders. — No amendment or rider to a bill before the
522 North Carolina Manual
House shall be in order unless such rider or amendment is germane to the bill under
consideration.
Only one principal (first degree) amendment shall be pending at any one time. If a
subsequent or substitute principal amendment shall be offered, the Speaker shall rule it
out of order. However, any member desiring to offer a subsequent or substitute princi-
pal amendment in opposition to the pending amendment may inform the House by
way of argument against the pending amendment that if it is defeated he proposes to
offer another principal amendment, and he may then read and explain such proposed
amendment.
Perfecting (or second degree) amendments may be offered and considered without
limitation as to number, and in the event of multiple perfecting amendments, they shall
be voted upon in inverse order.
RULE 43.1. Engrossment. — Bills and resolutions, except those making appropria-
tions, which originate in the House and which are amended, shall be engrossed before
being sent to the Senate.
RULE 43.2. House Concurrence in Senate Amendments to House Bills. — The
House shall not concur in a Senate amendment to a bill originating in the House until
the next legislative day after the day on which the House receives the Senate
amendment.
RULE 43.3. Committee Substitutes Adopted by the Senate to Bills Originating in
the House. — (a) Whenever the Senate has adopted a committee substitute for a bill
originating in the House, and has returned the bill to the House for concurrence in
that committee substitute, the House may not concur in that committee substitute until
the next legislative day following the day on which the House receives that committee
substitute.
(b) The Speaker may, and upon motion supported by a majority of the House pres-
ent and voting shall, refer the bill to an appropriate committee for consideration of the
committee substitute.
(c) The Speaker shall, in placing the bill on the calendar, rule whether the committee
substitute is a material amendment under Article H, Section 23, of the State's Consti-
tution which reads:
"Revenue bills. — No law shall be enacted to raise money on the credit of the State,
or to pledge the faith of the State directly or indirectly for the payment of any debt,
or to impose any tax upon the people of the State, or to allow the counties, cities,
or towns to do so, unless the bill for the purpose shall have been read three several
times in each house of the General Assembly and passed three several readings,
which readings shall have been on three different days, and shall have been agreed
to by each house respectively, and unless the yeas and nays on the second and third
readings of the bill shall have been entered on the journal."
If the committee substitute was referred to committee, the committee shall:
i. report the bill with the recommendation either that the House concur or that the
House do not concur; and
ii. advise the Speaker as to whether or not that committee substitute is a material
amendment under Article II, Section 23, of the State's Constitution.
(d) If the committee substitute for a bill is not a material amendment, the question
before the House shall be concurrence.
The Legislative Branch 523
(e) If the committee substitute for a bill is a material amendment, the receiving of
that bill on messages shall constitute first reading and the question before the House
shall be concurrence on second reading. If the motion is passed, the question then shall
be concurrence on third reading on the next legislative day.
(0 No committee substitute adopted by the Senate to a bill originating in the House
may be amended by the House.
RULE 44. Conference Committees. — (a) Whenever the House shall decline or
refuse to concur in amendments put by the Senate to a bill originating in the House, or
shall refuse to concur in a substitute adopted by the Senate for a bill originating in the
House or whenever the Senate shall decline or refuse to concur in amendments put by
the House to a bill originating in the Senate, or shall refuse to concur in a substitute
adopted by the House for a bill originating in the Senate, a conference committee may
be appointed by the Speaker upon his own motion or shall be appointed upon request
by the principal sponsor of the original bill, the Chairman of the House Committee
which reported the bill, or by the sponsor of the amendment in which the Senate
refused to concur; and the bill under consideration shall thereupon go to and be consi-
dered by the joint conferees on the part of the House and Senate. In appointing
members to conference committees the Speaker shall appoint no less than a majority
of members who generally supported the House position as determined by the
Speaker.
(b) Only such matters as are in difference between the two houses shall be consi-
dered by the conferees, and the conference report shall deal only with such matters.
The conference report may be made by a majority of the House members of such
conference committee and shall not be amended.
(c) If the conferees fail to agree, new conferees may be appointed. However, if either
house refuses to adopt the report of its conferees, no new conferees may be appointed.
RULE 44.1. Transmittal of bills to Senate. — Unless ordered by the Speaker or
two-thirds (2/3) vote of the members present and voting, no bill shall be sent from the
House on the day of its passage, except on the last day of session.
VII. Legislative Officers and Employees
RULE 45. Elected Officers. — (a) The House shall elect one of its members Speaker.
(b) The House shall elect one of its members Speaker Pro Tempore who shall per-
form such duties as the Speaker may assign and shall preside over the House in the
absence or incapacity of the Speaker and shall perform all of the duties of the Speaker
until such time the Speaker may assume the Chair.
(c) The House shall elect a Principal Clerk, a Reading Clerk and a Sergeant-at-
Arms, each of whom shall have and perform such duties and responsibilities not
inconsistent with these Rules as the Speaker may assign. The Principal Clerk shall
continue in office until another is elected.
RULE 46. Assistants to Principal Clerk and Sergeant-at-Arms. — The Principal
Clerk and the Sergeant-at-Arms may appoint, with the approval of the Speaker, such
assistants as may be necessary to the efficient discharge of the duties of their respective
offices.
RULE 47. Speaker's Clerk, Chaplain, and Pages. — (a) The Speaker may appoint
one or more clerks to the Speaker, a Chaplain of the House, and pages to wait upon
the sessions of the House.
524 North Carolina Manual
(b) When the House is not in session, the pages shall be under the supervision of the
Supervisor of Pages.
(c) No member may have more than 10 persons designated as honorary pages.
RULE 48. Committee Clerks and Secretaries. — (a) Each committee shall have a
clerk. The clerk to a committee shall serve as secretary to the chairman of that
committee.
(b) Each member shall be assigned a secretary, unless he has a committee clerk to
serve as his secretary.
(c) The selection and retention of clerks and secretaries shall be the sole prerogative
of the individual member or members. Such clerks and secretaries shall file initial
applications for employment with the Legislative Services Office and shall receive
compensation as prescribed by the Legislative Services Commission. The employment
period of clerks and secretaries shall commence not earlier than the convening date of
the General Assembly and shall terminate not later than the final adjournment or
recess of the General Assembly unless employment for an extended period is approved
by the Speaker. The clerks and secretaries shall adhere to such uniform rules and
regulations not inconsistent with these Rules regarding hours and other conditions of
employment as the Legislative Services Commission shall fix by appropriate
regulations.
RULE 49. Compensation of Clerks and Secretaries. — No clerk, laborer, or other
person employed or appointed under Rules 47, 48, and 49 hereof shall receive during
such employment, appointment, or service, any compensation from any department of
the State government, and there shall not be voted, paid or awarded any additional
pay, bonus or gratuity to any of them, but they shall receive only the pay now pro-
vided by law for such duties and services.
Vin. Privileges of the Hall
RULE 50. Admittance to Floor. — No person except members, officers and
employees of the General Assembly and former members of the General Assembly
who are not registered under the provisions of Article 9 of Chapter 120 of the General
Statutes of North Carolina shall be allowed on the floor of the House during its ses-
sion, unless permitted by the Speaker or otherwise provided by law.
RULE 51. Admittance of Press. — Reporters wishing to take down debates may be
admitted by the Speaker, who shall assign such places to them on the floor or else-
where, to effect this object, as shall not interfere with the convenience of the House.
Reporters admitted to the floor of the House shall observe the same requirements of
attire for members contained in Rule 12(h).
RULE 52. Extending Courtesies. — Courtesies of the floor, galleries or lobby shall
be extended at the discretion of the Speaker and only by the Speaker. Requests by
members to extend these courtesies shall be typewritten and delivered to the Speaker.
No member shall orally ask the Speaker to extend these courtesies during the daily
session.
RULE 53. Order in Galleries and Lobby. — In case of any disturbance or disorderly
conduct in the galleries or lobby, the Speaker or other presiding officer is empowered
to order the same to be cleared.
The Legislative Branch 525
IX. General Rules
RULE 54. Attendance of Members. — No member or officer of the House shall
absent himself from the service of the House without leave, unless from sickness or
disability.
RULE 55. Documents to be Signed by the Speaker. — All acts, addresses, and reso-
lutions and all warrants and subpoenas issued by order of the House shall be signed by
the Speaker or other presiding officer.
RULE 56. Printing or Reproducing Materials. — There shall be no printing or
reproducing of paper(s) that are not legislative in essence except upon approval of the
Speaker.
RULE 57. Placement or Circulation of Materials. — Persons other than members of
the General Assembly, officers or staff thereof shall not place or cause to be placed any
materials on members' desks in the House Chamber without obtaining approval of the
Speaker. Any material so placed, or circulated to House members anywhere in the
Legislative Building, shall bear the name of the originator.
RULE 58. Rules, Rescission and Alteration. — (a) These rules shall not be perman-
ently rescinded or altered except by House simple resolution passed by a two-thirds
(2/3) vote of the members present and voting. The introducer of the resolution must
on the floor of the House give notice of his intent to introduce the resolution on the
legislative day preceding its introduction.
(b) Except as otherwise provided herein, the House upon two-thirds (2/3) vote of
the members present and voting may temporarily suspend any rule.
RULE 59. Limitation on Cosponsorship of Bills and Resolutions. — Any member
wishing to cosponsor a bill or resolution which has been introduced may do so by
appearing in the office of the Principal Clerk for such purpose within one-half hour
following the adjournment of the session during which such bill or resolution was first
read and referred.
RULE 60. Correcting of Typographical Errors. — The Legislative Services Officer
may correct typographical errors appearing in House bills or resolutions provided that
such corrections are made before ratification and do not conflict with any actions or
rules of the Senate and provided further that such correction be approved by the
Chairman of the Rules Committee, the Speaker or other presiding officer.
RULE 61. Changing of Seats Prohibited. — After initial assignment of seats, a
member shall continue to occupy the seat to which initially assigned for the entire
biennial session. In event of vacancy that member's successor will occupy the seat of
the member he replaces for the remainder of the biennial session, but such successor
shall not be considered as one who has served in the immediate preceding session for
the purposes of seat assignment in the subsequent biennial session.
RULE 62. Matters not Covered in These Rules. — Except as herein set out the rules
of the House of Representatives of Congress shall govern the operation of the House.
Sec. 2. This resolution is effective upon adoption.
The Legislative Branch 527
GEORGE RUBIN HALL, JR.
Legislative Service Officer
Early Years: Born in Raleigh, NC, April 14, 1939. to George Rubin, Sr. (deceased) and
Ludie Jane (Conner) Hall.
Education: Hugh Morson High School, 1953-55; Needham Broughton High School,
1955-57; Campbell College, 1964, B.S.; Post-graduate work NC State University in
Public Personnel Administration; Government Executives Institute, UNC — Chapel
Hill, 1982.
Professional Background: Legislative Services Officer, 1979-; 14 years, NC Division of
Vocational Rehabilitation; former Administrative Officer with NC General Assem-
bly; Licensed Building Contractor; Licensed Real Estate Broker.
Organizations: National Rehabilitation Association; NC Rehabilitation Association.
Boards and Commissions: Fiscal Affairs and Government Operations, Southern Legis-
lative Conference; Legislative Organization and Management Committee, National
Conference of State Legislators; former member. Wake County School Board
Advisory Council; Manpower Area Planning Council, Region J, 1972-73.
Military Services: Served, NC Army National Guard, Staff Sgt., 1959-60, (active),
1960-65, (reserves).
Religious Activities: Member, Longview Baptist Church, Raleigh, NC.
Family: Married, Carolyn Marie Young of Raleigh, June 26, 1960. Children: George
Rubin, 111, W. Gregory, and Carolyn Elizabeth.
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The Executive Branch 529
Chapter Two
THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH
INTRODUCTION
Under provisions in the Constitution of North CaroHna, the three major branches of
state government — legislative, executive and judicial — are "distinct and separate from
each other" (Article I, Section 6). This separation of powers has been a primary princi-
pal of government since our independence. In the nearly two hundred years since the
forming of the State of North Carolina, many changes have occurred in her govern-
mental organization. North Carolina state and local government has grown from a
small, ill-funded endeavor of a few hundred "employees" in 1776, to a multi-billion dol-
lar enterprise of thousands of public servants and programs. Along with this growth has
come problems. In 1970 there were over 200 independent state agencies making up our
Executive Branch. Recognizing this problem the General Assembly took steps toward
reorganizing state government, particularly the executive branch began to be formu-
lated.
State Government Reorganization
In a speech on October 27, 1967, Governor Dan K. Moore urged the North Carolina
State Bar to take the lead in sponsoring a study to determine the need for revising or re-
writing the Constitution of North Carolina. The Council of the North Carolina State
Bar and the North Carolina Bar Association joined in appointing a steering committee
which selected twenty-five persons to constitute the North Carolina State Constitution
Study Commission. The report of the commission, submitted on December 16, 1968,
contained a proposed amendment which would require the General Assembly to reduce
the administrative departments of state government to 25 and authorize the governor to
reorganize the administrative departments subject to legislative approval.
The 1969 General Assembly submitted the proposed constitutional amendment to a
vote of the people and also authorized the governor to begin a study of consolidation of
state agencies and to prepare recommendations for the General Assembly. Governor
Robert W. Scott established the State Government Reorganization Study in October of
1969. Later, in May 1970, a fifty member citizens Committee on State Government
Reorganization was appointed by the governor to review the study and make specific
recommendations.
The constitutional amendment requiring the reduction of the number of state admin-
istrative departments to not more than 25 by 1975 was adopted in the General Election
on November 3, 1970, and the Committee on State Government Reorganization sub-
mitted its recommendations to the governor on February 4, 1971.
530 North Carolina Manual
The committee recommended implementation of the amendment in two phases:
Phase I would begin with general legislation in 1971 grouping agencies together in a
limited number of functional departments; Phase II would consist of the period between
1971 and 1973 when the agencies would work together. Bills to revise the existing
statutes would be drafted on the basis of the agencies' experience and presented to the
1973 General Assembly.
With strong support from Governor Scott, the Executive Organization Act of 1971
was ratified July 14, 1971. It created 19 principal offices and departments consisting of
ten offices and departments headed by elected officials and nine other departments
formed by the grouping of agencies along functional lines. The Act provided for two
types of transfers to accomplish the first phase of reorganization. Under the Act a Type
I transfer meant the transferring of all or part of an agency, including its statutory au-
thority, powers and duties, to a principal department. A Type II transfer meant the
transferring intact of an existing agency to a principal department with the transferring
agency retaining its statutory authority and functions, except for management func-
tions, which would be performed under the direction and supervision of the head of the
principal department.
All offices and departments called for by the Executive Organization Act of 1971
were created by executive order of Governor Scott prior to the July 1, 1972, deadline set
by the Act. The principal offices and departments created were: Office of the Governor,
Office of the Lieutenant Governor, Department of the Secretary of State, Department
of the State Auditor, Department of State Treasurer, Department of Public Education,
Department of Justice, Department of Agriculture, Department of Labor, Department
of Insurance, Department of Administration, Department of Transportation and High-
way Safety, Department of Natural and Economic Resources, Department of Human
Resources, Department of Social Rehabilitation and Control (now Department of Cor-
rection), Department of Commerce, Department of Revenue, Department of Art, Cul-
ture and History (now Department of Cultural Resources), and Department of Military
and Veterans' Affairs. By executive order issued June 26, 1972, an Executive Cabinet
was formed consisting of the heads of these offices and departments. Meetings of the
Cabinet have been a major tool in solving the problems of Phase II of reorganization.
Between 1972 and 1977 some additional alterations were made which further imple-
mented reorganization of state government in North Carolina. In 1973, the Legislature
passed the Executive Organizations Act of 1973 which affected four of the newly created
departments — Cultural Resources, Human Resources, Military and Veterans Affairs
and Revenue. Broadly speaking, the 1973 law vested final administrative and manageri-
al powers for the Executive Branch in the hands of the governor and gave him powers to
appoint a secretary for each of the departments named. The law also set forth the
powers of the secretaries, but left intact specifically designed areas and decisions already
vested in various commissions — these cannot be countermanded by either the governor
or departmental secretary.
Specifically, the 1973 act changed the name of the Department of Art, Culture and
History to the Department of Cultural Resources. Various Boards, Commissions,
Councils, and Societies which relate to a cultural orientation were brought under the
umbrella of the Department of Cultural Resources.
The Executive Branch 531
Two previously created Departments, Human Resources and Revenue, were re-
created making some technical changes not found in the original law. Specifically, in the
Department of Human Resources, a Board of Human Resources was created to serve as
an Advisory Board to the Secretary on any matter which might be referred to it by the
Secretary.
In the 1973 Act, the Department of Military and Veterans Affairs was specifically
charged with providing National Guard troops trained to Federal Standards; being re-
sponsible for military and civil preparedness; and assisting veterans and their families
and dependents. A new Veterans' Affairs Commission was created to assist the Secre-
tary with veterans services programs.
Reorganization was to have been completed by the end of 1975, and, as provided for
in the 1971 and 1973 Laws, it was. However, the present administration sponsored sev-
eral legislative proposals aimed at further reorganizational changes — most of which
affect four state departments — Commerce, Military and Veterans Affairs, Natural and
Economic Resources, and Transportation.
The 1977 General Assembly enacted several laws implementing the new proposals.
The old Department of Military and Veteran's Affairs has been replaced by a new
Department of Crime Control and Public Safety. The Veterans Affairs Commission
formerly in MVA is now under the Department of Administration. All of the other divi-
sions — except the Energy Division formerly in MVA have been transferred by a Type I
Transfer to the Department of Crime Control and Public Safety. Also the State High-
way Patrol, formerly in the Division of Motor Vehicles, Department of Transportation,
has been transferred by a Type I Transfer to the new department. A newly created Gov-
ernor's Crime Commission is also part of the new department.
In reorganizing the old Department of Military and Veterans Affairs, the Energy
Division and the Energy Policy Council were transferred to the Department of Com-
merce. Also transferred to the Department of Commerce are three agencies previously
under the Department of Transportation — the State Ports Authority, and two commis-
sions on Navigation and Pilotage. Other legislative changes were enacted to further
reorganize the Department of Commerce by transferring to it the Economic Develop-
ment Division of the Department of Natural and Economic Development and to create
a new council — the Labor Force Development Council — to coordinate the needs of In-
dustry with the programs offered in our educational institutions. There was some oppo-
sition to moving Economic Development from NER because the current setup allows
new prospective industry to deal with only one department in finding out economic op-
portunities within the State and what environmental requirement and restrictions there
might be.
532 North Carolina Manual
THE COUNCIL OF STATE
Origin and Composition
The Council of State is composed of the elected officials enumerated in Article III of
the Constitution of North Carolina. Each of these officials, except for the Governor and
Lieutenant Governor, are executive heads of eight departments of State government.
When acting as one body, they advise the governor on certain important administrative
matters of state. This body is also charged by statute with other specific duties and re-
sponsibilities.
The Council of State had its origin in the Constitution of 1776. This document was
drafted and promulgated by the Fifth Provincial Congress in December, 1776. It was
promulgated without submission to the people and its separate, but accompanying
declaration of rights sketched the main outlines of the new state government and se-
cured the rights of the citizen from governmental infiuence. While the principle of
separation of powers was explicitly affirmed and the three familiar branches of govern-
ment provided for, the true center of power lay in the general assembly.
Profound distrust of the executive power is evident throughout the Constitution of
1776 as evidenced by allowing the governor only a one year term with a limit of only
three terms in any six years. The little power granted to the governor was further limited
by requiring, in many instances, the concurrence of the council of state before power
could be exercised by the governor.
Having just declared their independence from the bonds of an English king who exer-
cised dictatorial executive authority, the patriots of North Carolina were under-
standably reluctant to establish a strong central executive. So, the Council of State was
created as one of the checks and balances to prevent the governor from having too
much power. The Council of State consisted of seven men elected by joint vote of the
two houses of the general assembly. They were elected for a one year term and could not
be members of either the Senate or the House of Commons. If a vacancy occured, it w as
filled at the next session of the general assembly. The council was created to "advise the
Governor in the execution of his office," but was independent of the governor.
While the strength of the Council of State may not be as pronounced today as it was
two centuries ago, the concept has survived as is evident by its inclusion in the Constitu-
tion of 1868 and our current Constitution which took effect on July 1, 1971.
Constitutional Basis
Article III, Section 7, of the Constitution of North Carolina provides for the election
of the following state officers other than the Governor and Lieutenant Governor: the
Secretary of State, State Auditor, State Treasurer. Superintendent of Public Instruction,
Attorney General. Commissioner of Agriculture, Commissioner of Labor, and the
Commissioner of Insurance.
All Council of State members, including the Governor and Lieutenant Governor, are
elected by the citizens of North Carolina at the same time votes are cast for presdient
and vice president — November of every other even-numbered year. They are elected
for four-year terms, and, except for the Governor and Lieutenant Governor who can be
elected to only one additional term, there is no limit on the number of times each may
be elected to serve. In the event of vacancy due to death, resignation or otherwise, the
governor has the authority to appoint someone to serve until a successor is elected at the
next general election for members of the general assembly.
The Executive Branch 533
Section 8 of Article III provides that these elected officials shall constitute the Coun-
cil of State.
Duties and Responsibilities
The duties and responsibilities of this body are prescribed in the General Statutes of
North Carolina. They are as follows:
1. Advise the governor on calling a special session of the legislature.
2. Advise the governor and state treasurer on investment of assurance fund.
3. Approve transfers from state property fire insurance fund to agencies suffering
losses.
4. Approve the purchase of insurance for reinsurance.
5. Control internal improvements and require the chief executive of public works to
report on improvements to the council and the general assembly.
6. Approve the sale, lease, and mortgage of corporate property in which the state has
an interest.
7. Investigate public works companies.
8. Approve the governor's determination of competitive positions.
9. Allot contingency & emergency funds for many purposes.
10. Approve survey of state boundaries.
11. Sign bonds in lieu of treasurer.
12. Advise the treasurer on replacing bonds and notes.
13. Authorize the treasurer to borrow in emergency and report such to the state legis-
lature.
14. Approve the issuance of bonds, set interest rate and approve the manner of sale.
15. Request cancellation of highway bonds in sinking fund if necessary.
16. Approve borrowing in anticipation of collection of taxes.
17. Approve the issuance of bonds.
18. Approve parking rules.
19. Participate in lease, rental, purchase and sale of real property.
20. Approve motor pool rules.
21. Approve general service rules and regulations.
22. Approve property and space allocations.
23. Approve war and civil defense plans.
24. Approve banks and securities for state funds.
25. Approve all state lands transactions.
Meetings
The Council of State meets monthly, at a time agreed upon by the members — they
currently meet the first Tuesday of each month. At these meetings, debate with the
Governor and each other is conducted on the many important issues faced by State gov-
ernment. Prior to 1985, Council of State meetings were exempted from the State Open
Meetings Law by act of the General Assembly; however, there has been much debate
concerning this practice and beginning in 1985 the meetings have been open.
The Council of State is a vital part of the operations of North Carolina State Govern-
ment today as it continues a tradition established over two hundred years ago.
The Executive Branch 535
OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR
JAMES GRUBBS MARTIN
(Governor — Republican)
Early Years: Born in Savannah, Georgia, December 1 1, 1935, to the Reverend Arthur
M. and Mary (Grubbs) Martin.
Education: Mt. Zion Institute, Winnsboro, S.C., 1953; Davidson College, 1957, B.S.
(Chemistry); Princeton University, 1960, Ph.D. (Chemistry).
Professional Background: Governor of North Carolina, 1985- (elected, 1984 — only
the second Republican Governor elected in this century); former associate professor
of chemistry, Davidson College, 1960-1972; Research Assistant, Enjay Laborato-
ries, Linden, NJ.
Organizations: Member, Beta Theta Phi, National President, 1975-78; Chowder and
Marching Club, US Congress; Jones County Tobacco Growers Association;
Mason, Shriner; Charlotte Symphony (tuba), 1957 and 1962-66.
Boards & Commissions: President of NC Association of County Commissioners, 1970-
71; Founder and First Chairman, Centralina Council of Governments (COG), 1968-
71; Vice President, National Association of Regional Councils, 1969-71.
Political Activities: Member, U.S. House of Representatives, 1973-1984 (six terms);
member. Board of County Commissioners, Mecklenburg County, 1966-1972 (Chair-
man, 1966-68 and 1971); Delegate to the National Republican Convention, 1968;
member. House Interior and Insular Affairs Committee, 1973-74; member. House
Ways and Means Committee, 1975-1984; member. House Budget Committee, 1980-
82; Chairman, House Republican Research Committee, 1982-83; Chairman, Repub-
lican Task Force on Health Policy, 1975-1982.
Honors: American Chemical Society's Charles Lathrop Parsons Award (first to a pub-
lic official); Omicron Delta Kappa.
Literary Works: "Stereochemistry of the Diels-Alder Reaction," Chemical Reviews,
1961.
Religious Activities: Presbyterian (Deacon, 1969-1971); Choir.
Family: Married, Dorothy Ann McAulay of Charlotte, June I, 1957. Children: James,
Jr., Emily, and Benson.
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The Executive Branch 537
THE OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR
The office of the governor is the oldest governmental office in North Carolina. The
first governor was Ralph Lane, who served as governor of Sir Walter Raleigh's first
colony on Roanoke Island (1585). The first permanent governor was William Drum-
mond, appointed by William Berkely, Governor of Virginia and one of the Lords Pro-
prietors, at the request of his colleagues. During the colonial period governors were ap-
pointed by the Lords Proprietors prior to 1729, and the Crown afterward 1730. These
people served at the pleasure of their appointors, usually until a governor died or re-
signed, although there were several instances where other factors were involved. When a
regularly appointed governor, for whatever reason, could no longer perform his func-
tions as chief executive, either the president of the council, or the deputy, or lieutenant
governor, took over until a new governor was appointed and qualified. Following our
independence in 1776, and the adoption of our first State Constitution, the governor
was elected by the two houses of the general assembly. He was elected to serve a one-
year term and could serve no more than three years in any six.
In 1835 with the clamors for a more democratic form of government being felt in
Raleigh, a constitutional convention was called to amend certain sections of the consti-
tution. One of the amendments provided for the popular election of the governor every
two years; however, little was done to increase his authority in any area other than that
of appointments. In 1868 a second constitution was adopted by the State of North
Carolina which reflected the principals resulting from the Civil War. Under provisions
in this new constitution, the governor's term of office was expanded from two to four
years, and his duties and powers were greatly increased.
Today North Carolina is governed by her third constitution and while several
changes were made in its content, the Article dealing with the executive branch, and the
governor in particular, remains basically in tact. In recent years there has been a grow-
ing concern over two basic omissions in the powers of the governor as found in our
Constitution. One of these is veto power over legislation passed by the General As-
sembly — North Carolina is the only state that does not allow its governor veto power.
The second is the right of a governor to succeed himself in office. The citizens of North
Carolina addressed the issue of gubernatorial succession in 1977 and voted to allow the
governor and lieutenant governor to run for re-election. Governor Jim Hunt was the
first North Carolina governor since 1866 to be elected to two consecutive terms in of-
fice.
In 1972, the Office of the Governor was created as one of the 19 major departments in
the Executive Branch of state government. Under his immediate jurisdiction are such
assistants and personnel as he may need to carry out the functions as chief executive of
the State. In North Carolina, the governor is not only the state's chief exective, but he is
also the director of the budget, with responsibilities for all phases of budgeting from the
initial preparation to final execution; he is commander-in-chief of the state military; and
he is chairman of the Council of State, which he may convene at any time for advice on
allotments from the Contingency and Emergency Fund and for the disposition of state
property. He also has the authority to convene the general assembly into extra session
should affairs of the State dictate such a move. The governor is directed by the North
Carolina Constitution to "take care" that all state laws are faithfully executed. He has
the power to grant pardons and communications; issue extradition warrants and re-
538 North Carolina Manual
quests; join interstate compacts; and reorganize and consolidate state agencies. The
governor has final authority over all expenditures of the state, and he is also responsible
for the administration of all funds and loans from the federal government. At the start
of each regular session of the general assembly, the governor delivers legislative and
budgetary messages to the legislators. To help him carry out his administrative duties
and run his office the governor has several assistants.
Executive Assistant and Staff Director
The Executive Assistant and Staff Director for the Governor oversees and manages
the departments within the Governor's Office. He monitors policy development and
duties of the Cabinet agencies and serves as the Governor's link to Cabinet members.
He advises the Governor on legislative matters.
His responsibilities include working with the Communications Office, Scheduling Of-
fice, Citizens' Affairs, Education and Intergovernmental Relations. The Executive As-
sistant and Staff Director also represents the Governor in matters of state. He some-
times serves as representative for the Governor at events the Governor cannot attend.
In addition, the Executive Assistant manages the Eastern Governor's Office in New
Bern, the Western Governor's Office in Asheville and the Washington Office in the na-
tion's capital.
Executive and Senior Legal Counsel
The Executive and Senior Legal Counsel, who is appointed by the Governor, moni-
tors all legal issues relating to the Governor and his Cabinet. The Senior Legal Counsel
works closely with the Governor in the selection of judges to all North Carolina Courts.
Also, he advises the Governor when p 
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