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NORTH  CAROLINA 

1993-1994 


iS'^^^-^Sa 


above:  The  Bell  Tower 

Dan  Sears,  UNC  News  Service 

right:  The  1893  Tar  Heel  Football  Team 


Bicentennial 

from  left  to  right:  N.  C.  Governoij 

C.  Friday,  Presj 

and  UNC-CH  Chal 


A        /jl 


Unless  otherwise  noted,  all  pictures  courtesy  of 
the  N.  C.  Collection,  UNC-Chapel  Hill  " 


servance,  1961 
ifrry  Sanford,  UNC  President  William 
it  John  F.  Kennedy 
llor  William  B.  Aycock 


Cornelia  Phillips  Spencer,  one  of  the  most  famo; 
women  in  UNC-CH  history,  led  the  campaign 
reopen  the  university  after  it  closed  for  four  yea 
following  Reconstruction. 


Students  at  the  Old  Well,  1890s 


William  R.  Davie 
Founder,  University  of  North  Carolina 


THE  LIBRARY  OF  THE 

UNIVERSITY  OF 

NORTH  CAROLINA 

AT  CHAPEL  HILL 


THE  COLLECTION  OF 
NORTH  CAROLINIANA 


C917 

05 

N87m 

1993- 

-94 

c  .3 

UNIVERSITY  OF  N.C.  AT  CHAPEL  HILL 


0001748309 


This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped 
below  unless  recalled  sooner.    It  may  be 
renewed  only  once  and  must  be  brought  to 
the  North  Carolina  Collection  for  renewal. 


North  Carolina 

Manual 

1993-1994 


STATEMENT  OF  PUBLICATION  COST 

Five  thousand  (5,000)  copies  of  the  1993-1994  North  Carolina  Manual  were 
printed  at  a  cost  to  the  State  of  $71,847.75  or  $14.37  per  volume. 


North  Carolina 

Manual 

1993-1994 


Published  by 

Rufus  L.  Edmisten 

Secretary  of  State 

Lisa  A.  Marcus 

Editor 

Carolyn  L.  Mabry 

Design  Editor 


Raleigh 


m 


A  ckn  o  wledgem  en  ts 

The  publication  of  the  1993-1994  edition  of  the  North  Carolina 
Manual  has  involved  the  hard  work  and  dedication  of  several  people. 
I  would  like  to  thank  the  public  information  officers  and  public  affairs 
personnel  throughout  the  departments  of  state  government  for  sup- 
plying the  up-to-date  information  which  appears  throughout  this 
manual.  Without  your  assistance;  we  would  not  be  able  to  provide 
the  citizens  of  this  state  an  accurate  and  reliable  guide  to  North 
Carolina, 

Also  deserving  of  particular  mention  is  the  Publications  staff,  all 
of  whom  took  painstaking  efforts  to  edit  and  revise,  and  edit  and 
revise  again,  and  again. . .  the  text  for  this  manual  so  as  to  provide  the 
best  possible  product  to  North  Carolina  citizens.  To  Linda  Wise, 
Laura  Ellis,  Briles  Johnson,  and  Sarah  Brawley  I  owe  a  huge  debt. 

I  would  also  like  to  extend  a  special  thank  you  to  Christie  Speir 
Cameron,  Clerk  of  the  North  Carolina  Supreme  Court,  for  her  assis- 
tance and  expertise  with  respect  to  our  special  piece  on  the  175th 
Anniversary  of  the  Supreme  Court.  In  addition,  the  Bicentennial 
Observance  Office  of  the  University  of  North  Carolina  at  Chapel  Hill 
is  also  deserving  of  recognition  for  assisting  with  the  section  on  the 
UNC  bicentennial  celebration.  These  contributions  have  helped  to 
make  this  1993-94  edition  of  the  Manual  unique,  and  your  help  is 
much  appreciated. 

Last,  but  not  least,  I  would  like  to  offer  a  very  special  thanks  to 
Julie  Snee  and  Ed  Carr  for  their  lengthy  consultations/suggestions, 
and  support  with  this  enormous  project.  This  is  the  first  year  that  the 
Manual  has  been  completely  produced  in-house  (except  for  the  actual 
printing),  and  I  could  not  have  delivered  this  product  without  your 
help.  Thank  you! 

I  hope  that  this  edition  of  the  North  Carolina  Manual  achieves  its 
goal  of  providing  useful  and  interesting  information  to  the  citizens  of 
North  Carolina,  and,  as  always,  on  behalf  of  the  entire  Department  of 
the  Secretary  of  State,  we  invite  constructive  comments  and  sugges- 
tions from  the  users  of  this  publication. 

Lisa  A.  Marcus 
Editor 


p 


IK? 


Department  of  the  Secretary  of  State 
Raleigh,  North  Carolina 


in 


Dear  Fellow  North  Carolinians: 

It  is  with  great  pride  that  I  present  the  1993-1994  edition  of 
the  North  Carolina  Manual.  This  manual  was  developed  to 
offer  North  Carolina  citizens  timely,  accurate  information 
concerning  our  state's  history  and  government,  as  well  as 
updated  facts  related  to  the  nation's  federal  government.  In 
addition,  I  am  pleased  to  include  reflections  on  the  unique 
qualities  of  North  Carolina  which  make  our  great  state  so  special. 


\:  ■;. 


As  we  near  the  21st  Century,  we  must  realize  that  the  effec- 
tive communication  of  information  is  at  the  heart  of  education, 
justice  and  economic  development.  With  the  North  Carolina 
Manualythis  department  aims  to  provide  the  citizens  of  this 
staf^  w|th  Ja  user-friendly  resource  to  help  make  government 
work  for  them.  But  this  department  also  understands  the 
importance  of  the  "two-way  street"  when  it  comes  to  gathering 
and  disseminating  information.  We  need  you,  as  citizens,  to 
helj^v^jfelter  assess  the  state's  needs.  To  this  end,  the 
Secretary  of  State's  Office  has  established  a  toll-free  telephone 
number  citizens  can  call  to  ask  questions  and  air  concerns.  In 
addition,  we  have  implemented  an  investor  awareness  program 
to  help  consumers  make  more  informed  investment  decisions. 


Under  the  leadership  of  Governor  James  B.  Hunt,  Jr.,  North 
Carolina  is  at  the  forefront  of  the  Information  Superhighway 
with  its  creation  of  the  North  Carolina  Information  Highway, 
the  most  technologically  advanced  information  exchange  in  the 
entire  world.  Furthermore,  as  Chairman  of  the  Information 
Resources  Management  Commission,  I  am  striving  to  bring  the 
best  information-gathering  tools  to  this  state  so  that  our  citizens 
can  be  well  informed  and  active  participants  in  North  Carolina's 
future. 


IV 


As  Secretary  of  State,  I  support  and  encourage  the  continued 
prosperity  of  North  Carolina  and  its  citizens.  I  believe  that  pro- 
viding accurate  and  timely  information  regarding  the  state's 
many  excellent  resources  is  one  of  the  best  ways  to  achieve  this 
goal.  I  hope  you  will  find  this  manual  both  useful  and  interest- 
ing. On  behalf  of  all  the  departments  of  North  Carolina  state 
government,  I  invite  you  to  contact  us  with  your  questions  and 
comments  and,  again,  thank  you  for  helping  us  make  North 
Carolina  the  very  best  state  it  can  be. 


Sincerely, 


£f~?.£. 


Rufus  L.  Edmisten 
Secretary  of  State 


This  1993-1994  edition  of  the  North  Carolina  Manual  is  respectfully 
dedicated  to  the  memory  of  former  Secretary  of  State  Tnad  Eure 
(1899-1993).  Nicknamed  "the  oldest  rat  in  the  Democratic  barn"  by 
a  U.S.  District  Court  Judge  in  the  1950s,  Mr.  Eure  served  this  great  state 
for  52  years  -  the  longest  of  any  elected  state  official  in  our  nation's 
history.  He  began  his  illustrious  career  in  1936  with  the  campaign  slo- 
gan "Give  a  young  man  a  chance,"  and  in  1987,  when  he  announced  his 
retirement,  he  explained  that  it  was  once  more  "time  to  give  a  young 
person  a  chance." 


Thad  Eure 
Throughout  his  life,  Mr.  Eure 
proved  a  champion  for  the 
younger  generations  of  this  state. 
It  was  not  uncommon  for  him  to 
drop  everything  to  entertain  and 
educate  youngsters,  and  it  is  said 
that  he  never  missed  an  opportunity 
to  lead  a  group  of  schoolchildren 
on  a  tour  of  the  State  Capitol. 


(1899-1993) 
While  a  student  at  the  Boys  State 
Convention  in  1954,  Governor  Jim 
Hunt  met  Mr.  Eure.  He  recalls  the 
former  Secretary  of  State  with  these 
comments: 

"He  inspired  me  and  thou- 
sands of  young  people  to  believe 
that  we  could  work  in  govern- 
ment to  make  North  Carolina  a 


VI 


better  state.  One  thing  that  will 
always  stay  with  me  is  his  enthusi- 
asm and  excitement  about  the 
future.  You  saw  it  in  his  effusive 
greeting,  in  the  twinkle  in  his  eye, 
in  the  new  straw  hat  he  wore  every 
spring  and  in  the  gusto  of  his  public 
speeches." 

His  passion  and  enthusiasm 
shown  through  in  every  facet  of  his 
life.  In  the  words  of  Agriculture 
Commissioner,  Jim  Graham,  "He 
was  a  true,  dedicated  gentleman  of 
the  highest  order,. ..one  of  the  most 
popular  servants  of  all  time,  and 
the  last  of  the  great  orators." 

As  compelling  as  his  charm, 
however,  was  his  record  of  service 
to  the  state  of  North  Carolina.  A 
dedicated  public  servant,  he  served 
as  mentor  to  generations  of  young 


people,  myself  included.  Thad 
Eure:  a  man  who  worked  long 
hours,  but  whose  office  door  was 
always  open.  For  52  years,  the  fol- 
lowing quotation  hung  above  that 
door— a  quote  which  speaks  vol- 
umes about  the  man  behind  it. 
"The  Office  of  Secretary  of  State 
belongs  to  the  people  of  North 
Carolina.  If  you  will  entrust  it  to  my 
keeping,  I  assure  you  that  it  will  be  my 
pleasure  to  conduct  it  in  such  a  manner 
that  the  humblest  will  feel  a  friendly 
welcome  there. " 

Mr.  Eure  kept  that  promise,  and 
on  behalf  of  the  citizens  for  whom 
he  worked  so  diligently,  I  am  hon- 
ored to  dedicate  the  1993-1994  edi- 
tion of  the  North  Carolina  Manual  to 
"the  oldest  rat," Mr.  Thad  Eure. 


J&, 


Rufus  L.  Edmisten 

Secretary  of  State 


Photo,  previous  page:  courtesy  of  News  &  Observer  Publishing  Company. 


Vll 


Directory  of  State  Government 

**State  Government  Information  (Raleigh  listings  only)  ....(919)  733-1110 

Administrative  Office  of  Courts (919)  733-7107 

Community  College  System (919)  733-7051 

Court  of  Appeals (919)  733-3561 

Democratic  Party  Headquarters (919)  821-2777 

Department  of  Administration (919)  733-7232 

Department  of  Agriculture (919)  733-7125 

Department  of  Commerce (919)  733-4962 

Department  of  Correction (919)  733-4926 

Department  of  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety (919)  733-2126 

Department  of  Cultural  Resources (919)  733-4984 

Department  of  Environmental,  Health,  and  Natural  Resources(919)  733-4984 
Department  of  Human  Resources (919)  733-4534 

Careline (800)662-7030 

Department  of  Insurance (919)  733-2032 

Consumer's  Toll  Free  Number (800)  662-7777 

Senior's  Health  Insurance  Informatin  Program (800)  443-9354 

Department  of  Justice (919)  733-3377 

Department  of  Labor (800)  LABOR-NC 

Department  of  Public  Instruction (919)  715-1000 

Department  of  Revenue (919)  715-0397 

Income  Tax  Questions (800)451-1404 

Department  of  Secretary  of  State (919)  733-4161 

Department  of  State  Treasurer (919)733-3951 

Department  of  Transportation  (General  Services) (919)  733-4101 

District  Court  Judges (919)755-4101 

District  Attorney's  Office (919)  755-4117 

Conference  of  District  Attorneys (919)  733-3484 

General  Assembly (919)733-4111 

Office  of  Administrative  Hearings (919)  733-2698 

Office  of  the  Governor (919)733-4240 

Office  of  the  Lieutentant  Governor (919)733-7350 

Office  of  the  State  Auditor (919)  733-3217 

Hotline (919)733-3276 

Office  of  State  Controller (919)733-0178 

Office  of  State  Personnel (919)733-7108 

Employee  Assistance  Program (800)  543-7327 

Republican  Party  Headquarters (919)  828-6423 

State  Board  of  Elections (919)  733-7218 

Superior  Court  Judges (919)  755-4100 

Supreme  Court (919)733-3723 

U.N.C.  System (919)962-1000 


Table  of  Contents 


Acknowledgments ii 

Foreword,  Rufus  L.  Edmisten,  Secretary  of  State iii 

Dedication v 

Directory  of  State  Government vii 

PARTI 

North  Carolina:  Its  History  and  Symbols 

CHAPTER  ONE 
Historical  Miscellanea 

An  Early  History  of  North  Carolina 1 

The  State  Capitol  Building 11 

The  State  Legislative  Building 14 

The  Executive  Residences  of  North  Carolina 18 

The  Mecklenburg  Declaration 29 

The  Halifax  Resolution 30 

CHAPTER  TWO 

North  Carolina  State  Symbols 

State  Symbols  and  their  History 

The  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina 31 

The  State  Flag 39 

The  State  Bird 44 

The  State  Flower 45 

The  State  Insect 46 

The  State  Tree 46 

The  State  Mammal 47 

The  State  Toast 48 

The  State  Shell 49 

The  State  Salt  Water  Fish 49 

The  State  Precious  Stone 50 

The  State  Reptile 51 

The  State  Beverage 52 

The  State  Rock 53 

The  State  Historic  Boat 54 

The  State  Dog 55 

The  State  Name  and  Nickname 56 

The  State  Motto  and  Colors 56 

The  State  Song 57 


PART  II 

North  Carolina  State  Government 

CHAPTER  ONE 

The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina 

Our  Constitutions:  An  Historical  Perspective 60 

Constitution  of  North  Carolina 76 

Constitutional  Ammendments  approved  by  the  people  since  1970 107 

CHAPTER  TWO 

The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch 

Introduction 112 

The  Council  of  State 115 

The  Office  of  the  Governor 119 

James  B.  Hunt,  Jr 124 

Governors  (historical  list) 127 

The  Office  of  the  Lieutenant  Governor 139 

Dennis  A.  Wicker,  Lieutenant  Governor 142 

Lieutenant  Governors  (historical  list) 144 

The  Department  of  the  Secretary  of  State 145 

Rufus  L.  Edmisten,  Secretary  of  State 152 

Secretaries  of  State  (historical  list) 155 

The  Department  of  the  State  Auditor 160 

Ralph  Campbell,  State  Auditor 162 

State  Auditors  (historical  list) 165 

The  Department  of  the  State  Treasurer 166 

Harlan  E.  Boyles,  State  Treasurer 174 

Treasurers  (historical  list) 176 

The  Department  of  Public  Instruction 180 

Bob  R.  Etheridge,  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 184 

Superintendents  of  Public  Instruction  (historical  list) 186 

The  Department  of  Justice 188 

Mike  Easley,  Attorney  General 196 

Attorneys  General  (historical  list) 198 

The  Department  of  Agriculture 204 

James  A.  Graham,  Commissioner 216 

Commissioners  of  Agriculture  (historical  list) 219 

The  Department  of  Labor 220 

Harry  E.  Payne,  Jr.,  Commissioner 228 

Commissioners  of  Labor  (historical  list) 230 

The  Department  of  Insurance 231 

James  E.  Long,  Commissioner 236 

Commissioners  of  Insurance  (historical  list) 238 

The  Department  of  Administration 239 

Katie  Dorsett,  Secretary 246 

Secretaries  of  Administration  (historical  list) 247 


The  Department  of  Correction 248 

Franklin  Freeman,  Secretary 254 

Secretaries  of  Correction  (historical  list) 255 

The  Department  of  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety 256 

Thurman  B.  Hampton,  Secretary 266 

Secretaries  of  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety  (historical  list) 267 

The  Department  of  Cultural  Resources 268 

Betty  McCain,  Secretary 276 

Secretaries  of  Cultural  Resources  (historical  list) 278 

The  Department  of  Commerce  279 

S.  Davis  Phillips,  Secretary 285 

Secretaries  of  Commerce  (historical  list) 286 

The  Department  of  Environment,  Health,  and  Natural  Resources 287 

Jonathan  B.  Howes.,  Secretary 297 

Secretaries  of  Environment,  Health  and  Natural  Resources 

(historical  list) 298 

The  Department  of  Human  Resources 299 

C.  Robin  Britt,  Sr.,  Secretary 313 

Secretaries  of  Human  Resources  (historical  list) 315 

The  Department  of  Revenue 316 

Janice  H.  Faulkner,  Secretary 324 

Secretaries  of  Revenue  (historical  list) 325 

The  Department  of  Transportation 327 

Sam  Hunt,  Secretary 335 

Secretaries  of  Transportation  (historical  list) 336 

Office  of  State  Controller 337 

Edward  Renfrow,  State  Controller 339 

State  Board  of  Elections 341 

Gary  O.  Bartlett,  Executive  Secretary-Director 343 

Office  of  State  Personnel 344 

Ronald  G.  Penny,  Director 349 

Directors 350 

Office  of  Administrative  Hearings 351 

CHAPTER  THREE 

North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 

An  Historical  Overview 355 

George  R.  Hall,  Jr.,  Legislative  Administrative  Officer 360 

The  1993  General  Assembly 361 

The  1993  North  Carolina  Senate 363 

Speakers  of  the  Senate  (historical  list) 364 

President  Pro  Tempore  of  the  Senate  (historical  list) 366 

Marc  Basnight,  President  Pro  Tempore 368 

R.  C.  Soles.,  Deputy  President  Pro  Tempore 370 

J.  Richard  Conder,  Majority  Leader 371 

Robert  G.  Shaw,  Minority  Leader 372 

Minority  Whip,  Betsy  Cochrane 373 


Senators  (biographical  sketches) 375 

Sylvia  M.  Fink,  Principal  Clerk 432 

Cecil  Goins,  Sergeant-at-Arms 433 

Michael  Morris,  Chaplain 434 

Senate  Committee  Assignments 435 

The  1993  North  Carolina  House  of  Representatives 440 

Speakers  of  the  House  of  Representatives  (historical  list) 443 

Daniel  T.  Blue,  Jr.,  Speaker 449 

Marie  W.  Colton,  Speaker  Pro  Tempore 451 

Milton  F.  Fitch,  Jr.,  Majority  Leader 452 

David  Balmer,  Minority  Leader 453 

Jim  Black,  Majority  Whip 455 

Robert  Grady,  Minority  Whip 456 

Representatives  (biographical  sketches) 457 

Denise  Weeks,  Principal  Clerk 593 

Oscar  Tyson,  Sergeant-at-Arms 594 

Lisa  Smith,  Reading  Clerk 595 

James  McGinnis,  Chaplain 596 

House  of  Representatives  Committee  Assignments 597 

SPECIAL  SECTION 

N.C.  Lighthouses 603 

CHAPTER  FOUR 

North  Carolina  Judicial  Branch 

North  Carolina  State  Supreme  Court  175th  Anniversary 604 

The  Court  System  in  North  Carolina 611 

The  Supreme  Court 612 

James  G.  Exum,  Jr.,  Chief  Justice 618 

Associate  Justices  (biographical  sketches) 621 

Administrative  Office  of  the  Courts 627 

James  C.  Drennan,  Administrative  Officer  of  the  Courts 629 

The  Court  of  Appeals 631 

S.  Gerald  Arnold,  Chief  Judge 631 

Associate  Judges  (biographical  sketches) 632 

Superior  Court  Judges , 644 

District  Court  Judges 646 

District  Attorneys 650 

PART  III 

Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 

CHAPTER  ONE 

The  University  of  North  Carolina 

University  of  North  Carolina  Bicentennial  Celebration 653 


The  University  of  North  Carolina  System 657 

CD.  Spangler,  Jr.,  President 661 

Appalachian  State  University 662 

East  Carolina  University 667 

Elizabeth  City  State  University 670 

Fayetteville  State  University 674 

North  Carolina  A  &  T  State  University 679 

North  Carolina  Central  University 684 

North  Carolina  School  of  the  Arts 689 

North  Carolina  State  University 693 

Pembroke  State  University 699 

University  of  North  Carolina  -  Asheville 704 

University  of  North  Carolina  -  Chapel  Hill 708 

University  of  North  Carolina  -  Charlotte 712 

University  of  North  Carolina  -  Greensboro 716 

University  of  North  Carolina  -  Wilmington 721 

Western  Carolina  University 725 

Winston-Salem  State  University 728 

CHAPTER  TWO 

The  Community  Colleges 

The  Community  College  System 732 

The  Department  of  Community  Colleges 732 

Robert  W.  Scott,  State  President 735 

Presidents,  Community  and  Technical  Colleges  (current  list) 736 

The  Community  Colleges 

Alamance  Community  College 738 

Anson  Community  College 738 

Asheville-Buncombe  Technical  Community  College 739 

Beaufort  County  Community  College 740 

Bladen  Community  College 741 

Blue  Ridge  Community  College 742 

Brunswick  Community  College 742 

Caldwell  Community  College  and  Technical  Institute 743 

Cape  Fear  Community  College 744 

Carteret  Community  College 745 

Catawba  Valley  Community  College 745 

Central  Carolina  Community  College 746 

Central  Piedmont  Community  College 746 

Cleveland  Community  College 747 

Coastal  Carolina  Community  College 748 

College  of  the  Albemarle 748 

Craven  Community  College 749 

Davidson  County  Community  College 749 

Durham  Technical  Community  College 750 

Edgecombe  Community  College 750 

Fayetteville  Technical  Community  College 751 


Forsyth  Technical  Community  College 752 

Gaston  College 752 

Guilford  Technical  Community  College 753 

Halifax  Community  College 754 

Haywood  Community  College 755 

Isothermal  Community  College 755 

James  Sprunt  Community  College 756 

Johnston  Community  College 756 

Lenoir  Community  College 757 

Martin  Community  College 757 

Mayland  Community  College 758 

McDowell  Technical  Community  College 758 

Mitchell  Community  College 760 

Montgomery  Community  College 760 

Nash  Community  College 761 

Pamlico  Community  College 762 

Piedmont  Community  College 762 

Pitt  Community  College 763 

Randolph  Community  College 763 

Richmond  Community  College 764 

Roanoke-Chowan  Community  College 764 

Robeson  Community  College 765 

Rockingham  Community  College 766 

Rowan-Cabarrus  Community  College 766 

Sampson  Community  College 767 

Sandhills  Community  College 768 

Southeastern  Community  College 768 

Southwestern  Community  College 768 

Stanly  Community  College 769 

Surry  Community  College 770 

Tri-County  Community  College 771 

Vance-Granville  Community  College 771 

Wake  Technical  Community  College 772 

Wayne  Community  College 773 

Western  Piedmont  Community  College 773 

Wilkes  Community  College 774 

Wilson  Technical  Community  College 774 

CHAPTER  THREE 

Private  Colleges  and  Universities 

Private  Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 775 

Presidents,  Private  Colleges  and  Universities 778 


PART  IV 

Political  Parties 

CHAPTER  ONE 

The  Democratic  Party 

Plan  of  Organization 783 


The  Executive  Council  (Primary  Officers) 817 

County  Chairs 818 

CHAPTER  TWO 

The  Republican  Party 

Plan  of  Organization 821 

Republican  Executive  Committee  (Primary  Officers) 843 

Congressional  District  Committees 843 

County  Chairs 844 


PARTY 

North  Carolina  Counties 

CHAPTER  ONE 
County  Government 

Historical  Perspective 851 

CHAPTER  TWO 

The  Counties  of  North  Carolina 

North  Carolina  Counties  Map 862 

Alamance 863 

Alexander 863 

Alleghany 863 

Anson 864 

Ashe 864 

Avery 864 

Beaufort 864 

Bertie 865 

Bladen 865 

Brunswick 865 

Buncombe 865 

Burke 866 

Cabarrus 866 

Caldwell 866 

Camden 867 

Carteret 867 

Caswell 867 

Catawba 867 

Chatham 868 

Cherokee 868 

Chowan 868 

Clay 868 

Cleveland 869 

Columbus 869 

Craven 869 


Cumberland 869 

Currituck 870 

Dare 870 

Davidson 870 

Davie 870 

Duplin 871 

Durham 871 

Edgecombe 871 

Forsyth 872 

Franklin 872 

Gaston 872 

Gates 873 

Graham 873 

Granville 873 

Greene 873 

Guilford 874 

Halifax 874 

Harnett 874 

Haywood 875 

Henderson 875 

Hertford 875 

Hoke 875 

Hyde 876 

Iredell 876 

Jackson 876 

Johnston 876 

Jones 877 

Lee 877 

Lenoir 877 

Lincoln 877 

Macon 878 

Madison., 878 

Martin 878 

McDowell 879 

Mecklenburg 879 

Mitchell 879 

Montgomery 880 

Moore 880 

Nash 880 

New  Hanover 880 

Northampton 881 

Onslow 881 

Orange 881 

Pamlico 881 

Pasquotank 882 

Pender 882 

Perquimans 882 

Person 882 

Pitt 883 

Polk 883 

Randolph 883 

Richmond 883 


Robeson 884 

Rockingham 884 

Rowan 884 

Rutherford 885 

Sampson 885 

Scotland 885 

Stanly 885 

Stokes 886 

Surry 886 

Swain 886 

Transylvania 887 

Tyrrell 887 

Union 887 

Vance 887 

Wake 888 

Warren 888 

Washington 888 

Watauga 888 

Wayne 889 

Wilkes 889 

Wilson 889 

Yadkin 890 

Yancey 890 


PART  VI 

United  States  Government 

CHAPTER  ONE 

The  Constitution  of  the  United  States 

The  Ratification  of  the  Constitution  in  North  Carolina 895 

North  Carolina  Signers  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States 903 

William  Blount 903 

Richard  Dobbs  Spaight,  Sr 904 

Hugh  Williamson 905 

Constitution  of  the  United  States 907 

Signers  of  the  U.S.  Constitution 916 

Amendments  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States 917 


CHAPTER  TWO 

United  States  Executive  Branch 

The  1993  Presidential  Inauguration 927 

Dr.  Maya  Angelou,  On  The  Pulse  Of  Morning 

William  (Bill)  Clinton,  President 932 

Albert  Gore,  Jr.,  Vice  President 934 

Presidents  of  the  United  States  (historical  list) 936 

Presidential  Cabinet 937 

Presidential  Major  Appointments 937 


CHAPTER  THREE 

United  States  Legislative  Branch 

The  Senate 939 

Officers 939 

Committees 939 

Jesse  Helms  (biographical  sketch) 940 

Duncan  M.  (Lauch)  Faircloth  (biographical  sketch) 941 

The  House  of  Representatives 942 

Officers 942 

Committees 942 

Biographical  sketches: 

Eva  Clayton 943 

I.  T.  Valentine,  Jr 944 

H.  Martin  Lancaster 945 

David  E.Price 946 

Stephen  L.  Neal 947 

John  H.  Coble 948 

Charles  G.  Rose,  III 949 

W.G.  (Bill)  Hefner 950 

Alex  McMillan 951 

Thomas  C.  Ballenger 952 

Charles  Taylor 954 

Melvin  L.  Watt 955 

CHAPTER  FOUR 

The  United  States  Judiciary 

The  Supreme  Court  957 

Fourth  Circuit  Court  of  Appeals 957 

United  State  District  Court  in  North  Carolina 958 

Fourth  Circuit  Court  of  Appeals  Judges  (biographical  sketches) 959 

United  State  District  Court  Judges  (biographical  sketches) 961 


PART  VII 

Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Returns 

CHAPTER  ONE 

Voting  in  North  Carolina 

Voter  Registration 976 

The  Electoral  College 978 

Registration  Statistics 982 

Primary  Election,  April  6,  1992 982 

General  Election,  October  5,  1992 984 

Primary  Election,  May  8,  1990 986 

General  Election,  November  6,  1990 988 

Primary  Election,  May  3,  1988 990 


General  Election,  November  8,  1988 992 

Election  Districts 

Congressional  Districts 994 

Senate  Districts 995 

House  Districts 996 

CHAPTER  TWO 

Abstracts  of  Votes  and  Election  Results 

Federal  Government 

President  of  the  United  States 999 

Democratic  Preference  Primary  Election,  May  5,  1992 1000 

Republican  Preference  Primary  Election,  May  5,  1992 1002 

General  Election,  November  3,  1992 1004 

Democratic  Preference  Primary  Election,  March  8,  1988 1006 

Republican  Preference  Primary  Election,  March  8,  1988 1008 

General  Election,  November  8,  1988 1010 

United  States  Congress 1012 

United  States  Senate 

Republican  Primary  Election,  May  5,  1992 1013 

General  Election,  November  3,  1992 1015 

Democratic  Primary  Election,  May  8,  1990 1017 

Democratic  Primary  Election,  June  5,  1990 1019 

Republican  Primary  Election,  May  8,  1990 1020 

General  Election,  November  4,  1986 1021 

United  States  House  of  Representatives 

Primary  Elections,  May  5,  1992 1022 

General  Elections,  1986-1992 1025 

Primary  Elections,  May  8,  1990 1029 

Primary  Elections,  May  3,  1988 1032 

General  Elections,  1986-1990 1033 

North  Carolina  State  Government 1037 

Governor 

Democratic  Primary  Election,  May  5,  1992 1038 

Republican  Primary  Election,  May  5,  1992 1039 

General  Election,  November  3,  1992 1041 

Democratic  Primary  Election,  May  3,  1988 1043 

General  Election,  November  8,  1988 1045 

Lieutenant  Governor 

Democratic  Primary  Elections,  May  5,  1992 1046 

Republican  Primary  Elections,  May  5,  1992 1047 

General  Election,  November  3,  1992 1049 

Primary  Elections,  May  3,  1988 1051 

General  Election,  November  8,  1988 1053 

Council  of  State 

Council  of  State  Primary  Elections,  May  5,  1992 1054 

General  Elections,  November  3,  1992 1059 

Primary  Elections,  May  3,  1988 1062 


North  Carolina  State  Government 

General  Elections,  November  8,  1988 1069 

Tabulation  of  Votes,  Primary  Elections  of  1992 1073 

Tabulation  of  Votes,  General  Elections  of  1992 1074 

PART  VIII 

The  1990  Census 

CHAPTER  ONE 

Census  and  Population  Statistics 

Introduction 1079 

State  Population  Statistics 1081 

County  Population  Statistics 1082 

Population  of  Incorporated  Places  of  less  than  1,000 1084 

Population  of  Incorporated  Places  of  1,000-2,499 1090 

Population  of  Incorporated  Places  of  2,500-9,999 1093 

Population  of  Incorporated  Places  of  10,000  or  more 1096 


North  Carolina 

Its  History 

And  Symbol: 


Parti 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  Baptism  of  Virginia  Dare 

William  Steene  (1888-1965) 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols 


CHAPTER  ONE 


Historical  Miscellanea 


AN  EARLY  HISTORY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


The  first  known  European 
exploration  of  North  Carolina 
occurred  during  the  summer  of 
1524.  A  Florentine  navigator  named 
Giovanni  da  Verrazano,  in  the  ser- 
vice of  France,  explored  the  coastal 
area  of  North  Carolina  between  the 
Cape  Fear  River 
area  and  Kitty 
Hawk.  A  report 
of  his  findings 
was  sent  to 
Francis  I,  and 
published  in 
Richard 
H  a  k  1  u  y  t  '  s 
Divers  Voyages 
touching  the 
Discoverie  of 
America.  No 
attempt  was 
made  to  colonize 
the  area. 

Between  1540  and  1570  several 
Spanish  explorers  from  the  Florida 
Gulf  region  explored  portions  of 
North  Carolina,  but  again  no  perma- 
nent settlements  were  established. 

Coastal  North  Carolina  was  the 
scene  of  the  first  attempt  to  colonize 
America  by  English-speaking  people. 
Two  colonies  were  begun  in  the 
1580's  under  a  charter  granted  by 
Queen  Elizabeth  to  Sir  Walter 
Raleigh.  The  first  colony,  established 
in  1585  under  the  leadership  of 
Ralph  Lane,  ended  in  failure. 

A  second  expedition  under  the 


leadership  of  John  White  began  in 
the  spring  of  1587  when  110  settlers, 
including  seventeen  women  and  nine 
children,  set  sail  for  the  new  world. 
The  White  Colony  arrived  near 
Hatteras  in  June,  1587,  and  went  on 
to  Roanoke  Island,  where  they  found 

the  houses 
built  by  Ralph 
Lane's  expedi- 
tion still 
standing.  Two 
significant 
events 
occurred  short- 
ly after  the 
colonist's 
arrival —  two 
"friendly" 
Indians  were 
baptized  and 
a  child  was 
born.  Virginia 
Dare,  as  the  baby  was  named, 
became  the  first  child  born  to 
English-speaking  parents  in  the  new 
world.  The  colonists  faced  many 
problems.  As  supplies  ran  short 
White  was  pressured  to  return  to 
England  for  provisions.  Once  in 
England,  White  was  unable  to  imme- 
diately return  to  Roanoke  because  of 
an  impending  attack  by  the  Spanish 
Armada.  When  he  was  finally  able  to 
return  in  1590,  he  found  only  the 
remnants  of  what  was  once  a  settle- 
ment. There  were  no  signs  of  life, 
only  the  word  "CROATAN"  carved  on 


2  North  Carolina  Manual 

a  nearby  tree.  Much  speculation  has  and  Quarries,  as  well  discovered  as 

been  made  about  the  fate  of  the  "Lost  not  discovered,  of  Gold,  Silver,  Gems, 

Colony,"  but  no  one  has  successfully  and  precious  Stones,  and  all  other, 

explained  the  disappearance  of  the  whatsoever  be  it,  of  Stones,  Metals,  or 

colony  and  its  settlers.  any  other  thing  whatsoever  found  or 

The  first  permanent  English  set-  to  be  found  within  the  Country,  Isles, 

tiers  in  North  Carolina  were  immi-  and  Limits  ..." 

grants  from  the  tidewater  area  of  The  territory  was  to  be  called 

southeastern  Virginia.  The  first  of  Carolina  in  honor  of  Charles  the 

these  "overflow"  settlers  moved  into  First.  In  1665,  a  second  charter  was 

the  Albemarle  area  of  northeast  granted  in  order  to  clarify  territorial 

North  Carolina  around  1650.  questions  not  answered  in  the  first 

In  1663,  Charles  II  granted  a  charter.  This  charter  extended  the 

charter  to  eight  English  gentlemen  boundary    lines    of    Carolina    to 

who  had  helped  him  regain  the  include: 

throne  of  England.  The  charter  docu-  "All  that  Province,  Territory,  or 

ment  contains  the  following  descrip-  Tract  of  ground,  situate,  lying,  and 

tion  of  the  territory  which  the  eight  being  within  our  Dominions  of 

Lords  Proprietors  were  granted  title  America  aforesaid,  extending  North 

to:  and  Eastward  as  far  as  the  North 

"All  that  Territory  or  tract  of  end  of  Carahtuke  River  or  Gullet; 

ground,  situate,  lying,  and  being  upon  a  straight  Westerly  line  to 

within  our  Dominions  in  America,  Wyonoake  Creek,  which  lies  within  or 

extending  from  the  North  end  of  the  about  the  degrees  of  thirty  six  and 

Island  called  Luck  Island,  which  lies  thirty  Minutes,  Northern  latitude, 

in  the  Southern  Virginia  Seas  and  and  so  West  in  a  direct  line  as  far  as 

within  six  and  Thirty  degrees  of  the  the  South  Seas;  and  South  and 

Northern  Latitude,  and  to  the  West  Westward  as  far  as  the  degrees  of 

as  far  as  the  South  Seas;  and  so  twenty  nine,  inclusive,  northern  lati- 

Southerly  as  far  as  the  River  Saint  tude;  and  so  West  in  a  direct  line  as 

Mathias,  which  borders  upon  the  far  as  the  South  Seas." 
Coast  of  Florida,  and  within  one  and  Between  1663  and  1729,  North 

Thirty  degrees  of  Northern  Latitude,  Carolina  was  under  the  control  of  the 

and  West  in  a  direct  line  as  far  as  the  Lords  Proprietors  and  their  descen- 

South  Seas  aforesaid;  Together  with  dants  who  commissioned  colonial 

all  and  singular  Ports,  Harbours,  officials  and  authorized  the  governor 

Bays,  Rivers,  Isles,  and  Islets  belong-  and  his  council  to  grant  lands  in  the 

ing  Into  the  Country  aforesaid;  And  name  of  the  Lords  Proprietors.  In 

also,  all  the  Soil,  Lands,  Fields,  1669,     John     Locke     wrote     the 

Woods,  Mountains,  Farms,  Lakes,  Fundamental  Constitutions  as  a 

Rivers,  Bays,  and  Islets  situate  or  model    for    the    government    of 

being  within  the  Bounds  or  Limits  Carolina.  Albemarle  County  was 

aforesaid;  with  the  Fishing  of  all  divided  into  local  governmental  units 

sorts  of  Fish,  Whales,  Sturgeons,  and  called  precincts.  Initially  there  were 

all  other  Royal  Fishes  in  the  Sea,  three  precincts — Berkley,  Carteret, 

Bays,  Islets,  and  Rivers  within  the  and  Shaftesbury  -  but  as  the  colony 

premises,  and  the  Fish  therein  taken;  expanded  to  the  south  and  west,  new 

And  moreover,  all  Veins,  Mines, 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols 


North  Carolina  Manual 


precincts  were  created.  By  1729, 
there  were  a  total  of  eleven 
precincts — six  in  Albemarle  County 
and  five  in  Bath  County  which  had 
been  created  in  1696.  Although  the 
Albemarle  Region  was  the  first  per- 
manent settlement  in  the  Carolina 
Area,  another  region  was  developed 
around  present-day  Charleston, 
South  Carolina.  Because  of  the  nat- 
ural harbor  and  easier  access  to 
trade  with  the  West  Indies,  more 
attention  was  given  to  developing  the 
Charleston  area  than  her  northern 
counterparts.  For  a  twenty-year 
period,  1692-1712,  the  colonies  of 
North  and  South  Carolina  existed  as 
one  unit  of  government.  Although 
North  Carolina  still  had  her  own 
assembly  and  council,  the  governor 
of  Carolina  resided  in  Charleston 
and  a  deputy  governor  was  appoint- 
ed for  North  Carolina. 

In  1729,  seven  of  the  Lords 
Proprietors  sold  their  interest  in 
North  Carolina  to  the  Crown  and 
North  Carolina  became  a  royal 
colony.  The  eighth  proprietor,  Lord 
Granville,  retained  economic  interest 
and  continued  granting  land  in  the 
northern  half  of  North  Carolina.  All 
political  functions  were  under  the 
supervision  of  the  crown  until  1775. 

Colonial  government  in  North 
Carolina  was  essentially  the  same 
during  both  the  proprietary  and 
royal  periods,  the  only  major  differ- 
ence being  who  appointed  colonial 
officials.  There  were  two  primary 
units  of  government:  the  governor 
and  his  council,  and  the  colonial 
assembly  made  up  of  persons  elected 
by  the  qualified  voters  of  the  county. 
There  were  also  colonial  courts;  how- 
ever, unlike  today's  courts,  they  were 
rarely  involved  in  formulating  policy. 
All  colonial  officials  were  appointed 
by  either  the  Lords  Proprietors  prior 


to  1729,  or  by  the  crown  afterwards. 
Members  of  the  colonial  assembly 
were  elected  from  the  various 
precincts  (counties)  and  from  certain 
towns  which  had  been  granted  repre- 
sentation. The  term  "precinct"  as  a 
geographical  unit  ceased  to  exist 
after  1735.  These  areas  became 
known  as  "counties"  and  about  the 
same  time  "Albemarle  County"  and 
"Bath  County"  ceased  to  exist  as  gov- 
ernmental units. 

The  governor  was  an  appointed 
official,  as  were  the  colonial  secre- 
tary, attorney  general,  surveyor  gen- 
eral, and  the  receiver  general.  All 
officials  served  at  the  pleasure  of  the 
Lords  Proprietors  or  the  crown. 
During  the  proprietary  period,  the 
council  was  comprised  of  appointed 
persons  who  were  to  look  after  the 
proprietors'  interests  in  the  new 
world.  The  council  served  as  an  advi- 
sory group  to  the  governor  during 
the  proprietary  and  royal  periods,  as 
well  as  serving  as  the  upper  house  of 
the  legislature  when  the  assembly 
was  in  session.  When  vacancies 
occurred  in  colonial  offices  or  on  the 
council,  the  governor  was  authorized 
to  carry  out  all  mandates  of  the  pro- 
prietors, and  could  make  a  tempo- 
rary appointment  until  the  vacancy 
was  filled  by  proprietary  or  royal 
commission.  One  member  of  the 
council  was  chosen  as  president  of 
the  group,  and  many  council  mem- 
bers were  also  colonial  officials.  If  a 
governor  or  deputy  governor  was 
unable  to  carry  on  as  chief  executive 
because  of  illness,  death,  resignation, 
or  absence  from  the  colony,  the  presi- 
dent of  the  council  became  the  chief 
executive  and  exercised  all  powers  of 
the  governor  until  the  governor 
returned  or  a  new  governor  was  com- 
missioned. 

The  colonial  assembly  was  made 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols  5 

up  of  men  elected  from  each  precinct  for  authority  between  the  governor 
and  town  where  representation  had  and  his  council  on  the  one  hand  and 
been  granted.  Not  all  counties  were  the  general  assembly  on  the  other, 
entitled  to  the  same  number  of  repre-  Two  of  the  most  explosive  issues 
sentatives.  Many  of  the  older  coun-  were  the  power  of  the  purse  and  the 
ties  had  five  representatives  each  electing  of  the  treasurer,  both  privi- 
while  those  newer  ones  formed  after  leges  of  the  assembly.  Another  issue 
1696  were  each  allowed  only  two.  which  raised  itself  was  who  had  the 
Each  town  granted  representation  authority  to  create  new  counties.  On 
was  allowed  one  representative.  The  more  than  one  occasion,  elected  rep- 
presiding  officer  of  the  colonial  resentatives  from  counties  created  by 
assembly  was  called  the  speaker  and  the  governor  and  council,  without 
was  elected  from  the  entire  member-  consultation  and  proper  legislative 
ship  of  the  house.  When  a  vacancy  action  by  the  lower  house,  were 
occurred,  a  new  election  was  ordered  refused  seats  until  the  matter  was 
by  the  speaker  to  fill  it.  On  the  final  resolved.  These  conflicts  between  the 
day  of  each  session,  the  bills  passed  executive  and  legislative  bodies  were 
by  the  legislature  were  signed  by  to  have  a  profound  effect  on  the  orga- 
both  the  speaker  and  the  president  of  nization  of  state  government  after 
the  council.  Independence. 

The  colonial  assembly  could  not  North  Carolina,  on  April  12, 

meet  arbitrarily,  but  rather  con-  1776,  authorized  her  delegates  to  the 

vened  only  when  called  into  session  Continental  Congress  to  vote  for 

by  the  governor.  Being  the  only  body  independence.  This  was  the  first  offi- 

authorized  to  grant  a  salary  to  the  cial  action  by  a  Colony  calling  for 

governor  or  to  be  responsible  for  independence.  The  83  delegates  pre- 

spending  tax  monies,  the  legislature  sent    in    Halifax    at   the    Fourth 

met  on  a  regular  basis  until  just  Provincial  Congress  unanimously 

before    the    Revolutionary    War.  adopted  the  Halifax  Resolves,  which 

However,  there  was  a  constant  battle  read  as  follows: 

The  Select  Committee,  taking  into  Consideration  the  usurpations 
and  violence  attempted  and  committed  by  the  King  and  Parliament  of 
Britain  against  America,  and  the  further  Measures  to  be  taken  for 
frustrating  the  same,  and  for  the  better  defense  of  this  province  report- 
ed as  follows,  to  wit, 

"It  appears  to  your  Committee  that  pursuant  to  the  Plan  concerted 
by  the  British  Ministry  for  subjugating  America,  the  King  and 
Parliament  of  Great  Britain  have  usurped  a  Power  over  the  Persons 
and  Properties  of  the  People  unlimited  and  uncontrolled  and  disre- 
garding their  humble  Petitions  for  Peace,  Liberty  and  safety,  have 
made  divers  Legislative  Acts,  denouncing  War  Famine  and  every 
Species  of  Calamity  daily  employed  in  destroying  the  People  and  com- 
mitting the  most  horrid  devastation  on  the  Country.  That  Governors 
in  different  Colonies  have  declared  Protection  to  Slaves  who  should 
imbrue  their  Hands  in  the  Blood  of  their  Masters.  That  the  Ships 
belonging  to  America  are  declared  prizes  of  War  and  many  of  them 
have  been  violently  seized  and  confiscated  in  consequence  of  which 


North  Carolina  Manual 

multitudes  of  the  people  have  been  destroyed  or  from  easy 
Circumstances  reduced  to  the  most  Lamentable  distress." 

"And  whereas  the  moderation  hitherto  manifested  by  the  United 
Colonies  and  their  sincere  desire  to  be  reconciled  to  the  mother 
Country  on  Constitutional  Principles,  have  procured  no  mitigation  of 
the  aforesaid  wrongs  and  usurpations  and  no  hopes  remain  of  obtain- 
ing redress  by  those  Means  alone  which  have  been  hitherto  tried,  Your 
Committee  are  of  Opinion  that  the  house  should  enter  into  the  follow- 
ing Resolve,  to  wit, 

Resolved  that  the  delegates  for  this  Colony  in  the  Continental 
Congress  be  empowered  to  concur  with  the  other  delegates  of  the  other 
Colonies  in  declaring  Independence,  and  forming  foreign  Alliances, 
resolving  to  this  Colony  the  Sole,  and  Exclusive  right  of  forming  a 
Constitution  and  Laws  for  this  Colony,  and  of  appointing  delegates 
from  time  to  time  (under  the  direction  of  a  General  Representation 
thereof  to  meet  the  delegates  of  the  other  Colonies  for  such  purposes  as 
shall  be  hereafter  pointed  out." 


The  Halifax  Resolves  were  not  state  to  enter  the  Federal  Union.  In 
only  important  because  they  1788,  North  Carolina  had  rejected 
were  the  first  official  action  the  Constitution  because  of  the  lack 
calling  for  independence,  but  also  of  necessary  amendments  to  ensure 
because  they  were  not  a  unilateral  freedom  of  the  people, 
recommendation.  They  were  instead  A  Constitutional  convention  was 
recommendations  directed  to  all  the  held  in  1835  and  among  several 
colonies  and  their  delegates  assem-  changes  made  in  the  Constitution 
bled  at  the  Continental  Congress  in  was  the  method  of  electing  the  gover- 
Philadelphia.  Virginia  followed  with  nor.  After  this  change,  the  governor 
her  own  recommendations  soon  after  was  elected  by  the  people  for  a  term 
the  adoption  of  the  Halifax  of  two  years  instead  of  being  elected 
Resolution  and  eventually  on  July  4,  by  the  legislature  for  one  year, 
the  final  draft  of  the  Declaration  of  Edward  Bishop  Dudley  was  the  first 
Independence  was  signed.  William  governor  elected  by  the  people. 
Hooper,  Joseph  Hewes,  and  John  In  1868,  a  second  constitution 
Penn  were  the  delegates  from  North  which  drastically  altered  North 
Carolina  who  signed  the  Declaration  Carolina  Government  was  adopted, 
of  Independence.  For  the  first  time,  all  major  state 
In  early  December,  1776,  dele-  officers  were  elected  by  the  people, 
gates  to  the  Fifth  Provincial  The  governor  and  other  executive 
Congress  adopted  the  first  constitu-  officers  were  elected  to  four-year 
tion  for  North  Carolina.  On  terms;  while  the  justices  of  the 
December  21,  1776,  Richard  Caswell  supreme  court  and  judges  of  the 
became  the  first  governor  of  North  superior  court  were  elected  to  eight- 
Carolina  under  the  new  constitution,  year  terms.  The  members  of  the 
On  November  21,  1789,  the  state  General  Assembly  continued  to  be 
adopted  the  United  States  elected  for  two-year  terms.  Between 
Constitution,  becoming  the  twelfth  1868  and  1970  numerous  amendments 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols  7 

orth  Carolina  Signers  of  the 


Declaration  of  Independence 


Joseph  Hewes 


William  Hooper 


John  Penn 


8 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Led  by  Mrs.  Penelope  Barker,  wife  of  Thomas  Barker  who  served  as  agent  for 
North  Carolina  in  London,  51  ladies  of  Edenton  gathered  on  October  25, 
1774,  to  show  their  support  for  the  colony's  opposition  to  the  tea  tax.  These 
courageous  women  wore  no  disguises  as  had  the  participants  in  the  Boston 
Tea  Party  some  ten  months  earlier,  but  rather  openly  declared  their  patrio- 
tism by  signing  an  agreement  to  support  whatever  the  men  of  the  colony  were 
doing  for  the  peace  and  happiness  of  their  country.  This  action  was  one  of  the 
earliest  known  political  efforts  by  women  in  America.  The  above  caricature 
was  published  in  the  London  newspapers  along  with  an  account  of  the  event. 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols  9 

were  incorporated  into  the  1868  con-  building  was  destroyed  by  fire 
stitution,  so  that  in  1970,  the  people  February  27,  1798.  The  first  capitol 
voted  to  adopt  a  completely  new  con-  in  Raleigh  was  completed  in  1794 
stitution.  Since  then,  several  amend-  and  was  destroyed  by  fire  on  June 
ments  have  been  ratified  but  one  in  21,  1831.  The  present  capitol  build- 
particular  is  a  break  from  the  past,  ing  was  completed  in  1840. 
In  1977,  the  people  voted  to  allow  the  In  1790,  North  Carolina  ceded 
governor  and  lieutenant  governor  to  her  western  lands  which  included 
run  for  reelection  successively  for  an  Washington,  Davidson,  Hawkins, 
additional  term.  Greene,  Sullivan,  Sumner,  and 
North  Carolina  has  had  two  per-  Tennessee  counties,  to  the  Federal 
manent  capitals,  New  Bern  and  government.  Between  1790  and  1796 
Raleigh,  and  there  have  been  three  the  territory  was  known  as 
capitol  buildings.  Tryon  Palace  in  Tennessee  Territory,  but  in  1796  it 
New  Bern  was  constructed  in  the  became  simply  Tennessee,  the  fif- 
period  1767-1770,  and  the  main  teenth  state  in  the  Union. 


10 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  North  Carolina  State  Capitol  Building 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols  n 

THE  STATE  CAPITOL  BUILDING 


The  North  Carolina  State  Alexander  Jackson  Davis.  Town  and 
Capitol  is  one  of  the  finest  and  Davis  greatly  improved  upon  the  ear- 
best  preserved  examples  of  a  lier  design,  and  developed  a  plan 
major  civic  building  in  the  Greek  which  gave  the  Capitol  its  present 
Revival  style  of  architecture.  appearance. 

Prior  to  1792,  North  Carolina  leg-  David  Paton  (1802-1882),  an 
islators  met  in  various  towns  through-  architect  born  in  Edinburgh, 
out  the  state,  gathering  most  frequent-  Scotland  and  who  had  worked  for  the 
ly  in  Halifax,  Hillsborough,  and  New  noted  English  architect  Sir  John 
Bern.  Meetings  were  held  in  local  Soane,  was  hired  in  September, 
plantation  houses,  court  houses,  and  1834,  to  superintend  the  construe- 
even  churches.  However,  when  the  tion  of  the  Capitol.  Paton  replaced 
City  of  Raleigh  was  established  as  the  Town  and  Davis  as  the 
permanent  seat  of  the  Government  of  Commissioners'  architect  in  early 
North  Carolina  in  1792,  a  simple,  two-  1835.  The  Capitol  was  completed 
story  brick  State  House  was  built  on  under  Paton's  supervision  except  for 
Union  Square.  The  State  House  was  the  exterior  stone  walls  which  were 
completed  in  1796.  largely  in  place  when  he  arrived  in 

The  State  House  was  enlarged  Raleigh, 

between  1820  and  1824  by  state  Paton  made  several  modifica- 

architect  William  Nichols  who  added  tions  to  the  Town  and  Davis  plans 

a  third  floor,  eastern  and  western  for  the  interior.  Among  the  changes 

wings,  and  a  domed  rotunda  at  the  were  the  cantilevered  gallery  at  the 

building's    center.    The    rotunda  second  floor  level  of  the  rotunda,  the 

housed  a  statue  of  President  George  groined  masonry  vaulting  of  the  first 

Washington  by  sculptor  Antonio  floor  offices  and  corridor  ceilings,  and 

Canova,  acquired  by  the  state  in  the  interior  arrangement  of  the  east 

1821.  When  the  State  House  burned  and  west  porticoes, 

down  on  June  21,  1831,  the  statue  After  clearing  away  the  rubbish 

was  damaged  beyond  repair.  of  the  old  State  House,  excavations 

The  General  Assembly  of  1832-  were  made  and  a  new  foundation 
33  ordered  that  a  new  Capitol  be  was  laid.  The  cornerstone  was  set  in 
built  as  an  enlarged  version  of  the  place  on  July  4,  1833.  After  the  ini- 
old  State  House.  The  new  Capitol  tial  foundation  was  laid,  work  pro- 
would  be  a  cross  shaped  building  gressed  slowly  and  the  original 
with  a  central,  domed  rotunda.  The  appropriation  was  soon  exhausted, 
sum  of  $50,000  was  appropriated,  At  the  next  session  of  the 
and  a  building  commission  appointed  Legislature,  an  additional  appropria- 
te initiate  the  plan.  The  commission-  tion  of  $75,000  was  made  to  continue 
ers  for  rebuilding  the  Capitol  first  construction.  Many  skilled  immi- 
employed  William  Nichols,  Jr.  to  grant  Scottish  artisans  came  to 
help  them  prepare  plans  for  the  Raleigh  and  were  involved  in  this 
building.  In  August  of  1833,  Nichols  phase  of  construction, 
was  replaced  by  the  distinguished  Most  of  the  Capitol's  architectur- 
New  York  architects  Ithiel  Town  and  al  details,  including  the  columns, 


12  North  Carolina  Manual 

mouldings,  ornamental  plasterwork,  Temple  of  Minerva,  commonly  called 

and  ornamental  honeysuckle  atop  the  Parthenon,  which  was  erected  in 

the  dome,  were  carefully  patterned  Athens  about  500  years  before  Christ. 

after  features  of  Greek  temples:  the  An  octagon  tower  surrounds  the 

exterior  columns  are  Doric  in  order  rotunda,  which  is  ornamented  with 

and  are  modeled  after  those  of  the  Grecian  cornices,  etc.,  and  its  dome  is 

Parthenon;  the  chamber  of  the  House  decorated  at  top  with  a  similar  orna- 

of  Representatives  follows  the  semi-  ment    to    that    of   the    Choragic 

circular  plan  of  a  Greek  amphithe-  Monument  of  Lysicrates,  commonly 

atre  and  its  architectural  ornamen-  called  the  Lanthorn  of  Demosthenes. 
tation  is  in  the  Corinthian  order  of  The  interior  of  the  Capitol  is 

the  Tower  of  the  Winds;  and  the  divided  into  three  stories:  First,  the 

Senate  Chamber  is  decorated  in  the  lower  story,  consisting  of  ten  rooms, 

Ionic  order  of  the  Erechtheum.  The  eight  of  which  are  appropriated  as 

only  non-classical  parts  of  the  build-  offices  to  the  Governor,  Secretary, 

ing  are  two  large  rooms  on  the  third  Treasurer,  and  Comptroller,  each 

floor  which  were  finished  in  the  having  two  rooms  of  the  same  size — 

Gothic  style  that  was  just  beginning  the  one  containing  an  area  of  649 

its  popularity  in  American  architec-  square  feet  and  four  closets,  the  other 

tural  circles.  528  square  feet  -  two  committee 

The  ornamental  ironwork,  plas-  rooms,  each  containing  200  square 

terwork,  chandeliers,  hardware,  and  feet  and  four  closets:  also  the  rotun- 

marble  mantels  of  the  Capitol  came  da,  corridors,  vestibules,  and  piazzas, 

from  Philadelphia.  The  desks  and  contain  an  area  of  4,370  square  feet. 

chairs  in  the  House  and  Senate  The  vestibules  are  decorated  with 

Chambers  were  made  by  Raleigh  columns  and  antae,  similar  to  those 

cabinetmaker,  William  Thompson.  of  the  Ionic  Temple  on  the  Ilissus, 

The  Capitol  was  completed  in  near  the  Acropolis  of  Athens.  The 

1840  at  a  total  cost  (including  fur-  remainder  is  groined  with  stone  and 

nishings  of  $532,682.34,  or  more  brick,  springing  from  columns  and 

than  three  times  the  yearly  general  pilasters  of  the  Roman  Doric. 
revenues  of  the  State  at  that  time.  The  second  story  consists  of 

Architect  David  Paton  gave  the  Senatorial  and  Representatives' 

following  description  of  the  new  edifice:  chambers,  the  former  containing  an 

area  of  2,545  and  the  latter  2,849 

"The  State  Capitol  is  160  feet  in  square  feet.  Four  apartments  enter 
length  from  north  to  south  by  140  feet  from  the  Senate  Chamber,  two  of 
from  east  to  west.  The  whole  height  is  which  contain  each  an  area  of  169 
971 12  feet  in  the  center.  The  apex  of  square  feet,  and  the  other  two  contain 
pediment  is  64  feet  in  height.  The  sty-  each  an  area  of  154  square  feet;  also, 
lobate  is  18  feet  in  height.  The  two  rooms  enter  from  the 
columns  of  the  east  and  west  porti-  Representatives'  chamber,  each  con- 
coes  are  5  feet  21/2  inches  in  diame-  taining  an  area  of  170  square  feet;  of 
ter.  An  entablature,  including  block-  two  committee  rooms,  each  contain- 
ing course,  is  continued  around  the  ing  an  area  of  231  square  feet;  of  four 
building  12  feet  high.  presses  and  the  passages,  stairs,  lob- 

The  columns  and  entablature  are  bies,  and  colonnades,  containing  an 

Grecian  Doric,  and  copied  from  the  area  of  3,204  square  feet. 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols  13 

The     lobbies     and     Hall     of  Graham,  and  Samuel  Johnston  -  and 

Representatives  have  their  columns  United  States  Senator  Matthew  W. 

and  antae  of  the  Octagon  Tower  of  Ransom. 

Andronicus  Cyrrhestes  and  the  plan  Stairways  in  the  east  and  west 

of  the  hall  is  of  the  formation  of  the  porticoes  give  access  to  the  second 

Greek  theatre  and  the  columns  and  floor  where  the  Senate  and  House 

antae  in  the  Senatorial  chamber  and  Chambers  and  related  offices  are 

rotunda    are    of  the    Temple    of  located.  Rooms  in  the  east  and  west 

Erectheus,  Minerva,  Polias,  and  wings,  originally  designated  as  leg- 

Pandrosus,   in  the  Acropolis  of  islative  committee  rooms,  now  serve 

Athens,    near    the    above    named  other  purposes.  On  the  third  floor 

Parthenon.  are  the  galleries  of  the  Senate  and 

The  third,  or  attic  story,  consists  House  Chambers,  and  in  the  east 

of    rooms    appropriated    to    the  and  west  wings  are  the  original  State 

Supreme  Court  and  Library,  each  Supreme  Court  Chamber  and  State 

containing  an  area  of  693  square  feet.  Library  Room.  Both  are  decorated  in 

Galleries  of  both  houses  have  an  area  the  Gothic  Style.  The  domed,  top-lit 

of  1,300  square  feet;  also  two  apart-  vestibules  of  these  two  rooms  are 

ments  entering  from  Senate  gallery,  especially  noteworthy  and  based  on 

each  169  square  feet;  of  four  presses  designs  by  Soane. 

and  the  lobbies'  stairs,  988  square  The  Capitol  housed  all  of  state 

feet.  These  lobbies  as  well  as  rotunda  government  until  the  late  1880's. 

are  lit  with  cupolas,  and  it  is  pro-  Today  the  only  official  occupants  of 

posed  to  finish  the  court  and  library  the  Capitol  are  the  Governor  and  the 

in  the  florid  Gothic  style."  Lieutenant    Governor,    and    the 

Secretary  of  State.  The  Supreme 

In  1970  the  State  acquired  a  Court  moved  to  its  own  building  in 
duplicate  of  the  original  marble  stat-  1888  and  in  1963,  the  General 
ue  of  Washington  by  Canova  which  is  Assembly  moved  into  the  newly  con- 
located  in  the  rotunda  of  the  Capitol,  structed  Legislative  Building.  This 
In  niches  around  the  rotunda  are  busts  was  the  first  building  erected  by  the 
of  three  North  Carolina  governors  State  exclusively  for  use  by  the 
John  M.   Morehead,  William  A.  General  Assembly. 


The  Capitol  Today 

The  Capitol  Building  has  changed  less  in  appearance  than  any  major 
American  civic  building  of  its  era.  The  stonework,  the  ornamental  plaster 
and  ironwork,  the  furniture  of  the  legislative  chambers,  and  all  but  one  of 
the  marble  mantels  that  visitors  see  today  are  original,  not  restorations  or 
reproductions.  Yet,  continuous  and  heavy  use  since  1840  has  left  its  mark  on 
the  building,  and  to  cope  with  this  wear  and  tear,  the  Capitol  receives  periodic 
attention.  Rehabilitation  work  began  in  1971  with  the  intention  of  preserving 
and  enhancing  the  architectural  splendor  and  decorative  beauty  of  the 
Capitol  for  future  generations.  Work  done  included  replacing  the  leaky  copper 
roof,  cleaning  and  sealing  the  exterior  stone,  and  repainting  the  rotunda. 
More  recently,  plasterwork  damaged  by  roof  leaks  was  repaired,  obsolete 


14  North  Carolina  Manual 

wiring  and  plumbing  replaced,  the  heating  and  cooling  systems  in  the  upper 
floors  were  reworked  to  make  them  less  conspicuous,  worn  carpets  and 
draperies  were  replaced,  and  the  rest  of  the  interior  was  repainted. 

As  our  Nation  celebrated  its  Bicentennial  in  1976,  our  State  Capitol  was 
enjoying  a  celebration  of  its  own.  Several  years  of  renovation  work  to  the  old 
Senate  and  House  chambers  and  the  executive  offices  on  the  first  floor  were 
completed  and  the  Capitol  was  once  again  ready  to  receive  occupants. 
Governor  James  B.  Hunt,  Jr.  and  some  of  his  staff  moved  back  in,  as  did 
long-time  resident  Secretary  of  State  Thad  Eure.  Mr.  Eure  served  in  the 
Capitol  longer  than  anyone  in  its  history  -  60  years  as  of  his  retirement  in 
early  1989.  The  executives  occupying  the  Capitol  at  present  are  Governor 
James  B.  Hunt,  Lieutenant  Governor  Dennis  Wicker,  as  well  as  Secretary  of 
State  Rufus  L.  Edmisten,  who  maintains  a  ceremonial  office  on  the  second 
floor. 

During  late  1988  and  early  1989  extensive  landscape  and  grounds  reno- 
vations were  begun  to  enhance  the  beauty  of  the  Capitol  and  to  improve  its 
visibility.  In  an  effort  to  make  the  Capitol  more  accessible  to  the  people  of 
North  Carolina,  the  building  has  been  opened  to  the  public  on  weekends  with 
guided  tours  available. 

The  Legislative  Building 

In  1959,  the  General  Assembly  appropriated  funds  for  the  construction  of 
a  new  legislative  building.  The  new  facility  was  needed  to  accommodate  a 
growing  Legislative  Branch  and  to  provide  larger  quarters  for  legislators  and 
staff.  The  act  creating  the  building  commission  was  passed  on  June  12,  1959. 
The  Commission  was  made  up  of  seven  people  -  two  who  had  served  in  the 
State  Senate  to  be  appointed  by  the  President  of  the  Senate,  two  who  had 
served  in  the  State  House  of  Representatives  to  be  appointed  by  the  Speaker 
of  the  House,  and  three  appointed  by  the  Governor.  Lieutenant  Governor 
Luther  E.  Barnhardt,  President  of  the  Senate,  appointed  Archie  K.  Davis  and 
Robert  F.  Morgan.  Speaker  of  the  House  Addison  Hewlett  appointed  B.I. 
Satterfield  and  Thomas  J.  White.  Governor  Luther  Hodges  appointed  A.E. 
Finley,  Edwin  Gill,  and  Oliver  Rowe.  White  was  elected  to  serve  as 
Chairman  of  the  Commission  and  Morgan  was  elected  Vice-Chairman.  In 
addition  to  the  appointed  members,  Paul  A.  Johnston,  Director  of  the 
Department  of  Administration,  was  elected  to  serve  as  Executive  Secretary. 
When  Mr.  Johnston  resigned,  State  Property  Officer  Frank  B.  Turner  was 
selected  to  replace  him. 

Edward  Durell  Stone  of  New  York  and  John  S.  Holloway  and  Ralph  B. 
Reeves,  Jr.  of  Raleigh  were  selected  by  the  Commission  to  serve  as  architec- 
tural consultants. 

After  a  thorough  study  by  the  Commission,  the  site  selected  for  construc- 
tion was  a  51/2-acre  area  one  block  north  of  the  Capitol.  This  site,  encom- 
passing two  blocks,  is  bounded  by-  Jones,  Salisbury,  Lane  and  Wilmington 
Streets.  A  section  of  Halifax  Street  between  Jones  and  Lane  was  closed  and 
made  a  part  of  the  new  site.  Bids  on  the  new  building  were  received  in 
December,  1960,  and  construction  began  in  early  1961. 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols 


15 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Building 


16  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  1961  General  Assembly  appropriated  an  additional  one  million  dol- 
lars for  furnishings  and  equipment  bringing  the  total  appropriation  to  $5.5 
million,  or  $1.24  for  each  citizen  of  North  Carolina  based  on  1960  census  fig- 
ures. 

The  consulting  architects  wrote  the  following  description  of  the  new 
building: 

The  State  Legislative  Building,  though  not  an  imitation  of  his- 
toric classical  styles,  is  classical  in  character.  Rising  from  a  340-foot 
wide  podium  of  North  Carolina  granite,  the  building  proper  is  242 
feet  square.  The  walls  and  the  columns  are  of  Vermont  marble,  the 
latter  forming  a  colonnade  encompassing  the  building  and  reaching 
24  feet  from  the  podium  to  the  roof  of  the  second  floor. 

Inset  in  the  south  podium  floor,  at  the  main  entrance,  is  a  28  foot 
diameter  terrazzo  mosaic  of  the  Great  Seal  of  the  State.  From  the  first 
floor  main  entrance  (on  Jones  Street)  the  carpeted  22-foot  wide  main 
stair  extends  directly  to  the  third  floor  and  the  public  galleries  of  the 
Senate  and  House,  the  auditorium,  the  display  area,  and  the  roof  gar- 
dens. 

The  four  garden  courts  are  located  at  the  corners  of  the  building. 
These  courts  contain  tropical  plants,  and  three  have  pools,  fountains, 
and  hanging  planters.  The  main  floor  areas  of  the  courts  are  located 
on  the  first  floor,  and  galleries  overlook  the  courts  from  the  mezzanine 
floor.  The  skylights  which  provide  natural  lighting  are  located  within 
the  roof  gardens  overhead.  The  courts  provide  access  to  committee 
rooms  in  the  first  floor,  the  legislative  chambers  in  the  second  floor, 
and  to  members'  offices  in  both  floors. 

The  Senate  and  House  chambers,  each  5,180  square  feet  in  area, 
occupy  the  east  and  west  wings  of  the  second  floor.  Following  the  tra- 
ditional relationship  of  the  two  chambers  in  the  Capitol,  the  two 
spaces  are  divided  by  the  rotunda;  and  when  the  main  brass  doors  are 
open,  the  two  presiding  officers  face  one  another.  Each  pair  of  brass 
doors  weighs  1,500  pounds. 

The  five  pyramidal  roofs  covering  the  Senate  and  House  cham- 
bers, the  auditorium,  the  main  stair,  and  the  rotunda  are  sheathed 
with  copper,  as  is  the  Capitol.  The  pyramidal  shape  of  the  roofs  are 
visible  in  the  pointed  ceilings  inside.  The  structural  ribs  form  a  cof- 
fered ceiling;  and  inside  the  coffered  patterns  are  concentric  patterns 
outlined  in  gold.  In  each  chamber,  the  distance  from  the  floor  to  the 
peak  of  the  ceiling  is  45  feet. 

Chandeliers  in  the  chambers  and  the  main  stair  are  8  feet  in 
diameter  and  weigh  625  pounds  each.  The  12  foot  diameter  chande- 
lier of  the  rotunda,  like  the  others,  is  of  brass,  but  its  weight  is  750 
pounds. 

Because  of  the  interior  climate,  the  garden  courts  and  rotunda 
have  tropical  plants  and  trees.  Outside,  however,  the  shrubs  and  trees 
are  of  an  indigenous  type.  Among  the  trees  on  the  grounds  and  on  the 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols  17 

roof  areas  are  sugar  maples,  dogwoods,  crabapples,  magnolias,  crepe 
myrtles,  and  pines. 

Throughout  the  building,  the  same  color  scheme  is  maintained: 
Walnut,  accented  with  white,  gold  and  red,  and  green  foliage.  In  gen- 
eral, all  wood  is  American  walnut,  metal  is  brass  or  similar  material, 
carpets  are  red,  and  upholstery  is  gold  or  black. 

The  enclosed  area  consists  of  206,000  square  feet  of  floor  area  with 
a  volume  of  3,210,000  cubic  feet.  Heating  equipment  provides  over 
7,000,000  B.T.U.s per  hour;  and  the  cooling  equipment  has  a  capacity 
of  620  tons.  For  lighting,  motors,  and  other  electrical  equipment,  the 
building  has  a  connected  service  load  of  over  2,000,000  watts. 

In  the  past  decade  additional  renovations  have  been  completed  to  create 
more  office  space  and  improve  on  meeting  room  facilities  needed  for  the  vari- 
ous committees  of  the  General  Assembly.  In  1982,  the  Legislative  Office 
Building  opened  and  while  the  first  occupants  were  the  Department  of  the 
Secretary  of  State  on  the  third  floor  and  the  State  Auditor  on  the  second,  the 
majority  of  the  space  currently  is  used  by  the  legislature.  Nearly  half  of  the 
members  of  each  house  moved  to  new  offices  in  the  building  as  well  as  sever- 
al of  the  support  divisions  of  Legislative  Services. 


18  North  Carolina  Manual 

THE  EXECUTIVE  RESIDENCES 
OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


North  Carolina's  first  legisla-  corner  of  Fayetteville  and  Hargett 

tors   were  traveling  men.  streets.  The  house  proved  hopelessly 

With  no  "fixed  seat  of  govern-  inadequate  by  1810,  as  evinced  in  a 

ment"  after  1775,  early  members  of  letter  from   Governor  Benjamin 

the  General  Assembly  traveled  from  Smith: 

plantation  to  plantation  and  town  to  ...But  we  shall  have  time  to 
town  until  1792  when  a  capital  retrace  our  steps  for  the  House  allot- 
(Raleigh)  was  planned  and  laid  out  ted  by  the  State  for  the  Chief 
in  the  "woods  of  Wake."  They  named  Magistrate  is  in  such  order  that  it  is 
the  new  city  in  honor  of  the  agreed  by  all  who  view  it,  not  to  be  fit 
Elizabethan  patron  of  early  coloniza-  for  the  family  of  a  decent  tradesman, 
tion,  Sir  Walter  Raleigh.  Shortly  and  certainly  none  could  be  satisfied; 
thereafter,  the  legislature  enacted  a  even  if  safe  in  it,  but  this  is  question- 
law  requiring  the  governor  to  reside  able.  The  late  storm  has  thrown  off  a 
at  the  permanent  seat  of  govern-  considerable  part  of  one  of  the  chim- 
ment.  Samuel  Ashe  of  New  Hanover  neys  and  cracked  some  of  the  remain- 
County,  elected  in  1794,  was  the  first  der.  The  plaster  is  frequently  falling, 
Governor  to  come  under  this  law.  He  and  the  roof  is  so  leaky  that  in  going 
expressed  his  reaction  emphatically:  from  the  sitting  rooms  to  the  cham- 
"...it  was  never  supposed  that  a  Man  bers  during  a  rain  a  wetting  is  expe- 
annually    elected    to    the    Chief  rienced. 

Magistracy  would  commit  such  folly  To  remedy  this  situation,  the 

as  to  attempt  the  building  of  a  House  General  Assembly  of  1813  appointed 

at  the  seat  of  Government  in  which  a  committee  to  provide  better  facili- 

he  might  for  a  time  reside."  The  ties  and  plans  were  drawn  for  the 

Committee  of  the  General  Assembly  erection  of  a  more  suitable  dwelling, 

to  which  Ashe's  letter  was  referred  The  members  selected  a  site  at  the 

hastened  to  inform  him  that  the  law  foot  of  Fayetteville  Street  facing  the 

was  enacted  before  he  was  elected  old  State  house.  In  1816,  an  elabo- 

governor  and  could  be  considered  "as  rate  brick  structure  with  white 

a  condition  under  the  encumbrance  columned  porticoes  was  completed 

of  which  he  accepted  the  appoint-  and  Governor  William  Miller  became 

ment."  the  first  occupant  of  the  "Governor's 

Despite  its  pointed  pronounce-  Palace." 
ment,  the  General  Assembly  took  Twenty  succeeding  governors 

steps  to  provide  a  dwelling  for  chief  resided  in  the  "Palace",  as  it  was  cyn- 

executives,  instructing  the  state  ically  termed,  and  much  of  the  histo- 

treasurer  to  purchase  or  lease  a  suit-  ry   of  the   state   centered   there, 

able  house.  In  1797,  a  plain  two-  General  Lafayette  was  an  overnight 

story  frame  building  painted  white  guest  in  1825,  and  some  sessions  of 

and  an  office  for  the  governor  were  the  General  Assembly  were  held  in 

provided  on  lot  131,  the  southwest  the  building  following  the  burning  of 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols                 19 

the  State  House  in  1831.  Zebulon  Palace.  Despite  spirited  debates,  the 

Baird  Vance  was  the  last  governor  to  commission  did  agree  that  without  a 

occupy  the  Palace  at  the  close  of  the  special  appropriation  a  new  house 

Civil  War.  could  be  built  through  the  sale  of  the 

General  William  T.  Sherman  and  Palace  and  other  state  property, 
his  staff  were  quartered  in  the  Palace  However,  because  of  the  general  lack 
during  the  spring  of  1865.  Although  of  unanimity,  the  commission  merely 
as  unwelcome  guests  they  may  have  reported  its  accomplishments  and 
injured  the  pride  of  local  citizens,  awaited  further  legislative  orders, 
occupying  forces  caused  only  minor  The  decision  to  build  the  present 
damage.  Years  of  neglect,  however,  Executive  Mansion  was  finally 
had  made  the  Palace  unattractive  to  approved  by  the  General  Assembly 
governors  and  their  families.  During  through  the  efforts  and  perseverance 
the  Reconstruction  period  and  until  of  Governor  Thomas  J.  Jarvis  (1879- 
the  completion  of  the  present  1885).  A  bill  ratified  in  February 
Mansion  in  1891,  successive  chief  1883,  authorized  the  construction  of 
executives  resided  in  Raleigh,  living  a  house  on  Burke  Square,  provided 
in  rented  houses,  or  hotel  rooms,  or  -  some  furnishings,  and  required  the 
during  two  administrations — in  their  Governor  to  occupy  it  upon  its  corn- 
own  homes.  From  1871  to  1891,  a  pletion.  The  Governor  and  the 
noted  Raleigh  hotel,  the  Yarborough  Council  of  State  were  directed  to  use 
House,  served  as  the  unofficial  resi-  convict  labor  and  such  materials  as 
dence  for  several  governors.  were  "manufactured  or  prepared, 

Governor  Vance,  the  last  gover-  either  in  whole  or  in  part"  at  the  pen- 
nor  to  have  occupied  the  Palace,  was  itentiary,  when  such  a  procedure 
reelected  to  office  in  1877.  In  1879,  seemed  feasible.  Governor  Jarvis  felt 
he  presented  the  report  of  a  commis-  there  might  be  some  differences  of 
sion  appointed  two  years  earlier  by  interpretation  of  the  statement.  He 
the  General  Assembly  to  investigate  reasoned  that  with  the  recent  com- 
the  possibilities  of  providing  a  suit-  pletion  of  the  state  penitentiary  a 
able  residence  for  North  Carolina's  saving  could  be  realized  through  the 
governors.  The  commission  was  also  purchase  of  large  quantities  of  build- 
charged  with  the  task  of  selling  ing  materials  and  the  employment  of 
unused  state  lands  in,  and  adjacent  convict  labor  in  the  construction  of 
to,  the  city  of  Raleigh.  Proceeds  from  the  Mansion.  From  a  practical  stand- 
the  sales  were  earmarked  for  the  point,  Jarvis  thought  the  state  would 
construction  of  a  house  and  outbuild-  profit  by  having  both  of  the  projects 
ings  suitable  for  the  governor.  under    the    same    management. 

Opinions  varied  concerning  the  Experienced  businessmen  advised 

proposed  project.  In  the  matter  of  that  such  a  plan  might  save  the  state 

location,  several  members  thought  it  up  to  $20,000. 

advantageous  to  build  the  Mansion  The  penitentiary  board,  realizing 

on  a  lot  adjacent  to  the  Capitol  but  the  law  required  it  to  furnish  the 

were  convinced  the  commission  did  major  portion  of  labor  and  materials 

not  have  the  authority  to  do  so.  for  the  Executive  Mansion,  autho- 

Others  favored  building  an  executive  rized  the  warden  to  make  a  contract 

mansion  on  Burke  Square,  while  the  for  $25,000.  The  Council  of  State 

majority  wanted  to  renovate  the  old  accepted  this  arrangement.  Two 


20 


North  Carolina  Manual 


months  after  passage  of  the  bill,  the 
Council  of  State  met  with  the  gover- 
nor to  discuss  financing  the  project. 
The  governor  was  to  use  money  from 
an  earlier  (1877)  sale  of  state  lands, 
to  sell  the  old  Palace  and  grounds, 
and  to  employ  an  architect  to  draft 
sketches  and  specifications  for  the 
council's  consideration.  Expenditures 
were  not  to  exceed  the  funds  avail- 
able and  money  spent  by  the  gover- 
nor and  council  was  to  be  placed  in 
an  itemized  account  under  the  strict 
supervision  of  the  auditor. 

Nominees  for  an  architect  were 
then  considered.  The  superintendent 
of  construction  for  the  State  Capitol, 
David  Paton,  was  suggested,  but 
because  of  the  architect's  advanced 
age,  he  was  passed  over  for  the 
assignment.  The  council  selected 
Samuel  Sloan  of  Philadelphia  and 
his  assistant,  Gustavus  Adolphus 
Bauer  and  received  Sloan's  designs 
from  him  personally  when  he  arrived 
in  Raleigh  on  April  28,  1883.  These 
were  declared  "very  artistic,"  repre- 
senting an  ornate  building,  in  mod- 
ern style,  three  stories  in  height, 
with  the  ample  porches,  hallways 
and  windows  which  every  house  built 
in  this  climate  should  have."  On  May 
7,  the  Sloan  designs  were  accepted 
with  minor  modifications  suggested 
by  some  of  Raleigh's  "able  builders." 

During  the  early  stages  of  con- 
struction, a  report  issued  by  the  offi- 
cers of  the  penitentiary  board,  in 
mid-1884,  declared  the  building 
"handsome  in  design,  constructed  of 
the  best  material  by  the  best  work- 
ers." Employment  of  convict  labor  on 
state  projects  was  not  a  new  idea. 
Working  on  the  Mansion  must  have 
seemed  pleasurable  compared  to  the 
back-breaking  repair  work  on  the 
state-owned  railroad.  Masons  used 
pressed  brick  made  at  the  prison  for 


the  construction  of  the  Mansion  and 
later  for  the  walks  surrounding  it.  At 
the  end  of  each  day,  each  crew  leader 
at  the  brickyard  signed  his  name  or 
initialed  his  stacks  of  brick  to  indi- 
cate the  number  his  crew  had  made. 
The  exterior  of  the  Mansion  was 
trimmed  with  North  Carolina  sand- 
stone. Prison  officials  expressed  sat- 
isfaction with  the  artistry  and  conve- 
nience of  the  interior  of  the  house 
and  wished  to  enhance  it  further  by 
using  "an  elaborate  North  Carolina 
hardwood  finish."  A  second  progress 
report  issued  by  Governor  Jarvis  in 
1885,  stated  that  stone  for  the  resi- 
dence was  quarried  in  Anson  County. 
The  governor  also  favored  the  use  of 
native  hardwoods  in  the  ceiling, 
wainscoting,  and  woodwork  of  the 
first  floor. 

As  soon  as  the  Mansion  was 
reported  complete,  the  Council  of 
State  met.  The  attorney  general 
announced  that  the  Board  of  Public 
Buildings  and  Grounds  would  super- 
vise upkeep  of  the  property  under 
the  direction  of  the  keeper  of  the 
Capitol.  In  November  1889,  before 
the  Mansion  was  occupied,  repair 
and  preservation  work  had  already 
begun  with  "certain  exterior  and 
interior  painting"  of  the  woodwork. 
Most  of  the  accounts  emphasize  the 
deplorable  condition  of  the  completed 
house,  including  cheap  plumbing  and 
dirt  used  as  soundproofing  beneath 
floors.  The  third  floor  and  the  base- 
ment had  been  left  unfinished.  On 
the  Mansion  grounds  were  stables 
for  "horses  driven  to  the  governor's 
carriage"  and  other  dependencies. 
Drinking  water  was  pumped  by  a 
small  gasoline  engine  from  two  cis- 
terns in  the  basement  to  a  tank 
located  on  the  third  floor. 

By  December  1890  the  Mansion 
was  nearly  finished,  but  Governor 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols 


21 


The  North  Carolina  Governor's  Mansion 


22 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Daniel  Fowle  (1889-1891)  did  not 
move  in  until  early  January  1891. 
He  was  particularly  anxious  to  occu- 
py the  house  in  view  of  earlier 
attempts  to  abandon  it  as  a  residence 
for  the  governor.  Fowle  brought  his 
own  furniture  to  make  up  the  deficit 
in  the  Mansion,  setting  a  precedent 
followed  for  many  years  before  the 
house  was  adequately  furnished. 
Moving  from  a  sixteen-room  house  to 
one  with  more  than  thirty  rooms 
made  furnishing  the  residence  a  siz- 
able problem. 

The  earliest  laws  providing  for 
construction  of  a  governor's  resi- 
dence called  for  the  purchase  of  fur- 
nishings. As  the  costs  of  construction 
mounted,  only  a  small  portion  of  the 
funds  set  aside  for  furniture 
remained.  Some  purchases  were 
made  by  Governor  and  Mrs.  Jarvis 
as  early  as  1883,  and  Governor 
Scales  reported  in  1887  that  he  had 
obtained  some  furniture  from  the  old 
Palace.  Further  purchases  were 
made  with  an  appropriation  of 
$1,500  in  1891.  To  avoid  confusion 
over  ownership  of  the  Mansion  fur- 
nishings, Fowle  methodically  filed  a 
list  of  his  personal  belongings  with 
the  state  treasurer.  Governor  Fowle's 
term  of  office  was  cut  short  by  his 
sudden  death  on  April  7,  1891,  only 
three  months  after  he  had  moved 
into  the  Mansion.  His  term  was  filled 
by  his  successor,  Lieutenant- 
Governor  Thomas  Holt. 

Elias  Carr  was  the  first  gover- 
nor to  live  in  the  Mansion  for  a  full 
four-year  term  (1893-1897).  Like 
his  predecessors,  he  found  the 
house  in  need  of  furnishings  and 
repairs.  Funds  were  allocated  by 
the  legislature  in  February  1893 
for  the  completion  of  the  Mansion 
and  interior  improvements.  Two 
years  later,  another  appropriation 


made  landscaping  the  grounds  pos- 
sible. 

Shortly  after  the  inauguration  of 
Governor  Daniel  Russell  (1897- 
1901),  the  General  Assembly 
appointed  a  committee  to  examine 
the  Mansion  and  recommend  needed 
alterations.  The  committee  found 
that  minor  repairs  were  needed  and 
promptly  introduced  a  resolution  to 
provide  the  necessary  money.  In 
March  1897  an  appropriation  of  $600 
was  allotted  for  the  Mansion's 
upkeep. 

At  the  close  of  the  nineteenth 
century,  a  permanent  residence  for 
the  state's  chief  executives  more 
commodious  than  its  predecessors 
had  at  last  been  established  in  the 
capital.  While  the  Mansion  reflected 
the  progressive  vitality  and  spirit  of 
North  Carolina  and  its  people,  it 
needed  constant  upgrading  and 
maintenance  to  keep  it  in  step  with 
the  times  -  an  evolutionary  process 
which  continued  into  the  next  centu- 
ry- 

With  the  dawn  of  a  new  century, 
North  Carolina's  governors  moved 
the  state  forward  with  progressive 
new  programs  designed  to  benefit  a 
society  which  remained  predomi- 
nantly agricultural  of  primary 
importance  was,  upgrading  the  edu- 
cational system  and  the  establish- 
ment of  industries  bringing  new  jobs 
and  added  revenues  to  the  state.  The 
administrations  of  Governors 
Aycock,  Glenn,  Kitchin,  and  Craig 
emphasized  these  aims.  During  their 
terms,  the  Executive  Mansion  con- 
tinued to  serve  as  the  center  of  Tar 
Heel  hospitality.  The  need  for  major 
repairs  to  the  residence,  however, 
became  more  evident  as  years 
passed. 

As  frequently  seemed  the  case 
with     new     governors,     Thomas 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols                23 

Bickett's  term  (1917-1921)  began  Everett  suggested  a  sum  of  $50,000 
with  an  inspection  of  the  Mansion  for  repairs  and  new  furnishings, 
and  recommendations  for  improve-  Although  this  action  was  taken  with- 
ment.  The  superintendent  of  build-  out  McLean's  knowledge,  upon  learn- 
ings and  grounds  made  a  detailed  ing  of  it,  he  soon  became  active  in 
report,  and  Mrs.  Bickett  submitted  seeking  the  appropriation.  Thus, 
suggestions  for  interior  renovations  Everett  and  Governor  McLean  must 
by  architect  James  A.  Salter,  with  be  credited  not  only  with  saving  the 
his  estimates  of  cost.  Her  plea  result-  Mansion  but  also  with  making  it,  for 
ed  in  the  introduction  of  a  bill  which  the  first  time,  a  house  in  keeping 
requested  $65,000  for  repairs  and  with  the  dignity  of  the  governor  and 
renovations.  This  optimistic  bill  his  office. 

failed  to  pass  the  General  Assembly  The   State   Board   of  Health, 

and  a  substitute  measure  was  enact-  required  to  inspect  all  state  institu- 

ed  in  March  1917  allowing  $4,000  "to  tions  for  sanitation,  inspected  the 

renovate,  equip  and  properly,  furnish  Mansion  in  February  1925,  shortly 

the  Governor's  Mansion  and  improve  after  McLean's  inauguration.  The 

the  surrounding  grounds."  The  1919  inspection  report  was  startling, 

legislature  appropriated  another  Rated  on  the  same  basis  as  hotels, 

$4,000  far  continued  refurbishment,  the  Mansion  received  "the  very  low 

During  the  1920  renovation,  the  sec-  rating  of  71."  The  report  added  that 

ond  floor  ballroom,  which  had  been  the  management  of  a  hotel  receiving 

used  to  house  overnight  groups  of  up  such  a  rating  would  be  subject  to 

to  sixty  soldiers  during  World  War  I,  indictment.  The  principal  deductions 

was  divided  by  walls  to  form  bed-  in  scoring  were  for  uncleanliness. 

rooms,  baths,  closets,  and  a  private  Dust  pervaded  the  atmosphere   - 

corridor  to  connect  several  of  the  covering  the  woodwork,  filming  the 

family  bedrooms.  Some  additions  to  furniture,    and   stifling  the   air. 

the  furnishings  were  made.  Mrs.  Governor  Fowle's  contemporaries 

Bickett  purchased  dining  room  furni-  had  described  clouds  of  dust  follow- 

ture  and  a  four-poster  bed  for  the  ing  in  the  walker's  footsteps.  From 

guest  room  at  the  top  of  the  Grand  his  time  until  the  revealing  inspec- 

Staircase  -  the  room  where  President  tion,  little  had  been  done  to  alleviate 

Harry  S.  Truman  was  to  sleep  in  the  condition.  The  basement,  extend- 

1948.  ing  beneath  the  entire  house,  had  a 

As  preparations  were  made  for  dirt  floor  with  the  exception  of  two 

Governor  Angus  W.  McLean's  resi-  small  rooms  floored  with  decaying 

dence  in  the  Mansion  (1925-1929),  wood.  This  deficiency  allowed  dirt  to 

the  previous  renovations  were  con-  filter  up  through  the  unclosed  regis- 

sidered  inadequate.  Sentiment  for  ters  of  an  earlier  heating  system, 

removing  the  house  and  landscaping  The  hot  water  heater  room  and  its 

Burke  Square  as  a  public  park  was  entrance  were  paved  with  worn, 

once  again  aroused.  Secretary  of  irregular  bricks  which,  without  proper 

State  W.  N.  Everett  halted  the  move-  drainage,  weakened  the  foundations 

ment.  He  had  made  his  own  exami-  of  the  Mansion. 

nation  and  reported  that  major  The  first  floor  walls  and  floors 

repairs  were  needed  to  provide  the  were  unsound  and  the  ornate  plas- 

governor  with  a  comfortable  dwelling,  terwork  was  disintegrating  in  some 


24  North  Carolina  Manual 

areas.  From  the  small,  poorly  Nash  was  employed  to  carry  out  the 
equipped,  and  inadequately  ventilat-  renovations.  H.  Pier-Giavina,  a  "dec- 
ed  kitchen  area,  cooking  odors  and  orative  artist"  of  Wilmington,  N.C., 
greasy  smoke  were  released  into  aided  in  the  interior  decoration.  He 
adjoining  rooms,  causing  frequent  recommended  ivory,  or  some  other 
embarrassment  to  the  state's  first  light  color,  for  the  first  floor  wood- 
family,  work.  Pier-Giavina  ordered  round 
The  upstairs  floors,  with  boards  rosettes  to  cover  openings  in  the 
five  and  six  inches  in  width,  of  walls.  In  some  instances,  workers 
uneven  and  poor  material,  had  half-  removed  as  many  as  seven  layers  of 
inch  cracks  between  them.  Plumbers  wallpaper  in  order  to  carry  out  the 
and  steamfitters  had  removed  these  new  scheme.  For  added  safety,  con- 
boards  during  earlier  repairs,  not  tractors  enclosed  the  plumbing  and 
bothering  to  nail  them  down.  They  electrical  wiring  of  the  kitchen  with- 
would  spring  and  creak  when  walked  in  the  walls. 

on  and  were  practically  impossible  to  Elizabeth  Thompson,  a  local  inte- 
keep  clean.  In  the  governor's  room,  rior  decorator,  aided  in  the  refurbish- 
the  carpet  was  nearly  worn  through  ment  with  additional  suggestions  by 
because  of  the  uneven  surface  of  the  Mrs.  McLean.  Workers  bundled  up 
floor.  The  bathrooms  with  linoleum  and  shipped  off  discarded  rugs  to  be 
flooring,  papered  walls,  antique  rewoven;  old  furniture  to  be  reuphol- 
plumbing,  and  inaccessible  corners  stered;  and  purchased  new  carpets 
were  equally  impossible  to  clean.  The  and  draperies  out  of  the  annual 
third  or  attic  floor  remained  unfin-  appropriation  for  the  upkeep  of  the 
ished.  Dust  from  large  piles  of  rub-  Mansion.  Governor  McLean  also 
bish  and  lime  mortar  sifted  through  found  money  to  finish  a  part  of  the 
ceiling  light  fixtures  and  wire  open-  third  floor  as  servants'  quarters.  In 
ings  into  the  bedrooms  and  baths  addition,  workers  installed  a  cloak 
below.  room  for  women  on  the  first  floor  and 
Consultants  suggested  obvious  added  a  gentlemen's  cloak  room,  a 
remedies:  a  concrete  floor,  drains,  servant's  room,  and  offices  for  the 
and  ceiling  for  the  basement;  paint-  governor  in  the  basement, 
ing  the  ceilings  and  walls  of  the  Written  expressions  recognized 
kitchen  and  butler's  pantry;  enlarge-  the  greatly  increased  value  of  the 
ment  of  the  kitchen  with  new  floors  Mansion.  In  July  1926,  a  letter  to 
and  proper  equipment,  including  a  Insurance  Commissioner  Stacy  Wade 
ventilator  and  smoke  hood  for  the  from  Governor  McLean  stated  that 
stove;  refinishing  floors  or  laying  the  $80,000  evaluation  of  the  house 
new  floors;  closing  old  heat  registers  was  inadequate  and  that  the 
and  openings  in  the  walls;  tiling  and  Mansion  could  not  be  replaced  for 
wainscoting  bathrooms  and  installa-  less  than  $200,000.  The  house  had 
tion  of  modern  plumbing  and  electri-  been  constructed  of  the  finest  materi- 
cal  fixtures;  properly  sealing  lighting  als  and  the  interior,  within  the  past 
fixture  openings  in  ceilings;  and  cov-  year,  had  been  completely  renovated, 
ering  floors  with  an  inexpensive  but  A  newspaper  account,  lauding 
serviceable  material.  Governor  McLean's  accomplish- 
When  money  became  available,  ments,  claimed  that  renovating  a 
the  architectural  firm  of  Atwood  and  building  considered  eligible  for 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols                 25 

demolition  had  saved  the  state  more  the  White  House,  had  been  employed 
than  a  third  of  a  million  dollars.  as  consultant  to  the  Fine  Arts 
The  renovation  undertaken  by  Committee.  In  November  1965,  Mrs. 
Governor  McLean  was  not  fully  com-  Pearce  conducted  the  committee  on  a 
pleted  during  his  term  of  office,  detailed  tour  of  the  Mansion  and 
Governor-elect  0.  Max  Gardner  made  specific  suggestions  for  each 
(1929-1933)  asked  the  Board  of  room.  Following  a  suggestion  of  Mrs. 
Public  Buildings  and  Grounds  to  con-  Pearce,  Mrs.  Moore  and  the 
fer  with  the  McLeans  to  determine  Executive  Mansion  Fine  Arts 
the  Mansion's  needs  and  the  General  Committee  sponsored  a  tea  in  June 
Assembly  established  a  "Special  1966,  to  solicit  funds  for  Mansion 
Furniture  and  Equipment  Account  furnishings.  Guests  received 
Available  for  [the]  Incoming  brochures  listing  fine  antique  and 
Governor."  At  the  beginning  of  the  reproduction  furniture,  rugs,  and 
Gardner  administration,  the  General  accessories  suggested  for  purchase 
Assembly  authorized  the  State  through  donations.  In  1967  the 
Highway  Commission  to  build  and  General  Assembly  officially  created 
maintain  walkways  and  drives  the  Executive  Mansion  Fine  Arts 
"within  the  Mansion  Square."  Commission  (EMFAC)  thus  perpetu- 
Included  in  this  project  was  a  plan  ating  the  program  of  the  first  com- 
for  the  landscaping  of  the  Mansion  mittee.  Six  years  later  (1973),  the 
grounds.  The  state  contracted  a  General  Assembly  returned  the  corn- 
prominent  Philadelphia  landscape  mission  to  its  original  committee 
architect,  Thomas  W.  Sears,  for  the  form. 

work.  At  Mrs.  Gardner's  suggestion,  A  previously  neglected  area  of 
the  exterior  woodwork  of  the  house  the  Mansion  was  the  central  hallway 
was  painted  brown  to  blend  with  the  at  the  head  of  the  Grand  Staircase, 
sandstone  and  brickwork.  Mrs.  Moore  conceived  the  idea  of  fur- 
Later  administrations  brought  nishing  the  area  with  representative 
further  improvements  and  added  pieces  in  recognition  of  North 
comforts  in  order  to  keep  pace  with  Carolina  as  the  "furniture  capital  of 
the  times.  An  elevator  was  installed,  the  world."  She  contacted  manufac- 
air  conditioning  units  were  placed  in  turers  who,  in  turn,  requested  the 
some  rooms;  and  a  bomb  shelter  was  American  Institute  of  Interior 
added  during  Governor  Luther  H.  Designers  to  plan  the  area. 
Hodges'  term  (1954-1961).  Mrs.  Industries  contributed  furniture, 
Terry  Sanford  added  many  antique  accessories,  and  services  to  reappoint 
furnishings  during  her  husband's  the  hallway  as  an  attractive  and 
term  of  office  (1961-1965).  Although  comfortable  living  area  for  the  gover- 
the  state  endeavored  to  make  the  nor  and  his  family.  Another  area  of 
Mansion  functional  and  livable,  the  receiving  special  attention  was  the 
legislature  appropriated  no  money  acquisition  of  a  North  Carolina  col- 
for  major  projects.  Therefore,  in  early  lection  of  books  for  the  Mansion 
1965,  Mrs.  Dan  K.  Moore  appointed  library.  Volumes  by  Tar  Heel 
an  Executive  Mansion  Fine  Arts  authors  as  well  as  books  about  the 
Committee.  In  August,  she  state  and  her  citizens  were  acquired 
announced  that  Mrs.  John  Pearce  of  in  the  late  1960s. 
Washington,  D.C.,  the  first  curator  of  A  legislative  appropriation  of 


26  North  Carolina  Manual 

$58,000  financed  renovation  of  the  seven-member  Executive  Residence 

institutional  kitchen  facilities,  pro-  Building  Commission  was  estab- 

viding  a  new  food  freezer,  expansion  lished  by  the  1971  General  Assembly 

of  the  food  preparation  area  to  the  to  develop  and  submit  plans  for  a 

basement,  and  a  dumbwaiter-convey-  new  official  residence  for  the  chief 

or  belt  system  to  move  trays  from  the  executive.  The  governor  appointed 

first  floor.  Extension  of  the  garage  an  advisory  committee  including  for- 

area,  landscaping,  and  lighting  of  the  mer  first  ladies'  state  agency  heads, 

grounds  contributed  to  the  efficiency  and  the  mayor  of  Raleigh  to  work 

and  beauty  of  the  Mansion.  For  with  the  commission.  Members  of  the 

added  security,  a  decorative  brick  commission  traveled  to  eight  other 

and  wrought  iron  wall  was  construct-  states  to  inspect  executive  residences 

ed  around  the  perimeter  of  Burke  and  mansions  and  received  presenta- 

Square  in  early  1969.  tions  from  six  architectural  firms 

Governor  Robert  W.  Scott  (1969-  being  considered  for  the  project. 

1973)  appreciated  the  historical  sig-  Upon  review  of  the  proposed  designs 

nificance  of  the  building  but  felt  it  for  a  new  Executive  Mansion,  the 

was  time  to  review  the  Mansion's  legislature  was  informed  that  it 

practical  uses.  The  governor  pointed  would  be  more  feasible  to  renovate 

out  the  old  cast-iron  radiators  con-  the  Burke  Square  residence  than  to 

trolled  by  a  single  thermostat,  over-  construct  a  modern  dwelling, 
loaded  electrical  circuits,  the  lack  of  In    May     1973     the     General 

a  fire  escape,  and  other  hazards  Assembly    ratified    "An    Act    to 

which  needed  correction.  The  front  Appropriate  Funds  to  Renovate  the 

entrance  hall  chandelier  which  had  Governor's  Mansion  and  to  Make  It 

fallen  in  1969  (fortunately  without  Suitable    as    Both    a    Public    and 

injuring  anyone)  aptly  illustrated  his  Private  Residence  for  the  Governor." 

concerns.  Because  of  inadequate  This  act  included: 
living  conditions  in  the  Mansion,  a 

1.  Removal  of  the  existing  heating  system  and  installation  of  a  year- 
round  climate  control  system; 

2.  Rewiring  of  the  structure  and  its  fixtures  as  needed  to  provide  a  safe, 
adequate,  and   convenient  electrical  system; 

3.  Renovation  and  waterproofing  of  all  bathroom  facilities; 

4.  Restoration  of  exterior  brick,  mortar,  and  wood  trim; 

5.  Construction  of  a  stair  tower  on  the  southeast  corner  providing  a  fire- 
proof passage  from  the  upper  floors; 

6.  Reconstruction,  repair,  and  weather-stripping  of  all  window  units; 

7.  Installation  of  a  convenience  kitchen  for  the  First  Family  on  the  sec- 
ond floor. 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols 


27 


This  renovation  was  the  most 
extensive  in  the  history  of  the 
Executive  Mansion.  The  General 
Assemblies  of  1973  and  1975  appro- 
priated funds  amounting  to 
$845,000.  Governor  James  E. 
Holshouser,  Jr.,  and  his  family  relin- 
quished use  of  the  Mansion  and 
moved  into  a  temporary  home  in  the 
Foxcroft  suburb  of  Raleigh  for  eight 
months  while  interior  renovations 
were  carried  out  by  F.  Carter 
Williams,  a  local  architectural  firm. 
Because  of  the  size  and  complexity  of 
the  project,  Marie  Sharpe  Ham,  the 
state  interior  design  consultant,  and 
the  staff  of  the  Division  of  Archives 
and  History  assisted. 

As  work  proceeded,  it  was 
learned  that  most  of  the  deteriora- 
tion had  been  caused  by  water  seep- 
age within  the  walls.  Portions  of  the 
decorative  plaster  ceilings  had  to  be 
reconstructed  and  exterior  and  inte- 
rior woodwork  repaired  or  replaced 
with  materials  removed  from  else- 
where in  the  Mansion.  The  Grand 
Staircase  was  found  to  be  construct- 
ed of  rare  North  Carolina  heart  pine. 
Research  showed  that  the  wood  had 
originally  been  varnished  and 
stained.  An  unpainted  pine  mantel 
on  the  third  floor  served  as  a  guide 
for  refinishing  the  staircase.  Also, 
original  carved  paneling  beneath 
windows  and  above  doorways  was 
discovered  behind  false  panels  which 
were  removed  in  order  to  keep  intact 
these  unique  design  features. 

In  an  effort  to  save  money  and 
promote  state  industry,  materials 
produced  within  North  Carolina 
were  used  in  the  renovation.  Brick 
for  the  stair  tower  was  selected  to 
match  that  of  the  exterior.  The 
state's  textile  industry  assisted  in 
replacing  carpets  and  draperies.  In 
addition,  individuals  and  businesses 


donated  decorative  pieces  for  the 
enrichment  of  the  furnishings  collec- 
tion (managed  by  the  Department  of 
Cultural  Resources).  Mrs. 
Holshouser  later  stated,  "Our  deter- 
mination to  emphasize  North 
Carolina  products  clearly  carries 
through  the  theme  that  Governor 
Jarvis  had  when  he  first  envisioned 
a  new  Executive  Mansion."  This 
determination  carried  over  to  the 
administration  of  Governor  James  B. 
Hunt,  Jr.  (1977-1985).  A  recent  addi- 
tion to  the  Mansion  is  a  recreation 
room  located  on  the  third  floor  -  a 
retreat  for  the  sports-minded  Hunt 
family. 

North  Carolina  has  one  of  the 
few  governor's  residences  in  the 
nation  constructed  in  the  nineteenth 
century  and  still  in  use. 
Architecturally,  the  Mansion  exem- 
plifies the  Queen  Anne  Cottage  style 
popular  during  the  American 
Victorian  Period  while  the  exterior 
wooden  ornamentation  is  typical  of 
the  Eastlake  style.  The  Executive 
Mansion  reflects  the  past  and  stands 
solidly  to  face  the  future.  For  over 
100  years,  the  time,  talent,  funds, 
and  devotion  of  North  Carolinians 
have  contributed  to  the  continuing 
tradition  of  gracious  hospitality  to  all 
who  enter  its  doors. 

Governor  James  B.  Hunt  (1977- 
1985)  was  the  first  governor  of  this 
state  who  was  elected  to  two  succes- 
sive four-year  terms.  The  Mansion 
served  as  an  adjunct  to  his  Capitol 
office  and  served  as  a  regular  meet- 
ing place  for  his  cabinet  and  staff. 
Additions  to  the  Mansion  included  a 
chair  lift  for  handicapped  visitors, 
the  enclosure  of  the  back  porch  as  a 
morning  room  and  breakfast  area, 
and  the  refurbishing  of  some  first 
and  second  floor  rooms  as  well  as  a 
recreation  area  on  the  third  floor.  In 


28 


North  Carolina  Manual 


1983,  an  executive  guest  residence 
was  established  at  the  Bailey-Tucker 
House  on  East  Lane  Street. 

Governor  James  G.  Martin 
(1985-1992)  became  the  second  chief 
executive  to  serve  successive  terms. 
As  the  Mansion  entered  its  second 
century  of  service  to  North  Carolina's 
governors,  a  Victorian  garden  was 
established  south  of  the  Mansion  and 


was  financed  by  private  contribu- 
tions. A  major  interior  refurbishment 
was  carried  out  to  commemorate  the 
building's  centennial  and  for  the 
viewing  pleasure  of  over  50,000 
annual  visitors.  The  Executive 
Mansion  stands  today  rooted  in  the 
past,  but  well  appointed  and 
equipped  to  meet  the  expanding 
needs  and  challenges  of  the  future. 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols  29 

THE  MECKLENBURG  DECLARATION  OF  20TH  MAY,  1775* 

OFFICERS 


Abraham  Alexander,  Chair 
John  McKnitt  Alexander 


DELEGATES 


Col.  Thomas  Polk 
Ephriam  Brevard 
Hezekiah  J.  Balch 
John  Phifer 
James  Harris 
William  Kennon 
John  Ford 
Richard  Barry 
Henry  Downs 


Ezra  Alexander 
William  Graham 
John  Quary 
Abraham  Alexander 
John  McKnitt  Alexander 
Hezekiah  Alexander 
Adam  Alexander 
Charles  Alexander 
Zacheus  Wilson,  Sen. 


Waightsill  Avery 

Benjamin  Patton 

Mathew  McClure 

Neil  Morrison 

Robert  Irwin 

John  Flenniken 

David  Reese 

Richard  Harris,  Sen. 


The  following  resolutions  were  presented: 

1.  Resolved.  That  whosoever  directly  or  indirectly  abetted  or  in  any  way  form  or 
manner  countenanced  the  uncharted  and  dangerous  invasion  of  our  rights  as  claimed 
by  Great  Britain  is  an  enemy  to  this  country,  to  America,  and  to  the  inherent  and 
inalienable  rights  of  man. 

2.  Resolued.  That  we  the  citizens  of  Mecklenburg  County,  do  hereby  dissolve  the 
political  bonds  which  have  connected  U.S.  to  the  mother  country  and  hereby  absolve 
ourselves  from  all  allegiance  to  the  British  Crown  and  abjure  all  political  connections 
contract  or  association  with  that  nation  who  have  wantonly  trampled  on  our  rights 
and  liberties  and  inhumanely  shed  the  blood  of  American  patriots  at  Lexington. 

3.  Resolued.  That  we  do  hereby  declare  ourselves  a  free  and  independent  people, 
are,  and  of  right  ought  to  be  a  sovereign  and  self-governing  association  under  the  con- 
trol of  no  power  other  than  that  of  our  God  and  the  General  Government  of  the 
Congress  to  the  maintenance  of  which  independence  we  solemnly  pledge  to  each  other 
our  mutual  cooperation,  our  lives,  our  fortunes,  and  our  most  sacred  honor. 

4.  Resolued.  That  as  we  now  acknowledge  the  existence  and  control  of  no  law  or 
legal  officer,  civil  or  military  within  this  County,  we  do  hereby  ordain  and  adopt  as  a 
rule  of  life  all,  each  and  every  of  our  former  laws  -  wherein  nevertheless  the  Crown  of 
Great  Britain  never  can  be  considered  as  holding  rights,  privileges,  immunities,  or 
authority  therein. 

5.  Resolued.  That  it  is  further  decreed  that  all,  each  and  every  Military  Officer  in 
this  County  is  hereby  reinstated  in  his  former  command  and  authority,  he  acting 
comformably  to  these  regulations.  And  that  every  member  present  of  this  delegation 
shall  henceforth  be  a  civil  officer,  viz.,  a  justice  of  the  peace,  in  the  character  of  a 
"committee  man"  to  issue  process,  hear  and  determine  all  matters  of  controversy 
according  to  said  adopted  laws  and  to  preserve  peace,  union  and  harmony  in  said 
county,  and  to  use  every  exertion  to  spread  the  love  of  Country  and  fire  of  freedom 
throughout  America,  until  a  more  general  and  organized  government  be  established 
in  this  Province. 

*This  document  is  found  in  Vol.  IX,  pages  1263-65  of  the  Colonial  Records  of  North  Carolina;  however, 
the  authenticity  of  the  declaration  has  become  a  source  of  controversy  among  historians.  The  controversy  aris- 
es because  the  text  of  the  Resolves  was  recalled  from  memory  by  the  clerk  some  twenty  years  after  the 
Mecklenburg  meeting.  The  original  notes  had  been  lost  in  a  fire. 


30  North  Carolina  Manual 

THE  HALIFAX  RESOLUTION  OF  APRIL  12, 1776 

The  Select  Committee  taking  into  Consideration  the  usurpations  and  vio- 
lences attempted  and  committed  by  the  King  and  Parliament  of  Britain 
against  America,  and  the  further  Measures  to  be  taken  for  frustrating  the 
same,  and  for  the  better  defense  of  this  province  reported  as  follows,  to  wit, 

It  appears  to  your  Committee  that  pursuant  to  the  Plan  concerted  by  the 
British  Ministry  for  subjugating  America,  the  King  and  Parliament  of  Great 
Britain  have  usurped  a  Power  over  the  Persons  and  Properties  of  the  People 
unlimited  and  uncontrouled;  and  disregarding  their  humble  Petitions  for 
Peace,  Liberty  and  safety,  have  made  divers  Legislative  Acts,  denouncing  War 
Famine  and  every  Species  of  Calamity  against  the  Continent  in  General. 
That  British  Fleets  and  Armies  have  been  and  still  are  daily  employed  in 
destroying  the  People  and  committing  the  most  horrid  devastations  on  the 
Country.  That  Governors  in  different  Colonies  have  declared  Protection  to 
Slaves  who  should  imbrue  their  Hands  in  the  Blood  of  their  Masters.  That 
the  Ships  belonging  to  America  are  declared  prizes  of  War  and  many  of  them 
have  been  violently  seized  and  confiscated  in  consequence  of  which  multitudes 
of  the  people  have  been  destroyed  or  from  easy  Circumstances  reduced  to  the 
Lamentable  distress. 

And  whereas  the  moderation  hitherto  manifested  by  the  United  Colonies 
and  their  sincere  desire  to  be  reconciled  to  the  mother  Country  on 
Constitutional  Principles,  have  procured  no  mitigation  to  the  aforesaid 
Wrongs  and  usurpations,  and  no  hopes  remain  of  obtaining  redress  by  those 
Means  alone  which  have  been  hitherto  tried,  Your  Committee  are  of  Opinion 
that  the  house  should  enter  into  the  following  Resolve  to  wit, 

Resolve  that  the  delegates  for  this  Colony  in  the  Continental  Congress  by 
impowered  to  concur  with  the  delegates  of  the  other  Colonies  in  declaring 
Independency,  and  forming  foreign  Alliances,  reserving  to  this  Colony  the 
Sole,  and  Exclusive  right  of  forming  a  Constitution  and  Laws  for  this  Colony, 
and  of  appointing  delegates  from  time  to  time  (under  the  direction  of  a  gener- 
al Representation  thereof)  to  meet  the  delegates  of  the  other  Colonies  for  such 
purposes  as  shall  be  hereafter  pointed  out. 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols 


31 


CHAPTER  TWO 


in  a  byniDols 


THE  GREAT  SEAL  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


A  seal  for  important  documents  was  used  before  the  government  was 
ever  implemented  in  North  Carolina.  During  the  colonial  period  North 
Carolina  used  successively  four  different  seals.  Since  independence,  six  seals 
have  been  used. 

Shortly  after  King  Charles  II  issued  the  Charter  of  1663  to  the  Lords 
Proprietors,  a  seal  was  adopted  to  use  in  conjunction  with  their  newly 
acquired  domains  in  America.  No  official  description  has  been  found  of  the 
seal  but  it  can  be  seen  in  the  British  Public  Record  Office  in  London.  The  seal 
had  two  sides  and  was  three  and  three-eighths  inches  in  diameter.  The 
impression  was  made  by  bonding  two  wax  cakes  together  with  tape  before 
being  impressed.  The  finished  impression  was  about  one-fourth  inch  thick. 
This  seal  was  used  on  all  official  papers  of  the  Lords  Proprietors  of  Carolina, 
embracing  both  North  Carolina  and  South  Carolina. 


Seal  of  the  Lords  Proprietors  of  Carolina 

When  the  Government  of  Albemarle  was  organized  in  1665,  it  adopted 
for  a  seal  the  reverse  side  of  the  seal  of  the  Lords  Proprietors.  Between  the 
coat-of-arms  the  word  A-L-B-E-M-A-R-L-E  was  fixed  in  capitals,  beginning 
with  the  letter  "A"  between  the  Craven  arms  and  those  of  Lord  John 
Berkeley. 

The  Albemarle  seal  was  small,  only  one  and  seven-sixteenths  inches  in 
diameter  and  had  only  one  face.  The  seal  was  usually  impressed  on  red  wax, 
but  was  occasionally  seen  imprinted  on  a  wafer  stuck  to  the  instrument  with 
soft  wax.  The  government  for  Albemarle  County  was  the  first  to  use  the  seal; 


32 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Seal  of  the  Government  of  Albemarle  and  Province  of 
North  Carolina,  1665-1730 


however,  as  the  colony  grew,  it 
became  the  seal  of  the  entire 
Province  of  North  Carolina.  It 
continued  in  use  until  just  after 
the  purchase  of  North  Carolina 
by  the  crown.  During  the  trouble- 
some times  of  the  Cary  Rebellion,  the 
Albemarle  seal  was  not  used. 
Instead,  Cary  used  his  family  arms 
as  a  seal  for  official  papers.  William 
Glover  used  his  private  seal  during 
his  presidency  as  well. 

When  North  Carolina  became  a 
Royal  Colony  in  1729,  the  old 
"Albemarle"  seal  was  no  longer 
applicable.  On  February  3,  1730,  the 
Board  of  Trade  recommended  that 
the  king  order  a  public  seal  for  the 


Province  of  North  Carolina.  Later 
that  same  month,  the  king  approved 
the  recommendations  and  ordered 
that  a  new  seal  be  prepared  for  the 
Governor  of  North  Carolina.  On 
March  25,  the  Board  of  Trade  pre- 
sented the  king  with  a  draft  of  the 
proposed  seal  for  his  consideration. 
The  king  approved  the  proposed  new 
seal  on  April  10  with  one  minor 
change  -  "Georgius  Secundus"  was  to 
be  substituted  for  the  original 
"Geo. II."  The  chief  engraver  of  seals, 
Rollos,  was  ordered  to  "engrave  a  sil- 
ver Seal  according  to  said  draught  ..." 
The  arrival  of  the  new  seal  in 
North  Carolina  was  delayed,  so  when 
the  council  met  in  Edenton  on  March 


Seal  of  the  Province  of  North  Carolina,  1730-1767 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols 


33 


30,  1731,  the  old  seal  of  the  Colony  was  ordered  to  be  used  till  the  new  seal 
arrived.  The  new  seal  arrived  in  late  April  and  the  messenger  fetching  the 
seal  from  Cape  Fear  was  paid  ten  pounds  for  his  journey.  The  impression  of 
the  new  seal  was  made  by  placing  two  cakes  or  layers  of  wax  together,  and 
then  interlacing  ribbon  or  tape  with  the  attached  seal  between  the  wax 
cakes.  It  was  customary  to  put  a  piece  of  paper  on  the  outside  of  three  cakes 
before  they  were  impressed.  The  complete  seal  was  four  and  three-eighths 
inches  in  diameter  and  from  one-half  to  five-eighths  inches  thick  and 
weighed  about  five  and  one-half  ounces. 


Seal  of  the  Province  of  North  Carolina,  1767-1776 


At  a  meeting  of  the  council  held  in  New  Bern  on  December  14,  1767, 
Governor  Tryon  produced  a  new  Great  Seal  of  the  province  with  his 
Majesty's  Royal  Warrant  bearing  date  at  the  Court  of  St.  James  the  9th 
day  of  July,  1767.  The  old  seal  was  returned  to  his  Majesty's  Council  office  at 
Whitehall  in  England.  Accompanying  the  warrant  was  a  description  of  the  new 
seal  with  instruction  that  the  seal  was  to  be  used  in  sealing  all  patents  and 
grants  of  lands  and  all  public  instruments  passed  in  the  king's  name  for  ser- 
vice within  the  province.  It  was  four  inches  in  diameter,  one-half  to  five- 
eighths  inches  thick,  and  weighed  four  and  one-half  ounces. 

Sometimes  a  smaller  seal  than  the  Great  Seal  was  used  on  commissions 
and  grants,  such  as  a  small  heart-shaped  seal  or  a  seal  in  the  shape  of  an 
ellipse.  These  impressions  were  evidently  made  by  putting  the  wax  far 
enough  under  the  edge  of  the  Great  Seal  to  take  the  impression  of  the  crown. 
The  royal  governors  also  used  their  private  seals  on  commissions  and  grants. 

Lord  Granville,  after  the  sale  of  the  colony  by  the  Lords  Proprietors, 
retained  his  right  to  issue  land  grants.  He  used  his  private  seal  on  the  grants 
he  issued.  The  last  reference  found  to  the  colonial  seal  is  in  a  letter  from 
Governor  Martin  to  the  Earl  of  Hillsborough  in  November,  1771,  in  which  he 
recounts  the  broken  condition  of  the  seal.  He  states  the  seal  had  been 
repaired  and  though  "awkwardly  mended...  [it  was]  in  such  manner  as  to 
answer  all  purposes." 


34 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Following  independence  Section  XVII  of  the  new  constitution  adopted  at 
Halifax  on  December  18,  1776,  provided  "That  there  shall  be  a  Seal  of  this 
State,  which  shall  be  kept  by  the  Governor,  and  used  by  him  as  occasion  may 
require;  and  shall  be  called  the  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina, 
and  be  affixed  to  all  grants  and  commissions."  When  a  new  constitution  was 
adopted  in  1868,  Article  III,  Section  16  provided  for  "...a  seal  of  the  State, 
which  shall  be  kept  by  the  Governor,  and  used  by  him,  as  occasion  may 
require,  and  shall  be  called  The  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina."  It 
also  provided  for  the  secretary  of  state  to  countersign  with  the  governor. 
When  the  people  of  North  Carolina  ratified  the  current  constitution  in  1970, 
Article  III,  Section  10  contained  provisions  for  "The  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of 
North  Carolina."  However,  the  wording  which  authorized  the  secretary  of 
state  to  countersign  documents  was  removed. 

On  December  22,  1776,  the  Provincial  Congress  at  Halifax  appointed 
William  Hooper,  Joseph  Hewes  and  Thomas  Burke  as  commissioners  to 
procure  a  seal  for  the  State;  however,  there  is  no  record  that  a  report  was 
ever  made  by  this  commission.  The  Congress  provided  for  the  governor  to  use 
his  "private  seal  at  arms"  until  the  Great  Seal  for  the  state  was  procured.  A 
bill  calling  for  the  procurement  of  a  Great  Seal  was  introduce  in  the  lower 
house  of  the  General  Assembly  on  April  28,  1778.  The  bill  became  law  on 
May  2.  The  legislation  provided  that  William  Tisdale,  Esq.,  be  appointed  to 
cut  and  engrave  a  seal  for  the  State.  On  Sunday,  November  7,  1779,  the 
Senate  granted  Tisdale  £150  to  make  the  seal.  The  seal  procured  under  this 
act  was  used  until  1794.  The  actual  size  of  the  seal  was  three  inches  in  diam- 
eter and  one-fourth  inch  thick.  It  was  made  by  putting  two  cakes  of  wax 
together  with  paper  wafers  on  the  outside  and  pressing  them  between  the 
dies,  thus  forming  the  obverse  and  reverse  sides  of  the  seal. 


The  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  1779-1794 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols 


35 


An  official  description  of  this  seal  cannot  be  found,  but  many  of  the  seals 
still  in  existence  are  in  an  almost  perfect  state  of  preservation. 

In  January,  1792,  the  General  Assembly  authorized  a  new  State  Seal, 
requiring  that  it  be  prepared  with  only  one  side.  Colonel  Abisha  Thomas,  an 
agent  of  North  Carolina  commissioned  by  Governor  Martin,  was  in 
Philadelphia  to  settle  the  State's  Revolutionary  claims  against  the  Federal 
Government.  Martin  sent  a  design  to  Colonel  Thomas  for  a  new  seal  for  the 
State;  however,  after  suggestions  by  Dr.  Hugh  Williamson  and  Senator 
Samuel  Johnston,  this  sketch  was  disregarded  and  a  new  one  submitted. 
This  new  sketch,  with  some  modification,  was  finally  accepted  by  Governor 
Spaight,  and  Colonel  Thomas  had  the  seal  made  accordingly. 

The  seal  press  for  the  old  seal  must  have  been  very  large  and  unwieldy 
probably  due  to  the  two-sided  nature  and  large  diameter  of  the  seal. 
Governor  Richard  Dobbs  Spaight  in  a  letter  to  Colonel  Abisha  Thomas  in 
February,  1793,  wrote:  "Let  the  screws  by  which  the  impression  is  to  be  made 
be  as  portable  as  possible  so  as  it  may  be  adapted  to  our  present  itinerant 
government.  The  one  now  in  use  by  which  the  Great  Seal  is  at  present  made 
is  so  large  and  unwieldy  as  to  be  carried  only  in  a  cart  or  wagon  and  of  course 
has  become  stationary  at  the  Secretary's  office  which  makes  it  very  conve- 
nient." The  seal  was  cut  some  time  during  the  summer  of  1793,  and  Colonel 
Thomas  brought  it  home  with  him  in  time  for  the  meeting  of  the  legislature  in 
November,  1793,  at  which  session  it  was  "approbated."  The  screw  to  the  seal 
was  two  and  one  half  inches  in  diameter  and  was  used  until  around  1835. 


The  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  1794-  1836 

In  the  winter  of  1834-35  the  legislature  enacted  legislation  authorizing 
the  governor  to  procure  a  new  seal.  The  preamble  to  the  act  stated  that  the 
old  seal  had  been  used  since  the  first  day  of  March,  1793.  A  new  seal  which 
was  very  similar  to  its  predecessor  was  adopted  in  1835  and  continued  in  use 
until  1893.  In  1868  the  legislature  authorized  the  governor  to  procure  a  new 
replacement  Seal  and  required  him  to  do  so  whenever  the  old  one  was  lost  or 
so  worn  or  defaced  that  it  was  unfit  for  use. 


36 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  1836-  1893 

In  1883,  Colonel  S.  MCD.  Tate  introduced  a  bill  that  did  not  provide  that 
a  new  seal  be  procured  but  described  in  more  detail  what  the  seal  should  be 
like.  In  1893,  Jacob  Battle  introduced  a  bill  that  made  no  change  in  the  seal 
except  to  add  at  the  foot  of  the  coat-of-arms  of  the  state  as  part  thereof  the 
motto  Esse  Quam  Viden  and  to  provide  that  the  words  "May  20,  1775,"  be 
inscribed  at  the  top  of  the  coat-of-arms. 

By  the  late  19th  and  early  20th  century,  the  ship  that  appeared  in  the 
background  of  the  early  seals  had  disappeared.  The  North  Carolina 
Mountains  were  the  only  backdrop  on  the  seal,  while  formerly  both  the 
mountains  and  the  ship  had  been  depicted. 

This  brief  history  of  the  seals  of  our  State  illustrates  the  great  variety 
and  liberty  that  was  taken  in  the  design  of  the  official  State  seal.  The  1971 
General  Assembly,  in  an  effort  to  "provide  a  standard  for  the  Great  Seal  of 
the  State  of  North  Carolina,"  passed  the  following  Act  amending  the  General 
Statutes  provision  relative  to  the  State  Seal: 


The  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  1893-1971 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols 


37 


The  Governor  shall  procure  of  the  State  a  Seal,  which  shall  be 
called  the  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  and  shall  be  two 
and  one-quarter  inches  in  diameter,  and  its  design  shall  be  a  repre- 
sentation of  the  figures  of  Liberty  and  Plenty,  looking  toward  each 
other,  but  not  more  than  half-fronting  each  other  and  otherwise  dis- 
posed as  follows:  Liberty,  the  first  figure,  standing,  her  pole  with  cap 
on  it  in  her  left  hand  and  a  scroll  with  the  word  "Constitution" 
inscribed  thereon  in  her  right  hand.  Plenty,  the  second  figure,  sitting 
down,  her  right  arm  half  extended  toward  Liberty,  three  heads  of 
grain  in  her  right  hand,  and  in  her  left,  the  small  end  of  her  horn,  the 
mouth  of  which  is  resting  at  her  feet,  and  the  contents  of  the  horn 
rolling  out. 

The  background  on  the  seal  shall  contain  a  depiction  of  moun- 
tains running  from  left  to  right  to  the  middle  of  the  seal.  A  side  view 
of  a  three-masted  ship  shall  be  located  on  the  ocean  and  to  the  right  of 
Plenty.  The  date  "May  20,  1775"  shall  appear  within  the  seal  and 
across  the  top  of  the  seal  and  the  works  "esse  quam  videri"  shall 
appear  at  the  bottom  around  the  perimeter.  No  other  words,  figures  or 
other  embellishments  shall  appear  on  the  seal. 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Governor  to  file  in  the  office  of  the 
Secretary  of  State  an  impression  of  the  great  seal,  certified  to  under 
his  hand  and  attested  to  by  the  Secretary  of  State,  which  impression 
so  certified  the  Secretary  of  State  shall  carefully  preserve  among  the 
records  of  this  Office. 


The  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  1971-1984 


38 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  late  Julian  R.  Allsbrook,  who  served  in  the  North  Carolina  Senate 
for  many  years,  felt  that  the  adoption  date  of  the  Halifax  Resolves  ought  to 
be  commemorated  on  the  State  seal  as  it  was  already  on  the  State  flag.  This 
was  to  "serve  as  a  constant  reminder  of  the  people  of  this  state's  commitment 
to  liberty."  Legislation  adding  the  date  "April  12,  1776"  to  the  Great  Seal  of 
the  State  of  North  Carolina  was  ratified  May  2,  1983,  with  an  effective  date 
of  January  1,  1984.  Chapter  257  of  the  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina 
included  provisions  that  would  not  invalidate  any  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of 
North  Carolina  in  use  or  on  display.  Instead  replacement  could  occur  as  the 
need  arose. 


The  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  1984-Present 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols 


39 


The  State  Flag 


The  flag  is  an  emblem  of  antiq- 
uity and  has  commanded 
respect  and  reverence  from 
practically  all  nations  from  the  earli- 
est times.  History  traces  it  to  divine 
origin,  the  early  peoples  of  the  earth 
attributing  to  it  strange,  mysterious, 
and  supernatural  powers.  Indeed, 
our  first  recorded  references  to  the 
standard  and  the  banner,  of  which 
our  present  flag  is  but  a  modified 
form,  are  from  sacred  rather  than 
from  secular  sources.  We  are  told 
that  it  was  around  the  banner  that 
the  prophets  of  old  rallied  their 
armies  and  under  which  the  hosts  of 
Israel  were  led  to  believing,  as  they 
did,  that  the  flag  carried  with  it 
divine  favor  and  protection. 

Since  that  time  all  nations  and 
all  peoples  have  had  their  flags  and 
emblems,  though  the  ancient  super- 
stition regarding  their  divine  merits 
and  supernatural  powers  has  disap- 
peared from  among  civilized  peoples. 
The  flag  now,  the  world  over,  pos- 
sesses the  same  meaning  and  has  a 
uniform  significance  to  all  nations 
wherever  found.  It  stands  as  the 
symbol  of  strength  and  unity,  repre- 
senting the  national  spirit  and  patri- 
otism of  the  people  over  whom  it 
floats.  In  both  lord  and  subject,  the 
ruler  and  the  ruled,  it  commands 
respect,  inspires  patriotism,  and 
instills  loyalty  both  in  peace  and 
war.  In  this  country  we  have  a 
national  flag  which  stands  as  the 
emblem  of  our  strength  and  unity  as 
a  nation,  a  living  representation  of 
our  national  spirit  and  honor.  In 
addition  to  our  national  flag,  each  of 
the  states  in  the  Union  has  a  "state 


flag"  which  is  symbolic  of  its  own 
individuality  and  domestic  ideals. 
The  state  flag  also  expresses  some 
particular  trait,  or  commemorates 
some  historical  event  of  the  people 
over  whom  it  floats.  The  flags  of  most 
of  the  states,  however,  consist  of  the 
coat  of  arms  of  that  state  upon  a 
suitably  colored  field.  It  is  said  that 
the  first  state  flag  of  North  Carolina 
was  built  on  this  model  but  legisla- 
tive records  show  that  a  "state  flag" 
was  not  established  or  recognized 
until  1861.  The  constitutional  con- 
vention of  1861,  which  passed  the 
ordinance  of  secession,  adopted  a 
state  flag.  On  May  20,1861,  the  day 
the  secession  resolution  was  adopted, 
Col.  John  D.  Whitford,  a  member  of 
the  convention  from  Craven  County, 
introduced  an  ordinance,  which  was 
referred  to  a  select  committee  of 
seven.  The  ordinance  stated  that  the 
flag  of  this  State  shall  be  a  blue  field 
with  a  white  V  thereon,  and  a  star, 
encircling  which  shall  be  the  words, 
"Sirgit  astrum,  May  20,  1775." 

Colonel  Whitford  was  made  chair 
of  the  committee  to  which  this  ordi- 
nance was  referred.  The  committee 
secured  the  aid  and  advice  of 
William  Jarl  Browne,  an  artist  of 
Raleigh.  Browne  prepared  and  sub- 
mitted a  model  to  this  committee  and 
this  model  was  adopted  by  the  con- 
vention of  June  22,  1861.  The 
Browne  model  was  vastly  different 
from  the  original  design  proposed  by 
Colonel  Whitford.  The  law  as  it 
appears  in  the  ordinance  and  resolu- 
tions passed  by  the  convention  is  as 
follows: 


40 


North  Carolina  Manual 


AN  ORDINANCE  IN  RELATION  TO  A  STATE  FLAG 

Be  it  ordained  by  this  Convention,  and  it  is  hereby  ordained  by  the 
authority  of  the  same,  That  the  Flag  of  North  Carolina  shall  consist  of  a 
red  field  with  a  white  star  in  the  centre,  and  with  the  inscription,  above 
the  star,  in  a  semi-circular  form,  of  "May  20th,  1775,"  and  below  the 
star,  in  a  semi-circular  form,  of  "May  20th,  1861."  That  there  shall  be 
two  bars  of  equal  width,  and  the  length  of  the  field  shall  be  equal  to  the 
bar,  the  width  of  the  field  being  equal  to  both  bars:  the  first  bar  shall  be 
blue,  and  second  shall  be  white:  and  the  length  of  the  flag  shall  be  one- 
third  more  than  its  width.  [Ratified  the  22nd  day  of  June,  1861.] 

This  state  flag,  adopted  in  1861,  is  said  to  have  been  issued  to  North 
Carolina  regiments  of  state  troops  during  the  summer  of  1861  and  borne  by 
them  throughout  the  war.  It  was  the  only  flag,  except  the  national  and 
Confederate  colors,  used  by  North  Carolina  troops  during  the  Civil  War.  This 
flag  existed  until  1885,  when  the  Legislature  adopted  a  new  model. 


1  he  INorth  Lcirolinci  btate  r lag 

(Adopted  in  1885) 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols  41 

The  bill  which  was  introduced  by  General  Johnstone  Jones  on  February 
5,  1885,  passed  its  final  reading  one  month  later  after  little  debate.  This  act 
reads  as  follows: 


AN  ACT  TO  ESTABLISH  A  STATE  FLAG 
The  General  Assembly  of  North  Carolina  do  enact: 

SEC.  1.  That  the  flag  of  North  Carolina  shall  consist  of  a  blue  union, 
containing  in  the  centre  thereof  a  white  star  with  the  letter  N  in 
gilt  on  the  left  and  the  letter  C  in  gilt  on  the  right  of  said  star, 
the  circle  containing  the  same  to  be  one-third  the  width  of  the 
union. 

SEC.  2.  That  the  fly  of  the  flag  shall  consist  of  two  equally  propor- 
tioned bars;  the  upper  bar  to  be  red,  the  lower  bar  to  be  white; 
that  the  length  of  the  bars  horizontally  shall  be  equal  to  the  per- 
pendicular length  of  the  union,  and  the  total  length  of  the  flag 
shall  be  one-third  more  than  its  width. 

SEC.  3.  That  above  the  star  in  the  centre  of  the  union  there  shall  be 
a  gilt  scroll  in  semi-circular  form,  containing  in  black  letters  this 
inscription  "May  20th,  1775,"  and  that  below  the  star  there  shall 
be  similar  scroll  containing  in  black  letters  the  inscription:  "April 
12th,  1776." 

SEC.  4.  That  this  act  shall  take  effect  from  and  after  its  ratification. 
In  the  General  Assembly  read  three  times  and  ratified  this  9th 
day  of  March,  A.D.  1885. 

It  is  interesting  to  examine  the  significance  of  the  dates  found  on  the 
flag.  The  first  date,  "May  20,  1775,"  refers  to  the  Mecklenburg  Declaration  of 
Independence,  although  many  speculate  the  authenticity  of  this  particular 
document.  The  second  date  appearing  on  the  state  flag  of  1861  is  that  of 
"May  20th,  1861."  This  date  commemorated  the  secession  of  the  State  from 
the  Union,  but  as  the  cause  for  secession  was  defeated,  this  date  no  longer 
represented  anything  after  the  Civil  War.  So  when  a  new  flag  was  adopted  in 
1885,  this  date  was  replaced  with  "April  12th,  1776."  This  date  commemo- 
rates the  Halifax  Resolves,  a  document  that  places  the  Old  North  State  in 
the  very  front  rank,  both  in  point  of  time  and  in  spirit,  among  those  that 
demanded  unconditional  freedom  and  absolute  independence  from  any  for- 
eign power.  This  document  stands  out  as  one  of  the  great  landmarks  in  the 
annals  of  North  Carolina  history. 

Since  1885  there  has  been  no  change  in  our  state  flag.  For  the  most  part, 
it  has  remained  unknown  and  a  stranger  to  the  good  people  of  our  State. 
However,  as  we  became  more  intelligent,  and  therefore,  more  patriotic  and 
public  spirited,  the  emblem  of  the  Old  North  State  assumed  a  station  of 
greater  prominence  among  our  people.  One  hopeful  sign  of  this  increased 
interest  was  the  act  passed  by  the  Legislature  of  1907,  requiring  the  state 
flag  to  be  floated  from  all  state  institutions,  public  buildings,  and  court  houses. 


42  North  Carolina  Manual 

In  addition  to  this,  many  public  and  private  schools  fraternal  orders,  and 
other  organizations  now  float  the  state  flag.  The  people  of  the  State  should 
become  acquainted  with  the  emblem  of  that  government  to  which  they  owe 
allegiance  and  from  which  they  secure  protection,  and  to  ensure  that  they 
would,  the  legislature  enacted  the  following: 

AN  ACT  TO  PROMOTE  GREATER  LOYALTY  AND  RESPECT  FOR 
THE  SOVEREIGNTY  OF  THE  STATE 

The  General  Assembly  of  North  Carolina  do  enact: 

SEC.  1.    That  for  the  purpose  of  promoting  greater  loyalty  and 

respect  to  the  state  and  inasmuch  as  a  special  act  of  the 

Legislature  has  adopted  an  emblem  of  our  government  known  as 

the  North  Carolina  State  flag,  that  it  is  neat  and  proper  that  it 

shall  be  given  greater  prominence. 
SEC.  2.    That  the  ooard  of  trustees  or  managers  of  the  several  state 

institutions  and  public  buildings  shall  provide  a  North  Carolina 

flag,  of  such  dimensions  and  materials  as  they  deem  best,  and  the 

same  shall  be  displayed  from  a  staff  upon  the  top  of  each  and 

every  such  building  at  all  times  except  during  inclement  weather, 

and  upon  the  death  of  any  state  officer  or  any  prominent  citizen 

the  flag  shall  be  put  at  half-mast  until  the  burial  of  such  person 

shall  have  taken  place. 

SEC.  3.  That  the  Board  of  County  Commissioners  of  the  several 
counties  in  this  state  shall  likewise  authorize  the  procuring  of  a 
North  Carolina  flag,  to  be  displayed  either  on  a  staff  upon  the 
top,  or  draped  behind  the  judge's  stand,  in  each  and  every  term  of 
court  held,  and  on  such  other  public  occasions  as  the 
Commissioners  may  deem  proper. 

SEC.  4.  That  no  state  flag  shall  be  allowed  in  or  over  any  building 
here  mentioned  that  does  not  conform  to  section  five  thousand 
three  hundred  and  twenty-one  of  the  Revisal  of  one  thousand 
nine  hundred  and  five. 

SEC.  5.  That  this  act  shall  be  in  force  from  and  after  its  ratification. 

In  the  General  Assembly  read  three  times,  and  ratified  this  9th  day  of 
March,  A.D.  1907. 

Many  North  Carolinians  have  questioned  the  legitimacy  of  having  the 
date  of  the  Mecklenburg  Declaration,  May  20th,  1776,  on  the  flag.  Historians 
have  debated  its  authenticity  because  the  lack  of  any  original  documentation. 
The  only  evidence  of  the  Declaration  is  a  reproduction  from  memory  many 
years  later  by  one  of  the  delegates  attending  the  convention.  Historians' 
main  argument,  other  than  the  non-existence  of  the  original  document,  is 
that  the  Mecklenburg  Resolves,  adopted  just  eleven  days  after  the 
Mecklenburg  Declaration,  are  comparatively  weak  in  tone,  almost  to  the 
point  of  being  completely  opposite.  Many  historians  find  it  difficult  to  believe 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols  43 

that  the  irreconcilable  tone  of  the  Declaration  could  have  been  the  work  of 
the  same  people  who  produced  the  Resolves.  Efforts  have  been  made  to  have 
the  date  taken  off  the  flag  and  the  seal,  but  so  far  these  efforts  have  proved 
fruitless.  Removal  from  the  seal  would  be  simple  enough,  for  the  date  of  the 
Halifax  Resolves  could  easily  be  substituted  without  changing  the  basic 
intention  of  the  date.  The  flag  would  prove  to  be  more  difficult,  for  there  is  no 
other  date  of  significance  which  could  be  easily  substituted. 


44 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  State  Bird 


The  Cardinal  was  selected  by 
popular  choice  as  our  State 
Bird  on  March  4,  1943. 
(Session  Laws,  1943  c.  595;  G.S.  145- 
2).  The  Cardinal  is  sometimes  called 
the  Winter  Redbird  because  it  is 
most  noticeable  during  the  winter 
when  it  is  the  only  "redbird"  present. 
A  year-round  resident  of  North 
Carolina,  the  Cardinal  is  one  of  the 
most  common  birds  in  our  gardens, 
meadows  and  woodlands.  The  male 
Cardinal  is  red  all  over,  except  for 
the  area  of  its  throat  and  the  region 
around  its  bill  which  is  black;  it  is 
about  the  size  of  a  Catbird  only  with 
a  longer  tail.  The  head  is  conspicu- 
ously crested  and  the  large  stout  bill 


is  red.  The  female  is  much  duller  in 
color  with  the  red  confined  mostly  to 
the  crest,  wings,  and  tail.  This  differ- 
ence in  coloring  is  common  among 
many  birds.  Since  it  is  the  female 
that  sits  on  the  nest,  her  coloring 
must  blend  more  with  her  natural 
surroundings  to  protect  her  eggs  and 
young  from  predators.  There  are  no 
seasonal  changes  in  her  plumage. 

The  Cardinal  is  a  fine  singer,  and 
what  is  unusual  is  that  the  female 
sings  as  beautifully  as  the  male.  The 
male  generally  monopolizes  the  art  of 
song  in  the  bird  world. 

The  nest  of  the  Cardinal  is 
rather  an  untidy  affair  built  of  weed 
stems,  grass  and  similar  materials  in 


The  Cardinal  or  "Winter  Redbird" 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols 


45 


low  shrubs,  small  trees  or  bunches  of 
briars,  generally  not  over  four  feet 
above  the  ground.  The  usual  number 
of  eggs  set  is  three  in  this  State  and 
four  further  North.  Possibly  the 
Cardinal  raises  an  extra  brood  down 
here  to  make  up  the  difference,  or 


possibly  the  population  is  more  easi- 
ly maintained  here  by  the  more  mod- 
erate winters  compared  to  the  colder 
North.  The  Cardinal  is  by  nature  a 
seed  eater,  but  does  not  dislike  small 
fruits  and  insects. 


The  State  Flower 

The  General  Assembly  of  1941  designated  the  dogwood  as  the  State 
Flower.  (Public  Laws,  1941,  c.  289;  G.S.  145-1) 

The  Dogwood  is  one  of  the  most  prevalent  trees  in  our  State  and  can  be 
found  in  all  parts  of  the  State  from  the  mountains  to  the  coast.  Its  blossoms, 
which  appear  in  early  spring  and  continue  on  into  summer,  are  most  often 
found  in  white,  although  shades  of  pink  (red)  are  not  uncommon. 


The  North  Carolina  State  Flower 
"The  Dogwood  Bloom" 


46 


North  Carolina  Manual 
The  State  Insect 


The  General  Assembly  of  1973  designated  the  Honey  Bee  as  the  official 
State  Insect.  (Session  Laws,  1973,  c.  55) 

This  industrious  creature  is  responsible  for  the  annual  production  of 
more  than  $2  million  worth  of  honey  in  the  state.  However,  the  greatest 
value  of  Honey  Bees  is  their  role  in  the  growing  cycle  as  a  major  contributor 
to  the  pollination  of  North  Carolina  crops. 


The  Industrious  Honey  Bee 


The  State  Tree 

The  Pine  was  officially  designated  as  the  State  Tree  by  the  General 
Assembly  of  1963.  (Session  Laws,  1963,  c.41) 

The  pine  is  the  most  common  of  the  trees  found  in  North  Carolina,  as 
well  as  the  most  important  one  in  the  history  of  our  State.  During  the 
Colonial  and  early  Statehood  periods,  the  pine  was  a  vital  part  of  the  econo- 
my of  North  Carolina.  From  it  came  many  of  the  "naval  stores"  -  resin,  tur- 
pentine, and  timber  -  needed  by  merchants  and  the  navy  for  their  ships.  The 
pine  has  continued  to  supply  North  Carolina  with  many  important  wood 
products,  particularly  in  the  building  industry. 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols 
The  State  Mammal 


47 


The  General  Assembly  of  1969  designated  the  Gray  Squirrel  as  the  offi- 
cial State  Mammal.  (Session  Laws,  1969.  c.1207;  G.S.  145-5). 

The  gray  squirrel  is  a  common  inhabitant  of  most  areas  of  North 
Carolina  from  "the  swamps  of  eastern  North  Carolina  to  the  upland  hard- 
wood forests  of  the  piedmont  and  western  counties."  This  tree-dwelling 
rodent  feels  most  comfortable  in  an  "untouched  wilderness"  environment, 
although  many  squirrels  also  inhabit  our  city  parks  and  suburbs.  To  the 
delight  of  hikers  and  park  dwellers  alike,  this  furry  creature  is  extremely 
active  during  the  day  and,  like  most  humans,  sleeps  at  night.  In  their 
favorite  habitat,  the  evergreen  coniferous  forest,  the  gray  squirrel  is  much 
larger  than  other  species  of  squirrels,  usually  driving  away  the  red 
sqaivreKTamiascurus)  whenever  the  two  species  meet. 

The  gray  squirrel  is  not  a  picky  eater.  During  the  fall  and  winter 
months,  he  survives  on  a  diet  of  hardwoods,  with  acorns  providing  most  of 
his  carbohydrates  and  proteins.  In  the  spring  and  summer,  his  diet  consists 
of  "new  growth  and  fruits"  supplemented  by  early  corn,  peanuts,  and  the 
occasional  insect. 


The  Gray  Squirrel 


48 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  State  Toast 

The  following  toast  was  officially  adopted  as  the  State  Toast  of  North 
Carolina  by  the  General  Assembly  of  1957  (Session  Laws,  1957,  c.777). 


Here's  to  the  land  of  the  long  leaf  pine, 
The  summer  land  where  the  sun  doth  shine, 
Where  the  weak  grow  strong  and  the  strong  grow  great, 
Here's  to  "Down  Home,"  the  Old  North  State! 

Here's  to  the  land  of  the  cotton  bloom  white, 
Where  the  scuppernong  perfumes  the  breeze  at  night, 
Where  the  soft  southern  moss  and  jessamine  mate, ' 
Neath  the  murmuring  pines  of  the  Old  North  State! 


Here's  to  the  land  where  the  galax  grows, 
Where  the  rhododendron's  rosette  glows, 
Where  soars  Mount  Mitchell's  summit  great, 
In  the  "Land  of  the  Sky,"  in  the  Old  North  State! 


Here's  to  the  land  where  maidens  are  fair, 
Where  friends  are  true  and  cold  hearts  rare, 
The  near  land,  the  dear  land,  whatever  fate 
The  blest  land,  the  best  land,  the  Old  North  State! 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols 
The  State  Salt  Water  Fish 


49 


The  General  Assembly  of  1971  designated  the  Channel  Bass  (Red  Drum) 
as  the  official  State  Salt  Water  Fish.  (  Session  laws,  1971,  c.274;  G.S.  145-6) 
Channel  Bass  usually  occur  in  great  supply  along  the  Tar  Heel  coastal 
waters  and  have  been  found  to  weigh  up  to  75  pounds  although  most  large 
ones  average  between  30  and  40  pounds. 


The  State  She 


The  General  Assembly  of  1965  designated  the  Scotch  Bonnet  (pro- 
nounced bonay)  as  the  State  Shell.  (Session  Laws,  1965,  c.  681).  A  colorful 
and  beautifully  shaped  shell,  the  Scotch  Bonnet  is  abundant  in  North 
Carolina  coastal  waters  at  depths  between  500  and  200  feet.  The  best  source 
of  live  specimens  is  from  offshore  commercial  fishermen. 


50 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  State  Precious  Stone 


The  General  Assembly  of  1973  designated  the  emerald  as  the  official 
State  Precious  Stone.  (Session  Laws,  1973,  c.  136). 

A  greater  variety  of  minerals,  more  than  300,  have  been  found  in  North 
Carolina  than  in  any  other  state. 

These  minerals  include  some  of  the  most  valuable  and  unique  gems  in 
the  world.  The  largest  Emerald  ever  found  in  North  Carolina  was  1,438 
carats  and  was  found  at  Hiddenite,  near  Statesville.  The  "Carolina  Emerald," 
now  owned  by  Tiffany  &  Company  of  New  York  was  also  found  at  Hiddenite 
in  1970.  When  cut  to  13.14  carats,  the  stone  was  valued  at  the  time  at 
$100,000  and  became  the  largest  and  finest  cut  emerald  on  this  continent. 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols 
The  State  Reptile 


51 


The  General  Assembly  of  1979  designated  the  Eastern  Box  Turtle  as  the 
official  State  Reptile  for  North  Carolina.  (Session  Laws,  1979,  c.  154) 


The  Eastern  Box  Turtle's  Lifespan  Can  Exceed  100  Years 


The  turtle  is  one  of  nature's  most  useful  creatures.  Through  its  dietary 
habits  it  serves  to  assist  in  the  control  of  harmful  and  pestiferous  insects  and 
as  a  clean-up  crew,  helping  to  preserve  the  purity  and  beauty  of  our  waters. 
At  a  superficial  glance,  the  turtle  appears  to  be  a  mundane  and  uninterest- 
ing creature;  however,  closer  examination  reveals  it  to  be  most  fascinating, 
ranging  from  species  well-adapted  to  modern  conditions  to  species  which 
have  existed  virtually  unchanged  since  prehistoric  times.  Derided  by  many, 
the  turtle  is  really  a  culinary  delight,  providing  the  gourmet  food  enthusiast 
with  numerous  tasty  dishes  from  soups  to  entrees. 

The  turtle  watches  undisturbed  as  countless  generations  of  faster  "hares" 
run  by  to  quick  oblivion,  and  is  thus  a  model  of  patience  for  mankind,  and  a 
symbol  of  our  State's  unrelenting  pursuit  of  great  and  lofty  goals. 


52 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Milk:  A  Natural  Calcium  Source 


The  State  Beverage 


The  General  Assembly  of  1987  adopted  milk  as  the  official  State 
Beverage.  (Session  Laws,  1987,  c.  347) 

In  making  milk  the  official  state  beverage,  North  Carolina  followed  many- 
other  states  including  our  northern  neighbor,  Virginia,  and  Wisconsin,  the 
nation's  number  one  dairy  state. 

North  Carolina  ranks  20th  among  dairy  producing  states  in  the  nation 
with  nearly  1,000  dairy  farmers  producing  179  million  gallons  of  milk  per 
year.  The  annual  income  from  this  production  amounts  to  around  $228  mil- 
lion. North  Carolinians  consume  over  143  million  gallons  of  milk  every  year. 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols 
The  State  Rock 


53 


The  General  Assembly  of  1979  designated  Granite  as  the  official  Rock  for 
the  State  of  North  Carolina  (Session  Laws,  1979,  c.906). 

The  State  of  North  Carolina  has  been  blessed  with  an  abundant  source  of 
"the  noble  rock,"  granite.  Just  outside  Mount  Airy  in  Surry  County  is  the 
largest  open  face  granite  quarry  in  the  world  measuring  one  mile  long  and 
1,800  feet  in  width.  The  granite  from  this  quarry  is  unblemished,  gleaming 
and  without  interfering  seams  to  mar  its  splendor.  The  high  quality  of  this, 
granite  allows  its  widespread  use  as  a  building  material,  in  both  industrial 
and  laboratory  applications  where  super  smooth  surfaces  are  necessary. 

North  Carolina  granite  has  been  used  for  many  magnificent  edifices  of 
government  throughout  the  United  States  such  as  the  Wright  Brothers 
Memorial  at  Kitty  Hawk,  the  gold  depository  at  Fort  Knox,  the  Arlington 
Memorial  Bridge  and  numerous  courthouses  throughout  the  land.  Granite  is 
a  symbol  of  strength  and  steadfastness,  qualities  characteristic  of  North 
Carolinians.  It  is  fitting  and  just  that  the  State  recognize  the  contribution  of 
granite  in  providing  employment  to  its  citizens  and  enhancing  the  beauty  of 
its  public  buildings. 


Greystone  Quarry,  Vance  County 

courtesy  of  Vulcan  Materials  Company 


54 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  State  Historic  Boat 

The  General  Assembly  of  1987  adopted  the  shad  boat  the  official  State 
Historical  Boat.  (Session  Laws,  1987,  c.  366). 

The  Shad  Boat  was  developed  on  Roanoke  Island  and  is  known  for  its 
unique  crafting  and  maneuverability.  The  name  is  derived  from  that  of  the 
fish  it  was  used  to  catch  -  the  shad. 

Traditional  small  sailing  craft  were  generally  ill-suited  to  the  water  ways 
and  weather  conditions  along  the  coast.  The  shallow  draft  of  the  Shad  Boat 
plus  its  speed  and  easy  handling  made  the  boat  ideal  for  the  upper  sounds 
where  the  water  was  shallow  and  the  weather  changed  rapidly.  The  boats 
were  built  using  native  trees  such  as  cypress,  juniper,  and  white  cedar,  and 
varied  in  length  between  twenty-two  and  thirty-three  feet.  Construction  was 
so  expensive  that  production  of  the  shad  boat  ended  in  the  1930's,  although 
they  were  widely  used  into  the  1950's.  The  boats  were  so  well  constructed 
that  some,  nearly  100  years  old,  are  still  seen  around  Manteo  and  Hatteras. 


The  Shad  Boat 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols 
The  State  Dog 


55 


The  Plott  Hound  was  officially  adopted  as  our  State  Dog  on  August  12, 
1989.  (Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1989  c.  773;  G.S.  145-13). 

The  Plott  Hound  breed  originated  in  the  mountains  of  North  Carolina 
around  1750  and  is  the  only  breed  known  to  have  originated  in  this  State. 
Named  for  Jonathan  Plott  who  developed  the  breed  as  a  wild  boar  hound,  the 
Plott  hound  is  a  legendary  hunting  dog  known  as  a  courageous  fighter  and 
tenacious  tracker.  He  is  also  a  gentle  and  extremely  loyal  companion  to 
hunters  of  North  Carolina.  The  Plott  Hound  is  very  quick  of  foot  with  superior 
treeing  instincts  and  has  always  been  a  favorite  of  big-game  hunters. 

The  Plott  Hound  has  a  beautiful  brindle-colored  coat  and  a  spine- 
tingling,  bugle-like  call.  It  is  also  only  one  of  four  breeds  known  to  be  of 
American  origin. 


TheNorth  Carolina  Plott  Hound: 

One  of  Only  Four  Breeds  Known  to  be  of  American  Origin 


56  North  Carolina  Manual 

Name  of  State  and  Nickname 

In  1629,  King  Charles  I  of  England  "erected  into  a  province,"  all  the  land 
from  Albemarle  Sound  on  the  north  to  the  St.  John's  River  on  the  south, 
which  he  directed  should  be  called  Carolina.  The  word  Carolina  is  from  the 
word  Carolus,  the  Latin  form  of  Charles. 

When  Carolina  was  divided  in  1710,  the  southern  part  was  called  South 
Carolina  and  the  northern,  or  older  settlement,  North  Carolina.  From  this 
came  the  nickname  the  "Old  North  State."  Historians  have  recorded  that  the 
principal  products  during  the  early  history  of  North  Carolina  were  "tar  pitch, 
and  turpentine."  It  was  during  one  of  the  fiercest  battles  of  the  War  Between 
the  States,  so  the  story  goes,  that  the  column  supporting  the  North  Carolina 
troops  was  driven  from  the  field.  After  the  battle  the  North  Carolinians,  who 
had  successfully  fought  it  out  alone,  were  greeted  from  the  passing  derelict 
regiment  with  the  question:  "Any  more  tar  down  in  the  Old  North  State, 
boys?"  Quick  as  a  flash  came  the  answer:  "No,  not  a  bit,  old  Jeffs  bought  it 
all  up."  "Is  that  so;  what  is  he  going  to  do  with  it?"  was  asked.  "He  is  going  to 
put  it  on  you-uns  heels  to  make  you  stick  better  in  the  next  fight."  Creecy 
relates  that  General  Lee,  upon  hearing  of  the  incident,  said:  "God  bless  the 
Tar  Heel  boys,"  and  from  that  they  took  the  name  (-Adapted  from  Grandfather 
Tales  of  North  Carolina  by  R.B.  Creecy  and  Histories  of  North  Carolina  Regiments, 
Vol.  Ill,  by  Walter  Clark). 


The  State  Motto 

The  General  Assembly  of  1893  (chapter  145)  adopted  the  words  "Esse 
Quam  Videri"  as  the  State's  motto  and  directed  that  these  words  with  the 
date  "20  May,  1775,"  be  placed  with  our  Coat  of  Arms  upon  the  Great  Seal  of 
the  State. 

The  words  "Esse  Quam  Videri"  mean  "to  be  rather  than  to  seem."  Nearly 
every  State  has  adopted  a  motto,  generally  in  Latin.  The  reason  for  mottoes 
being  in  Latin  is  that  the  Latin  language  is  far  more  condensed  and  terse 
than  the  English.  The  three  words,  "Esse  Quam  Videri,"  require  at  least  six 
English  words  to  express  the  same  idea. 

Curiosity  has  been  aroused  to  learn  the  origin  of  our  State  motto.  It  is 
found  in  Cicero's  essay  on  Friendship  (Cicero  de  Amnicitia,  Chapter  26). 

It  is  somewhat  unique  that  until  the  act  of  1893  the  sovereign  State  Or 
North  Carolina  had  no  motto  since  its  declaration  of  independence.  It  was 
one  of  the  few  states  which  did  not  have  a  motto  and  the  only  one  of  the  origi- 
nal thirteen  without  one. 


The  State  Colors 

The  General  Assembly  of  1945  declared  Red  and  Blue  of  shades  appear- 
ing in  the  North  Carolina  State  Flag  and  the  American  Flag  as  the  official 
State  Colors.  (Session  Laws,  1945,  c.878). 


North  Carolina:  Its  History  And  Symbols 
The  State  Song 


57 


The  song  known  as  "The  Old  North  State"  was  adopted  as  the  official 
song  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina  by  the  General  Assembly  of  1927  (Public 
Laws,  1927,  c.26;  G.S.  149-1). 


THE  OLD  NORTH  STATE 


(Traditional  air   as  tung  in  1926) 


tdt. 


William    Gastoh 
With  spirit 


COLLKCTTO  AtTO  AAIAHQK 

bt  Mu.  E.  E.  Raxdoltb 


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1.  Car  -  0    -     li    -  na!    Car    -    o 

2.  Tho'  she     en  -  vies    not 

3.  Then  let     all    those   who 


li    -    na!     heav-en'j  bless-inji    at  -  tend     her, 
oth  -  ers,       their         mer  -    it  -  ed     glo  -  ry. 
love     us,     love   the  land   that   we    live      in. 


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While  we    live     we      will  cher  -  ish,     pro  tect     and     de- fend  her,  Tho' the 

Say  whose  name  stands  the  fore  -  most,  in  lib    -    er    -  ty's  sto  •  ry,  Tho   too 

As  hao     py       a       re     gion       as     on    this     side      of  heaven,  Where 


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«' — t — ••-«: 


scorn  •  er    may      sneer    at      and    wit  -  lings  de  -  fame  her,  Still  our  hearts  swell  with 
true       to      her    -    self    e'er     to  crouch  to    op  -  pres-sion,  Who  can   yield  to   just 

le  be  -  fore   us,  Raise  a-loud,  rais;     to- 


plen  -   ty     and    peace,  love  and    joy    smile  be 


»    -I       'i 1 ' h 1 1 — 


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Chords 


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glad  -  ness     when     ev    •    er     we    name  her. 

rule       •         more     loy    -  a!       sub-mis-sion.    Hur  •  rahl 

geth   -  er         the  heart    thrill  -  ing    chorus. 

■^-r  -| S — 


Hur  -  rahl 


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3E: 


Hur 


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Hur  -  rahl    the  good  Old  North  Stats 

I 


58  North  Carolina  Manual 


North  Carolina 

State 

Government 


Part  II 


H 


H 


9 


9 


60  North  Carolina  Manual 


CHAPTER  ONE 

The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina 


OUR  CONSTITUTIONS:  AN  HISTORICAL  PERSPECTIVE 

North  Carolina  has  had  three  constitutions  in  her  history  as  a  State:  the 
Constitution  of  1776,  the  Constitution  of  1868,  and  the  Constitution  of  1971. 

The  Constitution  of  1776 

Drafted  and  promulgated  by  government  was  prescribed  by  the 
the  Fifth  Provincial  Congress  Constitution,  although  the  offices  of 
in  December,  1776,  without  justice  of  the  peace,  sheriff,  coroner, 
submission  to  the  people,  the  and  constable  were  created. 
Constitution  of  1776  and  its  separate  The  system  of  legislative  repre- 
but  accompanying  Declaration  of  sentation  was  based  on  units  of  local 
Rights  sketched  the  main  outlines  of  government.  The  voters  of  each  coun- 
the  new  state  government  and  ty  elected  one  Senator  and  two  mem- 
secured  the  rights  of  the  citizen  from  bers  of  the  House  of  Commons,  while 
governmental  interference.  While  six  (later  seven)  towns  each  elected 
the  principle  of  separation  of  powers  one  member  of  the  House.  It  was  dis- 
was  explicitly  affirmed  and  the  tinctly  a  property  owner's  govern- 
familiar  three  branches  of  govern-  ment,  for  only  landowners  could  vote 
ment  were  provided  for,  the  true  cen-  for  Senators  until  1857,  and  progres- 
ter  of  power  lay  in  the  General  sive  property  qualifications  were 
Assembly.  That  body  not  only  exer-  required  of  members  of  the  House, 
cised  full  legislative  power;  it  also  Senators,  and  the  Governor  until 
chose  all  the  state  executive  and  1868.  Legislators  were  the  only  state 
judicial  officers,  the  former  for  short  officers  who  were  elected  by  the  peo- 
terms  and  the  judges  for  life.  pie  until  1836. 

Profound  distrust  of  the  execu-  .  .  . 

tive  power  is  evident  throughout  the  The  Convention  of  1835 

document.  The  Governor  was  chosen  Dissatisfaction  with  the  legisla- 

by  the  legislature  for  a  one-year  term  tive  representation  system,  which 

and  was  eligible  for  only  three  terms  gave  no  direct  recognition  to  popula- 

in  six  years.  The  little  power  granted  tion,  resulted  in  the  Convention  of 

him  was  hedged  about  in  many  1835.    Extensive    constitutional 

instances  by  requiring  for  its  exer-  amendments     adopted     by    that 

cise  the  concurrence  of  a  seven-mem-  Convention  were  ratified  by  a  vote  of 

ber  Council  of  State  chosen  by  the  the  people,  26,771  to  21,636  on 

legislature.  November  9,  1835.  The  Amendments 

Judicial  offices  were  established,  of  1835  fixed  the  membership  of  the 

but  the  court  system  itself  was  left  to  Senate  and  House  at  their  present 

legislative  design.  No  system  of  local  levels,   £0  and   120.     The  House 


North  Carolina  State  Government  61 

apportionment  formula  then  gave  dent  established  in  amending  the 

one  seat  to  each  county  and  distrib-  United  States  Constitution,  the  1835 

uted  the  remainder  of  the  seats  -  amendments  were  appended  to  the 

nearly  half  of  them  at  that  time  -  Constitution  of  1776,  not  incorporat- 

according  to  a  mathematical  formula  ed  in  it  as  is  the  modern  practice, 
favoring  the  more  populous  counties. 

From  1836  until  1868,  Senators  were  T^e  Convention  of  1861-62 

elected  from  districts  laid  out  accord-  The   Convention   of   1861-62 

ing  to  the  amount  of  taxes  paid  to  called    by    act    of    the    General 

the  State  from  the  respective  coun-  Assembly,  took  the  State  out  of  The 

ties,  thus  effecting  senatorial  repre-  Union  and  into  the  Confederacy  and 

sentation  in  proportion  to  property  adopted   a   dozen   constitutional 

values,  amendments.  These  were  promulgat- 

The  Amendments  of  1835  also  ed  by  the  Convention  without  the 

made  the  Governor  popularly  elec-  necessity  of  voter  approval,  a  proce- 

tive  for  a  two-year  term,  greatly  dure  that  was  permitted  by  the 

strengthening  that  office;  relaxed  the  Constitution  until  1971. 
religious  qualifications  for  office  L 

holding;  abolished  free  Negro  suf-  The  Convention  of  1865-66 
frage;  equalized  the  capitation  tax  on  The  Convention  of  1865-66, 
slaves  and  free  white  males;  prohib-  called  by  the  Provisional  Governor 
ited  the  General  Assembly  from  on  orders  of  the  President,  nullified 
granting  divorces,  legitimating  per-  secession  and  abolished  slavery,  with 
sons,  or  changing  personal  names  by  voter  approval,  in  1865.  It  also  draft- 
private  act;  specified  procedures  for  ed  a  revised  Constitution  in  1866. 
the  impeachment  of  state  officers  That  document  was  largely  a  restate- 
and  the  removal  of  judges  for  disabil-  ment  of  the  Constitution  of  1776  and 
ity;  made  legislative  sessions  bienni-  the  1835  amendments,  plus  several 
al  instead  of  annual;  and  provided  new  features.  It  was  rejected  by  a 
methods  of  amending  the  vote  of  21,770  to  19,880  on  August  2, 
Constitution.  Following  the  prece-  1866. 

Constitution  of  1868 

The  Convention  of  1868 

The  Convention  of  1868,  called  progressive  and  democratic  instru- 
upon  by  the  initiative  of  Congress  ment  of  government.  In  this  respect 
but  with  a  popular  vote  of  approval,  it  differed  markedly  from  the  pro- 
wrote  a  new  Constitution  which  the  posed  Constitution  of  1866.  The 
people  ratified  in  April  of  1868  by  a  Constitution  of  1868  was  an  amal- 
vote  of  93,086  to  74,016.  Drafted  and  Sam  of  provisions  copied  or  adapted 
put  through  the  Convention  by  a  fr°m  the  Declaration  of  Rights  of 
combination  of  native  Republicans  l776.  the  Constitution  of  1776  and 
and  a  few  Carpetbaggers,  the  its  amendments,  the  proposed 
Constitution  was  highly  unpopular  Constitution  of  1866,  and  the  consti- 
with  the  more  conservative  elements  tutions  of  other  states,  together  with 
of  the  State.  For  its  time,  it  was  a  some  new  and  original  provisions. 


62 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Although  often  amended,  a  majority 
of  the  provisions  of  that  document 
remained  intact  until  1971,  and  the 
Constitution  of  1971  brought  forward 
much  of  the  1868  language  with  lit- 
tle or  no  change. 

The  Constitution  of  1868  incorpo- 
rated the  1776  Declaration  of  Rights 
into  the  Constitution  as  Article  I  and 
added  several  important  guarantees. 
To  the  people  was  given  the  power  to 
elect  all  significant  state  executive 
officers,  all  judges,  and  all  county 
officials,  as  well  as  legislators.  All 
property  qualifications  for  voting  and 
office  holding  were  abolished.  The 
plan  of  representation  in  the  Senate 
was  changed  from  a  property  to  a 
popular  basis,  and  the  1835  House 
apportionment  plan  was  retained. 
Annual  legislative  sessions  were 
restored. 

The  executive  branch  of  govern- 
ment was  strengthened  by  popular 
election  for  four-year  terms  of  office 
and  the  Governor's  powers  were 
increased  significantly. 

A  simple  and  uniform  court 
system  was  established  with  the 
jurisdiction  of  each  court  fixed  in 
the  Constitution.  The  distinctions 
between  actions  at  law  and  suits  in 
equity  were  abolished. 

For  the  first  time,  detailed  con- 
stitutional provision  was  made  for 
a  system  of  taxation,  and  the  pow- 
ers of  the  General  Assembly  to  levy 
taxes  and  to  borrow  money  were 
limited.  Homestead  and  personal 
property  exemptions  were  granted. 
Free  public  schools  were  called  for 
and  the  maintenance  of  penal  and 
charitable  institutions  by  the  State 
was  commanded.  A  uniform 
scheme  of  county  and  township 
government  was  prescribed. 

The  declared  objective  of  the 
Conservative  Party  (under  whose 


banner  the  older  native  political 
leaders  grouped  themselves)  was  to 
repeal  the  Constitution  of  1868  at 
the  earliest  opportunity.  When  the 
Conservative  Party  gained  control 
of  the  General  Assembly  in  1870,  a 
proposal  to  call  a  convention  of  the 
people  to  revise  the  constitution 
was  submitted  by  the  General 
Assembly  to  the  voters  and  rejected 
in  1871  by  a  vote  of  95,252  to 
86,007. 

The  General  Assembly  there- 
upon resorted  to  the  legislative  ini- 
tiative for  amending  the 
Constitution.  That  procedure  then 
called  for  legislative  approval  of 
each  proposed  amendment  at  two 
successive  sessions,  followed  by  a 
vote  of  the  people  on  the  amend- 
ment. The  1871-72  legislative  ses- 
sion adopted  an  act  calling  for 
about  three  dozen  amendments  to 
the  Constitution  which  had  the 
general  purpose  of  restoring  to  the 
General  Assembly  the  bulk  of  the 
power  over  local  government,  the 
courts,  and  the  public  schools  and 
the  University  that  had  been  taken 
from  it  by  the  Constitution  of  1868. 
The  1872-73  session  of  the  General 
Assembly  approved  for  the  second 
time  and  submitted  to  the  people 
only  eight  of  those  amendments,  all 
of  which  were  approved  by  the  vot- 
ers in  1873  by  wide  margins.  These 
amendments  restored  biennial  ses- 
sions of  the  General  Assembly, 
transferred  control  of  the 
University  of  North  Carolina  from 
the  State  Board  of  Education  to  the 
General  Assembly,  abolished  vari- 
ous new  state  offices,  altered  the 
double  office-holding  prohibition, 
and  repealed  the  prohibition 
against  repudiation  of  the  state 
debt. 


North  Carolina  State  Government  63 

The  Convention  of  1875  schools,  gave  the  General  Assembly 

full  power  to  revise  or  abolish  the 

In  1875,  the  General  Assembly  form  and  pQwers  of  cQunty  &nd  tQwn_ 

called  a  convention  of  the  people  to  gMp  governmentS)  and  simplified  the 

consider  constitutional  revision.  No  procedure  for  constitutional  amend- 

confirmation  of  that  action  by  popu-  ment  by  providing  that  the  General 

lar  referendum  was  had,  and  none  Assembly  might  by  act  adopted  by 

was  then  constitutionally  required.  three.flfths  of  each  house  at  one  leg. 

The  Convention  of  1875  (the  most  iglative  gesgion  gubmit  an  amend. 

recent  in  the  State's  history)  sat  for  ment  to  the  VQterg  of  the  gtate  (thus 

five  weeks  in  the  fall  of  that  year.  It  eliminating  the  former  requirement 

was  a  limited  convention,  certain  of  enactment  by  tw0  successive  ses- 

actions  -  for  example,  the  reinstate-  giong  of  the  General  Assembly).  The 

ment  of  property  qualifications  for  principal  effect  of  the  amendments  of 

office-holding  or  voting  -  being  for-  1873  and  lg75  wag  to  regtore  in  CQn. 

bidden  to  it.  siderable  measure  the  former  power 

The  Convention  of  1875  adopted  of  the  General  Assembly,  particular- 

and  the  voters  on  November  7,  1876,  ly  ag  to  the  courtg  and  bcal  govern. 

approved  by  a  vote  of  120,159  to  ment 

106,554  a  set  of  30  amendments  "  The  amendments  framed  by  the 

affecting     36     sections     of     the  Convention  of  1875  seem  to  have  sat- 

Constitution.  These  amendments  igfied  mogt  of  the  need  for  constitu- 

(which  took  effect  on  January  1,  tional  change  for  a  generation,  for 

1877)  prohibited  secret  political  soci-  Qnly  four  amendments  were  submit- 

eties,  moved  the  legislative  conven-  ted  by  the  General  Assembly  to  the 

ing  date  from  November  of  even  voterg  throughout  the  remainder  of 

numbered  years  to  January  of  odd  the  nineteenth  century.  Three  of 

numbered    years,    fixed    in    the  them  were  ratified;  one  failed. 

Constitution  for  the  first  time  the  In  1900  the  suffrage  article  was 

rate  of  legislative  compensation,  reviged  to  add  the  literacy  test  and 

called  for  legislation  establishing  a  poll  tax  requirement  for  voting  (the 

State  Department  of  Agriculture,  latter  provision  was  repealed  in 

abandoned  the  simplicity  and  unifor-  1920).  A  slate  of  ten  amendments 

mity  of  the  1868  court  system  by  giv-  prepared  by  a  constitutional  commis- 

ing  the  General  Assembly  power  to  gion  and  pr0posed  by  the  General 

determine  the  jurisdiction  of  all  Assembly  in  1913  was  rejected  by  the 

courts  below  the  Supreme  Court  and  voters  m  1914.  With  the  passage  of 

to  establish  such  courts  inferior  to  time  and  amendments,  the  attitude 

the  Supreme  Court  as  it  might  see  towards  the  Constitution  of  1868  had 

fit,  reduced  the  Supreme  Court  from  crianged  from  resentment  to  a  rever- 

five  to  three  members,  required  ence  g0  g^at  that  until  the  second 

Superior  Court  judges  to  rotate  tbird  0f  the  twentieth  century, 

among  all  judicial  districts  of  the  amendments  were  very  difficult  to 

State,  disqualified  for  voting  persons  obtarn   Between  1900  and  1933,  the 

guilty  of  certain  crimes,  established  voters  ratified  15  and  rejected  20 

a  one-year  residency  requirement  for  amendments.  During  the  first  third 

voting,  required  non-discriminatory  Qf  tb-g  century,  nevertheless,  amend- 

racial  segregation  in  the  public  ments  were  adopted  lengthening  the 


64  North  Carolina  Manual 

school  term  from  four  to  six  months,  an  enlightened  policy  of  state  respon- 
prohibiting  legislative  charters  to  sibility  for  the  maintenance  of  educa- 
private  corporations,  authorizing  tional,  charitable,  and  reformatory 
special  Superior  Court  judges,  fur-  institutions  and  programs, 
ther  limiting  the  General  Assembly's  Several  provisions  of  the  pro- 
powers  to  levy  taxes  and  incur  debt,  Posed  Constitution  of  1933  were  later 
and  abolishing  the  poll  tax  require-  incorporated  into  the  Constitution  by 
ment  for  voting  and  reducing  the  res-  individual  amendments,  and  to  a 
idence  qualification  for  voters,  limited  extent  it  served  as  a  model 
Amendments  designed  to  restrict  the  for  the  work  of  the  1957-59 
legislature's  power  to  enact  local,  pri-  Constitutional  Commission, 
vate  and  special  legislation  were  Between  the  mid-1930's  and  the 
made  partly  ineffective  by  judicial  late  1960*8,  greater  receptiveness  to 
interpretation.  constitutional  change  resulted  in 

amendments  authorizing  the  classifi- 
cation   of   property    for    taxation; 

The  Proposed  Constitution  strengthening  the  limitations  upon 

of  1933  public  debt;  authorizing  the  General 

Assembly  to  enlarge  the  Supreme 
A  significant  effort  at  general  Court,  divide  the  State  into  judicial 
revision  of  the  Constitution  was  divisions,  increase  the  number  of 
made  in  1931-33.  A  Constitutional  Superior  Court  judges,  and  create  a 
Commission  created  by  the  General  Department  of  Justice  under  the 
Assembly  of  1931  drafted  and  the  Attorney  General;  enlarging  the 
General  Assembly  of  1933  approved  Council  of  State  by  three  members; 
a  revised  Constitution.  Blocked  by  a  creating  a  new,  appointive  State  Board 
technicality  raised  in  an  advisory  0f  Education  with  general  supervision 
opinion  of  the  State  Supreme  Court,  0f  the  schools;  permitting  women  to 
the  proposed  Constitution  of  1933  serve  as  jurors;  transferring  the 
never  reached  the  voters  for  Governor's  power  to  assign  judges  to 
approval.  It  would  have  granted  the  the  Chief  Justice  and  his  parole  power 
Governor  the  veto  power;  given  to  a  to  a  Board  of  Paroles;  permitting  the 
Judicial  Council  composed  of  all  the  waiver  of  indictment  in  non-capital 
judges  of  the  Supreme  and  Superior  cases;  raising  the  compensation  of  the 
Courts  power  to  make  all  rules  of  General  Assembly  and  authorizing  leg- 
practice  and  procedure  in  the  courts  islative  expense  allowances;  increasing 
inferior  to  the  Supreme  Court;  the  general  purpose  property  tax  levy 
required  the  creation  of  inferior  limitation  and  the  maximum  income 
courts  by  general  laws  only;  removed  tax  rate;  and  authorizing  the  closing  of 
most  of  the  limitations  on  the  taxing  public  schools  on  a  local  option  basis 
powers  of  the  General  Assembly;  and  the  payment  of  educational 
required  the  General  Assembly  to  expense  grants  in  certain  cases, 
provide  for  the  organization  and  The  increased  legislative  and 
powers  of  local  governments  by  gen-  public  willingness  to  accept  constitu- 
eral  law  only;  established  an  tional  change  between  1934  and 
appointive  State  Board  of  Education  I960  resulted  in  32  constitutional 
with  general  supervision  over  the  amendments  being  ratified  by  the 
public  school  system;  and  set  forth  voters  while  only  six  were  rejected. 


North  Carolina  State  Government  65 

The  Constitutional  Commission  uniform,    statewide    basis.    The 

of  1957-58  requirement  that  the  public  schools 

constitute  a  "general  and  uniform 

At   the   request    of  Governor  system"  would  have  been  eliminated, 

Luther  H.  Hodges,  the  General  and  the  constitutional  authority  of 

Assembly  of  1957  authorized  the  the    State    Board    of    Education 

Governor  to  appoint  a  fifteen-mem-  reduced. 

ber  Constitutional  Commission  to  Fairly  extensive  changes  were 

study  the  need  for  changes  in  the  recommended  in  the  judicial  article 

Constitution  and  to  make  recommen-  of  the  Constitution,  as  well,  includ- 

dations  pursuant  to  its  findings.  ing  the  establishment  of  a  General 

That  Commission  recommended  Court  of  Justice  with  an  Appellate 
rewriting  the  entire  Constitution  and  Division,  a  Superior  Court  Division, 
submitting  it  to  the  voters  for  and  a  Local  Trial  Court  Division.  A 
approval  or  disapproval  as  a  unit,  uniform  system  of  District  Courts 
the  changes  suggested  being  too  and  Trial  Commissioners  would  have 
numerous  to  be  effected  by  individ-  replaced  the  existing  multitude  of 
ual  amendments.  The  proposed  inferior  courts  and  justices  of  the 
Constitution  drafted  by  the  peace,  the  creation  of  an  intermedi- 
Commission  represented  in  large  ate  Court  of  Appeals  would  have 
part  a  careful  job  of  editorial  prun-  been  provided  for,  and  uniformity  of 
ing,  rearrangement,  clarification,  jurisdiction  of  the  courts  within  each 
and  modernization,  but  it  also  division  would  have  been  required, 
included  several  significant  substan-  Aside  from  these  changes,  the 
tive  changes.  The  Senate  would  have  General  Assembly  would  have  essen- 
been  increased  from  50  to  60  mem-  tially  retained  its  pre-existing  power 
bers  and  the  initiative  (but  not  the  over  the  courts,  including  jurisdic- 
sole  authority)  for  decennial  redis-  tion  and  procedures, 
tricting  of  the  Senate  would  have  The  General  Assembly  of  1959 
been  shifted  from  the  General  also  had  before  it  a  recommendation 
Assembly  to  an  ex-officio  committee  for  a  constitutional  amendment  with 
of  three  legislative  officers,  respect  to  the  court  system  that  had 
Decennial  reapportionment  of  the  originated  with  a  Court  Study 
House  of  Representatives  would  have  Committee  of  the  North  Carolina 
been  made  a  duty  of  the  Speaker  of  Bar  Association.  In  general,  the  rec- 
the  House,  rather  than  of  the  ommendations  of  that  Committee 
General  Assembly  as  a  whole,  called  for  more  fundamental  changes 
Problems  of  succession  to  constitu-  in  the  courts  than  those  of  the 
tional  state  executive  offices  and  of  Constitutional  Commission.  The 
determination  of  issues  of  officers'  extent  of  the  proposed  authority  of 
disability  would  have  been  either  the  General  Assembly  over  the 
resolved  in  the  Constitution  or  their  courts  was  the  principal  difference 
resolution  assigned  to  the  General  between  the  two  recommendations. 
Assembly.  The  authority  to  classify  The  Constitutional  Commission  gen- 
property  for  taxation  and  to  exempt  erally  favored  legislative  authority 
property  from  taxation  would  have  over  the  courts  and  proposed  only 
been  required  to  be  exercised  only  by  moderate  curtailment  of  the  General 
the  General  Assembly  and  only  on  a  Assembly's  authority  while  the  Court 


66 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Study  Committee  accepted  a  more 
literal  interpretation  of  the  concept 
of  an  independent  judiciary.  Its  pro- 
posals, therefore,  would  have  mini- 
mized the  authority  of  the  General 
Assembly  over  the  courts  of  the 
State,  though  structurally,  its  sys- 
tem would  have  been  much  like  that 
of  the  Constitutional  Commission. 

The  proposed  Constitution 
received  extended  attention  from  the 
General  Assembly  of  1959.  The 
Senate  modified  and  passed  the  bill 
to  submit  to  the  voters,  but  it  failed 
to  pass  the  House,  chiefly  due  to  the 
opposition  which  existed  over  the 
issue  of  court  revision. 

As  had  been  true  of  the  proposed 
Constitution  of  1933,  the  proposed 
Constitution  of  1959,  though  not 
adopted  as  a  whole,  subsequently 
provided  the  material  for  several 
amendment  proposals  which  were 
submitted  individually  to  the  voters 
and  approved  by  them  during  the 
next  decade. 

In  the  General  Assembly  of  1961, 
the  proponents  of  court  reform  were 
successful  in  obtaining  enactment 
of  a  constitutional  amendment, 
approved  by  the  voters  in  1962,  cre- 
ating a  unified  and  uniform  General 
Court  of  Justice  for  the  State.  Other 
amendments  submitted  by  the  same 
session  and  approved  by  the  voters 
provided  for  the  automatic  decennial 


reapportionment  of  the  State  House 
of  Representatives,  clarified  the  pro- 
visions for  succession  to  elective 
state  executive  offices  and  disability 
determination,  authorized  a  reduc- 
tion in  the  residence  period  for  voters 
for  President,  allowed  increases  in 
the  compensation  of  elected  state 
executive  officers  during  their  terms, 
and  required  that  the  power  of  the 
General  Assembly  to  classify  and 
exempt  property  for  taxation  be  exer- 
cised by  it  alone  and  only  on  a  uni- 
form, statewide  basis. 

The  session  of  1963  submitted 
two  amendments:  The  first,  to 
enlarge  the  rights  of  married  women 
to  deal  with  their  own  property  was 
approved  by  the  voters;  The  second, 
to  enlarge  the  Senate  from  fifty  to 
seventy  members  and  allocate  one 
Representative  to  each  county  was 
rejected  by  the  voters.  The  General 
Assembly  of  1965  submitted  and  the 
voters  approved  an  amendment 
authorizing  the  legislative  creation 
of  a  Court  of  Appeals. 

The  1967  General  Assembly  pro- 
posed, and  the  voters  approved, 
amendments  authorizing  the 
General  Assembly  to  fix  its  own  com- 
pensation and  revising  the  legisla- 
tive apportionment  scheme  to  con- 
form to  the  judicially-established 
requirement  of  representation  in  pro- 
portion to  population  in  both  houses. 


Constitution  of  1971 


From  1869  through  1968,  a  total 
of  97  propositions  for  amending  the 
Constitution  were  submitted  to  the 
voters.  All  but  one  of  these  proposals 
originated  in  the  General  Assembly. 
Of  those  97  amendment  proposals, 
69  were  ratified  by  the  voters  and  28 


were  rejected.  The  changing  attitude 
of  the  voters  toward  constitutional 
amendments  is  well  illustrated  by 
the  fact  that  from  1869  to  1933,  21  of 
the  48  amendment  propositions  were 
rejected  by  the  voters  -  a  failure  rate 
of  nearly  43%.  Between  1933  and 


North  Carolina  State  Government  67 

1968,  only  seven  of  49  proposed  create  the  North  Carolina  State 
amendments  were  rejected  by  the  Constitution  Study  Commission  as  a 
voters  -  a  failure  rate  of  only  14.3%.  joint  agency  of  the  two  organizations. 
After  the  amendments  of  the  The  25  members  of  that  commission 
early  1960's,  the  pressure  for  consti-  (fifteen  attorneys  and  ten  laymen) 
tutional  change  subsided.  Yet,  while  were  chosen  by  a  steering  committee 
an  increasingly  frequently  used  representative  of  the  sponsoring 
amendment  process  had  relieved  organizations.  The  Chairman  of  the 
many  of  the  pressures  that  otherwise  Commission  was  former  state  Chief 
would  have  strengthened  the  case  for  Justice  Emery  B.  Denny, 
constitutional  reform,  it  had  not  kept  The  State  Constitution  Study 
the  Constitution  current  in  all  Commission  worked  throughout 
respects.  Constitutional  amendments  most  of  1968.  It  became  clear  early  in 
usually  were  drafted  in  response  to  the  course  of  its  proceedings  that  the 
particular  problems  experienced  or  amendments  the  Commission  wished 
anticipated  and  generally  they  were  to  propose  were  too  numerous  to  be 
limited  in  scope  so  as  to  achieve  the  submitted  to  the  voters  as  indepen- 
essential  goal,  while  arousing  mini-  dent  propositions.  On  the  other 
mum  unnecessary  opposition.  Thus  hand,  the  Commission  did  not  wish 
amendments  sometimes  were  not  as  to  embody  all  of  its  proposed  changes 
comprehensive  as  they  should  have  in  a  single  document,  to  be  approved 
been  to  avoid  inconsistency  in  result,  or  disapproved  by  the  voters  on  a 
Obsolete  and  invalid  provisions  had  single  vote.  The  compromise  proce- 
been  allowed  to  remain  in  the  dure  developed  by  the  Commission 
Constitution  to  mislead  the  unwary  and  approved  by  the  General 
reader.  Moreover,  in  the  absence  of  a  Assembly  was  a  blend  of  the  two 
comprehensive  reappraisal,  there  approaches.  The  Commission  corn- 
had  been  no  recent  occasion  to  recon-  bined  in  a  revised  text  of  the 
sider  constitutional  provisions  that  Constitution  all  of  the  extensive  edi- 
might  be  obsolescent  but  might  not  torial  changes  that  it  thought  should 
have  proved  so  frustrating  or  unpop-  be  made  in  the  Constitution,  togeth- 
ular  in  their  effect  as  to  provoke  er  with  such  substantive  changes  as 
curative  amendments.  the  Commission  deemed  not  to  be 

controversial  or  fundamental  in 
nature.  These  were  embodied  in  the 

The  Constitutional  Study  document  that  came  to  be  known  as 

Commission  of  1967  the  Constitution  of  1971.  Those  pro- 
posals for  change  that  were  deemed 

It  was  perhaps  for  these  reasons  to  be  sufficiently  fundamental  or 

that  when  Governor  Dan  K.  Moore  potentially  controversial  in  character 

recommended  to  the  North  Carolina  as  to  justify  it,  the  Commission  set 

State  Bar  in  the  fall  of  1967  that  it  out  as  independent  amendment 

take  the  lead  in  making  a  study  of  propositions,  to  be  considered  by  the 

the  need  for  revision  of  the  State  General  Assembly  and  by  the  voters 

Constitution,   the  response  was  of  the  State  on  their  independent 

prompt  and  affirmative.  The  North  merits.  Thus  the  opposition  to  the 

Carolina  State  Bar  and  the  North  latter  proposals  would  not  be  cumu- 

Carolina  Bar  Association  joined  to  lated.  The  separate  proposals  framed 


68  North  Carolina  Manual 

by  the  Commission  were  ten  in  num-  test  repeal  was  rejected, 
ber,  including  one  extensive  revision  The  Constitution  of  1971  took 
of  the  finance  article  of  the  effect  under  its  own  terms  on  July  1, 
Constitution  which  was  largely  the  1971  (hence  its  designation  as  the 
work  of  the  Local  Government  Study  "Constitution  of  1971").  So  did  the 
Commission,  a  legislatively-estab-  executive  reorganization  amend- 
lished  group  then  at  work  on  the  ment,  the  income  tax  amendment, 
revision  of  constitutional  and  statu-  the  escheats  amendment,  and  the 
tory  provisions  with  respect  to  local  amendment  with  respect  to  extra 
government.  The  amendments  were  legislative  sessions,  all  of  which 
so  drafted  that  any  number  or  combi-  amended  the  Constitution  of  1971  at 
nation  of  them  might  be  ratified  by  the  instant  it  took  effect.  The  finance 
the  voters  and  yet  produce  a  consis-  amendment,  which  made  extensive 
tent  result.  revisions  in  the  Constitution  of  1971 
The  General  Assembly  of  1969,  with  respect  to  debt  and  local  taxa- 
to  which  the  recommendations  of  the  tion,  took  effect  on  July  1,  1973.  The 
State  Constitution  Study  Commission  two-year  delay  in  its  effective  date 
were  submitted,  received  a  total  of  was  occasioned  by  the  necessity  to 
28  proposals  for  constitutional  conform  state  statutes  with  respect 
amendments.  Constitutional  revision  to  local  government  finance  to  the 
was  an  active  subject  of  interest  terms  of  the  amendment, 
throughout  the  session.  The  pro-  The  Constitution  of  1971,  the 
posed  Constitution  of  1971,  in  the  State  Constitution  Study  Commission 
course  of  seven  roll-call  votes  (four  in  stated  in  its  report  recommending  its 
the  House  and  three  in  the  Senate),  adoption,  effects  a  general  editorial 
received  only  one  negative  vote.  The  revision  of  the  constitution...  The 
independent  amendments  fared  vari-  deletions,  reorganizations,  and 
ously;  ultimately  six  were  approved  improvements  in  the  clarity  and  con- 
by  the  General  Assembly  and  sub-  sistency  of  language  will  be  found  in 
mitted  to  the  voters.  These  were  the  the  proposed  constitution.  Some  of 
executive  reorganization  amend-  the  changes  are  substantive,  but 
ment,  the  finance  amendment,  an  none  is  calculated  to  impair  any  pre- 
amendment  to  the  income  tax  provi-  sent  right  of  the  individual  citizen  or 
sion  of  the  Constitution,  a  reassign-  to  bring  about  any  fundamental 
ment  of  the  benefits  of  the  escheats,  change  in  the  power  of  state  and 
authorization  for  calling  extra  leg-  local  government  or  the  distribution 
islative  sessions  on  the  petition  of  of  that  power. 

members  of  the  General  Assembly,  In  the  new  Constitution,  the  old 

and  abolition  of  the  literacy  test  for  fourteen-article  organization  of  the 

voting.  All  but  the  last  two  of  these  Constitution  was  retained,  but  the 

amendments  had  been  recommended  contents  of  several  articles — notably 

by  the  State  Constitution  Study  Articles  I,  II,  III,  V,  IX,  and  X  -  were 

Commission.  At  the  election  held  on  rearranged    in    a    more    logical 

November  3,  1970,  the  proposed  sequence.  Sections  were  shifted  from 

Constitution  of  1971  was  approved  one  article  to  another  to  make  a 

by  a  vote  of  393,759  to  251,132.  Five  more  logical  subject  matter  arrange- 

of  the  six  separate  amendments  were  ment.  Clearly  obsolete  and  erroneous 

approved  by  the  voters;  the  literacy  information  were  omitted,  as  were 


North  Carolina  State  Government  69 

provisions  essentially  legislative  in  Governor's  eligibility  or  term,  or  in 

character.  Uniformity  of  expression  the  list  of  state  executives  previously 

was  sought  where  uniformity  of  elected  by  the  people.  To  the  Council 

meaning  was  important.  Directness  of  State  (formerly  seven  elected  exec- 

and  currency  of  language  were  also  utives  with  the  Governor  as  presid- 

sought,  together  with  standardiza-  ing  officer)  were  added  the  Governor, 

tion  in  spelling,  punctuation,  capital-  Lieutenant  Governor,  and  Attorney 

ization,  and  other  essentially  editori-  General  as  ex-officio  members, 

al  matters.  Greater  brevity  of  the  Having  been  entirely  rewritten 

Constitution  as  a  whole  was  a  by-  in  1962,  the  judicial  article  (Article 

product  of  the  revision,  though  not  IV)  was  the  subject  of  little  editorial 

itself  a  primary  objective.  alteration  and  of  no  substantive 

The  Declaration  of  Rights  change. 
(Article  I),  which  dates  from  1776  The  editorial  amendments  to 
with  some  1868  additions,  was  Article  V,  dealing  with  finance  and 
retained  with  a  few  additions.  The  taxation,  were  extensive.  Provisions 
organization  of  the  article  was  concerning  finance  were  transferred 
improved  and  the  frequently  used  to  it  from  four  other  articles.  The  for- 
subjunctive  mood  was  replaced  by  mer  finance  provisions  were  expand- 
the  imperative  in  order  to  make  clear  ed  in  some  instances  to  make  clearer 
that  the  provisions  of  that  article  are  the  meaning  of  excessively  con- 
commands  and  not  mere  admoni-  densed  provisions.  The  only  substan- 
tions.  (For  example,  "All  elections  tive  change  of  note  gave  a  wife  who 
ought  to  be  free"  became  "All  elec-  is  the  primary  wage-earner  in  the 
tions  shall  be  free.")  To  the  article  family  the  same  constitutionally 
were  added  a  guarantee  of  freedom  guaranteed  income  tax  exemption 
of  speech,  a  guarantee  of  equal  pro-  now  granted  a  husband  who  is  the 
tection  of  the  laws,  and  a  prohibition  chief  wage-earner;  she  already  had 
against  exclusion  from  jury  service  that  benefit  under  statute, 
or  other  discrimination  by  the  State  The  revision  of  Article  VI  (voting 
on  the  basis  of  race  or  religion.  Since  and  elections)  added  out-of-state  and 
all  of  the  rights  newly  expressed  in  federal  felonies  to  felonies  committed 
the  Constitution  of  1971  were  against  the  State  of  North  Carolina 
already  guaranteed  by  the  United  as  grounds  for  denial  of  voting  and 
States  Constitution,  their  inclusion  office-holding  rights  in  this  State, 
simply  constituted  an  explicit  recog-  The  General  Assembly  was  directed 
nition  by  the  State  of  their  impor-  to  enact  general  laws  governing 
tance.  voter  registration. 

In  the  course  of  reorganizing  and  The  provision  that  has  been 
abbreviating  Article  III  (the  interpreted  to  mean  that  only  voters 
Executive),  the  Governor's  role  as  can  hold  office  was  modified  to  limit 
chief  executive  was  brought  into  its  application  to  popularly  elective 
clear  focus.  The  scattered  statements  offices  only;  thus  it  is  left  to  the  legis- 
of  the  Governor's  duties  were  collect-  lature  to  determine  whether  one 
ed  in  one  section  to  which  was  added  must  be  a  voter  in  order  to  hold  an 
a  brief  statement  of  his  budget  pow-  appointive  office, 
ers,  formerly  merely  statutory  in  ori-  The  Constitution  of  1971  pro- 
gin.  No  change  was  made  in  the  hibits  the  concurrent  holding  of  two 


70  North  Carolina  Manual 

or  more  elective  state  offices  or  of  a  vote   of  approval.    It   was   made 

federal  office  and  an  elective  state  mandatory  (it  was  formerly  permis- 

office.  It  expressly  prohibits  the  con-  sive)  that  the  General  Assembly 

current  holding  of  any  two  or  more  require  school  attendance, 
appointive  offices  or  places  of  trust  or  The  Superintendent  of  Public 

profit,  or  of  any  combination  of  elec-  Instruction  was  eliminated  as  a  vot- 

tive  and  appointive  offices  or  places  ing  member  of  the  State  Board  of 

of  trust  or  profit,  except  as  the  Education   but    retained    as    the 

General  Assembly  may  allow  by  gen-  Board's  secretary.  He  was  replaced 

eral  law.  with      an      additional      at-large 

The  power  to  provide  for  local  appointee.  A  potential  conflict  of 
government  remains  in  the  legisla-  authority  between  the 
ture,  confining  the  constitutional  Superintendent  and  the  Board  (both 
provisions  on  the  subject  to  a  general  of  which  previously  had  constitution- 
description  of  the  General  al  authority  to  administer  the  public 
Assembly's  plenary  authority  over  schools)  was  eliminated  by  making 
local  government,  a  declaration  that  the  Superintendent  the  chief  admin- 
any  unit  formed  by  the  merger  of  a  istrative  officer  of  the  Board,  which 
city  and  a  county  should  be  deemed  is  to  supervise  and  administer  the 
both  a  city  and  a  county  for  constitu-  schools. 

tional  purposes,  and  a  section  retain-  The  provisions  with  respect  to 

ing  the  sheriff  as  an  elective  county  the  state  and  county  school  funds 

officer.  were  retained  with  only  minor  edito- 

The  education  article  (Article  IX)  rial  modifications.  Fines,  penalties, 
was  rearranged  to  improve  upon  the  and  forfeitures  continue  to  be  ear- 
former  hodge-podge  treatment  of  marked  for  the  county  school  fund, 
public  schools  and  higher  education,  The  former  provisions  dealing 
obsolete  provisions  (especially  those  with  The  University  of  North 
pertaining  to  racial  matters)  were  Carolina  were  broadened  into  a 
eliminated,  and  other  changes  were  statement  of  the  General  Assembly's 
made  to  reflect  current  practice  in  duty  to  maintain  a  system  of  higher 
the  administration  and  financing  of  education, 
schools.  The  General  Assembly  was  autho- 

The  constitutionally-mandated  rized  by  the  changes  made  in  Article  X 
school  term  was  extended  from  six  (Homesteads  and  Exemptions)  to  set 
months  (set  in  1918)  to  a  minimum  the  amounts  of  the  personal  property 
of  nine  months  (where  it  was  fixed  by  exemption  and  the  homestead  exemp- 
statute  many  years  earlier).  The  pos-  tion  (constitutionally  fixed  at  $500  and 
sibly  restrictive  age  limits  on  tuition-  $1,000  respectively  since  1868)  at 
free  public  schooling  were  removed,  what  it  considers  to  be  reasonable  lev- 
Units  of  local  government  to  which  els,  with  the  constitutional  figures 
the  General  Assembly  assigns  a  being  treated  as  minimums.  The  provi- 
share  of  responsibility  for  financing  sion  protecting  the  rights  of  married 
public  education  were  authorized  to  women  to  deal  with  their  own  property 
finance  from  local  revenues  educa-  was  left  untouched.  The  protection 
tion  programs,  including  both  public  given  life  insurance  taken  out  for  the 
schools  and  technical  institutes  and  benefit  of  dependents  was  broadened, 
community  colleges,  without  a  popular  The  provisions  prescribing  the 


North  Carolina  State  Government 


71 


permissible  punishments  for  crime 
and  limiting  the  crimes  punishable 
by  death  (Article  XI)  were  left  essen- 
tially intact. 

The  procedures  for  constitutional 
revision  (Article  XIII)  were  made 
more  explicit. 

The  five  constitutional  amend- 
ments ratified  at  the  same  time  as 
the  Constitution  of  1971  deserve 
particular  mention. 

The  Constitutional 
Amendments  of  1970-71 

By  the  end  of  the  1960's,  North 
Carolina  state  government  consisted 
of  over  200  state  administrative 
agencies.  The  State  Constitutional 
Study  Commission  concluded  on  the 
advice  of  witnesses  who  had  tried  it 
that  no  governor  could  effectively 
oversee  an  administrative  apparatus 
of  such  disjointed  complexity.  The 
Commission's  solution  was  an 
amendment,  patterned  after  the 
Model  State  Constitution  and  the 
constitutions  of  a  few  other  states, 
requiring  the  General  Assembly  to 
reduce  the  number  of  administrative 
departments  to  not  more  than  25  by 
1975,  and  to  give  the  Governor 
authority  to  effect  agency  reorgani- 
zations and  consolidations,  subject  to 
disapproval  by  action  of  either  house 
of  the  legislature  if  the  changes 
affected  existing  statutes. 

The  second  separate  constitu- 
tional amendment  ratified  in  1970 
supplemented  the  existing  authority 
of  the  Governor  to  call  extra  sessions 
of  the  General  Assembly  with  the 
advice  of  the  Council  of  State.  The 
amendment  provides  that  on  written 
request  of  three-fifths  of  all  the  mem- 
bers of  each  house,  the  President  of 
the  Senate  and  the  Speaker  of  the 


House  of  Representatives  shall  con- 
vene an  extra  session  of  the  General 
Assembly.  Thus  the  legislative  branch 
is  now  able  to  convene  itself,  notwith- 
standing the  contrary  wishes  of  the 
Governor. 

The  most  significant  of  the  sepa- 
rate amendments,  and  in  some  ways 
the  most  important,  is  the  Finance 
Amendment.  This  amendment,  rati- 
fied in  1970  and  effective  July  1, 
1973,  is  especially  important  in  the 
financing  of  local  government.  Its 
principal  provisions  are  as  follows: 

(1)  All  forms  of  capitation  or  poll  tax 

were  prohibited. 

(2)  The  General  Assembly  was 
authorized  to  enact  laws  empow- 
ering counties,  cities,  and  towns 
to  establish  special  taxing  dis- 
tricts less  extensive  in  area  than 
the  entire  county  or  city  in  order 
to  finance  the  provision  within 
those  special  districts  of  a  higher 
level  of  governmental  service 
than  is  available  in  the  unit  at 
large,  either  by  supplementing 
existing  services  or  providing 
services  not  otherwise  available. 
That  provision  eliminated  the 
previous  necessity  of  creating  a 
new,  independent  governmental 
unit  to  accomplish  the  same 
result. 

(3)  For  a  century,  the  Constitution 
required  that  the  levying  of  taxes 
and  the  borrowing  of  money  by 
local  government  be  approved  by 
a  vote  of  the  people  of  the  unit, 
unless  the  money  was  to  be  used 
for  a  "necessary  expense."  The 
court,  not  the  General  Assembly, 
was  the  final  arbiter  of  what  was 
a  "necessary  expense,"  and  the 
State  Supreme  Court  took  a 
rather  restrictive  view  of  that 
concept.  The  determination  of 


72 


North  Carolina  Manual 


what  types  of  public  expendi- 
tures should  require  voter 
approval  and  what  types  should 
be  made  by  a  governing  board  on 
its  own  authority  was  found  by 
the  General  Assembly  to  be  a  leg- 
islative and  not  a  judicial  matter. 
In  that  conviction,  the  finance 
amendment  provided  that  the 
General  Assembly,  acting  on  a 
uniform,  statewide  basis,  should 
make  the  final  determination  of 
whether  voter  approval  must  be 
had  for  the  levy  of  property  taxes 
or  the  borrowing  of  money  to 
finance  particular  activities  of 
local  government. 

(4)  To  facilitate  governmental  and 
private  cooperative  endeavors, 
the  state  and  local  governmental 
units  were  authorized  by  the 
amendment  to  enter  into  con- 
tracts with  and  appropriate 
money  to  private  entities  "for  the 
accomplishment  of  public  purpos- 
es only." 

(5)  The  various  forms  of  public  finan- 

cial obligations  were  more  pre- 
cisely defined  than  in  the  previ- 
ous constitution,  with  the  gener- 
al effect  of  requiring  voter 
approval  only  for  the  issuance  of 
general  obligation  bonds  and 
notes  or  for  governmental  guar- 
antees of  the  debts  of  private  per- 
sons or  organizations.  The 
General  Assembly  was  directed 
to  regulate  by  general  law  (per- 
mitting classified  but  not  local 
acts)  the  contracting  of  debt  by 
local  governments. 

(6)  The  amendments  retained  the 
existing  limitation  that  the  state 
and  local  governments  may  not, 
without  voter  approval,  borrow 
more  than  the  equivalent  of  two- 
thirds  of  the  amount  by  which 
the  unit's   indebtedness  was 


reduced  during  the  last  fiscal 
period,  except  for  purposes  listed 
in  the  Constitution.  This  list  was 
lengthened  to  include  "emergen- 
cies immediately  threatening 
public  health  or  safety." 
(7)  No  change  was  made  in  the  provi- 
sions with  respect  to  the  classifi- 
cation and  exemption  of  property 
for  purposes  of  property  taxation. 
The  limitation  of  200  on  the  $100 
valuation  previously  imposed  on 
the  general  county  property  tax 
was  omitted. 

The  fourth  independent  amend- 
ment also  dealt  with  taxation.  It 
struck  out  a  schedule  of  specified 
minimum  exemptions  from  the  con- 
stitutional provision  on  the  state 
income  tax,  leaving  those  exemptions 
to  be  fixed  by  the  General  Assembly. 
This  change  enabled  the  legislature 
to  provide  for  the  filing  of  joint  tax 
returns  by  husbands  and  wives  and 
to  adopt  a  "piggyback"  state  income 
tax  to  be  computed  on  the  same  basis 
as  the  federal  income  tax,  thus 
relieving  the  taxpayer  of  two  sets  of 
computations.  The  amendment 
retains  the  maximum  tax  rate  at  ten 
per  cent. 

The  final  amendment  ratified  in 
1970  assigned  the  benefits  of  proper- 
ty escheating  to  the  State  for  want  of 
an  heir  or  other  lawful  claimant  to  a 
special  funds,  to  be  available  to  help 
needy  North  Carolina  students 
attending  public  institutions  of  high- 
er education  in  the  State.  Property 
escheating  prior  to  July  1,  1971,  con- 
tinues to  be  held  by  The  University 
of  North  Carolina. 

The  one  amendment  defeated  by 
the  voters  in  1970  would  have 
repealed  the  state  constitutional 
requirement  that  in  order  to  register 
as  a  voter,  one  must  be  able  to  read 


North  Carolina  State  Government  73 

and  write  the  English  language,  two-year  terms.  The  Constitution  of 

That  requirement  was  already  inef-  1868  extended  the  Governor's  term 

fective  by  virtue  of  federal  legislation  to  four  years  but  prohibited  the 

and  therefore  the  failure  of  repeal  Governor  and  Lieutenant  Governor 

had  no  practical  effect.  from  serving  successive  four-year 

The  General  Assembly  of  1971  terms  of  the  same  office.  The  1971 

submitted  to  the  voters  five  state  Constitution  retained  this  limitation, 

constitutional  amendments,  all  of  An  amendment  to  empower  the  vot- 

which  were  ratified  by  the  voters  on  ers  to  elect  both  the  Governor  and 

November  7,  1972.  These  amend-  Lieutenant  Governor  to  two  succes- 

ments  set  the  constitutionally-speci-  sive  terms  of  the  same  office  was 

fied  voting  age  at  18  years,  required  submitted  by  the   1977  General 

the  General  Assembly  to  set  maxi-  Assembly  and  ratified  by  the  voters 

mum  age  limits  for  service  as  jus-  on  November  8,  1977.  Four  other 

tices  and  judges  of  the  state  courts,  amendments  were  approved  by  the 

authorized  the  General  Assembly  to  voters   at   the   same   time.   They 

prescribe  procedures  for  the  censure  required  that  the  State  operate  on  a 

and  removal  of  state  judges  and  jus-  balanced  budget  at  all  times,  extend- 

tices,  added  to  the  Constitution  a  ed  to  widowers  (as  well  as  to  widows) 

statement  of  policy  with  regard  to  the  benefit  of  the  homestead  exemp- 

the  conservation  and  the  protection  tion,  allowed  a  woman  (as  well  as  a 

of  natural  resources,  and  limited  the  man)  to  insure  her  life  for  the  benefit 

authority  of  the  General  Assembly  to  of  her  spouse  or  children  free  from 

incorporate  cities  and  towns  within  all  claims  of  the  insured's  creditors 

close  proximity  to  existing  munici-  or  of  her  (or  his)  estate,  and  autho- 

palities.  rized  municipalities  owning  or  oper- 

The  General  Assembly  at  its  ating  electric  power  facilities  to  do  so 
1973  session  submitted  and  the  vot-  jointly  with  other  public  or  private 
ers  in  1974  approved  an  amendment  power  organizations  and  to  issue 
changing  the  title  of  the  Solicitor  to  electric  system  revenue  bonds  to 
that  of  District  Attorney.  The  1974  finance  such  facilities, 
legislative  session  submitted  an  Only  one  amendment  was  pro- 
amendment  authorizing  the  issuance  posed  by  the  General  Assembly  of 
by  state  or  county  governments  of  1979.  Approved  by  the  voters  in 
revenue  bonds  to  finance  industrial  1980,  it  required  that  all  justices  and 
facilities,  which  the  voters  rejected.  judges  of  the  State  courts  be  licensed 

In  1975,  the  General  Assembly  lawyers  as  a  condition  of  election  or 

submitted  two  amendments  autho-  appointment  to  the  bench, 

rizing  legislation  to  permit  the  The  1981  session  of  the  General 

issuance  of  revenue  bonds  (1)  by  Assembly  sent  five  amendments  to 

state   and   local   governments   to  the  voters  for  decision  on  June  29, 

finance  health  care  facilities  and  (2)  1982.  The  two  amendments  ratified 

by  counties  to  finance  industrial  by  the  voters  authorized  the  General 

facilities.    Both    received    voter  Assembly  (1)  to  provide  for  the  recall 

approval  on  March  23,  1976.  of  retired  State  Supreme  Court 

The  constitutional  amendments  Justices    and    Court    of  Appeals 

of  1835  had  permitted  the  voters  to  Judges  to  temporary  duty  on  either 

elect  a  Governor  for  two  successive  court    and    (2)    to    empower    the 


74  North  Carolina  Manual 

Supreme  Court  to  review  direct  rejected  it  on  May  6,  1986.  An 
appeals  from  the  Utilities  amendment  to  revert  to  the  pre-1977 
Commission.  The  voters  rejected  constitutional  policy  that  barred  the 
amendments  (1)  extending  the  terms  Governor  and  Lieutenant  Governor 
of  all  members  of  the  General  from  election  to  two  successive  terms 
Assembly  from  two  to  four  years;  (2)  of  the  same  office  was  proposed  by 
authorizing  the  General  Assembly  to  the  1985  legislative  session  for  a  pop- 
empower  public  agencies  to  develop  ular  vote  on  November  4,  1986,  but 
new  and  existing  seaports  and  air-  in  the  meantime  the  1986  adjourned 
ports,  and  to  finance  and  refinance  session  repealed  the  act  proposing 
seaport,  airport,  and  related  com-  the  amendment. 

mercial  and  industrial  facilities  for  In  mid- 1986,  the  General 
public  and  private  parties;  and  (3)  Assembly  at  its  adjourned  session 
authorizing  the  General  Assembly  to  voted  to  send  to  the  voters  three  con- 
empower  a  State  agency  to  issue  stitutional  amendments,  all  three  of 
bonds  to  finance  facilities  for  private  which  were  approved  on  November 
institutions  of  higher  education.  4,  1986.  They  (1)  authorized  legisla- 

At  its  1982  session,  the  General  tion  enabling  state  and  local  govern- 

Assembly  submitted  two  amend-  ments  to  develop  seaports  and  air- 

ments.  On  November  2,  1982,  the  ports  and  to  participate  jointly  with 

electorate  ratified  an  amendment  other  public  agencies  and  with  pri- 

shifting  the  beginning  of  legislative  vate  parties  and  issue  revenue  bonds 

terms  from  the  date  of  election  to  for  that  purpose;  (2)  authorized  the 

January  1  next  after  the  election,  State  to  issue  tax-exempt  revenue 

and  rejected  an  amendment  permit-  bonds  to  finance  or  refinance  private 

ting  the  issuance  of  tax-increment  college  facilities;  and  (3)  provided 

bonds  without  voter  approval.  that  when  a  vacancy  occurs  among 

On  May  8,  1984,  the  voters  rati-  the  eight  elected  state  executive  offi- 

fied  an  amendment  submitted  by  the  cers  (not  including  the  Governor  and 

General  Assembly  of  1983  to  autho-  Lieutenant  Governor)  or  the  elected 

rize  the  General  Assembly  to  create  judges  and  justices  more  than  60 

an  agency  to  issue  revenue  bonds  to  days  (it  had  been  30  days)  before  a 

finance  agricultural  facilities.  And  on  general  election,  the  vacancy  must  be 

November    6,    1984,    the    voters  filled  at  that  election, 

approved  an  amendment  requiring  Neither  the  General  Assembly  of 

that  the  Attorney  General  and  all  1987-88  nor  the  General  Assembly  of 

District    Attorneys    be    licensed  1989  submitted  a  constitutional 

lawyers  as  a  condition  of  election  or  amendment  to  the  voters, 

appointment.  EDITOR'S  NOTE:  One  addition- 

An  amendment  to  shift  the  elec-  al  constitutional  amendment  has 

tions  for  state  legislative,  executive,  been  submitted  to  the  voters.    This 

and  judicial  officers  and  for  county  amendment,  permitting  the  General 

officers  from  even-numbered  to  odd-  Assembly  to  issue  bonds  without  a 

numbered  years  (beginning  in  1989  referendum  to  finance  public  projects 

for     legislators     and     1993     for  associated  with  private  industrial 

Governors  and  other  state  execu-  and  commercial  economic  develop- 

tives)  was  submitted  by  the  General  ment  projects,  was  defeated  by  the 

Assembly  of  1985  to  the  voters,  who  voters  on  November  2,  1993. 


North  Carolina  State  Government  75 

Conclusion  doubtful  of  the  reliability  of  later 

generations  of  legislators  that  they 

The  people  of  North  Carolina  found  it  necessary  to  write  into  the 

have  treated  their  constitution  with  Constitution  the  large  amount  of  reg- 

conservatism  and  respect.  The  fact  ulatory  detail  often  found  in  state 

that  we  have  adopted  only  three  con-  constitutions.  Delegates  to  constitu- 

stitutions  in  two  centuries  of  exis-  tional  conventions  and  members  of 

tence  as  a  state  is  the  chief  evidence  the  General  Assembly  have  acted 

of  that  attitude.  (Some  states  have  consistently  with  the  advice  of  the 

adopted  as  many  as  five  or  ten  con-  late  John  J.  Parker,  Chief  Judge  of 

stitutions     in     a     like     period),  the  United  States  Court  of  Appeals 

Furthermore,  the  relative  small  for  the  Fourth  Circuit  (1925-58),  who 

number  of  amendments,  even  in  observed: 

recent  years,  is  another  point  of  con-  The  purpose  of  a  state  constitu- 
trast  to  many  states.  It  reflects  the  tion  is  two-fold:  (1)  to  protect  the 
fact  that  North  Carolina  has  been  rights  of  the  individual  from 
less  disposed  than  have  many  states  encroachment  by  the  State;  and  (2) 
to  write  into  its  state  constitution  to  provide  a  framework  of  govern- 
detailed  provisions  with  respect  to  ment  for  the  State  and  its  subdivi- 
transitory  matters  better  left  to  leg-  sions.  It  is  not  the  function  of  a  con- 
islation.  The  Constitution  has  stitution  to  deal  with  temporary  con- 
allowed  the  General  Assembly  wide  ditions,  but  to  lay  down  general  prin- 
latitude  for  decision  on  public  affairs,  ciples  of  government  which  must  be 
and  legislators  have  been  willing  to  observed  amid  changing  conditions, 
accept  responsibility  for  and  act  on  It  follows,  then,  that  a  constitution 
matters  within  their  authority  should  not  contain  elaborate  legisla- 
instead  of  passing  the  responsibility  tive  provisions,  but  should  lay  down 
for  difficult  decisions  on  to  the  voters  briefly  and  clearly  fundamental  prin- 
in  the  form  of  constitutional  amend-  ciples  upon  which  government  shall 
ments.  proceed,  leaving  it  to  the  people's 

Constitutional  draftsmen  have  representatives  to  apply  these  princi- 

not  been  so  convinced  of  their  own  pies  through  legislative  to  conditions 

exclusive  hold  on  wisdom  or  so  as  they  arise. 


76  North  Carolina  Manual 


CONSTITUTION  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

PREAMBLE 

We,  the  people  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  grateful  to  Almighty 
God,  the  Sovereign  Ruler  of  Nations,  for  the  preservation  of  the 
American  Union  and  the  existence  of  our  civil,  political  and  religious 
liberties,  and  acknowledging  our  dependence  upon  Him  for  the  contin- 
uance of  those  blessings  to  us  and  our  posterity,  do,  for  the  more  cer- 
tain security  thereof  and  for  the  better  government  of  this  State, 
ordain  and  establish  this  Constitution. 

ARTICLE  I 
DECLARATION  OF  RIGHTS 

That  the  great,  general,  and  essential  principles  of  liberty  and  free  gov- 
ernment may  be  recognized  and  established,  and  that  the  relations  of  this 
State  to  the  Union  and  government  of  the  United  States  and  those  of  the  peo- 
ple of  this  State  to  the  rest  of  the  American  people  may  be  defined  and 
affirmed,  we  do  declare  that: 

Section  1.  The  equality  and  rights  of  persons.  We  hold  it  to  be  self-evident 
that  all  persons  are  created  equal;  that  they  are  endowed  by  their  Creator 
with  certain  inalienable  rights;  that  among  these  are  life,  liberty,  the  enjoy- 
ment of  the  fruits  of  their  own  labor,  and  the  pursuit  of  happiness. 

Sec.  2.  Sovereignty  of  the  people.  All  political  power  is  vested  in  and 
derived  from  the  people;  all  government  of  right  originates  from  the  people, 
is  founded  upon  their  will  only,  and  is  instituted  solely  for  the  good  of  the 
whole. 

Sec.  3.  Internal  government  of  the  State.  The  people  of  this  State  have  the 
inherent,  sole,  and  exclusive  right  of  regulating  the  internal  government  and 
police  thereof,  and  of  altering  or  abolishing  their  Constitution  and  form  of 
government  whenever  it  may  be  necessary  to  their  safety  and  happiness;  but 
every  such  right  shall  be  exercised  in  pursuance  of  law  and  consistently  with 
the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 

Sec.  4.  Secession  prohibited.  This  State  shall  ever  remain  a  member  of 
the  American  Union;  the  people  thereof  are  part  of  the  American  nation; 
there  is  no  right  on  the  part  of  this  State  to  secede;  and  all  attempts,  from 
whatever  source  or  upon  whatever  pretext,  to  dissolve  this  Union  or  to  sever 
this  Nation,  shall  be  resisted  with  the  whole  power  of  the  State. 

Sec.  5.  Allegiance  to  the  United  States.  Every  citizen  of  this  state  owes 
paramount  allegiance  to  the  Constitution  and  government  of  the  United 
States,  and  no  law  or  ordinance  of  the  State  in  contravention  or  subversion 
thereof  can  have  any  binding  force. 


The  North  Carolina  Constitution  77 

Sec.  6.  Separation  of  powers.  The  legislative,  executive,  and  supreme 
judicial  powers  of  the  State  government  shall  be  forever  separate  and  dis- 
tinct from  each  other. 

Sec.  7.  Suspending  laws.  All  power  of  suspending  laws  or  the  execution  of 
laws  by  any  authority,  without  the  consent  of  the  representatives  of  the  peo- 
ple, is  injurious  to  their  rights  and  shall  not  be  exercised. 

Sec.  8.  Representation  and  taxation.  The  people  of  this  State  shall  not  be 
taxed  or  made  subject  to  the  payment  of  any  impost  or  duty  without  the  con- 
sent of  themselves  or  their  representatives  in  the  General  Assembly,  freely 
given. 

Sec.  9.  Frequent  elections.  For  redress  or  grievances  and  for  amending 
and  strengthening  the  laws,  elections  shall  be  often  held. 

Sec.  10.  Free  elections.  All  elections  shall  be  free. 

Sec.  11.  Property  qualifications.  As  political  rights  and  privileges  are  not 
dependent  upon  or  modified  by  property,  no  property  qualification  shall 
affect  the  right  to  vote  or  hold  office. 

Sec.  12.  Right  of  assembly  and  petition.  The  people  have  a  right  to  assem- 
ble together  to  consult  for  their  common  good,  to  instruct  their  representa- 
tives, and  to  apply  to  the  General  Assembly  for  redress  of  grievances;  but 
secret  political  societies  are  dangerous  to  the  liberties  of  a  free  people  and 
shall  not  be  tolerated. 

Sec.  13.  Religious  liberty.  All  persons  have  a  natural  and  inalienable 
right  to  worship  Almighty  God  according  to  the  dictates  of  their  own  con- 
sciences, and  no  human  authority  shall,  in  any  case  whatever,  control  or 
interfere  with  the  rights  of  conscience. 

Sec.  14.  Freedom  of  speech  and  press.  Freedom  of  speech  and  of  the  press 
are  two  of  the  great  bulwarks  of  liberty  and  therefore  shall  never  be 
restrained,  but  every  person  shall  be  held  responsible  for  their  abuse. 

Sec.  15.  Education.  The  people  have  a  right  to  the  privilege  of  education, 
and  it  is  the  duty  of  the  State  to  guard  and  maintain  that  right. 

Sec.  16.  Ex  post  facto  laws.  Retrospective  laws,  punishing  acts  committed 
before  the  existence  of  such  laws  and  by  them  only  declared  criminal,  are 
oppressive,  unjust,  and  incompatible  with  liberty,  and  therefore  no  ex  post 
facto  law  shall  be  enacted.  No  law  taxing  retrospectively  sales,  purchases,  or 
other  acts  previously  done  shall  be  enacted. 

Sec.  17.  Slavery  and  involuntary  servitude.  Slavery  is  forever  prohibited. 
Involuntary  servitude,  except  as  a  punishment  for  crime  whereof  the  parties 
have  been  adjudged  guilty,  is  forever  prohibited. 

Sec.  18.  Courts  shall  be  open.  All  courts  shall  be  open;  every  person  for  an 
injury  done  him  in  his  lands,  goods,  person,  or  reputation  shall  have  remedy 
by  due  course  of  law;  and  right  and  justice  shall  be  administered  without 
favor,  denial,  or  delay. 

Sec.  19.  Law  of  the  land;  equal  protection  of  the  laws.  No  person  shall  be 
taken,  imprisoned,  or  disseized  of  his  freehold,  liberties,  or  privileges,  or  out- 
lawed, or  exiled,  or  in  any  manner  deprived  of  his  life,  liberty,  or  properly, 
but  by  the  law  of  the  land.  No  person  shall  be  denied  the  equal  protection  of 
the  laws;  nor  shall  any  person  be  subjected  to  discrimination  by  the  State 
because  of  race,  color,  religion,  or  national  origin. 


78  North  Carolina  Manual 

Sec.  20.  General  warrants.  General  warrants,  whereby  an  officer  or  other 
person  may  be  commanded  to  search  suspected  places  without  evidence  of 
the  act  committed,  or  to  seize  any  person  or  persons  not  named,  whose 
offense  is  not  particularly  described  and  supported  by  evidence,  are  danger- 
ous to  liberty  and  shall  not  be  granted. 

Sec.  21.  Inquiry  into  restraints  on  liberty.  Every  person  restrained  of  his 
liberty  is  entitled  to  a  remedy  to  inquire  into  the  lawfulness  thereof,  and  to 
remove  the  restraint  if  unlawful,  and  that  remedy  shall  not  be  denied  or 
delayed.  The  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  suspended. 

Sec.  22.  Modes  of  prosecution.  Except  in  misdemeanor  cases  initiated  in 
the  District  Court  Division,  no  person  shall  be  put  to  answer  any  criminal 
charge  but  by  indictment,  presentment,  or  impeachment.  But  any  person, 
when  represented  by  counsel,  may,  under  such  regulations  as  the  General 
Assembly  shall  prescribe,  waive  indictment  in  non-capital  cases. 

Sec.  23.  Rights  of  accused.  In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  every  person 
charged  with  crime  has  the  right  to  be  informed  of  the  accusation  and  to  con- 
front the  accusers  and  witnesses  with  other  testimony,  and  to  have  counsel 
for  defense,  and  not  be  compelled  to  give  self-incriminating  evidence,  or  to 
pay  costs,  jail  fees,  or  necessary  witness  fees  of  the  defense,  unless  found 
guilty. 

Sec.  24.  Right  of  jury  trial  in  criminal  cases.  No  person  shall  be  convicted 
of  any  crime  but  by  the  unanimous  verdict  of  a  jury  in  open  court.  The 
General  Assembly  may,  however,  provide  for  other  means  of  trial  for  misde- 
meanors, with  the  right  of  appeal  for  trial  de  novo. 

Sec.  25.  Right  of  jury  trial  in  civil  cases.  In  all  controversies  at  law 
respecting  property,  the  ancient  mode  of  trial  by  jury  is  one  of  the  best  secu- 
rities of  the  rights  of  the  people,  and  shall  remain  sacred  and  inviolable. 

Sec.  26.  Jury  service.  No  person  shall  be  excluded  from  jury  service  on 
account  of  sex,  race,  color,  religion,  or  national  origin. 

Sec.  27.  Bail,  fines,  and  punishments.  Excessive  bail  shall  not  be 
required,  nor  excessive  fines  imposed,  nor  cruel  or  unusual  punishments 
inflicted. 

Sec.  28.  Imprisonment  for  debt.  There  shall  be  no  imprisonment  for  debt 
in  this  State,  except  in  cases  of  fraud. 

Sec.  29.  Treason  against  the  State.  Treason  against  the  State  shall  con- 
sist only  of  levying  war  against  it  or  adhering  to  its  enemies  by  giving  them 
aid  and  comfort.  No  person  shall  be  convicted  of  treason  unless  on  the  testi- 
mony of  two  witnesses  to  the  same  overt  act,  or  on  confession  in  open  court. 
No  conviction  of  treason  or  attainder  shall  work  corruption  of  blood  or  forfei- 
ture. 

Sec.  30.  Militia  and  the  right  to  bear  arms.  A  well  regulated  militia  being 
necessary  to  the  security  of  a  free  State,  the  right  of  the  people  to  keep  and 
bear  arms  shall  not  be  infringed;  and,  as  standing  armies  in  time  of  peace 
are  dangerous  to  liberty,  they  shall  not  be  maintained,  and  the  military  shall 
be  kept  under  strict  subordination  to,  and  governed  by,  the  civil  power. 
Nothing  herein  shall  justify  the  practice  of  carrying  concealed  weapons,  or 
prevent  the  General  Assembly  from  enacting  penal  statutes  against  that 
practice. 


The  North  Carolina  Constitution  79 

Sec.  31.  Quartering  of  soldiers.  No  soldier  shall  in  time  of  peace  be  quar- 
tered in  any  house  without  the  consent  of  the  owner,  nor  in  time  of  war  but 
in  a  manner  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  32.  Exclusive  emoluments.  No  person  or  set  of  persons  is  entitled  to 
exclusive  or  separate  emoluments  or  privileges  from  the  community  but  in 
consideration  of  public  services. 

Sec.  33.  Hereditary  emoluments  and  honors.  No  hereditary  emoluments, 
privileges,  or  honors  shall  be  granted  or  conferred  in  this  State. 

Sec.  34.  Perpetuities  and  monopolies.  Perpetuities  and  monopolies  are 
contrary  to  the  genius  of  a  free  state  and  shall  not  be  allowed. 

Sec.  35.  Recurrence  to  fundamental  principals.  A  frequent  recurrence  to 
fundamental  principles  is  absolutely  necessary  to  preserve  the  blessings  of 
liberty. 

Sec.  36.  Other  rights  of  the  people.  The  enumeration  of  rights  in  this 
Article  shall  not  be  construed  to  impair  or  deny  others  retained  by  the  people. 

ARTICLE  II 
LEGISLATIVE 

Section  1.  Legislative  power.  The  legislative  power  of  the  State  shall  be 
vested  in  the  General  Assembly,  which  shall  consist  of  a  Senate  and  a  House 
of  Representatives. 

Sec.  2.  Number  of  Senators.  The  Senate  shall  be  composed  of  50  Senators, 
biennially  chosen  by  ballot. 

Sec.  3.  Senate  districts:  apportionment  of  Senators.  The  Senators  shall  be 
elected  from  districts.  The  General  Assembly,  at  the  first  regular  session  con- 
vening after  the  return  of  every  decennial  census  of  population  taken  by 
order  of  Congress,  shall  revise  the  senate  districts  and  the  apportionment  of 
Senators  among  those  districts,  subject  to  the  following  requirements: 

(1)  Each  Senator  shall  represent,  as  nearly  as  may  be,  an  equal  number 
of  inhabitants,  the  number  of  inhabitants  that  each  Senator  represents  being 
determined  for  this  purpose  by  dividing  the  population  of  the  district  that  he 
represents  by  the  number  of  Senators  apportioned  to  that  district; 

(2)  Each  senate  district  shall  at  all  times  consist  of  contiguous  territory; 

(3)  No  county  shall  be  divided  in  the  formation  of  a  senate  district; 

(4)  When  established,  the  senate  districts  and  the  apportionment  of 
Senators  shall  remain  unaltered  until  the  return  of  another  decennial  census 
of  population  taken  by  order  of  Congress. 

Sec.  4.  Number  of  Representatives.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  be 
composed  of  120  Representatives,  biennially  chosen  by  ballot. 

Sec.  5.  Representative  districts;  apportionment  of  Representatives.  The 
Representatives  shall  be  elected  from  districts.  The  General  Assembly,  at  the 
first  regular  session  convening  after  the  return  of  every  decennial  census  of 
population  taken  by  order  of  Congress,  shall  revise  the  representative  dis- 
tricts and  the  apportionment  of  Representatives  among  those  districts,  sub- 
ject to  the  following  requirements: 

(1)  Each  Representative  shall  represent,  as  nearly  as  may  be,  an  equal 
number  of  inhabitants,  the  number  of  inhabitants  that  each 


80  North  Carolina  Manual 

Representative  represents  being  determined  for  this  purpose  by 
dividing  the  population  of  the  district  that  he  represents  by  the  num- 
ber of  Representatives  apportioned  to  that  district; 

(2)  Each  representative  district  shall  at  all  times  consist  of  contiguous 
territory; 

(3)  No  county  shall  be  divided  in  the  formation  of  a  representative  dis- 
trict; 

(4)  When  established,  the  representative  districts  and  the  apportionment 

of  Representatives  shall  remain  unaltered  until  the  return  of  another 
decennial  census  of  population  taken  by  order  of  Congress. 

Sec.  6.  Qualifications  for  Senator.  Each  Senator,  at  the  time  of  his  elec- 
tion, shall  be  not  less  than  25  years  of  age,  shall  be  a  qualified  voter  of  the 
State,  and  shall  have  resided  in  the  State  as  a  citizen  for  two  years  and  in 
the  district  for  which  he  is  chosen  for  one  year  immediately  preceding  his 
election. 

Sec.  7.  Qualifications  for  Representative.  Each  Representative,  at  the 
time  of  his  election,  shall  be  a  qualified  voter  of  the  State,  and  shall  have 
resided  in  the  district  for  which  he  is  chosen  for  one  year  immediately  pre- 
ceding his  election. 

Sec.  8.  Elections.  The  election  for  members  of  the  General  Assembly  shall 
be  held  for  the  respective  districts  in  1972  and  every  two  years  thereafter,  at 
the  places  and  on  the  day  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  9.  Term  of  office.  The  term  of  office  of  Senators  and  Representatives 
shall  commence  on  the  first  day  of  January  next  after  their  election. 

Sec.  10.  Vacancies.  Every  vacancy  occurring  in  the  membership  of  the 
General  Assembly  by  reason  of  death,  resignation,  or  other  cause  shall  be 
filled  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  11.  Sessions. 

(1)  Regular  Sessions.  The  General  Assembly  shall  meet  in  regular  ses- 
sion in  1973  and  every  two  years  thereafter  on  the  day  prescribed  by 
law.  Neither  house  shall  proceed  upon  public  business  unless  a 
majority  of  all  of  its  members  are  actually  present. 

(2)  Extra  sessions  on  legislative  call.  The  President  of  the  Senate  and  the 

Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  convene  the  General 
Assembly  in  extra  session  by  their  joint  proclamation  upon  receipt  by 
the  President  of  the  Senate  of  written  requests  therefore  signed  by 
three-fifths  of  all  the  members  of  the  Senate  and  upon  receipt  by  the 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  of  written  requests  there- 
fore signed  by  three-fifths  of  all  the  members  of  the  House  of 
Representatives. 
Sec.  12.  Oath  of  members.  Each  member  of  the  General  Assembly,  before 
taking  his  seat,  shall  take  an  oath  or  affirmation  that  he  will  support  the 
Constitution  and  laws  of  the  United  States  and  the  Constitution  of  the  State 
of  North  Carolina,  and  will  faithfully  discharge  his  duty  as  a  member  of  the 
Senate  or  House  of  Representatives. 

Sec.  13.  President  of  the  Senate.  The  Lieutenant  Governor  shall  be 
President  of  the  Senate  and  shall  preside  over  the  Senate,  but  shall  have  no 
vote  unless  the  Senate  is  equally  divided. 


The  North  Carolina  Constitution  81 

Sec.  14.  Other  officers  of  the  Senate. 

(1)  President  Pro  Tempore  -  succession  to  presidency.  The  Senate  shall 
elect  from  its  membership  a  President  Pro  Tempore,  who  shall 
become  President  of  the  Senate  upon  the  failure  of  the  Lieutenant 
Governor-elect  to  qualify,  or  upon  succession  by  the  Lieutenant 
Governor  to  the  office  of  Governor,  or  upon  the  death,  resignation,  or 
removal  from  office  of  the  President  of  the  Senate,  and  who  shall 
serve  until  the  expiration  of  this  term  of  office  as  Senator. 

(2)  President  Pro  Tempore  -  temporary  succession.  During  the  physical  or 

mental  incapacity  of  the  President  of  the  Senate  to  perform  the 
duties  of  his  office,  or  during  the  absence  of  the  President  of  the 
Senate,  the  President  Pro  Tempore  shall  preside  over  the  Senate. 

(3)  Other  Officers.  The  Senate  shall  elect  its  other  officers. 

Sec.  15.  Officers  of  the  House  of  Representatives.  The  House  of 
Representatives  shall  elect  its  Speaker  and  other  officers. 

Sec.  16.  Compensation  and  allowances.  The  members  and  officers  of  the 
General  Assembly  shall  receive  for  their  services  the  compensation  and 
allowances  prescribed  by  law.  An  increase  in  the  compensation  or  allowances 
of  members  shall  become  effective  at  the  beginning  of  the  next  regular  ses- 
sion of  the  General  Assembly  following  the  session  at  which  it  was  enacted. 

Sec.  17.  Journals.  Each  house  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceedings 
which  shall  be  printed  and  made  public  immediately  after  the  adjournment 
of  the  General  Assembly. 

Sec.  18.  Protests.  Any  member  of  either  house  may  dissent  from  and 
protest  against  any  act  or  resolve  which  he  may  think  injurious  to  the  public 
or  to  any  individual,  and  have  the  reasons  of  his  dissent  entered  on  the  jour- 
nal. 

Sec.  19.  Record  votes.  Upon  motion  made  in  either  house  and  seconded  by 
one  fifth  of  the  members  present,  the  yeas  and  nays  upon  any  question  shall 
be  taken  and  entered  upon  the  journal. 

Sec.  20.  Powers  of  the  General  Assembly.  Each  house  shall  be  judge  of  the 
qualifications  and  elections  of  its  own  members,  shall  sit  upon  its  own 
adjournment  from  day  to  day,  and  shall  prepare  bills  to  be  enacted  into  laws. 
The  two  houses  may  jointly  adjourn  to  any  future  day  or  other  place.  Either 
house  may,  of  its  own  motion,  adjourn  for  a  period  not  in  excess  of  three 
days. 

Sec.  21.  Style  of  the  acts.  The  style  of  the  acts  shall  be:  "The  General 
Assembly  of  North  Carolina  enacts:". 

Sec.  22.  Action  on  bills.  All  bills  and  resolutions  of  a  legislative  nature 
shall  be  read  three  times  in  each  house  before  they  become  laws,  and  shall  be 
signed  by  the  presiding  officer  of  both  houses. 

Sec.  23.  Revenue  bills.  No  laws  shall  be  enacted  to  raise  money  on  the 
credit  of  the  State,  or  to  pledge  the  faith  of  the  State  directly  or  indirectly  for 
the  payment  of  any  debt,  or  to  impose  any  tax  upon  the  people  of  the  State, 
or  to  allow  the  counties,  cities,  or  towns  to  do  so,  unless  the  bill  for  the  pur- 
pose shall  have  been  read  through  several  times  in  each  house  of  the  General 
Assembly,  which  readings  shall  have  been  on  three  different  days,  and  shall 
have  been  agreed  to  by  each  house  respectively,  and  unless  the  yeas  and 


82  North  Carolina  Manual 

nays  on  the  second  and  third  readings  of  the  bill  shall  have  been  entered  on 
the  journal. 

Sec.  24.  Limitations  on  local,  private,  and  special  legislation. 

(1)  Prohibited  subjects.  The  General  Assembly  shall  not  enact  any  local, 
private,  or  special  act  or  resolution: 

(a)  Relating  to  health,  sanitation,  and  the  abatement  of  nuisances; 

(b)  Changing  the  names  of  cities,  towns,  and  townships; 

(c)  Authorizing  the  laying  out,  opening,  altering,  maintaining,  or  dis- 

continuing of  highways,  streets,  or  alleys; 

(d)  Relating  to  ferries  or  bridges; 

(e)  Relating  to  non-navigable  streams; 

(f)  Relating  to  cemeteries; 

(g)  Relating  to  pay  of  jurors; 

(h)  Erecting  new  townships,  or  changing  township  lines,  or  establish- 
ing or  changing  the  lines  of  school  districts; 

(i)  Remitting  fines,  penalties,  and  forfeitures,  or  refunding  moneys 
legally  paid  into  the  public  treasury; 

(j)  Regulating  labor,  trade,  mining,  or  manufacturing; 

(k)  Extending  the  time  for  the  levy  or  collection  of  taxes  or  otherwise 
relieving  any  collector  of  taxes  from  the  due  performance  of  his 
official  duties  or  his  sureties  from  liability; 

(1)  Giving  effect  to  informal  wills  and  deeds; 

(m)  Granting  a  divorce  or  securing  alimony  in  any  individual  case; 

(n)  Altering  the  name  of  any  person,  or  legitimating  any  person  not 
born  in  lawful  wedlock,  or  restoring  to  the  rights  of  citizenship 
any  person  convicted  of  a  felony. 

(2)  Repeals.  Nor  shall  the  General  Assembly  enact  any  such  local,  pri- 
vate, or  special  act  by  partial  repeal  of  a  general  law;  but  the  General 
Assembly  may  at  any  time  repeal  local,  private,  or  special  laws  enact- 
ed by  it. 

(3)  Prohibited  acts  void.  Any  local,  private,  or  special  act  or  resolution 
enacted  in  violation  of  the  provisions  of  this  Section  shall  be  void. 

(4)  General  laws.  The  General  Assembly  may  enact  general  laws  regulat- 

ing the  matters  set  out  in  this  Section. 

ARTICLE  III 
EXECUTIVE 

Section  1.  Executive  power.  The  executive  power  of  the  State  shall  be 
vested  in  the  Governor. 

Sec.  2.  Governor  and  Lieutenant  Governor:  election,  term,  and  qualifica- 
tions. 

(1)  Election  and  term.  The  Governor  and  Lieutenant  Governor  shall  be 
elected  by  the  qualified  voters  of  the  State  in  1972  and  every  four 
years  thereafter,  at  the  same  time  and  places  as  members  of  the 
General  Assembly  are  elected.  Their  term  of  office  shall  be  four  years 
and  shall  commence  on  the  first  day  of  January  next  after  their  elec- 
tion and  continue  until  their  successors  are  elected  and  qualified. 


The  North  Carolina  Constitution  83 

(2)  Qualifications.  No  person  shall  be  eligible  for  election  to  the  office  of 
Governor  or  Lieutenant  Governor  unless,  at  the  time  of  his  election, 
he  shall  have  attained  the  age  of  30  years  and  shall  have  been  a  citi- 
zen of  the  United  States  for  five  years  and  a  resident  of  this  State  for 
two  years  immediately  preceding  his  election.  No  person  elected  to 
the  office  of  Governor  or  Lieutenant  Governor  shall  be  eligible  for 
election  to  more  than  two  consecutive  terms  of  the  same  office. 

Sec.  3.  Succession  to  office  of  Governor. 

(1)  Succession  as  Governor.  The  Lieutenant  Governor-elect  shall  become 

Governor  upon  the  failure  of  the  Governor-elect  to  qualify.  The 
Lieutenant  Governor  shall  become  Governor  upon  the  death,  resigna- 
tion, or  removal  from  office  of  the  Governor.  The  further  order  of  suc- 
cession to  the  office  of  Governor  shall  be  prescribed  by  law.  A  succes- 
sor shall  serve  for  the  remainder  of  the  term  of  the  Governor  whom 
he  succeeds  and  until  a  new  Governor  is  elected  and  qualified. 

(2)  Succession  as  Acting  Governor.  During  the  absence  of  the  Governor 
from  the  State,  or  during  the  physical  or  mental  incapacity  of  the 
Governor  to  perform  the  duties  of  his  office,  the  Lieutenant  Governor 
shall  be  Acting  Governor.  The  further  order  of  succession  as  Acting 
Governor  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

(3)  Physical  incapacity.  The  Governor  may,  by  a  written  statement  filed 
with  the  Attorney  General,  declare  that  he  is  physically  incapable  of 
performing  the  duties  of  his  office,  and  may  thereafter  in  the  same 
manner  declare  that  he  is  physically  capable  of  performing  the  duties 
of  his  office. 

(4)  Mental  incapacity.  The  mental  incapacity  of  the  Governor  to  perform 

the  duties  of  his  office  shall  be  determined  only  by  joint  resolution 
adopted  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  all  of  the  members  of  each  house  of 
the  General  Assembly.  Thereafter,  the  mental  capacity  of  the 
Governor  to  perform  the  duties  of  his  office  shall  be  determined  only 
by  joint  resolution  adopted  by  a  vote  of  a  majority  of  all  the  members 
of  each  house  of  the  General  Assembly.  In  all  cases,  the  General 
Assembly  shall  give  the  Governor  such  notice  as  it  may  deem  proper 
and  shall  allow  him  an  opportunity  to  be  heard  before  a  joint  session 
of  the  General  Assembly  before  it  takes  final  action.  When  the 
General  Assembly  is  not  in  session,  the  Council  of  State,  a  majority  of 
its  members  concurring,  may  convene  it  in  extra  session  for  the  pur- 
pose of  proceeding  under  this  paragraph. 

(5)  Impeachment.  Removal  of  the  Governor  from  office  for  any  other 
cause  shall  be  by  impeachment. 

Sec.  4.  Oath  of  office  for  Governor.  The  Governor,  before  entering  upon 
the  duties  of  his  office,  shall,  before  any  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  take 
an  oath  or  affirmation  that  he  will  support  the  Constitution  and  laws  of  the 
United  States  and  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  and  that  he  will  faithfully 
perform  the  duties  pertaining  to  the  office  of  Governor. 

Sec.  5.  Duties  of  Governor. 

(1)  Residence.  The  Governor  shall  reside  at  the  seat  of  government  of  this 
State. 


84  North  Carolina  Manual 

(2)  Information  to  General  Assembly.  The  Governor  shall  from  time  to 
time  give  the  General  Assembly  information  of  the  affairs  of  the 
State  and  recommend  to  their  consideration  such  measures  as  he 
shall  deem  expedient. 

(3)  Budget.  The  Governor  shall  prepare  and  recommend  to  the  General 
Assembly  a  comprehensive  budget  of  the  anticipated  revenue  and 
proposed  expenditures  of  the  State  for  the  ensuing  fiscal  period.  The 
budget  as  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly  shall  be  administered  by 
the  Governor. 

The  total  expenditures  of  the  State  for  the  fiscal  period  covered  by 
the  budget  shall  not  exceed  the  total  of  receipts  during  that  fiscal 
period  and  the  surplus  remaining  in  the  State  Treasury  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  period.  To  insure  that  the  State  does  not  incur  a  deficit  for 
any  fiscal  period,  the  Governor  shall  continually  survey  the  collection 
of  the  revenue  and  shall  effect  the  necessary  economies  in  State 
expenditures,  after  first  making  adequate  provision  for  the  prompt 
payment  of  the  principal  of  and  interest  on  bonds  and  notes  of  the 
State  according  to  their  terms,  whenever  he  determines  that  receipts 
during  the  fiscal  period,  when  added  to  any  surplus  remaining  in  the 
State  Treasury  at  the  beginning  of  the  period,  will  not  be  sufficient  to 
meet  budgeted  expenditures.  This  section  shall  not  be  construed  to 
impair  the  power  of  the  State  to  issue  its  bonds  and  notes  within  the 
limitations  imposed  in  Article  V  of  this  Constitution,  nor  to  impair 
the  obligation  of  bonds  and  notes  of  the  State  now  outstanding  or 
issued  hereafter. 

(4)  Execution  of  laws.  The  Governor  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be 
faithfully  executed. 

(5)  Commander  in  Chief.  The  Governor  shall  be  Commander  in  Chief  of 
the  military  forces  of  the  State  except  when  they  shall  be  called  into 
the  service  of  the  United  States. 

(6)  Clemency.  The  Governor  may  grant  reprieves,  commutations,  and 
pardons,  after  conviction,  for  all  offenses  (except  in  cases  of  impeach- 
ment), upon  such  conditions  as  he  may  think  proper,  subject  to  regu- 
lations prescribed  by  law  relative  to  the  manner  of  applying  for  par- 
dons. The  terms  reprieves,  commutations,  and  pardons  shall  not 
include  paroles. 

(7)  Extra  sessions.  The  Governor  may,  on  extraordinary  occasions,  by  and 

with  the  advice  of  the  Council  of  State,  convene  the  General 
Assembly  in  extra  session  by  its  proclamation,  stating  therein  the 
purpose  or  purposes  for  which  they  are  thus  convened. 

(8)  Appointments.  The  Governor  shall  nominate  and  by  and  with  the 
advice  and  consent  of  a  majority  of  the  Senators  appoint  all  officers 
whose  appointments  are  not  otherwise  provided  for. 

(9)  Information.  The  Governor  may  at  any  time  require  information  in 
writing  from  the  head  of  any  administrative  department  or  agency 
upon  any  subject  relating  to  the  duties  of  his  office. 

(10)  Administrative  reorganization.  The  General  Assembly  shall  prescribe 
the  functions,  powers,  and  duties  of  the  administrative  departments 


The  North  Carolina  Constitution  85 

and  agencies  of  the  State  and  may  alter  them  from  time  to  time,  but 
the  Governor  may  make  such  changes  in  the  allocation  of  offices  and 
agencies  and  in  the  allocation  of  those  functions,  powers,  and  duties 
as  he  considers  necessary  for  efficient  administration.  If  those 
changes  affect  existing  law,  they  shall  be  set  forth  in  executive 
orders,  which  shall  be  submitted  to  the  General  Assembly  not  later 
than  the  sixtieth  calendar  day  of  its  session,  and  shall  become  effec- 
tive and  shall  have  the  force  of  law  upon  adjournment  sine  die  of  the 
session,  unless  specifically  disapproved  by  resolution  of  either  house 
of  the  General  Assembly  or  specifically  modified  by  joint  resolution  of 
both  houses  of  the  General  Assembly. 
Sec.  6.  Duties  of  the  Lieutenant  Governor.  The  Lieutenant  Governor  shall 
be  President  of  the  Senate,  but  shall  have  no  vote  unless  the  Senate  is  equal- 
ly divided.  He  shall  perform  such  additional  duties  as  the  General  Assembly 
or  the  Governor  may  assign  to  him.  He  shall  receive  the  compensation  and 
allowances  prescribed  by  law. 
Sec.  7.  Other  elective  officers. 

(1)  Officers.  A  Secretary  of  State,  an  Auditor,  a  Treasurer,  a 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  an  Attorney  General,  a 
Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  a  Commissioner  of  Labor,  and  a 
Commissioner  of  Insurance  shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified  voters  of 
the  State  in  1972  and  every  four  years  thereafter,  at  the  same  time 
and  places  as  members  of  the  General  Assembly  are  elected.  Their 
term  of  office  shall  be  four  years  and  shall  commence  on  the  first  day 
of  January  next  after  their  election  and  continue  until  their  succes- 
sors are  elected  and  qualified. 

(2)  Duties.  Their  respective  duties  shall  be  prescribed  by  law. 

(3)  Vacancies.  If  the  office  of  any  of  these  officers  is  vacated  by  death,  res- 

ignation, or  otherwise,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Governor  to  appoint 
another  to  serve  until  his  successor  is  elected  and  qualified.  Every 
such  vacancy  shall  be  filled  by  election  at  the  first  election  for  mem- 
bers of  the  General  Assembly  that  occurs  more  than  60  days  after  the 
vacancy  has  taken  place,  and  the  person  chosen  shall  hold  the  office 
for  the  remainder  of  the  unexpired  term  fixed  in  this  Section.  When  a 
vacancy  occurs  in  the  office  of  any  of  the  officers  named  in  this 
Section  and  the  term  expires  on  the  first  day  of  January  succeeding 
the  next  election  for  members  of  the  General  Assembly,  the  Governor 
shall  appoint  to  fill  the  vacancy  for  the  unexpired  term  of  the  office. 

(4)  Interim  officers.  Upon  the  occurrence  of  a  vacancy  in  the  office  of  any 

one  of  their  officers  for  any  of  the  causes  stated  in  the  preceding 
paragraph,  the  Governor  may  appoint  an  interim  officer  to  perform 
the  duties  of  that  office  until  a  person  is  appointed  or  elected  pur- 
suant to  this  Section  to  fill  the  vacancy  and  is  qualified. 

(5)  Acting  officers.  During  the  physical  or  mental  incapacity  of  any  one  of 

these  officers  to  perform  the  duties  of  his  office,  as  determined  pur- 
suant to  this  Section,  the  duties  of  his  office  shall  be  performed  by  an 
acting  officer  who  shall  be  appointed  by  the  Governor. 

(6)  Determination  of  incapacity.  The  General  Assembly  shall  by  law 


86  North  Carolina  Manual 

prescribe  with  respect  to  those  officers,  other  than  the  Governor, 
whose  offices  are  created  by  this  Article,  procedures  for  determining 
the  physical  or  mental  incapacity  of  any  officer  to  perform  the  duties 
of  his  office,  and  for  determining  whether  an  officer  who  has  been 
temporarily  incapacitated  has  sufficiently  recovered  his  physical  or 
mental  capacity  to  perform  the  duties  of  his  office.  Removal  of  those 
officers  from  office  for  any  other  cause  shall  be  by  impeachment. 
(7)  Special  Qualifications  for  Attorney  General.  Only  persons  duly  autho- 
rized to  practice  law  in  the  courts  of  this  State  shall  be  eligible  for 
appointment  or  election  as  Attorney  General. 
Sec.  8.  Council  of  State.  The  Council  of  State  shall  consist  of  the  officers 
whose  offices  are  established  by  this  Article. 

Sec.  9.  Compensation  and  allowances.  The  officers  whose  offices  are 
established  by  this  Article  shall  at  stated  periods  receive  the  compensation 
and  allowances  prescribed  by  law,  which  shall  not  be  diminished  during  the 
time  for  which  they  have  been  chosen. 

Sec.  10.  Seal  of  State.  There  shall  be  a  seal  of  the  State,  which  shall  be 
kept  by  the  Governor  and  used  by  him  as  occasion  may  require,  and  shall  be 
called  "The  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina."  All  grants  and  com- 
missions shall  be  issued  in  the  name  and  by  the  authority  of  the  State  of 
North  Carolina,  sealed  with  "The  Great  Seal  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina," 
and  signed  by  the  Governor. 

Sec.  11.  Administrative  departments.  Not  later  than  July  1,  1975,  all 
administrative  departments,  agencies,  and  offices  of  the  State  and  their 
respective  functions,  powers,  and  duties  shall  be  allocated  by  law  among  and 
within  not  more  than  25  principal  administrative  departments  so  as  to  group 
them  as  far  as  practicable  according  to  major  purposes.  Regulatory,  qua- 
sijudicial,  and  temporary  agencies  may,  but  need  not,  be  allocated  within 
a  principal  department. 

ARTICLE  IV 
JUDICIAL 

Section  1.  Judicial  power.  The  judicial  power  of  the  State  shall,  except  as 
provided  in  Section  3  of  this  Article,  be  vested  in  a  Court  for  the  Trial  of 
Impeachments  and  in  a  General  Court  of  Justice.  The  General  Assembly 
shall  have  no  power  to  deprive  the  judicial  department  of  any  power  or  juris- 
diction that  rightfully  pertains  to  it  as  a  coordinate  department  of  the  gov- 
ernment, nor  shall  it  establish  or  authorize  any  courts  other  than  as  permit- 
ted by  this  Article. 

Sec.  2.  General  Court  of  Justice.  The  General  Court  of  Justice  shall  con- 
stitute a  unified  judicial  system  for  purposes  of  jurisdiction,  operation,  and 
administration,  and  shall  consist  of  an  Appellate  Division,  a  Superior  Court 
Division,  and  a  District  Court  Division. 

Sec.  3.  Judicial  powers  of  administrative  agencies.  The  General  Assembly 
may  vest  in  administrative  agencies  established  pursuant  to  law  such  judi- 
cial powers  as  may  be  reasonably  necessary  as  an  incident  to  the  accomplish- 
ment of  the  purposes  for  which  the  agencies  were  created.  Appeals  from 


The  North  Carolina  Constitution  87 

administrative  agencies  shall  be  to  the  General  Court  of  Justice. 

Sec.  4.  Court  for  the  Trial  of  Impeachments.  The  State  House  of 
Representatives  solely  shall  have  the  power  of  impeaching.  The  Court  for  the 
Trial  of  Impeachments  shall  be  the  Senate.  When  the  Governor  or 
Lieutenant  Governor  is  impeached,  the  Chief  Justice  shall  preside  over  the 
Court.  A  majority  of  the  members  shall  be  necessary  to  a  quorum,  and  no 
person  shall  be  convicted  without  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  the 
Senators  present.  Judgment  upon  conviction  shall  not  extend  beyond 
removal  from  and  disqualification  to  hold  office  in  this  State,  but  the  party 
shall  be  liable  to  indictment  and  punishment  according  to  law. 

Sec.  5.  Appellate  division.  The  Appellate  Division  of  the  General  Court  of 
Justice  shall  consist  of  the  Supreme  Court  and  the  Court  of  Appeals. 

Sec.  6.  Supreme  Court. 

(1)  Membership.  The  Supreme  Court  shall  consist  of  a  Chief  Justice  and 

six  Associate  Justices,  but  the  General  Assembly  may  increase  the 
number  of  Associate  Justices  to  not  more  than  eight.  In  the  event  the 
Chief  Justice  is  unable,  on  account  of  absence  or  temporary  incapaci- 
ty, to  perform  any  of  the  duties  placed  upon  him,  the  senior  Associate 
Justice  available  may  discharge  those  duties. 

(2)  Sessions  of  the  Supreme  Court.  The  sessions  of  the  Supreme  Court 
shall  be  held  in  the  City  of  Raleigh  unless  otherwise  provided  by  the 
General  Assembly. 

Sec.  7.  Court  of  Appeals.  The  structure,  organization,  and  composition  of 
the  Court  of  Appeals  shall  be  determined  by  the  General  Assembly.  The 
Court  shall  have  not  less  than  five  members,  and  may  be  authorized  to  sit  in 
divisions,  or  other  than  en  banc.  Sessions  of  the  Court  shall  be  held  at  such 
times  and  places  as  the  General  Assembly  may  prescribe. 

Sec.  8.  Retirement  of  Justices  and  Judges.  The  General  Assembly  shall 
provide  by  general  law  for  the  retirement  of  Justices  and  Judges  of  the 
General  Court  of  Justice,  and  may  provide  for  the  temporary  recall  of  any 
retired  Justice  or  Judge  to  serve  on  the  court  from  which  he  was  retired.  The 
General  Assembly  shall  also  prescribe  maximum  age  limits  for  service  as  a 
Justice  or  Judge. 

Sec.  9.  Superior  Courts. 

(1)  Superior  Court  districts.  The  General  Assembly  shall,  from  time  to 
time,  divide  the  State  into  a  convenient  number  of  Superior  Court 
judicial  districts  and  shall  provide  for  the  election  of  one  or  more 
Superior  Court  Judges  for  each  district.  Each  regular  Superior  Court 
Judge  shall  reside  in  the  district  for  which  he  is  elected.  The  General 
Assembly  may  provide  by  general  law  for  the  selection  or  appoint- 
ment of  special  or  emergency  Superior  Court  Judges  not  selected  for 
a  particular  judicial  district. 

(2)  Open  at  all  times;  sessions  for  trial  of  cases.  The  Superior  Court  shall 
be  open  at  all  times  for  the  transaction  of  all  business  except  the  trial 
of  issues  of  fact  requiring  a  jury.  Regular  trial  sessions  of  the 
Superior  Court  shall  be  held  at  times  fixed  pursuant  to  a  calendar  of 
courts  promulgated  by  the  Supreme  Court.  At  least  two  sessions  for 
the  trial  of  jury  cases  shall  be  held  annually  in  each  county. 


88  North  Carolina  Manual 

(3)  Clerks.  A  Clerk  of  the  Superior  Court  for  each  county  shall  be  elected 
for  a  term  of  four  years  by  the  qualified  voters  thereof,  at  the  same 
time  and  places  as  members  of  the  General  Assembly  are  elected.  If 
the  office  of  Clerk  of  the  Superior  Court  becomes  vacant  otherwise 
than  by  the  expiration  of  the  term,  or  if  the  people  fail  to  elect,  the 
senior  regular  resident  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court  serving  the  coun- 
ty shall  appoint  to  fill  the  vacancy  until  an  election  can  be  regularly 
held. 
Sec.  10.  District  Courts.  The  General  Assembly  shall,  from  time  to  time, 
divide  the  State  into  a  convenient  number  of  local  court  districts  and  shall 
prescribe  where  the  District  Courts  shall  sit,  but  a  District  Court  must  sit  in 
at  least  one  place  in  each  county.  District  judges  shall  be  elected  for  each  dis- 
trict for  a  term  of  four  years,  in  a  manner  prescribed  by  law.  When  more 
than  one  District  Judge  is  authorized  and  elected  for  a  district,  the  Chief 
Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  shall  designate  one  of  the  judges  as  Chief 
District  Judge.  Every  District  Judge  shall  reside  in  the  district  for  which  he 
is  elected.  For  each  county,  the  senior  regular  resident  Judge  of  the  Superior 
Court  serving  the  county  shall  appoint  for  a  term  of  two  years,  from  nomina- 
tions submitted  by  the  Clerk  of  the  Superior  Court  of  the  county,  one  or  more 
Magistrates  who  shall  be  officers  of  the  District  Court.  The  number  of 
District  Judges  and  Magistrates  shall,  from  time  to  time,  be  determined  by 
the  General  Assembly.  Vacancies  in  the  office  of  District  Judge  shall  be  filled 
for  the  unexpired  term  in  a  manner  prescribed  by  law.  Vacancies  in  the  office 
of  Magistrate  shall  be  filled  for  the  unexpired  term  in  the  manner  provided 
for  original  appointment  to  the  office. 

Sec.  11.  Assignment  of  Judges.  The  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
acting  in  accordance  with  rules  of  the  Supreme  Court,  shall  make  assign- 
ments of  Judges  of  the  Superior  Court  and  may  transfer  District  Judges  from 
one  district  to  another  for  temporary  or  specialized  duty.  The  principle  of 
rotating  Superior  Court  Judges  among  the  various  districts  of  a  division  is  a 
salutary  one  and  shall  be  observed.  For  this  purpose  the  General  Assembly 
may  divide  the  State  into  a  number  of  judicial  divisions.  Subject  to  the  gener- 
al supervision  of  the  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  assignment  of 
District  Judges  within  each  local  court  district  shall  be  made  by  the  Chief 
District  Judge. 

Sec.  12.  Jurisdiction  of  the  General  Court  of  Justice. 

(1)  Supreme  Court.  The  Supreme  Court  shall  have  jurisdiction  to  review 
upon  appeal  any  decision  of  the  courts  below,  upon  any  matter  of  law 
or  legal  inference.  The  jurisdiction  of  the  Supreme  Court  over  "issues 
of  fact"  and  "questions  of  fact"  shall  be  the  same  exercised  by  it  prior 
to  the  adoption  of  this  Article,  and  the  Court  may  issue  any  remedial 
writs  necessary  to  give  it  general  supervision  and  control  over  the 
proceedings  of  the  other  courts.  The  Supreme  Court  also  has  jurisdic- 
tion to  review,  when  authorized  by  law,  direct  appeals  from  a  final 
order  or  decision  of  the  North  Carolina  Utilities  Commission. 

(2)  Court  of  Appeals.  The  Court  of  Appeals  shall  have  such  appellate 
jurisdiction  as  the  General  Assembly  may  prescribe. 

(3)  Superior  Court.  Except  as  otherwise  provided  by  the  General 


The  North  Carolina  Constitution  89 

Assembly,  the  Superior  Court  shall  have  original  general  jurisdiction 
throughout  the  State.  The  Clerks  of  the  Superior  Court  shall  have 
such  jurisdiction  and  powers  as  the  General  Assembly  shall  prescribe 
by  general  law  uniformly  applicable  in  every  county  of  the  State. 

(4)  District  Courts;  Magistrates.  The  General  Assembly  shall,  by  general 

law  uniformly  applicable  in  every  local  court  district  of  the  State,  pre- 
scribe the  jurisdiction  and  powers  of  the  District  Courts  and 
Magistrates. 

(5)  Waiver.  The  General  Assembly  may  by  general  law  provide  that  the 
jurisdictional  limits  may  be  waived  in  civil  cases. 

(6)  Appeals.  The  General  Assembly  shall  by  general  law  provide  a  proper 

system  of  appeals.  Appeals  from  Magistrates  shall  be  heard  de  novo, 
with  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  as  defined  in  this  Constitution  and  the 
laws  of  this  State. 
Sec.  13.  Forms  of  action;  rules  of  procedure. 

(1)  Forms  of  Action.  There  shall  be  in  this  State  but  one  form  of  action  for 

the  enforcement  or  protection  of  private  rights  or  the  redress  of  pri- 
vate wrongs,  which  shall  be  denominated  a  civil  action,  and  in  which 
there  shall  be  a  right  to  have  issues  of  fact  tried  before  a  jury.  Every 
action  prosecuted  by  the  people  of  the  State  as  a  party  against  a  per- 
son charged  with  a  public  offense,  for  the  punishment  thereof,  shall 
be  termed  a  criminal  action. 

(2)  Rules  of  procedure.  The  Supreme  Court  shall  have  exclusive  authority 

to  make  rules  of  procedure  and  practice  for  the  Appellate  Division. 
The  General  Assembly  may  make  rules  of  procedure  and  practice  for 
the  Superior  Court  and  District  Court  Divisions,  and  the  General 
Assembly  may  delegate  this  authority  to  the  Supreme  Court.  No  rule 
of  procedure  or  practice  shall  abridge  substantive  rights  or  abrogate 
or  limit  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  of  the  General  Assembly  should  dele- 
gate to  the  Supreme  Court  the  rule-making  power,  the  General 
Assembly  may,  nevertheless,  alter,  amend,  or  repeal  any  rule  of  pro- 
cedure or  practice  adopted  by  the  Supreme  Court  for  the  Superior 
Court  or  District  Court  Divisions. 
Sec.  14.  Waiver  of  jury  trial.  In  all  issues  of  fact  joined  in  any  court,  the 
parties  in  any  civil  case  may  waive  the  right  to  have  the  issues  determined 
by  a  jury,  in  which  case  the  finding  of  the  judge  upon  the  facts  shall  have  the 
force  and  effect  of  a  verdict  by  a  jury. 

Sec.  15.  Administration.  The  General  Assembly  shall  provide  for  an 
administrative  office  of  the  courts  to  carry  out  the  provisions  of  this  Article. 

Sec.  16.  Terms  of  office  and  election  of  Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
Judges  of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  and  Judges  of  the  Superior  Court.  Justices  of 
the  Supreme  Court,  Judges  of  the  Court  of  Appeals,  and  regular  Judges  of 
the  Superior  Court  shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified  voters  and  shall  hold 
office  for  terms  of  eight  years  and  until  their  successors  are  elected  and  qual- 
ified. Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court  and  Judges  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  shall 
be  elected  by  the  qualified  voters  of  the  State.  Regular  Judges  of  the  Superior 
Court  may  be  elected  by  the  qualified  voters  of  the  State  or  by  the  voters  of 
their  respective  districts,  as  the  General  Assembly  may  prescribe. 


90  North  Carolina  Manual 

Sec.  17.  Removal  of  Judges,  Magistrates  and  Clerks. 

(1)  Removal  of  Judges  by  the  General  Assembly.  Any  Justice  or  Judge  of 

the  General  Court  of  Justice  may  be  removed  from  office  for  mental 
or  physical  incapacity  by  joint  resolution  of  two-thirds  of  all  the  mem- 
bers of  each  house  of  the  General  Assembly.  Any  Justice  or  Judge 
against  whom  the  General  Assembly  may  be  about  to  proceed  shall 
receive  notice  thereof,  accompanied  by  a  copy  of  the  causes  alleged 
for  his  removal,  at  least  20  days  before  the  day  on  which  either  house 
of  the  General  Assembly  shall  act  thereon.  Removal  from  office  by 
the  General  Assembly  for  any  other  cause  shall  be  by  impeachment. 

(2)  Additional  method  of  removal  of  Judges.  The  General  Assembly  shall 

prescribe  a  procedure,  in  addition  to  impeachment  and  address  set 
forth  in  this  Section,  for  the  removal  of  a  Justice  or  Judge  of  the 
General  Court  of  Justice  for  mental  or  physical  incapacity  interfering 
with  the  performance  of  his  duties  which  is,  or  is  likely  to  become, 
permanent,  and  for  the  censure  and  removal  of  a  Justice  or  Judge  of 
the  General  Court  of  Justice  for  willful  misconduct  in  office,  willful 
and  persistent  failure  to  perform  his  duties,  habitual  intemperance, 
conviction  of  a  crime  involving  moral  turpitude,  or  conduct  prejudi- 
cial to  the  administration  of  justice  that  brings  the  judicial  office  into 
disrepute. 

(3)  Removal  of  Magistrates.  The  General  Assembly  shall  provide  by  gen- 

eral law  for  the  removal  of  Magistrates  for  misconduct  or  mental  or 
physical  incapacity. 

(4)  Removal  of  Clerks.  Any  Clerk  of  the  Superior  Court  may  be  removed 

from  office  for  misconduct  or  mental  or  physical  incapacity  by  the 
senior  regular  resident  Superior  Court  Judge  serving  the  county.  Any 
Clerk  against  whom  proceedings  are  instituted  shall  receive  written 
notice  of  the  charges  of  rotating  Superior  Court  Judges  among  the 
various  districts  of  a  division  is  a  salutary  one  and  shall  be  observed. 
For  this  purpose  the  General  Assembly  may  divide  the  State  into  a 
number  of  judicial  divisions.  Subject  to  the  general  supervision  of  the 
Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  assignment  of  District  Judges 
within  each  local  court  district  shall  be  made  by  the  Chief  District 
Judge. 

Sec.  18.  District  Attorney  and  Prosecutorial  Districts. 

(1)  District  Attorneys.  The  General  Assembly  shall,  from  time  to  time, 
divide  the  State  into  a  convenient  number  of  prosecutorial  districts, 
for  each  of  which  a  District  Attorney  shall  be  chosen  for  a  term  of 
four  years  by  the  qualified  voters  thereof,  at  the  same  time  and 
places  as  members  of  the  General  Assembly  are  elected.  Only  persons 
duly  authorized  to  practice  law  in  the  courts  of  this  State  shall  be  eli- 
gible for  election  or  appointment  as  a  District  Attorney.  The  District 
Attorney  shall  advise  the  officers  of  justice  in  his  district,  be  respon- 
sible for  the  prosecution  on  behalf  of  the  State  of  all  criminal  actions 
in  the  Superior  Courts  of  his  district,  perform  such  duties  related  to 
appeals  there  from  as  the  Attorney  General  may  require,  and  per- 
form such  other  duties  as  the  General  Assembly  may  prescribe. 


The  North  Carolina  Constitution  91 

(2)  Prosecution  in  District  Court  Division.  Criminal  actions  in  the  District 
Court  Division  shall  be  prosecuted  in  such  manner  as  the  General 
Assembly  may  prescribe  by  general  law  uniformly  applicable  in  every 
local  court  district  of  the  State. 

Sec.  19.  Vacancies.  Unless  otherwise  provided  in  this  Article,  all  vacan- 
cies occurring  in  the  offices  provided  for  by  this  Article  shall  be  filled  by 
appointment  of  the  Governor,  and  the  appointees  shall  hold  their  places  until 
the  next  election  for  members  of  the  General  Assembly  that  is  held  more 
than  60  days  after  the  vacancy  occurs,  when  elections  shall  be  held  to  fill  the 
offices.  When  the  unexpired  term  of  any  of  the  offices  named  in  this  Article  of 
the  Constitution  in  which  a  vacancy  has  occurred,  and  in  which  it  is  herein 
provided  that  the  Governor  shall  fill  the  vacancy,  expires  on  the  first  day  of 
January  succeeding  the  next  election  for  members  of  the  General  Assembly, 
the  Governor  shall  appoint  to  fill  that  vacancy  for  the  unexpired  term  of  the 
office.  If  any  person  elected  or  appointed  to  any  of  these  offices  shall  fail  to 
qualify,  the  office  shall  be  appointed  to,  held,  and  filled  as  provided  in  case  of 
vacancies  occurring  therein.  All  incumbents  of  these  offices  shall  hold  until 
their  successors  are  qualified. 

Sec.  20.  Revenues  and  expenses  of  the  judicial  department.  The  General 
Assembly  shall  provide  for  the  establishment  of  a  schedule  of  court  fees  and 
costs  which  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the  State  within  each  division  of  the 
General  Court  of  Justice.  The  operating  expenses  of  the  judicial  department, 
other  than  compensation  to  process  servers  and  other  locally  paid  nonjudicial 
officers,  shall  be  paid  from  State  funds. 

Sec.  21.  Fees,  salaries,  and  emoluments.  The  General  Assembly  shall  pre- 
scribe and  regulate  the  fees,  salaries,  and  emoluments  of  all  officers  provided 
for  in  this  Article,  but  the  salaries  of  Judges  shall  not  be  diminished  during 
their  continuance  in  office.  In  no  case  shall  the  compensation  of  any  Judge  or 
Magistrate  be  dependent  upon  his  decision  or  upon  the  collection  of  costs. 

Sec.  22.  Qualification  of  Justices  and  Judges.  Only  persons  duly  autho- 
rized to  practice  law  in  the  courts  of  this  State  shall  be  eligible  for  election  or 
appointment  as  a  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court,  Judge  of  the  Court  of 
Appeals,  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court,  or  Judge  of  District  Court.  This  section 
shall  not  apply  to  persons  elected  to  or  serving  in  such  capacities  on  or  before 
January  1,  1981. 

ARTICLE  V 
FINANCE 

Section  1.  No  capitation  tax  to  be  levied.  No  poll  or  capitation  tax  shall  be 
levied  by  the  General  Assembly  or  by  any  county,  city  or  town,  or  other  tax- 
ing unit. 

Sec.  2.  State  and  local  taxation. 

(1)  Power  of  taxation.  The  power  of  taxation  shall  be  exercised  in  a  just 

and  equitable  manner,  for  public  purposes  only,  and  shall  never  be 
surrendered,  suspended,  or  contracted  away. 

(2)  Classification.  Only  the  General  Assembly  shall  have  the  power  to 
classify  property  for  taxation,  which  power  shall  be  exercised  only  on 


92  North  Carolina  Manual 

a  State-wide  basis  and  shall  not  be  delegated.  No  class  of  property 
shall  be  taxed  except  by  uniform  rule,  and  every  classification  shall 
be  made  by  general  law  uniformly  applicable  in  every  county,  city 
and  town,  and  other  unit  of  local  government. 

(3)  Exemptions.  Property  belonging  to  the  State,  counties,  and  municipal 

corporations  shall  be  exempt  from  taxation.  The  General  Assembly 
may  exempt  cemeteries  and  property  held  for  educational,  scientific, 
literary,  cultural,  charitable,  or  religious  purposes,  and,  to  a  value 
not  exceeding  $300,  any  personal  property.  The  General  Assembly 
may  exempt  from  taxation  not  exceeding  $1,000  in  value  of  property 
held  and  used  as  the  place  of  residence  of  the  owner.  Every  exemp- 
tion shall  be  on  a  State  wide  basis  and  shall  be  made  by  general  law 
uniformly  applicable  in  every  county,  city  and  town,  and  other  unit  of 
local  government.  No  taxing  authority  other  than  the  General 
Assembly  may  grant  exemptions,  and  the  General  Assembly  shall  not 
delegate  the  powers  accorded  to  it  by  this  subsection. 

(4)  Special  tax  areas.  Subject  to  the  limitations  imposed  by  Section  4,  the 

General  Assembly  may  enact  general  laws  authorizing  the  governing 
body  of  any  county,  city  or  town  to  define  territorial  areas  and  to  levy 
taxes  within  those  areas,  in  addition  to  those  levied  throughout  the 
county,  city,  or  town,  in  order  to  finance,  provide,  or  maintain  ser- 
vices, facilities,  and  functions  in  addition  to  or  to  a  greater  extent 
than  those  financed,  provided,  or  maintained  for  the  entire  county, 
city,  or  town. 

(5)  Purposes  of  property  tax.  The  General  Assembly  shall  not  authorize 

any  county,  city  or  town,  special  district,  or  other  unit  of  local  govern- 
ment to  levy  taxes  or  property,  except  for  purposes  authorized  by 
general  law  uniformly  applicable  throughout  the  State,  unless  the 
tax  is  approved  by  a  majority  of  the  qualified  voters  of  the  unit  who 
vote  thereon. 

(6)  Income  tax.  The  rate  of  tax  on  incomes  shall  not  in  any  case  exceed 
ten  per  cent,  and  there  shall  be  allowed  personal  exemptions  and 
deductions  so  that  only  net  incomes  are  taxed. 

(7)  Contracts.  The  General  Assembly  may  enact  laws  whereby  the  State, 

any  county,  city  or  town,  and  any  other  public  corporation  may  con- 
tract with  and  appropriate  money  to  any  person,  association,  or  cor- 
poration for  the  accomplishment  of  public  purposes  only. 

Sec.  3.  Limitations  upon  the  increase  of  State  debt. 

(1)  Authorized  purposes;  two-thirds  limitation.  The  General  Assembly 
shall  have  no  power  to  contract  debts  secured  by  a  pledge  of  the  faith 
and  credit  of  the  State,  unless  approved  by  a  majority  of  the  qualified 
voters  of  the  State  who  vote  thereon,  except  for  the  following  purposes: 

(a)  To  fund  or  refund  a  valid  existing  debt; 

(b)  to  supply  an  unforeseen  deficiency  in  the  revenue; 

(c)  to  borrow  in  anticipation  of  the  collection  of  taxes  due  and  payable 

within  the  current  fiscal  year  to  an  amount  not  exceeding  50 
percent  of  such  taxes; 

(d)  to  suppress  riots  or  insurrections,  or  to  repel  invasions; 


The  North  Carolina  Constitution  93 

(e)  to  meet  emergencies  immediately  threatening  the  public  health  or 

safety,  as  conclusively  determined  in  writing  by  the  Governor; 

(f)  for  any  other  lawful  purpose,  to  the  extent  of  two-thirds  of  the 

amount  by  which  the  State's  outstanding  indebtedness  shall  have 
been  reduced  during  the  next  preceding  biennium. 

(2)  Gift  or  loan  of  credit  regulated.  The  General  Assembly  shall  have  no 
power  to  give  or  lend  the  credit  of  the  State  in  aid  of  any  person, 
association,  or  corporation,  except  a  corporation  in  which  the  State 
has  a  controlling  interest,  unless  the  subject  is  submitted  to  a  direct 
vote  of  the  people  of  the  State,  and  is  approved  by  a  majority  of  the 
qualified  voters  who  vote  thereon. 

(3)  Definitions.  A  debt  is  incurred  within  the  meaning  of  this  Section 
when  the  State  borrows  money.  A  pledge  of  the  faith  and  credit  with- 
in the  meaning  of  this  Section  is  a  pledge  of  the  taxing  power.  A  loan 
of  credit  within  the  meaning  of  this  Section  occurs  when  the  State 
exchanges  its  obligations  with  or  in  any  way  guarantees  the  debts  of 
an  individual,  association  or  private  corporation. 

(4)  Certain  debts  barred.  The  General  Assembly  shall  never  assume  or 
pay  any  debt  or  obligation,  express  or  implied,  incurred  in  aid  of 
insurrection  or  rebellion  against  the  United  States.  Neither  shall  the 
General  Assembly  assume  or  pay  any  debt  or  bond  incurred  or  issued 
by  authority  of  the  Convention  of  1868,  the  special  session  of  the 
General  Assembly  of  1868,  or  the  General  Assemblies  of  1868-69  and 
1969-70,  unless  the  subject  is  submitted  to  the  people  of  the  State 
and  is  approved  by  a  majority  of  all  the  qualified  voters  at  a  referen- 
dum held  for  that  sole  purpose. 

(5)  Outstanding  debt.  Except  as  provided  in  subsection  (4),  nothing  in 
this  Section  shall  be  construed  to  invalidate  or  impair  the  obligation 
of  any  bond,  note,  or  other  evidence  of  indebtedness  outstanding  or 
authorized  for  issue  as  of  July  1,  1973. 

Sec.  4  Limitations  upon  the  increase  of  local  government  debt. 

(1)  Regulation  of  borrowing  and  debt.  The  General  Assembly  shall  enact 

general  laws  relating  to  the  borrowing  of  money  secured  by  a  pledge 
of  the  faith  and  credit  and  the  contracting  of  other  debts  by  counties, 
cities  and  towns,  special  districts,  and  other  units,  authorities,  and 
agencies  of  local  government. 

(2)  Authorized  purposes;  two-thirds  limitation.  The  General  Assembly 
shall  have  no  power  to  authorize  any  county,  city  or  town,  special  dis- 
trict, or  other  unit  of  local  government  to  contract  debts  secured  by  a 
pledge  of  its  faith  and  credit  unless  approved  by  a  majority  of  the 
qualified  voters  of  the  unit  who  vote  thereon,  except  for  the  following 
purposes: 

(a)  to  fund  or  refund  a  valid  existing  debt; 

(b)  to  supply  an  unforeseen  deficiency  in  the  revenue; 

(c)  to  borrow  in  anticipation  of  the  collection  of  taxes  due  and  payable 

within  the  current  fiscal  year  to  an  amount  not  exceeding  50  per- 
cent of  such  taxes; 

(d)  to  suppress  riots  or  insurrections; 


94  North  Carolina  Manual 

(e)  to  meet  emergencies  immediately  threatening  the  public  health  or 
safety,  as  conclusively  determined  in  writing  by  the  Governor; 

(D  for  purposes  authorized  by  general  laws  uniformly  applicable 
throughout  the  State,  to  the  extent  of  two-thirds  of  the  amount 
by  which  the  unit's  outstanding  indebtedness  shall  have  been 
reduced  during  the  next  preceding  fiscal  year. 

(3)  Gift  or  loan  of  credit  regulated.  No  county,  city  or  town,  special  dis- 
trict, or  other  unit  of  local  government  shall  give  or  lend  its  credit  in 
aid  of  any  person,  association,  or  corporation  except  for  public  pur- 
poses as  authorized  by  general  law,  and  unless  approved  by  a  majori- 
ty of  the  qualified  voters  of  the  unit  who  vote  thereon. 

(4)  Certain  debts  barred.  No  county,  city  or  town,  or  other  unit  of  local 
government  shall  assume  or  pay  any  debt  or  the  interest  thereon  con- 
tracted directly  or  indirectly  in  aid  or  support  of  rebellion  or  insurrec- 
tion against  the  United  States. 

(5)  Definitions.  A  debt  is  incurred  within  the  meaning  of  this  Section 
when  a  county,  city  or  town,  special  district,  or  other  unit,  authority, 
or  agency  of  local  government  borrows  money.  A  pledge  of  faith  and 
credit  within  the  meaning  of  this  Section  is  a  pledge  of  the  taxing 
power.  A  loan  of  credit  within  the  meaning  of  this  Section  occurs 
when  a  county,  city  or  town,  special  district,  or  other  unit,  authority, 
or  agency  of  local  government  exchanges  its  obligations  with  or  in 
any  way  guarantees  the  debts  of  an  individual,  association,  or  private 
corporation. 

(6)  Outstanding  debt.  Except  as  provided  in  subsection  (4),  nothing  in 
this  Section  shall  be  construed  to  invalidate  or  impair  the  obligation 
of  any  bond,  note,  or  other  evidence  of  indebtedness  outstanding  or 
authorized  for  issue  as  of  July  1,  1973. 

Sec.  5.  Acts  levying  taxes  to  state  objects.  Every  act  of  the  General 
Assembly  levying  a  tax  shall  state  the  special  object  to  which  it  is  to  be 
applied,  and  it  shall  be  applied  to  no  other  purpose. 

Sec.  6.  Inviolability  of  sinking  funds  and  retirement  funds. 

(1)  Sinking  funds.  The  General  Assembly  shall  not  use  or  authorize  to  be 

used  any  part  of  the  amount  of  any  sinking  fund  for  any  purpose 
other  than  the  retirement  of  the  bonds  for  which  the  sinking  fund  has 
been  created,  except  that  these  funds  may  be  invested  as  authorized 
by  law. 

(2)  Retirement  funds.  Neither  the  General  Assembly  nor  any  public  officer, 

employee,  or  agency  shall  use  or  authorize  to  be  used  any  part  of  the 
funds  of  the  Teachers'  and  State  Employees'  Retirement  System  or  the 
Local  Governmental  Employees'  Retirement  System  for  any  purpose 
other  than  retirement  system  benefits  and  purposes,  administrative 
expenses,  and  refunds;  except  that  retirement  system  funds  may  be 
invested  as  authorized  by  law,  subject  to  the  investment  limitation 
that  the  funds  of  the  Teachers'  and  State  Employees'  Retirement 
System  and  the  Local  Governmental  Employees'  Retirement  System 
shall  not  be  applied,  diverted,  loaned  to,  or  used  by  the  State,  any 
State  agency,  State  officer,  public  officer,  or  public  employee. 


The  North  Carolina  Constitution  95 

Sec.  7.  Drawing  public  money. 

(1)  State  treasury.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  State  Treasury  but 

in  consequence  of  appropriations  made  by  law,  and  an  accurate 
account  of  the  receipts  and  expenditures  of  State  funds  shall  be  pub- 
lished annually. 

(2)  Local  treasury.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury  of  any 
county,  city  or  town,  or  other  unit  of  local  government  except  by 
authority  of  law. 

Sec.  8.  Health  care  facilities.  Notwithstanding  any  other  provisions  of 
this  Constitution,  the  General  Assembly  may  enact  general  laws  to  authorize 
the  State,  counties,  cities  or  towns,  and  other  State  and  local  governmental 
entities  to  issue  revenue  bonds  to  finance  or  refinance  for  any  such  govern- 
mental entity  or  any  nonprofit  private  corporation,  regardless  of  any  church 
or  religious  relationship,  the  cost  of  acquiring,  constructing,  and  financing 
health  care  facility  projects  to  be  operated  to  serve  and  benefit  the  public; 
provided,  no  cost  incurred  earlier  than  two  years  prior  to  the  effective  date  of 
this  section  shall  be  refinanced.  Such  bonds  shall  be  payable  from  the  rev- 
enues, gross  or  net,  of  any  such  projects  and  any  other  health  care  facilities 
of  any  such  governmental  entity  or  nonprofit  private  corporation  pledged 
therefore;  shall  not  be  secured  by  a  pledge  of  the  full  faith  and  credit,  or 
deemed  to  create  an  indebtedness  requiring  voter  approval  of  any  govern- 
mental entity;  and  may  be  secured  by  an  agreement  which  may  provide  for 
the  conveyance  of  title  of,  with  or  without  consideration,  any  such  project  or 
facilities  to  the  governmental  entity  or  nonprofit  private  corporation.  The 
power  of  eminent  domain  shall  not  be  used  pursuant  hereto  for  nonprofit  pri- 
vate corporations. 

Sec.  9.  Capital  projects  for  industry.  Notwithstanding  any  other  provision 
of  this  Constitution,  the  General  Assembly  may  enact  general  laws  to  autho- 
rize counties  to  create  authorities  to  issue  revenue  bonds  to  finance  but  not 
refinance,  the  cost  of  capital  projects  consisting  of  industrial,  manufacturing 
and  pollution  control  facilities  for  industry  and  pollution  control  facilities  for 
public  utilities,  and  to  refund  such  bonds. 

In  no  event  shall  such  revenue  bonds  be  secured  by  or  payable  from  any 
public  moneys  whatsoever,  but  such  revenue  bonds  shall  be  secured  by  and 
payable  only  from  revenues  or  property  derived  from  private  parties.  All  such 
capital  projects  and  all  transactions  therefore  shall  be  subject  to  taxation  to 
the  extent  such  projects  and  transactions  would  be  subject  to  taxation  if  no 
public  body  were  involved  therewith;  provided,  however,  that  the  General 
Assembly  may  provide  that  the  interest  on  such  revenue  bonds  shall  be 
exempt  from  income  taxes  within  the  State. 

The  power  of  eminent  domain  shall  not  be  exercised  to  provide  any  prop- 
erty for  any  such  capital  project. 

Sec.  10.  Joint  ownership  of  generation  and  transmission  facilities.  In 
addition  to  other  powers  conferred  upon  them  by  law,  municipalities  owning 
or  operating  facilities  for  the  generation,  transmission  or  distribution  of  elec- 
tric power  and  energy  and  joint  agencies  formed  by  such  municipalities  for 
the  purpose  of  owning  or  operating  facilities  for  the  generation  and  transmis- 
sion of  electric  power  and  energy  (each,  respectively,  "a  unit  of  municipal 


96  North  Carolina  Manual 

government")  may  jointly  or  severally  own,  operate  and  maintain  works, 
plants  and  facilities,  within  or  without  the  State,  for  the  generation  and 
transmission  of  electric  power  and  energy,  or  both,  with  any  person,  firm, 
association  or  corporation,  public  or  private,  engaged  in  the  generation, 
transmission  or  distribution  of  electric  power  and  energy  for  resale  (each, 
respectively,  "a  co-owner")  within  this  State  or  any  state  continuous  to  this 
State,  and  may  enter  into  and  carry  out  agreements  with  respect  to  such 
jointly  owned  facilities.  For  the  purpose  of  financing  its  share  of  the  cost  of 
any  such  jointly  owned  electric  generation  or  transmission  facilities,  a  unit  of 
municipal  government  may  issue  its  revenue  bonds  in  the  manner  prescribed 
by  the  General  Assembly,  payable  as  to  both  principal  and  interest  solely 
from  and  secured  by  a  lien  and  charge  on  all  or  any  part  of  the  revenue 
derived,  or  to  be  derived,  by  such  unit  of  municipal  government  from  the 
ownership  and  operation  of  its  electric  facilities;  provided,  however,  that  no 
unit  of  municipal  government  shall  be  liable,  either  jointly  or  severally,  for 
any  acts,  omissions  or  obligations  of  any  co-owner,  nor  shall  any  money  or 
property  of  any  unit  of  municipal  government  be  credited  or  otherwise 
applied  to  the  account  of  any  co-owner  or  be  charged  with  any  debt,  lien  or 
mortgage  as  a  result  of  any  debt  or  obligation  of  any  co-owner. 

Sec.  11.  Capital  projects  for  agriculture.  Notwithstanding  and  other  provi- 
sion of  the  Constitution  of  the  General  Assembly  may  enact  general  laws  to 
authorize  the  creation  of  an  agency  to  issue  revenue  bonds  to  finance  the  cost  of 
capital  projects  consisting  of  agricultural  facilities,  and  to  refund  such  bonds. 

In  no  event  shall  such  revenue  bonds  be  secured  by  or  payable  from  any 
public  moneys  whatsoever,  but  such  revenue  bonds  shall  be  secured  by  and 
payable  only  from  revenues  or  property  derived  from  private  parties.  All  such 
capital  projects  and  all  transactions  therefore  shall  be  subject  to  taxation  if 
no  public  body  were  involved  therewith;  provided,  however,  that  the  General 
Assembly  may  provide  that  the  interest  on  such  revenue  bonds  shall  be 
exempt  from  income  taxes  within  the  State. 

The  power  of  eminent  domain  shall  not  be  exercised  to  provide  any  prop- 
erty for  any  such  capital  project. 

Sec.  12.  Higher  Education  Facilities.  Notwithstanding  any  other  provi- 
sions of  this  Constitution,  the  General  Assembly  may  enact  general  laws  to 
authorize  the  State  or  any  State  entity  to  issue  revenue  bonds  to  finance  and 
refinance  the  cost  of  acquiring,  constructing,  and  financing  higher  education 
facilities  to  be  operated  to  serve  and  benefit  the  public  for  any  nonprofit  pri- 
vate corporation,  regardless  of  any  church  or  religious  relationship  provided 
no  cost  incurred  earlier  than  five  years  prior  to  the  effective  date  of  this  sec- 
tion shall  be  refinanced.  Such  bonds  shall  be  payable  from  any  revenues  or 
assets  of  any  such  nonprofit  private  corporation  pledged  therefore,  shall  not 
be  secured  by  a  pledge  of  the  full  faith  and  credit  of  the  State  or  such  State 
entity  or  deemed  to  create  an  indebtedness  requiring  voter  approval  of  the 
State  or  such  entity,  and,  where  the  title  to  such  facilities  is  vested  in  the 
State  or  any  State  entity,  may  be  secured  by  an  agreement  which  may  pro- 
vide for  the  conveyance  of  title  to,  with  or  without  consideration,  such  facili- 
ties to  the  nonprofit  private  corporation.  The  power  of  eminent  domain  shall 
not  be  used  pursuant  hereto. 


The  North  Carolina  Constitution  97 

Section  13.  Seaport  and  airport  facilities.  (1).  Notwithstanding  any  other 
provision  of  this  Constitution,  the  General  Assembly  may  enact  general  laws 
to  grant  to  the  State,  counties,  municipalities,  and  other  State  and  local  gov- 
ernmental entities  all  powers  useful  in  connection  with  the  development  of 
new  and  existing  seaports  and  airports,  and  to  authorize  such  public  bodies. 

(a)  to  acquire,  construct,  own,  own  jointly  with  public  and  private  par- 
ties, lease  as  lessee,  mortgage,  sell,  lease  as  lessor  or  otherwise  dis- 
pose of  lands  and  facilities  and  improvements,  including  undivided 
interests  therein; 

(b)  to  finance  and  refinance  for  public  and  private  parties  seaport  and 
airport  facilities  and  improvements  which  relate  to,  develop  or  fur- 
ther waterborne  or  airborne  commerce  and  cargo  and  passenger  traf- 
fic, including  commercial,  industrial,  manufacturing,  processing, 
mining,  transportation,  distribution,  storage,  marine,  aviation  and 
environmental  facilities  and  improvements;  and 

(c)  to  secure  any  such  financing  or  refinancing  by  all  or  any  portion  of  their 
revenues,  income  or  assets  or  other  available  moneys  associated  with 
any  of  their  seaport  or  airport  facilities  and  with  the  facilities  and 
improvements  to  be  financed  or  refinanced,  and  by  foreclosable  liens  on 
all  or  any  part  of  their  properties  associated  with  any  of  their  seaport  or 
airport  facilities  and  with  the  facilities  and  improvements  to  be  financed 
or  refinanced,  but  in  no  event  to  create  a  debt  secured  by  a  pledge  of  the 
faith  and  credit  of  the  State  or  any  other  public  body  in  the  State. 

ARTICLE  VI 
SUFFRAGE  AND  ELIGIBILITY  TO  OFFICE 

Section  1.  Who  may  vote.  Every  person  born  in  the  United  States  and 
every  person  who  has  been  naturalized,  18  years  of  age,  and  possessing  the 
qualifications  set  out  in  this  Article,  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  at  any  election 
by  the  people  of  the  State,  except  as  herein  otherwise  provided. 

Sec.  2.  Qualifications  of  voter. 

(1)  Residence  period  for  State  elections.  Any  person  who  has  resided  in 
the  State  of  North  Carolina  for  one  year  and  in  the  precinct,  ward,  or 
other  election  district  for  30  days  next  preceding  an  election,  and  pos- 
sesses the  other  qualifications  set  out  in  this  Article,  shall  be  entitled 
to  vote  at  any  election  held  in  this  State.  Removal  from  one  precinct, 
ward,  or  other  election  district  to  another  in  this  State  shall  not  oper- 
ate to  deprive  any  person  of  the  right  to  vote  in  the  precinct,  ward,  or 
other  election  district  from  which  that  person  has  removed  until  30 
days  after  the  removal. 

(2)  Residence  period  for  presidential  elections.  The  General  Assembly  may 

reduce  the  time  of  residence  for  persons  voting  in  presidential  elec- 
tions. A  person  made  eligible  by  reason  of  a  reduction  in  time  of  resi- 
dence shall  possess  the  other  qualifications  set  out  in  this  Article, 
shall  only  be  entitled  to  vote  for  President  and  Vice  President  of  the 
United  States  or  for  electors  for  President  and  Vice  President,  and 
shall  not  thereby  become  eligible  to  hold  office  in  this  State. 


98  North  Carolina  Manual 

(3)  Disqualification  of  felon.  No  person  adjudged  guilty  of  a  felony  against 
this  State  or  the  United  States,  or  adjudged  guilty  of  a  felony  in 
another  state  that  also  would  be  a  felony  if  it  had  been  committed  in 
this  State,  shall  be  permitted  to  vote  unless  that  person  shall  be  first 
restored  to  the  rights  of  citizenship  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  3.  Registration.  Every  person  offering  to  vote  shall  be  at  the  time 
legally  registered  as  a  voter  as  herein  prescribed  and  in  the  manner  provided 
by  law.  The  General  Assembly  shall  enact  general  laws  governing  the  regis- 
tration of  voters. 

Sec.  4.  Qualification  for  registration.  Every  person  presenting  himself  for 
registration  shall  be  able  to  read  and  write  any  section  of  the  Constitution  in 
the  English  language. 

Sec.  5.  Elections  by  people  and  General  Assembly.  All  elections  by  the 
people  shall  be  by  ballot,  and  all  elections  by  the  General  Assembly  shall  be 
viva  voce.  A  contested  election  for  any  office  established  by  Article  III  of  this 
Constitution  shall  be  determined  by  joint  ballot  of  both  houses  of  the  General 
Assembly  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  law. 

Sec.  6.  Eligibility  to  elective  office.  Every  qualified  voter  in  North 
Carolina  who  is  21  years  of  age,  except  as  in  this  Constitution  disqualified, 
shall  be  eligible  for  election  by  the  people  to  office. 

Sec.  7.  Oath.  Before  entering  upon  the  duties  of  an  office,  a  person  elect- 
ed or  appointed  to  the  office  shall  take  and  subscribe  the  following  oath: 

"I,  ...,  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will  support  and  maintain  the 
Constitution  and  laws  of  the  United  States,  and  the  Constitution  and  laws  of 
North  Carolina  not  inconsistent  therewith,  and  that  I  will  faithfully  discharge 
the  duties  of  my  office  as  ...,  so  help  me  God." 

Sec.  8.  Disqualifications  of  office.  The  following  persons  shall  be  disquali- 
fied for  office: 

First,  any  person  who  shall  deny  the  being  of  Almighty  God.  Second,  with 
respect  to  any  office  that  is  filled  by  election  by  the  people,  any  person  who  is 
not  qualified  to  vote  in  an  election  for  that  office. 

Third,  any  person  who  has  been  adjudged  guilty  of  treason  or  any  other 
felony  against  this  state  or  the  United  States,  or  any  person  who  had  been 
adjudged  guilty  of  a  felony  in  another  state  that  also  would  be  a  felony  if  it 
had  been  committed  in  this  State,  or  any  person  who  has  been  adjudged 
guilty  of  corruption  or  malpractice  in  any  office,  or  any  person  who  has  been 
removed  by  impeachment  from  any  office,  and  who  has  not  been  restored  to 
the  rights  of  citizenship  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  law. 
Sec.  9.  Dual  office  holding. 

(1)  Prohibitions.  It  is  salutary  that  the  responsibilities  of  self-government 
be  widely  shared  among  the  citizens  of  the  State  and  that  the  poten- 
tial abuse  of  authority  inherent  in  the  holding  of  multiple  offices  by 
an  individual  be  avoided.  Therefore,  no  person  who  holds  any  office 
or  place  of  trust  or  profit  under  the  United  States  or  any  department 
thereof,  or  under  any  other  state  or  government,  shall  be  eligible  to 
hold  any  office  in  this  State  that  is  filled  by  election  by  the  people.  No 
person  shall  hold  concurrently  any  two  offices  in  this  State  that  are 


The  North  Carolina  Constitution  99 

filled  by  election  of  the  people.  No  person  shall  hold  concurrently  any 
two  or  more  appointive  offices  or  places  of  trust  or  profit,  or  any  com- 
bination of  elective  and  appointive  offices  or  places  of  trust  or  profit, 
except  as  the  General  Assembly  shall  provide  by  general  law. 
(2)  Exceptions.  The  provisions  of  this  Section  shall  not  prohibit  any  offi- 
cer  of  the  military  forces  of  the  State  or  of  the  United  States  not  on 
active  duty  for  an  extensive  period  of  time,  any  notary  public,  or  any 
delegate  to  a  Convention  of  the  People  from  holding  concurrently 
another  office  or  place  of  trust  or  profit  under  this  State  or  the 
United  States  or  any  department  thereof. 
Sec.  10.  Continuation  in  office.  In  the  absence  of  any  contrary  provision, 
all  officers  in  this  State,  whether  appointed  or  elected,  shall  hold  their  posi- 
tions until  other  appointments  are  made  or,  if  the  offices  are  elective,  until 
their  successors  are  chosen  and  qualified. 

ARTICLE  VII 
LOCAL  GOVERNMENT 

Section  1.  General  Assembly  to  provide  for  local  government.  The  General 
Assembly  shall  provide  for  the  organization  and  government  and  the  fixing  of 
boundaries  of  counties,  cities  and  towns,  and  other  governmental  subdivi- 
sions, and,  except  as  otherwise  prohibited  by  this  Constitution,  may  give 
such  powers  and  duties  to  counties,  cities  and  towns,  and  other  governmental 
subdivisions  as  it  may  deem  advisable. 

The  General  Assembly  shall  not  incorporate  as  a  city  or  town,  nor  shall  it 
authorize  to  be  incorporated  as  a  city  or  town,  any  territory  lying  within  one 
mile  of  the  corporate  limits  of  any  other  city  or  town  having  a  population  of 
5,000  or  more  according  to  the  most  recent  decennial  census  of  population 
taken  by  order  of  Congress,  or  lying  within  three  miles  of  the  corporate  limits 
of  any  other  city  or  town  having  a  population  of  10,000  or  more  according  to 
the  most  recent  decennial  census  of  population  taken  by  order  of  Congress,  or 
lying  within  four  miles  of  the  corporate  limits  of  any  other  city  or  town  hav- 
ing a  population  of  25,000  or  more  according  to  the  most  recent  decennial 
census  of  population  taken  by  order  of  Congress,  or  lying  within  five  miles  of 
the  corporate  limits  of  any  other  city  or  town  having  a  population  of  50,000 
or  more  according  to  the  most  recent  decennial  census  of  population  taken  by 
order  of  Congress.  Notwithstanding  the  foregoing  limitations  the  General 
Assembly  may  incorporate  a  city  or  town  by  an  act  adopted  by  vote  of  three- 
fifths  of  all  the  members  of  each  house. 

Sec.  2.  Sheriffs.  In  each  county  a  Sheriff  shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified 
voters  thereof  at  the  same  time  and  places  as  members  of  the  General 
Assembly  are  elected  and  shall  hold  his  office  for  a  period  of  four  years,  sub- 
ject to  removal  for  cause  as  provided  by  law. 

Sec.  3.  Merged  or  consolidated  counties.  Any  unit  of  local  government 
formed  by  the  merger  or  consolidation  of  a  county  or  counties  and  the  cities 
and  towns  therein  shall  be  deemed  both  a  county  and  a  city  for  the  purposes 
of  this  Constitution,  and  may  exercise  any  authority  conferred  by  law  on 
counties,  or  on  cities  and  towns,  or  both,  as  the  General  Assembly  may  provide. 


100  North  Carolina  Manual 

ARTICLE  VIII 
CORPORATIONS 

Section  1.  Corporate  charters.  No  corporation  shall  be  created,  nor  shall 
its  charter  be  extended,  altered,  or  amended  by  special  act,  except  corpora- 
tions for  charitable,  educational,  penal,  or  reformatory  purposes  that  are  to 
be  and  remain  under  the  patronage  and  control  of  the  State;  but  the  General 
Assembly  shall  provide  by  general  laws  for  the  chartering,  organization,  and 
powers  of  all  corporations,  and  for  the  amending,  extending,  and  forfeiture  of 
all  charters,  except  those  above  permitted  by  special  act.  All  such  general 
acts  may  be  altered  from  time  to  time  or  repealed.  The  General  Assembly 
may  at  any  time  by  special  act  repeal  the  charter  of  any  corporation. 

Sec.  2.  Corporations  defined.  The  term  "corporation"  as  used  in  this 
Section  shall  be  construed  to  include  all  associations  and  joint-stock  compa- 
nies having  any  of  the  powers  and  privileges  of  corporations  not  possessed  by 
individuals  or  partnerships.  All  corporations  shall  have  the  right  to  sue  and 
shall  be  subject  to  be  sued  in  all  courts,  in  like  cases  as  natural  persons. 

ARTICLE  IX 
EDUCATION 

Section  1.  Education  encouraged.  Religion,  morality,  and  knowledge 
being  necessary  to  good  government  and  the  happiness  of  mankind,  schools, 
libraries,  and  the  means  of  education  shall  forever  be  encouraged. 

Sec.  2.  Uniform  system  of  schools. 

(1)  General  and  uniform  system;  term.  The  General  Assembly  shall  pro- 
vide by  taxation  and  otherwise  for  a  general  and  uniform  system  of 
free  public  schools,  which  shall  be  maintained  at  least  nine  months 
in  every  year,  and  wherein  equal  opportunities  shall  be  provided  for 
all  students. 

(2)  Local  responsibility.  The  General  Assembly  may  assign  to  units  of 
local  government  such  responsibility  for  the  financial  support  of  the 
free  public  schools  as  it  may  deem  appropriate.  The  governing  boards 
of  units  of  local  government  with  financial  responsibility  for  public 
education  may  use  local  revenues  to  add  to  or  supplement  any  public 
school  or  post-secondary  school  program. 

Sec.  3.  School  attendance.  The  General  Assembly  shall  provide  that  every 
child  of  appropriate  age  and  of  sufficient  mental  and  physical  ability  shall 
attend  the  public  schools,  unless  educated  by  other  means. 

Sec.  4.  State  Board  of  Education. 

(1)  Board.  The  State  Board  of  Education  shall  consist  of  the  Lieutenant 
Governor,  the  Treasurer,  and  eleven  members  appointed  by  the 
Governor,  subject  to  confirmation  by  the  General  Assembly  in  joint 
session.  The  General  Assembly  shall  divide  the  State  into  eight  edu- 
cational districts.  Of  the  appointive  members  of  the  Board,  one  shall 
be  appointed  from  each  of  the  eight  educational  districts  and  three 
shall  be  appointed  from  the  State  at  large.  Appointments  shall  be  for 
overlapping  terms  of  eight  years.  Appointments  to  fill  vacancies  shall 


The  North  Carolina  Constitution  101 

be  made  by  the  Governor  for  the  unexpired  terms  and  shall  not  be 
subject  to  confirmation. 

(2)  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction.  The  Superintendent  of  Public 
Instruction  shall  be  the  secretary  and  chief  administrative  officer  of 
the  State  Board  of  Education. 

Sec.  5.  Powers  and  duties  of  Board.  The  State  Board  of  Education  shall 
supervise  and  administer  the  free  public  school  system  and  the  educational 
funds  provided  for  its  support,  except  the  funds  mentioned  in  Section  7  of 
this  Article,  and  shall  make  all  needed  rules  and  regulations  in  relation 
thereto,  subject  to  laws  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly. 

Sec.  6.  State  school  fund.  The  proceeds  of  all  lands  that  have  been  or 
hereafter  may  be  granted  by  the  United  States  to  this  State,  and  not  other- 
wise appropriated  by  this  State  or  the  United  States;  all  moneys,  stocks, 
bonds,  and  other  property  belonging  to  the  State  for  purposes  of  public  edu- 
cation; the  net  proceeds  of  all  sales  of  the  swamp  lands  belonging  to  the 
State;  and  all  other  grants,  gifts,  and  devises  that  have  been  or  hereafter 
may  be  made  to  the  State;  and  not  otherwise  appropriated  by  the  State  or  by 
the  terms  of  the  grant,  gift,  or  devise,  shall  be  paid  into  the  State  Treasury 
and,  together  with  so  much  of  the  revenue  of  the  State  as  may  be  set  apart 
for  that  purpose,  shall  be  faithfully  appropriated  and  used  exclusively  for 
establishing  and  maintaining  a  uniform  system  of  free  public  schools. 

Sec.  7.  County  school  fund.  All  moneys,  stocks,  bonds,  and  other  property 
belonging  to  a  county  school  fund,  and  the  clear  proceeds  of  all  penalties  and 
forfeitures  and  of  all  fines  collected  in  the  several  counties  for  any  breach  of 
the  penal  laws  of  the  State,  shall  belong  to  and  remain  in  the  several  coun- 
ties, and  shall  be  faithfully  appropriated  and  used  exclusively  for  maintain- 
ing free  public  schools. 

Sec.  8.  Higher  education.  The  General  Assembly  shall  maintain  a  public 
system  of  higher  education,  comprising  The  University  of  North  Carolina  and 
such  other  institutions  of  higher  education  as  the  General  Assembly  may 
deem  wise.  The  General  Assembly  shall  provide  for  the  selection  of  trustees 
of  The  University  of  North  Carolina  and  of  the  other  institutions  of  higher 
education,  in  whom  shall  be  vested  all  the  privileges,  rights,  franchises,  and 
endowments  heretofore  granted  to  or  conferred  upon  the  trustees  of  these 
institutions.  The  General  Assembly  may  enact  laws  necessary  and  expedient 
for  the  maintenance  and  management  of  The  University  of  North  Carolina 
and  the  other  public  institutions  of  higher  education. 

Sec.  9.  Benefits  of  public  institutions  of  higher  education.  The  General 
Assembly  shall  provide  that  the  benefits  of  The  University  of  North  Carolina 
and  other  public  institutions  of  higher  education,  as  far  as  practicable,  be 
extended  to  the  people  of  the  State  free  of  expense. 

Sec.  10.  Escheats. 

(1)  Escheats  prior  to  July  1,  1971.  All  property  that  prior  to  July  1,  1971, 

accrued  to  the  State  from  escheats,  unclaimed  dividends,  or  distribu- 
tive shares  of  the  estates  of  deceased  persons  shall  be  appropriated  to 
the  use  of  The  University  of  North  Carolina. 

(2)  Escheats  after  June  30,  1971.  All  property  that,  after  June  30,  1971, 

shall  accrue  to  the  State  from  escheats,  unclaimed  dividends  or 


102  North  Carolina  Manual 

distributive  shares  of  the  estates  of  deceased  persons  shall  be  used  to 
aid  worthy  and  needy  students  who  are  residents  of  this  State  and 
are  enrolled  in  public  institutions  of  higher  education  in  this  State. 
The  method,  amount,  and  type  of  distribution  shall  be  prescribed  by 
law. 

ARTICLE  X 
HOMESTEADS  AND  EXEMPTIONS 

Section  1.  Personal  property  exemptions.  The  personal  property  of  any 
resident  of  this  State,  to  a  value  fixed  by  the  General  Assembly  but  not  less 
than  $500,  to  be  selected  by  the  resident,  is  exempted  from  sale  under  execu- 
tion or  other  final  process  of  any  court,  issued  for  the  collection  of  any  debt. 

Sec.  2.  Homestead  exemptions. 

(1)  Exemption  from  sale;  exceptions.  Every  homestead  and  the  dwellings 

and  buildings  used  therewith,  to  a  value  fixed  by  the  General 
Assembly  but  not  less  than  $1,000,  to  be  selected  by  the  owner  there- 
of, or  in  lieu  thereof,  at  the  option  of  the  owner,  any  lot  in  a  city  or 
town  with  the  dwellings  and  buildings  used  thereon,  and  to  the  same 
value,  owned  and  occupied  by  a  resident  of  the  State,  shall  be  exempt 
from  sale  under  execution  or  other  final  process  obtained  on  any 
debt.  But  no  property  shall  be  exempt  from  sale  for  taxes,  or  for  pay- 
ment of  obligations  contracted  for  its  purchase. 

(2)  Exemption  for  benefit  of  children.  The  homestead,  after  the  death  of 
the  owner  thereof,  shall  be  exempt  from  the  payment  of  any  debt  dur- 
ing the  minority  of  the  owner's  children,  or  any  of  them. 

(3)  Exemption  for  benefit  of  surviving  spouse.  If  the  owner  of  a  homestead 

dies,  leaving  a  surviving  spouse  but  no  minor  children,  the  home- 
stead shall  be  exempt  from  the  debts  of  the  owner,  and  the  rents  and 
profits  thereof  shall  insure  to  the  benefit  of  the  surviving  spouse  until 
he  or  she  remarries,  unless  the  surviving  spouse  is  the  owner  of  a 
separate  homestead. 

(4)  Conveyance  of  homestead.  Nothing  contained  in  this  Article  shall 
operate  to  prevent  the  owner  of  a  homestead  from  disposing  of  it  by 
deed,  but  no  deed  made  by  a  married  owner  of  a  homestead  shall  be 
valid  without  the  signature  and  acknowledgment  of  his  or  her 
spouse. 

Sec.  3.  Mechanics'  and  laborers'  liens.  The  General  Assembly  shall  pro- 
vide by  proper  legislation  for  giving  to  mechanics  and  laborers  an  adequate 
lien  on  the  subject-matter  of  their  labor.  The  provisions  of  Sections  1  and  2  of 
this  Article  shall  not  be  so  construed  as  to  prevent  a  laborer's  lien  for  work 
done  and  performed  for  the  person  claiming  the  exemption  of  a  mechanic's 
lien  for  work  done  on  the  premises. 

Sec.  4.  Property  of  married  women  secured  to  them.  The  real  and  person- 
al property  of  any  female  in  this  State  acquired  before  marriage,  and  all 
property,  real  and  personal,  to  which  she  may,  after  marriage,  become  in  any 
manner  entitled,  shall  be  and  remain  the  sole  and  separate  estate  and  prop- 
erty of  such  female,  and  shall  not  be  liable  for  any  debts,  obligations,  or 


The  North  Carolina  Constitution  103 

engagements  of  her  husband,  and  may  be  devised  and  bequeathed  and  con- 
veyed by  her,  subject  to  such  regulations  and  limitations  as  the  General 
Assembly  may  prescribe.  Every  married  woman  may  exercise  powers  of 
attorney  conferred  upon  by  her  husband,  including  the  power  to  execute  and 
acknowledge  deeds  to  property  owned  by  herself  and  her  husband  or  by  her 
husband. 

Sec.  5.  Insurance.  A  person  may  insure  his  or  her  own  life  for  the  sole  use 
and  benefit  of  his  or  her  spouse  or  children  or  both,  and  upon  his  or  her 
death  the  proceeds  from  the  insurance  shall  be  paid  to  or  for  the  benefit  of 
the  spouse  or  children  or  both,  or  to  a  guardian,  free  from  all  claims  of  the 
representatives  or  creditors  of  the  insured  or  his  or  her  estate.  Any  insurance 
policy  which  insures  the  life  of  a  person  for  the  sole  use  and  benefit  of  that 
person's  spouse  or  children  or  both  shall  not  be  subject  to  the  claims  of  credi- 
tors of  the  insured  during  his  or  her  lifetime,  whether  or  not  the  policy 
reserves  to  the  insured  during  his  or  her  lifetime  any  or  all  rights  provided 
for  by  the  policy  and  whether  or  not  the  policy  proceeds  are  payable  to  the 
estate  of  the  insured  in  the  event  the  beneficiary  or  beneficiaries  predecease 
the  insured. 

ARTICLE  XI 
PUNISHMENTS,  CORRECTIONS,  AND  CHARITIES 

Section  1.  Punishments.  The  following  punishments  only  shall  be  known 
to  the  laws  of  this  State:  death,  imprisonment,  fines,  removal  from  office,  and 
disqualification  to  hold  and  enjoy  any  office  of  honor,  trust,  or  profit  under 
this  State. 

Sec.  2.  Death  punishment.  The  object  of  punishments  being  not  only  to 
satisfy  justice,  but  also  to  reform  the  offender  and  thus  prevent  crime,  mur- 
der, arson,  burglary,  and  rape,  and  these  only,  may  be  punishable  with 
death,  if  the  General  Assembly  shall  so  enact. 

Sec.  3.  Charitable  and  corrections,  institutions  and  agencies.  Such  chari- 
table, benevolent,  penal,  and  correctional  institutions  and  agencies  as  the 
needs  for  humanity  and  the  public  good  may  require  shall  be  established  and 
operated  by  the  State  under  such  organization  and  in  such  manner  as  the 
General  Assembly  may  prescribe. 

Sec.  4.  Welfare  policy;  board  of  public  welfare.  Beneficent  provision  for 
the  poor,  the  unfortunate,  and  the  orphan  is  one  of  the  first  duties  of  a  civi- 
lized and  a  Christian  state.  Therefore  the  General  Assembly  shall  provide  for 
and  define  the  duties  of  a  board  of  public  welfare. 

ARTICLE  XII 
MILITARY  FORCES 

Section  1.  Governor  is  Commander  in  Chief.  The  Governor  shall  be 
Commander  in  Chief  of  the  military  forces  of  the  State  and  may  call  out 
those  forces  to  execute  the  law,  suppress  riots  and  insurrections,  and  repel 
invasion. 


104  North  Carolina  Manual 

ARTICLE  XIII 

CONVENTIONS,  CONSTITUTIONAL  AMENDMENT  AND  REVISION 

Section  1.  Convention  of  the  People.  No  Convention  of  the  People  of  this 
State  shall  ever  be  called  unless  by  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of  all  the 
members  of  each  house  of  the  General  Assembly,  and  unless  the  proposition 
"Convention  or  No  Convention"  is  first  submitted  to  the  qualified  voters  of 
the  State  at  the  time  and  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  the  General  Assembly. 
If  a  majority  of  the  votes  cast  upon  the  proposition  are  in  favor  of  a 
Convention,  it  shall  assemble  on  the  day  prescribed  by  the  General 
Assembly.  The  General  Assembly  shall,  in  the  act  of  submitting  the  conven- 
tion proposition,  propose  limitations  upon  the  authority  of  the  Convention; 
and  if  a  majority  of  the  votes  cast  upon  the  proposition  are  in  favor  of  a 
Convention,  those  limitations  shall  become  binding  upon  the  Convention. 
Delegates  to  the  Convention  shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified  voters  at  the 
time  and  in  the  manner  prescribed  in  the  act  of  submission.  The  Convention 
shall  consist  of  a  number  of  delegates  equal  to  the  membership  of  the  House 
of  Representatives  of  the  General  Assembly  that  submits  the  convention 
proposition  and  the  delegates  shall  be  apportioned  as  is  the  House  of 
Representatives.  A  Convention  shall  adopt  no  ordinance  not  necessary  to  the 
purpose  for  which  the  Convention  has  been  called. 

Sec.  2.  Power  to  revise  or  amend  Constitution  reserved  to  people.  The  peo- 
ple of  this  State  reserve  the  power  to  amend  this  Constitution  and  to  adopt  a 
new  or  revised  Constitution.  This  power  may  be  exercised  by  either  of  the 
methods  set  out  hereinafter  in  this  Article,  but  in  no  other  way. 

Sec.  3.  Revision  or  amendment  by  Convention  of  the  People.  A  Convention 
of  the  People  of  this  State  may  be  called  pursuant  to  Section  1  of  this  Article 
to  propose  a  new  or  revised  Constitution  or  to  propose  amendments  to  this 
Constitution.  Every  new  or  revised  Constitution  and  every  constitutional 
amendment  adopted  by  a  Convention  shall  be  submitted  to  the  qualified  vot- 
ers of  the  State  at  the  time  and  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  the  Convention. 
If  a  majority  of  the  votes  cast  thereon  are  in  favor  of  ratification  of  the  new  or 
revised  Constitution  or  the  constitutional  amendment  or  amendments,  it  or 
they  shall  become  effective  January  first  next  after  ratification  by  the  quali- 
fied voters  unless  a  different  effective  date  is  prescribed  by  the  Convention. 

Sec.  4.  Revision  or  amendment  by  legislative  initiation.  A  proposal  of  a 
new  or  revised  Constitution  or  an  amendment  or  amendments  to  this 
Constitution  may  be  initiated  by  the  General  Assembly,  but  only  if  three 
fifths  of  all  the  members  of  each  house  shall  adopt  an  act  submitting  the  pro- 
posal to  the  qualified  voters  of  the  State  for  their  ratification  or  rejection. 
The  proposal  shall  be  submitted  at  the  time  and  in  the  manner  prescribed  by 
the  General  Assembly.  If  a  majority  of  the  votes  cast  thereon  are  in  favor  of 
the  proposed  new  or  revised  Constitution  or  constitutional  amendment  or 
amendments,  it  or  they  shall  become  effective  January  first  next  after  ratifi- 
cation by  the  voters  unless  a  different  effective  date  is  prescribed  in  the  act 
submitting  the  proposal  or  proposals  to  the  qualified  voters. 


The  North  Carolina  Constitution  105 

ARTICLE  XIV 
MISCELLANEOUS 

Section  1.  Seat  of  government.  The  permanent  seat  of  government  of  this 
State  shall  be  at  the  City  of  Raleigh. 

Sec.  2.  State  boundaries.  The  limits  and  boundaries  of  the  State  shall  be 
and  remain  as  they  now  are. 

Sec.  3.  General  laws  defined.  Whenever  the  General  Assembly  is  directed 
or  authorized  by  this  Constitution  to  enact  general  laws,  or  general  laws  uni- 
formly applicable  throughout  the  State,  or  general  laws  uniformly  applicable 
in  every  county,  city  and  town,  and  other  unit  of  local  government,  or  in 
every  local  court  district,  no  special  or  local  act  shall  be  enacted  concerning 
the  subject  matter  directed  or  authorized  to  be  accomplished  by  general  or 
uniformly  applicable  laws,  and  every  amendment  or  repeal  of  any  law  relat- 
ing to  such  subject  matter  shall  also  be  general  and  uniform  in  its  effect 
throughout  the  State.  General  laws  may  be  enacted  for  classes  defined  by 
population  or  other  criteria.  General  laws  uniformly  applicable  throughout 
the  State  shall  be  made  applicable  without  classification  or  exception  in 
every  unit  of  local  government  of  like  kind,  such  as  every  county,  or  every 
city  and  town,  but  need  not  be  made  applicable  in  every  unit  of  local  govern- 
ment in  the  State.  General  laws  uniformly  applicable  in  every  county,  city 
and  town,  and  other  unit  of  local  government,  or  in  every  local  court  district, 
shall  be  made  applicable  without  classification  or  exception  in  every  unit  of 
local  government,  or  in  every  local  court  district,  as  the  case  may  be.  The 
General  Assembly  may  at  any  time  repeal  any  special,  local,  or  private  act. 

Sec.  4.  Continuity  of  laws;  protection  of  office  holders.  The  laws  of  North 
Carolina  not  in  conflict  with  this  Constitution  shall  continue  in  force  until 
lawfully  altered.  Except  as  otherwise  specifically  provided,  the  adoption  of 
this  Constitution  shall  not  have  the  effect  of  vacating  any  office  or  term  of 
office  now  filled  or  held  by  virtue  of  any  election  or  appointment  made  under 
the  prior  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  and  the  laws  of  the  State  enacted 
pursuant  thereto. 

Sec.  5.  Conservation  of  natural  resources.  It  shall  be  the  policy  of  this 
State  to  conserve  and  protect  its  lands  and  waters  for  the  benefit  of  all  its  cit- 
izenry, and  to  this  end  it  shall  be  a  proper  function  of  the  State  of  North 
Carolina  and  its  political  subdivisions  to  acquire  and  preserve  park,  recre- 
ational, and  scenic  areas,  to  control  and  limit  the  pollution  of  our  air  and 
water,  to  control  excessive  noise,  and  in  every  other  appropriate  way  to  pre- 
serve as  a  part  of  the  common  heritage  of  this  State  its  forests,  wetlands, 
estuaries,  beaches,  historical  sites,  openlands,  and  places  of  beauty. 

To  accomplish  the  aforementioned  public  purposes,  the  State  and  its 
counties,  cities  and  towns,  and  other  units  of  local  government  may  acquire 
by  purchase  or  gift  properties  or  interests  in  properties  which  shall,  upon 
their  special  dedication  to  and  acceptance  by  resolution  adopted  by  a  vote  of 
three-fifths  of  the  members  of  each  house  of  the  General  Assembly  for  those 
public  purposes,  constitute  part  of  the  "State  Nature  and  Historic  Preserve," 
and  which  shall  not  be  used  for  other  purposes  except  as  authorized  by  law 
enacted  by  a  vote  of  three-fifths  of  the  members  of  each  house  of  the  General 


106  North  Carolina  Manual 

Assembly.  The  General  Assembly  shall  prescribe  by  general  law  the  condi- 
tions and  procedures  under  which  such  properties  or  interests  therein  shall 
be  dedicated  for  the  aforementioned  public  purposes. 


The  North  Carolina  Constitution  107 

CONSTITUTIONAL  AMENDMENTS  APPROVED 
BY  THE  VOTERS  SINCE  1970 


CONSTITUTIONAL  AMENDMENTS  APPROVED  IN  THE 
GENERAL  ELECTION  HELD  NOVEMBER  3,  1970 

1.  Constitutional  amendment  for  the  revision  and  amendment 
of  the  Constitution  of  North  Carolina. 

(Chapter  1258,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1969) 

2.  Constitutional  amendment  to  require  the  General  Assembly 
to  reduce  number  of  state  administrative  departments  to  25 
and  to  authorize  the  Governor  to  reorganize  administrative 
departments,  subject  to  legislative  approval. 

(Chapter  932,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1969) 

3.  Constitutional  amendment  permitting  3/5  of  the  members  of 
the  General  Assembly  to  convene  extra  sessions  of  the 
General  Assembly. 

(Chapter  1270,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1969) 

4.  Constitutional  amendment  revising  those  portions  of  the  pre- 
sent or  proposed  state  constitution  concerning  state  and  lscal 
finance. 

(Chapter  1200,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1969) 

5.  Constitutional  amendment  authorizing  General  Assembly  to 
fix  personal  exemptions  for  income  tax  purposes. 
(Chapter  872,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1969) 

6.  Constitutional  amendment  providing  that  after  June  30, 
1971,  the  escheats  shall  be  used  to  aid  North  Carolina  resi- 
dents enrolled  in  any  public  institution  of  higher  education  in 
this  state. 

(Chapter  827,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1969) 


108  North  Carolina  Manual 

CONSTITUTIONAL  AMENDMENTS  APPROVED  IN  THE 
GENERAL  ELECTION  HELD  NOVEMBER  7,  1972 

1.  Constitutional  amendment  reducing  the  voting  age  to  18 
years  and  providing  that  only  persons  21  years  of  age  or  older 
shall  be  eligible  for  elective  office. 

(Chapter  201,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1971) 

2.  Constitutional  amendment  to  require  the  General  Assembly  to 

prescribe  maximum  age  limits  for  service  as  a  Justice  or  a 

Judge. 

(Chapter  451,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1971) 

3.  Constitutional  amendment  authorizing  the  General 
Assembly  to  prescribe  procedures  for  the  censure  and 
removal  of  Justices  and  Judges  of  the  General  Court  of 
Justice. 

(Chapter  560,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1971) 

4.  Constitutional  amendment  to  conserve  and  protect  North 
Carolina's  natural  resources. 

Chapter  630,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1971) 

5.  Constitutional  amendment  limiting  incorporation  of  cities 
and  towns. 

(Chapter  857,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1971) 

CONSTITUTIONAL  AMENDMENTS  APPROVED  IN  THE 
GENERAL  ELECTION  HELD  NOVEMBER  6,  1974 

1.     Constitutional  amendment  changing  the  title  of  the  constitu- 
tional office  of  "solicitor"  to  "District  Attorney". 
(Chapter  394,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1973) 

CONSTITUTIONAL  AMENDMENTS  APPROVED  IN  THE 
PRIMARY  ELECTION  HELD  MARCH  23,  1976 

1.  Constitutional  amendment  to  permit  the  General  Assembly 
to  enact  general  laws  to  authorize  the  state,  counties,  cities  or 
towns,  and  other  state  and  local  governmental  entities  to 
issue  revenue  bonds  to  finance  or  refinance  health  care  facilities. 
(Chapter  641,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1975) 

2.  Constitutional  amendment  to  permit  the  General  Assembly 
to  enact  general  laws  to  authorize  counties  to  create  authori- 
ties to  issue  revenue  bonds  to  finance,  but  not  to  refinance, 
the  cost  of  capital  projects  consisting  of  industrial,  manufac- 
turing and  pollution  control  facilities  for  industry  and  pollu- 
tion control  facilities  for  public  utilities. 

(Chapter  826,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1975) 


The  North  Carolina  Constitution  109 

CONSTITUTIONAL  AMENDMENTS  APPROVED  IN  THE 
GENERAL  ELECTION  HELD  NOVEMBER  8,  1977 

1.  Constitutional  amendment  extending  to  a  married  man  (as  a 
married  woman  now  has)  the  right  to  receive  the  homestead 
exemption,  so  that  the  homestead  exemption  is  available  to 
the  surviving  spouse  of  the  owner  of  a  homestead,  if  the 
owner  dies  leaving  no  minor  children  and  the  surviving 
spouse  does  not  own  a  separate  homestead. 

(Chapter  80,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1977) 

2.  Constitutional  amendment  allowing  every  person  the  right  to 
insure  his  or  her  life  for  the  benefit  of  his  or  her  spouse  or 
children  or  both,  free  from  all  claims  of  the  representatives  or 
creditors  of  the  insured  or  his  or  her  estate. 

(Chapter  115,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1977) 

3.  Constitutional  amendment  empowering  the  qualified  voters 
of  the  State  to  elect  the  Governor  and  Lieutenant  Governor  to 
a  second  successive  term  of  the  same  office. 

(Chapter  363,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1977) 

4.  Constitutional  amendment  to  permit  municipalities  owning 
or  operating  electric  generation,  transmission  or  distribution 
facilities  and  joint  agencies  composed  of  such  municipalities 
to  own,  operate  and  maintain  generation  and  transmission 
facilities  with  any  person,  firm,  association  or  corporation, 
public  or  private,  engaged  in  the  generation,  transmission  or 
distribution  of  electric  power  and  energy  for  resale  (each, 
respectively,  "a  co-owner")  within  this  State  or  any  state  con- 
tiguous to  this  State,  and  to  issue  electric  revenue  bonds  to 
finance  the  cost  of  the  ownership  share  of  such  municipalities 
or  joint  agencies,  such  bonds  to  be  secured  by  and  payable 
only  from  the  electric  revenues  of  such  municipalities  or  joint 
agencies  and  providing  that  no  money  or  property  of  such 
municipalities  or  joint  agencies  shall  be  credited  or  applied  to 
the  account  of  any  such  co-owner. 

(Chapter  528,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1977) 

5.  Constitutional  amendment  requiring  that  the  total  expendi- 
tures of  the  State  for  the  fiscal  period  covered  by  the  State 
budget  shall  not  exceed  the  total  of  revenues  raised  during 
that  fiscal  period  and  any  surplus  remaining  in  the  State 
Treasury  at  the  beginning  of  the  period,  and  requiring  the 
Governor  to  effect  the  necessary  economies  in  State  expendi- 
tures whenever  he  determines  that  a  deficit  is  threatened. 
(Chapter  690  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1977) 


110  North  Carolina  Manual 

CONSTITUTIONAL  AMENDMENT  APPROVED  IN  THE 
GENERAL  ELECTION  HELD  NOVEMBER  4,  1980 

1.     Constitutional  amendment  requiring  Justices  and  Judges  of 
the  Supreme  Court,  Court  of  Appeals,  Superior  Court  and 
District  Court  to  be  duly  authorized  to  practice  law  prior  to 
election  or  appointment. 
(Chapter  638,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1979) 

CONSTITUTIONAL  AMENDMENTS  APPROVED  IN  THE 
PRIMARY  ELECTION  HELD  JUNE  29, 1982 

1.  Constitutional  amendment  authorizing  General  Assembly  to 
provide  for  temporary  recall  of  retired  Supreme  Court 
Justices  or  Court  of  Appeals  Judges  to  serve  temporarily  on 
either  appellate  court. 

(Chapter  513,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1981) 

2.  Constitutional  amendment  giving  the  Supreme  Court  author- 
ity to  review,  when  authorized  by  law,  direct  appeals  from 
the  N.C.  Utilities  Commission. 

(Chapter  803,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1981) 

CONSTITUTIONAL  AMENDMENTAPPROVED  IN  THE 
GENERAL  ELECTION  HELD  NOVEMBER  2,  1982 

1.     Constitutional  amendment  to  provide  that  terms  of  legisla- 
tors begin  on  January  1st  following  their  election. 
(Chapter  1241,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1981-82  Session) 

CONSTITUTIONAL  AMENDMENT  APPROVED  IN  THE 
PRIMARY  ELECTION  HELD  MAY  8,  1984 

1.  Constitutional  amendment  to  permit  the  General  Assembly 
to  enact  general  laws  to  authorize  the  creation  of  an  agency 
to  issue  revenue  bonds  to  finance  the  cost  of  capital  projects 
consisting  of  agricultural  facilities,  and  to  refund  such  bonds, 
such  bonds  to  be  secured  by  and  payable  only  from  revenues 
or  property  derived  from  private  parties  and  in  no  event  to  be 
secured  by  or  payable  from  any  public  moneys  whatsoever. 
(Chapter  765,  Session  Laws  ofNorch  Carolina,  1983) 


The  North  Carolina  Constitution  111 

CONSTITUTIONAL  AMENDMENT  APPROVED  IN  THE 
GENERAL  ELECTION  HELD  NOVEMBER  6,  1984 

1.     Constitutional  amendment  requiring  Attorney  General  and 
District  Attorneys  to  be  duly  authorized  to  practice  law  prior 
to  election  or  appointment. 
(Chapter  298,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1983) 

CONSTITUTIONAL  AMENDMENTS  APPROVED  IN  THE 
GENERAL  ELECTION  HELD  NOVEMBER  4,  1986 

1.  Constitutional  Amendment  to  permit  the  General  Assembly 
to  enact  general  laws  to  authorize  the  State,  or  any  State 
entity  to  issue  revenuebonds  to  finance  or  refinance  the  cost 
of  acquiring, constructing  and  financing  higher  education 
facilities  for  any  nonprofit  private  corporation,  regardlessof 
any  church  or  religious  relationship,  such  bonds  to  be  payable 
from  any  revenues  or  assets  of  any  such  nonprofit  private  cor- 
poration pledged  therefore. 

(Chapter  814,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1986) 

2.  Constitutional  Amendment  providing  that  an  election  shall 
be  held  to  fill  the  remainder  of  the  unexpired  term  if  the 
vacancy  occurs  more  than  60  days  before  the  next  election, 
rather  than  30  days  as  is  presently  provided. 

(Chapter  920,  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1986) 

3.  Constitutional  Amendment  to  assist  in  the  development  of 
new  and  existing  seaports  and  airports  without  creating  a 
debt  secured  by  the  faith  and  credit  of  the  State  or  any  other 
public  body  by  permitting  the  General  Assembly  to  grant  to 
the  State  and  other  public  bodies  additional  powers  to  devel- 
op new  and  existing  seaports  and  airports,  including  powers 
to  finance  and  refinance  for  public  and  private  parties  sea- 
port and  airport  related  commercial,  industrial,  manufactur- 
ing, processing,  mining,  transportation,  distribution,  storage, 
marine,  aviation  and  environmental  facilities  and  improve- 
ments. 

(Chapter  933  Session  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  1986) 


112 


North  Carolina  Manual 


CHAPTER  TWO 


The  Executive  Branch 


^ 


I 


EK? 


INTRODUCTION 

Under  provisions  in  the  Constitution  of  North  Carolina,  the 
three  branches  of  state  government  -  legislative,  executive  and 
judicial  -  are  distinct  and  separate  from  each  other  (Article  I, 
Section  6).  This  separation  of  powers  has  been  a  primary  principal 
of  government  since  our  independence.  In  the  nearly  two  hundred 
years  since  the  forming  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  many 
changes  have  occurred  in  her  governmental  organization.  North 
Carolina's  state  and  local  governments  have  grown  from  a  small 
funded  endeavor  of  a  few  hundred  "employees"  in  1776,  to  a 
multi-billion  dollar  enterprise  of  thousands  of  public  servants 
and  programs.  Along  with  this  growth  has  come  problems.  In 
1970  there  were  over  200  independent  state  agencies  making  up 
the  executive  branch.  Recognizing  this  problem  the  General 
Assembly  took  steps  toward  reorganizing  state  government, 
particularly  by  beginning  to  define  the  executive  branch. 


State  Government  Reorganization 


J 


In  his  October  27,  1967  speech, 
Governor  Dan  K.  Moore  urged 
the  North  Carolina  State  Bar  to 
take  the  lead  in  sponsoring  a  study 
to  determine  need  for  revising  or 
rewriting  the  Constitution  of  North 
Carolina.  Council  of  the  North 
Carolina  State  Bar  and  the  North 
Carolina  Association  joined  in 
appointing  a  steering  committee 
which  selected  twenty-five  persons  to 
constitute  the  North  Carolina  State 
Constitution  Commission.  The  report 
of  the  commission,  submitted  on 
December  16,  1968  contained  a 


proposed  amendment  which  would 
require  the  General  Assembly  to 
reduce  the  administrative  depart- 
ments of  state  government  to  25  and 
authorize  the  Governor  to  reorganize 
the  administrative  departments 
subject  to  legislative  approval. 

The  1969  General  Assembly  sub- 
mitted the  proposed  constitutional 
amendment  to  a  vote  of  the  people 
and  also  authorized  the  Governor  to 
begin  a  study  of  consolidation  of 
state  agencies  and  to  prepare 
recommendation  for  the  General 
Assembly.  Governor  Robert  W.  Scott 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  113 

established  the  State  Government  transferring  of  all  or  part  of  an 
Reorganization  Study  Commission  in  agency,  including  its  statutory 
October  of  1969.  Later,  in  May  1970,  authority,  powers  and  duties,  to  a 
a  fifty-member  citizen's  Committee  principal  department.  A  Type  II 
on  State  Government  organization  transfer  meant  the  transferring 
was  appointed  by  the  Governor  to  intact  of  an  existing  agency  to  a  prin- 
review  the  study  and  make  specific  cipal  department  with  the  transfer- 
recommendations,  ring  agency  retaining  its  statutory 

The    constitutional    proposal  authority  and  functions,  which  would 

requiring  the  reduction  of  the  num-  be  performed  under  the  direction  and 

ber  of  administrative  departments  to  supervision  of  the  head  of  the  principal 

not  more  than  25  by  1975  was  adopted  department. 

in  the  general  election  on  November  3,  A11   offices   and  departments 

1970,  and  the  Committee  on  State  called     for     by     the     Executive 

Government  Reorganization  submit-  Organization  Act  of  1971  were  creat- 

ted  its  recommendations  to  the  ed  by  executive  order  of  Governor 

Governor  on  February  4,  1971.  Scott  prior  to  the  July  1,  1972  dead- 

The  committee  recommended  line  set  by  the  Act.  The  principal 

implementation  of  the  amendment  in  offices  and  departments  created  were 

two  phases.  Phase  I  would  be  the  the  following:  Office  of  the  Governor, 

grouping  of  agencies  together  in  a  Office  of  the  Lieutenant  Governor, 

limited  number  of  functional  depart-  Department  of  the  Secretary  of 

ments.  This  was  accomplished  in  State,  Department  of  the  State 

1971  through  legislative  action.  Auditor,    Department    of    State 

Phase  II  began  in  1971  and  contin-  Treasurer,  Department  of  Public 

ued  into  1973  as  agencies  began  to  Education  (now  the  Department  of 

work  together.  Evaluations  of  agency  Public  Instruction),  Department  of 

and  department  organizations  were  Justice,  Department  of  Agriculture, 

done  and  bills  prepared  that  would  Department  of  Labor,  Department  of 

revise  existing  statutes  on  the  basis  Insurance,    the    Department    of 

of  these  evaluations  and  experience.  Administration,  the  Department  of 

Drafted  proposals  were  presented  to  Transportation  and  Highway  Safety 

the  1973  General  Assembly  and  leg-  (now  named  the  Department  of 

islative  implementation  began.  Transportation),  the  Department  of 

With    strong    support    from  Natural  and  Economic  Resources 

Governor  Scott,  the  Executive  (now  the  Department  of  Environment, 

Organization  Act  of  1971  was  rati-  Health,  and  Natural  Resources), 

fied  July  14,  1971.  It  created  19  prin-  Department  of  Human  Resources, 

cipal  offices  and  departments  con-  Department  of  Social  Rehabilitation 

sisting  of  ten  offices  and  depart-  and      Control      (now      the      the 

ments  headed  by  elected  officials  and  Department  of  Correction),   the 

nine  other  Departments  formed  by  Department  of  Commerce   ,   the 

the  grouping  of  agencies  along  func-  Department  of  Revenue,  Department 

tional  lines.  The  act  provided  for  two  of  Art,  Culture  and  History  (now 

types  of  transfers  to  accomplish  the  Department  of  Cultural  Resources), 

first  phase  of  reorganization.  Under  and  Department  of  Military  and 

the  act,  a  Type  I  transfer  meant  the  Veterans'  Affairs  (which  no  longer 


114  North  Carolina  Manual 

exists).  By  executive  order  issued  Board  to  the  Secretary  any  matter 

June  26,  1972,  an  Executive  Cabinet  which  might  be  referred  to  it  by  the 

was  formed  consisting  of  the  heads  of  Secretary. 

these  departments.  Meetings  of  the  in  the  1973  Act,  the  Department 

Cabinet  were  very  important  in  solv-  0f  Military  and  Veterans  Affairs 

ing  the  Phase  II  problems  of  reorga-  specifically  charged  with  providing 

nization.  National  Guard  troops  trained  to 

Between  1972  and  1977,  some  Federal  Standards;  being  responsible 
additional  alterations  were  made  for  military  and  civil  preparedness; 
which  further  implemented  reorgani-  and  assisting  veterans  and  their 
zation  of  state  government  in  North  families  and  dependents.  A  new 
Carolina.  In  1973,  the  Legislature  Veterans'  Affairs  Commission  was 
passed  the  Executive  Organizations  created  to  assist  the  Secretary  with 
Act  of  1973  which  affected  four  of  the  veterans  services  programs, 
newly  created  departments—  Reorganization  was  to  have  been 
Cultural  Resources,  Human  Resources,  completed  by  the  end  of  1975.  Most 
Military  and  Veterans  Affairs  and  0f  the  aims  were  achieved;  however, 
Revenue.  Broadly  speaking,  the  1973  several  additional  legislative  reorga- 
law  vested  final  administrative  and  nizational  changes  were  sought  by 
managerial  powers  for  the  Executive  the  Governor.  The  proposals  primari- 
Branch  in  the  hands  of  the  Governor  ly  affected  four  departments  - 
and  gave  him  powers  to  appoint  a  Commerce,  Military  and  Veterans 
secretary  for  each  of  the  departments  Affairs,  Natural  and  Economic 
named.  The  law  also  set  forth  the  Resources,  and  Transportation.  The 
powers  of  the  secretaries,  but  left  1977  General  Assembly  enacted  sev- 
intact  specifically  designed  areas  and  eral  laws  implementing  the  new  pro- 
decisions  already  vested  in  various  p0sals.  The  old  Department  of 
commissions  -  these  cannot  be  coun-  Military  and  Veteran's  Affairs  has 
termanded  by  either  the  governor  or  been  replaced  by  a  new  Department 
departmental  secretary.  of  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety. 

Specifically,  the  1973  act  changed  The  Veterans  Affairs  Commission 

the    name    of  the    Department   of  form   in  MVA  is  now  under  the 

Culture  and  History  to  form  the  Department  of  Administration.  All 

Department  of  Cultural  Resources,  the  State  Highway  Patrol,  formerly 

Various     Boards,      Commissions,  in  the  Division  of  Motor  Vehicles, 

Councils,  and  Societies  which  relate  to  Department  of  Transportation,  has 

a  cult  orientation  were  brought  under  been  transferred  by  a  Type  I  transfer 

the  umbrella  of  the  Department  of  to  the  department.  A  newly  created 

Cultural  Resources.  Governor's  Crime  Commission  is  also 

Two  of  the  previously  created  part  of  the  new  department. 
Departments,  Human  Resources  and  In  reorganizing  the  old 
Revenue  were  recreated  making  Department  of  Military  and  Veterans 
some  technical  changes  not  found  in  Affairs,  the  Energy  Division  and  the 
the  original  law.  Specifically,  in  the  Energy  Policy  Council  were  trans- 
Department  of  Human  Resources,  a  ferred  to  Department  of  Commerce. 
Board  of  Human  Resources  was  Also  transferred  to  the  Department 
created  to  serve  as  an  Advisory  of  Commerce  were  three  agencies 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  115 

previously  under  the  Department  of  autonomous  status,  as  in  the  case  of 

Transportation  -  the  State  Ports  the  Office  of  the  State  Controller. 
Authority,  and  two  commissions  on  The  most  recent  reorganization 

Navigation  and  Pilotage.    Other  leg-  occurred  in  1989  with  major  changes 

islative  changes  were  enacted  to  fur-  among  and  within  the  Departments 

ther  reorganize  the  Department  of  0f  Commerce,  Human  Resources,  and 

Commerce  by  transferring  to  it  the  Natural  Resources  and  Community 

Economic  Development  Division  of  Development.  The  results  were  the 

Department      of     Natural      and  renaming  of  two  departments  and 

Economic  Development  and  to  create  the  restructuring  of  all  three.  The 

the    Labor    Force    Development  Department  of  Natural  Resources 

Council  to  coordinate  the  needs  of  and  Economic  Development  became 

Industry  with  the  programs  offered  the  Department  of  Environment, 

in  our  educational  institutions.  Health,  and  Natural  Resources  with 

There  was  some  opposition  to  moving  primary  responsibilities  in  the  areas 

Economic  Development  from  Natural  0f    environmental    and    natural 

Economic  Resources  because  the  resources  management  and  public 

setup  at  that  time  allowed  new  health  protection.  The  Department  of 

prospect  industry  to  deal  with  only  Commerce     was     renamed     the 

one  department  in  finding  economic  Department     of    Economic     and 

opportunity  within  the  state  and  Community    Development.    This 

what  environmental  requirements  department  acquired  the  community 

and  restrictions  there  might  be.  development  activities  of  old  NRCD 

Reorganization  is  an  ongoing  and  added  them  to  the  commercial 

process  in  state  government  as  efforts  and  industrial  activity  of  the  old 

made  to  reduce  the  bureaucracy  and  Department   of  Commerce.    The 

avoid  confusion  and  duplication.  Since  Department  of  Human  Resources 

that  first  effort  in  the  early  1970's,  lost  its  Division  of  Health  Services 

department     names     have     been  and  several  sections  from  other  divi- 

changed,  a  new  department  created —  sions  relating  to  environmental  and 

the    Department    of    Community  health  management. 
Colleges — and  some  agencies  given 


THE  COUNCIL  OF  STATE 

Origin  and  Composition 

The  Council  of  State  is  composed  of  the  elected  officials  enumerated  in 
Article  III  of  the  Constitution  of  North  Carolina.  Each  of  these  officials  are 
executive  heads  of  departments  of  state  government.  When  acting  as  one 
body,  they  advise  the  Governor  on  certain  important  administrative  matters 
of  state.  This  body  is  also  charged  by  statute  with  other  specific  duties  and 
responsibilities. 

The  Council  of  State  had  its  origin  in  the  Constitution  of  1776.  Drafted 
and  promulgated  by  the  Fifth  Provincial  Congress  in  December,  1776,  this 
document  was  created  without  submission  to  the  people.  Its  separate,  but 


116  North  Carolina  Manual 

accompanying  declaration  of  rights,  sketched  the  main  outlines  of  the  new 
state  government  and  secured  the  rights  of  the  citizen  from  governmental 
influence.  While  the  principle  of  separation  of  powers  was  explicitly  affirmed 
and  the  three  familiar  branches  of  government  provided  for,  the  true  center 
of  power  lay  in  the  General  Assembly. 

Profound  distrust  of  the  executive  power  is  evident  throughout  the 
Constitution  of  1776.  It  allowed  the  Governor  only  a  one-year  term  with  a 
limit  of  only  three  terms  in  any  six  years.  The  little  power  granted  to  the 
Governor  was  further  limited  by  requiring,  in  many  instances,  the  concur- 
rence of  the  Council  of  State  before  power  could  be  exercised  by  the 
Governor. 

Having  just  declared  their  independence  from  the  bonds  of  an  English 
king  who  exercised  dictatorial  executive  authority,  the  patriots  of  North 
Carolina  were  understandably  reluctant  to  establish  a  strong  central  execu- 
tive. So,  the  Council  of  State  was  created  as  one  of  the  checks  and  balances  to 
prevent  the  Governor  from  having  too  much  power.  The  Council  of  State  con- 
sisted of  seven  men  elected  by  joint  vote  of  the  two  houses  of  the  General 
Assembly.  They  were  elected  for  a  one-year  term  and  could  not  be  members 
of  either  the  state  Senate  or  the  state  House  of  Commons.  If  a  vacancy 
occurred,  it  was  filled  at  the  next  session  of  the  General  Assembly.  The 
Council  was  created  to  "advise  the  governor  in  the  execution  of  his  office," 
but  was  independent  of  the  Governor. 

The  role  of  our  Council  of  State  today  is  similar  to  what  it  was  centuries 
ago.  While  no  longer  a  separate  and  distinct  body  elected  by  the  General 
Assembly,  the  functions  of  advising  the  Governor  and  making  decisions 
which  are  important  to  the  operation  of  government  have  survived. 

Constitutional  Basis 

Article  III,  Section  7,  of  the  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  provides  for 
the  election  of  the  following  state  officers:  Secretary  of  State,  State  Auditor, 
State  Treasurer,  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  Attorney  General, 
Commissioner  of  Labor,  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  and  Commissioner  of 
Insurance.  All  of  these  officers,  including  the  Governor  and  Lieutenant 
Governor,  are  elected  by  the  citizens  of  North  Carolina  at  the  same  time  that 
votes  are  cast  for  president  and  vice  president  -  November  of  every  other 
even  numbered  year.  They  are  elected  to  four-year  terms,  and  except  for  the 
Governor  and  Lieutenant  Governor  who  can  be  elected  to  only  one  additional 
consecutive  term,  there  is  no  limit  on  the  number  of  times  each  may  be  elect- 
ed. In  the  event  of  vacancy  due  to  death,  resignation  or  otherwise,  the 
Governor  has  the  authority  to  appoint  someone  to  serve  until  a  successor  is 
elected  at  the  next  general  election  for  members  of  the  General  Assembly. 
Section  8,  Article  III  of  the  constitution  provides  that  those  elected  officials 
shall  constitute  the  Council  of  State. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch 


117 


SP 


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^ 


THE  COUNCIL  OF  STATE 

Duties  and  Responsibilities 


The  duties  and  responsibilities  of  the  Council  of  State,  as  prescribed  in  the 
General  Statutes  of  North  Carolina,  are  to: 


1.  advise  the  Governor  on  calling  a  special  session  of  the 
legislature; 

2.  advise  the  Governor  and  State  Treasurer  on  investment  of 
assurance  fund; 

3.  approve  transfers  from  state  property  fire  insurance  fund 
agencies  suffering  losses; 

4.  approve  the  purchase  of  insurance  for  reinsurance; 

5.  control  internal  improvements  and  require  the  chief 
executive  of  public  works  to  report  on  improvements  to 
the  Council  and  the  General  Assembly; 

6.  approve  the  sale,  lease,  and  mortgage  of  corporate  property 
which  the  state  has  an  interest; 

7.  investigate  public  works  companies; 

8.  approve  the  Governor's  determination  of  competitive 
positions; 

9.  allot  contingency  &  emergency  funds  for  many  purposes; 

10.  approve  survey  of  state  boundaries; 

11.  sign  bonds  in  lieu  of  treasurer; 

12.  authorize  the  treasurer  on  replacing  bonds  and  notes; 

13.  authorize  the  Treasurer  to  borrow  in  emergency  and  report 
such  to  the  state  legislature; 

14.  approve  the  issuance  of  bonds,  set  interest  rate  and 
approve  the  manner  of  sale; 

15.  request  cancellation  of  highway  bonds  in  sinking  funds  if 
necessary; 

16.  approve  borrowing  in  anticipation  of  collection  of  taxes; 

17.  approve  parking  lot  rules; 

18.  participate  in  lease,  rental,  purchase  and  sale  of  real 
property; 

19.  approve  motor  pool  rules; 

20.  approve  general  service  rules  and  regulations; 

21.  approve  property  and  space  allocations; 

22.  approve  war  and  civil  defense  plans; 

23.  approve  banks  and  securities  for  state  funds;  and 

24.  approve  all  state  lands  transaction. 


=^~^,» 


118  North  Carolina  Manual 

Meetings 

The  Council  of  State  meets  monthly,  at  a  time  agreed  upon  by  the  mem- 
bers. Currently  they  meet  the  first  Tuesday  of  each  month.  At  these  meet- 
ings, debate  with  the  Governor  and  each  other  is  conducted  on  the  many 
important  issues  faced  by  state  government.  Prior  to  1985,  Council  of  State 
meetings  were  exempted  from  the  State  Open  Meetings  Law  by  act  of  the 
General  Assembly;  however,  there  was  so  much  uproar  over  this  practice 
that  since  1985  the  meetings  have  been  open. 

The  Council  of  State  is  a  vital  part  of  the  operations  of  state  government 
today  as  it  continues  a  tradition  established  over  two  hundred  years  ago. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  119 


THE  OFFICE  OF  THE  GOVERNOR 


The  Office  of  the  Governor  is  the  1868  North  Carolinians  adopted 

oldest  governmental  office  in  their  second  constitution.     The 

North  Carolina.     The  first  Constitution  of  1868  provided 

Governor  was  Ralph  Lane,  who  many  of  the  amendments  that  had 

served  as  Governor  of  Sir  Walter  been  added  to  the  original  1776 

Raleigh's  first  colony  on  Roanoke  Constitution,  but  also  included 

Island  (1585).    The  first  permanent  changes  resulting  from  the  Civil  War 

Governor  was  William  Drummond,  and  new  attitudes  towards  govern- 

appointed  by  William  Berkeley,  ment.    Provisions  in  this  new  consti- 

Governor  of  Virginia  and  one  of  the  tution  increased  the  Governor's  term 

Lords  Proprietors.    During  the  colo-  of  office  from  two  to  four  years,  as 

nial  period,  Governors  were  appoint-  well  as  increased  some  of  his  duties 

ed  by  the  Lords  Proprietors  prior  to  and  powers. 

1729,  and  the  crown  after  1730.  Today,  North  Carolina  is  gov- 

These  people  served  at  the  pleasure  erned  by  her  third  constitution;  how- 

of  their  appointers,  usually  until  the  ever,  few  changes  dealing  with  the 

governor  resigned,  although  there  executive  branch,  and  the  Governor 

were  several  instances  where  other  in  particular,  were  changed  when 

factors  were  involved.  When  a  regu-  ratified  by  the  people  in  1970.    Two 

larly  appointed  Governor,  for  what-  omissions  from  the  Constitution  of 

ever  reason,  could  no  longer  perform  1971,  which  were  found  in  most 

his  functions  as  chief  executive,  other  state  constitutions,  were  over 

either  the  president  of  the  council,  legislation  passed  by  the  General 

the  deputy,  or  Lieutenant  Governor,  Assembly.    The  citizens  of  North 

took  over  until  a  new  Governor  was  Carolina  addressed  the  issue  of 

appointed  and  qualified.    Following  gubernatorial  succession  in  1977  and 

our  first  state  constitution,  the  gov-  voted  to  allow  the  Governor  and 

ernor  was  elected  by  the  two  houses  Lieutenant  Governor  to  run  for  a  sec- 

of  the  General  Assembly.    He  was  ond  consecutive  term.    Following  his 

elected  to  serve  a  one-year  term  and  reelection  in  1980,  Governor  James 

could  serve  no  more  than  three  years  B.  Hunt  Jr.  became  the  first  North 

in  any  six.  Carolinian  Governor  since  1866  to  be 

In  1835,  with  pressure  for  a  more  elected  to  two  consecutive  four-year 

democratic  form  of  government  being  terms  and  to  an  unprecedented  third 

felt  in  Raleigh,  a  constitutional  con-  term  in  1992. 

vention  was  called  to  amend  certain  In  1972,  the  Office  of  the  Governor 

sections  of  the  constitution.    One  of  was  created  as  one  of  the  19  depart - 

the  amendments  provided  for  the  ments  in  the  Executive  branch  of 

popular  election  of  the  Governor  state  government.    Under  his  imme- 

every  two  years;  however,  little  was  diate  jurisdiction  are  assistants  and 

done  to  increase  his  authority  in  areas  personnel  needed  to  carry  out  the 

other  than  that  of  appointments.    In  functions  of  chief  executive. 


120  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  Governor  of  North  Carolina  faithfully  execute  the  laws  of  the 

is  not  only  the  state's  chief  executive,  state.    He  has  the  power  to  grant 

but  also  the  director  of  the  budget,  pardons  and  to  commute  sentences; 

with  responsibilities  for  all  phases  of  to  issue  extradition  warrants  and 

budgeting  from  the  initial  prepara-  requests;  to  join  interstate  compacts; 

tion  to  final  execution;  he  is  comman-  and  to  reorganize  and  consolidate 

der-in-chief  of  the  state  military;  and  state  agencies.    The  Governor  has 

he  is  chairman  of  the  Council  of  final  authority  over  expenditures  of 

State  which  meets  regularly  and  the  state,  and  he  is  also  responsible 

which  he  may  convene  in  times  of  for  the  administration  of  all  funds 

emergencies.      He   also   has   the  and  loans  from  the  federal  govern- 

authority  to  convene  the  General  ment.    At  the  start  of  each  regular 

Assembly  into  extra  session  should  session  of  the  General  Assembly,  the 

affairs  of  the  state  dictate  such  a  Governor  delivers  the  State  of  the 

move.  The  governor  is  directed  by  State  address  to  a  joint  session  of  the 

the  North  Carolina  Constitution  to  legislature. 

The  Executive  Assistant 

The  Executive  Assistant  to  the  Governor  oversees  the  Office  of  the 
Governor.  He  monitors  the  Cabinet's  policy  development,  serves  as  the 
Governor's  link  to  cabinet  members,  and  advises  the  Governor  on  legislative 
matters.  The  Executive  Assistant  also  represents  the  Governor  in  matters  of 
state,  serving  as  his  representative. 

The  Legal  Counsel 

The  Legal  Counsel,  appointed  by  the  Governor,  monitors  all  legal  issues 
relating  to  the  Governor  and  his  cabinet.  He  advises  the  Governor  when  pol- 
icy developments  involve  legal  issues  and  investigates  the  merits  of  pardon 
requests,  commutations,  reprieves,  extraditions,  rewards  and  payments  of 
legal  fees  charged  by  the  state. 

The  Office  of  Budget  and  Management 

Responsible  for  the  State  Budget,  the  State  Budget  Officer  is  appointed 
by  the  Governor  to  assist  him  in  carrying  out  fiscal  responsibilities.  He 
directs  preparation  of  the  state  budget,  advises  the  Governor  on  policy  deci- 
sions related  to  the  biennial  budget,  legislative  issues,  and  the  management 
of  state  government.  He  also  serves  as  a  liaison  to  the  business  community. 

The  Boards  and  Commissions  Office 

The  Boards  and  Commissions  Office  reviews  applications  and  submits 
recommendations  to  more  than  350  statutory  and  non  statutory  boards  and 
commissions  appointed  by  the  Governor.  The  Boards  and  Commissions 
Office  researches  qualifications  and  requirements,  maintains  records  and 
serves  as  a  liaison  with  associations,  agencies  and  interested  individuals  and 
groups. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  121 

The  Press  Office 

The  press  secretary  serves  as  the  Governor's  communications  director 
and  spokesperson.  The  press  secretary  serves  as  a  liaison  between  the 
Governor  and  his  staff,  the  press,  and  the  public,  keeping  them  informed  on 
matters  of  interest  and  importance  to  the  state.  The  Press  Office  is  responsi- 
ble for  preparing  any  speeches  and  public  service  announcements  issued  by 
the  Governor. 

The  Office  of  Citizen  Affairs 

The  Office  of  Citizen  Affairs  is  a  direct  link  between  the  Governor  and 
the  people  of  North  Carolina.  The  Office  of  Citizen  Affairs  is  responsible  for 
giving  prompt  attention  and  response  to  concerns  and  inquiries,  and  promot- 
ing citizen  and  community  involvement  and  participation.  The  Citizen  Help 
Section  handles  all  citizen  requests  brought  to  the  Governor's  Office.  The 
Correspondence  Unit  processes  and  tracks  all  letters  sent  to  the  Governor. 
Citizen  Affairs  also  promotes  citizen  involvement  and  volunteerism  in  a 
number  of  ways,  including  citizen  referral,  recognition  ceremonies,  and  a 
quarterly  newsletter. 

The  Legislative  Counsel 

The  Legislative  Counsel  is  responsible  for  establishing  and  maintaining 
a  working  relationship  with  members  of  the  General  Assembly  on  all  legisla- 
tive matters  of  importance  to  the  Governor.  He  is  also  responsible  for  track- 
ing legislation  as  it  moves  through  the  General  Assembly  and  reporting  its 
progress  to  the  Governor. 

The  Eastern  Office 

Located  in  New  Bern,  this  office  serves  as  a  regional  extension  of  the 
Governor's  Raleigh  office,  linking  local  governments,  the  private  sector  and 
citizens  of  33  eastern  North  Carolina  counties.  The  Eastern  Office  serves  as 
a  resource  for  citizens,  works  with  public  and  private  groups  to  assist  them, 
carries  out  the  Governor's  policies  and  addresses  the  needs  of  citizens  in 
eastern  North  Carolina.  The  staff  also  represents  the  Governor  at  forums, 
civic  and  business  events. 

The  Western  Office 

Established  in  1977  by  Governor  Jim  Hunt,  the  Western  Office  serves  as 
a  direct  link  between  the  Governor  for  western  North  Carolina  residents. 
Located  in  Asheville  and  serving  27  western  counties,  the  office  works  with 
local  governments  and  the  private  sector  to  respond  to  the  needs  of  area  citi- 
zens. Working  with  area  legislators,  this  office  also  pushes  for  programs  and 
funding  to  boost  western  North  Carolina.  The  office  is  responsible  for  admin- 
istering the  Governor's  policies  and  programs.  The  staff  of  the  Western 
Office  represents  the  Governor  on  councils  and  boards,  forums,  civic  and 
business  events. 


122  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  North  Carolina  Washington  Office 

The  North  Carolina  Washington  Office  was  established  by  Governor 
James  E.  Holshouser,  Jr.  The  staff  serves  as  a  liaison  between  the  Governor, 
the  North  Carolina  congressional  delegation,  as  well  as  the  White  House. 
The  staff  monitors  and  evaluates  the  impact  of  legislative  initiatives  pro- 
posed by  the  administration  and  advocates  for  the  interests  of  the  state.  The 
Washington  Office  also  responds  directly  to  constituent  requests  for  informa- 
tion and  serves  as  a  home  base  for  the  state. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Advisory  Budget  Commission 

Christa  McAuliffe  Fellowship  Program  Selection  Committee 

Education  Commission  of  the  States 

Governor's  Council  on  Minority  Executives 

Governor's  Minority,  Female  and  Disabled-Owned  Businesses  Contractors 

Advisory  Committee 
Governor's  Programs  of  Excellence  in  Education  Selection  Committee 
Governor's  Western  Residence  Board  of  Directors 
National  Football  League  Blue  Ribbon  Commission 
N.C.  Business  Council  of  Management  and  Development,  Inc. 
N.C.  Governor's  Commission  on  Workforce  Preparedness 
N.C.  2000  Steering  Committee 
Southeast  Compact  Commission  for  Low-Level  Radioactive  Waste 

Management 
Southern  Regional  Education  Board 

Southern  Regional  Education  Board  Legislative  Work  Conference  Delegates 
Southern  States  Energy  Board 
Governor's  Volunteer  Advisory  Council  (Office  of  Citizen  Affairs) 

For  Further  Information 
(919)  733-4240 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  123 


124 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  125 


James  B.  Hunt,  In 


Governor 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Greensboro,  N.C.  on  May  16,  1937,  to  James  B.  Hunt  Sr.  and  Elsie  (Brame) 
Hunt. 

Educational  Background 

N.C.  State  University,  B.S.  in  Agricultural  Education  1959;  M.S.  in  Agricultural 
Economics  1962;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  Juris  Doctor,  1964. 

Professional  Background 

Governor  of  North  Carolina,  1977-85,  1993-present  (first  Governor  elected  to  serve  two 
consecutive  terms,  leave  office  for  two  terms,  and  then  be  elected  to  a  third  term)  Lt. 
Governor,  1973-77;  senior  law  partner,  Poyner  &  Spruill,  1985-1992;  Ford  Foundation 
economic  advisor  to  the  Government  of  Nepal,  1964-66;  partner,  Kirby,  Webb  and 
Hunt,  1966-72. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Chair  of  the  National  Board  for  Professional  Teaching  Standards;  Vice  Chair  of  the 
National  Center  on  Education  and  the  Economy  Board;  Chair  of  the  National  Task 
Force  on  Education  for  Economic  Growth;  Chair  of  the  Education  Commission  of  the 
States;  Co-chair  of  the  1993-94  National  Governor's  Association  Education 
Leadership  Team;  Member  of  the  Carnegie  Corporation  Forum  on  Education  and  the 
Economy;  Chair  of  N.C.  State  Emerging  Issues  Forum;  Chairman  of  Triangle  East; 
Chair  of  the  National  Governor's  Association  Task  Force  on  Technological  Innovation; 
Member  of  Wake  Forest  University  Board  of  Trustees  and  Barton  College  Board  of 
Trustees;  Member  of  N.C.  Central  University  School  of  Arts  and  Sciences  Advisory 
Board. 

Political  Activities 
Governor  of  North  Carolina,  1977-85;  1993-present;  Lt.  Governor,  1973-77;  Former 
Chairman  of  the  National  Democratic  Party  Commission  on  the  Presidential 
Nomination,  1981;  appointed,  Assistant  Chairman  of  the  N.C.  Democratic  Party, 
1969;  President  of  North  Carolina  Young  Democrats,  1968;  Delegate  to  the 
Democratic  National  Convention,  1968;  National  College  Director  for  the  Democratic 
National  Committee,  1962-63;  State  Chairman  of  College  Young  Voters,  1960;  Vice 
President  of  N.C.  Young  Democrats,  1959. 

Honors  and  Awards 
James  B.  Conant  Award,  for  service  as  the  public  leader  in  America  contributing  most 
significantly  to  progress  in  public  education,  1984;  National  4-H  Outstanding 
Alumnus  Award,  1984;  Conservation  Achievement  Award,  presented  to  the  outstand- 
ing government  leader  in  U.S.  by  the  National  Wildlife  Federation,  1983;  National 
Religious  Heritage  Award  for  national  volunteer  leadership,  1983;  Honor  Award  from 
the  Soil  Conservation  Society  of  America,  1986. 


126  North  Carolina  Manual 

Publications 

"Acreage  Controls  and  Poundage  Controls:  Their  Effects  on  Most  Profitable 
Production  Practices  for  Flue  Aired  Tobacco,"  (Master's  Thesis,  chosen  in  1963  as  one 
of  the  three  best  in  US  and  Canada  by  American  Farm  Economic  Association). 

Achievements 

Since  taking  office  in  January,  1993,  Hunt  has  established  "Smart  Start,"  an  early 
childhood  initiative  that  will  provide  quality  early  childhood  services  to  every  child  in 
North  Carolina  who  needs  it.  He  created  the  Governor's  Commission  on  Workforce 
Preparedness  to  improve  workforce  training  and  set  up  the  state's  first  apprentice- 
ship program  for  high  school  students  who  do  not  pursue  higher  education.  He  estab- 
lished the  N.C.  Education  Standards  and  Accountability  Commission  to  set  rigorous 
new  standards  for  high  school  graduates  based  on  the  demands  of  the  modern  econo- 
my. He  created  the  N.C.  Center  for  the  Prevention  of  School  Violence  to  help  schools 
and  communities  make  their  classrooms  safer  by  providing  hands-on  assistance  and 
technical  expertise.  He  established  the  Governor's  Task  Force  on  School  Violence, 
which  recommended  a  series  of  safe  schools  bills  —  now  laws  —  to  make  classrooms 
safer.  He  launched  the  N.C.  Information  Highway,  the  world's  fastest  wide-area, 
multi-media  communications  network,  to  link  all  areas  of  the  state  in  education,  eco- 
nomic development  and  other  critical  areas.  In  early  1994,  Hunt  called  a  special  ses- 
sion of  the  General  Assembly  to  address  crime  by  proposing  a  legislative  package  to 
keep  criminals  behind  bars  longer,  deter  youngsters  from  crime,  make  the  criminal 
justice  system  work  better  and  add  5,000  new  prison  beds,  including  work  farms  and 
boot  camps. 

1977-85  —  founded  the  N.C.  School  of  Science  and  Mathematics,  the  nation's  first 
state  supported,  residential  high  school  for  students  with  talent  and  interest  in  sci- 
ence and  mathematics;  the  N.C.  Center  for  the  Advancement  of  Teaching,  which  pro- 
vides a  year  round  program  of  seminars  to  improve  teaching  and  the  public  school 
system;  the  Community  Schools  Program  and  the  primary  reading  program;  opened 
the  N.C.  Film  Office;  oversaw  construction  of  over  4,000  prison  beds;  helped  organize 
more  than  12,000  Community  Watch  programs  to  involve  citizens  in  crime  prevention. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Carolyn  Leonard  of  Mingo,  Iowa,  Aug.  20,  1958.  Children:  Rebecca  Hunt 
Hawley,  Baxter,  Rachel  and  Elizabeth;  five  grandchildren.  First  Presbyterian  Church 
of  Wilson;  member,  elder,  and  former  deacon. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  127 


GOVERNORS  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


GOVERNORS  OF  "VIRGINIA"1 

Name  Term 

Ralph  Lane1 1585-1586 

John  White2 1587 


PROPRIETARY  CHIEF  EXECUTIVES* 


Name  Term 

(Samuel  Stephens)3 [1622-1664] 

William  Drummond4 1665-[1667] 

Samuel  Stephens5 [1667-1670] 

Peter  Carteret6 1670-1671 

Peter  Carteret7 1671-1672 

John  Jenkins8 1672-1675 

Thomas  Eastchurch9 1675-1676 

[Speaker-Assembly]10 1676 

John  Jenkins11 1676-1677 

Thomas  Eastchurch12 

Thomas  Miller13 1677 

[Rebel  Council]14 1677-1679 

Seth  Sothell15 

John  Harvey16 1679 

John  Jenkins17 1679-1681 

Henry  Wilkinson18 

Seth  Sothell19 [1682]-1689 

John  Archdale20 1683-1686 

JohnGibbs21 1689-1690 

Phillip  Ludwell22 1690-1691 

Thomas  Jarvis23 1690-1694 

Phillip  Ludwell24 1693-1695 

Thomas  Harvey25 1694-1699 

John  Archdale26 1695 

John  Archdale27 1697 

Henderson  Walker28 1699-1703 

Robert  Daniel29 1703-1705 

Thomas  CarySO • 1705-1706 

William  Glover31 1706-1707 

Thomas  Cary32 1707 

William  Glover33 1707-1708 


128  North  Carolina  Manual 

Name  Term 

Thomas  Cary34 1708-1711 

[William  Glover]35 [1709-1710] 

Edward  Hyde36 1711-1712 

Edward  Hyde37 1712 

Thomas  Pollock38 1712-1714 

Charles  Eden39 1714-1722 

Thomas  Pollock40 1722 

William  Reed41 1722-1724 

George  Burrington42 1724-1725 

Edward  Moseley43 1724 

Sir  Richard  Everard44 1725-1731 

The  names  indented  first  are  those  who  served  as  chief  executive,  but  were 
appointed  either  deputy  or  lieutenant  governor.  Those  indented  second  served  while 
president  of  the  council. 

ROYAL  CHIEF  EXECUTIVES45 

Name  Term 

George  Burrington46 1731-1734 

Nathaniel  Rice47 1734 

GabrielJohnston48 1734-1752 

Nathaniel  Rice49 1752-1753 

Matthew  Rowan50 1753-1754 

Arthur  Dobbs51 1754-1765 

James  Hasell52 1763 

William  Tryon53 1765 

William  Tryon54 1765-1771 

James  Hasell55 1771 

Josiah  Martin56 1771-1775 

James  Hasell57 1774 

ELECTED  BY  THE  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY58 

Name  Residence  Term 

Richard  Caswell59 Dobbs 1776-1777 

Richard  Caswell Dobbs 1777-1778 

Richard  Caswell Dobbs 1778-1779 

Richard  Caswell Dobbs 1779-1780 

AbnerNash60 Craven 1780-1781 

Thomas  Burke61 Orange 1781-1782 

Alexander  Martin62 Guilford 1781-1782 

Alexander  Martin Guilford 1782-1783 

Alexander  Martin Guilford 1783-1784 

Alexander  Martin Guilford 1784-1785 

Richard  Caswell Dobbs 1785-1786 

Richard  Caswell Dobbs 1786-1787 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  129 

Name  Residence  Term 

SamuelJohnston Chowan 1787-1788 

SamuelJohnston Chowan 1788-1789 

SamuelJohnston63 Chowan 1789 

Alexander  Martin64 Guilford 1789-1790 

Alexander  Martin Guilford 1790-1792 

Alexander  Martin Guilford 1792 

Richard  Dobbs  Spaight Craven 1792-1793 

Richard  Dobbs  Spaight Craven 1793-1795 

Richard  Dobbs  Spaight Craven 1795 

Samuel  Ashe New  Hanover 1795-1796 

Samuel  Ashe New  Hanover 1796-1797 

Samuel  Ashe New  Hanover 1797-1798 

William  R.  Davie65 Halifax 1798-1799 

Benjamin  Williams Moore 1799-1800 

Benjamin  Williams Moore 1800-1801 

Benjamin  Williams Moore 1801-1802 

John  Baptiste  Ashe66 Halifax 

James  Turner67 Warren 1802-1803 

James  Turner Warren 1803-1804 

James  Turner68 Warren 1804-1805 

Nathaniel  Alexander Mecklenburg 1805-1806 

Nathaniel  Alexander Mecklenburg 1806-1807 

Benjamin  Williams Moore 1807-1808 

David  Stone Bertie 1808-1809 

David  Stone Bertie 1809-1810 

Benjamin  Smith Brunswick 1810-1811 

William  Hawkins Warren 1811-1812 

William  Hawkins Warren 1812-1813 

William  Hawkins Warren 1813-1814 

William  Miller Warren 1814-1815 

William  Miller Warren 1815-1816 

William  Miller Warren 1816-1817 

John  Branch Halifax 1817-1818 

John  Branch Halifax 1818-1819 

John  Branch Halifax 1819-1820 

Jesse  Franklin Surry 1820-1821 

Gabriel  Holmes Sampson 1821-1822 

Gabriel  Holmes Sampson 1822-1823 

Gabriel  Holmes Sampson 1823-1824 

Hutchings  G.  Burton Halifax 1824-1825 

Hutchings  G.  Burton Halifax 1825-1826 

Hutchings  G.  Burton Halifax 1826-1827 

James  Iredell,  Jr.69 Chowan 1827-1828 

John  Owen Bladen 1828-1829 

John  Owen Bladen 1829-1830 

Montford  Stokes70 Wilkes 1830-1831 

Montford  Stokes Wilkes 1831-1832 

David  L.  Swain Buncombe 1832-1833 

David  L.  Swain Buncombe 1833-1834 

David  L.  Swain Buncombe 1834-1835 

Richard  D.  Spaight,  Jr Craven 1835-1836 


130  North  Carolina  Manual 

ELECTED  BY  THE  PEOPLE71  -  TWO  YEAR  TERM 

Name  Residence  Term 

Edward  B.  Dudley New  Hanover 1836-1838 

Edward  B.  Dudley New  Hanover 1838-1841 

John  M.  Morehead Guilford 1841-1842 

John  M.  Morehead Guilford 1842-1845 

William  A.  Graham Orange 1845-1847 

William  A.  Graham Orange 1847-1849 

Charles  Manly Wake 1849-1851 

David  S.  Reid72 Rockingham 1851-1852 

David  S.  Reid73 Rockingham 1852-1854 

Warren  Winslow74 Cumberland 1854-1855 

Thomas  Bragg Northampton 1855-1857 

Thomas  Bragg Northampton 1857-1859 

John  W.Ellis Rowan 1859-1861 

John  W.  Ellis75 Rowan 1861 

Henry  T.  Clark76 Edgecombe 1861-1862 

Zebulon  B.  Vance Buncombe 1862-1864 

Zebulon  B.  Vance Buncombe 1864-1865 

William  W.  Holden77 Wake 1865 

Jonathan  Worth Randolph 1865-1866 

Jonathan  Worth Randolph 1866-1868 

ELECTED  BY  THE  PEQPLE-FOUR-YEAR  TERM78 

Name  Residence  Term 

William  W.  Holden79 Wake 1868-1870 

Tod  R.  Caldwell80 Burke 1870-1873 

Tod  R.  Caldwell81 Burke 1873-1874 

Curtis  H.  Brogden Wayne 1874-1877 

Zebulon  B.  Vance82 Buncombe 1877-1879 

Thomas  J.  Jarvis83 Pitt 1879-1881 

Thomas  J.  Jarvis Pitt 1881-1885 

James  L.  Robinson84 Macon 1883 

Alfred  M.  Scales Rockingham 1885-1889 

Daniel  G.  Fowle85 Wake 1889-1891 

Thomas  M.  Hole Alamance 1891-1893 

EliasCarr Edgecombe 1893-1897 

Daniel  L.  Russell Brunswick 1897-1901 

Charles  B.  Aycock Wayne 1901-1905 

Robert  B.  Glenn Forsyth 1905-1909 

William  W.  Kitchin Person 1909-1913 

Locke  Craig Buncombe 1913-1917 

Thomas  W.  Bickett Franklin 1917-1921 

Cameron  Morrison Mecklenburg 1921-1925 

Angus  W.  McLean Robeson 1925-1929 

Oliver  Max  Gardner Cleveland 1929-1933 

John  C.  B.  Ehringhaus Pasquotank 1933-1937 

Clyde  R.  Hoey Cleveland 1937-1941 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  131 

Name  Residence  Term 

John  Melville  Broughton Wake 1941-1945 

Robert  Gregg  Cherry Gaston 1945-1949 

William  Kerr  Scott  Alamance 1949-1953 

William  B.  Umstead86 Durham 1953-1954 

Luther  H.  Hodges Rockingham 1954-1957 

Luther  H.  Hodges Rockingham 1957-1961 

Terry  Sanford Cumberland 1961-1965 

Daniel  K.  Moore Jackson 1965-1969 

Robert  W.  Scott Alamance 1969-1973 

James  E.  Holshouser,  Jr.87 Watauga 1973-1977 

James  B.  Hunt,  Jr Wilson 1977-1981 

James  B.  Hunt,  Jr.88 Wilson 1981-1985 

James  G.  Martin89 Iredell 1985-1989 

James  G.  Martin Iredell... 1989-1993 

James  B.  Hunt,  Jr.90 Wilson 1993-Present 

Governors  of  "Virginia" 


^■Lane  was  appointed  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  and  left  Plymouth,  England  on  April 
9,  1585.  His  expedition  reached  the  New  World  in  July;  however  a  colony  was  not 
established  until  August. 

2White  was  appointed  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh  and  departed  from  Portsmouth, 
England  on  April  26,  1587,  however  the  expedition  made  stops  at  Isle  of  Wight  and 
Plymouth  before  setting  sail  for  "  Virginia"  on  May  5.  They  reached  the  area  to  be  set- 
tled on  July  22,  but  Governor  White  wanted  to  make  some  preliminary  explorations 
before  allowing  the  remainder  of  his  party  to  go  ashore.  Three  days  later  the  colonists 
left  the  ships.  Food  shortages  and  the  absence  of  other  needed  supplies  forced  White 
to  leave  for  England  on  August  27,  1587.  Delayed  in  England  because  of  war  with 
Spain,  White  did  not  return  to  North  Carolina  until  1590.  Leaving  England  on  March 
20,  he  arrived  in  August,  but  found  no  evidence  of  life.  On  a  nearby  tree  he  found  the 
letters  C.R.O.  and  on  another  CROATAN.  White  never  did  find  his  missing  colony 
and  the  mystery  of  the  "Lost  Colony"  is  still  unsolved. 


Proprietary  Chief  Executives 


3Stephens  was  appointed  "commander  of  the  southern  plantations"  by  the  council 
in  Virginia.  The  geographical  location  of  the  "southern  plantations"  is  that  area  in 
northeastern  North  Carolina  where  "overflow"  settlers  from  Virginia  lived.  William  S. 
Powell  had  suggested  that  Stephens'  "presence  in  Carolina  removed  any  urgency  for  a 
prompt  appointment"  of  a  Governor  for  Carolina  when  Berkeley  was  instructed  to  do 
so  by  the  Lords  Proprietors  and  explains  why  Drummond  was  not  appointed  until 
1664. 

4Drummond  was  appointed  by  William  Berkeley,  Governor  of  Virginia  and  one  of 
the  Lords  Proprietors,  at  the  request  of  the  Lords  Proprietors  in  England.  He  began 
serving  prior  to  the  delivery  of  his  commission  by  Peter  Carteret  in  February,  1665. 
Since  other  commissions  issued  to  Carteret  bear  the  date  December,  3,  1664,  it  is  pos- 
sible that  Drummond's  commission  was  also  issued  on  that  date.  Records  show  that 
he  was  still  Governor  in  December,  1666,  and  that  a  successor  was  not  appointed 
until  October,  1667.  He  supposedly  moved  to  Virginia  sometime  during  1667. 

5Stephens  was  appointed  by  the  Lords  Proprietors  to  replace  Drummond  and 


132  North  Carolina  Manual 

began  serving  prior  to  the  delivery  of  his  commission  in  April,  1668.  He  died  while 
still  in  office  sometime  before  March  7,  1670. 

6Carteret  had  been  commissioned  Lieutenant  Governor  by  the  Lords  Proprietors 
on  December  3,  1664  and  was  chosen  President  by  the  North  Carolina  Council  upon 
the  death  of  Stephens.  He  was  later  appointed  Governor  by  the  Lords  Proprietors.  He 
left  the  colony  for  England  sometime  after  May  10,  1672. 

7See  footnote  6. 

8Jenkins  was  commissioned  by  Carteret  to  act  as  deputy  governor  when  he  left 
the  colony.  The  authority  of  Carteret  to  make  this  appointment  rested  in  commissions 
issued  by  the  Lords  Proprietors  in  October,  1670,  but  expired  "at  the  end  of  four 
years"  according  to  provisions  in  the  Fundamental  Constitutions.  Carteret  had  not 
returned  to  the  colony  when  his  commission  to  Jenkins  officially  expired;  however, 
Jenkins  continued  to  serve.  When  the  general  assembly  met,  following  elections  in 
September,  1675,  opposition  had  formed  against  Jenkins  and  he  was  imprisoned  on 
charges  of  "several  misdemeanors". 

9Eastchurch  was  elected  speaker  of  the  assembly  and  assumed  the  role  of  gover- 
nor following  the  imprisonment  of  Jenkins.  He  seems  to  have  remained  in  this  posi- 
tion until  the  spring  of  1676  when  he  departed  the  colony  for  England. 

10Eastchurch  "apparently  left  someone  else  as  speaker,  for  the  assembly 
remained  in  session".  However,  Jenkins  was  forcibly  released  from  prison  by  friends 
"at  some  date  before  late  March,  1676."  He  exercised  enough  control  to  hold  a  court 
and  for  a  period  prior  to  the  departure  of  Eastchurch  for  England,  both  he  and 
Jenkins  exercised  control  over  the  province.  In  October,  1976,  Jenkins,  backed  by  an 
armed  force,  dissolved  the  assembly  and  resumed  the  role  of  governor. 

nSee  footnote  10. 

12Eastchurch  was  commissioned  governor  by  the  Lords  Proprietors.  Upon  his 
return  to  the  colony  he  stopped  at  Nevis  in  the  West  Indies  and  sought  the  attention 
of  a  wealthy  lady.  Deciding  to  remain  in  Nevis  for  a  while,  he  appointed  Thomas 
Miller  deputy  governor  until  his  return.  (Eastchurch  never  returned  to  North 
Carolina — he  died  in  Virginia  while  on  his  way  back  to  the  colony).  Because  he  had 
not  officially  qualified  as  governor  in  Albemarle,  Eastchurch  had  no  legal  authority  to 
appoint  Miller;  however,  when  Miller  reached  Albemarle  he  was  able  to  secure  his 
position  with  little  initial  trouble.  The  policies  used  by  Miller  to  quiet  opposition  and 
his  general  handling  of  the  government  soon  put  him  in  conflict  with  the  populace. 
This  conflict  erupted  into  a  political  upheaval  which  became  known  as  "Culpepper's 
Rebellion." 

13See  footnote  12. 

14Tradition  is  that  John  Culpepper  was  elected  governor  by  the  Assembly  when 
they  rebelled  against  Miller;  however,  there  is  no  documentary  evidence  to  substanti- 
ate the  claim  that  he  held  any  post  other  than  that  of  customs  collector.  Dr.  Lindley 
Butler  suggests  that  it  is  possible  that  John  Jenkins,  the  last  de  jure  executive  of  the 
colony,  acted  as  a  de  facto  government  and  evidence  exists  that  a  "rebel"  council  meet- 
ing was  held  in  early  1678  at  his  home. 

15Sothel  was  appointed  governor  in  1678,  but  was  captured  "by  the  Turkes  and 
carried  into  Argier  .  .  ."  and  did  not  take  office.  "Affidavit  of  John  Taylor"  and  Lords 
Proprietors  to  the  "Governor  and  Council  of  the  County  of  Albemarle  in  the  Province 
of  Carolina". 

16Harvey's  commission  instructed  him  to  act  as  "President  of  the  Council  and  exe- 
cute the  authority  of  the  government  until  the  arrival  of  Mr.  Sothell".  Other  details 
are  not  known.  He  died  while  still  in  office. 

17 Jenkins  was  elected  president  of  the  council  following  the  death  of  Harvey  and 
died  on  December  17,  1681  while  still  in  office. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  133 

18Wilkinson  was  appointed  by  the  Lords  Proprietors  but  never  left  England— "he 
was  arrested  and  imprisoned  in  London  while  preparing  to  sail". 

19Sothel,  following  his  purchase  of  the  "Earl  of  Clarendon's  share  of  Carolina", 
became  governor  under  a  provision  of  the  Fundamental  Constitution  which  "provided 
that  the  eldest  proprietor  that  shall  be  in  Carolina  shall  be  Governor  ...."  The  date  of 
Sothel's  assumption  of  Governorship  is  not  known.  Extant  records  tell  nothing  about 
the  government  of  Albemarle  in  the  year  following  Jenkins'  death.  It  is  possible  that 
Sothel's  reached  the  colony  and  took  office  before  Jenkins  died  or  soon  afterwards,  it 
is  possible  that  for  a  time  there  was  an  acting  governor  chosen  by  the  council;  or  there 
may  have  been  a  period  of  chaos.  Nothing  is  known  except  that  Sothel  arrived  in 
Albemarle  at  some  time  prior  to  March  10,  1682,  when  he  held  court  at  Edward 
Smithwick's  house  in  Chowan  Precinct.  Sothel  actions  and  policies  soon  became  intol- 
erable to  the  people  of  Albemarle  and  at  the  meeting  of  the  assembly  in  1689,  thirteen 
charges  of  misconduct  and  irregularities  were  brought  against  him.  He  was  banished 
from  the  colony  for  12  months  and  was  prohibited  from  ever  again  holding  public 
office  in  Albemarle.  On  December  5,  1689,  the  Lords  Proprietors  officially  suspended 
Sothel  as  governor  because  he  abused  the  authority  granted  him  as  a  proprietor. 

20Archdale  was  in  the  colony  by  December,  1683,  to  collect  quitrents  and 
remained  in  Albemarle  until  1686.  While  Governor  Sothel  was  absent  from  the  coun- 
ty, Archdale  served  on  many  occasions  as  acting  governor. 

21The  Fundamental  Constitutions  provided  that  the  eldest  proprietor  living  in 
the  colony  would  be  governor  and  that  if  there  were  none,  then  the  eldest  cacique  was 
to  act.  "Gibbs,  a  relative  of  the  Duke  of  Albemarle,  had  been  made  a  cacique  of 
Carolina  in  October,  1682,  and  had  been  granted  a  manor  in  the  southern  Carolina 
colony  a  few  months  later.  Gibbs  came  to  Albemarle  at  some  date  before  November, 
1689,  by  which  time  he  was  known  as  'governor'.  His  claim  to  the  governorship  seems 
to  have  been  recognized  in  the  colony  for  a  time;  an  assembly  appears  to  have  been 
held  while  he  was  governor'.  It  is  probable  that  Albemarle  inhabitants  recognized  his 
claim  until  word  arrived  of  Ludwell's  appointment,  which  was  made  in  December, 
1689".  Even  after  Ludwell  arrived  in  Albemarle  Gibbs  continued  to  claim  his  right  to 
the  office.  In  July  1690  both  were  advised  by  the  Virginia  governor  to  carry  their  dis- 
pute to  the  proprietors  in  England,  which  was  apparently  done.  On  November  8,  1691 
a  proclamation  was  issued  by  the  proprietors  to  the  inhabitants  of  Albemarle  reaf- 
firming Sothel's  suspension  and  repudiating  the  claim  of  Gibbs.  They  also  suspended 
the  Fundamental  Constitutions  which  stripped  Gibbs  of  any  further  legal  basis  for  his 
actions.  (The  actions  of  the  Proprietors  on  November  8,  1691  did  in  fact  suspend  the 
Fundamental  Constitutions  even  though  formal  announcement  of  their  suspension 
was  not  made  until  May  11,  1693). 

22Ludwell  was  originally  commissioned  governor  by  the  Lords  Proprietors  on 
December  5,  1689  following  the  suspension  of  Sothel,  but  his  dispute  with  Gibbs  led 
to  tbe  issuance  of  a  second  commission  on  November  8,  1691.  He  served  as  governor 
until  his  appointment  as  governor  of  all  Carolina. 

23Jarvis  acted  as  deputy  governor  while  Ludwell  was  in  Virginia  and  England. 
He  was  officially  appointed  deputy  governor  upon  Ludwell's  acceptance  of  the  gover- 
norship of  Carolina  and  served  until  his  death  in  1694. 

24Ludwell  served  as  acting  governor,  possibly  by  appointment  of  Thomas  Smith 
governor  of  Carolina,  however,  the  authority  under  which  he  acted  is  not  known.  In 
October,  1694  it  is  apparent  that  the  Proprietors  did  not  know  of  his  position  as  the 
proprietors  refer  to  him  as  "our  late  Governor  of  North  Carolina."  He  issued  a  procla- 
mation on  November  28,  1693  and  land  grant  records  indicate  that  he  acted  as  chief 
executive  intermittently  throughout  1694  and  as  late  as  May  of  1695.  Records  show 
that  he  was  residing  in  Virginia  by  April  and  had  been  elected  to  represent  James 


134  North  Carolina  Manual 

City  County  in  the  Virginia  Assembly. 

25Harvey  became  president  of  the  council  upon  the  death  of  Jarvis  in  1694.  He 
was  presiding  over  the  council  on  July  12,  1694  and  signed  several  survey  warrants 
the  same  day.  He  continued  serving  until  his  death  on  July  3,  1699. 

26Archdale  stopped  in  North  Carolina  for  a  few  weeks  and  acted  as  chief  execu- 
tive on  his  way  to  Charleston  to  assume  office  as  Governor  of  Carolina.  He  was  in 
Virginia  en  route  to  Charleston  on  June  11,  12,  and  13,  1695  and  was  in  Charleston 
by  August  17,  1695,  the  date  on  which  he  took  the  oath  of  office  at  Charleston. 

27Archdale's  authority  to  act  as  governor  rested  with  his  previous  commission 
which  was  still  valid.  The  problem  of  gubernatorial  succession  at  this  time  is  due  to 
the  death  of  Lord  Craven  and  the  confusion  over  the  tenure  of  Lord  Bath.  Since  no 
one  other  than  the  Lord  Palatine  could  commission  a  new  governor,  there  had  been 
no  "regular"  governor  appointed  for  Carolina. 

28Walker,  as  president  of  the  council,  assumed  the  role  of  chief  executive  shortly 
after  the  death  of  Harvey  and  relinquished  it  upon  the  arrival  of  Robert  Daniel  (some- 
time between  June  20,  1703  and  July  29,  1703). 

29Daniel  was  appointed  deputy  governor  of  Carolina  by  Sir  Nathaniel  Johnson, 
Governor  of  Carolina,  and  was  acting  in  this  capacity  by  July  29,  1703.  Conflicts  with 
minority  religious  groups,  primarily  the  Quakers,  led  to  his  suspension  in  March 
1705. 

30Cary  was  appointed  by  Sir  Nathaniel  Johnson,  Governor  of  Carolina,  to  replace 
Daniel,  and  arrived  in  North  Carolina  on  March  21,  1705.  Dissenters  were  pleased 
initially  with  the  appointment,  because  Cary  was  related  by  marriage  to  John 
Archdale,  the  Quaker  proprietor;  however,  this  initial  feeling  soon  changed.  When  he 
arrived  in  North  Carolina,  Cary  found  Anglicans  in  most  places  of  power  and  there- 
fore, cast  his  lot  with  them.  Although  the  law  requiring  oaths  of  allegiance  was  still 
on  the  statutes  books,  dissenters  had  assumed  that  Cary  would  not  enforce  it. 
However,  when  the  General  Court  met  on  March  27,  the  oath  act  was  read  and  put 
into  execution.  At  the  General  Assembly  meeting  in  November,  1705,  Quaker  mem- 
bers were  again  required  to  take  oaths;  they  refused  and  were  excluded.  Then  Cary 
and  his  allies  passed  a  law  which  voided  the  election  of  anyone  found  guilty  of  pro- 
moting his  own  candidacy.  This  loosely  defined  bill  gave  the  majority  faction  in  the 
lower  house  the  power  to  exclude  any  undesirable  member  and  was  designed  to  be 
used  against  troublesome  non-Quakers  (who  had  no  convictions  against  oath  swear- 
ing). 

The  dissenters  and  some  disgruntled  Anglicans  now  decided  to  send  an  agent  to 
England  to  plead  for  relief.  In  October,  1706,  their  chosen  representative,  John  Porter 
left  Albemarle  for  London  -  it  is  almost  certain  that  Porter  was  not  a  Quaker  and  in 
fact,  may  have  been  an  Anglican.  Although  he  did  not  take  the  oaths  of  office  with  his 
fellow  justices  at  the  October/November,  1705  session  of  the  General  Court,  he  had 
taken  them  in  March,  1705.  In  England,  Porter  received  the  support  of  John 
Archdale,  who  persuaded  the  Lords  Proprietors  to  issue  orders  to  Porter,  suspending 
Sir  Nathaniel  Johnson's  authority  over  North  Carolina,  removing  Cary  as  deputy  gov- 
ernor, naming  five  new  councillors,  and  authorizing  the  council  to  elect  a  chief  execu- 
tive. 

Returning  to  Albemarle  in  October,  1707,  Porter  found  William  Glover  and  the 
council  presiding  over  the  government  because  Cary  had  left  for  a  visit  to  South 
Carolina.  This  arrangement  appeared  satisfactory  to  Porter,  who  called  the  new  lords 
deputies  together  and  nominated  Glover  as  president  of  the  council.  Glover  was  elect- 
ed, but  the  vote  was  illegal  since  Porter's  instructions  required  that  Cary  and  the  for- 
mer councillors  be  present  for  the  voting.  Porter  knew  exactly  what  he  was  doing, 
however,  and  later  used  the  illegality  of  the  election  to  force  Glover  out  of  office. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  135 

On  November  3,  1707,  Glover  convened  the  general  assembly  at  John  Hecklfield's 
house  at  Little  River.  Joining  him  in  the  upper  house  as  lords  deputies  were  Porter, 
Foster,  Newby,  Hawkins,  and  Thomas  Cary,  recently  returned  from  South  Carolina. 
After  requesting  that  the  lower  house  send  its  list  of  members  to  him,  the  president 
proposed  dissolution  of  the  assembly  without  further  business.  Cary  objected,  but  the 
following  day  Glover  and  the  rest  of  the  council  dissolved  the  General  Assembly. 
Although  he  had  been  required  to  convene  the  assembly  in  compliance  with  the  bien- 
nial act  which  specified  that  a  legislative  session  be  held  every  two  years,  Glover 
apparently  did  not  want  Cary  to  use  the  gathering  as  a  forum. 

At  some  point  between  the  close  of  the  assembly  in  November,  1707,  and  the 
summer  of  1708,  Glover  turned  on  the  dissenters.  Apparently,  he  decided  to  revive 
the  oath  of  office  and  force  the  Quaker  councillors  to  take  it.  Seeing  the  turn  of 
events,  Cary  moved  to  join  Porter  and  the  dissenters  in  the  hope  of  regaining  the 
chief  executive's  office.  After  receiving  assurances  of  toleration  from  Cary,  Porter 
moved  decisively.  Late  in  the  summer  of  1708,  he  called  together  both  Cary's  old 
councillors  and  the  new  ones,  as  he  was  originally  supposed  to  have  done  in  October, 
1707,  and  announced  that  Glover's  election  as  president  had  been  illegal.  Glover, 
joined  by  Thomas  Pollock,  protested  vigorously  and  armed  violence  broke  out  between 
!  the  two  factions.  Soon  though,  both  sides  agreed  to  let  the  General  Assembly  deter- 
mine the  validity  of  their  rival  claims.  Cary  and  Glover  each  issued  separate  writs  of 
election  to  every  precinct  which  then  proceeded  to  elect  two  sets  of  burgesses  -  one 
pledged  to  Cary  and  one  to  Glover.  Cary  men  predominated  in  Bath  County  and 
Pasquotank  and  Perquimans  precincts,  Glover  men  controlled  Currituck  precinct, 
,  and  Chowan  was  almost  evenly  divided.  In  the  critical  maneuvering  for  control  of  the 
i  assembly  which  met  October  11,  1708,  Cary  forces  scored  an  early,  ultimately  decisive 
victory.  Edward  Moseley,  an  Anglican  vestryman,  was  chosen  speaker  of  the  house, 
i  Despite  his  religious  affiliation,  he  was  a  Cary  supporter.  Through  Moseley's  careful 
;  management,  Cary  delegates  were  seated  from  every  precinct  except  Currituck. 
'  When  news  of  the  Cary  victory  in  the  lower  house  reached  Glover,  he  departed  for 
;  Virginia.  (There  is  evidence  that  Glover  continued  to  act  in  the  capacity  of  president 
;of  a  council  during  1709  and  1710  -  land  grant  records  indicate  several  grants 
'  throughout  each  year  bear  his  name  and  the  names  of  his  councillors.  The  general 
i  assembly  nullified  the  test  oaths,  and  the  council  officially  elected  Cary  president. 

The  Lords  Proprietors  were  slow  to  intervene  in  the  situation  in  North  Carolina, 
iln  December,  1708,  they  appointed  Edward  Tynte  to  be  governor  of  Carolina  and 
,  instructed  him  to  make  Edward  Hyde  deputy  governor  of  North  Carolina.  Arriving  in 
jthe  colony  early  in  1711,  Hyde  had  no  legal  claim  on  the  deputy  governorship  because 
) Tynte  had  died  before  commissioning  him.  However,  he  was  warmly  received  in 
Albemarle,  and  his  position  as  a  distant  kinsman  of  the  queen  was  so  impressive  that 
the  council  elected  Hyde  to  the  presidency.  He  called  a  general  assembly  for  March, 
1711,  where  he  recommended  harsh  legislation  against  dissenters  and  the  arrest  of 
Cary  and  Porter.  From  his  home  in  Bath,  Cary  rallied  his  supporters  to  resist,  and 
the  armed  conflict  known  as  the  Cary  Rebellion  began. 
31See  footnote  30. 
32See  footnote  30. 
33See  footnote  30. 
34See  footnote  30. 
35See  footnote  30. 

36Edward  Hyde  served  first  as  president  of  the  council  and  later  as  governor  by 
commission  from  the  Lords  Proprietors.  When  Cary  challenged  his  authority,  armed 
conflict  erupted  between  the  two.  The  event,  known  as  Cary's  Rebellion,  ended  with 
the  arrest  of  Cary— he  was  later  released  for  lack  of  evidence.  Hyde  continued  as 


136  North  Carolina  Manual 

governor  until  his  death  on  September  8,  1712. 

37See  footnote  36. 

38Pollock,  as  president  of  the  council,  became  governor  following  the  death  of 
Hyde  and  served  in  that  capacity  until  the  arrival  of  Charles  Eden. 

39Eden  was  commissioned  by  the  Lords  Proprietors  and  served  until  his  death  on 
March  22,  1722. 

40Pollock,  as  president  of  the  council,  became  chief  executive  after  Eden's  death, 
and  served  until  his  own  death  in  September,  1722. 

41Reed  was  elected  president  of  the  council,  to  replace  Pollock  and  as  such  served 
until  the  arrival  of  George  Burrington. 

42Burrington  was  commissioned  governor  of  North  Carolina  by  the  Lords 
Proprietors  and  served  until  he  was  removed  from  office.  Why  he  was  removed  is  not 
officially  known. 

43Moseley,  as  president  of  the  council,  was  sworn  in  as  acting  governor  when 
Burrington  left  the  colony  to  travel  to  South  Carolina.  By  November  7,  1724 
Burrington  had  returned  to  North  Carolina. 

44Everard  was  commissioned  by  the  Lords  Proprietors  following  the  removal  of 
Burrington,  who  continued  to  create  problems  for  Everard  after  he  had  taken  office. 
Everard  remained  governor  during  the  period  of  transition  when  North  Carolina 
became  a  royal  colony. 

Royal  Chief  Executives 


45In  1729,  the  Lords  Proprietors  gave  up  ownership  of  North  Carolina  and  with  it 
the  right  to  appoint  governors  and  other  officials. 

46Burrington  was  the  first  governor  commissioned  by  the  crown,  and  the  only 
man  to  be  appointed  by  both  the  Lords  Proprietors  and  the  crown.  He  qualified  before 
the  council  in  1731.  His  political  enemies  succeeded  in  securing  his  removal  from 
office  in  1734. 

47Rice  served  as  chief  executive  while  Burrington  was  out  of  the  colony. 

48Johnston  was  commissioned  by  the  crown  and  served  as  governor  until  his 
death  on  July  17,  1752. 

49Rice,  as  president  of  the  council,  became  Chief  executive  following  the  death  of 
Johnston  however,  he  too  was  advanced  in  age  and  soon  died. 

50Rowan  was  elected  president  following  the  death  of  Rice  and  served  as  chief 
executive  until  the  arrival  of  Dobbs. 

51Dobbs  was  commissioned  by  the  crown  and  arrived  in  North  Carolina  in  late 
October,  1754.  He  qualified  before  the  chief  justice  and  three  members  of  the  council 
who  had  met  him  in  Bath.  He  continued  serving  until  his  death  in  March,  1765. 

52Hassel  served  as  chief  executive  during  the  absence  of  Dobbs  from  the  colony. 
Dobbs  had  returned  by  December  19,  1763. 

53Tryon,  who  had  been  commissioned  lieutenant  governor  under  Dobbs,  served  as 
chief  executive,  first  under  his  commission  as  lieutenant  governor,  and  then  under  a 
new  commission  as  governor.  He  served  in  this  capacity  until  1711  when  he  was 
appointed  governor  to  New  York. 

54See  footnote  53. 

55James  Hasell,  as  president  of  the  council,  acted  as  interim  governor  until  the 
arrival  of  Josiah  Martin. 

56Josiah  Martin  was  appointed  by  the  crown  and  served  as  the  last  royal  governor 
of  North  Carolina.  The  date  of  his  actual  relinquishing  of  authority  has  been  one  of  con- 
troversy among  historians.  Some  cite  the  day  he  left  North  Carolina  soil  as  July,  1775; 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  137 

others  accept  July  4,  1776.  Martin  considered  himself  to  be  governor  throughout  the 
Revolution  since  his  commission  had  not  been  rescinded. 

57Hasell,  as  president  of  the  council,  acted  as  temporary  governor  during  the 
absence  of  Martin  who  had  left  the  colony  for  New  York  for  reasons  of  health. 

Governors  Elected  by  the  General  Assembly 

58The  Constitution  of  1776  provided  that  the  general  assembly  "elect  a  governor 
for  one  year,  who  shall  not  be  eligible  to  that  office  longer  than  three  years,  in  six  suc- 
cessive years." 

59Caswell  was  appointed  by  the  Provincial  Congress  to  act  "until  [the]  next 
General  Assembly."  He  was  later  elected  by  the  general  assembly  to  one  regular  term 
and  two  additional  terms. 

60The  House  and  Senate  Journals  for  1780  are  missing;  however,  loose  papers 
found  in  the  North  Carolina  Archives  provided  the  necessary  information.  Nash 
requested  that  his  name  be  withdrawn  from  nomination  in  1781. 

61On  September  12,  1781,  Burke  and  several  other  state  officials  and  continental 
officers  were  captured  by  the  British.  Burke  was  sent  to  Sullivan's  Island  near 
Charleston,  South  Carolina  and  later  transferred  to  James  Island.  After  several 
attempts,  he  was  able  to  obtain  a  parole  to  return  to  North  Carolina  in  late  January, 
1782.  General  Alexander  Leslie,  who  issued  the  parole,  later  changed  his  mind  and 
wrote  General  Nathaniel  Greene  requesting  the  immediate  return  of  Burke.  Feeling 
that  it  was  more  important  for  him  to  remain  in  North  Carolina,  Burke  refused  to 
comply  with  the  request  despite  urging  from  several  men  of  importance  who  ques- 
tioned the  legality,  as  well  as  the  prudence,  of  his  actions.  The  adversity  which  devel- 
oped, prompted  Burke  to  have  his  name  withdrawn  from  the  list  of  nominees  for  gov- 
ernor in  1782.  He  retired  from  public  life  to  his  home  near  Hillsborough  where  he 
died  the  following  year. 

62Martin,  as  speaker  of  the  senate,  was  qualified  as  acting  governor  upon  receiv- 
ing news  of  Burke's  capture.  He  served  in  this  capacity  until  Burke  returned  to  North 
Carolina  in  late  January,  1782. 

630n  November  26,  1789  Johnston  was  elected  as  United  States  Senator  after 
having  already  qualified  as  governor.  A  new  election  was  held  on  December  5,  and 
Alexander  Martin  was  elected  to  replace  him. 

64See  footnote  63. 

65Davie  served  only  one  term  as  governor  due  to  his  appointment  in  1799  by 
President  Adams  to  a  special  diplomatic  mission  to  France.  Crabtree,  North  Carolina 
Governors,  57. 

66Ashe  died  before  he  could  qualify,  and  Turner  was  elected  to  replace  him. 

67See  footnote  66. 

68Turner  was  elected  to  the  United  States  Senate  on  November  21,  1805  to  fill  a 
vacancy  created  by  the  resignation  of  Montford  Stokes. 

69Iredell  resigned  on  December  1,  1828  following  his  election  to  the  United  States 
Senate  to  fill  the  seat  vacated  by  the  resignation  of  Nathaniel  Macon. 

70Stokes  was  appointed  by  President  Jackson  in  1832  as  "chairman  of  the 
Federal  Indian  Commission  to  supervise  the  settlement  of  southern  Indians  west  of 
the  Mississippi." 


138  North  Carolina  Manual 

Governors  Elected  by  the  People— Two-Year  Term 

71The  Constitutional  Convention  of  1835  approved  an  amendment  to  the  con- 
stitution which  provided  for  the  popular  election  of  governor.  The  terms  of  office  for 
governor  was  lengthened  to  two  years;  however,  he  could  only  serve  two  terms  in  a 
six-  year  period. 

72Manly  was  defeated  for  re-election  by  Reid  in  1850. 

730n  November  24,  1854,  Reid  was  elected  by  the  general  assembly  to  complete 
the  unexpired  term  of  Willie  P.  Mangum  in  the  United  States  Senate.  He  resigned  as 
governor  following  the  resignation  of  Reid. 

74Winslow,  as  speaker  of  the  house,  qualified  as  governor  following  the  resigna- 
tion of  Reid. 

75Ellis  died  on  July  7,  1861. 

76Clark,  as  speaker  of  the  senate,  became  governor  following  the  death  of  Ellis. 

77Holden  was  appointed  provisional  governor  on  May  9,  1865  by  the  occupation 
commander.  He  was  defeated  by  Worth  in  the  popular  election  of  1865. 

78The  North  Carolina  Constitution  of  1868  extended  the  term  of  office  for  gover- 
nor from  two  years  to  four  years,  but  prohibited  him  from  seeking  re-election  for  the 
following  term. 

Governors  Elected  by  the  People— Four-Year  Term 

79The  efforts  of  the  conservatives  in  keeping  blacks  away  from  the  polls  during 
the  election  of  1870  resulted  in  a  substantial  majority  of  the  seats  in  the  General 
Assembly  being  won  by  conservative  candidates.  On  December  9,  1870,  a  resolution  of 
impeachment  against  Holden  was  introduced  in  the  House  of  Representatives  by 
Frederick  N.  Strudwick  of  Orange.  In  all,  eight  charges  were  brought  against 
Governor  Holden.  The  trial  lasted  from  February  21,  1871  to  March  23,  1871  and 
Holden  was  found  guilty  on  six  of  the  eight  charges.  He  was  immediately  removed 
from  office. 

80Caldwell  became  governor  following  the  removal  of  Holden  from  office  and  was 
elected  governor  in  the  general  elections  of  1872.  He  died  in  office  July  11,  1874. 

81See  footnote  80. 

82Vance  was  elected  governor  in  1876.  On  January  21,  1879  he  was  elected  to  the 
United  States  Senate  by  the  general  assembly  and  resigned  as  governor  effective 
February  5,  1989. 

83Jarvis  became  governor  following  the  resignation  of  Vance,  and  was  elected 
governor  in  the  general  elections  of  1880. 

84Robinson  was  sworn  in  as  governor  on  September  1,  1883  to  act  while  Jarvis 
was  out  of  the  state.  He  served  from  September  1  through  September  28. 

85Fowle  died  April  7,  1891. 

86Umstead  died  on  November  7,  1954. 

87Holshouser  was  the  first  Republican  elected  Governor  since  1896  when  Daniel 
Russell  was  elected. 

88Hunt  became  the  first  governor  elected  to  a  four-year  term  who  was  then  elect- 
ed to  another  term.  A  constitutional  amendment  adopted  in  1977  permitted  the  gov- 
ernor &  lieutenant  governor  to  run  for  re-election. 

89Martin  was  elected  in  1984  becoming  only  the  second  Republican  elected  in  this 
century.  He  was  reelected  in  1988. 

90Hunt  became  the  first  governor  to  serve  two  consecutive  four-year  terms  and 
then,  after  sitting  out  two  gubernatorial  elections,  be  re-elected  for  a  third  term. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch 


139 


THE  OFFICE  OF  THE 


LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR 


The  origin  of  the  office  goes  back 
to  16th  century  England  when 
the  English  Crown  established 
the  office  of  the  Lord  Lieutenant,  a 
county  official  who  represented  the 
king  in  the  management  of  local 
affairs. 

Although  several  early  American 
colonial  charters  referred  to  a 
"deputy  governor,"  the  phrase 
"Lieutenant  Governor"  was  used  for 
the  first  time  in  the  Massachusetts 
Charter  of  1691.  That  charter  also 
made  it  clear  that  the  Lieutenant 
Governor  would  become  governor  in 
the  event  of  a  vacancy.  The  office  of 
the  Lieutenant  Governor  in  colonial 
times  seems  to  have  been  established 
expressly  to  cope  with  the  problem  of 
gubernatorial  absence. 

The  concept  of  the  Lieutenant 
Governor  presiding  over  the  upper 
house  of  the  state  legislature  may 
have  had  its  roots  in  the  colonial 
practice  of  making  the  Lieutenant 
Governor  the  chief  member  of  the 
Governor's  council. 

The  North  Carolina  Constitution 
of  1776  made  no  provision  for  a 
Lieutenant  Governor.  However,  the 
constitutional  convention  of  1868, 
brought  together  to  frame  a  new  con- 
stitution, provided  for  an  elective 
office  of  the  Lieutenant  Governor. 

Between  1868  and  1970,  the 
Lieutenant  Governor  was  a  part- 
time  official  with  very  limited 
authority.  He  served  only  when  the 
General  Assembly  was  in  session  or 
in  the  absence  of  the  Governor.  His 
primary  responsibility  was  that  of 
presiding  officer  of  the  Senate,  and 


in  that  capacity,  he  appointed  sena- 
tors to  committees,  and  oversaw  leg- 
islation as  it  passed  through  the 
Senate.  Today,  the  office  of 
Lieutenant  Governor  is  a  full-time 
position  and  is  no  longer  limited  to 
one  four-year  term — he  may  be  elected 
to  one  additional,  consecutive  four- 
year  term. 

Unlike  any  other  state  official, 
the  Lieutenant  Governor  straddles 
the  executive  and  legislative  branches, 
vested  with  constitutional  and  statu- 
tory powers  in  both  branches.  Under 
the  constitution  he  is  first  in  line  to 
succeed  the  Governor  should  that 
office  become  vacant. 

The  Lieutenant  Governor  is 
President  of  the  Senate,  and  as  chief 
presiding  officer  he  directs  the 
debate  of  bills  on  the  Senate  floor. 
The  Lieutenant  Governor  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Council  of  State.  Some  of 
the  boards  and  commissions  the 
Lieutenant  Governor  serves  on 
include  the  State  Board  of  Education, 
the  Economic  Development  Board, 
and  the  North  Carolina  Capitol 
Planning  Commission.  The 
Lieutenant  Governor  is  also  a  mem- 
ber of  the  State  Board  of  Community 
Colleges,  serving  as  Board  Chairman 
for  the  1993-95  term.  He  is  also 
chairman  of  the  North  Carolina 
Small  Business  Council  which  for- 
mulates policy  to  promote  small  busi- 
ness growth  and  development  across 
the  state.  The  Lieutenant  Governor 
makes  appointments  to  more  than  70 
boards  and  commissions  within  the 
legislative  and  executive  branches. 
The  Lieutenant  Governor  has  a 


140  North  Carolina  Manual 

staff  that  assists  him  in  carrying  out  his  duties.  Much  of  the  work  of  the 
staff  involves  responding  to  citizen  inquiries  and  problems,  developing  policy 
initiatives  and  working  with  other  state  agencies. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

The  Economic  Development  Board 

The  North  Carolina  Capitol  Planning  Commission 

The  North  Carolina  Small  Business  Council 

The  State  Board  of  Community  Colleges 

The  State  Board  of  Education 

For  Further  Information 

(919)  733-7350 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  141 


142 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  143 

Dennis  Alvin  Wicker 

Lieutenant  Governor 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Sanford,  Lee  County,  June  14,  1952,  to  J.  Shelton  and  Clarice  (Burns) 
Wicker. 

Educational  Background 

Lee  County  Public  Schools;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1974,  B.A.  (Economics);  Wake  Forest 
University  Law  School,  1978. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney  (firm  of  Love  and  Wicker,  P.A.,  1979-92). 

Organizations 

N.C.  State  and  American  Bar  Associations;  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

N.C.  Board  of  Education;  Chair,  N.C.  Board  of  Community  Colleges;  Economic 
Development  Board;  Chair,  Small  Business  Council. 

Political  Activities 

Lieutenant  Governor  of  North  Carolina,  1993-;  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1980- 
92  (6  terms). 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Alisa  O'Quinn  of  Mamers,  N.C,  November  6,  1982.    Children:    Quinn 
Edward  and  Jackson  Dennis  (twins).  Member,  St.  Lukes  Methodist  Church. 


144  North  Carolina  Manual 


LIEUTENANT  GOVERNORS* 
1868  to  Present 

Name  Residence  Term 

Tod  R.  Caldwell2 Burke 1868-1870 

Curtis  H.  Brogden3 Wayne 1873-1874 

Thomas  J.  Jarvis4 Pitt 1877-1879 

James  L.  Robinson5 Macon 1881-1885 

Charles  M.  Stedman New  Hanover 1885-1889 

Thomas  M.  Holt6 Alamance 1889-1891 

Rufus  A.  Doughton Alleghany 1893-1897 

Charles  A.  Reynolds Forsyth 1897-1901 

Wilfred  D.  Turner Iredell 1901-1905 

Francis  D.  Winston Bertie 1905-1909 

William  C.  Newland Caldwell 1909-1913 

Elijah  L.  Daughtridge Edgecombe 1913-1917 

Oliver  Max  Gardner Cleveland 1917-1921 

William  B.  Cooper New  Hanover 1921-1925 

Jacob  E.Long Durham 1925-1929 

Richard  T.  Fountain Edgecombe 1929-1933 

Alexander  H.  Graham Orange 1933-1937 

Wilkins  P.  Horton Chatham 1937-1941 

Reginald  L.  Harris Person 1941-1945 

Lynton  Y.  Ballentine Wake 1945-1949 

Hoyt  Patrick  Taylor Anson 1949-1953 

Luther  H.  Hodges7 Rockingham 1953-1954 

Luther  E.  Barnhardt Cabarrus 1957-1961 

Harvey  Cloyd  Philpott8 Davidson 1961-1965 

Robert  W.  Scott Alamance 1965-1969 

Hoyt  Patrick  Taylor,  Jr Anson 1969-1973 

James  B.  Hunt,  Jr Pitt 1973-1977 

James  C.  Green9 Bladen 1977-1985 

Robert  B.  Jordan,  III Montgomery , 1985-1989 

James  C.  Gardner1** Nash 1989-1993 

Dennis  A.  Wicker Lee 1993-Present 

iThe  office  of  lieutenant  governor  was  created  by  the  North  Carolina  Constitution  of  1868. 
2Caldwell  became  governor  following  the  removal  of  Holden  from  office  in  1870. 
3Brogden  became  governor  following  the  death  of  Caldwell. 
4Jarvis  became  governor  following  the  resignation  of  Vance. 
5Robinson  resigned  from  office  on  October  13,  1884. 
6Holt  became  governor  following  the  death  of  Fowle. 
7Hodges  became  governor  following  the  death  of  Umstead. 
8Philpott  died  on  August  18,  1961. 

9Green  was  the  first  lieutenant  governor  elected  to  a  second  term. 
10Gardner  was  elected  in  1988,  becoming  the  first  Republican  elected  lieutenant 
governor  this  century. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  145 

THE  DEPARTMENT  OF 


THE  SECRETARY  OF  STATE 


The  office  of  the  Secretary  of  Eure  broke  the  record.  In  1989,  the 

State  is  the  second  oldest  gov-  "oldest  rat  in  the  democratic  barn" 

ernmental   office   in   North  retired  from  office  after  more  than  52 

Carolina.  Shortly  after  the  Lords  years   as  North  Carolina's  "Mr. 

Proprietors  were  granted  their  char-  Secretary." 

ter  in  1663,  the  first  secretary  was  The  Secretary  of  State  is  a  con- 
appointed  to  maintain  the  records  of  stitutional  officer  elected  to  a  four- 
the  colony.  The  office  was  continued  year  term  by  the  citizens  of  North 
after  the  crown  purchased  North  Carolina  at  the  same  time  as  other 
Carolina  from  the  Lords  Proprietors  elected  executive  officials.  He  heads 
in  1728.  The  office  of  Secretary  of  the  Department  of  the  Secretary  of 
State  was  included  in  the  North  State  which  was  created  by  the 
Carolina  state  Constitution  of  1776.  Executive  Organization  Act  of  1971. 
From  1776  until  1835,  the  The  Secretary  of  State  is  a  member 
Secretary  of  State  was  elected  by  the  of  the  Council  of  State  and  is  an  ex- 
General  Assembly  in  joint  session  for  officio  member  of  the  Local 
a  term  of  one  year.  The  Convention  Government  Commission  and 
of  1835  adopted  several  amend-  Capital  Planning  Commission.  He 
ments,  one  of  which  changed  the  also  chairs  the  Information  Resource 
meeting  schedule  of  the  General  Management  Commission  (formerly 
Assembly  from  annually  to  biennial-  the  Information  Technology  Comm- 
ly  and  provided  for  the  election  of  the  ission)  as  well  as  the  Constitutional 
Secretary  of  State,  by  the  General  AmendmentsPublications  Committee. 
Assembly,  every  two  years.  By  statute  the  Secretary  receives 
Beginning  in  1868,  the  Secretary  of  all  ratified  bills  of  the  General 
State  was  elected  by  the  people  of  Assembly  as  well  as  the  original 
North  Carolina.  Individuals  elected  journals  of  the  state  Senate  and 
to  the  office  were  usually  reelected  state  House  of  Representatives, 
on  a  regular  basis.  Only  seven  men  The  Secretary  of  State  is  empow- 
held  the  office  during  its  first  92  ered  by  law  to  administer  oaths  to 
years  and  only  21  individuals  have  any  public  official  of  whom  an  oath  is 
held  the  office  since  its  creation  in  required.  The  Secretary  is  frequently 
1776.  William  Hill  who  served  as  called  upon  to  administer  oaths  to 
Secretary  of  State  from  1811  until  officers  of  the  Highway  Patrol, 
his  death  in  1857,  held  the  office  a  judges  and  other  elected  officials, 
total  of  46  years.  This  record  of  ser-  The  Secretary  of  State  is 
vice  seemed  an  unbreakable  mark  required  to  faithfully  perform  the 
until  the  election  of  1936  when  a  duties  assigned  by  the  Constitution 
young  politician  from  Hertford  and  laws  of  North  Carolina.  The 
County  was  elected  Secretary  of  Department  of  the  Secretary  of 
State.  On  December  22,  1982,  Thad  State,  under  the  direction  of  the 


146  North  Carolina  Manual 

Secretary  of  State,  is  charged  with  requirements   prior   to   filing  to 

maintaining  certain  records  pertain-  authority  to  enforce  such  compliance, 

ing  to  state  and  local  government  The  Department  has  responsibilities 

actions  and  the  commercial  activities  under  approximately  fifty  separate 

of  private  businesses.  This  duty  is  statutes  dealing  with  such  diverse 

imposed  by  various  sections  of  the  subjects  as  custodianship  of  the 

General  Statutes  of  North  Carolina  Constitution  and  laws  of  the  State, 

and  involves  varying  degrees  of  administrative  commercial  law,  the 

responsibility  from  reviewing  of  doc-  elective    process,    the    General 

uments  for  compliance  with  statutory  Assembly  and  public  information. 


General  Administration  Division 

The  General  Administration  Division,  under  the  supervision  of  the 
Secretary  of  State  and  the  chief  deputy,  is  responsible  for  all  administrative 
and  management  functions  including  budget,  personnel,  planning  and  coor- 
dination. In  addition,  the  Division  handles  miscellaneous  statutory  duties 
and  responsibilities  not  assigned  to  one  of  the  other  departmental  divisions. 
Included  among  these  are  the  registration  of  lobbyists,  the  registration  of 
trademarks,  and  the  recording  of  municipal  annexation  ordinances.  Its  main 
priority  is  to  streamline  office  operations  and  increase  efficiency  and  produc- 
tivity throughout  the  department. 

Corporations  Division 

The  Corporations  Division  is  responsible  for  filing  corporation,  limited 
partnership,  and  limited  liability  company  documents  as  required  by  the 
laws  of  North  Carolina.  These  laws  are  enabling  statutes  under  which  these 
organizations  are  created.  The  responsibility  of  the  Secretary  of  State  is  to 
ensure  uniform  compliance  with  such  statutes,  record  information  required 
as  a  public  record,  prevent  duplication  of  corporate  names  and  furnish  infor- 
mation to  the  public.  In  1989  a  complete  rewrite  of  the  Corporation  Laws  of 
North  Carolina  was  enacted  by  the  General  Assembly,  followed  in  1993  by 
the  enactment  of  the  LLC  Act. 

The  division  is  responsible  for  maintaining  records  on  approximately 
150,000  current  corporations,  limited  partnerships,  and  limited  liability  com- 
panies. The  Information  Services  Group  handles  more  that  1,200  inquiries 
daily  regarding  the  records  and  the  unit  processes  more  than  35,000  corpo- 
rate documents  and  70,000  annual  reports  each  year. 

Notary  Public  Division 

The  function  of  issuing  commissions  to  notaries  public  was  transferred  to 
the  Department  of  the  Secretary  of  State  from  the  Office  of  the  Governor 
under  the  Executive  Organization  Act  of  1971.  The  primary  purpose  of  the 
Notary  Public  Division  is  to  provide  a  means  for  establishing  the  authenticity 
of  signatures.  This  is  accomplished  through  the  issuing  of  commissions  to 
notaries  public  in  all  of  the  counties  in  North  Carolina. 

In  1983,  the  Department  of  the  Secretary  of  State,  in  cooperation  with 
the  Department  of  Community  Colleges,  developed  and  implemented  a 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  147 

Notary  Public  Education  Program.  The  purpose  of  this  program  is  to  educate 
notaries  about  the  legal,  ethical  and  technical  requirements  of  performing  a 
notarial  act.  North  Carolina  is  recognized  as  the  first  in  the  nation  to  initiate 
such  a  program. 

In  order  to  be  a  notary  in  North  Carolina,  an  individual  must  meet  cer- 
tain eligibility  requirements  as  prescribed  in  Chapter  10A  of  the  general 
statues.  These  include: 

(1)  satisfactory  completion  of  a  course  of  study  approved  by  the  Secretary 

of  State  consisting  of  not  less  than  three  hours  nor  more  than  six 
hours  of  classroom  instruction  from  State  community  colleges 
(practicing  attorneys  at  law  are  exempt); 

(2)  applying  for  appointment  on  a  form  provided  by  the  Secretary  of 
State  and  made  available  by  the  instructor  upon  the  satisfactory 
completion  of  the  required  course  work; 

(3)  being  at  least  18  years  of  age; 

(4)  purchasing  a  manual  approved  by  the  Secretary  of  State  that 
describes  the  duties,  authority  and  ethical  responsibilities  of  notaries 
public; 

(5)  reside  or  work  in  this  state;  and 

(6)  obtaining  a  recommendation  as  to  character  and  fitness  from  one 
publicly  elected  official  in  North  Carolina. 

The  office  of  notary  public  is  one  of  the  oldest  in  history,  having  existed  as 
far  back  as  the  days  of  the  Greek  and  Roman  Empires.  There  are  notaries  in 
every  one  of  the  50  states  and  in  most  of  the  countries  around  the  world. 

Publications  Division 

The  Publications  Division  is  primarily  responsible  for  compiling  and  pub- 
lishing information  which  will  be  useful  to  the  General  Assembly,  to  state 
agencies,  and  to  the  people  of  North  Carolina.  In  addition,  it  is  also  responsi- 
ble for  maintaining,  for  public  inspection,  certain  records,  such  as  election 
returns,  for  which  the  Secretary  of  State  is  custodian.  The  division  publishes 
such  useful  items  as  the  Directory  of  State  and  County  Officials  of  North 
Carolina  and  the  North  Carolina  Manual,  as  well  as  other  departmental  and 
divisional  publications  which  provide  the  citizens  of  North  Carolina  with 
timely  and  accurate  information  in  a  variety  of  important  areas. 

Within  the  Publications  Division  are  the  original  ratified  acts  of  the 
General  Assemblies  of  North  Carolina,  as  well  as  primary  and  general  elec- 
tion voting  results  for  recent  elections.  Until  1994  the  Land  Grants  Section 
was  also  a  part  of  the  Publications  Division,  however,  in  an  effort  to  preserve 
and  protect  these  valuable  records  which  date  back  to  the  1660s,  the  division 
worked  with  State  Archives  to  microfilm  the  land  grant  records  and  transfer 
the  originals  to  the  State  Archives  for  permanent  keeping. 

The  Securities  Division 

The  Securities  Division  is  responsible  for  administering  the  state's  secu- 
rities laws.  These  "blue  sky"  laws,  as  they  are  known,  are  contained  in 


148  North  Carolina  Manual 

Chapters  78A,  and  78C  of  the  General  Statutes.  The  intent  of  these  laws  is  to 
protect  the  investing  public  by  requiring  a  satisfactory  investigation  of  both 
the  people  who  offer  securities  and  of  the  securities  themselves.  The  laws 
provide  for  significant  investigatory  powers  and  for  due  process  in  any 
administrative,  civil  or  criminal  action.  The  Securities  Division  is  the  appro- 
priate state  agency  for  addressing  investor  complaints  concerning  securities 
brokers  and  dealers,  investment  advisers,  or  commodity  dealers,  and  for 
inquiring  about  offerings  of  particular  securities  or  commodities.  Although 
the  Division  cannot  represent  an  investor  in  a  claim  for  monetary  damages, 
the  staff  can  investigate  alleged  violations  and  suspend  or  revoke  a  license, 
issue  stop  orders  against  securities  offerings,  issue  cease  and  desist  orders, 
seek  court  ordered  injunctions,  or  refer  the  matter  to  an  appropriate  district 
attorney  for  criminal  prosecution.  Conviction  of  willfully  violating  the  "blue 
sky"  laws  carries  the  penalty  of  a  Class  I  felony.  In  addition  to  administering 
these  "blue  sky"  laws,  the  Division  is  also  responsible  for  the  registration  of 
athlete  agents,  loan  brokers  and  investment  advisors. 

This  division  also  strives  to  provide  the  citizens  of  North  Carolina  with 
the  tools  to  make  informed  investment  decisions  and,  in  March  of  1994,  a  toll 
free  number  was  put  into  effect  in  an  effort  to  assist  these  investors.  The 
number  is  (800)  688  -  4507. 

Furthermore,  the  Securities  Division  administers  The  Qualified  Business 
Tax  Credit  Program.  Through  this  program,  investors  may  obtain  tax  credits 
based  on  the  amounts  they  invest  in  "Qualified  Business  Ventures"  and 
"Qualified  Grantee  Businesses"  which  are  registered  with  the  Secretary  of  State. 
A  "Qualified  Business  Venture"  is  a  North  Carolina  business  (or  one  which 
moves  its  operation  to  North  Carolina)  which  engages  in  manufacturing,  pro- 
cessing, warehousing,  wholesaling,  research  and  development,  or  a  service-relat- 
ed industry  and  which  has  not  yet  generated  more  than  $5,000,000  in  annual 
gross  revenues.  A  "Qualified  Grantee  Business"  is  one  which  has  received  a 
grant  or  funding  from  a  specified  economic  development  agency.  Qualifying  indi- 
vidual investors  may  claim  tax  credit  of  up  to  25%  of  their  investments  in  regis- 
tered Qualified  Businesses  up  to  a  maximum  annual  credit  of  $50,000. 

The  Secretary  of  State,  as  the  state's  securities  administrator,  is  a  mem- 
ber of  the  North  American  Securities  Administrators  Association  (NASAA). 
Through  this  organization  the  Division's  staff  assists  in  the  adoption  of 
nationwide  uniform  policies  on  securities.  The  Division  works  with  other 
state  securities  agencies,  various  federal  agencies  (including  the  Securities 
and  Exchange  Commission),  and  with  various  industry  groups  such  as  the 
National  Association  of  Securities  Dealers. 

Uniform  Commercial  Code  Division 

The  Uniform  Commercial  Code  Division  is  required  under  Article  9  of 
the  North  Carolina  General  Statutes  to  provide  a  method  of  giving  notice  of 
security  interests  in  personal  property  to  interested  third  parties.  The 
method  adopted  is  a  "notice"  filing  system.  Recorded  information  in  the  UCC 
Division  is  public  record. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  149 

The  Secretary  of  State,  as  central  filing  officer,  receives  and  files  financ- 
ing statements  and  related  "notice"  statements  and  furnishes  the  informa- 
tion to  the  public.  This  division  processes  over  10,000  filings  monthly  and 
has  a  24-hour  turnaround  on  all  record  requests  and  filings. 

It  is  the  responsibility  of  the  secured  party  to  file  a  statement  showing 
the  name  and  address  of  the  debtor,  the  name  and  address  of  the  secured 
party  and  a  brief  description  of  the  collateral.  These  documents  are  indexed 
by  the  debtor's  name.  A  search  of  the  records  on  a  particular  debtor  will  pro- 
duce a  list  of  all  active  creditors  who  have  filed  statements  with  this  office. 
Interested  parties  are  given  sufficient  information  to  contact  the  creditors  for 
further  information  regarding  the  lien. 

Financing  statements  are  generally  effective  for  a  five  year  period. 
Within  six  months  prior  to  their  expiration  date,  the  statements  may  be 
extended  for  an  additional  five  years. 

The  Secretary  of  State  is  also  central  filing  officer  for  federal  tax  liens 
which  are  handled  in  the  same  manner  as  UCC  filings. 

Large  financial  transactions  are  affected  daily  through  information 
received  from  the  UCC  Division. 

The  Business  License  Information  Office 

The  Business  License  Information  Office,  created  in  1987  by  the  General 
Assembly,  was  established  due  to  the  business  community's  need  for  relief 
from  an  often  confusing  licensing  system  as  they  recognized  that  the  time 
and  energy  of  prospective  business  owners  could  be  better  spent  in  other 
areas.  There  are  hundreds  of  business  related  licenses  and  permits  issued  by 
the  State  of  North  Carolina  which  can  only  be  obtained  by  finding  the  correct 
application  or  related  form  amongst  the  hundreds  in  existence.  This  experi- 
ence often  proves  very  frustrating  to  the  would-be  entrepreneur.  To  make 
this  process  simpler,  the  Business  License  Information  Office  is  currently 
implementing  a  Master  Application  System  which  will  provide  a  "one  stop" 
business  application  procedure  for  the  entrepreneur.  This  program  should 
eliminate  much  of  the  red  tape  in  creating  a  business.  One  form  and  one  fee 
complete  the  necessary  information  for  several  required  licenses  saving  time 
and  money  for  the  applicant  as  well  as  state  agencies. 

The  purpose  of  the  Business  License  Information  Office  is: 

(1)  to  offer  new  and  existing  businesses  an  accessible  central  information 

source; 

(2)  to  assist  potential  business  owners  in  securing  the  necessary  state 
issued  licenses,  permits,  and/or  other  authorizations  in  order  to 
operate  a  business  in  North  Carolina; 

(3)  to  monitor  the  license  application  review  process;  and 

(4)  to  act  as  an  advocate  for  regulatory  reform. 

Assistance  is  available  to  all  businesses  regardless  of  size,  type  or  loca- 
tion. There  are  no  fees  for  the  services  provided  and  assistance  is  available 
by  telephoning  or  visiting  the  office.  A  toll  free  telephone  number  has  been 


150  North  Carolina  Manual 

established  for  the  convenience  of  the  users.  The  number  is  (800)  228-8443. 

A  directory,  the  North  Carolina  State  Directory  of  Business  Licenses  and 
Permits  has  been  published  by  the  office.  This  publication  contains  up-to  date 
information  on  over  600  state  required  licenses  and  permits. 

Land  Records  Management  Division 

The  Land  Records  Management  Division  was  created  by  the  North 
Carolina  General  Assembly  in  1977.  The  program  urges  the  creation  or 
improvement  of  large  scale  county  maps  and  the  improvement  of  record- 
keeping procedures  with  an  emphasis  on  computerization  when  feasible. 
Land  Records  Management  provides  technical  and  financial  assistance  to 
local  governments  wishing  to  modernize  and  standardize  local  land  records. 
Technical  assistance  is  provided  in  four  major  areas:  base  mapping,  cadastral 
mapping,  parcel  identifiers,  and  automation  of  land  records. 

In  1987  the  General  Assembly  added  the  responsibility  to  establish 
minimum  standards  for  counties  with  regard  to:  (1)  uniform  indexing  of 
land  records,  (2)  uniform  recording  and  indexing  for  maps,  plats,  and  condo- 
miniums, and  (3)  security  and  reproduction  of  land  records.  In  1989  the 
General  Assembly  directed  the  Land  Records  Management  Division  to  make 
comparative  salary  studies  periodically  for  all  register  of  deeds  offices  and  to 
review  and  approve  satellite  register  of  deeds  offices.  In  1991,  the  General 
Assembly  approved  the  Land  Records  Management  Division's  supervision  of 
minimum  indexing  standards  effective  July  1,  1993. 

The  Land  Records  Management  Division  also  provides  financial  assis- 
tance to  local  governments  on  a  50/50  matching  basis.  The  Land  Records 
Management  Division's  grant  program  has  provided  over  $5.6  million  since 
1978  as  the  catalyst  to  modernize  local  records  statewide.  The  Land  Records 
Management  Division  has  an  advisory  committee  of  12  members  nominated 
by  professional  associations  who  are  appointed  by  the  Governor. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Advisory  Committee  on  Land  Records 
Capitol  Planning  Commission 
Information  Technology  Commission 
Constitution  Publication  Committee 
Local  Government  Commission 

For  Further  Information 

(919)  733-4161 

Business  License  Information  Office:  (800)  228-8443 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  151 


152 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  153 

Rmfiis  L.  Edniisten 

Secretary  of  State 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Boone,  Watauga  County,  July  12,  1941,  to  Walter  F.  and  Nell  (Hollar) 
Edmisten. 

Educational  Background 

Appalachian  High  School,  1959;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1963,  B.A.  with  Honors;  George 
Washington  University,  1967,  J.D.  with  Honors;  Law  Review,  1966. 

Professional  Background 

Elected  Secretary  of  State,  November  1988  and  1992;  Attorney;  (Senior  Partner, 
Edmisten  and  Weaver,  1985-89);  Attorney  General  of  North  Carolina,  1974-84;  Aide 
to  US  Senator  Sam  J.  Ervin,  Jr.  (served  as  Counsel,  Senate  Subcommittee  on 
Constitutional  Rights;  Chief  Counsel  and  Staff  Director,  Senate  Subcommittee  on 
Separation  of  Powers;  Deputy  Chief  Counsel,  Senate  Select  Committee  on 
Presidential  Campaign  Activities — Watergate  Committee),  1963-74. 

Organizations 

Founder  and  Chair,  Foundation  for  Good  Business;  Founder,  Extra-Special  Super 
Kids  Scholarship  Program,  1990  (nearly  25  scholarships  awarded,  since  the  program 
began,  to  students  across  the  state  in  grades  5-8  in  the  amount  of  $1000  each);  Co- 
Chair,  Kids  Classic  Golf  Tournament  to  benefit  Duke  University  Children's  Hospital; 
Honorary  Chair,  Autism  Foundation  and  Society;  N.C.  Bar  Association;  N.C.  State 
Bar;  District  of  Columbia  Bar  Association;  American  Bar  Association;  Federal  Bar 
Association;  Phi  Delta  Phi  Legal  Fraternity;  Estey  Hall  Foundation;  Southern 
Appalachian  Historical  Association  (President);  Established  Attorney  General's 
Committee  on  Local  and  Historic  Preservation  Law,  1978;  Scottish  Rite  Bodies  and 
York  Rite  Masonic  Bodies  of  Raleigh;  Amran  Temple,  Shriners;  Wake  County  SPCA. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Council  of  State;  N.C.  Capitol  Planning  Commission;  Chair,  Information  Resource 
Management  Commission;  Constitution  Publications  Committee  (former  Chair); 
Local  Government  Commission;  Economic  Development  Board;  Small  Business 
Council;  Board  of  Trustees,  Flat  Rock  Playhouse  -  the  State  Theatre  of  North 
Carolina;  President-elect  and  Member  of  Executive  Committee,  National  Association 
of  Secretaries  of  State;  Chair  of  NASS  Ad  Hoc  Committee  on  Securities;  Member, 
Enforcement  Policy  Committee,  North  American  Securities  Administrators 
Association;  Trustee,  National  Investor  Protection  Fund  through  NASAA;  Member, 
Council  of  State  Governments  State  Information  Policy  Consortium  Steering 
Committee,  Executive  Committee  and  Intergovernmental  Affairs  Committee 

Political  Activities 

Secretary  of  State  of  North  Carolina,  1989-present,  Attorney  General,  1974-1984; 
Democratic  nominee  for  governor,  1984;  General  Advisor,  Charter  Commission  of 
Democratic  National  Committee;  Deputy  Chief  of  Security,  Democratic  National 
Convention,  1980  and  1988;  Democratic  Party. 


154  North  Carolina  Manual 

Hon  or  sand  A  wa  rds 

Visiting  lecturer  in  Political  Science  (Constitutional  Law),  Greensboro  College,  1985; 
Guest  Lecturer,  North  Carolina  State  University,  1986. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Linda  Harris,  December,  1983.  Children:  Martha  Moretz  Edmisten  of 
Washington  D.C.  Member,  Three  Forks  Baptist  Church,  Boone,  N.C. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  155 


SECRETARIES  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


COLONIAL  SECRETARIES 
Name  Term 

Richard  Cobthrop1 

Peter  Carteret2 1665-[1672] 

Robert  Holden3 1675-1677 

[Thomas  Miller]* 1677-[1679] 

Robert  Holder^ 1679-[1683] 

Woodrowe6 [1683-1685] 

Francis  Hartley7 [1685-1692] 

Daniel  Akerhurst8 [1692-1700] 

Samuel  Swann9 [1700H704 

Tobias  Knight10 1704-1708 

George  Lumley11 1704 

George  Lumley 1708 

Nevil  Low12 

Tobias  Knight13 1712-1719 

JohnLovick14 1719-1722 

JohnLovick15 1722-1731 

Joseph  Anderson16 1731 

Nathaniel  Rice17 1731-1753 

James  Murray18 1753-1755 

Henry  McCulloch19 1755 

Richard  Spaight20 1755-1762 

Thomas  Faulkner21 

Richard  Spaight22 1762 

Benjamin  Heron23 1762-1769 

John  London24 1769-1770 

Robert  Palmer25 1770-1771 

Samuel  Strudwick26 1772-[1775] 


SECRETARIES  OF  STATE27 


Name  Residence  Term 

James  Glasgow28 1777-1798 

William  White29 1798-1811 

William  Hill30 1811-1857 

Rufus  H.  Page31 1857-1862 

John  P.  H.  Russ32 1862-1864 

Charles  R.  Thomas33 1864-1865 

Robert  W.  Best34 1865-1868 

Henry  J.  Menninger35 Wake 1868-1873 

William  H.  Howerton Rowan 1873-1877 


156  North  Carolina  Manual 

Name  Residence  Term 

Joseph  A.  Engelhard36 New  Hanover 1877-1879 

William  L.  Saunders37 Wake 1879-1891 

Octavius  Coke38 Wake 1891-1895 

Charles  M.  Cooke39 Franklin 1895-1897 

Cyrus  Thompson  Onslow 1897-1901 

John  Bryan  Grimes40 Pitt 1901-1923 

William  N.  Everett41 Richmond 1923-1928 

James  A.  Hartness42 Richmond 1928-1933 

Stacey  W.  Wade43 Carteret 1933-1936 

Charles  G.  Powell44  Granville 1936 

Thad  A.  Eure45 Hertford 1936-1989 

Rufus  L.  Edmisten Watauga 1989-Present 

Colonial  Secretaries 


^obthrop  was  apparently  chosen  by  the  Lords  Proprietors,  but  never  sailed  to 
Albemarle. 

2Carteret  was  commissioned  by  the  Lords  Proprietors  and  arrived  in  Albemarle 
on  February  23,  1665.  He  was  presumably  qualified  shortly  after  his  arrival. 
Following  the  death  of  Governor  Stephens  in  early  1670,  Carteret  was  chosen  his  suc- 
cessor, but  apparently  continued  serving  as  secretary.  It  is  possible  that  he  acted  in 
both  capacities  until  his  departure  for  England  in  1672. 

3Little  is  known  concerning  Holden's  appointment  of  dates  of  service.  He  was 
serving  as  secretary  on  July  26,  1675,  where  he  verified  a  sworn  statement  and  seems 
to  have  continued  until  the  arrival  of  Miller  in  July,  1677.  It  is  possible  that  he  was 
appointed  secretary  prior  to  this  date  since  he  had  been  in  the  colony  since  1671. 

4When  Eastchurch  appointed  Miller  to  act  in  his  stead  until  he  returned  to  North 
Carolina,  he  apparently  appointed  him  secretary  as  well  as  deputy  governor.  On 
October  9,  1677,  he  attested  to  the  granting  of  a  power  of  attorney,  however  this  could 
have  been  in  the  capacity  of  acting  governor  rather  than  as  secretary. 

5Holden  was  appointed  by  the  Lords  Proprietors  and  apparently  arrived  in 
Albemarle  in  July,  1679.  A  warrant  appointing  him  Receiver  General  of  North 
Carolina  was  issued  by  the  Lords  Proprietors  in  February,  1679,  and  it  is  possible 
that  a  similar  warrant  was  issued  about  the  same  time  for  secretary.  Records  indicate 
that  he  was  acting  as  secretary  on  November  6,  1679.  Sometime  between  March,  1681 
and  July  1682,  Holden  was  imprisoned  on  charges  of  "gross  irregularities  in  the  col- 
lection of  Customs" —  another  office  which  he  held.  Extant  records  do  not  indicate 
what  became  of  him.  His  name  does  not  appear  in  council  records  after  1681  and  in 
1682,  John  Archdale  was  issued  a  blank  commission  to  appoint  a  new  receiver-gener- 
al. It  is  possible  that  he  was  released  from  prison  or  acquitted  of  the  charges,  and  con- 
tinued serving  as  secretary.  Some  sources  indicate  he  served  until  1684;  however 
other  references  indicate  that  someone  else  was  acting  as  secretary  in  1684  or  earlier. 

6Little  is  known  about  Woodrowe.  The  only  mention  of  him  in  extant  records  is  in 
a  letter  written  by  the  Lords  Proprietors  in  February,  1684,  which  leaves  the  impres- 
sion that  he  had  been  serving  for  some  time.  It  is  possible  he  was  appointed  as  early 
as  1682. 

7Hartley  was  commissioned  by  the  Lords  Proprietors,  but  no  date  of  when  he 
qualified  could  be  found.  According  to  one  source  he  died  in  January,  1691-92,  proba- 
bly while  still  secretary. 

8When  Akehurst  took  office  is  not  known,  he  was  apparently  acting  by  June  26, 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  157 

1693  when  he  acknowledged  a  land  grant.  It  is  possible  that  he  was  appointed  as 
early  as  1692  and  presumably  served  until  his  death  sometime  in  late  1699  or  early 
1700.  (His  will  was  proved  in  Virginia  in  1700). 

9Swann  may  have  been  appointed  to  replace  Akehurst;  however,  when  he  took 
office  is  not  known.  He  was  serving  by  September,  1700  and  probably  served  until 
Knight  took  over  1704. 

10Knight  was  apparently  appointed  to  replace  Swann  and  according  to  one  source 
was  in  the  office  in  1704.  The  earliest  documentary  evidence  of  Knight  acting  is  his 
certifying  to  a  court  proceeding  on  February  20,  1705.  There  is  no  evidence  that  he 
served  during  this  span  after  1708,  however  he  was  again  serving  in  1712. 

NLumley  was  appointed  by  Knight  to  act  as  Secretary  on  two  occasions,  once  in 
October,  1704  and  again  in  1708  during  Knight's  absence  due  to  an  illness.  It  is  not 
known  who  served  between  1708  and  1712  because  of  the  chaotic  conditions  in  gov- 
ernment. 

12Two  commissions  were  issued  to  Low  by  the  Lords  Proprietors,  the  first  on 
January  31,  1711  and  a  second  on  June  13  1711,  however,  there  is  no  record  of  him 
serving. 

13Knight  was  commissioned  by  the  Lords  Proprietors,  and  qualified  before  the 
governor  and  council.  In  1719  he  was  called  before  the  council  to  answer  charges  of 
conspiracy  with  pirates  but  was  acquitted.  He  apparently  died  in  late  June,  1719 
since  a  successor  was  appointed  on  June  30,  and  his  will  probated  on  July  7,  1719. 

14Lovick  was  appointed  by  the  governor  and  council  following  Knight's  death. 

15Lovick  was  commissioned  by  the  Lords  Proprietors  and  qualified  before  the 
Governor  and  Council.  He  served  until  1731. 

16Anderson  was  appointed  by  Governor  Burrington  as  "acting"  secretary  until 
Rice  arrived. 

17Rice  was  commissioned  by  the  crown  and  qualified  before  the  governor  and 
council.  He  served  until  his  death  on  January  28,  1753. 

18Murray  was  appointed  by  the  Council  upon  the  death  of  Rice  and  served  until 
the  arrival  of  McCulloch  in  1755.  Land  grant  records  indicate  that  he  was  acting  as 
late  as  March  31,  1755. 

19A  warrant  was  issued  on  June  21,  1754  for  McCulloch's  appointment  as  secre- 
tary and  his  commission  was  certified  by  Dobbs  on  July  1,  while  both  were  still  in 
England.  He  qualified  as  a  council  member  on  March  25,  1755  but  does  not  appear  to 
have  acted  as  secretary  until  April.  He  continued  serving  until  his  death  in  1755. 

20A  letter  was  sent  from  Governor  Dobbs  to  Spaight  on  October  2,  1755  appoint- 
ing him  "Secretary  of  the  Crown."  (A  commission  in  the  Secretary  of  State's  records, 
however,  bears  the  date,  October  27,  1755.)  He  qualified  before  Dobbs  on  October  30. 

21Faulkner's  name  was  proposed  to  King  on  March  17  by  the  Board  of  Trade  and 
on  April  1  a  commission  was  ordered  prepared.  He  rented  his  commission  to  Samuel 
Strudwick. 

22Spaight  was  reappointed  by  Dobbs  and  served  until  his  death  sometime  during 
July  or  early  August,  1672. 

23Heron  was  appointed  by  Dobbs  to  replace  Spaight.  On  March  6,  1769,  Heron 
was  granted  a  leave  of  absence  to  return  to  England  where  he  apparently  died. 

24London  was  already  a  deputy  secretary  under  Heron  and  acted  in  this  capacity 
until  news  of  Heron's  death  was  received.  London  was  appointed  by  Tryon  upon  the 
death  of  Heron  and  served  until  he  "declined  acting  any  longer...." 

25Palmer  was  appointed  by  Tryon  to  replace  London  on  July  8,  1771  he  was 
granted  a  leave  of  absence  to  return  to  England  for  reasons  of  health. 

26Strudwick  was  appointed  by  Martin  after  Strudwick  had  produced  "sufficient 


158  North  Carolina  Manual 

evidence  that  he  had  rented  the  Secretary's  Office  in  this  Province  of  Mr.  Faulkner.  .  . 
"  He  apparently  continued  serving  until  the  Revolution." 

Secretaries  of  State 

27The  Secretary  of  State  was  elected  by  the  General  Assembly  at  its  annual  (bien- 
nial, after  1835)  meeting  for  a  term  of  one  year.  The  Constitutional  Convention  of 
1868  extended  the  term  but  the  power  of  election  remained  in  the  hands  of  the 
General  Assembly  until  1868  when  a  new  constitution  was  adopted.  Since  1868,  the 
Secretary  of  State  has  been  elected  by  the  people  and  serves  for  a  four-year  term.  He 
can  run  for  re-election. 

28Glasgow  was  appointed  by  the  provincial  congress  to  serve  until  the  next  meet- 
ing of  the  general  assembly.  He  was  later  elected  by  the  General  Assembly  to  a  regu- 
lar term  and  continued  serving  until  1798  when  he  resigned  because  of  his  involve- 
ment in  a  land  scandal.  His  resignation  was  received  by  the  General  Assembly  on 
November  20. 

29White  was  elected  to  replace  Glasgow  and  served  until  his  death  sometime  in 
late  September,  or  early  November,  1811. 

30Hill  died  on  October  29,  1857. 

31Page  was  appointed  by  the  governor  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  council. 
He  was  later  elected  by  the  general  assembly  to  a  regular  term,  but  he  was  defeated 
for  reelection  in  1862  by  Russ. 

32Russ  requested  that  his  name  be  withdrawn  at  the  end  of  the  first  round  of  bal- 
loting in  1864. 

33Thomas,  who  was  first  elected  by  the  general  assembly,  took  office  on  January 
3,  1865  and  served  until  the  end  of  the  Civil  War.  He  was  then  appointed  secretary  in 
the  provisional  government  headed  by  William  W.  Holden,  but  resigned  on  August  12, 
1865. 

34Best  may  have  been  appointed  earlier  by  Holden  following  the  resignation  of 
Thomas  since  his  name  appears  beneath  that  of  Thomas  in  the  Record  Book;  however, 
only  the  date  1865  is  given.  He  was  later  elected  by  the  general  assembly  and  served 
until  the  new  constitution  was  put  into  effect  in  1868. 

35Menninger  was  elected  in  the  general  election  in  April,  1868  but  declined  to  run 
for  re-election  in  1982. 

36Engelhard  died  February  15,  1879. 

37Saunders  was  appointed  by  Governor  Jarvis  on  February  18,  1879  to  replace 
Engelhard.  He  was  elected  to  a  full  term  in  the  general  elections  in  1880  and  served 
following  subsequent  reelections  until  his  death  on  April  2,  1891. 

38Coke  was  appointed  by  Governor  Fowle  on  April  4,  1891  to  replace  Saunders. 
He  was  elected  to  a  full  term  in  the  general  elections  in  1892  and  served  until  his 
death  on  August  30,  1895. 

39Cooke  was  appointed  by  Governor  Carr  on  September  3,  1895  to  replace  Coke. 
He  was  defeated  in  the  general  elections  in  1896  by  Thomas. 

40Grimes  died  January  16,  1923. 

41Everett  was  appointed  by  Governor  Morrison  on  January  16,  1923  to  replace 
Grimes.  He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1924  and  served  until  his  death 
February  7,  1928. 

42Hartness  was  appointed  by  Governor  McLean  on  February  13,  1928  to  replace 
Everett.  He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1928,  but  declined  to  run  in  1932. 

43Wade  resigned  in  November,  1936. 

44Powell  was  appointed  by  Governor  Ehringhaus  on  November  17,  1936,  to 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  159 

replace  Wade  and  resigned  in  December. 

45Eure  had  been  elected  in  the  general  elections  of  1936  and  was  appointed  by 
Governor  Ehringhaus  on  December  21,1936,  to  replace  Powell.  On  January  7,  1937, 
he  took  office  for  his  regular  term  and  subsequent  reelections.  He  served  longer  than 
any  other  state  official,  finally  retiring  on  January  7,  1989. 

46Edmisten  was  elected  in  November,  1988,  when  Eure  declined  to  run  for  reelection. 


160  North  Carolina  Manual 


DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  STATE  AUDITOR 


The  Office  of  State  Auditor  was  performs  EDP  audits  to  verify  the 
created  by  the  Constitution  of  reliability  and  controls  over  comput- 
1868,  although  an  "auditor  of  er  applications.  Also  under  the  juris- 
public  accounts"  had  existed  since  diction  of  this  office  are  the  quality 
1862  and  references  to  an  auditor's  reviews  of  public  accounting  firms' 
duties  go  back  to  the  colonial  consti-  audits  of  certain  non-profit  organiza- 
tion of  1669.  tions. 

Today,  the  State  Auditor  is  a  A  singular  strength  of  the  Office 
constitutional  officer  elected  by  the  of  the  State  Auditor  is  its  indepen- 
people  every  four  years.  It  is  the  duty  dence  which  affords  it  the  opportuni- 
of  this  office  to  conduct  audits  of  the  ty  to  demonstrate  a  high  level  of  pro- 
financial  affairs  of  all  state  agencies,  fessionalism,  objectivity  and  integri- 
In  addition,  the  State  Auditor  may  ty. 

conduct  such  other  special  audits,  In  addition  to  being  the  account- 
reviews,  or  investigations  as  he  may  ability  "watchdog"  for  the  state,  the 
deem  necessary  or  that  may  be  State  Auditor  has  several  other 
requested  by  the  governor  or  the  leg-  duties  assigned  to  him  by  virtue  of 
islature.  The  State  Auditor  is  his  office.  He  is  a  member  of  the 
responsible  for  annually  auditing  Council  of  State,  the  Capitol 
and  rendering  an  opinion  on  the  Planning  Commission,  the  Local 
State's  Comprehensive  Annual  Government  Commission,  and  the 
Financial  Report  (CAFR)  and  for  Information  Resource  Management 
issuing  the  Statewide  Single  Audit  Commission. 

Report  required  by  federal  law.  He  The  Office  of  the  State  Auditor 

also  conducts  performance  audits  of  is  organized  into  two  major  divi- 

state  agencies  and  programs  to  sions:  The  General  Administration 

determine  the  economy,  efficiency,  Division      and      the     Auditing 

and  effectiveness  of  operations  and  Division. 

The  General  Administration  Division 

This  division,  under  the  direct  supervision  of  the  State  Auditor,  his  chief 
deputy  handles  all  administrative  matters  including  personnel,  budgeting, 
purchasing,  and  the  overall  planning  and  coordination  of  all  activities  for  the 
department. 

The  Auditing  Division 

The  Auditing  Division  conducts  financial  audits  and  reviews  of  state 
agencies  and  institutions  to  determine  adherence  to  generally  accepted 
accounting  principles  and  standards,  to  identify  strengths  and  weaknesses  of 
internal  control  systems,  and  to  test  for  accuracy  in  financial  reports  and 
compliance  with  applicable  laws,  regulations,  and  policies.  This  work  is  used  ' 
to  support  the  auditor's  opinion  on  individual  reports  and  the  CAFR  and  ; 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  161 

Single  Audit.  In  addition,  the  employees  of  this  division  conduct  performance 
audits  of  selected  programs  administered  by  state  agencies  as  directed  by  the 
State  Auditor.  The  purpose  of  these  performance  audits  is  to  determine  that 
programs  are  being  administered  as  intended  and  that  they  are  accomplish- 
ing the  desired  results  in  an  effective  manner.  The  Auditing  Division  also 
performs  reviews  of  electronic  data  processing  applications  and  controls  to 
ensure  the  reliability  and  accuracy  of  computer  generated  data.  This  divi- 
sion is  responsible  for  monitoring  the  use  of  state  funds  provided  to  certain 
non-profit  organizations  and  issuing  an  annual  report  on  such  activities. 
The  Auditor  also  conducts  special  investigations  related  to  possible  embezzle- 
ments or  misuse  of  state  property.  These  special  investigations  are  normally 
in  response  to  allegations  received  via  the  Fraud,  Waste  and  Abuse  "Hotline" 
telephone  number. 

The  managerial  structure  of  the  audit  division  includes  two  deputy  state 
auditors  and  eight  audit  managers  who  are  charged  with  auditing  the  major 
functions  in  state  government.  Audits  are  directly  supervised  by  audit  super- 
visors based  in  Raleigh  and  in  branch  offices.  These  supervisors  report  to  dif- 
ferent audit  managers  depending  on  which  area  of  government  is  being 
audited.  Branch  offices  are  located  in  Asheville,  Morganton,  Charlotte, 
Greensboro,  Winston-Salem,  Fayetteville,  Greenville,  and  Wilmington. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Capital  Planning  Commission 

Council  of  State 

Education  Facilities  Finance  Agency 

Local  Government  Commission 

Information  Resource  Management  Commission 

For  Further  Information 

(919)  733-3217 
Hotline  (919)  733-3276 


162 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  163 


Ralph  Campbell,  Jn 


State  Auditor 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Raleigh,  N.C.,  December  7,  1946,  to  the  late  Ralph  Campbell,  Sr.,  and  June 
Kay  Campbell. 

Educational  Background 

Graduated  J.  W.  Ligon  High  School,  Raleigh,  1964;  St  Augustine's  College,  Raleigh, 
1968,  B.S.  Degree  in  Business  Administration  with  Accounting  Concentration. 

Professional  Background 

State  Auditor,  1993-;  Administrative  Officer,  N.C.  Department  of  Insurance,  1990-92; 
Plan  Auditor,  State  Health  Benefits  Office,  1986-90;  Field  Auditor,  N.C.  Department 
of  Revenue,  1977-86. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Raleigh-Wake  Citizens  Association;  State  Employees  Association  of  North  Carolina; 
National  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Colored  People;  Omega  Psi  Phi 
Fraternity;  Wake  County  Mental  Health  Association;  Raleigh  Martin  Luther  King, 
Jr.,  Holiday  Committee;  American  Council  of  Young  Political  Leaders;  Widow's  Son 
Lodge  No  4,  Prince  Hall  Grand  Lodge  of  Free  and  Accepted  Masons  of  N.C;  National 
Forum  for  Black  Public  Administrators;  National  Association  of  State  Auditors, 
Comptrollers  and  Treasurers;  National  State  Auditors  Association;  Southeastern 
Inter-Governmental  Audit  Forum. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

N.C.  Council  of  State  1993-present;  Capital  Planning  Commission,  1993-present; 
Local  Government  Commission,  1993-present;  Information  Resource  Management 
Commission,  1993-present;  N.C.  Educational  Facilities  Finance  Agency  Board,  1993- 
present;  Shaw  Divinity  School  Board  of  Trustees,  1988-89;  Shelly  School  Child 
Development  Center,  Advisory  Board,  1986-89;  N.C.  Black  Elected  Municipal 
Officials,  Treasurer,  1989-92;  Triangle  J.  Council  of  Governments,  World  Class 
Region,  Co-Chair  Dependent  Care  Task  Force;  Raleigh  United  Negro  College  Fund, 
Co-Chair,  1986-89;  N.C.  Black  Leadership  Caucus,  Treasurer,  1989-93;  National 
League  of  Cities,  Human  Development  Steering  Committee,  1989-92;  Wake  County 
Education  Foundation,  Board  Member,  1989-91;  Wake  United  Way,  Board  Member, 
1990-91;  Occoneechee  Council,  Boy  Scouts  of  America  Board  Member,  1991-present; 
(Raleigh  City  Council)  Intergovernmental  Committee,  1985-87,  chair  1989-91;  Real 
Estate  Committee,  1985-92,  Chair,  1987-92;  Downtown  Committee,  1985-92;  Law  and 
Finance  Committee,  1985-89,  Chair,  1985-89;  Police  Affairs  Committee,  1985-92. 

Political  Activities 

State  Auditor,  1992-present;  Raleigh  City  Council  (elected  1985,  re-elected  1987,  1989 
and  1991;  Mayor  Pro-Tern,  1989-91. 

Military  Service 
Served  U.S.  Army  Reserve,  1971-77. 


164  North  Carolina  Manual 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Omega  Psi  Phi  Fraternity  -  Omega  Man  of  the  Year  -  1984;  St.  Augustine's  College, 
Honorary  Doctor  of  Humane  Letters,  1990;  Shaw  Divinity  School,  Honorary  Doctor  of 
Christian  Letters,  1991. 

Personal  Information 

Member,  St.  Ambrose  Episcopal  Church,  Raleigh,  N.C. 


-L    111J     11V/1V111      ^-iilVViJllUl     iJiVUVVJ    11    »U     X_/lU^l^\jll  XXJiJ 


AUDITORS  OF  PUBLIC  ACCOUNTS 

Name  Residence  Qualified 

Samuel  F  Phillips1 Orange 1862-1864 

Richard  H.  Battle2 Wake 1864-1865 

STATE  AUDITORS 


Name  Residence  Qualified 

Henderson  Adams3 1868-1873 

JohnReilly Cumberland 1873-1877 

Samuel  L  Love Haywood 1877-1881 

William  P.  Roberts Gates 1881-1889 

George  W.  Sandlin Lenoir 1889-1893 

Robert  M.  Furman Buncombe 1893-1897 

HalW.Ayer Wake 1897-1901 

Benjamin  F.  Dixon4 Cleveland 1901-1910 

Benjamin  F.  Dixon,  Jr.5 Wake 1910-1911 

William  P.  Wood6 Randolph 1911-1921 

Baxter  Durham Wake 1921-1937 

George  Ross  Pou7 Johnston 1937-1947 

Henry  L.  Bridges8 Guilford 1947-1981 

Edward  Renfrow9 Johnston 1981-1993 

Ralph  Campbell,  Jr Wake 1993-  Present 

Auditors  of  Public  Accounts 

Phillips  resigned  effective  July  10,  1864. 

2Battle  was  appointed  by  the  governor  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  council 
to  replace  Phillips.  He  was  later  elected  by  the  General  Assembly  to  a  regular  term, 
and  served  until  the  office  was  abolished  in  1865. 

State  Auditors 


3Adams  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  April,  1868. 

4Dixon  died  September  26,  1910. 

5Benjamin  F.  Dixon,  Jr.  was  appointed  by  Governor  Kitchen  on  September  30, 
1910  to  replace  his  father,  Benjamin  F.  Dixon,  Sr. 

^Wood  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1910  to  complete  the  senior  Dixon's 
unexpired  term.  He  was  elected  to  a  full  term  in  1912. 

7Pou  died  February  9,  1947. 

8Bridges  was  appointed  by  Governor  Cherry  on  February  15,  1947  to  replace  Pou. 
He  was  elected  in  the  general  election  in  1948  and  served  until  his  retirement  in 
1981. 

9Renfrow  was  elected  in  1980. 

10  Campbell,  Jr.  was  elected  in  1992. 


166  North  Carolina  Manual 

THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  STATE  TREASURER 


Beginning  in  the  year  1669,  a  office  of  the  State  Treasurer.  The 

Treasurer's  Court  was  respon-  longest  tenure  by  one  person  was 

sible  for  the  public  money  of  from  1901  to  1929  by  Benjamin  R. 

the  colony.  The  office  of  Treasurer  Lacy  of  Wake  County.  The  second 

was  formally  created  in  1715  and  longest  tenure  was  by  the  late  Edwin 

appointments  to  that  office  were  Gill  of  Scotland  County  who  served 

made  by  the  lower  house  of  the  from  1953  until  his  retirement  in 

Colonial  Assembly.  Between  1740  1977. 

and  1779  there  was  one  Treasurer  The  Treasurers  who  have  occu- 
each  for  Northern  and  Southern  pied  the  office  have  earned  and 
North  Carolina.  Four  additional  maintained  a  nationwide  reputation 
Treasurers  were  added  in  1779  for  a  for  fiscal  integrity  and  financial 
total  of  six,  each  serving  a  defined  responsibility.  The  fact  that  the 
geographical  area  called  a  district.  In  State  Treasurer  is  able  to  operate  in 
1782  another  district  with  its  own  an  atmosphere  of  political  freedom  is 
Treasurer  was  created.  This  multiple  contributory  to  the  influence  of  the 
Treasurer  concept  continued  until  office  throughout  the  state. 
1784  when  the  General  Assembly  In  1843)  shortly  after  the  election 
eliminated  multiple  Treasurers  and  of  the  Treasurer  by  the  General 
assigned  the  duties  of  the  office  to  a  Assembly,  a  spirited  situation  devel- 
single  individual  elected  by  joint  vote  oped  between  Governor  Morehead 
of  the  two  houses  of  the  legislature  and  the  Treasurer-elect  John  Hill 
for  a  two-year  term.  This  setup  con-  wheeler  over  the  terms  of  a  fidelity 
tinued  until  1868  when  a  new  consti-  bond  which  at  that  time  was 
tution  was  adopted.  The  Constitution  required  of  the  Treasurer.  The  bond 
of  1868  provided  for  a  Treasurer  was  ultimately  presented  at  the 
elected  by  the  people  for  a  four-year  Governor's  office;  the  Governor,  how- 
term.  These  provisions  continued  in  ever>  refused  to  accept  the  bond  as  it  - 
place  following  the  approval  by  the  was  written.  His  action  was  too  late, 
people  of  a  new  constitution  in  1970.  because  at  that  very  moment, 
Many  of  the  current  duties  and  Wheeler  was  taking  the  oath  of  office 
functions  which  are  charged  to  the  as  Treasurer  in  another  part  of  the 
State  Treasurer  had  their  beginnings  capitol.  A  strained  relationship 
in  the  Constitution  of  1868.  This  con-  between  Governor  Morehead  and 
stitution  served  to  formalize  the  Wheeler  was  inevitable.  The  magni- 
more  important  fiscal  and  financial  tude  became  clear  some  ten  days 
aspects  of  the  office.  Before  that  later  when  the  Treasurer  refused  to 
time,  the  functions  varied  widely  pay  the  Governor  $3.00  per  diem  for 
from  time  to  time  and  from  adminis-  his  services  on  a  board.  Wheeler 
tration  to  administration.  denied  the  claim  saying  that  "this  is  I 
Since  1868,  only  twelve  men  part  of  the  governor's  regular  duties 
have  been  elected  and  occupied  the  and  is  included  in  his  annual  salary 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  167 

of  $2,000.00."  Wheeler  proved  to  be  a  the  expenditure  of  state  funds.  He  is 

very  colorful  and  resourceful  individ-  a  member  of  the  Council  of  State,  the 

ual  during  his  tenure  of  office.  Local  Government  Commission  and 

During  the  formative  years  of  the  the       Information       Technology 

office,  there  were  many  functions  Commission  (formerly  the  Computer 

which  the  Treasurer  regularly  per-  Commission). 

formed.  In  recent  years,  many  of  The  Treasurer  serves  as  advisor 

these  have  been  either  discontinued  to   monetary  committees   of  the 

or  transferred  to  other  State  agen-  General  Assembly.  His  primary  fis- 

cies.  Modern  times  have  brought  cal  duties  are  to  assure  that  all  pub- 

about  substantive  changes  in  the  lie  funds  are  utilized  in  conformity 

duties  of  the  Treasurer.  with  the  mandates  of  the  General 

The  Treasurer  is  a  constitutional  Assembly,  to  invest  surplus  funds 

officer  elected  by  the  people  of  North  wisely  and  prudently,  and  to  satisfy 

Carolina.  In  addition  to  his  tradition-  the  bonded  indebtedness  of  the 

al  duties,  he  serves  as  an  ex-officio  State. 

member  of  many  state  boards  and  The  Department  of  State 
commissions.  He  is  chairman  of  Treasurer  is  structured  convention- 
many  of  the  commissions  and  boards  ally,  with  three  operating  divisions 
which  affect  the  state  fiscal  policy  or  and  one  support  division. 


Operations  of  the  Department  of  State  Treasurer 

The  operations  of  the  Department  are  carried  out  by  the  four  divisions 
under  the  supervision  of  the  State  Treasurer. 

The  Retirement  Systems  Division 

The  Retirement  Systems  Division  of  the  Department  of  State  Treasurer 
administers  the  four  statutory  retirement  and  eight  fringe  benefit  plans,  as 
authorized  by  the  General  Assembly,  which  cover  the  State's  public  employees. 
The  administration  of  the  several  retirement  systems  and  benefit  plans  requires 
a  high  level  of  fiduciary  responsibility  for  the  employees'  trust  funds  entailing 
the  prudent  and  efficient  use  of  employees'  and  taxpayers'  contributions. 

The  public  purpose  of  the  existence  of  retirement  systems  and  benefit 
plans  is  to  recruit  and  retain  competent  employees  for  a  career  in  public  ser- 
vice, and  provide  a  replacement  income  for  retirement,  disability,  or  at  death 
for  an  employee's  survivors.  More  than  475,000  active  and  retired  public 
employees  and  their  dependents  owe  a  large  part  of  their  financial  security  to 
these  retirement  and  fringe  benefit  plans. 

The  retirement  systems  administered  by  this  Division  are  the: 

•  Teachers'  and  State  Employees'  Retirement  System 

•  Local  Governmental  Employees'  Retirement  System 

•  Consolidated  Judicial  Retirement  System 

•  Legislative  Retirement  System 

The  systems  are  governed  by  two  Boards  of  Trustees.  The  State 

Treasurer  is  ex-officio  Chairman  of  each  board.  The  board  of  the  Teachers' 

i 


168  North  Carolina  Manual 

and  State  Employees'  Retirement  System  is  composed  of  14  actively  working 
employees,  retirees  and  public  members.  The  Local  Governmental 
Employees'  Retirement  System  board,  while  legally  separate,  is  composed  of 
the  same  14  members  plus  3  members  representing  local  governments.  The 
Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Teachers'  and  State  Employees'  Retirement  System 
is  the  governing  board  of  the  Consolidated  Judicial  and  Legislative 
Retirement  Systems,  and  of  all  other  programs  administered  by  the  division 
except  for  the  Firemen's  and  Rescue  Squad  Workers'  Pension  Fund.  That 
fund  is  goverened  by  a  separate  board  of  trustees,  which  is  composed  of  six 
members,  with  the  State  Treasurer  serving  as  ex-officio  chairman. 

All  retirement  systems  are  joint  contributory  defined  benefit  plans  with- 
contributions  made  by  both  employees  and  employers.  Each  active  member 
contributes  six  percent  (6%)  of  his  compensation  for  creditable  service  by 
monthly  payroll  deduction.  The  only  exception  to  this  member  contribution 
rate  is  the  Legislative  Retirement  System  to  which  each  active  member  con- 
tributes seven  percent  (7%)  of  his  compensation.  Employers  make  monthly 
contributions  based  on  a  percentage  rate  of  the  members'  compensation  for 
the  month.  Employer  contribution  rates  are  actuarially  calculated. 

In  addition  to  the  retirement  systems  administered  through  this 
Division,  responsibility  for  administration  of  other  programs  covers  the: 

Public  Employees'  Social  Security  Agency 

Disability  Income  Plan 

Legislative  Retirement  Fund 

National  Guard  Pension  Plan 

Teachers'  and  State  Employees'  Benefit  Trust 

Supplemental  Retirement  Income  Plan 

Registers  of  Deeds'  Supplemental  Pension  Fund 

Contributory  Death  Benefit  for  Retired  Members 

Firemen's  and  Rescue  Squad  Workers'  Pension  Fund 

The  consistent  use  of  conservative  actuarial  assumptions  and  an 
approved  actuarial  cost  method  over  the  years  since  the  establishment  of  the 
retirement  systems  and  benefit  plans  plus  the  recognition  of  all  promised 
benefits  in  the  actuarial  liabilities,  have  resulted  in  retirement  systems 
which  can  be  labeled  as  "actuarially  sound." 

The  administrate  expenses  of  the  Division  for  the  retirement  systems  are  ' 
paid  by  receipts  from  the  systems  based  on  the  ratio  of  members  in  each  sys- 
tem to  the  total  universe  of  members  of  all  systems.  Receipt  support  from 
other  programs  pays  for  their  cost  of  administration  based  on  a  cost-center 
analysis,  except  for  the  Firemen's  and  Rescue  Squad  Workers'  Pension  Fund, 
which  is  governed  by  direct  appropriation  of  the  General  Assembly. 

The  Investment  and  Banking  Division 

The  Investment  and  Banking  Division  is  organized  to  carry  out  two  of  j 
the  State  Treasurer's  primary  functions.  The  first  of  these  is  to  serve  as  the  I 
State's  Banker  by  receiving  and  disbursing  all  State  monies.  The  second  is  to 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  169 

serve  as  the  State's  Chief  Investment  Officer  by  administering  the  State 
Funds  Cash  Management  and  Trust  Funds  Investment  Programs.  These 
functions  are  both  constitutional  and  statutory  in  origin. 

Serving  as  the  State's  Banker 

The  General  Assembly  of  North  Carolina  has  provided  a  centralized  sys- 
tem for  managing  the  flow  of  moneys  collected  and  disbursed  by  all  State 
departments,  agencies,  institutions,  and  universities.  Rather  than  each  of 
these  entities  having  an  account  with  a  commercial  bank,  they  maintain 
accounts  with  the  State  Treasurer.  The  State  Treasurer  in  turn  provides 
each  entity  the  same  service  that  a  commercial  bank  would  normally  provide. 
This  system  assures  that  the  State  is  the  prime  beneficiary  of  the  flow  of 
funds  through  the  commercial  banking  system  in  the  course  of  conducting 
State  business. 


Serving  as  the  State's  Chief  Investment  Officer 

The  State  Treasurer  administers  the  State  Funds  Cash  Management  and 
Trust  Funds  Investment  Programs.  As  such,  the  Treasurer  is  directed  to 
"establish,  maintain,  administer,  manage,  and  operate"  investment  pro- 
grams, pursuant  to  the  applicable  statutes,  for  all  funds  on  deposit.  In  so 
doing,  the  Treasurer  "shall  have  full  power  as  a  fiduciary"  and  shall  manage 
the  investment  programs  so  that  the  assets  "may  be  readily  converted  into 
cash  as  needed." 

There  is  a  special  legal  provision  for  holding  inviolate  the  funds  of  the 
retirement  systems  (Article  5,  Section  6  of  the  North  Carolina  Constitution). 
It  states  that  such  funds  may  not  be  used  "for  any  purpose  other  than  retire- 
ment system  benefits  and  purposes,  administrative  expenses  and  refunds."  It 
further  states  that  such  funds  "shall  not  be  applied,  diverted,  loaned  to  or 
used  by  the  state,  any  state  agency,  state  officer,  public  officer  or  public 
employee." 

State  and  Local  Government  Finance  Division 

The  State  and  Local  Government  Finance  Division  was  organized  to  pro- 
vide the  State  Treasurer  with  staff  assistance  in  such  areas  as  he  requests 
and  to  provide  the  staff  required  by  the  Local  Government  Commission,  the 
North  Carolina  Solid  Waste  Management  Capital  Projects  Financing  Agency 
and  the  North  Carolina  Educational  Facilities  Finance  Agency  in  fulfilling 
their  respective  statutory  functions.  The  division  is  organized  along  function- 
al lines  to  provide  two  major  groups  of  services  to  the  State  and  to  the  local 
units  of  government:  debt  management  and  fiscal  management.  In  addition, 
the  deputy  treasurer-division  director  serves  as  the  secretary  of  the  Local 
Government  Commission. 

The  Local  Government  Commission  approves  the  issuance  of  the  indebt- 
edness of  all  units  of  local  government  and  assists  these  units  in  the  area  of 
fiscal  management.  The  Commission  is  composed  of  nine  members:  the  State 


170  North  Carolina  Manual 

Treasurer,  the  Secretary  of  State,  the  State  Auditor,  the  Secretary  of 
Revenue,  and  five  others  by  appointment  (three  by  the  Governor,  one  by  the 
Lieutenant  Governor,  and  one  by  the  Speaker  of  the  North  Carolina  House  of 
Representatives).  The  State  Treasurer  serves  as  chairman  and  selects  the 
secretary  of  the  Commission,  who  heads  the  administrative  staff  serving  the 
commission. 

Assistance  to  State  Agencies 

Debt  Management.  The  State  Treasurer  is  responsible  for  the  issuance 
and  servicing  of  all  State  debts  secured  by  a  pledge  of  the  taxing  power  of  the 
State.  After  approval  of  a  bond  issue,  the  division  assists  in  determining  the 
cash  needs  and  most  appropriate  time  for  scheduling  sales  after  consultation 
with  other  State  agencies;  the  planning  for  repayment  of  the  debt  (maturity 
schedules);  preparing,  with  the  advice  and  cooperation  of  bond  counsel  and 
the  assistance  of  other  State  agencies,  the  official  statement  describing  the 
bond  issue  and  other  required  disclosures  about  the  State;  and  in  the  actual 
sale  and  delivery  of  the  bonds.  The  staff  of  the  division  maintains  the  State 
bond  records  and  register  of  bonds  and  initiates  the  debt  service  payments 
when  they  become  due.  In  addition,  the  division  is  responsible  for  the  autho- 
rization and  issuance  of  revenue  bonds  for  the  North  Carolina  Medical  Care 
Commission,  the  North  Carolina  Housing  Finance  Agency,  the  North 
Carolina  Municipal  Power  Agency  Number  1,  the  North  Carolina  Eastern 
Municipal  Power  Agency,  the  North  Carolina  Educational  Facilities  Finance 
Agency,  the  North  Carolina  Solid  Waste  Management  Capital  Projects 
Financing  Agency  and  the  North  Carolina  Industrial  and  Pollution  Control 
Financing  Authority. 

Fiscal  Management.  The  staff  of  the  division  provides  technical  assis- 
tance in  financial  matters  within  the  Department  of  State  Treasurer  and  to 
other  departments  of  the  State  as  may  be  required.  Projects  may  also  include 
work  on  the  national  level  if  they  concern  generally  accepted  accounting 
principles  for  government. 


Assistance  to  Local  Government 

Assistance  is  rendered  to  local  governments  and  public  authorities  in 
North  Carolina  on  behalf  of  the  Local  Government  Commission. 

Debt  Management.  A  major  function  is  the  approval,  sale  and  delivery 
of  all  North  Carolina  local  government  bonds  and  notes  upon  the  recommen- 
dation of  the  staff  of  the  division.  Before  any  unit  can  incur  debt,  the  pro- 
posed issue  must  be  approved  by  the  Commission.  The  statutes  require  that, 
before  giving  its  approval,  the  Commission  must  make  affirmative  determi- 
nation in  the  areas  of  necessity  and  expediency,  size  of  the  issue,  the  unit's 
debt  management  policy,  taxes  needed  to  service  the  debt  and  the  ability  of 
the  unit  to  repay. 

In  addition,  the  Local  Government  Commission  must  approve  all  installment 
purchase  contracts  for  the  construction  or  repair  of  fixtures  or  improvements  on 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  171 

real  property  and  certain  other  installment  contracts.  The  findings  of  the 
Commission  for  these  transactions  are  similar  to  the  findings  for  general 
obligation  bonds. 

After  approval  is  granted,  the  governmental  unit  and  its  bond  counsel 
assist  the  staff  in  gathering  and  assembling  information  for  an  official  state- 
ment, which  is  mailed  to  a  large  group  of  investment  bankers  nationwide. 
The  general  obligation  bonds  are  awarded  through  the  competitive  bid 
process  on  the  basis  of  lowest  total  net  interest  cost  to  the  governmental  unit. 

After  the  sale,  the  staff  delivers  and  validates  the  definitive  bonds  and 
ensures  that  the  money  are  promptly  transferred  from  the  buying  brokers  to 
the  government  unit. 

Fiscal  Management.  A  second  key  function  is  monitoring  certain  fiscal 
and  accounting  standards  prescribed  for  the  units  by  The  Local  Government 
Budget  and  Fiscal  Control  Act.  In  addition,  the  division  furnishes  on-site 
assistance  to  local  governments  concerning  existing  financial  and  accounting 
systems  as  well  as  new  systems.  Also,  the  Division  strives  to  ensure  that  the 
local  units  follow  generally  accepted  accounting  principles,  systems  and  prac- 
tices. The  division  staff  counsels  the  units  in  treasury  and  cash  management 
budget  preparation,  and  investment  policies  and  procedures.  Educational 
programs,  in  the  form  of  seminars  or  classes,  are  also  provided  by  the  staff. 
The  monitoring  of  the  units'  financial  system  is  accomplished  through  the 
examination  and  analysis  of  the  annual  audited  financial  statements  and 
other  required  reports.  Information  from  these  reports  is  compiled  and  pro- 
vided to  local  government  officials  and  outside  organizations  to  enhance  the 
management  of  public  funds.  The  Local  Government  Budget  and  Fiscal 
Control  Act  requires  each  unit  of  local  government  to  have  its  accounts  audit- 
ed annually  by  a  certified  public  accountant  or  by  an  accountant  certified  by 
the  commission  as  qualified  to  audit  local  government  accounts.  A  written 
contract  must  be  submitted  to  the  secretary  of  the  commission  for  his 
approval  prior  to  the  commencement  of  the  audit.  Continued  assistance  is 
also  provided  to  the  independent  auditors  through  individual  assistance  and 
continuing  professional  education. 

The  State  and  Local  Government  Finance  Division  is  continuously  work- 
ing in  all  areas  concerning  improved  fiscal  management  and  clarity  of  report- 
ing in  order  to  better  serve  the  State  Treasurer,  the  local  units  of  govern- 
ment, public  authorities,  school  administrative  units  and  their  independent 
auditors. 


Administrative  Services  Division 

The  Administrative  Services  Division  provides  administrative,  technical 
and  specialized  support  to  the  Department  and  to  three  operating  divisions. 
The  functions  which  are  performed  can  better  be  accomplished  on  a  central- 
ized basis  rather  than  independently  by  the  various  divisions.  These  include 
various  housekeeping  functions  such  as  supply  and  mail  operations,  person- 
nel, forms  management,  printing,  generalized  training  and  budget  matters. 
On  a  selective  basis,  several  of  the  functions  and  sub-functions  carried  on 


172  North  Carolina  Manual 

within  the  Department  have  been  placed  on  the  internal  computer.  Of  major 
significance  are  those  programs  having  a  bearing  on  the  various  retirement 
systems  and  the  Treasurer's  investment  processes.  Vital  functions  are  per- 
formed by  the  word  processing  center.  Approximately  95%  of  the  original  and 
repetitive  departmental  correspondence  is  accomplished  by  the  center.  In 
addition,  through  the  utilization  of  a  photocomposer,  camera-ready  copies  for 
all  departmental  printing  requirements  are  satisfied  internally.  Significant 
cost  savings  have  been  realized  through  the  use  of  these  closely  coordinated 
systems  of  document  production.  The  division  monitors  the  operation  and  the 
progress  of  the  Escheat  Fund  for  the  State  Treasurer.  All  abandoned  and 
unclaimed  properties  whose  owners  cannot  be  located  become  the  property  of 
the  state  and  are  placed  in  the  fund.  Such  property  may  consist  of  abandoned 
banking  accounts,  uncashed  checks,  and  contents  of  safety  deposit  boxes.  As 
a  trust  activity,  escheat  monies  are  invested  in  high  quality  securities.  The 
return  on  the  investments  is  used  within  State-supported  institution  of  higher 
learning  to  aid  needy  and  worthy  students. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Board  of  Trustees  of  the  N.C.  Local  Governmental  Employees'  Retirement 

System 
Board  of  Trustees  Teachers'  and  State  Employees'  Retirement  System 
Local  Government  Commission 

N.C.  Educational  Facilities  Finance  Agency  Board  of  Directors 
N.C.  Solid  Waste  Management  Capital  Projects  Financing 

For  Further  Information 
(919)  733-3951 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  173 


174 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  175 


arlan  Edward  Boyles 


State  Treasurer 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Vale,  Lincoln  County,  May  6,  1929,  to  Curtis  E.  and  Kate  Schronce  Boyles. 

Education 

North  Brook  Schools,  Lincoln  County,  1935-45;  Crossnore  School,  Avery  County, 
1945-47;  University  of  Georgia,  1947-48;  UNC  at  Chapel  Hill.  1948-51,  B.S. 

Professional  Background 

Certified  Public  Accountant. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Municipal  Finance  Officers  Association;  N.C.  Association  of  Certified  Public 
Accountants  (past  president,  Triangle  Chapter);  National  Association  of  State 
Auditors,  Comptrollers  and  Treasurers  (Past  President,  Treasurer  and  Executive 
Director);  Rotary  Club  of  Raleigh  (Director,  Past  President);  Raleigh  Chamber  of 
Commerce  (past  director);  Raleigh  Salvation  Army  Advisory  Board. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Council  of  State;  State  Board  of  Education;  Capitol  Planning  Commission;  State 
Computer  Commission;  Board  of  Directors,  N.C.  Art  Society;  John  Motley  Morehead 
Memorial  Commission;  State  Board  of  Community  Colleges.  Chairman:  Local 
Government  Commission;  Tax  Review  Board;  State  Banking  Commission;  Board  of 
Trustees,  Teachers'  and  State  Employees'  Retirement  Systems;  Local  Governmental 
Employees'  Retirement  System.  Former  member:  U.S.  Securities  and  Exchange 
Commission's  Municipal  Securities  Rulemaking  Board. 

Political  Activities 

State  Treasurer,  1977-present  (elected  1976;  re-elected,  1980,  1984,  1988  and  1992); 
Democratic  Party. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Frances  (Frankie)  Wilder  of  Johnston  County,  May  17,  1952.  Children: 
Phyllis  Godwin,  Lynn  Boyles  Butler,  and  Harlan  Edward  Boyles,  Jr.  Member, 
Westminister  Presbyterian  Church;  Deacon;  Elder;  Treasurer  and  Clerk. 


176  North  Carolina  Manual 


TREASURERS  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


COLONIAL  TREASURER1 

Name  Term 

Edward  Moseley2 1715-1735 

William  Smith3 

William  Downing4 1735-1739 

Edward  Moseley5 1735-1749 

William  Smith6 1739-1740 

John  Hodgson? 1740-1748 

Thomas  Barker8 1748-1752 

Eleazer  Allen9 1749-1750 

John  Starkey10 1750-1765 

John  Haywood11 1752-1754 

Thomas  Barker12 1754-1764 

Joseph  Montford13 1764-1775 

Samuel  Swann14 1765-1766 

John  Ashe15 1766-1773 

Richard  Caswell16 1773-1775 

Samuel  Johnston17 1775 

Richard  Caswell18 1775 

STATE  TREASURER 


Name  Residence  Term 

Samuel  Johnston19 Chowan 1775-1777 

Richard  Caswell^ Dobbs 1775-1776 

John  Ashe21 New  Hanover 1777-1779 

William  Skinner22 Perquimans 1777-1784 

Green  Hill Franklin 1779-1784 

Richard  Cogdell Craven 1779-1782 

William  Cathey [Rowan] 1779-1781 

John  Ashe New  Hanover 1779-1781 

Matthew  Jones Chatham 1779-1782 

Timothy  Bloodworth Surry 1780-1784 

Robert  Lanier New  Hanover 1780-1783 

Memucan  Hunt23 Granville 1782-1784 

John  Brown Wilkes 1782-1784 

Benjamin  Exum Dobbs 1782-1784 

Joseph  Cain [New  Hanover] 1783-1784 

William  Locke [Rowan] 1784 

Memucan  Hunt Granville 1784-1787 

John  Haywood24 Edgecombe 1787-1827 

William  Robards Granville 1827-1830 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch 


177 


Name  Residence 

William  S.  Mhoon Bertie 

Samuel  F.  Patterson25 Wilkes 

Daniel  W.  Courts26 Surry 

Charles  L.  Hinton Wake 

John  H.  Wheeler Lincoln 

Charles  L.  Hinton Wake 

Daniel  W.  Courts Surry 

Jonathan  Worth27 Randolph .. 

William  Sloan28 Anson 

Kemp  P.  Battle29 Wake 

David  A.  Jenkins30 Gaston 

John  M.  Worth31 Randolph .. 

Donald  W.  Bain32 Wake 

Samuel  McD.  Tate33 Burke 

William  H.  Worth Guilford  .... 

Benjamin  R.  Lacy34 Wake 

Nathan  OTBerry35 Wayne 

John  P.  Stedman36 Wake 

Charles  M.  Johnson37 Pender 

Brandon  P.  Hodges38 Buncombe. 

Edwin  M.  Gill39 Scotland.... 

Harlan  E.  Boyles40 Wake 


Term 

1831-1835 

1835-1837 

1837-1839 

1839-1843 

1843-1845 

1845-1851 

1851-1862 

1862-1865 

1865-1866 

1866-1868 

1868-1876 

1876-1885 

1885-1892 

1892-1895 

1895-1901 

1901-1929 

1929-1932 

1932 

1933-1949 

1949-1953 

1953-1977 

.1977-Present 


Colonial  Treasurer 

!The  right  to  appoint  colonial  treasurers  was  reserved  for  the  lower  house.  This 
policy  along  with  the  extensive  control  exercised  by  the  Assembly  over  other  financial 
matters  was  a  constant  source  of  friction  between  the  governor  and  the  lower  house. 

Treasurers  were  usually  appointed  in  conjunction  with  money  bills  during  the 
early  years  of  the  office,  but  later  were  appointed  on  bills  passed  specifically  for  the 
purpose  of  appointing  treasurers.  Treasurers  were  apparently  first  appointed  by  the 
assembly  during  the  Tuscarora  War  in  1711  when  several  commissioners  were 
appointed  to  issue  paper  currency.  This  practice  continued  until  1731  when  George 
Burrington,  the  first  royal  governor,  questioned  the  right  of  the  Assembly  and  tried  to 
appoint  his  own  treasurer.  The  Lower  house  resisted  this  infringement  upon  their 
rights,  and  Burrington  sought  support  from  royal  authorities  in  England.  Crown  offi- 
cials were  not  anxious  to  upset  the  lower  house  and  hesitated  supporting  Burrington 
and  those  who  followed  him. 

In  1729  the  complexity  of  financial  matters  which  concerned  the  treasurer  was  so 
great  that  the  Assembly  created  the  office  of  precinct  treasurer.  Perhaps  the  most  sig- 
nificant practice  regarding  the  appointments  of  these  precinct  treasurers  was  the 
practice  of  submitting  a  list  of  two  or  three  nominees  to  the  governor  for  final  deci- 
sion. However,  the  practice  of  "filling  the  offices  of  precinct  treasurer  seems  to  have 
fallen  into  disuse"  by  1735  when  there  apparently  were  only  two  treasurers  for  the 
entire  province — one  for  the  northern  district  and  one  for  the  southern.  This  division 
continued  for  the  remainder  of  the  colonial  period. 

2Moseley  was  appointed  as  one  of  the  commissioners  to  issue  paper  currency  in 
1711  and  was  apparently  appointed  as  public  treasurer  in  1715.  He  seems  to  have 
continued  serving  until  1735  when  the  office  was  divided  into  two  positions  with  a 
treasurer  appointed  for  the  northern  district  and  another  appointed  for  the  southern. 


178  North  Carolina  Manual 

Moseley  was  appointed  treasurer  of  the  southern  district  and  continued  in  that  capac- 
ity until  his  death  in  1749. 

3Smith  was  appointed  by  Governor  Burrington  and  the  council,  but  there  is  no 
evidence  that  he  ever  served — probably  due  to  the  response  of  the  lower  house. 

4Downing  was  appointed  by  the  legislature  as  treasurer  for  the  northern  district 
and  served  until  his  death  in  1739. 

5See  footnote  2. 

6Smith  was  appointed  on  November  21,  1739  by  the  governor  and  council  to  act 
as  temporary  treasurer,  following  the  death  of  Downing. 

7Hodgson  was  apparently  appointed  by  the  assembly  in  August,  1740  to  replace 
Downing  and  served  until  1748. 

8Barker  was  appointed  by  the  assembly  in  April,  1848  and  served  until  he 
resigned  in  1752. 

9Allen  was  appointed  by  the  general  assembly  in  November,  1749  to  replace 
Moseley  and  served  until  his  death  in  1750. 

10Starkey  was  appointed  in  July,  1750  to  replace  Eleazer  Allen  and  served  until 
his  death  in  1765. 

^Haywood  was  appointed  to  replace  Barker  and  served  until  he  apparently 
resigned  in  1754. 

12Barker  was  appointed  in  1754  to  replace  Haywood  and  served  until  he  appar- 
ently resigned  in  1764. 

13Montford  was  appointed  in  February,  1764  to  replace  Barker  and  served  until 
1775. 

14Swan  was  appointed  by  Governor  Tryon  in  1765  to  act  as  a  temporary  replace- 
ment for  the  deceased  Starkey. 

15Ashe  was  appointed  in  November  1766  to  replace  Starkey  and  served  until  he 
was  replaced  by  Caswell  in  1733. 

16Caswell  was  appointed  in  1733  to  replace  Ashe  and  served  until  the  "end"  of 
royal  government  in  1775.  "An  Act  for  appointing  Public  Treasurers,  and  directing 
their  Duty  in  office,"  Chapter  V,  Laws  of  North  Carolina,  Clark,  State  Records,  XXIII, 
904-906. 

17Johnston  and  Caswell  were  appointed  treasurers  of  the  northern  and  southern 
districts  respectively  on  September  8,  1775  by  the  provincial  congress.  Caswell  served 
until  his  election  as  governor  in  1776.  Johnston  served  until  1777  when  ill  health 
forced  him  to  decline  his  reelection. 

18See  footnote  17. 

State  Treasurer 


19See  footnote  17. 

20See  footnote  17. 

21Ashe  was  elected  to  replace  Caswell. 

22Skinner  was  appointed  by  the  governor  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
council  to  replace  Johnston.  He  was  later  elected  by  the  general  assembly  to  a  regular 
term  and  continued  serving  until  the  district  system  was  abandoned  in  1784. 

23Hunt  was  the  first  singular  treasurer  elected  by  the  general  assembly.  In  1786 
charges  of  misconduct  were  brought  against  him  by  a  "Secret  Committee  of  the 
General  Assembly."  Statements  concerning  the  matter  were  given  before  a  joint  meet- 
ing of  the  House  and  Senate  on  December  28,  and  each  member  was  allowed  to  draw 
his  own  conclusions.  Two  days  later  he  was  defeated  for  reelection  by  John  Haywood. 

24Haywood  died  on  November  18,  1827,  while  still  in  office,  having  served  for 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  179 

thirty  years  as  State  Treasurer. 

25Patterson  was  election  in  1834  to  replace  Mhoon  and  was  reelected  in  1835,  but 
failed  to  give  bond  within  the  prescribed  fifteen-day  time  period  which  voided  his  elec- 
tion. He  was  then  appointed  by  the  governor  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  coun- 
cil. He  declined  to  run  for  reelection  in  1836.  Council  Minutes,  January  13,  1836, 
Council  Journal,  1835-1836,  GO  122.1,  North  Carolina  Department  of  Archives  and 
History,  Raleigh,  hereinafter  cited  as  council  Journal,  1835-1836. 

26Court's  resignation  was  presented  to  the  council  on  April  15,  1839. 

27Worth  served  until  the  end  of  the  war.  When  the  provisional  government  took 
over,  he  was  appointed  treasurer  by  Holden.  He  resigned  on  November  15,  1865. 
State  Appointments,  Treasurer,  Record  Book  Relative  to  the  Provisional  Government, 
1865,  120. 

28Sloan  was  appointed  by  Holden  to  replace  Worth  and  served  until  the  new  gov- 
ernment took  over.  State  Appointments,  Treasurer,  Record  Book  Relative  to  the 
Provisional  Government,  1865,  120. 

29Battle  was  elected  by  the  new  general  assembly  and  began  serving  on  January 
1, 1866.  He  continued  serving  until  the  new  constitution  went  into  effect  in  1868. 

30Jenkins  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  April,  1868  and  served  following 
reelection  in  1872  until  his  resignation  on  November  6,  1876. 

31Worth  was  appointed  by  Governor  Brogden  on  November  10,  1876.  He  had 
already  been  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1876. 

32Bain  died  November  16,  1892. 

33Tate  was  appointed  by  Governor  Holt  on  November  19,  1892  to  replace  Bain. 
He  was  defeated  by  Worth  in  a  special  election  in  1894. 

34Lacy  died  February  21,  1929. 

350'Berry  was  appointed  by  Governor  Gardner  on  February  23,  1929  to  replace 
Lacy  and  served  until  his  death  on  January  6,  1932. 

36Stedman  was  appointed  by  Governor  Gardner  on  January  7,  1932  to  replace 
CBerry  and  resigned  effective  November  21,  1932. 

37Johnson  was  appointed  by  Governor  Gardner  on  November  7,  1932 — to  take 
office  November  11,  however,  he  failed  to  qualify  at  that  time.  He  had  already  been 
elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1932. 

38Hodges  resigned  in  June,  1953. 

39Gill  was  appointed  by  Governor  Umstead  on  June  29,  1953  to  replace  Hodges. 
He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1954  to  complete  Hodges'  unexpired  term. 
He  was  elected  to  a  full  term  in  1956  and  served  until  his  retirement  in  1977. 

40Boyles  was  elected  in  November,  1976  when  Gill  declined  to  run  for  reelection. 
He  is  still  serving  following  subsequent  reelections. 


180 


North  Carolina  Manual 


DEPARTMENT  OF  PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION 


The  Department  of  Public 
Instruction,  through  the  State 
Superintendent  and  the  State 
Board  of  Education,  is  charged  with 
establishing  and  administrating 
overall  policy  for  North  Carolina's 
system  of  public  schools.  The  State 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction, 
a  constitutional  officer,  is  charged 
with  organizing  the  department  and 
administering  the  funds  provided  for 
its  support.  Consistent  with  other 
laws  enacted  by  the  General 
Assembly,  the  Board  adopts  rules 
and  regulations  for  the  public  school 
system.  Board  membership  includes 
the  Lieutenant  Governor,  the  State 
Treasurer,  and  eleven  gubernatorial 


appointees,  who  are  subject  to 
confirmation  by  the  General 
Assembly  in  joint  session.  The  State 
Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 
is  secretary  to  the  Board. 

The  North  Carolina  Department 
of  Public  Instruction  was  formed  in 
December,  1852,  although  the  cur- 
rent title  and  specific  delineation  of 
responsibilities  were  first  set  forth  in 
the  Constitution  of  1868.  The  head  of 
the  Department  originally  went  by 
the  title  "superintendent  of  common 
schools,"  but  that  office  was  abol- 
ished in  1865.  Today  the  superinten- 
dent of  public  instruction  is  elected 
by  the  people  to  a  four-year  term.  He 
is  a  member  of  the  Council  of  State. 


State  Department  of  Public  Instruction  Organization 

The  purpose  of  the  Department  of  Public  Instruction  is  many  faceted. 
The  department  allocates  to  local  education  agencies  money  appropriated  by 
the  General  Assembly  or  provided  by  the  Federal  government  for  public  edu- 
cation, monitors  the  expenditure  of  that  money,  promulgates  rules  and  regu- 
lations, collects  statistical  data  of  a  general  and  specific  nature  on  schools, 
expenditures,  and  student  progress,  and  provides  consultant  services  in  both 
fiscal  and  curriculum  areas. 

The  Department  is  organized  under  the  state  superintendent  into  four 
program  areas,  each  headed  by  an  assistant  state  superintendent  and  each 
reporting  directly  to  the  Deputy  State  Superintendent.  The  four  areas  are: 
Instructional  Services,  Auxiliary  Services,  Accountability  Services  and 
Financial  &  Personnel  Services.  In  addition,  divisions  representing  commu- 
nications, governmental  relations,  internal  operations  and  quality  assurance 
report  directly  to  the  State  Superintendent. 


Instructional  Services 

The  Instructional  Services  area  includes  the  following  support  teams:  Early 
Childhood/Elementary  Interdisciplinary  Team,  Middle  Schools  Interdisciplinary 
Team,  High  Schools  Interdisciplinary  Team,  Exceptional  Children  Support 
Team,  Vocational  and  Technical  Support  Team  and  Media  Support  Team. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  181 

Accountability  Services 

The  Accountability  Services  area  includes  the  Division  of  Testing 
Services,  Division  of  Information  Resource  Management  and  Innovation  and 
Development  Services. 

Financial  and  Personnel  Services 

The  Financial  and  Personnel  Services  area  includes  the  Division  of  State 
Accounting  Services,  Division  of  School  Business  Services,  Division  of  Fiscal 
Control  Services  and  the  Division  of  Personnel  Services. 

Auxiliary  Services 

The  Auxiliary  Services  area  includes  the  Division  of  School  Facility 
Services  and  the  Division  of  School  Services. 

The  State  Department  of  Public  Instruction's  primary  purpose  -  to  assure 
that  a  "general  and  uniform  system  of  free  public  schools  shall  be  provided 
throughout  the  State,  wherein  equal  opportunities  shall  be  provided  for  all 
students..."  is  always  the  overriding  goal  of  employees  of  the  Department. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Blue  Ridge  Task  Force  on  Land  Planning 

Capital  Planning  Commission 

Center  for  the  Advancement  of  Teaching,  Board  of  Trustees 

Chapter  2  Directors 

Cities  in  Schools 

Commission  on  the  Family 

Commission  on  Testing 

Computer  Commission 

Council  for  the  Deaf  and  Hard  of  Hearing 

Council  of  Chief  State  School  Officers 

Council  of  State 

Council  on  Educational  Services  for  Exceptional  Children 

Eastern  Band  of  the  Cherokee  Advisory  Council 

Education  Commission  of  the  States 

Education  Study  Commission 

Geographic  Information  Coordinating  Council 

Governor's  Crime  Commission 

Governor's  Executive  Cabinet 

Governor's  Language  Institutes,  Advisory  Board 

Information  Technology  Commission 

Job  Opportunities  and  Basic  Skills  (JOBS)  Evaluation  Advisory  Committee 

Job  Opportunities  and  Basic  Skills  (JOBS)  Oversight  Committee 

Mathematics/Science  Education  Network,  State  Advisory  Board 

Mental  Health  Planning  Council 

National  Cooperative  Education  Statistics  System 

National  Forum  on  Education  Statistics 


182  North  Carolina  Manual 

N.C.  Advisory  Council  on  Telecommunications  in  State  Government 

N.C.  Art  Society,  Board  of  Directors 

N.C.  Board  of  Public  Telecommunications,  Board  of  Commissions 

N.C.  Council  on  Economic  Education,  Board  of  Trustees 

N.C.  Drug  Cabinet 

N.C.  Human  Service  Transportation  Council 

N.C.  Interagency  Coordinating  Council 

N.C.  Job  Training  Coordinating  Council 

N.C.  Rural  Center  Board 

N.C.  Science  and  Mathematics  Alliance 

N.C.  Symphony 

Public  School  Forum,  Board  of  Directors 

Robert  Wood  Johnson  Foundation 

School  Health  Advisory  Committee 

SouthEastern  Region  Vision  for  Education  (SERVE) 

State  Apprenticeship  Council 

State  Refugee  Advisory  Council 

Teachers  and  State  Employees  Retirement  System,  Board  of  Trustees 

Testing  Directors 

UNC  Center  for  Public  TV,  Board  of  Trustees 

For  Further  Information 
(919)  715-1000 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  183 


184 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  185 


Bob  R.  Etheridge 


Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 

Early  Years 
Born  in  Sampson  County,  August  7,  1941,  to  John  P.  and  Beatrice  (Coats)  Etheridge. 

Educational  Background 

Cleveland  School,  1947-59;  Campbell  University,  1965,  B.S.  (Business 
Administration). 

Professional  Background 
Businessman;  Director,  North  Carolina  National  Bank,  Lillington;  Licensed  Realtor. 

Organizations 

Member,  Industrial  Management  Club  (past  President)  Lillington  Lions  Club  (past 
President);  American  Legion;  Harnett  Cystic  Fibrosis  Campaign  (past  Chairman's; 
Land  Use  Advisory  Council,  1976;  Harnett  Youth  Advisory  Council  (past  Chairman); 
Harnett  Sheltered  Workshop  (past  Chairman);  Lillington  Chamber  of  Commerce 
(President,  1977);  Lillington  Rotary  Club;  Lillington  Masonic  Lodge. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Formerly  served  on:  Harnett  Mental  Health  Boards;  N.C.  Law  and  Order 
Commission;  Cape  Fear  District  Occoneechee  Boy  Scout  Council  (Past  Chairman). 

Political  Activities 

N.C.  Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction,  1989-;  N.C.  House  of  Representatives, 
1979-1988  (five  terms);  Harnett  County  Commissioner,  1973-1976  (Chairman,  1974- 
76).  Served  on:  Rural  Economic  Development  Center  Board  of  Directors;  Fiscal 
Affairs  and  Oversight  Committee  of  the  National  Conference  of  State  Legislatures; 
Fiscal  Affairs  and  Government  Operations  Committee  of  the  Southern  Legislative 
Conference  of  the  Council  of  State  Governments;  N.C.  Legislative  Governmental 
Operations  Commission;  Advisory  Budget  Commission;  Democratic  Party. 

Military  Service 
Served,  U.S.  Army,  December,  1965-67. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Lillington  Jaycees  Distinguished  Service  Award,  1975;  Lillington  Community  Service 
Award,  1976;  Outstanding  Men  of  America;  Honored  Distinguished  Alumnus 
Campbell  University;  Boy  Scout  District  Award  of  Merit,  1980  and  1984;  Boy  Scout 
Silver  Beaver  Award,  1987;  honorary  member,  Phi  Kappa  Phi;  honorary  degree  of 
Doctor  of  Laws  from  Campbell  University,  1990;  honorary  degree  of  Doctor  of 
Humane  Letters  from  Pfeiffer  College,  1990. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Faye  Cameron,  November  25,  1965.  Children:  Brian,  Catherine  and  David. 
Member,  Leaflet  Presbyterian  Church;  Sunday  School  Teacher;  Sunday  School 
Superintendent;  President,  Fayetteville  Presbytery  Men,  1975-76;  President, 
Presbyterian  Synod  Men  of  N.C,  1978;  Elder,  Leaflet  Church,  1987. 


186  North  Carolina  Manual 

Superintendent  of  Coninion  Schools 


Name 

Calvin  H.  Wiley1 


Residence 

Guilford 


Elected 

.1852-1865 


Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction 


Name  Residence 

Samuel  S.  Ashley2 New  Hanover. 

Alexander  Mclver3 Guilford 

Kemp  P.  Battle4 Wake 

Stephen  D.  Pool5 Craven 

John  Pool6 Pasquotank.... 

John  C.  Scarborough Johnston 

Sidney  M.  Finger Catawba 

John  C.  Scarborough Hertford 

Charles  H.  Mebane Catawba 

Thomas  F.  Toon7 Robeson 

James  Y.  Joyner8 Guilford 

Eugene  C.  Brooks9 Durham 

Arch  T.  Allen10 Alexander 

Clyde  A.  Erwin11 Rutherford 

Charles  F.  Carroll12 Duplin 

Andrew  Craig  Phillips13 Guilford 

Bob  R.  Etheridge14 Sampson 


Term 

1868-1871 

1871-1875 

1873 

1875-1876 

1876-1877 

1877-1885 

1885-1893 

1893-1897 

1897-1901 

1901-1902 

1902-1919 

1919-1923 

1923-1934 

1934-1952 

1952-1969 

1969-1989 

,1989-Present 


iWiley  served  until  the  office  was  abolished  in  1865. 

2Ashley  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  April,  1868  and  resigned  effective 
October  1,  1871. 

3McIver  was  appointed  by  Governor  Caldwell  on  September  21,  1871 — to  take 
office  October  1  -  to  replace  Ashley. 

4Battle,  who  was  appointed  by  Governor  Caldwell  on  January  14,  1873  to  replace 
Reid,  took  the  oaths  of  office  on  January  15;  however,  his  right  to  hold  office  was  chal- 
lenged by  Alexander  Mclver  who  was  still  serving  under  a  previous  appointment.  The 
conflict  was  argued  before  the  North  Carolina  Supreme  Court  in  1873  at  its  January 
term  and  was  decided  in  favor  of  Mclver.  Justice  Reade,  who  gave  the  opinion  of  the 
court,  stated  that  since  Mclver  had  been  duly  appointed  and  qualified,  and  that  since 
the  officer-elect  could  not  qualify,  Mclver  was  entitled  to  remain  in  office  until  the 
next  election.  (August,  1874). 

5Pool  resigned  effective  June  30,  1876. 

6John  Pool,  who  was  appointed  by  Governor  Brodgen  on  June  30,  1876  to  replace 
Stephen  D.  Pool,  took  office  July  1. 

7Toon  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1900  and  served  until  his  death  on 
February  19,  1902. 

8Joyner  was  appointed  by  Governor  Aycock  on  February  24,  1902  to  replace  Toon. 
He  was  elected  in  a  special  election  in  1902  to  complete  Toon's  unexpired  term.  He 
was  elected  to  a  full  term  in  1904  and  served  following  subsequent  reelections  until 
his  resignation  effective  January  1,  1919. 

9Brooks  was  appointed  by  Governor  Bickett  on  December  21,  1918 — to  take  office 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  187 

January  1,  1919  -  to  replace  Joyner.  He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1920 
and  served  until  his  resignation  on  June  11,  1923. 

10Allen  was  appointed  by  Governor  Morrison  on  June  11,  1923  to  replace  Brooks. 
He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1924  and  served  following  subsequent 
reelections  until  his  death  on  October  20,  1934. 

11Erwin  was  appointed  by  Governor  Ehringhaus  on  October  23,  1934  to  replace 
Allen.  He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1936  and  served  following  subse- 
quent reelections  until  his  death  on  July  19,  1952. 

12Carroll  was  appointed  by  Governor  Scott  on  August  20,  1952  to  replace  Erwin. 
He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1952  and  served  following  subsequent 
reelections  until  1969  when  he  declined  to  run  for  reelection. 

13Phillips  was  elected  in  1968  and  served  following  subsequent  reelections  until 
his  retirement  in  1989. 

14Etheridge  was  elected  in  November  1988. 


188  North  Carolina  Manual 


THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  JUSTICE 

THE  OFFICE  OF  THE  ATTORNEY  GENERAL 

The  Attorney  General  of  North  places  as  members  of  the  General 
Carolina  heads  both  the  Assembly  are  elected.  Their  term  of 
Department  of  Justice  and  the  office  shall  be  four  years  and  shall 
Office  of  the  Attorney  General.  The  commence  on  the  first  day  of 
office,  having  originated  during  colo-  January  next  after  their  election  and 
nial  times,  is  one  of  the  oldest  contin-  continue  until  their  successors  are 
uous  offices  in  government.  When  elected  and  qualified."  Also  this  revi- 
the  first  North  Carolina  constitution  sion  made  the  Attorney  General  a 
was  written  in  1776,  the  Attorney  full,  voting  member  of  the  Council  of 
General  was  made  part  of  its  frame-  State  whereas  before  he  had  served 
work.  When  the  General  Assembly  only  as  legal  advisor  to  the  Council, 
began  reorganizing  state  government  The  Attorney  General  is  a  consti- 
in  the  early  1970's  they  created  the  tutional  officer  elected  by  the  people 
Department  of  Justice  as  one  of  the  of  North  Carolina  to  a  four-year 
major  departments  in  the  Executive  term.  His  powers  and  duties  are  set 
Branch.  out  in  the  General  Statutes  of  North 
The  1971  revision  of  the  state  Carolina.  The  variety  of  powers  and 
constitution  deleted  all  reference  to  duties  held  by  the  Attorney  General 
the  Department  of  Justice  and  the  may  be  seen  by  examining  the 
State  Bureau  of  Investigation.  Constitution  and  statutory  refer- 
Instead,  it  simply  states  that  there  ences,  as  well  as  by  studying  the 
shall  be  an  Attorney  General  whose  many  state  and  federal  court  cases  in 
duties  "shall  be  prescribed  by  law"  which  he  is  involved.  The  Office  of 
[Article  III,  Section  7(2)].  Article  III,  the  Attorney  General  includes  the 
Section  7(1)  of  the  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  Department  of 
North  Carolina  provides  that  the  Justice,  the  State  Bureau  of 
Attorney  General,  along  with  other  Investigation,  the  Justice  Academy, 
elected  department  heads,  "shall  be  the  Criminal  Justice  Standards 
elected  by  the  qualified  voters  of  the  Division,  and  the  Sheriffs'  Standards 
State  in  1972  and  every  four  years  Division, 
thereafter,  at  the  same  time  and 

Historical  Development 

As  far  back  as  the  Middle  Ages,  the  English  crown  conducted  its  legal 
business  through  attorneys,  sergeants,  and  solicitors.  One  Lawrence  Del ' 
Brok  is  known  to  have  pursued  the  King's  legal  business  in  the  courts  during 
the  middle  of  the  thirteenth  century.  At  that  time,  the  crown  did  not  act . 
through  a  single  attorney  at  all.  Instead,  the  King  appointed  numerous  legal 
representatives  and  granted  each  authority  to  appear  only  in  particular 
courts,  on  particular  matters,  or  in  the  courts  of  particular  geographical 
areas.  Gradually,  the  number  of  attorneys  representing  the  crown  decreased  i 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  189 

as  individual  attorneys  were  assigned  broader  duties.  By  the  latter  part  of 
the  fifteenth  century,  the  title  Attorney  General  was  used  to  designate  one 
William  Husee.  It  may  have  been  as  late  as  1530,  however,  before  the  title  of 
Attorney  General  was  held  by  a  single  attorney.  The  Attorney  General  in  the 
sixteenth  century  still  shared  his  role  as  legal  representative  of  the  crown 
with  other  types  of  legal  agents.  It  was  not  until  the  seventeenth  century 
that  the  office  assumed  its  modern  form  and  the  Attorney  General  became, 
at  least  in  practice,  the  preeminent  legal  representative  of  the  Sovereign. 

Although  the  early  attorneys  and  other  legal  representatives  of  the 
crown  occupied  much  the  same  position  as  comparable  legal  representatives 
of  individuals,  their  development  soon  diverged  from  that  of  private  counsel 
because  of  the  peculiar  role  of  the  crown  in  legal  proceedings.  The  king  was 
"prerogative"  and  in  theory  was  always  present  in  his  courts.  As  the  king 
could  not  appear  in  his  own  court  personally,  the  function  of  the  Attorney 
General  and  his  predecessors  was  to  protect  the  king's  interests. 
Consequently,  the  king's  counsel  had  superior  status  to  that  of  attorneys  for 
individuals.  Unlike  an  attorney  representing  a  private  party,  the  Attorney 
General  or  king's  attorney  was  not  an  officer  of  the  courts  and  was  therefore 
not  subject  to  the  usual  disciplinary  authority  of  the  courts  over  an  attorney. 
As  a  representative  of  the  crown,  the  Attorney  General  was  subject  only  to 
the  control  of  the  crown. 

The  office  of  Attorney  General  was  transported  from  the  parent  country 
of  England  to  the  American  colonies.  There,  the  attorneys  general  of  the 
colonies  in  effect  served  as  delegates  or  representatives  of  the  Attorney 
General  of  England.  Not  surprisingly,  these  colonial  attorneys  general  were 
viewed  as  possessing  the  common  law  powers  or  then  current  powers  of  the 
Attorney  General  in  England.  During  the  early  colonial  period,  North 
Carolina  was  joined  with  South  Carolina  to  comprise  a  single  colony  and 
shared  with  South  Carolina  an  Attorney  General.  Certainly,  by  1767,  North 
Carolina  did  have  an  Attorney  General  who  was  selected  from  among  the 
lawyers  practicing  in  North  Carolina  and  possessed  all  the  powers,  authority, 
and  trusts  within  the  colony  that  the  Attorney  General  and  Solicitor  General 
possessed  in  England.  Thus,  when  the  American  Revolution  brought  this 
country  into  being,  the  office  of  Attorney  General  was  firmly  established  in 
the  American  states  as  part  of  the  heritage  brought  over  from  England  and 
continued  in  the  colonial  period. 

After  the  American  Revolution,  the  newly  formed  states  continued  to  pro- 
vide for  Attorney  General  with  virtually  the  same  powers  and  duties  as  their 
English  and  colonial  predecessors,  except  the  people,  and  not  a  king,  became 
sovereign.  The  office  has,  in  one  form  or  another,  been  carried  forth  into  the 
\  modern  American  states  with  many  of  the  same  duties  and  powers  as  existed 
in  Attorney  General  at  common  law.  Indeed,  most  commentators  and  most 
decisions  dealing  with  the  powers  of  state  Attorney  General  have  recognized 
that  the  majority  of  American  states  continue  to  vest  their  Attorney  General 
I  with  many,  if  not  all,  of  the  powers  of  the  Attorney  General  of  England  and 
the  American  colonies. 

North  Carolina  is  among  those  states  in  which  the  constitution  provides 


190  North  Carolina  Manual 

that  the  duties  of  the  Attorney  General  "shall  be  prescribed  by  law."  As  far 
back  as  1715  and  continuing  up  to  the  present  time,  North  Carolina  has  been 
governed  by  the  common  law  "or  so  much  of  the  common  law  as  is  not 
destructive  of,  or  repugnant  to,  or  inconsistent  with,  the  freedom  and  inde- 
pendence of  this  State  and  the  form  of  government  therein  established  and 
which  has  not  been  otherwise  provided  for  in  whole  or  in  part,  not  abrogated, 
repealed,  or  become  obsolete."  The  "common  law"  as  used  in  North  Carolina 
General  Statutes  4-1  refers  to  the  common  law  of  England.  The  common  law 
as  adopted  by  statute  may  also  be  modified  or  repealed  by  statute  except 
where  the  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  has  incorporated  the  common  law 
into  its  provision.  From  these  principles,  it  might  be  concluded  that  the 
Attorney  General  of  North  Carolina  should  be  vested  with  all  common  law 
powers  of  the  Attorney  General  representing  the  crown  at  the  time  of  the 
American  Revolution  except  where  specific  constitutional  or  statutory  provi- 
sions dictate  otherwise.  In  1985,  the  General  Assembly  reaffirmed  the  com- 
mon law  powers  of  the  Attorney  General. 

The  Department  of  justice 

The  Attorney  General  is  responsible  for  representing  the  State  of  North 
Carolina  in  all  actions  in  the  Appellate  Court  Division  in  which  the  State  is 
either  interested  or  a  party.  When  requested  by  the  governor  or  either  House 
of  the  General  Assembly,  the  Attorney  General  appears  for  the  state  before 
any  other  court  or  tribunal  in  any  case  or  matter,  civil  or  criminal,  in  which 
the  state  may  be  a  party  or  interested.  Also,  the  Attorney  General,  when 
requested  by  the  governor,  secretary  of  state,  treasurer,  auditor,  Utilities 
Commission,  Banking  Commission,  insurance  commissioner  or  superinten- 
dent of  public  instruction  prosecutes  or  defends  all  suits  related  to  matters 
concerning  their  departments.  The  Attorney  General  represents  all  state 
institutions  whenever  requested  to  do  so  by  the  official  head  of  that  institu- 
tion. 

The  Attorney  General  consults  with  and  advises  judges,  district  attor- 
neys, magistrates  and  municipal  and  county  attorneys,  whenever  they 
request  such  assistance.  Attorney  General's  opinions  are  rendered,  either  for- 
mally or  informally,  upon  all  questions  of  law  submitted  by  the  General 
Assembly,  the  governor  or  any  other  state  officer. 

The  Attorney  General,  in  the  public  interest,  may  intervene  in  proceed- 
ings before  any  courts,  regulatory  officers,  agencies  or  bodies,  either  state  or 
federal,  on  behalf  of  the  consuming  public  of  the  State.  Also,  the  Attorney 
General  has  the  authority  to  institute  and  originate  proceedings  before  these 
courts,  officers,  agencies  or  bodies  on  behalf  of  the  state,  its  agencies  or  its 
citizens  in  any  and  all  matters  which  are  in  the  public  interest. 

Functions  of  the  Office  of  Attorney  General 

The  Attorney  General's  responsibilities  lie  in  two  main  areas:  The  Legal 
Services  Area  and  The  Law  Enforcement  Area. 

The  Legal  Services  Area  is  organized  into  five  divisions:  Criminal,  Civil, 
Trade  and  Commerce,  Administrative  and  the  Special  Litigation  Division. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  191 

The  Law  Enforcement  Area  consists  of  the  State  Bureau  of  Investigation, 
which  also  oversees  the  Division  of  Criminal  Information,  and  the  Training 
and  Standards  Division,  which  oversees  the  North  Carolina  Justice 
Academy,  the  Criminal  Justice  Education  and  Training  Standards 
Commission,  the  Sheriffs'  Education  and  Training  Standards  Commission, 
and  the  Law  Enforcement  Liaison  Section. 

The  Legal  Services  Area 

Criminal  Division:  This  Division  includes  all  sections  of  office  dealing 
with  criminal  matters.  Its  staff  advises  and  represents  state  agencies  such  as 
Department  of  Correction  and  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety.  The  Division 
is  broken  down  into  several  sections  in  order  to  provide  specialized  support. 

The  Special  Prosecutions  Section  prosecutes  or  assists  in  the  prosecution 
of  criminal  cases  upon  request  of  district  attorneys  and  upon  the  approval  of 
the  Attorney  General.  It  also  serves  as  legal  advisor  to  the  State  Bureau  of 
Investigation. 

The  Correction  Section  represents  the  Department  of  Correction  by  pro- 
viding legal  counsel  and  representation  on  matters  involving  prison  regula- 
tions, personnel  and  statutory  interpretations. 

The  Crime  Control  Section  represents  the  Highway  Patrol  and  the 
Department  of  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety,  and  also  serves  as  legal 
advisor  to  victim  and  justice  services. 

The  Federal  Habeas  Section  represents  North  Carolina  in  appeals  of 
criminal  convictions  to  the  federal  courts. 

The  Appellate  Section  supervises  and/or  prepares  criminal  briefs  in  all 
appeals  to  which  the  state  is  a  party. 

Civil  Division:   Consisting  of  six  sections,  this  Division  handles  civil 
!  claims  and  litigation  principally  arising  from  the  state  construction  con- 
',  tracts,  real  property  acquisitions,  highway  condemnation,  and  the  enforce- 
ment of  laws  governing  labor  matters,  motor  vehicles,  and  state  taxation.   It 
also  assists  in  environmental  enforcement  matters  and  provides  representa- 
tion to  certain  state  agencies  in  workers'  compensation  and  tort  claims  cases. 

The  Property  Control  Section  represents  the  Department  of 
Administration,  the  North  Carolina  Ports  Authority,  the  Railway 
Commission,  the  Art  Museum,  the  Building  Commission  and  other  agencies. 
Its  staff  advises  state  agencies  on  real  property,  public  building  construction 
law,  and  public  procurement. 

The  Revenue  Section  represents  the  Department  of  Revenue.    Its  duties 

include,  but  are  not  limited  to:    Prosecuting  actions  to  collect  taxes  from 

individual  and  corporate  taxpayers;  defending  ad  valorem  tax  valuations  of 

public  service  companies  before  the  Property  Tax  Commission;  handling 

all  responsibilities  of  the  Attorney  General  under  G.S.  36A-53  regarding  the 

protection  of  charitable  trusts;  and  defending  the  Department  in  state  and 
iederal  litigation  by  taxpayers  seeking  tax  refunds. 


192  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  Labor  Section  acts  as  legal  advisor  to  the  Department  of  Labor  and 
handles  cases  arising  from  enforcement  of  occupational  safety  and  health 
matters  and  labor  laws  governing  child  labor,  minimum  wage,  overtime,  and 
unpaid  wages. 

The  Motor  Vehicles  Section  furnishes  legal  assistance  to  the  Division  of 
Motor  Vehicles.  Among  other  things,  it  represents  the  Division  in  appeals  to 
superior  court  involving  the  suspension  or  revocation  of  drivers'  licenses, 
appeals  of  tax  assessments  for  overweight  vehicles,  and  insurance  case 
appeals  potentially  resulting  in  the  loss  of  vehicle  plates. 

The  Highway  Section  acts  as  legal  advisor  to  the  secretary  of  transporta- 
tion and  the  State  Board  of  Transportation  and  provides  legal  representation 
to  the  Department  of  Transportation  in  such  matters  as  condemnation  litiga- 
tion, bids  for  highway  construction,  and  contracts. 

The  Western  Office  handles  condemnation  cases  for  the  Department  of 
Transportation,  tort  claims  and  workers'  compensation  cases,  license  revoca- 
tion or  suspension  cases  for  the  Division  of  Motor  Vehicles,  environmental 
enforcement  cases  for  the  Department  of  Environment,  Health  and  Natural 
Resources,  and  certain  administrative  hearings  for  state  agencies  located  in 
the  Western  part  of  the  state. 

Trade  and  Commerce  Division:  Represents  the  using  and  consuming 
public's  interest  in  maintaining  a  free,  fair  and  competitive  marketplace,  and 
protection  of  the  natural  environment. 

Protects  the  public  against  price  fixing,  price  gouging  restraint  or  trade 
and  other  anti-competitive  practices. 

The  Consumer  Protection  and  Antitrust  Section  protects  the  public  from 
fraud,  deception  and  other  unfair  deceptive  trade  practices. 

The  Utilities  Section  represents  the  using  and  consuming  public  in  utili- 
ty rate  hearings  where  adversarial  trials  are  a  substitute  for  competition  as  a 
means  to  protect  the  public's  right  to  high  quality  utility  services  at  fair  and 
reasonable  prices. 

The  Environmental  Section  represents  the  Department  of  Environment, 
Health  and  Natural  Resources  and  protects  public  interest  in  maintaining  an 
environment  conductive  to  public  health  and  safety. 

It  also  advises  the  Department  of  Insurance  and  represents  the  using 
and  consuming  public  in  insurance  rate  matters  to  ensure  quality  services  at 
fair  costs. 

Administrative  Division:  The  Administrative  Division  is  comprised  of 
six  separate  legal  sections,  each  of  which  is  responsible  for  particular  clients 
or  areas  of  the  law. 

1.  Mental  Health  I Medical  Facilities  Section  —  This  section  represents 
various  division  of  the  Department  of  Human  Resources,  the  hospi-  j 
tals  of  the  University  of  North  Carolina,  and  the  Office  of  the  State  I 
Controller. 

2.  Health  and  Public  Assistance  Section  —  This  section  represents  the  ; 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  193 

Divisions  of  Social  Services  and  Medical  Assistance  of  the 
Department  of  Human  Resources,  and  all  of  the  health  components 
of  the  Department  of  Environment,  Health  and  Natural  Resources. 

3.  Tort  Claims  Section  —  This  Section  represents  the  State  in  Tort  and 
Workers  Compensation  claims.  It  also  handles  collections  actions  for 
the  University  of  North  Carolina  and  the  Community  College 
System. 

4.  Services  to  State  Agencies  Section  —  This  Section  represents  the  State 

Treasurer,  the  Retirement  Systems,  the  Office  of  State  Personnel,  the 
Administrative  Office  of  the  Courts,  the  Department  of  Agriculture, 
the  General  Statutes  Commission,  the  Wildlife  Resources 
Commission  and  numerous  licensing  boards. 

5.  Elections  Section  —  This  Section  represents  the  State  Board  of 
Elections  and  advises  numerous  State  and  local  Officials  on  legal 
matters  related  to  elections. 

6.  Real  Estate  Commission  Section  —  This  section  represents  the  North 

Carolina  Real  Estate  Commission  and  handles  cases  involving 
licensed  real  estate  brokers. 

Special  Litigation  Division:  The  Special  Litigation  Division  consists 
of  the  Special  Litigation  Unit  and  the  Education  Section.  The  Special 
Litigation  Unit  has  responsibility  for  representing  the  State  and  its  officials 
and  employees  in  complex  or  controversial  civil  litigation.  The  Education 
Section  represents  the  State  Board  of  Education,  the  Department  of  Public 
Instruction,  the  State  Board  of  Community  Colleges,  the  Department  of 
Community  Colleges  and  the  Education  Assistance  Authority.  It  also  han- 
dles litigation  for  the  University  of  North  Carolina  and  consults  with  local 
school  boards  and  local  school  officials. 


The  Law  Enforcement  Area 

State  Bureau  of  Investigation:  The  State  Bureau  of  Investigation  was 
established  to  provide  a  more  effective  administration  of  the  criminal  laws  of 
the  state,  to  prevent  crime,  and  to  ensure  the  speedy  apprehension  of  crimi- 
nals. The  Bureau  assists  local  law  enforcement  in  the  identification  of  crimi- 
nals, the  scientific  analysis  to  the  evidence  of  crimes,  and  the  investigation 
and  preparation  of  evidence  to  be  used  in  court.  Whenever  requested  by  the 
Attorney  General,  the  governor,  sheriffs,  police  chiefs,  district  attorneys  or 
judges,  the  State  Bureau  of  Investigation  lends  its  assistance. 

The  State  Bureau  of  Investigation  is  divided  into  three  major  areas  of 
operation:  Field  Investigations,  the  Crime  Laboratory  and  the  Division  of 
Criminal  Information.  The  bureau  has  also  developed  and  maintained  one  of 
the  best  and  most  complete  crime  laboratories  in  the  nation. 

The  Division  of  Criminal  Information  was  established  in  order  to  devise, 
maintain  and  operate  a  system  for  receiving,  correlating,  storing  and  dissem- 
inating, to  participating  law  enforcement  agencies,  information  that  will  help 
1  them  in  the  performance  of  their  duties  and  in  the  administration  of  justice 


194  North  Carolina  Manual 

in  North  Carolina.  Examples  of  the  variety  of  information  stored  include 
motor  vehicle  registrations,  driver's  licenses,  wanted  and  missing  persons, 
stolen  property,  warrants,  stolen  vehicles,  firearms  registration,  drug  traf- 
ficking, and  parole  and  probation  histories.  The  Division  introduced  the  com- 
puter to  the  state's  law  enforcement  community  and  provides  an  up-to-the- 
minute  computer  filing  system,  information  retrieval,  and  communications 
network  with  qualified  law  enforcement  agencies  throughout  North  Carolina. 

Division  of  Training  and  Standards:  The  Division  of  Training  and 
Standards  is  composed  of  five  major  units  including  the  N.C.  Justice 
Academy  whose  campus  is  located  at  Salemburg,  N.C,  the  Criminal  Justice 
Standards  Division,  Sheriffs'  Standards  Division,  Law  Enforcement  Liaison 
Section,  and  Information  Systems  Section.  The  Division  of  Training  and 
Standards  provides  a  consolidated  team  of  agencies  and  offices  whose  prima- 
ry goal  is  to  assure  and  advance  the  competence  and  integrity  of  the  criminal 
justice  professions  in  North  Carolina. 

The  North  Carolina  Justice  Academy:  The  Justice  Academy  and  a 
"council"  to  oversee  its  development  were  created  in  1973  by  an  act  of  the 
General  Assembly.  The  purpose  of  the  Academy  is  to  develop  and  conduct 
training  courses  primarily  for  local  criminal  justice  agencies  and  to  provide 
the  resources  and  facilities  for  training  to  various  state  criminal  justice  agen- 
cies. For  example,  the  N.C.  Department  of  Correction  has  provided  basic 
officer  training  at  the  Salemburg  campus  since  1974. 

In  1974,  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the  Southwood  College  and  the 
Sampson  County  Board  of  Commissioners  donated  the  95-acre  Southwood 
campus  to  the  state  for  it  use  as  a  site  for  the  new  academy.  Salemburg  has 
maintained  an  educational  facility  since  1875  with  the  establishment  of 
Salem  Academy  followed  by  Pinelands  School  for  Girls,  Edwards  Military 
Academy,  and  ultimately,  Southwood  College,  a  private  two-year,  post-sec- 
ondary institution. 

With  the  establishment  of  the  N.C.  Criminal  Justice  Education  and 
Training  and  Standards  Commission  in  1979,  the  Academy's  overseeing 
council  was  eliminated  and  its  role  in  support  of  commission-mandated  cur- 
riculum grew  rapidly.  The  Academy  now  develops  and  maintains  mandated 
certification  curriculums  in  basic  law  enforcement  training,  basic  jailer  train- 
ing, criminal  justice  instructor  training,  radar,  and  many  advanced  instruc- 
tor areas. 

Academy  staff  train  thousands  of  criminal  justice  personnel  both  at  the 
Salemburg  campus  and  throughout  the  state.  Numerous  state  and  local 
agencies  make  use  of  the  campus  itself,  its  learning  resource  center,  and  its 
professional  staff  for  basic  and  in-service  training.  The  academy  has  a 
responsibility  to  embrace  every  aspect  of  the  criminal  justice  system  by  pro- 
viding programs  and  working  with  other  agencies  to  upgrade  the  system's 
practices  and  personnel. 

The  Sheriffs  Standards  Division:    Established  by  act  of  the  General 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  195 

Assembly  in  1983,  the  Sheriffs'  Standards  Division  administers  the  programs 
of  the  North  Carolina  Sheriffs'  Education  and  Training  Standards 
Commission.  The  Commission  is  responsible  for  the  establishment  and 
enforcement  of  minimum  employment,  training,  and  retention  standards  for 
sheriffs  deputies  and  jailers  throughout  the  State.  The  Division  also  estab- 
lishes and  implements  procedures  by  which  officers  are  certified  as  either 
deputy  sheriffs'  or  jailers,  as  well  as  accreditation  procedures  for  schools  and 
certification  of  instructors  who  teach  in  commission-mandated  training  pro- 
grams. The  Division  also  administers  the  Sheriffs'  Supplemental  Pension 
Fund  which  has  paid  benefits  to  more  than  65  retired  sheriffs'  since  the 
Fund's  creation  in  1985. 

The  Criminal  Justice  Standards  Divisions:  Established  by  act  of  the 
General  Assembly  in  1971,  the  Criminal  Justice  Standards  Division  adminis- 
ters the  programs  of  the  North  Carolina  Criminal  Justice  Education  and 
Training  Standards  Commission.  The  Commission  was  formed  in  1979  when 
the  General  Assembly  consolidated  the  original  Criminal  Justice  Standards 
Council  and  the  Justice  Academy's  council  into  one,  more  powerful,  commis- 
sion. The  Commission  is  responsible  for  the  establishment  and  enforcement 
of  minimum  employment,  training,  and  retention  standards  for  law  enforce- 
ment officers,  corrections  officers,  youth  corrections  officers,  and  local  deten- 
tion officers,  RADAR  operators,  as  well  as  criminal  justice  instructors  and 
schools. 

This  Division  administers  seven  criminal  justice  officer  certification  pro- 
grams encompassing  some  27,000  certified  officers.  Eight  other  specialty  cer- 
tification programs  are  also  administered  by  the  Division,  including  the 
Radar  Operator  Certification  Program.  Also,  the  Division  administers  the 
programs  of  the  Company  and  Railroad  Police  Act,  which  the  General 
Assembly  completely  revised  in  1992. 

The  Law  Enforcement  Liaison  Section:  This  small  section  of  attor- 
neys provides  police  legal  advice  to  the  majority  of  local  agencies  that  do  not 
have  legal  advisors.  Section  attorneys  also  represent  the  Sheriffs'  and 
Criminal  Justice  Commissions,  other  boards  and  commissions,  and  respond 
to  frequent  citizen  inquiries  about  the  law  enforcement  practices  and  procedures. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

General  Statutes  Commission 

N.C.  Alarm  Systems  Licensing  Board 

N.C.  Criminal  Justice  Education  and  Training  Standards 

N.C.  Sheriffs'  Education  and  Training  Standards  Commission 

Private  Protective  Services  Board 

For  Further  Information 

(919)  733-3377 


196 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  197 

Michael  F.  Easley 

Attorney  General 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Rocky  Mount,  Nash  County,  March  23,  1950,  to  Henry  Alexander  and  Huldah 
Marie  Easley. 

Educational  Background 

Rocky  Mount  Senior  High  School,  1968;  UNC,  Bachelor  of  Arts  in  Political  Science 
with  honors,  1972;  N.C.  Central  University,  School  of  Law,  Cum  Laude,  1976. 

Professional  Background 

Took  the  oath  of  Assistant  District  Attorney  in  the  13th  Judicial  District,  1976; 
Obtained  more  drug  trafficking  convictions  with  than  any  other  District  Attorney  in 
North  Carolina;  Filed  for  office  of  District  Attorney  in  1982  for  the  13th  Judicial 
District  at  age  31  and  was  elected;  Testified  before  the  United  States  Senate  Foreign 
Relations  Sub-Committee  on  two  occasions  on  drug  interdiction  and  the  role  of  South 
America  in  drug  trafficking;  Qualified  the  youngest  victim  ever  to  testify  as  the  chief 
witness  in  a  rape  prosecution;  Managing  editor  of  the  Law  Journal,  1975-76. 

Organizations 

Past  President  of  the  N.C.  Conference  of  District  Attorneys;  Past  President  and 
Legislative  Chairman  of  the  N.C.  District  Attorneys  Association;  N.C.  Federal/State 
Law  Enforcement  Coordinating  Committee;  N.C.  State  Bar  Association;  United 
States  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Criminal  Justice  Education  &  Training  Standards 
Commission;  Board  of  Visitors,  N.C.C.U  Law  School;  National  District  Attorneys 
Association  Faculty,  Member,  1988;  Lecturer,  N.C.  District  Attorneys  Association, 
1978-present;  Lecturer,  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers,  CLE;  Lecturer,  N.C.  State 
Bar  CLE;  Member,  Phi  Gamma  Delta  Fraternity. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Service  Award,  1984;  Outstanding  Young  Men  of  America,  1983;  U.S.  Department  of 
Justice  Drug  Enforcement  Administration  Certificate  of  Appreciation,  1987. 

Publications 

North  Carolina  Collection  "United  States-Jordanian  Political  Relations"  (1972); 
NCCU  Law  Journal  -  U.S.  v.  Dzialak  -  A  Void  in  Judicial  Logic  (1974);  NCCU  Law 
Journal  -  Specific  Performance  for  the  Seller  of  Real  Estate,  A  North  Carolina 
Remedy?,  (1975);  The  Final  Argument  in  a  Criminal  Case  -  Your  Last  Clear  Chance 
(1985);  The  Drug  Trafficking  Grand  Jury:  A  Practical  Imperative,  The  True  Bill, 
April  1986. 

Political  Activities 

Attorney  General,  State  of  North  Carolina,  1993-Present. 

Person  al  In  form  ation : 

Married,  Mary  Pipines  Easley.  Children:  Michael  Jr.  Member,  Sacred  Heart 
Catholic  Church,  Southport. 


198  North  Carolina  Manual 

ATTORNEYS  GENERAL  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 

Colonial 


Name  Term 

George  Durant1 1677-1681 

William  Wilkison2 1694 

John  Porter,  Jr.3 1694-[1695] 

Henderson  Walker , 1695 

Thomas  Abington4 1696 

Richard  Plater5 1696-[1703] 

Christopher  Gale6 1704-1705 

Thomas  Snoden7 1705-1708 

Christopher  Gale8 1708-[1710] 

Edward  Bonwicke9 1711-1714 

Daniel  Richardson10 1714-1724 

[JohnWorley]11 

James  Stanaway12 

[John  Montgomery]13 

William  Little14 1724 

Thomas  Boyd15 1724-1725 

William  Little 1725-1731 

John  Connor16 1731 

John  Montgomery17 1731-1741 

John  Hodgson18 1734 

Joseph  Anderson19 1741-1742 

John  Montgomery 1742-1743 

Joseph  Anderson20 1743-1747 

Thomas  Child21 1747-1752 

George  Nicholas22 1752-1756 

Charles  Elliot23 1756 

Robert  Jones,  Jr.24 1756-1759 

Thomas  Child25 1759-1761 

Robert  Jones,  Jr.26 1761-1766 

Marmaduke  Jones27 1766-1767 

Thomas  McGuire28 1767-[1776] 


State 


Name  Residence  Term 

Waightstill  Avery29 Burke 1777-1779 

James  Iredell30 Chowan 1779-1782 

Alfred  Moore31 Brunswick 1782-1791 

John  Haywood,  Jr.32 Halifax 1792-1795 

Blake  Baker33 Edgecombe 1795-1803 

Henry  Seawell34 Wake 1803-1808 

Oliver  Fitts35 Warren 1808-1810 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  199 

Name  Residence  Term 

William  Milled6 Warren 1810 

Hutching  G.  Burton37 Warren 1810-1816 

William  P.  Drew38 Halifax 1816-1824 

James  F.  Taylor39 Wake 1825-1828 

Robert  H.  Jones40 Warren 1828 

Romulus  M.  Saunders41 Caswell 1828-1834 

John  R.  J.  Daniel Halifax 1835-1841 

Hugh  McQueen42 Chatham 1841-1842 

Spier  Whitaker Halifax 1842-1846 

Edward  Stanley43 Beaufort 1846-1848 

Bartholomew  F.  Moore44 Halifax 1848-1851 

William  Eaton,  Jr.45 Warren 1851-1852 

Matthew  W.  Ransom46 Northampton 1853-1855 

Joseph  B.  Batchelor47 Warren 1855-1856 

William  H.  Bailey48 Mecklenburg 1857 

William  A.  Jenkins49 Warren 1857-1862 

Sion  H.  Rogers50 Wake 1863-1868 

William  M.  Coleman51 1868-1869 

Lewis  P.  Olds52 Wake 1869-1870 

William  M.  Shipp53 Lincoln 1870-1873 

Tazewell  L.  Hargrove Granville 1873-1877 

Thomas  S.  Kenan Wilson 1877-1885 

Theodore  F.  Davidson Buncombe 1885-1893 

Frank  I.  Osborne Mecklenburg 1893-1897 

Zebulon  V.  Walser54 Davidson 1897-1900 

Robert  D.  Douglas55 Guilford 1900-1901 

Robert  D.  Gilmer Haywood 1901-1909 

Thomas  W.  Bicket56 Franklin 1909-1917 

James  S.  Manning Wake 1917-1925 

Dennis  G.  Brummitt57 Granville 1925-1935 

Aaron  A.  F.  Seawell58 Lee 1935-1938 

Harry  McMullan59 Beaufort  1938-1955 

William  B.  Rodman,  Jr.60 Beaufort  1955-1956 

George  B.  Patton61 Macon 1956-1958 

Malcolm  B.  Seawell62 Robeson 1958-1960 

WadeBruton63 Montgomery 1960-1969 

Robert  Morgan64 Harnett 1969-1974 

James  H.  Carson,  Jr.65 Mecklenburg 1974-1975 

Rufus  L.  Edmisten66 Wake 1975-1985 

Lacy  H.  Thornburg67 Jackson 1985-1993 

Michael  F.  Easley Brunswick 1993-Present 

Colonial 


xDurant  was  probably  appointed  by  Jenkins,  possibly  as  early  as  1673  or  1674;  he 
was  serving  by  1676.  When  the  conflict  between  Eastchurch  and  Jenkins  broke  out, 
Durant  went  to  England  to  plead  Jenkin's  case — he  was  not  very  successful  since 
Eastchurch  was  commissioned.  Durant  did  not  return  to  the  colony  until  December, 
1677,  but  apparently  once  again  served  as  attorney  general.  He  was  still  serving  in 


200  North  Carolina  Manual 

November,  1679  and  probably  continued  serving  until  1681  or  later. 

2Little  is  known  of  Wilkinson's  service  as  attorney  general  except  that  he  was 
suspended  from  office  in  1694  by  Governor  Harvey  for  "Misdemeanors." 

3Porter  was  appointed  by  Harvey  to  replace  Wilkinson  and  qualified  before  the 
court.  He  probably  served  until  Walker  took  office  in  1695. 

4Abington  served  for  two  indictments  during  the  February,  1696  court. 

5Plater  was  appointed  by  Governor  Harvey  and  qualified  before  the  court.  He 
was  still  serving  in  October,  1703. 

6When  Gale  was  appointed  is  not  known.  The  first  record  of  service  is  at  the 
General  Court  for  July,  1704  and  he  was  still  serving  in  October,  1705. 

7Snoden  began  serving  during  the  Fall  term  of  the  general  court  for  1705  and 
was  still  serving  in  1708. 

8Gale  was  again  acting  as  attorney  general  by  October,  1708.  There  are  not  court 
records  available  for  1709  and  1710  and  the  records  for  the  First  Court  in  1711  indi- 
cate that  Bonwicke  was  attorney  general. 

9Bonwicke  was  serving  by  March,  1711  and  records  from  the  Receiver  General's 
office  indicate  that  he  was  still  serving  in  June,  1714;  however,  by  October  he  was  no 
longer  in  office. 

10Richardson  was  apparently  appointed  by  Governor  Eden  sometime  during  the 
summer  of  1714.  He  qualified  before  the  General  Court  on  October  26,  1714  and 
served  until  1724  when  he  was  replaced  by  Little. 

nWorley's  name  appears  in  Hawks'  list  of  attorney  generals  with  the  date, 
August  2,  1716,  following  it.  Since  there  are  no  records  which  indicate  that  he  served, 
it  is  assumed  that  this  is  an  appointment  date.  Hawks,  History  of  North  Carolina,  II, 
140. 

^Instructions  issued  to  Governor  Burrington  by  the  Lords  Proprietors  indicate 
that  James  Stanaway  was  appointed  attorney  general;  however,  there  is  no  evidence 
to  indicate  that  he  served. 

13Montgomery  is  reported  to  have  been  appointed  attorney  general  in  1723;  how- 
ever, no  evidence  could  be  found  to  indicate  that  he  served  at  this  time. 

14Little  was  appointed  by  Governor  Burrington  to  replace  Richardson  and  quali- 
fied before  the  Council.  His  resignation  was  announced  at  a  council  meeting  on 
November  7,  1724. 

15Boyd  was  appointed  by  Governor  Burrington  to  replace  Little  and  qualified 
before  the  council.  He  served  until  Little  took  over  in  1725. 

16Connor  was  appointed  by  Governor  Burrington  and  qualified  before  the  council. 
He  served  only  until  Montgomery  arrived. 

17Montgomery  was  appointed  by  the  crown  and  qualified  before  the  council.  He 
was  suspended  by  Burrington  on  September  29,  1734,  but  was  either  restored  to  office 
by  Johnston  or  never  left  as  he  is  considered  the  attorney  general  in  November.  He 
continued  serving  until  1741  when  he  was  appointed  acting  chief  justice. 

18Hodgson  was  appointed  by  Burrington  following  the  suspension  of  Montgomery 
and  apparently  qualified  before  the  council.  He  served  only  until  Governor  Johnston 
took  office  in  November,  1734. 

19Anderson  was  appointed  acting  attorney  general  by  Governor  Johnston  when 
Montgomery  became  chief  justice.  He  served  until  Montgomery  returned  to  service  in 
1742. 

20Anderson  was  appointed  permanent  attorney  general  by  Governor  Johnston 
when  Montgomery  was  commissioned  chief  justice.  He  qualified  before  the  council 
and  continued  serving  until  Child  took  office  in  1747. 

21Child  was  appointed  by  the  crown  and  qualified  on  May  16,  1747.  He  served 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  201 

until  he  returned  to  England  in  1752. 

22Nicholas  was  apparently  appointed  to  serve  when  Child  left  North  Carolina  to 
go  to  England.  He  was  reported  ill  in  October,  1755;  there  is  no  evidence  that  anyone 
else  was  appointed  until  1756. 

23Elliot  was  appointed  by  Governor  Dobbs  to  replace  Nicholas,  and  apparently 
qualified  before  Dobbs.  He  only  served  a  few  months  before  he  died. 

24Jones  was  appointed  by  Governor  Dobbs  to  replace  Elliott  and  presumably 
qualified  before  him.  He  served  until  Child  took  over  in  1761.  Commission  to  Robert 
Jones,  Jr.,  October  4,  1756,  Commissions,  1754-1767. 

25Child  was  commissioned  by  the  crown  and  apparently  qualified  before 
Governor  Dobbs.  He  served  until  he  resigned  in  1761. 

26Jones  was  appointed  by  the  crown  and  apparently  qualified  before  Governor 
Dobbs.  He  served  until  his  death  on  October  2,  1766.  Warrant  appointing  Robert 
Jones  Attorney  General  of  North  Carolina,  April  14,  1761,  CO  324/40,  English 
Records,  ER  15-22;  Commission  to  Robert  Jones,  July  25,  1761,  Commission  Book, 
1761-1772,1;  Letter  from  Governor  Tryon  to  Earl  of  Shelburne,  January  12,  1767, 
Saunders,  Colonial  Records,  VII,  425-426. 

27Jones  was  appointed  by  Governor  Tryon  to  replace  Jones  and  served  until 
McQuire  took  office  in  1767. 

28McGuire  was  commissioned  by  the  crown  to  replace  Jones  and  qualified  before 
the  council.  He  presumably  served  until  the  Revolution. 

State 


29Avery  resigned  on  May  8,  1779. 

30Iredell  was  appointed  by  the  governor  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  coun- 
cil to  replace  Thomas  McQuire  who  had  declined  to  serve.  He  was  later  elected  by  the 
General  Assembly. 

31Moore's  resignation  was  presented  to  the  council  on  April  9,  1791,  but  no  one 
was  immediately  appointed  to  fill  the  vacancy. 

32Haywood  was  elected  to  replace  Moore  and  resigned  following  his  elections  as 
judge  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Law  and  Equity  on  January  28,  1795. 

33Baker  was  elected  to  replace  Haywood  and  resigned  on  November  25,  1803. 

34Seawell  was  elected  to  replace  Baker  and  resigned  on  November  30,  1808. 

35Fitts  was  elected  to  replace  Seawell  and  resigned  on  July  6,  1810. 

36Miller  was  appointed  by  the  governor  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
Council  to  replace  Fitts. 

37Burton  resigned  November  21,  1816. 

38Drew  was  elected  to  replace  Burton  and  resigned  in  November,  1824. 

39Taylor  was  elected  to  replace  Drew  and  died  in  late  June,  or  early  July,  1828. 

40Jones  was  appointed  by  governor  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  council  to 
replace  Taylor. 

41Saunders  was  elected  to  replace  Taylor.  On  December  16,  1834  a  resolution  was 
passed  in  the  House  of  Commons  declaring  that  the  office  of  Attorney  General  was 
vacant  because  Saunders  held  a  commission  from  the  federal  government,  which  was 
in  violation  of  Chapter  6  of  the  Laws  of  1790 — the  law  prohibited  dual  office  holding 
by  a  public  official  except  in  special  cases.  Saunders  wrote  to  Alexander  Williams,  the 
Speaker  of  the  House,  the  following  day  requesting  that  he  be  given  "permission  to  be 
heard  at  the  bar  of  the  House  upon  the  subject  of  the  Resolution."  The  request  was 
granted.  Despite  testimony  by  Saunders  on  his  own  behalf,  the  House  voted  68-60  to 
phold  the  resolution.  On  December  31,  1834,  Saunders  sent  in  his  resignation. 


202  North  Carolina  Manual 

42McQueens  resignation  was  received  by  the  House  of  Commons  on  November  25, 
1842. 

43Stanley  resigned  on  May  8,  1848. 

44Moore  was  appointed  by  the  governor  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  council 
to  replace  Stanley.  He  was  later  elected  by  the  general  assembly  to  a  regular  term 
and  resigned  in  May,  or  June,  1851. 

45Eaton  was  appointed  by  the  governor  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  council 
to  replace  Moore. 

46Ransom  was  elected  by  the  general  assembly  to  replace  Moore  and  resigned  on 
May  2,  1855. 

47Batchelor  was  appointed  by  the  governor  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
council  to  replace  Ransom.  He  resigned  November  26,  1856.  Council  Minutes,  May  25, 
1855,  Council  Journal,  1855-1889;  Batchelor  to  Bragg,  November  26,  1856,  Bragg 
Letter  Book,  1855-1857,  600. 

48Bailey  was  elected  by  the  general  assembly  to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of 
Batchelor.  Commission  dated  January  5,  1857,  Commission  Book,  1841-1877. 

49Jenkins  was  elected  to  replace  Ransom;  however,  the  office  was  declared  vacant 
on  December  8,  1862  because  Jenkins  had  accepted  a  commission  in  the  Confederate 
Army. 

50Rogers  was  elected  to  replace  Jenkins  and  served  until  the  Constitution  of  1868 
went  into  effect.  Commission  dated  January  6,  1866,  Commission  Book,  1841-1877. 

51Coleman  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  April,  1868  and  served  until  his 
resignation  on  May  29,  1869. 

5201ds  was  appointed  by  Governor  Holden  on  June  1,  1869  to  replace  Coleman. 
At  the  State  Republican  Party  Convention  in  1870  he  was  defeated  for  nomination  by 
Samuel  F.  Phillips. 

53Shipp  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1870  to  complete  Coleman's  unex- 
pired term  but  was  defeated  for  reelection  in  1872. 

54Walser  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1896.  He  resigned  effective 
November  24  following  his  defeat  for  reelection  by  Gilmer  in  1900. 

55Douglas  was  appointed  by  Governor  Russell  on  November  24,  1900  to  complete 
Walser's  term. 

56Bickett  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1908  and  served  following  re- 
election in  1912  until  1916  when  he  was  elected  governor  of  North  Carolina. 

57Brummitt  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1924  and  served  following 
subsequent  reelections  until  his  death  on  February  5,  1935. 

58Seawell  was  appointed  by  Governor  Ehringhaus  on  January  16,  1935  to  replace 
Brummitt.  He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1936  and  served  until  April,  ' 
1938  when  he  was  appointed  to  the  State  Supreme  Court. 

59McMullan  was  appointed  by  Governor  Hoey  on  April  30,  1938  to  replace 
Seawell.  He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1938  to  complete  Seawell's  unex- 
pired term.  He  was  elected  to  a  full  term  in  1940  and  served  following  subsequent 
reelections  until  his  death  on  June  24,  1955. 

60Rodman  was  appointed  by  Governor  Hodges  on  June  1,  1955  to  replace 
McMullan  and  served  until  he  resigned  in  August,  1956  when  he  was  appointed  to 
the  Supreme  Court. 

61Patton  was  appointed  by  Governor  Hodges  on  August  21,  1956  to  replace 
Rodman.  He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1956  and  served  until  his  resigna- 
tion effective  April  15,  1958. 

62Seawell  was  appointed  by  Governor  Hodges  on  April  15,  1958  to  replace  Patton. 
He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1958  to  complete  Patton's  unexpired  term 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  203 

and  served  until  his  resignation  effective  February  29, 1960. 

63Bruton  was  appointed  by  Governor  Hodges  on  February  27,  1960 — to  take 
office  March  1 — to  replace  Seawell.  He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1960. 

64Morgan  resigned  August  26,  1974,  to  run  for  United  States  Senator. 

65Carson  was  appointed  by  Governor  Holshouser  on  August  26  to  replace 
Morgan. 

66Edmisten  defeated  Carson  in  a  special  election  to  complete  Morgan's  term  held 
in  1974.  He  was  elected  to  a  full  term  in  1976  and  served  following  subsequent  reelec- 
tions  until  1985. 

67Thornburg  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1984. 


204  North  Carolina  Manual 


DEPARTMENT  OF  AGRICULTURE 


The    Civil   War    devastated  calling  upon  the  General  Assembly 

North  Carolina's  economy,  to    "establish    a    Department    of 

Agriculture,  the  mainstay  of  Agriculture,    Immigration,    and 

the  state's  slightly  more  than  one  Statistics  under  such  regulations  as 

million  people,  was  severely  stricken,  may  best  promote  the  agricultural 

Crops  were  poor  and  prices  low.  interests  of  the  state  and  shall  enact 

A  system  of  farm  tenancy  developed  laws  for  the  adequate  protection  and 

leading    to    smaller    farms    and  encouragement  of  sheep  husbandry." 
decreased  efficiency.  In  March  of  1877,  a  bill  estab- 

In  an  effort  to  fight  these  and  lishing  such  a  department  was  intro- 

other  problems,  farmers  joined  orga-  duced  in  the  General  Assembly  and 

nizations  much  as  the  Patrons  of  passed. 

Husbandry  (the  Grange)  and  the  The  original  law  established  a 

Farmers'  Alliance.    These  organiza-  board  of  agriculture  to  supervise 

tions  gave  farmers  a  united  voice  but  NCDA's  activities.  One  of  the  board's 

were  unable  to  solve  many  problems,  first  tasks  was  to  select  a  commis- 

The  solution  to  the  majority  of  sioner  to  act  as  the  department's 

farmers  was  to  establish  a  state  gov-  administrative  head, 
ernment  agriculture  department.  Colonel  Leonidas  LaFayette  Polk 

As  early  as  1860,  Governor  John  of  Anson  County  who  had  been 

E.  Ellis  had  urged  the  General  instrumental  in  the  department's 

Assembly  to  set  up  a  board  of  agri-  establishment,  was  named  the  first 

culture.  Legislators  ignored  the  commissioner.  For  a  $2,000  a  year 

request  over  concern  for  the  oncoming  salary,  Polk  was  charged  to  carry  out 

war.  the  following: 

The  foundation  for  establishment  (1)  Find  a  means  of  improving  sheep 
of  an  agriculture  department  was  husbandry  and  curb  high  mortality 

laid  in  1868  when  North  Carolinians  rates  caused  by  dogs; 

approved  the  state  constitution.   The  (2)  Seek  the   causes   of  diseases 
constitution  provided:  "There  shall  be  among  domestic  animals,  to 

established  in  the  office  of  the  quarantine  sick  stock,  and  to  regu- 

Secretary   of  State   a  Bureau   of  late  transportation  of  all  animals; 

Statistics,  Agriculture,  and  Immigra-  (3)  Seek  to  check  insect  ravages 

tion  under  such  regulations  as  the  (4)  Foster  new  crops  suited  to  various 
General  Assembly  may  provide."  soils  of  the  state; 

The  agency  did  not  provide  for  (5)  Collect  statistics  on  fences  in 
the  real  needs  of  agriculture,  however,  North  Carolina,  with  the  object 

and  failed  to  win  the  favor  of  farmers  of  altering  the  system  in  use; 

who  still  wanted  an  independent  (6)  Work  with  the  United  States 
department.  Fish  Commission  in  the  protection 

Farmer  pleas  did  not  fall  on  deaf  and  propagation  of  fish; 

ears.  In  1875  at  a  constitutional  (7)  Send  a  report  to  the  General 
convention  a  provision  was  approved  Assembly  each  session; 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  205 

(8)  Seek  cooperation  of  other  states  1923  when  the  Edenton  and  Halifax 
on  such  matters  as  obstruction  of  streets  parts  of  the  building  were 
fish  in  interstate  waters;  and  demolished  and  the  present  neo-clas- 

(9)  Make  rules  regulating  the  sale  of     sic  building  erected.  A  five-story 
feeds  and  fertilizers.  annex  was  added  to  the  main  build- 
ing in  1954  to  provide  new  quarters 

In  addition,  the  department  was  for  the  Natural  History  Museum  and 

to  establish  a  chemical  laboratory  at  space  for  laboratories  and  offices, 
the  University  of  North  Carolina  for  Through  the  decades,  NCDA  has 

testing  fertilizers  and  to  work  with  expanded  its  services  and  responsi- 

the  geological  survey  in  studying  and  bilities  to  meet  agriculture's  need, 

analyzing  natural  resources.  The  department  now  has   1,500 

NCDA's  first  official  home  was  employees  and  17  divisions.     It 

the   second   story   of  the   Briggs  enforces  rules  and  regulations  that 

Building  on  Fayetteville  Street  in  protect  people,  farming  and  the  envi- 

downtown  Raleigh.  Other  depart-  ronment. 

ment  employees  were  located  at  the  The  position  of  agricultural  corn- 
Agricultural  Experiment  Station  in  missioner  became  an  elected  office  in 
Chapel  Hill  and  in  other  Raleigh  1899.  Samuel  L.  Patterson  of  Caldwell 
office  buildings.  County,  who  had  served  earlier  by 

The  Board  of  Agriculture  decided  board  appointment,  became  the  first 

to  bring  all  the  divisions  of  the  elected  commissioner.  The  current 

department  together  in  1881  and  commissioner,  James  A.  Graham  of 

bought  the  National  Hotel  property  Cleveland    (Rowan    County),    has 

for    $13,000.    The    hotel    was    on  served  since  1964. 
Edenton  Street,  the  present  site  of  Following  are  the  various  divisions 

the  Agriculture  Building.  of  the  North  Carolina  Department  of 

The  building  was  later  enlarged  Agriculture  and  the  services  they 

and  remained  NCDA's  home  until  offer: 

Agricultural  Statistics 

Even  though  the  agriculture  department's  original  title  includes 
"statistics,"  the  intent  was  mainly  to  collect  statistics  relating  to  farm  fences. 

Commissioner  Polk  did  try  sending  forms  to  farmers,  asking  them  to  list 
their  taxable  assets  and  their  crop  production.  Most  forms,  though,  were 
never  returned  and  the  few  that  came  in  were  incomplete. 

By  1887,  it  was  apparent  to  Commissioner  John  Robinson  that  a  statisti- 
cal service  was  needed.  In  the  Biennial  Report  he  wrote:  "The  means  of 
acquiring  statistical  information  are  very  inadequate.  Such  information  is 
i  one  of  the  necessities  of  the  times.  There  are  frequent  calls  upon  this  office 
for  such  statistics,  the  applicants  thinking  that  we  had  the  information  for 
J  distribution,  and  they  were  warranted  in  expecting  to  find  correct  informa- 
tion in  regard  to  agricultural  products  in  this  office." 

In  1916,  Frank  Parker,  a  representative  of  the  Federal  Crop  Reporting 
Service,  began  statistical  work  in  cooperation  with  NCDA.  Three  years  later 
he  moved  his  office  to  the  Agriculture  Building  and  became  the  director  of 
the  Agricultural  Statistics  Division. 


206  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  Farm  Census  began  on  a  voluntary  basis  in  1918.  It  became  state 
law  in  1921. 

The  Agricultural  Statistics  Division  maintains  county,  state  and  federal 
crop  and  livestock  statistics  and  rankings.  It  also  assesses  weather-related 
agricultural  losses,  such  as  those  sustained  through  drought  and  floods. 

Agronomic  Services 

NCDA  demonstrated  an  interest  in  soils  from  its  earliest  years.  Much  of 
the  soil  work  was  conducted  by  the  office  of  the  state  chemist.  This  office 
worked  with  the  U.S.  Bureau  of  Soils  in  surveying  the  soils  of  each  county 
and  collecting  samples  for  analysis. 

In  addition  to  chemical  analysis,  the  office  set  up  plot  tests  on  each 
important  soil  type  in  the  state.  These  plots  demonstrated  the  benefits  of 
various  types  of  fertilizers  and  crop  rotation. 

It  was  1938,  however,  before  the  General  Assembly  established  a  Soil 
Testing  Division  in  the  department.  The  division  was  set  up  to  accept  soil 
samples  from  growers  and  homeowners  statewide  for  analysis  and  to  furnish 
them  with  information  on  fertilizer  needs. 

Seventy  thousand  tests  were  made  on  approximately  6,500  soil  samples 
the  first  year. 

The  division  now  analyzes  more  than  250,000  samples  a  year  for  nutri- 
ents and  nematodes.  In  1992,  nearly  3.4  million  determinations  were  made 
from  soil,  plant,  waste,  solution  and  nematode  samples. 

Management  recommendations  are  made  to  improve  production  efficiency, 
while  protecting  the  environment.  Regional  agronomists  help  growers  solve 
field  problems  and  carry  out  recommendations  in  the  most  effective  way. 

The  General  Assembly  appropriated  $7.5  million  in  1992  to  build  a  new 
agronomic  laboratory  in  Raleigh  for  soil  and  waste  testing.  Construction  is 
scheduled  to  be  completed  in  1994. 

Food  and  Drug  Protection 

Under  the  first  elected  commissioner,  Samuel  J.  Patterson,  the  department 
was  given  more  regulatory  duties.  One  of  these  was  the  administration  of  the 
Pure  Food  Law,  which  the  General  Assembly  passed  into  law  in  1899.  The 
law  was  intended  to  prevent  adulteration  and  mislabeling  of  food  and  drink 
for  both  humans  and  animals. 

A  1900  statewide  study  revealed  that  50  percent  of  all  canned  vegetables 
were  adulterated  with  harmful  preservatives.  With  the  enforcement  of  the 
Pure  Food  Law,  however,  the  percentage  of  adulteration  dropped  to  17  per- 
cent in  four  years. 

Cattle  and  stock  feeds  were  also  inspected  and  found  to  be  of  a  low  grade. 
A  few  even  contained  poisonous  substances.  The  first  analysis  showed  a  large 
amount  of  worthless  material  used  in  the  stock  feeds  as  a  filler. 

In  the  1940's  pesticides  began  to  appear  in  large  numbers  and  in  broader  i 
effectiveness.  Added  to  the  agricultural  insecticides  and  fungicides  already 
on  the  market  were  various  weed  and  grass  killers,  defoliating  chemicals, 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  207 

chemicals  to  control  the  premature  falling  of  fruits,  and  new  and  more  powerful 
insect  and  rodent  controlling  chemicals.  It  was  obvious  these  products  needed 
special  attention  to  assure  reasonable  effectiveness,  safety  and  fair-dealing. 

The  General  Assembly  responded  by  passing  the  insecticide,  Fungicide, 
and  Rodenticide  Act  of  1947.  Under  this  law,  the  NCDA  was  charged  with 
the  registration  of  all  pesticide  brands  to  prevent  mislabeling  and  adulter- 
ation. Examinations  were  made  of  pesticide  labels  to  insure  that  the  per- 
centage of  each  active  ingredient  and  total  inert  matter  were  indicated  and 
that  other  label  statements  were  acceptable. 

In  1953,  the  department  began  licensing  contractors  and  pilots  for  the 
aerial  application  of  pesticides. 

The  Pesticide  Law,  passed  in  1971,  gave  NCDA  authority  to  license  pesti- 
cide applicators,  dealers  and  consultants.  It  also  allowed  the  Food  and  Drug 
Protection  Division  to  collect  samples  and  conduct  inspections  at  all  levels  of 
pesticide  production,  sales  and  use.  The  1971  law  also  provided  for  a  seven- 
member  Pesticide  Board  which  acts  as  a  policy-making  body. 

The  Food  and  Drug  Protection  Division  assures  consumers  that  foods, 
feeds,  drugs,  cosmetics,  pesticides  and  automotive  antifreezes  are  safe, 
wholesome  and  labeled  properly.  During  1992,  the  division  collected  and  tested 
60,000  samples  of  commodities  subject  to  the  N.C.  Food  and  Drug  Law. 
Three  hundred  thousand  analyses  were  performed  on  those  samples. 

Food  Distribution 

In  1944,  the  department  began  a  cooperative  effort  with  the  U.S. 
Department  of  Agriculture  to  receive  and  distribute  surplus  agricultural 
commodities.  Such  commodities  as  evaporated  milk,  potatoes,  beets,  eggs  and 
grapefruit  juice  were  sent  to  public  schools  for  supplementing  meals. 

Not  only  did  schools  benefit  from  serving  low  cost  meals,  but  the  program 
helped  hold  agricultural  prices  at  or  above  levels  acceptable  to  producers. 

Food  Distribution  provides  14  cents  per  plate  in  value  in  USDA  com- 

i  modities  to  700,000  school  children  each  day.  It  received,  stored  and  distrib- 

'  uted  $28.5  million  in  value  of  USDA  commodities  in  1992  to  eligible  recipi- 

•  ents.   Food  is  allocated  to  schools,  needy  families,  soup  kitchens,  food  banks, 

the  elderly  and  charitable  institutions. 

In  May  1992,  the  division  moved  its  administrative  offices  from  the 
Agriculture  Building  in  Raleigh  to  Butner.  The  new  offices  are  larger  and 
will  save  in  operational  cost.  The  division  has  warehouses  in  Butner  and 
Salisbury  for  storage  and  distribution. 

Marketing 

Initially  called  the  Division  of  Cooperative  Marketing  in  1913,  the 
i  Marketing  Division's  early  work  involved  compiling  lists  of  farm  product 
dealers  and  finding  markets  for  North  Carolina  sweet  potatoes,  butter  and 
apples.  A  market  news  service  was  launched  for  cotton  and  cottonseed. 

Several  years  later  the  division  began  helping  local  farmers  organize  into 
cooperative  marketing  organizations. 


208  North  Carolina  Manual 

A  popular  project  initiated  in  the  early  1900s  was  publication  of  the 
Farmer's  Market  Bulletin,  later  called  Market  News.  The  publication  had 
articles  on  the  marketing  conditions  of  certain  crops  as  well  as  agricultural 
items  for  sale. 

The  Marketing  Division  continues  to  promote  the  sale  of  North  Carolina 
products  domestically  and  abroad.  Staff  work  to  develop  and  expand  mar- 
kets, report  farm  market  prices  on  major  commodities,  and  determine  and 
certify  official  grades  of  farm  products. 

The  division  organizes  special  livestock  sales,  such  as  the  Junior 
Livestock  Show  at  the  N.C.  State  Fair.  It  provides  marketing  advice  and 
assistance,  and  arranges  buyer-seller  contacts,  such  as  with  the  "Flavors  of 
Carolina"  food  product  shows.  The  "Goodness  Grows  in  North  Carolina"  pro- 
gram, which  identifies  Tar  Heel  products  to  consumers,  has  met  with  wide 
success  and  support. 

Other  responsibilities  include  operation  of  regional  farmers  markets  in 
Asheville,  Charlotte  and  Raleigh.  A  fourth  market  is  being  built  in 
Greensboro.  It  has  a  regional  fruit  and  vegetable  marketing  office  in 
Elizabeth  City. 

The  division  also  administers  the  N.C.  Egg  Law  and  the  Farm  Products 
Marketing  and  Branding  Law. 

Museums 

As  a  result  of  legislation  in  1851,  the  governor  appointed  a  state  geologist 
to  retain  samples  of  North  Carolina  minerals.  This  collection,  known  as  the 
Cabinet  of  Minerals,  was  housed  on  the  third  floor  of  the  Capitol  prior  to  the 
Civil  War.  It  formed  the  nucleus  of  the  State  Museum. 

After  the  museum  was  transferred  to  NCDA,  the  legislature  expanded  its 
responsibilities  to  include  the  illustration  of  North  Carolina's  natural  history 
and  resources  such  as  agriculture  The  N.C.  Museum  of  Natural  Sciences  in 
Raleigh,  founded  in  1879,  maintains  collections  and  disseminates  knowledge 
concerning  plants,  animals,  minerals,  fossils  and  ecology. 

In  1975,  NCDA  took  over  operation  of  the  N.C.  Maritime  Museum  in 
Beaufort.  The  museum  sponsors  dolphin  watches,  conducts  salt  marsh  hikes, 
builds  old-replicas  of  historic  wooden  boats  and  sports  a  collection  of  specimens 
and  displays. 

Plant  Industry 

Among  the  original  duties  given  to  the  department  were  "investigations 
relative  to  the  ravages  of  insects."  Up  until  the  late  1880's,  however,  department 
reports  declared  a  "remarkable  exemption  of  the  crops  of  the  State"  from 
insect  pests. 

The  situation  changed  considerably  around  1900  when  pests,  such  as  the 
San  Jose  Scale  in  orchards,  began  to  move  in.  The  San  Jose  Scale  was  called 
the  "worst  enemy  of  the  deciduous  fruits." 

NCDA  responded  by  hiring  an  entomologist  to  work  in  conjunction  with  I 
the  already  existing  Commission  for  the  Control  of  Crop  Pests.  An  inspection 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  209 

program  was  launched,  including  nursery  inspections.  Nurseries  found  to 
have  no  pest  problems  were  certified  as  pest  free. 

Another  task  of  the  entomologist's  office  was  the  establishment  of  an 
insect  collection.  The  collection  documented  the  specimens  found  in  the  state 
and  served  as  a  useful  tool  in  identifying  pests  for  the  public. 

In  1916,  a  honey  and  bee  program  was  established.  The  legislature 
authorized  the  division  to  investigate  bee  diseases  and  ways  to  improve  the 
industry. 

The  Plant  Industry  Division's  duties  and  responsibilities  have  expanded 
to  include  the  total  area  plant  protection.  Programs  dealing  with  insects, 
weeds  and  diseases  have  become  more  sophisticated  and  incorporate  such 
tools  as  integrated  pest  management  and  biological  pest  control. 

Staff  examine  fertilizer  and  seed  for  accurate  labeling  and  product  quali- 
ty. Tall  fescue  is  tested  for  tall  fescue  endophyte  infection. 

The  division  administers  plant  pest  laws,  regulations  that  mandate  pro- 
grams to  deal  with  pests  such  as  gypsy  moth,  sweet  potato  weevil  and  witch- 
weed.  It  also  administers  the  Plant  Conservation  Program,  inspects  plant 
nurseries  and  honey  bees,  and  oversees  permitting  of  field  releases  of  geneti- 
cally engineered  organisms. 

The  Boll  Weevil  Eradication  Program  has  proven  to  be  one  of  the  most 
successful  programs.  The  boll  weevil  had  decimated  the  state's  cotton  crop 
prior  to  program  implementation  in  the  early  1980's.  Acreage  had  plummet- 
ed to  45,000  acres  statewide  in  1978. 

The  eradication  program  centered  in  trapping  the  pest  in  cotton  fields. 
North  Carolina  was  declared  weevil-free  in  March  1987.  Acreage  reached  a 
high  of  457,000  acres  in  1991  as  cotton  prices  and  demand  increased. 

Public  Affairs 

The  need  for  communication  between  NCDA  and  the  public  was  evident 
from  the  beginning.  In  1877,  Commissioner  Polk  started  a  weekly  farm  paper 
called  The  Farmer  and  Mechanic. 

This  paper  eventually  became  independent  and  was  replaced  by  The 
Bulletin  of  the  N.C.  Department  of  Agriculture .  The  Bulletin's  initial  purpose 
was  to  inform  farmers  of  fertilizer  analysis  so  they  could  judge  their  money 
value. 

Soon,  though,  The  Bulletin  expanded  into  all  areas  of  agricultural  pro- 
duction. It  also  became  necessary  to  hire  a  bulletin  superintendent.  In  1914, 
an  information  office  was  established  to  coordinate  a  news  service  for  NCDA 
and  the  State  Agricultural  &  Engineering  College  (N.C.  State  University). 
This  arrangement  ended  in  1925  when  the  agricultural  extension  service, 
which  had  been  a  joint  program  of  the  department  and  college,  was  moved 
entirely  to  the  college. 

The  division  then  began  publishing  the  Agricultural  Review,  a 
I  semi-monthly  paper.  The  Review  is  now  published  once  a  month  and  has 
more  than  70,000  subscribers. 

Public  Affairs  has  become  the  public  relations  liaison  for  the  public,  the 
media  and  the  department.  The  division  oversees  State  Fair  public  relations 


210  North  Carolina  Manual 

coordinates  enshrinement  ceremonies  for  the  N.C.  Agricultural  Hall  of  Fame. 
It  also  writes  speeches  and  news  releases. 

Research  Stations 

Created  in  1877  by  the  same  act  that  created  NCDA,  the  Experiment 
Station  in  Chapel  Hill  was  the  first  in  the  South  and  the  nation's  second.  It 
was  directed  to  conduct  experiments  on  the  nutrition  and  growth  of  plants,  to 
ascertain  which  fertilizers  were  best  suited  to  specific  crops  and  to  conduct 
needed  investigations. 

The  initial  movement  to  establish  field  testing  stations  began  in  1885 
when  the  General  Assembly  directed  the  Board  of  Agriculture  to  secure 
prices  on  lands  and  machinery.  The  board  obtained  35  acres  on  the  north 
side  of  Hillsborough  Street,  Raleigh  and  the  job  of  clearing  land,  laying  out 
test  plots  and  constructing  buildings  began. 

The  station  was  transferred  from  NCDA  to  the  newly  created  N.C. 
College  of  Agricultural  and  Mechanic  Arts  (NCSU)  in  1889.  The  Hatch  Act, 
which  had  provided  $15,000  to  each  state  for  agricultural  research,  had  spec- 
ified that  the  money  be  directed  to  the  land  grant  college.  In  establishing  the 
A&M  College,  the  General  Assembly  had  provided  that  the  college  would 
receive  all  land-grant  benefits. 

While  NCDA  maintained  its  associations  with  the  station,  it  shifted 
efforts  to  establishing  test  farms  in  various  locations  statewide.  The  purpose 
was  to  experiment  with  different  crop-fertilizer-soil  combinations  to  find  the 
most  suitable  for  certain  areas.  The  first  two  research  stations  were  in 
Edgecombe  and  Robeson  counties. 

Today,  15  stations  are  conducting  research  on  farming  practices,  live- 
stock, poultry  and  crops.  The  stations  are  in  Whiteville,  Clayton,  Castle 
Hayne,  Clinton,  Kinston,  Fletcher,  Waynesville,  Oxford,  Lewiston,  Salisbury, 
Jackson  Springs,  Plymouth,  Rocky  Mount,  Laurel  Springs  and  Reidsville. 

The  N.C.  Department  of  Agriculture  and  N.C.  State  University  operate 
the  stations  cooperatively.  NCDA  owns  nine  stations  and  provides  adminis- 
trative support.  NCSU  owns  the  other  six  and  provides  scientists  for  various 
research  projects. 

Three  state  farms  are  also  being  run  jointly.  The  farms,  located  in 
Butner,  Kinston  and  Goldsboro,  are  used  for  research,  teaching  and  demon- 
stration purposes. 

Standards 

The  first  laws  relating  to  petroleum  products  were  passed  in  1903,  at 
which  time  heating  oil  —  kerosene  —  was  being  used  primarily  for  lighting. 
Some  of  this  product  contained  such  large  amounts  of  sulphur  that  it  was 
found  to  be  a  health  hazard.  It  was  also  causing  various  fabrics  and  other 
materials  to  deteriorate. 

By  1917,  the  department  was  also  given  responsibility  to  enforce  the 
gasoline  law.  This  law  applied  to  gasoline  and  other  liquids  used  for  heating 
or  power  purposes.  When  the  program  began,  many  companies  were  trying 
to  sell  low  grades  for  the  same  price  as  higher  grades. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  211 

The  Standards  Division  today  has  one  of  the  country's  best  gasoline  and 
oil  inspection  programs.  Motor  fuels  are  tested  for  compliance  with  quality 
specifications,  and  gasoline  pumps  are  tested  for  octane  levels  and  accuracy. 
Liquid  petroleum  gas  and  anhydrous  ammonia  installations  are  checked  for 
compliance  with  safety  codes. 

Standards  is  responsible  for  testing  all  commercial  weighing  and  mea- 
suring devices,  such  as  scales,  to  ensure  accuracy.  Bar  code  scanners,  such 
as  those  employed  in  retail  stores,  are  also  checked.  The  division  is  also 
responsible  for  providing  precision  mass,  volume,  temperature  and  length 
standard  calibrations. 

State  Fair 

The  State  Agricultural  Society  sponsored  the  first  State  Fair,  which  was 
held  in  November  1853  about  10  blocks  east  of  the  Capitol.  In  1873,  the  fair 
was  moved  to  a  53-acre  lot  on  Hillsboro  Road  near  the  present  Raleigh  Little 
Theatre.  The  Society  spent  about  $50,000  to  develop  the  grounds. 

In  all,  the  Agricultural  Society  sponsored  the  fair  for  73  years,  with  inter- 
ruptions during  the  Civil  War  and  Reconstruction  period.  Among  the  most 
famous  guests  during  the  era  were  Theodore  Roosevelt  in  1905  and  William 
Jennings  Bryan  in  1907. 

The  Society  asked  the  city  and  state  for  help  in  1924.  A  State  Fair  Board 
was  appointed,  and  in  a  few  years  the  fair  was  moved  to  its  present  site  on 
the  west  side  of  Raleigh. 

In  1930,  the  State  Fair  was  placed  under  NCDA's  administration.  For  a 
few  years  the  department  leased  out  the  operation  commercially,  but  in  1937, 
Commissioner  Kerr  Scott  decided  that  the  management  should  be  directly 
under  the  NCDA.  Dr.  J.  S.  Dorton  was  chosen  as  manager,  and  the  fair  first 
began  to  show  profits. 

The  State  Fair  has  become  North  Carolina's  biggest  event,  attracting 
about  700,000  people  to  the  10-day  extravaganza  each  year.  Feature  attrac- 
tions include  livestock  and  horse  shows,  crafts,  carnival  food,  free  concerts, 
thrilling  rides,  contests  and  much  more.  The  James  E.  Strates  Shows'  mid- 
way has  been  a  regular  feature  of  the  fair  since  1948. 

The  fairgrounds  are  a  year-round  operation.  The  344-acre  site  has  eight 
facilities  and  50  permanent  employees.  A  variety  of  shows,  including  the 
Dixie  Deer  Classic,  Southern  Farm  Show  and  Ringling  Brothers  Circus,  are 
held  in  the  buildings.  During  winter  months,  the  Raleigh  Ice  Caps  profes- 
sional hockey  team  plays  home  games. 

Structural  Pest  Control 

Public  concern  for  the  unethical  practices  of  some  exterminators  led  to 
the  General  Assembly's  enactment  of  the  N.C.  Structural  Pest  Control  Law 
in  1955.  The  law  was  intended  to  protect  consumers,  the  environment  and 
the  good  name  of  the  structural  pest  control  industry. 

The  law  created  a  policy-making  board,  the  N.C.  Structural  Pest  Control 
Commission,  and  gave  NCDA  responsibility  for  inspecting  extermination  work. 


212  North  Carolina  Manual 

In  1967,  the  law  was  revised,  abolishing  the  commission  and  creating  a 
Structural  Pest  Control  Division  in  NCDA.  The  division,  which  oversees 
applicator  licensing  and  compliance,  was  given  the  responsibility  of  adminis- 
tering the  law  under  the  agriculture  commissioner.  A  structural  pest  control 
committee  was  established  to  make  necessary  rules  and  regulations  and  to 
hold  hearings  related  to  violations  of  the  law. 

Veterinary 

Even  though  the  original  act  establishing  NCDA  called  for  animal  health 
protection,  it  was  1898  before  a  state  veterinarian  was  appointed  Chosen  for 
the  position  was  Dr.  Cooper  Curtice  of  Columbia  Veterinary  College.  Dr. 
Curtice  launched  an  investigation  of  the  cattle  tick  and  was  able  to  show  that 
the  parasite  was  a  carrier  of  Texas  fever. 

Not  only  was  this  the  first  step  toward  eradication  of  the  fever,  but  it  was 
also  the  first  time  that  anyone  had  proven  that  parasites  are  capable  of 
transmitting  disease  in  mammals.  Curtice's  work  set  the  pattern  for  similar 
investigations  into  human  diseases. 

Another  threat  to  livestock  at  the  time  the  veterinary  program  began 
was  hog  cholera,  which  had  first  been  reported  in  the  state  in  1859.  By  1877, 
it  was  killing  one  out  of  every  nine  hogs  each  year.  Many  years  were  to  pass 
before  control  efforts  proved  successful. 

In  the  early  days,  the  state  veterinarian  was  not  only  concerned  with  ani- 
mal protection  but  also  with  livestock  promotion.  The  idea  was  that  more 
livestock  would  improve  soil  fertility  and  better  livestock  would  increase 
profit.  Eventually  this  responsibility  was  given  to  NCDA's  Marketing 
Division. 

In  1925,  the  department  was  charged  with  supervision  of  slaughtering 
and  meat-packing  establishments  in  the  state.  This  service  was  not  compul- 
sory at  that  time,  but  it  did  enable  any  establishment  that  chose  to  use  it  to 
sell  anywhere  within  the  state  without  further  inspection  by  a  city  or  town. 

The  Veterinary  Division  is  authorized  to  inspect  livestock  markets  to  see 
that  animals  have  received  proper  tests  and  vaccinations  and  to  insure  that 
sick  animals  are  not  offered  for  sale.  Nine  animal  disease  diagnostic  labora- 
tories have  been  set  up  across  the  state  to  serve  farmers,  practicing  veteri- 
narians, animal  health  personnel  and  pet  owners. 

Meat  and  poultry  facility  inspections  have  become  compulsory.  NCDA 
also  inspects  all  plants  that  ship  within  the  state  and  performs  some  inspec- 
tions for  interstate  shipment  under  a  cooperative  arrangement  with  the  fed- 
eral government. 

The  division  has  also  been  instrumental  in  combating  various  livestock 
diseases,  including  pseudo-rabies  in  swine,  equine  infectious  anemia  in  horses 
and  tuberculosis  in  cattle. 


Other  Divisions 

Other  divisions  of  NCDA  include  administration,  fiscal  management  and 
personnel. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  213 

The  Administration  Division  includes  offices  of  the  agriculture  commis- 
sioner, the  three  deputy  commissioners,  the  controller,  assistant  commission- 
er, small  farms  and  agriculture  policy  advisory,  and  the  consumer  affairs 
advisor.  Also  included  are  the  divisions  of  Public  Affairs  and  Aquaculture 
and  Natural  Resources. 

The  Aquaculture  and  Natural  Resources  Division  was  established  in 
January  1990.  It  provides  assistance  in  matters  of  aquaculture,  environmen- 
tal regulation  and  natural  resource  management.  The  aquaculture  industry 
involves  the  production  of  rainbow  trout,  crawfish,  hybrid  striped  bass,  cat- 
fish and  clams. 

Fiscal  Management  is  responsible  for  NCDA's  business  affairs,  including 
preparation  and  management  of  operating  and  capital  improvement  projects, 
accounting,  purchasing,  auditing,  property  management  and  collections  of 
assessment  reviews  for  commodity  associations.  It  also  manages  the  N.C. 
Rural  Rehabilitation  Corp.,  which  was  transferred  to  NCDA  in  1971. 

The  Personnel  Division  is  responsible  for  providing  support  to  NCDA's 
divisions  in  the  areas  of  personnel  administration.  These  areas  include 
recruitment,  interviewing  and  placement,  personnel  records  management, 
policy  development  and  more. 

Agriculture  Today 

During  its  first  125  years  of  service,  the  N.C.  Department  of  Agriculture 
has  continued  to  add  new  services  and  improve  and  expand  existing  ones. 

The  State  Board  of  Agriculture  is  still  the  policy-making  body  of  the 
department.  It  has  10  members,  with  the  agriculture  commissioner  serving 
as  ex-officio  chair. 

Agriculture  is  North  Carolina's  No.  1  industry,  generating  more  than  $5 
billion  at  the  farm  gate  annually.  One  out  of  every  five  jobs  in  the  state  is 
agriculturally  related.  Thirty  percent  of  the  gross  state  product  comes  from 
agriculture. 

North  Carolina  is  the  third  most  agriculturally  diverse  state  in  the 
nation  and  ranks  first  in  the  production  of  sweet  potatoes,  tobacco  and 
turkeys.  It  ranks  second  nationwide  in  cucumbers  for  pickles,  trout,  and 
poultry  and  egg  products;  fourth  in  hogs,  commercial  broilers,  peanuts  and 
strawberries;  fifth  in  blueberries;  sixth  in  burley  tobacco  and  greenhouse 
receipts;  seventh  in  chickens,  excluding  broilers;  eighth  in  apples  and  eggs; 
ninth  in  pecans;  and  tenth  in  cash  receipts  from  all  commodities. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Aquaculture  Advisory  Board 

Board  of  Crop  Seed  Improvement 

N.C.  Public  Livestock  Market  Advisory  Board 

Pesticide  Advisory  Committee 

N.C.  Grape  Growers  Council 

Northeastern  N.C.  Farmers  Market  Advisory  Board 

Southeastern  N.C.  Farmers  Market  Commission 


214  North  Carolina  Manual 

Southeastern  N.C.  Farmers  Market  Advisory  Board 
Grading  Service  Advisory  Committee 
Tobacco  Research  Commission 

For  Further  Information 

(919)  733-7125 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  215 


216 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  217 


Jaimes  Allen  Graham 


Commissioner  of  Agriculture 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Cleveland,  Rowan  County,  April  7,  1921,  to  James  Turner  and  Laura  Blanche 
(Allen)  Graham. 

Educational  Background 
Cleveland  High  School,  1938;  N.C.  State  College,  1942,  B.S.  (Agriculture  Education). 

Professional  Background 

Farmer  (owner  and  operator  of  commercial  livestock  farm  in  Rowan  County),  former 
manager,  Dixie  Classic  Livestock  Show  and  Fair;  head,  Beef  Cattle  and  Sheep 
Department,  N.C.  State  Fair,  1946-1952;  teacher,  Vocational  Agriculture,  Iredell 
County,  1942-1945;  superintendent,  Upper  Mountain  Research  Station,  1946-1952; 
manager,  Raleigh  Farmers  Market,  1957-1964. 

Org  a  n  iza  tions 

Member,  Phi  Kappa  Phi  Honorary  Fraternity;  N.C.  Grange;  Farm  Bureau,  N.C.  Farm 
Managers  and  Rural  Appraisers;  N.C.  Cattlemen's  Association;  National  Association 
of  Producer  Market  Managers  (Board  of  Directors;  Past  President);  N.C.  Soil 
Conservation  Society;  N.C.  Branch,  United  Fresh  Fruit  and  Vegetable  Association 
(Board  of  Directors,  secretary,  1959-1964);  N.C.  Sheep  Breeders  Association  (Board  of 
Directors,  1949-1953;  National  Association  of  State  Departments  of  Agriculture 
(President,  1979;  Board  of  Directors,  1969-70;  1976-1981);  President,  Southern 
Association  of  State  Departments  of  Agriculture,  1969;  32nd  degree  Mason; 
President,  Raleigh  Kiwanis  Club,  1965;  WOW  (Board  of  Directors;  Executive 
Committee);  Raleigh  Chamber  of  Commerce  (Board  of  Directors);  President, 
Northwest  Association,  N.C.  State  Alumni  Association  (Vice  President,  Wake  County 
Association);  President,  Jefferson  Rotary  Club,  1951-1952;  Executive  Secretary, 
Hereford  Cattle  Breeders  Association,  1948-1956  (first  full-time  Secretary  1954- 
1956). 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Council  of  State  Member;  Robert  Lee  Doughton  Memorial  Commission;  Board  of 
Trustees,  A  &  T  College  (1956-1960,  1962-1969);  N.C.  Board  of  Farm  Organizations 
and  Agriculture  Agencies;  Director,  Agricultural  Foundations  (N.C.S.U.);  Zoological 
Garden  Study  Commission;  Governor's  Council  on  Occupational  Health;  Governor's 
Council  for  Economic  Development;  State  Committee  on  Natural  Resources;  State 
Emergency  Resources  Management  Planning  Committee;  Governor's  State-City 
Cooperative  Committee;  FCX  Advisory  Committee;  Presidential  Board  of  Advisors, 
Campbell  University;  Governor's  Advisory  Committee  on  Forestry,  Seafood  and 
Agriculture. 

Political  Activities 

Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  1964-  (appointed  Commissioner  on  July  29,  1964,  by 
Governor  Sanford  to  fill  term  of  the  late  L.  Y.  Ballentine);  elected,  1964;  reelected 
1968,  1972,  1976,  1980,  1984,  1988  and  1992;  Democratic  Party. 


218  North  Carolina  Manual 

Honors  and  A  wards 

State  4-H  Alumni  Award,  1965;  National  4-H  Alumni  Award,  1974;  NC  Yam 
Commission  Distinguished  Service  Award;  N.C.  Citizens  Association  Distinguished 
Service  Award;  Man  of  the  Year  in  N.C.  Agriculture,  1969;  National  Future  Farmers 
of  America  Distinguished  Service  Award,  1972;  N.C.  Dairy  Products  Association 
Distinguished  Service  Award,  1981;  N.C.  Turkey  Federation  Association  Leadership 
Award,  1982;  N.C.  Apple  Growers  Association,  Life  Membership  for  Outstanding 
Service,  1982;  N.C.  Cooperative  Council  Outstanding  Service  to  Rural  People  Award, 
1983;  N.C.  Pork  Producers  Association  Special  Service  Award,  1983;  N.C.  Poultry 
Federation,  Distinguished  Service  Award,  1983;  Honorary  member:  N.C.  Vocational 
Agricultural  Teachers  Association;  N.C.  Farm  Writers  Association;  State  Future 
Farmers  of  America:  Permanent  Class  President,  Class  of  '42,  NCSU;  N.C. 
Quarterhorse  Association,  Hall  of  Fame;  Martin  Litwack  Award,  NCSU  College  of 
Veterinary  Medicine;  N.C.  Pest  Control  Association  Award;  N.C.  Food  Dealers 
Association;  Division  TEACCH,  UNC  School  of  Medicine;  N.C.  School  Food  Service 
Association,  1990. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Helen  Ida  Kirk,  October  30,  1942;  Children:  Alice  Kirk  Graham  Underhill 
and  Laura  Constance  Graham  Brooks;  seven  grandchildren.  Member,  First  Baptist 
Church;  Deacon,  1960-1964,  1969-Present. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  219 

COMMISSIONERS  OF  AGRICULTUREi 

Name  Residence  Term 

Leonidas  L.  Polk2 Anson 1877-1880 

Montford  McGhee3 Caswell 1880-1887 

John  Robinson4 Anson 1887-1895 

Samuel  L.  Patterson5 Caldwell 1895-1897 

James  M.  Newborne6 Lenoir 1897 

JohnR.  Smith? Wayne  1897-1899 

Samuel  L.  Patterson8 Caldwell 1899-1908 

William  A.  Graham9 Lincoln 1908-1923 

William  A.  Graham,  Jr.10 Lincoln 1923-1937 

William  Kerr  Scott11 Alamance 1937-1948 

David  S.  Coltrane12 Wake 1948-1949 

Lynton  Y.  Ballentine13 Wake 1949-1964 

James  A.  Graham14 Rowan 1964-Present 

JThe  Department  of  Agriculture  was  created  by  the  General  Assembly  of  1876- 
77.  In  the  bill  creating  the  department,  provisions  were  made  for  a  Board  of 
Agriculture  whose  members  were  to  be  appointed  by  the  governor.  The  Board's  mem- 
bership was  then  to  elect  a  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  who  would  serve  as  head  of 
the  department.  This  continued  until  1900  when  the  commissioner  was  elected  by  the 
General  Assembly.  In  the  General  Assembly  of  1899,  a  bill  was  passed  which  provid- 
ed for  the  electing  of  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture  in  the  general  elections. 

2Polk  was  chosen  by  the  Board  of  Agriculture  on  April  2,  1877  and  served  until 
his  apparent  resignation  in  1880. 

3McGhee  was  apparently  chosen  by  the  Board  of  Agriculture  to  replace  Polk  and 
served  until  1887. 

4Robinson  was  elected  by  the  Board  of  Agriculture  on  April  22,  1887  and  served 
following  subsequent  reelections  by  the  board  until  1895. 

5Patterson  was  elected  by  the  Board  of  Agriculture  on  June  13,  1895. 

6Mewborne  was  elected  by  the  Board  on  March  23,  1897  -  to  take  office  June  15, 
1897  -  and  served  until  his  resignation  effective  January  1,  1898. 

7Smith  was  elected  by  the  board  on  December  14,  1897  -  to  take  office  January  1, 
1899  -  to  complete  the  term  of  Mewborne. 

8Patterson  was  elected  by  the  General  Assembly  on  March  6,  1899.  He  was  elect- 
ed in  the  general  elections  in  1900  and  served  following  reelection  in  1904  until  his 
death  on  September  14,  1908. 

9Graham  was  appointed  by  Governor  Glenn  on  September  16,  1908  to  replace 
Patterson.  He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1908  and  served  following  subse- 
quent reelections  until  his  death  on  December  24,  1923. 

10William  A.  Graham,  Jr.  was  appointed  by  Governor  Morrison  on  December  26, 
1923  to  replace  his  father.  He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1924. 

nScott  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1936  and  served  following  subse- 
quent reelections  until  his  resignation  in  February,  1948. 

12Coltrane  was  appointed  by  Governor  Cherry  on  February  14,  1948  to  replace  Scott. 
He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1948  to  complete  Scott's  unexpired  term. 

13Ballentine  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1948  and  served  following 
subsequent  reelections  until  his  death  on  July  19,  1964. 

14Graham  was  appointed  by  Governor  Sanford  on  July  30,  1964  to  replace 
Ballentine.  He  was  elected  in  general  elections  in  1964  and  is  still  serving  following 
subsequent  reelections. 


220  North  Carolina  Manual 


THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  LABOR 


The    Constitution    of    North  The  many  laws  and  programs  under 

Carolina  provides  for  the  elec-  its  jurisdiction  affect  virtually  every 

tion  by  the  people  every  four  person  in  the  state  in  one  way  or 

years  of  a  Commissioner  of  Labor  another.  The  General  Statutes  pro- 

whose  term  of  office  runs  concurrent-  vide  the  Commissioner  with  broad 

ly  with  that  of  the  governor.  The  regulatory  and  enforcement  powers 

Commissioner  is  the  administrative  with  which  to  carry  out  the  depart- 

head  of  the  Department  of  Labor  and  ment's  duties  and  responsibilities  to 

also  serves  as  a  member  of  the  the  people. 
Council  of  State.  The  department's  principal  regu- 

The  original  "Bureau  of  Labor  latory,  enforcement  and  promotional 

Statistics",  the  historical  precursor  of  programs  are  carried  out  by  eleven 

the  present  N.C.  Department  of  divisions,  each  headed  by  its  own 

Labor,  was  created  by  the  General  director.       These       include       the 

Assembly  of  1887,  with  provision  for  Apprenticeship  and  Training  Division, 

appointment  by  the  governor  of  a  the  Arbitration,  Conciliation  and 

"Commissioner  of  Labor  Statistics"  Mediation  Division,  the  Boiler  and 

for  a  two-year  term.  In  1899  another  Pressure    Vessel     Division,     the 

act  was  passed  providing  that  the  Elevator    and    Amusement    Ride 

Commissioner,  beginning  with  the  Division,   the   Mine   and   Quarry 

general  election  of  1900,  be  elected  Division,  the  Occupational  Safety 

by  the  people  for  a  four-year  term,  and    Health    Division,    the    Pre- 

For  three  decades,  the  department  Apprenticeship  Division,  the  Private 

over    which    this    newly    elected  Personnel  Service  Division,  the 

Commissioner  presided  remained  a  Research  and  Statistics  Division,  the 

very  small  agency  of  state  govern-  Wage  and  Hour  Division,  and  the 

ment  with  limited  duties  and  person-  Workplace  Retaliatory  Discrimination 

nel.    In    1925,    the    Department  Division, 
employed  a  total  of  15  people.  Support  services  are  handled  by 

In  a  general  reorganization  of  the  Budget,  Personnel,  Publications, 

the  state's  labor  administration  func-  and  Communications  Divisions,  and 

tions  in  1931,  the  General  Assembly  the  department  library. 
laid  the  broad  groundwork  for  the  Five  statutory  boards  and  one 

Department  of  Labor's  subsequent  other  advisory  group  assist  the 

gradual  development  into  an  agency  Commissioner  with  policy  develop- 

with  laws  and  programs  affecting  a  ment  and  program  planning.  These 

majority  of  North  Carolina  citizens.  are  the  Apprenticeship  Council,  the  i 

Today,    the    North    Carolina  Board  of  Boiler  and  Pressure  Vessel 

Department  of  Labor  is  charged  by  Rules,  the  Mine  Safety  and  Health 

statute  with  the  responsibility  of  pro-  Advisory  Council,  the  State  Advisory 

moting  the  "health,  safety  and  gener-  Council  on  Occupational  Safety  and; 

al  well-being"  of  the  state's  more  Health,    the    Private    Personnel 

than  three  million  working  people.  Service  Advisory  Council  and  the 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  221 

Industry    Advisory    Board.    The  Labor  which  hears  appeals  of  cita- 

Occupational  Safety  and  Health  tions  and  penalties  imposed  by  the 

Review  Board  is  a  separate  unit  OSHA  Division  and  whose  members 

independent  from  the  Department  of  are  appointed  by  the  Governor. 

Apprenticeship  and  Training 

The  Apprenticeship  and  Training  Division  promotes  and  monitors  a 
broad  range  of  apprenticeship  programs  designed  to  train  journeyman-level 
craftworkers  to  meet  the  demands  of  industries  for  high-skilled  workers.  In 
1991  about  2,300  citizens  were  enrolled  in  these  private  industry-supported 
programs,  which  are  authorized  under  a  1939  state  law  enacted  "to  relate  the 
supply  of  skilled  workers  to  employment  demands."  Apprenticeship  programs 
are  established  with  private  employers  or  under  the  sponsorship  of  joint 
labor-management  committees.  The  division  encourages  high  school  gradu- 
ates to  pursue  apprenticeship  training  as  a  means  to  acquire  steady,  fulfill- 
ing employment  at  excellent  wages  and  with  career-development  potential. 
Apprentices  begin  at  a  fixed  percentage  of  journeyman  pay  and  receive 
planned  wage  increases  as  they  learn  new  skills.  Apprenticeships  combine 
structured  on-the  job  training  with  related  technical  training  furnished  by 
the  individual  employer  or  at  a  community  college  or  technical  institute.  The 
division  is  the  administrator  in  North  Carolina  of  the  National 
Apprenticeship  Act  of  1937  which  created  the  mechanism  to  establish  uni- 
form standards  for  quality  training  under  approved  apprenticeship  agree- 
ments. The  division  establishes  standards,  approves  apprenticeship  pro- 
grams which  meet  established  criteria,  is  a  records  depository  and  issues 
completion  certificates  to  citizens  who  complete  apprenticeship  training. 

Pre- Apprenticeship 

In  addition  to  apprenticeship,  the  Department  of  Labor  promotes  oppor- 
tunities for  skills  training  through  on-the  job  training  programs,  skills 
upgrading  training,  classroom  work,  and  pre-apprenticeship  customized 
training  projects.  The  division  was  created  to  develop  employment  and  train- 
ing for  economically  disadvantaged  people  and  to  develop  pre-apprenticeship 
level  training  in  apprenticeable  occupations. 

These  programs  are  funded  in  various  counties  in  North  Carolina 
through  the  Job  Training  Partnership  Act  (JTPA)  and  other  sources.  Labor 
Department  representatives  meet  with  employers  to  design  training  pro- 
grams tailored  to  their  needs.  Employers  willing  to  employ  individuals  eligi- 
ble under  guidelines  of  JPTA  may  qualify  for  financial  assistance  as  well  as 
for  assistance  with  program  design.  In  1991,  905  participants  were  enrolled 
in  all  of  the  supported  programs  developed  by  the  Pre-Apprenticeship 
Division. 

Arbitration,  Conciliation,  and  Mediation 

The  Arbitration,  Conciliation  and  Mediation  Division  directed  the 
Department's  efforts  to  resolve  conflicts  between  employees  and  management 


222  North  Carolina  Manual 

in  the  workplace.  Created  by  the  General  Assembly  in  1941,  the  division  has 
sought  to  effect  voluntary,  amicable  and  expeditious  settlement  of  disputes 
between  employers  and  employees  which  otherwise  are  likely  to  result  in 
strikes,  work  slowdowns  or  lockouts. 

Mediation:  Upon  application  by  both  parties,  the  Commissioner  of 
Labor  will  assign  a  mediator  to  assist  the  parties  in  their  collective  bargain- 
ing process.  This  effort  is  voluntary  and  does  not  bind  the  parties  in  any  way. 

Conciliation:  When  there  is  an  imminent  or  existing  labor  dispute,  the 
Commissioner  may  assign  a  conciliator  to  help  adjust  and  settle  the  differ- 
ences between  the  parties.  The  conciliation  effort  has  no  binding  effect  upon 
the  parties. 

Arbitration:  In  1927,  North  Carolina  was  one  of  the  first  states  to  enact 
the  Uniform  Arbitration  Act,  which  establishes  a  formal  procedure  for  volun- 
tary, binding  arbitration  of  questions  in  controversy  between  two  or  more 
parties.  In  1945,  the  General  Assembly  established  an  arbitration  service 
administered  by  the  Commissioner  of  Labor,  who  appoints  and  maintains  a 
voluntary  arbitration  panel.  The  panel  is  composed  of  highly  qualified  and 
experienced  individuals  who  have  agreed  to  make  themselves  available  to 
arbitrate  controversies  and  grievances  relating  primarily  to  wages,  hours 
and  other  conditions  of  employment.  Assignment  or  selection  of  an  arbitrator 
is  made  pursuant  to  provisions  of  a  contract  or  voluntary  agreement  between 
the  parties.  In  the  event  the  parties  cannot  agree  on  the  selection  of  an  arbi- 
trator, the  N.C.  Administrative  Code  authorizes  the  Commissioner  to  appoint 
an  arbitrator. 

Boilers  and  Pressure  Vessels 

The  Boiler  and  Pressure  Vessel  Division  enforces  the  Uniform  Boiler  and 
Pressure  Vessel  Act  of  North  Carolina.  This  law,  which  became  effective  in 
1976,  expanded  coverage  of  earlier  statutes  that  had  existed  since  1935.  The 
division  regulates  the  construction,  installation,  repair,  alteration,  inspec- 
tion, use  and  operation  of  vessels  subject  to  the  law.  The  division  conducts 
periodic  inspections  of  vessels  under  its  jurisdiction  and  monitors  inspection 
reports  by  certified  insurance  company  inspectors.  The  division  maintains 
records  concerning  the  ownership,  location  and  condition  of  boilers  and  pres- 
sure vessels  being  operated,  and  issues  operating  certificates  to  boiler  owners 
and  operators  whose  equipment  is  found  to  be  in  compliance  with  the  act. 
More  than  125,000  boilers  and  pressure  vessels  currently  are  on  record  with 
the  division. 

Elevator  and  Amusement  Rides 

The  Elevator  and  Amusement  Ride  Division  is  responsible  for  the  proper 
installation  and  safe  operation  of  all  elevators,  escalators,  workman's  hoists, 
dumbwaiters,  moving  walks,  aerial  passenger  tramways,  amusement  rides, 
incline  railways  and  lifting  devices  for  persons  with  disabilities  that  operate 
in  public  establishments  (except  federal  buildings)  and  private  places  of' 
employment.  Nearly  10,000  inspections  are  conducted  annually  by  this 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  223 

division  which  first  undertook  its  periodic  safety  code  inspection  program  in 
1938.  It  now  operates  under  a  law  passed  by  the  General  Assembly  in  1986. 
Any  company  or  persons  wanting  to  erect  any  equipment  under  this  divi- 
sion's jurisdiction,  except  amusement  rides,  must  submit  prints  and  applica- 
tions for  approval  before  any  installation  is  begun.  Any  company  or  person 
wanting  to  operate  amusement  devices  is  required  to  submit  a  location  notice 
in  writing  to  the  division's  Raleigh  office  at  least  five  (5)  days  prior  to  the 
intended  date  of  operation.  The  division  will  issue  an  installation  permit 
which  must  be  posted  on  the  job  site.  All  new  installations,  as  well  as  all 
alterations  to  existing  equipment,  are  inspected.  In  addition,  division  person- 
nel conduct  regular,  periodic  inspections  of  all  such  operating  equipment  in 
the  state  and  inspect  amusement  rides  before  they  operate  at  each  location. 
Employers,  institutions  such  as  churches,  and  private  individuals  who  desire 
technical  assistance  in  selecting  and  installing  safe  lifting  devices  for  persons 
with  disabilities  may  acquire  help  from  the  division.  The  division  also  offers 
architects  and  builders  a  service  of  reviewing  plans  for  code  compliance  on 
proposed  installations  of  elevators  and  related  equipment. 

Migrant  Housing 

The  1986  General  Assembly  enacted  into  law  a  new  program  for  the  reg- 
istration and  inspection  of  housing  provided  to  migrant  agricultural  workers. 
Beginning  in  1990,  everyone  who  owns  migrant  housing  must  notify  the 
Department  of  Labor  about  the  housing  45  days  before  migrants  are  to 
arrive,  and  the  Migrant  Housing  Division  of  the  department  will  conduct  a 
pre-occupancy  inspection  of  the  housing.  Migrant  housing  must  meet  the 
OSHA  standards  plus  specific  standards  for  heat,  fire  protection,  and  kitchen 
sanitation.  Owners  of  migrant  housing  which  does  not  meet  the  standards 
are  subject  to  fines. 

Mines  and  Quarries 

The  Mine  and  Quarry  Division  enforces  the  1976  Mine  Safety  and  Health 
Act  of  North  Carolina  and  conducts  a  broad  program  of  inspections,  education 
and  training,  technical  assistance  and  consultations  to  implement  provisions 
of  the  act.  Previous  North  Carolina  laws  on  the  operations  and  inspection  of 
mines  and  quarries  in  the  state  date  back  to  1897.  In  1977  the  U.S.  Congress 
enacted  the  federal  Mine  Safety  and  Health  Act,  requiring  mine  and  quarry 
operators  to  meet  specific  standards  designed  to  achieve  safe  and  healthful 
working  conditions  for  the  industry's  employees.  The  Mine  and  Quarry 
Division  assists  operators  to  comply  with  the  provisions  of  the  federal  act 
which  require  them  to  train  their  employees  in  safe  working  procedures.  Some 
480  private  sector  mines,  quarries,  and  sand  and  gravel  pit  operations  employ- 
ing more  than  4,500  citizens  are  under  the  division's  jurisdiction.  There  also 
are  approximately  300  public  sector  mines  in  North  Carolina,  which  are  oper- 
ated by  the  N.C.  Department  of  Transportation.  These  are  not  under 
1  Department  of  Labor  jurisdiction,  but  personnel  from  public  sector  mines  do 
participate  in  training  programs  conducted  by  the  Mine  and  Quarry  Division. 


224  North  Carolina  Manual 

Occupational  Safety  and  Health 

The  Occupational  Safety  and  Health  Division  administers  and  enforces 
the  1973  Occupational  Safety  and  Health  Act  of  North  Carolina,  a  broadly 
inclusive  law  which  applies  to  most  private  sector  employment  in  the  state 
and  to  all  agencies  of  state  and  local  government.  North  Carolina  currently 
conducts  one  of  23  state-administered  OSHA  programs  in  the  nation.  The 
Occupational  Safety  and  Health  Division  conducts  about  3,000  inspections  a 
year.  The  division  conducts  investigations  of  complaints  made  by  workers, 
investigations  of  work-related  accidents  and  deaths,  general  schedule  inspec- 
tions of  randomly  picked  firms,  and  follow-up  inspections  of  firms  previously 
cited  for  OSHA  violations.  Worker  complaints  about  unsafe  or  unhealthy 
working  conditions  should  be  made  in  writing  to  the  Occupational  Safety  and 
Health  Division. 

In  addition  to  enforcing  state  OSHA  safety  and  health  standards,  the 
North  Carolina  program  offers  free  consultative  services,  education  and 
training  opportunities,  and  engineering  assistance  to  the  138,000  private 
businesses  and  the  public  employers  which  are  under  its  jurisdiction.  By 
making  full  use  of  these  non-enforcement  services,  employers  may  bring 
their  establishments  into  full  compliance  with  OSHA  standards.  Employers 
may  contact  the  division's  Consultative  Services  Bureau  and  receive  free  aid, 
including  technical  assistance  or  on-site  visits.  The  North  Carolina 
Occupational  Safety  and  Health  standards  parallel  the  federal  OSHA  stan- 
dards. The  North  Carolina  standards  may  be  more  strict  than  the  federal 
standards,  but  they  may  not  be  less  strict.  Serious  violations  of  OSHA  stan- 
dards can  result  in  monetary  fines;  dates  by  which  the  violations  must  be 
abated  accompany  the  citations. 

Private  Personnel  and  Job  Listing  Services 

The  Private  Personnel  Service  Division  licenses  and  regulates  private 
personnel  and  job  listing  services  operating  in  North  Carolina.  This  activity 
was  conducted  pursuant  to  a  1929  statute  until  1979,  when  a  completely  new 
act  was  adopted  by  the  General  Assembly.  With  the  new  law  came  additional 
protections  for  job  applicants  who  use  personnel  and  job  listing  services 
which  charge  fees  to  applicants.  The  law  specifies  certain  contract  require- 
ments between  an  applicant  and  a  service  and  authorizes  the  department  to 
inspect  licensed  services  upon  receipt  of  a  formal  consumer  complaint.  All 
services  charging  a  fee  to  applicants  must  be  licensed  by  the  department. 
Currently  187  of  the  393  services  in  the  state  are  under  departmental  juris- 
diction. Services  which  are  solely  employer-paid  need  not  be  licensed  by  the 
department. 

Research  and  Statistics 

The  Research  and  Statistics  Division  compiles  and  publishes  comprehen- 
sive data  on  occupational  injuries  and  illnesses  in  North  Carolina  for  use  in  I 
the  department's  state-administered  Occupational  Safety  and  Health 
Program  as  well  as  by  industry  as  a  reference  guide  in  conducting  their  own 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  225 

safety  and  health  activities.  These  data  provide  reliable  measures  for  evalu- 
ating the  incidence,  nature  and  causes  of  injuries  and  illnesses  in  the  work- 
place. They  are  obtained  by  compiling  and  analyzing  the  annual  reports  pro- 
vided by  some  13,000  cooperating  North  Carolina  employers.  The  division 
also  assembles  and  publishes  monthly  data  on  building  activity  -  number  of 
units  authorized,  dollar-volume  and  type  of  construction  -  in  North  Carolina 
by  45  cities  of  more  than  10,000  population  and  by  county. 

The  division  provides  computer  support  services  required  by  other  divi- 
sions of  the  department  for  data  processing.  The  division  also  serves  as  the 
department's  research  facility,  developing  information  upon  a  variety  of  sub- 
jects as  needed. 

Wages  and  Hours 
The  Wage  and  Hour  Division  administers  and  enforces  the  1979  North 
Carolina  Wage  and  Hour  Act,  which  consolidated  four  previously  separate 
state  laws  covering  minimum  wage,  maximum  hours,  wage  payment  and 
child  labor.  Minimum  wage,  overtime  and  youth  employment  provisions 
generally  apply  to  all  North  Carolina  businesses  which  are  not  subject  to  the 
U.S.  Fair  Labor  Standards  Act.  Wage  payment  provisions,  which  include  the 
payment  of  promised  vacation,  sick  pay,  or  other  benefits,  cover  all  employees 
in  North  Carolina  except  those  employed  in  federal,  state,  and  local  government. 
Since  1986,  the  state  minimum  wage  has  been  $4.25  an  hour.  An  employee 
must  work  for  more  than  40  hours  in  any  work  week  to  qualify  for  overtime, 
under  state  laws.  Youth  employment  certificates  are  required  for  workers 
aged  14  through  17.  This  age  group  is  prohibited  from  being  employed  in  certain 
hazardous  occupations.  There  are  daily  and  weekly  hours  restrictions,  break 
requirements,  and  additional  work  limitations  for  14  and  15-year-old  work- 
ers. Youth  aged  12  and  13  may  be  employed  for  newspaper  delivery  only,  for 
which  a  youth  employment  certificate  is  not  required.  Employment  for  youth 
under  age  12  is  not  permitted.  Full  and  partial  exemptions  from  the  youth 
employment  requirements  under  the  act  are  granted  for  certain  occupations, 
such  as  those  in  agriculture  and  domestic  work.  The  division  investigates 
worker  complaints  and  collects  back  wages  due  employees. 

Workplace  Retaliatory  Discrimination 
The  Workplace  Retaliatory  Discrimination  Division  enforces  the 
Retaliatory  Employment  Discrimination  Act.  This  new  law  protects  employ- 
ees who  in  good  faith  file  or  initiate  an  inquiry  in  relation  to  workers'  com- 
pensation claims,  or  exercise  their  rights  under  the  state's  Occupational 
Safety  and  Health  Act,  the  Mine  Safety  and  Health  Act,  or  the  Wage  and 
Hour  Act. 

Investigators  from  this  division  impartially  examine  all  written  com- 
plaints filed  with  the  department  under  the  act.  If  a  complaint  does  not  have 
merit,  a  right  to  sue  letter  is  issued  to  the  complainant  who  may  then  pursue 
the  claim  through  litigation.  If  the  complaint  is  found  to  be  valid  by  the  divi- 
jsion,  the  department  attempts  conciliation  through  informal  means  prior  to 
ssuing  a  right  to  sue  letter  or  taking  the  complaint  to  court. 


226  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  division  also  administers  the  Controlled  Substance  Examination 
Regulation  Act  which  protects  individuals  from  inadequate  controlled  sub- 
stance examinations  both  before  employment  and  on  the  job.  This  act  sets 
out  minimum  procedural  requirements  to  be  followed  by  employers  who 
choose  to  test  employees  and  applicants  for  drug  use. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Safety  and  Health  Review  Board 

Private  Personnel  Service  Advisory  Council 

Mine  and  Quarry  Advisory  Council 

State  Advisory  Council  on  Occupational  Safety  and  Health 

Apprenticeship  Council 

North  Carolina  Board  of  Boiler  and  Pressure  Vessel  Rules 

For  Further  Information 
(800)  LABOR-NC 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  227 


228 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  229 


Harry  Eugene  Payne,  Jr. 


Commissioner  of  Labor 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Wilmington,  New  Hanover  County,  September  11,  1951,  to  Harry  E.  and 
Margaret  G.  (Tucker)  Payne. 

Educational  Background 

Graduated,  New  Hanover  High  School,  1970;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1974,  A.B. 
(Psychology  and  Political  Science);  Wake  Forest  University  School  of  Law,  1977,  J.D. 

Professional  Background 

Commissioner  of  Labor,  1993-;  Lawyer,  1977-92,  began  private  practice  as  sole  practi- 
tioner, firm  grew  to  become  Scott,  Payne,  Boyle  &  Swart,  Wilmington. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Advisory  Board,  Z.  Smith  Reynolds  Foundation;  Board  of  Directors,  N.C.  Public 
School  Forum;  Board  of  Directors,  Community  Penalties;  Board  of  Directors,  N.C. 
Center  for  Public  Policy  Research;  Advisory  Board,  Shaw-Speaks  Center;  Wilmington 
Excellence;  Dispute  Resolution  Committee,  N.C.  Bar  Association;  Southeastern 
Strategic  Council. 

Political  Activities 

|  N.C.  General  Assembly,  1980-92,  (Co-Chair,  1983,  Administrative  Rules  Review 
Committee);  Chair,  1985,  Manufacturers  and  Labor  Committee;  Chair,  1987, 
Constitutional  Amendments  Committee;  Chair,  1989,  Rules,  Appointments  and  the 
Calendar  Committee;  Co-Chair,  1989,  Appropriations  Committee,  Subcommittee  on 
Education;  Chair,  Credentials  Committee,  7th  District,  1980  Democratic  Convention; 
State  Democratic  Executive  Committee,  1993-;  N.C.  Commission  on  Indian  Affairs, 
1993-;  Chair,  Literacy  Taskforce,  Governor's  Commission  on  Workforce  Preparedness, 
1993-. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Distinguished  Service  Award,  1990;  N.C.  Public  Health  Association;  Legislator  of  the 
Year,  1989;  N.C.  Association  of  the  Deaf;  Legislator  of  the  Year,  1989;  N.C.  Academy 
of  Trial  Lawyers;  Award  of  Appreciation,  1987-88;  N.C.  Speech  &  Hearing 
Association;  Legislative  Award,  1988;  N.C.  Chapter,  American  Planning  Association; 
Susan  B.  Anthony  Award,  1987;  New  Hanover  Chapter  of  the  National  Organization 
of  Women;  Certificate  of  Appreciation,  1988;  Boys  Club  of  American;  Friends  of  Labor 
Award,  1987;  American  Federation  of  Labor-Congress  of  Industrial  Organizations; 
Award  of  Appreciation,  1987;  Wilmington  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Boss  of  the  Year, 
1988;  American  Business  Women's'  Association;  Battleship  Chapter;  Outstanding 
Government  Official  1986,  Wilmington  Jaycees;  Award  of  Appreciation,  1985; 
Southeastern  Sickle  Cell  Association;  Consumer  Advocate  of  the  Year,  1985;  N.C. 
Consumer  Council;  Right-To-Know  Award,  1985;  N.C.  Occupational  Safety  and 
health. 


Person  al  In  form  a  tion 

-lifelong  Member,  Grace  United  Methodist  Church,  Wilmington. 


230  North  Carolina  Manual 

COMMISSIONERS  OF  LABORi 

Name  Residence  Term 

Wesley  N.  Jones2 Wake 1887-1889 

John  C.  Scarborough3 Hertford 1889-1892 

William  I.  Harris4 1982-1893 

Benjamin  R.  Lacy5 Wake 1893-1897 

James  Y.  Hamrick6 Cleveland 1897-1899 

Benjamin  R.  Lacy7 Wake 1899-1901 

Henry  B.  Varner8 Davidson 1901-1909 

Mitchell  L.  Shipman Henderson 1909-1925 

Franklin  D.  Grist Caldwell 1925-1933 

Arthur  L.  Fletcher^ Ashe 1933-1938 

Forest  H.  Shuford10 Guilford 1938-1954 

Frank  Crane11 Union 1954-1973 

William  C.  Creel12 Wake 1973-1975 

Thomas  A.  Nye,  Jr.13 Rowan 1975-1977 

John  C.  Brooks14 Wake , 1977-1993 

Harry  E.  Payne,  Jr New  Hanover 1993-Present 

^he  General  Assembly  of  1887  created  the  Bureau  of  Labor  Statistics.  In  the  act 
establishing  this  agency,  provision  was  made  for  the  appointment  of  a  commissioner, 
by  the  governor,  to  a  two-year  term.  In  1899  another  act  was  passed  by  the  General 
Assembly  which  provided  that  the  commissioner  would  be  elected  by  the  General 
Assembly  during  that  session,  and  that  future  commissioners  would  be  elected  in  the 
general  elections  -  beginning  in  1900  -  for  a  four-year  term. 

2Jones  was  appointed  by  Governor  Scales  on  March  5,  1887  for  a  two  year  term. 

Scarborough  was  appointed  by  Governor  Fowle  on  February  15,  1889  for  a  two- 
year  term.  He  was  apparently  reappointed  in  1891  and  resigned  in  December,  1892. 

4Harris  was  appointed  by  Governor  Holt  on  December  20,  1892  to  replace 
Scarborough. 

5Lacy  was  appointed  by  Governor  Carr  on  March  2,  1893  for  a  two-year  term.  He 
was  reappointed  on  March  13,  1895. 

6Hamrick  was  appointed  by  Governor  Russell  on  March  8,  1897  for  a  two-year 
term. 

7Lacy  was  elected  by  the  General  Assembly  on  March  6,  1899. 

8Varner  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1900. 

9Fletcher  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1932.  He  resigned  effective' 
September  12,  1938. 

10Shuford  was  appointed  by  Governor  Hoey  on  September  12,  1938  to  replace 
Fletcher.  He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1938  and  served  following  subse- 
quent reelections  until  his  death  on  May  19,  1954. 

nCrane  was  appointed  by  Governor  Umstead  on  June  3,  1954  to  replace  Shuford. 
He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1954. 

12Creel  died  August  25,  1975. 

13Nye  was  appointed  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  fill  the  unexpired  term  of  Creel. 

14Brooks  was  elected  in  1976  and  is  still  serving  following  subsequent  re-elections. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  231 


DEPARTMENT  OF  INSURANCE 


Before   March    6,    1899,    the  premium  rates  insurers  charge,  the 

licensing  and  supervision  of  language  in  their  insurance  policies, 

insurance  companies  doing  and  their  risk  classification  systems; 

business  in  North  Carolina  was  dele-  require  periodic  financial  disclosures 

gated  to  the  Secretary  of  State.  The  by  insurers  and  agents;  provide  for 

1899  General  Assembly  established  audits  of  insurers  in  order  to  monitor 

the  Department  of  Insurance  and  their  solvency;  license  and  regulate 

gave  it  the  responsibility  of  admit-  agents,     brokers,      and     claims 

,  ting,  licensing,  and  generally  regu-  adjusters;  prescribe  and  define  what 

:  lating  insurance  companies.  kind  of  insurance  may  be  sold  in  this 

The    first    Commissioner    of  state;  provide  information  to  insur- 

Insurance  was  to  be  elected  by  the  ance  consumers  about  their  rights 

,  General  Assembly  and  subsequently  and  responsibilities  under  their  poli- 

appointed  by  the  Governor,  by  and  cies;  and  prohibit  unfair  and  decep- 

i  with  the  consent  of  the  state  senate,  tive  trade  practices  by  or  among  per- 

,  This  would  occur  in  January  of  1901,  sons  in  the  business  of  insurance, 
and  the  appointed  Commissioner  The  Commissioner  and  depart- 

would  serve  four-year  terms.  In  ment  also  license  and  regulate  bail 

1 1907,      however,      the      General  bondsmen,  motor  clubs,  premium 

Assembly  authorized  a  referendum  finance  companies,  and  collection 

;to  amend  the  constitution  of  North  agencies.  Other  responsibilities 

Carolina  to  provide  that  the  office  of  include  providing  staff  support  to  the 

i  Commissioner  of  Insurance  would  be  North  Carolina  State  Building  Code 

a  constitutional  office  and  that  the  Council,  the  Manufactured  Housing 

'Commissioner  would  be  elected  by  Board,  the  State  Fire  and  Rescue 

>the  people  every  four  years.  Commission,  the  Public  Officers'  and 

The         Commissioner        and  Employees'   Liability   Insurance 

Department  of  Insurance  regulate  Commission,  the  Arson  Awareness 

the  various  kinds  of  insurance  sold  Council,  and  the  Code  Officials 

in  this  state  and  the  companies  and  Qualifications  Board. 
agents  that  sell  it.  All  authority  to  Other  important  functions  of  the 

regulate  the  business  of  insurance  is  Commissioner  and  department  that 

delegated  to  the  Commissioner  by  affect  many  citizens  of  the  State  are 

the  General  Assembly.  the  training  of  firemen  and  rescue 

Specifically,  the  Commissioner  squad  workers  and  the  certification 

and  department  oversee  the  formation  of  fire  departments  for  fire  insurance 

'md  operation  of  insurance  companies;  rating  purposes, 
mforce  the  minimum  financial  stan-  The  department  encompasses  the 

iards  for  licensing  and  continued  following  entities: 
)perations  of  insurers;  regulate  the 


232  North  Carolina  Manual 

Administration  Division 

This  division  works  hand-in-hand  with  the  Commissioner  in  research, 
policy-making  decisions,  and  the  setting  of  goals  and  priorities  for  the 
Department  of  Insurance  as  well  as  administering  budget  and  personnel  for 
the  department. 

Public  Services  Group 

The  Agents  Services  Division  regulates  and  revises  licenses  for  every 
agent,  adjuster,  broker  and  appraiser  doing  business  in  North  Carolina  as 
well  as  nonresident  brokers  and  nonresident  life  agents,  reviews  all  applica- 
tions for  examinations,  oversees  agents'  and  adjusters'  examinations,  and 
maintains  a  file  on  each  licensed  individual  and  each  company's  agents  and 
representatives. 

The  Consumer  Services  Division  was  established  to  help  North  Carolina 
consumers  by  helping  them  get  answers  to  their  insurance  questions  and  by 
working  to  solve  their  insurance  problems.  The  division  strives  to  acquaint 
consumers  with  alternatives  and  the  courses  of  action  they  may  pursue  to 
solve  their  particular  insurance  problem. 

Company  Services  Group 

The  responsibilities  of  the  Financial  Evaluation  Division  are  to  monitor 
the  solvency  of  all  insurance  companies  under  the  supervision  of  the 
Commissioner  of  Insurance;  to  review  and  recommend  for  admission  out-of- 
state  domestic,  and  surplus  lines  companies  seeking  to  transact  business  in 
the  state;  to  examine  and  audit  domestic  and  foreign  insurance  organizations 
licensed  in  North  Carolina;  and  to  assure  the  financial  solvency  and  employ- 
ee stability  of  self-insured  workers'  compensation  groups  in  the  state. 

The  Actuarial  Services  Division  assists  in  the  review  of  rate,  form  and 
statistical  filings.  In  addition,  this  division  provides  actuarial  studies  in 
financial  evaluation  work  and  is  involved  in  special  projects  and  studies. 

The  Information  Systems  Division  has  the  responsibility  for  all  depart- 
mental data  processing,  word  processing,  office  automation,  data  communica- 
tions, and  voice  communications. 

Regulatory  Actions  Division 

The  Regulatory  Actions  Division  is  responsible  for  monitoring  and  super- 
vising domestic  insurance  companies  with  solvency  concerns,  and  for  manag- 
ing  domestic  insurance  companies  placed  into  receivership. 

Technical  Services  Group 

The  Property  and  Casualty  Division  reviews  homeowners,  farmers,  auto- 
mobile, workers'  compensation  and  other  personal,  commercial  property  or 
casualty  insurance  policies,  rates  and  rules. 

The  primary  responsibility  of  the  Life  and  Health  Division  is  the  review  of; 
rate,  rule  and  policy  form  filings  made  by  life  and  health  insurance  companies. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  233 

The  Market  Conduct  Division  conducts  field  examinations  of  the  market 
practices  of  domestic  and  foreign  insurers  and  their  representatives. 

Managed  Care  and  Health  Benefits  Division 

The  Managed  Care  and  Health  Benefits  Division  monitors  and  regulates 
the  activities  of  health  maintenance  organizations  (HMO's),  preferred 
provider  organizations  (PPOs),  multiple  employer  welfare  arrangements 
(MEWAs),  third-party  administrators  (TPAs)  and  other  types  of  emerging 
health  care  arrangements.  The  division's  emphasis  is  on  how  the  activities 
of  these  arrangements  affect  North  Carolina  consumers. 

Regulatory  Services  Group 

The  Special  Services  Division  is  responsible  for  licensing  and  regulating 
insurance  premium  finance  companies,  professional  bail  bondsmen  and  run- 
ners, collection  agencies  and  motor  clubs,  and  investigating  all  complaints 
involving  these  entities. 

The  Investigations  Division  is  responsible  for  investigating  violations  of 
North  Carolina's  insurance  laws.  Requests  for  investigations  come  from  with- 
in the  department,  from  consumers,  law  enforcement  agencies,  local,  state 
and  federal  agencies,  and  insurance  companies. 

Office  of  General  Counsel 

The  Regulatory  Services  Group  also  includes  the  Office  of  General 
<  Counsel,  which  advises  department  personnel  on  legal  matters  and  acts  as 
j  liaison  to  the  Office  of  Attorney  General. 

Safety  Services  Group 

The  Engineering  Division  has  primary  responsibility  for  administering 
i  the  state  building  code.  The  division  also  serves  as  staff  to  the  North 
1  Carolina  Building  Code  Council  and  the  North  Carolina  Code  Officials 
Qualifications  Board.  The  division  is  divided  into  seven  sections:  code  consul- 
tation, electrical,  mechanical,  modular,  inspector  certification,  accessibility 
and  code  council. 

The  Building  Code  Administration  provides  code  interpretations  to  city 
and  county  inspection  officials,  architects,  engineers,  contractors,  material 
suppliers  and  manufacturers,  other  state  agencies,  attorneys  and  the  general 
public,  administers  certification  of  code  officials,  reviews  building  plans  and 
inspects  electrical  systems  in  new  or  renovated  state-owned  buildings. 

The  Manufactured  Housing  Division  works  to  assure  that  construction 
standards  for  manufactured  homes  are  maintained  and  that  warranty  oblig- 
ations under  state  law  are  met.  The  division  monitors  handling  of  consumer 
complaints  by  manufacturers;  licenses  the  makers  of  manufactured  homes 
dealers,  and  set-up  contractors;  and  acts  as  staff  for  the  North  Carolina 
Manufactured  Housing  Board. 

The  State  Property  Fire  Insurance  Fund  division  is  primarily  responsible 


234  North  Carolina  Manual 

for  the  operation  and  maintenance  of  the  State  Property  Fire  Insurance 
Fund.  The  division  collects  premiums  from  those  state  agencies  responsible 
for  payment,  investigates  claims,  adjusts  losses  and  pays  losses  with  the 
approval  of  the  Council  of  State. 

The  Risk  Management  Division  assists  local  government  with  property 
and  casualty  insurance  programs,  provides  staff,  administration,  and 
research  services  to  the  Public  Officers  and  Employees'  Liability  Insurance 
Commission,  and  is  charged  with  making  available  a  plan  of  professional  lia- 
bility coverage  for  law  enforcement  officers,  public  officials  and  employees  of 
any  political  subdivision  of  the  state. 

The  Fire  and  Rescue  Services  Division  administers  the  Firemen's  Relief 
Fund,  develops  and  carries  out  training  for  fire  departments  and  rescue 
squads,  provides  staff  to  Fire  and  Rescue  Commission,  and  works  to  improve 
fire  and  rescue  protection  in  the  state  in  association  with  the  North  Carolina 
Firemen's  Association  and  North  Carolina  Association  of  Rescue  Squads. 

Seniors'  Health  Insurance  Information  Program 

The  SHIIP  program  is  designed  to  train  older  adult  volunteers  to  counsel 
other  older  adults  in  the  areas  of  Medicare  regulations,  Medicare  supplement 
insurance,  long-term  care  insurance  and  claims  procedures.  The  volunteers 
go  through  an  extensive  training  course  designed  to  teach  them  Medicare 
and  private  insurance  benefits  and  options,  as  well  as  claims  procedures  and 
counseling/advocacy  skills. 


Boards  and  Commissions 

N.C.  Building  Code  Council 

N.C.  Code  Officials  Qualification  Board 

N.C.  Manufactured  Housing  Board 

N.C.  Medical  Database  Commission 

N.C.  Rate  Bureau 

N.C.  Reinsurance  Facility  Board  of  Directors 

N.C.  State  Fire  and  Rescue  Commission 

N.C.  Public  Officers  and  Employees  Liability  Insurance  Commission 

N.C.  Self-Insurance  Guaranty  Association 

N.C.  Arson  Awareness  Council 

N.C.  Small  Employer  Trust  Commission 


For  Further  Information 


(919)  733-2032 

Consumer  Toll  Free  Number:   (800)  662-7777 

Senior's  Health  Insurance  Information  Program:   (800)  443-9354 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  235 


236 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  237 

Janies  Eugene  Long 

Cornniissioner  of  Insurance 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Burlington,  Alamance  County,  March  19,  1940,  to  George  Attmore  and  Helen 
(Brooks)  Long. 

Educational  Background 

Burlington  City  Schools;  Walter  M.  Williams  High  School,  1958;  North  Carolina  State 
University,  1958-62;  University  of  North  Carolina-Chapel  Hill,  1963,  A.B.;  University 
of  North  Carolina-Chapel  Hill  School  of  Law,  1966  J.D. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney;  Counsel  to  Speaker  of  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1980-84;  Partner, 
Long  &  Long,  1976-84;  Chief  Deputy  Commissioner  of  Insurance,  1975-76;  Partner, 
Long,  Ridge,  &  Long,  1967-75;  Associate,  Long,  Ridge,  Harris  &  Walker,  1966-67;  Co- 
authored  Douglas  Legal  Forms,  a  four-volume  reference  series. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Chair,  N.C.  Arson  Awareness  Council,  1985-present.  Chair,  N.C.  Manufactured 
Housing  Board,  1985-present.  Member,  N.C.  Council  of  State,  Firemen's  Relief  Fund, 
Firemen's  Pension  Fund  Board,  Law  Enforcement  Officers  Retirement  Board,  N.C. 
Fire  Commission,  Capital  Planning  Commission.  Chair,  N.C.  Property  Tax 
Commission,  1981-84. 

Political  Activities 

Insurance  Commissioner,  State  Fire  Marshal  1985-present,  elected  1984.  Member, 
N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1971,  72,  73  and  75;  represented  Alamance  County 
(as  did  his  father  and  grandfather). 

National  Activities 

President,  National  Association  of  Insurance  Commissioners  (1990-91).  Chair, 
Coordination  Subcommittee,  Internal  Administration.  Member,  Executive 
Committee,  Financial  Services  and  Insurance  Regulation,  Market  Conduct/Exam 
Oversight  Task  Force,  Blanks  Task  Force,  Data  Systems  Management  Task  Force, 
Potentially  Troubled  Companies  Working  Group,  Special  Insurance  Issues 
Committee,  International  Insurance  Relations  Task  Force,  NAIC/JIR  Joint 
Committee,  Department  Accreditation  Committee.  Vice  President,  NAIC  (1989-90). 
Chair,  NAIC  Executive  Committee,  Agent  Database  Committee.  Vice-chair,  Special 
Insurance  Issues,  Internal  Administration,  Zone  Coordination  Subcommittee, 
International  Insurance  Relations  Task  Force,  NAIC/NAAG  Joint  Committee. 
Member,  Financial  Services  and  Insurance  Regulation,  Accident  and  Health,  Blanks 
Task  Force,  Casualty  Actuarial  Task  Force,  Examination  Oversight  Task  Force,  Life 
and  Health  Actuarial  Task  Force,  NAIC/JIR  Joint  Committee. 

Organiza  tions 

N.C.  State  Bar,  1966-present;  Burlington-Alamance  Chamber  of  Commerce,  1968-74; 
Secretary  and  Director,  N.C.  Special  Olympics,  1967-75  (helped  start  N.C.  Special 
Olympics  movement). 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Mary  Margaret  O'Connell.  Two  children,  James  E.  Long,  Jr.  and  Rebecca 
(Long)  McNeal;  two  grandchildren.  Member,  Church  of  the  Good  Shepherd,  Raleigh. 


238  North  Carolina  Manual 

COMMISSIONERS  OF  INSURANCEi 

Name  Residence  Term 

James  R.  Young2 Vance 1899-1921 

Stacey  W.  Wade3 Carteret 1921-1927 

Daniel  C.  Boney4 Surry 1927-1942 

William  P.  Hodges5 Martin 1942-1949 

Waldo  C.  Cheek6 Moore 1949-1953 

Charles  F.  Gold7 Rutherford 1953-1962 

Edwin  S.  Lanier8 Orange 1962-1973 

John  R.  Ingram9 Randolph 1973-1985 

James  E.  Long10 Alamance 1985-Present 

lrThe  General  Assembly  of  1899  created  the  Department  of  Insurance  with  provi- 
sions that  the  first  commissioner  would  be  elected  by  the  current  general  assembly 
with  future  commissioners  appointed  by  the  governor  for  a  four-year  term.  (Public 
Laws,  1899,  Chapter  54.)  Then  in  1907,  the  General  Assembly  passed  a  bill  which 
provided  for  the  election  of  the  commissioner  in  the  general  elections,  beginning  in 
1908.  (Public  Laws,  Chapter  868). 

^oung  was  elected  by  the  General  Assembly  on  March  6,  1899.  He  was  appoint- 
ed by  Governor  Aycock  in  1901  and  served  following  reappointment  in  1905  until 
1908  when  he  was  elected  in  the  general  elections. 

3Wade  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1920  and  served  following  reelec- 
tion in  1924  until  his  resignation  on  November  15,  1927. 

4Boney  was  appointed  by  Governor  McLean  on  November  15,  1927,  to  replace 
Wade.  He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1928  and  served  following  subse- 
quent reelections  until  his  death  on  September  7,  1942. 

5Hodges  was  appointed  by  Governor  Broughton  on  September  10,  1942,  to 
replace  Boney.  He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1944  and  served  following 
reelection  in  1948  until  his  resignation  in  June,  1949. 

6Cheek  was  appointed  by  Governor  Scott  on  June  14,1949,  to  replace  Hodges.  He 
was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1950  to  complete  Hodges'  unexpired  term.  He 
was  elected  to  a  full  term  in  1952  and  served  until  his  resignation  effective  October 
15,  1953. 

7Gold  was  appointed  by  Governor  Umstead  on  November  16,  1953,  to  replace 
Cheek.  He  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1954  to  complete  Cheek's  unexpired 
term.  He  was  elected  to  a  full  term  in  1956  and  served  following  reelection  in  1960 
until  his  death  on  June  28,  1962. 

8Lanier  was  appointed  by  Governor  Sanford  on  July  5,  1962  to  replace  Gold. 
Lanier  was  elected  in  the  general  elections  in  1962  to  complete  Gold's  unexpired 
term.  He  was  elected  to  a  full  term  in  1964  and  served  until  he  declined  to  run  for 
reelection  in  1972. 

9Ingram  was  elected  in  1972  and  served  until  1984  when  he  ran  for  another 
office. 

10Long  was  elected  in  1984  and  was  reelected  in  1988  and  1992. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  239 


DEPARTMENT  OF  ADMINISTRATION 


The    state    Department    of  Persons  with  Disabilities,  the  N.C. 

Administration     is     often  Human  Relations  Commission,  the 

referred  to  as  the  "business  N.C.  Commission  of  Indian  Affairs, 

manager"   of  state   government,  the  Youth  Advocacy  and  Involvement 

Created  in  1957,  it  provides  numer-  Office,  and  the  N.C.  Council  for 

ous  services  for  state  government  Women.  These  programs  have  an 

agencies.    In  addition  to  its  role  as  appointed  council  and  a  state  staff, 

services  provider,  the  department  is  which  advocate  for  persons  with  dis- 

host  to  several  councils  and  commis-  abilities,  minorities,  youth  and 

sions  which  advocate  for  the  special  women. 

needs  of  North  Carolina's  citizens.  The  North  Carolina  Department 
As  the  state's  business  manager,  of  Administration  was  reestablished 
the  department  oversees  such  opera-  by  the  Executive  Organization  Act  of 
tions  as  building  construction,  pur-  1971,  to  bring  more  efficient  and 
chasing  and  contracting  for  goods  effective  management  to  state  gov- 
and  services,  maintaining  facilities,  ernment.  Prior  to  its  enactment,  over 
managing  state  vehicles,  policing  the  300  agencies  reported  directly  to  the 
State  Government  Complex,  acquir-  governor.  Recognizing  the  difficulty 
ing  and  disposing  of  real  property,  of  providing  good  management  under 
and  operating  auxiliary  services  such  those  conditions,  the  department  was 
as  courier  mail  delivery  and  the  sale  recreated  after  successful  passage 
of  state  and  federal  surplus  property,  and  implementation  of  the  reorgani- 
The  department  offers  still  other  ser-  zation  bill.  Under  the  provisions  of 
vices,  including  public  service  tele-  the  bill,  the  duties  of  the  department 
casts  provided  by  the  Agency  for  were  defined  as  "to  serve  as  a  staff 
Public  Telecommunications.  The  agency  to  the  governor  and  to  pro- 
department  assists  veterans  through  vide  for  such  ancillary  services  as 
the  Division  of  Veterans  Affairs.  other  departments  of  state  govern- 
There  are  several  programs  ment  might  need  to  ensure  efficient 
that  advocate  for  the  special  needs  and  effective  operations." 
of  citizens  of  North  Carolina  that  The  North  Carolina  Department 
are  included  in  the  Administration  of  Administration  has  adopted  the 
Department.  They  include  the  following  mission  statement  to  best 
Governor's  Advocacy  Council  for  reflect  its  purpose  and  goals. 

The  North  Carolina  Department  of  Administration  provides  lead- 
ership for  effective  management,  efficient  and  economical  operations, 
and  the  fair  and  equitable  conduct  of  state  government  business. 

The  department  provides  for  the  delivery  of  administrative  and 
auxiliary  services  to  state  government  agencies  to  assist  their  efforts  to 
render  services  to  the  public. 

The  department  provides  support  for  advocacy  groups  on  behalf  of 
the  special  needs  of  citizens  in  the  state. 


240  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  Department  of  Administration  strives  to  serve  as  a  role  model  for  all 
of  state  government,  working  to  ensure  that  taxpayers'  dollars  are  used  wise- 
ly and  that  good  management  is  pervasive.  Some  activities  designed  to 
improve  management  and  increase  productivity  in  the  department  and 
throughout  state  agencies  include  the  State  Employee  Suggestion  System 
which  awards  employees  a  percentage  of  money  saved  through  their  sugges- 
tions. The  Personnel  and  Staff  Development  Office  in  the  department  offers 
training  to  top-level  managers  in  skills  needed  to  operate  efficient  and  effec- 
tive government. 

Office  of  the  Secretary 

The  department  is  led  by  the  Secretary  of  Administration,  an  appointee 
of  the  governor.  There  are  several  officers  who  report  directly  to  the  secre- 
tary, including  the  Deputy  Secretary  for  Programs,  the  General  Counsel,  the 
Assistant  Secretary  and  the  Public  Information  Officer.  An  organizational 
chart  is  shown  on  the  following  page. 

Agency  for  Public  Telecommunications 

The  Agency  for  Public  Telecommunications  operates  public  telecommuni- 
cations facilities  and  provides  state  agencies  with  communications  services 
that  enhance  public  participation  in  government.  The  agency  operates  a 
television  and  radio  production  studio  that  offers  media  production,  telecon- 
ferencing, and  public  service  telecasts,  such  as  OPEN/net.  Programs  are 
transmitted  via  cable,  satellite  and  other  communications  technologies. 

Division  of  Veterans  Affairs 

The  Division  of  Veterans  Affairs  assists  veterans,  their  dependents  and 
the  dependents  of  deceased  veterans  in  obtaining  and  maintaining  those 
rights  and  benefits  to  which  they  are  entitled  by  law. 

Office  of  Fiscal  Management 

The  Office  of  Fiscal  Management  accounts  for  all  fiscal  activity  of  the 
department  in  conformity  with  requirements  of  the  Office  of  State  Budget 
and  Management,  the  Office  of  State  Controller,  the  Department  of  State 
Auditor  and  federal  funding  agencies.  It  files  timely  financial  reports,  invoic- 
es user  agencies  for  central  services,  and  recommends  and  administers  fiscal 
policy  within  the  department. 

Personnel  and  Staff  Development  Office 

The  Personnel  and  Staff  Development  Office  provides  a  range  of  services 
for  the  department,  the  Office  of  Lieutenant  Governor,  the  Low-Level 
Radioactive  Waste  Management  Authority,  and  the  Board  of  Science  and 
Technology.    These  services  encompass  all  major  areas  of  public  personnel  j 
administration  in  accordance  with  the  requirements  of  the  State  Personnel  > 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  241 

Act.  The  personnel  division  is  responsible  for  employee  selection  and  recruit- 
ment, position  management,  training  and  development,  employee  and  man- 
agement relations,  and  health  benefits  administration. 

Public  Information  Office 

The  Public  Information  Office  helps  the  department  to  enhance  its  com- 
munications with  the  people  of  the  state  and  other  governmental  agencies. 
Responsibilities  include  assistance  with  public  inquiries,  media  relations, 
news  releases,  publications,  graphics,  editing,  publicity,  speech  writing  and 
counseling  the  secretary's  executive  staff,  division  directors  and  employees 
on  the  best  way  to  communicate  to  the  public. 

State  and  Local  Government  Affairs  Division 

The  State  and  Local  Government  Affairs  Division  works  with  local  gov- 
ernments and  their  regional  organizations.  The  division  manages  the 
Appalachian  Regional  Commission  grant  program,  coordinates  project 
reviews  required  by  the  state  and  national  Environmental  Protection  Acts, 
and  operates  a  project  notification,  review  and  comment  system  to  provide 
information  to  state  and  local  agencies  and  the  public  about  projects  support- 
ed with  public  funds. 


Government  Operations 


Auxiliary  Services  Division 

Courier  Service.  A  receipt-supported  operation,  Courier  Service  pro- 
vides delivery  of  government  mail  to  state  offices  in  96  counties  in  North 
Carolina. 

Federal  Surplus  Property.  Federal  Surplus  Property  acquires  and 
donates  available  federal  surplus  property  to  eligible  state  recipients — gov- 
ernment agencies,  non-profit  educational  institutions  and  public  health  facil- 
ities. Operation  costs  are  funded  by  receipts  from  sales. 

State  Surplus  Property.  State  Surplus  Property  sells  supplies,  materi- 
als and  equipment  owned  by  the  state  that  is  considered  to  be  surplus,  obso- 
lete or  unused. 

Facility  Management  Division 

The  Facility  Management  Division  provides  preventive  maintenance  and 
'epair  services  to  the  State  Government  Complex  and  some  facilities  used  by 
government  workers  in  outlying  areas.    Services  include  construction;  reno- 
vation; housekeeping;  landscaping;  steam  plant,  HVAC  and  elevator  mainte- 
Lance;  pest  control;  parking  supervision;  and  lock  shop  operations. 


242  North  Carolina  Manual 

Management  Information  Systems  Division 

The  Management  Information  Systems  Division  provides  a  central 
resource  of  management  consulting  services  with  emphasis  on  improving 
operations,  reducing  costs,  and  improving  service  delivery  for  all  divisions  in 
the  department.  This  office  develops  integrated  data  processing  plans,  and 
provides  implementation  guidance,  consultation  and  assistance  to  the 
department. 

Motor  Fleet  Management  Division 

The  Motor  Fleet  Management  Division  provides  passenger  vehicles  to 
state  agencies  for  employees  in  the  performance  of  their  duties.  The  division 
is  a  receipt-supported  operation  that  purchases,  maintains,  assigns  and  man- 
ages the  state's  centralized  fleet  of  approximately  5,500  vehicles.  The  divi- 
sion enforces  state  policy  and  regulations  concerning  the  use  of  the  vehicles. 

Purchase  and  Contract  Division 

The  Division  of  Purchase  and  Contract  serves  as  the  central  purchasing 
authority  for  state  government  and  certain  other  entities.  Contracts  are 
established  for  the  purchase,  lease  and  lease-purchase  of  the  goods  and  ser- 
vices required  by  state  agencies,  institutions,  public  school  districts,  commu- 
nity colleges  and  the  university  system,  totaling  $1.2  billion  annually.  In 
addition,  local  governments,  charitable  non-profit  hospitals,  local  non-profit 
community  sheltered  workshops,  certain  child  placement  agencies  or  resi- 
dential child  care  facilities,  volunteer  non-profit  fire  departments  and  rescue 
squads  may  use  the  services  of  the  Division  of  Purchase  and  Contract. 

State  Capitol  Police 

The  State  Capitol  Police,  a  law  enforcement  agency,  with  police  powers 
throughout  Raleigh,  provides  security  and  property  protection  for  state  gov- 
ernment facilities  in  the  city.    The  agency  protects  employees,  secures  state-  j 
owned  property,  assists  visitors  to  state  facilities,  investigates  crimes  com- 
mitted on  state  property,  and  monitors  burglar  and  fire  alarms. 

State  Construction  Office 

The  State  Construction  Office  is  responsible  for  the  administration  of 
planning,  design  and  construction  of  all  state  facilities,  including  the  univer- 
sity and  community  college  systems.    It  also  provides  the  architectural  and 
engineering  services  necessary  to  carry  out  the  capital  improvement  program  . 
for  all  state  institutions  and  agencies. 

State  Property  Office 

The  State  Property  Office  is  responsible  for  state  government's  acquisi- 
tion and  disposition  of  all  interest  in  real  property  whether  by  purchase,  sale,  ; 
exercise  of  power  of  eminent  domain,  lease  or  rental.   The  office  maintains  a 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  243 

computerized  inventory  of  land  and  buildings  owned  or  leased  by  the  state. 
The  division  prepares  and  maintains  floor  plans  for  state  buildings. 

Programs 


Governor's  Advocacy  Council  for  Persons  with  Disabilities 

The  Governor's  Advocacy  Council  for  Persons  with  Disabilities  pursues 
appropriate  remedies,  including  legal  ones,  on  behalf  of  disabled  citizens  who 
feel  they  have  been  discriminated  against.  The  council  also  offers  technical 
assistance  regarding  disability  issues,  provides  information  on  accessing 
Social  Security  disability  benefits,  promotes  employment  opportunities  for 
disabled  persons,  and  reviews  policies  and  legislation  relating  to  persons 
with  disabilities. 

North  Carolina  Council  for  Women 

The  North  Carolina  Council  for  Women  advises  the  governor,  the 
General  Assembly  and  other  state  departments  on  the  special  needs  of 
women  in  North  Carolina.  The  council  works  cooperatively  with  local  wom- 
en's organizations,  develops  innovative  projects  and  policy  initiatives,  and 
conducts  workshops  and  training  to  address  women's  needs.  The  council 
administers  state  and  federal  funds  to  local  non-profit  groups  serving  sexual 
assault  and  domestic  violence  victims.  Staff  at  its  Raleigh  headquarters  and 
five  regional  offices  provide  technical  assistance  to  individuals  and 
public/private  agencies. 

North  Carolina  Commission  of  Indian  Affairs 

The  Commission  of  Indian  Affairs  advocates  the  rights  of  Indian  citizens, 
j  bringing  local,  state  and  federal  resources  into  focus  for  the  implementation 
lor  continuation  of  meaningful  programs  for  Indian  citizens  of  North 
Carolina.  The  commission  provides  aid  and  protection  for  Indians,  assists 
Indian  communities  in  social  and  economic  development,  promotes  unity 
among  all  Indians  and  encourages  the  right  of  Indians  to  pursue  cultural  and 
religious  traditions  considered  to  be  sacred  and  meaningful. 

North  Carolina  Human  Relations  Commission 

The  Human  Relations  Commission  provides  services  and  programs 
aimed  at  improving  relationships  among  all  citizens  of  the  state,  while  seek- 
ing to  ensure  equal  opportunities  in  the  areas  of  employment,  housing,  public 
accommodation,  recreation,  education,  justice  and  governmental  services. 
The  commission  also  enforces  the  North  Carolina  Fair  Housing  Law. 

Youth  Advocacy  and  Involvement  Office 

The  Youth  Advocacy  and  Involvement  Office  seeks  to  tap  the  productivity 
af  the  youth  of  North  Carolina  through  their  participation  in  community 


244  North  Carolina  Manual 

services  and  the  development  of  youth  leadership  capabilities.  Experiential 
education  opportunities  are  provided  to  young  adults  through  an  internship 
program.  The  office  provides  case  advocacy  to  individuals  in  need  of  services 
for  children  and  youth  in  the  state  and  makes  recommendations  to  the  governor, 
the  General  Assembly  and  other  policy-making  groups. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Americans  with  Disabilities/504  Steering  Committee 

Board  of  Public  Telecommunications  Commissioners 

Board  of  Trustees  of  the  N.C.  Public  Employee  Deferred  Compensation 

Governor's  Advocacy  Council  for  Persons  with  Disabilities 

Governor's  Advocacy  Council  on  Children  and  Youth 

Governor's  Inter- Agency  Advisory  Team  on  Alcohol  and  Other  Drugs 

Governor's  Jobs  for  Veterans  Committee 

Information  Resource  Management  Commission 

Local  Government  Advocacy  Council 

N.C.  Advisory  Council  on  Telecommunications  in  Education 

N.C.  Alcoholism  Research  Authority 

N.C.  Board  of  Science  and  Technology 

N.C.  Capital  Planning  Commission 

N.C.  Council  on  the  Eastern  Band  of  the  Cherokee 

N.C.  Council  on  Ocean  Affairs 

N.C.  Council  for  Women 

N.C.  Courts  Commission 

N.C.  Energy  Development  Authority 

N.C.  Farmworkers'  Council 

N.C.  Fund  for  Children  and  Families  Commission 

N.C.  Human  Relations  Commission 

N.C.  Indian  Affairs  Commission 

N.C.  Internship  Council 

N.C.  Low-Level  Radioactive  Waste  Management  Authority 

N.C.  Martin  Luther  King  Jr.  Commission 

N.C.  State  Indian  Housing  Authority 

Persian  Gulf  War  Memorial  Commission 

Public  Radio  Advisory  Committee 

State  Building  Commission 

State  Goals  and  Policy  Board 

State  Youth  Advisory  Council 

Task  Force  on  Racial,  Religious  and  Ethnic  Violence  and  Intimidation 

Veterans'  Affairs  Commission 

Veterans'  Affairs  Advisory  Commission 

For  Further  Information 
(919)  733-7232 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch 


245 


w 


Secretary  of 

Administration 

Katie  G.  Dorsett 


Jb- 


Deputu  Secretary 


a 


Government 
Operations 

Steve  Metcalf 


State  Property 


4 


Auxiliary  Services 

Jack  Barnes 

Facility  Management 

S.  Tony  Jordan 

Management 
Information  Systems 

Marvin  Scarboro 

Motor  Fleet 
Management 

Purchase  and  Contract 


f    r 


John  Leaston 

State  Capitol  Police 

Mike  Chapin 

State  Construction 

Spews  Fleggas 

State  and  Local 
Government  Affairs 

Sara  Stuckey 


4 


fc- 


Agency  for  Public 
Telecommunications 

Leila  Tvedt 

Assistant  Secretary 

Lisa  Piercy 

Assistant  Secretary  of 
Veterans  Affairs 

Charles  Smith 

Fiscal  Management 

Jimmy  Morris 

General  Counsel 

David  McCoy 

Personnel  and  Staff 
Development 

Linda  Coleman 

Public  Information 

Priscilla  Smith 


Deputy  Secretary  of 


Programs 

Sampson  Buie 


m 


4 


Commission  of  Indian 
Affairs 

Bruce  Jones 

Council  for  Women 

Juanita  Bryant 

Governor's  Advocacy 

Council  for  Persons  with 

Disabilities 

Cindy  Crouse-Martin 

Human  Relations 

William  Barber 

Youth  Advocacy  and 
Involvement  Office 

Vida  Mays 


2* 


Note:  The  Department  of  Administration  provides  budgetary 
and  /or  personnel  administrative  services  to  the  following  divisions: 
Board  of  Science  and  Technology,  Lieutenant  Governor,  Low-Level 
Radioactive  Waste  Management  Authority,  N.C.  Board  of  Ethics,  Office 
of  State  Personnel,  and  the  State  Health  Plan  Purchasing  Alliance  Board. 


246 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Katie  G.  Dorset! 

Secretary  of  Administration 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Shaw,  Mississippi,  July  8,  1932,  to 
Willie  and  Elizabeth  Grays. 

Educational  Background 

Southern  Christian  Institute,  1949;  Alcorn 
State  University,  1953,  BS  (Business); 
Indiana  University,  1955,  MS  (Business 
Education);  University  of  North  Carolina  at 
Greensboro,  1975,  Ed.D.  (Curriculum  and 
Instruction). 

Professional  Background 

Secretary  of  the  N.C.  Department  of  Administration,  1992-present;  Guilford  County 
Board  of  Commissioners,  Member,  1986-92;  Greensboro  City  Council  Member,  1983- 
86;  Associate  Professor,  School  of  Business  and  Economics,  N.C.  A&T  State 
University,  1955-87;  Business  Teacher,  1953-54,  Coahoma  Junior  College. 

Organizations 

Board  of  Trustees  for  Guilford  Technical  Community  College;  Board  of  Directors  of 
National  Association  of  Counties;  N.C.  Association  of  County  Commissioners; 
Greensboro  Tourism  Authority;  Guilford  County  Board  of  Health;  Greensboro 
National  Bank;  Member,  National  Association  of  Counties;  Health  Steering 
Committee;  Member,  League  of  Women  Voters;  Life  Member,  NAACP. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Chair,  N.C.  Public  Employees  Deferred  Compensation  Plan;  Secretary,  Information 
Resource  Management  Commission;  Ex  Officio  Member,  N.C.  Commission  on  Indian 
Affairs;  Ex-Officio  Member,  Internship  Council;  Ex  Officio  Member,  Board  of  Public 
Telecommunications;  Member,  N.C.  Fund  for  Children  and  Families  Commission; 
Member,  N.C.  Capital  Planning  Commission;  Member,  N.C.  Advisory  Council  on  the 
Eastern  Band  of  the  Cherokees;  Chair,  N.C.  Advisory  Council  on  Telecommunications  j 
in  Education. 

Political  Activities 

Secretary  of  the  N.C.  Department  of  Administration,  1992-present;  Member,  i 
Democratic  Party. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Warren  Dorsett.  Children:  Valerie,  Warren  Jr.,  deceased. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  247 


DEPARTMENT  OF  ADMINISTRATION 
SECRETARIES 

Name  Residence  Term 

Paul  A.  Johnston1 Orange 1957-1960 

David  S.  Coltrane2 Wake 1960-1961 

Hugh  Cannon Wake 1961-1965 

Edward  L.  Rankin,  Jr.3 Wake 1965-1967 

Wayne  A.  Corpening4 Forsyth 1967-1969 

William  L.  Turner Wake 1969-1973 

William  L.  Bondurant5 Forsyth 1973-1974 

Bruce  A.  Lentz6 Wake 1974-1977 

Joseph  W  Grimsley Wake 1977-1979 

Jane  S.  Patterson  (acting)7 Wake 1979-1980 

Joseph  W.  Grimsley8 Wake 1980-1981 

Jane  S.  Patterson9 Wake 1981-1985 

Grace  J.  Rohrer10 Orange 1985-1987 

James  S.  Lofton*  i Wake 1987-1993 

Katie  G.  Dorsett Guilford 1993-Present 

Johnston  was  appointed  by  Governor  Hodges  and  served  until  his  resignation 
effective  August  31,  1960. 

2Coltrane  was  appointed  by  Governor  Hodges  to  replace  Johnston.  He  was  reap- 
pointed by  Governor  Sanford  on  January  6,  1961  and  served  until  November,  1961 
when  he  was  appointed  chair  of  the  Advisory  Budget  Commission. 

3Rankin  was  appointed  by  Governor  Moore  to  replace  Coltrane  and  served  until 
his  resignation  effective  September  30,  1967. 

4Corpening  was  appointed  by  Governor  Moore  to  replace  Rankin  and  served  until 
the  end  of  the  Moore  Administration.  Press  Release,  September  14,  1967,  Moore 
Papers,  Appointments,  1965-1968. 

5Bondurant  was  appointed  on  January  5,  1973,  by  Governor  Holshouser  to 
replace  Turner  and  resigned  effective  June  21,  1974. 

6Lentz  was  appointed  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  replace  Bondurant.  Copy  of 
Commission  to  Lentz,  July  1,  1974,  Division  of  Publications,  Department  of  the 
Secretary  of  State,  Raleigh. 

7Patterson  served  as  acting  departmental  secretary  when  Grimsley  took  a  leave 
of  absence  to  serve  as  campaign  manager  of  Governor  Hunt. 

8Grimsley  resigned  effective  August  1,  1981,  following  his  appointment  as  secretary 
for  the  Department  of  Natural  Resources  and  Community  Development. 

9Patterson  was  appointed  by  Governor  Hunt  to  replace  Grimsley. 

10Rohrer  was  appointed  by  Governor  Martin.  Lofton  was  appointed  by  Governor 
Martin. 


248  North  Carolina  Manual 


THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  CORRECTION 


The  Department  of  Correction  is  of  responsibilities  and  functions 
responsible  for  the  care,  cus-  occurred.  In  1975,  the  Division  of 
tody,  and  supervision  of  all  Youth  Development  was  transferred 
individuals  sentenced  after  the  con-  administratively  to  the  Department 
viction  of  a  felony  or  serious  misde-  of  Human  Resources,  leaving  the 
meanor  in  North  Carolina.  Sentences  Department  of  Correction  its  current 
may  vary  from  probationary  terms  administrative  configuration, 
served  in  the  community  to  active  The  history  of  corrections  in 
prison  sentences  served  in  one  of  the  North  Carolina  reflects  the  contin- 
ninety-plus  prison  facilities.  The  ued  development  and  refining  of  the 
General  Statutes  direct  the  depart-  prison,  probation  and  parole  seg- 
ment to  provide  adequate  custodial  ments  of  the  department, 
care,  educational  opportunities,  and            The  Division  of  Prisons  was  orga- 
medical  and  psychological  treatment  nized  in  the  late  1860's-early  1870's 
services  to  all  incarcerated  persons  with  the  opening  of  a  large  prison 
while  at  the  same  time  providing  farm  in  Wake  County  and  the  con- 
community-based  supervision  and  struction    of   Central    Prison    in 
some  needed  social  services  to  clients  Raleigh.  This  reorganization  was  a 
on  probation  or  after  parole.  result  of  the  "Reconstruction"  of  the 
The  department  was  established  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  which 
in  1972  by  authority  of  the  Executive  was  accepted  by  the  United  States 
Reorganization  Act  of  1971  as  the  Congress  in  1868.  In  1899,  Caledonia 
Department  of  Social  Rehabilitation  Prison  Farm  was  purchased  from 
and  Control.  The  Act  provided  for  the  Halifax  County.  This  arrangement 
joining  of  the  Parole  Commission,  continued   until    1933   when   the 
the  Advisory  Board  of  Correction,  General  Assembly  transferred  super- 
and  the  department  made  up  of  the  vision  of  the  three  state  prisons  and 
Divisions  of  Prisons,  Adult  Probation  the  various  county  prisons  to  the 
and  Parole  and  Youth  Development,  supervision  of  the  State  Highway 
The  secretary  of  the  department  is  and  Public  Works  Commission.   This 
appointed  by  the  Governor  and  merger  of  the  highway  and  prison 
serves  at  his  pleasure.  The  secretary  systems  was  motivated  by  the  steadi- ' 
is  responsible  for  the  supervision  and  ly  worsening  economic  and  social 
administration  of  all  department  conditions  caused  by  the  Depression, 
functions  except  that  the  Parole  Under  this  arrangement,  prisons 
Commission  has  the  sole  authority  to  were  supported  by  appropriations 
release  incarcerated  offenders  prior  from  the  Highway  Fund  while  pris- 
to  the  expiration  of  their  sentence.  oners  were  extensively  employed  on 

In  July,  1974,  the  department  road  work, 
was  renamed  the  Department  of  The  Division  of  Prisons  remained  ■< 

Correction,  the  Parole  Commission  under  total  administrative  control  of; 

was  expanded  from  three  to  five  the  Highway  and  Public  Works 

members,  and  further  consolidation  Commission  until  1955  when  the 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  249 

director  of  prisons  was  granted  the  tion  supervision  caseload,  but  by 
ability  to  set  divisional  rules,  regula-  mid-1974  they  were  carrying  parole 
tions  and  policies  to  include  the  hir-  caseloads  as  well.  Currently,  proba- 
ing,  promotion,  and  dismissal  of  tion  and  parole  officers  assigned  to 
employees.  At  the  same  time,  the  field  services  (probation)  carry  pro- 
General  Assembly  formed  the  Prison  bation  caseloads  primarily  but  also 
Reorganization  Commission  to  study  supervise  cases  that  are  dual  (on 
the  relationship  between  prisons  both  probation  and  parole  simultane- 
and    the    highway    system.    The  ously). 

Commission  recommended  that  a  Parole  began  as  a  system  of  par- 
separate  prison  department  be  dons  and  commutations  granted  by 
formed  and  legislation  was  enacted  the  Governor  in  the  original 
forming  the  Prison  Department  in  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  in 
1957.  1776.  This  system  was  maintained  in 

Also  in  1957,  landmark  legisla-  the  Reconstruction  Constitution  of 

tion  was  enacted  authorizing  a  1868.   In  1919,  the  General  Assembly 

statewide  system  of  work  release,  established  an  Advisory  Board  of 

North  Carolina  thus  became  the  first  Paroles  which  made  recommendations 

state  prison  system  to  allow  inmates  to  the  Governor.    This  board  was 

to  work  at  private  employment  dur-  reduced  to  the  Commissioner  of 

ing  the  day,  returning  to  confine-  Pardons  in  1925,  the  Officer  of 

ment  in  the  evening.  Today,  North  Executive  Counsel  in  1929,  and  the 

Carolina  has  the  nation's  largest  Commissioner  of  Paroles  in  1935.    It 

work  release  population  with  approx-  was  "this  1935  legislation  that  creat- 

imately  1,000  individuals  employed.  ed  the  position  of  parole  officers 

The        Prison       Department  under  the  supervision  of  the  commis- 

remained  a  separate  entity  under  the  sioner. 

Prison     Commission     until     the  The  1953  session  of  the  General 

Department  of  Social  Rehabilitation  Assembly  abolished  the  Office  of 

and  Control  was  formed  in  1972.  Commissioner  and  established  the 

Probation  was  first  initiated  in  Board  of  Paroles  consisting  of  three 

the    United    States    in    1878    in  members.  At  the  same  time  a  consti- 

Massachusetts.     In  1919,  North  tutional  amendment  was  approved  in 

Carolina  enacted  its  first  probation  the  1954  general  election  to  give  the 

laws  but  limited  probation  to  first  board  full  authority  to  grant,  revoke 

offender  female  prostitutes  and  cer-  or  terminate  paroles, 

tain  juveniles  under  the  supervision  The   1974  General  Assembly 

of  female  officers.    In  1937,  legisla-  enlarged  the  board  members  to  five 

tion    was    enacted    forming    the  full-time  members  and  transferred 

Probation  Commission  to  supervise  a  administration  and  supervision  of 

statewide  network  of  male  and  parole  officers  to  the  Division  of 

female  offenders  reporting  to  proba-  Adult  Probation  and  Parole.    Pre- 

tion  officers.    In  1972,  the  commis-  Release    and  Aftercare   Centers 

sion    was    disbanded    when    the  (PRAC)  were  formed  in  1974.    This 

Division  of  Adult  Probation  and  program  began  with  90  day  paroles 

Parole  was  formed  within  the  newly  and  a  pre-release  training  program 

created  department.    At  first,  proba-  to  assist  inmates  with  transitional 

tion  officers  retained  a  strictly  proba-  adjustment  services  just  prior  to 


250 


North  Carolina  Manual 


release  on  parole.  Today  with  the 
exception  of  dual  cases  (persons  on 
both  probation  and  parole),  Parole 
Services  (previously  Pre-Release  and 
Aftercare)  handles  the  investigation 
and  supervision  for  all  paroles  gener- 
ated by  the  North  Carolina  Parole 
Commission. 

The  General  Statutes  establishing 
the  Department  of  Correction  direct 
the  secretary  to  provide  for  the  general 


safety  of  North  Carolina's  citizens  by 
operating  and  maintaining  prisons, 
supervising  probationers  and 
parolees,  and  providing  certain  reha- 
bilitative and  educational  programs  to 
individuals  supervised  by  the  depart- 
ment. The  department  is  divided  into 
three  major  administrative  sections: 
the  Office  of  the  Secretary,  the 
Divisions  of  Prisons,  and  the  Division 
of  Adult  Probation  and  Parole. 


Office  of  the  Secretary 

The  secretary  of  the  Department  of  Correction  is  appointed  by  the 
Governor  and  serves  at  his  pleasure.  The  secretary  and  his  immediate 
administrative  staff  are  responsible  for  the  major  planning,  fiscal,  personnel 
and  records  keeping  functions  of  the  department. 

Planning:  The  planning  functions  include  policy  development,  federal 
grant  development  and  administration,  liaison  with  the  General  Assembly, 
commissions  and  councils  of  government,  and  other  state  agencies. 

Grants:  The  Grants  Section  provides  for  the  budgeting  and  manage- 
ment of  grants  administered  by  the  department.  This  section  works  directly 
with  grant  staff  to  insure  administration,  evaluation  and  continuity  for  each 
grant,  as  well  as  providing  fiscal  administration  and  accounting  services. 

Fiscal  Operations:  The  fiscal  section  includes  budget  development  and 
administration,  regular  and  grant  accounting,  work  release  and  Inmate 
Trust  Fund  accounting,  and  internal  auditing  procedures. 

Personnel:  The  Personnel  section  is  responsible  for  normal  personnel 
functions  including  payroll,  maintenance  of  employee  records,  and  other  mat- 
ters associated  with  personnel  management.  It  also  includes  the  develop- 
ment of  staff  positions,  the  posting  of  position  vacancies,  and  the  actual  hir- 
ing of  new  staff. 

Staff  Development  and  Training.  This  section  administers  and  pro- 
vides basic  training  and  certification  for  all  new  staff,  advanced  training  in 
particular  skill  areas,  and  in-service  training  where  needed  for  recertification 
or  continuing  education. 

Management  Information  and  Research.  The  orderly  maintenance  of 
inmate  records,  including  conviction  data,  sentence  information  and  individ- 
ual inmate/probationer/parolee  data,  is  the  responsibility  of  the  Management1 
Information  and  Research  Section.  The  section  through  its  computerized 
Management  Information  and  Data  Retrieval  System  provides  all  individual 
and  group  statistics  necessary  for  planning  and  for  inmate  record  management.; 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  251 

Inmate  Grievance  Commission 

The  Inmate  Grievance  Commission  advises  the  Secretary  concerning  the 
varied  and  many  complaints  and  grievances  filed  by  inmates.  The  finding  of 
the  commission  may  be  affirmed  in  whole  or  in  part,  modified  or  rejected  by 
the  secretary  as  necessary. 

Parole  Commission 

The  secretary  is  an  ex-officio  member  of  the  Parole  Commission.  The 
Commission  is  charged  by  the  State  Constitution  and  General  Statutes  with 
the  responsibility  for  deciding  which  inmates  may  be  released  from  prison  at 
some  date  prior  to  the  expiration  of  their  sentence  to  the  supervision  of  the 
Division  of  Adult  Probation  and  Parole.  The  commission  also  advises  the 
Governor  concerning  potential  commutations  and/or  pardons. 

Division  of  Prisons 

The  Division  of  Prisons  is  charged  with  the  direct  care  and  supervision  of 
inmates.  Currently,  the  division  operates  91  prison  institutions  and  units, 
treatment  facilities  for  women,  and  has  other  institutions  under  construc- 
tion. 

The  division  receives  felons  and  misdemeanants  sentenced  by  the  court 
to  a  period  of  active  incarceration.  Sentences  range  from  a  minimum  of  six 
months  for  certain  misdemeanors  to  life  imprisonment  for  serious  crimes 
such  as  murder  or  arson.  Classification  within  the  system  depends  upon  the 

;  seriousness  of  the  crime,  the  willingness  of  the  inmate  to  obey  rules  and  reg- 

;  ulations,  and  the  perceived  potential  for  escape. 

Maximum  custody  prisoners  have  demonstrated  through  their  behavior 
that  they  are  a  clear  and  present  danger  to  society  and  other  inmates. 
Privileges  are  limited  and  security  precautions  are  strict  and  very  controlled. 


Close  custody  inmates  need  extra  security  but  do  not  need  the  more 
stringent  security  of  maximum  custody.  Basic  education,  counseling  and 
work  programs  are  available  to  inmates  in  close  custody. 

Medium  custody  units  have  all  programs  and  activities  operating  with- 
in the  unit  under  the  supervision  of  armed  personnel,  except  for  certain  work 
assignments.  Programs  available  to  inmates  include  academic  and  vocational 
education,  drug  and  alcohol  abuse  treatment,  psychological  and  other  coun- 
seling programs,  and  varied  work  assignments. 

Minimum  custody  units  provide  a  wide  variety  of  programs  for  inmates 
ranging  from  on-site  academic  and  vocational  schools  to  off-site  work  or 
study  release.  Minimum  custody  inmates  are  misdemeanants  and  those 
selected  felons  that  have  either  little  time  remaining  on  their  sentence  or 
who  have  been  determined  not  to  present  a  high  security  or  escape  risk. 
These  units  do  not  have  manned  gun  towers  or  other  security  devices. 


252  North  Carolina  Manual 

Several  of  the  Advancement  Centers  do  not  have  fences.  Inmates  are  allowed 
to  work  in  the  community  for  the  prevailing  wage.  They  help  their  families 
by  sending  money  home,  pay  taxes  and  otherwise  lessen  the  financial  burden 
of  incarceration. 

Programs  at  Minimum  Custody  Units.  Study  release  inmates  attend 
classes  on  the  campus  of  selected  universities,  colleges,  or  community/  tech- 
nical colleges.  Minimum  custody  inmates  are  also  allowed  to  participate  in 
the  Community  Volunteer  and  Home  Leave  programs.  Screened  and  selected 
volunteers  are  allowed  to  sponsor  inmates  for  3-hour  passes  to  attend 
approved  community  programs  such  as  religious  meetings,  Alcoholics 
Anonymous  and  drug  treatment  sessions.  The  Home  Leave  program  allows 
specially  screened  and  approved  inmates  to  visit  their  families  for  periods  of 
time  up  to  48  hours.  The  purpose  of  this  program  is  to  allow  inmates  prior  to 
release  to  rebuild  family  ties  and  to  plan  for  the  future.  Normally  this  pro- 
gram is  limited  to  Work/Study  Release  inmates  who  are  within  one  year  of 
release  or  parole  eligibility. 

The  Division  of  Prisons  also  operates  several  specialized  programs  within 
the  various  institutions.  An  extension  program  for  mentally  retarded  youth 
between  the  ages  of  18-20  is  operated  at  Cameron  Morrison  Youth 
Institution.  Using  funds  from  the  Council  on  Developmental  Disabilities,  this 
program  provides  case  management,  pre  and  post  release  services,  and  direct 
counseling  to  this  specialized  population. 

Another  program  offered  at  the  various  youth  offender  prisons  is  a  wide 
range  of  special  education  services  for  those  youth  defined  as  exceptional. 
Significant  advances  have  been  made  in  the  provision  of  educational  services 
for  emotionally  disturbed,  mentally  retarded,  medically  handicapped,  deaf 
and  those  youthful  inmates  with  specific  learning  disabilities.  This  education 
program  making  use  of  state  and  federal  resources  is  one  of  the  few  prison 
programs  in  the  country  attempting  to  provide  full  and  appropriate  educa- 
tional services  to  incarcerated  youth. 

A  wide  range  of  vocational  education  programs  are  offered  to  the  adult 
prisoners.  Using  a  combination  of  resources,  including  various  CETA  pro- 
grams, the  Department  of  Correction,  in  conjunction  with  the  Department  of 
Community  Colleges,  offers  welding,  carpentry,  brick  masonry,  auto  mechan- 
ics, and  other  programs  designed  to  permit  incarcerated  individuals  to  gain 
and  hold  steady  employment  after  release. 

Division  of  Adult  Probation  and  Parole 

The  Division  of  Adult  Probation  and  Parole  is  responsible  for  the  commu- 
nity supervision  of  103,000  parolees  and  probationers.  Most  of  these  individ- 
uals have  been  sentenced  by  the  court  to  probated  sentences  and  are  super- 
vised by  divisional  officers  who  offer  counseling  and  job  development  ser 
vices.  Pretrial  and  pre-sentenced  services  are  also  offered  at  the  request  o: 
the  court  when  further  information  is  needed  prior  to  sentence  disposition. 

The  division  is  also  responsible  for  supervising  those  individuals  releasee 
from  prison  by  the  Parole  Commission.  Divisiona1  officers  are  responsible  foi 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  253 

supplying  information  to  the  commission  regarding  home  and  job  place- 
ments, specialized  programming  if  needed,  and  any  other  community  orient- 
ed services  that  a  potential  parolee  may  need  and  from  which  he  or  she 
might  benefit. 

The  Mutual  Agreement  Parole  Program  involves  a  binding  contractual 
agreement  between  the  inmate,  the  two  Divisions  and  the  Parole 
Commission.  The  agreement  oriented  about  a  specified  release  date,  allows 
the  inmate  to  participate  in  long-range  vocational  training  knowing  that 
he/she  will  be  released  on  a  given  date.  The  inmate  agrees  to  participate  in 
the  training,  agrees  to  an  infraction/escape  free  record  and  agrees  to  partici- 
pate in  any  other  Parole  Commission-suggested  rehabilitative  program  such 
as  alcohol  abuse  treatment.  In  return,  the  Division  of  Prisons  agrees  to  offer 
the  necessary  vocational  training  and  specialized  programming  and  the 
Parole  Commission  agrees  to  release  the  inmate  on  the  requested  date.  This 
contractual  period,  often  12  to  18  months,  allows  all  parties  to  make  specific 
plans  while  allowing  the  inmate  to  learn  a  solid,  marketable  vocation  tied  to 
a  specific  release  date.  Release  planning  is  made  more  specific,  allowing  the 
Parole  Commission  and  Division  of  Adult  Probation  and  Parole  to  offer  more 
specialized  pre-release  programming  to  the  selected  MAP  program  participants. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Board  of  Correction 

Grievance  Resolution  Board 

Parole  Commission 

Substance  Abuse  Advisory  Council 

Advisory  Committee  on  Religious  Ministry  in  Prisons 

For  Further  Information 

(919)  733-4926 


254 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Franklin  Edward  Freeman,  jr. 
Secretary  of  Correction 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Dobson,  Surry,  County,  May  5, 
1945,  to  Franklin  E.  and  Clara  E.  (Smith) 
Freeman. 

Educational  Background 

Graduated,  Surry  Central  High  School, 
Dobson,  1963;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1967,  B.A.; 
UNC-Chapel  Hill,  School  of  Law,  1970,  J.D. 

Professional  Background 

Secretary  of  Correction,  1981-present; 
Administrative  Officer  of  the  Courts,  1981- 
present;  District  Attorney,  17th  Judicial 
District,  1979-81;  Assistant  Director,  Administrative  Office  of  the  Courts  of 
Administrative  Assistant  to  Chief  Justices  William  Bobbitt  and  Susie  Sharp,  1973-78; 
Executive  Secretary  to  the  Judicial  Council,  1973-78;  Assistant  District  Attorney, 
17th  Judicial  District,  1971-73;  Research  Assistant,  Associate  Justice  Dan  K.  Moore, 
1970-71. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Surry  County  and  Rockingham  County  Bar  Associations;  10th  and  17th  District  Bars; 
N.C.  State  Bar;  Delta  Upsilon  Fraternity;  Conference  of  State  Court  Administrators, 
Board  of  Directors. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Service  awards  from  Conference  of  Superior  Court  Judges,  Conference  of  District 
Court  Judges,  N.C.  Clerks  of  Superior  Court  Association,  and  N.C.  Magistrates 
Association;  Tar  Heel  of  the  Week,  1981;  Order  of  the  Golden  Fleece;  President  of 
Student  Bar  Association,  UNC,  1969-70. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Katherine  Lynn  Lloyd,  August,  1978.  Children:  Margaret  Elizabeth,  Nancy 
Lorrin,  Katherine  Ann,  Franklin  Edward,  III,  Alexander  Lloyd,  and  Mary  Claire,  i 
Member,  Main  Street  United  Methodist  Church,  Reidsville;  Chair,  Administrative 
Board,  1981;  Chair,  Every  Member  Canvas,  1980;  Sunday  School  Teacher,  1972-81. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  255 


DEPARTMENT  OF  CORRECTION* 


SECRETARIES 


Name  Residence  Term 

George  W.  Randall2 Wake 1972 

Ralph  D.  Edwards3 Wake 1972-1973 

David  L.  Jones4 Cumberland 1973-1977 

Amos  E.  Reed5 Wake 1977-1981 

James  C.  Woodard6 Johnston 1981-1985 

Aaron  J.  Johnson7 Cumberland 1985-1992 

V.Lee  Bounds8 1992-1993 

Franklin  E.  Freeman,  Jr Wake 1993-Present 

!The  Executive  Organization  Act  of  1971  created  the  "Department  of  Social 
Rehabilitation  and  Control"  with  provision  for  a  "Secretary"  appointed  by  the  gover- 
nor. In  1974  the  name  was  changed  to  the  Department  of  Correction. 

2Randall  was  appointed  by  Governor  Scott  and  served  until  his  death  on 
December  4,  1972. 

3Edwards  was  appointed  by  Governor  Scott  to  replace  Randall. 

4Jones  was  appointed  on  January  5,  1973,  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  replace 
Edwards. 

5Reed  was  appointed  on  January  17,  1977  by  Governor  Hunt  to  replace  Jones. 

6Woodard  was  appointed  January  12,  1981,  to  replace  Reed. 

7Johnson  was  appointed  on  January  7,  1985  by  Governor  Martin  to  replace 
Woodard. 

8Bounds  was  appointed  on  March  2,  1992  by  Governor  Martin  to  replace 
Johnson. 


256  North  Carolina  Manual 

DEPARTMENT  OF  CRIME  CONTROL  AND 

PUBLIC  SAFETY 


The  1977  General  Assembly  criminal  justice  system.  In  addition, 
passed  legislation  to  restructure  the  department  coordinates  state 
and  rename  the  Department  of  response  to  any  emergency  when  the 
Military  and  Veterans  Affairs  as  the  emergency  requires  the  response  of 
Department  of  Crime  Control  and  more  than  one  sub-unit  of  state  gov- 
Public  Safety.  ernment.  In  1980,  the  department 
The  department  was  created  was  given  the  authority  to  direct  the 
April  1,  1977,  by  transferring  law  allocation  of  any  or  all  available 
enforcement  and  public  safety  agen-  state  resources  from  any  state  ; 
cies  from  the  Department  of  Military  agency  to  respond  to  an  emergency, 
and  Veterans  Affairs,  the  State  The  department  is  made  up  of  j 
Department  of  Transportation,  the  the  Office  of  the  Secretary,  four  corn- 
Department  of  Commerce  and  the  missions  (the  Governor's  Crime 
Department  of  Natural  Resources  Commission,  the  Governor's  Advisory 
and  Community  Development.  Commission  on  Military  Affairs,  the 
The  duties  of  the  department  are  State  Emergency  Response  Commiss- 
to  provide  law  enforcement  and  ion  and  the  Crime  Victims  Compen-  j 
emergency  services  to  protect  against  sation  Commission)  and  nine  divi- 
crime  and  against  natural  and  man-  sions:  Alcohol  Law  Enforcement, 
made  disasters,  to  serve  as  the  Butner  Public  Safety,  Civil  Air 
state's  chief  coordinating  agency  to  Patrol,  Crime  Prevention,  Emergency 
control  crime  and  protect  the  public,  Management,  Governor's  Crime 
to  assist  local  law  enforcement  and  Commission,  N.C.  National  Guard, 
public  safety  agencies  and  to  work  State  Highway  Patrol  and  Victim 
for  a  more  effective  and  efficient  and  Justice  Services. 


Alcohol  Law  Enforcement  Division 

As  a  result  of  legislation  in  1977,  the  Enforcement  Division  of  the  State 
Board  of  Alcoholic  Beverage  Control  was  transferred  from  the  Department  of 
Commerce  to  the  newly  formed  Department  of  Crime  Control  and  Public; 
Safety.  The  primary  responsibility  of  the  Alcohol  Law  Enforcement  Division! 
is  to  enforce  the  Alcoholic  Beverage  Control  laws  of  the  state. 

Agents  provide  licensed  outlets  with  the  latest  information  on  ABC  lawSj 
and  regulations,  inspect  premises  and  examine  books  and  records.  They  pre- 
pare criminal  and  regulatory  cases,  present  evidence  in  court  and  adminis- 
trative hearings,  conduct  permit  applicant  investigations,  execute  ABC 
Commission  orders,  and  conduct  undercover  investigations.  Agents  are 
sworn  peace  officers  and  have  the  authority  to  arrest  and  take  other  invest! 
gatory  and  enforcement  actions  for  any  criminal  offense. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  257 

Public  education  is  also  an  important  part  of  the  job  of  an  Alcoholic  Law 
Enforcement  agent.  Agents  routinely  conduct  seminars  regarding  the  irre- 
sponsible service  of  alcohol,  present  classes  to  youth  groups  and  civic  organi- 
zations, and  teach  ABC  laws  at  local  and  state  law  enforcement  schools. 

New  agents  are  trained  during  a  20-week  ALE  Basic  School  which  was 
designed  and  certified  specifically  for  ALE  agents.  This  training  includes 
physical  conditioning  and  defensive  tactics,  instruction  in  constitutional  and 
criminal  laws,  court  procedures,  search  and  seizure,  criminal  investigation, 
alcoholic  beverage  control  laws,  firearms  and  vehicle  operations. 

The  division  is  commanded  by  a  director,  headquarters'  staff,  field  super- 
visors and  their  assistants.  For  administrative  purposes,  the  field  organiza- 
tion is  divided  into  twelve  districts,  each  with  a  headquarters'  office  readily 
accessible  to  the  public. 

Butner  Public  Safety  Division 

The  Butner  Public  Safety  Division  traces  its  roots  back  to  the  Camp 
Butner  Fire  Department  set  up  in  1942  when  Camp  Butner  was  established 
as  a  U.S.  Army  Training  Camp.  In  1947,  John  Umstead,  brother  of  Governor 
William  B.  Umstead,  led  a  move  in  the  General  Assembly  to  build  a  new 
facility  for  the  mentally  ill,  and  Camp  Butner  was  purchased  from  the  gov- 
ernment for  $1  as  the  site  for  this  complex. 

The  Camp  Butner  Fire  Department  became  part  of  the  John  Umstead 
Hospital  in  the  Department  of  Human  Resources.  The  staff  consisted  of  18 
men.  As  the  Butner  complex  and  the  community  grew,  the  staff  was  trained 
as  fire  fighters  and  policemen;  and  the  department  became  known  as  the 
Public  Safety  Department.  The  department  was  transferred  to  the 
Department  of  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety  in  1981,  and  its  name  was 
changed  to  the  Butner  Public  Safety  Division. 

Butner  Public  Safety  Officers  provide  police  and  fire  protection  for  the 
state  hospitals  at  Butner;  other  state  facilities  there,  including  the  4,600-acre 
National  Guard  Training  Range;  the  Butner  Federal  Correctional  Facility 
and  the  residential,  business  and  industrial  community  of  Butner.  In  keep- 
ing with  the  growth  and  development  of  the  town  of  Butner,  facilities  for  the 
Butner  Public  Safety  Division  were  expanded.  On  January  29,  1985,  the  new 
15,000  square-foot  Butner  Public  Safety  Division  building  was  dedicated  by 
Governor  Martin. 

The  division  is  commanded  by  a  public  safety  director,  chief  of  fire  ser- 
vices and  chief  of  police  services.  The  four  platoons  are  commanded  by  cap- 
tains, with  master  fire  officers  and  master  police  officers  as  support  staff. 
Including  the  investigative,  support,  communications  and  logistics  sections, 
Butner's  total  force  is  44. 

The  duties  of  these  officers  are  unique.  One  hour,  they  may  be  called  on 
to  fight  a  raging  fire;  and  the  next  hour,  these  same  officers  may  be  called  on 
to  capture  a  bank  robber. 


258  North  Carolina  Manual 

Civil  Air  Patrol  Division 

The  Civil  Air  Patrol  (CAP)  was  established  nationally  on  December  1, 
1941  as  an  auxiliary  of  the  United  States  Army  Air  Corps.  It  was  a  part  of 
the  Civil  Defense  structure  and  shortly  thereafter  became  involved  in  the 
war  effort.  In  1948,  Congress  made  the  Civil  Air  Patrol  an  official  auxiliary  of 
the  United  States  Air  Force. 

The  North  Carolina  Wing  of  the  Civil  Patrol  became  a  state  agency  in 
1953,  and  it  was  transferred  to  the  Department  of  Military  and  Veterans 
Affairs  in  1971.  In  1977,  it  was  transferred  from  the  Department  of  Military 
and  Veterans  Affairs  to  the  newly  formed  Department  of  Crime  Control  and 
Public  Safety. 

There  are  39  squadrons  in  the  North  Carolina  Wing.  Although  the  Wing 
is  partially  funded  by  the  state,  the  department  has  no  operational  control 
over  it.  Many  members  operate  their  own  airplanes  and  fly  at  their  own 
expense;  however,  membership  dues,  donations,  grants,  estates,  state  funds 
and  Air  Force  reimbursements  account  for  a  large  portion  of  the  Wing's  bud- 
get. 

The  Civil  Air  Patrol  fulfills  three  primary  functions:  emergency  services, 
aerospace  education  and  training,  and  a  cadet  training  program. 

Emergency  Services:  Emergency  Services  is  a  function  with  which  the 
Civil  Air  Patrol  is  most  involved.  It  entails  air  search  and  rescue  and  local 
disaster  relief  and  emergency  preparedness  plans,  providing  fixed,  mobile  or 
airborne  communications  during  emergencies. 

Aerospace  Education  and  Training:  Aerospace  Education  and 
Training  is  designed  to  inform  the  public  about  aerospace  activities.  The  CAP 
supports  aerospace  education  workshops  for  teachers  at  colleges  and  univer- 
sities throughout  the  United  States.  These  programs  prepare  teachers  to  j 
teach  aerospace  education  courses  in  their  schools  or  to  use  the  information 
to  enrich  traditional  classroom  subjects.  Scholarships  are  awarded  to  deserv- 
ing cadets  and  senior  members  for  study  in  engineering,  the  humanities, 
education,  science  and  other  fields  related  to  aerospace. 

Cadet  Training  Program:  The  Cadet  Training  Program  provides 
young  people,  ages  13  through  18,  with  opportunities  for  leadership  and  edu- 
cation. The  program  teaches  the  cadets  aviation,  search  and  rescue,  individ- 
ual and  group  discipline  and  personal  development,  giving  them  the  opportu- 
nity  to  serve  themselves  and  their  communities,  state,  nation  and  all  human- 
ity to  the  fullest  extent  of  their  capabilities. 

Crime  Prevention  Division 

In  1979,  the  Crime  Prevention  Division  was  created  to  motivate  citizens 
in  every  home  and  community  to  join  actively  in  the  fight  against  crime. 
Staff  and  funding  were  drawn  from  the  Governor's  Crime  Commission 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  259 

Division  and  from  other  divisions  of  the  department.  It  was  an  exciting 
attempt  to  deal  with  one  of  the  oldest  problems  of  society. 

The  Crime  Prevention  Division's  mission  is  to  assist  local  law  enforce- 
ment agencies  and  other  groups  to  get  citizens  involved  in  crime  prevention 
activities.  These  activities  are  designed  to  reduce  not  only  the  incidence  of 
crime,  but  also  the  fear  of  crime.  Staff  members  keep  track  of  changing  crime 
trends  and  stay  abreast  of  the  latest  state  and  national  crime  prevention  pro- 
grams. 

Crime  Prevention  programs  promoted  or  coordinated  by  the  division 
include:  Think  Smart,  Youth  Awards  Programs,  Public  Housing,  Community 
Watch,  Ham  Watch,  Crime  Stoppers,  Crimes  Against  Business,  Crimes 
Against  Older  Adults,  Crimes  Against  Women,  Domestic  Violence,  Crimes 
Against  Children  and  Child  Safety.  The  division  provides  technical  assis- 
tance and  develops  crime  prevention  awareness  materials  free  of  charge  to 
citizens,  local  law  enforcement  agencies  and  other  groups. 

Emergency  Management  Division 

The  evolution  of  emergency  management  in  North  Carolina  began  with 
the  creation  of  the  Emergency  Management  Act  of  1977.  Prior  to  that,  the 
division  went  through  two  transitions:  from  Civil  Defense  to  Civil 
Preparedness.  Both  Civil  Defense  and  Civil  Preparedness  focused  primarily 
on  war-related  disasters,  but  also  supported  local  law  enforcement  and  fire 
departments  in  the  event  of  a  major  catastrophe.  With  the  increased  expo- 
sure of  people  and  property  to  extremely  high-risk  situations  due  to  our  tech- 
;  nological  advancement,  the  need  for  a  central  coordinating  agency  to  pre- 
.  serve  and  protect  the  citizens  of  North  Carolina  from  all  types  of  disasters, 
!  natural  and  man-made,  soon  became  apparent. 

The  State  Civil  Defense  Agency  was  transferred  to  the  Department  of 
Military  and  Veterans  Affairs  in  1971,  and  transferred  again  in  1977  to  the 
j  newly  formed  Department  of  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety  where  it  was 
|  named  the  Division  of  Emergency  Management.  Under  the  direction  of  the 
Department  of  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety,  Emergency  Management 
coordinates  response  and  relief  activities  in  the  event  of  a  major  emergency 
or  disaster  using  a  four-phase  approach  to  emergency  situations:  prepared- 
ness, response,  recovery,  and  mitigation. 

The  division's  major  emergency  response  functions  are  carried  out  by  the 
State  Emergency  Response  Team  (SERT).  The  SERT  is  composed  of  top-level 
management  representatives  from  each  state  agency  involved  in  response 
activities.  During  an  emergency,  the  Secretary  of  Crime  Control  and  Public 
Safety  is  the  Governor's  authorized  representative  to  call  and  direct  any 
state  agency  to  respond  to  the  emergency.  The  SERT  directs  on-site  response 
activities  when  two  or  more  state  agencies  are  involved  and  will,  upon 
request,  direct  the  total  response  including  local,  state,  federal  and  private 
resources.  By  providing  support  to  local  governments  through  response 
efforts,  planning  and  training,  the  Division  of  Emergency  Management  car- 
ies out  its  theme  of  cooperation,  coordination,  and  unity. 


r 


260  North  Carolina  Manual 

North  Carolina  Center  for  Missing  Persons 

The  Center,  formerly  the  North  Carolina  Center  for  Missing  Children 
and  Child  Victimization,  was  established  in  1984  as  the  state  clearinghouse 
for  information  about  missing  persons.  Trained  staff  members  provide  tech- 
nical assistance  and  training  to  citizens,  law  enforcement  officials,  school 
personnel  and  human  services  professionals.  The  center's  staff  gives  assis- 
tance and  support  to  both  the  families  of  missing  persons  and  to  the  law 
enforcement  officials  investigating  missing  person  cases.  Staff  members  also 
participate  in  emergency  operations  and  searches  for  persons  who  are  miss- 
ing and  endangered. 

Governor's  Crime  Commission 

The  Governor's  Crime  Commission  embodies  the  former  Law  and  Order 
Committee  created  in  1968  in  the  Department  of  Natural  and  Economic 
Resources.  The  Law  and  Order  Committee  was  transferred  to  the  newly 
formed  Department  of  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety  in  1977.  The 
Governor's  Crime  Commission  serves  by  statute  as  the  chief  advisory  board 
to  the  Governor  and  the  Secretary  of  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety  on 
crime  and  justice  issues  and  policies. 

The  40-member  commission  has  representatives  from  all  parts  of  the  i 
criminal  justice  system,  local  government,  the  legislature  and  other  citizens. 
The  commission  is  supported  by  a  state  staff  in  the  Governor's  Crime 
Commission  Division.  The  commission  has  been  a  unique  forum  for  criminal 
justice  in  North  Carolina.  Throughout  its  history,  the  Governor's  Crime 
Commission  has  served  in  a  leadership  role  in  criminal  justice  planning, 
issue  analysis,  program  development  and  coordination.  The  Crime 
Commission  has  been  a  force  behind  many  successful  statewide  programs 
such  as  driving  while  impaired  legislation,  community  service  restitution, 
crime  prevention  and  community  watch,  rape  victim  assistance,  victim  com- 
pensation and  sentencing  reform. 

The  commission  currently  oversees  four  federal  grant  programs  for  the; 
state.  These  programs  include  the  Juvenile  Justice  and  Delinquency 
Prevention  Program,  the  Justice  Assistance  Program,  the  Victim  of  Crime 
Act  Program  and  the  Drug  Enforcement  Program.  The  programs  bring 
approximately  $10  million  in  federal  monies  to  North  Carolina  for  criminal 
justice  improvement  programs. 

Governor's  Crime  Commission  Division:  The  Governor's  Crime 
Commission  Division  serves  as  staff  to  the  40-member  Governor's  Crime 
Commission.  The  staff  is  responsible  for  researching  the  issues  under  review 
by  the  commission  and  writing  the  resulting  reports  to  the  Governor.  The 
staff  also  administers  four  federal  grant  programs  for  the  state. 


Highway  Patrol  Division 

In  1929,  the  General  Assembly  of  North  Carolina  created  the  State; 
Highway  Patrol.  Chapter  218  of  the  Public  Laws  of  1929  provides:  "That  the 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  261 

State  Highway  Commission  of  North  Carolina  is  hereby  authorized  and 
directed  to  create  under  its  control  and  supervision  a  division  of  the  State 
Highway  Patrol,  consisting  of  one  Captain  with  headquarters  in  the  State 
Highway  Building  at  Raleigh,  and  one  Lieutenant  and  three  patrolmen  in 
each  of  the  nine  State  Highway  Division  Districts  of  the  State."  The  Highway 
Patrol  was  given  statutory  responsibility  to  patrol  the  highways  of  the  state, 
enforce  the  motor  vehicle  laws  and  assist  the  motoring  public. 

The  commission  appointed  a  captain  as  commanding  officer  of  the  State 
Highway  Patrol  and  nine  lieutenants.  These  ten  men  were  sent  to 
Harrisburg,  Pennsylvania,  to  attend  a  two-week  training  school  for  state 
police.  The  captain  and  the  nine  lieutenants  returned  to  North  Carolina  and 
made  plans  for  recruiting  the  27  patrolmen,  three  for  each  of  the  nine  high- 
way districts  in  the  state. 

The  year  1929  was  the  first  time  in  North  Carolina  history  that  all  mem- 
bers of  a  law  enforcement  unit  were  required  to  go  through  a  training  school 
to  study  the  laws  they  would  be  called  on  to  enforce.  Of  the  original  400 
applicants  who  applied  for  admission,  only  67  were  ordered  to  report  to 
Camp  Glenn,  an  abandoned  army  encampment  near  Morehead  City.  The 
school  ran  for  six  weeks,  and  the  names  of  the  27  men  with  the  highest 
records  were  posted  on  the  bulletin  board  as  the  first  State  Highway 
Patrolmen.  Others  who  had  come  through  the  training  course  with  credit 
were  put  on  a  reserve  list  to  be  called  into  service  as  openings  occurred.  The 
Chair  of  the  State  Highway  Commission  came  to  Camp  Glenn,  inspected  the 
men  of  the  Patrol,  liked  what  he  saw,  and  told  them  something  they  never 
forgot,  "On  your  shoulders  rests  the  responsibility  for  the  success  or  failure  of 
the  State  Highway  Patrol." 

On  July  1,  1929,  37  members  of  the  Patrol  took  the  oaths  of  office  in  the 

;  hall  of  the  House  of  Representatives  in  the  Capitol,  and  the  example  of  these 

I  men  is  an  inspiring  legacy  to  the  men  and  women  of  the  State  Highway 

Patrol  today.  From  this  original  authorized  strength  of  37,  the  State 

j  Highway  Patrol's  membership  has  increased,  reflecting  growth  in  population, 

'interstate  and  state  highways,  and  registered  vehicles  and  licensed  drivers; 

however,  there  is  still  a  shortage  in  what  is  really  needed  to  combat  the 

growing  problems  facing  the  patrol. 

Throughout  its  long  history,  the  State  Highway  Patrol  has  had  many 
homes.  In  1933,  the  State  Highway  Patrol  was  transferred  from  the  State 
Highway  Commission  to  the  State  Revenue  Department.  On  July  1,  1941, 
the  General  Assembly  created  the  Department  of  Motor  Vehicles,  and  the 
State  Highway  Patrol  was  transferred  from  the  State  Revenue  Department 
to  the  Department  of  Motor  Vehicles.  The  Patrol  was  transferred  from  the 
'Department  of  Motor  Vehicles  in  1973  to  the  Department  of  Transportation. 
Then,  in  1977,  the  Patrol  was  transferred  from  the  Department  of 
Transportation  to  the  newly  formed  Department  of  Crime  Control  and  Public 
Safety. 

As  the  primary  traffic  law  enforcement  agency  in  North  Carolina,  the 
:hief  responsibility  of  the  State  Highway  Patrol  is  safeguarding  life  and 
oroperty  on  the  state's  highways.  The  duties  and  responsibilities  of  the 
Patrol  are  governed  by  the  General  Statutes  and  consist  of  regularly 


262  North  Carolina  Manual 

patrolling  the  highways  and  enforcing  all  laws  and  regulations  pertaining  to 
travel  and  use  of  vehicles  upon  the  highways. 

Additional  duties  may  be  assigned  by  the  Governor  and  the  Secretary  of 
Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety,  such  as  providing  manpower  and  support 
for  civil  disturbances,  nuclear  accidents,  chemical  spills  and  natural  disas- 
ters. The  Patrol  also  handles  security  for  the  Governor  and  his  family. 

The  year  1977  also  brought  a  change  in  location  and  facilities  for  the 
Patrol's  training  schools.  Camp  Glenn  was  the  site  for  training  the  first  class 
of  Highway  Patrol  recruits,  but  there  was  not  a  permanent  training  site  until 
1946,  when  classes  were  held  at  the  Institute  of  Government  at  the 
University  of  North  Carolina  at  Chapel  Hill.  However,  when  the  Patrol  out- 
grew that  site,  several  locations  throughout  the  state  were  considered  as  pos- 
sible training  sites,  and  the  Governor  Morehead  School  for  the  Blind  located 
at  3318  Garner  Road  in  Raleigh  was  selected.  Today,  the  training  center  is  a 
modern  facility  that  provides  the  perfect  atmosphere  for  training.  The  Patrol 
is  very  proud  of  this  facility  and  its  training  program  which  is  essential  to  a 
modern  law  enforcement  agency. 

In  the  fall  of  1982,  the  Highway  Patrol  State  Auxiliary,  an  organization 
of  Patrol  wives  and  widows,  decided  to  place  a  monument  at  the  training  cen- 
ter in  memory  of  the  troopers  killed  in  the  line  of  duty,  and  after  a  fund-rais- 
ing campaign  to  pay  for  its  construction,  on  May  18,  1986,  Governor  James 
G.  Martin  accepted  the  memorial  on  behalf  of  the  state  during  dedication  cer- 
emonies. The  moving  inscription  on  the  monument  was  written  by  Latish 
Williams,  an  employee  of  the  Patrol  Headquarters  staff,  and  it  reflects  the 
dedication  and  devotion  to  duty  of  all  the  men  and  women  of  the  State 
Highway  Patrol. 


E^ 


"In  memory  of  those  who  lost  their  lives  in  the  line  of  duty,  we 
hope  you  see  their  faces  and  hearts  in  thi$  stone  of  beauty.  In 
dedication  and  honor  to  those  who  die  through  the  years,  we 
stand  before  this  memorial  and  hold  back  the  tears*  Over  the 
years,  we  lost  brave  troopers  who  were  our  comrades  and 
friends.  We  dedicate  this  monument  in  their  honor  knowing 
that  when  one  dies,  life  begins. 


l]v gggH^gBB I  -g-ggg-B-H— — -_ -ggtaH 


Governor's  Advisory  Commission  on  Military  Affairs 

Executive  Order  Number  11  created  the  Governor's  Advisory 
Commission  on  Military  Affairs  on  June  28,  1985.  Members  are  appointed  by 
the  Governor  and  consist  of  commanders  of  the  five  major  military  installa- 
tions in  North  Carolina,  state  and  local  government  officials  and  citizens  who 
have  an  interest  in  or  relationship  to  the  military  community.  The  commis- 
sion  meets  regularly  at  the  call  of  the  Chairman  or  the  Secretary  of  the 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  263 

Department  of  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety.  Department  employees 
serve  as  staff  to  the  commission  and  provide  administrative  support,  draft 
legislation  and  coordinate  meetings. 

The  commission  provides  a  forum  for  the  discussion  of  issues  concerning 
major  military  installations  in  the  state  and  active  and  retired  military  per- 
sonnel and  their  families.  The  commission  collects  and  studies  information 
related  to  supporting  and  strengthening  the  military  presence  in  the  state. 
Commission  members  recommend  and  review  proposed  military  affairs  legis- 
lation, and  advise  the  Governor  on  measures  and  activities  that  would  sup- 
port and  enhance  defense  installations  and  military  families  within  the 
state. 

The  commission  promotes  the  involvement  of  the  state's  industries  in  the 
state  military  procurement  system,  and  encourages  potential  employers  to 
recruit  soon-to-retire  soldiers  whose  military  skills  would  be  useful  in  the 
private  sector.  Another  mission  of  the  commission  is  to  enhance  the  state's 
attractiveness  as  a  home  for  retiring  service  personnel  by  proving  an  easy 
channel  of  communication  between  the  military  and  state  government.  The 
commission  has  provided  the  unforeseen  benefit  of  serving  as  the  only  meet- 
ing ground  for  the  commanders  of  the  major  military  installations  in  the 
state  to  discuss  ideas  and  problems. 

National  Guard  Division 

Since  the  Colonial  era  of  this  nation's  history,  there  have  been  citizen  sol- 
diers who  worked  at  their  trades,  jobs,  farms,  professions  and  other  liveli- 
hoods, who  were  also  members  of  organized  militia  units.  When  needed, 
these  citizen-soldiers  assisted  in  the  defense  of  life,  property  and  their  com- 
munity. The  North  Carolina  National  Guard  has  its  roots  in  this  tradition. 

The  National  Guard  today  is  the  organized  militia  of  the  state,  and  the 
Governor  is  the  commander-in-chief.  The  National  Guard  is  also  a  part  of  the 
Armed  Forces'  reserve  force  structure  with  the  President  as  commander-in- 
chief,  which  gives  the  Guard  a  federal  as  well  as  a  state  mission. 

As  the  State  Militia,  the  Guard  has  a  long  history  of  proud  service  to  the 
people  of  the  state.  On  numerous  occasions,  the  Guard  has  provided  assis- 
tance to  state  and  local  authorities  when  natural  disasters  such  as  hurri- 
canes, floods,  fires  and  tornadoes  occurred  and  for  civil  disturbances  and 
other  law  enforcement  needs  requiring  additional  trained  and  capable  man- 
power to  supplement  state  and  local  resources.  As  a  part  of  the  reserve  forces 
of  the  United  States  Armed  Forces,  the  Guard  has  been  called  or  ordered  to 
active  federal  service  to  defend  the  nation.  Early  militia  and  modern  Guard 
units  have  responded  to  this  need  since  the  Revolutionary  War. 

In  1806,  following  the  War  for  American  Independence,  under  the 
authority  of  the  Militia  Acts  of  1792  and  1795  passed  by  Congress,  the 
Legislature  passed  a  law  establishing  the  Adjutant  General's  Department. 

[^he  militia  then  began  to  become  better  organized  and  trained. 
For  many  years  the  State  Guard,  as  it  was  then  known,  had  no  federal 
ecognition;  and  at  the  time  of  the  Spanish-American  War  in  1898,  it  was 
discovered  that  the  President  of  the  United  States  had  no  authority  to  order 


264  North  Carolina  Manual 

the  Guard  into  federal  service.  Under  the  Acts  of  Congress  of  June  3,  1916,  a 
definite  place  in  the  National  Defense  was  created  for  the  Guard;  and  the 
State  Guard  became  the  National  Guard. 

Since  this  change  in  the  federal  laws,  the  National  Guard  has  become  an 
integral  part  of  the  country's  first  line  of  defense.  With  the  backing  of  the 
federal  government  and  laws  passed  by  the  respective  states  based  upon  the 
National  Defense  Acts,  the  National  Guard  has  continuously,  through  its 
training,  developed  a  high  standard  of  efficiency.  Today  it  is  recognized  as  an 
important  part  of  the  Army  of  the  United  States. 

In  1947,  the  Army  Air  Corps  was  designated  the  United  States  Air  Force 
and  became  a  separate  component  of  the  armed  services.  At  the  same  time, 
the  National  Guard  of  the  United  States  was  divided  into  the  Army  National 
Guard  and  the  Air  National  Guard. 

The  Department  of  Defense  continues  to  expand  the  role  of  the  Guard  in 
the  national  defense  plan  and  to  develop  a  "One  Army"  concept  of  active  and 
reserve  forces.  Today  the  North  Carolina  Army  and  Air  Guard  consists  of 
more  than  14,000  soldiers  and  airmen.  It  is  a  modern,  well-trained  force 
which  continues  to  distinguish  itself  in  peacetime  and  ta  fulfill  both  its  feder- 
al and  state  missions. 

Guard  troops  are  equipped  with  some  of  the  most  modern  military  equip- 
ment: the  Ml  Abrams  Tank,  the  M2  Bradley  Infantry  Fighting  Vehicle,  the 
M60-A3  Main  Battle  Tank,  the  AH  60  Black  Hawk  Helicopter  and  the  AH 
64A  Apache  Attack  Helicopter. 

The  North  Carolina  Army  National  Guard  continues  the  tradition  begun 
in  Colonial  times.  Many  units  today  have  lineages  going  back  100  years  or 
more.  Not  only  is  the  Guard  an  important  source  of  pride  and  community 
involvement,  but  it  stands  ready  to  protect  and  serve  its  citizens. 

Victim  and  justice  Services  Division 

The  Victim  and  Justice  Services  Division  formerly  was  a  section  of  the 
Governor's  Crime  Commission  Division.  The  community  services  alternative 
punishment  programs  for  persons  sentenced  under  the  Safe  Roads  Act 
became  the  responsibility  of  the  Department  of  Crime  Control  and  Public 
Safety  in  1983,  and  the  department  saw  the  need  to  create  a  new  division  to 
administer  these  programs.  This  new  division  was  called  the  Victim  and 
Justice  Services  Division.  Staff  and  funding  for  the  division  were  drawn  from 
the  Governor's  Crime  Commission  Division  and  other  divisions  of  the  depart- 
ment. 

Through  field  offices  located  in  each  of  the  state's  34  judicial  districts,  the 
Community  Service  Work  Program  places  and  supervises  convicted  offenders 
who  have  been  ordered  by  the  court  to  make  restitution  in  the  form  of  free 
labor  to  charitable  organizations  and  government  agencies. 

During  its  first  three  years  of  operation,  the  Community  Service  Work 
Program  admitted  91,631  clients  who  gave  the  state  of  North  Carolina 
2,645,745  hours  of  free  labor  with  an  estimated  monetary  value  of 
$8,863,245.  Not  only  does  the  state  benefit  from  this  free  labor  by  offenders, 
it  had  collected  more  than  $4,225,904  in  fees  which  go  to  the  General  Fund 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  265 

for  schools  and  other  vital  services.  The  combined  total  of  services  and  money 
to  the  state  exceeds  $15  million. 

In  addition  to  being  an  efficient  and  cost-effective  punishment  alterna- 
tive, other  programs  have  evolved  from  the  Community  Service  Work 
Program.  These  programs  are  administered  in  whole  or  in  part  by  the  divi- 
sion: Deferred  Prosecution,  Community  Service  Parole  and  Community 
Penalties. 

The  division  also  operates  programs  that  provide  direct  services  to  vic- 
tims and  to  justice  system  agencies. 

The  North  Carolina  Crime  Victims  Compensation  Commission  reimburs- 
es persons  for  uninsured  medical  expenses  and  lost  wages  resulting  from  vio- 
lent crime.  Victims  may  receive  a  maximum  of  $20,000,  plus  an  additional 
$2,000  for  funeral  expenses  if  the  victim  dies  from  the  crime.  Claims  must 
be  submitted  to  the  NCCVCC  for  verification  and  approval. 

The  Rape  Victim  Assistance  Program  provides  financial  assistance  to  vic- 
tims of  sex  offenses  by  reimbursing  the  cost  of  emergency  medical  treatment 
and  evidence  collection.  This  program  has  served  more  than  3,500  victims 
since  its  inception  in  1981. 

Division  staff  members  also  conduct  workshops  for  law  enforcement  offi- 
cers on  managing  occupational  stress,  using  the  services  of  a  licensed  psy- 
chologist to  counsel  police  officers. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

,  Governor's  Advisory  Commission  on  Military  Affairs 

i  Governor's  Crime  Commission 

Military  Aides-de-Camp 

N.C.  Crime  Victims  Compensation  Commission 

iN.C.  Emergency  Response  Commission 

For  Further  Information 

(919)  733-2126 


266 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Thurman  B,  Hampton 

Secretary  of  Crime  Control 

and  Public  Safety 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Chatham  County,  February  5,  1949, 
to  Joseph  and  Ernestine  (Rodgers) 
Hampton. 

Educational  Background 

Douglass  High  School,  Eden,  N.C.,  1966;  j 
A&T  State  University,  B.A.  (Political 
Science),  1970;  State  University  of  Iowa 
College  of  Law,  J.D.,  1973;  Judge  Advocate 
General's  School  Basic  Course,  1973,  [ 
Military  Judge  Course,  1983,  Advanced 
Course,  1984;  United  States  Army  Command  and  General  Staff  College,  1990. 

Professional  Background 

Goldston  &  Hampton,  Attorneys  at  Law,  1985-86;  Assistant  District  Attorney,  17-A 
Prosecutorial  District,  1982-85;  Private  law  practice,  1979-82;  Assistant  Professor  of 
Law,  N.C.  Central  University,  1976-79. 

Organizations 

N.C.  Bar  Association;  N.C.  State  Bar;  Rockingham  County  Bar  Association;  17-A  Bar 
Association;  National  Association  of  Black  Prosecutors;  N.C.  Black  Lawyers 
Association;  Association  of  Government  Attorneys  in  Capital  Litigation;  N.C. 
Conference  of  District  Attorneys;  Iowa  State  Bar;  United  States  Court  of  Military 
Appeals;  Former  Member,  Eden  Kiwanis  Club;  Board  of  Directors  of  the  Eden  Rescue 
Squad,  Inc.;  Board  of  Directors  of  the  Rockingham  County  Youth  Involvement  Board. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Governor's  Advisory  Commission  on  Military  Affairs;  Governor's  Crime  Commission; 
Juvenile  Justice  Commission. 

Political  Activities 

Secretary,  Department  of  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety,  1993-;  District  Attorney, 
17-A  Prosecutorial  District  (Rockingham  and  Caswell  Counties),  1986-93. 

Military  Service 

Active  duty  with  US  Army,  1973-76;  Currently  holds  the  rank  of  Lieutenant  Colonel. 
U.S.  Army  Reserve,  Judge  Advocate  General  Corps. 

Honors  and  Awards 

Army  Commendation  Medal;  Armed  Forces  Expeditionary  Medal;  Outstanding  Young 
Men  in  America,  1982-83;  Outstanding  Young  Democrat,  1984;  Who's  Who  ir 
American  Colleges  and  Universities. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Maria  Hopp  Hampton,  October  17,  1978.  Children:  Kathryn.  Morning  Stai 
Missionary  Baptist  Church. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch 


267 


DEPARTMENT  OF  CRIME  CONTROL 
AND  PUBLIC  SAFETYi 


SECRETARIES 


Name  Residence 

J.  Phillip  Carlton2 Wake 

Herbert  L.  Hyde3 Buncombe  ..., 

Burley  B.  Mitchell4 Wake 

Heman  R.  Clark5 Cumberland. 

Joseph  W.  Dean6 Wake 

Alan  V.  Pugh7 Randolph 


Term 

1977-1978 

1979 

1979-1982 

1982-1985 

1985-1992 

1992-1993 

Thurman  B.  Hampton8 Rockingham 1993-Present 


1The  General  Assembly  of  1977  abolished  the  Department  of  Military  and 
Veterans'  Affairs  and  created  the  Department  of  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety. 

2Carlton  was  appointed  on  April  1,  1977,  by  Governor  Hunt.  He  resigned  effective 
January  1,  1979,  following  his  appointment  to  the  N.C.  Court  of  Appeals. 

3Hyde  was  appointed  on  January  2,  1979,  by  Governor  Hunt  to  replace  Carlton. 

4Mitchell  was  appointed  on  August  21,  1979,  to  replace  Hyde.  He  resigned  in 
early  1982  following  his  appointment  to  the  N.C.  Supreme  Court. 

5Clark  was  appointed  in  February  2,  1982,  by  Governor  Hunt  to  replace  Mitchell. 

6Dean  was  appointed  January  7,  1985  by  Governor  Martin. 

7Pugh  was  appointed  June  1,  1992,  to  serve  the  remainder  of  the  Martin 
Administration. 

8Hampton  was  appointed  by  Governor  Hunt  and  sworn  in  on  February  3,  1993. 


268  North  Carolina  Manual 


DEPARTMENT  OF  CULTURAL  RESOURCES 


The  North  Carolina  Department  our  culture  and  ways  in  which  its 
of  Cultural  Resources  was  the  aspects  can  be  made  increasingly 
first  state  government  cabinet-  available  to  the  public.  Among  the 
level  cultural  affairs  department  department's  responsibilities  are 
established  in  America.  It  was  creat-  preserving  and  protecting  our  her- 
ed  under  the  State  Government  itage  for  future  generations  through 
Reorganization  Act  of  1971  as  the  emphasizing  the  richness  of  our  tra- 
Department  of  Art,  Culture  and  ditions,  history  and  art. 
History.  The  name  was  changed  a  The  department  has  three  divi- 
few  years  later.  sions:  Archives  and  History,  the  Arts 
The  purpose  of  the  department  is  Council  and  the  State  Library.  It 
to  enhance  the  cultural  climate  of  also  administers  two  semi- 
North  Carolina  through  providing  autonomous  agencies,  the  North 
access  to  the  arts,  historical  Carolina  Symphony  and  the  North 
resources  and  libraries.  Cultural  Carolina  Museum  of  Art  and  several 
Resources  interprets  "culture"  an  special  programs.  Plus,  Cultural 
inclusive  term  for  the  many  ways  Resources  works  with  numerous 
people  have  of  understanding  their  boards  and  commissions  with 
history,  values  and  natural  creativity,  responsibilities  associated  with  the 
The  department's  functions  highlight  department, 
the  exploration  and  interpretation  of 


Division  of  Archives  and  History 

What  is  now  the  Division  of  Archives  and  History  was  created  in  1903  to 
chart  our  state's  history  and  preserve  its  records  and  historic  places  for  pos- 
terity. From  its  inception  it  has  been  in  the  forefront  of  state  historical  activ- 1 
ity.  Within  the  division  are  many  diverse  sections:  the  Museum  of  History, 
Archives  and  Records,  Historical  Publications,  Historic  Sites,  Archaeology 
and  Historic  Preservation,  Tryon  Palace,  and  the  State  Capitol. 

Museum  of  History:  While  the  culture  of  North  Carolina  is  found  in 
every  community,  the  state  administers  a  number  of  museums  and  sites  so 
that  visitors  might  enjoy  a  concentration  of  art  or  history  in  a  visit  to  any  of 
them.  These  museums  and  sites  are  not  just  for  those  who  are  knowledge- 
able about  history  or  who  have  a  particular,  or  professional  interest  in  its 
many  forms.  Instead  they  have  been  designed  to  stimulate  the  interest  of 
any  child  or  adult  and  to  awaken  the  historical  and  creative  perspective  in  us 
all. 

The  North  Carolina  Museum  of  History,  since  its  founding  in  1902,  has; 
been  the  state  agency  most  involved  in  the  collection  and  preservation  oi 
objects  significant  to  the  history  of  North  Carolina.    Its  collection,  currently 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  269 

containing  over  350,000  items,  reflects  our  state's  political,  economic,  and 
social  history.  This  comprehensive  collection  is  used  by  the  central  museum 
and  its  three  branches,  twenty-three  State  Historic  Sites,  the  Executive 
Mansion,  and  the  Capitol.  The  museum  also  loans  items  from  its  collection 
to  other  non  state  historical  museums  throughout  the  state  which  meet  stan- 
dards of  security  and  interpretive  usage  as  established  by  the  museum. 

The  collection  is  particularly  strong  in  the  areas  of  North  Carolina  cur- 
rency and  gold  coins,  dolls,  Civil  War  uniforms,  flags,  North  Carolina  silver, 
and  North  Carolina  crafts.  The  museum  holds  one  of  the  outstanding  collec- 
tions of  Confederate  uniforms  in  the  nation  in  addition  to  a  collection  of  cos- 
tumes (over  6,000)  ranging  from  1775-1980.  Its  collection  of  historic  flags 
(350)  range  from  the  Revolutionary  War  (the  Guilford  Battle  flag)  to  flags 
from  the  Vietnam  War.  The  museum  has  the  largest  known  collection  of 
Bechtler  gold  coins  (154).  The  Bechtlers  operated  a  private  mint  in  North 
Carolina  from  1831  to  1846  during  the  North  Carolina  Gold  Rush.  The 
Museum  of  History's  collections  are  used  in  an  average  of  twelve  special 
exhibitions  annually  which  are  visited  by  over  170,000  school  children  and 
adults. 

It  has  mounted  several  important  and  critically  acclaimed  exhibitions  in 
the  past  years.  Enriching  and  complementing  the  exhibition  program  are 
lectures,  movies,  touch  talks,  demonstrations,  and  a  Tar  Heel  Junior 
Historian  Program  in  the  schools. 

The  North  Carolina  Museum  of  History  has  an  expanded  mission  to 
reach  out  to  citizens  throughout  the  state.  In  the  1940s,  the  museum  began 
two  extension  services  still  active  today:  the  Tar  Heel  Junior  Historian 
Association  which  promotes  the  study  of  state  and  local  history  in  the  public 
schools,  and  an  extensive  series  of  slide  programs  on  various  aspects  of  North 
Carolina  history  which  can  be  borrowed  by  schools  and  clubs  without  charge. 

In  1982,  the  museum  in  conjunction  with  its  support  group,  the  North 
Carolina  Museum  of  History  Associates,  began  offering  a  variety  of  educa- 
tional programs  in  communities  throughout  the  state.  These  programs, 
together  with  the  interest  generated  all  over  North  Carolina  by  the 
Associates,  have  greatly  enhanced  the  appeal  of  the  museum,  thereby  creat- 
ing a  greater  demand  for  North  Carolina  Museum  of  History  services. 

Given  the  very  great  need  for  a  new  museum  facility,  the  Museum  of 
History  engaged  in  a  campaign  to  build  a  new  building  across  from  the  State 
Capitol.  The  $28  million  building  is  scheduled  to  be  open  to  the  public  in 
1994. 

Archives  and  Records:  An  important  form  of  written  history  is  to  be 
found  in  public  records  and  documents.  The  Archives  and  Records  section  of 
Cultural  Resources  is  responsible  for  administering  the  North  Carolina  State 
Archives  and  for  conducting  records  management  programs  for  state  and 
local  governments.  As  the  state  archival  agency,  it  arranges,  describes,  pre- 
serves and  makes  available  for  use  the  permanently  valuable  public  records 
pf  the  state  and  of  counties  and  municipalities.  It  also  preserves  other 
records  of  permanent  historical  interest  including  private  manuscripts,  maps 
and  photographs. 


270  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  Archives  and  Records  Section  maintains  over  35,000  cubic  feet  of 
records  (more  than  100  million  pieces  of  paper),  800,000  photographs,  and 
30,000  reels  of  microfilm.  The  State  Archives  is  nationally  known  and  serves 
as  a  model  for  the  nation  and  other  states.  If  we  know  our  history  by  what 
we  leave  behind,  then  the  state  Archives  is  indispensable  in  this  knowledge. 
A  courthouse  may  be  torn  down,  a  church  may  burn,  and  records  of  great 
value  may  perish  with  them.  Often  those  records  already  have  been  pre- 
served by  the  Archives.  Anyone  interested  in  family  genealogy  will  come  to 
know  its  programs. 

Historical  Publications:  The  Historical  Publications  Section  is  respon- 
sible for  the  publication  of  documentary  volumes,  periodicals,  pamphlets, 
leaflets,  maps  and  other  materials  on  North  Carolina  history.  The  section 
publishes  a  volume  of  addresses  and  public  papers  of  each  North  Carolina 
governor  at  the  close  of  his  administration.  Among  ongoing  projects  is  the 
publication  of  North  Carolina  Troops,  1861-1865,  a  comprehensive  Civil  War 
roster. 

The  North  Carolina  Historical  Review,  published  quarterly,  is  one  of  the 
most  respected  publications  of  its  kind  in  the  United  States. 

Historic  Sites:  Deeply  involved  with  the  state's  heritage,  the  Division  of 
Archeology  and  Historical  Preservation  seeks  to  preserve  properties,  arti- 
facts and  archaeological  sites  important  to  our  state.  Through  its  archaeolog- 
ical program,  the  Division  identifies  hundreds  of  historic  and  pre-historic 
sites  each  year,  from  Indian  encampments  to  industrial  sites  and  from  gold 
mines  to  sunken  seafaring  crafts. 

Visitors  can  pan  for  gold,  examine  a  Confederate  ironclad  or  visit 
Blackboard's  hometown  as  you  relive  three  centuries  of  North  Carolina  and 
American  history  at  the  historic  sites  administered  by  the  Department  of 
Cultural  Resources.  The  Department's  Historic  Sites  section  conducts  it's 
program  to  plan,  preserve,  develop,  interpret,  operate  and  maintain  this 
statewide  section.  A  typical  site  contains  one  or  more  restored  or  reconstruct- 
ed structures  as  well  as  a  modern  visitor  center  including  exhibits,  artifacts 
and  an  audiovisual  presentation. 

Beautiful  and  historic  Tryon  Palace,  the  colonial  capitol  of  North 
Carolina,  has  been  reconstructed  after  its  destruction  in  a  1798  fire  to  pro-, 
vide  an  exceptional  experience  for  the  visitor.  Regular  tours  are  conducted  by 
costumed  hostesses.  An  annual  symposium  on  the  decorative  arts  is  a  nation- 
wide attraction  each  spring.  There  is  an  admission  charge. 

The  North  Carolina  State  Capitol  on  Raleigh's  Capitol  Square  is  one  of 
the  nation's  finest  and  best  preserved  civic  buildings  of  the  Greek  Revival 
style.  With  its  original  furnishings,  the  Capitol  is  still  used  for  ceremonies 
and  contains  offices  for  the  Governor,  Lieutenant  Governor  and  an  office 
used  by  the  Secretary  of  State  for  swearing  in  public  officials. 

The  Capitol  Area  Visitor  Center  is  invaluable  to  visitors  looking  for  the 
many  cultural  attractions  and  other  points  of  interest  near  the  Capitol  in 
Raleigh.  The  Center  is  at  301  North  Blount  Street. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  271 

A  cooperative  venture  of  the  Department  of  Cultural  Resources  and  the 
Stagville  Center  Corporation,  Stagville  Center  is  America's  first  state-owned 
center  for  the  teaching  and  development  of  historic  preservation  and  its 
related  technology.  Located  on  the  historically  rich  Stagville  Plantation  in 
the  northern  part  of  Durham  County.  Stagville  is  a  living  laboratory  for 
research  into  techniques  that  will  aid  efforts  into  historic  preservation. 

Archaeology  and  Historic  Preservation:  Deeply  involved  with  the 
state's  heritage,  the  Archaeology  and  Historic  Preservation  Section  of  the 
Department  of  Cultural  Resources  seeks  to  preserve  properties,  artifacts, 
and  archaeological  sites  important  to  our  state.  Through  its  archaeological 
program,  the  section  identifies  hundreds  of  historic  and  pre-historic  sites 
each  year,  from  Indian  encampments  to  industrial  sites  and  from  gold  mines 
to  sunken  seafaring  crafts. 

A  number  of  efforts  are  under  way  to  examine  different  elements  of 
North  Carolina  heritage.  The  Archaeology  and  Historic  Preservation  Section 
conducts  a  continuing  statewide  survey  of  historic,  architectural  and  archae- 
ological resources.  Some  of  these  properties  such  as  certain  homes,  office 
buildings  and  neighborhoods,  for  example,  are  nominated  to  the  National 
Register  of  Historic  Places,  where  there  are  now  more  than  1,000  North 
Carolina  entries. 

Through  its  Historic  Preservation  Program  the  division  surveys  and  tries 
to  protect  these  unique  and  valuable  historic  properties  throughout  the  state 
by  nomination  to  the  National  Register  of  Historic  Places.  Some  properties 
are  selected  for  restoration  by  the  state  and  are  open  to  the  public  as  histori- 
cal, educational  and  recreational  attractions.  They  range  from  the  elaborate 
and  lavish  restoration  of  Tryon  Palace  in  New  Bern  to  the  simplicity  of  the 
mountain-surrounded  birthplace  of  Governor  Zebulon  Vance  at  Weaverville. 

Division  of  the  State  Library 

The  Division  of  the  State  Library  is  the  official  state  government  agency 
charged  by  law  with  providing  the  state's  library  program,  coordinating 
library  planning  for  total  library  services  and  serving  the  state's  information 
needs.  It  is  made  up  of  the  State  Library  Commission,  the  Interstate  Library 
Compact,  the  Public  Librarian  Certification  Commission  and  the  following 
sections:  Library  Development,  Special  Services,  and  Technical  Services. 

The  Special  Services  Section  assists  a  whole  segment  of  the  population 
richly  deserving  of  help.  Its  constituents  are  the  visually  and  physically 
handicapped  who  are  sent — free  of  charge — large  print,  braille,  and  talking 
books  (on  cassettes  and  records).  Selections  fitting  individual  tastes  are 
ade  by  carefully  studying  information  and  biographical  sketches  sent  in  by 
atrons. 

The  State  Library  operates  the  North  Carolina  Information  Network,  a 
state-of-the-art  high  tech  computer  network  which  ties  together  all  major 
academic,  public  and  community  college  libraries  to  major  national  and 
international  databases.  Other  state  agencies  can  also  use  this  important 
informational  resource. 


272  North  Carolina  Manual 

Films  and  video  tapes  are  also  available  free  through  the  State  Library. 
Enrichment  films  including  comedy,  art,  travel,  and  other  subjects  are  avail- 
able. Local  libraries  can  provide  details. 

The  State  Library  has  a  Library  Development  Section  that  provides  con- 
sultant service  to  librarians,  trustees,  public  officials  and  interested  citizens 
throughout  the  state.  Plus,  this  division  can  assist  to  state  agencies  in  set- 
ting up  and  maintaining  departmental  libraries.  Besides  staff,  the  State 
Library  also  offers  these  agencies  a  broad  collection  of  books,  periodicals, 
newspapers,  documents  and  other  materials,  reference  services  and  bibli- 
ographies, and  library  services  to  the  State  Legislature  while  in  session. 

The  Special  Services  Section  offers  free  public  Library  service  to  those 
unable  to  hold  or  read  ordinary  printed  library  materials  because  of  physical 
or  visual  disability.  Special  library  materials  are  provided  through  the 
Library  of  Congress  for  the  Blind  and  Physically  Handicapped,  and  the 
United  States  Postal  Service  mails  these  materials  for  free.  Recorded  on 
long  playing  records  or  cassette  tape,  in  large  type  or  braille,  the  materials 
include  books  and  magazines  for  all  ages  and  of  all  kinds.  Many  thousands 
of  titles  are  available,  along  with  the  equipment  for  using  them. 

Both  the  State  Library  and  the  Division  of  Archives  and  History  provide 
genealogical  services  that  attract  thousands  of  people  from  all  over  the  coun- 
try. The  Library  has  secondary  sources  such  as  books,  family  and  county  his- 
tories, newspapers  and  census  records.  Archives  and  History  has  primary 
sources — the  original  documents. 

The  Library's  Technical  Services  Section  is  responsible  for  acquiring  and 
preparing  books,  documents  and  related  materials  which  comprise  the 
Library's  material  resources.  Technical  Services  also  operates  a  state  docu- 
ments depository  system  which  catalogs  and  distributes  state  publications  to 
depository  libraries  statewide. 

Division  of  the  Arts  Council 

It  is  the  mission  of  the  North  Carolina  Arts  Council  to  enrich  the  cultural 
life  of  the  state  by  nurturing  and  supporting  excellence  in  the  arts  and  pro- 
viding opportunities  for  every  North  Carolinian  to  experience  the  arts.  The 
Council  works  primarily  with  over  2,000  nonprofit  arts  organizations  and 
12,000  artists,  but  can  also  provide  funding  and  services  to  hundreds  of  other 
nonprofit  organizations  that  do  arts  programming. 

The  North  Carolina  Arts  Council  was  established  in  1964  by  executive 
order,  was  made  a  statutory  agency  in  1967,  and  became  a  separate  division 
of  the  Department  of  Cultural  Resources  in  1981.  The  Arts  Council  is  gov- 
erned by  a  24-member  board  appointed  by  the  Governor  to  serve  three-year 
terms.  The  board  sets  policy  and  assisted  by  guest  panelists,  makes  funding 
recommendations  on  approximately  1,700  grant  applicants  each  year.  Those 
include  local  arts  councils,  galleries  and  museums,  crafts  guilds,  literary 
presses  and  magazines,  folk  arts  programs,  dance,  opera  and  theatre  compa- 
nies; individual  artists;  and  arts  programs  in  public  schools,  community  col- 
leges, universities,  public  libraries,  historical  organizations,  parks  and  recre- 
ation departments,  community  service  organizations  and  public  radio  and 
television. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  273 

Funds  for  Arts  Council  programs  and  services  are  provided  by  the  North 
Carolina  General  Assembly  and  the  National  Endowment  for  the  Arts,  a  fed- 
eral agency  in  Washington,  DC.  Major  grant  application  deadlines  are 
January  15  and  February  1  for  artists  and  March  1  for  organizations. 

The  Arts  Council's  program  sections  are  Community  Development, 
Dance,  Folklife,  Literature,  Music,  Theatre,  Touring/Presenting  and  Visual 
Arts.  Each  offers  technical  assistance,  information  and  consultation  services, 
and  a  variety  of  grant  categories  to  constituent  artists  and  organizations. 
The  Council  also  initiates  programs  to  encourage  cultural  leadership  in  the 
state.  Its  conferences,  festivals,  workshops  and  performing  arts  tours 
address  important  issues  affecting  the  arts  in  North  Carolina  and/or  provide 
much  needed  arts  programs  not  available  through  other  organizations.  The 
Council  is  recognized  nationally  for  its  innovative  leadership  in  arts  pro- 
gramming. 

The  Arts  Council's  programs  reach  all  100  counties  of  North  Carolina. 
Through  the  Grassroots  Arts  Program,  each  county  receives  state  funds 
based  on  the  county  population  to  assist  in  presenting  arts  programming. 
The  Art  Works  for  State  Buildings  Program  assures  that  a  major  work  of  art 
will  be  included  in  all  new  construction  or  renovation  of  state  facilities 
throughout  the  state.  Residency  and  touring  programs  place  performing,  lit- 
erary and  visual  artists  in  North  Carolina  public  schools  as  well  as  in  a  vari- 
ety of  other  settings  from  the  largest  cities  to  the  most  rural  communities. 
The  Organization  of  Color  Development  Program  provides  assistance  to 
emerging  minority  arts  groups  at  a  crucial  time  in  their  development.  The 
Folk  Heritage  Awards  recognize  and  honor  North  Carolina's  finest  folk 
artists.  Fellowships  reward  professional  artists  who  have  made  a  serious 
commitment  to  producing  their  art. 

North  Carolina  Museum  of  Art:  The  North  Carolina  Museum  of  Art 
houses  one  of  the  finest  collections  of  art  in  the  Southeast,  a  collection  that 
includes  paintings  and  sculptures  representing  5,000  years  of  artistic 
achievements  from  ancient  Egypt  to  the  present.  When  the  General 
Assembly  appropriated  $1  million  in  1947  "to  purchase  an  art  collection  for 
the  state,"  North  Carolina  became  the  first  state  in  the  nation  to  devote  pub- 
lic funds  for  that  purpose.  With  that  first  appropriation,  the  museum 
acquired  139  paintings  that  included  works  by  Homer,  Rubens,  Van  Dyke, 
and  Gainsborough.  This  appropriation  attracted  a  gift  from  the  Samuel  H. 
Kress  Foundation,  which  donated  most  of  the  museum's  collection  of  Italian 
Renaissance  art. 

Since  those  early  days,  the  museum  has  acquired  Egyptian,  Greek, 
Roman,  African,  and  modern  art,  as  well  as  a  collection  of  Jewish  ceremonial 
objects  that  is  the  only  one  of  its  kind  in  a  general  museum  in  the  United 
States.  Today  the  museum's  collection  houses  works  by  Monet,  Pissarro,  and 
Copley.  The  modern  collection  includes  works  by  Hartley,  O'Keeffe,  Kline, 
Stella,  Calder,  Moore,  and  Wyeth,  as  well  as  a  significant  group  of  German 
Expressionist  paintings. 

Docents  conduct  tours  of  the  art  collection  and  tours  of  special  exhibitions 


274  North  Carolina  Manual 

for  groups,  including  some  33,000  school  children  who  visit  the  museum 
annually  for  tours  geared  to  their  curriculum.  A  daily  public  tour  is  present- 
ed at  1:30  p.m.  The  museum  presents  Sunday  afternoon  lectures  and  con- 
certs, art  workshops  for  children,  seminars  for  teachers,  and  a  popular 
Friday  evening  film  series. 

Founded  and  administered  by  the  North  Carolina  Art  Society  until  1961, 
the  museum  is  today  a  division  of  the  Department  of  Cultural  Resources. 
Annual  operating  support  is  provided  through  state  appropriations  and  con- 
tributions from  the  private  sector  administered  by  the  North  Carolina 
Museum  of  Art  Foundation. 

Located  at  2110  Blue  Ridge  Road  in  Raleigh,  the  museum  is  open  9  a.m.  - 
5  p.m.  Tuesday  through  Saturday,  11  a.m.  -  6  p.m.  Sunday,  and  is  closed 
Monday.  Admission  is  free. 

The  North  Carolina  Symphony:  When  the  1943  General  Assembly 
passed  the  "Horn-Tootin'  Bill,"  North  Carolina  became  one  of  the  first  states 
to  support  its  own  orchestra.  The  North  Carolina  Symphony  now  ranks  as 
one  of  the  major  orchestras  in  the  country,  presenting  the  finest  in  classical 
and  symphonic  music.  It  has  performed  at  Orchestra  Hall  in  Chicago, 
Kennedy  Center  in  Washington  and  Carnegie  Hall  in  New  York. 

Long  known  for  its  many  concerts  for  schoolchildren  annually,  the 
Symphony  is  led  by  Music  Director/Conductor  Gerhardt  Zimmerman.  It  has 
a  38  week  season  and  performs  185  full-orchestra  concerts  each  year  for 
some  425,000  adults  and  schoolchildren,  including  approximately  60  music 
education  concerts  for  more  than  150,000  schoolchildren. 

Nationally  recognized  as  a  major  orchestra  by  the  American  Orchestra 
League,  the  Symphony  travels  over  20,000  miles  each  year,  bringing  beauti- 
ful orchestral  music  to  towns  and  cities  across  the  state. 

Special  Programs:  The  development  of  the  arts  and  humanities  in 
North  Carolina  has  placed  new  demands  on  government,  our  citizens,  private 
groups,  schools,  and  businesses.  To  meet  these  needs,  the  Department  of 
Cultural  Resources  and  other  state  government  agencies  have  instituted  sev- 
eral special  programs. 

The  Governor's  Business  Council  on  the  Arts  and  Humanities  seeks  to 
enhance  business  support  of  cultural  programs.  It  was  the  first  such  state- 
level  effort  in  the  nation. 

Cultural  Resources  attaches  a  special  importance  to  arts  education.  Both 
the  Office  of  the  Secretary  and  the  department's  various  agencies  sponsor 
programs  to  meet  this  need.  The  Arts  Council's  Artists-in-Schools  program, 
for  example,  provides  residencies  in  public  schools  for  artists  who  have 
shown  excellence  in  their  work  and  the  ability  to  communicate  their  love  of 
art  to  young  people.  It  also  co-sponsors  the  Visiting  Artists  program  in  the 
state's  community  college  system.  The  Museum  of  Art  and  the  Museum  of 
History  provide  special  tours  and  in-school  programs  for  children.  In  addition, 
Cultural  Resources  sponsors  cultural  programs  targeted  to  special  populations 
including  people  of  color,  the  disabled  and  residents  of  correctional  institutions. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  275 

An  organic  extension  of  its  people,  North  Carolina's  culture  should  be 
shared  by  all  who  live  here.  The  department's  goal  is  to  assure  that  richness 
of  North  Carolina's  cultural  heritage  should  be  available  to  everyone. 

Board  and  Commissions 

Board  of  Trustees  of  the  N.C.  Museum  of  Art 

Composer  Laureate  for  the  State  of  North  Carolina 

Edenton  Historical  Commission 

Executive  Mansion  Fine  Arts  Committee 

Governor's  Business  Council  on  the  Arts  and  Humanities 

Historic  Bath  Commission 

Historic  Hillsborough  Commission 

Historic  Murfreesboro  Commission 

John  Motley  Morehead  Memorial  Commission 

Museum  of  History  Associates,  Board  of  Directors 

N.C.  Art  Society,  Incorporated,  Board  of  Directors 

N.C.  Arts  Council  Board 

N.C.  Highway  Historical  Marker  Advisory  Committee 

N.C.  Historical  Commission 

N.C.  Symphony,  Incorporated,  Board  of  Trustees 

Public  Librarian  Certification  Commission 

Roanoke  Voyages  and  Elizabeth  II  Commission 

State  Historical  Records  Advisory  Board 

State  Library  Commission 

The  Vagabond  School  of  Drama,  Incorporated  Board  of  Trustees 

Tryon  Palace  Commission 

U.S.S.  North  Carolina  Battleship  Commission 

For  Further  Information 

(919)  733-4867 


276 


North  Carolina  Manual 


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Betty  Ray  McCain 

Secretary  of  Cultural  Resources 

Early  Years 

Born  to  Mary  Perrett  and  Horace  Truman 
Ray,  (both  deceased). 

Educational  Background 

Faison  High  School  (Valedictorian);  St. 
Mary's  College;  University  of  North 
Carolina  at  Chapel  Hill  (A.B.  in  Music); 
Teacher's  College,  Columbia  University, 
New  York  (M.A.  in  Music). 

Professional  Background 

Courier,  Educational  Travel  Associates 
(escorted  European  tours  1952,  1954); 
Assistant  Director,  YWCA,  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1953-55;  Assistant  to  the  Chair, 
Department  of  Internal  Medicine,  Medical  College  of  Virginia,  Richmond  1955-56; 
Secretary,  Department  of  Cultural  Resources,  1993-. 

Political  Activities 

Chair  and  Staff  Director,  N.C.  Democratic  Party  (unpaid)  1976-79;  Co-chair,  Jim 
Hunt  Campaigns  for  Governor,  1976,  1980,  and  Senate  Campaign,  1984,  (unpaid), 
Campaign  Volunteer,  Jim  Hunt  for  Governor,  1992,  Lobbyist  (unpaid)  for  ERA  for 
Governor  Jim  Hunt. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Current  Posts  Held:  Board  of  Directors,  Carolina  Telephone  and  Telegraph  Company; 
Patron,  Friends  of  the  Wilson  County  Library;  Member,  Board  of  Directors,  Friends  of 
the  Hackney  Library  at  Barton  College;  Member,  Children's  Trust  Foundation, 
Barium  Springs  Home  for  Children;  Board  of  Directors,  N.C.  Institute  of  Medicine; 
Board  of  Directors,  Agency  for  Public  Telecommunications;  Member,  Information 
Services  Management  Commission;  Member,  N.C.  School  of  the  Arts  Board  of 
Trustees  (ex-officio);  Member,  Board  of  Directors,  N.C.  Equity;  Co-founder  and  Board 
of  Directors,  Pine  Needles  Network;  and  member,  Board  of  Directors,  Imagination 
Solution  (Science  Museum).  Former  Posts  Held:  President,  President-elect,  First 
Vice-President,  Parliamentarian,  N.C.  Medical  Auxiliary;  President,  N.C.  Society  of 
Internal  Medicine  Auxiliary;  Regional  Chair  for  the  12-state  Southern  Region  of  the 
American  Medical  Association  Auxiliary  for  Health  Careers  (one  term),  Legislation 
(one  term),  and  Health  Education  (one  term)  (set  programs  and  implemented  pro- 
grams and  trained  volunteers  to  run  programs);  National  Volunteer  Health  Services 
Chair,  American  Medical  Association  Auxiliary  (supervised  all  volunteer  health  ser- 
vices in  AMA  Auxiliary);  AMA  Auxiliary  Representative  to  the  Council  on  Voluntary 
Health  Organizations;  Member,  National  Board  of  Directors,  AMA  Auxiliary;  AMA 
Auxiliary  Liaison  Representative  To  The  AMA  Council  On  Mental  Health;  Chamber 
Of  Commerce  Representative  to  the  Wilson  Human  Relations  Commission;  Member 
UNC  Board  of  Governors;  President,  N.C.  Museum  of  History  Associates;  Member, 
Advisory  Budget  Commission  (first  woman)  1981-84;  Member,  Board  of  Visitors, 
Wake  Forest  University  School  of  Law;  Member,  UNC-Chapel  Hill  Board  of  Visitors; 
Member,  General  Alumni  Association  of  UNC-Chapel  Hill  Board  of  Directors  and 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  277 

Directors  and  Chair  of  the  Program  Committee;  Member,  Board  of  Directors, 
Treasurer.Wilson  on  the  Move;  Board  of  Directors,  Wilson  Downtown  Development 
Corporation. 

Honors  and  Awards 

Distinguished  Alumnae  Award,  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1993;  Recipient  of  State  awards 
from  the  N.C.  Heart  Association,  N.C.  Easter  Seal  Society,  Jaycettes  (Women  in 
Government  Award);  Recipient  of  National  Jaycettes  (now  Jaycee  Women)  Women  in 
Government  Award,  1985;  Democratic  National  Convention  Delegate  1972,  1988; 
Mid-Term  Conference,  1978,  National  Democratic  Conference  1982;  Award  of  Merit 
from  Wilson  Downtown  Business  Association;  Listed  in  Who's  Who,  Who's  Who  in 
American  Politics,  Who's  Who  in  the  South,  Who's  Who  in  American  Women. 

Publications 

"When  the  Physician  Needs  Help"  —  a  study  of  physician  suicide.  Facets,  1971; 
"History  ofTB  in  North  Carolina,"  N.C.  Medical  Society  History. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  John  McCain  of  Wilson.  Children:  Paul  Pressly  McCain  III  and  Mary  Eloise 
McCain;  four  granddaughters.  Member,  First  Presbyterian,  Wilson;  former  Sunday 
School  teacher;  Ruling  Elder;  former  Deacon  and  Chair  of  Finance  Committee; 
Member  of  Finance  Committee  and  Chancel  Choir. 


278  North  Carolina  Manual 

DEPARTMENT  OF  CULTURAL  RESOURCESi 


SECRETARIES 

Name  Residence  Term 

Samuel  T.  Ragan2 Moore 1972-1973 

Grace  J.  Rohrer3 Forsyth 1973-1977 

Sara  W.  Hodgkins4 Moore 1977-1985 

PatricG.  Dorsey5 Craven 1985-1993 

Betty  R.  McCain6 Wilson 1993-Present 

!The  Executive  Organization  act,  of  1971  created  the  "Department  of  Art, 
Culture  and  History,"  with  provisions  for  a  "Secretary"  appointed  by  the  governor. 
The  Organization  Act  of  1973  changed  the  name  to  the  "Department  of  Cultural 
Resources." 

2Ragan  was  appointed  by  Governor  Scott. 

3Rohrer  was  appointed  on  January  5,  1973,  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  replace 
Ragan. 

4Hodgkins  was  appointed  on  January  10,  1977,  by  Governor  Hunt  to  replace 
Rohrer. 

5Dorsey  was  appointed  January  7,  1985,  by  Governor  Martin  to  replace 
Hodgkins. 

6McCain  was  appointed  January  11,  1993  to  replace  Dorsey. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  279 


THE  DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCE 


When  it  was  established  as  The  department  promotes  a  wide 

part  of  the  State  Government  variety  of  opportunities  to  improve 

Reorganization  Act  of  1971,  the  economy  of  the  entire  Tar  Heel 

the  Department  of  Commerce  consist-  State,  rural  and  urban  areas  alike, 

ed  almost  entirely  of  regulatory  agen-  Promoting  tourism,  exporting,  film 

cies  and  the  Employment  Security  production,  downtown  revitalization 

Commission.  and  industry  recruitment  are  some  of 

While  those  responsibilities  con-  the  areas  for  which  DOC  is  responsi- 

tinue  to  be  a  very  important  part  of  ble. 

DOC's  role  in  state  government,  the  Ultimately,  the  department's 

department  over  the  years  has  evolved  goal  is  to  improve  quality  of  life  for 

into  the  state's  lead  agency  for  eco-  all  North  Carolinians  by  creating 

nomic  and  community  development,  more,  better  and  diverse  jobs. 

Office  of  the  Secretary 

A  secretary,  appointed  by  the  governor,  heads  the  Department  of 
Commerce.  A  deputy  secretary  and  two  assistant  secretaries  help  with  the 
department's  operations.  Four  other  areas  are  housed  in  the  Office  of  the 
Secretary: 

Legislative  Affairs:  The  department's  legislative  liaison  coordinates 
and  tracks  legislation  pertaining  to  the  department  and  is  responsible  for 
administrative  operations  of  the  department's  boards  and  commissions. 

Public  Affairs:  The  Public  Affairs  Office  informs  the  media  and  the 
public  about  the  happenings  of  the  department  through  press  releases,  news 
conferences  and  responses  to  direct  inquiries. 

Publications:  The  Publications  Office  produces  and  oversees  written 
and  visual  materials  for  the  department  and  serves  as  liaison  with  the  state 
publications  clearinghouse,  which  distributes  all  publications  to  the  state's 
depository  libraries. 

Sports  Development:  The  Sports  Development  Office  works  with  local 
groups,  other  state  agencies  and  sports  organizations  to  attract  amateur  and 
professional  sporting  events  to  North  Carolina.  The  office  also  promotes 
recreational  activities  statewide. 

Office  of  the  Deputy  Secretary 

The  Deputy  Secretary  directly  oversees  the  following  economic 
development  divisions: 


280  North  Carolina  Manual 

Business  I  Industry  Development  Division:  The  Business/Industry 
Development  Division  leads  North  Carolina's  business  and  industrial  recruit- 
ment efforts.  Based  in  Raleigh,  its  staff  works  closely  with  other  public  and 
private  development  organizations  to  attract  new  industries  to  the  state.  In 
addition,  the  division's  retention  and  expansion  program  —  designed  to 
encourage  existing  North  Carolina  companies  to  stay  here  and  grow  here  — 
operates  out  of  nine  regional  offices  to  ensure  better  service  and  equal  access 
to  companies  throughout  the  state. 

The  Business/Industry  Development  Division  also  is  responsible  for 
recruiting  foreign-owned  firms  to  the  state  and  operates  offices  in  Dusseldorf, 
Hong  Kong,  Tokyo  and  Toronto.  And,  in  response  to  the  increased  number  of 
inquiries  the  division  has  received  from  companies  located  on  the  West 
Coast,  North  Carolina's  first  out-of-state  US  office  opened  in  California  in 
late  1993. 

Film  Office:  The  Film  Office  promotes  North  Carolina  as  a  site  for 
motion  picture,  television  and  commercial  production  activity.  The  Film 
Office  staff  works  closely  with  film  producers,  crews,  studio  managers  and 
others  to  keep  movie  making  in  North  Carolina  practical,  pleasant  and  prof- 
itable. 

Finance  Center:  To  help  businesses  that  want  to  locate  or  expand  oper- 
ations in  the  Tar  Heel  State,  the  Commerce  Finance  Center  administers  a 
variety  of  economic  development  financing  programs:  the  Industrial  Building 
Renovation  Fund,  the  Basic  Building  Fund  and  the  Community  Development 
Block  Grant  program  for  economic  development  projects.  The  agency  also 
administers  Industrial  Revenue  Bonds  and  the  Job  Creation  Tax  Credit, 
which  is  designed  to  spur  job  creation  in  the  state's  50  most  economically  dis- 
tressed counties. 

GTP  Marketing  Division:  Marketing  and  industrial  recruitment  for 
the  Global  TransPark  are  the  responsibility  of  the  GTP  Marketing  Division. 
The  office  provides  both  client-specific  and  general  information  about  the 
project. 

International  Trade  Division:  The  International  Trade  Division  is 
responsible  for  the  state's  foreign  trade  activities,  and  its  primary  goal  is  to 
help  small  and  mid-sized  firms  market  their  products  overseas  through  its 
Export  Outreach  program,  Trade  Events  program,  and  the  Shared  Foreign 
Sales  Corporation  program.  The  division  shares  offices  abroad  with  the 
Business/Industry  Development  Division.  In  early  1994,  the  division  opened 
an  office  in  Mexico  City  that  focuses  solely  on  trade  between  Latin  America 
and  North  Carolina. 

Division  of  Travel  and  Tourism:  The  Division  of  Travel  and  Tourism 
promotes  North  Carolina  as  a  vacation  destination  to  travelers  worldwide  in 
an  effort  to  increase  travel  expenditures,  create  additional  employment  and 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  281 

strengthen  the  overall  economy  of  the  state.  The  division's  advertising  and 
marketing  programs  are  designed  to  promote  the  state's  geographical  beauty, 
mild  climate  and  special  attractions. 

Assistant  Secretary  for  Administration 

The  Assistant  Secretary  for  Administration  manages  all  fiscal,  personnel, 
information  services  and  executive  aircraft  operations  for  the  department. 

Assistant  Secretary  for  Community  Development 

Division  of  Community  Assistance:  The  Division  of  Community 
Assistance  has  a  threefold  mission.  First,  it  administers  the  federally  funded 
Small  Cities  Community  Development  Block  Grant  program,  which  assists 
low-  and  moderate-income  North  Carolinians  through  the  creation  of  jobs, 
housing  and  improved  infrastructure.  CDBGs  are  awarded  to  local  govern- 
ments on  a  competitive  basis.  Next,  it  administers  the  state's  Main  Street 
program,  which  helps  communities  revitalize  their  downtowns.  Finally,  staff 
planners  in  the  division's  seven  regional  offices  assist  local  governments  with 
other  planning  needs,  such  as  annexations  and  zoning  regulations. 

Division  of  Employment  and  Training:  The  Division  of  Employment 
and  Training  administers  North  Carolina's  share  of  federal  Job  Training 
Partnership  Act  funds.  Economically  disadvantaged  people,  people  laid  off 
from  work,  and  people  with  serious  barriers  to  employment  are  trained  for 
jobs,  or  retrained  for  a  different  kind  of  job,  through  JTPA  programs. 

The  Employment  and  Training  Division  also  is  designated  as  the  state's 
Dislocated  Worker  Unit.  This  means  it  receives  notice  of  all  plant  closings 
and  mass  layoffs  in  the  state  to  ensure  timely  implementation  of  the 
Economic  Dislocation  and  Worker  Adjustment  Assistance  Act,  the  Trade 
Adjustment  Assistance  Act  and  the  Worker  Adjustment  and  Retraining 
Notification  Act. 

Energy  Division:  The  Energy  Division  is  the  state's  official  source  for 
energy  planning  and  management,  energy  information  and  energy  technical 
assistance.  As  such,  the  Energy  Division  provides  the  governor  and  the 
Energy  Policy  Council  with  support  and  recommendations  on  energy  policy 
and  legislation.  The  division's  key  responsibilities  include  promoting  renew- 
able energy  and  energy  efficiency  in  every  sector  of  the  economy,  preparing 
energy  forecasts  and  updating  and  developing  North  Carolina's  energy  emer- 
gency plans. 

Regulatory  Agencies 

The  Department  is  responsible  for  providing  a  stable  economic  climate 
through  the  regulation  and  supervision  of  key  segments  of  the  business  com- 
munity. This  includes  protecting  the  public  from  unethical  and  illegal  busi- 
ness practices  in  the  following  areas: 


282  North  Carolina  Manual 

Alcoholic  Beverage  Control  Commission:  The  Alcoholic  Beverage 
Control  Commission  is  responsible  for  controlling  all  aspects  of  the  sale  and 
distribution  of  alcoholic  beverages  in  North  Carolina.  The  state's  system  is 
unique  among  the  50  states  because  155  county  and  municipal  ABC  boards 
are  responsible  for  the  sale  of  alcoholic  beverages  statewide.  There  are  385 
ABC  stores  in  North  Carolina.  In  each  case,  a  vote  of  the  people  was  required 
to  establish  the  system. 

Banking  Commission:  The  Banking  Commission  regulates  and  super- 
vises the  activities  of  the  banks  and  their  branches  chartered  under  North 
Carolina  law.  The  commission  is  responsible  for  the  safe  conduct  of  business; 
maintenance  of  public  confidence;  and  the  protection  of  the  banks'  depositors, 
debtors,  creditors  and  shareholders.  Commission  staff  conducts  examinations 
of  all  state-chartered  banks  and  consumer  finance  licensees;  processes  appli- 
cations for  new  banks  and  branches  of  existing  banks  and  all  applications  for 
licenses.  In  addition,  the  commission  supervises  the  state's  bank  holding 
companies,  money  transmitters,  mortgage  bankers  and  mortgage  brokers, 
tax  refund  anticipation  lenders,  and  reverse  mortgage  lenders. 

Burial  Commission:  The  Burial  Commission  supervises  and  audits  the 
nearly  200  North  Carolina  mutual  burial  associations,  which  have  approxi- 
mately 290,000  members.  A  mutual  burial  association  is  a  nonprofit  corpora- 
tion that  pays  a  limited  amount  toward  burial  expenses. 

Cemetery  Commission:  The  Cemetery  Commission  licenses  and  regu- 
lates the  activities  of  cemetery  companies  that  own  or  control  cemetery  land 
and  conduct  the  business  of  a  cemetery.  The  Commission's  primary  function 
is  to  conduct  examinations  of  all  licensed  cemeteries  to  establish  compliance 
with  the  N.C.  Cemetery  Act.  The  commission  also  licenses  cemetery  sales 
and  management  organizations,  cemetery  brokers  and  individual  pre-need 
cemetery  sales  people. 

Credit  Union  Division:  The  Credit  Union  Division  supervises  and  reg- 
ulates the  operations  of  the  145  state-chartered  credit  unions,  which  serve 
over  750,000  members.  Its  staff  conducts  annual  examinations  of  all  credit 
unions  to  ensure  their  safety  and  soundness. 

Industrial  Commission:  The  Industrial  Commission  administers  the 
Workers'  Compensation  Act;  the  state  Tort  Claims  Act;  and  the  Law 
Enforcement  Officers',  Firemen's  and  Rescue  Squad  Workers'  Death  Benefit 
Act;  and  the  Childhood  Vaccine-Related  Injury  Compensation  Program. 

Rural  Electrification  Authority:  The  Rural  Electrification  Authority 
oversees  the  state's  electric  membership  corporations  and  telephone  mem- 
bership corporations  to  see  that  they  apply  their  rules  and  regulations  on  a 
non-discriminatory  basis.  The  REA  also  acts  as  ombudsman  for  member 
complaints  and  as  the  liaison  between  the  membership  corporations  and  the 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  283 

U.S.  Rural  Electrification  Administration  for  federal  loans.  All  loan  applica- 
tions must  be  approved  by  the  state  REA  before  they  will  be  considered  by 
the  federal  agency. 

Savings  Institutions  Division:  The  Savings  Institutions  Division  reg- 
ulates and  supervises  savings  and  loan  associations  and  savings  banks  char- 
tered under  North  Carolina  law.  Its  principal  functions  are  the  chartering, 
supervision  and  examination  of  all  such  institutions  and  the  processing  of 
applications  for  new  charters,  charter  changes,  new  branches,  branch  reloca- 
tions, mergers  and  acquisitions. 

Utilities  Commission:  The  Utilities  Commission  regulates  utility 
rates.  It  also  investigates  customer  complaints  regarding  utility  operations 
and  services.  The  seven-member  commission  has  jurisdiction  over  public 
electric,  telephone,  natural  gas,  water  and  sewer  companies,  passenger  carri- 
ers, freight  carriers  and  railroads. 

Utilities  Commission  Public  Staff:  The  Utilities  Commission  Public 
Staff  is  a  non-regulatory  agency  that  represents  customers  in  rate  cases  and 
other  utilities  matters.  This  independent  staff  appears  before  the  commission 
and  the  appellate  courts  as  an  advocate  of  the  consuming  public. 

Employment  Security  Commission 

The  North  Carolina  Employment  Security  Commission  administers  the 
state's  employment  service  and  unemployment  insurance  programs,  and  it 
prepares  labor  market  information. 

The  Employment  Service  provides  job  placement  services  -  interviewing, 
counseling,  testing,  job  development  and  referrals  -  to  all  members  of  the 
public.  Specialized  services  are  available  for  the  handicapped,  the  elderly, 
youth,  veterans,  and  seasonal  farm  workers. 

The  Unemployment  Insurance  program  provides  benefits  to  workers 
unemployed  through  no  fault  of  their  own.  The  ESC  determines  entitlement 
to  benefits  and  makes  payments  to  eligible  claimants. 

Labor  Market  Information  compiles  data  on  employment  and  unemploy- 
ment regarding  wages  and  projected  occupational  needs.  The  information  is 
used  primarily  by  government  officials  and  employers. 

To  reach  ESC  call  919/733-7546. 

Related  Agencies 

Several  agencies  receive  budget  appropriations  through  the  Department 
of  Commerce  while  maintaining  their  independence. 

The  N.C.  Biotechnology  Center  and  MCNC  are  two  research  and  develop- 
ment agencies  that  are  partners  with  the  department  in  statewide  economic 
development. 

The  Rural  Economic  Development  Center,  which  focuses  on  the  economic 
development  of  rural  communities,  is  another  important  member  of  that 
partnership. 


284  North  Carolina  Manual 

State  Ports  Authority 

North  Carolina  operates  state  ports  at  Wilmington  and  Morehead  City.  It 
leases  a  small  harbor  at  Southport  as  well  as  space  in  Charlotte  and 
Greensboro  for  intermodal  terminals.  Ships  from  around  the  world  deliver 
and  pick  up  goods  at  the  two  deep-water  seaports.  Under  the  direction  of  the 
State  Ports  Authority  Board  of  Directors,  of  which  the  secretary  of  commerce 
is  an  ex-officio  member,  the  Ports  Authority  staff  promotes  the  use  of  the 
ports,  oversees  construction  at  the  ports,  and  operates  ports  services. 

Wanchese  Seafood  Industrial  Park 

Wanchese  Seafood  Industrial  Park,  located  in  Dare  County,  was  estab- 
lished to  promote  and  support  the  state's  seafood  industry.  The  state  leases 
sites  in  the  park  to  companies  whose  products  are  seafood-  or  marine-related. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Cape  Fear  Navigation  and  Pilotage  Commission 

Community  Development  Council 

Economic  Development  Board 

Employment  Security  Commission  Advisory  Council 

Energy  Policy  Council 

Entrepreneurial  Development  Board 

Morehead  City  Navigation  and  Pilotage  Commission 

N.C.  Mutual  Burial  Association  Commission 

N.C.  National  Park,  Parkway  and  Forest  Development  Council 

N.C.  Seafood  Industrial  Park  Authority 

N.C.  Small  Business  Council 

N.C.  Sports  Development  Commission 

N.C.  State  Ports  Authority 

N.C.  Travel  and  Tourism  Board 

For  Further  Information 

(919)  733-4962 

Employment  Security  Commission:  (919)  733-7546 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch 


285 


S.  Davis  Phillips 
Secretary  of  Cornrnerce 

Early  Years 

Born  in  High  Point,  N.C. 

Educational  Background 

Choate  Rosemary  Hall,  Wallingford 
Connecticut;  University  of  North  Carolina 
at  Chapel  Hill. 

Professional  Background 

President  and  Chief  Executive  Officer, 
Phillips  Industries,  Inc.  (holding  company 
for  textile  manufacturing  and  factoring  ser- 
vices); Partner,  Market  Square  Partnership 
(furniture  showrooms,  motels,  motion  pic- 
ture studio). 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Chair,  Wake  Forest  Babcock  School  of  Management;  Vice  Chair  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees,  High  Point  University;  Board  Member  and  Vice  President,  Bryan  Family 
Foundation;  Board  Member,  N.C.  School  of  the  Arts  Foundation;  Board  Member,  N.C. 
Amateur  Sports;  Board  Member,  Old  Salem,  Inc.;  Board  Member,  Choate  Rosemary 
Hall;  Board  Member,  Winston-Salem  Symphony;  Board  Member,  Medical  Center  - 
The  Bowman  Gray  School  of  Medicine/North  Carolina  Baptist  Hospital,  Inc.;  Board 
Member,  N.C.  Arts  Advocates  Foundation;  Board  Member,  Council  of  Performance 
Place;  Board  Member,  Furniture  Discovery  Museum;  Past  Chair,  High  Point 
Economic  Development  Corporation;  Past  Chair,  Piedmont  Triad  Partnership;  Past 
Chair,  N.C.  Zoological  Society;  Past  Board  Member,  N.C.  Department  of 
Transportation;  Past  Chair,  Piedmont  Triad  Development  Corporation. 

Personal  Information 

Married;  Kay  Phillips.  Children;  Lucy,  Bo,  Kate,  and  Lil.  Member;  Wesley  Memorial 
United  Methodist  Church. 


286 


North  Carolina  Manual 


DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMERCEi 


SECRETARIES 


Name  Residence 

George  Irving  Aldridge2 Wake 

Tenney  I.  Deane,  Jr.3 Wake 

Winfield  S.  Harvey4 Wake 

Donald  R.  Beason5 Wake 

Duncan  M.  Faircloth6 Wake 

Howard  Haworth7 Guilford 

Claude  E.  Pope8 Wake 

James  T.  Broyhill9 Caldwell 

Estell  C.  Lee10 New  Hanover. 

S.  Davis  Phillips Guilford 


Term 

1972-1973 

1973-1974 

1973-1976 

1976-1977 

1977-1985 

1985-1987 

1987-1989 

1989-1990 

1990-1993 

.1993-Present 


iThe  Executive  Organization  Act  of  1971  created  the  "Department  of  Commerce," 
with  provisions  for  a  "Secretary"  appointed  by  the  Governor.  The  Department  of 
Commerce  was  reorganized  and  renamed  by  legislative  action  of  the  1989  General 
Assembly. 

2Aldridge  was  appointed  by  Governor  Scott. 

3Deane  was  appointed  on  January  5,  1973,  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  replace 
Aldridge.  He  resigned  in  November,  1973. 

4Harvey  was  appointed  on  December  3,  1973,  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  replace 
Deane. 

5Beason  was  appointed  on  July  1,  1976,  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  replace 
Harvey. 

6Faircloth  was  appointed  on  January  10,  1977,  to  replace  Beason. 

7Haworth  was  appointed  January  5,  1985,  to  replace  Faircloth. 

8Pope  was  appointed  by  Governor  Martin  to  replace  Haworth. 

9Broyhill  was  appointed  by  Governor  Martin  to  replace  Pope. 

10Lee  was  appointed  by  Governor  Martin  April  1,  1990  to  replace  Broyhill. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  287 

DEPARTMENT  OF  ENVIRONMENT,  HEALTH, 
AND  NATURAL  RESOURCES 


The  N.C.  Department  of  before  loggers  could  ruin  it.  The  leg- 
Environment,  Health,  and  islators  created  Mount  Mitchell 
Natural  Resources  has  a  long  State  Park  in  response.  That  same 
and  diverse  history.  When  North  year  federal  and  state  laws  were 
Carolina  began  enforcing  game  laws  passed  to  protect  watersheds  and 
in  1738,  acting  years  before  state-  streams.  The  Legislature  established 
hood  became  a  fact,  the  process  the  North  Carolina  Fisheries 
began  to  form  what  we  know  today  Commission  Board,  charging  it  with 
as  the  Department  of  Environment,  the  stewardship  and  management  of 
Health,  and  Natural  Resources.  the  state's  fishery  resources.  With 
By  1850  the  state  had  embarked  that  creation  came  the  power  to  reg- 
on  an  ambitious  earth  sciences  pro-  ulate  fisheries,  enforce  laws  and  reg- 
gram  to  include  not  only  physical  sci-  ulations,  operate  hatcheries,  and 
ences  but  also  agricultural  and  silvi-  carry  out  shellfish  rehabilitation 
cultural  functions.  In  1823,  the  activities. 

North  Carolina  Geological  Survey  By  1925  the  North  Carolina 

was  formed,  later  expanded,  and  in  Geological  and  Economic  Survey 

1905  renamed  the  N.C.  Geological  moved  another  step  in  its  eventual 

and  Economic  Survey — the  forerun-  progression  to  the  present-day  orga- 

ner  organization  to  the  Department  nization.  It  became  the  Department 

of  Environment,  Health,  and  Natural  of  Conservation  and  Development, 

Resources.  consolidating  and  encompassing 

State  direction  on  environmental  many  natural  resource  functions, 

matters  picked  up  speed  as  the  20th  The  focus  was  on  geology,  but  many 

Century  dawned.  As  early  as  1899,  other  associated  natural  resource 

the  State  Board  of  Health  was  given  functions  also  grew.  Although  the 

some  statutory  powers  over  water  Depression  slowed  business  at  all 

pollution  affecting  sources  of  domes-  levels,  the  public  programs,  such  as 

tic  water  supply.  The  power  to  con-  the  Civilian  Conservation  Corps 

trol  the  pollution  of  our  waters  has  (CCC),  were  a  boon  to  the  natural 

remained  constant  since.  resource  programs  of  the  state.  More 

The  state  employed  its  first  grad-  than  76,000  CCC  workers  fanned  out 

uate  forester  in  June  of  1909,  leading  across  the  state,  constructing  fire 

to  the  creation  of  the  North  Carolina  towers,  bridges,  erosion  control 

Forest  Service  (known  today  as  the  dams,  buildings,  planting  trees  and 

Division  of  Forest  Resources)  in  1915  fighting  forest  fires.  Many  of  the 

with  a  single  purpose — to  prevent  facilities  in  our  state  parks  built  by 

and  control  wildfires.  the  CCC  are  still  in  use  today. 

In  that  same  year  the  system  of  The  Division  of  Forest  Resources 

state  parks  also  was  born,  when  established  its  nursery  seedling 

Governor  Locke  Craig  moved  the  program  in  1924,  adding  its  manage- 

Legislature  to  save  Mount  Mitchell  ment  branch  in  1937  and  creating  a 


288  North  Carolina  Manual 

State  Parks  Program  as  a  branch  The  N.C.   1951  State  Stream 

operation    in    1935.    A   full-time  Sanitation  Act  (renamed  in  1967  as 

Superintendent  of  State  Parks  was  the  Water  and  Air  Resources  Act) 

hired  and  the  stage  was  set  for  parks  became  the  bedrock  for  today's  com- 

to  develop  into  Division  status  by  plex  and  inclusive  efforts  to  affect 

1948.  our  water  resources  and  an  impor- 

All  across  the  spectrum  of  state  tant  part  of  the  legal  basis  for  today's 

government,  growth  was  evident  in  water  pollution  control  program.  It 

the  first  three  decades  of  the  1900's.  established  a  pollution  abatement 

Interest  declined  in  geology  and  min-  and  control  program  based  on  classi- 

eral  resources,  which  had  begun  the  fications  and  water  quality  stan- 

organizational  push  in  the  first  dards  applied  to  the  surface  waters 

place.  Geological  and  mineralogical  of  the  state. 

investigations  at  both  federal  and  By  1959,  the  General  Assembly 

state  levels  were  poorly  supported  had  created  the  Department  and 

financially.  From  1926-1940,  the  Board  of  Water  Resources,  moving 

Division  of  Mineral  Resources  was  the     State     Stream     Sanitation 

literally  a  one-man  show,  operated  Committee  and  its  programs  into  the 

by  the  State  Geologist.  new  Department.  By  1967,  it  had 

The  war  years  (1938-1945)  pro-  become  the  Department  of  Water 

vided  new  impetus  for  that  segment  and  Air  Resources,  remaining  active 

of  the  environment.  The  need  for  in  water  pollution  control  and  adding 

minerals  to  meet  wartime  shortages  a  new  air  pollution  control  program, 

gave  new  lifeblood  to  geological  and  The  Division  of  Forest  Resources 

mineral  resources  in  North  Carolina.  expanded  its  comprehensive  services 

An  ambitious  cooperative  effort  during  the  1950-1970's,  as  did  many 

was  undertaken  by  the  state  and  the  of  the  state  agencies  concerned  with 

U.S.  Geological  Survey  in  1941,  the  growing  complexity  of  environ- 

beginning  with  a  ground  water  mental  issues.  The  nation's  first 

resources  study.  That  effort  contin-  Forest  Insect  and  Disease  Control 

ued    through     1959,     when    the  Program  was  set  up  within  the 

Department  of  Water  Resources  was  Division     in      1950,     the     Tree 

formed.  1941  had  also  witnessed  a  Improvement  Program  began  in 

far-ranging  study  by  the  state  of  1963,  the  Forestation  Program  was 

geology  and  mineral  resources  in  the  added    in    1969,    and    the    first 

western  regions  of  North  Carolina  in  Educational  State  Forest  became 

cooperation  with  the  Tennessee  operational  in  1976. 

Valley  Authority.  For  the  first  half  of  this  century, 

A  long  legislative  struggle  that  our  state  parks  grew  simply  by  the 

lasted  three  full  sessions  of  the  generosity  of  public  spirited  citizens. 

General    Assembly    brought    the  Appropriations  for  operations  were 

state's  first  comprehensive,  modern  minimal   until   the    State   Parks 

water  pollution  control  law  in  1951.  Program  was  established  within  the 

The  cornerstone  of  North  Carolina's  N.C.  Forest  Service  in  1935.  The 

early  19th  Century  effort  to  affect  parks  were  busy  sites  for  military 

our  environmental  lifestyle  -  water  camps  in  the  1940's,  but  isolated 

and  geology  -  were  coming  into  focus  leisure  spots  for  most  of  the  years, 

at  the  same  time.  The  growth  in  attendance,  and 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  289 

a  corresponding  need  for  more  agencies,  boards  and  commissions  to 

appropriations    to    serve    that  the  department,  including  the  func- 

growth,  surfaced  in  the  early  1960's  tions  of  the  old  Department  of 

and  continues  today.  The  1963  State  Conservation  and  Development.  As 

Natural  Areas  act  guaranteed  that  some  of  the  titles  changed  and  some 

future  generations  will  have  pockets  of  the  duties  of  old  agencies  were 

of  unspoiled  nature  to  enjoy.  The  combined  or  shifted,  the  stage  was 

1965    Federal    Land    and   Water  set  for  the  1977  Executive  Order 

Conservation  Fund  required  the  which  created  the  Department  of 

state  to  have  a  viable  plan  for  park  Natural  Resources  and  Community 

growth.  Development.  That  brought  together 

The  General  Assembly  pumped  not  only  the  growing  community 

new  financial  life  into  the  state  park  development  programs,  but  pulled 

system  with  major  appropriations  in  the  always  popular  North  Carolina 

the  1970's  for  land  acquisition  and  Zoological  Park  (created  in  1969  and 

operations.  By  the  mid-1980's,  park  expanded  continuously  since)  and 

visitation  was  surpassing  six  million  the  Wildlife  Resources  Commission 

a  year,  facilities  were  being  taxed  to  under  the  Natural  Resources  and 

the  limit,  and  a  new  era  of  parks  Community  Development  umbrella, 
expansion  and  improvements  was  During  the  mid-1980's  however,  a 

beginning.  growing  need  developed  to  combine 

In  the  1960's,  the  need  to  protect  the  interrelated  natural  resources, 

fragile  resources  was  evident  on  sev-  environmental  and  public  health  regu- 

eral  fronts.  The  Division  of  Geodetic  latory  agencies  into  a  single  depart- 

Survey  began  in  1959,  the  Dam  ment.    With    the    support    of   the 

Safety   Act    was    passed   by   the  Administration,  the  General  Assembly 

General  Assembly  in   1967,  and  passed  legislation  in  1989  to  combine 

North  Carolina  became  the  first  elements  of  the  Department  of  Human 

state  to  gain  federal  approval  of  its  Resources  and  the  Department  of 

Coastal  Management  Program  with  Natural  Resources  and  Community 

the  1974  passing  of  the  Coastal  Area  Development  into  a  single  Department 

Management  Act.   By  the   early  of  Environment,  Health,  and  Natural 

1970's,  the  state's  involvement  in  Resources. 

natural  resource  and  community  Three  of  the  old  NRCD  divisions 

lifestyle  protection  bore  little  resem-  (Community  Assistance,  Economic 

blance  to  the  limited  structure  of  Opportunity,  and  Employment  and 

state  organizations  of  the  late  1800's.  Training)    transferred    to    other 

The  Executive  Organization  Act  of  departments.  The  remaining  divi- 

1971  placed  most  of  the  environmen-  sions  were  combined  with  the  Health 

tal  functions  under  the  Department  of  Services  Division  from  the  N.C. 

Natural  and  Economic  Resources.  Department  of  Human  Resources  to 

That  Act  transferred  18  different  form  the  new  agency. 


290  North  Carolina  Manual 


Office  of  the  Secretary 

Perhaps  no  other  state  agency  equals  the  complexity  of  responsibilities 
nor  deals  more  directly  with  the  public  than  does  the  Department  of 
Environment,  Health,  and  Natural  Resources.  Its  day-to-day  operations 
touch  the  lives  of  North  Carolinians  constantly,  from  the  quality  of  water 
coming  out  of  a  faucet  to  how  many  campsites  are  available  at  a  state  park. 

The  Department's  work  is  carried  out  by  nearly  3,800  employees.  The 
majority  of  Department  personnel  are  located  in  Raleigh,  but  those  working 
"in  the  field"  must  be  stationed  at  specific  sites  to  serve  the  public  and  pro- 
tect our  state's  natural  resources. 

Policy  and  administrative  responsibility  for  the  far-flung  operations  of 
the  Department  rests  with  a  Secretary,  appointed  by  the  Governor.  Working 
with  the  Secretary  to  oversee  the  Department's  divisions  and  offices  is  a 
Deputy  Secretary  and  Assistant  Secretaries  for  four  broad  service  areas  — 
Environmental  Protection,  Natural  Resources,  Health,  and  Administration. 

Also  within  the  office  of  the  Secretary  are: 

Office  of  the  General  Counsel:  The  Office  of  the  General  Counsel  pro- 
vides legal  opinions  and  advice  to  divisions  in  the  Department,  negotiates 
settlement  agreements,  reviews  and  evaluates  the  legal  aspects  of 
Department  activities  and  programs,  conducts  all  personnel  case  appeals, 
and  administers  enforcement  actions  taken  by  the  department. 

Office  of  Public  Affairs:  Public  Affairs  provides  graphic  art,  publica- 
tion, photographic  and  writing/editing  services  for  the  department  and  its 
divisions,  and  informs  the  public  about  the  programs  of  the  department  and 
the  services  available. 

Office  of  Legislative  Affairs:  Legislative  Affairs  is  the  department's 
liaison  with  the  North  Carolina  General  Assembly.  Part  if  its  role  is  to  moni- 
tor proposed  legislation  and  the  work  of  the  legislative  study  and  research 
committees  and  commissions  to  ensure  adequate  representation  of  the 
department's  interest. 

Office  of  Policy  Development:  Policy  Development  conducts  research 
and  analysis  for  natural  resource,  environmental,  and  health  policy  develop- 
ment. The  office  also  coordinates  the  department's  compliance  with  the 
National  Environmental  Policy  Act,  the  North  Carolina  Environmental 
Policy  Act,  and  the  North  Carolina  Administrative  Procedures  Act. 

Albemarle-Pamlico  Estuarine  Study:  The  Albemarle-Pamlico 
Estuarine  Study  was  created  to  evaluate  the  water  quality  of  the  sounds, 
their  living  resources,  and  to  develop  strategies  for  managing  and  improving 
the  environmental  quality  of  the  sounds. 

Office  of  Environmental  Education:  Environmental  Education 
serves  as  a  clearinghouse  for  environmental  education  information  at  the 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  291 

state  level,  coordinates  department  environmental  education  programs  and 
activities,  and  supports  the  North  Carolina  "Keep  America  Beautiful"  program. 

Regional  Offices:  Seven  strategically  located  regional  offices  serve  as 
home  base  for  staff  members  from  several  divisions  of  the  department,  par- 
ticularly those  with  regulatory  authority.  The  regional  offices  allow  the 
department  to  deliver  its  program  services  to  citizens  at  the  community 
level.  Regional  offices  are  in  Asheville,  Fayetteville,  Mooresville,  Raleigh, 
Washington,  Wilmington  and  Winston-Salem. 

Assistant  Secretary  for  Environmental  Protection 

Coastal  Management  Division:  Coastal  Management  is  responsible 
for  carrying  out  the  provisions  of  the  N.C.  Coastal  Area  Management  Act.  It 
processes  major  development  permits,  reviews  all  dredge  and  fill  permit 
applications,  and  determines  consistency  of  state  and  federal  grants  and  pro- 
jects which  are  part  of  the  N.C.  Coastal  Management  Program. 

Environmental  Management  Division:  Environmental  Management 
is  responsible  for  the  comprehensive  planning  and  management  of  the  state's 
air,  surface  water  and  groundwater  resources.  The  division  issues  permits  to 
control  sources  of  pollution,  monitors  permitted  facility  compliance,  evalu- 
ates environmental  quality,  and  pursues  enforcement  actions  for  violations  of 
environmental  regulations. 

Land  Resources  Division:  Land  Resources  is  responsible  for  protect- 
ing and  conserving  the  state's  land,  minerals  and  related  resources.  Its  pro- 
grams relate  to  sedimentation  pollution  control,  mine  land  reclamation,  dam 
safety,  land  records  management,  geodetic  survey,  and  mineral  resources 
conservation  and  development. 

Radiation  Protection  Division:  Radiation  Protection  administers  a 
statewide  radiation  surveillance  and  control  program.  Their  goal  is  to  assess 
and  control  radiation  hazards  to  the  public,  workers,  and  the  environment 
through  licensing,  regulating,  registering  and  monitoring  radiation  facilities. 

Solid  Waste  Management  Division:  Solid  Waste  Management  admin- 
isters programs  to  regulate  and  manage  hazardous  and  solid  waste  disposal 
to  protect  the  public  health.  Programs  consists  of  Hazardous  Waste,  Solid 
Waste,  and  the  Superfund. 

Water  Resources  Division:  Water  Resources  conducts  programs  for 
river  basin  management,  water  supply,  water  conservation,  navigation, 
stream  clearance,  flood  control,  beach  protection,  aquatic  weed  control, 
hydroelectric  power  and  recreational  uses  of  water. 

Office  of  Waste  Reduction:  Waste  Reduction  coordinates  the  state's 
waste  reduction  efforts.    It  offers  technical  assistance  and  policy  support  to 


292  North  Carolina  Manual 

industries,  local  governments  and  state  agencies  in  reducing  waste.  The 
Pollution  Prevention  Program  and  the  hazardous  waste  minimization  and 
solid  waste  recycling  programs  are  the  core  elements  of  the  Office. 

Assistant  Secretary  for  Natural  Resources 

Forest  Resources  Division:  Forest  Resources  is  the  lead  agency  in 
managing,  protecting  and  developing  the  forest  resources  of  the  state.  The 
division  carries  out  programs  of  forest  management,  assistance  to  private 
landowners,  reforestation,  forest  fire  prevention  and  suppression,  and  insect 
and  disease  control. 

Parks  and  Recreation  Division:  Parks  and  Recreation  administers  a 
statewide  system  of  park  and  recreation  resources.  It  manages  state  parks, 
state  natural  areas,  state  recreation  areas,  state  trails,  state  lakes,  and  nat- 
ural and  scenic  rivers. 

Soil  and  Water  Conservation:  Soil  and  Water  Conservation  adminis- 
ters a  statewide  program  for  conservation  of  the  state's  soil  and  water 
resources.  It  serves  as  staff  for  the  state's  Soil  and  Water  Conservation 
Commission  and  assists  the  94  local  soil  and  water  conservation  districts  and 
their  state  association. 

Zoological  Park  Division:  The  North  Carolina  Zoo  offers  a  public  dis- 
play of  representative  species  of  animal  and  plant  life  from  the  various  land 
and  sea  masses  of  the  world.  It  provides  educational  and  research  opportuni- 
ties. The  Zoo  maintains  a  program  for  the  conservation,  preservation  and 
propagation  of  endangered  and  threatened  plant  and  animal  species. 

Marine  Fisheries  Division:  Marine  Fisheries  establishes  and  enforces 
rules  governing  coastal  fisheries.  It  conducts  scientific  research  as  a  basis 
for  regulatory  and  developmental  decisions  and  conducts  programs  to 
improve  the  cultivation,  harvesting  and  marketing  of  shellfish  and  fish. 

N.C.  Museum  of  Natural  Science:  The  Museum  promotes  the  impor- 
tance of  the  biodiversity  of  the  state  and  the  Southeastern  United  States  by 
collecting,  preserving  and  displaying  the  natural  resources  of  North 
Carolina.  It  offers  educational  exhibits  and  programs  for  children,  teachers, 
adults  and  families  to  preserve  the  natural  history  of  our  state. 

The  N.C.  Aquarium:  The  N.C.  Aquariums  promote  public  appreciation 
of  the  cultural  and  natural  resources  of  coastal  North  Carolina.  There  are 
three  N.C.  Aquarium's  located  at  Pine  Knoll  Shores,  Fort  Fisher,  and  on 
Roanoke  Island. 

Assistant  Secretary  for  State  Health 
Adult  Health  Promotion  Division:  Adult  Health  Services'  responsibil- 
ity is  to  decrease  premature  morbidity  and  mortality  among  adult  North 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  293 

Carolinians  by  fostering  health  promotion  and  disease  prevention  activities. 
A  few  of  the  programs  include  Kidney  Disease  and  Cancer  treatment, 
migrant  health,  and  environmental,  community  and  personal  health 

strategies. 

Dental  Health  Services  Division:  Dental  Health  provides  preventive 
dental  and  educational  services  to  the  citizens  of  North  Carolina.  It  stresses 
that  primary  care  should  be  provided  by  private  providers.  When  such  care  is 
not  available,  the  office  assists  local  communities  to  initiate  programs  to  pro- 
vide dental  services.  Program  activities  range  from  school  water  fluoridation 
to  preventive  dental  health  for  children. 

Environmental  Health  Division:  Environmental  Health  (Public 
Water  Supply,  Pest  Management,  Environmental  Community  Health)  is 
responsible  for  the  protection  of  the  public  health  through  the  control  of  envi- 
ronmental hazards  which  cause  human  illnesses  and  disease  or  which  may 
have  a  cumulative  adverse  effect  on  human  health.  Its  programs  include  the 
protection  of  the  public  water  supplies,  wastewater  management,  and  shell- 
fish sanitation. 

Epidemiology  Division:  Epidemiology  deals  with  the  incidences,  distri- 
butions and  control  of  disease  in  a  population.  It  monitors  environmental  and 
other  factors  that  affect  the  public  health  and  develops  measures  to  reduce  or 
eliminate  these  factors.  Program  examples  include  communicable  disease 
control,  tuberculosis  control  and  occupational  health. 

Laboratory  Services  Divisions:  Laboratory  Services  provides  testing 
services  and  is  the  primary  laboratory  support  for  local  health  departments. 
Its  tests  include  Clinical  Chemistry,  Hematology,  Cancer  Cytology, 
Environmental  Microbiology  and  Chemistry. 

Maternal  and  Child  Health  Division:  Maternal  and  Child  Health  is 
responsible  for  assuring,  promoting  and  protecting  the  health  of  families. 
The  emphasis  is  on  women  of  child-bearing  age,  on  children  and  on  youth. 
Program  examples  include  Family  Planning,  Maternal  and  Child  Care,  and 
Developmental  Disabilities. 

Office  of  Post  Mortem  Medicolegal  Examination:  The  Medical 
Examiner  System  is  a  statewide  public  service  organization  providing  health 
benefits  to  the  state's  citizens.  The  Medical  Examiner  System  responds  to 
death-whether  by  criminal  act  or  default,  by  suicide,  of  an  inmate  of  any 
penal  institution,  or  death  under  any  suspicious,  unusual  or  unnatural  cir- 
cumstances or  without  medical  attendance. 

Office  of  Public  Health  Nursing:  The  Office  of  the  Chief  Nurse  coor- 
dinates public  health  nursing  services  with  Local  Health  Departments  and 
the  statewide  public  health  nursing  programs  to  ensure  safe,  legal  practices 
by  qualified  public  health  nurses. 


294  North  Carolina  Manual 


Office  of  Health  Education:  Health  Education  provides  department- 
wide  services  in  developing  health  education  strategies  for  environmental, 
community,  and  personal  health  programs.  This  unit  has  graphic  art  and 
media  relations  capabilities. 

Office  of  Minority  Health:  Minority  Health  coordinates  the  public 
health  system's  efforts  to  improve  the  health  status  of  North  Carolina's 
racial  and  ethnic  minority  populations.  The  office  works  closely  with  depart- 
ment divisions  that  have  major  health  programs.  Its  staff  maintains  liaison 
with  other  state  and  federal  health  agencies,  local  health  departments,  vol- 
unteer health  organizations  and  community-based  health  groups. 

Governor's  Council  on  Physical  Fitness  and  Health:  The  Council  on 
Physical  Fitness  and  Health  promotes  activities,  programs  and  projects  to 
improve  the  physical  fitness  levels  of  all  North  Carolinians.  It  assists  in 
organizing  community-level  fitness  programs,  provides  speakers,  and  coordi- 
nates public  awareness  of  physical  fitness. 

Office  of  Local  Health  Services:  Local  Health  Services  advises  local 
public  health  agencies,  boards  of  health,  county  governments,  public  health 
administrators  and  educational  institutions  on  operations  of  health  delivery 
systems.  It  also  serves  as  the  focus  for  forms  management  for  the  depart- 
ment's health  divisions  and  is  the  fiscal  intermediary  for  Medicaid  funds. 

Assistant  Secretary  for  Administration 

Computer  Systems  Division:  Computer  Systems  supports  the  depart- 
ment's mainframe  computer  applications,  manages  the  communication  net- 
work, serves  as  the  liaison  to  the  State  Information  Processing  Services  for 
mainframe  application  development,  and  provides  support  for  personal  com- 
puters and  mainframe  applications. 

Fiscal  Management  Division:  Fiscal  Management  provides  support 
and  services  to  the  divisions  in  travel,  invoice  processing,  budget  manage- 
ment, capital  projects,  payroll  and  time  sheet  reporting. 

General  Services  Division:  General  Services  is  responsible  for  the 
department's  procurement  policy.  It  provides  support  services  to  the  divi- 
sions on  purchases  and  contracts,  real  property  matters  and  other  adminis- 
trative services. 

Personnel  Division:  The  Personnel  Division  is  responsible  for  all  per- 
sonnel management  functions  within  the  department  including  compliance 
with  all  state  and  federal  laws  and  regulations  and  promoting  a  quality 
workforce  of  permanent  and  temporary  employees. 

Budget,  Planning  and  Analysis  Division:   Planning  and  Assessment 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  295 

supports  the  department  with  issue  development,  long-range  planning  and 
policy  coordination  through  information  gathering  and  research,  and 
supports  the  department's  budget  process. 

Statistics  and  Information  Services  Division:  Statistics  and 
Information  Services  is  the  state's  focal  point  for  developing  and  maintaining 
statewide  health  and  environmental  statistics  data  on  births,  deaths,  fetal 
deaths  and  hospital  resources  are  available  through  annual  publications, 
special  research  and  statistical  reports.  It  also  houses  the  State's  geographic 
information  system  which  maintains  a  database  of  natural  and  cultural 
resource  information. 

Wildlife  Resources  Commission:  The  Wildlife  Resources  Commission 
is  a  semi-autonomous  agency  that  manages  and  protects  all  wildlife  in  the 
state,  conducting  restoration  programs  for  endangered  species  of  wildlife  and 
restocking  game  fish  in  state  waters.  It  is  responsible  for  boating  safety  and 
boat  registration,  construction  of  boat  access  areas  on  lakes  and  rivers,  and 
hunter  safety  programs.  The  Commission  conducts  an  extensive  environmen- 
tal education  program  for  the  state's  school  age  population.  A  cadre  of 
wildlife  officers  patrols  the  state's  waters,  and  the  Commission  issues  per- 
mits to  hunt  and  fish  in  the  state's  water  and  land  areas. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Advisory  Medical  Committee 

Agriculture  and  Forestry  Awareness  Legislative  Study  Commission 

Agriculture  Legislative  Review  Committee 

Agriculture  Task  Force 

Agriculture  Technical  Review  Committee 

Air  Quality  Compliance  Advisory  Panel 

Anatomy,  Commission  of 

Atlantic  States  Marine  Fisheries  Commission 

Cervical  Cancer,  Task  Force  on  Reduction  of 

Child  Fatality  Task  Force,  North  Carolina 

Coastal  Resources  Advisory  Council 

Coastal  Resources  Commission 

Energy  Policy  Council  (Economic  and  Community  Development) 

Environmental  Management  Commission 

Fire  and  Rescue  Commission,  State  (Insurance) 

Forestry  Advisory  Council 

Genetic  Engineering  Review  Board  (Agriculture) 

Governor's  Waste  Management  Board 

Hazardous  Waste,  Inter-Agency  Committee  on 

Health  Policy  Information,  Council  on 

Health  Services,  Commission  for 

Low-Level  Radioactive  Waste,  Inter-Agency  Committee  on 

Management  Council,  Governor's  (Administration) 

Marine  Fisheries  Commission 

Medical  Evaluation  Consultant  Panel 

Medical  Review  Board 

Mining  Commission 


296  North  Carolina  Manual 

Minority  Health  Advisory  Council 

Natural  Heritage  Advisory  Committee 

Ocean  Affairs,  North  Carolina  Council  on  (Administration) 

On-Site  Wastewater  Systems  Institute  Board,  of  Directors  (N.C.  Septic  Tank 

Association) 

Parks  and  Recreation  Council 

Pesticide  Advisory  Committee  (Agriculture) 

Pesticide  Board,  North  Carolina  (Agriculture) 

Petroleum  Underground  Storage  Tank  Funds  Council 

Physical  Fitness  and  Health,  Governor's  Council  on 

Radiation  Protection  Commission 

Recreation  and  Natural  Heritage  Trust  Fund  Board  of  Trustees 

Rendering  Plant  Inspection  Committee  (Agriculture) 

Sanitarian  Examiners,  State  Board  of 

Sedimentation  Control  Commission 

Sedimentation  Education  Committee 

Sedimentation  Technical  Advisory  Committee 

Sickle  Cell  Syndrome,  Council  on 

Soil  and  Water  Conservation  Commission 

Southeastern  Interstate  Forest  Fire  Protection  Compact  Advisory  Committee 

Trails  Committee,  North  Carolina 

Water  Pollution  Control  System  Operators  Certification  Commission 

Water  Treatment  Facility  Operators  Certification  Board 

Zoological  Park  Council 

Authorized  by  Secretary  of  Department  G.S.  113A-223 

Aquatic  Weed  Council 

Dental  Public  Health  Residency  Advisory  Committee 

Forms  Committee  for  Local  Health  Departments 

Geological  Advisory  Committee 

Governor's  Cup  Billfishing  Series 

Neuse-White  Oak  Citizen  Advisory  Committee 

Scientific  Advisory  Board  on  Toxic  Air  Pollutants,  Secretary's 

Roger  G.  Whitley  Audio-Visual  Library  Advisory  Committee 

Authorized  by  Executive  Order 

Geographic  Information  Coordinating  Council 

Injury  Prevention,  Governor's  Task  Force  on 

Health  Objectives  for  the  Year  2000,  Governor's  Task  Force  on 

Other  Boards  and  Commissions 

APES  Albemarle  Citizens  Advisory  Committee 

APES  Pamlico  Citizens  Advisory  Committee 

APES  Policy  Committee 

APES  Technical  Committee 

Mining  Commission  Education  Committee 

Parent  Advisory  Council 

Zoo  Society 

For  Further  Information 

(919)  715-4102 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch 


297 


Jonathan  B.  Howes 

Secretary  of  Environment,  Health, 
and  Natural  Resources 


Early  Years 

Born  in  Knoxville,  Tennessee,  April  12, 
1937,  to  Robert  and  Margaret  Howes. 

Educational  Background 

B.A.  Degree  in  History,  Wittenberg 
University,  Springfield,  Ohio,  1959;  Master 
of  Regional  Planning,  The  UNC-Chapel 
Hill,  1961;  Master  of  Public  Administration, 
Harvard  University,  1966. 

Professional  Background 

Director  and  Research  Professor,  Center  for 

Urban  and  Regional  Studies,  Department  of  City  and  Regional  Planning,  University 
of  North  Carolina  at  Chapel  Hill,  June,  1970  -  January  1993;  Director,  Urban  Policy 
Center,  Urban  American,  Inc.  and  the  National  Urban  Coalition,  Washington,  DC, 
January  1969-June  1970;  Deputy  Director,  Program  Development  Staff,  Office  of  the 
Assistant  Secretary  for  Model  Cities  and  Government  Relations,  US  Department  of 
Housing  and  Urban  Development,  Washington,  DC,  January  1968-January  1969; 
Director,  State  and  Local  Planning  Assistance,  Office  of  the  Assistant  Secretary  for 
Metropolitan  Development,  US  Department  of  Housing  and  Urban  Development, 
Washington,  DC,  July  1966-January  1968;  Urban  Planner,  Urban  Renewal 
Administration,  Housing  and  Home  Finance  Agency,  Washington,  DC,  1961-1965. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

National  Association  of  Regional  Councils,  1981-91,  President,  1986-87;  North 
Carolina  League  of  Municipalities,  1978-91,  President,  1986-87;  Board  of  Directors, 
Public  Technology,  Inc.;  Triangle  J.  Council  of  Governments,  1975-91,  Chair,  1987-90; 
Orange  Water  and  Sewer  Authority,  1975-78,  Chair,  1977-78;  Triangle  Transit 
Authority,  1990-93. 

Organizations 

President,  Public-Private  Partnership  of  Orange  County,  1990-93;  Board  of  Directors 
and  Executive  Committee  on  Greater  Triangle  Community  Foundation,  1990-;  Chapel 
Hill  Rotary  Club,  1980-Present. 

Political  Activities 

Secretary,  N.C.  Department  of  Environment,  Health  and  Natural  Resources,  1993-; 
Mayor,  town  of  Chapel  Hill,  1987-91;  Council  member,  town  of  Chapel  Hill,  1975-87. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Fellow  and  Trustee,  National  Academy  of  Public  Administration,  elected  1986; 
Honorary  Member,  Council  of  State  Planning  Agencies,  elected  1972;  Listed  in 
Outstanding  Young  Men  in  America,  1970;  Career  Education  Award,  National 
Institute  of  Public  Affairs,  1965-66. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Mary  F.  Cook,  August  23,  1959.  Children:  Anne,  Mary  Elizabeth  and 
Robert.  Lector,  Holy  Trinity  Lutheran  Church,  Chapel  Hill. 


298  North  Carolina  Manual 


DEPARTMENT  OF  ENVIRONMENT,  HEALTH  AND 
NATURAL  RESOURCESi 


SECRETARIES 

Name  Residence  Term 

Roy  G.  Sowers2 Lee 1971 

Charles  W.  Bradshaw,  Jr.3 Wake 1971-1973 

James  E.  Harrington4 Avery 1973-1976 

George  W.  Little5 Wake 1976-1977 

Howard  N.Lee6 Orange 1977-1981 

Joseph  W.  Grimsley7 Wake 1981-1983 

James  A.  Summer8 Rowan 1984-1985 

S.  Thomas  Rhodes9 New  Hanover 1985-1988 

William  W.  Cobey,  Jr.10 Rowan 1989-1993 

Jonathan  B.  Howes Orange 1993-Present 

iThe  Executive  Organization  Act,  passed  by  the  1971  General  Assembly,  created 
the  "Department  of  Natural  and  Economic  Resources"  with  provisions  for  a 
"Secretary"  appointed  by  the  governor.  The  1977  General  Assembly  took  further  steps 
in  government  reorganization.  The  former  Department  of  Natural  and  Economic 
Resources  became  the  Department  of  Natural  Resources  and  Community 
Development.  NRCD  was  reorganized  and  renamed  by  legislative  action  in  the  1989 
General  Assembly. 

2Sowers  was  appointed  by  Governor  Scott  and  served  until  his  resignation  effec- 
tive November  30,  1971. 

3Bradshaw  was  appointed  by  Governor  Scott  and  served  until  his  resignation  in 
1973. 

4Harrington  was  appointed  on  January  5,  1973,  by  Governor  Holshouser  to 
replace  Bradshaw.  He  resigned  effective  February  29,  1976. 

5Little  was  appointed  on  March  1,  1976,  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  replace 
Harrington. 

6Lee  was  appointed  on  January  10,  1977,  by  Governor  Hunt  to  replace  Little.  He 
resigned  effective  July  31,  1981. 

7Grimsley  was  appointed  on  August  1,  1981,  to  replace  Lee.  He  resigned  effective 
December  31,  1983. 

8Summers  was  appointed  on  January  1,  1984,  by  Governor  Hunt.  He  resigned 
effective  January  5,  1985. 

9Rhodes  was  appointed  January  7,  1985,  by  Governor  Martin  to  replace 
Grimsley. 

10Cobey  was  appointed  by  Governor  Martin  in  January,  1989. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  299 


DEPARTMENT  OF  HUMAN  RESOURCES 


As  the  largest  provider  of  care  of  children  at  an  early  stage  of 
human  services  in  state  gov-  development, 
ernment,  the  Department  of  The  department  is  a  service  orga- 
Human  Resources  is  committed  to  nization  which  delivers  services 
improving  the  quality  of  life  for  the  through  a  complex  infrastructure 
citizens  of  North  Carolina  who  are  including  psychiatric  hospitals,  men- 
most  vulnerable  and  most  in  need,  tal  retardation  centers,  juvenile 
The  department's  primary  mission  is  detention  centers,  juvenile  training 
to  plan  and  deliver  services  to  older  schools,  schools  for  the  blind  and 
adults;  at-risk  children;  and  individ-  visually  impaired,  schools  for  the 
uals  with  physical  and  mental  dis-  deaf  and  hard  of  hearing,  and  treat- 
abilities, including  those  with  severe  ment  centers  for  substance  abusers, 
and  persistent  mental  illness,  devel-  Through  the  administration  of  over 
opmental  disabilities,  and  substance  500  programs  which  potentially 
abuse  problems.  Other  important  affect  most  citizens  in  North 
services  are  those  directed  toward  Carolina,  the  department  seeks  to 
children,  youth  and  families  which  ensure  geographic  and  economic 
are  provided  through  the  Early  access  to  quality,  affordable  health 
Childhood  Initiative,  a  public-private  care  for  the  diverse  and  multi-cultural 
partnership  which  is  designed  to  client  population  it  serves, 
ensure  support  for  the  health  and 

Office  of  the  Secretary 

Appointed  by  the  Governor,  the  Secretary  is  recognized  as  the  depart- 
ment's chief  executive  officer  and  has  statutory  authority  to  plan  and  direct 
its  programs  and  services.  Key  staff  in  the  Secretary's  Office  include  the 
Deputy  Secretary,  the  Assistant  Secretary  for  Budget  and  Management,  the 
Assistant  Secretary  for  Aging  and  Special  Needs,  and  the  Assistant 
Secretary  for  Children,  Youth  and  Families.  Other  important  staff  reporting 
to  the  Secretary  are  the  Director  of  Personnel  Services,  the  Director  of 
Legislative  and  External  Affairs,  and  Director  of  Policy  Development  and  the 
Director  of  Public  Affairs. 

The  Secretary,  through  key  management  staff  and  division/institution 
directors,  oversees  and  manages  the  department's  comprehensive  array  of 
programs  and  services  which  are  directed  towards  special  client  populations. 
Staff  work  closely  with  federal  granting  agencies,  local  governments,  the 
General  Assembly,  the  judiciary  and  government  officials  in  the  executive 
branch  as  well. 

Deputy  Secretary:  As  senior  member  of  the  Secretary's  executive  staff, 
the  Deputy  Secretary  advises  and  assists  the  Secretary  in  planning,  organizing 
and  directing  the  department's  complex  array  of  human  services  programs. 


300  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  Deputy  Secretary  reviews  proposals  for  new  programs  within  the  depart- 
ment and  revisions  to  existing  programs  and  services;  conducts  policy 
reviews  on  major  initiatives  and  issues  affecting  the  department's  programs 
and  services  to  citizens;  and  advises  the  Secretary  on  organizational, 
staffing,  and  program  issues.  Internal  agencies  reporting  directly  to  the 
Deputy  Secretary  include  the  Council  on  Developmental  Disabilities;  the 
Office  of  Volunteer  Development  Services;  the  General  Counsel;  and  the 
Division  of  Mental  Health,  Developmental  Disabilities  and  Substance  Abuse 
Services.  Additionally,  the  Deputy  Secretary  has  oversight  responsibility  for 
the  programs  and  services  managed  by  the  Assistant  Secretary  for  Children, 
Youth  and  Families,  the  Assistant  Secretary  for  Budget  and  Management, 
and  the  Assistant  Secretary  for  Aging  and  Special  Needs. 

Assistant  Secretary  for  Aging  and  Special  Needs:  The  Assistant 
Secretary  for  Aging  and  Special  Needs  is  responsible  for  the  following  divi- 
sions within  the  Department  of  Human  Resources:  Aging,  Services  for  the 
Blind,  Services  for  the  Deaf  and  Hard  of  Hearing,  Vocational  Rehabilitation. 
This  office  serves  as  the  Secretary's  agent  for  issues  involving  housing  and 
care  options  for  the  aged  and  disabled,  long-term  care  policy  and  intergenera- 
tional  opportunities. 

Assistant  Secretary  for  Budget  and  Management:  The  Assistant 
Secretary  for  Budget  and  Management  is  responsible  for  the  overall  direc- 
tion, management  and  supervision  of  the  budget  and  financial  operations, 
information  resource  management,  and  the  legal  service  operations  of  the 
Department  of  Human  Resources.  This  position  serves  as  a  member  of  the 
Secretary's  management  team  and  advises  the  Secretary  on  a  wide  range  of 
budget,  financial,  information  system  and  program  issues. 

Assistant  Secretary  for  Children,  Youth  &  Families:  The  Assistant 
Secretary  for  Children,  Youth  &  Family  has  managerial  oversight  for  the 
department's  consolidated  services  directed  toward  public  and  private  sup- 
port for  family-centered  services.  Through  the  Governor's  Early  Childhood 
Initiative  and  the  N.C.  Partnership  for  Children,  a  joint  venture  by  the  pub- 
lic and  private  sectors,  the  Assistant  Secretary  proposes,  develops  and  imple- 
ments policies  and  programs  which  ultimately  insure  that  local  communities 
can  provide  health  care,  early  education,  and  day  care  services  to  children.  A 
key  element  of  these  programs  is  the  support  and  advocacy  for  family-cen- 
tered services  to  eliminate  barriers  to  the  successful  development  of  children 
and  youth. 

Office  of  Policy  Development  and  Research 

The  Office  of  Policy  Development  and  Research  coordinates  the  develop- 
ment of  a  wide  range  of  human  and  social  services  policies  within  the 
Department  of  Human  Resources.  These  range  from  early  childhood  educa- 
tion and  family  services  policies  to  policies  on  interagency  collaboration  and 
the  integration  of  family  welfare  services  and  public  schooling.    The  office 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  301 

works  with  divisions  and  staff  throughout  the  agency  and  assists  the 
Secretary  in  developing  and  implementing  key  legislative  and  policy  initia- 
tives. 

This  office  also  is  responsible  for  maintaining  relations  with  the  N.C. 
Department  of  Public  Instruction  and  for  coordinating  DHR's  efforts  to 
strengthen  collaboration  with  nonprofit  agencies  and  service  providers.  The 
director  of  this  office  represents  the  Department  of  the  Governor's  Policy 
Council  and  on  the  Council  for  Services  for  Special  Needs  Children. 

Office  of  the  Controller 

The  Office  of  the  Controller  is  a  staff  office  in  the  Secretary's  office.  The 
controller  is  responsible  to  the  Secretary.  The  controller's  office  was  estab- 
lished to  improve  accountability  and  increase  credibility  of  departmental 
accounting  operations.  This  office  manages  all  accounting  and  financial 
reporting  functions  in  the  department,  including  payroll,  cash  receipts,  cash 
disbursements,  accounts  receivable,  accounts  payable,  fixed  assets  account- 
ing, cost  allocation  and  reimbursement,  cash  management,  accounting  sys- 
tems development,  internal  accounting  controls  and  resolution  of  financial 
audits.  The  controller  is  the  department's  liaison  with  the  Office  of  the  State 
Controller  and  Office  of  the  State  Auditor. 

Council  on  Developmental  Disabilities 

The  Council  is  a  planning  body  which  works  to  ensure  that  the  state  of 
North  Carolina  responds  to  the  needs  of  individuals  with  developmental  dis- 
abilities (severe,  chronic  mental  or  physical  impairments  which  begin  at  an 
early  age  and  substantially  limit  major  life  activities).  The  purpose  of  the 
council  is  to  promote  prevention  of  developmental  disabilities;  to  identify  the 
special  needs  of  people  with  developmental  disabilities;  and  to  help  meet 
those  needs  through  interagency  coordination,  legislative  action,  public 
awareness,  and  advocacy. 

Office  of  Legal  Affairs 

General  Counsel:  General  Counsel  provides  legal  advice  for  the 
Secretary.  This  office  serves  as  the  liaison  between  the  Secretary  and  the 
Attorney  General's  Office.  In  addition,  the  office  defends  or  monitors  the 
defense  of  all  lawsuits  filed  against  the  Department,  the  Secretary  and 
department  employees  acting  in  their  official  capacity. 

The  office  is  also  responsible  for  review  of  Administrative  Procedures  Act 
rules  as  well  as  monitoring  their  implementation.  The  office  also  partici- 
pates in  policy-making  decisions  as  well  as  drafting  and  review  of  proposed 
legislation. 

Office  of  Legislative  and  External  Affairs:  The  Office  of  Legislative 
and  External  Affairs  is  a  state  office  in  the  Office  of  the  Secretary.  It  serves 
as  the  primary  point  of  contact  for  the  Department  of  Human  Resources  with 
government  agencies  and  federal  agencies  as  it  relates  to  the  Department's 


302  North  Carolina  Manual 

position  on  existing  programs  and  proposed  initiatives.  The  sections  within 
this  office  and  purpose  of  each  are:  Information  and  Referral,  which  provides 
information  and  referral  to  all  citizens  and  agencies  in  North  Carolina 
throughout  the  statewide  toll-free  telephone  services  known  as  Care-Line, 
ombudsman  for  the  Department,  and  provides  an  educational,  outreach  com- 
ponent; Governmental  Liaison  Services,  which  monitors  operations  between 
the  Department  and  relevant  governmental  bodies  at  the  intrastate  and 
interstate  levels  including  responsibility  for  review  of  federal  legislation  and 
the  grants  management  process  and  providing  overall  policy  direction  on 
issues/programs  which  impact  the  Department's  working  relationship  with 
these  levels  of  government;  and  Boards,  Commissions  and  Minority  Affairs 
which  is  responsible  for  insuring  all  Boards  and  Commissions  are  legally  con- 
stituted at  all  times  and  internal  management  of  minority  issues.  The 
Director  serves  as  the  Chief  Legislative  Liaison  for  the  Department. 

Office  of  Public  Affairs 

The  Office  of  Public  Affairs  is  the  Department's  public  link  with  the  citi- 
zens of  North  Carolina  providing  information  through  mass  media  and  print- 
ed material  on  available  services  and  general  information. 

Office  of  Rural  Health  and  Resource  Development 

The  Office  of  Rural  Health  and  Resource  Development  works  with  local 
and  state  leaders  to  design  and  implement  strategies  for  improving  health 
care  access  for  rural  residents.  The  office  provides  technical  and  financial 
assistance  to  under  served  communities  in  developing  and  maintaining  pri- 
mary health  care  centers.  In  addition,  the  office  assists  rural  communities  in 
recruiting  physicians,  nurse  practitioners,  physician  assistants,  and  nurse 
midwives  and  provides  technical  assistance  to  small  rural  hospitals. 

Office  of  Volunteer  Development  Services 

The  Office  of  Volunteer  Development  Services  is  organized  to  promote 
volunteerism  through  effective  Volunteer  Program  Management.  The  office 
provides  technical  assistance,  consultation,  and  training  to  human  resources 
agencies  throughout  the  state,  while  developing  policy  for  volunteer  program 
management  within  the  Department  of  Human  Resources.  These  services 
are  provided  to  any  Department  of  Human  Resources  agency  requesting 
them.  Statistical  data  on  volunteer  involvement  is  collected  from  programs 
in  each  Division  by  this  office.  Information  and  assistance  for  statewide 
recognition  is  also  provided  by  this  office.  All  matters  relating  to  volun- 
teerism are  referred  to  this  office. 

Division  of  Budget  and  Analysis 

The  Division  of  Budget  and  Analysis  is  a  staff  division  in  the  Secretary's 
Office.  The  Division  Director  is  responsible  to  the  Assistant  Secretary  for 
Budget  and  Management.  The  Division  addresses  the  needs  of  the 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  303 

Department  for  in-depth  and  on-going  monitoring  and  analysis  of  program 
operations  and  budget  utilization.  The  Division  manages  the  development 
and  operation  of  the  Department's  budget  and  provides  Departmental  ser- 
vices in  the  area  of  purchasing  and  contracts,  property  management  and  con- 
trol, and  management  of  special  reports  and  is  responsible  for  aiding  in  the 
development  of  department  legislative  policy  and  keeping  track  of  all  legisla- 
tive action  which  affects  the  department's  budget. 

Division  of  Family  Development 

The  newly  created  division  of  Family  Development  acts  as  liaison  on 
matters  affecting  families  and  children  between  DHR,  and  other  agencies 
and  local  communities.  Its  goals  are  to  promote:  1)  the  concept  of  family 
centeredness  and  its  application  to  policy  and  service  delivery  in  all  DHR 
child  and  family  serving  agencies  and  programs;  2)  service  delivery  models 
that  address  families  as  a  unit  by  coordinating  and  integrating  services;  and 
3)  the  establishment  of  support  services  that  enhance  the  ability  of  families 
to  promote  the  well-being  of  their  members. 

Office  of  Economic  Opportunity 

The  Office  of  Economic  Opportunity  administers  the  federal  Community 
Services  Block  Grant  Program  that  provides  funding  for  programs  designed 
to  attack  the  causes  and  conditions  of  poverty  in  the  state.  Community 
Services  Block  Grant  funds  are  channeled  from  the  Office  of  Economic 
Opportunity  (OEO)  to  Community  Action  Agencies  and  Limited  Purpose 
Agencies  located  across  the  state  who  operate  programs  in  the  areas  of 
employment,  housing,  education,  income  management,  information  and 
referral,  nutrition,  emergency  assistance,  and  self  sufficiency.  OEO  also 
administers  the  North  Carolina  Community  Action  Partnership  Program, 
state-funded  companion  program  to  the  Community  Services  Block  Grant 
Program,  and  several  other  federal  and  state  grant  programs  designed  to 
assist  low-income  citizens  and  the  homeless.  Citizen  involvement,  especially 
of  the  poor,  is  a  key  ingredient  in  the  operation  of  each  of  the  office's  pro- 
grams. 

Office  for  Family  Centered  Services 

The  Office  for  Family  Centered  Services  promotes  and  supports  the  coor- 
dination of  activities  and  resources  across  divisions  to  accomplish  the  depart- 
ment's objectives  to  strengthen  and  expand  family-centered  services  in  the 
child  welfare,  mental  health  and  juvenile  correction  systems.  In  particular, 
the  office  is  responsible  for  developing  and  implementing  the  Statewide 
Family  Preservation  Services  Program  mandated  by  the  1991  General 
Assembly,  and  for  supporting  the  work  of  the  Advisory  Committee  on 
Family-Centered  Services. 


304  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  Division  of  Information  Resource  Management 

The  Division  of  Information  Resource  Management  provides  consultation 
and  technical  support  for  the  department's  use  of  automation  to  facilitate 
service  delivery.  The  division  develops,  maintains  and  operates  automated 
application  systems,  and  assists  DHR  agencies  in  acquiring  and  using  appro- 
priate technologies.  The  division  ensures  that  automation  activities  comply 
with  applicable  federal  and  state  automation  policies,  procedures,  and  stan- 
dards, and  incorporate  good  professional  practices.  The  division  also  pro- 
vides leadership  for  the  department  in  the  areas  of  automation  policy  devel- 
opment, technical  architecture  definition,  automation  planning,  project  man- 
agement and  quality  assurance. 

Division  of  Personnel  Management  Services 

The  Division  of  Personnel  Management  Services  provides  consultation 
and  technical  guidance  to  departmental  management  at  all  levels  through  an 
integrated  network  of  personnel  staff  assigned  to  division  and  institution  set- 
tings across  the  state.  The  Division  plans,  organizes  and  administers  com- 
prehensive programs  in  public  personnel  administration  to  include  position 
management,  compensation,  employee  benefits,  policy  administration, 
employee  wellness/EAP  programs,  workplace  safety  and  health,  worker's 
compensation,  employee  and  management  development,  performance  man- 
agement, organizational  development,  affirmative  action  and  equal  opportu- 
nity programs,  and  employee  relations.  Through  a  Memorandum  of 
Understanding  with  the  N.C.  Office  of  State  Personnel,  the  Division  delegat- 
ed authority  for  the  independent  administration  of  most  personnel  programs 
and  services.  Division  staff  administer  these  programs  for  127,700  depart- 
mental employees  in  divisions  and  institutions  throughout  the  state  as  well 
as  through  regional  personnel  management  staff  serving  local  government 
employees  in  public  health,  social  services  and  mental  health. 

Division  of  Aging 

The  Division  of  Aging  funds  programs  for  older  adults  in  North  Carolina 
with  federal  and  state  grants,  and  advocates  for  the  special  needs  of  all  older 
North  Carolinians.  The  principal  officer  of  the  Division  is  the  Director  who  is 
appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  Human  Resources.  It  includes  a  central  office 
staff  which  administers  its  programs  through  18  area  agencies  on  aging  who 
provide  grants  to  each  county  for  service.  The  major  thrust  of  the  Division  is 
to  assist  older  adults  in  maintaining  their  independence  and  to  have  lifestyle 
choices. 

Division  of  Services  for  the  Blind 

The  Division's  objectives  are  to  prevent  blindness,  restore  vision  and  to 
provide  services  which  compensate  for  the  loss  of  vision.  The  principal  officer 
of  the  Division  is  the  Director  who  is  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  the 
Department  of  Human  Resources. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  305 

The  Division's  Medical/Eye  Care  Program  provides  eye  examinations,  eye 
glasses,  surgery  and/or  treatment  to  eligible  individuals  throughout  the 
state.  For  those  whose  vision  cannot  be  restored,  Independent  Living 
Services  are  provided  so  they  may  continue  to  live  in  their  home  or  communi- 
ty. These  services  include  orientation  and  mobility,  braille,  typing,  home- 
making  and  personal  adjustment  instruction. 

Those  blind  and  visually  impaired  individuals  who  desire  employment 
are  provided  Vocational  Rehabilitation  Services  which  include  skills  that 
enable  a  person  to  enter  the  job  market.  These  skills  include  instruction  in 
operating  concession  stands.  When  a  person  cannot  work  and  needs  care, 
financial  assistance  is  available  to  meet  rest  home  costs. 

The  Division  operates  the  N.C.  Rehabilitation  Center  for  the  Blind  which 
provides  adjustment  services  to  help  compensate  for  the  loss  of  vision.  The 
Division  also  operates  a  comprehensive  Evaluation  Unit  for  pre-vocational 
and  vocational  evaluations. 

The  Governor  Morehead  School  in  Raleigh  is  a  residential/day  school  pro- 
gram for  the  visually  impaired.  The  academic  program  is  designed  for  legally 
blind  students  who  cannot  receive  appropriate  instruction  in  their  home  com- 
munities. The  Governor  Morehead  School  also  functions  as  a  statewide 
resource  center  to  public  school  programs  and  the  community.  The  school 
offers  evaluation  and  diagnostic  services,  in-service  training,  and  general 
consultation  and  works  in  conjunction  with  local  education  agencies  to 
ensure  appropriate  educational  placement  of  children. 

Division  of  Child  Development 

The  Division  of  Child  Development  administers  a  variety  of  early  child- 
hood programs  which  provide  secure  environments  for  young  children  and 
foster  positive  child  development  and  growth. 

The  Division  administers  the  Smart  Start  initiative,  the  program  assur- 
ing every  child  access  to  high  quality  early  childhood  education  and  other 
services  to  ensure  that  all  children  come  to  school  healthy  and  ready  to  learn. 
The  Division  provides  technical  assistance  and  support  services  to  county 
teams  which  design  and  oversee  the  system  of  services  for  young  children 
and  their  families,  and  funding  for  the  delivery  of  services,  according  to  the 
county's  approved  plan. 

The  Division  is  responsible  for  the  regulation  of  child  day-care  centers 
and  homes,  including  the  investigation  of  reports  of  child  abuse  or  neglect  in 
day-care  arrangements.  The  Division's  child-care  consultants  do  on-site 
monitoring,  provide  technical  assistance,  and  take  corrective  action,  when 
necessary.  The  Division  also  provides  administrative  support  to  the  Child 
Day  Care  Commission,  which  is  responsible  for  the  promulgation  of  rules  for 
the  licensure  of  child  day-care  centers  and  homes. 

North  Carolina's  subsidized  child-care  program  is  administered  by  the 
division.  A  variety  of  state  and  federal  funds  are  made  available  to  county 
departments  of  social  services  and  some  other  local  agencies  to  pay  all  or 
part  of  the  cost  of  day  care  for  eligible  children.  Low-income  parents  who 
work  or  attend  school  are  eligible  for  child  care  assistance,  as  are  some  chil- 
dren in  need  of  protective  or  other  special  services. 


306  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  division  is  responsible  for  coordinating  the  training  of  personnel  who 
work  in  early  childhood  education  programs  and  for  providing  information 
about  early  childhood  issues  to  parents  and  the  general  public.  The  division 
develops  policy  and  manages  funds  for  a  variety  of  projects  which  enable 
local  and  regional  agencies  to  provide  training  opportunities  and  public  infor- 
mation. Some  of  these  projects  include  child-care  resource  and  referral  ser- 
vices, consumer  education  materials,  scholarships  and  stipends  for  child-care 
teachers,  and  conferences  and  workshops  for  programs  which  serve  special 
populations. 

Additionally,  the  division  manages  the  Head  Start-State  Collaboration 
Project,  a  partnership  between  the  state  and  the  local  Head  Start  programs 
for  the  purposes  of  facilitating  the  involvement  of  Head  Start  in  the  develop- 
ment of  policies  and  programs  which  affect  the  Head  Start  population.  It 
helps  to  build  more  integrated  and  comprehensive  service  delivery  systems  to 
improve  the  quality  of  programs  and  facilitate  access  to  services  by  Head 
Start  families,  and  encourages  local  collaboration  between  Head  Start  and 
other  programs. 

Finally,  the  division  provides  staff  and  administrative  support  to  the 
North  Carolina  Interagency  Coordinating  Council  The  purpose  of  the 
Council  is  to  assure  state-level  coordination  and  statewide  availability  of 
comprehensive  services  for  children  with  special  needs  and  their  families. 
The  Council  provides  leadership  to  the  local  interagency  coordinating  coun- 
cils, which  design  and  coordinate  services  for  children  with  disabilities  with- 
in each  county. 

Division  of  Services  for  the  Deaf  and  the  Hard  of  Hearing 

The  Division  of  Services  for  the  Deaf  and  the  Hard  of  Hearing  is  respon- 
sible for  the  operation  of  six  regional  resource  centers  for  the  deaf  and  hard 
of  hearing  strategically  located  in  Asheville,  Charlotte,  Morganton,  Wilson, 
Raleigh,  and  Wilmington.  The  Division  is  also  responsible  for  the  operation 
of  three  residential/day  school  programs  for  the  deaf  located  in  Morganton, 
Greensboro,  and  Wilson. 

The  Regional  Resource  Centers  provide  individual  and  group  counseling, 
contact  services,  information  and  referral  services,  technical  assistance  to 
other  agencies  and  organizations,  orientation  to  deafness  training,  advocacy 
for  persons  who  are  deaf  or  hard  of  hearing  and  those  who  are  deaf  with  one 
or  more  other  handicaps,  and  for  interpreter  services  to  access  local  services. 
The  Centers  also  promote  public  awareness  of  the  needs  of,  and  resources 
and  training  opportunities  available  to  persons  who  are  deaf  or  hard  of  hear- 
ing. 

The  residential/day  school  programs  for  the  deaf  provide  preschool 
through  high  school  education  for  students  up  to  21  years  of  age.  Each  of  the 
schools  also  operates  preschool  satellite  programs  which  serve  deaf  and  hard 
of  hearing  children  under  five  years  of  age  in  a  network  of  community  based 
classes  throughout  the  state.  Additionally,  the  schools  for  the  deaf  have 
developed  special  services  for  multi-handicapped  students.  These  students 
have  one  or  more  disabilities  in  addition  to  their  hearing  loss. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  307 

The  N.C.  Schools  for  the  Deaf  also  function  as  regional  resource  centers 
to  public  school  programs  and  the  community.  The  schools  offer  evaluation 
and  diagnostic  services,  in-service  training,  and  general  consultation.  All 
three  schools  work  in  accord  with  local  education  agencies  to  ensure  appro- 
priate educational  placement  of  deaf  and  hard  of  hearing  children. 

The  Division  participates  in  an  early  detection  of  deafness  system 
through  its  BEGINNINGS  for  Parents  of  Hearing  Impaired  Children 
Program,  intermediate  parents  training  in  the  preschool  program,  and  a  con- 
tinuing of  services  after  school  straight  into  the  community  services  pro- 
gram. 

The  Division  is  responsible  for  the  management  of  the 
Telecommunications  Devices  for  the  Deaf  (TDD)  special  equipment  distribu- 
tion program  to  eligible  hearing  and  speech  impaired  persons  ages  7  and 
over.  Such  equipment  includes  TDD  communication  units  which  allow  deaf 
and  speech  disabled  persons  to  communicate  over  the  telephone  with  others 
who  have  similar  units,  telephone  ring  signal  units,  and  special  telephone 
amplifiers  for  hard  of  hearing  persons. 

The  Division  also  conducts  an  interpreter  assessment  program  to  evalu- 
ate the  competencies  of  such  interpreters  and  to  certify  them  according  to 
such  competencies  so  they  may  serve  as  interpreters  for  persons  who  are  deaf 
and  heard  of  hearing  covering  a  wide  range  of  situations. 

The  Division  provides  staff  and  administrative  support  to  the  N.C. 
Council  for  the  Deaf  and  Hard  of  Hearing  which  has  responsibility  in  review- 
ing existing  state  and  local  programs  for  persons  who  are  deaf  or  hard  of 
hearing  and  to  make  recommendations  to  the  Department  of  Human 
Resources  and  the  Division  for  improvements  of  such  programs  or  the  need 
for  new  programs  or  services. 

The  principal  officer  of  the  Division  is  the  Director,  who  is  appointed  by 
the  Secretary  of  the  Department  of  Human  Resources. 

Division  of  Facility  Services 

The  Division  of  Facility  Services  is  composed  of  eight  major  sections: 
state  medical  facilities  planning,  certificate  of  need,  construction,  medical 
licensure,  certification,  domiciliary  and  group  care,  jails  and  administrative 
services. 

The  State  Medical  Facilities  Planning  Section  provides  staff  to  the  State 
Health  Planning  Coordinating  Council  and  develops  the  State  Medical 
Facilities  Plan  which  is  produced  annually  to  determine  need  for  instruction- 
al health  services,  certain  health  services  and  equipment. 

The  Certificate  of  Need  Section  reviews  proposals  under  the  certificate  of 
need  statute  submitted  by  health-care  facilities  for  any  capital  expenditures 
new  institutional  health  service  or  certain  medical  equipment.  This  review 
has  an  expressed  intent  by  law  to  control  costs  to  ensure  that  only  needed 
facilities  and/or  health-care  services  and  equipment  are  offered.  Without  an 
approved  certificate  of  need,  new  construction,  renovation,  establishment  of  a 
new  institutional  health  service,  or  purchase  of  equipment  can  not  take 
place. 


308  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  Construction  Section  is  responsible  for  reviewing  plans  of  and 
inspecting  health  and  social  care  facilities  to  assure  that  they  are  safe  and 
functional. 

The  Medical  Licensure  Section  inspects  and  licenses  under  Medical  Care 
Commission  rules  health-care  facilities,  including  hospitals,  nursing  homes, 
home-health  agencies,  home-care  agencies  and  other  related  health  services 
or  facilities  for  the  facilities  for  the  health  and  safety  of  residents.  It  also 
develops  and  proposes  needed  new  rule-making  or  revisions  or  deletions. 

The  Emergency  Medical  Services  Section  has  established  and  maintains 
programs  for  the  improvement  and  upgrading  of  pre-hospital  emergency 
medical  care  throughout  the  state,  including  inspection  of  ambulances  and 
certification  of  emergency  medical  services  personnel. 

The  Certification  Section  certifies  under  federal  regulations  various 
health-care  facilities  and  services  for  reimbursement  for  the  Medicare  and 
Medicaid  programs.  This  is  done,  in  part,  through  contracts  with  the  federal 
government  and  with  the  Division  of  Medical  Assistance. 

The  Domiciliary  and  Group  Care  Section  is  responsible  for  licensing, 
enforcing  and  inspecting  under  the  Social  Services  Commission  rules  of 
Family  Care  Homes  and  Homes  for  the  Aged  in  cooperation  with  local 
departments  of  social  services  to  assure  the  safety  and  well-being  of  resi- 
dents. This  section  is  also  responsible  for  various  types  of  training  and  policy 
or  rule  development  for  domiciliary  care  homes.  Also,  the  section  inspects 
and  licenses  mental  health  facilities  in  accordance  with  the  Mental  Health 
Commission  rules. 

The  Jails  Section  is  responsible  for  the  semiannual  inspection  of  local 
confinement  facilities  and  the  enforcement  of  rules  governing  these  facilities. 

The  Administrative  Services  Section  with  the  Division  Office  provides 
support  services  such  as  purchasing,  information  systems,  mail  services, 
budgeting,  coordination  of  rule-making  activities,  grants  management  and 
processing  declaratory  rulings  or  waivers  of  certain  rules. 

The  Division  of  Facility  Services  is  also  responsible  for  the  licensure  of 
agencies  soliciting  charitable  contributions,  and  registration  of  bingo  games. 

Division  of  Medical  Assistance 

The  Division  of  Medical  Assistance  is  responsible  for  managing  the 
state's  Medicaid  program.  This  includes  policy  development,  eligibility 
requirements,  provider  enrollment,  fraud  and  abuse,  quality  control,  claims 
processing  and  utilization  review.  The  claims  processing  function  is  per- 
formed under  contract  by  a  fiscal  agent  secured  via  competitive  bid  process. 
Counties  perform  the  eligibility  determination  functions  under  state  supervi- 
sion. 

To  qualify,  a  citizen  must  meet  financial  need  requirements  and  must 
also  meet  categorical  conditions.  Categorical  conditions  include  residence  in 
the  state,  United  States  citizenship  or  residence  under  provisions  of  immi- 
gration laws,  and  sufficient  membership  in  one  of  the  state's  coverage 
groups.  The  groups  covered  include  low  income  Medicare  members,  persons 
age  65  and  above,  persons  who  are  disabled  or  blind,  dependent  children 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  309 

under  age  21,  children  in  foster  care  or  adoptive  placements,  caretaker  rela- 
tives of  children  under  age  18  and  pregnant  women. 

Low  Income  Medicare  members  are  entitled  to  Medicaid  payment  for 
their  Medicare  premiums,  deductibles  and  coinsurance  charges.  A  pregnant 
woman  may  receive  prenatal  care  services  and  other  Medicaid  services  need- 
ed for  conditions  that  may  complicate  her  pregnancy.  Other  Medicaid  partici- 
pants are  entitled  to  all  Medicaid  services  covered  by  the  program  including 
physician  services,  eye  care,  dental,  home  health,  inpatient  hospital  as  well 
as  outpatient  nursing  home  and  prescriptions. 

Federal,  State  and  County  governments  share  in  the  costs  of  this  pro- 
gram. In  the  1992  Fiscal  Year,  approximately  760,000  Medicaid  recipients 
received  medical  services  at  a  cost  of  $2.5  billion. 

Division  of  Mental  Health,  Developmental  Disabilities  and 

Substance  Abuse  Services 

This  division  provides  services  for  the  mentally  ill,  the  developmentally 
disabled,  the  alcoholic  and  the  drug  abuser.  Programs  are  under  the  supervi- 
sion of  the  Director  of  the  Division,  who  is  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of 
Human  Resources. 

The  organization  includes  a  central  office  staff  and  15  residential  facili- 
ties. Residential  care  and  treatment  are  offered  at  four  regional  psychiatric 
hospitals,  five  centers  for  developmentally  disabled,  three  alcoholic  rehabili- 
tation centers,  a  special  care  facility,  and  two  reeducation  programs  for  emo- 
tionally disturbed  children  and  adolescents. 

A  major  thrust  of  this  Division's  programs  is  community  services.  There 
are  41  area  mental  health,  developmental  disabilities,  and  substance  abuse 
programs  serving  all  100  counties  in  the  state  and  offering  a  wide  variety  of 
services-out-patient  treatment,  day  programs,  emergency  care,  partial  hospi- 
talization, local  inpatient  services,  and  consultation  and  education. 
Additional  group  homes  for  the  developmentally  disabled  and  emotionally 
disturbed  continue  to  be  developmentally  disabled  and  emotionally  disturbed 
continue  to  be  developed.  Sheltered  workshops  provide  training  opportuni- 
ties and  day  activity  programs,  and  halfway  houses  help  to  serve  people  in 
their  home  communities.  These  programs  are  operated  by  local  area  boards, 
a  group  of  citizens  appointed  by  county  commissioners  and  charged  with 
planning  and  operating  services  to  meet  local  needs. 

The  Commission  for  Mental  Health,  Developmental  Disabilities  and 
Substance  Abuse  Services,  consisting  of  26  members,  22  appointed  by  the 
Governor  and  4  by  the  Legislature,  has  the  power  and  duty  to  adopt  rules 
and  regulations  to  be  followed  in  the  conduct  of  Division  programs.  Also  the 
Commission  reviews  Division  plans  and  advises  the  Secretary  of  Human 
Resources. 

Its  programs  are  administered  through  a  network  of  unit,  sub-unit,  and 
facility  offices  throughout  the  State. 


310  North  Carolina  Manual 

Division  of  Social  Services 

The  Division  of  Social  Services  works  to  promote  and  deliver  services  to 
children  to  help  them  become  productive  citizens,  to  enhance  community 
alternatives  to  institutional  care  so  the  elderly  may  remain  in  their  homes  as 
long  as  possible,  and  to  provide  public  assistance  to  eligible  persons  who  need 
help  with  obtaining  shelter,  food,  energy  and  personal  needs. 

North  Carolina  has  a  state-supervised/counter-administered  social  ser- 
vices system.  The  Division  supervises  the  administration  of  public  assistance 
programs  including  Aid  to  Families  with  Dependent  Children,  Food  Stamps, 
Low  Income  Energy  Assistance,  State-County  Special  Assistance,  and  Foster 
Care  and  Adoption  Assistance  payments.  The  Division  also  administers 
social  services  programs.  These  include  the  provision  of  in-home  services, 
protective  services  for  adults  and  children,  adoptions,  foster  care,  and  many 
other  supportive  services. 

The  major  priority  for  services  to  children  is  the  prevention  of  problems. 
Emphasis  is  on  strengthening  protection  for  children  vulnerable  to  depen- 
dency, neglect  and  abuse  with  continuing  emphasis  on  permanency  planning 
for  foster  children  to  ensure  permanent  homes  for  them.  In  addition,  empha- 
sis is  placed  on  the  provision  of  family-centered  services  to  reduce  out-of- 
home  placement  for  children  and  enable  families  to  remain  intact.  For 
adults,  the  priority  is  in-home  aid,  homemaker,  home-delivered  or  congregate 
meals,  and  adult  day  care.  There  is  increasing  demand  for  protective  services 
for  the  frail  elderly  and  other  disabled  adults. 

The  Division  also  serves  North  Carolina  in  other  ways.  The  Child 
Support  Enforcement  program  collects  money  from  absent  parents  for  sup- 
port of  their  minor  children.  The  federal  Job  Corps  Recruitment  Program 
offers  deprived  young  people  between  the  ages  of  16  and  21  the  opportunity 
to  receive  skills  training,  basic  education  and  counseling.  The  Job 
Opportunities  and  Basic  Skills  Training  (JOBS)  Program,  created  by  the 
Family  Support  Act  of  1988,  enables  AFDC  recipients  to  obtain  the  education 
and  training  needed  to  find  and  retain  employment.  Finally,  through  an 
agreement  with  the  Social  Security  Administration,  Disability  Determination 
Services  makes  medical  decisions  on  disability  applicants  for  Social  Security 
Disability  and  Supplemental  Security  Income. 

Division  of  Vocational  Rehabilitation  Services 

The  division  has  responsibility  for  vocational  rehabilitation  of  individuals 
who  have  a  substantial  physical,  emotional,  or  mental  handicaps  that  pre- 
vents them  from  being  employed.  There  must  be  an  expectation  that  the 
individual  will  benefit  in  terms  of  becoming  employable. 

An  individual  may  still  refer  to  Vocational  Rehabilitation  or  may  be 
referred  by  doctors,  schools,  or  other  agencies  or  individuals. 

For  those  eligible,  Vocational  Rehabilitation  provides  a  comprehensive 
program  of  diagnosis,  medical  treatment,  restoration,  prosthetic  and  hearing 
aid  appliance,  counseling,  training  at  colleges,  technical  schools  and  shel- 
tered workshops,  and  job  placement.  The  Division  also  has  a  staff  of  special- 
ly trained  rehabilitation  engineers  to  deal  with  accessibility,  job  and  home 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  311 

modification,  and  transportation  problems.  Almost  any  goods  and  services 
necessary  to  render  a  handicapped  person  employable  can  be  provided.  The 
division  also  administers  an  independent  living  rehabilitation  program  for 
severely  handicapped  individuals  who  cannot  necessarily  achieve  a 
Vocational  goal,  but  who  need  services  in  order  to  live  independently. 

Division  of  Youth  Services 

The  Division  of  Youth  Services  is  responsible  for  operating  the  state's 
five  training  schools  for  delinquent  children  (ages  10-17),  and  six  state- 
owned  detention  centers;  for  providing  funding  and  technical  assistance  to 
community-based  programs;  for  developing  a  one-on-one  volunteer  program; 
and  for  managing  the  therapeutic  camping  program  including  the  four 
Eckerd  Wilderness  Camps.  The  principal  officer  of  the  division  is  the  direc- 
tor, who  is  appointed  by  the  Secretary  of  the  Department  of  Human 
Resources. 

The  emphasis  of  the  division  are  prevention,  treatment  and  education. 
Community-based  alternative  programs  serve  as  options  to  training  schools 
for  children  ages  10-17  who  are  in  trouble  with  the  law,  or  in  danger  of  get- 
ting into  trouble.  These  options  include  specialized  foster  care,  emergency 
shelter  care,  group  homes,  counseling,  volunteer  and  recreational  therapeu- 
tic counseling. 

The  division's  One-on-One  Volunteer  Program  is  designed  to  provide  an 
opportunity  for  each  youth  (ages  10-17)  who  comes  to  the  attention  of  the 
courts  to  have  a  caring  adult  volunteer  with  whom  he  or  she  can  develop  and 
maintain  a  meaningful  relationship. 

The  four  Eckerd  Wilderness  Camps  provide  treatment  for  children  ages 
10-15  who  have  behavioral  problems,  and/or  who  are  in  conflict  with  the  law. 
This  program  serves  children  who  cannot  function  in  a  normal  community, 
school  or  family  setting. 

The  division's  five  training  schools  serve  children  ages  10-17.  Four  of  the 
schools  are  regional  centers  and  accept  youths  found  to  be  delinquent  by  the 
courts.  They  include  Dobbs  School  in  Kinston,  Stonewall  Jackson  School  in 
Concord,  the  Juvenile  Evaluation  Center  in  Swannanoa,  and  Samarkand 
Manor  in  Eagle  Springs.  The  fifth  school,  C.A.  Dillon  in  Butner,  is  the  most 
secure  campus. 

The  Juvenile  Evaluation  Center,  Samarkand  Manor,  and  C.A.  Dillon  are 
co-educational  while  the  other  training  schools  work  with  males. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Governor's  Advisory  Council  on  Aging 

Council  on  Alcohol  and  Drug  Abuse  Among  Children  &  Youth 

Women's  Committee  on  Alcohol  and  Drug  Abuse 

Alternative  Health  Programs 

Commission  for  the  Blind 

Butner  Planning  Commission 

C  A.  Dillon  Advisory  Committee 


312  North  Carolina  Manual 

Child  Day  Care  Commission 

Child  Care  Resources  and  Referral  Advisory  Council 

Consumer  Advocacy  Advisory  Committee  for  the  Blind 

Council  for  the  Deaf  and  Hard  of  Hearing 

Developmental  Disabilities  Council 

Dobbs  School  Advisory  Council 

Emergency  Medical  Services  Advisory  Council 

Advisory  Committee  on  Family  Centered  Services 

Governor  Morehead  School  Board  of  Directors 

State  Health  Coordinating  Council 

Holocaust  Council 

Home  and  Community  Care  Advisory  Committee 

Human    Rights    Committees    State    Psychiatric    Hospitals,    State 

Developmentally  Disabled  Centers,  State  Alcohol  and  Drug  Awareness 

Treatment  Centers,  and  Governor  Morehead  School 

Independent  Living  Rehabilitation  Advisory  Committee 

Governor's  Interagency  Advisory  Team 

Interagency  Coordinating  Council 

Jail  Standards  Task  Force 

JEC  Advisory  Council 

Medical  Care  Advisory  Committee 

Medical  Care  Commission 

Commission  for  Mental  Health,  Developmental  Disabilities,  and  Substance 

Abuse  Services 

Mental  Health  Planning  Council 

Penalty  Review  Committee 

Pitt  County  Nursing  Home  Community  Advisory  Committee 

Professional  Advisory  Committee 

Advisory  Committee  on  Rehabilitation  Centers  for  the  Physically  Disabled 

State  Refugee  Program  Advisory  Council 

Samarkand  Advisory  Committee 

Drug  Use  Review  Board 

Child  Fatality  Task  Force 

Domiciliary  Care  Issues,  Task  Force 

Regional  Juvenile  Detention  Center  Advisory  Councils:    Cumberland, 

Gaston,  New  Hanover,  Pitt,  Wake  and  Wilkes 

Vocational  Rehabilitation  Business  and  Consumer  Advisory  Council 

Interagency  Coordinating  Council  for  the  Homeless 

State  Advisory  Committee  on  Rehabilitation 

N.C.  Head  Start  Collaboration  Project  Advisory  Council 


For  Further  Information 


(919)  733-4534 
Careline:  (800)  662-7030 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch 
C  Robin  Britt,  Sn 


313 


Secretary  of  Human  Resources 

Early  Years 

Born  June  29,  1942. 

Educational  Background 

New  York  University,  1976,  LLM  Degree  in 
Taxation;  UNC,  Chapel  Hill,  1973,  J.D. 
Degree;  UNC,  Chapel  Hill,  1963,  B.A.  in 
English. 

Professional  Background 

Secretary,  N.C.  Department  of  Human 
Resources. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Former  founder,  President  and  Member  of  Board  of  Directors  of  Project  Uplift,  Inc.; 
Former  member,  U.S.  House  of  Representatives,  98th  Congress;  Former  partner  in 
law  firm  of  Smith,  Helms,  Mulliss,  and  Moore;  Former  member  of  the  following: 
Greensboro  Visions  Task  Force  Monitoring  Committee  on  Early  Childhood  Education; 
Greensboro  Public  Schools  Preschool  Task  Force;  Director  of  Early  Childhood 
Initiative,  Inc.;  Director  of  Children's  Home  (Winston-Salem);  Chair  for  the  Guilford 
County  Commission  on  the  Needs  of  Children;  Director  of  Human  Service  Institute; 
Honorary  Chair,  Community  Project  sponsored  by  Greensboro  Board  of  Realtors  and 
Women's  Council  of  Realtors;  United  Negro  College  Fund;  Chosen  as  one  of  the 
Outstanding  Young  Men  of  America  by  the  National  Jaycees.  Member  of  the  N.C. 
Partnership  for  Children. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Member  of  the  following:  Governor's  Advocacy  Council  for  Persons  with  Disabilities; 
Advisory  Committee  on  Family  Centered  Services;  Aging  Study  Commission; 
Association  Juvenile  Compact  Administrators;  Board  of  Advisors,  N.C.  School  of 
Public  Health;  N.C.  Center  for  Public  TV;  Cities  in  Schools  Board  Initiation; 
Committee  on  Home  Community  Based  Care  (Aging);  Cooperative  Planning 
Consortium  of  Special  Ed;  Governor's  Crime  Commission;  Council  on  Developmental 
Disabilities;  Disability  Review  Commission;  Domiciliary  Home  Advisory  Council; 
Energy  Assurance;  Education,  Health  and  Human  Rights;  Farm  Workers  Council; 
Commission  on  the  Family;  Governor's  Advisory  Council  on  Literacy;  Genetic 
Engineering  Review  Board;  Governor's  Commission  on  Workforce  Preparedness; 
Commission  on  Indian  Affairs;  Institute  of  Medicine,  Board  of  Director;  Interagency 
Advisory  Team  on  Drug  and  Alcohol  Abuse;  Interagency  Comprehensive  Pre-School 
Planning  Committee;  Interagency  Coordinating  Council;  Interagency  Coordinating 
Council  for  Handicapped  Children  from  Birth  to  Five  Years  of  Age;  Joint  Conference 
Committee  of  the  N.C.  Medical  Society;  JOB  Training  Council,  N.C;  Juvenile  Justice 
Committee;  Medical  Database  Commission;  Mental  Health  Planning  Council;  Make  A 
Wish  Foundation  Invitation;  National  Technical  Advisory  Panel  of  the  Early 
Education  and  Care  Leadership  Development  Project;  N.C.  Child  Fatality  Task  Force; 
N.C.  Fund  for  Children  and  Families  Commission;  Planning  Liaison  Coordinating 


314  North  Carolina  Manual 

State  Planning  and  Budget;  Social  Services  Study  Commission;  Southern  Growth 
Policies  Board;  State  Vocational  Education  Planning  and  Coordinating  Committee. 

Political  Activities 

Secretary,  Department  of  Human  Resources,  1993-present;  Member,  U.S.  House  of 
Representatives,  98th  Congress,  1983-85;  Delegate  to  Democratic  National 
Convention,  1980  and  1984;  Chair,  Guilford  County  Democratic  Party,  1979-81;  Co- 
Chair,  Richardson  Preyer  for  Congress,  1978;  President,  Guilford  County  Young 
Democrats,  1977;  Chair,  31st  Democratic  Precinct,  1977-79;  Democratic  Party  State 
Executive  Committee,  1977-81. 

Military  Service 

Retired  Captain  in  the  U.S.  Naval  Reserves;  President,  Old  North  State  Chapter  of 
Naval  Reserve  Association,  1979-80;  Armed  Force  Expeditionary  Medal  for  service  off 
the  coast  of  Vietnam,  1965. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  former  Susan  Thomas.  Children:  Elizabeth,  Robin,  Jr.,  and  David. 
Member:  Irving  Park  United  Methodist  Church. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  315 


DEPARTMENT  OF  HUMAN  RESOURCES* 

SECRETARIES 

Name  Residence  Term 

Lenox  D.  Baker2 Durham 1972-1973 

David  T.  Flaherty3 Wake 1973-1976 

Phillip  J.  Kirk,  Jr.4 Rowan 1976-1977 

Sarah  T.  Morrow5 Guilford 1977-1985 

Lucy  H.  Bode6 Wake 1985 

Phillip  J.  Kirk,  Jr.7 Rowan 1985-1987 

PaulKayye8 Wake 1987 

David  T.  Flaherty9 Wake 1987-1993 

C.  Robin  Britt,  Sr Guilford 1993-Present 

xThe  Executive  Organization  Act  of  1971  created  the  "Department  of  Human 
Resources"  with  provisions  for  a  "Secretary"  appointed  by  the  governor. 

2Baker  was  appointed  by  Governor  Scott. 

3Flaherty  was  appointed  on  January  5,  1973,  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  replace 
Baker.  He  resigned  in  April,  1976. 

4Kirk  was  appointed  on  April  6,  1976,  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  replace 
Flaherty. 

5Morrow  was  appointed  on  January  10,  1977,  by  Governor  Hunt  to  replace  Kirk. 

6Bode  was  appointed  effective  January  1,  1985  and  served  until  Kirk  was 
appointed. 

7Kirk  was  appointed  January  7,  1985,  by  Governor  Martin.  He  resigned  effective 
March  2,  1987  to  become  Chief  of  Staff  to  the  Governor. 

8Kayye  served  as  interim  secretary  between  March  2  and  April  8,  1987. 

9Flaherty  was  appointed  April  8,  1987  to  replace  Kirk. 


316  North  Carolina  Manual 


The  Department  of  Revenue 


Considerable  public  dissatisfac-  had  demonstrated  that  an  income 
tion  with  North  Carolina's  tax  tax  such  as  that  enacted  in  1921 
structure  and  recommenda-  could  not  be  effectively  enforced 
tions  for  substantial  reforms  by  at  without  centralized  administration, 
least  two  study  groups  culminated  in  In  recognition  of  this,  the  new  law 
a  constitutional  amendment  in  1920  was  assigned  to  the  Tax  Commission 
authorizing  the  enactment  of  a  net  for  administration, 
income  tax  and  providing  for  the  The  principal  function  of  mem- 
elimination  of  the  property  tax  as  a  bers  of  the  Tax  Commission  was 
source  of  state  revenue.  The  General  to  serve  as  the  Corporation 
Assembly  enacted  a  comprehensive  Commission,  which  regulated  public 
net  income  tax  in  1921  which  was  utilities.  Because  of  the  bifurcation 
effective  for  the  1921  income  year.  of  the  Commission's  responsibilities, 
Prior  to  the  enactment  of  the  the  General  Assembly  in  the  closing 
income  tax,  the  administration  of  the  days  of  the  1921  Session  created  the 
state  tax  laws  was  dispersed  among  Department  of  Revenue,  headed  by  a 
several  state  agencies.  The  state  gen-  Commissioner  of  Revenue,  to  assume 
eral  property  tax  was  administered  the  responsibility  of  State  revenue 
by  county  officials,  subject  to  the  administration,  enforcement  and  col- 
supervision  of  the  Tax  Commission,  lection.  The  new  Department  had  the 
The  Tax  Commission  also  assessed  distinction  of  being  the  first  such 
the  tangible  property  of  railroads  department  in  the  United  States, 
and  public  service  companies  and  the  The  inheritance  tax  unit  and  the 
"corporate  excess"  of  all  corporations  franchise  and  corporation  tax  assess- 
with  the  values  certified  to  counties  ment  units  were  transferred  from 
for  local  taxes  and  to  the  State  the  Tax  Commission,  and  the 
Auditor  for  state  taxes.  The  State  Department  became  responsible  for 
Auditor  billed  each  corporation  for  administering  the  new  income  tax. 
the  property  tax  due  the  State  based  The  Department  of  Revenue  was 
on  these  values  and  for  the  franchise  organized  in  May  1921,  with  only 
tax  due.  The  taxes  due  from  corpora-  sixteen  persons  on  the  payroll.  An 
tions  were  paid  directly  to  the  State  income  tax  unit  was  organized  in 
Treasurer.  If  payments  were  not  October.  The  average  number  of 
made  by  the  due  date,  the  Treasurer  employees  for  the  1921-22  fiscal  year 
notified  the  Auditor,  who  was  was  only  thirty.  The  cost  of  operation 
responsible  for  taking  the  necessary  was  $87,125  and  collections  amount- 
legal  steps  to  enforce  payment.  The  ed  to  $3,120,064  from  income  and 
inheritance  tax  was  administered  by  inheritance  taxes, 
clerks  of  Superior  Court  under  the  In  1923  the  assessment  and 
supervision  of  the  Tax  Commission,  collection  of  the  franchise  tax  were 
Fees  for  automobile  licenses  were  transferred  from  the  State  Auditor 
collected  by  the  Secretary  of  State.  and  the  Treasurer  to  the  Department 
The  experience  of  other  states  of    Revenue,    and    collection    of 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  317 

Schedule  B  license  taxes  became  the  and  oil  inspection  unit  of  the  N.C. 

responsibility  of  the  Department.  Department  of  Agriculture  was 

Previously,  the  license  taxes  had  moved  to  the  N.C.  Department  of 

been  collected  by  the  county  sheriffs  Revenue. 

or  tax  collectors.  A  license  tax  divi-  In  1935  the  Highway  Patrol  was 

sion  and  a  field  forces  division  were  expanded,  a  driver's  license  law  was 

organized.  enacted,  and  the  Motor  Vehicle 

Two     acts     of     the     General  Bureau  was  divided  into  two  divi- 

Assembly  in  1925  further  expanded  sions:    a  Division  of  Highway  Safety 

the  Department.  The  Motor  Vehicle  (including  the  Highway  Patrol,  the 

Bureau  of  the  Department  of  State,  Driver's  License  Unit,  and  a  Radio 

which  administered  automobile  Unit)  and  the  Motor  Vehicle  Bureau, 

license  taxes,  the  gasoline  tax,  and  Each  division  had  a  director  who 

the  bus  and  truck  franchise  tax,  was  reported  directly  to  the  Commissioner 

transferred  to  the  Department  of  of  Revenue. 

Revenue.  In  addition,  the  collection  The  General  Assembly  enacted 
of  taxes  on  insurance  companies  was  the  intangible  personal  property  tax 
transferred  to  the  Department,  in  1937  pursuant  to  a  constitutional 
although  the  tax  liability  was  deter-  amendment  adopted  in  1936,  permit- 
mined  by  the  Commissioner  of  ting  classification  of  property  by  the 
Insurance.  General  Assembly,  with  different 

The  Motor  Vehicle  Bureau  was  classes  of  property  being  treated  dif- 
placed  under  a  deputy  commissioner  ferently.  Intangible  property  was  the 
and  remained  separate  from  the  rest  only  classification  made  initially, 
of  the  Department  of  Revenue.  The  Such  property  was  to  be  taxed  exclu- 
Bureau  was  composed  of  the  regis-  sively  by  the  state.  Half  of  the  pro- 
bation unit,  the  theft  unit,  the  gaso-  ceeds  were  to  be  distributed  to  coun- 
line  tax  unit,  and  branch  offices.  The  ties,  cities,  and  towns.  (The  local 
division  of  accounts,  the  supplies  share  has  been  increased  over  the 
office,  and  the  cashier's  office  served  years  until,  at  present,  over  93  per- 
both  the  Motor  Vehicle  Bureau  and  cent  is  distributed  to  local  govern- 
the  revenue  units.  The  cost  of  operat-  ments.)  A  gift  tax  was  also  enacted  to 
ing  the  Bureau  was  paid  from  the  complement  the  inheritance  tax.  The 
Highway  Fund  and  the  remainder  of  intangibles  tax  was  placed  in  the 
the  Department  of  Revenue  was  franchise  tax  unit  and  later  a  sepa- 
financed  from  the  General  Fund.  rate  intangibles  tax  division  was  cre- 

No  further  changes  of  any  signif-  ated. 

icance  were  made  until  1933  when  a  Prior  to  1939  a  new  revenue  act 

general  sales  tax  and  a  beverage  tax  was  adopted  each  biennium.  A  per- 

were  enacted.  A  new  unit  was  creat-  manent  act  was  enacted  in  1939, 

ed  to  administer  the  sales  tax  and  requiring  no  action  by  subsequent 

the  administration  of  the  beverage  sessions  of  the  General  Assembly 

tax  was  placed  in  the  license  tax  unless  the  existing  act  was  amended, 

unit.  The  Highway  Patrol  was  The  1939  act,  as  amended,  remained 

transferred    from    the    Highway  in  effect  until  1989  when  major 

Department  to  the  N.C.  Revenue  changes  were  made  by  the  General 

Department  and  assigned  to  the  Assembly.  As  enacted,  the  permanent 

Motor  Vehicle  Bureau.  The  gasoline  Revenue  Act  of  1939  included  a  use 


318  North  Carolina  Manual 

tax  to  complement  the  sales  tax.  employees  to  an  average  of  312  in 

During  the  1930's  the  N.C.  the  1942-43  fiscal  year. 
Department  of  Revenue  grew  rapidly  No  significant  changes  were 
because  of  the  acquisition  of  new  made  in  the  responsibilities  or  orga- 
units,  notably  the  Highway  Patrol,  nization  of  the  Department  for  sever- 
and  the  increase  in  the  number  of  al  years  after  the  changes  were 
tax  returns  handled.  enacted  in  1941.  Tax  rates,  deduc- 
The  Highway  Safety  Division  tions  and  exemptions  were  altered, 
was  engaged  in  law  enforcement  and  but  these  changes  did  not  materially 
its  activities  were  unrelated  to  the  affect  the  day-to-day  operations  of 
collection  of  revenue.  As  the  size  of  the  Department.  The  only  new  taxes 
this  activity  increased,  it  became  enacted  were  an  excise  tax  on  banks 
apparent  that  these  diverse  func-  adopted  in  1957  as  part  of  a  package 
tions  should  be  housed  in  separate  of  changes  in  the  Revenue  Act  recom- 
agencies.  In  1941,  based  on  the  rec-  mended  by  a  Tax  Study  Commission, 
ommendation  of  the  Governor,  a  and  a  cigarette  tax  and  soft  drink 
Department  of  Motor  Vehicles  was  excise  tax  enacted  in  1969  as  rev- 
established.  The  new  department  enue  measures.  A  local  option  sales 
received  the  Division  of  Highway  and  use  tax  was  also  enacted  with 
Safety  and  all  of  the  activities  and  the  tax  being  administered  by  the 
agencies  of  the  Motor  Vehicles  Department  of  Revenue.  The  ciga- 
Bureau  except  the  gasoline  tax  unit,  rette  and  soft  drink  taxes  were 
The  Department  of  Revenue  and  the  assigned  to  the  Privilege  and 
Department  of  Motor  Vehicles  con-  Beverage  Tax  Division.  The  local 
tinued  to  share  certain  services.  The  sales  tax  was  assigned  to  the  Sales 
Department  of  Revenue's  Accounting  and  Use  Tax  Division  to  be  adminis- 
Division  served  both  departments  as  tered  in  conjunction  with  the  state 
did  the  supply  and  service  unit  of  the  sales  tax  as  a  "piggyback"  tax;  and 
Department  of  Motor  Vehicles,  which  the  bank  excise  tax  was  placed  in  the 
handled  purchasing,  mailing,  and  Corporate  Income  and  Franchise  Tax 
mimeographing.  Although  the  gasoline  Division. 

tax  unit  was  part  of  the  Department  Office  space  has  been  a  problem 

of  Revenue,  its  operating  costs  were  of  the  Department  for  most  of  its  his- 

charged  to  the  Department  of  Motor  tory.  When  first  organized,  the 

Vehicles  which  was  financed  out  of  Department  occupied  the  Senate 

the  Highway  Fund.  Chamber  of  the  Capitol,  using  the 

Another  act  of  the  1941  General  chamber  proper,  the  Senate  clerk's 

Assembly  authorized  the  separation  office,  and  some  small  committee 

of  a  statistical  and  research  unit  rooms    on   the   third   floor.    The 

from  the  Department  of  Revenue  and  Department  had  to  move  when  the 

the  establishment  of  the  Department  General  Assembly  met  in  1923  and 

of  Tax  Research.  The  Governor  did  again  during  the  special  session  of 

not  act  on  this  authority  for  more  1924.  The  Department  moved  to  the 

than    a    year,    establishing    the  Agriculture  Building  before  the  1925 

Department  of  Tax  Research  on  July  legislative  session.  A  new  building, 

1,  1942.  After  this  separation,  the  known  as  the  Revenue  Building,  was 

Department  of  Revenue  was  reduced  authorized  by  the  General  Assembly 

in  size  from  almost  800  permanent  during  the  1924  Special  Session,  and 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  319 

was  occupied  in  1926.  Space  prob-  on  tax  returns.  This  device  proved 

lems  continued,  however,  as  various  very  effective  in  discovering  cases  of 

other  state  agencies  moved  into  the  failure  to  file  returns  and  instances 

building,  and  as  numbers  of  tax  of  understated  income.  However,  for 

schedules,    duties,    returns    and  several  years  the  psychological 

employees  continued  to  increase,  impact  was  probably  of  greater 

Two  annexes  were  occupied  in  1948  importance  than  the  actual  perfor- 

and  a  third  in  1969.  Short-term  mance  of  the  data  processing  unit  in 

space  is  frequently  rented  to  accom-  improving  taxpayer  compliance.  In 

modate  large  numbers  of  temporary  1958  the  two  data  processing  units 

employees  during  major  tax  filing  were  consolidated  into  a  single  unit 

periods,  and  in  1985,  the  Brown-  and  established  as  a  new  division — 

Rogers  Building  adjacent  to  the  the    Division    of    Planning    and 

Revenue  Building  was  acquired  to  Processing. 

house  the  Property  Tax  Division,  and  In  1960,  the  Division  began  pro- 

a  number  of  other  offices  of  the  cessing    individual    income    tax 

Department.  refunds  on  automated  equipment. 

Facing  critical  space  problems  Additional  changes  were  implement- 

and  the  need  for  substantial  modern-  ed  in  1970  with  the  introduction  of 

ization,  the  legislature  gave  initial  disk  storage  and  in  1972,  twenty 

approval  to  construct  a  new  building  data  entry  terminals  were  added, 

in  1986.  Construction  of  the  new  introducing  online  systems  to  the 

building  at  the  corner  of  Polk  and  division.  Online  inquiry  systems 

Wilmington  Streets  in  Raleigh  began  were  implemented  for  the  Individual 

in  February  1990  and  was  completed  Income  Sales  and  Use,  Intangibles 

in  December  1992  when  the  depart-  and    License     and    Excise    Tax 

ment  took  occupancies.  Divisions  between  1973  and  1980. 

In  1947  a  small  data  processing  An  optical  character  reader  was 

unit  was  set  up  in  the  Sales  and  Use  acquired  in  1977  to  scan  hand  coded 

Tax  Division.  The  unit  used  punch  auditor  adjustment  sheets  for  input 

cards  to  provide  a  mailing  list  of  reg-  to  tax  files.  The  first  remote  terminal 

istered  merchants,  to  check  the  was  installed  in  a  Revenue  Field 

monthly  returns  for  delinquency,  to  Office  in  1984,  with  micro-computers 

address  letters  for  all  delinquent  coming  into  use  at  about  the  same 

accounts,  and  to  compile  statistical  time.  By  1991,  all  field  offices  in  the 

data  from  monthly  returns.  In  1949  a  state  had  remote  terminals  for 

larger  unit  was  added  to  the  Income  accessing  central  computer  files  of 

Tax  Division.  It  provided  mailing  the  Department  and  communicating 

lists  of  individual  income  taxpayers  via  electronic  mail.  In  1985,  an  auto- 

from  which  forms  were  mailed  to  tax-  mated  withholding  and  individual 

payers  the  following  year,  provided  a  income  tax  accounts  receivable  system 

register  used  to  locate  returns  which  was  implemented,  followed  in  1986  by 

were  then  put  in  "stack"  files  which  a  remittance  processing  unit  which 

did  not  require  hand  alphabetizing,  collects  data  from  tax  remittances  and 

and  aided  enforcement  of  individual  transfers  it  to  the  Revenue  computer 

income  tax  collections  by  matching  center  for  processing.  During  1986, 

amounts  of  income  reported  by  the  Motor  Fuels,  Corporate  Income 

employers  against  amounts  shown  and  Franchise,  and  Inheritance  Tax 


320  North  Carolina  Manual 

Divisions  began  using  online  inquiry  Highway  Funds.  The  Department 

in  their  operation,  and  the  Planning  also  collects  and  distributes  the 

and  Processing  Division  was  reorga-  intangibles  tax  and  local  sales  and 

nized  and  renamed  the  Management  use  tax  on  behalf  of  local  govern- 

Information  Services  Division.  In  ments.  It  accounts  for  all  these  funds 

1991,  the  Department  began  conver-  and  seeks  uniformity  in  the  adminis- 

sion  of  its  existing  computer  systems  tration  of  tax  laws  and  regulations, 

with  future  plans  to  move  to  an  inte-  The  Department's  activities  are 

grated  tax  accounting  system  in  sup-  divided  into  four  broad  areas:    Tax 

port  of  Department  needs.  Administration,  Tax  Compliance, 

Changes  continue  to  be  made  in  Field   Operations,   and   Legal   & 

the  Department's  internal  organiza-  Administrative  Services.  There  are  six 

tion.  In  1953,  separate  divisions  were  divisions  within  Tax  Administration: 

created  to  administer  corporate  and  Corporate  Income  &  Franchise  Tax; 

individual  income  taxes.  A  few  years  Sales  &  Use  Tax;  License  &  Excise 

later  the  Franchise  and  Intangibles  Tax;  Individual  Income,  Inheritance, 

Tax  Division  was  divided,  with  the  Intangibles  &  Gift  Tax;  Ad  Valorem 

franchise  tax  function  being  assigned  Tax;  and  Motor  Fuels  Tax.    Under 

to    the    Corporate    Income    and  Tax  Compliance  are  two  divisions: 

Franchise  Tax  Division,  and  with  the  Office  Examinations  and  Office 

intangibles  tax  function  remaining  in  Services.    Field  Operations  includes 

the  Intangibles  Tax  Division.  This  the  Criminal  Investigations  Division 

Division  also  provided  staff  to  the  and  four  regional  divisions  to  cover 

State  Board  of  Assessment  until  the  geographic  areas  of  the  state. 

1967,  when  the  Board  was  assigned  a  Under    Legal    &   Administrative 

staff  independent  of  the  Department  Services  there  are  three  separate  divi- 

of  Revenue.  sions:     Administrative     Services, 

Following     a     constitutional  Accounting,  and  Returns  Processing, 

amendment,  legislation  was  enacted  The  Tax  Research  Division,  Controlled 

in  1971  to  reorganize  state  govern-  Substance  Tax  Division,  Management 

ment.  In  that  year,  the  Department  Information     Services,     and     the 

of  Tax  Research  became  a  division  of  Security,     Legislative     Liaison, 

the  Department  of  Revenue,  the  staff  Personnel,  Internal  Audit  and  Public 

of  the  State  Board  of  Assessment  Affairs  offices  come  under  the  office 

was  returned  to  the  Department  as  of    the     Secretary    and    Deputy 

the  Ad  Valorem  Tax  Division,  and  Secretary. 

the    Commissioner    of    Revenue  The  1992  reorganization  placed 

became  the  Secretary  of  Revenue.  like  functions  together,  eliminating 

The  Secretary  is  appointed  by  duplication     and     streamlining 

the  Governor,  and  serves  ex  officio  as  processes.    The  Department  is  now 

a  member  of  the  Tax  Review  Board  organized  under  the  leadership  of 

in  matters  pertaining  to  corporate  the  Secretary,  the  Deputy  Secretary 

allocation  formulas  only,  and  as  a  and  four  Assistant  Secretaries  —  for 

member  of  the  Local  Government  Tax         Administration,         Tax 

Commission.  Compliance,  Field  Operations,  and 

The    principal    duty    of    the  Legal  &  Administrative  Services, 

Department  of  Revenue  is  to  collect  respectively, 
revenue  for  the  State's  General  and 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  321 

Tax  Administration 

Corporate  Income  &  Franchise  Tax  Division:  The  Corporate  Income 
&  Franchise  Tax  Division  interprets  the  statutes  relating  to  corporate 
income  and  franchise  tax,  provides  information  to  taxpayers,  and  confers 
with  taxpayers  on  disputed  issues.  Representatives  of  the  Division  appear  in 
hearings  before  the  Secretary,  the  Tax  Review  Board  and  in  court. 

Individual  Income,  Inheritance,  Intangibles  &  Gift  Tax  Division: 

The  Individual  Income,  Inheritance,  Intangibles  &  Gift  Tax  Division  assists 
taxpayers  in  filing  returns  and  interprets  tax  laws.  The  Division  holds  con- 
ferences with  taxpayers,  accountants  and  attorneys  on  disputed  tax  issues. 
It  also  works  with  the  Clerk  of  Superior  Court  to  determine  compliance  with 
the  law  in  estate  matters,  to  enter  releases  in  the  official  record  and  to  issue 
waivers  for  transfer  of  estate  properties. 

License  &  Excise  Tax  Division:  The  License  and  Excise  Tax  Division 
is  responsible  for  the  Privilege  License,  Beer,  Wine,  Liquor,  Cigarette  and 
Soft  Drink  Tax  Schedules. 

Motor  Fuels  Tax  Division:  The  Motor  Fuels  Tax  Division  collects 
motor  fuels  taxes  and  inspection  fees;  issues  licenses  to  distributors,  users 
and  sellers  of  motor  fuels;  and  receives  and  approves  bonds  to  cover  motor 
fuels  tax  liability.  The  Division  also  issues  registration  cards  and  identifica- 
tion to  motor  carriers. 

Ad  Valorem  Tax  Division:  The  Ad  Valorem  Tax  Division  oversees  city 
and  county  personal  property  valuation  and  taxation;  offers  assistance  to 
local  taxing  authorities;  appraises  the  property  of  public  service  companies 
and  determines  which  portion  should  be  allocated  to  the  counties  and  munic- 
ipalities in  the  state;  and  investigates  appeals  to  the  Property  Tax 
Commission. 

Sales  &  Use  Tax  Division:  The  Sales  &  Use  Tax  Division  administers 
the  state  and  local  sales  and  use  tax  laws  by  keeping  records  on  consumers, 
and  retail  and  wholesale  merchants  and  by  auditing  monthly  sales  and  use 
tax  reports. 

Legal  and  Administrative  Services 

In  addition  to  overseeing  the  divisions  listed  below,  the  Assistant 
Secretary  for  Legal  and  Administrative  Services  also  conducts  tax  hearings 
on  disputed  tax  issues. 

Accounting  Division:  The  Accounting  Division  is  responsible  for  man- 
aging the  funds  for  the  Department  of  Revenue.  It  receives  and  deposits  all 
payments;  maintains  the  budget  and  keeps  time  and  pay  records. 


322  North  Carolina  Manual 

Administrative  Services  Division:  The  Administrative  Services 
Division  is  responsible  for  the  building  and  the  supplies  and  equipment  for 
the  main  office  and  all  field  offices  as  well  as  mail  service  and  inventory.  The 
Division  also  provides  forms  and  printing  and  microfilming  services  for  the 
Department. 

Returns  Processing  Division:  Returns  Processing  is  the  first  stop  for 
the  tax  return  when  it  reaches  the  Department  of  Revenue.  The  Division  is 
responsible  for  all  data  entry  from  taxpayer  returns  and  error  resolution  as 
well  as  for  the  central  files. 

Field  Operations:  Field  Operations  is  responsible  for  all  field  compli- 
ance, enforcement  and  taxpayer  education  programs.  The  Division  collects 
delinquent  and  deficient  taxes  and  tax  returns,  examines  tax  records  on-site 
and  proposes  assessments  or  refunds,  prosecutes  for  tax  fraud,  and  educates 
taxpayers  about  state  tax  laws.  Field  operations  maintains  50  field  offices 
throughout  North  Carolina,  14  of  which  are  combined  collection  and  audit 
offices.  The  Division  is  also  responsible  for  out-of-state  auditing  and  main- 
tains 11  offices  in  Georgia,  Connecticut,  New  Jersey,  California,  Illinois, 
Ohio,  Pennsylvania  and  Texas. 

Tax  Compliance 

Office  Examination  Division:  The  Office  Examination  Division  audits 
and  examines  tax  returns  to  make  sure  that  they  are  in  compliance  with 
North  Carolina  tax  laws. 

Office  Services  Division:  The  Office  Services  Division  assists  taxpay- 
ers in  filing  tax  returns,  answers  inquiries  about  tax  refunds,  and  corre- 
sponds with  taxpayers  to  resolve  questions  about  assessments,  refunds,  pay- 
ments, and  other  issues.  The  Division  also  registers  business  taxpayers, 
coordinates  bankruptcy  filings,  enforces  collection,  and  is  responsible  for  tax- 
payer education. 

Secretary's  Office 

Tax  Research  Division:  The  Tax  Research  Division  compiles  and  pub- 
lishes statistical  data  on  state  and  local  taxation.  The  Division  estimates  the 
effect  on  the  state's  revenue  of  proposed  changes  in  tax  laws  and  conducts 
special  studies  and  provides  technical  assistance  to  other  divisions  in 
Revenue,  the  Secretary  of  Revenue  and  tax  study  commissions. 

Management  Information  Services:  Management  Information 
Services  maintains  the  department's  computer  system  and  develops  new 
computer  applications  as  well  as  provides  technical  services  support  and 
training  for  users. 

Controlled  Substance  Tax  Division:  The  Controlled  Substance  Tax 
Division  assesses  and  collects  the  excise  taxes  on  illegal  drugs. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  323 

Public  Affairs  Office:  The  Public  Affairs  office  is  responsible  for  both 
internal  and  external  communications  for  the  department.  The  office  main- 
tains a  speakers'  bureau,  publishes  newsletters,  brochures  and  reports  for 
both  department  personnel  and  the  general  public,  and  coordinates  media 
relations. 

Legislative  Liaison:  The  Legislative  Liaison  is  responsible  for  monitor- 
ing legislation  and  budgeting  that  affects  the  department  and  for  working 
with  the  Secretary  and  Deputy  Secretary  to  keep  lawmakers  informed  of 
Revenue's  needs. 

Personnel,  Internal  Audit  and  Security:  These  offices  are  responsi- 
ble for  providing  building  security,  hiring  and  training  staff  and  ensuring 
that  all  departmental  systems  are  functioning  fairly  and  effectively. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Property  Tax  Commission 
Tax  Review  Board 

For  Further  Information 

(919)  715-0397 

Income  Tax  Questions  (800)  451-1404 


North  Carolina  Manual 

m 

Janice  H.  Faulkner 
Secretary  of  Revenue 

Early  Years 

Born  January  19,  1932  in  Martin  County  to 
Ben  Ira  and  Hilda  Peele  Hardison  (both 
deceased). 

Educational  Background 

East  Carolina  University,  Bachelor  of 
Science  in  English/Social  Studies  and 
Master  of  Arts,  in  Education/English. 

Professional  Background 

Secretary,  Department  of  Revenue,  1993- 
present;  Associate  Vice  Chancellor  for 
Regional  Development  Institute,  East  Carolina  University,  1992-93;  Director, 
Regional  Development  Institute,  1983-92;  Executive  Director  of  the  Democratic  Party 
of  N.C.,  1981-82;  Associate  Professor,  English  Department,  East  Carolina  University, 
1966-81;  Director  of  Alumni  Affairs,  East  Carolina  University,  1962-66;  Assistant 
Professor  of  English,  Wilmington  College,  1955-57;  English  and  Social  Studies 
Teacher,  Enfield  Grade  School,  1953-55. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Immediate  Past  President,  N.C.  World  Trade  Association;  President,  Friends  of  Hope; 
Chair,  Board  of  Directors,  REAL  -  School  Based  Enterprises;  Charter  Member, 
Research  Triangle  World  Trade  Center  Board  of  Directors;  Former  Member,  Board  of 
Directors,  N.C.  Humanities  Council;  Member,  N.C.  Council  on  Technical  and 
Managerial  Services;  Former  Chair,  Advisory  Council  to  the  U.S.  Small  Business 
Administration  for  Region  IV  -  Charlotte;  Staff  Director,  Regional  Waste 
Management  Task  Force;  Member,  Board  of  Directors,  Pitt  County  Economic 
Development  Commission;  Chair,  International  Trade  Committee  for  the  Pitt- 
Greenville  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Chair,  Committee  on  International  Trade. 

Personal  Information 

Member  and  pianist  for  the  choir  of  Eastern  Pines  Church  of  Christ,  Greenville. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  325 


DEPARTMENT  OF  REVENUEi 
SECRETARIES 

Name  Residence  Term 

Alston  D.  Watts2 Iredell 1921-1923 

Rufus  A.  Doughton3 Alleghany 1923-1929 

Allen  J.  Maxwell4 Wake 1929-1942 

Edwin  M.Gill5 Wake 1942-1949 

Eugene  G.  Shaw6 Guilford 1949-1957 

James  S.  Currie7 Wake 1957-1961 

William  A.  Johnson8 Harnett 1961-1964 

Lewis  Sneed  High9 Cumberland 1964-1965 

I  vie  L.  Clayton10 Wake 1965-1971 

Gilmer  Andrew  Jones,  Jr.11 Wake 1972-1973 

Mark  H.  Coble12 Guilford 1973-1977 

Mark  G.  Lynch13 Wake 1977-1985 

Helen  Ann  Powers14 Madison 1985-1990 

Betsy  Y.  Justus15 Bertie 1990-1993 

Janice  H.  Faulkner Pitt 1993-Present 

^he  Department  of  Revenue  was  created  by  the  1921  General  Assembly  with 
provision  for  the  first  "Commissioner  of  Revenue,  to  be  appointed  by  the  governor,  by 
and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate"  for  a  four  year  term,  and  the  succeed- 
ing one  to  be  "nominated  and  elected"  in  1924  "in  the  manner  provided  for...  other 
state  officers."  In  1929  the  provision  for  electing  a  commissioner  was  repealed  and  a 
provision  which  called  for  appointment  of  the  commissioner  by  the  governor  substi- 
tuted. The  Executive  Organization  Act  of  1971  established  the  Department  of 
Revenue  as  one  of  the  nineteen  major  departments.  In  1973  the  title  "Commissioner" 
was  changed  to  "Secretary". 

2Watts  was  appointed  by  Governor  Morrison  and  served  until  his  resignation  on 
January  29,  1923. 

3Doughton  was  appointed  by  Governor  Morrison  to  replace  Watts.  He  was  elected 
in  the  general  elections  in  1924  and  served  following  reelection  in  1928  until  March, 
1929. 

4Maxwell  was  appointed  by  Governor  Gardner  to  replace  Doughton  and  served 
following  subsequent  reappointments  until  June,  1942. 

5Gill  was  appointed  by  Governor  Broughton  to  replace  Maxwell  and  served  fol- 
lowing his  reappointment  until  his  resignation  effective  July  1,  1949. 

6Shaw  was  appointed  by  Governor  Scott  to  replace  Gill  and  served  following  his 
reappointment  until  his  resignation  in  August,  1957. 

7Currie  was  appointed  by  Governor  Hodges  to  replace  Shaw  and  served  until  his 
resignation  in  January,  1961. 

8Johnson  was  appointed  by  Governor  Sanford  to  replace  Currie  and  served  until 
April,  1964,  when  he  was  appointed  to  the  Superior  Court. 

9High  was  appointed  by  Governor  Sanford  to  replace  Johnson  and  served  until 
his  resignation  in  January,  1965. 

10Clayton  was  appointed  by  Governor  Moore  to  serve  as  acting  commissioner.  He 
was  later  appointed  commissioner  and  served  following  reappointment  by  Governor 
Scott  on  July  21,  1969  until  his  resignation  effective  December  31,  1971. 


326  North  Carolina  Manual 

11  Jones  was  appointed  by  Governor  Scott  to  replace  Clayton  and  continued  serv- 
ing until  Coble  took  office. 

12Coble  was  appointed  on  June  8,  1973,  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  replace  Jones. 
13Lynch  was  appointed  on  January  10,  1977,  to  replace  Coble. 
14Powers  was  appointed  January  7,  1985,  by  Governor  Martin  to  replace  Lynch. 
15Justus  was  appointed  May  1,  1990  by  Governor  Martin  to  replace  Powers. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  327 


DEPARTMENT  OF  TRANSPORTATION 


The  North  Carolina  Department  The  North  Carolina  Department 
of  Transportation  provides  a  of  Transportation  is  headed  by  a  sec- 
system  to  transport  people  and  retary  appointed  by  the  governor, 
goods  effectively,  efficiently  and  safe-  Legislation  passed  in  1973  desig- 
ly  while  rendering  the  highest  level  nates  the  secretary  as  an  ex-officio 
of  service  to  the  public.  member  and  chair  of  the  Board  of 

The  State  Highway  Commission  Transportation, 
and  the  Department  of  Motor  All  transportation  responsibili- 
Vehicles  was  combined  to  form  the  ties,  including  aviation,  mass  tran- 
North  Carolina  Department  of  sit  and  rail,  as  well  as  highways 
Transportation  and  Highway  Safety  and  motor  vehicles,  are  the  respon- 
by  the  Executive  Organization  Act  of  sibility  of  the  department.  The 
1971.  The  act  also  created  the  North  Board  of  Transportation,  the  chief 
Carolina  Board  of  Transportation.  In  policy-making  body  of  the  depart- 
1979,  the  term  "Highway  Safety"  was  ment,  awards  all  highway  con- 
dropped  from  the  department's  name  tracts  and  sets  transportation  pri- 
when  the  Highway  Patrol  Division  orities.  The  department  staff  exe- 
was  transferred  to  the  newly  created  cutes  the  initiatives  of  the  board 
Department  of  Crime  Control  and  and  is  responsible  for  day-to-day 
Public  Safety.  operations. 


Division  of  Highways 

The  Division  of  Highways  administers  state  road,  planning,  design,  con- 
struction and  maintenance  programs  and  policies  established  by  the  Board  of 
Transportation.  North  Carolina's  highway  program  uses  available  resources 
to  construct,  maintain  and  operate  an  efficient,  economical  and  safe  trans- 
portation network.  This  division  is  responsible  for  the  upkeep  of  the  largest 
state  maintained  highway  systems  in  the  country.  The  division  utilizes  both 
state  and  federal  funds  in  its  road  improvement  program  and  has  a  long  his- 
tory of  service  to  North  Carolina. 

The  History  of  "The  Good  Roads  State" 

As  the  20th  century  approached,  the  need  for  better  roads  became 
increasingly  apparent  to  most  North  Carolinians.  Railroads  simply  could  not 
provide  the  internal  trade  and  travel  connections  required  by  an  ambitious 
people  in  an  expanding  economy. 

The  beginning  of  the  "Good  Roads"  movement  in  the  state  was  hesitant, 
but  it  gave  a  foundation  to  a  transportation  revolution  that  would  serve 
North  Carolina's  interest  and  bring  many  benefits  to  citizens  who  supported 
the  system  through  their  taxes. 

Modern  road  building  in  the  state  may  have  begun  in  1879  with  the 


328  North  Carolina  Manual 

General  Assembly's  passage  of  the  Mecklenburg  Road  Law.  The  statute  was 
intended  as  a  general  state  law,  but  as  worded,  applied  only  to  Mecklenburg 
County.  It  allowed  the  county  to  build  roads  with  financing  from  a  property 
tax,  and  required  four  days  labor  of  all  males  between  the  ages  of  18  and  45. 

The  author  of  the  legislation,  Captain  S.B.  Alexander,  saw  his  bill 
repealed,  then  reenacted  in  1883,  as  growing  number  of  people  acknowledged 
the  need  for  better  roads.  By  1895,  most  of  the  state's  progressive  counties 
had  established  tax-based  road  building  plans. 

As  the  new  century  neared,  interest  in  better  roads  spread  from  the 
mountains  to  the  coast.  A  Good  Roads  Conference  in  1893  attracted  more 
than  100  business  and  government  leaders  from  throughout  the  state.  They 
organized  the  North  Carolina  road  Improvement  Association  and  promoted 
meetings  the  following  year  in  Chapel  Hill,  Raleigh  and  Charlotte. 

Before  1900,  most  decisions  concerning  transportation  were  dictated  by 
immediate  needs,  with  little  thought  given  to  long-range  goals.  The  planning 
that  went  into  those  decisions  was  local  or,  at  best,  regional.  The  concept  of 
a  statewide  system  existed  only  in  the  minds  of  a  few  visionary  people,  and 
well  into  the  new  century,  state  policy  was  limited  to  assisting  counties  in 
meeting  transportation  needs. 

Fortunately,  there  were  emerging  leaders  who  could  look  beyond  county 
boundaries,  practical  people  who  had  the  conviction,  determination  and 
know-how  to  match  their  vision.  These  leaders  knew  that  good  transporta- 
tion had  a  place  among  the  state's  top  priorities  and  labored  to  make  North 
Carolina's  highway  system  one  of  the  best  in  the  country. 

In  1913,  Governor  Locke  Craig  took  office.  He  led  the  call  for  good  roads 
in  the  state  and  established  the  State  Highway  Commission  in  1915.  Because 
of  his  efforts,  Governor  Craig  would  be  the  first  chief  executive  to  be  called 
"The  Good  Roads  Governor." 

Many  other  individuals  labored  for  better  roads  during  this  crucial  peri- 
od. Three,  whose  names  would  rank  high  on  any  "honor  roll"  of  North 
Carolina  transportation  pioneers  were  Dr.  J.  A.  Holmes,  Colonel  Joseph 
Hyde  Pratt  and  Harriet  Morehead  Berry.  Each  was  associated  with  the 
North  Carolina  Economic  and  Geological  Survey  -  described  as  the  "cutting 
edge"  of  the  roads  movement  in  the  state.  And  each  headed  the  North 
Carolina  Good  Roads  Association  during  the  two  critical  decades  in  which 
that  Association  led  the  struggle  for  better  roads  across  the  state. 

Holmes  was  a  driving  force  behind  the  good  roads  movement  long  before 
the  development  of  organized  efforts  to  promote  the  cause.  He  was  a  prime  i 
mover  in  establishing  the  Good  Roads  Association  and  served  as  its  first 
executive  secretary. 

Pratt  succeeded  Holmes  as  head  of  both  the  Geological  Survey  and  the 
Good  Roads  Association.  He  preached  road  building  at  reasonable  cost  and 
urged  counties  to  borrow  money  for  that  purpose.  His  advice  was  followed.  A 
total  of  $84.5  million  was  borrowed  from  the  issuance  of  bonds  by  counties 
and  road  districts  stopped  in  1927.  Yet,  Pratt's  most  important  contribution 
to  North  Carolina  may  have  been  bringing  Harriet  M.  "Hattie"  Berry  ofi 
Chapel  Hill  into  the  association  of  good  roads  advocates. 

Miss  Berry  quickly  became  an  uncompromising  force  in  the  campaign. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  329 

She  pushed  for  establishment  of  a  State  Highway  Commission  and,  in  1915, 
helped  draft  legislation  designed  to  establish  and  maintain  a  statewide  high- 
way system.  The  bill  was  defeated,  but  Hattie  Berry  was  not.  She  mounted  a 
campaign  that  carried  into  89  counties  and,  in  1919,  when  the  bill  was  rein- 
troduced, Miss  Berry  appeared  before  the  legislature  to  answer  any  lingering 
questions.  When  the  final  vote  came,  the  decision  was  not  whether  to  build 
roads,  but  what  kind  of  roads  to  build.  The  foundation  has  been  laid.  The 
"Good  Roads  State"  would  now  become  a  reality. 

This  pivotal  point  in  the  state's  transportation  history  came  with  the 
decision  to  accept  debt  as  a  means  of  getting  better  highways.  It  began  slowly 
at  the  county  level  in  New  Hanover,  Mecklenburg  and  Guilford  counties  and 
spread  across  the  state. 

The  time  of  building  roads  with  the  money  at  hand  and  a  day  of  labor 
from  each  able-bodied  man  faded.  In  its  place  rose  a  sophisticated  enterprise 
of  structured  funding  and  complex  engineering.  For  the  first  time,  planning 
started  to  become  part  of  the  highway  building  and  maintenance  programs. 

The  road  fever  raged  through  the  mid-1920's.  Following  passage  of  the 
Highway  Act  of  1921,  almost  6,000  miles  of  highway  were  built  in  a  four-year 
period.  This  building  was  a  product  of  aggressive  leadership  of  Governor 
Cameron  Morrison  and  other  transportation  advocates  and  public  approval 
of  a  $50  million  bond  issue. 

During  the  Depression  years  of  the  early  1930's,  however,  highway  con- 
struction stopped;  moreover,  some  state  leaders  began  looking  to  the 
Highway  Fund  as  a  possible  funding  source  to  meet  other  public  service 
needs,  a  potentially  devastating  course  for  the  highway  system.  It  was  at  this 
critical  time  that  the  state,  under  the  leadership  of  Governor  O.  Max 
Gardner,  assumed  responsibility  for  all  county  roads  and  an  allocation  of  $16 
million  was  made  for  maintenance. 

By  1933,  the  Depression  had  carried  the  state  into  a  dark  period.  The 
gloomy  economy  coupled  with  the  assumption  by  the  state  of  financial 
responsibility  for  the  public  schools  prompted  use  of  highway  funds  for  non- 
highway  purposes. 

As  the  economy  began  to  recover,  the  General  Assembly  recognized  the 
damage  caused  to  the  roads  system  by  years  of  neglect  and  allocated  $3  mil- 
lion in  emergency  funds  for  bridge  repair  in  1935.  Later  in  the  session,  more 
comprehensive  action  was  taken  to  restore  the  financial  stability  of  the  road 
program. 

For  the  next  five  years,  North  Carolina  measured  up  fully  to  its  growing 
reputation  as  the  "Good  Roads  State."  Stretches  of  a  new  highway  were  con- 
structed throughout  the  state  as  revenues  continued  to  rise. 

The  outbreak  of  World  War  II  again  brought  a  halt  to  construction.  But, 
in  a  sense,  the  highway  program  in  North  Carolina  benefited  from  the  mora- 
torium. The  state,  led  by  Governors  J.  Melville  Broughton  and  Gregg  Cherry, 
used  funds  produced  by  the  accelerated  wartime  economy  to  pay  off  highway 
debts.  When  Cherry  left  office,  all  debts  had  either  been  eliminated  or  money 
had  been  set  aside  to  meet  obligations. 

Despite  the  interruption  of  the  war  years,  North  Carolina's  road  building 
progress  from  1937  to  1950  was  dramatic.  Road  mileage  during  the  period 


330  North  Carolina  Manual 

rose  from  58,000  to  64,000  miles. 

It  was  generally  conceded,  however,  that  one  important  area  of  trans- 
portation had  been  neglected — secondary  roads.  In  the  state  that  was  leading 
the  nation  in  school  bus  operations,  and  ranked  second  in  the  number  of 
small,  family  farms,  there  was  little  cause  for  pride  in  the  condition  of  school 
bus  routes  and  farm-to-market  roads. 

In  his  campaign  for  governor  in  1948,  Kerr  Scott  rebuked  his  primary 
opponent,  Charles  Johnson,  for  advocating  a  $100  million  secondary  roads 
bond  issue.  After  defeating  Johnson,  Scott  reassessed  the  situation  and  again 
concluded  that  his  opponent  had  been  wrong  in  suggesting  a  $100  million 
bond  issue  -  Governor  Scott  requested  $200  million. 

Despite  strong  opposition  from  urban  leaders,  the  bond  issue  was 
approved.  Work  began  immediately  to  pave  thousands  of  miles  of  rural  roads 
that  previously  had  been  impassable  in  bad  weather.  By  the  end  of  the  Scott 
Administration,  promised  construction  was  94  percent  complete. 

Neither  the  proposal  to  borrow  money  for  road  building  nor  the  people's 
support  of  the  proposal  was  surprising.  Borrowing  money  to  improve  roads 
and  paying  the  debt  with  road-use  taxes  had  become  a  tradition  in  North 
Carolina. 

During  the  1920's  the  state  had  passed  four  bond  issues  totaling  $16.8 
million  and  the  Scott  bond  issue  added  $200  million  to  that  total.  In 
Governor  Dan  Moore's  administration,  the  voters  approved  a  $300  million 
issue.  In  1977,  a  second  $300  million  bond  issue  was  proposed  by  Governor 
Jim  Hunt  and  approved  by  the  voters. 

The  structure  of  the  state  transportation  programs  have  been  altered 
through  the  years  to  make  the  program  more  credible  and  responsive  to  the 
state's  needs.  In  1971,  as  noted  above,  the  General  Assembly  combined  the 
State  Highway  Commission  and  the  Department  of  Motor  Vehicles  to  form 
the  Department  of  Transportation  and  Public  Safety. 

The  reorganization  encouraged  the  new  department  to  adopt  a  more 
modern  planning  system.  In  1973,  Governor  Jim  Holshouser  proposed  the 
"Seven-Year  Transportation  Plan,"  which  later  became  the  Transportation 
Improvement  Program.  The  TIP  is  a  planned  and  programmed  schedule  of 
the  state's  major  highway  construction  that  balances  projected  construction 
costs  against  anticipated  revenues.  The  TIP  is  updated  annually  to  add  new 
projects  and  adjust  priorities. 

The  Board  of  Transportation  makes  final  decisions  on  new  projects  and 
priorities  each  year  after  local  officials  and  interested  citizens  express  views 
and  make  recommendations  on  their  future  highway  needs.  This  approach  to 
the  state's  transportation  needs  have  been  expanded  to  include  aviation  and 
public  transportation  projects. 

Other  changes  also  improved  reliability  and  responsiveness.  Under 
Governor  Bob  Scott,  the  Board  of  Transportation  expanded  to  24  members 
and  during  the  Holshouser  Administration,  the  department  moved  to  formu- 
late funding  for  some  transportation  improvements. 

In  1986,  the  General  Assembly  passed  Governor  Jim  Martin's  "Roads  to  I 
the  Future"  program.  The  legislation  was  designed  to  produce  $240  million  a 
year  in  additional  revenues  by  Fiscal  Year  1991-1992.  These  funds  were  to  be 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch        331 

used  to  bolster  or  improve  the  maintenance  and  safety  on  the  state's  high- 
ways. An  additional  $30  million  was  set  aside  to  begin  a  program  of  state- 
funded  construction.  Governor  Martin  also  directed  the  department  to 
improve  the  reliability  of  the  Transportation  Improvement  Program  by  more 
closely  matching  the  program  to  anticipated  revenues. 

In  1987,  poor  highway  construction  prospects  caused  the  Martin 
Administration  and  the  General  Assembly  to  take  a  hard  look  at  the  trans- 
portation needs  of  North  Carolina.  After  much  debate,  the  legislature 
approved  a  large  and  ambitious  public  works  program  -  the  Highway  Trust 
Fund.  The  law  calls  for  major  construction  to  meet  a  wide  variety  of  the 
state's  needs.  It  provides  for  the  completion  of  a  3,600-mile  "Intrastate"  sys- 
tem of  four-lane  roads  across  the  state.  When  this  system  is  built,  nearly  all 
North  Carolinians  will  live  within  10  miles  of  a  four-lane  highway.  The  trust 
fund  program  will  also  improve  113  miles  of  interstate  highways,  help  pave 
all  the  remaining  dirt  roads  in  the  state,  build  loops  and  connector  roads 
near  seven  major  cities,  and  provide  additional  money  to  local  governments 
for  city  street  improvements.  Funding  for  the  program  is  provided  by  motor 
fuel  and  other  highway  use  taxes. 

At  the  beginning  of  the  century,  North  Carolina  was  a  state  of  relatively 
few,  and  incredibly  poor  roads.  Only  5,200  miles  of  state  roads  existed  in 
1921.  From  that  inauspicious  beginning,  the  highway  network  has  grown  to 
the  present  77,155  miles,  the  largest  state-maintained  system  in  the  nation. 
Significantly,  construction  and  maintenance  of  the  system,  from  the  begin- 
ning, has  been  supported  exclusively  by  highway  user  tax  revenues.  North 
Carolina  boasts  11,991  miles  of  rural  primary  highways  (U.S.  and  N.C. 
Interstate),  59,322  miles  of  rural  secondary  roads  and  5,842  miles  of  urban 
highways  (state  routes  in  cities). 

The  most  severe  problem  confronting  transportation  officials  in  North 
Carolina  today  is  meeting  the  highway  safety  and  maintenance  demands 
with  a  Highway  Fund  that  is  not  able  to  keep  pace  with  needs  resulting  from 
increased  travel  and  traffic. 

The  Division  of  Motor  Vehicles 

The  Division  of  Motor  Vehicles  has  more  direct  contact  with  citizens  than 
any  other  state  agency.  The  division  serves  more  than  1.5  million  drivers 
and  registers  more  than  six  million  vehicles  each  year. 

The  General  Assembly  created  the  State  Department  of  Motor  Vehicles 
in  1941  to  consolidate  services  previously  provided  by  the  Secretary  of  State 
and  the  Department  of  Revenue.  When  state  government  was  reorganized  in 
1971,  the  Department  of  Motor  Vehicles  became  a  division  under  the  control 
of  what  is  now  the  Department  of  Transportation. 

The  Division  of  Motor  Vehicles  is  comprised  of  six  major  sections  which 
are  expanding  rapidly  to  better  serve  the  needs  of  North  Carolinians. 

The  1980's  and  early  1990's  brought  some  major  changes  to  the  Driver 
License  Section.  Many  offices  were  automated  to  promote  a  quick  exchange 
of  information  and  services.  The  DMV  also  established  a  commercial  driver 
license  program,  creating  new  testing  and  licensing  standards  for  truckers. 


332  North  Carolina  Manual 

Eight  "express"  drivers  license  offices  were  opened  around  the  state  to  pro- 
vide faster  service  for  drivers  not  required  to  take  the  written  or  road  tests. 

The  Vehicle  Registration  Section  has  computerized  its  branch  offices, 
allowing  agents  to  update  license  plates  on  a  central  computer,  produce 
receipts  by  computer  for  collection  and  keep  track  of  plates  surrendered  by 
non-insured  vehicle  owners. 

The  Enforcement  Section  has  a  computer  system  that  enables  the  DMV 
to  keep  statewide  vehicles  theft  reports.  The  Enforcement  Section  is  leading 
the  country  in  a  national  research  project  to  make  commercial  vehicle  opera- 
tions faster,  safer  and  more  efficient. 

The  School  Bus  and  Traffic  Safety  Section  was  recognized  as  the  nation's 
most  outstanding  state  agency  teaching  defensive  driving  in  1991.  The  sec- 
tion trains  school  bus  drivers  and  supplements  a  passenger  safety  training 
program  for  young  students. 

The  strong  emphasis  on  safety  in  the  Division  of  Motor  Vehicles'  operations 
help  make  North  Carolina's  roadways  among  the  safest  in  the  nation.  As  the 
number  of  vehicles  and  drivers  in  the  state  continues  to  grow,  the  division 
strives  to  serve  the  public  in  a  courteous,  efficient  and  professional  manner. 

The  Division  of  Aviation 

The  state  that  was  the  birthplace  of  modern  aviation  of  December  17, 
1903,  has  kept  pace  with  advancement  in  that  important  field  through  the 
Division  of  Aviation.  North  Carolina  has  more  than  15,000  licensed  pilots 
and  6,000  registered  civilian  aircraft.  In  addition,  all  branches  of  the  armed 
service  have  aviation  facilities  in  North  Carolina. 

State  government  aviation  functions  first  began  in  1965  under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  Department  of  Conservation  and  Development.  In  1973,  responsi- 
bility for  aviation  was  transferred  to  the  Department  of  Transportation.  The 
NCDOT's  Division  of  Aviation  was  formally  established  one  year  later. 

The  Division  of  Aviation  provides  technical  assistance  and  funding  to 
help  develop  and  improve  air  transportation  service  and  safety  throughout 
the  state.  In  1989,  it  began  administering  federal  funds  for  almost  all  air- 
ports under  the  State  Block  Grant  Program. 

The  original  North  Carolina  Airport  System  Plan  (NCASP)  of  1979  was 
updated  in  1992.  The  revised  NCASP  projects  aviation  activity  and  required 
airport  requirements  through  2010.  The  Division  now  works  with  73  pub- 
licly owned  airports  with  three  additional  facilities  under  development.  The 
NCASP  recommended  six  new  publicly  owned  airports  be  constructed  by 
2010.  In  addition,  there  are  more  than  100  privately  owned  airports  that  are 
open  to  the  public. 

An  integral  part  of  the  aviation  program  is  the  Aeronautics  Council, 
appointed  by  the  governor  with  one  representative  from  each  congressional 
district  plus  two  at-large  members,  which  serves  as  North  Carolina's  advisory 
board  on  grants  and  other  aviation  matters. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  333 

The  Public  Transportation  and  Rail  Division 

In  North  Carolina,  where  the  population  is  widely  dispersed  and  the 
majority  of  people  live  in  small  cities  and  rural  communities,  public  transit 
plays  an  important  role.  Taking  full  advantage  of  matching  funds,  the  Public 
Transportation  Division  coordinates  programs  and  initiatives  that  support 
public  transit  in  both  urban  and  rural  communities  as  well  as  county-wide 
human  services  transportation  and  transit  services  for  the  elderly  and  dis- 
abled. The  division  also  promotes  public  transit  as  an  alternative  form  of 
transportation  that  is  safe,  convenient,  economical  and  environmentally 
sound  -  helping  to  reduce  traffic  congestion  and  improve  air  quality. 
Planning  for  regional  public  transit  services  is  becoming  increasingly  impor- 
tant to  help  meet  the  demands  of  commuter  traffic  in  larger  metropolitan 
areas. 

The  state's  rail  system  is  another  vital  part  of  the  transportation  net- 
work both  for  passenger  rail  service  and  hauling  freight.  The  Rail  Division 
develops  and  maintains  a  statewide  rail  plan,  administers  a  state  and  federal 
Railroad  Revitalization  Program  to  preserve  service  on  light-density  branch 
lines  and  protects  rail  corridors  from  abandonment.  In  cooperation  with 
Amtrak,  the  Rail  Division  also  provides  intercity  rail  passenger  service  on 
the  "Carolinian"  and  "Piedmont"  trains. 

The  Public  Transportation  division  was  established  in  1975  and  it 
assumed  responsibility  for  railroad  activities  in  1990. 

Ferry  Division 

The  Ferry  Division  is  the  second  largest  state-owned  and  operated  ferry 
system  in  the  United  States  and  one  of  the  oldest  services  provided  by  the 
NCDOT.  Given  division  status  in  1974,  the  division  owns  and  operates  21 
vessels  at  13  locations  throughout  North  Carolina.  The  division  also  main- 
tains an  in-house  shipyard  at  Manns  Harbor  for  all  repair  work. 

The  13  operating  locations  support  seven  ferry  routes  to  destinations 
including  the  Outer  Banks.  Thanks  to  a  thriving  tourist  economy  and  com- 
muters, the  division  transports  more  than  700,000  vehicles  each  year. 

The  operation,  construction  and  repair  of  ferries  is  regulated  by  a  variety 
of  organizations,  such  as  the  US  Coast  Guard  Marine  Safety  Center  and 
Marine  Safety  Offices,  Federal  Communication  Commission  and  the 
Environmental  Protection  Agency. 

Office  of  Bicycle  and  Pedestrian  Transportation 

Walking  is  the  most  widely  used  form  of  transportation  in  North 
Carolina  and  bicycling  remains  the  fastest  growing  mode  of  transportation. 
The  state  Bicycle  Program  was  created  by  the  General  Assembly  in  1974, 
making  it  the  oldest  program  of  its  kind  in  the  nation.  Since  that  time,  the 
Bicycle  Program  has  become  an  award-winning  model  for  other  states  to  fol- 
low. The  Department  of  Transportation  added  a  Pedestrian  Program  in  1992 
in  response  to  the  Intermodal  Surface  Transportation  Efficiency  Act. 

The  Office  of  Bicycle  and  Pedestrian  Transportation  works  to  assure  that 


334  North  Carolina  Manual 

the  citizens  of  the  state  have  the  best  transportation  choices  available.  The 
program  provides  technical  assistance  and  funding  to  cities  and  towns 
throughout  North  Carolina  for  safe  and  desirable  bicycle  and  pedestrian 
facilities  as  well  as  the  most  comprehensive  education  and  training  opportuni- 
ties in  bicycle  and  pedestrian  safety.  The  majority  of  the  state's  communities 
with  populations  exceeding  2,000  have  become  participants  in  these  pro- 
grams and  interest  continues  to  increase  as  citizens  desire  safer  places  to 
walk  and  bicycle. 

Beautification  Program 

The  department's  Office  of  Beautification  encourages  North  Carolina  citi- 
zens to  take  an  active  part  in  reducing  litter  along  the  roadways  and  in  their 
communities.  Since  the  Adopt-A-Highway  Program  began  in  1988,  more 
than  15,000  miles  of  state-maintained  roads  have  been  adopted  by  7,000  vol- 
unteer groups.  This  active  participation  makes  North  Carolina's  program 
the  largest  anti-littering  effort  in  the  nation  and  has  resulted  in  a  $9  million 
cost  avoidance  to  the  taxpayers  each  year.  Many  groups  are  now  recycling 
the  litter  they  pick  up  to  further  help  the  environment.  Each  year  the 
department  solicits  volunteer  support  for  an  additional  spring  and  fall 
cleanup  campaign. 

The  Swat-A-Litterbug  Program  is  a  popular  anti-littering  educational 
effort.  It  gives  every  citizen  the  opportunity  to  be  an  active  participant  in 
keeping  our  highways  clean.  Citizens  report  littering  incidents  they  observe 
and  educational  letters  are  sent  to  offenders. 

Work  Zone  Safety  Program 

This  program  is  designed  to  increase  the  awareness  of  the  potential  dan- 
gers to  both  motorists  and  workers  in  highway  work  zones.  The  central 
theme  is  "Stay  Alert."  A  video  has  been  developed  specifically  for  the  truck- 
ing industry  to  identify  the  hazards  of  work  zones  from  a  trucker's  eyes.  In 
addition,  presentations  are  made  throughout  the  state  to  groups  promoting 
the  concept  of  safety  in  work  zones.  By  constantly  seeking  new  and  innova- 
tive methods  of  communicating  the  safety  message  across  the  state,  we  fully 
expect  to  see  fewer  accidents  in  our  work  zones. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

North  Carolina  Board  of  Transportation 

North  Carolina  Aeronautics  Council 

North  Carolina  Bicycle  Committee 

Governor's  Highway  Beautification  Council 

Governor's  Highway  Safety  Commission 

North  Carolina  Air  Cargo  Airport  Authority  Board  of  Directors 

For  Further  Information 

(919)  733-4101 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch 


335 


Rector  Satnuel  Hmnt, 
Secretary  of  Transportation 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Burlington,  Alamance  County, 
September  1,  1941  to  Rector  S.  Hunt,  Jr. 
and  Mildred  Rachel  Wester  Hunt. 

Educational  Background 

Williams  High  School,  1955-59;  East 
Carolina  University,  Graduated  1965,  A.B. 
Degree  in  Social  Studies  and  Political 
Science. 

Professional  Background 

Appointed    Secretary    Department    of 

Transportation,  1993;  President  of  Hunt 

Electric  Supply  Company;  President  of  Atlas  Electric  Corporation;  Member,  National 

Association  of  Electrical  Distributors;  Member,  Affiliated  Distributors;  Past  Member, 

National  Executive  Committee  of  Affiliated  Distributors;  Past  Member,  Allen  Bradley 

National  Advisory  Board;  Past  Member,  Cutler  Hammer  National  Advisory  Board. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Past  Director,  Alamance  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Past  Board  Member,  Burlington 
YMCA;  Board  Member,  First  Union  National  Bank,  Burlington. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1985-92. 

Major  Legislative  Transportation  Involvement 

Appointed  to  the  Highway  Study  Commission  during  the  1987  legislative  session, 
which  recommended  the  Highway  Trust  Fund  legislation.  Sponsored  the  65  MPH 
legislation;  Co-sponsored  the  Highway  Trust  Fund  Bill  and  was  Co-Chair  of  the 
House  Conference  Committee  on  that  legislation  during  the  1989  session;  Co-Chair  of 
the  Joint  Legislative  Highway  Oversight  Committee;  Chair,  House  Committee  of 
Infrastructure,  1989-90,  which  included  the  Subcommittees  on  Highways,  Airports, 
Railways,  Waterways,  Utilities,  Water,  Waste  Water  and  Solid  Waste;  Co-Chair  of 
the  Joint  Highway  Oversight  Committee  during  the  1991  session;  Sponsored  the  bill 
for  increased  penalty  for  speeding  in  work  zones. 

Military  Service 

Served  U.S.  Army,  First  Lieutenant,  1966-69.  Served  in  Army  Reserves,  1970. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Vicky  Silek  of  Front  Royal,  Virginia.  Children:  Sam.  Member,  First 
Christian  United  Church  of  Christ. 


336  North  Carolina  Manual 


DEPARTMENT  OF  TRANSPORTATION! 
SECRETARIES 

Name  Residence  Term 

Fred  M.  Mills,  Jr.2 Anson 1971-1973 

Bruce  A.  LentzS Wake 1973-1974 

Troy  A.  Doby4 1974-1975 

Jacob  F.  Alexander,  Jr.5 Rowan 1975-1976 

G.  Perry  Greene,  Sr.6 Watauga 1976-1977 

Thomas  W.  Bradshaw,  Jr.? Wake 1977-1981 

William  R.  Roberson,  Jr.8 Beaufort 1981-1985 

James  E.  Harrington9 Wake 1985-1989 

Thomas  J.  Harrelson10 Brunswick 1989-1993 

R.  Samuel  Hunt,  III Alamance 1993-Present 

!The  Executive  Organization  Act  of  1971  created  the  "Department  of 
Transportation  and  Highway  Safety"  with  provision  for  a  "secretary"  appointed  by  the 
governor.  In  1977  "Highway  Safety"  was  dropped. 

2Mills  was  appointed  by  Governor  Scott. 

3Lentz  was  appointed  on  January  5,  1973,  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  replace 
Mills.  He  resigned  June  30,  1974,  following  his  appointment  as  Secretary  of 
Administration. 

4Doby  was  appointed  on  July  1,  1974,  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  replace  Lentz. 
He  resigned  April  25,  1975. 

5Alexander  was  appointed  on  April  25,  1975,  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  replace 
Doby.  He  resigned  effective  April  20,  1976. 

6Greene  was  appointed  on  April  20,  1976,  by  Governor  Holshouser  to  replace 
Alexander. 

7Bradshaw  was  appointed  on  January  10,  1977,  by  Governor  Hunt  to  replace 
Greene.  He  resigned  effective  June  30,  1981. 

8Roberson  was  appointed  July  1,  1981,  to  replace  Bradshaw. 

9Harrington  was  appointed  January  7,  1985,  by  Governor  Martin  to  replace 
Roberson. 

10Harrelson  was  appointed  by  Governor  Martin  on  December  15,  1989  to  replace 
Harrington. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  337 


OFFICE  OF  THE  STATE  CONTROLLER 


In  1986,  the  Office  of  the  State  procedures  which  support  the  SAS 

Controller  (OSC)  was  created  by  and  are  incorporated  into  the  system 

the  General  Assembly.  The  agen-  to  accomplish  financial  reporting  and 

cy's  head,  the  State  Controller,  is  management  for  the  state's  financial 

appointed  by  the  governor  and  con-  entity,  which  includes  more  than  80 

firmed  by  the  General  Assembly  for  a  agencies. 

seven-year  term.  Four  major  divisions  comprise 

The  State  Controller  is  the  chief  the  Office  of  the  State  Controller: 

financial  officer  of  the  state  and  is  Financial  Systems,  State  Accounting 

responsible  for  the  executive  man-  System,  Agency  Accounting  Services 

agement  of  the  State  Accounting  and  State  Information  Processing 

System  (SAS).  In  this  capacity,  as  Services  (SIPS).    The  OSC  also  has 

specified  in  G.S.  143B-426,  the  State  jurisdiction  over  the  Information 

Controller  prescribes  policies  and  Resource  Management  group. 


Financial  Systems  Division 

The  Financial  Systems  Division  has  the  responsibility  of  providing 
accounting  systems  development,  maintenance,  as  well  as  production  and 
documentation  support  for  the  SAS  and  related  sub-systems.  An  ongoing  pro- 
ject is  the  implementation  of  a  new  SAS.  This  new  system  incorporates  Dun 
&  Bradstreet  Software's  MARS-G  package  and  will  provide  state  agency 
managers  with  on-line  access  to  up-to-date  information  which  will  aid  in  the 
financial  decision-making  process. 


State  Accounting  System  Division 

The  State  Accounting  System  Division  is  responsible  for  the  operations  of 
the  SAS  (currently  both  the  older  version  and  the  new  system's  package  as  it 
is  implemented)  and  related  sub-systems.  The  division's  mission  is  to  main- 
tain timely,  reliable,  accurate  records,  -  complete  accounting  information  on 
North  Carolina  state  government  for  central  and  agency  management  pur- 
poses. As  part  of  its  efforts,  this  division  publishes  the  North  Carolina 
Comprehensive  Annual  Financial  Report — an  approximately  200  page  report 
on  the  state's  financial  condition  and  results  of  operations  for  the  past  year. 


Agency  Accounting  Services  Division 

Agency  Accounting  Services  has  the  responsibility  of  administering 
statewide  cash  management  policies  and  statewide  appropriation/allotment 
control.  In  addition,  the  division  operates  a  central  payroll  system  and  pro- 
vides agency  accounting  and  disbursing  services  for  selected  agencies.  A  new, 


338  North  Carolina  Manual 

statewide  Dependent  Care  Program  is  also  administered  through  this  OSC 
division  for  all  state  employees  (excluding  teachers). 

Information  Resource  Management 

The  OSC's  Information  Resource  Management  (IRM)  group  was  estab- 
lished to  provide  support  for  the  Information  Resource  Management 
Commission  in  its  role  of  making  sure  North  Carolina  takes  the  proper  steps 
in  the  use,  acquisition  and  management  of  information  technology  resources 
and  with  respect  to  long-range  IRM  planning.  IRM  manages  and  operates 
the  State  Information  Processing  Services  (SIPS)  and  supports  the  SIPS 
Advisory  Board  and  the  IRM  Advisory  Board. 

State  Information  Processing  Services 

The  mission  of  the  State  Information  Processing  Services  (SIPS)  division 
is  to  provide  information  systems  services,  planning,  coordination  and  con- 
sultation to  state  government  agencies  in  the  productive  use  of  information 
through  data  processing,  telecommunications  and  electronic  office  automa- 
tion long-range  planning  through  an  Information  Resource  Management  sec- 
tion is  also  part  of  SIPS'  responsibilities.  The  division  operates  through  four 
sections — State  Computer  Center,  State  Telecommunications  Services,  State 
Systems  Development  and  Client  Support  Services. 

State  Computer  Center:  This  SIPS  section  provides  large  mainframe 
computing  services  through  the  use  of  an  IBM  3090-Model  J  processor  and 
has  more  than  22,000  state  agency  terminals  attached.  Through  the  use  of 
this  processor,  robotics  and  other  technological  advances,  the  Center  pro- 
vides office  automation  services,  efficient,  cost-effective  services. 

State  Telecommunications  Services:  This  section  operates  the  state 
telephone  network  and  provides  telecommunications  planning  and  service.  In 
addition,  through  the  use  of  Local  Area  Networks  (LANs),  Wide  Area 
Networks  (WANs),  the  X.25  network  and  other  resources,  this  section  is  tak- 
ing the  national  lead  in  establishing  standards  for  the  sharing  of  information 
among  local  networks. 

State  Systems  Development:  This  SIPS  section  provides  programming, 
consultation  and  total  systems  development  to  client  agencies.  With  proper 
planning  and  implementation,  coordinated  systems  can  provide  state  agen- 
cies with  thoughtful,  automated  solutions  to  day-to-day  problems  and  special 
projects. 

Client  Support  Services:  This  section  provides  end-user  support, 
through  consultation,  a  personal  computer  products  demonstration  center, 
varied  computer  training  courses  (including  interactive  video  and  user-paced 
courses). 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch 
Edward  Renfrew 


339 


State  Controller 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Johnston  County,  September  17, 
1940,  to  Donnie  T.  and  Illamae  (Lewis) 
Renfrow. 

Ed  ucational  Ba  ckgro  und 

Graduated,  Clayton  High  School,  1958; 
Hardbarger  Junior  College,  Associate 
degree  in  Business  Administration  with 
Accounting  Major;  continued  education 
through  courses  at  Atlantic  Christian 
College,  Duke  University  and  East  Carolina  j 
University  through  Johnston  Technical 
College. 

Professional  Background 

State  Controller  (July  21,  1993-Present);  Special  Advisor  To  The  Governor  Of  North 
Carolina  (January-July  1993);  State  Auditor  (1981-1993);  State  Senator  (1974-1980); 
Accountant,  Edward  Renfrow  &  Co.  (1962-1980). 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Former  member,  N.C.  Council  of  State;  Capitol  Planning  Commission,  Local 
Government  Commission,  Information  Technology  Commission,  N.C.  Wildlife 
Federation  Board  of  Directors,  Governmental  Accounting  Standards  Board  (GASB) 
Task  Force  on  Pension  Accounting  and  Reporting  (1984-92);  Member,  U.S.  General 
Accounting  Office's  Auditing  Standards  Advisory  Council  (1985-88);  former  Chair  of 
Board  of  Trustees,  Firemen's  &  Rescue  Squad  Workers'  Pension  Fund;  Community 
College  Advisory  Council,  1977-78;  Study  Committee  to  Rewrite  N.C.  Game  Laws, 
1977-1979;  N.C.  Wildlife  Commission,  1977-79;  Study  Commission  to  Recodify 
Community  College  Laws,  1977-79;  Commission  on  Public  School  Laws  1977; 
Governor's  Commission  on  Public  School  Finance,  1978;  N.C.  Criminal  Justice 
Education  and  Training  Standards  Commission,  1978-80. 

Organ  iza  tions 

National  State  Auditors  Association  (Past  President,  1985-1986);  National 
Association  of  State  Auditors,  Comptrollers  and  Treasurers  (President  1990-91); 
Governmental  Finance  Officers  Association;  former  member,  National 
Intergovernmental  Audit  Forum,  Southeastern  Intergovernmental  Audit  Forum  (Past 
Chair  1987-88);  N.C.  Society  of  Accountants  (President,  1972-73;  First  President, 
Scholarship  Fund,  1973-74);  National  Society  of  Public  Accountants  (seminar  speak- 
er); Phi  Theta  Phi  Fraternity.  Former  member,  Raleigh  Hosts  Lions  Club;  American 
Legion  Post  N71;  Former  Member,  Smithfield-Selma  Chamber  of  Commerce  (First 
Vice  President,  1974);  Lifetime  Honorary  Member,  N.C.  Retired  Peace  Officers 
Association. 


340  North  Carolina  Manual 

Political  Activities 

State  Controller  (July  21,  1993-Present);  Special  Advisor  To  The  Governor  Of  North 
Carolina  (January  1992-July  1993);  State  Auditor,  1981-1993  (elected  1980,  re-elected 
1984,  1988);  Served  in  N.C.  Senate  1974-80;  Treasurer,  N.C.  Democratic  Executive 
Committee,  1973-1974;  N.C.  Chair,  Democratic  National  Telethon,  1972-73. 
Democratic  Party. 

Military  Service 

Served  N.C.  National  Guard,  Specialist  4th  Class,  1962-66;  Honorary  member  at 
present. 

Honors  and  Awards 

Received  Distinguished  Service  Award,  Smithfield  Jaycees,  1974;  Boss  of  the  Year 
Award,  1975;  N.C.  Wildlife  Federation's  Governor's  Award  for  Conservation 
Legislator  of  the  Year,  1977  and  1979:  Community  Leader  of  America  Award,  1971; 
Tar  Heel  of  the  Week,  March  10,  1985. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Rebecca  (Becky)  Stephenson,  December  4,  1960;  Children:  Candace  Elaine 
and  Elizabeth  Paige.  Member,  Smithfield  First  Baptist  Church;  Former  Member, 
Sharon  Baptist  Church;  Chair,  Deacon  Board,  (two  terms);  Sunday  School  Teacher; 
Member,  General  Board  of  Baptist  State  Convention,  1970-74;  Past  Treasurer, 
Johnston  Baptist  Association. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  341 


STATE  BOARD  OF  ELECTIONS 


The  framework  of  North  office  for  the  specific  purpose  of  prop- 
Carolina's  election  laws  was  er  administration  of  the  elections 
constructed  in  1901;  the  laws  as  well  as  the  registration  of 
statute  governing  primary  elections  voters.  Under  this  new  system,  indi- 
dates  from  1916.  North  Carolina's  viduals  would  be  able  to  register  only 
version  of  the  Australian  Ballot  was  on  three  successive  Saturdays  every 
enacted    in    1929;    the    Corrupt  other  year. 

Practices  Act  was  adopted  in  1931.  In  1971  a  significant  change  was 

In  1933  there  was  substantial  revi-  implemented  when  North  Carolina 

sion  of  our  state's  elections  laws,  but  put  into  effect  what  is  generally 

since  1933  there  have  been  no  signif-  called    the    Uniform    Municipal 

icant  or  general  revisions  or  recodifi-  Election  Code.  Simply  put,  this  act 

cation.  guaranteed  for  the  first  time  that  a 

The   1965  General  Assembly  person  need  only  register  one  time  at 

authorized  a  seven  member  commis-  one  place  to  qualify  to  vote  in  any 

sion  to  study  and  analyze  the  state's  election  in  which  he  was  eligible  to 

election  procedures  and  mandated  vote.  Previously  it  was  necessary 

that  the  commission  prepare  and  that  a  citizen  be  registered  on  as 

draft  legislation  necessary  to  recodify  many  as  five  different  sets  of  books, 
the  chapter  of  the  General  Statutes  The  State  Board  of  Elections  was 

dealing  with  elections  laws  in  the  declared  an  independent  agency  by 

interest  of  clarity  and  simplification,  the  General  Assembly  in  1974.  The 

The  changes  recommended  by  the  North   Carolina   State  Board   of 

1965  commission  were  adopted,  Election  is  said  to  be  one  of  the  most 

almost  without  alteration  by  the  authoritative  boards  of  its  kind  in 

1967  General  Assembly.  the  country.  As  an  independent  state 

After  the  1967  recodification,  the  agency,  it  does  not  come  under  the 

State  moved  on  to  a  much  bolder  jurisdiction  of  any  other  department 

revision,  the  enactment,  also  in  1967,  headed  by  an  elected  official, 
of  North  Carolina's  'uniform  loose  All  members  on  the  State  Board 

leaf  registration  system'  which  of  Elections  are  appointed  by  the 

replaced  the  old  unmanageable  Governor  for  a  term  of  four  years, 

bound  book  system.  Along  with  these  Law  prescribes  that  not  more  than 

new  sophistications  came  the  impor-  three  of  the  board's  five  members  be 

tant  audit  trail  to  ensure  the  voters  from  the  same  political  party;  there- 

that  elections  were  virtually  free  fore,  making  it  the  only  agency 

from  fraud.  where  a  bipartisan  membership  is 

In  1969  the  General  Assembly  mandated  by  law. 
enacted  a  requirement  that  all  100  The  State  Board  appoints  all  100 

counties  in  North  Carolina  adopt  'full  county  boards  of  elections  which  are 

time'  registration  offices.  This  accom-  comprised  of  three  members;  both 

plishment  provided,  for  the  first  major  political  parties  must  be  repre- 

time,  that  all  counties  operate  an  sented.  Each  county  board  has  a 


342  North  Carolina  Manual 

supervisor  of  elections  who  serves  as  appeal  a  decision  rendered  by  a 

the  administrative  head  of  the  board  county  board  of  elections  to  the  State 

of  elections  and  oversees  the  election  Board  of  Elections  for  review  or  further 

process  in  each  county.  The  supervi-  proceedings. 

sor  is  selected  by  nomination  to  the  In  addition  to  its  jurisdiction 

State  Board's  executive  officer  who  over  all  types  of  elections  conducted 

must  approve  both  the  hiring  and  throughout  the  state,  the  Board  of 

dismissal  of  each  supervisor.  Elections    also    administers   the 

It  is  the  duty  of  the  State  Board  Campaign  Reporting  Act.  Enacted 
of  Elections  to  conduct  annual  train-  into  law  and  effective  July  1,  1974, 
ing  sessions  for  members  and  super-  this  law  limits  contributions  and 
visors  of  county  boards  of  elections  to  expenditures  to  and  by  political  can- 
prepare  them  to  conduct  training  didates,  political  parties  and  political 
sessions  within  their  respective  action  committees, 
counties  for  precinct  officials.  The  Campaign  Reporting  Division 

The  State  Board  supervises  all  of  the  State  Board  of  Elections  is 

elections  conducted  in  any  county,  responsible  for  receiving  registration 

special  district  or  municipality  located  applications  from  political  action 

in  the  state.  There  are  100  counties,  committees,  political  parties,  candi- 

more  than  500  municipalities  and  dates  and  all  others  involved  in  mak- 

approximately  1200  special  districts  ing  contributions   to   or  making 

in  North  Carolina.  Supervision  of  all  expenditures  on  behalf  of  political 

elections  includes  the  requirement  parties  and  candidates, 
for  the  State  Board  to  promulgate  Periodic  reports  as  prescribed  by 

rules  and  regulations,  setting  forth  statute  must  be  filed  with  the 

the    procedures    for    processing  Campaign  Reporting  Division  after 

protests  and  complaints  resulting  which  they  must  be  audited.  Late  fil- 

either  before  or  after  an  election.  A  ers  are  assessed  a  daily  penalty, 

protest  must  first  be  filed  with  the  After  five  days,  if  the  report  is  still 

county  board  of  elections  of  the  coun-  delinquent,  the  campaign  office  sub- 

ty  in  which  the  protest  originates  mits  all  relevant  material  to  the 

after  which  a  public  hearing  is  con-  appropriate  District  Attorney  who  is 

ducted  and  a  decision  rendered.  Any  required  to  prosecute  the  violator, 
party  to  the  original  complaint  may 


Boards  and  Commissions 

N.C.  State  Board  of  Elections 

For  Further  Information 

(919)  733-7218 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch 


343 


Gary  O.  Bartlett 
Executive  Secretary-Director 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Goldsboro,  Wayne  County,  June  27, 
1954,  to  Oz  and  Carolyn  (Lassiter)  Bartlett. 

Educational  Background 

University  of  North  Carolina  at  Chapel  Hill, 
B.A.,  1976,  History. 

Professional  Background 

Executive  Secretary-Director,  State  Board 
of  Elections,  1993-present;  Legislative 
Assistant  to  Congressman  H.  Martin 
Lancaster,  1990-93;  Managing  Agent  for  bk= 
Weil  Enterprises,  1983-90;  Oz  Bartlett,  Inc., 
Masonry  Contractors,  1976-82. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Appointed  to  Wayne  County  Economic  Development  Commission,  1988;  President, 
Wayne  Memorial  Hospital  Bowling  League,  1987;  Order  of  the  Long  Leaf  Pine,  1985. 

Political  Activities 

Wayne  County  Democratic  Party  Chair,  1989;  Extensive  political  experience  including 
managing  the  election  and  reelection  of  Congressman  H.  Martin  Lancaster,  1986, 
1990,  1992;  Hunt  Wayne  County  Coordinator,  1984;  Whitley  District  Office  Manager, 
1982;  President  of  the  Young  Democrats  of  North  Carolina,  1981;  Hunt  Wayne 
County  GOTV,  Chair,  1980;  Third  Vice  Chair  of  the  North  Carolina  Democratic 
Party,  1979;  Hunt  Wayne  Community  College  Key,  1976. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Goldsboro's  <fYoung  Man  of  the  Year"  Award,  1981;  J.  Albert  House  Award,  1977;  God 
and  Country  Award,  1968. 

Personal  Information 

Member,  First  Christian  Church  of  Goldsboro. 


344  North  Carolina  Manual 


THE  OFFICE  OF  STATE  PERSONNEL 


North  Carolina  State  govern-  of  a  "Salary  Standardization  Board." 
ment  did  not  have  a  system-  In  1925  the  Legislature  estab- 

atic  or  uniform  personnel  sys-  lished  a  five-member  Salary  and 

tern  prior  to  1925.  There  was  no  Wage  Commission.  This  Commission 

equality  or  consistency  in  the  admin-  found  that  in  addition  to  inequitable 

istration  of  personnel  policies.  The  salaries,  there  was  a  lack  of  unifor- 

Legislature  appropriated  money  in  a  mity  in  office  hours,  leave,  holidays, 

lump  sum  to  the  agencies,  and  the  and  job  entrance  requirements.  They 

agency  heads  allocated  it  for  operat-  set  classifications  for  all  positions, 

ing  expenses  and  salaries.  Each  grouped  positions  with  similar  duties 

agency  set  pay  rates  for  its  workers  together,  and  established  minimum 

until  1907  when  the  Legislature  and    maximum     salary    ranges, 

elected  to  take  over  this  responsibili-  Salaries  were  to  be  determined  by 

ty,  including  acting  on  pay  increases  the  agency  head.  The  Executive 

for  individual  employees.  In  1921  the  Budget  Act  was  also  passed  about 

Legislature  turned  this  function  over  this  time  which  allocated  money  to 

to  the  Governor  and  the  Council  of  agencies  for  specific  purposes. 
State,  resulting  in  the  establishment 


Personnel  Department  Formed 

A  1931  law  abolished  the  Salary  and  Wage  Commission,  and  established 
a  Department  of  Personnel  within  the  Governor's  Office  to  be  responsible  for 
classification,  compensation  and  personnel  policies,  but  in  1933  these  duties 
were  transferred  to  the  Budget  Bureau  and  the  Department  of  Personnel 
was  abolished.  From  1933  to  1949,  with  no  staff  to  deal  exclusively  with  per- 
sonnel problems,  a  great  disparity  developed  between  agencies  concerning 
standards. 

In  1938  a  Supervisor  of  Merit  Examinations  was  appointed  to  prepare  a 
classification  plan  and  administer  examinations  for  the  N.C.  Unemployment 
Compensation  Commission  as  required  by  the  Social  Security  Act  of  1935. 
This  Act  was  amended  in  1939  to  include  Merit  System  coverage  for  other 
state  agencies  subsidized  by  Federal  funds,  and  a  Merit  System  Council  was 
formed  to  administer  the  Federal  regulations  and  policies  regarding  competi- 
tive examinations,  job  standards  and  pay. 

State  Personnel  Act  Passed 

The  State  Personnel  Act  was  passed  in  1949  (General  Statutes,  Chapter 
126)  establishing  a  State  Personnel  Department  with  a  personnel  council 
and  a  director  to  exercise  the  personnel  functions  previously  delegated  to  the 
Assistant  Director  of  Budget.  This  law  also  required  that  each  agency  desig- 
nate a  personnel  officer. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  345 

From  1939  until  1965  the  Merit  System  Council  and  the  State  Personnel 
Department  operated  independently.  In  1965  the  Legislature  passed  a  new 
State  Personnel  Act  which  consolidated  the  two  agencies  and  appointed  a 
seven-member  State  Personnel  Board. 

Between  1965  and  1975  a  number  of  revisions  and  additions  were  made 
to  the  Act.  The  Legislature  significantly  revised  the  Act  in  February,  1976  to 
provide  for  a  seven-member  commission,  rather  than  a  board.  This  commis- 
sion was  given  the  authority  to  issue  binding  corrective  orders  in  employee 
grievance  appeals  procedures. 

The  Office  of  State  Personnel  Today 

The  Office  of  State  Personnel's  purpose  as  an  agency  of  state  government 
is  to  serve  the  interests  of  state  employees,  to  manage  the  programs  estab- 
lished by  the  Governor,  the  Legislature  and  the  State  Personnel  Commission, 
and  to  provide  specific  services  to  the  general  public. 

To  assist  in  this  effort,  OSP  seeks  the  advice  of  a  Personnel  Advisory 
Committee  made  up  of  seven  agency  personnel  officers.  Also,  another  group, 
the  "Personnel  Roundtable,"  made  up  of  all  agency  and  university  personnel 
officers  meets  periodically  to  review  and  discuss  new  or  revised  policies. 
Additionally,  special  committees  are  established  to  study  specific  subjects 
and  make  recommendations  concerning  subject  areas.  A  public  hearing  is 
provided  before  the  Personnel  Commission  for  further  input  and  discussion 
prior  to  final  adoption  by  the  Commission. 

The  Office  of  State  Personnel  exercises  its  powers  under  the  State 
Personnel  Act  (General  Statute  126).  OSP  is  the  administrative  arm  of  the 
State  Personnel  Commission. 

The  seven-member  State  Personnel  Commission  appointed  by  the 
Governor  is  responsible  for  establishing  policies  and  procedures  governing 
personnel  programs  and  employment  practices  for  approximately  77,373 
employees  covered  by  the  State  Personnel  Act  and  16,000  local  government 
employees  in  Federal  grant-in-aid  programs  that  are  subject  to  the  Federal 
Standards  for  a  Merit  System  of  Personnel  Administration. 

OSP's  Organization 

The  State  Personnel  Director  provides  the  administrative  leadership  for 
the  Office  of  State  Personnel  and  its  staff  of  personnel  professionals.  The 
Director  consults  with  the  Governor,  elected  and  appointed  department 
heads  and  university  chancellors  on  personnel  policies  and  participates  in 
Cabinet  and  Executive  Cabinet  meetings.  He  also  meets  with  and  advises 
Legislative  members,  professional  groups  and  employee  groups  on  personnel 
matters  in  order  to  promote  and  coordinate  a  system  of  sound  personnel 
management  practices.  He  further  serves  national  professional  organizations 
as  the  representative  of  North  Carolina  State  Government.  Under  the  direc- 
tion of  the  State  Personnel  Director,  a  staff  of  approximately  130,  including 
seven  division  managers,  carry  out  the  services  and  programs  of  the  Office  of 
State  Personnel. 


346  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  State  Personnel  Director's  responsibilities  include  the  administra- 
tive and  managerial  functions  involved  in  the  planning,  budgeting,  and  exe- 
cution of  all  program  components  of  the  State  Personnel  System  through 
interaction  with  the  division  managers  and  professional  staff  in  agencies  and 
universities. 

The  director  and  senior  staff  members  develop  new  policies  or  revise 
existing  policies  and  procedures  based  on  acceptable  principles  of  personnel 
administration  and  by  applying  the  best  methods  as  it  involves  government 
and  industry. 

The  Director's  Staff  provides  training  on  the  policies,  guidelines,  proce- 
dures, and  programs  of  the  Personnel  System  for  Legislators,  managers, 
supervisors  and  agency  personnel  staff.  Another  responsibility  is  to  monitor 
personnel  problems  within  State  government,  federal  laws  and  policies 
affecting  personnel  administration,  and  ratified  bills  of  the  N.C.  General 
Assembly,  and  to  manage  the  Performance  Management  Programs, 
Governor's  Awards  for  Excellence  and  employee/management  publications. 

Employees'  Assistance  Division  administers  the  statewide  Employees' 
Assistance  Program  which  is  a  comprehensive  management  support  system 
that  focuses  on  resolving  personal  issues  that  impact  adversely  on  overall 
productivity.  It  offers  confidential  and  professional  counseling  to  employees 
with  personal  problems  and  also  provides  consultation  to  management  in  the 
active  identification,  confrontation  and  referral  of  employees  who  face  these 
problems.  The  Pre-Retirement  Employees'  Planning  Program  (PREPARE)  is 
also  a  part  of  this  division. 

Employee  Safety  and  Health  Division  through  its  Workplace 
Requirements  Program  and  its  State  Government  Workers'  Compensation 
Program,  provides  staff  services  for  the  development,  implementation  and 
monitoring  of  agency  participation  in  programs  involving  workplace  safety 
and  health.  It  also  provides  technical  assistance  to  agencies  and  education 
for  employees  through  other  resources  in  state  government.  One  objective  is 
to  eliminate  exposure  to  unsafe  conditions  and  unsafe  work  practices.  Other 
objectives  are  to  assure  that  agencies  provide  restoration  of  employees  earn- 
ing capacity  and  return  employees  to  productive  employment  in  a  consistent 
cost  effective  manner  when  injuries  or  illnesses  do  occur  on  the  job.  Also,  the 
Unemployment  Insurance  Cost  Management  Program  whose  goal  is  effective 
claims  administration  and  control  of  benefit  costs. 

State  Personnel  Commission  Staff  handles  administrative  operations 
of  the  State  Personnel  Commission,  including  preparing  and  managing  the 
case  docket  of  employee  grievance  contested  cases  received  from  the  Office  of 
Administrative  Hearings,  advising  the  Commission  and  preparing  final 
Decisions  and  Orders  in  such  cases.  The  staff  also  handles  rule-making 
activity  for  the  Office  of  State  Personnel  under  the  Administrative 
Procedures  Act;  provides  assistance  internally  to  the  Director's  Office  and  OSP 
staff  in  areas  of  personnel  administration  and  provides  technical  assistance  to 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  347 

agency  and  university  personnel  offices  in  the  implementation  of  the  disci- 
pline and  dismissal  process,  wage  and  hour  administration  and  other  aspects 
of  personnel  administration. 

Administrative  Services  Division  provides  basic  policy  and  guidance 
to  agencies  in  the  administration  of  day-by-day  transactions  affecting  the 
status  of  employees;  provides  a  means  for  generating  various  management 
reports  through  the  Personnel  Management  Information  System;  and  pro- 
vides for  systematic  administration  and  budget  control  internal  to  the  Office 
of  State  Personnel;  and  manages  the  Credentials  Verification  Program. 

Equal  Opportunity  Services  Division's  goals  are  to  help  state  govern- 
ment make  maximum  use  of  all  its  human  resources;  create  a  bias  free  envi- 
ronment; assist  state  government  to  develop  a  personnel  system  which  pro- 
vides each  employee  individual  opportunities;  and  to  create  a  work  force  that 
reflects  North  Carolina's  citizenry,  using  affirmative  action  and  specialized 
program  services  as  a  catalyst  for  change.  Specialized  programs  and  services 
offered  include  the:  Model  Cooperative  Education  Program,  Affirmative 
Action  Skills  Bank,  Positive  Emphasis  Program,  and  the  EEO  Institute  and 
New  Horizons. 

Employee  and  Management  Development  Division's  goals  are  to 
provide  every  State  agency  with  the  capacity  to  train  middle  managers  and 
supervisors  to  competently  manage  the  performance  of  their  employees  and 
to  plan,  develop  and  to  implement  a  professional  skills  program  which 
addresses  employee  development  needs  common  to  all  State  government 
departments  and  universities.  Among  its  programs  and  services  are  the: 
Public  Manager  Program,  Professional  Skills  and  Supervisory  Skills 
Training  Programs,  Educational  Assistance/Tuition  Refund,  and  Media 
Services  Assistance. 

Employee  Practices  and  Priorities  Division  provides  guidance  to 
state  agencies  on  policies  and  statutes  affecting  employment  and  reemploy- 
ment, including  statutory  priorities  for  veterans'  preference,  internal  promo- 
tion, the  return  of  policy  makers  to  career  service  and  reduction  in  force.  It 
also  provides  technical  assistance  in  the  development  of  successful,  efficient, 
defensible  recruitment  and  selection  practices  and  operates  Temporary 
Solutions,  which  provides  employees  for  short-term  needs.  Also,  it  is  respon- 
sible for  substantially  equivalent  local  personnel  systems. 

Position  Management  Division  has  the  primary  responsibility  of 
establishing  and  maintaining  the  State's  Position  Classification  and  Pay  for 
approximately  83,940  positions  subject  to  the  State  Personnel  Act . 

The  objectives  of  this  program  are  to  ensure  equitable  and  competitive 
classification  and  pay  relationships  for  positions,  based  upon  the  type  and 
level  of  work  and  labor  market  demands;  also,  to  provide  an  effective  opera- 
tional response  to  management  for  the  organization  and  job  needs  of  the 
State's  programs  and  services  to  the  public.  These  objectives  are  carried  out 


348  North  Carolina  Manual 

according  to  statutory  and  policy  provisions,  within  the  framework  of  the  pay 
structure  established  by  the  General  Assembly  and  available  financial 
resources. 

This  division  also  has  a  significant  responsibility  to  140  local  governmental 
jurisdictions  in  reviewing  and  approving  pay  plans  for  positions  in  those 
jurisdictions. 

For  Further  Information 

(919)  733-7108 

Employee  Assistance  Program  (800)  543-7327 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch 


Ronald  G,  Penny 


State  Personnel 
Director 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Raleigh,  N.C,  August  2,  1953,  to 
Leon  J.  Penny  and  the  late  Ernestine  E. 
Penny. 

Educational  Background 

UNC-Chapel  Hill,  School  of  Law;  N.C.  A&T 
State  University;  University  of  Delaware, 
Ligon  High  School. 

Professional  Background 

Senior  Managing  Partner,  Penny  &  Barnes 
Law  Firm;  Lecturer  and  Legal  Counsel  to  the  Chancellor  of  Elizabeth  City  State 
University;  Attorney,  E.I.  du  Pont  de  Nemours  and  Company,  Inc.;  Agricultural 
Economic  Intern,  N.C.  Department,  of  Agriculture;  Economic  Researcher,  U.S. 
Agency  for  International  Development,  U.S.  Department,  of  State,  Washington,  D.C.; 
Quality  Control  Intern,  Mead  Corporation;  Radio  Announcer;  Loading  Dock  Worker; 
Tax  Auditor. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

North  Carolina  Chapter,  International  Personnel  Management  Association;  State 
Personnel  System  Study  Commission;  Committee  on  Governor's  Conferences  on 
Library  and  Information  Services;  Governor's  Committee  on  Data  Processing  and 
Information  Systems. 

Organizations 

N.C.  Bar;  N.C.  Association  of  Black  Lawyers;  Admitted  to  Practice  in  the  following 
Courts:  U.S.  Fourth  Circuit  Court  of  Appeals;  U.S.  District  Court  for  the  Middle  and 
Eastern  Districts  of  N.C;  U.S.  Bankruptcy  Court  for  the  Eastern  District  of  N.C; 
N.C.  Supreme  Court  and  all  inferior  Courts  of  N.C;  NAACP;  Eastern  N.C.  Black  Bar 
Association;  Alpha  Phi  Alpha  Fraternity,  Inc.;  Improved  Benevolent  Protective  Order 
of  Elks;  Elizabeth  City  Jaycees;  Pasquotank  County  Improvement  Association;  Chair, 
Board  of  Directors,  Legal  Services  of  the  Coastal  Plains;  Board  of  Advisors,  Duke 
University  Lead  Program;  Elizabeth  City  Morning  Rotary  Club;  River  City 
Development  Corporation;  Mayor's  Task  Force  on  Drugs;  Mayor's  Advisory 
Committee;  Elizabeth  City-Camden  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Omega  Psi  Phi  Citizen  of  the  Year;  Jaycee  Spring  Board  Award;  NAACP  Pasquotank 
County  Community  Service  Award;  Omega  Psi  Phi  Merit  Award  for  Community  Service; 
Outstanding  Young  Man  of  the  Year;  Who's  Who  in  the  Southeast;  Cornerstore 
Missionary  Baptist  Church  Man  of  the  Year;  Alpha  Phi  Alpha  Martin  Luther  King,  Jr. 
Award;  State  NAACP  Service  Award.  First  Place  Oralist  Mandatory  Moot  Court 
Competition  (criminal  law  division);  Graduated  Summa  Cum  Laude,  N.C.  A&T  State 
University;  Who's  Who;  Alpha  Chi  Honor  Society;  Alpha  Kappa  Mu  Honor  Society. 

Person  a  I  In  form  a  tion 

Married,  Carolyn  McKay  Penny.  Child:  Ronald  G.  Penny,  Jr. 


350  North  Carolina  Manual 


OFFICE  OF  STATE  PERSONNEL 


DIRECTORS 


Name  Residence  Term 

Henry  Hilton Wake 1949  -  1950 

John  W.  McDevitt Wake 1950  - 1961 

Edwin  S.  Lanier Wake 1962  -  1962 

Walter  E.  Fuller Wake 1962  -  1963 

John  L.  Allen Wake 1964  - 1965 

Claude  Caldwell Wake 1965  -  1974 

Al  Boyles Wake 1974  -  1976 

Harold  H.  Webb Wake 1977  - 1985 

Richard  V.  Lee Mecklenburg 1985  -  1993 

Ronald  G.  Penny Pasquotank 1993-Present 


1994  STATE  PERSONNEL  COMMISSION 

Thomas  Sobol,  Chair Black  Mountain,  N.C. 

F.  Douglas  Biddy Durham,  N.C. 

Angela  Massengill Raleigh,  N.C. 

Robert  M.  Frazer Charlotte,  N.C. 

Vivian  Fuse Fayetteville,  N.C. 

Jeffery  P.  Hunt Brevard,  N.C. 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch 


351 


THE  OFFICE  OF  ADMINISTRATIVE  HEARINGS 


During  the  1985  Session  of  the 
General  Assembly,  House  Bill 
52,  ratified  as  Chapter  746, 
rewrote  the  State  Administrative 
Procedure  Act  (APA).  This  act  is  now 
codified  as  Chapter  150B  of  the 
General  Statutes.  Enacted  in  1974, 
the  Administrative  Procedure  Act 
(then  Chapter  150A)  was  intended  to 
safeguard  citizens'  interests  by 
establishing  for  most  state  adminis- 
trative agencies  uniform  procedures 
for: 

(1)  adopting,  centrally  filing,  and 
publishing  their  rules 

(2)  hearing  and  deciding  contested 
cases  before  those  agencies 

(3    judicially  reviewing  agency 
decisions. 

The  Administrative  Procedure  Act 
is  not  the  source  of  agencies'  rule  mak- 
ing and  decision-making  powers;  rather, 
it  restricts  and  regularizes  the  exercise 
of  powers  granted  by  the  numerous 
statutes  that  create  those  agencies  and 
define  their  functions  or  direct  them  to 
carry  out  specified  activities. 

The  1985  action  of  the  General 


Assembly  reflected  the  legislative 
opinion  that  state  administrative 
agencies  too  often  had  exceeded  the 
powers  given  them  by  the  General 
Assembly  by  adopting  rules  not 
authorized  by  statute  and  by  impos- 
ing through  their  rules  criminal 
penalties  not  legislatively  autho- 
rized. The  action  also  demonstrated 
that  merging  in  a  single  administra- 
tive agency  the  roles  of  investigator, 
prosecutor,  and  judge  of  a  contested 
case  (as  Chapter  150A  had  done)  is 
fundamentally  unjust.  Thus  the 
General  Assembly  sought  to  curtail 
agency  powers  substantially  and 
placed  the  exercise  of  those  powers 
(which  are,  in  fact,  a  delegation  of 
legislative  authority)  under  closer 
scrutiny  by  rewriting  the 
Administrative  Procedures  Act  sig- 
nificantly. 

The  Director  is  appointed  to  a 
four-year  term  by  the  Chief  Justice 
and  serves  as  Chief  Administrative 
Law  Judge.  The  Director  appoints 
the  Administrative  Law  Judges  who 
may  be  removed  only  for  just  cause 
under  the  State  Personnel  Act. 


Organization  and  Administration 

The  Office  of  Administrative  Hearings  is  an  independent  agency  equiva- 
lent to  a  principal  department  of  state  government,  as  provided  for  by  the 
Constitution  of  North  Carolina.  As  it  is  independent  of  all  other  agencies  the 
Office  must  carry  out  all  of  the  administrative  functions  of  any  governmental 
agency,  including  personnel,  budget,  payroll,  purchase  and  contract,  and 
computer  systems  operation,  as  well  as  its  operating  missions.  The  adminis- 
tration and  operations  of  the  office  are  performed  by  seven  sections. 

The  Administrative  Staff:  The  Administrative  Staff  performs  ministe- 
rial activities  involved  in  personnel,  purchasing,  payroll,  budget,  and  public 
relations. 


352  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  Agency  Legal  Staff:  The  Agency  Legal  Staff  provides  counsel  or 
renders  opinions  to  OAH  staff  and  outside  agencies  on  questions  of  law  with- 
in the  purview  of  OAH. 

The  Adjudicative  Staff:  The  Adjudicative  Staff  consists  of  the  Chief 
Administrative  Law  Judge,  who  is  also  the  Director  of  the  Agency,  and  eight 
Administrative  Law  Judges  responsible  for  conducting  hearings  on  various 
grievable  issues  covered  by  administrative  law. 

The  Hearings  Staff:  The  Hearings  Staff  administers  the  contested  case 
hearing  provisions,  the  processing  of  cases  and  the  collection,  coding  and  tab- 
ulation of  data  related  to  cases. 

The  Rules  Publications  Staff:  The  Rules  Publications  Staff  performs 
administrative  and  technical  work  in  the  compilation,  production  and  publi- 
cation of  the  North  Carolina  Register  and  the  North  Carolina  Administrative 
Code. 

The  Mediations  Staff:  The  Mediations  Staff  conducts  investigations 
and  seeks  resolutions  of  discrimination  cases  deferred  by  the  Equal 
Employment  Opportunity  Commission. 

The  Administrative  Rules  Review  Staff:  The  Administrative  Rules 
Review  Staff  provides  professional  and  administrative  support  to  the 
Administrative  Rules  Review  Commission. 

In  addition  to  the  above  administrative  sections,  there  is  a  Deputy 
Director  and  an  Assistant  Director.  The  Deputy  Director  is  responsible  to  the 
Director  for  all  functions  of  the  agency  except  adjudications.  The  Assistant 
Director  is  responsible  for  the  operation  of  the  Hearings  Section,  the  Rules 
Section,  and  all  computer  systems. 

Hearings 

One  of  the  duties  assigned  to  the  Office  of  Administrative  Hearings  is  to 
provide  a  source  of  independent  hearing  officers  to  preside  in  administrative 
cases  and  to  thereby  prevent  the  commingling  of  legislative,  executive,  and 
judicial  functions  in  the  administrative  process.  It  is  given  the  judicial  power 
necessary  to  carry  out  these  functions. 

By  creating  a  group  of  independent  administrative  law  judges  to  serve  as 
hearing  officers,  North  Carolina  was  the  tenth  state  to  adopt  what  is  known 
as  a  "central  panel  system."  Its  predecessors  were  California,  Colorado, 
Florida,  Massachusetts,  Minnesota,  Missouri,  New  Jersey,  Tennessee,  and 
Washington.  Wisconsin  subsequently  became  the  eleventh  state  to  create  a 
central  panel. 

When  a  dispute  with  a  state  agency  involving  a  person's  rights,  duties,  or 
privileges,  including  a  license  or  a  monetary  penalty,  cannot  be  resolved 
informally,  then  the  person  (natural  person,  partnership,  agency  or  other 
body  politic,  corporation  or  association)  may  file  a  "contested  case."  There  are 


The  North  Carolina  Executive  Branch  353 

twenty-five  primary  state  departments  and  thirty-eight  occupational  licens- 
ing boards.  Except  for  a  few  agencies  that  are  exempted  from  the 
Administrative  Procedures  Act,  Chapter  150B  applies  to  all  agencies,  boards, 
and  commissions  of  state  government  (not  county  or  municipal  govern- 
ments). 

Adoption,  Amendment,  and  Repeal  of  Rules 

An  agency  intending  to  adopt,  amend  or  repeal  an  administrative  rule 
must  first  publish  notice  of  the  proposed  action  in  the  North  Carolina 
Register.  The  notice  must  include  a  reference  to  the  statutory  authority  for 
the  action,  the  time  and  place  of  the  public  hearing,  a  statement  of  how  pub- 
lic comments  may  be  submitted  to  the  agency  either  at  the  hearing  or  other- 
wise, the  text  of  the  proposed  rule  or  amendment,  and  the  proposed  effective 
date. 

Following  publication  of  the  proposal  in  the  Register,  at  least  60  days 
must  elapse  before  the  agency  may  take  action  on  the  proposed  adoption, 
amendment  or  repeal. 

When  final  action  is  taken,  the  promulgating  agency  must  submit  any 
adopted  or  amended  rule  to  the  Administrative  Rules  Review  Commission. 
Once  approved  by  the  Administrative  Rules  Review  Commission,  the  rule 
may  be  filed  with  the  Office  of  Administrative  Hearings  for  codification  in 
the  North  Carolina  Administrative  Code.  If  it  differs  substantially  from  the 
proposed  form  published  as  part  of  the  public  notice,  the  adopted  version  will 
again  be  published  in  the  Register. 

North  Carolina  Register 

The  North  Carolina  Register  is  published  monthly  and  contains  informa- 
tion relating  to  agency,  executive,  legislative  and  judicial  actions  required  by 
or  affecting  Chapter  150B  of  the  General  Statutes  including  all  proposed 
administrative  rules  and  amendments. 

North  Carolina  Administrative  Code 

The  North  Carolina  Administrative  Code  is  a  compilation  and  index  of 
the  administrative  rules  of  25  state  departments  or  agencies  and  38  occupa- 
tional licensing  boards.  The  North  Carolina  Administrative  Code  comprises 
approximately  16,000  pages  of  regulations  of  which  approximately  35%  is 
changed  annually. 

Mediations 

The  General  Assembly  designated  the  Office  of  Administrative  Hearings 
as  the  state's  agency  for  deferral  of  cases  under  Section  706  of  the  federal 
Equal  Employment  Opportunity  Act. 

The  Equal  Employment  Opportunity  Commission  (EEOC)  has  likewise 
designated  the  Office  of  Administrative  Hearings  as  the  706  deferral  agency. 

A  Work  sharing  Agreement  between  the  Office  of  Administrative 


354  North  Carolina  Manual 

Hearings  and  the  Equal  Employment  Opportunity  Commission  sets  forth  the 
responsibilities  of  the  respective  agencies  in  the  handling  of  deferred  discrim- 
ination charges. 

The  role  of  the  Mediations  Section  is  to  investigate  and  attempt  to 
resolve  by  negotiation  allegations  of  discrimination  against  state  employees 
or  applicants  for  state  employment. 

For  Further  Information 

(919)  733-2698 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  355 


CHAPTER  THREE 


The  Legislative  Branch 


AN  HISTORICAL  OVERVIEW 

The  Colonial  Experience 

The  General  Assembly  is  the  Halifax,  Campbellton  (now  named 

oldest  governmental  body  in  Fayetteville),  Salisbury,  Hillsborough, 

North  Carolina.  According  to  and     Tarborough.     Around     1735 

tradition,  a  "legislative  assembly  of  Albemarle  and  Bath  Counties  ceased 

free  holders"  met  for  the  first  time  to  exist  and  the  geographical  units 

around  1666;  however,  there  is  no  known  as  "precincts"  became  counties, 

proof  that  this  assembly  actually  The  unicamerai  form  of  the  legis. 

met.  Provisions  for  a  representative  lature  continued  until  around  1697 

assembly   in   Proprietary   North  when  a  Ucameral  form  was  adopted. 

Carolina   can   be   traced   to   the  The  "upper  house"  was  composed  of 

Concessions  and  Agreements  adopt-  the  governor,  or  chief  executive  at 

ed  in  1665  and  did  not  exist  prior  to  the  time>  and  his  council  The  «lower 

this  document.  The  Concessions  and  housej»  0r  House  of  Burgesses,  was 

Agreement  called  for  an  unicameral  made  up  of  representatives  elected 

body  composed  of  the  governor,  his  from  the  various  precincts.  The  lower 

council,  and  "twelve  men  .  .  .  chosen  house  could  adopt  its  own  rules  of 

annually"  to  sit  as  a  legislature.  This  pr0cedure  and  elect  its  own  speaker 

system  of  representation  prevailed  and  other  ofricerS;  however,  it  could 

until  1670  when  Albemarle  County  meet  only  when  called  into  session 

was  divided  into  three  smaller  units  by  the  governor  and  only  at  a  loca- 

called  "precincts".  Berkeley  Precinct,  tion  designated  by  him.  Because  the 

Carteret  Precinct  and  Shaftsbury  lower  house  held  «the  power  of  the 

Precinct  were  apparently  each  purse"  and  was  responsible  for  pay- 
allowed  five  representatives.  Around  ing  the  salary  of  the  governorj  regu. 
1682,  four  new  precincts  were  creat-  lar  meetings  of  the  legislature  were 
ed  from  the  original  three  as  the  pop-  heM  at  least  once  during  ft  biennium, 
ulation  grew  and  moved  westward.  and  usually  more  often.  Throughout 
The  number  of  representatives  for  the  colonial  period>  this  control  over 
new  precincts  was  usually  two,  the  finances  was  a  source  of  contro- 
although  some  were  granted  more.  versy  between  the  governor  and  the 
Beginning  with  the  Assembly  of  lower  house  The  Houge  of  Burgesses 
1723,  several  of  the  larger,  more  used  this  power  effectively  to 
important  towns  were  allowed  to  increase  its  influence  and  prestige, 
elect  their  own  representatives. 

Edenton  was  the  first  town  granted  Early  Statehood 

this  privilege,  followed  by  Bath,  New  When  our  first  state  constitution 

Bern,    Wilmington,    Brunswick,  was  adopted  in  1776,  the  power 


356 


North  Carolina  Manual 


struggle  between  the  Governor  and 
his  council  on  the  one  hand,  and  the 
Colonial  Assembly  on  the  other,  had 
a  profound  effect  on  the  structure  of 
the  new  government.  The  legislature 
became  the  primary  organ  of  govern- 
ment with  control  over  all  other 
areas  of  government.  Its  most  impor- 
tant power  was  its  authority  to  elect 
all  officials  in  the  executive  and  judi- 
cial branches.  A  joint  ballot  of  the 
members  of  the  state  Senate  and  the 
state  House  of  Commons  was  held  to 
elect  the  various  officials.  On  many 
occasions,  substantial  amounts  of 
time  were  used  for  these  elections 
when  a  majority  of  votes  was  not 
received  by  one  candidate.  The  first 
break  from  this  procedure  came  in 
1835  when  a  constitutional  amend- 
ment changed  the  method  for  elect- 
ing the  governor.  Instead  of  being 
elected  by  the  legislature  for  a  one- 
year  term,  the  governor  was  to  be 
elected  by  the  people  for  a  two-year 
term.  It  would,  however,  be  another 
33  years  before  the  remaining  execu- 
tive and  judicial  officials  would  be 
elected  by  the  people.  Provisions  for 
this  were  incorporated  into  the 
Constitution  of  1868. 

The  Constitution  of  1776  provid- 
ed for  a  bicameral  legislature  with 
members  of  both  houses  elected  by 
the  people.  The  Senate  had  one  rep- 
resentative from  each  county,  while 
the  House  of  Commons  had  two 
representatives  from  each  county 
and  one  from  each  of  the  towns  given 
representative  status  in  the  constitu- 
tion. This  format  continued  until 
1835  when  several  changes  to  the 
legislative  branch  were  approved  by 
the  people.  Membership  in  the 
Senate  was  set  at  50  with  senators 
elected  from  districts.  The  state  was 
divided  into  districts  with  the  number 


of  senators  based  on  the  population 
of  each  individual  district.  The  mem- 
bership of  the  House  of  Commons 
was  set  at  120  with  representation 
based  on  the  population  of  the  coun- 
ty. The  more  populous  counties  had 
more  representatives;  however,  each 
county  was  entitled  to  at  least  one 
representative.  Provisions  were 
made  to  adjust  representation  in 
both  houses.  These  adjustments 
would  be  based  on  the  federal  census 
taken  every  10  years.  The  responsi- 
bility for  adjusting  districts  and  rep- 
resentation was  given  to  the  General 
Assembly. 

In  1868,  a  new  constitution  was 
adopted  and  several  changes  were 
made  regarding  the  legislative 
branch.  The  bicameral  structure  was 
retained,  but  the  name  of  the  lower 
house  was  changed  from  the  "House 
of  Commons"  to  the  "House  of 
Representatives."  Also  the  unfair 
"property  qualification"  provision  for 
holding  office  was  eliminated.  For 
the  first  time  since  the  Colonial 
Period,  the  office  of  lieutenant  gover- 
nor appeared.  The  lieutenant  gover- 
nor, elected  by  the  people,  would 
serve  as  president  of  the  Senate,  as 
well  as  being  the  next  in  line  should 
something  happen  to  the  governor. 
Provisions  were  also  made  for  the 
electing  of  a  president  pro  tempore. 
The  president  pro  tempore,  elected 
from  among  the  members  of  the 
Senate  by  his  peers,  would  take  over 
in  the  absence  of  the  president  of  the 
Senate. 

In  the  year  1966,  the  House  of 
Representatives  adopted  a  district 
representation  similar  to  that  of  the 
Senate.  Although  the  number  of  rep- 
resentatives stayed  at  120,  every 
county  was  no  longer  guaranteed  a 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  357 

representative.  Instead,  the  require-  assemblies  varied  as  much  as  the 

ment  to  maintain  a  balance  among  location.  If  the  structure  was  big 

districts  in  the  constituent  represen-  enough  to  hold  the  legislators,  it 

tative  ratio  resulted  in  counties  with  could  be  used.  Courthouses,  schools, 

lower  populations  losing  their  resi-  and  even  local  residences  served  as 

dent  representative.  The  district  for-  "legislative  buildings."  Tryon  Palace 

mat  has  left  nearly  one-third  of  the  in  New  Bern  was  the  State's  first 

counties  with  no  resident  legislator.  capitol  building.  It  was  completed  in 

1771,  but  was  abandoned  during  the 

_-  c  „  Revolutionary  War  because  of  its 

Meeting  Places  of  the  exposure  to  enemy  attack.  When 

Legislature  Raleigh  was  established  as  the  capi- 

Prior  to  the  establishment  of  tal,  provisions  were  made  for  the 
Raleigh  in  1792  as  the  permanent  construction  of  a  simple,  two-story 
capital  of  North  Carolina,  the  seat  of  brick  state  house.  This  structure  was 
government  was  moved  from  town  to  completed  in  1796  and  served  as  the 
town  with  each  new  General  Assembly,  home  for  the  General  Assembly  until 
This  was  also  true  during  the  colonial  it  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  1831.  A 
period.  Halifax,  Hillsborough,  new  capitol  building  was  authorized 
Fayetteville,  New  Bern,  Smithfield,  to  be  built  and  was  completed  in 
and  Tarborough  all  shared  the  distinc-  1840.  The  first  session  to  convene  in 
tion  of  serving  as  the  seat  of  govern-  the  Capitol  was  on  November  16, 
ment  between  1776  and  1794.  The  1840.  Construction  began  on  the  cur- 
Assembly  of  1794-95  was  the  first  leg-  rent  legislative  building  in  early 
islature  to  meet  in  Raleigh.  1961  and  on  February  6,  1963,  the 

The  buildings  used  as  meeting  first  session  was  convened, 
places  for  the  colonial  and  general 

The  Legislative  Branch  Today 

The  organizational  structure  established  in  the  Constitution  of  1868 
remained  basically  unchanged  with  the  adoption  of  the  state's  third  constitu- 
tion in  1971.  As  one  of  the  three  branches  of  government  found  in  the  consti- 
tution, the  legislative  branch  is  equal  with,  but  independent  of,  the  executive 
and  judicial  branches.  It  is  composed  of  the  General  Assembly  and  its  admin- 
istrative support  units. 

The  Constitution  of  North  Carolina  gives  the  General  Assembly  the  leg- 
islative, or  lawmaking,  power  for  the  state.  According  to  the  state's  Supreme 
Court,  this  means  that  the  legislature  has  "  .  .  the  authority  to  make  or  enact 
laws;  to  establish  rules  and  regulations  governing  the  conduct  of  the  people, 
their  rights,  duties  and  procedures;  and  to  prescribe  the  consequences  of  cer- 
tain activities."  These  mandates  give  the  General  Assembly  the  power  to 
make  new  laws  and  amend  or  repeal  existing  laws  on  a  broad  range  of  issues 
that  have  statewide  as  well  as  local  impact.  The  legislature  also  defines  crim- 
inal law,  which  declares  certain  acts  illegal. 

Election  of  Legislators:  Legislators  in  both  the  Senate  and  House  of 
Representatives  are  elected  every  two  years  in  the  even  numbered  years 


358  North  Carolina  Manual 

from  districts  established  by  law.  Qualifications  for  election  differ  slightly  for 
each  house.  For  election  to  either  house,  a  person  must  reside  in  the  district 
he  wants  to  represent  for  at  least  one  year  prior  to  the  election  and  be  a  reg- 
istered voter  of  the  state.  To  qualify  for  the  Senate,  a  person  must  also  be  at 
least  25  years  old  on  the  date  of  the  election  and  a  resident  of  the  state  for 
two  years  immediately  preceding  the  election.  To  qualify  for  election  to  the 
House  of  Representatives,  a  person  must  be  at  least  21  years  old  on  the  date 
of  the  election  in  addition  to  the  previously  stated  qualifications. 

A  constitutional  amendment  approved  by  the  voters  in  1982  set  January  1, 
following  the  November  general  election,  as  the  date  legislators  officially 
take  office.  Prior  to  this  amendment,  legislators  took  office  immediately 
following  their  election  in  November. 


The  Organization  of  the  General  Assembly:  Two  equal  houses,  the 
Senate  with  its  50  members  and  the  House  of  Representatives  with  its  120 
members,  make  up  the  General  Assembly  of  North  Carolina.  Each  house 
elects  a  principal  clerk,  a  reading  clerk  and  a  sergeant-at-arms  as  well  as  its 
own  officers.  The  President  of  the  Senate  (lieutenant  governor)  presides  over 
the  Senate.  A  president  pro  tempore  is  elected  by  the  senators  from  among 
their  membership.  In  the  House  of  Representatives,  the  speaker  is  elected  by 
the  representatives  from  among  their  membership.  Other  officers  in  each 
respective  house  are  elected  either  by  the  membership  as  a  whole  or  by  the 
members  from  each  party. 

Much  of  the  legislative  work  of  the  General  Assembly  is  accomplished 
through  standing  committees.  Shortly  after  the  start  of  the  legislative  ses- 
sion, standing  committees  are  formed  and  members  of  each  house  are 
appointed  to  those  in  their  respective  houses.  Beginning  with  the  1989  ses- 
sion, the  president  pro  tempore  will  appoint  senate  committees,  a  duty  tradi- 
tionally given  the  President  of  the  Senate.  The  speaker  appoints  House  com- 
mittees. These  officers  attempt  to  make  committee  assignments  which  match 
the  interest  and  expertise  of  legislators.  In  the  most  recent  session,  there 
were  27  standing  committees  in  the  Senate  and  24  in  the  House  . 

Administrative  authority  for  the  General  Assembly  is  vested  in  the 
Legislative  Services  Commission.  The  president  pro  tempore  of  the  Senate 
and  the  speaker  of  the  House  are  ex  officio  chairmen  of  the  Legislative 
Services  Commission  and  each  appoints  six  members  from  his  respective  i 
house  to  serve  on  the  Commission.  The  Commission  employs  a  Legislative 
Administrative  Officer  who  serves  as  chief  staff  officer  for  the  Commission,  j 
In  addition  to  an  Administrative  Division,  there  are  four  other  support  divi- 
sions, each  under  a  director  appointed  by  the  Legislative  Services 
Commission.  These  are  the  Legislative  Automated  Systems  Division,  the 
Legislative  Bill  Drafting  Division,  the  Fiscal  Research  Division  and  the 
General  Research  Division. 

The  Administrative  Division  is  headed  by  the  Legislative  Administrative 
Officer.  Its  primary  role  is  to  provide  logistical  support  to  the  General 
Assembly  in  a  variety  of  areas  including  budget  preparation  and  administration, ' 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  359 

building  maintenance,  equipment  and  supplies,  mailing  operations,  printing 
(including  printed  bills),  and  a  host  of  other  services. 

The  Automated  Systems  Division  is  responsible  for  designing,  developing 
and  maintaining  a  number  of  computer  applications  for  use  by  the  staff  of 
the  General  Assembly.  Bill  typing,  legal  document  retrieval,  bill  status 
reporting,  fiscal  information  systems,  office  automation  and  electronic  pub- 
lishing are  all  functions  of  the  division.  Policies  governing  the  operation  of 
the  Division  and  access  to  the  Legislative  Computer  Center  are  set  by  a 
Legislative  Services  Commission's  subcommittee. 

The  Bill  Drafting  Division  is  responsible  for  assisting  legislators  in  the 
preparation  of  bills  for  introduction.  Staff  attorneys  draft  the  bills  and  make 
sure  they  are  entered  into  the  computer,  printed,  and  that  the  proper  num- 
ber of  copies  are  delivered  to  the  introducing  legislator.  There  are  numerous 
guidelines  which  must  be  followed  to  insure  confidentiality. 

The  Fiscal  Research  Division  serves  as  the  research  and  watchdog  arm 
for  the  General  Assembly  on  fiscal  and  compliance  matters  regarding  state 
government.  The  statutory  duties  include  various  responsibilities  in  the 
areas  of  fiscal  analysis,  operational  reviews  and  reporting. 

The  General  Research  Division  has  as  its  primary  function  the  responsi- 
bility of  obtaining  information  and  making  legal  and  non-physical  analysis  of 
subjects  affecting  and  affected  by  state  law  and  government  when  requested 
to  do  so  by  a  legislator  or  standing  committee  of  the  General  Assembly.  To  a 
lesser  extent,  they  also  answer  questions  from  other  North  Carolina  and  sis- 
ter state  agencies  and  private  citizens. 

For  Further  Information 
(919)  733-4111 


360 


North  Carolina  Manual 


George  Rubin  Hall,  Jn 
Legislative  Services  Officer 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Raleigh,  N.C.  April  14,  1939,  to 
George  Rubin,  Sr.  (deceased)  and  Ludie 
Jane  (Conner)  Hall. 

Educational  Background 

Hugh  Morson  High  School  1953-55, 
Needham  Broughton  High  School,  1955-57; 
Campbell  College,  1964,  B.S.;  Post-graduate 
work  N.C.  State  University  in  Public 
Personnel  Administration;  Government 
Executives  Institute,  UNC  -  Chapel  Hill, 
1982. 

Professional  Background 

Legislative  Services  Officer,  1979-;  14  years,  N.C.  Division  of  Vocational 
Rehabilitation;  former  Administrative  Officer  with  N.C.  General  Assembly;  Licensed 
Building  Contractor;  Licensed  Real  Estate  Broker. 

Organizations 

National  Rehabilitation  Association;  N.C.  Rehabilitation  Association. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Fiscal  Affairs  and  Government  Operations,  Southern  Legislative  Conference; 
Legislative  Organization  and  Management  Committee,  National  Conference  of  State 
Legislators;  former  member,  Wake  County  School  Board  Advisory  Council;  Manpower 
Area  Planning  Council,  Region  J,  1972-73. 

Military  Service 

Served,  N.C.  Army  National  Guard,  Staff  Sgt.,  1959-60,  (active),  1960-65,  (reserves). 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Carolyn  Marie  Young  of  Raleigh,  June  26,  1960.  Children:  George  Rubin, 
III,  W.  Gregory,  and  Carolyn  Elizabeth.  Member,  Longview  Baptist  Church,  Raleigh, 

N.C. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  361 


THE  1993  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY 


Convening  of  the  Session:  The  1993  General  Assembly,  the  State's 
140th,  was  convened  in  the  respective  chambers  of  the  Senate  and  House  of 
Representatives  in  the  Legislative  Building  in  Raleigh  at  noon  on  January 
27,  by  Lieutenant  Governor  Dennis  A.  Wicker  in  the  Senate  and  Principal 
Clerk  of  the  House,  Denise  Weeks. 

Prior  to  1957,  the  General  Assembly  convened  in  January  at  a  time  fixed 
by  the  Constitution  of  North  Carolina.  From  1957  through  1967,  sessions 
convened  in  February  at  a  time  fixed  by  the  Constitution.  The  1969  General 
Assembly  was  the  first  to  convene  on  a  date  fixed  by  law  after  elimination  of 
the  constitutionally  fixed  date  (Chapter  1181,  Session  Laws  of  North 
Carolina,  1967  Session).  This  act  set  the  "First  Wednesday  after  the  second 
Monday  in  January  after  the  election"  as  the  convening  date.  The  1993 
General  Assembly  convened  on  Wednesday,  January  27,  1993,  as  directed  by 
law  and  did  not  adjourn  until  Saturday,  July  24,  1993,  178  days  later. 

Women  in  the  General  Assembly:  The  first  woman  to  serve  in  the 
General  Assembly  was  Lillian  Exum  Clement  of  Buncombe  County  who 
serve  in  the  1921  House  of  Representatives.  More  than  75  different  women 
have  served  in  the  General  Assembly  since  that  time.  There  are  30  women  in 
the  1993  General  Assembly — seven  in  the  Senate  and  23  in  the  House  of 
Representatives.  This  is  a  new  record,  breaking  the  old  record  of  25  shared 
by  several  sessions. 

Senator  Lura  S.  Tally,  a  Democrat  from  Cumberland  County,  and 
Representative  Jo  Graham  Foster,  a  Democrat  from  Mecklenburg  County, 
are  in  their  eleventh  terms  in  the  General  Assembly,  breaking  the  record  for 
service  previously  held  by  former  Representative  Nancy  W.  Chase  of  Wayne 
County  who  served  eight  terms,  all  in  the  House.  Senator  Tally  has  served 
five  terms  in  the  House  and  six  in  the  Senate;  Representative  Foster  has 
served  all  of  her  terms  in  the  House. 

Minorities  in  the  General  Assembly:  During  Reconstruction  after  the 
Civil  War,  and  particularly  after  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  of  1868, 
minorities  were  elected  to  the  General  Assembly.  Fifteen  African-Americans 
were  elected  to  the  House  of  Representatives  and  two  to  the  Senate  in  1868. 
Under  the  leadership  of  Representative  Parker  D.  Robbins  of  Hertford 
County  and  Senators  A.  H.  Galloway  of  New  Hanover  County  and  John  A. 
Hyman  of  Warren  County,  the  1868  General  Assembly  approved  the 
Fourteenth  Amendment  to  the  United  States  Constitution  which  guaranteed 
citizenship  for  African-Americans.  As  conservative  democrats  regained  power 
following  Reconstruction,  African-American  representation  in  the  General 
Assembly  disappeared. 

The  first  African-American  to  serve  in  the  General  Assembly  during  this 


362  North  Carolina  Manual 

century  was  Henry  E.  Frye  from  Guilford  County  who  served  in  the  House  of 
Representatives  in  1969.  Twenty-four  African-Americans  have  been  elected 
to  serve  in  the  1993  legislature  -  six  in  the  Senate  and  18  in  the  House  of 
Representatives.  This  is  a  new  record  breaking  the  old  record  of  19  for  the 
1991-92  Session.  Mr.  Frye  also  holds  the  record  for  most  terms  served  with 
seven,  six  in  the  House  of  Representatives  and  one  in  the  Senate. 

Miscellaneous  Facts  and  Figures 

The  oldest  member  of  the  1993  Senate  is  R.  L.  Martin  (11/8/18),  a  Democrat 
from  Pitt  County.  The  youngest  member  of  the  1993  Senate  is  Roy  Cooper 
(6/13/57),  a  Democrat  from  Nash  County. 

The  oldest  member  of  the  1993  House  of  Representatives  is  Vernon  James 
(7/11/10)  a  Democrat  from  Pasquotank  County.  The  youngest  member  of  the 
1993  House  of  Representatives  is  Greg  Thompson  (6/3/64)  a  Republican  from 
Mitchell  County. 

The  Senator  with  the  longest  tenure  is  James  D.  Speed,  a  Democrat  from 
Franklin  County,  serving  his  fourteenth  term  -  six  in  the  House  and  nine  in 
the  Senate.  The  Representative  with  the  longest  tenure  is  Liston  B.  Ramsey, 
a  Democrat  from  Madison  County,  serving  his  sixteenth  term  -  all  in  the 
House.  The  all-time  record  for  service  is  held  by  former  state  Representative 
Dwight  Quinn,  a  Democrat  from  Cabarrus  County,  who  served  all  of  his  18 
terms  in  the  House. 

Salaries  of  Legislators 

The  base  salary  of  a  member  of  the  1993  General  Assembly  is  $13,026.00 
per  year  with  a  monthly  expense  allowance  of  $522.00.  Officers  of  the  respec- 
tive  houses  get  higher  base  salaries  and  expense  allowances.  The  Speaker  of  j 
the  House  has  a  base  salary  of  $35,622.00  per  year  and  a  monthly  expense 
allowance  of  $1,320.00.  The  President  Pro  Tempore  of  the  Senate  receives1 
$35,622.00  and  $1,320.00  respectively;  the  Senate  Deputy  Pro  Tempore 
receives  $20,298.00  and  $780.00,  respectively;  the  Speaker  Pro  Tempore  of 
the  House  receives  $20,298.00  and  $780.00  respectively;  and  the  Majority 
and  Minority  Leaders  of  each  house  receive  $15,918.00  and  $622.00  respec-! 
tively.  During  the  legislative  session  and  when  they  are  carrying  out  the 
state's  business,  all  legislators  receive  a  subsistence  allowance  of  $92.00  a 
day  and  a  travel  allowance  of  $.25  per  mile. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  363 


1993  NORTH  CAROLINA  SENATE 
Officers 

President  (Lieutenant  Governor) Dennis  A.  Wicker 

President  Pro  Tempore Marc  Basnight 

Deputy  President  Pro  Tempore R.  C.  Soles 

Majority  Leader Richard  Conder 

Minority  Leader Robert  G.  Shaw 

Majority  Whip Vacant 

Minority  Whip Betsy  Cochrane 

Principal  Clerk Sylvia  M.  Fink 

Reading  Clerk LeRoy  Clark,  Jr. 

Sergeant-at-Arms Cecil  Goins 

Senators 

Name  District  County  Address 

Albertson,  Charles  W 5th Duplin Beulaville 

Allran,  Austin  M.  (R) 26th Catawba Hickory 

Ballance,  Frank  W.,  Jr 2nd Warren Warrenton 

Basnight,  Marc 1st Dare Manteo 

Blackmon,  John  Gerald  (R) 35th Mecklenburg Charlotte 

Carpenter,  Robert  (R) 42nd Macon Franklin 

.  Cochrane,  Betsy  L.  (R) 38th Davie Advance 

;  Codington,  John  (R) 4th New  Hanover Wilmington 

'Conder,  J.  Richard 17th Richmond Rockingham 

|  Cooper,  Roy  A.  Ill 10th Nash Rocky  Mount 

Daniel,  George  B 21st Caswell Graham 

j  Edwards  C.  R 41st Cumberland Fayetteville 

\  Folger,  Fred,  Jr 12th Surry Mount  Airy 

Forrester,  James  (R) 39th Gaston Stanly 

Gulley,  Wilbur  P 13th Durham Durham 

Gunter,  Linda 36th Wake Cary 

Harris,  Ollie 37th Cleveland Kings  Mountain 

Hartsell,  Fletcher  L.,  Jr.  (R) 22nd Cabarrus Concord 

Hoyle,  David 25th Gaston Gastonia 

Hyde,  Herbert  Lee 28th Buncombe Asheville 

Johnson,  Joseph  E 14th Wake Raleigh 

Jordan,  Luther  Henry,  Jr 7th New  Hanover Wilmington 

Kaplan,  Ted 20th Forsyth Winston-Salem 

Kerr,  John  H.,  Ill 8th Wayne Goldsboro 

Kincaid,  Donald  R.  (R) 27th Caldwell Lenoir 

Lee,  Howard  N 16th Orange Chapel  Hill 

Lucas,  Jeanne  H 13th Durham Durham 

Marshall,  Elaine 15th Harnett Lillington 


364  North  Carolina  Manual 

Name  District  County  Address 

Martin,  R.  L 6th Pitt Bethel 

Martin,  William  N 31st Guilford Greensboro 

Odom,  Thomas  L.,  Sr 34th Mecklenburg Charlotte 

Parnell,  David 30th Robeson Parkton 

Perdue,  Beverly 3rd Craven New  Bern 

Plexico,  Clark 29th Henderson Hendersonville 

Plyler,  Aaron  W 17th Union Monroe 

Richardson,  James  F 33rd Mecklenburg Charlotte 

Sands,  A.  P.,  Ill 12th Rockingham Reidsville 

Seymour,  Mary 32nd Guilford Greensboro 

Shaw,  Robert  G.  (R) 19th Guilford Greensboro 

Sherron,  J.K.,  Jr 14th Wake Raleigh 

Simpson,  Daniel  R.  (R) 27th Burke Morganton 

Smith,  Paul  S.  (R) 23rd Rowan Salisbury 

Soles,  R.C.,  Jr 18th Columbus Tabor  City 

Speed,  James  D 11th Franklin Louisburg 

Tally,  LuraS 24th Cumberland Fayetteville 

Walker,  Russell  G 16th Randolph Asheboro 

Ward,  Marvin  M 20th Forsyth Winston-Salem 

Warren,  Ed  N 9th Pitt Greenville 

Winner,  Dennis  J 28th Buncombe Asheville 

Winner,  Leslie 40th Mecklenburg Charlotte 

Speakers  of  the  Senate 

Assembly  Senator  County 

1777 Samuel  Ashe New  Hanover 

1778 WhitmelHill Martin 

Allen  Jones Northampton 

1779 Allen  Jones Northampton 

Abner  Nash Jones 

1780 Abner  Nash Jones 

Alexander  Martin Guilford 

1781 Alexander  Martin Guilford 

1782 Alexander  Martin Guilford 

Richard  Caswell Dobbs 

1783 Richard  Caswell Dobbs 

1784  (April) Richard  Caswell Dobbs 

1784  (October) Richard  Caswell Dobbs 

1785 Alexander  Martin Guilford 

1786-87 James  Coor Craven 

1787 Alexander  Martin Guilford 

1788 Alexander  Martin Guilford 

1789 Richard  Caswell Dobbs 

Charles  Johnston Chowan 

1790 William  Lenoir Wilkes 

1791-92 William  Lenoir Wilkes 

1792-93 William  Lenoir Wilkes  i 

1793-94 William  Lenoir Wilkes 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  365 

Assembly  Senator  County 

1794-95 William  Lenoir Wilkes 

1795 Benjamin  Smith Brunswick 

1796 Benjamin  Smith Brunswick 

1797 Benjamin  Smith Brunswick 

1798 Benjamin  Smith Brunswick 

1799 Benjamin  Smith Brunswick 

1800 Joseph  Riddick Gates 

1801 Joseph  Riddick Gates 

1802 Joseph  Riddick Gates 

1803 Joseph  Riddick Gates 

1804 Joseph  Riddick Gates 

1805 Alexander  Martin Guilford 

1806 Joseph  Riddick Gates 

1807 Joseph  Riddick Gates 

1808 Joseph  Riddick Gates 

1809 Joseph  Riddick Gates 

1810 Joseph  Riddick Gates 

1811 Joseph  Riddick Gates 

1812 George  Outlaw Bertie 

1813 George  Outlaw Bertie 

1814 George  Outlaw Bertie 

1815 John  Branch Halifax 

1816 John  Branch Halifax 

1817 John  Branch Halifax 

1817 Bartlett  Yancey Caswell 

1818 Bartlett  Yancey Caswell 

1819 Bartlett  Yancey Caswell 

1820 Bartlet  Yancey Caswell 

1821 Bartlett  Yancey Caswell 

1822 Bartlett  Yancey Caswell 

1823-24 Bartlett  Yancey Caswell 

1824-25 Bartlett  Yancey Caswell 

1825-26 Bartlett  Yancey Caswell 

1826-27 Bartlett  Yancey Caswell 

1827-28 Bartlett  Yancey Caswell 

1828-29 Jesse  Speight Greene 

1829-30 Bedford  Brown Caswell 

1930 David  F.  Caldwell Rowan 

1830-31 David  F.  Caldwell Rowan 

1831-32 David  F.  Caldwell Rowan 

1832-33 William  D.  Mosely Lenoir 

1833-34 William  D.  Mosely Lenoir 

1834-35 William  D.  Mosely Lenoir 

1835 William  D.  Mosely Lenoir 

1836-37 HughWaddell Orange 

1838-39 Andrew  Joyner Halifax 

1840-41 Andrew  Joyner Halifax 

1842-43 Lewis  D.  Wilson Edgecombe 

1844-45 Burgess  S.  Gaither Burke 

1846-47 Andrew  Joyner Halifax 

1848-49 Calvin  Graves Caswell 

1850-51 Weldon  N.  Edwards Warren 


366  North  Carolina  Manual 

Assembly  Senator                                             County 

1852        Weldon  N.  Edwards Warren 

1854-55  Warren  Winslow Cumberland 

1856-57  William  W.  Avery Burke 

1858-59  Henry  T.  Clark Edgecombe 

1860-61  Henry  T.  Clark Edgecombe 

1862-64  Giles  Mebane Alamance 

1864-65  Giles  Mebane Alamance 

1865-66  Thomas  Settle Rockingham 

1866-67  Matthias  E.  Manly Craven 

1866-67  Joseph  H.  Wilson Mecklenburg 

Presidents  Pro  Tempore  of  the  Senate* 

Assembly  Senator                                            County 

1870-72  Edward  J.  Warren Beaufort 

1872-74  James  T.  Morehead Guilford 

1874-75  

1876-77  James  L.  Robinson Macon 

1879-80  William  A.  Graham Lincoln 

1881        William  T.  Dorch Buncombe 

1883        

1885        E.  T.  Boykin Sampson 

1887        

1889        [Edwin  W.  Kerr] Sampson 

1891        William  D.  Turner Iredell 

1893        John  L.King Guilford 

1895        E.  L.  Franck,  Jr Onslow 

1897        

1899-1900 R.  L.  Smith Stanly 

F.  A.  Whitaker Wake 

1901        Henry  A.  London Chatham 

1903        Henry  A.  London Chatham 

1905        Charles  A.  Webb Buncombe 

1907-1908 Charles  A.  Webb Buncombe 

1909        Whitehead  Klutz Rowan 

1911         Henry  N.  Pharr Mecklenburg 

1913        Henry  N.  Pharr Mecklenburg 

1915        Oliver  Max  Gardner Cleveland 

1917        Fordyce  C.  Harding Pitt 

1919-20  Lindsey  C.  Warren Washington 

1921        William  L.  Long Halifax 

*With  the  adoption  of  a  new  constitution  in  1868,  the  office  of  "speaker 
of  the  senate"  ceased  to  exist.  A  provision  in  the  constitution  created 
the  office  of  "lieutenant  governor"  whose  duties  and  functions  were 
similar  to  those  previously  carried  out  by  the  speaker.  The  lieutenant 
governor  presides  over  the  senate  and  is  called  "the  president  of  the 
senate"  when  serving  in  this  capacity.  The  senators  also  elected  one  of 
their  own  to  serve  as  "president  pro  tempore"  during  periods  when  the 
lieutenant  can  not  preside. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  367 

Assembly  Senator                                          County 

1923-24  William  L.  Long Halifax 

1925        William  S.  H.  Burgwyn Northampton 

1927        William  L.  Long Halifax 

1929        Thomas  L.  Johnson Robeson 

1931        Rivers  D.  Johnson Duplin 

1933        William  G.  Clark Edgecombe 

1935        Paul  D.  Grady Johnston 

1937-38  Andrew  H.  Johnston Buncombe 

James  A.  Bell Mecklenburg 

1939        Whitman  E.  Smith Stanly 

1941        John  D.  Larkins,  Jr Jones 

1943        JohnH.  Price Rockingham 

1945        Archie  C.  Gay Northampton 

1947        Joseph  L.  Blythe Mecklenburg 

1949        James  C.  Pittman Lee 

1951        Rufus  G.  Rankin Gaston 

1953        Edwin  Pate Scotland 

1955-56  Paul  E.  Jones Pitt 

1957        Claude  Currie Durham 

1959        Robert  F.  Morgan Cleveland 

1961        William  L.  Crew Halifax 

1963        Ralph  H.  Scott Alamance 

1965-66  Robert  B.  Morgan Harnett 

1967        Herman  A.  Moore Mecklenburg 

1969        Neill  H.  McGeachy Cumberland 

1971        Frank  N.  Patterson,  Jr Stanly 

Gordon  P.  Allen Person 

1973-74  Gordon  P.  Allen Person 

1975-76  John  T.  Henley Cumberland 

1977-78  John  T.  Henley Cumberland 

1979-80  W.  Craig  Lawing Mecklenburg 

1981-82  W.  Craig  Lawing Mecklenburg 

1983-84  W.  Craig  Lawing Mecklenburg 

1985-86  J.  J.  Harrington Bertie 

1987-88  J.  J.  Harrington Bertie 

1989-90  Henson  P.  Barnes Wayne 

1990-91  Henson  P.  Barnes Wayne 

1992-Present Marc  Basnight Dare 


368 


North  Carolina  Manual 


* 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  369 

Marc  Basnight 

President  Pro  Tempore 

(Democrat  -  Dare  County) 

First  Senatorial  District  -  Beaufort,  Camden,  Chowan, 

Currituck,  Dare,  Hyde,  Pasquotank,  Perquimans,  Tyrrell,  and 

portions  of  Beaufort,  Bertie,  and  Washington  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Manteo,  Dare  County,  May  13,  1947,  to  St.  Clair  and  Cora  Mae  (Daniels) 
Basnight. 

Educational  Background 

Manteo  High  School,  1966. 

Professional  Background 

One-third  owner  and  President  of  Basnight  Construction  Company,  Manteo. 

Organizations 

Manteo  Lions  Club;  Paul  Harris  Fellow;  North  Banks  Rotary  Club;  32-Degree  Mason; 
Member  of  the  York  Rite;  Scottish  Rite  and  Sudan  Temple;  Dare  County  Tourist 
Bureau;  First  Flight  Society. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

North  Carolina  Board  of  Transportation,  representing  Camden,  Chowan,  Currituck, 
Dare,  Pasquotank  and  Perquimans  Counties,  1977-83. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-90,  1991-92,  1993-present. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Dare  County  Jaycees  Citizen  of  the  Year,  1980;  Outer  Banks  Chamber  of  Commerce's 
Citizen  of  the  Year,  1983;  Dare  Day  Citizenship  Award,  1974  and  1987;  Nature 
Conservancy's  President's  Public  Service  Award,  1989;  1991  Recipient  of  National 
Hurricane  Conference's  Legislative  Achievement  Award;  Senate  Leadership  Award; 
N.C.  Council  of  Community  Mental  Health  Developmental  Disabilities  and  Substance 
Abuse  Program,  1992. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Sandy  Tillett,  March  23,  1968.  Children:  Vicki  and  Caroline  Basnight. 
Member,  Methodist  Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Ex-Officio:  All  Standing  Committees. 


North  Carolina  Manual 

Robert  Charles  Soles,  In 

Deputy  President  Pro  Tempore 

(Democrat  -  Columbus  County) 

Eighteenth  Senatorial  District  - 

Brunswick,  Columbus  and  portions  of 

Bladen  and  New  Hanover  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Tabor  City,  December  17,  1934,  to 
Robert  C.  and  Myrtle  (Norris)  Soles. 

Educational  Background 

Tabor  City  High  School;  Wake  Forest 
University,  1956,  B.S.;  UNC-Chapel  Hill, 
School  of  Law,  1959,  J.D. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney  at  Law. 

Organizations 

American  and  N.C.  Bar  Associations;  American  Trial  Lawyers  Association;  N.C. 
Association  of  County  Attorneys;  Phi  Alpha  Delta;  Rotary  Club  (former  President). 

Boards  and  Commissions 

President,  Southeastern  Community  College  Foundation;  Southern  Growth  Policies 
Board;  Trustee,  UNC-Wilmington;  Former  Trustee  of  the  consolidated  University  of 
N.C.  Medical  Malpractice  Study  Commission;  Former  Member,  Governor's  Crime 
Commission. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1977-Present  (nine  terms);  N.C.  House  of  Representatives, 
1969,  1971,  1973-74,  1975-76. 

Military  Service 
Served,  U.S.  Army  Reserve,  1957-67  (Captain). 

Personal  Information 

Member,  Tabor  City  Baptist  Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chair:  Judiciary  II. 

Member:  Agriculture,  Marine  Resources  &  Wildlife;  Banks  and  Thrift  Institutions; 
Economic  Development;  Finance;  Insurance;  Pensions  and  Retirement;  Public 
Utilities,  Rules  and  Operation  of  the  Senate;  Ways  &  Means;  GPAC  Select. 


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371 


fairies  Richard  Conder 

Majority  Leader 

(Democrat  -  Richmond  County) 

Seventeenth  Senatorial  District  -  Anson, 

Montgomery,  Richmond,  Scotland,  Union 

and  portions  of  Hoke  and  Stanly  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Hamlet,  Richmond  County,  July  20, 
1930,  to  Parks  Holms  and  Ona  Lee  (Crow) 
Conder. 

Educational  Background 

Hamlet  High  School,  1949;  ECU,  1958,  B.S. 
(Business);  LSU,  Graduate  School  of 
Banking,  1968;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  N.C. 
Bankers  Association  School. 

Professional  Background 

Vice  President,  First  Union  National  Bank. 

Organizations 

Hamlet  Rotary  Club  (President,  1963);  Rockingham  Rotary  Club  (President,  1970). 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Former  chair,  Richmond  County  Industrial  Development  Commission,  1970-82. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1985-,  Commissioner,  Richmond  County,  1962-84  (Chair,  1964- 
1984);  President,  National  Association  of  Counties,  1981-82;  President,  N.C. 
Association  of  County  Commissioners,  1972-1973. 

Military  Service 
Served,  U.S.  Air  Force,  1951-55;  Reserves,  1955-59. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Outstanding  Alumnus,  ECU,  1982;  "Tar  Heel  of  the  Week,"  The  News  and  Observer, 
1982;  N.C.  Distinguished  Citizens  Award,  1982;  President  Reagan's  Private  Sector 
Initiative,  1981-82. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Barbara  Ann  Speight,  June  16,  1956.  Children:  Rebecca  Anne,  Mary 
Elizabeth  and  James  Richard,  Jr.  Member,  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Rockingham; 
Elder,  1965-1974,  1983-. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chair:  Finance;  Rules  and  Operation  of  the  Senate. 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  General  Government;  Education/Higher 

Education;  Pensions  and  Retirement;  Transportation;  Ways  &  Means;  GPAC 

Select. 


372 


North  Carolina  Manual 

Robert  G.  Shaw 


Minority  Leader 

(Republican  -  Guilford  County) 

Nineteenth  Senatorial  District  -  Portions 

of  Davidson,  Guilford  and  Randolph 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Erwin,  Harnett  County,  November 
22,  1924,  to  R.G.B.  and  Annie  (Byrd)  Shaw. 

Educational  Background 

Campbell  College;  UNC-Chapel  Hill. 

Professional  Background 

Restaurateur. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Chair,  N.C.  Council  on  Community  and  Economic  Development,  1975-77;  Member, 
Natural  and  Economic  Resources  Board,  1975-77;  Member,  N.C.  Advisory  Budget 
Committee;  Member,  Joint  Legislative  Committee  on  Governmental  Operations. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-90,  1991-92,  1993-;  N.C.  Republican 
Party  Chair,  1975-77;  Republican  National  Committee,  1975-77;  County 
Commissioner,  Guilford  County,  1968-76,  (former  Chair). 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Army  Air  Corps,  1943-46. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Linda  Owens  of  High  Point,  1981.  Children:  Ann  (Shaw)  Hewett  and 
Barbara  (Shaw)  Twining.  Grandsons:  Robert  C.  Hewett;  John  Christopher  Hewett, 
James  V.  Twining,  Jr.,  John  Robert  Twining,  Michael  Twining,  Steven  S.  Twining. 
Member,  Presbyterian  Church,  Greensboro. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Agriculture,  Marine  Resources  &  Wildlife;  Capital  Expenditures;  Finance; 
Local  Government  and  Regional  Affairs;  Ways  &  Means;  GPAC  Select. 


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373 


Betsy  Lane  Cochrane 

Minority  Whip 

(Republican  -  Davie  County) 

Thirty-eighth  Senatorial  District  -Davie, 

and  portions  of  Davidson,  Rowan  and 

Forsyth  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Asheboro,  Randolph  County,  to 
William  Jennings  and  Brodus  Inez 
(Campbell)  Lane. 

Educational  Background 

Asheboro  Grammar  Schools  and  High 
School;  Meredith  College,  B.A.  cum  laude 
(Elementary  Education);  Legislative 
Leaders,  Advanced  Management  Program, 
Boston  University. 

Professional  Background 

North  Carolina  State  Senator,  former  educator  and  housewife. 

Organizations 

Kappa  Nu  Sigma;  Vice  President,  Mocksville  Women's  Club;  Director,  Neighborhood 
Property  Owner's  Association;  N.C.  Symphony;  N.C.  Museum  of  History  Associates; 
N.C.  Museum  of  Art;  ALEC;  NCSL;  Federation  of  Republican  Women;  Meredith 
College  Alumnae  Association. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

N.C.  Advisory  Council  on  Teacher  Education;  Piedmont  Health  Systems  Agency; 
Republican  Education  Commission  for  the  80's;  Retail  Merchants  Advisory  Board; 
Public  School  Forum  of  N.C;  N.C.  Parks  and  Recreation  Commission;  Governor's 
Programs  of  Excellence  in  Education;  Commission  on  the  Future  of  the  South; 
Yadkin-Pee  Dee  River  Basin  Committee,  1981-present;  Davie  County  Hospital 
Trustee;  Southern  Regional  Education  Board;  Legislative  Services  Commission; 
Economic  Futures  Commission;  United  Way  of  N.C;  Governor's  Task  Force  on  Aging, 
1988;  Co-Chair,  Commission  on  Aging,  1989-93;  Commission  on  Workforce 
Preparedness;  Advisory  Budget  Commission. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate  1989-;  Senate  Minority  Whip,  1993-94;  House  of 
Representatives,  1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88;  House  Minority  Leader,  1985- 
89;  Vice-Chair,  Davie  County  Republican  Party;  Executive  Committee,  N.C. 
Republican  Party;  N.C.  Delegate,  GOP  National  Convention,  1976,  1988,  1992;  GOP 
National  Platform  Committee,  1988;  N.C.  Republican  Credentials  Committee,  1979; 
N.C.  Republican  Rules  and  Resolutions,  1981. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

N.C.  Jaycee  Women's  "Outstanding  Woman  in  Government",  1985;  Outstanding 
Freshman  Representative  (GOP),  1981;  "Who's  Who  for  American  Women";  "Who's 
Who  in  American  Colleges  and  Universities";  Yearbook  editor,  college  and  high 


374  North  Carolina  Manual 

school;  one  of  Ten  Outstanding  Legislators  in  the  Nation,  1987;  Distinguished  Women 
in  North  Carolina  Nominee,  1987,  1989;  Meredith  College  Founder's  Day  Speaker, 
1987;  North  Carolina  Association  for  Home  Care  Legislator  of  the  Year  Award,  1992; 
N.  C.  Public  Library  Directors'  Association  Distinguished  Service  Award,  1991;  N.C. 
Health  Care  Facilities  Better  Life  Award,  1993;  Commencement  Speaker,  Davidson 
County  Community  College,  1993. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Joe  Kenneth  Cochrane.  Children:  Lisa  and  Craig.  Member,  Knollwood 
Baptist  Church;  President,  Women's  WMU;  Nominating  Committee;  Sunday  School 
Teacher,  1966-77. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Ranking  Minority  Member  and  Vice  Chair:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Natural 

&  Economic  Resources. 
Ranking  Minority  Member:  Education/Higher  Education;  Public  Utilities. 
Vice  Chair:  Environment  and  Natural  Resources. 
Member:  Children  and  Human  Resources;  Subcommittee  on  Veteran  and  Military 

Affairs,  and  Senior  Citizens;  State  Personnel  and  State  Government;  GPAC 

Select. 


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375 


Charles  W,  Albertson 

(Democrat  -  Duplin  County) 

Fifth  Senatorial  District  -  Duplin,  and 

portions  of  Jones,  Onslow,  Pender  and 

Sampson  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Beulaville,  Duplin  County,  January 
4,  1932,  to  James  Edward  and  Mary 
Elizabeth  (Norris)  Albertson. 

Educational  Background 

Beulaville  Elementary  and  High  School, 
1938-50;  attended  James  Sprunt 
Community  College. 

Professional  Background 

Farmer;  Retired  PPQ  Officer  of  USDA;  Professional  Musician;  Songwriter  and 
Publisher;  Recording  Artist. 

Organizations 

Beulaville  Investors  Club;  North  Carolina  Farm  Bureau;  Co-coordinator  Yokefellow 
Prison  Ministry,  1978-80;  Chair,  Duplin  County  Red  Cross  Fund  Drive,  1980;  Duplin 
Rural  Development  Panel  (Food  and  Agriculture  Council),  1980-87;  Duplin  County 
Fair  Committee,  1982. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

James  Sprunt  Community  College,  Board  of  Trustees,  1977-present,  Chair  of  Board, 
1986-present;  James  Sprunt  Community  College  Foundation  Board  of  Directors, 
1980;  Chair,  James  Sprunt  Community  College  Foundation,  1983-86;  Duplin  County 
Agriculture-Business  Council,  1980-present,  President  1981;  Duplin  County  Arts 
Council  Board  of  Directors,  1977-79. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1993-present;  Member,  North  Carolina  House  of 
Representatives,  1989-92. 


Military  Service 


Served,  U.S.  Air  Force,  1951-52. 


Hon  or s  and  A  wa rds 

Two  Certificates  of  Esteem  from  U.S.  Defense  Department  for  entertaining  troops  in 
26  counties;  Duplin  County  Board  of  Commissioners  proclaimed  Charlie  Albertson 
Day,  May  25,  1975;  Long  Leaf  Pine  Award;  Award  for  writing  song  for  USDA  APHIS; 
Has  performed  on  the  Grand  Ole  Opry. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Grace  Sholar,  February  15,  1953.  Children:  Randy  Lee  Albertson  and 
Pamela  Albertson  Darnell.  Three  Grandchildren.  Member,  Beulaville  Presbyterian 
Church;  Deacon,  1972-77;  Elder,  1978-83,  1984-86,  1988-present;  Sunday  School  Teacher; 


376  North  Carolina  Manual 

Choir  Member;  Former  President,  Wilmington  Presbyterian  Men's  Council;  Former 
Vice  President,  N.C.  Synod  Men's  Council. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Agriculture,  Marine  Resources  &  Wildlife. 
Vice  Chair:  Children  and  Human  Resources. 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Department  of  Transportation;  Local 
Government  and  Regional  Affairs;  Manufacturing  and  Labor. 


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377 


Austin  Murphy  Allran 

(Republican  -  Catawba  County) 

Twenty-sixth  Senatorial  District  - 

Catawba  and  portions  of  Lincoln 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Hickory,  Catawba  County, 
December  13,  1951,  to  Albert  M.  and  Mary 
Ethel  (Houser)  Allran. 

Educational  Background 

Hickory  High  School,  1970;  Duke  University, 
1974,  B.A.;  Southern  Methodist  University, 
School  of  Law,  1978,  J.D. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney  at  Law. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

N.C.  State  Bar;  Catawba  County  Bar  Association;  Catawba  County  Chamber  of 
Commerce;  Hickory  Museum  of  Art;  Catawba  County  Historical  Association;  Duke 
University  Alumni  Association;  Hickory  Landmarks  Society;  Friends  of  the  Chapel, 
Duke  University;  Special  Friend  of  Hickory  Choral  Society;  Chief  Trustee  of  the  A.M. 
Allran  Charitable  Trust. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate  1987-88,  1989-90,  1991-92,  1993-present;  Member,  N.C.  House, 
1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86;  Legislative  Assistant,  Governor  James  Holshouser,  1974; 
Congressional  Intern  on  the  Washington  staff  of  Congressman  James  T.  Broyhill, 
1973;  Member,  Catawba  County  Young  Republican  Club;  Catawba  County 
Republican  Men's  Forum. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Judy  Mosbach,  September  27,  1980.  Children:  Elizabeth  Austin  Allran  and 
Catherine  Houser  Allran.  Great-grandson  of  John  Edney  Hoover  of  Lincoln  County, 
Member  of  N.C.  House,  Session  of  1915;  Great-great-grandson  of  Coatsworth  Wilson 
of  Lincoln  County,  Member  of  N.C.  House,  1891.  Life-long  member,  Corinth 
Reformed  United  Church  of  Christ,  Hickory,  where  activities  include:  Usher,  Greeter, 
Communion  Server;  Past  Chair  of  Archives  and  History  Committee;  Past  Member, 
Consistory  (two  terms);  Member,  Viewpoints  Sunday  School  Class;  Former  Chair  of 
Spiritual  Council;  Former  Member,  Board  of  Business  Management;  Former  Member, 
Board  of  Christian  Education. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Ranking  Minority  Member:  Finance;  Judiciary  II;  Ways  &  Means. 
Vice  Chair:  Manufacturing  and  Labor. 

Member:  Children  and  Human  Resources;  Constitution  and  Election  Laws;  Economic 
Development;  State  Personnel  and  State  Government;  Transportation. 


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If 


Frank  W,  Ballance,  Jn 

(Democrat  -  Warren  County) 

Second  Senatorial  District  -  Gates, 

Hertford,  Northampton,  Warren,  and 

portions  of  Bertie,  Halifax,  and  Vance 

Counties. 


Early  Years 

Born  in  Windsor,  Bertie  County,  February  15, 
1942,  to  Frank  Winston  and  Alice  (Eason) 
Ballance. 

Educational  Background 

W.S.  Etheridge  High  School,  1959;  North 
Carolina  Central  University,  1963;  North 
Carolina  Central  Law  School,  1965. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney  Frank  W.  Ballance,  Jr.  &  Associates  PA  1990-;  (Ballance  and  Reaves,  1985- 
89;  Frank  W.  Ballance,  Jr.,  1979-1984;  Clayton  and  Ballance,  1966-1979);  Librarian 
and  Professor,  South  Carolina  State  College  School  of  Law,  1965-66. 

Organ  iza  tions 

Chair,  Warren  County  Chapter  NAACP  1988;  N.C.  State  Bar,  1965-;  N.C.  Association 
of  Trial  Lawyers;  N.C.  Association  of  Black  Lawyers. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Board  of  Trustees,  Elizabeth  City  State  University;  Board  of  Trustees,  North 
Carolina  Central  University. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1989-;  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives  1983-84,  1985- 
86;  Vice-Chair,  Warren  County  Political  Action  Council;  Chair,  2nd  Congressional 
District  Black  Caucus. 

Military  Service 

North  Carolina  National  Guard,  1968;  Reserves,  1968-71. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Bernadine  Smallwood,  1969.  Children:  Garey  Malcolm,  Angela  Denise,  and 
Valerie  Michelle.    Member,  Greenwood  Baptist  Church,  Warrenton;  Chair,  Board  of  i 
Deacons. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Chair:  Judiciary  I. 
Vice-Chair:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Justice  &  Public  Safety;  Economic 

Development. 
Member:  Banks  and  Thrift  Institutions;  Constitution  and  Election  Laws;  Insurance; 

Local  Government  and  Regional  Affairs;  Manufacturing  and  Labor;  Rules  and 

Operation  of  the  Senate. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


379 


fofan  Gerald  Blackmail 

(Republican  -  Mecklenburg 
County) 

Thirty-fifth  Senatorial  District  -  Portions 
of  Mecklenburg  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Asheville,  Buncombe  County, 
December  23,  1928,  to  William  George  and 
Mabel  Petty  Blackmon. 

Educational  Background 

York  High  School,  1946;  University  of  South 
Carolina,  B.S.,  Mechanical  Engineering, 
1954. 

Professional  Background 

Management,  J.  G.  Blackmon  and  Associates;  President,  Blackmon  Service, 
Authorized  Parts,  Carolina  Products,  Inc. 

Organizations 

American  Society  of  Heating,  Air  Conditioning,  and  Refrigeration  Engineers; 
Director,  Boy  Scouts  (Handicapped),  Executive  Board,  Regional  Transportation 
Metrolina  Region;  Chair,  Regional  Transportation  Authority;  UNC-C  Board  of 
Visitors;  Board  of  Directors,  WTVL 

Boards  and  Commissions 

United  Carolina  Bank  Board;  Principal  Advisory  Board,  Liebert  Corporation. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1991-present;  Mecklenburg  County  Board  of  Commissioners; 
Mecklenburg  County  Board  of  Health. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Navy,  U.S.  Air  Force,  1st  Lieutenant,  1946-49;  Reserves,  1952-56. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Irene  Herty  of  New  York,  June  9,  1952.  Children:  John  G.  Jr.,  Richard  H., 
Ann  Bass  and  William  S.  Member,  St.  John's  Episcopal  Church;  Vestry  Men's  Club; 
Sunday  School  Teacher;  Chair,  Every  Member  Canvass;  Board  of  Directors,  Kanuga 
Episcopal  Conference  Center. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Ranking  Minority  Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Justice  &  Public  Safety; 

Environment  and  Natural  Resources;  GPAC  Select. 
Member:  Constitution  and  Election  Laws;  Economic  Development;  Judiciary  I;  Local 

Government  and  Regional  Affairs;  Rules  and  Operation  of  the  Senate; 

Transportation. 


380 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Robert  C.  Carpenter 

(Republican  -  Macon  County) 

Forty-second  Senatorial  District  -  Cherokee, 
Clay,  Graham,  Polk  and  portions  of 

Buncombe,  Haywood,  Henderson,  Jackson, 
Macon  and  Transylvania  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Franklin,  Macon  County,  June  18, 
1924,  to  Edgar  J.  and  Eula  D.  Carpenter. 

Ed  ucational  Ba  ckgro  und 

Franklin  High  School,  1942;  Western  Carolina 
University;  UNC-Chapel  Hill  Pre-flight 
School;  Purdue  University,  LUTC;  University 
J]|     of  Virginia  School  of  Consumer  Banking. 

Professional  Background 

Retired,  Vice  President  and  City  Executive,  First  Union  National  Bank,  Franklin. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1989-90,  1991-92,  1993-present. 

Organizations 

Director,  Franklin  Rotary  Club  (President,  1959);  American  Legion  Post  108; 
Franklin  AARP;  Franklin  Investment  Club;  St.  Michaels  Council  of  Knights  of 
Columbus;  Former  member:  Asheville  Optimist  Club,  (1962-71;  President,  1965); 
Optimist  International  (Zone  Governor,  1966;  President);  Rotary  District  767, 
(District  Secretary/Treasurer,  1975);  Franklin  Jaycees  (President,  1960-61);  Angel 
Community  Hospital  (Vice  Chair);  Operation  Heartbeat,  (Chair);  Group  10,  N.C. 
Bankers  Association  (Chair,  1965);  Group  6,  N.C.  Bankers  Association,  (Chair,  1974); 
NABAC,  (President,  1967). 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Member:  Macon  County  Economic  Development  Commission;  Board  of  Trustees, 
Southwestern  Community  College;  Chair,  Franklin  First  Union  Board  of  Directors. 
Former  member:  Macon  County  Board  of  County  Commissioners,  (1978-82);  N.C. 
Association  of  Community  College  Trustees  (Past  President);  Developmental 
Disabilities  Board;  Governor  Martin  s  Literacy  Commission,  (1987-88). 

Military  Activities 

Served,  U.S.  Navy,  Aviation  Cadet,  1943-45. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  T.  Helen  Edwards  Bryant,  January  18,  1986.  Children:  Elizabeth,  Jane, 
Christine,  Robert  D.  Dale,  Thomas,  and  Edgar.  Member,  Saint  Francis  Catholic 
Church,  Franklin;  Eucharist  Minister;  Parish  Council,  1982-86. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Ranking  Minority  Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Department  of 
Transportation;  Economic  Development;  Pensions  and  Retirement. 

Member:  Banks  and  Thrift  Institutions;  Judiciary  II;  Public  Utilities;  Rules  and 
Operation  of  the  Senate;  Transportation. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


381 


fohn  Bonnell  Codington* 

(Republican  -  New  Hanover 
County) 

Fourth  Senatorial  District  -  Portions  of 

Carteret,  New  Hanover,  Onslow  and 

Pender  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Wilmington,  New  Hanover  County, 
October  27,  1925,  to  Herbert  A.  and  Jessie 
(Peck)  Codington. 

Educational  Background 

New  Hanover  High  School,  1939-43; 
Davidson  College,  1949,  B.S.  (Biology); 
University  of  Maryland,  School  of  Medicine, 
1953,  M.D. 


Professional  Background 


Surgeon. 


Orga  n  iza  tions 

American  College  of  Surgeons;  New  Hanover  Medical  Society,  President,  1970; 
Champion  MacDowell  Davis  Foundation;  Foundation  for  Geriatric  Independence, 
President,  1990-92. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

New  Hanover  Board  of  Educational  Background,  1966-1978  (Chair,  1970-78);  UNC- 
Wilmington  Board  of  Trustees;  N.C.  Board  of  Science  and  Technology;  Cape  Fear 
Community  Foundation. 


Political  Activities 


Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1993. 


Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Army,  Unit  658  Engineers,  Corporal,  1943-46. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Civil  Rights  Award,  1983;  Professor  of  the  Year,  1985. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Elizabeth  Carter,  June  23,  1951.    Children:    Beth,  John,  Jr.,  and  Anne. 
Member,  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Wilmington;  Ruling  Elder,  1961. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Ranking  Minority  Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  General  Government. 
Member:  Children  and  Human  Resources;  Insurance;  Judiciary  I;  Ways  and  Means. 


*  Deceased,  March  1, 1994 


382  North  Carolina  Manual 

Roy  Asberry  Cooper,  III 

(Democrat  -  Nash  County) 

Tenth  Senatorial  District  -  Nash  and 

portions  of  Edgecombe,  Halifax  and 

Wilson  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Nashville,  Nash  County,  June  13, 
1957,  to  Roy  A.  and  Beverly  Cooper,  Jr. 

Educational  Background 

Northern  Nash  Sr.  High  School,  1973-75; 
UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1979  (Bachelor  of  Arts); 
UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1982  (Juris  Doctor). 

Professional  Background 

Attorney;  N.C.  Bar  Association;  N.C. 
Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers. 

Organizations 

Rocky  Mount  Jaycees;  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Tar  River  Chorus  and  Orchestra 
Society,  Board  of  Directors;  United  Way,  Board  of  Directors;  American  Heart 
Association,  Board  of  Directors;  Red  Cross;  Board  of  Directors,  Visions,  Inc. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Former,  State  Goals  and  Policy  Board,  1979-84;  State  Interim  Balanced  Growth 
Board,  1979-84;  Commission  on  the  Future  of  N.C.  (N.C.  2000),  1981-84;  N.C.  Courts 
Commission,  1988-90. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1991-present;  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1987- 
91;  N.C.  College  Democrats  (President-UNC-  Chapel  Hill  Club),  1978;  N.C.  Young 
Democrats  (2nd  District  Chair),  1980;  Democratic  Party  (Precinct  Officer,  Delegate  to 
County,  District  and  State  Conventions). 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Morehead  Scholar;  UNC  Order  of  Golden  Fleece,  Grail,  and  Old  Well;  Order  of  the  j 
Long  Leaf  Pine  State  Honor  Society;  Freedom  Guard  Award  (N.C.  Jaycees); 
Distinguished  Service  Award  (Rocky  Mount  Jaycees). 

Personal  Information 

Member,  First  Presbyterian  Church;  Deacon,  1983-86;  Youth  Group  Advisor,  Various 
Committees. 

COMMIE  ASSWMMTS 

Chair:  Judiciary  II. 

Vice  Chair:  Manufacturing  and  Labor. 

Member:  Children  and  Human  Resources;  Constitution  and  Election  Laws;  Economic 

Development;  Educational  Background/Higher  Educational  Background;  ! 

Environment  and  Natural  Resources;  Finance;  Rules  and  Operation  of  the 

Senate. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  383 

George  Berkley  Daniel 

(Democrat  -  Caswell  County) 

Twenty-first  Senatorial  District  - 

Alamance,  Caswell,  and  portions  of 

Person  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Raleigh,  Wake  County,  April  1, 
1951,  to  George  C.  and  Florence  Anne 
(Taylor)  Daniel. 

Educational  Background 

Bartlett  Yancey  High  School,  1969;  North 
Carolina  State  University,  B.S.,  1973;  Wake 
Forest  University,  J.D.,  1976. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney  at  Law  and  Independent  Farmer. 

Organizations 

American  Bar  Association;  American  Academy  and  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers; 
N.C.  State  Bar;  N.C.  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Institute  of  Political  Leadership,  Fellow 
(1989);  Caswell,  Alamance  and  Person  Chambers  of  Commerce. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Board  of  Governors,  N.C.  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Center  for  Public  Policy  Research, 
Inc.;  Board  of  Overseers  for  the  Duke  Comprehensive  Cancer  Center;  Alumni  Board 
of  the  N.C.  Institute  of  Political  Leadership;  Engineering  Foundation  Board  of 
Directors,  NCSU;  Region  5  Screening  Committee  on  the  North  Carolina  Teaching 
Fellows  Commission;  Advisory  Committee,  N.C.  Child  Advocacy  and  Advisory  Council 
for  N.C.  Center  for  Nursing. 

Political  Activities 

Member  of  the  North  Carolina  Senate,  1987-present;  Member,  Democratic  Party  of 
Caswell,  Alamance  and  Person  Counties;  Patron  Member,  N.C.  Democratic  Party, 
1990-present;  Chair,  Piedmont  Triad  Caucus  (representing  11  counties  in  the  Triad). 

Honors  and  Awards 

Henry  B.  Toll  Fellow,  1987;  "Guardian  of  Small  Business",  1990. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Cynthia  Gail  Long,  of  Prospect  Hill,  June  27,  1981.  Children:  Jacob,  Taylor 
and  Leah.  Member,  New  Hope  Methodist  Church;  Member  of  the  Board  of  Trustees. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Appropriations. 

Vice  Chair:  GPAC  Select. 

Member:  Capital  Expenditures;  Children  and  Human  Resources;  Children  and 

Human  Resources  Subcommittee  on  Veteran  and  Military  Affairs,  and  Senior 

Citizens;  Constitution  and  Election  Laws;  Judiciary  I;  Pensions  and  Retirement; 

Rules  and  Operation  of  the  Senate;  State  Personnel  and  State  Government;  Ways 

and  Means. 


384 


North  Carolina  Manual 


f     Chancy  Rudolph  Edwards 

(Democrat  -  Cumberland  County) 

Forty-first  Senatorial  District  -  Portions 
of  Cumberland  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Nash  County,  February  28,  1925,  to 
B.  H.  Edwards  and  Lucy  Kearney  Edwards. 

Educational  Background 

Nash  County  Training  School,  1941;  Shaw 
University,  Social  Studies,  A.B.,  1946;  Shaw 
University,  Religion,  M.Div.,  1949. 

Professional  Background 

Pastor,  Emeritus,  First  Baptist  Church, 
Fayetteville,  N.C.;  President,  General 
Baptist  State  Convention  of  N.C.;  State  Board  of  Educational  Background. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

President,  General  Baptist  Convention;  Member,  Shaw  Divinity  School  Board  of 
Trustees;  NAACP;  United  Way,  OIC. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Board  of  Trustees,  Shaw  University  (Chair);  State  Commission  on  Aging;  Fayetteville 
City  Board  of  Educational  Background,  Precinct  Chair. 

Political  Activities 

Member  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1982-90;  Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1993. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Honorary  Doctor  of  Divinity  Degree  -  Shaw  University  Distinguished  Alumni  Award; 
Award  of  Honor  from  the  City  of  Fayetteville;  Business  &  Professional  League  Award; 
Friend  of  Educational  Background  -  NCAE. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Luella  Dickens  Edwards,  August  30,  1948.  Children:  Jewyl  Anita. 
Member,  First  Baptist  Church,  Fayetteville,  N.C;  Pastor;  Pastor  Emeritus. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Economic  Development. 

Vice  Chair:  Pensions  and  Retirement. 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Educational  Background;  Banks  and 

Thrift  Institutions;  Educational  Background/Higher  Educational  Background; 

Local  Government  and  Regional  Affairs;  Manufacturing  and  Labor. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 
Fred  Folger,  Jr. 


385 


(Democrat  -  New  Hanover  County) 

Twelfth  Senatorial  District  -  Alleghany, 

Ashe,  Rockingham,  Stokes,  Surry, 

Watauga  and  portions  of  Guilford 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Mount  Airy,  Surry  County,  June  14, 
1926,  to  Fred  Folger  and  Mary  Mills 
Fawcett. 

Educational  Background 

Mount  Airy  High  School;  Duke  University, 
AB,  1949;  Duke  University,  LL.B.,  1952. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney,  Folger  and  Folger,  Partner. 

Orga  n  iza  tion  s 

N.C.  Bar  Association;  Disciplinary  Commission  (DHC),  1988-93;  Surry  County  Bar 
(Past  President);  Rotary  Club  (Past  Member  of  Board  of  Directors). 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Surry  County  Attorney;  Member,  Local  Board  NationsBank,  Mount  Airy. 

Political  Activities 

:  Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1969-74,  1993-present. 

i  Military  Service 

i  Served,  U.S.  Navy,  ARM2C,  1944-46,  Pacific. 

Personal  Information 

i 

1  Married,  Elizabeth  C.  Murray,  March  24,  1951.   Children:  Mary  Mills  Folger  Borden 
;  and  Barbara  Elizabeth  Folger.    Central  United  Methodist;  Board  of  Trustees, 
Administrative  Board. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Local  Government  and  Regional  Affairs. 
Vice  Chair:  Constitution  and  Election  Laws;  Judiciary  I. 

Member:   Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Justice  &  Public  Safety;  State  Personnel 
and  State  Government;  Transportation. 


386 


North  Carolina  Manual 


James  Summers  Forrester 

(Republican  -  Gaston  County) 

Thirty-ninth  Senatorial  District  - 

Portions  of  Gaston,  Iredell,  and  Lincoln 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Aberdeen,  Scotland,  January  8, 
1937,  to  James  S.  and  Nancy  McLennan 
Forrester. 

Educational  Background 

New  Hanover  High,  1954;  Wake  Forest 
University,  B.S.  Science,  1958;  Bowman 
Gray  School  of  Medicine  of  WFU,  MD,  1962; 
UNC-Chapel  Hill,  M.  P.H.,  1976. 

Professional  Background 

Physician,  Personal  Information  Practice;  President,  Gaston  County  Medical  Society; 
Board  of  Trustees,  Gaston  Memorial  Hospital;  Past  BOD,  N.C.  Heart  Association, 
Board  Certified  in  Personal  Information  Practice  and  Preventive  Medicine;  Medical 
Director  of  Brian  Center  and  Greenfield  Manor,  Gastonia. 

Organizations 

Gaston  County  Medical  Society;  N.C.  Medical  Society;  Aerospace  Medical  Association 
(A.  Fellow);  American  College  of  Preventive  Medicine  (fellow);  AMA  Southern  Medical 
Association;  American  Medical  Directors  Association;  Lions  Club;  Team  physician, 
East  Gaston  High  School;  Medical  Consultant,  Gaston  County  Health  Department. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Past  Vice  Chair,  Gaston-Lincoln  Mental  Health;  Past  President,  Gaston  County 
Heart  Association;  BOD  (past)  Childrens  Council,  Gaston  County;  BOD,  United  Arts 
Council;  BOD,  Gaston  County  Museum  of  Art  and  History. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1991-present;  County  Commissioner,  Gaston  County,  1982-90; 
Chair,  Board  of  Commissioners,  1989-90. 

Military  Service 

N.C.  Air  National  Guard,  HQ  NCANE,  Brig  General,  Ret.,  (ASS.AG  for  Air);  USAF  I 
Command  Flight  Surgeon  of  the  Year,  1976;  Former  Commander  of  145  TAC  clinic 
and  state  air  Surgeon;  Chief  Surgeon,  Participated  in  air  evacuation  in  Vietnam;  Air  ; 
war  college  graduate. 

Honors  and  Awards 
Jefferson  Award  for  Public  Service,  1988. 

Other  Activities 
Participated  in  Foreign  Medical  Missions  in  Belize  and  Haiti. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  387 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Mary  Frances  All  of  Wilmington,  March  12,  1960.  Children:  Lorri  Wynn 
Maxwell,  Gloria  Ann  Lucioni,  Mary  Paige  Forrester  and  James  S.  Forrester,  Jr. 
Member,  First  Baptist  Church,  Stanley;  Member,  Christian  Medical  and  Dental 
Society. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Ranking  Minority  Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Human  Resources; 

Children  and  Human  Resources. 
Member:  Educational  Background/Higher  Educational  Background;  Pensions  and 

Retirement;  Public  Utilities;  Ways  &  Means;  GPAC  Select. 


North  Carolina  Manual 

Wilbur  Paul  Gulley 

(Democrat  -  Durham  County) 

Thirteenth  Senatorial  District  -  Durham, 

Granville,  and  portions  of  Person  and 

Wake  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Little  Rock,  Pulaski  County, 
Arkansas,  July  31,  1948,  to  Wilbur  P. 
Gulley,  Jr.  and  Jane  Harrison  Ashley. 

Educational  Background 

Hall  High  School,  1966;  Duke  University, 
Bachelor  of  Arts  in  history,  1970; 
Northeastern  University,  School  of  Law, 
J.D.,  1981. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney  at  Law,  Gulley  and  Calhoun. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1993-present;  Mayor,  City  of  Durham,  1985-89. 

Personal  Information 


Married,  Charlotte  L.  Nelson,  May  5,  1985. 
Presbyterian  Church,  Durham,  N.C. 


Children:    Paul  Nelson  Gulley.    First 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chair:  Local  Government  and  Regional  Affairs. 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Human  Resources;  Educational 
Background/Higher  Educational  Background;  Environment  and  Natural 
Resources;  Judiciary  II;  Manufacturing  and  Labor;  Public  Utilities; 
Transportation. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 
Linda  H.  Gunter 


(Democrat  -  Wake  County) 

Thirty-sixth  Senatorial  District  - 
Portions  of  Wake  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Binghamton,  Broome  County,  New 
York,  December  12,  1949,  to  Walter 
Norman  Hinkleman  and  Helen  Wolski 
Hinkleman. 

Educational  Background 

Cary  High  School,  1967;  Durham  Technical 

College-Paralegal  Studies,  1986;  N.C. 

Justice  Academy,  Advance  Juvenile  Officer 

Training,  1984;  Investigating  Child  Abuse 

and  Neglect,   1985;  Meredith  College, 

Paralegal  Studies,  1981-85;  Wake  Technical  Institute,  N.C.  Real  Estate  Salesman's 

License,  1972-present;  High  Point  University,  AB,  Social  Studies,  1971. 

Professional  Background 

Teacher,  Cary  High  School;  National  Educational  Background  Association;  N.C. 
Association  of  Educators;  Wake  County  Association  of  Classroom  Teachers;  Delta 
Kappa  Gamma,  Honorary  Teacher  Society;  N.C.  Real  Estate  License;  Taft  Fellow. 

Organizations 

NOW  Member;  NARAL  Member;  Sierra  Club;  Leadership  Cary,  1991;  Voter 
:  Registration  Commissioner,  1989-91;  Cary  Clean  Community  Commission,  1987-90, 
•  Educational  Background  Chair;  Regional  Judge,  American  Legion  Oratorical  Contest, 
!  1990;  State  Committee  for  CRADLE,  Center  for  Research  and  Development  in  Law- 
,  Related  Educational  Background,  1990;  State  Judge  for  Veterans  of  Foreign  Wars 
1  (VFW),  "Voice  of  Democracy"  Contest,  1989;  Wake  County  Bicentennial  Committee, 
;  Vice  Chairperson,  1988;  Cary  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Educational  Task  Force;  N.C. 
i  General  Assembly,  Public  School  Calendar  Committee,  1985. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Wake  County  Youth  Services  Advisory  Board,  1984-85. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1993-present;  State  Democratic  Executive  Committee,  seven 
terms;  Democratic  Elector,  4th  Congressional  District,  three  terms;  Democratic 
Women;  Democratic  Men;  Young  Democrats;  Cary  Precinct  4,  Committee  member; 
N.C.  Institute  of  Political  Leadership,  1990  Fellow;  League  of  Women  Voters; 
Women's  Political  Caucus. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

1987-1992  Professional  Development  Plan  -  Merit  Plan  Bonus;  1991,  Cary  Keep 
America  Beautiful  Volunteer  of  the  Year;  1991  American  Legion  Award  for 
Coordination  of  Adopt-A-G.I.  Program;  1989,  National  Endowment  for  the 
Humanities  Fellowship;  1988,  John  H.  Stevens  Teacher  Excellence  Award. 


390  North  Carolina  Manual 

Personal  Information 

Children:  Jamye  Lynne  and  Donald  Tracy;  Member:  1st  United  Methodist  Church, 
Cary;  Administrative  Board. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chair:  Educational  Background/Higher  Educational  Background. 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  General  Government;  Constitution  and 

Election  Laws;  Environment  and  Natural  Resources;  Local  Government  and 

Regional  Affairs;  Transportation. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


391 


.  Ollie  Harris 


(Democrat  -  Cleveland  County) 

Thirty-seventh  Senatorial  District  - 

Rutherford  and  portions  of  Cleveland 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Anderson,  South  Carolina,  September  2, 
1913,  to  J.  Frank  and  Jessie  (Hambright)  Harris. 

Educational  Background 

Shelby  High  School,  1931;  Gupton-Jones  College 
of  Embalming,  1935. 

Professional  Background 

Funeral  Director  and  Embalmer  (President 
and  Treasurer,  Harris  Funeral  Home,  Inc.). 

Orga  n  iza  tion  s 

N.C.  Funeral  Directors  Association  (former  President);  National  Funeral  Directors 
,  Association;  National  Selected  Morticians;  former  President,  N.C.  Coroners 
Association;  Mason;  Shriner. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

N.C.  Funeral  Directors  and  Embalming  Board,  (former  President);  Legislative  Service 
!  Commission,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-90;  Legislative  Research  Commission,  1985-86; 

former  Trustee,  Gardner-Webb  College;  N.C.  Mental  Health  Study  Commission, 
; 1977-90. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1971-72,  1975-76,  1977-78,  1979-80,  1981-82,  1983-84,  1985- 
|86,  1987-88,  1989-90,  1993-;  Coroner,  Cleveland  County,  1946-70. 

Military  Service 

i  Served,  U.S.  Army,  1943-46,  65th  Field  Hospital;  European  Theatre;  Bronze  Star. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Award  of  Appreciation  and  Recognition,  N.C.  Psychological  Association,  1985;  Better 
Life  Award,  N.C.  Health  Care  Facilities,  1979;  Valand  Award,  N.C.  Mental  Health 
Association,  1979;  Legislator  of  the  Year,  N.C.  Health  Department  Association,  1979. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Abbie  Jane  Wall,  May  4,  1934.  Children:  John  Jr.  and  Becky  (Harris). 
Member,  Baptist  Church. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Chair:  Children  and  Human  Resources  Subcommittee  on  Veteran  and  Military 

Affairs,  and  Senior  Citizens;  Pensions  and  Retirement. 
Vice  Chair:    Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Human  Resources;  Children  and 

Human  Resources. 
Member:    Banks  and  Thrift  Institutions;  Insurance;  Judiciary  II;  Public  Utilities; 

Rules  and  Operation  of  the  Senate;  Ways  &  Means. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


etcher  Lee  Hartsell,  Jn 

(Republican  -  Cabarrus  County) 

Twenty-second  Senatorial  District  - 

Cabarrus,  and  portions  of  Rowan,  and 

Stanly  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Concord,  Cabarrus  County, 
February  15,  1947,  to  Fletcher  L.  and  Doris 
Wright  Hartsell. 

Educational  Background 

Concord  High  School,  1965;  Davidson 
College,  A.B.,  Political  Science,  1969;  UNC- 
Chapel  Hill,  J.D.,  1972. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney;    Cabarrus    County    Schools 
Attorney,  1979-present;  Cabarrus  County  Attorney,  1985-present. 

Organizations 

19-A  Judicial  District  Bar  Association,  Cabarrus  &  Rowan  Counties,  Secretary- 
Treasurer,  1983-84,  1987-present,  President,  1985-86;  American  &  N.C.  Bar 
Association;  N.C.  State  Bar;  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  Cabarrus  County  Bar 
Association,  President,  1986-87;  N.C.  Council  of  School  Attorneys,  Regional  Director; 
National  Association  of  Social  Security  Claimant's  Representatives;  President,  Kan- 
La-Can  Community  Concert  Association,  1980-85;  Chair,  Board  of  Trustees,  Cabarrus 
Academy,  1986-87;  Volunteer,  Cabarrus  Winter  Night  Shelter;  Concord  Rotary  Club; 
Help  Line  of  Cabarrus  County  Advisory  Board. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1991-present. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Army,  Reserve  Commission,  1st  Lieutenant/Captain,  1972;  Honor  Graduate- 
Officer  Basic  Course,  U.S.  Army  Infantry  School  (IOBC  5-72). 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Tana  (Honeycutt)  Hartsell  of  Kannapolis,  May  21,  1972.  Children:  Fletcher 
Lee  Hartsell,  III,  Whitney  Paige  Hartsell  and  Alice  Tyson  Hartsell.  Member,  McGill 
Avenue  Baptist  Church;  Diaconate  (Chair  1979-80,  1987-88);  Sunday  School  Teacher; 
Church  Training  Director;  Brotherhood  Director.  Cabarrus  Baptist  Association;' 
Baptist  Men's  Director  and  Parliamentarian  Baptist  State  Convention  of  N.C; 
Regional  Baptist  Men's  Director  and  Assistant  Parliamentarian;  Southern  Baptist; 
Convention;  Overseas  Missions  Volunteer  (Guatemala  1985  &  1986,  Bermuda,  1987); 
Secretary  National  Fellowship  of  Baptist  Lawyers,  1989. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS  _    ! 

Ranking  Minority  Member:  Judiciary  I;  Local  Government  and  Regional  Affairs; 

Rules  and  Operation  of  the  Senate. 
Member:  Banks  and  Thrift  Institutions;  Constitution  and  Election  Laws;  Educational] 

Background/Higher  Educational  Background;  Finance;  Manufacturing  and 
Labor. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


393 


David  William  Hoyle 

(Democrat  -  Gaston  County) 

Twenty-fifth  Senatorial  District  - 

Portions  of  Cleveland,  Gaston  and 

Lincoln  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Gastonia,  Gaston  County,  on 
February  4,  1939,  to  William  Atkin  Hoyle 
and  Ethel  (Brown)  Hoyle. 

Educational  Background 

Dallas  High  School,  1957;  Lenoir-Rhyne 
College,  1960,  B.A.  Business 
Administration;  Lenoir-Rhyne  College, 
1983,  Honorary  Doctor  of  Laws. 


Professional  Background 

CEO/President,  Summey  Building  Systems,  Inc.;  Founder/President,  Summey 
Building  Systems,  Inc.,  1960-1985;  Founder-SBS,  Inc.,  Manufactured  Housing, 
Construction,  and  Real  Estate  Development. 

Organizations 

Founder/Board  Member,  Home  Builders  Association  of  Gaston  Co.;  Vice  Chair,  Board 

of  Directors  of  Gaston  Federal  Savings  &  Loan  Association;  Board  of  Advisors, 

Branch  Banking  &  Trust;  Board  of  Directors,  TI-CARO,  Inc.;  Director,  Gaston  County 

Chamber  of  Commerce;  Chair,  1987  Arts  Fund  Drive;  Board  of  Directors,  Schiele 

Museum  of  Natural  History,  Inc.;  Board  of  Directors,  United  Way  of  Gaston  Co,  Inc.; 

;  Director  Gaston  County  Heart  Association;  Board  of  Directors,  Gaston  County  Area 

'Mental  Health;  President,  Dallas  Jaycees;  President,  Lenoir-Rhyne  College  Alumni 

i  Association;  Gaston  County  PTA  Council;  Board  of  Directors,  Garrison  Community 

Foundation  of  Gaston  County,  Inc. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

iN.C.  Department  of  Transportation,  1977-1984;  President,  Piedmont  Educational 
'Foundation;  Board  of  Trustees,  Lenoir-Rhyne  College;  Chair-Board  of  Trustees, 
Gaston  Memorial  Hospital. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1993;  Mayor,  Town  of  Dallas,  1967-71;  Chair,  Gaston  County 
Democratic  Party. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Linda  (Summey)  Hoyle,  January  28,  1959.  Children:  Lonnia  Hoyle  Beam 
and  David  William  Hoyle,  Jr.  Member,  Holy  Communion  Lutheran  Church,  Dallas 
N.C;  Member/Chair,  Church  Council;  Chair,  Stewardship  Committee;  Church  School 
Teacher. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chair:  Transportation. 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Natural  &  Economic  Resources;  Banks  and 
Thrift  Institutions;  Economic  Development;  Educational  Background/Higher 
Educational  Background;  Manufacturing  and  Labor;  Public  Utilities;  GPAC  Select. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Herbert  L.  Hyde 

(Democrat  -  Buncombe  County) 

Twenty-eighth  Senatorial  District 
McDowell,  Madison,  Yancey,  and  por- 
tions of  Buncombe  and  Burke  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Swain  County,  December  12,  1925, 
to  Ervin  M.  and  Alice  M.  Hyde. 

Educational  Background 

Public  Schools  of  Swain  County;  Western 
Carolina  University,  B.A.,  1951;  New  York 
University  School  of  Law,  J.D.,  1954;  Root- 
Tilden  Scholar. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney  at  Law. 

Organizations 

Member,  Buncombe  County,  North  Carolina  and  American  Bar  Associations; 
Member,  American  Judicature  Society;  Member,  Bar  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Former  Secretary,  Buncombe  County  Democratic  Executive  Committee;  Former 
Treasurer,  N.C.  Democratic  Executive  Committee;  Former  Chair,  N.C.  Task  Force  on 
Telecommunications;  Former  Member  and  Chair,  N.C.  Commission  for  the  Blind; 
Former  Member,  Executive  Committee,  Citizens  Committee  for  Better  Schools; 
Former  Chair,  Opportunity  Corporation  of  Buncombe-Madison  Counties,  past 
President,  Candler  Lions  Club;  Past  President,  Alumni  Association,  Western  Carolina 
University;  Former  Member,  N.C.  Courts  Commission;  Former  Member,  Board  of 
Trustees,  Asheville-Buncombe  Technical  Institute;  Member,  N.C.  Senate  1964-66; 
Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1972-76;  Former  Secretary,  N.C. 
Department  of  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety;  Former  Chair,  N.C.  Center  for 
Public  Television;  Former  Chair,  Buncombe  County  Democratic  Executive! 
Committee;  Former  Chair,  11th  District  Democratic  Executive  Committee;  Present 
Member,  N.C.  Senate,  Former  Chair,  Democratic  Party  of  North  Carolina. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1991-present. 

Military  Service 

Petty  officer,  U.S.  Navy,  World  War  II,  South  Pacific. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Constitution  and  Election  Laws 

Vice  Chair:  Insurance. 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Human  Resources;  Economic, 

Development;  Educational  Background/Higher  Educational  Background; 

Judiciary  II;  Manufacturing  and  Labor. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


395 


loseph  Edward  Johnson 

(Democrat  -  Wake  County) 

Fourteenth  Senatorial  District  -  Portions 
of  Johnston  and  Wake  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Raleigh,  Wake  County,  October  17, 
1941,  to  Ira  Edward  and  Grace  (Ivey) 
Johnson. 

Educational  Background 

Raleigh  Public  Schools,  1946-59;  NCSU, 
1959-61;  Wake  Forest  University,  1964, 
B.A.;  Wake  Forest  University,  School  of 
Law,  1966,  J.  D. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney  at  Law,  LeBoeuf,  Lamb,  Leiby  &  MacRae. 

Organizations 

Wake  County,  N.C.  and  American  Bar  Associations;  Alpha  Kappa  Psi;  Phi  Delta  Phi. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-90,  1991-92,  1993-; 
N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1975-76,  1977-78,  1979-80;  Co-Chair,  Joint 
Legislative  Utility  Review  Committee;  Co-Chair,  Joint  Select  Committee  on  Low- 
',  Level  Radioactive  Waste. 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Army,  1967-69  (1st  Lt.);  Military  Police  Corps;  Army  Commendation 
I  Medal. 

Personal  Information 

|  Married,  Jane  Francum,  January  31,  1964.  Children:  Jane  Elizabeth,  Kathryn  Ivey 
and  Susan  Briles.  Member,  Edenton  Street  United  Methodist  Church,  Raleigh. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  State  Personnel  and  State  Government. 
Vice  Chair:  Insurance. 

Member:  Banks  and  Thrift  Institutions;  Finance;  Judiciary  II;  Pensions  and 
Retirement;  Public  Utilities. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Luther  FL  Jordan,  Jr. 

(Democrat  -  New  Hanover  County) 

Seventh  Senatorial  District  -  Portions  of 

Jones,  Lenoir,  New  Hanover,  Onslow 

and  Pender  Counties. 


Early  Years 

Born  on  June  1,  1950,  in  New  York,  New  I 
York. 

Educational  Background 

New  Hanover  High  School,  1969;  Gupton 
Jones  College,  Graduate  of  Mortuary 
Science,  1972. 

Professional  Background 

President,  Jordan's  Funeral  Home,  Inc.; 
International  Longshoreman's  Association,  Local  1426;  Past  Vice  President,  Cape 
Fear  Mobile  Phone  Limited;  Past  Vice  President,  Cape  Fear  District  Funeral ! 
Directors  Association;  Past  Appointee  to  N.C.  Legislative  Committee  for  Funeral; 
Directors  Association;  Past  Appointed  liaison  between  Unions  and  State  Elected 
Representatives  and  Senators;  Past  Vice  President  of  Spica  Development  Group,  Inc.; 
Past  President,  Jordan  Corporation  Land  Developers;  Former  Mayor  Pro-Tempore  for 
City  of  Wilmington. 

Organizations 

NAACP,  Life  Member;  Member,  Gupton  Jones  College  Alumni  Association;  Member, 
Wilmington  Sportsman  Club;  Member,  Shriners-Habib  Temple  No.  159;  Member, 
1985  Wilmington/New  Hanover  Visitors  &  Meetings  Council;  Past  Member,  Cape 
Fear  Council  Boys  Scouts  of  America  Executive  Board;  City  Representative  to  Zurich, 
Switzerland  on  Export-Import  Growth,  1981;  Past  Member,  Board  of  Directors  of 
Sickle  Cell  Anemia  Association;  Member,  New  Hanover  County  PAC;  Member,  N.C. 
Black  Municipal  Association;  Member,  National  Black  Caucus;  Past  Member, 
Committee  of  100/Regional  Housing  Board;  Past  Member,  Chamber  of  Commerce; 
Past  Member,  Board  of  Directors  of  Girls  Club;  Epsilon  Nu  Delta  Mortuary 
Fraternity;  Hanover  Lodge  No.  14  Masonic;  Wilmington  Consistory  No.  63;  Boys  Club 
of  American,  Life  Member;  Optimist  Club,  Life  Member. 

Political  Activities 

N.C.  Senate,  1993-present;  Appointed  by  N.C.  General  Assembly  to  Technology 
Development  Authority,  1991;  Re-elected  to  four  year  term  of  City  Council,  1989 
Sister  Cities  International  Board  of  Directors,  1991;  International  Task  Force  for  the 
National  League  of  Cities,  1991;  Re-elected  to  four  year  term  of  City  Council,  1985 
Elected  Chair,  Cape  Fear  Council  of  Governments,  1984;  Appointed  National  League 
of  Cities  Transportation  &  Communication  Committee,  1984;  Appointed  Vice  Chair 
N.C.  Transportation  &  Communication  Committee,  1984;  Appointed  Regional  Forurr 
by  County  Commissioners  Association  and  N.C. League  of  Municipalities,  1983 
Appointed  N.C.  General  Revenue  Sharing  Task  Force  by  N.C.  League  o 
Municipalities,  1983;  Chair  Elect  of  Cape  Fear  Council  of  Governments-First  Blacl 
Chair,  1983;  Appointed  to  fill  unexpired  term  on  N.C.  State  Executive  Democratic 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  397 

District  and  State  Democratic  Convention,  1982;  Elected  Vice  Chair,  Cape  Fear 
Council  of  Governments,  1982;  Appointed  N.C.  Highway  Policy  Task  Force,  1982; 
Attended  National  League  of  Cities  Convention  in  Los  Angeles,  CA,  1982;  Elected  to 
Board  of  Directors  of  N.C.  Black  Municipal  Officials,  1981;  Re-elected  to  four-year 
term  on  Wilmington  City  Council,  1981;  NLC  Convention  in  Detroit,  Michigan,  1981; 
National  League  of  Cities  (NLC)  Convention  in  Atlanta,  GA,  1980;  Committee  to 
Revamp  City  Boards  and  Committees,  1979;  Elected  Treasurer  of  Cape  Fear  Council 
of  Governments,  1979;  Attended  NLC  Convention  in  Las  Vegas,  Nevada,  1979; 
Appointed  Audit  Committee  City  of  Wilmington,  1978;  Wilmington  Historic 
Foundation,  1978;  Appointed  to  Cape  Fear  Council  of  Government  as  Secretary,  1978; 
Appointed  to  Wilmington  City  Council,  1977;  N.C.  Senatorial  Committee,  1975. 

Honors  and  A  wards 


Man  of  the  Year,  Winston-Salem  State  University  Alumni,  1992;  Omega  Psi  Phi 
Fraternity,  Inc.,  6th  District  Outstanding  Service  Award,  1988;  Shaw  University  - 
Salute  to  Greatness  Award,  1988;  Citizen  of  the  Year  of  New  Hanover  County/Omega 
Psi  Phi  Fraternity,  1981;  Outstanding  Young  Man  of  the  Year-US  Jaycees,  1981;  N.C. 
Young  Professional  of  the  Year,  1977. 

Personal  Information 

Chestnut  Street  Presbyterian  Church  (U.S.A.);  N.C.  Representative  (past)  National 
Social  Concerns  Committee  Presbyterian  Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Vice  Chair:  Banks  and  Thrift  Institutions. 
Member:    Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Natural  and  Economic  Resources; 

Economic  Development;  Public  Utilities;  State  Personnel  and  State  Government; 

Transportation. 

! 


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North  Carolina  Manual 

m 


Ian  Theodore  Kaplan 

(Democrat  -  Forsyth  County) 

Twentieth  Senatorial  District  -  Portions 
of  Forsyth  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Greensboro,  Guilford  County, 
December  26,  1946,  to  Leon  and  Renee 
(Myers)  Kaplan. 

Educational  Background 

Riverside  Military  Academy,  1962-64;  R.  J. 
Reynolds  High  School,  1965;  Guilford 

College. 

Professional  Background 

Lewisville  Trading  Company. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-90,  1991-92,  1993-present;  N.C.  House 
of  Representatives,  1977-78,  1979-80,  1981-82. 

Military  Service 
Served,  U.S.  Navy,  1969-71;  Reserves,  1968-69  (E-3). 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Vivian  Deanna  Frazier,  February  20,  1988.    Children:    Sarah  Elizabeth, 
David  Michael  and  Anna  Rebecca.  Member,  Temple  Emanuel,  Winston-Salem. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Chair:  Capital  Expenditures. 
Vice  Chair:  Appropriations;  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Department  of 

Transportation;  Finance. 
Member:  Banks  and  Thrift  Institutions;  Constitution  and  Election  Laws;  Pensions 

and  Retirement;  Ways  and  Means. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


399 


fohn  Hosea  Keir,  III 

(Democrat-  Wayne  County) 

Eighth  Senatorial  District  -  Wayne 
County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Richmond,  Virginia,  February  28, 
1936,  to  John  H.  and  Mary  Hinton  (Duke) 
Kerr,  Jr. 

Educational  Background 

John  Graham  High  School,  1954;  University 
of  North  Carolina,  A.B.,  1958;  University  of 
North  Carolina,  J.D.  with  Honors,  1961. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney,  Partner  in  Warren,  Kerr,  Walston 
and  Hollowell  and  Taylor;  N.C.  Bar  Association;  N.C.  State  Bar;  Wayne  County  Bar 
Association;  Eighth  Judicial  Bar  Association,  Past  President;  Lawyers  of  N.C,  Inc., 
Past  President. 

Organizations 

Goldsboro  Rotary  Club;  Wayne  County  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Goldsboro  Jaycees, 
1962-71,  Vice  President;  Wayne  County  Public  Library  Trustees,  1966-78,  Chair; 
Wayne  County  Chapter  American  Red  Cross,  Chair. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Southern  National  Bank  of  N.C;  Goldsboro  Advisory  Board,  Chair,  1979-80;  Wayne  County 
Boys  Club;  Morehead  Foundation,  District  II  Committee;  Wayne  County  Community 
Building  Trustees,  Past  Chair;  N.C.  National  Bank;  Advisory  Board,  Past  Chair. 

Political  Activities 

N.C.  Senate,  1993-;  N.C.  House  Representative,  1987-92;  Wayne  County  Democratic 
Executive  Committee,  Chair,  1980-85,  Precinct  Chair;  Wayne  County  Young 
Democrats,  Past  President. 

Military  Service 

Served,  N.C.  National  Guard,  Sergeant,  1954-62. 

Honors  and  Awards 

Goldsboro  Charter  Chapter  American  Business  Women;  Boss  of  the  Year,  1978; 
Jaycee  Key  Man  Award;  Phi  Beta  Kappa;  Order  of  Coif;  Recipient  of  Bob  Futrelle 
Good  Government  Award,  Wayne  County,  1989. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Sandra  Edgerton  Kerr  of  Goldsboro,  December  21,  1960.  Children:  John  and 
James.  Member,  Madison  Avenue  Baptist  Church;  Past  Member,  Board  of  Deacons. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Manufacturing  and  Labor. 

Vice  Chair:  Environment  and  Natural  Resources;  Judiciary  I;  Public  Utilities. 
Member:  Economic  Development;  Finance;  Insurance;  State  Personnel  and  State 
Government. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Donald  R.  Kincaid 

(Republican  -  Caldwell  County) 

Twenty-seventh  Senatorial  District  - 

Alexander,  Avery,  Caldwell,  Mitchell, 

Wilkes,  Yadkin  and  portions  of  Burke 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Caldwell  County,  June  2,  1936,  to 
Hugh  T.  and  Myrtle  (McCall)  Kincaid. 

Educational  Background 

Gamewell  High  School,  1954;  Appalachian 
State  Teachers  College,  1959,  B.S. 

Professional  Background 

Educator;  owner,  Kincaid  Insurance  Agency; 
Boone  Insurance  Agency,  Boone,  N.C. 

Organizations 

Lenoir  Lions  Club  (Lion  Tamer,  former  Secretary);  Lenoir  Rotary  Club;  N.C. 
Cattlemen's  Association;  Carolina  Association  of  Mutual  Insurance  Agents;  Caldwell 
County  Chamber  of  Commerce.  Former  member:  NCAE,  Gamewell  Ruritan  Club. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Legislative  Advisory  Board,  CAPIA;  Board  of  Trustees,  Gardner  Webb  College; 
Director,  Carolina  Association  of  Professional  Insurance  Agents;  Former  member, 
N.C.  Board  of  Agriculture. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1973-74,  1975-76,  1977-78,  1979-80,  1981-82,  1983-84,  1985- 
86,  1987-88,  1989-90,  1991-92,  1993-;  Senate  Minority  Leader,  1977-78,  1979-80, 
1981-82,  1983-84,  1989-90;  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1967,  1969,  1971. 

Military  Service 

Served,  N.C.  National  Guard,  nine  years  (5-E). 

Personal  Information 


Married,  Syretha  Weatherford,  June  30,  1956;  four  children. 
Baptist  Church,  Lenoir. 


Member,  Lower  Creek 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Ranking  Minority  Member:  Appropriations;  Banks  and  Thrift  Institutions;  Insurance; 

Manufacturing  and  Labor. 
Vice  Chair:  Agriculture,  Marine  Resources  &  Wildlife;  Appropriations. 
Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Natural  &  Economic  Resources;  Capital 

Expenditures. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 
Howard  Lee 


(Democrat  -  Orange  County) 

Sixteenth  Senatorial  District  -  Chatham, 

Moore,  Orange,  and  portions  of  Lee  and 

Randolph  Counties. 

Early  Years 
Born  July  28,  1934  in  Georgia. 

Educational  Background 

Fort  Valley  State  College,  Georgia,  B.A., 
Sociology,  1959;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  MSW, 
Social  Work,  1966. 

Professional  Background 

President,  Lee  Enterprises,  Inc.,  1985-pre- 
sent;  School  of  Social  Work,  UNC-Chapel 
Hill,  1981-85;  Lecturer,  School  of  Social  Work,  October,  1981  through  August  1985; 
Development  Officer,  National  Child  Welfare  Leadership  Center,  January,  1983 
through  January,  1984;  Administrative  Assistant  to  the  Dean,  School  of  Social  Work, 
January  1982  through  January,  1983;  Secretary,  N.C.  Department  of  Natural 
Resources  and  Community  Development,  1977-81;  Duke  University,  Durham,  1966- 
75;  Mayor  of  Chapel  Hill,  1969-75;  President,  Custom  Molders,  Inc.;  President 
(Founder),  The  John  H.  Wheeler  Foundation,  Inc.,  1978-85;  President  (Founder),  La 
Spa  Productions,  1981-84. 

Organizations 
President,  Eastern  N.C.  Chapter,  National  Association  of  Social  Workers,  1967-69; 
First  Vice  President,  National  Conference  on  Social  Welfare,  NY,  1973-74;  Chair, 
Round  Up  Campaign,  Occoneechee  Council  of  N.C,  Boy  Scouts  of  America,  1977-79; 
Member,  Appalachian  National  Science  Trail  Advisory  Council,  1979-81;  Grand 
Boule,  Sigma  Pi  Alpha  Fraternity,  Alpha  Tau  Boule,  1984;  State  Crusade  Chair,  N.C. 
Division,  The  American  Cancer  Society,  1985-87. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Board  of  Directors  and  Second  Vice  President,  National  Association  of  Social  Workers, 
1969-76;  Board  of  Directors  and  Executive  Committee,  Southern  Regional  Council, 
Atlanta,  GA,  1970-74;  Board  of  Directors,  Day  Care  and  Child  Development  Council  of 
America,  Washington,  DC,  1970-74;  Board  of  Directors,  N.C.  Heart  Association,  1971- 
75;  Board  of  Directors,  N.C.  Advancement  School,  1971-75;  Board  of  Trustees,  Wake 
Forest  University,  Winston-Salem,  1972-76;  Board  of  Visitors,  School  of  Forestry, 
Duke  University,  1978-88;  Board  of  Trustees,  National  Recreation  and  Park 
Association,  NY,  1980-82;  Board  of  Visitors,  NCCU,  School  of  Law  (charter  member), 
1980-;  Board  of  Directors,  Chapel  Hill-Carrboro,  Public  School  Foundation,  President, 
(1985-87);  Board  of  Visitors,  School  of  Public  Health,  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1985-present; 
Board  of  Visitors,  School  of  Social  Work,  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1987-present. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate;  First  Chair,  N.C.  State  Democratic  Party,  1976-77;  N.C. 
Democratic  National  Committeeman,  1972-76;  Second  Vice-Chair,  N.C.  Democratic 
Party,  1970-72. 


402  North  Carolina  Manual 

Publications 

Lee,  H.N.  "North  Carolina's  Domestic  Energy  Sources,  FOREM,  The  quarterly  maga- 
zine of  the  School  of  Forestry  and  Environmental  Studies;  Duke  University,  Volume 
2,  Number  2  1980;  Lee,  H.N.  "Managing  The  Small  City."  In  Urban  Governance  and 
Minorities,  edited  by  Herring  H.  Bryce,  New  York,  Praeger  Publishers,  1976;  Lee, 
H.N.  "Political  Trends  In  The  South."  In  The  Law  Review  NCCU,  Law  School  Press, 
1971;  Lee,  H.N.  "School  Work  and  Political  Activism."  In  The  Social  Welfare  Forum, 
New  York,  Columbia  University  Press,  1971;  Lee  H.N.  "The  Southern  Political 
Revolution."  In  The  Black  Politician:  His  Struggle  For  Power,  edited  by  Mervyn  M. 
Dymally,  Belmont,  CA,  Duxbury  Press,  1970. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Army,  August,  1959  through  June,  1961;  Psychiatric  Social  Worker  with  Mental 
Health  Clinic  (Fort  Hood,  Texas)  and  later  company  clerk  (Camp  Casey,  Lorea);  Two 
years  active  reserve  and  honorably  discharged  in  1963. 

Hon  or  s  and  A  wa  rds 

Initial  induction,  Who's  Who  in  the  South,  1979;  Initial  induction,  Who's  Who  in 
Politics,  1979;  Inducted  into  the  Order  of  The  Golden  Fleece,  UNC,  Chapel  Hill,  1976; 
Initial  induction,  Who's  Who  in  Black  America,  1975;  Initial  Induction,  Who's  Who  In 
America,  1972;  National  Urban  League  Equal  Opportunity  Award,  1970. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Lillian  Lee,  three  children,  three  grandchildren.  Olin  T.  Binkley  Memorial 
Baptist,  Chapel  Hill.  Serves  as  deacon  and  church  school  teacher. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Chair:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Department  of  Transportation. 
Vice  Chair:  Educational  Background/Higher  Educational  Background. 
Member:  Capital  Expenditures;  Constitution  and  Election  Laws;  Insurance;  Judiciary 

I;  Local  Government  and  Regional  Affairs;  Transportation;  Ways  &  Means; 

GPAC  Select. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 
Teanne  Hopkins  Lucas 

(Democrat  -  Durham  County) 

Thirteenth  Senatorial  District  -  Durham, 

Granville,  portions  of  Person  and  Wake 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Durham,  December  25,  1935,  to 
Robert  Hopkins  and  Bertha  Holman 
Hopkins. 

Educational  Background 

Hillside  High  School,  1953;  N.C.  Central 
University,  BA,  1957;  NCCU,  MA,  1977. 

Professional  Background 

Educator;  Durham  Public  Schools,  Director, 
School-Community  Relations  (retired),  1992-93;  Durham  City  Schools,  Director, 
Personnel/Staff  Development,  1991-92;  Durham  City  Schools,  Director,  Staff 
Development  Center,  1977-91;  President,  N.C.  Association  of  Classroom  Teachers, 
1975-76;  Durham  City  Schools,  French  and  Spanish  Classroom  Teacher,  1957-75. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

WTVD  Advisory  Committee  on  Minority  Affairs,  First  Vice  President;  Member, 

Durham  Alumnae  Chapter,  Delta  Sigma  Theta  Sorority,  Inc.,  (Past  President); 

Durham  County  Chapter,  American  National  Red  Cross,  Executive  Board;  Durham 
,  Branch,  NAACP;  Member,  Durham  Chapter  of  Links,  Inc.,  (Past  President);  Member, 
'  Human  Relations  Committee  Greater  Durham  Chamber  of  Commerce;  N.C. 
j  Association  of  Classroom  Teachers  (50,000  members),  1975-76;  President,  Durham 

City  Association  of  Educators;  Parliamentarian  DC,  Association  of  Black  Educators; 
i  Duke  University  Trinity  College,  Board  of  Visitors;  National  Teacher  Examination 

Study  Committee,  State  Board  of  Educational  Background;  President  of  N.C. 
;  Advisory  Council,  State  Board  of  Educational  Background;  Member  -  1074  Senate 
\  Study  Commission  of  Public  and  Private  Schools,  Appointed  by  Lieutenant  Governor. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1993-present  (appointed  to  fill  unexpired  term  of  Ralph  Hunt); 
Precinct  Chair/Committee,  member,  Gorman  Ruritan,  Precinct  #29;  Member,  Political 
Action  Committee  for  Educators  (PACE);  Member,  Legislative  Committee,  NCAE; 
Secretary,  John  F.  Kennedy  Young  Democratic  Club;  Member,  Durham  Demonettes; 
Member,  Durham  Committee  on  the  Affairs  of  Black  People;  Secretary,  Durham 
County  Democratic  Party;  Chair,  2nd  Congressional  District  Democratic  Party;  Co- 
Chair,  Political  Committee,  Durham  Committee;  Delegate,  National  Democratic 
Convention,  1984;  Member,  State  Executive  Committee,  Democratic;  First  African- 
American  Female  in  N.C.  Senate;  N.C.  State  Textbook  Commission,  Governor  James 
B.  Hunt;  Member,  1074  Senate  Study  Commission  of  Public  and  Private  Schools, 
appointed  by  Lieutenant  Governor. 


404  North  Carolina  Manual 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Nominated  Outstanding  Young  Educator  of  Hillside  High  School;  Durham  City 
Outstanding  Young  Educator  from  Hillside  High  School,  1973;  Durham  City  Teacher 
of  the  Year,  1974;  Public  Service  Sorority  Merrick-Fisher-Spaulding;  Mount  Gilead 
Music/Service  Awards;  YWCA- Woman  of  Achievement  Silver  Medallion  Nominee; 
National  Association  of  Negro  Business  and  Professional  Women's  Clubs,  Inc.; 
Sojourner  Truth  Award;  American  Business  Woman  of  the  Year,  1992. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  William  "Bill"  Lucas,  August  2,  1959.  Member,  Mount  Gilead  Baptist 
Church;  Director,  Gospel  Choir;  Ideal  Sunday  School  Class;  Member,  Christian 
Educational  Background  Committee;  Chapter  President,  United  Christian  Front  for 
Brotherhood;  Secretary  Trustee  Board,  (Past  Chair);  Chair,  Budget  Committee; 
Member,  Mass  Choir;  Sunday  School  Teacher,  Teenagers;  Interdenominational 
Health  and  Human  Services  Coordinator  for  three  Durham  Churches. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Banks  and  Thrift  Institutions;  Capital  Expenditures;  Educational 
Background/Higher  Educational  Background;  Finance;  Pensions  and  Retirement; 
Public  Utilities;  Transportation;  Ways  &  Means;  GPAC  Select;  Select  Committee 
on  Bonds. 


ame 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 
arshall        S5 


(Democrat  -  Harnett  County) 

Fifteenth  Senatorial  District  -  Harnett, 

and  portions  of  Johnston,  Lee  and 

Sampson  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Lineboro,  Carroll  County,  November 
18,  1945,  to  Donald  T.  Folk  and  Pauline 
Armstrong  Folk. 

Educational  Background 

North  Carroll  High  School,  1963;  University 
of  Maryland,  B.S.,  Textiles  &  Clothing, 
1968;  Campbell  University,  J.D.,  1981. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney  at  Law,  Marshall  &  Marshall,  Partner,  1985-;  Associate,  Bain  &  Marshall, 
'  1981-84;  Owner  and  Decorator,  The  Custom  House,  1975-79;  Instructor,  Lenoir 
Community  College,  1970-77. 

Organizations 

Harnett  HelpNet  for  Children,  Chairperson,  1992-93;  N.C.  Friend  of  Extension 

Award,  1992;  State  of  the  Child  Conference  Planning  Committee,  1991-92;  Personal 

Information  Community  Leadership  Conference  Speaker,  Kellogg  Foundation  &  N.C. 

Extension  Service  (8  counties),  1989-90;  Harnett  County  4-H  Alumni  of  the  Year, 

;  1989;  Governor,  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers,  1988-present;  Speaker,  Annual 

Meeting  N.C.  Association  of  Women  Attorneys,  1991;  President,  Harnett  County  Bar 

|  Association,  1988-89;  Vice-President,  Campbell  University  School  of  Law  Alumni 

Association,  1985-86;  Adjunct  Faculty,  Trial  Advocacy  Program,  Campbell  University, 

i  School  of  Law,  1982-84;  Trial  Judge  &  Appellate  Judge  for  Campbell  University  Law 

.  Students,  1982-present;  N.C.  College  of  Advocacy,  1981-present;  Member,  Personal 

|  Information  Law  Section,  ABA  and  NCBA;  N.C.  State  Bar;  N.C.  Bar  Association;  N.C. 

Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  N.C.  Association  of  Women  Attorneys;  American  Bar 

Association;  American  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  Delta  Theta  Phi  Legal  Fraternity. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

N.C.  Rural  Economic  Development  Fund,  Inc.,  Board  of  Directors,  1993;  N.C.  4-H 
Development  Fund,  Inc.,  Board  of  Directors,  1993-95;  Harnett  County  United  Way, 
Board  of  Directors,  1987-present. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1993-;  Joint  Legislative  Highway  Oversight  Committee,  1993- 
95;  Legislative  Research  Study  Commission  on  Alternative  Health  Care,  1992; 
Harnett  County  Democratic  Party  Chair,  1991-92;  Democratic  Women  of  Harnett 
County,  President,  1983-87;  Young  Democrats  of  America,  National  Secretary,  1977- 
79;  National  Committee  Woman,  Young  Democrats  of  N.C,  1974-77. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Sol  Marshall,  May  21,  1983.  Member,  Divine  Street  United  Methodist  Church. 


406  North  Carolina  Manual 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chair:  Banks  and  Thrift  Institutions. 

Member:  Agriculture,  Marine  Resources  &  Wildlife;  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on 

Justice  &  Public  Safety;  Educational  Background/Higher  Educational 

Background;  Judiciary  I;  Local  Government  and  Regional  Affairs;  GPAC  Select. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


407 


Robert  Lafayette  Martin 

(Democrat  -  Pitt  County) 

Sixth  Senatorial  District  -  Portions  of 

Edgecombe,  Martin,  Pitt,  Washington 

and  Wilson  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Bethel,  Pitt  County,  November  8, 
1918,  to  John  Wesley  and  Lena  (Sessums) 
Martin. 

Educational  Background 

Oxford  Orphanage  High  School;  School  of 
Electricity,  Oxford  Orphanage. 

Professional  Background 

President,  Farmers  Mutual  Fire  Insurance  Association;  farmer. 

Organizations 

Shriner;  32nd  Degree  Mason. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1985-86,  1987-88,  89-90,  1991-92,  1993-94;  Commissioner,  Pitt 
County,  1956-1984;  Mayor,  Town  of  Bethel,  1951-1956;  Commissioner,  Town  of 
Bethel,  1949. 

Personal  Information 

,  Married,  Sue  Cooper,  June  29,  1940.  Children:  Lynda  and  Bobbie  Sue.    Member, 
Bethel  Missionary  Baptist  Church;  Past  Chair,  Board  of  Deacons;  Superintendent, 
j  Sunday  School;  Sunday  School  Teacher. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

1  Chair:  Appropriations  on  Natural  &  Economic  Resources. 
Vice  Chair:  State  Personnel  and  State  Government. 

Member:  Capital  Expenditures;  Economic  Development;  Public  Utilities;  Rules  and 
Operation  of  the  Senate;  Ways  and  Means. 


408 


North  Carolina  Manual 


iarri 


elson  Martin 


(Democrat  -  Guilford  County) 

Thirty-first  Senatorial  District  -  Portions 
of  Guilford  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Eden,  Rockingham  County,  May  25, 
1945,  to  Thomas  William  and  Carolyn 
(Henderson)  Martin. 

Educational  Background 

Douglas  High  School  (Eden),  1962;  N.C.  A  &  T 
State  University,  1966,  B.S.  (Economics); 
George  Washington  University,  School  of 
Law,  1973,  J.D. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney  at  Law. 

Organizations 

One  Step  Further,  Inc.,  1982-present  (Co-founder  and  first  President;  Board  of 
Directors);  National  Black  Child  Development  Institute,  1979-1981;  Phi  Beta  Sigma, 
1965-present  (former  President  and  Vice  President  of  graduate  chapter  based  in 
Greensboro);  Congress  of  Racial  Equality,  1967-73  (Chair,  Bridgeport,  CT  Chapter, 
1968-69;  Special  Assistant  to  Northeastern  Regional  Director,  1969-1973);  Charlotte 
Hawkins  Brown  Historical  Foundation,  1983-present  (Co-founder;  Board  of 
Directors);  N.C.  Public  School  Policy  Forum,  1986-present  (Board  of  Directors;  Chair, 
Subcommittee  on  Early  Childhood  Educational  Background,  1987-88). 

Boards  and  Commissions 

N.C.  At-Risk  Children  and  Youth  Task  Force  (Chair,  1988-89);  Interstate  Migrant 
Educational  Background  Council  (represented  N.C),  1989;  UNC  Center  for  Public 
Television  Program  Advisory  Committee,  1988-present;  N.C.  Historic  Sites  Advisory 
Committee,  1985-86;  City  of  Greensboro  Housing  Commission,  1979-1982;  Social 
Concerns  Committee  of  the  Council  of  Churches  of  Greater  Bridgeport,  Connecticut 
(former  Co-Chair;  active  member,  1967-1969). 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1983-Present;  National  Conference  of  State  Legislators,  N.C. 
representative  to  the  Educational  Background  Committee,  1989-;  Southern  Legislative 
Conference,  N.C.  representative  to  the  Educational  Background  Committee  1989-pre-i 
sent;  Chair,  North  Carolina  Democratic  Party  Platform  Committee,  1986. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Patricia  Yancey.  Children:  Thomas  William  and  William  Nelson,  Jr. 
Member,  Providence  Baptist  Church,  Greensboro. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  GPAC  Select. 

Vice-Chair:  Appropriations;  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  General  Government. 
Member:  Capital  Expenditures;  Children  and  Human  Resources;  Insurance; 
Judiciary  II;  State  Personnel  and  State  Government. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


409 


onias  LaFontine  Odom,  Sr« 

(Democrat  -  Mecklenburg  County) 

Thirty-fourth  Senatorial  District  -  Portions 
of  Lincoln  and  Mecklenburg  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Rocky  Mount,  Nash  County,  April 
18,  1938. 

Educational  Background 

West  Mecklenburg  High  School,  1956; 
attended  Charlotte  College,  1957;  UNC- 
Chapel  Hill,  B.A.,  1960;  School  of  Law, 
UNC-CH,  LL.D.,  1962. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney  (Senior  Partner  in  law  firm  of 

Weinstein  &  Sturges,  P. A.;  member  of  firm 

since  1964),  Assistant  City  Attorney,  Charlotte,  1963-64;  Research  Assistant,  N.C. 

Supreme  Court,  1962-63. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

American  and  North  Carolina  Bar  Associations;  N.C.  State  Bar;  N.C.  Academy  of 
Trial  Lawyers;  Steele  Creek  Masonic  Lodge  (past  Secretary);  Red  Fez  Shrine  Club 
(past  member,  Board  of  Directors);  West  Charlotte  Rotary  Club;  Greater  Charlotte 
Chamber  of  Commerce;  Former  Scout  Leader;  Little  League  Baseball  Coach. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Board  of  Commissioners,  Carolina  Medical  Center  1987-;  Board  of  Directors, 
Salvation  Army  Adult  Rehabilitation  Center,  1984-;  Board  of  Visitors,  UNC- 
Charlotte;  Former  member,  Mecklenburg  County  Parks  and  Recreation  Commission, 
1975-1980  (Past  Chair). 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1989-present;  Mecklenburg  Board  of  County  Commissioners, 
1980-1986  (Chair,  1982-84;  Vice-Chair,  1980-82). 

Honors  and  A  wards 

American  Red  Cross  Certificate  of  Merit;  Presidential  Citation;  National  Association 
':  of  County  Commissioners  National  Award  of  Merit,  1986;  Mecklenburg  County 
Environmental  Award,  1980;  West  Mecklenburg  High  School  Hall  of  Fame. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Jane  Lowe  of  Charlotte;  Children:  Tommy,  David,  Amy,  Matt.  Member, 
Pleasant  Hill  Presbyterian  Church  (former  Elder  and  Deacon);  Sunday  School  Teacher; 
Past  President,  Synod  Men  of  North  Carolina;  Past  President,  Mecklenburg,  Presbytery 
Men;  Commissioner  to  Presbyterian  Church  General  Assembly,  1975  and  1988. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Justice  &  Public  Safety. 
Vice  Chair:  Judiciary  II. 

Member:  Capital  Expenditures;  Environment  and  Natural  Resources;  Insurance; 
Rules  and  Operation  of  the  Senate;  Transportation;  Ways  &  Means. 


410 


North  Carolina  Manual 


David  Russell  Parnell 

(Democrat  -  Robeson  County) 

Thirtieth  Senatorial  District  -  Robeson 

and  portions  of  Bladen  ,  Cumberland, 

Hoke  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Parkton,  Robeson  County, 
November  16,  1925,  to  John  Quincy  and 
Celia  (Britt)  Parnell. 

Educational  Background 

Parkton  Public  Schools,  1931-41;  Oak  Ridge 
Military  Institute,  1941-44;  Wake  Forest 
University,  1949,  B.S. 

Professional  Background 

Merchant;  Farmer. 

Organiza  tions 

N.C.  Merchants  Association,  Director;  N.C.  Oil  Jobbers  Association;  Director,  N.C. 
Plant  Food  Association;  N.C.  State  Humanities  Foundation  1975-1981. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Robeson  County  Industrial  Development  Commission,  1963-1985;  Trustee,  Meredith 
College,  1977-;  N.C.  State  Highway  Commission,  1969-72;  Board  of  Directors,  First 
Union  National  Bank,  1957-present. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-90,  1991-92,  1993-present; 
N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1975-76,  1977-78;  1979-80,  1981-82;  Mayor,  Town  of 
Parkton,  1964-69. 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Army,  1945-46  (Corporal). 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Barbara  Johnson  Parnell,  June  11,  1948.  Children:  David  R.  Parnell,  Jr., 
Anne  P.  Constable,  Timothy  Scott  Parnell  and  three  grandchildren.  Member,  Parkton 
Baptist  Church;  Sunday  School  Teacher,  1950-present;  Board  of  Deacons,  1952-pre- 
sent;  Treasurer,  1959-72. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Insurance. 
Vice  Chair:  Public  Utilities. 

Member:  Finance;  Judiciary  I;  Rules  and  Operation  of  the  Senate;  State  Personnel 
and  State  Government;  Transportation. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 
Beverly  Moore  Perdue 

(Democrat  -  Craven  County) 

Third  Senatorial  District  -  Craven, 

Pamlico  and  portions  of  Carteret 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Grundy,  Virginia,  January  14,  1947, 
to  Alfred  P.  and  Irene  E.  (Morefield)  Moore. 

Educational  Background 

Grundy  High  School,  1965,  University  of 
Kentucky,  1969,  (B.S.  in  History); 
University  of  Florida,  M.Ed.  Community 
College  Administration,  1974;  University  of 
Florida,  1976  (Ph.D.  in  Administration); 
Fellow,  University  of  Florida  Center  of 
Gerontology  Geriatrics  Specialist. 

Professional  Background 

Former  Director,  Geriatric  Services,  Craven  County  Hospital;  Consultant,  Robert  W. 
Johnson  Foundation;  Neuse  River  Council  of  Governments;  Director  of  Human 
Services;  Gerontology  Society;  National  Council  on  Aging;  American  Hospital 
Association. 

Organizations 

Chamber  of  Commerce;  Committee  of  100;  Historical  Society;  Arts  Council;  A.B.C. 
Board,  Chair. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Member,  N.C.N.B.  Board;  Member,  N.C.  United  Way  Board;  N.C.  Tourism  Council; 
N.C.  Equity;  N.C.  Coalition  on  Adolescent  Pregnancy,  Board  of  Directors. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1987-88,  1988-89,  1989-90;  Member,  N.C. 
Senate  1991-92,  1993-present;  Craven  County  Democratic  Party,  Precinct  Chair, 
Treasurer,  First  Vice-President;  N.C.  Democratic  Party,  Executive  Committee  & 
Executive  Council. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Gary  R.  Perdue,  Sr.  of  Louisville,  KY,  1970.  Children:  Garrett  and  Emmett. 
Member,  Christ  Episcopal  Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Chair:  Educational  Background/Higher  Educational  Background. 
Vice  Chair:  Appropriations;  Transportation. 

Member:  Agriculture,  Marine  Resources  &  Wildlife;  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on 
Educational  Background;  Banks  and  Thrift  Institutions;  Children  and  Human 
Resources;  Public  Utilities;  Rules  and  Operation  of  the  Senate;  GPAC  Select. 


412 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Janies  Clark  Plexico 

(Democrat-  Henderson  County) 

Twenty-ninth  Senatorial  District  -  Swain 

and  portions  of  Haywood,  Henderson, 

Jackson,  Macon,  and  Transylvania 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Dalton,  Georgia,  to  Rev.  J.  Clyde 
and  Miriam  Clark  Plexico,  on  December  27, 
1948. 

Educational  Background 

Valdese  High  School,  1967;  University  of 
the  South,  Sewanee,  TN,  B.A.,  Political 
Science,  1971;  University  of  Southern 
California,     M.A.     with     Distinction, 

International  Relations,  1986;  Graduate  of  Middlebury  College  School  of  Arabic, 

Middlebury,  Vermont. 

Professional  Background 

Realtor,  Beverly-Hanks  &  Associates;  Former  Managing  Director  and  Owner, 
International  Real  Estate  Companies  in  Europe  and  Asia;  Former  Teacher  both  in 
America  and  abroad. 

Organizations 

Royal  Institute  of  International  Affairs;  Institute  of  Directors;  Board  of  Realtors;  Past 
Chair,  International  Relations  Committee,  Kiwanis  Club;  Lecturer  on  the  Middle 
East  for  Great  Decisions  Program  UNC-A. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Board  of  Directors,  Mainstay;  Elder,  Trinity  Presbyterian  Church;  Screening 
Committee,  N.C.  Teaching  Fellows  Commission;  Board  of  Trustees,  Flat  Rock 
Playhouse;  Board  of  Directors,  Rural  Economic  Development  Board;  Board  of 
Transportation  Highway  Oversight  Committee. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1991-present;  Delegate  Democratic  National  Convention,  1988; 
Coordinator  for  Unity  Campaign,  1988  Henderson  County;  Past  Member  Democrats 
Abroad,  Vance-Aycock  Chair,  1991;  Clinton-Gore  Coordinator  for  W.N. C,  1992. 

Military  Service 

Army,  Advanced  ROTC;  Marksmanship  Award  at  basic  training. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Deborah  Palmer  of  Stow-on-the-Wold,  Gloucestershire,  England,  August  1, 
1981.  Children:  Hattie,  Molly  and  Jack.  Member,  Trinity  Presbyterian  Church;  Elder 
and  Sunday  School  teacher;  Past  Secretary,  Church  Council  of  the  American  Church 
in  London;  Inter-Religious  Committee  for  Peace  in  the  Middle  East;  Presbyterian 
Middle  East  Network. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  413 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  General  Government. 
Vice  Chair:  Manufacturing  and  Labor. 

Member:  Capital  Expenditures;  Children  and  Human  Resources;  Constitution  and 
Election  Laws;  Environment  and  Natural  Resources;  Judiciary  II;  Ways  & 

Means. 


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Owner  Plyler  Grading  and  Paving,  Inc 
and  real  estate  interests. 


Aaron  W«  Plyler 

(Democrat-Union  County) 

Seventeenth  Senatorial  District  -  Anson, 

Montgomery,  Richmond,  Scotland, 

Union,  and  portions  of  Hoke,  and  Stanly 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Union  County,  October  1,  1926,  to 
Isom  F.  and  Ida  (Foard)  Plyler. 

Educational  Background 

Attended  Benton  Heights  School;  Florida 
Military  Academy. 

Professional  Background 

Independent  Businessman  (President  - 
;  President,  Hill  Top  Enterprises);  Farming 


Orga  n  iza  tions 

Member/Past  President,  Wingate  College  Patron  Club;  Member/Past  President 
Monroe-Union  County  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Member,  North  Carolina  Restaurant 
Association;  North  Carolina  Citizens  Association;  Associated  General  Contractors  of 
America;  National  Federation  Independent  Business;  Rolling  Hills  Country  Club. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Member,  General  Board  of  Directors,  United  Carolina  Bank;  Board  of  Directors, 
North  Carolina  Restaurant  Association;  Hill  Top  Enterprises;  Yadkin-Pee  Dee  River 
Basin,  Mecklenburg-Union  County  United  Way;  Board  of  Advisors,  University  of 
North  Carolina-Charlotte. 

Political  Activities 

Served  in  N.C.  Senate,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-90,  1991-92,  1993-;  N.C. 
House  of  Representatives,  1975-76,  1977-78,  1979-80,  1981-82;  Precinct  Chair  10 
years;  Past  Chair,  Union  County  Democratic  Party. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

1970,  Monroe-Union  County  Leadership  Award;  1971,  Union  County  "Man  of  the 
Year"  Award;  1971,  Wingate  College  Patron  Club  Award;  1973,  Union  County 
Leadership  Award;  1980,  Andrew  Jackson  Award;  1985,  NCAE  Award  for 
Outstanding  Support  of  Education;  1985,  N.C.  Public  Library  Directors  Association, 
Distinguished  Service  Award;  1985  &  1991,  Association  for  Retarded  Citizens  of  N.C. 
Award;  1992,  Honorary  Doctorate  of  Law,  Wingate  College;  1992,  President  Southern 
Piedmont  Legislative  Caucus. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Dorothy  Moser  Plyler,  May  22,  1948;  Children:  Barbara  Plyler  Faulk; 
Dianne  Plyler  Hough;  Aaron  W.  Plyler,  Jr.;  Alan  Plyler;  and  Alton  Plyler.  Member, 
Benton  Heights  Presbyterian  Church  (Ruling  Elder);  Past  Chair,  Board  of  Deacons. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  415 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Appropriations. 

Vice  Chair:  Ways  &  Means. 

Member:  Agriculture,  Marine  Resources  &  Wildlife;  Capital  Expenditures;  Economic 

Development;  Pensions  and  Retirement;  Rules  and  Operation  of  the  Senate; 

State  Personnel  and  State  Government;  GPAC  Select. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Janies  Franklin  Richardson 

(Democrat-Mecklenburg  County) 

Thirty-third  Senatorial  District  - 
Portions  of  Mecklenburg  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Charlotte,  Mecklenburg  County, 
May  20,  1926,  to  Sam  and  Addie  (Pickens) 
Richardson. 

Educational  Background 

Second  Ward  High  School,  1943;  Johnson  C. 
Smith  University,  1949,  B.S. 

Professional  Background 

Retired  (former  postmaster). 


Organizations 
Masons;  NAACP;  Omega  Psi  Phi;  Sigma  Pi  Phi. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Past  Chair,  N.C.  Social  Services  Commission;  Vice  Chair,  Study  Commission  for 
Mecklenburg  County  District  Representation;  Past  Board  Member, 
Charlotte/Mecklenburg  Public  Broadcasting  Channel  42;  Past  Board  Member, 
Charlotte  Drug  Educational  Background  Center;  Past  Chair,  WTVT  Advisory  Board, 
Channel  42;  Past  Member,  Board  of  Trustees,  Charlotte  Mint  Museum;  Past  Board 
Member  of  Charlotte  Housing  Authority;  Past  Vice-Chair  of  Mecklenburg  Area 
Mental  Health  Authority;  Past  Chair,  Charlotte/Mecklenburg  Youth  Council;  Past 
Member,  Mecklenburg  Youth  Services  Board  Member;  Past  Member,  Youth  Homes, 
Inc.;  Member,  Board,  Fighting  Back;  Member,  Board  of  Directors  Arts  and  Science 
Council;  Member,  Board  of  Directors,  Performing  Arts  Center. 

Political  Activities 
Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1987-92,  1993-Present;  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86. 

Military  Service 
Served,  U.S.  Navy,  1944-46  (Aviation  Metal  Smith  1st  Class). 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Mary  E.  Nikon  of  Columbia,  South  Carolina,  April  16,  1964.  Children: 
Gregory  and  James  Franklin,  Jr.  Member,  Memorial  Presbyterian  Church, 
Charlotte;  Elder,  Social  Action  Committee. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Chair:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Human  Resources. 

Member:  Banks  and  Thrift  Institutions;  Capital  Expenditures;  Children  and  Human 
Resources;  Economic  Development;  Judiciary  I;  Manufacturing  and  Labor. 


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417 


Alexander  R  Sands,  III 

(Democrat-Rockingham  County) 

Twenty-fourth  Senatorial  District  - 
Portions  of  Cumberland  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Reidsville,  Rockingham  County, 
October  26,  1945,  to  A.  Paul  and  Kathryn 
(Jenkins)  Sands,  Jr. 

Educational  Background 

Reidsville  Senior  High  School,  1963;  Duke 
University,  A.B.,  Political  Science,  1967; 
University  of  North  Carolina  School  of  Law, 
Juris  Doctor  (with  honors)  1971. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney,  Partner,  Bethea  and  Sands;  N.C.  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial 
Lawyers,  Rockingham  County  Bar  Association,  (president,  1984-85);  Association  of 
Trial  Lawyers  of  America. 

Organizations 

Reidsville  Rotary  Club,  President,  1983;  Rockingham  County  Farm  Bureau; 
Reidsville  Jaycees,  President,  1974-75. 

Political  Activities 

'.  Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1987-90,  1993-present;  Majority  Whip  1989-90;  Chair,  Senate 
!  Democratic  Legislative  Campaign  Committee  1989-90. 

Military  Service 

Served,  N.C.  National  Guard,  (sp.5),  1968-74. 

Personal  Information 

i  Married,  Virginia  Lee  Coffield,  of  High  Point,  August  15,  1970.  Children:  Andy  and 
Anna.  Member  Woodmont  United  Methodist  Church;  Administrative  Board;  Sunday 
School  Teacher. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Rules  and  Operation  of  the  Senate. 

Vice  Chair:  Judiciary  I;  GPAC  Select. 

Member:  Agriculture,  Marine  Resources  &  Wildlife;  Constitution  and  Election  Laws; 

Educational  Background/Higher  Educational  Background;  Environment  and 

Natural  Resources;  Finance;  Insurance;  Ways  &  Means. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Mary  Powell  Seymour 

(Democrat  -  Guilford  County) 

Thirty-second  Senatorial  District  - 
Portions  of  Guilford  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Raleigh,  Wake  County,  April  12, 
1922,  to  Robert  C.  and  Annie  Rebecca 
(Seymour)  Powell  (both  deceased.) 

Educational  Background 

Graduated,  Needham  B.  Broughton  High 
School,  1939;  Peace  College,  1941;  Course 
Study,  Harvard  University,  Cambridge, 
Mass.,  1946-47;  Pilot  Nursery  School  Study 
Program,  University  of  Michigan,  Ann 
Arbor,  Michigan   1949-50;  Leadership 

Development  Training,  Center  for  Creative  Leadership,  1978;  GTCC,  Basic  Computer 

Science  1983. 

Professional  Background 

Legal  Assistant;  Licensed  Real  Estate  Broker. 

Organizations 

Member,  Women's  Professional  Forum  0.  Henry  Woman's  Club;  Greensboro  Council 
of  Garden  Clubs,  Inc.;  Greensboro  Legal  Auxiliary;  Honorary  Member,  Business  and 
Professional  Women;  Hayes  Taylor  YMCA;  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Community 
Development  Council. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Tarheel  Trail  Girl  Scout  Council  Inc.;  Board  of  Visitors,  Peace  College;  Board  of 
Directors,  Hayes  Taylor  YMCA;  N.C.  Arts  Council,  1981-83;  Parks  and  Recreation 
Council,  1979-85;  N.C.  Law  Related  Educational  Background  Committee,  1980-84; 
State  Transportation  Advisory  Council,  1981-83;  Board  of  Directors,  National 
Conference  of  Insurance  Legislators,  1980-83;  Chair,  Guilford  County  Legislative 
Delegation,  1982-84. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  served,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1977-78,  1979-80,  1981- 
82  and  1983;  YDC;  Democratic  Women;  Legislative  Services  Commission,  1981-83; 
Mayor  Pro  Tempore,  City  of  Greensboro,  1973-75;  Greensboro  City  Council  (elected 
four  terms),  1967-75;  Legislative  Ethics  Committee. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Received,  1970  Eleanor  Roosevelt  Award;  Woman  of  the  Year,  City  Beautification; 
1971,  Bryant  Citizenship  Award,  District  7,  N.C.  FWC;  Chamber  of  Commerce  Dolley 
Madison  Award;  1972,  Quota  Club  Woman  of  Year;  Distinguished  Alumna,  Peace 
College;  1974;  Distinguished  Service  Award,  YWCA:  1975,  "Who's  Who  in  I 
Government",  1976-77,  Bowker,  "Women  in  Public  Office";  N.C.  Bar  Association 
Legislative  Recognition  1980;  Distinguished  Service  Award,  N.C.  Public  Health 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  419 

Association,  1982;  "Good  Sam"  Award  for  Legislation  Affecting  the  Hearing  Impaired, 
1982;  Community  Service  Award,  Bennett  College;  N.C.  Recreation  and  Parks 
Legislative  Award,  1984;  1992,  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Uncle  Joe  Cannon. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Hubert  E.  Seymour,  Jr.,  February  3,  1945.  Children:  Hubert  and  Robert. 
Member,  College  Park  Baptist  Church;  Sunday  School  Teacher  (ten  years). 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Public  Utilities. 

Vice  Chair:  Economic  Development. 

Member:  Banks  and  Thrift  Institutions;  Finance;  Insurance;  Manufacturing  and 

Labor;  Rules  and  Operation  of  the  Senate;  State  Personnel  and  State 

Government;  Transportation. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Jirn  Kenip  Sherron,  Jr. 

(Democrat  -  Wake  County) 

Fourteenth  Senatorial  District  -  Portions 
of  Johnston,  and  Wake  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Fuquay  Varina,  Wake  County, 
September  26,  1931,  to  Jim  K.  and  Maggie 
(Grady)  Sherron,  Sr. 

Educational  Background 

Fuquay  Springs  High  School,  1950;  North 
Carolina  State  University,  B.S.,  1959. 

Professional  Background 

Commercial  Investment  Real  Estate, 
Owner/      Partner;       Capital       Equity 
^Jj>      Corporation,  President,  1985-present; 
Registered  Broker-Dealer,  NASD. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Mason,  Millbrook  Lodge,  NO.  97;  Shriner,  Amran  Temple;  Exchange  Club,  life  mem- 
ber;  Exchange  Club,  New  Hope/Wilders  Grove,  President,  1977-78;  Wilders  Grove 
Youth  Center,  1976;  Little  League  Football  Coach,  1965-75;  Raleigh  Board  of 
Realtors;  N.C.  Association  of  Realtors;  National  Association  of  Security  Dealers;  Real 
Estate  Securities  and  Syndication  Institute. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Board  of  Directors  of  Learning  Together,  1984-present;  N.C.  State  Humanities 
Foundation,  1986;  Raleigh  Planning  Commission,  1977-81;  Fayetteville  Street  Mall 
Authority,  1979;  Capital  Planning  Commission,  1989-present. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate  1987-88,  1989-90,  1991-92,  1993-;  Young  Democrats  of  N.C, 
1955-1971,  Wake  County  Young  Democrats,  (President,  1962-club  was  voted  out- 
standing Young  Democratic  Club  of  America);  Precinct  Chair,  (sixteen  years),  County 
and  District  Executive  Committee;  Deputy  Secretary  of  Administration,  1981-84; 
Director  of  Purchasing  and  Contract,  1981;  Director  of  State  Property,  1977-81. 

Military  Service 

Served  U.S.  Navy,  AM-3,  1951-55;  Korean  Service  Ribbon;  Good  Conduct  Ribbon. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

i 

Gertrude  Carrawan  Award  for  Historical  Preservation,  1982;  Wake  County  Democrat 
of  the  Year,  1982;  Outstanding  Young  Democrat  of  N.C,  1962. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Carolyn  Honeycutt,  of  Salemburg,  January  19,  1958.  Children:  Kemp  and 
Kathy.  Member,  Millbrook  Baptist  Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Ways  &  Means. 

Vice  Chair:  Capital  Expenditures;  Finance;  GPAC  Select. 
Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Department  of  Transportation;  Pensions 
and  Retirement;  State  Personnel  and  State  Government;  Transportation. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


421 


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Daniel  Reid  Simpson 

(Republican  -  Burke  County) 

Twenty-seventh  Senatorial  District  - 

Alexander,  Avery,  Caldwell,  Mitchell, 

Wilkes,  Yadkin,  and  portions  of  Burke 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Glen  Alpine,  Burke  County, 
February  20,  1927,  to  James  Reid  and  Ethel 
Margaret  (Newton)  Simpson. 

Educational  Background 

Glen  Alpine  Public  Schools,  1932-43; 
University  of  Mississippi;  Auburn;  Lenoir 
Rhyne  College;  Wake  Forest  University, 
1949,  B.S.;  Wake  Forest  University,  School 
of  Law,  1951,  LL.B. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney  (of  Counsel  in  Firm  of  Simpson,  Aycock,  Beyer,  and  Simpson,  PA.),  former 
Attorney:  Town  of  Glen  Alpine,  Burke  County  and  Burke  County  Schools;  Former 
i  Criminal  Court  Judge. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Burke  County,  N.C.,  N.C.  State,  and  American  Bar  Associations;  Catawba  Valley 
Lodge  No.  217  (former  Grand  Master)  Free  and  Accepted  Masons.  Former  member: 
Lions  Club,  Junior  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Sigma  Chi;  Phi  Delta  Phi. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

■Director:  First  Union  National  Bank,  Morganton;  Environmental  Oversight 
Commission;  Highway  Oversight  Committee. 

Political  Activities 

jMember,  N.C.  Senate,  1985-Present;  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1957,  1961, 
1963;  Chair,  Joint  Caucus;  former  Chair,  Burke  County  Republican  Executive 
Committee;  former  President  and  Vice  President,  Burke  County  Young  Republicans 
Club;  former  Mayor  and  Councilman,  Town  of  Glen  Alpine;  former  Vice-Chair,  N.C. 
Young  Republicans. 

Military  Service 

erved,  US  Army,  1945-46  (T/5);  South  Pacific  theater. 

Honors  and  Awards 

Who's  Who  in  American  Law. 

Personal  Information 

tarried,  Mary  Alice  Leonard  of  Glen  Alpine,  September  16,  1951.  Children:  Mary 
^lma  (Simpson)  Beyer,  James  Reid,  II  and  Ethel  Barie  (Simpson)  Todd.  First  Baptist 
Church,  Morganton. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

tanking  Minority  Member:  Agriculture,  Marine  Resources  &  Wildlife;  Capital 

Expenditures;  State  Personnel  and  State  Government. 
Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Educational  Background;  Environment 

and  Natural  Resources;  Judiciary  II;  Pensions  and  Retirement;  Rules  and 
Operation  of  the  Senate. 


422 


North  Carolina  Manual 


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Paul  Sanders  Smith 


(Republican-Rowan  County) 

Twenty-third  Senatorial  District  - 

Portions  of  Davidson,  Iredell  and  Rowan 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Salisbury,  Rowan  County,  March  16, 
1927,  to  Karl  F.  and  Mary  (Sanders)  Smith. 

Educational  Background 

Boyden  High  School,  1948;  Catawba 
College,  1948-49;  PMA  Management 
Institute,  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1966-70; 
Legislative  Leaders,  Advanced  Management 
Program,  Boston  University,  1987. 

Professional  Background 
Executive  Vice  President,  Marketing  and  Operations,  Holding  Brothers,  Inc. 

Org  a  n  iza  tions 

Salisbury  Sales  and  Marketing  Executives  (President,  1975-76);  Salisbury-Rowan 
Merchants  Association  (President,  1975);  Lexington  Retail  Merchants  Association;  I 
Rowan  Oil  Dealers  Association  (President,  1966-67);  N.C.  Merchants  Association, 
Advisory  Board,  1982-present;  Boy  Scouts  of  America  (Scoutmaster;  Advisory  Board, 
Central  N.C.  Council,  1983-present);  Coach  (Little  League  Baseball  and  YMCA 
Basketball);  Salisbury  Chamber  of  Commerce  (President,  1976);  Lexington  Chamber 
of  Commerce;  Salisbury  Rotary  (Director,  1970-71;);  Salvation  Army  Advisory  Board, 
1979-present;  Davidson  County  Art  Guild;  Catawba  College  Alumni  Association; 
Friends  of  the  Library  Association  for  Retarded  Citizens;  North  State  Football 
Officials  Association;  Tri-County  Mental  Health  Board;  United  Way  (Budget  Chair, 
1976);  N.C.  Transportation  Museum  Board  1985-;  Ex.  Committee  Yadkin  -  Pee  Dee 
River  Basin. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1981-82,  1985-present;  Senate  Minority  Whip,  1985-92; 
Southern  Regional  Educational  Background  Board  1986-;  Rowan  County  Republican 
Party,  Chair,  1983-84;  GOP  Presidential  Elector,  8th  District,  1984;  Chair,  Rules  and 
Resolutions,  GOP  8th  District,  1984;  State  Executive  Committee  1981;  Chair,  Rowan 
County  Board  of  Commissioners,  1978-79;  Advisory  Budget  Commission;  Inaugural1 
Committee  1988;  Energy  Committee  of  Southern  Legislative  Conference;  ALEC: 
Public  School  Forum  of  N.C;  National  COIL  Executive  Committee;  GOP  Platform 
Committee,  1993;  Rowan  GOP  Mens  Club. 

Military  Service 
Served,  U.S.  Navy,  1943-45  (Seaman  1st  Class). 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  423 

Honors  and  Awards 

Friend  of  the  Library,  1983;  Oil  Industry  Award,  N.C.  Oil  Jobbers;  Order  of  the 
Arrow;  Scouter's  Key;  Man  of  the  Year,  1976;  Citizen  of  the  Year,  1975;  Boss  of  the 
Year,  1971;  Friend  of  the  Boy,  1965;  MLK  Humanitarian  Award,  1989;  NFIB 
Guardian  1988;  Taxpayers  Best  Friend,  1991-92. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Alda  Olivia  Clark  of  Salisbury,  September  4,  1950.  Children:  Paula, 
Charles,  and  Amy.  Three  Grandchildren.  Member,  St.  John's  Lutheran  Church, 
Salisbury;  Church  Council;  Pulpit  Committee;  Men  of  the  Church;  Vice  President,  J. 
L.  Fisher  Bible  Class;  Chair,  Educational  Background  Committee;  Lutheran  Services 
Foundation;  Usher  Team. 

I  COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Ranking  Minority  Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Educational 

Background;  Constitution  and  Election  Laws;  Transportation. 
Vice  Chair:  Educational  Background/Higher  Educational  Background;  Insurance. 
Member:  Capital  Expenditures;  Pensions  and  Retirement;  Public  Utilities. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


James  Davis  Speed 

(Democrat  -  Franklin  County) 

Eleventh  Senatorial  District  -  Franklin, 

and  portions  of  Johnston,  Vance  and 

Wilson  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Louisburg,  Franklin  County, 
January  30,  1915,  to  Henry  Plummer  and 
Addie  (Jeffreys)  Speed. 

Ed  u  ca  tion  alBa  ckgro  und 

Gold  Sand  High  School;  NCSU. 

Professional  Background 

Farmer;  Tobacco  Warehouseman. 

Organizations 

Farm  Bureau  (Past  President);  Agri-Business  Council;  Mason  (Past  Master)  Shriner; 
N.C.  Forestry  Association. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

N.C.  Tobacco  Foundation;  Franklin  County  Farm  Bureau  Board  of  Directors;  Franklin 
County  Leadership  Committee;  Former  Member,  Franklin  Memorial  Hospital  Board  of 
Directors;  Former  Chair,  N.C.  State  Board  of  Agriculture;  N.C.  Veterinary  Foundation, 
Board  of  Directors;  Franklin  County  Board  of  Health;  N.C.  Farm  Bureau  State  Board  of 
Directors;  Former  Chair,  Franklin  County  Democratic  Party. 

Honors  and  Awards 

Outstanding  Service  Award  by  N.C.  Association  of  Rescue  Squads,  1971;  District  Tree 
Farmer  of  the  Year,  1974;  Conservation  Farmer  of  the  Year,  1975;  Cited  by  N.C, 
State  University  for  Outstanding  Service  to  the  Tobacco  Industry,  1982;  Louisburg- 
Franklin  County  Chamber  of  Commerce  Achievement  Award,  1980;  Louisburg 
College  Medallion  Award,  1983. 

Political  Activities 

N.C.  Senate,  1977-present.  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1961-71  sessions 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Martha  Matthews,  November  29,  1947.  Children:  Claudia,  Tommy  anc 
James.  Member,  Baptist  Church. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Transportation. 

Vice  Chair:  Agriculture,  Marine  Resources  &  Wildlife. 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Department  of  Transportation;  Childrei 
and  Human  Resources;  Children  and  Human  Resources  Subcommittee  oi 
Veteran  and  Military  Affairs,  and  Senior  Citizens;  Educations 
Background/Higher  Educational  Background;  Environment  and  Natura 
Resources;  Judiciary  II;  Pensions  and  Retirement. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


425 


Lura  Self  Tally 

(Democrat  -  Cumberland  County) 

Twenty-fourth  Senatorial  District  - 
Portions  of  Cumberland  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Statesville,  December  9,  1921,  to 
R.O.  and  Sara  Sherrill  (Cowles)  Self. 

Educational  Background 

Raleigh  Public  Schools  and  Needham 
Broughton  High  School,  1938;  Peace  College; 
Duke  University,  A.B.,  1942;  NCSU  School 
of  Educational  Background,  1970  M.A. 

Professional  Background 

Teacher  and  guidance  counselor,  Fayetteville     ^ 
City  Schools;  teacher,  Adult  Educational 
Background,  Fayetteville  Technical  Institute. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

NEA;  N.C.  Association  of  Educators;  N.C.  Personnel  and  Guidance  Association; 
American  Association  of  University  Women;  Business  and  Professional  Women's 
Club;  N.C.  Federation  of  Women's  Club;  N.C.  Society  for  Preservation  of  Antiquities 
(former  President);  Fayetteville  Women's  Club  (former  President);  President, 
Cumberland  County  Mental  Health  Association;  Coordinator  of  Volunteers, 
'  Cumberland  County  Mental  Health  Center;  Kappa  Delta. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

^Fayetteville  Recreation  Commission;  NCSU  Foundation  Board;  Fayetteville  Technical 
Community  College  Board,  1983-93;  Juvenile  Code  Revision  Commission,  1977-79; 
Mental  Health  Study  Commission,  1986-87. 

Political  Activities 

jMember,  N.C.  Senate,  1983-Present;  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1973-82. 

Hon  or  sand  A  v/a  rds 

Business  and  Professional  Woman  of  the  Year,  Fayetteville,  1978;  Distinguished 
Alumni  N.C.  State,  1988.  Doctor  of  Humanities,  Methodist  College,  Fayetteville  1989; 
Governor's  Award  as  Legislator  of  the  Year  from  The  North  Carolina  Wildlife 
Federation,  1993. 


Personal  Information 

hildren:  Robert  Taylor  and  John  Cowles.  Five  grandsons. 
Methodist  Church,  Fayetteville. 


Member,  Hay  Street 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

hair:  Environment  and  Natural  Resources. 

i/ice  Chair:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Natural  &  Economic  Resources. 
VIember:  Agriculture,  Marine  Resources  &  Wildlife;  Children  and  Human  Resources; 

Children  and  Human  Resources  Subcommittee  on  Veteran  and  Military  Affairs, 
and  Senior  Citizens;  Judiciary  I;  Public  Utilities. 


426 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Russell  Grady  Walker 

(Democrat  -  Randolph  County) 

Sixteenth  Senatorial  District  -  Chatham, 

Moore,  Orange,  and  portions  of  Lee  and 

Randolph  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Conetoe,  August  26,  1918,  to  Ashley 
and  Alleen  (Bryant)  Walker. 

Educational  Background 

High  Point  High  School;  US  Army  Air  Corps 
Pilot  Training  School. 

Professional  Background 

JU      Retired  Super  Market  Operator;  Former 
President,  Food  Line  Super  Markets,  Inc. 

Organizations 

Member,  Masonic  Order,  Balfour  Lodge  (Asheboro);  Asheboro  Kiwanis  Club  (Past 
President,  Asheboro  Club;  Past  Lt.  Governor.  Carolinas  District);  North  Carolina 
Food  Dealers  Association  (Past  President). 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Mental  Health  Study  Commission;  Commission  on  Environmental  Review  (Co-Chair); 
Social  Services  Study  Commission  (Co-Chair). 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1975-Present;  Chair,  N.C.  Democratic  Party,  1979-1983; 
Asheboro  City  Council,  1961-1965  (two  terms);  Member,  Democratic  National 
Committee. 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Army  Air  Corps,  1941-46  (Pilot);  U.S.  Air  Force  Reserve,  1947-55 
(Captain). 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Air  Medal,  1945. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Ruth  Brunt  Walker,  July  13,  1941.  Children:  Russell  G.,  Jr.,  Mrs.  Susan 
Walker  Smith,  and  Stephen  Allen.  Member,  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Asheboro. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Children  and  Human  Resources. 

Vice  Chair:  Appropriations. 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Human  Resources;  Banks  and  Thrift 
Institutions;  Constitution  and  Election  Laws;  Pensions  and  Retirement;  State1 
Personnel  and  State  Government;  Transportation;  GPAC  Select. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 
Marvin  Martin  Ward 

(Democrat  -  Forsyth  County) 

Twentieth  Senatorial  District  -  Portions 
of  Forsyth  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Morrison,  Virginia,  February  10, 
1914,  to  Charles  Tilden  and  Nora  Belle 
(Martin)  Ward. 

Educational  Background 

East  Bend  High  School,  1930;  Appalachian 
State  University,  1934,  B.A.;  UNC-Chapel 
Hill,  1940,  M.A. 

Professional  Background 

Retired  educator  (former  Superintendent  of 
Winston-Salem/Forsyth  County  Schools). 

Organiza  tions 

American  Association  of  School  Administrators;  N.C.  Division  of  Superintendents, 
Mid-Urban  Superintendents  (former  President  and  Director);  life  member,  PTA;  life 
member,  National  Educational  Background  Association;  Lions  Club;  Ardmore 
Community  Club  (former  President);  Winston-Salem  Automobile  Club  (Director); 
Winston-Salem  Chamber  of  Commerce. 


Boards  and  Commissions 


'Government  Operations  Committee;  Mental  Health  Study  Commission;  Public  School 
jForum  of  North  Carolina;  Educational  Background  Commission  of  the  States 

Steering  Committee;  National  Conference  of  State  Legislators  (Vice  Chair, 
!  Educational  Background  Committee);  Southern  Legislative  Conference  (Educational 

Background  Committee). 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1979-present. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Distinguished  Service  Award,  Winston-Salem  Lions  Club,  1976;  Valand  Award,  1982 
(for  outstanding  service  in  the  field  of  mental  health);  Outstanding  Support  of  Public 
Educational  Background  Award,  North  Carolina  Association  of  Educators,  1985; 
Legislative  Award,  North  Carolina  School  Psychology  Association,  1985;  Outstanding 
Service  Award,  North  Carolina  Mental  Health  Association,  1986;  Distinguished 
Alumni  Award,  Appalachian  State  University,  1986;  Bell  Award,  Forsyth  County 
Mental  Health  Association,  1987;  For  Outstanding  Leadership  and  Contributions  to 
Educational  Background  Award,  Southeastern  Council  of  Elementary  School 
Principals,  1988-89;  Leadership  Award — Outstanding  Senator  for  Mental  Health 
Services  in  North  Carolina,  North  Carolina  Council  of  Mental  Health,  Mental 

Retardation,  and  Substance  Abuse  Programs,  1989;  'The  Educator"  Award,  Winston- 
Salem  Chapter  of  A.  Philip  Randolph  Institute,  1989;  Outstanding  Legislator  Award, 

^orth  Carolina  Alliance  for  the  Mentally  111,  1989. 


428  North  Carolina  Manual 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Mary  June  Darden,  August  23,  1941.  Children:  Elizabeth  (Ward)  Cone  and 
Marvin  Thomas.  Member,  Methodist  Cetenary  Church,  Winston-Salem; 
Administrative  Board;  Budget  and  Finance  Committee;  Sunday  School  teacher; 
Chair,  Staff  Parish  Committee,  1974-77;  Sunday  School  Superintendent,  1958-61. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Educational  Background. 

Vice-Chair:  Environment  and  Natural  Resources. 

Member:  Agriculture,  Marine  Resources  &  Wildlife;  Capital  Expenditures;  Children 
and  Human  Resources;  Educational  Background/Higher  Educational: 
Background;  Pensions  and  Retirement;  Rules  and  Operation  of  the  Senate;  Ways 
&  Means. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


429 


Ed  Nelson  Warren 

(Democrat  -  Pitt  County) 

Ninth  Senatorial  District  -  Portions  of 

Beaufort,  Lenoir,  Martin  and  Pitt 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Stokes,  Pitt  County,  November  29, 
1926,  to  Elmer  Edward  and  Daisy  (Cox) 
Warren. 

Educational  Background 

Campbell  University,  A. A.;  Atlantic 
Christian  College,  A.B.;  East  Carolina 
University,  M.A.;  Duke  University,  doctoral 
program. 

Professional  Background 

Investor,  Farmer,  Real  Estate. 

Organizations 

Greenville  Rotary  Club  (Paul  Harris  Fellow);  Trustee,  Salvation  Army;  Pitt  County 
Heart  Association  (Former  Chair);  Board  of  Directors,  Greenville  Chamber  of 
Commerce;  United  Fund  Board,  Greenville  Golf  and  Country  Club,  (Former 
President). 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Former  Chair,  Board  of  Trustees,  Pitt  County  Memorial  Hospital;  Former  Chair,  Pitt 
County  Health  Board;  Pitt  County  Airport  Authority;  Board  of  Directors,  BB&T 
Bank;  Past  President,  United  Fund. 

Political  Activities 

jMember,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1981-1990  (five  terms);  Former  Chair,  Pitt 
County  Board  of  County  Commissioners;  N.C.  Senate  1991-present. 

Military  Service 

United  States  Air  Force. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Pitt  County  Citizen  of  the  Year  Award,  1987. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Joan  Braswell.    Member,  First  Christian  Church;  Former  Deacon;  Finance 
ommittee. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

hair:  Banks  and  Thrift  Institutions. 

^ice-Chair:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Educational  Background;  Educational 

Background/Higher  Educational  Background. 
Member:  Agriculture,  Marine  Resources  &  Wildlife;  Pensions  and  Retirement;  Public 

Utilities;  Transportation;  Ways  &  Means. 


430 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Dennis  Jay  Winner 

(Democrat  -  Buncombe  County) 

Twenty-eighth  Senatorial  District  - 

McDowell,  Madison,  Yancey  and  portions  of 

Buncombe  and  Burke  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Canton,  Buncombe  County,  March 
29,  1942,  to  Harry  and  Julienne  (Marder) 
Winner. 

Ed  ucational  Ba  ckgro  und 

Lee  H.  Edwards  High  School,  1960;  UNC- 
Chapel  Hill,  1963,  A.B.;  UNC-Chapel  Hill, 
School  of  Law,  1966,  J.D.  with  honors. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney  at  Law,  Dennis  J.  Winner,  P.A. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Board  of  Directors:  Asheville  Chamber  Music  Association;  UNC  Law  Alumni 
Association,  1982-present;  UNC  Board  of  Visitors,  1976-present;  Asheville  Art 
Museum.  Former  Member:  N.C.  Judicial  Council,  1973-74,  N.C.  Courts  Commission, 
President,  Buncombe  County  Bar  Association,  1982. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1983-Present;  Superior  Court  Judge,  1972-1975;  District  Court 
Judge,  1970-1972;  President,  Buncombe  County  Young  Democrats  Club,  1968. 

Military  Service 

Served,  N.C.  Air  National  Guard,  1966-1972  (Sergeant). 

Personal  Information 

Member,  Congregation  Beth  Ha  Tephila,  Asheville. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Finance. 

Vice  Chair:  Ways  &  Means. 

Member:  Banks  and  Thrift  Institutions;  Capital  Expenditures;  Constitution  and 
Election  Laws;  Judiciary  I;  Local  Government  and  Regional  Affairs;  Pensions  and 
Retirement;  Rules  and  Operation  of  the  Senate;  GPAC  Select. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


431 


Leslie  Jane  Winner 


i' 

1 

m  **   v 

L 

"i 

(Democrat  -  Mecklenburg  County) 

Fortieth  Senatorial  District  -  Portions  of 
Mecklenburg  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Asheville,  Buncombe  County, 
October  24,  1950,  to  Harry  Winner  and 
Julienne  Marder  Winner. 

Educational  Background 

Lee  H.  Edwards  High  School,  1968;  Brown 
!  University,  Providence  RI,  A.B.,  1972; 
;  Northeastern  University  School  of  Law, 

J.D.,  1976. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney  at  Law. 

Organiza  tions 

■  Mecklenburg  County  Bar  (Secretary-Treasurer,  1990-92);  N.C.  Association  of  Women 
Attorney's,  President,  1982-83;  N.C.  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers; 

;  4th  Circuit  Judicial  Conference,  Permanent  member;  Rules  Advisory  Committee, 
1988-present;  National  Conference  of  Christians  &  Jews,  Director,  1992-present; 
Children's  Law  Center,  Director,  1992-present;  Elizabeth  Community  Association, 
Past  President;  Volunteer  Tutor,  Devonshire  Elementary;  Volunteer  Mediator, 

;  Charlotte  Community  Relations  Committee;  Adult  Educator  Committee;  Social 

I  Action  Committee. 

Political  Activities 

I  Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1993-present;  Women's  Political  Caucus;  Democratic  Women's 
Club;  State  Democrat  Party  Executive  Committee,  1981-87. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Kenneth  Schorr,  December  20,  1987.    Children:    Lillian  liana  Schorr. 
Temple  Israel;  Board  of  Directors,  1988-89. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Ice  Chair:  Judiciary  II. 

[ember:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Educational  Background;  Children  and 
Human  Resources;  Constitution  and  Election  Laws;  Educational 
Background/Higher  Educational  Background;  Environment  and  Natural 
Resources;  Manufacturing  and  Labor. 


432 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Sylvia  Morris  Fink 

Principal  Clerk 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Charlotte,  August  8,  1936,  to 
Warren  Reid  (deceased)  and  Effie  (Howard) 
Morris. 

Ed  ucational  Ba  ckgro  und 

Mount  Holly  High  School,  1954;  Pfeiffer 
College,  1955-56. 

Professional  Background 

Principal  Clerk,  N.C.  Senate,  1976-present 
(first  woman);  Senate  staff,  1967,  1973-76; 
Deputy  Clerk,  N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1967- 
68.  Formerly  employed  by  Duke  Power 
Company,  Cannon  Mills  Company  and  Charlotte  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Organizations 

American  Society  of  Legislative  Clerks  and  Secretaries;  Wake  Democratic  Women. 

Political  Activities 

Elected  Principal  Clerk,  N.C.  Senate,  1976  to  present,  Journal  Clerk,  N.C.  Senate, 
1975-76;  Assistant  Journal  Clerk,  N.C.  Senate,  1973-74;  Committee  Clerk,  N.C. 
Senate,  1967. 

Personal  Information 

Child:  Paige  Elizabeth.  Member,  Benson  Memorial  United  Methodist  Church;  life 
member  (two  churches)  Women's  Society  of  Christian  Service  (former  President  and 
Vice  President).  Former  MYF  counselor,  Sunday  School  teacher,  organist,  choir 
member. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


433 


Cecil  R.  Coins 


Sergeant-at-Arms 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Southern  Pines,  Moore  County  in 
1926,  to  T.  R.  Goins  and  Marie  Barrett 
Goins. 

Educational  Background 

West  Southern  Pines  High,  1944;  A  &  T 
State  University,  B.S.,  Business 
Administration,  1950. 

Professional  Background 

Sergeant-at-Arms  for  the  North  Carolina 
Senate;  Private  Investigator,  Alpha 
Investigative  Services,  owner,  1988-93. 

Orga  n  iza  tion  s 

Member,  National  Legislative  Services  and  Security  Association;  U.S.  Marshals 
Service,  retired  after  25  years.  Positions  held:  Deputy  U.S.  Marshall,  Inspector  and 
Criminal  Investigator;  Alpha  Phi  Alpha  Fraternity,  Life  Member;  Sigma  Pi  Phi 
Fraternity,  Boule'. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Raleigh  Civil  Service  Commission;  N.C.  Private  Protective  Service  Board; 
Meadowbrook  Country  Club,  Board  of  Directors. 

Political  Activities 

I  Chair,  Precinct  #20,  Raleigh;  Political  Action  Committee,  RWCA. 

Military  Service 

\  Army,  Infantry,  1st  Infantry.  Division,  Major,  1945-47,  Enlisted,  Far  East  and  Japan, 
1951-54,  Command.,  European  &  Germany;  Reserves,  1954-68. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  LaVerne  C.  Goins,  August  29,  1951.  Children:  Wanda  Goins  Brockington 
and  Carol  L.  Goins.  Member,  First  Baptist  Church. 


434 


North  Carolina  Manual 


ichael  Wade  Morris 

Chaplain,  N.  C.  Senate 


Early  Years 

Born  in  High  Point,  Guilford  County,  April  ; 
23,  1948,  to  Albert  Wade  Morris  and  Evelyn 
Faye  (Burrows)  Morris. 

Educational  Background 

Wade  Hampton,  Greenville,  SC;  Gardner 
Webb  College,  B.A.,  Religion;  Southeastern 
Baptist  Theological  Seminary,  Masters  of  I 
Divinity. 

Professional  Background 

Associate  Pastor,  First  Baptist  Church,  j 
Raleigh. 

Organizations 

Kiwanis  Club  of  High  Point;  Board,  High  Point  Salvation  Army;  Habitat  for 
Humanity;  Coach,  Boys  Basketball,  YMCA,  High  Point;  Volunteer  of  Overflow 
Shelter  for  Homeless  in  Raleigh.  I 


Chaplain,  N.C.  Senate. 


Political  Activities 


Personal  Information 


Married,  Noel  (LeGette)  Morris  of  New  Bern,  January  of  1992.    Children:    Elizabeth 
Traci  Morris.  First  Baptist  Church,  Raleigh. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  435 


Senate  Representatives 

Committee  Assignments  1993 


AGRICULTURE,  MARINE  RESOURCES,  AND  WILDLIFE 

Albertson,  Chair 
Kincaid  and  Speed,  Vice-Chairs;  Simpson,  Ranking  Minority;  Marshall, 
Perdue,  Plyler,  Sands,  Shaw,  Soles,  Tally,  Ward  and  Warren. 

APPROPRIATIONS 

Daniel  and  Plyler,  Chairs 
Kaplan,  Kincaid  (Ranking  Minority),  Wm.  Martin,  Perdue  and  Walker,  Vice 
Chairs;  Albertson,  Ballance,  Blackmon,  Carpenter,  Cochrane,  Codington, 
Conder,  Edwards,  Folger,  Forrester,  Gulley,  Gunter,  Harris,  Hoyle,  Hyde, 
Jordan,  Lee,  Marshall,  R.  L.  Martin,  Odom,  Plexico,  Richardson,  Sherron, 
Simpson,  Smith,  Speed,  Tally,  Ward,  Warren  and  L.  Winner. 

i  DEPARTMENT  OF  TRANSPORTATION 

Lee,  Chair 
Kaplan,  Vice  Chair;  Carpenter,  Ranking  Minority;  Albertson,  Sherron  and 
Speed. 

APPROPRIATIONS  -  EDUCATIONAL  BACKGROUND 

Ward,  Chair 
IWarren,  Vice  Chair;  Smith,  Ranking  Minority;  Edwards,  Perdue,  Simpson 
,and  L.  Winner. 

APPROPRIATIONS  -  GENERAL  GOVERNMENT 

Plexico,  Chair 
Wm.  Martin,  Vice  Chair;  Codington,  Ranking  Minority;  Conder  and  Gunter. 

APPROPRIATIONS  -  HUMAN  RESOURCES 

Richardson,  Chair 
iarris,  Vice  Chair;  Forrester,  Ranking  Minority;  Gulley,  Hyde  and  Walker. 

APPROPRIATIONS  -  JUSTICE  AND  PUBLIC  SAFETY 

Odom,  Chair 
Sallance,  Vice  Chair;  Blackmon,  Ranking  Minority;  Folger  and  Marshall. 


436  North  Carolina  Manual 

APPROPRIATIONS  -  NATURAL  AND  ECONOMIC  RESOURCES 

R.  L.  Martin,  Chair 
Cochrane  (Ranking  Minority)  and  Tally,  Vice  Chairs;  Hoyle,  Jordan  and 
Kincaid. 

BANKS  AND  THRIFT  INSTITUTIONS 

Warren,  Chair 
Jordan  and  Marshall,  Vice  Chair;  Kincaid,  Ranking  Minority;  Ballance, 
Carpenter,  Cochrane,  Edwards,  Harris,  Hartsell,  Hoyle,  Johnson,  Kaplan, 
Lucas,  Perdue,  Richardson,  Seymour,  Soles,  Walker  and  D.  Winner. 

CAPITAL  EXPENDITURES  AND  IMPROVEMENTS 

Kaplan,  Chair 
Sherron,  Vice  Chair;  Simpson,  Ranking  Minority;  Daniel,  Kincaid,  Lee, 
Lucas,  R.  Martin,  W.  Martin,  Odom;  Plexico,  Plyler,  Richardson,  Shaw, 
Smith,  Ward  and  D.  Winner. 

i 

CHILDREN  AND  HUMAN  RESOURCES 

Walker,  Chair 
Albertson  and  Harris,  Vice  Chairs;  Forrester,  Ranking  Minority;  Allran, 
Cochrane,  Codington,  Cooper,  Daniel,  W.  Martin,  Perdue,  Plexico, 
Richardson,  Speed,  Tally,  Ward  and  L.  Winner. 

SUBCOMMITTEE  ON  VETERAN  AND  MILITARY  AFFAIRS  AND 

SENIOR  CITIZENS 

Harris,  Chair 
Cochrane,  Daniel,  Speed  and  Talley. 

CONSTITUTION  AND  ELECTIONS  LAWS 

Hyde,  Chair 
Folger,  Vice  Chair;  Smith,  Ranking  Minority;  Allran,  Ballance,  Cooper, 
Daniel,  Gunter,  Hartsell,  Kaplan,  Lee,  Plexico,  Sands,  Walker,  L.  Winner 
and  D.  Winner. 

ECONOMIC  DEVELOPMENT/TRAVEL  AND  TOURISM 

Edwards,  Chair 
Ballance  and  Seymour,  Vice  Chairs;  Carpenter,  Ranking  Minority;  Allran, 
Blackmon,  Cooper,  Hoyle,  Hyde,  Jordan,  Kerr,  W.  Martin,  Plyler,  Richardson 
and  Soles. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  437 

EDUCATIONAL  BACKGROUND/HIGHER  EDUCATIONAL 

BACKGROUND 

Perdue,  Chair 
Gunter,  Lee,  Smith  and  Warren,  Vice  Chairs;  Cochrane,  Ranking  Minority; 
Conder,  Cooper,  Edwards,  Forrester,  Gulley,  Hartsell,  Hoyle,  Hyde,  Lucas, 
Marshall,  Sands,  Speed,  Ward  and  L.  Winner. 

ENVIRONMENT  AND  NATURAL  RESOURCES 

Perdue,  Chair 
Cochrane,  Kerr  and  Ward,  Vice  Chairs;  Blackmon,  Ranking  Minority; 
Cooper,  Gulley,  Gunter,  Odom,  Plexico,  Sands,  Simpson,  Speed  and  L. 
Winner. 

FINANCE 

D.  Winner,  Chairs 
Conder,  Kaplan  and  Sherron,  Vice  Chairs;  Allran,  Ranking  Minority;  Cooper, 
Hartsell,  Johnson,  Kerr,  Lucas,  Parnell,  Sands,  Seymour,  Shaw  and  Soles. 

INSURANCE 

Parnell,  Chair 
Hyde,  Johnson  and  Smith,  Vice  Chairs;  Kincaid,  Ranking  Minority;  Ballance, 
Codington,  Harris,  Kerr,  Lee,  Wm.  Martin,  Odom,  Sands,  Seymour  and 
Soles. 

JUDICIARY  I 

Ballance,  Chair 
Folger,  Kerr  and  Sands,  Vice  Chairs;  Hartsell,  Ranking  Minority;  Blackmon, 
Codington,  Daniel,  Lee,  Marshall,  Parnell,  Richardson,  Tally,  and  D.  Winner. 

JUDICIARY  II 

Cooper,  Chair 
Odom,  Soles  and  L.  Winner,  Vice  Chairs;  Allran,  Ranking  Minority; 
Carpenter,  Gulley,  Harris,  Hyde,  Johnson,  Wm.  Martin,  Plexico,  Simpson 
and  Speed. 

LOCAL  GOVERNMENT  AND  REGIONAL  AFFAIRS 

Folger,  Chair 
Gulley,  Vice  Chair;  Hartsell,  Ranking  Minority;  Albertson,  Blackmon, 
allance,  Edwards,  Gunter,  Lee,  Marshall,  Shaw  and  D.  Winner. 


438  North  Carolina  Manual 

MANUFACTURING  AND  LABOR 

Kerr,  Chair 
Allaran,  Cooper  and  Plexico,  Vice  Chairs;  Kincaid,  Ranking  Minority; 
Albertson,  Ballance,  Edwards,  Gulley,  Hartsell,  Hoyle,  Hyde,  Richardson, 
Seymour  and  L.  Winner. 

PENSIONS  AND  RETIREMENT 

Harris,  Chair 
Edwards,  Vice  Chair;  Carpenter,  Ranking  Minority;  Conder,  Daniel, 
Forrester,  Johnson,  Kaplan,  Lucas,  Plyler,  Sherron,  Smith,  Simpson,  Soles, 
Speed,  Walker,  Ward,  Warren  and  D.  Winner. 

PUBLIC  UTILITIES 

Seymour,  Chair 
Kerr  and  Parnell,  Vice  Chairs;  Cochrane,  Ranking  Minority;  Carpenter, 
Forrester,  Gulley,  Harris,  Hoyle,  Johnson,  Jordan,  Lucas,  R.  Martin,  Perdue, 
Smith,  Soles,  Talley  and  Warren. 

RULES  AND  OPERATION  OF  THE  SENATE 

Sands,  Chair 
Ballance  and  Conder,  Vice  Chairs;  Hartsell,  Ranking  Minority;  Blackmon, 
Carpenter,  Cooper,  Daniel,  Harris,  R.  Martin,  Odom,  Parnell,  Perdue,  Plyler, 
Seymour,  Simpson,  Soles,  Ward  and  D.  Winner. 

STATE  PERSONNEL  AND  STATE  GOVERNMENT 

Johnson,  Chair 
R.  L.  Martin,  Vice-Chair;  Simpson,  Ranking  Minority;  Allran,  Cochrane, 
Daniel,  Folger,  Jordan,  Kerr,  W.  Martin,  Parnell,  Plyler,  Seymour,  Sherron 
and  Walker. 

TRANSPORTATION  ! 

Speed,  Chair 
Hoyle  and  Perdue,  Vice  Chairs;  Smith,  Ranking  Minority;  Allran,  Blackmon, 
Carpenter,  Conder,  Folger,  Gulley,  Gunter,  Jordan,  Lee,  Lucas,  Odom, ' 
Parnell,  Seymour,  Sherron,  Walker  and  Warren. 

WAYS  AND  MEANS 

Sherron,  Chair 
Plyler  and  D.  Winner,  Vice  Chairs;  Allran,  Ranking  Minority;  Codington, 
Conder,  Daniel,  Forrester,  Harris,  Kaplan,  Lee,  Lucas,  R.  Martin,  Odom, 
Plexico,  Sands,  Shaw,  Soles,  Ward  and  Warren. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  439 

BONDS  SELECT 

L.  Winner,  Chair 
Edwards,  Forrester,  Hoyle,  Kerr,  Lee,  Lucas,  Perdue,  Sherron,  Simpson, 
Ward,  Warren  and  D.  Winner. 

GPAC  SELECT 

Wm.  Martin,  Chair 
Daniel,  Sands  and  Sherron,  Vice  Chairs;  Blackmon,  Ranking  Minority; 
Cochrane,  Conder,  Forrester,  Hoyle,  Lee,  Lucas,  Marshall,  Perdue,  Plyler, 
!  Shaw,  Soles,  Walker  and  D.  Winner. 


440  North  Carolina  Manual 

1993  NORTH  CAROLINA  HOUSE  OF 
REPRESENTATIVES 

Officers 

Speaker Daniel  Terry  Blue,  Jr. 

Speaker  Pro  Tempore Marie  Watters  Colton 

Majority  Leader Milton  F.  Fitch,  Jr. 

Minority  Leader David  Balmer 

Majority  Whip Jim  Black 

Minority  Whip Robert  Grady 

Principal  Clerk Denise  Weeks 

Reading  Clerk Lisa  Smith 

Sergeant-at-Arms Oscar  Tyson 

Representatives 

Name  District        County  Address 

Alexander,  Martha  B 56th Mecklenburg Charlotte 

Alphin,  Vance 10th Duplin Mt.  Olive 

Arnold,  Gene  G.  (R) 72nd Nash Rocky  Mount 

Baddour,  Philip  A.,  Jr 11th Wayne Goldsboro 

Balmer,  David  G.  (R) 55th Mecklenburg Charlotte 

Barbee,  Bobby  H.,  Sr.,  (R) 82nd Stanly Locust 

Barnes,  Anne  C 24th Orange Chapel  Hill 

Barnhill,  Howard  C 60th Mecklenburg Charlotte 

Beall,  Charles  M 52nd Haywood Clyde 

Berry,  Cherie  Killian  (R) 45th Catawba Maiden 

Black,  James  B 36th Mecklenburg Matthews 

Blue,  Daniel  T.,  Jr 21st Wake Raleigh 

Bowen,  Edward  C 12th Sampson Harrells 

Bowie,  Joanne  W.  (R) 29th Guilford Greensboro 

Bowman,  J.  Fred 25th Alamance Burlington 

Braswell,  Jerry 97th Wayne Goldsboro 

Brawley,  C.  Robert,  Jr.  (R) 43rd Iredell Mooresville 

Brown,  Dock  M 7th Halifax Weldon 

Brown,  John  W.  (R) 41st Wilkes Elkins 

Brubaker,  Harold  J.  (R) 38th Randolph Asheboro 

Burton,  William  A.,  Ill 28th Guilford Greensboro 

Church,  Walter  G.,  Sr 47th Burke Valdese 

Cole,  E.  Nelson 25th Rockingham Reidsville 

Colton,  Marie  W 51st Buncombe Asheville 

Crawford,  Narvel  J.,  Jr 51st Buncombe Asheville! 

Creech,  Billy  J.  (R) 20th Johnston Wilson's  Mills 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  441 

Name  District        County  Address 

Cromer,  Anderson 40th Stokes King 

Culp,  Arlie  F.  (R) 30th Randolph Ramseur 

Culpepper,  William  T.,  Ill  86th Chowan Edenton 

Cummings,  Frances  M 87th Robeson Lumberton 

Cunningham,  W.  Pete 59th Mecklenburg Charlotte 

Daughtry,  Namon  Leo  (R) 95th Johnston Smithfield 

Decker,  Michael  P.  (R) 84th Forsyth Walkertown 

DeVane,  Daniel  H 16th Hoke Raeford 

Diamont,  David  H 40th Surry Pilot  Mountain 

Dickson,  W.W.  (R) 76th Gaston Gastonia 

Dockham,  Jerry  C.  (R) 94th Davidson Denton 

Easterling,  Ruth  M 58th Mecklenburg Charlotte 

Edwards,  Zeno  L.,  Jr.  (R) 2nd Beaufort Washington 

Ellis,  James  Samuel  (R) 15th Wake Garner 

Esposito,  Theresa  H.  (R) 88th Forsyth Winston-Salem 

Fitch,  Milton  F.,  Jr 70th Wilson Wilson 

Flaherty,  David  T.,  Jr.  (R) 46th Caldwell Lenoir 

Fussell,  Aaron  E 65th Wake Raleigh 

Gamble,  John  Reeves,  Jr 44th Lincoln Lincolnton 

Gardner,  Charlotte  A.  (R) 35th Rowan Salisbury 

Gist,  Herman  C 26th Guilford Greensboro 

I  Gottovi,  Karen  Eckberg 13th New  Hanover Wilmington 

Grady,  Robert  (R) 80th Onslow Jacksonville 

Gray,  Lyons  (R) 39th Forsyth Winston-Salem 

,  Green,  James  P.,  Sr 78th Vance Henderson 

;  Griffin,  Bobby  H 34th Union Monroe 

:  Hackney,  Joe 24th Orange Chapel  Hill 

j  Hall,  Bobby  Ray 19th Lee Sanford 

|  Hayes,  Robert  C.  (R) 90th Cabarrus Concord 

( Hensley,  Robert  J.,  Jr 64th Wake Raleigh 

iHightower,  Foyle 33rd Anson Wadesboro 

iHill,  Dewey  L 14th Columbus Whiteville 

Holmes,  George  M.  (R) 41st Yadkin Hamptonville 

Holt,  Bertha  M 25th Alamance Burlington 

Howard,  Julia  C.  (R) 74th Davie Mocksville 

Hunt,  John  Jackson 48th Cleveland Shelby 

Hunter,  Howard  J.,  Jr 5th Northampton Murfreesboro 

Hunter,  Robert  Carl 49th McDowell Marion 

J.ves,  William  M.  (R) 68th Transylvania Brevard 

James,  Vernon  G 1st Pasquotank Elizabeth  City 

"arrell,  Mary  Long 89th Guilford High  Point 

effus,  Margaret  Moore 89th Guilford Greensboro 

enkins,  Thomas  K 53rd Macon Franklin 

Joye,  Billy  W.,  Jr 93rd Gaston Belmont 

Justus,  Larry  T.  (R) 50th Henderson Hendersonville 

Kennedy,  Annie  Brown 66th Forsyth Winston-Salem 

Finney,  Theodore 17th Cumberland Fayetteville 


442  North  Carolina  Manual 

Name  District        County  Address 

Kuczmarski,  Erin  J 92nd Wake Raleigh 

Lee,  Hugh  A 32nd Richmond Rockingham 

Lemmond,  Joseph  S.  (R) 69th Mecklenburg Matthews 

Luebke,  Paul 23rd Durham Durham 

Lutz,  Edith  L 48th Cleveland Lawndale 

Mavretic,  Josephus  L 71st Edgecombe Tarboro 

McAllister,  Mary  E 17th Cumberland Fayetteville 

McCombs,  W.  Eugene  (R) 83rd Rowan Faith 

McCrary,  Paul  R 37th Davidson Lexington 

McLaughlin,  John  B 54th Mecklenburg Newell 

McLawhorn,  Charles 9th Pitt Winterville 

Mercer,  Linwood  E 8th Pitt Farmville 

Michaux,  Henry  M.,  Jr 23rd Durham Durham 

Miller,  Bradley 61st Wake Raleigh 

Miller,  George  W.  Jr 23rd Durham Durham 

Miner,  David  (R) 62nd Wake Cary 

Mitchell,  W.  Franklin  (R) 42nd Iredell Olin 

Moore,  Richard  H 22nd Vance Henderson 

Morgan,  Richard  T.  (R) 31st Moore Pinehurst 

Mosley,  Jane  H 63rd Wake Cary 

Nesbitt,  Martin  L,  Jr 51st Buncombe Asheville 

Nichols,  John  M.  (R) 3rd Craven New  Bern 

Nye,  Edd 96th Bladen Elizabethtown 

Oldham,  Warren  Claude 67th Forsyth Winston-Salem 

Preston,  Charles  R.  (R) 45th Catawba Conover 

Preston,  Jean  Rouse  (R) 4th Carteret Emerald  Isle 

Ramsey,  Liston  B 52nd Madison Marshall 

Redwine,  E.  David 14th Brunswick Shallotte 

Richardson,  William  O 18th Cumberland Fayetteville 

Robinson,  George  S.  (R) 91st Caldwell Lenoir 

Rogers,  Richard  Eugene 6th Martin Williamston 

Russell,  Carolyn  B.  (R) 77th Wayne Goldsboro 

Sexton,  Paul  (R) 73rd Rockingham Stoneville 

Smith,  Ronald  L 4th Carteret Atlantic  Beach 

Spears,  Kenneth  Owen,  Jr 18th Cumberland Fayetteville 

Stewart  Clarence  P 19th Harnett Sanford 

Sutton,  Ronnie  N 85th Robeson Pembroke 

Tallent,  Timothy  N.  (R) 81st Cabarrus Concord 

Thompson,  Gregory  J.  (R) 46th Mitchell Spruce  Pine 

Wainwright,  William  L 79th Craven Havelock 

Warner,  Edward  Alexander 75th Cumberland Hope  Mills 

Weatherly,  John  Hugh  (R) 48th Cleveland Kings  Mountain 

Wilkins,  Michael  S 22nd Person Roxboro 

Wilmoth,  Wade  Franklin 40th Watauga Boone 

Wilson,  Constance  K.  (R) 57th Mecklenburg Charlotte 

Wood,  Stephen  W.  (R) 27th ....Guilford High  Point 

Wright,  Thomas  E 98th New  Hanover Wilmington 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  443 

Speakers  of  the  Homse  of  Burgesses 
Lower  House  of  the  Colonial  Assembly 

Assembly  Representative  County 

1666 George  Catchmaid Albemarle 

1672 Valentine  Bird [Pasquotank] 

1673 Valentine  Bird [Pasquotank] 

1675 Thomas  Eastchurch 

1677 Thomas  Cullen [Chowan] 

1679 George  Durant [Currituck] 

1689 John  Nixon [Chowan] 

1697-98 John  Porter [Bath] 

]  [1703] William  Wilkison [Chowan] 

1707 Thomas  Boyd 

>  1708 Edward  Mosely [Chowan] 

i  1709 Richard  Sanderson [Currituck] 

1711 William  Swann [Currituck] 

1711-12 Thomas  Snoden [Perquimans] 

1715-16 Edward  Moseley [Chowan] 

■  1720 [Edward  Moseley] [Chowan] 

1722 Edward  Moseley [Chowan] 

1723 Edward  Moseley [Chowan] 

'  1725-26 Maurice  Moore [Perquimans] 

John  Baptista  Ashe Beaufort 

i  1727 [John  Baptista  Ashe] [Beaufort] 

i  1729 Thomas  Swann [Pasquotank] 

j  1731 Edward  Moseley Chowan 

1733 Edward  Moseley Chowan 

1734 Edward  Moseley Chowan 

1735 William  Downing Tyrrell 

1736-37 William  Downing Tyrrell 

1738-39 William  Downing Tyrrell 

1739-40 John  Hodgson Chowan 

1741 John  Hodgson Chowan 

1742-1744 Samuel  Swann Onslow 

1744-45 Samuel  Swann Onslow 

1746 Samuel  Swann Onslow 

1746-52 Samuel  Swann Onslow 

1753-54 Samuel  Swann Onslow 

1754-60 John  Campbell Bertie 

Samuel  Swann Onslow 

1760 Samuel  Swann Onslow 

1761 Samuel  Swann Onslow 

1762 Samuel  Swann Onslow 

John  Ashe New  Hanover 

1764-65 John  Ashe New  Hanover 

1766-68 John  Harvey Perquimans 

1769 John  Harvey Perquimans 

1770-71 Richard  Caswell Craven 

1773 John  Harvey Perquimans 


444  North  Carolina  Manual 

Assembly  Representative  County 

1773-74 John  Harvey Perquimans 

1775 John  Harvey Perquimans 

House  of  Corninons 


Assembly  Representative  County 

1777 AbnerNash Craven 

1778 John  Williams Granville 

Thomas  Benbury Chowan 

1779 Thomas  Benbury Chowan 

1780 Thomas  Benbury Chowan 

1781 Thomas  Benbury Chowan 

1782 Thomas  Benbury Chowan 

1783 Edward  Starkey Onslow 

1784  (April) Thomas  Benbury Chowan 

1784  (October) William  Blount Craven 

1785 Richard  Dobbs  Spaight Craven 

1786-87 John  B.Ashe Halifax 

1787 John  Sitgreaves Craven 

1788 John  Sitgreaves Craven 

1789 Stephen  Cabarrus Chowan 

1790 Stephen  Cabarrus Chowan 

1791-92 Stephen  Cabarrus Chowan 

1792-93 Stephen  Cabarrus Chowan 

1793-94 John  Leigh Edgecombe 

1794-95 Timothy  Bloodworth New  Hanover 

1795 John  Leigh Edgecombe 

1796 John  Leigh Edgecombe 

1797 Musendine  Matthews Iredell 

1798 Musendine  Matthews Iredell 

1799 Musendine  Matthews Iredell 

1800 Stephen  Cabarrus Chowan 

1801 Stephen  Cabarrus Chowan 

1802 Stephen  Cabarrus Chowan 

1803 Stephen  Cabarrus Chowan 

1804 Stephen  Cabarrus Chowan 

1805 Stephen  Cabarrus Chowan 

1806 John  Moore Lincoln 

1807 Joshua  Grainger  Wright New  Hanover 

1808 Joshua  Grainger  Wright New  Hanover 

William  Gaston Craven 

1809 Thomas  Davis Cumberland 

1810 William  Hawkins Granville 

1811 William  Hawkins Granville 

1812 William  Miller Warren 

1813 William  Miller Warren 

1814 William  Miller Warren 

1815 John  Craig Orange. 

1816 Thomas  Ruffins Orange 

James  Iredell Chowan  ■ 

1817 James  Iredell,  Jr Chowan 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  445 

Assembly  Representative  County 

1818 James  Iredell,  Jr Chowan 

1819 Romulus  M.  Saunders Caswell 

1820 Romulus  M.  Saunders Caswell 

1821 James  Mebane Orange 

1822 John  D.  Jones New  Hanover 

1823-24 Alfred  Moore Brunswick 

1824-25 Alfred  Moore Brunswick 

1825-26 John  Stanly Craven 

1826-27 John  Stanly Craven 

1827-28 James  Iredell,  Jr Chowan 

1828-29 Thomas  Settle Rockingham 

1829-30 William  J.  Alexander Mecklenburg 

1830-31 Charles  Fisher Rowan 

1831-32 Charles  Fisher Rowan 

1832-33 Louis  D.  Henry Cumberland 

1833-34 William  J.  Alexander Mecklenburg 

1834-35 William  J.  Alexander Mecklenburg 

1835 William  D.  Haywood,  Jr Wake 

1836-37 William  H.  Haywood,  Jr Wake 

1838-39 William  A.  Graham Orange 

1840-41 William  A.  Graham Orange 

Robert  B.  Gilliam Granville 

1842-43 Clavin  Graves Caswell 

1844-45 Edward  Stanly Beauford 

1846-47 Edward  Stanly Beauford 

Robert  B.  Gilliam Granville 

1848-49 Robert  B.  Gilliam Granville 

1850-51 James  C.  Dobbs Cumberland 

1852 John  Baxter Henderson 

1854-55 Samuel  P.  Hill Caswell 

1856-57 Jesse  G.  Shepherd Cumberland 

1858-59 Thomas  Settle,  Jr Rockingham 

1860-61 William  T.  Dortch Wayne 

Nathan  N.  Fleming Rowan 

1862-64 Robert  B.  Gilliam Granville 

Richard  S.  Donnell Beaufort 

Marmaduke  S.  Robbins Randolph 

1864-65 Richard  S.  Donnel Beaufort 

1865-66 Samuel  F.  Phillips Orange 

1866-67 Rufus  Y.  McAden Alamance 


House  of  Representatives 

Assembly  Representative  County 

L868 Joseph  W.  Holden Wake 

1869-70 Joseph  W.  Holden Wake 

L870 Thomas  J.  Jarvis Tyrrell 

-872 James  L.  Robinson Macon 

.874-75 James  L.  Robinson Macon 

876-77 Charles  Price Davie 


446  North  Carolina  Manual 

Assembly  Representative  County 

1879 JohnM.  Moring Chatham 

1881 Charles  M.  Cooke Franklin  | 

1883 George  M.  Rose Cumberland 

1885 Thomas  M.  Holt Alamance  j 

1887 John  R.  Webster Rockingham 

1889 Augustus  Leazar Iredell 

1891 Rufus  A.  Doughton Alleghany 

1893 Lee  S.  Overman Rowan  ; 

1895 ZebV.  Walser Davidson 

1897 A.  F.  Hileman Cabarrus 

1899-1900 Henry  G.  Connor Wilson  I 

1901 Walter  E.  Moore Jackson 

1903 S.  M.  Gattis Orange; 

1905 OwenH.  Guion Craven 

1907 E.J.  Justice Guilford 

1909 A.  W.  Graham Granville 

1911 W.  C.  Dowd Mecklenburg 

1913 George  Connor Wilson 

1915 Emmett  R.  Wooten Lenoir 

1917 Walter  Murphy Rowan1 

1919 Dennis  G.  Brummitt Granville  i 

1921 Harry  P.  Grier Iredell 

1923-24 JohnG.  Dawson Lenoir 

1925 Edgar  W.  Pharr Mecklenburg 

1927 Richard  T.  Fountain Edgecombe 

1929 A.  H.  Graham Orange 

1931 Willis  Smith Wake 

1933 R.L.Harris Person 

1935-36 Robert  Johnson Pender 

1937 R.  Gregg  Cherry Gaston 

1939 D.L.Ward Craven 

1941 0.  M.  Mull Cleveland 

1943 John  Kerr,  Jr Warren 

1945 Oscar  L.  Richardson Union 

1947 Thomas  J.  Pearsall Nash 

1949 Kerr  Craig  Ramsay Rowan 

1951 W.  Frank  Taylor Wayne 

1953 Eugene  T.  Bost,  Jr Cabarrus 

1955-56 Larry  I.  Moore,  Jr Wilson 

1957 James  K.  Doughton Alleghany 

1959 Addison  Hewlett New  Hanover1 

1961 Joseph  M.  Hunt,  Jr Guilford 

1963 H.  Clifton  Blue Moore 

1965-66 H.  Patrick  Taylor,  Jr Anson 

1967 David  M.Britt Robeson 

1969 Earl  W.  Vaughn Rockingham 

1971 Philip  P.  Godwin Gates 

1973-74 James  E.  Ramsey Person 

1975-76 James  C.  Green Blader 

1977-78 Carl  J.  Stewart,  Jr Gastor 

1979-80 Carl  J.  Stewart,  Jr Gastor 

1981-82 ListonB.  Ramsey Madisor 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  447 

Assembly  Representative  County 

1983-84 ListonB.  Ramsey Madison 

1985-86 ListonB.  Ramsey Madison 

1987-88 ListonB.  Ramsey Madison 

1989-90 Josephus  L.  Mavretic Edgecombe 

1991-Present Daniel  T.  Blue,  Jr Wake 


! 


448 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  449 


Daniel  Terry  Blue,  In 


Speaker  of  the  House 

(Democrat  -  Wake  County) 
Twenty-first  Representative  District  -  Wake  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Lumberton,  Robeson  County,  April  18,  1949,  to  Daniel  Terry  and  Allene 
(Morris)  Blue,  Sr. 

Educational  Background 

Oak  Ridge  High  School,  1966;  NCCU,  1970,  B.S.  (Mathematics);  Duke  University, 
School  of  Law,  1973,  J.D.;  certificate,  National  Institute  for  Trial  Advocacy,  1977. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney  (managing  partner,  firm  of  Thigpen,  Blue,  Stephens  &  Fellers,  1976-present; 
associate,  firm  of  Sanford,  Adams,  McCullough  &  Beard,  1973-76);  faculty,  National 
Institute  for  Trial  Advocacy,  1983. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

American,  N.C.  and  Wake  County  (former  member,  Executive  Committee)  Bar 
Associations;  American  Associations  of  Trial  Lawyers;  Board  of  Governors,  N.C. 
Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  N.C.  Association  of  Black  Lawyers;  Duke  Law  Alumni 
Council;  Raleigh-Wake  Citizens  Association;  Kiwanis;  Alpha  Phi  Alpha;  former 
President,  Triangle  Chapter,  American  Red  Cross. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

East  Raleigh  Citizens  Advisory  Council;  Director,  East  Central  Community  Legal 
Services,(past  President);  Wake  County  Council  on  Aging;  Director,  N.C.  Center  for 
Public  Policy  Research;  N.C.  Courts  Commission;  N.C.  Criminal  Code  Commission; 
Board  of  Visitors,  Duke  University  Law  School;  Director,  NCNB  Community 
Development  Corporation;  Z.  Smith  Reynolds  Foundation  (Advisory  Board). 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989- 
90;  elected  House  Speaker  January,  1991,  1993-present;  Wake  YDC;  N.C.  Democratic 
Black  Leadership  Caucus;  Chair,  N.C.  Legislative  Black  Caucus,  1984-;  former  mem- 
ber, State  Democratic  Executive  Committee;  former  Committeeman,  Raleigh  Precinct 
39;  former  Chair,  Raleigh  Precinct  28;  permanent  Chair,  Wake  County  Democratic 
Convention,  1979;  Chair,  Wake  County  Democratic  Campaign,  1978;  active  in 
Democratic  politics  on  all  levels. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

humanitarian  Award,  Sigma  Gamma  Rho  Sorority,  1977;  Man  of  the  Year  Award, 
ioyer  Consistory,  Prince  Hall  Masons,  1980;  distinguished  Public  Service  Award, 
>haw  University,  1981;  Man  of  the  Year  Award,  Omega  Psi  Phi  Fraternity,  1981; 
Citizen  of  the  Year  Award,  Kappa  Alpha  Psi  Fraternity,  1981;  Third  Annual  Heritage 
Ward,  Shaw  University,  1981;  Outstanding  Legislator  Award,  North  Carolina 
\ssociation  of  Trial  Lawyers,  1985;  Outstanding  Legislator  Award,  Lawyers; 
)utstanding  Community  Service  Award,  1985,  North  Carolina  Black  Lawyers 


450  North  Carolina  Manual 

Association;  Outstanding  State  Representative  Community  Mental  Health,  Mental 
Retardation  and  Substance  Abuse  Programs,  1985;  Distinguished  Service  Award,  Phi 
Beta  Sigma  Fraternity,  1985;  Marjorie  Lee  Brown  Distinguished  Alumni  Lecturer, 
North  Carolina  Central  University  Department  of  Mathematics,  1986;  Special 
Recognition  Award,  North  Carolina  Association  for  Home  Care,  1986;  Outstanding 
Service  Award,  North  Carolina  Society  for  Autistic  Adults  &  Children,  1986;  Kelly 
Alexander,  Sr.,  Humanitarian  Award,  N.C.  Conference  of  Branches  of  NAACP,  1986; 
Appreciation  Award,  N.C.  Alliance  for  the  Mentally  111,  1986;  Outstanding  Public 
Service  Award,  Vance  County  Black  Caucus,  1987;  Outstanding  Service  Award, 
Garner  Road  YMCA,  1987;  Annual  Achievement  Award,  North  Carolina  A.  Philip  | 
Randolph  Institute,  1987;  Recognition  Award,  Martin  Street  Baptist  Church,  1987;  | 
Recognition  Award,  Martin  Luther  King  Celebration  Committee,  1987;  Man  of  the  , 
Year  Award,  Mid  Atlantic  Region  Alpha  Kappa  Alpha  Sorority,  1987;  Outstanding 
Political  Accomplishments  Award,  Eastern  Regional  Conference,  Zeta  Phi  Beta  \ 
Sorority,  1991;  Public  Life  Award,  N.C.  Council  of  Churches,  1991;  Outstanding 
Leadership  Award,  Club  15,  1991;  Truth  and  Service  Award,  NCCU,  1991; 
Distinguished  Service  Award,  N.C.  A  &  T  State  University,  1991;  Outstanding 
Community  Leader  Award,  Triangle  Morehouse  Club,  1991;  Adult  Achiever  of  the 
Year,  Garner  Road  YMCA,  1991;  Proclamation  &  Friend  of  the  City,  City  of 
Lumberton,  1991;  "Friend  of  the  Working  People"  Award,  N.C.  AFL-CIO,  1991; 
Martin  Luther  King,  Jr.  Service  Award,  General  Baptist  State  Convention  of  North  ! 
Carolina,  Inc.,  1991;  Outstanding  Service  Award,  Davie  St.  Presbyterian  Church,  ■ 
1991;  Outstanding  Support  Award,  Fayetteville  Business  and  Professional  League, 
1991;  Leadership  Award,  National  Black  Caucus  of  State  Legislators  Adam  Clayton 
Powell  Award;  Congressional  Black  Caucus  Man  of  the  Year  Award;  National 
Business  League's  JC  Napier  Government;  Leadership  Award  for  Excellence  in 
Legislative  Government,  NBMBA;  Garner  Road  Family  YMCA,  Adult  Achiever  of  the 
Year;  Outstanding  Community  Leader,  Triangle  Morehouse  Club;  Outstanding 
Leadership  Award,  Club  15  Civic  League,  Inc.;  Outstanding  Political 
Accomplishments,  Zeta  Phi  Beta  Sorority;  Distinguished  Public  Service  Award,  N.C. 
Chiropractic  Association,  1992;  National  4-H  Alumni  Award;  Leadership  Award, 
Lumberton  Alumni  Chapter  of  Kappa  Alpha  Psi  Fraternity,  Inc;  Leadership  Award, 
Phi  Lambda  Chapter,  Alpha  Phi  Alpha  Fraternity;  Leadership  Award,  Prince  Hall 
Masons;  Service  Award,  A.S.  Hunter  Lodge  #825  and  Non  Pareille  Chapter  #648; 
Award  of  Appreciation,  N.C.  Black  Elected  Officials;  Martin  Luther  King 
Distinguished  Service  Award,  Scotland  County  Ministerial  Alliance;  Black  Achievers 
Award,  Garner  Road  YMCA;  Public  Service  Award,  Second  Episcopal  District,  A.M.E. 
Church;  Leadership  Award,  National  Association  for  Equal  Opportunity  in  Higher 
Education  (NAFEO);  Certificate  of  Appreciation,  Triangle  J  Council  of  Governments; 
Consumer  Advocate  of  the  Year,  N.C.  Consumer's  Council,  Inc.;  Award  of 
Appreciation  for  Advancements  of  African  Americans,  Ellis  Chapel  FWB  Church; 
Youth  for  Social  Change  Achievement  Award,  Southerners  for  Economic  Justice;: 
Robert  F.  Kennedy-Jacob  Javitz  Award  for  State  Advocate  of  the  Year,  National 
Congress  for  Community  Economic  Development;  Outstanding  Black  Men  Award, 
21st  Century  Commission  on  African-American  Males;  People's  Leadership  Award, 
The  North  Carolina  Fair  Share. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Edna  Earle  Smith,  January  26,  1972.  Children:  Daniel  Terry,  III,  Kaniks 
and  Dhamian.  Member,  Davie  St.  Presbyterian  Church,  Elder. 


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451 


Marie  Waiters  Colton 

Speaker  Pro  Tempore 

(Democrat  -  Buncombe  County) 

Fifty-first  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Buncombe  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Charlotte,  Mecklenburg  County, 
October  20,  1922,  to  John  Piper  and  Sarah 
Thomas  Watters. 

Educational  Background 

i  Chapel  High  School,  1939;  St.  Mary's  Junior 
College;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1943,  B.A. 
(Spanish);  Mars  Hill  College  and  UNC- 
Asheville,  post  graduate  studies. 


Professional  Background 


Legislator. 


Orga  n  iza  tions 

Business  and  Professional  Women;  League  of  Women  Voters;  American  Association  of 
University  Women;  Sir  Walter  Cabinet;  Children's  Welfare  League;  Order  of  Women 
Legislators. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

;Director,  Vagabond  School  of  Drama;  Board  of  Directors,  Brevard  Music  Center; 
iBoard  of  Advisors,  N.C.  Historic  Preservation  Foundation;  The  N.C.  Institute  of 
Medicine;  Board  of  Visitors  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  the  N.C.  World  Trade  Association,  and 

Western  N.C.  Tomorrow. 

Political  Activities 

JMember,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1979-92,  1993-. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Henry  E.  Colton.  Children:  Elizabeth,  Marie  (Colton)  Pelzer;  Sarah  (Colton) 
/illeminot;  Walter  Colton;  7  grandchildren.  Trinity  Episcopal  Church;  Former  Vestry 
•Voman. 

I 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

dhair:  Ethics. 

Member:  Children,  Youth  and  Families;  Environment;  Finance;  Rules,  Calendar,  and 

Operations  of  the  House;  Transportation  Subcommittee  on  Airports,  Railways 

and  Waterways. 


North  Carolina  Manual 

Milton  E  Fitch,  Jr. 

Majority  Leader 

(Democrat-Wilson  County) 

Seventieth  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Edgecombe,  Nash,  and 

Wilson  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Wilson,  Wilson  County,  October  20, 
1946,  to  Milton  Frederick  and  Cora 
(Whitted)  Fitch. 

Educational  Background 

C.H.  Darden  High  School,  1964;  N.C. 
Central  University,  1968,  B.S.;  N.C.  Central 
University,  School  of  Law,  1972,  J.D. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney  at  Law. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-90,  1991-92,  1993-. 

Personal  Information 

Member,  Jackson  Chapel  Baptist  Church,  Wilson. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Constitutional  Amendments  &  Referenda. 

Vice  Chair:  Judiciary  III. 

Member:  Courts  and  Justice;  Finance;  Local  and  Regional  Government  I. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 
mer      P 


453 


Minority  Leader 

(Republican  -  Mecklenburg  County) 

Fifty-Fifth  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Mecklenburg  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Charlotte,  Mecklenburg  County, 
April  11,  1962,  to  John  Morrison  and  Diane 
(Foster)  Balmer. 

Educational  Background 

The  Hill  School,  1981;  UNC-Chapel  Hill, 
B.A.,  1984;  Wake  Forest  Law  School,  J.D., 
1988;  US  Army  Judge  Advocate  General's 
School  (Charlottesville,  VA),  1992. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney;  Clerk  to  the  Honorable  Rhoda  Billings,  N.C.  Supreme  Court;  Assistant 
Press  Secretary,  Governor  Jim  Martin. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Member,  American  Cancer  Society  Finance  Committee;  Member,  Delta  Upsilon 
Fraternity  Alumni  Association;  Member,  Wake  Forest  Law  School  Alumni 
Association;  Member,  N.C.  State  Bar;  Member,  N.C.  Bar  Association;  Member, 
,  Mecklenburg  County  Bar  Association. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Member,  Board  of  Visitors  of  Johnson  C.  Smith  University,  1990-present;  Legislative 
Ethics  Committee,  1993-present;  Joint  Select  Committee  on  Low-Level  Radioactive 
'Wastes,  1989-present;  Joint  Legislative  Utility  Review  Committee  1988-90; 
Legislative  Research  Commission  on  Railroads,  1989-90. 

Political  Activities 

N.C.  House  Minority  Leader,  1993-present;  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives, 
1989-present;  N.C.  State  Republican  Party  Central  Committee,  1992-present; 
American  Legislative  Exchange  Council,  1989-present;  N.C.  State  Republican  Party 
Executive  Committee,  1982-present;  Delegate  to  N.C.  State  Republican  Party 
Conventions,  1983-84,  1985,  1987-88,  1989,  1991-92  and  1993;  Delegate  to 
Republican  Party  Ninth  District  Conventions,  1983-present;  Delegate  to  Mecklenburg 
County  Republican  Party  Conventions,  1983-present;  Alternate  to  1984  Republican 
National  Convention  in  Dallas,  TX;  Students  for  Jim  Martin  for  Governor  (Statewide 
Chair,  1984);  N.C.  Federation  of  College  Republicans  (State  Vice  Chair,  1983); 
Students  for  Jim  Martin  for  Congress,  Director  (9th  District,  1982);  Jim  Martin  for 
Congress,  Vice  Chair  of  Yardsign  Committee,  1978. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

1992  Guardian  of  Small  Business  Award  given  by  the  National  Federation  of 
independent  Businesses;  1992  Perfect  Attendance  in  N.C.  House;  1991  N.C. 
Taxpayers  United  Award;  1991  Solid  Waste  Award  given  by  National  Solid  Waste 


454  North  Carolina  Manual 

Management  Association;  1990  Guardian  of  Small  Business  Award  given  by  the 
National  Federation  of  Independent  Businesses;  1990  Perfect  Attendance  in  N.C. 
House;  1989  Legislator  Award  given  by  the  Mecklenburg  County  Police  Benevolent 
Association. 

Military  Service 

Captain,  US  Army;  N.C.  National  Guard. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Mary  Kay  Smith  of  Seven  Springs,  N.C.  Children:  Laura  Ann. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Business  and  Labor  Subcommittee  on  Travel  and  Tourism;  Ethics;  Finance; 
Judiciary  III;  Public  Utilities. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


455 


fames  Boyce  Black 

Majority  Whip 

(Democrat  -  Mecklenburg  County) 

Thirty-sixth  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Mecklenburg  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Matthews,  Mecklenburg  County, 
March  25,   1935,  to  Boyce  and  James 
:  Margaret  Query  Black. 

Educational  Background 

East  Mecklenburg,  1953;  Lenoir-Rhyne 
College,  A.B.,  Business  Administration, 
1959;  Southern  College  of  Optometry, 
Doctor  of  Optometry,  1962. 

Professional  Background 

Optometrist,  Dr.  James  B.  Black  &  Associates;  Served  as  President,  N.C.  State 
Optometric  Society. 

Organizations 

Board  Member,  Mental  Health  Association  of  North  Carolina;  Board  Member, 
Crostdale  Community  Association;  Optimist  Club. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1991-present;  Member  N.C.  House  of 
'Representatives,  1981-82;  1983-84;  Matthews  Town  Council,  1988. 

Military  Service 

'U.S.N.R.,  USS  Massey,  Petty  Officer,  3rd  Class,  1955-56;  Reserves  1957-61. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Betty  Clodfelter  Black  of  Matthews,  May  13,  1955.  Children:  James  Boyce 
Black,  Jr.  and  Deborah  Ann  Black.  Member,  Matthews  United  Methodist  Church; 
Administrative  Board  Member,  1985-87;  President  Methodist  Nom.,  1987. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

o  Chair:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Education, 
/ice  Chair:  Insurance. 

Member:  State  Government  Subcommittee  on  Boards  and  Commissions; 
Transportation  Subcommittee  on  Public  Transportation. 


North  Carolina  Manual 

Robert  Grady 


Minority  Whip 

(Republican  -  Onslow  County) 
Eightieth  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Onslow  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Jacksonville,  Onslow  County,  April 
30,  1950,  to  William  R.  and  Minnie  (Hurst) 
Grady. 

Educational  Background 

Jacksonville  Senior  High,  1968;  University 
of  North  Carolina,  Chapel  Hill,  1972. 

Professional  Background 

Businessman. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

North  Carolina  Zoological  Park,  Board  of  Directors,  1984-86;  Onslow  County  Arts 
Council  Board  of  Directors,  1983-86;  Onslow  County  Council  on  Aging,  Board  of 
Directors,  1984-86. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1987-88,  1989-90,  1991-92,  1993-present; 
Jacksonville  City  Council,  1981-87;  Mayor  Pro-tempore,  City  of  Jacksonville,  1983-86. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Neta  Lucas  of  Benson,  November  27,  1973.  Member,  Southern  Baptist 
Church. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chair:  Business  and  Labor 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Education;  Education  Subcommittee  on 
Community  Colleges  and  Universities;  Ethics;  Pensions  and  Retirement;  State 
Government  Subcommittee  on  Military,  Veterans  and  Indian  Affairs. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 
artha  Bedell  Alexander 

(Democrat  -  Mecklenburg  County) 

Fifty-sixth  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Mecklenburg  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Jacksonville,  Duval  County, 
Florida,  August  30,  1939,  to  Chester  Bedell 
and  Edmonia  Hair  Bedell. 

Educational  Background 

Robert  E.  Lee  School,  Jacksonville  Florida, 
1957;  UNC-Charlotte,  Master  of  Human 
Development,  1979;  Florida  State 
University,  B.S.  Education,  1961. 

Organiza  tions 

Addiction  Professionals  of  N.C.;  Employee  Assistance  Professionals  Association; 

College  of  Chaplains;  Pastoral  Counselors;  Association  for  Spiritual,  Ethical  and 

;  Religious  Values  in  Counseling;  N.C.  Association  for  Religious  and  Value  Issues  in 

;  Counseling;  American  Association  for  Counseling  and  Development;  N.C.  Association 

for  Counseling  and  Development;  Charlotte  Junior  League,  President  and  Sustaining 

Advisor;  United  Way  Board;  Women  Executives;  General  Chair  Capital  Campaign, 

1988-89;  Alzheimer's  Association;  Community  Health  Services;  Hospice  at  Charlotte, 

,  Secretary,  1981-82;  Mecklenburg  Ministries. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

\  YWCA  Board  Member,  President,  1990-92;  Mecklenburg  Medical  Auxiliary 
I  Endowment  Fund  Board;  N.C.  Alcoholism  Research  Authority,  Chair,  1988-90; 
National  Advisory  Council  on  Alcohol  Abuse  and  Alcoholism  (appointed  by  the 
|  Secretary  of  Health  and  Human  Services). 

Political  Activities 

i  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-;  Charlotte  Women's  Political  Caucus; 
,  Co-Chair  of  Political  Planning  Committee,  1991;  Democratic  Women's  Club;  Delegate 

to  Mecklenburg  County  Convention;  State  Executive  Committee  (Democratic);  N.C. 

Women's  Political  Caucus,  Policy  Council  Member-at-Large;  Pine  Needles  Network 

Delegate  to  Democratic  National  Convention,  1992. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  James  Frost  Alexander,  June  22,  1962.    Children:    Charlotte  Tasse 
Alexander  and  James  Chester  Alexander.    Christ  Episcopal  Church;  Companion 
Diocese  Commission,  Chair,  1983-present;  Diocesan  Council  Member;  Overseas 
'  Commission  Member;  Delegate  and  Alternate  to  Diocesan  Convention,  1975-present. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Human  Resources;  Environment,  Health 
and  Human  Services  Subcommittee  on  Human  Services;  Judiciary  I;  Rules, 
Calendar,  and  Operations  of  the  House. 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Vance  Calvin  Alpfain 

(Democrat  -  Duplin  County) 

Tenth  Representative  District  -  Portions 
of  Duplin,  Jones,and  Onslow  County. 


Early  Years 

Born  in  Goldsboro,  Wayne  County, 
November  3,  1947,  to  Gilbert  E.  Alphin,  Jr. 
and  Eva  Grady  Alphin. 

Educational  Background 

James  Kenan  School,  1966;  Mt.  Olive 
College,  1967;  East  Carolina  University, 
B.S.  Biology,  1970. 

Professional  Background 

Farmer,  Crop  Insurance  Agent. 

Organizations 

National  Association  of  Crop  Insurance  Agents;  Chair  of  Duplin  County 
Commissioners,  1990;  Duplin  County  Commissioner,  1986-92. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1986-1992,  1993-;  Duplin  County 
Commissioner,  1986-92. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Ann  Byrd,  January  21,  1967.    Children:    Laura  Alphin  Thornton,  Vance 
Alphin,  Jr.  and  John  Stuart  Alphin.  Bethel  United  Methodist  Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Agriculture;  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Transportation;  Business  & 
Labor  Subcommittee  on  Economic  Expansion  &  Growth;  Local  and  Regional 
Government  II;  Transportation  Subcommittee  on  Highways. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


459 


Gene  Grey  Arnold 

(Republican  -  Nash  County) 

Seventy-second  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Nash  and  Wilson  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Rocky  Mount,  Nash  County, 
December  31,  1936,  to  Jacob  Harboard  and 
Bessie  Lee  (Pittman). 

Educational  Background 

Rocky  Mount  Senior  High,  1955;  UNC- 
Wilmington,  1956. 

Professional  Background 

Executive,  Hardee's  Food  System,  Inc.; 
President,  Specialty  Food  Services  Division; 
Sr.,  Vice  President  Management  Division.;  Former  Restaurateur. 

Organizations 

Past  President,  Management  Development  Institute-UNC;  UNC  Executive  Program; 
Fellow-N.C.  Institute  of  Political  Leadership;  Kiwanis  Club;  Former  Jaycee's;  Cancer 
Society;  United  Way  Campaign;  Nash  Community  College  Foundation  Board;  N.C. 
Wesleyan  College  Board  of  Visitors. 


Boards  and  Commissions 


American  Red  Cross  Board. 


Political  Activities 


Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-;  Treasurer,  Nash  County;  1992  Bush 
for  President  Committee. 

Person  al  In  form  a  tion 

Married,  Lynne  Shannon  Arnold,  June  23,  1957.  Children:  Lisa  Lynne  Davis,  Gene 
G.  Arnold,  II  and  Michael  Lee  Arnold.  Member,  St.  Andrews  Episcopal  Church; 
Eucharist  Minister,  1990-93;  Jr.  Warden,  1981;  Sr.  Warden,  1982;  Vestry,  1989-92; 
Long  Range  Planning  Committee,  1992. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Education;  Education  Subcommittee  on 
Preschool,  Elementary  &  Secondary  Education;  Health  and  Human  Services 
Subcommittee  on  Health  Care  &  Access;  State  Government  Subcommittee  on 
State  Parks,  Facilities  and  Property. 


460 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Philip  Augustine  Baddour,  Jr. 

(Democrat  -  Wayne  County) 

Eleventh  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Lenoir  and  Wayne  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Goldsboro,  Wayne  County,  August 
5,  1942,  to  Philip  A.  Baddour,  Sr.  and 
Louise  Farfour  Baddour. 

Educational  Background 

Goldsboro  High  School,  1960;  UNC-Chapel 
Hill,  AB  in  Economics,  1964;  UNC-Chapel 
Hill,  Law  School,  J.D.,  1967. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney,  Baddour,  Parker,  Hine  &  Wellons; 
Attorney  for  Wayne  Community  College,  1993;  Attorney  for  Town  of  Pikeville; 
Attorney  for  Village  of  Walnut  Creek;  United  States  Magistrate,  1970-71. 

Organizations 

N.C.  Bar  Association;  American  Bar  Association;  American  Trial  Lawyers 
Association;  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  Goldsboro  Rotary  Club;  Benevolent  and 
Protective  Order  of  Elks;  Goldsboro  Area  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Wayne  County 
Economic  Development  Commission,  1977-81,  1985,  Chair,  1988-90;  Industrial  Park 
Committee  ,  Chair,  1990;  Goldsboro  Area  Chamber  of  Commerce,  President,  1976-77, 
Board  of  Directors,  1974-77;  Vice  President,  1974-76;  Chair,  Wayne  County  Bar 
Association/Chamber  of  Commerce  Court  Study  Committee,  1975-76;  Goldsboro 
Rotary  Club,  President,  1985;  Wayne  County  Chapter  of  the  American  Cancer 
Society,  Board  of  Directors,  1968-82;  Goldsboro  Jaycees,  1968-78;  Wayne  County 
Sheltered  Workshop,  President,  1972-74. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

New  East  Bank  of  Goldsboro,  Board  of  Directors,  1988;  UNC  Law  Alumni  Association, 
Board  of  Directors,  1983-86,  1992;  N.C.  State  Bar  Disciplinary  Hearing  Commission, 
1980-86;  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers,  Board  of  Directors,  1990;  NC  Board  of 
Transportation,  1981-85;  N.C.  Board  of  Economic  Development,  1977-81;  Wayne 
Community  College,  Board  of  Trustees,  1986-92;  Family  Y  Board  of  Directors,  1982-84; 
University  of  North  Carolina  Alumni  Association,  Board  of  Directors,  1970-73; 
University  of  North  Carolina  Law  School  Alumni  Associations,  Board  of  Directors,  1991. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-;  Chair,  Wayne  County  Democratic 
Party,  1972-76;  Wayne  County  Young  Democratic  Club,  President,  1970;  N.C.  Young 
Democratic  Club,  State  Secretary,  1965,  Vice  President  for  the  Third  Congressional 
District,  1970-71. 

Military  Service 

N.C.  Army  National  Guard,  HQ  STARC,  Lt.  Colonel;  National  Guard,  1967; 
Lieutenant  Colonel,  Staff  Judge  Advocate,  30th  Inf  Bde,  N.C.  National  Guard,  1975. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  461 

Honors  and  Awards 

Distinguished  Service  Award  as  Outstanding  Young  Man  of  the  Year  (Goldsboro 
Jaycees),  1977;  Exchange  Club  Book  of  Golden  Deeds  Awards,  1983;  Robert  H. 
Futrelle  Good  Government  Award,  1971;  One  of  Ten  Most  Outstanding  Young 
Democrats  in  N.C.,  1968;  Awarded  Paul  Harris  Fellow  by  Goldsboro  Rotary  Club, 
1986;  Neuse  River  Council  of  Governments,  Outstanding  Regional  Citizen,  1991. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Margaret  Boothe  Baddour.  Children:  Philip,  III,  Mark  and  Helen.  St. 
Mary's  Catholic  Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Human  Resources;  Business  &  Labor 
Subcommittee  on  Economic  Expansion  &  Growth;  Children,  Youth  and  Families; 
Judiciary  III;  Transportation  Subcommittee  on  Highways. 


North  Carolina  Manual 

Bobby  Harold  Barbee,  Sn 

(Republican  -  Stanly  County) 

Eighty-second  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Cabarrus,  Stanly,  and  Union 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Locust,  Stanly  County,  November 
24,  1927,  to  Relus  W.  and  Joy  (Hartsell) 
Barbee. 

Educational  Background 

Locust  Elementary;  Stanfield  High  School, 
Graduated  1945. 

Professional  Background 

Barbee  Insurance  and  Associates,  Owner. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

West  Stanly  Colt  Club,  President,  1982-1985;  West  Stanly  High  School  Advisory 
Board  Member,  1986-87;  Stanly  County  Community  Schools  Advisory  Board  Member, 
1986-87,  Former  Member,  Locust  Elementary  P.T.A.,  President,  1964-66,  1984-85; 
Board  of  Directors,  Stanly  Memorial  Hospital  Foundation. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1987-88,  1989-90;  1991-92,  1993-present; 
Stanly  County  Republican  Men's  Club. 

Military  Service 

Served,  Army  Air  Force,  1945-47;  Basic  Training,  Sharp  Shooter. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Jacqueline  Pethel,  of  Kannapolis,  August  12,  1962.  Children:  Tammy, 
Michelle,  Crystal,  Julie  and  Bobby,  Jr.  Member,  Carolina  Presbyterian  Church; 
Deacon,  1985-present;  Music  Director  for  Congregation,  Missionary  Trips  (Africa, 
Indonesia  and  Martinique). 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chair:  Transportation  Subcommittee  on  Highways. 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Transportation;  Insurance;  Local  and 
Regional  Government  II;  Pensions  and  Retirement. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


463 


Anne  C.  Barnes 

(Democrat  -  Orange  County) 

Twenty-fourth  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Chatham  and  Orange  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Gaston  County,  March  29,  1932,  to 
George  Hoyle  Craig  and  Jessie  Tarlton. 

Educational  Background 

Mount  Holly  High  School,  1950. 

Professional  Background 

Legislator,  homemaker,  and  former  ballet 
instructor. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Orange  County  Board  of  Social  Services,  1978-81;  Chapel  Hill  Charter  Commission, 
1973-74;  Chapel  Hill  Recreation  and  Parks  Commission,  1969-72,  (Chair,  1970-72); 
Southern  Legislative  Conference  Executive  Committee;  Orange  County 
Commissioner,  elected  1978,  Chair,  Board  of  Commissions,  1980-81;  N.C.  Conference 
for  Social  Service;  Board  of  Directors,  Public  School  Forum  of  N.C;  Board  member, 
N.C.  Mental  Health  Study  Commission;  Chair,  Joint  Legislative  Education  Oversight 
Committee;  National  Conference  of  State  Legislators,  Justice  Committee,  Vice  Chair. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1981-present;  Orange  County  Democratic 
Party  (Executive  Committee,  1969-76,  Chair,  1974-76,  Vice  Chair,  1972-74)  Delegate 
to  County,  District  and  State  Conventions,  1969-82;  Carter-Mondale  campaign  staff, 
1980;  Executive  Committee,  N.C.  Democratic  Party,  1974-78;  Delegate,  National 
Convention,  1974. 

Honors  and  A  wards 
Orange  County  "Distinguished  Democrat",  1976;  President's  Award,  1989;  Legislative 
Award,  1989,  N.C.  Sentencing  Alternatives  Associations;  Legislator  of  the  Year,  1989, 
N.C.  Parks  and  Recreation  Society;  1990  Legislative  Award,  N.C.  Association  of  School 
Office  Personnel;  1990  Special  Award,  N.C.  University/College  Telecommunications; 
1990  Legislator  of  the  Year,  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  1990  Gwyneth  B.  Davis 
Award,  N.C.  Women  Attorneys;  1993  Faith  Active  in  Public  Life  Award,  N.C.  Council  of 
Churches;  Friend  of  Education  1993  Award,  N.C.  Association  of  Educators;  1993 
Legislator  of  the  Year,  N.C.  Community  Alternatives  for  Youth. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Billy  E.  Barnes,  July  19,  1952.  Children:  Billy  Jr.,  and  Betsy.  Deacon,  1977- 
80;  Church  School  Teacher;  Youth  Advisor. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Chair:  Education. 

Vice  Chair:  Constitutional  Amendments  &  Referenda;  Courts  and  Justice. 
Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Education;  Judiciary  III;  Public 
Employees. 


North  Carolina  Manual 

Howard  Clinton  Barnhi 

(Democrat  -  Mecklenburg  County) 

Sixtieth  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Mecklenburg  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Greenville,  Pitt  County,  February  7, 
1916,  to  Lonnie  C.  and  Josephine  (Staton) 
Barnhill. 

Educational  Background 

Epps  High  School,  1934;  N.C.  A&T  State 
University,  1938,  B.S.;  N.C.  Central 
University,  1948,  M.S.  (Public  Health); 
UNC-  Chapel  Hill,  School  of  Public  Health, 
graduate  studies. 

Professional  Background 

Retired  Clinical  Professor,  School  of  Public  Health,  UNC-Chapel  Hill;  Public  Health 
Educator,  Mecklenburg  County  Health  Department;  Director,  Health  Education 
Centers  Program,  School  of  Public  Health,  UNC-Chapel  Hill. 

Organizations 

Charlotte-Mecklenburg  Community  Relations  Committee,  1983-present;  Charlotte 
Club,  1983-;  Marketing  Task  Force,  Charlotte  Drug  Education  Center,  1984-present. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Member,  Charlotte  Area  Fund,  Inc.,  1984-present;  Charlotte-Mecklenburg  School 
Health  Advisory  Council,  1984-present. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1985-Present. 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Air  Force,  1942-46  (Staff  Sergeant);  American  Theatre  Service  Medal; 
Pacific  Service  Medal;  Good  Conduct  Medal;  World  War  II  Victory  Medal. 

Honors  and  Awards 

Laurel  Wreath,  Kappa  Alpha  Psi;  Distinguished  Service  to  Higher  Education,  N.C. 
A&T  State  University,  1980;  Merit  Award,  1976  a  Twenty-five  Years  Service  Award, 
1977,  N.C.  Public  Health  Association;  Excellence  Award,  1973  and  Twelve  Years 
Service  Award,  1965,  N.C.  A&T  State  University  Alumni  Association;  Religious  and 
Civic  Service  Award,  St.  Paul's  Baptist  Church,  1965;  Outstanding  Service  in  the: 
Field  of  Health  Education,  Scorpion  Club,  1965;  Meritorious  Community  Service 
Award,  Opportunity  Foundation,  Inc.,  1965. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Lois  Clay  of  Roxboro,  March  27,  1948.  Children:  Howard  C,  Jr.  and  Angela  C. 
Member,  First  Baptist-West  Church,  Charlotte;  Sunday  School  Teacher,  1972;  Board 
of  Directors,  1967-76. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  465 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  State  Government  Subcommittee  on  Boards  and  Commissions. 
,  Vice  Chair:  State  Government. 
Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Human  Resources;  Children,  Youth  and 

Families;  Education  Subcommittee  on  Community  Colleges  and  Universities; 

Health  and  Human  Services  Subcommittee  on  Health  Care  &  Access. 


466 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Charles  Millwee  Beall 

(Democrat-  Haywood  County) 

Fifty-second  Representative  District  - 

Graham  Haywood,  Madison,  Swain,  and 

portions  of  Jackson  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Asheville,  Buncombe  County, 
October  24,  1920,  to  Charles  M.  and  Nina  P. 
(Morgan)  Beall. 

Educational  Background 

Bethel  High  School,  1936;  Brevard  College, 
1937-38;  Haywood  Community  College. 

Professional  Background 

Inventory  controller,  Champion  Paper. 

Organizations 

Pigeon  River  Lodge  No.  386,  Mason  (Past  Master);  Asheville  Consistory  Scottish  Rite, 
32nd  Degree;  Vaner-Rhinehart  Post,  American  Legion;  Canton  Chapter,  York  Rite 
Masons  (past  High  Priest). 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Commission  on  the  Future  of  N.C.,  1982;  Commission  on  Manufactured  Housing, 
1982;  Revenue  Laws  Committee,  1981;  Judicial  Nominating  Committee,  1981; 
Committee  for  a  Comprehensive  Study  of  the  Property  Tax  System  in  N.C.,  1983-85; 
Member  of  the  Legislative  Research  Commission's  Study  Committee  on  the  Insurance 
Laws  and  Regulation  of  Insurance  Industry,  1983;  Local  Government  Advocacy 
Council,  1983-86;  Emergency  Medical  Services  Advisory  Council,  1985-88;  Liaison 
from  11th  Congressional  District  to  Southern  Legislative  Conference  of  the  Council  of 
State  Governments,  1985;  House  Co-Chair  of  the  Legislative  Research  Commission's 
study  on  Itinerant  Merchants,  1985;  House  Co-Chair  of  the  Legislative  Research 
Commission's  study  on  Outdoor  Advertising,  1985;  Special  Committee  to  Study  the 
Department  of  Transportation,  1985-87;  House  Co-Chair  of  the  Legislative  Research 
Commission's  study  on  Uniform  System  of  Voting  Machines,  1986;  Cafeteria-Style 
Benefits  Study  Commission,  1985;  Member  of  the  Legislative  Research  Commission's 
study  on  Veterans  Cemeteries,  1986;  North  Carolina  Farmworker  Council,  1986-87; 
Subcommittee  of  the  House  of  Representatives  to  determine  agricultural  needs  of  the 
farmers  of  N.C.,  1986;  House  Subcommittee  to  study  Utilities  Commission  Staff, 
1986;  Committee  on  Employee  Hospital  and  Medical  Benefits,  1987;  Alternate 
Representative  of  the  North  Carolina  House  of  Representatives  to  the  State  Federal 
Assembly  Committee  on  Commerce,  Labor  &  Regulation  of  the  National  Conference 
of  State  Legislatures,  1987;  Rural  Economic  Development  Center,  Inc.'s  Board  of 
Directors,  1987;  Joint  Select  Committee  on  Economic  Growth,  1987;  Chair,  Haywood 
County  Board  of  Elections,  eight  years;  Co-Chair,  Property  Tax  Appraisal  Study 
Commission,  1987;  N.C.  Advisory  Council,  Eastern  Band  of  the  Cherokee,  1988. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  467 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1981-present  (seven  terms);  Chair,  Haywood 
County  Democratic  Executive  Committee,  six  years;  Delegate,  National  Democratic 
Convention,  1980;  Chair  Vance-Aycock  Banquet,  1980;  Board  of  Alderman,  Town  of 
Canton,  two  terms. 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Air  Force  (Corporal);  Air  Transport  Command;  World  War  II;  Good 
Conduct  Medal;  American  Theater  Operations  Medal. 

Honors  and  A  wards 
N.C.  State  AFL-CIO  "A  Friend  of  the  Working  People"  Award,  1989. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Margaret  Jewell  Rhinehart,  January  19,  1954.  Children:  Anna  K.,  Cynthia 
j  H.  (Beall)  Hyatt  and  Margaret  F.  (Beall)  Pollock.  Member,  Central  United  Methodist 
Church;  Sunday  School  Teacher;  Chair,  Administrative  Board,  1978-88;  former 
Finance  Chair;  former  Lay  Leader  and  Treasurer,  1988. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Chair:  Business  and  Labor  Subcommittee  on  Labor  Relations  and  Employment. 
Vice  Chair:  Business  and  Labor  Subcommittee  on  Labor  Relations  and  Employment; 

Transportation  Subcommittee  on  Highways. 
Member:  Education  Subcommittee  on  Community  Colleges  and  Universities;  Finance; 

Pensions  and  Retirement. 


468 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Cherie  Killian  Berry 

(Republican  -  Catawba  County) 

Forty-fifth  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Catawba,  Gaston,  and 

Lincoln  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Newton,  Catawba  County, 
December  21,  1946,  to  Earl  Killian  and 
Lena  Carrigan  Killian. 

Educational  Background 

Maiden  High  School,  1965;  Lenoir  Rhyne 
College,  English,  1967;  Gaston  Community 
College,  Art,  1969;  Oakland  Community 
College,  Computer  Science,  1977. 

Professional  Background 

Manufacturer/Business  Owner,  LGM,  Ltd.;  Designed  ignition  wires  for  General 
Motors  for  Indy  and  Nascar  racing  engines. 

Organizations 

American  Business  Women  Association;  Director/Producer-Reading  Stage,  Hickory 
Community  Theatre. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-present. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Norman  H.  Berry,  Jr.    Children:    Kimberlee  and  Stephanie  Taylor.    Step 
Children:  Patricia  Berry  and  Norman  H.  Berry,  III. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Children,  Youth  and  Families;  Finance;  Public  Utilities;  State  Government 
Subcommittee  on  State  Parks,  Facilities  and  Property;  Transportation 
Subcommittee  on  Highways. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


Edward  C.  Bowen 


(Democrat  -  Sampson  County) 

Twelfth  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Onslow,  Sampson  and 

Pender  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Sampson  County,  June  15,  1923,  to 
Allie  Deen  Bowen  and  Sadie  Florence 
Peterson. 

Educational  Background 

Graduated  Franklin  High  School,  1940. 

Professional  Background 

Legislator. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Sampson  County  Planning  Development  Board,  1978-80;  Union  High  School  Board, 
1968-72. 

Political  Activities 

Served,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1982  (appointed  September  22,  1982  to 
replace  Ron  Taylor),  1983-84,  1987-88,  1989-90,  1991-92,  1993-present. 

Military  Service 

■  Served  in  Merchant  Marines,  1944-46. 

Personal  Information 

I  Married,  Lola  M.  Owen,  November  25,  1948.  Children:  Kathryn  Bowen  Thutt,  John 
1  Graham  Bowen,  Dr.  Betty  Herring,  William  Lloyd  Bowen  and  Robert  Carroll  Bowen. 

J  COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

'  Chair:  Transportation  Subcommittee  on  Highways. 
Vice  Chair:  Agriculture;  Transportation;  Public  Utilities. 

Member:  Finance;  State  Government  Subcommittee  on  State  Parks,  Facilities  and 
Property. 


470 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Joanne  Walker  Bowie 

(Republican  -  Guilford  County) 

Twenty-seventh  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Davidson  and  Guilford 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Terre  Haute,  Indiana,  June  18,  to 
Phillip  and  Iona  (Brown)  Walker. 

Educational  Background 

West  Virginia  University,  B.A.  (Journalism 
&  English);  West  Virginia  University,  M.S. 
(Communication-Visual  Aides). 


Professional  Background 

Public  Relations  Specialist;  Extension  News 
Editor,  West  Virginia  University;  Communications  Specialist,  U.S.  Department  of 
Agriculture;  Former  School  Teacher. 

Organizations 

Guilford  County  Medical  Auxiliary,  (1972-1984)  (President,  1982);  Greensboro 
Chamber  of  Commerce  (Board  of  Directors,  1986);  Mother's  March,  March  of  Dimes 
(Chair  of  Local  March,  1974-75);  Greensboro  Symphony  Guild;  Greensboro 
Preservation  Society. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

State  Board  of  Community  Colleges,  1985-88;  National  League  of  Municipalities 
Administration  Commission  (1984-88);  Guilford  County  Convention  and  Visitors 
Board  (1984-88);  Trustee,  Guilford  Technical  and  Community  College,  (1978-1985); 
Appointed  by  the  Governor  to  the  Rail  Passenger  Service  Task  Force  Committee 
(1991);  and  appointed  by  the  Speaker  of  the  House  to  the  Joint  Highway  Oversight 
Committee  (1991-93,  1993-95);  Appointed  to  High  Point  College  Committee  on  the 
Future  (1988);  State  League  of  Municipalities  Finance  and  Inter-Government 
Regulations  Committee;  Appointed  to  National  Finance  and  Inter-Governmental 
Regulatory  Committee,  League  of  Municipalities;  Appointed  to  American  Legislative 
Exchange  Transportation  Committee;  1992,  Appointed  to  two-year  term  on  the 
Center  for  Creative  Leadership  Board  of  Trustees  located  Brussels  and  Greensboro; 
1992,  Appointed  by  County  Commissioners  to  Community  Care  Planning  for  Elderly; 
1992,  Appointed  by  Mayor  and  Greensboro  City  Council  to  Committee  on  Reduction  of 
Crime  and  Violence;  1993-95,  Appointed  by  Greensboro  City  County  to  the 
Intermodel  Transportation  Committee. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives  1989-90,  1991-1992,  1993-present; 
Greensboro  City  Council,  1977-1988;  Guilford  County  Republican  Women's  Club; 
Charter  Member  Greater  Greensboro  Republican  Women's  Club;  After  House 
Republican  Women's  Club;  Guilford  County  Republican  Executive  Committee. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  471 

Personal  Information 

Children:  Michelle  Elizabeth  (Bowie)  Gray  and  Amy  Jo.    Member,  Saint  Paul  the 
Apostle  Catholic  Church,  Greensboro. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chair:  Transportation. 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Transportation;  Business  &  Labor 

Subcommittee  on  Economic  Expansion  &  Growth;  Children,  Youth  and  Families; 

Judiciary  III;  Transportation  Subcommittee  on  Airports,  Railways  &  Waterways. 


472 


North  Carolina  Manual 


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Jamies  Fred  Bowman 

(Democrat  -  Alamance  County) 

Twenty-fifth  Representative  District  - 
Alamance,  Caswell,  and  portions  of 
Orange  and  Rockingham  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Kimesville,  N.C.  February  13,  1927, 
to  William  Daniel  and  Nannie  (Neese) 
Bowman. 

Educational  Background 

Nathaniel  Green  High  School,  1944;  Elon 
College,  1951,  A.B.  (Business,  Math, 
Physics);  Duke  University,  M.S.E.E. 
(Engineering);  UNC-Greensboro,  1975,  M.S. 
(Business  Management). 


Professional  Background 

N.C.  licensed  professional  engineer  and  land  surveyor;  engineer,  AT&T  Technologies, 
1946;  retired  farm  manager,  1944-46. 

Organizations 

Burlington-Graham  Engineers  Club  (President,  1981;  Vice  President,  1981-82); 
Alamance  Executive  Club,  President  and  Vice  President,  (1981-82);  N.C.  Educational 
Foundation  for  Commerce  and  Industry  (President,  1974-76);  Alamance  Art  Council; 
Private  College  Committee;  Director,  Burlington  Civitan  Club,  1979,  1983,  1989; 
President  and  Vice  President,  Burlington  City  Schools  PTA,  1975-76;  Director,  N.C. 
Society  of  Engineers,  1970-74. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1985-Present;  Democratic  State  Executive 
Committee,  1972-1984;  Alamance  County  Democratic  Party  (Chair,  1978-82, 
Treasurer,  1975-77),  Supervisor,  Alamance  Conservation  Soil  and  Water,  1982-84; 
County  Chair,  Candidates  Campaigns  for  President,  Governor  and  Attorney  General. 

Honors  and  Awards 

Valedictorian,  Nathaniel  Green  High  School,  1944;  Statue  of  Liberty  Award  from 
Constituents  Alamance,  Rockingham,  and  Stokes,  1985. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Dr.  Betty  Lynch  of  Elon  College,  June  30,  1946.  Children:  Dr.  J.  Thomas, 
Dr.  Zebulon,  Mrs.  Nan  Bowman  Wooten  and  Mrs.  Freda  Bowman  Black.  Member, 
Beverly  Hills  United  Church  of  Christ,  Burlington;  Deacon  Board  of  Christian 
Education;  Finance  Chair,  Building  Committee,  1966-85,  1990-present;  Adult  Sunday 
School  Teacher,  1955-present;  Sunday  School  Superintendent. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Co-Chair:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Natural  and  Economic  Resources. 
Vice  Chair:  Business  &  Labor  Subcommittee  on  Economic  Expansion  &  Growth; 

Public  Employees. 
Member:  Education  Subcommittee  on  Preschool,  Elementary  &  Secondary  Education; 

Insurance. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


473 


J 


s 


(Democrat  -  Wayne  County) 

Ninety-seventh  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Duplin,  Sampson  and 

Wayne  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Rosewood,  Wayne  County,  June  23, 
1952,  to  Herbert  Hoover  Braswell  and  Ethel 
Aldridge  Braswell. 

Educational  Background 

Goldsboro  High  School,  1967-1970; 
Morehouse  College,  1970-74,  B.A.,  Political 
Science  and  Business;  UNC  School  of  Law, 
1974-77,  J.  D.;  Naval  Justice  School,  1978- 
79;  University  of  San  Diego  School  of 
Business,  1979-80,  Business  Degree. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney,  Jerry  Braswell  Attorney  at  Law. 

Organizations 

Board  of  Directors,  Legal  Services  of  N.C. -President,  1992-94;  N.C.  Bar  Association; 
N.C.  Association  of  Black  Lawyers;  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  American  Trial 
Lawyers  Association;  Sertoma  Club  of  Wayne  County;  Advisory  Board  Salvation 
\  Army;  Board  of  Directors,  Wayne  County  Boys  Club;  Board  of  Directors,  Wayne 
Opportunity  Center;  Goldsboro  Area  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Board  of  Directors, 
Family  Y. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

:  Board  of  Directors,  Mental  Health  Association;  Board  of  Directors,  Wayne  County 
i  Public  Library;  Board  of  Directors,  Dillard  Building,  Inc. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-Present;  Wayne  County  Commissioner, 
1988-92. 

Military  Service 

Served,  Navy  Unit  JAGC,  Lieutenant,  1977-1982;  Reserves,  1973-77. 

Personal  Information 

Children:    Joi  A.  Braswell    Member,  Mount  Zion  Disciples  of  Christ;  Vice-Chair  of 
Board  of  Trustees. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Member:   Agriculture;  Courts  and  Justice;  Finance;  Financial  Institutions;  Judiciary 
II;  Local  and  Regional  Government  I. 


474 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Clyde  Robert  Brawley,  Jn 

(Republican  -  Iredell  County) 

Forty-third  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Catawba  and  Iredell 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Mooresville,  Iredell  County,  April 
10,  1944,  to  Clyde  R.  and  Sarah  (Goodnight) 
Brawley. 

Educational  Background 

Mooresville  Senior  High,  1959-62;  N.C. 
State  University,  1968,  B.S.  (Engineering 
Operations). 

Professional  Background 

Insurance  agent. 

Organizations 

National  Association  of  Life  Underwriters;  Rotary  Club. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989- 
90,  1991-92,  1993-present. 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Army  National  Guard,  1967-91  Retired  LTC. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Mary  Kipka,  March  31,  1972.  Children:  Woody,  Shelly,  Edward,  Sarah  and 
Susan.  Member,  Triplett  Methodist  Church;  President,  Men's  Club;  Sunday  School 
Teacher. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chair:  Finance;  Pensions  and  Retirement. 

Member:  Business  and  Labor  Subcommittee  on  Labor  Relations  and  Employment; 

Constitutional  Amendments  &  Referenda;  Insurance;  Rules,  Calendar,  and, 

Operations  of  the  House. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


475 


Dock  Brown 


(Democrat  -  Halifax  County) 

Seventh  Representative  District  • 

Portions  of  Edgecombe,  Halifax,  Martin 

and  Nash  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Roanoke  Rapids,  Halifax  County, 
January  30,  1929,  to  Nelson  Brown  and 
Velvie  Parker  Brown. 

Educational  Ba  ckgro  und 

John  A.  Chaloner,  Roanoke  Rapids,  1948; 
Shaw  University,  AB,  History,  1954;  North 
Carolina  Central,  Master  of  Arts,  Education 
Administration,  1977. 

Professional  Background 

Employee/Community  Relations,  BIBB  Co.;  Halifax  County  Commissioner,  1984-92; 
Retired  School  Principal,  Halifax  County  Schools. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Roanoke  Valley  Red  Cross;  Board  Member,  Roanoke  Valley  United  Way;  Board 
Member,  Union  Mission;  Board  of  Directors,  Regional  L.  Council  of  Government, 
1984-90;  Vice  President,  Roanoke  Valley  Chamber  of  Commerce,  1990-92;  Treasurer, 
N.C.  Association  of  Black  County  Officials,  1991-92. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Halifax  County  Health  Board;  Halifax  County  Mental  Health  Board;  Chair,  Halifax 
County  Election  Board,  1983-84. 
I 

Political  Activities 

i  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-;  2nd  Vice  Chair,  Halifax  County 
Democratic  Party;  President,  Halifax  County  Coalition  for  Progress,  1980-84;  Vice 
President,  Halifax  County  Branch  NAACP,  1960-91. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Army,  40th  Infantry  Dis.  Sgt.,  1951-53,  Korea. 

Person  al  In  form  a  tion 

Married,  Helen  Brooks  Brown,  February  5,  1955.  Children:  Ivy  Beryl  Brown 
Singleton  and  Dock  M.  Brown,  Jr.  First  Baptist  Church,  Roanoke  Rapids;  Deacon 
Board  and  Past  Chair,  1968-93. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Business  and  Labor  Subcommittee  on  Labor  Relations  and  Employment; 
Children,  Youth  and  Families;  Finance;  Health  and  Human  Services 
Subcommittee  on  Health  Care  &  Access;  Public  Utilities. 


476 


North  Carolina  Manual 


John  Walter  Brown 

(Republican  -  Wilkes  County) 

Forty-first  Representative  District- 

Wilkes,  Yadkin  and  portions  of 

Alexander  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Traphill,  Wilkes  County,  September 
12,  1918,  to  James  Walter  and  Nora 
Blackburn  Brown. 

Educational  Background 

Virginia  Trade  School,  1940;  Appalachian 
State  University,  1937. 

Professional  Background 

Farmer  (beef  cattle,  poultry  and  tobacco). 

Organizations 

N.C.  Cattlemen's  Association;  Woodmen  of  the  World;  Farm  Bureau. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1971,  1973-74,  1979-80,  1981-82,  1983-84, 
1985-86,  1987-88, 1989-90,  1991-92,  1993-present. 

Military  Service 

Served,  US  Army,  1944-46  (Private);  Engineer  Corps;  World  War  II. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Ruth  Hanks,  September  14,  1941.  Children:  Betty  Ruth  Brown  and  Johnsie 
Charles  (Brown)  Brown.  Member,  Charity  United  Methodist  Church;  Chair,  Official 
Board;  Trustee;  Church  School  Superintendent;  Teacher,  Young  Adult  Class;  Church 
Lay  Speaker. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice-Chair:  Agriculture. 

Member:  Environment;  Finance;  State  Government  Subcommittee  on  Military, 
Veterans  and  Indian  Affairs;  Transportation  Subcommittee  on  Highways. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


477 


Harold  Jatnes  Brubaker 

(Republican  -  Randolph  County) 

Thirty-eighth  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Guilford  and  Randolph 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Mount  Joy,  Pennsylvania, 
November  11,  1946,  to  Paul  N.  and  Verna 
Mae  (Miller)  Brubaker. 

Educational  Background 

Pennsylvania  State  University,  1969,  B.S. 
(Agricultural  Economics);  N.C.  State 
University,  1971,  Masters  (Economics). 

Professional  Background 

President,  Brubaker  &  Associates,  Inc.  (real  estate  appraisals,  and  consultant). 

Organizations 

Randolph  County  Farm  Bureau;  Grange;  N.C.  Holstein  Association;  4-H  Club  leader; 
Former  President,  N.C.  Development  Fund);  Director,  Salvation  Army;  Former 
Director,  Westside  Volunteer  Fire  Department,  Randolph  Technical  College 
Foundation,  National  Conference  on  Citizenship;  former  Vice  President,  National  FFA. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1977-Present;  House  Minority  Leader,  1981-82, 
1983-84;  Joint  Caucus  Leader,  Republican  Members  of  the  N.C.  General  Assembly,  1979- 
80;  Executive  and  Central  Committees,  N.C.  Republican  Party  (former  Assistant 
Secretary);  Executive  Committee,  Randolph  County  Republican  Party;  Executive 
Committee,  National  Association  for  Republican  Legislators;  former  Executive 
Committee  member,  4th  District  Republican  Party;  Co-Chair,  N.C.  Reagan-Bush 
i  Committee,  1980;  delegate  at  large,  National  Republican  Convention,  1980;  Chair, 
i  Randolph  County  Young  Republicans,  1971;  Second  Vice  President  and  member  of 
National  Board  of  Directors  of  the  American  Legislative  Exchange  Council,  1988-present. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Outstanding  Young  Men  in  N.C,  1981;  Outstanding  4-H  Alumni  of  N.C,  1981; 
Distinguished  Service  Award,  1981. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Geraldine  Baldwin,  November,  1972.  Children:  Jonathon  Nissley  and  Justin 
Andrew.  Member,  St.  John's  Lutheran  Church;  Congregation  Chair;  Past  Vice  Chair, 
Deacon  Board. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chair:  Judiciary  II 

Member:  Agriculture;  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Justice  and  Public  Safety; 

Financial  Institutions;  Health  and  Human  Services  Subcommittee  on  Human 

Services. 


478  North  Carolina  Manual 

William  Andrew  Burton, 

-  I  !■■  ■■-I...  ■        ■■        ■    ■— — ■     ...I.....      »■         ■     «■        »..-■  —  - .. 

(Democrat  -  Guilford  County) 

Twenty-eighth  Representative  District  - 
Portion  of  Guilford  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Danville,  Pittsylvania,  VA, 
September  19,  1952,  to  William  A.  Burton, 
Jr.  and  Pernell  Fitzgerald. 

Educational  Background 

George  Washington,  1970;  N.C.  A&T  State 
University,  B.S.  Political  Science,  1974. 

Professional  Background 

Businessman,  Burton  Transportation, 
President. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Former  President,  United-Yellow  Taxi  Association;  Member,  Greensboro  Branch 
NAACP. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Triad  Minority  Development  Corporation. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-;  Former  President,  Young  Democrats 
of  Guilford  County;  Former  Secretary-Treasurer,  Sixth  District  Young  Democrats; 
Executive  Committee,  Young  Democrats  of  N.C. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Glenda  McBeth  Burton,  November  23,  1990.  Children:  William  A.  Burton 
IV  and  Jonathan  A.  Burton.  Mount  Zion  Baptist  Church;  Sunday  School  Member. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Transportation;  Business  &  Laboi 
Subcommittee  on  Economic  Expansion  &  Growth;  Local  and  Regiona 
Government  II;  Public  Utilities;  Transportation  Subcommittee  on  Publii 
Transportation. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


479 


Walter  Greene  Church 

(Democrat  -  Burke  County) 

Forty-seventh  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Burke  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Caldwell  County,  June  30,  1967,  to 
Anderson  M.  Church  and  Rosa  Triplett 
Church. 

Educational  Background 

Francis  Garrow  High,  1944-45;  Amherst 
College,  1945-46;  University  of  Wisconsin, 
Banking  and  Finance,  1962-64. 

Professional  Background 

CEO,  Western  Carolina  Savings  and  Loan, 
President  &  CEO,  1972-93. 

Organizations 

United  Fund,  Chair.  Board  of  Directors,  Valdese  Community  Center;  Burke  County 
Board  of  Elections,  (member);  Chair.,  Burke  County  Industrial  Pollution  Control 
Fund. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Savings  &  Loan  Commission  for  8  years,  1977-85,  (chair  last  two  years). 

Political  Activities 

I  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-present. 

Military  Service 

I  Army,  8167th  AW,  Sgt.  1st  Class,  1952-55,  Far  East  Command. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Army  Commendation  Ribbon. 

Person  a  I  In  form  a  tion 

Married,  Verta  Burns  Church,  June  8,  1957.  Children:  Walter  Jr.  and  Lori. 
Presbyterian  Church;  Assistant  Teacher. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Finance;  Financial  Institutions;  Health  and  Human  Services  Subcommittee 
on  Human  Services;  Insurance;  Pensions  and  Retirement. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Edward  Nelson  Cole 

(Democrat  -  Rockingham  County) 

Twenty-fifth  Representative  District  - 
Alamance,  Caswell,  and  portions  of 
Orange,  and  Rockingham  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Charlotte,  Mecklenburg  County, 
March  29,  1937,  to  Marvin  Reid  Cole  and 
Hazelene  Cathey  Cole. 

Educational  Background 

North  Mecklenburg  High,  1955;  Mitchell  Jr. 
College,  Business,  1957;  UNC,  Business 
Administration;  University  of  South 
Carolina,  B.S. /Business  Administration, 
1962. 

Professional  Background 

Auto  Dealer,  Nelson  Cole,  Inc.,  (Olds-Pontiac-GMC),  President. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Triad  GMC  Truck  Dealers  Association,  President  1991-92;  N.C.  Auto  Dealers 
Association,  Legislative  Committee,  1992-present;  Reidsville  Rotary  Club,  President, 
1992;  Reidsville  Chamber  of  Commerce,  President,  1987;  Habitat  for  Humanity,  Vice 
President/Board  of  Directors,  1986-91;  Reidsville  Soup  Kitchen,  Board  of  Directors, 
1985-88. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-present. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Libby  Lewter  Cole,  September  10,  1960.  Children:  Lori  Ann  Cole,  Andrea 
Cole  Trent  and  Elizabeth  Cole  Slaydon.  Member:  Presbyterian  Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Finance,  Financial  Institutions;  Insurance;  State  Government 
Subcommittee  on  Boards  and  Commissions;  Transportation  Subcommittee  on 
Public  Transportation. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


481 


arvel  J,  Crawford,  Jn       jf 

(Democrat  -  Buncombe  County) 

Fifty-first  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Buncombe  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Asheville,  Buncombe  County, 
November  9,  1929,  to  Narvel  J.  and  Tymah 
(Phillips)  Crawford. 

Ed  u  ca  tion  alBa  ckgro  und 

Lee  Edwards  High  School,  1946-48,  Duke 
University,  A.  B.,  1952;  UNC-Chapel  Hill, 
1959-60,  graduate  studies  in  history. 

Professional  Background 

Property  Management. 

Organizations 

V.F.W.  Post  789;  Asheville  Civitan  Club;  Legislative  Task  Force,  Industrial  Relations 
and  Economic  Development  Committees,  Asheville  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Director, 
American  Lung  Association  of  N.C.  (western  region);  Director,  N.C.  Hemophilia 
.  Foundation;  Director,  Epilepsy  Association  of  N.C;  Director,  American  Foundation 
for  the  Deaf;  Director,  Meals  on  Wheels. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

■ 

;  Director,  N.C.  State  Theater  at  Flat  Rock;  Director,  Thomas  Rehabilitation  Hospital; 

]  Director,  Buncombe  County  Social  Services,  State  Parks  Study  Commission  (co-chair- 

i  man),  1984-1991. 

Political  Activities 

,  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989- 

)  90,  1991-92,  1993-present;  Democratic  State  Executive  Committee,  third  term, 

i  Secretary,  Buncombe  County  Executive  Committee,  1978-79;  Chair,  Asheville 

Precinct  No.  3,  1972-78;  President,  Democratic  Forum  of  Buncombe  County,  1972-78; 

campaign  manager,  Asheville  City  Council,  1977;  representative,  Eleventh 

Congressional  District,  State  Democratic  Platform  Committee,  1976. 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Army,  1954-1956,  (Counter  Intelligence  Corps) 

Hon  ors  and  Aw  a  rds 

Phi  Beta  Kappa;  Distinguished  Service  Award,  Western  North  Carolina  Alzheimer 
Organization;  1990  Legislator  of  the  Year,  North  Carolina  Pediatric  Society;  1990 
Legislator  of  the  Year;  The  N.C.  Chapter  of  American  Planning  Association;  Arts 
Advocates  of  North  Carolina. 

Personal  Information 

Member,  All  Souls  Episcopal  Church,  Asheville;  Chalice  Administrator;  Director, 
National  Council,  American  Church  Union. 


482  North  Carolina  Manual 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Co-Chair:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  General  Government. 
Vice  Chair:  Education  Subcommittee  on  Community  Colleges  and  Universities. 
Member:  Ethics;  State  Government  Subcommittee  on  State  Parks,  Facilities  and 
Property. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


483 


Billy  fairies  Creech 

(Republican  -  Johnston  County) 

Twentieth  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Johnston,  Nash,  Franklin 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Smithfield,  Johnston  County, 
March  25,  1943,  to  Worley  Nevelle  and 
Geraldine  (Godwin)  Creech. 

Ed  ucational  Ba  ckgro  und 

Wilson's  Mills  High  School,  1962;  Mount 
Olive  College. 

Professional  Background 

Owner  operator,  Specialty  Lumber  Company. 

Organizations 

Southeastern  Lumberman's  Manufacturing  Association;  Member,  Ducks  Unlimited; 
Member,  Keep  Johnston  County  Beautiful,  Inc.  and  Clayton  Civitans. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Community  Resource  Council,  Johnston  County  Prison  Unit;  Farmers  Home 
Administration  (Chair,  1985-86);  Advisory  Board  for  Bank  of  Pine  Level;  Tobacco 
Farm  Life  Museum  Board;  Paul  A.  Johnston  Auditorium  Advisory  Board  (Johnston 
Community  College);  Johnston  County  Mental  Health  Association. 

Political  Activities 

i 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives  1989-present;  Member,  Johnston  County 
i  GOP;  Former  precinct  registrar. 


U.S.  Army  Reserve. 


Military  Service 


Personal  Information 


Married,  Donna  Arrants  of  New  Ellenton,  S.C.,  1977.   Christian  Church  (Disciples  of 
Christ),  Wilson's  Mills. 

Committee  Assignments 

Member:  Agriculture;  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Transportation; 
Environment;  Ethics;  Transportation  Subcommittee  on  Highways. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 

Anderson  D«  Cronier 

(Democrat  -  Stokes  County) 

Fortieth  Representative  District  - 

Alleghany,  Ashe,  Stokes,  Surry  and 

Watauga  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Winston-Salem,  Forsyth  County, 
November  30,  1953,  to  Doyle  R.  Cromer  and 
Cleo  Bennett. 

Educational  Background 

South  Stokes  High  School,  1972;  Wake 
Forest  University,  B.A.,  Politics,  1976; 
Wake  Forest  University,  School  of  Law, 
J.D.,  1982. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney,  Stover,  Cromer  &  Bennett. 

Organizations 

Member,  American  Bar  Association  (ABA);  N.C.  Bar  Association  (NCBA);  Judicial 
District  17B  Bar;  Member  of  the  following  state  laws:  N.C.  since  1982  and  Virginia 
since  1983;  Program  Director  and  Chief  Institutional  Officer  for  N.C.  Boy's  State, 
1988-1989;  Advisor,  Boy's  State  Program,  1990-92;  Chair,  Boy's  State  Moot  Court 
Program,  1990-92. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-;  Chair,  Stokes  County  Democratic 
Executive  Committee,  1987-88;  Legal  Counsel,  Young  Democrats  of  N.C,  1988-89; 
Second  Vice  Chair,  Fifth  Congressional  District  Democratic  Executive  Committee, 
1989-93;  Delegate,  Democratic  National  Convention,  New  York  City,  1992. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Karen  Wheeling  of  Newport  News,  VA,  July  17,  1976.  Children:  Valerie, 
Anna  and  Rachel.  Trinity  United  Methodist  Church;  Sunday  School  Teacher; 
Administrative  Council;  Chair,  Church  and  Society  Committee. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Business  &  Labor  Subcommittee  on  Travel  and  Tourism;  Finance;  Health 
and  Human  Services  Subcommittee  on  Health  Care  &  Access;  Judiciary  III; 
Rules,  Calendar,  and  Operations  of  the  House. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


485 


Artie  Franklin  Culp,  Jn 

(Republican  -  Randolph  County) 

Thirtieth  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Randolph  and  Guilford 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Badin,  Stanly  County,  April  9, 
1926,  to  Arlie  Franklin  and  Mary  Eula 
(Smith)  Culp,  Sr. 

Educational  Background 

Badin  Public  Schools,  1932-42;  Catawba 
College,  1950,  AB;  A&T  State  University, 
1976.B.S.. 

Professional  Background 

District  Conservationist,  Soil  Conservation  Service  USDA,  1961-1986;  Public  Health 
Sanitarian,  Randolph  County,  1951-61;  teacher,  1950-51. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Member,  Soil  and  Water  Conservation  Society;  Randleman  Rotary  Club  (President,  1964- 
,65);  Life  member,  Asheboro  Jaycees  (Vice  President  1954);  Member,  Randolph  Livestock 
Improvement  Association;  Member,  Randolph  County  Forest  Resources  Association. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

;Board  of  Supervisors,  Randolph  County  Soil  &  Water  Conservation  District  1987- 
(Secretary  -  Treasurer);  Chair,  North  Central  Piedmont  Resource  Conservation  & 
;Development  Council,  1987-present;  Member,  Randolph  County  Planning  Board. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives  1989-90,  1991-92,  1993-;  Member,  Randolph 
jCounty  Republican  Party,  1951-present. 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Navy,  1944-46,  Seaman  First  Class;  Good  Conduct  Medal. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Distinguished  Service  Award,  Asheboro  Jaycees,  1959. 

Person  a  I  In  form  a  tion 

Married,  Daisy  Mae  Farlow,  June  22,  1950.  Member,  Jordan  Memorial  United 
Methodist  Church;  Chief  Usher,  1987-present;  Member,  Men's  Sunday  School  Class; 
Member,  Administrative  Board. 

Committee  Assignments 

Vice  Chair:  Environment. 

Member:  Agriculture;  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Natural  and  Economic 

Resources;  Health  and  Human  Services  Subcommittee  on  Human  Services; 

Rules,  Calendar,  and  Operations  of  the  House. 


North  Carolina  Manual 

William  Thomas  Culpepper,  III 

— 

(Democrat  -  Chowan  County) 

Eighty-sixth  Representative  District  - 
Chowan,  Dare,  Tyrrell,  and  portions  of 
Perquimans  and  Washington  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Elizabeth  City,  Pasquotank  County, 
January  23,  1947,  to  William  T.  Culpepper, 
Jr.  and  Shirley  Perry  Culpepper. 

Educational  Background 

Elizabeth  City  High  School,  1964;' 
Hampden-Sydney  College,  B.S.  History  & 
Economics,  1968;  Wake  Forest  University. 
J.D.  Law,  1973. 

Professional  Background 

Lawyer,  W.  T.  Culpepper,  III,  Attorney  At  Law;  County  Attorney,  Chowan  County, 
1979-present. 

Organizations 

Edenton  Rotary  Club,  President  1986-87;  Edenton  Historical  Commission. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-present;  Chair,  Chowan  County 
Democratic  Party,  1987-91. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Virginia  Gardner  Culpepper,  October,  30,  1983.    Children:  William  T 
Culpepper,  IV  and  William  Gardner  Culpepper.  St.  Paul's  Episcopal  Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:    Agriculture;  Environment;  Finance;  Judiciary  II;  Local  and  Regiona 
Government  I;  Public  Utilities. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  487 

.Frances  McArthur  Cummings    |^ 

(Deniocrat  -  Robeson  County) 

Eighty-seventh  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Hoke,  Robeson,  and  Scotland 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Lumberton,  Robeson  County, 
February  2,  1941,  to  Joshua  McArthur  and 
Hettie  J.  (Martin)  McArthur. 

Educational  Background 

tHilly  Branch  High  School,  1957; 
Livingstone  College,  1961,  B.S.,  Business 
Ed.;  N.C.  Central  University,  1973,  M.S., 
Business  Ed.;  UNC-Greensboro,  1976,  Voc. 
Director-Certification,  Business  and  Office 
Ed.  Certification. 

Professional  Background 

Education  Administration,  Public  Schools  of  Robeson  County;  Director,  Vocational 
Education;  N.C.  Commissioner  of  the  States;  N.C.  Advisory  Council  on  Education- 
Vocational. 

Organizations 

Associate  Executive  Director,  N.C.  Association  of  Educators,  1987-89;  President,  N.C. 

Association  of  Educators,  1983-84;  NEA  Director,  Board  of  Directors,  1980-86; 

iPresident,  Southeast  Region  Association  of  Classroom  Teachers,  1980;  President, 

N.C.  Association  of  Classroom  Teachers,  1978-79;  Anti-Baslieus,  Sigma  Ioto  Omega 

ICtp.,  Alpha  Kappa  Alpha  Sorority,  1990-91;  Robeson  County  Black  Caucus;  So. 

Lumberton  Actioneers  for  Progress;  Robeson  County  Democratic  Women.  Founded: 

'So.  Lumberton  Community  Awareness  Project;  Founded:    Consultant/Speaker, 

Sisters  of  Unlimited  Love  &  Brothers  Learning  and  Cultivating  Kings  -  Youth 

(Organizations;  Speaker,  Youth  groups,  Churches  and  Organizations  -  adults. 
I 

Boards  and  Commissions 

N.C.  Math  and  Science  Alliance;  Chair,  Task  Force  on  Women  and  Minorities  of  N.C; 
Board  Member,  Robeson  County  Private  Industry  Council. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-;  Robeson  County  Democratic  Party; 
Democratic  Women;  Congressional  District  7,  District  87  Black  Caucus;  National  - 
NOW;  Women  in  Legislative  Lobby  -  Will;  N.C.  Equity. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Woman  of  the  Year,  Robeson  County,  1993;  Black  Caucus;  Political  Action  Award-Mid 
Atlantic  Region-Alpha  Kappa  Alpha  Sorority;  Outstanding  Leadership  and  Service  - 
Sigma  Iota  Omega  Captain-Alpha  Kappa  Alpha  Sorority;  1983-84,  Tar  Heel  of  the 
Week,  News  and  Observer;  1991,  Outstanding  Achievement,  So.  Lumberton 
Actioneers  for  Progress. 


488  North  Carolina  Manual 

Personal  Information 

Member,  Hilly  Branch  Baptist  Church;  Church  Choir. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Agriculture;  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Education;  Business  and 
Labor  Subcommittee  on  Labor  Relations  and  Employment;  Education 
Subcommittee  on  Preschool,  Elementary  &  Secondary  Education;  Health;  Humar. 
Services  Subcommittee  on  Aging. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


489 


iani 


inginani 


(Democrat-  Mecklenburg  County) 

Fifty-ninth  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Mecklenburg  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Monroe,  Union  County,  November 
11,  1929,  to  John  Wallace  and  Johnnie  Mae 
(Patterson)  Cunningham. 

Educational  Background 

Winchester  Avenue  High  School;  Coyne 
Electronic  Institute,  1950,  A.  E.  Certificate; 
Johnson  C.  Smith  University,  1950-52; 
Business  Law  Florida  Extension, 
Charleston  A.F.B. 

Professional  Background 

President  and  Co-Owner,  Hatchett  and  Cunningham  Associates,  1973-84; 
Professional  and  Technical  Recruiting  Firm;  HKL  Inc.  CEO,  1987-present. 

Organizations 

NAACP,  Life  Member,  NAACP  Legal  Defense  Fund;  VFW;  American  Legion  Post  212; 
United  Negro  College  Fund;  Compassion  International;  Johnson  C.  Smith  Alumni 
(100  Club),  1979-85;  United  States  Holocaust  Memorial  Museum,  Charter  Member, 
1992-present;  Christian  Children  Fund;  St.  Jude  Children  Research  Hospital. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

,  Charlotte  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Member,  1980-82;  Charlotte  Business  League, 
President,  1979;  Anita  Stroud  Foundation,  1982-present,  Chair,  1989  to  present; 
i  NCCJ,  Member,  1992-present. 

Political  Activities 

i  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1987-present;  State  Black  Leadership 
Caucus,  Member,  1987-present;  Charlotte-Mecklenburg  Black  Caucus,  1978-present. 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Navy,  Radioman,  1st  Class,  Retired,  1972;  Good  Conduct  Medal,  ETO 
(American  Defense),  Outstanding  Sailor  Awards,  Leadership  Certificates. 

Personal  Information 

Member,  Parkwood  CME  Church;  Present  Chair,  Trustee  Board,  1973-present;  Vice 
Chair,  Development  Fund  Board  Christian  Education,  1980-present. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Insurance. 

Vice  Chair:  Finance;  State  Government  Subcommittee  on  Boards  and  Commissions. 

Member:  Financial  Institutions;  Health  and  Human  Services  Subcommittee  on  Aging. 


490 


North  Carolina  Manual 


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airioin  Leo  Daughtry 

(Republican  -  Johnston  County) 

Ninety-fifth  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Johnston  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Newton  Grove,  Sampson  County, 
December  3,  1940,  to  Namon  Lutrell 
Daughtry  and  Annie  Cathleen  (Thornton). 

Educational  Background 

Hobbton  High  School,  1958;  Wake  Forest 
University,    1962,   B.A.;   Wake   Forest 
University,  1965,  School  of  Law,  L.L.B. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney,  Daughtry,  Woodard,  Lawrence  & 
Starling;  Partner,  Johnston  County  Hams. 

Organizations 

Partner,  Johnston  County  Hams;  Past  President,  Johnston  County  Bar  Association; 
Past  President,  11th  Judicial  Bar  Association;  Member,  N.C.  State  Bar;  Member, 
N.C.  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  Past  President,  Eastern  Belt 
Warehouse  Association;  Board  of  Governors;  Member,  Board  of  Directors,  Triangle 
Bank  &  Trust;  Member,  Board  of  Directors,  Regional  Acceptance  Corporation; 
Smithfield  Kiwanis  Club;  Past  Member,  President,  Smithfield  Tobacco  Board  of 
Trade;  Past  President,  Eastern  Warehouse  Association;  Member,  Public  School 
Forum  of  North  Carolina;  Member,  Capital  Planning  Commission;  Past  Member, 
North  Carolina  Reinsurance  Facility. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Past  Member,  Government  Agricultural  Advisory  Committee;  Past  Member,  Federal 
Flue  Cured  Tobacco  Advisory  Committee;  Member,  Southern  States  Energy  Board; 
Member,  Board  of  Directors,  Triangle  Bank  and  Trust  Company;  Chair  of  the  Board, 
Bright  Belt  Warehouse  Association;  Board  of  Directors,  Johnston  County  Social 
Services;  Past  Member,  Board  of  Directors  of  Florence  Crittenton  Services;  Member, 
Board  of  Directors,  World  Trade  Center;  Past  Member,  Board  of  Directors  of 
Selma/Smithfield  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Member,  Board  of  Directors,  Regional 
Acceptance  Corporation. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993;  North  Carolina  Senate,  1989-92;  Past 
President,  Johnston  County  Republican  Party;  Member,  Board  of  Directors,  3rd 
Congressional  District;  Member,  Legislative  Advisory  Council  of  Southern  Regional 
Education  Board. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Air  Force,  Captain,  Europe,  1966-70. 

Personal  Information 

Children:  Marjorie  Dana  Daughtry  and  Kelly  Kathleen  Daughtry.  Member,  St. 
Paul's  Episcopal  Church,  Smithfield;  Past  Vestry  Member,  1985-88. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:     Agriculture;  Finance;  Judiciary  II;  Pensions  and  Retirement:; 
Transportation  Subcommittee  on  Public  Transportation. 


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491 


(Republican  -  Forsyth  County) 

Eighty-fourth  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Forsyth  and  Guilford 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Red  Bud,  Illinois,  December  18, 
1944,  to  Harvey  and  Margaret  (Parvin) 
Decker. 

Educational  Background 

Piedmont  Bible  College,  1969-74;  Winston- 
Salem  State  University,  1976,  B.S. 
(Education).  Attended  NCSU. 

Professional  Background 

Educator  (Gospel  Light  Christian  School, 

1976-1986).  Guilford  County  Public  Schools  (1987-Present). 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Little  League  Baseball  (Board  of  Director,  1981-84,  Secretary,  1982-83,  Coach,  1979-81). 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-90,  1991-92,  1993- 
present;  Forsyth  County  Republican  Party  (Vice  Chair,  1981-83);  Chair,  Belews 
Creek  Precinct,  1979-84. 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Navy,  1962-68  (E-5);  submarine  service;  National  Defense,  Good 
Conduct  Medals. 

Personal  Information 

;  Married,  Marlene  Allen  of  Creston,  June  4,  1966.  Children:  Michael,  Jr.,  Mark,  and 
i  Michelle.  Member,  Gospel  Light  Baptist  Church,  Walkertown;  Sunday  School 
1  Teacher. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Courts  and  Justice;  Finance;  Judiciary  III;  Local  and  Regional  Government 
II;  Public  Employees. 


North  Carolina  Manual 

David  Hunter  Biatnont 

(Democrat  -  Surry  County) 

Fortieth  Representative  District  - 

Alleghany,  Ashe,  Surry,  Watauga,  and 

portions  of  Stokes  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Greensboro,  Guilford  County, 
February  9,  1946,  to  David  Elijah  and 
Hyacinth  Cleo  (Hunter)  Diamont  (both 
deceased). 

Ed  u  ca  tion  alBa  ckgro  und 

East  Surry  High  School,  1961-63;  Frank  L.  \ 
Ashley  High  School,  1963-64;  Wake  Forest 

JU      University,  1968,  B.A.;  Appalachian  State 

*"      University,  1972,  M.A. 

Professional  Background 

History  teacher  and  assistant  football  coach,  Mount  Airy  Senior  High  School,  1968- 
77;  History  teacher  and  head  varsity  football  coach,  East  Surry  High  School,  1977-90; 
History  teacher  and  head  football  coach,  Mount  Airy  High  School,  1991-present. 

Organizations 

N.C.  Coaches  Association;  Lambda  Chi  Alpha;  Sierra  Club;  Surry  County  Historical 
Society;  Deacon  Club,  Wake  Forest  University;  former  member,  Pilot  Mountain 
Jaycees. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Governor's  Council  on  Physical  Fitness  and  Health,  1979-80;  Director,  Pilot  Mountain 
Foundation,  Inc.;  N.C.  High  Coaches  Association. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1975-present  (9  terms). 

Honors  and  Awards 

Assistant  coach,  East-West  All  Star  Football  Game,  1985;  Coach  of  the  Year, 
Northwest  3-A  Conference,  1979,  1983. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Debby  Severs  of  Greensboro.  Children:  Ashley,  Davey,  &  Hunter.  Member, 
First  United  Methodist  Church,  Pilot  Mountain;  Lay  Leader. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Co  Chair:  Appropriations. 

Vice  Chair:  Ethics. 

Member:  Children,  Youth  and  Families;  Education  Subcommittee  on  Preschool, 

Elementary  &  Secondary  Education;  State  Government  Subcommittee  on  Boards 

and  Commissions. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 
Walter  Watt  Dickson 

(Republican  -  Gaston  County) 

Seventy-sixth  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Gaston  and  Mecklenburg 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Rock  Hill,  S.C.,  July  11,  1927,  to 
Brice  Templeton  and  Louise  Flowers 
Dickson. 

Educational  Background 

Gastonia  Public  Schools;  Bachelor  of 
Science,  N.C.  State  University;  Doctor  of 
Veterinary  Medicine,  University  of  Georgia. 

Professional  Background 

Member,  Board  of  Trustees,  N.C.  State  University;  President,  N.C.  Veterinary 
Medical  Association;  President,  Piedmont  Veterinary  Medical  Association;  President, 
Greater  Charlotte  Veterinary  Medical  Association;  Member,  N.C.  Health  Services 
Commission;  Member,  N.C.  Board  of  Veterinary  Examiners;  Chair,  Political  Action 
Committee  of  the  American  Veterinary  Medical  Association;  Selected  as  the  N.C. 
Veterinarian  of  the  Year,  1989,  by  the  N.C.  Veterinary  Medical  Association. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

j  Member,  Salvation  Army  Boy's  Club  Advisory  Committee;  Vice  Chair,  Original  Board 
.of  Directors  for  Covenant  Village;  Vice  Co-Chair,  Gastonia  Citizens  Advisory 

Committee  on  Transportation;  Member,  Board  of  Directors  Schiele  Museum;  Member, 
i  Junior  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Member,  Board  of  Directors,  Gastonia  Kiwanis  Club; 

President  and  Treasurer,  Dickson  Animal  Clinic,  P.A.;  Chair,  Carrie  E.  and  Lena  V. 
j  Glenn  Foundation;  Chair,  Board  of  Directors  of  First  American  Savings  Bank,  FSB, 

Greensboro;  Member,  Gaston  County  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Member,  State 

Advisory  Council  for  the  Caring  Program  for  Children;  Chair,  Veterinary  Foundation, 
i  University  of  N.C.  College  of  Veterinary  Medicine;  Board  of  N.C.  Teaching  Fellows. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1989-present;  Vice  Chair,  AVMA  Political 
Action  Committee. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Navy,  1944-46;  Overseas  aboard  the  USS  ATA-188  in  the  Pacific. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Ruth  Day  Michael,  August  19,  1950.  Children:  Ruth  Templeton  (Dalton), 
Amy  Atkins  (House),  Lillian  Louise,  Walter  Michael  and  David  Watt.  Elder,  First 
Presbyterian. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chair:  Health  and  Human  Resources. 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Human  Resources;  Education 
Subcommittee  on  Preschool,  Elementary  &  Secondary  Education;  Health  and 
Human  Services  Subcommittee  on  Health  Care  &  Access;  Insurance;  Rules, 
Calendar,  and  Operations  of  the  House. 


North  Carolina  Manual 

Jerry  Charles  Dockhani 

(Republican  -  Davidson  County) 

Ninety-fourth  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Davidson  and  Randolph 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Denton,  Davidson  County  March 
22,  1950,  to  Elwood  C.  and  Opal  M.  Coggin 
Dockhani. 

Educational  Background 

Denton  High  School,  1968;  Wake  Forest 
University,  B.S.,  Business,  1972. 

Professional  Background 

Insurance  Agent,  Nationwide  Insurance 
Company. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Thomasville  Association  of  Life  Underwriters;  National  and  North  Carolina 
Association  of  Life  Underwriters;  L.U.T.C.  -  Fellow,  1991;  Denton  Lions  Club;  Chair, 
Denton  Elementary  Advisory  Council,  1983-1991;  Trustee  of  Davidson  County 
Community  College,  1987-present;  Member,  Board  of  Directors  of  Central  Carolina 
Bank  &  Trust  Co.,  1989-1993;  Thomasville  Area  Chamber  of  Commerce; 
Archdale/Trinity  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Denton  Area  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Former  Member,  Board  of  Directors,  Hospice  of  Davidson  County,  1983-88;  Member, 
Davidson  County  Board  of  Equalization  and  Review;  Former  Member,  Davidson 
County  Parks  and  Recreation  Rules  Committee. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1991-present  (Appointed,  May  of  1990  to  fill 
unexpired  term,  re-elected  in  November  of  1990);  Former  Chair,  Davidson  County 
Republican  Party,  1987-90;  Fellow  of  the  North  Carolina  Institute  of  Politics,  1989; 
Member,  6th  District  Executive  Committee,  1984-86;  Republican  Judge  of  the  Denton 
Precinct. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Martha  Louise  Skeen  of  Denton,  August  15,  1971.  Children:  Andy  and 
Matthew.  Member,  Central  United  Methodist  Church. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chair:  Insurance 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Natural  and  Economic  Resources 

Education  Subcommittee  on  Community  Colleges  and  Universities;  Ethics 

Financial  Institutions. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


495 


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Ruth  M.  Easterling 

(Democrat  -  Mecklenburg  County) 

Fifty-eighth  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Mecklenburg  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Gaffney,  South  Carolina,  December 
26,  1910,  to  Benjamin  Harrison  and  Lillie 
Mae  (Crawley)  Moss. 

Ed  u  ca  tion  alBa  ckgro  und 

Centralized  High  School,  1929;  Limestone 
College,  1932  (English,  Math,  History); 
Queens  College,  post  graduate  studies  in 
Business  Law,  Personnel  and  Business 
Administration. 

Professional  Background 

Executive  Assistant  to  the  President,  Radiator  Specialty  Co.,  1947-85. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Legislative  Committee,  International  Business  and  Professional  Women,  1981-1985, 
Women's  Equity  Action  League;  Women  Executives  of  Charlotte;  Women's  Forum  of 
N.C.;  Business  and  Professional  Women  (national  President,  1970-71);  League  of 
Women  Voters;  American  Association  of  University  Women;  Trustee,  Wildacres 
Retreat. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Joint  Legislative  Commission  on  Governmental  Operations  1991-92;  Human 
Resources  Committees  of  the  Southern  Legislative  Conference  1991-93;  Chair, 
Mecklenburg  Delegation  1991-92,  1993-94;  National  Business  and  Professional 
Women's  Foundation,  1978-1981  (President  1970-71),  Legislative  Services 
Commission,  1987-88;  Arts  &  Science  Council;  N.C.  Blumenthal  Performance  Arts 
Center,  1993-94. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1977-;  N.C.  Women's  Political  Caucus  Inc. 
President,  1974;  Charlotte  City  Council,  1972-73;  Governor's  Commission  on  the 
Status  of  Women,  1963-1964.  Chair,  Legislative  Women's  Caucus,  1987-91. 

Hon  ors  and  Awa  rds 

Personalities  of  the  South;  Certificate  of  Achievement,  N.C.  Association  of  Women 
Attorneys,  1982;  Career  Woman  of  the  Year,  N.C.  Federation  of  Business  and 
Professional  Women,  1980;  Charlotte's  Outstanding  Career  Woman,  1971;  Charlotte's 
Woman  of  the  Year,  WBT  Radio,  1964;  Dolly  Award,  Council  for  Children,  1989; 
Women's  Equality  Day  Award,  1989;  N.C.  Pediatric  Society  Legislative  Award,  1988; 
BPW/NC  Woman  of  the  Year,  1980;  N.C.  Council  for  Women;  Distinguished  Woman 
in  Government,  1993;  N.C.  Child  Advocacy  Institute  Legislative  Award,  1985;  Service 
Citation,  N.C.  Autism  Foundation,  1993. 


496  North  Carolina  Manual 

Personal  Information 

Member,  First  Baptist  Church,  Charlotte;  Associate  Superintendent  of  Training; 
Sunday  School  Intermediate  Department;  Library,  Financial  Planning  and  Personnel 
Committees.  Former  President,  Baptist  Business  Women,  First  Baptist  Church  and 
Mecklenburg  Baptist  Associations. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Co-Chair:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Human  Resources. 
Vice  Chair:  Children,  Youth  and  Families. 

Member:  Business  and  Labor  Subcommittee  on  Labor  Relations  and  Employment; 
Health  and  Human  Services  Subcommittee  on  Human  Services;  Judiciary  II. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


497 


Zeno  Lester  Edwards,  Jr«     !  | 

(Republican  -  Beaufort  County) 

Second  Representative  District  - 

Beaufort,  Hyde,  and  portions  of  Craven, 

and  Pitt  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Washington,  Beaufort  County, 
September  30,  1926,  to  Dr.  Z.  L.  Edwards 
and  Lucinda  (Sizemore)  Edwards. 

Educational  Background 

Washington  High  School,  1944;  Duke 
University,  1944-45,  1946-48;  University  of 
Maryland,  1948-1952,  DDS. 

Professional  Background 

Dentist;  Edwards  and  Edwards;  Vice  President,  NCDS;  President,  NCDS  Children; 
President,  District  5,  Dental  Society,  1960. 

Organ  iza  tions 

Academy  of  General  Dentistry;  FACD;  NCDS,  ADA,  Society  of  Dentistry  for  Children; 
Demerit  Study  Club;  Rotary,  President,  1957;  Washington  Yacht  and  Country  Club, 
President,  1988-92. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

j  Washington  School  Board,  Chair,  1968-1974. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Navy,  Radio  Technician,  3/c  Petty  Officer,  1945-1946. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Rosemarie  (Wilson),  September,  1949.  Children:  Zeno  L.  Ill,  Teresa  Ann, 
Thomas  Wilson  and  Seth  Hughes.  Member,  First  United  Methodist  of  Washington 
N.C. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Education;  Education  Subcommittee  on 
Preschool,  Elementary  &  Secondary  Education;  Health  and  Human  Services 
Subcommittee  on  Aging;  Insurance;  State  Government  Subcommittee  on  State 
Parks,  Facilities  and  Property. 


North  Carolina  Manual 


J»Sain  Ellis 


30,; 
w. 


(Republican  -  Wake  County) 

Fifteenth  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Wake  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Durham,  Durham  County,  April 
1955,   to  Sam   L.   Ellis  and  Betty 
Hickman. 

Educational  Background 

Sanford  Central  High  School,  1974. 

Professional  Background 

Electrical  Contractor,  7-Electric. 

Poli  tica  I  Acti  vi  ties 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-present. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Cindy  A.  Ellis,  July  3rd.  Children:  Three  sons. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  General  Government;  Children,  Youth 
and  Families;  Ethics;  Local  and  Regional  Government  I;  State  Government 
Subcommittee  on  Boards  and  Commissions. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


499 


Theresa  Harlow  Esposito 

(Republican  -  Forsyth  County) 

Eighty-eight  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Forsyth  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Washington,  D.C.,  November  17, 
1930,  to  H.  Richard  and  Marie  Theresa 
(Burke)  Harlow  (both  deceased). 

Ed  u  ca  tion  alBa  ckgro  und 

Saint  Cecelia's  Academy,  1948;  National 
Institute  of  Practical  Nursing,  1957,  G.P.N. ; 
Prince  George  Community  College  and 
Salem  College,  additional  studies. 

Professional  Background 

Former  federal  government  employee. 

Organizations 

Officer's  Wives  Club  (U.S.  Air  Force);  Winston-Salem  Tennis  Inc.;  N.C.  Tennis 
Association;  US  Tennis  Association;  N.C.  Museum  of  History  Association;  Amos 
Cottage  Guild  (Bowman  Gray  School  of  Medicine). 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-90,  1991-92,  1993-; 
Delegate,  Republican  National  Convention,  1992;  Delegate,  Republican  National 
Convention,  1988;  Delegate  at  Large,  Republican  National  Convention,  1984; 
National  Federation  of  Republican  Women's  Club;  N.C.  Federation  of  Republican 
Women's  Club;  Forsyth  County  Republican  Women's  Club,  (President,  1982-83); 
American  Legislative  Exchange  Council  (Co-Chair/N.C);  National  Conference  of 
State  Legislators  (AOL/Developmental  Disabilities);  Southern  Republican  Exchange 
Council;  National  Republican  Legislative  Association. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Advisory  Budget  Committee;  Council  on  Developmental  Disabilities  (Chair); 
Interagency  Coordinating  Council;  Small  Business  Technology  Center  Advisory 
Board;  National  Commission  on  Children;  Council  on  Women  (Domestic 
Violence/Sexual  Assault  Advisory  Board);  Americans  for  Sound  AIDS/HIV  Policy 
Advisory  Board;  N.C.  Health  Coordinating  Council  (SHCC),  Chair  of  Long  Term  Care 
Committee. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

1990  Legislative  Award — (Outstanding  Contribution  to  the  Health  and  Welfare  of 
Children) — North  Carolina  Chapter  of  the  American  Academy  of  Pediatrics  and 
North  Carolina  Pediatric  Association;  Various  outstanding  performance  awards  as  a 
Federal  Government  Employee;  1992  Award  of  Excellence-Advocacy,  Easter  Seal 
Society  of  N.C;  1992  Legislative  Award  Association  of  Retarded  Citizens  of  North 
Carolina. 


500  North  Carolina  Manual 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Brigadier  General  Alfred  L.  Esposito,  U.S.A.F.  (Ret.).  Children:  Dr.  Sharon 
Esposito,  Carolyn  Stephens  and  Carol  Anne  Seals;  five  grandchildren.  Member,  St. 
Leo's  Catholic  Church,  Winston  Salem. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chair:  Children,  Youth  and  Families;  Health  and  Human  Services 

Subcommittee  on  Human  Services. 
Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Human  Resources;  Judiciary  I;  Local  and 

Regional  Government  II. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


501 


David  T.  Flaherty,  Jr. 

(Republican  -  Caldwell  County) 

Forty-sixth  Representative  District  - 

Avery,  Mitchell,  and  portions  of  Burke, 

Caldwell,  and  Catawba  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Boston,  Massachusetts,  June  17, 
1953,  to  David  Thomas  and  Nancy  Ann 
(Hamill)  Flaherty. 

Educational  Background 

Culver  Military  Academy,  1967-71;  UNC- 
Chapel  Hill,1974,  B.S.;  UNC-Chapel  Hill, 
School  of  Law,  1978,  J.D. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney  at  Law. 

Organizations 

Member,  American  Bar  Association,  Member,  Association  of  Trial  Lawyers  of 
America;  Member,  N.C.  Bar  Association;  Member,  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers; 
Member,  Caldwell  County  Bar  Association;  Member,  25th  Judicial  District  Bar 
(Executive  Committee,  1988);  Former  member,  Jaycees,  Jaybird,  1979;  Member, 
American  Legislative  Exchange  Council. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Former  member,  Caldwell  County  Council  on  Alcoholism,  1980;  Member,  North 
Carolina  Courts  Commission  (1989-);  Member,  Juvenile  Justice  Planning  Committee 
of  the  Governor's  Crime  Commission. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives  1989-,  Republican  Nominee  for  25th  Judicial 
District  Court  Judge  (1982);  Member,  Caldwell  County  Republican  Party  (Executive 
Committee;  Member,  Young  Republicans;  Member,  N.C.  GOP. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Who's  Who  in  American  Law;  Who's  Who  in  South  and  Southwest;  Outstanding 
Young  Men  in  American. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Lynn  (Hoyle),  October  2,  1986.  Children:  Alexandra  Lynn  and  David 
Thomas  III.  Member,  First  United  Methodist  Church,  Lenoir. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chair:  Judiciary  I. 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Justice  and  Public  Safety;  Business  and 

Labor  Subcommittee  on  Labor  Relations  and  Employment;  Courts  and  Justice; 

Public  Utilities;  Transportation  Subcommittee  on  Airports,  Railways  & 

Waterways. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Aaron  Eleazar  Fussell 

(Democrat-  Wake  County) 

Sixty-fifth  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Wake  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Rose  Hill,  Duplin  County,  July  5, 
1923,  to  C.T.  and  Myra  Blake  (Cavenaugh) 
Fussell. 

Educational  Background 

Rose  Hill  High  School  1940;  Atlantic 
Christian  College,  1946,  A.B.,  cum  laude; 
UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1952,  M.Ed.;  Duke 
University  and  NCSU,  post  graduate  studies. 

Professional  Background 

Retired  educator  Superintendent,  Wake  County  Public  Schools,  35  years. 

Organizations 

Educational  Chamber;  Educational  Fraternity;  Mason;  Scottish  Rite;  North  Raleigh 
Lions  Club,  30  years  (former  President);  various  civil  and  political  organizations. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Chair,  Capital  Area  Visitor  Services  Committee;  Local  Government  Advocacy  Council. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1979-80,  1981-82,1983-84,  1985-86;  1987-88, 
1989-90,  1991-92,  1993-present. 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Army,  1943-45,  5  major  campaign  decorations. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Author,  "Teacher  Evaluation  Legal  Residence. " 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Polly  Batts,  August  14,  1949;  four  children.  Member,  Millbrook  United 
Methodist  Church;  Past  Chair  of  the  Board;  Past  President,  Men's  Club;  Lay  Leader; 
teacher;  Trustee. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Public  Employees. 

Vice  Chair:  Education  Subcommittee  on  Preschool,  Elementary  &  Secondar) 

Education;  Education. 
Member:  Agriculture;  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Education;  Environment. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


503 


lohn  Reeves  Gamble,  Jr. 

(Democrat  -  Lincoln  County) 

Forty-fourth  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Gaston  and  Lincoln 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Lincolnton,  Lincoln  County,  March 
26,  1922,  to  John  Reeves  and  Hope  Licile 
Seibert  Gamble,  Sr.,  M.D. 

Educational  Background 

Lincolnton  High  School,  1939;  The  Citadel; 
Emory  University,  A.B.,  Biology,  1943; 
University  of  Md.  School  of  Medicine,  M.D., 
1946. 

Professional  Background 

Physician  (Surgeon),  Private  Practice;  Post  Graduate  Training  Internship;  Charlotte 
Memorial  Hospital  Surgical  Residencies;  Mercy  Hospital,  Charlotte;  Jefferson 
Hospital,  Roanoke,  VA. 

Organiza  tions 

N.C.  Medical  Society,  Phi  Chi  Medical  Fraternity.;  President./Administrator,  Reeves 
Gamble  Hospital,  Inc.,  1946-1979;  Past  President.,  Lincoln  County  Medical  Society; 
Former  Chief,  Staff  Lincoln  Co.  Hospital;  N.C.  Medical  Society  Legislative 
Committee,  1971-1973;  Past  Board.  Member,  N.C.  Hospital  Association;  Past  Chief  of 
Surgery,  Lincoln  County  Hospital;  Rotary;  Catawba-Lincoln-Alexander  Health  Board, 
1966-1970;  Cleveland-Gaston-Lincoln  Health  Planning  Council,  Founders  Group; 
AHEC  Nursing  Study  Committee,  1978. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Present  Member,  Local  Board  First  Citizens  Bank,  Past  Director,  N.C.  Hereford 
Association;  National  Polled  Hereford  Association;  N.C.  Cattleman's  Association; 
Childwatch  Board  N.C.  Department  of  Justice  Study  Commission  for  Drug  Testing  of 
Law  Enforcement  of  Officers  Chair,  Legislative  Research  Commission-Revenue  Laws 
Study  Committee;  Teachers'  and  State  Employees'  Comprehensive  Major  Medical 
Plan-Employee  Hospital  and  Medical  Benefits. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1991-present;  N.C.  House,  1973-74,  1975-76, 
1977-78,  1979-80;  Chair,  Lincoln  County  Board  of  Commissioners,  1966-70;  N.C. 
Local  Government  Commission  1968-73;  Chair,  House  Finance  Commission,  1979-80; 
Chair,  Constitutional  Amend.,  1977-78,  N.C.  Legislative  Research  Commission,  1975- 
81;  N.C.  Advisory  Budget  Commission,  1979-81;  Vice  Chair,  House  Committee  on 
Public  Health,  1975,  1977,  1979;  Chair,  LRC  Human  Resources  Study,  1977  &  1979; 
Member,  N.C.  Medical  School  Study  Commission,  N.C.  Democrat  Executive 
Committee,  1981-85;  Delegate,  National  Democratic  Convention,  1976;  Central 
Piedmont  COG  Founders  Group;  Chair,  Constitution  &  Bylaws,  Legislative  & 
Nominating  Committees,  CPCOG. 


504  North  Carolina  Manual 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Army,  Major,  1954-56,  Far  East  (Korea  &  Japan),  Commanding  Officer  &  Chief 
Surgeon,  48th  Mobile  Army  Surgical  Hospital. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Eagle  Scout;  Lincoln  County  Man  of  the  Year,  1978;  Democratic  Party  Outstanding 
Democrat,  1977. 

Other  Activities 

N.C.  Synod  of  LCA  Committee  on  Biomedical  Ethics. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Betty  Rhodes  of  Lincolnton,  March  3,  1945.  Children:  John  Reeves  Gamble, 
III,  Elizabeth  Rhodes  Gamble  and  Mary  Caroline  Gamble.  Member,  Emmanuel 
Church;  Member  of  Church  of  Councils,  three  terms,  latest  1990-91. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Health  and  Human  Services  Subcommittee  on  Health  Care  &  Access. 

Vice  Chair:  Finance;  Health  and  Human  Resources. 

Member:  Children,  Youth  and  Families;  Financial  Institutions;  Judiciary  II. 


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505 


Charlotte  A*  Gardner 

(Republican  -  Rowan  County) 

Thirty-fifth  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Rowan  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Baltimore,  Maryland,  November  14, 
1931,  to  Marcel  and  Charlotte  (Knapp) 
Ancher. 

Educational  Background 

j  St.  Anne's,  1943;  St.  Anthony's,  1945; 
Rockwell  High  School,  1949;  Catawba 
College,  1952,  A.B.,  Cum  Laude. 

Professional  Background 

Former  high  school  educator. 

Organiza  tions 

Leader,  Boy  Scouts  and  Girl  Scouts  of  America;  N.C.  Right  to  Life;  Rowan  County 
Humane  Society;  MADD  (Director,  1984-85;  Vice  President,  1982-84);  Trustee,  Vice- 
president,  Rowan  Advocates  for  Mentally  111;  Board  of  Directors,  Pregnancy 
Counseling  Center;  Chair,  Salisbury-Rowan  Mayors'  Council  for  Persons  with 
Disabilities;  Board  of  Directors,  Families  in  Action  for  Drug  Free  Youth;  Choral 
Society,  1974,  Altrusa. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

■  Director,  Community  Life  Council,  1980-81;  Community  Resource  Council  for 
Piedmont  Correctional  Center;  Southern  Regional  Education  Board;  Council  for 
j  Exceptional  Children. 

Political  Activities 

1  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-90,  1991-92,  1993-; 
N.C.  Republican  Women  (District  Representative,  1983-84);  Salisbury-Rowan 
Republican  Women  (Vice-president,  1982-84);  Central  Committee,  Rowan  Republican 
Party  (Vice  Chair,  1981-83);  Women's  Task  Force,  8th  District,  1983-84;  N.C. 
Republican  Women  -  Legislative  &  Research  Chair  1990-91. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Lester  Gardner  of  Bellwood,  Pennsylvania  June  7,  1952.  Children:  Jeanne 
Dianne,  Terrence  Lee,  Leslie  Eugenia,  Timothy  Andrew,  Thomas  Alan  and  Ted 
Alexander.  Member,  Sacred  Heart  Catholic  Church,  Salisbury;  Church  choir; 
,  President,  Sacred  Heart  PTA;  Treasurer,  Church  Women  United,  1982-84;  Grand 
Regant  Catholic  Daughters,  1975. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chair:  Health  and  Human  Services  Subcommittee  on  Aging. 
Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Human  Resources;  Children,  Youth  and 
Families;  Insurance;  Judiciary  II. 


506  North  Carolina  Manual 

^f      Herman  Colridge  Gist* 

(Democrat  -  Guilford  County) 

Twenty-sixth  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Guilford  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Spartanburg,  South  Carolina, 
December  12,  1923,  to  Arthur  and  Louie 
(Casey)  Gist. 

Educational  Background 

Highland  Grade  School,  1929-36;  Carver 
High  School,  1936-40;  N.C.  A&T  State 
University,  1964,  B.S.  (Biology). 

Professional  Background 

Coffee,  herbs  and  tea  distributor. 

Organizations 

Chair,  Political  Awareness;  Greensboro  Citizens  Forum,  1979-;  Omega  Psi  Phi,  1942- 
present. 

I 
Boards  and  Commissions 

Alcoholic  Beverage  Control  Board,  1980-present;  Co-Chair,  Guilford  Delegation,  1987-88; 
President,  Triad  Minority  Development  Corp.,  1988-present. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-1992,  1993- 
present. 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Army  (Corporal);  Quartermaster  Corps;  Good  Conduct  Medal. 

Person  al  In  form  at  ion 

Married,  Grace  Grant,  November,  1968;  three  children.    Member,  St.  Matthews 
Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Co  Chair:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Justice  and  Public  Safety. 
Vice-Chair:  Local  and  Regional  Government  II. 

Member:  Constitutional  Amendments  &  Referenda;  Financial  Institutions; 
Transportation  Subcommittee  on  Airports,  Railways  &  Waterways. 


I 


Deceased  March  4, 1994 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


507 


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Karen  Elizabeth  Gottovi 

(Democrat  -  New  Hanover) 

Thirteenth  Representative  District  - 
Portions  New  Hanover  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Rochester,  NY,  February  2,  1941,  to 
Richard  A.  and  Vivian  Chall  Eckberg. 

Educational  Background 

Brighton  High  School,  Rochester,  NY,  1958, 
regents  Diploma;  Wells  College,  Aurora, 
NY,  B.A.,  English,  1962;  University  of 
North  Carolina,  Master  of  Science  in 
Library  Science,  1972. 

Professional  Background 

Political    Consultant,    Independent    Opinion    Research-Communications, 
Secretary/Treasurer,  1985-90;  High  School  English  Teacher,  1962-66;  Reference 
i  Librarian,  1973-75;  County  Commissioner,  1976-84. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Women's  Forum  of  North  Carolina;  President,  Elected  Women  of  NACO  (National 
j  Association  of  County  Commissioners),  1982;  President,  League  of  Women  Voters, 
'  1972-74;  Junior  League  of  Wilmington;  President,  Bradley  Creek  PTA,  1975; 

Southern  Bell  Consumer  Affairs  Council,  Wilmington  Excellence,  (a  strategic  plan- 
:  ning  program);  Democratic  National  Committeewoman,  1980-88;  NC  Democratic 
.  Party  Executive  Council;  Currently  serving:  New  Hanover  County  Public  Library 

Advisory  Board;  New  Hanover  Agricultural  Extension  Arboretum  Foundation  Board. 
,  Wells  College  Board  of  Trustees,  1986-present.  N.C.  Coastal  Resources  Commission, 
'  1980-88;  Human  Relations  Commission  (Wilmington);  Board  of  Social  Services;  Cape 

Fear  Council  of  Governments  Executive  Committee. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1991-present,  New  Hanover  County 
Commissioner,  1976-84. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Phi  Beta  Kappa,  1962;  Susan  B.  Anthony  Feminist  of  the  Year,  1985;  YWCA,  Woman 
of  Achievement,  1986. 

Person  al  In  form  a  tion 

Married,  Daniel  Gottovi  of  Albion,  NY,  June  23,  1962.    Children:  Daniel  R.  Gottovi, 
Peter  A.  Gottovi  and  Nancy  C.  Gottovi.  Unitarian  Universalist . 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Environment. 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Natural  and  Economic  Resources;  Health 

and  Human  Services  Subcommittee  on  Health  Care  &  Access;  Insurance; 

Judiciary  II. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


(Republican  -  Forsyth  County) 

Thirty-ninth  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Forsyth  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Winston-Salem,  Forsyth  County, 
October  28,  1942,  to  Bowman  and  Elizabeth 
P.  Christian  Gray,  Jr. 

Educational  Background 

Wooster  School,  Danbury,  C.T.,  1961; 
University  of  North  Carolina,  1966. 

Professional  Background 

Businessman. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Director,  Southern  National  Bank;  Vice  Chair,  Winston-Salem/Forsyth  County 
Utilities  Commission;  Director,  Winston-Salem,  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Bowman 
Gray  School  of  Medicine;  Board  of  Visitors  Winston-Salem  State  University 
Foundation;  Vice  Chair,  N.C.  State  University  Veterinary  Foundation;  Yadkin/Pee 
Dee  River  Basin  Committee;  American  Red  Cross,  Forsyth  County  Chapter;  AIDS 
Task  Force;  Winston-Salem/Forsyth  County  Nature  Science  Center. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Joint  Legislative  Education  Oversight  Committee;  Joint  Committee  on  Fiscal  Trends 
and  Budget  Reform. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1989-present. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Coast  Guard,  E-6,  1964-65,  U.S.;  Theater,  U.S.,  1965-70. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Constance  Fraser  of  Winston-Salem,  May  29,  1971  Children:  Charlotte 
Dandridge  Gray  and  Margaret  Fraser  Gray.  Member,  St.  Paul's  Episcopal  Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chair:  Education  Subcommittee  on  Community  Colleges  and  Universities; 

Ethics;  Insurance. 
Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  General  Government;  Environment. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


509 


lanies  Preston  Green  Sn 

(Democrat  -  Vance  County) 

Seventy-eighth  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Vance,  Granville,  and 

Warren  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Henderson,  N.C.,  May  11,  1925  to 
William  and  Annie  Henderson  Green. 

Educational  Background 

Henderson  Institute,  1944;  Johnson  C. 
Smith  University,  B.S.,  Biology  and 
Chemistry,  1948;  Meharry  Medical  College, 
M.D.,  1955. 

Professional  Background 

Physician  and  President,  Beckford  Avenue  Medical  Center;  Family  Medicine 
Practitioner. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 
President,  Associated  Rest  and  Nursing  Home,  Inc.,  1972-present;  President,  Green 
Pharmaceutical,  Inc.;  American  Medical  Association;  N.C.  Medical  Society  National 
Medical  Association;  American  Public  Health  Association;  Vance  County  Voters 
League;  NAACP  (life  member);  Omega  Psi  Phi  Fraternity  (life  member);  Human 
Relations  Council;  N.C.  Senior  Citizens  Federation  (member  Board  of  Governors); 
Sigma  Pi  Phi  Fraternity;  Beta  Kappa  Psi  Honorary  Fraternity. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Former  Chair,  Governor's  Sickle  Cell  Council  (Ten  years);  Governor's  Commission  on 
j  Fluoridation. 

Political  Activities 

i  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1991-present;  City  Council  of  Henderson, 
1  (Eight  years);  Former  Chair,  Second  Congressional  District,  Democratic  Party. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Army,  Landstuhl  General  Army  Hospital,  Germany,  Captain,  1957-59,  European. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Carolyn  M.  Smith  of  New  Bern,  December  15,  1956.  Children;  James  P. 
Green,  Jr.,  Isaac  H.  Green  and  Carolyn  Annette  Greene.  Member,  Cotton  Memorial 
Church,  Henderson;  Member,  Board  of  Elders  (Six  years). 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Health  and  Human  Services  Subcommittee  on  Human  Services. 

Vice  Chair:  Health  and  Human  Resources. 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  in  Human  Resources;  Education 

Subcommittee  on  Preschool,  Elementary  &  Secondary  Education;  Environment; 

State  Government  Subcommittee  on  State  Parks,  Facilities  and  Property. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Former  Public  School  Teacher. 


Bobby  H.  Griffin 

(Democrat  -  Union  County) 

Thirty-fourth  Representative  District- 
Portions  of  Union  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Olive  Branch,  Union  County,  July 
31,  1938,  to  Graham  V.  Griffin  and  Clara 
(Austin)  Griffin. 

Educational  Background 

New  Salem  High  School,  1956;  Pfeiffer 
College,  1962,  B.A.;  Wake  Forest 
University,  J.D.,  1967. 

Professional  Background 

Lawyer,   Clark,   Griffin   &   McCollum. 


Orga  n  iza  tions 

Member,  N.C.  Bar  Association;  American  Society  of  Health  Care  Attorneys;  N.C. 
Society  of  Health  Care  Attorneys;  N.C.  Trial  Lawyers;  Former  President,  Union. 
County  Bar  Association;  Trustee,  Pfeiffer  College;  Former  President,  Monroe  Civitan 
Club;  Former  Chair,  Union  County  Board  of  Social  Services;  Member,  Union  County 
Fund  Foundation. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Former  Member,  Monroe  Recreation  Advisory  Council;  Board  of  Urban 
Redevelopment  for  the  City  of  Monroe;  Board  of  Union  County  Social  Services; 
Former  Chair,  Monroe  Board  of  Education. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-present;  Monroe  School  Board,  1977-89 
(Chair  1981-89). 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Norma  (Bennett)  Griffin,  June  12,  1965.  Children:  Gina  Elizabeth  Griffin 
and  Ginger  Emily  Griffin.  Member,  First  Baptist  of  Monroe;  Presently  Church  School 
Teacher;  Former  Chair,  Board  of  Deacons,  Trustees  and  Sunday  School  Director;' 
Moderator  Union  Baptist  Association,  1991. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:    Children,  Youth  and  Families;  Environment;  Finance;  Judiciary  II;  Public 
Employees. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


511 


Joe  Hackney 


(Democrat  -  Orange  County) 

Twenty-fourth  Representative  District 

Portions  of  Chatham  and  Orange 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Siler  City,  Chatham  County, 
September  23,  1945,  to  Herbert  Harold  and 
Ida  Lillian  (Dorsett)  Hackney. 

Ed  ucational  Ba  ckgro  und 

Silk  Hope  High  School,  1963;  N.C.  State 
University,  1963-64;  UNC-Chapel  Hill, 
1964-67,  A.B.  with  Honors  (Political 
Science);  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  School  of  Law, 
1970,  J.D. 


Professional  Background 

Attorney  (partner,  firm  of  Epting  &  Hackney);  Assistant  District  Attorney,  15th 
District,  1971-74;  research  assistant,  J  Frank  Huskins,  Associate  Justice,  N.C. 
Supreme  Court,  1970-71. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Orange  County  (former  President),  N.C.  and  American  Bar  Associations;  N.C. 
Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  Committee  on  Legislation  and  Law  Reform,  N.C.  Bar;  for- 
mer President,  15th  District  Bar;  former  President,  Orange-Chatham  Legal  Services; 
Conservation  Council  of  N.C;  Sierra  Club;  N.C.  Nature  Conservancy;  Appalachian 
Trail  Conference;  N.C.  Cattlemen's  Association. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Joint  Orange-Chatham  Community  Action,  Inc.,  former  member;  Conservation 
j  Foundation  of  N.C,  former  member;  Served,  Citizens  Commission  on  Alternatives  to 
i  Incarceration;  Governor's  Crime  Commission,  former  member;  Southern  Legislative 

Conference,  Environmental  Quality  Committee,  Former  Chair;  Southern  States 

Energy  Board. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1981-present  (Six  terms). 

Honors  and  A  wards 

N.C.  Recycling  Association,  Recycling  Merit  Award,  1991;  N.C.  Pediatric  Society, 
Legislative  Award,  1989;  American  Planning  Association,  N.C.  Chapter,  Legislative 
Award,  1989;  Sierra  Club,  N.C  Chapter,  Outstanding  Service  Award,  1988;  Joint 
Orange  Chatham  Community  Action  Distinguished  Service  Award,  1988;  Triangle 
Land  Conservancy,  Triangle  Conservation  Award,  1987;  N.C.  Consumers  Council, 
Consumer  Advocate  of  the  Year,  1987;  Governor's  Conservation  Award  as  Legislator 
of  the  Year,  N.C.  Wildlife  Federation,  1985;  Triangle  J.  Council  of  Governments 
Award  of  Excellence  for  Service  to  the  Environment,  1985;  N.C.  Bar  Association, 
Family  Law  Section,  Appreciation  Plaque,  1981. 


512  North  Carolina  Manual 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Betsy  Strandberg,  September  15,  1979.  Children:  Daniel  and  Will.  Member, 
Hickory  Mountain  Baptist  Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Co  Chair:  Finance. 

Vice  Chair:  Environment;  Judiciary  I;  Rules,  Calendar  and  Operations  of  the  House. 

Member:  Constitutional  Amendments  &  Referenda. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


513 


(Democrat  -  Lee  County) 

Nineteenth  Representative  District  - 

Harnett,  Lee  and  portions  of  Sampson 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Erwin,  Harnett  County,  April  20, 
1933,  to  B.  H.  Hall  and  Maggie  McLamb. 

Ed  ucational  Ba  ckgro  und 

Erwin  High  School,  1951;  East  Carolina 
University,  B.S.,  1958;  Campbell 
University,  1955. 

Professional  Background 

Executive,  Carolina  Financial  Services 
National  Finance;  President,  Chair  Board  of 
Directors,  Chief  Executive  Officer. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Chamber  of  Commerce;  Independent  Consumer  Finance  Association;  Independent 
Lenders  New  and  Used  Auto  Dealers;  President  and  Director,  Finance  Associations; 
Rotary;  Civitan;  Community  Concert  Association;  Red  Cross;  Boy  Scouts;  Heart 
Association;  United  Fund,  PTA;  Lee  County  Parent  Teacher  Council;  BB&T  Board  of 
Directors;  Campbell  Presidential  Board  of  Advisors. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

;  Lee  County  Planning  Board;  Lee  County  Emergency  Board;  Lee  County  Financial 
Committee;  Lee  County  Airport  Committee. 

Political  Activities 

I  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-present;  Lee  County  Board  of 
Commissioners;  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Independent  Consumer  Finance  Association. 

Military  Service 

U.S.A.F.,  Troop  Carrier,  Sgt.,  1951-1953,  Korean  War. 

Hon  or  sand  A  wa  rds 

Expert  Rifleman;  Special  Commendation;  Civitan  of  the  Year,  1971-72;  Rotary 
Outstanding  Contribution  in  Community  Service;  Varsity  L  Award;  Support  of 
Athletics,  1986-88;  Rotary  President,  1981-82;  Editor  of  Rotary  gram,  1975-76. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Janet  Harrington  of  Broadway,  N.C,  June  19,  1960.  Children:  Caron, 
Bobby  Ray  Jr.,  Glenn  and  Joy.  Pocket  Presbyterian;  Deacon,  1966-69,  1987-90;  Chair 
of  Long  Range  Planning  Building  Committee;  Sunday  School  Teacher. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Member:    Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Transportation;  Business  &  Labor 

Subcommittee  on  Economic  Expansion  &  Growth;  Education  Subcommittee  on 

Preschool,  Elementary  &  Secondary  Education;  Pensions  and  Retirement;  State 

Government  Subcommittee  on  State  Parks,  Facilities  and  Property. 


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s=§ 


Robert  Cannon  Hayes 

(Republican  -  Cabarrus  County) 

Ninetieth  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Cabarrus  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Concord,  Cabarrus  County,  August 
14,  1945,  to  Robert  Griffith  Hayes  and 
Mariam  Cannon  Hayes. 

Educational  Background 

Concord  High  School,  1963;  Duke 
University,  B.A.  History,  1967. 

Professional  Background 

Hosiery  Manufacturer,  Mt.  Pleasant  Hosiery 
Mills,  Inc.,  Owner;  Highway  Contractor; 
Land  Developer;  Truck  Dealership  (owner). 

Organizations 

Former  President,  Central  Motor  Lines;  Member,  Wildlife  Commission  District  6; 
Member,  Governor's  Council  on  Substance  Abuse;  Chair,  Cabarrus  County  Drug  Task 
Force;  Former  City  Alderman,  Concord,  N.C.;  Member,  Trustee  Cannon  Foundation; 
Fellowship  of  Christian  Athletes;  Prison  Fellowship  Volunteer;  Board,  Cabarrus 
County  Boys  and  Girls  Club;  Cabarrus  Cooperative  Christian  Ministry;  Board,  Lees 
McRae  College;  former  board  member,  Pfeiffer  College;  Chair,  Barden  Chair  of 
Government,  Campbell  College;  Board  of  Advisors,  Campbell  College;  Board  of 
Advisors,  Duke  University. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-present;  Concord  City  Alderman. 

Personal  Information 

First  Presbyterian  Church;  Deacon;  Elder  Synod  Evangelism  Committee. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Agriculture;  Children,  Youth  and  Families;  Environment;  Finance;  Health 
and  Human  Services  Subcommittee  on  Health  Care  &  Access. 


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515 


Robert  Jonathan  Hensley,  Jr.    J| 

(Democrat  -  Wake  County) 

Sixty-fourth  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Wake  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Marion,  McDowell  County,  June  23, 
1947,  to  Robert  J.  and  Lelia  Wise  Hensley, 
Sr. 

Educational  Background 

Cherryville  High  School,  1965,  UNC- 
Charlotte,  B.A.,  History,  1969;  NCSU,  grad- 
uate work  for  MA  in  Public  Administration, 
1973;  NCCU,  Public  Administration,  J.D., 
1976. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney;  Partner,  Firm  of  Hensley,  Huggard,  Obrol  and  Bousman. 

Organizations 

N.C.  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  Wake  County  Academy  of 
Criminal  Trial  Lawyers;  Garner  Optimist  Club;  Garner  Citizens  Against  Drug  Abuse- 
Legal  Counsel;  Garner  Habitat  for  Humanity;  White  Plain's  Children's  Center  - 
Board  of  Directors;  Yates  Mill  Restoration  Project  -  Board  of  Directors;  Back-a- 
Child/Garner  Road  YMCA;  Rex  Home  Health  Care  -  Board  of  Directors;  Swift  Creek 
P.T.A.  -  Legislative  Committee  Chair. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1991-present;  Wake  County  Young 
j Democrats,  Past  President;  N.C.  Young  Democrats,  Past  Vice  President,  General 
Counsel;  Wake  County  Democratic  Men's  Club,  Board  Member;  Wake  County 
|  Democratic  Women,  Young  Democrats,  Senior  Democrats,  Associate  Member. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

J.  Albert  House/Gordon  Gray  Award  -  North  Carolina's  Most  Outstanding  Young 
Democrat,  1983. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Patricia  F.  Grainger  of  Raleigh,  August  18,  1979.  Children:  Robert  J. 
Hensley,  III,  Christopher  Morgan  Hensley  and  Charles  Preston  Hensley.  Member, 
First  United  Methodist  Church,  Cary,  N.C;  Education  Committee. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Judiciary  III. 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  General  Government;  Children,  Youth  and 
Families;  Financial  Institutions;  Rules,  Calendar,  and  Operations  of  the  House. 


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Foyle  Robert  Hightower,  Jr. 

(Democrat  -  Anson  County) 

Thirty-third  Representative  District  - 

Anson,  and  portions  of  Montgomery  and 

Stanly  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Wadesboro,  Anson  County,  January 
21,  1941,  to  Foyle  and  Mildred  Brigman 
Hightower. 

Educational  Background 

Wadesboro  High,  1959;  UNC-Chapel  Hill, 
1962;  Elon  College,  1965;  Wingate  College, 
BGS,  History,  1984. 

Professional  Background 

Vice  President,  Hightower  Ice  and  Fuel  Company,  Inc. 

Organizations 

Anson  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Board  of  Directors;  Anson  Blood  Mobile,  Past  Chair; 
Wadesboro  Civitan  Club,  Past  President;  Jaycees;  United  Way,  Past  Professional, 
Chair;  Look  Alive;  Masons;  Shriners;  Jaycees;  Anson  County  Historical  Society; 
Scouts  (Eagles,  Demolay  Master  Counselor,  1958-59). 

Boards  and  Commissions 

N.C.  Wildlife  Resources  Commission,  1981-82;  Legislative  Services  Commission,  1981-89. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1971-1989,  1991-present;  Served  as  chair  on 
Corrections,  Wildlife  Resources,  Insurance  Licensing  Boards  and  State  Government; 
Vice  Chair,  Agriculture  and  Finance. 

Military  Services 

Army,  Corporal,  1963;  Reserves,  1963-69. 

Hon  or s  and  A  wa rds 

Anson  County  Young  Man  of  the  Year,  1965;  Eagle  Scout,  1955;  Junior  Citizenship 
Award,  1958. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Pauline  McElveen  Hightower  of  Lake  City,  SC,  July  12,  1975.  Children! 
Victoria  Joan  Hightower  and  Caroline  Ruth  Hightower.  Member,  Wadesboro-Firsi 
Presbvterian  Church;  Deacon,  Chair  of  Board,  Elder;  President,  Men  of  the  Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS  \ 

Chair:  State  Government. 

Vice  Chair:  Insurance. 

j 

Member:  Agriculture;  Education  Subcommittee  on  Preschool,  Elementary  & 
Secondary  Education;  Environment,  Finance. 


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517 


Dewey  Lewis  Hill 

(Democrat  -  Columbus  County) 

Fourteenth  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Brunswick,  Columbus,  New 

Hanover  and  Robeson  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Whiteville,  Columbus  County, 
August  31,  1925  to  Otto  Hill  and  Alatha 
(Ward)  Hill. 

Educational  Background 

Whiteville  High  School,  1943. 

Professional  Background 

Businessman,  Hill  Foods,  Inc.;  Chair  of  the 
Board  and  CEO;  Retail  Food  Chain. 

Organizations 

N.C.  Food  Dealers  Association;  N.C.  Retail  Merchants  Association;  National  Grocery 
Association;  Whiteville  Rotary  Club;  Ambassador  Camp;  Boys  and  Girls  Home  of 
North  Carolina. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

N.C.  Food  Dealers  Association;  Columbus  County  Committee  of  100;  Whiteville 
Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993;  President  and  Director,  Whiteville 
Rotary  Club;  President  and  Director,  Columbus  County  Shrine  Club;  Honorary 
Member,  Brunswick  County  Shrine  Club;  32nd  Degree  Mason,  Shriner;  Member, 
American  Legion;  Member,  Asparagus  Club;  Member  Food  Merchandising  Industry; 
jMember,  Nash-Finch  Centennial  Club. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Navy,  Fleet  Marines,  Storekeeper  H.C.  1st  class,  1943-46. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Muriel  (Ezzell)  Hill,  December  31,  1982.  Children:  Dewey  Hill  Jr.  and 
Cheryl  Ward.  Member,  First  Baptist  Church,  Whiteville;  Sunday  School  Teacher, 
1975-80;  Sunday  School  Outreach  Director,  1983-1988;  Chair,  Ushers,  1980-present; 
Mason,  Shriner,  Columbus  County  Shrine  Club. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

lember:  Agriculture;  Business  and  Labor  Subcommittee  on  Labor  Relations  and 
Employment;  Finance;  Public  Utilities;  Rules,  Calendar,  and  Operations  of  the 
House. 


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George  Milton  Holnies 

(Republican  -  Yadkin  County) 

Forty-first  Representative  District  - 

Wilkes,  Yadkin,  and  portions  of 

Alexander  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Mount  Airy,  Surry  County,  June  20. 
1929,  to  John  William  and  Thelme 
Elizabeth  (Dobie)  Holmes. 

Educational  Background 

Mount  Airy  High  School,  1944;  Westerr 
High  School,  1945-48;  Appalachian  Stat<: 
University,  1954;  Travelers  Multiple  Lin 
Insurance  School,  1959. 


Professional  Background 


Real  Estate  Broker. 


Orga  n  iza  tions 

Yadkin  Lodge  162,  F.  &  A.  M.;  Winston-Salem  Consistory,  Scottish  Rite  of  Fre< 
Masonry  Shriner;  Oasis  Temple. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Governor's  Crime  Study  Commission,  1976;  Fire  and  Casualty  Rate  Stud; 
Commission,  1976;  Board  of  Directors,  First  Union  National  Bank,  Yadkinvilk 
Advisory  Budget  Commission,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-90,  Vice  Chair,  1991,  Chair 
1992;  Joint  Legislative  Commission  on  Governmental  Operations,  1989-90,  1991-9S 
1993-94. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1975-76,  1979-80,  1981-82,  1983-84,  198£ 
86,  1987-88,  1989-90;  1991-92,  1993-;  Minority  Whip,  1981-82;  Minority  Party  Joir 
Caucus  Leader,  1983-84;  Yadkin  County  Republican  Executive  Committee;  Eight1 
District  Republican  Executive  Committee;  State  Republican  Executive  Committet 
1975-76,  1979-80,  1981-82,  1983-84;  State  Republican  Central  Committee,  1983-84. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Barbara  Ann  Ireland,  June  30,  1956.  Children:  Jennifer  (Holmes)  Crawle; 
Member,  Flat  Rock  Baptist  Church;  Deacon,  1956-70;  Trustee,  1970-;  Superintenden 
1968-72;  Former  Secretary  and  Sunday  School  Teacher. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chair:  Financial  Institutions;  Public  Utilities. 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Transportation;  Insurance;  Judiciary  III. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


519 


Bertha  Merrill  Holt 

(Democrat  -  Alamance  County) 

Twenty-fifth  Representative  District 
Alamance,  Caswell,  and  portions  of 
Orange  and  Rockingham  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Eufaula,  Alabama,  August  16,  1916, 
'to  William  H.  and  Bertha  H.  (Moore) 
Merrill. 

Educational  Background 

Eufaula  High  School;  Agnes  Scott  College, 
1938,  G.A.,  B.A.,  Psychology  and  History; 
UNC-Chapel  Hill,  School  of  Law,  1939-40; 
University  of  Alabama,  School  of  Law,  1941, 
LL.B:  George  Washington  University,  1942, 
graduate  studies. 

Professional  Background 

i 

Legislator  and  Attorney;  former  attorney,  U.S.  Treasury  and  Department  of  the 

Interior. 

Organizations 

N.C.  Bar  Association;  Pi  Beta  Phi;  English  Speaking  Union;  Les  Amis  du  Vin;  N.C. 
Historical  Society;  N.C.  Women's  Forum;  Cub  Scout  Den  Mother;  Century  Book  Club; 
Down  to  Earth  Garden  Club;  American  Association  of  University  Women;  N.C. 
Women's  Political  Caucus;  Task  Force  Community  Based  Alternative  for  State 
Offenders  (Alamance  County);  Volunteer  for  Schools;  LRC  Open  Meetings  Study 
Committee,  1979-81;  Chair,  LRC  Computer  Literacy  Committee,  1981-83;  Joint 
Commission  on  School  Salary  Schedules,  1985-88;  Joint  Commission  on  Social 
Services,  1987-88;  Chair,  Pest  Control  Study  Commission  (Sponsor  of  Legislation), 
1987-88;  Committees  on  Appropriations-Justice  and  Public  Safety,  State  Personnel 
politics,  and  Alcoholic  Beverage  Control,  1989;  Past  Chair,  Computer  Literacy  Study 
jCommittee;  Past  Chair,  Inmate  Substance  Abuse  Study  Committee;  Past  Member, 
N.C.  Council  on  Status  of  Women,  1977-80;  Chair,  State  Federal  Affairs  Committee, 
Southern  Legislative  Conference  (Three  years);  Member,  Intergovernmental  Mental 
Affairs  Committee,  Council  of  State  Governments. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Past  Member,  Girl  Scout  Board;  Past  Member,  Alamance  County  Social  Services 
3oard,  Chair;  Advisory  Board,  N.C.  School  of  Public  Health;  Board  Member,  State 
Conference  on  Social  Work;  Board  Member,  LIFE-guardianship  Council,  ARC/N.C; 
Advisory  Board  Salvation  Army  (Alamance  County);  Advisory  Board,  School  Health 
Burlington  City);  Board  of  Directors,  Snow  Camp  Historical  Society;  Board  of 
directors,  N.C.  Conference  of  Social  Service;  Board  of  Directors,  State  Epilepsy 
Association  (past);  Past  member,  Archaeology  Advisory  Board  of  N.C,  1979-84;  Past 
Member,  N.C.  Board  of  Science  and  Technology;  Past  Board  Member,  N.C.  HOSPICE 
ind  State  Council  for  Social  Legislation  (Study  Chair),  1979-88;  Joint  Commission 
Governmental  Operations;  Board  of  Directors,  Alumni  Association;  UNC-Chapel  Hill, 
school  of  Law,  1979-80;  1991-92,  Vice  Chair,  NCSU  Committee  on  Transportation. 


520  North  Carolina  Manual 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1975-present;  former  President,  Alamance 
County  Democratic  Women  (Chair,  Headquarters  Committee),  1962-64;  Democratic 
Executive  Committee,  1964-75;  Vice  Chair,  Alamance  County  Democratic  Executive 
Committee,  1964-66;  Century  Book  Club;  AAUW  Women's  Political  Caucus;  Chair, 
Select  Committee  on  Governmental  Ethics,  1979-81;  Legislative  Ethics  Committee, 
1980-81;  Chair,  Legislative  Ethics  Committee,  1981;  Chair,  Constitutional 
Amendments,  1981-82  and  1983-84;  Chair  Appropriations  (E)  Justice  and  Public 
Safety,  1985-86  and  1987-88;  Member,  Joint  Commission  Governmental  Operations 
(first  woman  to  serve),  1982-88. 

Honors  and  Awards 

Outstanding  Alumna  Award,  Agnes  Scott  College,  1978;  Legislative  Award,  Nurses 
Association,  1979;  Family  Care,  N.C.  Facilities  Association  Award,  1982;  Hospice  o 
N.C.  Award,  1984;  Legislative  Award,  N.C.  Alliance  for  Health,  Physical  Education 
Recreation  and  Dance,  1984;  N.C.  Association  of  Non-Profit  Homes  for  Aging,  1985 
Distinguished  Service  in  Promoting  School  Health  Education,  N.C.  Society  for  Publii 
Health  Education,  1986;  Faith  Active  to  Public  Life  Award  by  N.C.  Council  o 
Churches,  1987;  State  Delta  Kappa  Gamma,  Honorary  Member,  1987;  Distinguishec 
Service  Award,  Association  for  Retarded  Citizens,  N.C,  Inc,  1987,  One  of  fivtj 
Distinguished  Alumna  Centennial  Speakers  Agnes  Scott  College,  Decatur,  GA,  1988 
Distinguished  Women's  Award  in  Government,  N.C.  Council  on  the  Status  of  Women 
1991  Listed  in  Who's  Who,  American  Women  and  Who's  Who  in  America;  Publishec 
"Ethic  in  a  Citizen  Legislature",  Insight,  1980;  Reprinted  in  Focus,  1981;  Center  fo:| 
Public  Policy  Research;  1991  Alamance  County  Democratic  Party,  Distinguishec 
Service  Award;  1991,  Hallie  Ruth  Allen  Award;  Alamance  Democratic  Women,  Is 
Annual  Award. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  W.  Clary  Holt,  March  14,  1942.  Children:  Harriet,  W.  Merrill  and  W 
Jefferson.  Member,  Episcopal  Church  of  Holy  Comforter,  Burlington,  N.C;  Pas 
President  of  Episcopal  Church  Women  of  Church  of  the  Holy  Comforter;  First  Womai, 
on  Church  Vestry;  First  Woman  to  be  Senior  Warden  of  Vestry  of  Church  of  Hoi 
Comforter;  Taught  High  School  Sunday  School  class  for  15  years;  Diocesan  Council  c 
N.C.  Episcopal  Diocese,  1973-74,  Diocese  Council,  1985-87,  1990-92;  Chair,  Paris 
Grant  Committee  of  N.C.  Diocese,  1973-80;  Chair,  Department  of  Finance  an 
Budget;  First  Woman  on  Bishop's  Standing  Committee,  1975-77;  Diocesan  Council 
1985-87;  Chair,  Budget  Committee,  N.C.  Diocese,  1987;  Member,  Christian  Socis 
Ministries  Committee,  1987-88,  1990-present;  Alternate  Delegate  to  Episcop* 
General  Convention,  Episcopal  Diocesan  Convention  Delegate,  Episcopal  Diocesa 
Convention  many  times  Past  President,  Burlington  Council  of  Church  Women. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Co  Chair:  Appropriations  Sub-Committee  on  Justice  and  Public  Safety. 

Vice  Chair:  Education  Subcommittee  on  Preschool,  Elementary  &  Secondar 

Education;  Judiciary  I. 
Member:  Constitutional  Amendments  &  Referenda;  Environment. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


521 


fulia  Craven  Howard 

(Republican  -  Davie  County) 

Seventy-fourth  Representative  District  - 

Davie  and  portions  of  Davidson 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Salisbury,  Rowan  County,  August 
20,  1944,  to  Allan  Leary  and  Ruth  Elizabeth 
(Snider)  Craven. 

Educational  Background 

Davie  High  School,  1962;  American 
Institute  of  Real  Estate  Appraisers,  RM; 
N.C.  Association  of  Realtors,  GRI. 

Professional  Background 

Realtor/  Appraiser;  President,  Howard  Realty  &  Insurance  Agency,  Inc.;  Vice 
President,  Davie  Builders,  Inc. 

Orga  n  iza  tion  s 

Sertoma  Club;  Realtors  Association;  Davie  County  Board  (President,  1972,  State 
Director,  1973-85);  AIREA-Southeastern  Regional/  Review  Appraiser. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Davie  County  Hospital  Board  of  Trustees,  (Former  chairman,  1978-85). 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives  1989-present;  Commissioner,  Town  of 
|  Mocksville,  1981-88. 

Personal  Information 

|  Married,  Abe  Nail  Howard,  Jr.,  August  26,  1962.  Children:  Amedia  Paige  and  Abe 
'Nail,  III.    Member,  First  United  Methodist  Church,  Mocksville;  council  of  Ministries 
(Chair,  1979-81);  Youth  Council,  1974-84;  Sunday  School  Teacher. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chair:  Agriculture;  State  Government  Subcommittee  on  State  Parks,  Facilities 

and  Property. 
Member:  Finance;  Financial  Institutions;  Local  and  Regional  Government  II. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


John  Jackson  Hunt 

(Democrat  -  Cleveland  County) 

Forty-eighth  Representative  District  - 

Cleveland,  Rutherford,  and  portions  of 

Gaston,  and  Polk  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Lattimore,  Cleveland  County, 
November  27,  1922,  to  Robert  Lee  and  Alma 
(Harrill)  Hunt. 

Educational  Background 

Lattimore  High  School,  1939;  Wake  Forest 
University,  1943,  B.S.;  Emory  University, 
1946,  D.D.S. 

Professional  Background 

Dentist,  building  materials  supplier  and 
farmer. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

ADA;  NCDS;  Isothermal  Dental  Society;  Mason;  Shriner. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Legislative  Research  Committee;  National  Conference  on  State  Legislative; 
Governmental  Operations;  Legislative  Services  Commission;  Capital  Planning 
Commission. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1973-74,  1975-76,  1989-90,  1991-92-1993- 
present;  Chair,  Military  and  Veteran's  Affairs,  1979-80;  Speaker  Pro  Tempore,  1985- 
86,  1987-88. 

Military  Service 

Served,  US  Army,  1943-48,  1950-52  (Major). 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Honorary  member,  N.C.  National  Guard;  USS  N.C.  Battleship  Award,  AMVETS. 

i 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Ruby  Cowder,  June  22,  1946.  Children:  Judy  Hunt,  Penny  (Hunt)  Corn, 
Libby  (Hunt)  Sarazen,  Sally  Hunt  and  Cindy  (Hunt)  Martin.  Member,  First  Baptist 
Church. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Rules,  Calendar,  and  Operations  of  the  House. 

Vice  Chair:  State  Government  Subcommittee  on  Military,  Veterans  and  Indian 

Affairs. 
Member:  Constitution;  Finance;  Transportation  Subcommittee  on  Highways. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


523 


P* 


■*» 


Howard  J>  Hunter,  Jr. 

(Democrat  -  Northampton  County) 

Fifth  Representative  District  -  Gates, 

Northampton,  and  portions  of  Bertie  and 

Hertford  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Washington,  DC  on  December  16, 
1946,  to  Howard  and  Madge  (Watford) 
,  Hunter,  Sr. 

Educational  Background 

,  C.  S.  Brown  High  School,  1964;  North 
Carolina  Central  University,  1971,  MS. 

Professional  Background 

Vice  President,  Hunters  Funeral  Home, 
Inc.,  Director,  Partner/Owner. 

Organizations 

Life  member,  Ahoskie  Alumni  Chapter,  Kappa  Alpha  Psi;  Former  Scoutmaster;  N.C. 
Funeral  Home  Association;  N.C.  Central  University  Alumni  Association;  Hertford 
County  Chapter  President,  1971;  Hobson  Reynolds  Elks  National  Shrine,  Inc., 
Manager;  Hertford  County  United  Way,  Board  of  Directors,  President,  1975;  Water 
Safety  Commission,  Hertford  County  Chapter;  Hertford  County  Recreation 

,  Commission,  Chair;  Kappa  Alpha  Psi  Guide  Right  Commission,  Elizabeth  City 
University  Chapter;  Boy  Scouts  of  America  Troop  123;  Choanoke  Area  Transit 
Authority,  Former  Chair;  Governor's  Crime  Commission,  1979,  Member  of  the  Law 

:  and  Justice  Committee  for  the  National  Conference  of  State  Legislators. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Hertford  County  Commissioner,  1978-88. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1989-;  Hertford  County  Commissioner;  State 
Democratic  Legislative  Policy  Commission. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Outstanding  Young  Men  of  America;  Personalities  of  the  South;  Order  of  the  Long 
Leaf  Pine;  Distinguished  Service,  Murfreesboro  Jaycees;  Outstanding  Citizen  in  N.C. 
in  Human  Relations;  Outstanding  and  Superb  Leadership  and  Public  Service,  N.C. 
A&T  State  University,  1992;  Distinguished  Services,  N.C.  Council  on  Sickle  Cell 
Syndrome;  Outstanding  Service  Award,  N.C.  Central  Alumni  Association;  Compass 
Award,  Boy  Scouts  of  America,  East  Carolina  Council;  Distinguished  Service  Award 
N.C.  Central  University  Alumni  Association,  Hertford  County  Chapter;  Personalities 
|  of  the  South  Award  for  Outstanding  Services  to  Community,  State  and  Nation; 
Legislator  of  the  Year,  N.C.  Alliance  for  the  Mentally  111,  1993;  Englightened  Support 
in  The  General  Assembly  Award  -  N.C.  Association  of  Addiction  Professionals,  1993. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Vivian  Flythe,  December  31,  1986.  Children:  Howard,  III  and  Chyla  Toye. 
Member,  First  Baptist  Church,  Murfreesboro;  Trustee. 


524  North  Carolina  Manual 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Children,  Youth  and  Families. 

Vice  Chair:  Health  and  Human  Services  Subcommittee  on  Human  Services. 

Member:  Agriculture;  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Natural  and  Economic 
Resources;  Business  and  Labor  Subcommittee  on  Labor  Relations  and 
Employment;  Business  and  Labor  Subcommittee  on  Travel  and  Tourism. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


525 


Robert  Carl  Hunter 

(Democrat  -  McDowell  County) 

Forty-ninth  Representative  District  - 

McDowell,  Yancey  and  portions  of  Burke 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  McDowell  County,  January  14, 
1944,  to  L.  Penn  and  Lucy  (Turner)  Hunter. 

Educational  Background 

Glenwood  School;  Marion  City  Schools; 
UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1966,  B.A.;  UNC-Chapel 
Hill,  School  of  Law,  1969,  J.D. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney;  former  Assistant  District 
Attorney,  29th  Judicial  District. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Member,  McDowell  County  Bar  Association,  past  President;  N.C.  Bar  Association; 
American  Bar  Association;  29th  Judicial  District  Bar,  past  President;  N.C.  Academy 
of  Trial  Lawyers;  Marion  Rotary  Club,  past  President;  Former  member,  past  presi- 
dent and  past  secretary,  Marion  Jaycees;  Alumnus  of  Sigma  Phi  Epsilon  Social 
Fraternity;  Alumnus  of  Delta  Theta  Phi  Legal  Fraternity;  Former  Member, 

I  University  of  North  Carolina  Board  of  Visitors;  former  Assistant  District  Attorney; 
former  Director,  McDowell  County  United  Fund;  former  Director,  McDowell  County 
Chamber  of  Commerce;  past  President,  N.C.  County  Attorney's  Association;  Director, 

'  UNC  Law  Alumni  Association. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

1  Member,  Board  of  Directors,  McDowell  Committee  of  100;  Board  of  Directors, 
'  McDowell  Arts  &  Crafts  Association;  McDowell  County  Citizen  of  the  Year,  1984; 

Marion  Civitan's  Citizen  of  the  Year,  1988-89,  former  Chair,  Southern  Legislative 
j  Conference;  Southern  Legislative  Conference  Executive  Committee;  Chair  Elect, 
i  Council  of  State  Governments;  former  Member,  North  Carolina  Advisory  Council  on 

the  Eastern  Band  of  the  Cherokee;  Former  Member,  North  Carolina  Judicial  Council; 

Member,  North  Carolina  Courts  Commission;  Co-Chair,  1987-89  Legislative  Highway 

Study  Commission. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989,  1991, 
1993;  Former  Member  N.C.  State  Democrat  Executive  Committee. 

Personal  Information 

,  Married,  Nancy  Hinson,  August  22,  1970.  Children:  Megan,  Allen  and  Claire  Alise. 
Member,  First  Baptist  Church,  Marion;  Trustee. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Judiciary  II. 
Vice  Chair:  Ethics. 

Member:  Courts  and  Justice;  Finance;  Financial  Institutions;  Rules,  Calendar,  and 
Operations  of  the  House. 


526 


North  Carolina  Manual 


William  Manet-  Ives 

(Republican-Transylvania  County) 

Sixty-eighth  Representative  District  - 

Transylvania  and  portions  of  Buncombe 

and  Henderson  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Jacksonville,  Duval  County, 
Florida,  September  4,  1933  to  Anson  Jesse 
Ives  and  Catherine  (Ellis)  Ives. 

Educational  Background 

Robert  E.  Lee  High  School,  1951;  University 
of  Florida,  1954,  B.A.,  Political  Science; 
Blue  Ridge  Community  College,  1987, 
Heating  and  Air  Conditioning. 

Professional  Background 

General  Contractor;  Camp  Owner,  Keystone  Camp;  Chair,  Board  of  Commissioners, 
Transylvania  County,  1972-76,  1980-84;  Chair,  Region  B.  County  Government,  1976, 
1983,  1984. 

Organizations 

Licensed  General  Contractor,  Plumbing  and  Heating  Contractor,  Electrical 
Contractor;  President,  Brevard-Transylvania  Chamber  of  Commerce;  President, 
Transylvania  Historical  Society;  Chair,  Board  of  Transylvania  Vocational  Services; 
Co-Chair,  Building  Commissioner,  Transylvania  Christian  Ministry  Sharing  House. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-present;  Transylvania  County  Board  of 
Commissioners,  Chair,  1972-76,  1980-84;  Chair,  Transylvania  Republican  Party, 
1979-80. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Army,  24th  Division.,  Sgt.,  1954-1956. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Sue  (Howe)  Ives,  in  February.  Children:  Page  Howe  Ives  and  Anson 
Bradley  Ives.  Member,  St.  Philips  Church;  Junior  Warden,  1971-73;  Board  of 
Directors,  Oaks  Episcopal  Conference  Center. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Human  Resources;  Children,  Youth  and 
Families;  Health  and  Human  Services  Subcommittee  on  Aging;  Local  and 
Regional  Government  II;  Public  Utilities. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


527 


Vernon  Grant  Janaes 

(Democrat  -  Pasquotank  County) 

First  Representative  District  -  Camden, 

Currituck,  Pasquotank  and  portions  of 

Perquimans  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Pasquotank  County,  July  11,  1910, 
to  John  Calvin  and  Fannie  (Coppersmith) 
James  (both  deceased). 

Educational  Background 

Graduated,  Weeksville  High  School,  1930; 
Attended  North  Carolina  State  University. 

Professional  Background 

(Retired)  Farmer  and  Produce  Supply 

Business  (President  and  Manager  James  Brothers,  Inc.). 

Orga  n  iza  tion  s 

Member,  N.C.  and  National  Fresh  Fruits  and  Vegetable  Growers  Association; 
Secretary  and  Treasurer,  State  4-H  Club  Council  1930,  Delegate,  International 
Member,  State  4-H  Honor  Club,  1931;  President,  National  Potato  Council,  1966; 
Member,  National  Potato  Steering  Committee  since  1966;  Potato  Advisory  Committee 
(appointed  by  U.S.  Secretary  of  Agriculture,  Orville  Freeman,  1961-68,  re-appointed 
by  Earl  Butz  1968-71);  Chair  National  Potato  Board  1977-78;  Served,  Board  of 
Directors,  Elizabeth  City  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Member,  Masonic  Lodge  317  and 
Sudan  Temple  Shriners. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Chair,  Board  of  Education  for  Weeksville  High  School,  1943-44;  Member,  Board  of 
Trustees,  Greater  University  of  N.C,  1947-55;  Member,  Elizabeth  City  Airport 
|  Commission,  1963;  Founder  and  Co-Chair,  Study  Commission  for  Promotion  of 
Agriculture,  Seafood  and  Forestry,  1983-84,  1985-86;  Member,  COA  Board  of 
Trustees  since  1960;  Chair,  Southern  States  Legislative  Division  of  Agriculture  and 
Rural  Development  1983-1984;  Member,  Study  Commission  on  Local  Government 
Financing;  Member,  North  Carolina  Commission  on  the  Bicentennial  of  the  U.S. 
Constitution;  Member,  Thirteen  Member  House  Special  Fact-Finding  Committee  on 
Agriculture;  Veterinary  Medical  Board,  1991-93. 

Political  Activities 

Served,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1945-1947,  1973-present  (12  terms). 

Hon  or  sand  A  wa  rds 

"Tarheel  of  the  Week",  December,  1965;  Recipient  of  Commission  of  Agriculture's 
Award  for  Promotion  of  Fresh  Fruits  and  Vegetables,  1971;  Governors  Award  from 
N.C.  Wildlife  Federation  for  air  conservation,  1981;  Recipient  of  Award  for 
Outstanding  Contributions  to  the  N.C.  Soybean  Association,  1983;  Recipient  of  N.C. 
Farm  Bureau  Federation  Award  for  Distinguished  Service  to  Agriculture,  1983; 
Award  from  N.C.  Association  of  County  Commissioners  for  Distinguished  Service  to 


528  North  Carolina  Manual 

County  Government  and  North  Carolina  Citizens,  1984;  Southern  Legislative 
Conference  Award  for  Service  to  Agriculture  and  Rural  Development  to  North 
Carolina  and  throughout  the  South,  1984;  Award  from  N.C.  School  Boards 
Association  for  Service  to  Public  Education  in  N.C,  1984;  Governor's  Award  from 
N.C.  Agribusiness  Council  for  Distinguished  Service  to  Agri-business  1985,  4-H  Club 
Outstanding  Alumni  Award,  1985;  N.C.  Association  of  County  Agricultural  Agents 
Award  1985;  "State  Friend  of  Extension"  Award  from  the  National  Honorary 
Extension  Fraternity,  Epsilon  Sigma  Phi,  1985;  Recipient  of  College  of  the  Albemarle 
25th  Anniversary  Award,  1985;  N.C.  School  Boards  Association  "True  Friend  of 
Public  Education"  Award,  1986;  N.C.  Association  of  County  Commissioners 
Distinguished  Service  Award,  1987. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Thelma  L.  James,  April  1,  1978.  Children:  John  (deceased)  and  Vernon 
(deceased).  Member,  Salem  Baptist  Church;  Former,  Sunday  School  Teacher. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Agriculture. 

Vice  Chair:  Rules,  Calendar,  and  Operations  of  the  House. 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Natural  and  Economic  Resources;  Local 
and  Regional  Government  I;  Public  Utilities. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


529 


5P 


m 


«*afl 


ary  Long  Jarre 

(Democrat  -  Guilford  County) 

Eighty-ninth  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Guilford  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Winston-Salem,  Forsyth  County, 
February  16,  1929,  to  David  Allison  and 
Jennie  Mae  (Fife)  Long. 

Educational  Background 

Graduated,  Fairfax  Hall,  Waynesboro,  Va., 
1947;  Queens  College,  Charlotte,  N.C., 
1951,  A.B.  in  English  Education;  attended, 
University  of  North  Carolina-Chapel  Hill, 
(English  and  Education;  Educational  courses 
toward  Masters). 

Professional  Background 

Former  Public  School  Teacher. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Guilford  County  Historic  Properties  Commission  (former  member);  Co-Chair, 
Directions  Task  Force  on  Drug  Abuse. 

Organizations 

President,  YWCA  Community  Concert;  High  Point  Historical  Society;  High  Point 
Junior  League. 

Political  Activities 

N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1983-84,  1987-88,  1991-92,  1993-present;  High  Point 
City  Council,  1977-81  (Mayor  Pro  Tempore,  1977-79). 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Harold  Thomas  Jarrell,  June  16,  1956;  Children:  Jennie  (Jarrell)  Hayman 
and  Harold  Thomas  Jarrell,  Jr.  Member,  High  Point  Friends;  Presiding  Clerk; 
President,  United  Friends  Women. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Business  &  Labor  Subcommittee  on  Economic  Expansion  &  Growth. 
Vice  Chair:  Business  and  Labor;  Children,  Youth  and  Families. 

Member:  Education  Subcommittee  on  Preschool,  Elementary  &  Secondary  Education; 
Finance;  Judiciary  III. 


530  North  Carolina  Manual 

Margaret  Moore  feffus 

(Democrat  -  Guilford  County) 

Eighty-ninth  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Guilford  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Roanoke,  VA,  October  22,  1934,  to 
Edward  Shelly  Green  and  Alyne  B.  Bowles; 
Stepfather,  Clarence  H.  Moore. 

Educational  Background 

Attended  Greensboro  Senior  High  School, 
1952;  Guilford  College,  B.A.,  Education, 
1965;  UNC-G,  M.Ed.,  Education,  1970; 
Selected  for  Phase  I  Leadership  Training 
Smith  Richardson  Foundation;  Attended 
Model  Developmental  Reading  School, 
selected  as  Satellite  Teacher. 

Professional  Background 
Educator,  Jackson  Middle  School. 

Organizations 

Member,  Board  Member  and  Grade  Mother,  P.T.A.;  Cub  Scout  Den  Mother  and 
Camping  Committee  Chair;  Past  Member,  Greensboro  Little  Theatre;  Past  Member, 
Greensboro  Civic  Ballet;  Member,  Friends  of  the  Young  Artists  Opera  Theatre; 
Member,  UNC-G  Musical  Arts  Guild;  Member,  Beta  Sigma  Phi-XI  Alpha  Rho 
Chapter;  Member,  Beta  Sigma  Phi-Perceptor  Chapter;  Member,  Old  Greensboro 
Preservation  Society;  Member,  Elk's  Ladies  Auxiliary;  Member,  Rebekah's  Ladies 
Division  of  Odd  Fellows;  United  Way  District  Captain,  1983-84;  Coordinator  of  the 
1986  and  1987  United  Way  Campaigns  for  the  Greensboro  Public  Schools;  Member, 
United  Way  Allocations  Panel,  1986-90;  Cancer  Society  Volunteer,  1990-;  Member, 
Phi  Delta  Kappa  Triad  Chapter;  International  Reading  Association,  Greensboro 
Chapter,  Building  Representative,  13  years;  Delegate  to  National  Education 
Association  (NEA)  Convention,  13  years;  Delegate  to  N.C.  Association  of  Educators 
Convention  (NCAE),  23  years;  Member,  N.C.  Association  of  Educators  Convention 
(NCAE),  23  years;  Member,  N.C.  Association  of  Educators  (NCAE),  24  years;  Served 
on  the  NCAE  State,  NCAE  District  and  NCAE  Local;  Member,  Association  of 
Classroom  Teachers;  ACT,  Local  and  District;  Member,  Citizens  for  Waste  Reduction 
and  Recycling;  Member,  Alpha  Delta  Kappa;  LRC  Child  Day  Care  Issues;  LRC  Ways , 
to  Promote  the  Conservation  of  Energy  Sources  in  Residential,  Commercial, 
Industrial,  and  Public  Facilities. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Joint  Historic  Properties  Commission,  1987-91;  Professional  Review  Committee, 
1986-1989;  Member,  Board  of  Directors,  Young  Artists  Opera  Theatre;  Euterpe  Club, 
Board  of  Directors,  14  years,  Vice  President,  1989-90;  Member,  Education  Committee, 
Greensboro  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Altrusa  Club  of  Greensboro,  Board  of  Directors,  4 
years;  NC  2000  Committee,  Chair  of  the  Education  Section  (K-12),  Guilford  County,  . 
1981-82;  Member,  Greensboro  One  Task  Force  Bond  Committee,  1985,  Member, 
Guilford  County  Joint  Historic  Properties  Commission,  1987-93;  Member,  Greensboro 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  531 

Guilford  County  Joint  Historic  Properties  Commission,  1987-93;  Member,  Greensboro 
VISIONS  Education  Committee,  1987-88;  Member,  Task  Force  to  Study  Principal 
Rotation  in  Greensboro,  1980-81;  Member,  Task  Force  to  Study  Principal  Evaluation, 
1981-82;  Department  Chair/Contact  Person,  Jackson  Junior  High,  1977-82;  Member, 
School  Based  Leadership  Team,  1980-83  and  1986-87;  Faculty  Representative  to  the 
P.T.A.  Board,  1976-77,  1977-78,  1978-79,  1982-83,  1989-90  and  1990-91;  Member  and 
Reader  of  Materials  Selection  Committee,  1981-83  and  1986-87;  Member,  Curriculum 
Study  Committee  for  Middle  Schools,  1984-85;  Member,  Textbook  Selection 
Committee,  1984-85  and  1989-90;  Member,  Substance  Abuse  Prevention  Program 
(SAPP)  Team,  1984-85,  1985-86,  1987-88  and  1988-92;  Member,  Professional  Review 
Committee,  DPI,  1986-89;  Facilitator  for  ETT,  TPAS  and  M/STT;  Workshops,  1988- 
89,  1989-90  and  1990-91;  N.C.  Science  and  Mathematics  Alliance  Steering 
Committee;  Social  Services  Study  Commission;  LRC  Committee  on  Students  at  Risk. 

Political  Activities 

N.C.  House  of  Representatives;  Delegate  to  the  Democratic  National  Convention, 
1984;  Precinct  Chair,  1980-90;  Guilford  County  Precinct  Organizer,  1982  Election; 
Governor  James  B.  Hunt's  Educational  Key,  1980;  Guilford  County  Educational 
Chair,  1984;  Active  in  various  campaigns  including  a  member  of  the  original  cabinet 
for  the  6th  Congressional  District,  1982;  Member,  Democratic  State  Executive 
Committee,  1983-95;  Chair,  Guilford  County  Mondale  Delegate  Committee,  1984;  Co- 
Chair,  Ticket  Sales  for  Fund  Raisers,  1983  and  1984;  Delegate  to  County,  District, 
and  State  Conventions;  Chair  of  Nominating  Committee,  1985,  1986  and  1989; 
Member,  Statewide  Task  Force  "Democrats  Forward",  1985;  Chair,  Outstanding 
Democrat  Committee,  1989;  Member,  Democratic  Difference  Committee,  1986,  Issues 
Coordinator,  1986;  Member  and  Local  Facilitator  of  N.C.  Citizens  Assembly,  1987-88; 
Candidate  for  N.C.  General  Assembly,  1988  and  1990;  Alternate  Delegate  to  the 
Democratic  National  Convention,  1992;  Member  Citizens  for  Responsible 
Government;  Member,  League  of  Women  Voters;  Member,  Women's  Political  Caucus. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Jaycees  Young  Education  Award,  1970;  Greensboro  Teacher  of  the  Year,  1972-73; 
School  Nominee  for  the  Ben  L.  Smith  Award,  1975;  Beta  Sigma  Phi  Girl  of  the  Year, 
1976-77;  Beta  Sigma  Phi  Outstanding  Women  of  the  Year,  1981-82. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Charles  Oliver  Jeffus  (deceased),  July  4,  1954,  remarried  Ted  J.  Thompson, 
Jr.,  December  29,  1991.  Children:  Edward  Dane  Jeffus  and  Holly  Ann  Jeffus. 
Member,  Starmont  Presbyterian  Church;  Circle  Chair  and  Vice  Chair;  Chair- 
Nominating  Committee  and  Member;  Sunday  School  teacher;  Choir  Member. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Health  and  Human  Services  Subcommittee  on  Aging. 

Vice  Chair:  Health  and  Human  Resources. 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  General  Government;  Business  and  Labor 
Subcommittee  on  Travel  and  Tourism;  Children,  Youth  and  Families;  Education 
Subcommittee  on  Preschool,  Elementary  &  Secondary  Education. 


North  Carolina  Manual 

Thomas  King  Jenkins 

(Democrat  -  Macon  County) 

Fifty-third  Representative  District  - 

Cherokee,  Clay,  Macon  and  portions  of 

Jackson  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Camp  Lejeune,  Onslow  County, 
September  4,  1955,  to  William  Thomas 
Jenkins  and  Adele  Biebinger  Jenkins. 

Educational  Background 

Franklin  High  School,  1971;  Mars  Hill 
College,  1973-75;  Western  Carolina 
University,  BSBA,  General  Management., 
1975-77.  ' 

Professional  Background 

Real  Estate  Sales/Development,  Desoto  Trail  Realty,  Sales  Manager. 

Organ  iza  tions 

Franklin  Board  of  Realtors,  Board  of  Directors,  1987-89,  President,  1988,  State 
Director,  1987. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-present;  President,  Macon  County 
Young  Democrats,  1986-89;  Chair,  Macon  County  Democratic  Party,  1989-92;  State 
Executive  Committee,  1989-92;  Fellow,  N.C.  Institute  of  Political  Leadership,  Spring, 
1992. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Robin  Reneau  Jenkins,  April  28,  1978.  Children:  Thomas  William  Jenkins. 
St.  Agnes  Episcopal  Church;  Vestryman;  Junior  Warden;  Sunday  School  Teacher. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Natural  and  Economic  Resources; 
Education  Subcommittee  on  Preschool,  Elementary  &  Secondary  Education; 
Environment;  Health  and  Human  Services  Subcommittee  on  Health  Care  & 
Access;  Judiciary  III. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


533 


Billy  W.Joye,  Jr. 

(Democrat  -  Gaston  County) 

Ninety-third  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Gaston  and  Mecklenburg 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Belmont,  Gaston  County,  May  22, 
1941,  to  Billy  W.  Joye,  Sr.  and  Sarah 
Pauline  (Bess)  Joye. 

Educational  Background 

Belmont  High  School,  1959;  William  Penn 
College,  Iowa,  1959-62,  Physical  Science; 
College  of  Great  Falls,  Montana,  1970-71, 
B.S.  Political  Science;  Winthrop  College, 
South  Carolina,  (graduate  school),  1975, 
Political  Science. 

Professional  Background 

Sales,  Commercial  Construction,  South  Fork  Builders,  Vice  President. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

President,  Gaston  County  Shrine  Club,  1982;  Assistant  Public  Relations  Officer,  Post 
144,  American  Legion,  Belmont;  Charter  member  Belmont  Jaycees. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Board  of  Advisors,  Belmont  Abbey  College;  Member,  Gaston-Lincoln  Mental  Health 
Board;  Look  up  Gaston  Board. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-present;  Mayor  of  Belmont,  1975-92. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Elizabeth  (Arrington)  Joye,  December  27,  1963.  Children:  Cindee,  Wendy 
and  Shari  Joye.  Holy  Comforter  Lutheran  Church,  Belmont;  Chief  Lector;  Assistant 
Sunday  School  Teacher;  Member,  Church  Council. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Finance;  Financial  Institutions;  Local  and  Regional  Government  II;  State 
Government  Subcommittee  on  Military,  Veterans  and  Indian  Affairs; 
Transportation  Subcommittee  on  Highways. 


North  Carolina  Manual 

Larry  T.  Justus 

(Republican  -  Henderson  County) 

Fiftieth  Representative  District  -  Portions 
of  Henderson  and  Polk  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Hendersonville,  Henderson  County, 
April  30,  1932,  to  Brownlow  and  Helen 
(Stepp)  Justus  (deceased). 

Educational  Background 

Dana  High  School,  1950;  UNC-Chapel  Hill, 
1954;  US  Air  Force,  (Navigation  Flight 
School,  Squadron  Officers  School,  Defense 
Preparedness  Staff  College,  Nuclear  and 
Chemical  Warfare  School,  Hazardous  Waste 
and  Spill  Schools). 

Professional  Background 

Retired  Businessman;  Real  Estate  Broker;  retired  Lieutenant  Colonel,  U.S.  A.F.R.; 
Formerly,  owner  and  operator,  Justus  Sand  and  Stone  (1957-78);  apple  orchardist; 
U.S.  Census  technical  officer. 

Organizations 

American  Legion;  VFW;  AARP;  WNC  Retired  Officers  Association;  Former  Director, 
N.C.  Apple  Festival  Beauty  Pageant;  President,  WNC  Waste  Water  Treatment 
Association,  Cub  Scouts. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Vagabond  School  of  Drama  Board  of  Directors;  National  Board  Member,  Alliance  for 
the  Handicapped;  Henderson  County  Emergency  Preparedness  Board;  Felony 
Alternative  Sentencing  Program,  29th  Judicial  District;  Former  Chair,  Council  on 
Developmental  Disabilities;  Henderson  County  Board  of  Elections;  Henderson  County 
Energy  Council;  Governor's  Committee  on  Better  Roads;  National  Task  Force  for 
Youth  at  Risk. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-90,  1991-92,  1993- 
present;  Delegate,  Republican  National  Convention,  1980;  Chair,  Henderson  County 
Republican  Party,  (three  terms);  Chair,  Eleventh  Congressional  District;  State  I 
Executive  Committee;  Former,  State  Central  Committee;  Chair,  North  Blue  Ridge 
Precinct;  Former,  Finance  Officer  11th  Congressional  District;  Former,  Campaign 
Manager  for  County  Congressional  Campaign,  City  Campaign,  GOP  Gubernatorial 
Campaign;  Member,  Henderson  County  Board  of  Elections,  Three  terms. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Air  Force  1954-1982  (Lieutenant  Colonel);  Navigator;  Squadron  Commander; 
Executive  Officer;  Disaster  Preparedness  Officer;  Information  Officer;  Protocol 
Officer;  Awards  and  Decorations;  (Commendation  Medal  with  Oak  Leaf  Cluster, 
Presidential  Unit  Citation,  Combat  Readiness  Ribbon,  National  Defense,  Vietnam 
Service  Ribbon,  Reserve,  and  Expert  Marksman  Medals). 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  535 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Carolyn  King  of  Brevard.  Children:  Scott,  Chris,  Ron  and  Seth.  Holy 
Comforter  Lutheran  Church,  Belmont;  Chief  Lector;  Assistant  Sunday  School 
Teacher;  Member,  Church  Council. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice-Chair:  Courts  and  Justice. 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Justice  and  Public  Safety;  Financial 
Institutions;  Judiciary  I;  Pensions  and  Retirement. 


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Annie  Brown  Kennedy 

(Democrat  -  Forsyth  County) 

Sixty-sixth  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Forsyth  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Atlanta,  Georgia,  October  13,  1924, 
to  Mancy  (deceased)  and  Mary  Louise 
(Sheats)  Brown. 

Educational  Background 

David  T.  Howard  Elementary  and  Junior 
High  Schools,  1930-38;  Booker  T. 
Washington  High  School,  1933-41;  Spelman 
College,  1945,  A.B.  (Economics);  Howard 
University  School  of  Law,  1951,  J.D. 


Professional  Background 

Attorney  at  Law  (firm  of  Kennedy,  Kennedy,  Kennedy  &  Kennedy). 

Organizations 

Forsyth  County  (former  President),  N.C.  and  National  Bar  Associations;  Forsyth 
County  Association  of  Women  Attorneys;  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  N.C. 
Association  of  Black  Attorneys;  Altrusa  Club  of  Winston-Salem  (President,  1979-80); 
YWCA  (former  Director);  NAACP,  Women's  Forum  of  N.C;  former  member,  League 
of  Women  Voters;  United  Way  of  Forsyth  County,  1972-77,  1979-83. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

County  Morehead  Scholarship  Selection  Committee;  Clinical  Research  Practices 
Committee,  Bowman  Gray  School  of  Medicine;  National  Council  of  Negro  Women; 
Director,  Winston-Salem  State  University  Foundation,  Inc.;  Board  of  Visitors,  UNC- 
Chapel  Hill;  local  Director,  Southern  National  Bank;  Advisory  Board,  American 
Federal  Savings  &  Loan  Association  of  Greensboro;  N.C.  Criminal  Code  Commission; 
Former  member,  Winston-Salem  Bicentennial  Commission;  former  Director;  Winston- 
Salem  Housing  Foundation,  Legal  Aid  Society  of  Forsyth  County  and  Forsyth 
Tuberculosis  Association;  Member,  N.C.  General  Statues  Commissions;  N.C.  Human 
Relations  Council;  County  and  District  Morehead  Scholarship  Selection  Committee. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1979-Present;  Joint  Legislative  Ethics 
Committee;  Democratic  Women  of  Forsyth  County,  1964-(President,  1970-71);  N.C. 
Executive  Committee;  delegate,  Democratic  National  Convention,  1984  &  1988  (alter- 
nate delegate,  1972);  Presidential  and  Vice  Presidential  Democratic  Elector,  1976; 
N.C.  Commission  on  the  Status  of  Women,  1964;  N.C.  General  Statutes  Commission. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Distinguished  Leadership  Award  by  N.C.  A&T  State  University,  1988;  Winston- 
Salem  Chronicle  Newspaper  Woman  of  the  Year,  1989;  Distinguished  Service  Award 
by  the  Winston-Salem/Forsyth  County  Emancipation  Association,  1990;  Pioneer 
African-American  Female  Attorney  Award,  N.C.  Association  of  Black  Lawyers,  1990; 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  537 

Distinguished  Alumni  Leadership;  N.C.  Bar  Association  Justice  Fund  Award,  1992; 
Public  Service  Leadership  Award,  Winston-Salem  YWCA,  1992;  Hall  of  Fame, 
National  Bar  Association,  1992;  Distinguished  Alumni  Award,  Howard  University, 
1993.  National  Association  for  Equal  Opportunity  in  Higher  Education,  1984; 
Outstanding  Business  Woman  of  the  Year,  Iota  Phi  Phi,  1981;  Citizen  of  the  Year, 
Omega  Psi  Phi,  1979;  Distinguished  Citizen  Award,  Sophisticated  Gents;  Pioneer 
Black  Legislative  Award,  Coalition  for  Progressive  Legislation,  1985;  The  Larry  Shaw 
Award  for  Outstanding  Service,  N.C.  Association  of  Minority  Business,  1985;  The 
Kelly  M.  Alexander  Award  for  Outstanding,  Loyal  and  Dedicated  Service,  National 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Colored  People,  1986;  Outstanding  Achievement 
Award,  N.C.  Association  of  Women  Attorneys. 

Persona  1  In  form  a  tion 

Married,  Harold  L.  Kennedy,  Jr.,  December  23,  1950.  Children:  Harold  L.,  Ill,  Harvey 
L.  and  Michael  D.  Member,  First  Baptist  Church;  Board  of  Trustees,  1974-Present. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Courts  and  Justice. 

Vice  Chair:  Business  and  Labor  Subcommittee  on  Labor  Relations  and  Employment; 

Judiciary  II. 
Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  General  Government;  Constitutional 

Amendments  &  Referenda;  Ethics. 


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Theodore  Jaimes  Kinney 

(Democrat  -  Cumberland  County) 

Seventeenth  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Cumberland  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Clio,  Marlboro  County,  SC,  January 
9,  1932  to  Russell  and  Daisy  (Bethem) 
Kinney. 

Educational  Background 

Lincoln  High  School,  Clio,  S.C.,  1946-50; 
Shaw  University,  1976,  B.A.,  Business  and 
Economics. 

Professional  Background 

Realtor,  Cross  Creek  LTD  Realtors. 

Organizations 

Chair,  Cumberland  County  Home  Health  Services,  Board  of  Trustees;  Chair, 
Fayetteville  Human  Services  Commission;  Chair,  United  Negro  College  Fund, 
Greater  Fayetteville  Area. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-present;  Elk,  Mason,  Phi  Beta  Sigma 
Fraternity;  N.C.  Association  of  Realtors;  VFW;  Shaw  University  Alumni. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Thelma  Hodges,  April  7,  1967.  Children:  Robert.  Member,  John  Wesley 
United  Methodist  Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Member:    Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Justice  and  Public  Safety;  Education 
Subcommittee  on  Preschool,  Elementary  &  Secondary  Education;  Environment; 
State  Government  Subcommittee  on  State  Military,  Veterans  and  Indian  Affairs; 
Transportation  Subcommittee  on  Public  Transportation. 


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539 


Erin  J»  Kuczinarski 

(Democrat  -  Wake  County) 

Ninety-second  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Durham  and  Wake  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Tomahawk,  WI,  September  17, 
1957,  to  Darwin  Kuczmarski  and  Nadine 
Jesse  Kuczmarski. 

Educational  Background 

Rhinelander  High  School,  1975;  UW  Eau 
Claire,  Pre-Med,  1975-78;  Northwestern 
College  of  Chiropractic,  Doctor  of 
Chiropractic,  1978-82. 

Professional  Background 

Chiropractic  Physician,  Raleigh  Neck  &  Back  Clinic;  President,  NCCA,  1992;  Sr.  Vice 
President,  1991,  Secretary  1988;  Eastern  District  President,  1987-89. 

Organiza  tions 

National  Association  of  Women  Business  Owners,  Secretary. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Peer  Review/Advisory  Board,  N.C.  Industrial  Commission,  1979-present;  Capital 
Planning  Commission,  1993;  N.C.  Dept.  of  Insurance  Workers  Compensation  Study 
Committee,  1992;  Migrant  Farm  Workers  Legislative  Study  Commission,  1992. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-present;  Wake  Democratic  Women. 

Person  al  In  form  a  tion 

Married,  Garry  S.  McKain,  April  20,  1985. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Education;  Business  and  Labor 
Subcommittee  on  Labor  Relations  and  Employment;  Children,  Youth  and 
Families;  Health  and  Human  Services  Subcommittee  on  Health  Care  &  Access; 
Judiciary  II. 


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Hugh  Alfred  Lee 

(Democrat  -  Richmond  County) 

Thirty-second  Representative  District  - 

Richmond  and  portions  of  Montgomery 

and  Scotland  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Maggie  Valley,  Haywood  County,  to 
M.  R.  and  Mary  Lou  (Woody)  Lee. 

Educational  Background 

Marion  High  School;  Western  Carolina 
University;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  B.A.,  1947; 
Duke  University  School  of  Law,  J.D.,  1949. 

Professional  Background 

Partner,  Law  Firm  of  Webb,  Lee,  Gison, 
Webb  &  Saunders. 

Organizations 

Hamlet  American  Legion  Post  49;  Henry  C.  Rancke,  Jr.,  Post  4203,  Veterans  of 
Foreign  Wars;  Richmond  County  Bar  Association;  N.C.  State  Bar  Association;  N.C. 
Bar  Association;  Sierra  Club;  United  Carolina  Bank,  Chair  of  Advisory  Board  in 
Richmond  County;  East  Rockingham  Men's  Club;  N.C.  Motor  Speedway,  Board 
Director,  Secretary  and  Treasurer. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Richmond  Community  College  Board  of  Trustees,  Chair  since  1964. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-present;  1983  and  1984  Session 
Richmond  County  Democratic  Party,  Former,  four  terms. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Army  Air  Force,  World  War  II,  serving  in  Mediterranean  Theater  of  Operations 
(North  Africa,  Corsica,  Italy);  Korean  War. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Norma  Key  Lee,  March  24,  1951.  Children:  Hugh  A.  Lee,  Jr.  Member, 
Episcopal  Church,  Rockingham. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Pensions  and  Retirement. 
Vice  Chair:  Finance  and  Judiciary  III. 

Member:    Courts  and  Justice;  Insurance;  Rules,  Calendar,  and  Operations  of  the 
House;  Transportation  Subcommittee  on  Airports,  Railways  &  Waterways. 


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541 


Joseph  Shawn  Lennnond 

(Republican  -  Mecklenburg 
County) 

Sixty-ninth  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Mecklenburg  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Lexington,  KY,  May  4,  1958,  to 
David  Rea  Lemmond,  Sr.  and  Joyce  (Kinard) 
Lemmond. 

Educational  Background 

West  Charlotte  High  School,  1976;  UNC-C. 

Professional  Background 

Insurance  Agent,  Dean  Herchele  &  Hill; 
Town  Council,  1983-87;  Mayor,  Town  of 

Matthews,  1987-1991. 

Organ  iza  tions 

Matthews  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Board  of  Directors;  Matthews  Community  Club. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-present. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Navy,  Petty  Officer,  First  Class,  1976-82. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Medal  Commendation,  Good  Conduct,  Expert  Marksman,  Over  Seas  Deployment 
Ribbon,  Battle  "E"  Ribbon  and  Mideast  Deployment. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Karen  Alicia  Flynt,  May  9,  1987.  Children:  Jason  and  Kenny. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Member:    Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Transportation;  Business  &  Labor 
Subcommittee  on  Economic  Expansion  &  Growth;  Constitutional  Amendments  & 
Referenda;  Judiciary  I;  Local  and  Regional  Government  I. 


542 


North  Carolina  Manual 


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Paul  Lmebke 


(Democrat  -  Durham  County) 

Twenty-third  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Durham  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Chicago,  IL,  Cook  County,  January 
18,  1946,  to  Paul  T.  and  Eunice  (Elbert) 
Luebke. 

Educational  Background 

Germany  Embassy  School,  Ankara,  Turkey, 
1959-62;  Valparaiso  University,  B.A.,  1966; 
Columbia  University,  Ph.D.,  1975. 

Professional  Background 


Associate  Professor  of  Sociology,  UNC-G, 
1982-present;  Visiting  Scholar,  Department  of  Sociology,  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1986-87; 
Assistant  Professor  of  Sociology,  UNC-Greensboro,  1976-82;  Visiting  Scholar, 
Department  of  Sociology,  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1979-80;  Visiting  Assistant  Professor  of 
Sociology,  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1975-76;  Instructor  and  Assistant  Professor  of  Sociology, 
Mississippi,  1971-75. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Member,  Board  of  Editors,  Perspectives  on  the  American  South:  An  Annual  Review  of 
Society,  Politics  and  Culture;  Member,  Board  of  Editors,  Research  in  Political 
Sociology;  Member,  Board  of  Editors,  Election  Politics. 

Publications 

Author,  Tar  Heel  Politics:  Myths  and  Realities  (University  of  North  Carolina  Press, 
1990). 


Personal  Information 


Children:  Son,  Theo. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Chair:  Transportation  Subcommittee  on  Public  Transportation. 
Vice  Chair:  Transportation. 

Member:  Education  Subcommittee  on  Community  Colleges  and  Universities; 
Environment;  Finance;  Insurance. 


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543 


Edith  Ledford  Lutz 

(Democrat  -  Cleveland  County) 

Forty-eighth  Representative  District  - 

Cleveland,  Rutherford,  and  portions  of 

Gaston,  and  Polk  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Lawndale,  Cleveland  County, 
October  20,  1914,  to  Thomas  Curtis  and 
Annie  (Hoyle)  Ledford. 

Educational  Background 

Belwood  High  School. 

Professional  Background 

Farmer  and  fruit  grower. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Director,  Cleveland  County  Farm  Bureau;  Director,  Upper  Cleveland  County 
Chamber  of  Commerce;  N.C.  Apple  Growers'  Association;  Sheltered  Workshops  of 
Rutherford  County;  American  Association  of  Business  Women. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Southern  Legislative  Conference;  Mental  Health  Study  Commission;  Agriculture, 
Forestry  and  Seafood  Awareness  Study  Commission;  Fact  Finding  Agriculture  Study 
Commission;  Adoption  Study  Commission;  Property  Tax  Study  Commission. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1976,  1977-78,  1979-80,  1981-82,  1983-84, 
1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-90,  1991-92,  1993-present. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Who's  Who  of  American  Women;  "Farm  Woman  of  the  Year,"  Southwestern  District; 
Times  "Woman  of  the  Year". 

Person  a  I  In  form  a  tion 

Married,  M.  Everett  Lutz,  October  25,  1933.  Children:  E.  Jacob.  Member,  Kadish 
Methodist  Church;  Sunday  School  Teacher;  Treasurer,  Women's  Organization;  counselor, 
Youth  Fellowship. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Chair:  Local  and  Regional  Government  II. 

Vice  Chair:  Health  and  Human  Services  Subcommittee  on  Aging. 
Member:  Agriculture;  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Human  Resources;  Pensions 
and  Retirement. 


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Josephus  Lynian  Mavretic 

(Democrat  -  Edgecombe  County) 

Seventy-first  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Edgecombe,  Nash,  Pitt,  and 

Wilson  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Powells  Point,  Currituck  County, 
July  29,  1934,  to  Joseph  M.  (deceased)  and 
Virginia  (Bateman)  Mavretic. 

Educational  Background 

New  Bern  High  School;  UNC-Chapel  Hill, 
1956,  A.B.  (English);  George  Washington 
University,  1972,  M.S.  (Political  Science, 
International  Affairs);  Naval  War  College, 
distinguished  graduate,  1972. 


Professional  Background 


Retired  military  officer. 


Organizations 

Rotary  Club  of  Tarboro;  Retired  Officers  Association;  American  Legion  Post  58;  j 
Marine  Corps  Aviation  Association;  Director,  Edgecombe  County  chapter,  American 
Red  Cross;  Phi  Gamma  Delta;  Loyal  Order  of  the  Moose;  Scouting  Coordinator,  Cub 
Scout  Pack  96;  Director,  American  Cancer  Society  (N.C.  Division);  Director, 
Edgecombe  County  Historic  Preservation  Fund;  Director,  N.C.  Museum  of  History 
Associates. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Director,  N.C.  Council  on  Alcoholism;  Steering  Committee,  N.C.  Educational  Policy 
Seminars;  former  Chair,  Laurel  Bay  School  Board;  former  Director,  First  Carolina  Bank. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1980  (appointed  to  fill  vacancy  created  by 
resignation  of  James  Ezzell),  1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989  (elected 
Speaker  January  11,  1989.),  1991-92,  1993-present. 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Marine  Corps,  1956-77  (Lieutenant  Colonel);  300  combat  missions  in 
Vietnam;  3,000  flight  hours  in  fighter  aircraft;  Bronze  Star  with  Combat  "V". 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Laura  Kranifeld,  of  Greenville,  Tennessee,  June,  1988.  Child:  Michael. 
Member,  St.  James  United  Methodist  Church;  (President,  Methodist  Men's  Club, 
1981;  Administrative  Board,  1981;  Finance  Committee,  1980). 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Chair:  Health  and  Human  Resources. 

Member:  Agriculture;  Constitutional  Amendments  &  Referenda;  Finance;  Public 
Utilities. 


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545 


Mary  E.  McAllister 

(Democrat  -  Cumberland  County) 

Seventeenth  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Cumberland  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Johns  Station,  Robeson  County, 
April  20,  1937,  to  Alexander  and  Mary 
(Benton)  McLaurin. 

Educational  Background 

E.  E.  Smith  Senior  High  School,  Fayetteville, 
N.C.,  1954;  Fayetteville  State  University, 
1958,  (B.S.  in  Elementary  Education);  East 
Carolina  University,  (M.S.  Education 
Administration  and  Supervision);  New  York 
University,  NY/Wayne  State  University, 
MI,  20  SH,  Early  Childhood  Education. 

Professional  Background 

Executive  Director,  Operation  Sickle  Cell,  Inc.,  Fayetteville,  N.C.,  1975-;  Educator, 
Fayetteville  City  Schools,  Cumberland  County  Schools,  Harnett  County  Schools  and 
Warren  County  Schools  of  North  Carolina  and  Detroit  Public  Schools,  Michigan. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Member,  National  Institute  of  Health  Review  Panel;  National  Association  of  Black 
County  Officials,  Past  Chair,  N.C.  State  Governor's  Council  on  Sickle  Cell  Syndrome; 
Fayetteville  State  Alumni  Association;  National  Fayetteville  State  Alumni 
Association,  Fayetteville  Chapter;  NAACP;  Zeta  Phi  Beta  Sorority,  Inc.;  Z.  Smith 
Reynolds  Advisory  Panel;  NOBCO,  National  AIDS  Task  Force;  Robert  Wooks 
Johnson  Advisory  Panel. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Board  member,  Cumberland  County  Commissioners,  1980-88;  County  liaison-Social 
Services  Board,  Board  of  Health  and  Economic  Development  Board;  Chair,  Primary 
Care/Prevention  and  Mental  Health  Subcommittee  (NACO);  Chair,  Mount  Sinai 
Homes,  Inc.;  City/County  Liaison  Committee;  Rural  Center  Board  of  Directors. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1991-92,  1993-;  twice  elected  to  Cumberland 
County  Commissioners,  Chair. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Human  Relations  Award,  City  of  Fayetteville;  The  Fannie  Black  Award,  Business  and 
Professional  Women's  Club,  Fayetteville,  N.C,  NAFEO  Award  for  Outstanding 
Fayetteville  State  University  Alumni;  Citizen  of  the  Year,  1983,  Omega  Psi  Phi 
Fraternity,  Fayetteville,  N.C;  Achievement  Award,  Mount  Sinai  Baptist  Church, 
Fayetteville,  N.C;  Department/McAllister  Human  Relations  Award  presented  annu- 
ally to  deserving  citizens  by  Human  Relations  Department,  Fayetteville,  N.C; 
Community  Service  Award,  Raleigh  Chapter  Z0I3  sorority;  Service  Award,  PIC  and 


546  North  Carolina  Manual 

Jobs  Training;  Distinguished  Service,  Cape  Fear  Valley  Medical  Center 
Distinguished  Service,  National  Association  of  Black  County  Officials;  Leadership 
Award,  F.S.U.  School  of  Education;  Outstanding  Service  Award,  WTVD  Advisory 
Committee;  Loyal  Service  Award,  The  National  Association  for  Sickle  Cell  Disease; 
Achievement  Award,  Mount  Sinai  Baptist  Church;  1st  Annual  Martin  Luther  King 
Award,  Mt.  Sinai  Baptist  Church;  Community  Service  Award,  N.C.  Sickle  Cell 
Syndrome  Program. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Freddie  D.  McAllister,  December  23,  1961.  Children:  Shanda,  Lavie  and 
Delvin  Shadel.  Member,  Mount  Sinai  Baptist  Church,  Fayetteville,  N.C,  pianist  and 
church  organist. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Co  Chair:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Transportation. 

Vice  Chair:  Financial  Institutions. 

Member:  Children,  Youth  and  Families;  Education  Subcommittee  on  Preschool, 

Elementary  &  Secondary  Education;  Transportation  Subcommittee  on  Airports, 

Railways  &  Waterways. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 
Willard  Eugene  McCooibs    5r 

(Republican  -  Rowan  County) 

Eighty-third  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Rowan  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Faith,  Rowan  County,  June  16, 
1925,  to  J.  Ray  McCombs  and  Irene  Peeler 
McCombs. 

Educational  Background 

Granite  Quarry  High  School,  1938-1942; 
Catawba  College. 

Professional  Background 
Merchant,  McCombs  &  Co.,  Grocery  Store. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Faith  Jaycees,  Treasurer,  President,  Life  Member  &  Distinguished  Service  Award; 
Faith  Civitan,  President  (2  terms);  Man  of  the  Year  (twice);  Adjutant  of  American 
Legion  Post  327;  Salisbury,  Rowan  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Board  of  Directors  and 
Outstanding  Service  Award;  Chair,  Tuberculosis  Association;  United  Way;  Faith 
Fourth  of  July,  Chair,  Treasurer  and  Purchasing  Agent,  1951-present;  Served  on 
Faith  Town  Board,  1948-61;  Mayor,  1959-61;  Rowan  County  Board  of  Health,  ten 
years;  Centralina  Council  of  Government,  Rowan  Delegate,  ten  years,  Chair,  1973; 
Served  on  Law  &  Order  Commission  for  four  years  (appointed  by  Governor  James 
Holshouser);  Served  on  Board  of  Human  Resources  (appointed  by  Governor  James 
Holshouser);  Trustee  for  Teachers  &  State  Employees  Retirement  System  (appointed 
by  Governor  Jim  Martin);  Director,  Carolina  Maid. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-Present. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Army,  31st  Infantry,  PFC,  1943-1946. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Jean  (Fisher)  McCombs,  June  14,  1946.  Children:  Pamela  Jean  and  Keith 
Fisher.  Member,  Shiloh  United  Church  of  Christ;  Consistory  President,  four  years; 
Church  &  Ministry  Committee;  Trustee;  Budget  Committee;  Building  and  Finance 
Committee. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Member:    Courts  and  Justice;  Finance;  Financial  Institutions;  Pensions  and 
Retirement;  Transportation  Subcommittee  on  Highways. 


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(Democrat  -  Davidson  County) 

Thirty-seventh  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Davidson  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Lexington,  Davidson  County, 
February  19,  1930,  to  John  Cletus  and 
Flossie  Reevas  McCrary. 

Educational  Background 

Lexington  High  School,  1948;  Atlantic 
Christian  College,  1952,  B.A.  Science. 

Professional  Background 

Sheriff  (retired);  Sheriff  of  Davidson 
County,  1974-1990. 

Organizations 

Past  President,  N.C.  Sheriffs'  Association;  Past  Chair,  Executive  Committee,  N.C. 
Sheriffs'  Association;  Member,  Executive  Committee,  N.C.  Sheriffs'  Association; 
Member,  N.C.  Sheriffs'  Education  and  Training  Standards  Commission;  Member, 
N.C.  Law  Enforcement  Association;  Member,  National  Sheriffs'  Association;  Member, 
Lexington  Kiwanis  Club. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-present. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Jean  (Amerson)  McCrary,  May  10,  1953.  Children,  John  Robert  McCrary, 
Betty  McCrary  Beam  and  Paula  McCrary  Teague.  Member,  First  United  Methodist, 
Lexington. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Member:    Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Justice  and  Public  Safety;  Judiciary  I; 
Local  and  Regional  Government  I;  Public  Utilities;  Rules,  Calendar,  Operations 
of  the  House. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 

John  Bell  McLaughlin 

(Democrat  -  Mecklenburg  County) 

Fifty-fourth  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Mecklenburg  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Mecklenburg  County,  September  1, 
1925,  to  John  and  Maude  (Utley) 
McLaughlin. 

Educational  Background 

Newell  Public  Schools. 

Professional  Background 

Retired  (former  postmaster,  farmer,  mer- 
chant and  businessman). 

Organiza  tions 

American  Legion  Post  287;  Newell  -  UNC-Charlotte  Lions  Club. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Former  member,  Charlotte-Mecklenburg  Board  of  Education,  (10  years). 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-90,  1991-92,  1993- 
present. 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Army,  1950-52  (Corporal). 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Margaret  Alexander  of  Mecklenburg  County,  June  20,  1954.  Three  children. 
Member,  Back  Creek  Associate  Reformed  Presbyterian  Church;  Elder. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Co-Chair:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Transportation. 

Vice-Chair:  Local  and  Regional  Government  II. 

Member:  Insurance;  Judiciary  I;  Transportation  Subcommittee  on  Highways. 


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Charles  L.  McLawhom 

(Democrat  -  Pitt  County) 

Ninth  Representative  District  -  Portions 
of  Pitt  and  Greene  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Winterville,  Pitt  County,  North 
Carolina,  July  13,  1927,  to  R.H.  and  Janie 
(Tyson)  McLawhorn. 

Educational  Background 

Ayden  High  School,  Ayden,  North  Carolina, 
1944;  Oak  Ridge  Military  School,  1944; 
North  Carolina  State  University. 

Professional  Background 

Farmer,  self-employed  businessman. 

Organizations 

The  Pitt-Greenville  Airport  Authority;  American  Dairy  Association,  Treasurer;  East 
Carolina  Producers  Association,  President;  South  Pitt  Development  Corporation;  Pitt 
County  Farm  Bureau;  East  Carolina  University  Pirate  Club;  The  Jaycees;  American 
Association  of  Retired  Persons  (AARP);  The  American  Legion. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Member,  State  Board  of  Agriculture  Stabilization  and  Conservation  Committee;  Farm 
Bureau  Dairy  Service  Committee;  President  and  Board  Member  -  North  Carolina 
Dairy  Foundation;  North  Carolina  Milk  Commission;  Pitt  County  Development 
Commission;  Pitt  County  Board  of  Health;  Board  of  Visitors,  Diabetes  Center,  ECU 
School  of  Medicine;  Greene  County  Committee  of  100;  Coastal  Plains  Development 
Commission;  Pamlico-Tar  River  Foundation  -  Member,  Board  of  Directors  of:  First 
National  Bank  in  Ayden,  Planters  National  Bank  of  Ayden,  East  Carolina  Vocational 
Center,  Pitt-Greenville  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Ayden  Chamber  of  Commerce  and 
Grifton  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1991-92,  1993-present;  two-term  Pitt 
County  Commissioner;  member,  North  Carolina  Association  of  County 
Commissioners  and  the  National  Association  of  County  Commissioners;  Pitt  County 
Young  Democrats  (President);  Pitt  County  Democratic  Party  (Treasurer)  and  State 
Democratic  Executive  Committee. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Navy  (WWII). 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Brownie  Dail,  November  28,  1946.  Children:  Charles,  Jr.,  Leon  Dail  and 
Stephen.  Member,  Reedy  Branch  Baptist  Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Transportation  Subcommittee  on  Airports,  Railways  &  Waterways. 

Vice  Chair:  Agriculture;  Transportation. 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Transportation;  Business  and  Labor 

Subcommittee  on  Travel  and  Tourism;  Children,  Youth  and  Families;  Public 

Employees. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


551 


Linwood  Eborn  Mercer 

(Democrat  -  Pitt  County) 

Eighth  Representative  District  -  Portions 

of  Edgecombe,  Greene,  Martin  and  Pitt 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Washington,  Beaufort  County, 
September  12,  1946,  to  Linwood  Erastus 
Mercer  and  Elsie  (Eborn)  Mercer. 

Educational  Background 

Washington  High  School,  1964;  UNC- 
Chapel  Hill. 

Professional  Background 

Businessman,  The  Mercer  Group;  Mayor, 

Farmville,  1979-81;  Pitt  County  Commissioner,  Chair,  1991-92. 

Orga  n  iza  tion  s 

1993  Farmville  Small  Business  Leader  of  the  Year;  Farmville  Community  Arts 
Council,  Chair;  Farmville  Economic  Council,  President;  Pitt  County  Board  of  Health, 
Vice  Chair;  Pitt  County  Development  Commission;  Pitt  County  Schools  Education 
Foundation. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-Present. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Alice  (Williams)  Mercer,  June  11,  1972.  Children:  Sarah,  Becky  and  Nancy. 
Member,  Farmville  United  Methodist  Church. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Member:    Agriculture;  Financial  Institutions;  Local  and  Regional  Government  II; 
Pensions  and  Retirement;  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  General 
Government. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Henry  M,  Micfaaiix,  Jr> 

(Democrat-  Durham  County) 

Twenty-third  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Durham  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Durham,  Durham  County, 
September  4,  1930,  to  Henry  McKinley  and 
Isadore  (Coates)  Michaux,  Sr. 

Educational  Background 

Palmer  Memorial  Institute,  1948;  N.C. 
Central  University,  1952,  B.S.;  N.C.  Central 
University,  School  of  Law,  1964,  J.D.; 
Rutgers  University  and  N.C.  Central 
University,  graduate  studies. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney  and  business  executive  (Executive  Vice  President  and  Director:  Union 
Insurance  and  Realty  Company;  Glenview  Memorial  Park,  Inc.;  Washington  Terrace 
Apartments,  Inc.;  Terrace  Insurance  and  Realty  Company). 

Organizations 

N.C.  State  and  National  Bar  Associations;  N.C.  Association  of  Black  Lawyers;  George 
H.  White  Bar  Association;  National  Association  of  Real  Estate  Brokers,  General 
Counsel,  1966-77. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1973-74,  1975-76,  1977,  1985-86,  1987-88, 
1989-90,  1991-92,  1993-present.  Speaker,  Democratic  Convention,  1984;  United 
States  Attorney,  Middle  District  of  N.C,  1977-1981,  Delegate,  Democratic 
Convention,  1976;  District  Solicitor,  1969. 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Army,  1952-54;  Reserves,  1954-60  (Sergeant). 

Honors  and  Awards 
Honorary  Doctor  of  Law,  N.C.  Central  University  and  Durham  College. 

Personal  Information 

Children:  Jocelyn  (Winston)  Simeon.  Member,  St.  Joseph's  AME  Church,  Durham; 
Steward  Board. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Judiciary  I. 

Vice-Chair:  Rules,  Calendar,  and  Operations  of  the  House. 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Education;  Courts  and  Justice;  Ethics; 
Public  Employees. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


553 


George 


ert  Jn 


(Democrat  -  Durham  County) 

Twenty-third  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Durham  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Spencer,  Rowan  County,  May  14, 
1930,  to  George  W.  and  Blanche  M. 
(Iddings)  Miller. 

Educational  Background 

Spencer  Elementary  and  High  School,  1936- 
48;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  B.S.  (Business 
Administration);  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  School 
of  Law,  1954-57,  LL.B. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney  (firm  Haywood,  Denny,  Miller,  Johnson,  Sessoms  &  Patrick). 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Durham  County,  N.C.  and  American  Bar  Associations;  International  Association  of 
Insurance  Counsels;  Phi  Alpha  Delta;  Sertoma  Club. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Board  of  Visitors,  N.C.  Central  University  School  of  Law;  Utility  Review  Commission; 
American  College  of  Trial  Lawyers;  UNC-Chapel  Hill  Board  of  Visitors. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1971,  1973-74,  1975-76,  1977-78,  1979-80, 
1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88;  1989-90,  1991-92,  1993-;  N.C.  Young  Democrats 
Club  (President,  1964-65). 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Marine  Corps,  1951-53  (Sergeant). 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Eula  Hux,  June  21,  1958.  Children:  Elizabeth  Ann,  Blanche  Rose  and 
George,  III.  Member,  Duke  Memorial  Methodist  Church,  Durham,  former  Chair, 
Duke  Memorial  Week  Day  School  Committee;  former  member;  Official  Board. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Co-Chair:  Finance. 
Vice  Chair:  Public  Utilities. 

Member:  Constitutional  Amendments  and  Referenda;  Judiciary  I;  Rules,  Calendar, 
and  Operations  of  the  House. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Ralph  Bradley  Miller 

(Democrat  -  Wake  County) 

Sixty-first  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Wake  County 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Fayetteville,  Cumberland  County, 
May  19,  1953,  to  Nathan  David  Miller  and 
Margaret  (Hale)  Miller. 

Educational  Background 

Terry  Sanford  High  School,  1971;  UNC- 
Chapel  Hill,  1975,  B.A.,  Political  Science; 
London  School  of  Economics,  1978,  M.S., 
Comparative  Government;  Columbia 
University  School  of  Law,  1979,  J.D. 

Professional  Background 
Attorney  at  Law. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

N.C.  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  Wake  County  Bar  Association; 
Raleigh  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Raleigh  Civitan  Club. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-Present;  Chair,  Wake  County 
Democrat  Party,  1985-87;  Member,  State  Executive  Committee;  N.C.  Democrat  Party, 
1985-89,  1991-present. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Esther  Hall,  December  19,  1981.  Member,  Christ  Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:    Environment;  Finance;  Health  and  Human  Services  Subcommittee  on 
Health  Care  &  Access;  Insurance;  Judiciary  III. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 

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555 


orris  Miner 


(Republican  -  Wake  County) 

Sixty-second  Representative  District- 
Portions  of  Wake  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Johnson  City,  Washington,  TN, 
December  23,  1962,  to  Morris  Miner  and 
Shirley  (Asher)  Miner. 

Educational  Background 

Fuquay-Varina  High  School,  1981; 
Campbell  University,  1989,  BBA. 

Professional  Background 

Sales,  Warp  Technologies  Corporation. 

Orga  n  iza  tion  s 

Cary  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-present;  Chair,  Fourth  Congressional 
District,  Republican  Party,  1993-present;  National  Chair,  College  Republican 
National  Committee,  1985-87;  State  Director,  Jack  Kemp  for  President,  1987-88. 

Personal  Information 

Member,  Fuquay-Varina  Baptist. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:    Education  Subcommittee  on  Preschool,  Elementary  &  Secondary 
Education;  Environment;  Finance;  Judiciary  I;  Public  Employees. 


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William  Franklin  Mitchel  1 

(Republican  -  Iredell  County) 

Forty-second  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Iredell  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Statesville,  Iredell  County,  July  26, 
1940,  to  Grady  S.  Mitchell  and  Elsie  (Rash) 
Mitchell. 

Educational  Background 

Hampton  High  School,  1958;  Newport  News 
Shipbuilding  Apprentice  School,  1964,  tool 
making. 

Professional  Background 

Farmer    and    Machine    Ship,    Mitchell 
Machine  Co.;  Manufacturers  Representative  for  several  machine  tool  companies. 

Organizations 

Society  of  Manufacturing  Engineers;  Olin  Masonic  Lodge  No.  226. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Advisory  Board,  Mitchell  Community  College;  Statesville  Airport  Commission;  Iredell 
County  Fire  Commission,  Iredell  County  Jury  Commission. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-present;  Iredell  County  Commissioner, 
1990-92,  Precinct  Chair. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Gayle  (Johnson)  Mitchell,  January  8,  1988.  Children:  Bonnie  Mitchell 
Riddle,  Robert  Mitchell,  Sharon  Mitchell,  Keith  Smith  and  Keeley  Smith.  Member, 
St.  John's  Lutheran  Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Agriculture;  Business  and  Labor  Subcommittee  on  Labor  Relations  and 
Employment;  Finance;  Local  and  Regional  Government  II;  Rules,  Calendar,  and 
Operations  of  the  House. 


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Richard  Hancock  Moore 

(Democrat  -  Vance  County) 

Twenty-second  Representative  District- 
Person  and  portions  of  Franklin, 
Granville,  Halifax,  Vance  and  Warren 
Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Oxford,  Granville  County,  August 
30,  1960,  to  Tingley  Moore  and  Lucy 
Hancock  Moore. 

Educational  Background 

J.  F.  Webb  High  School;  Wake  Forest 
University,  Law  degree;  Attended  Harvard 
and  earned  a  graduate  degree  in  Accounting 
and  Finance  from  the  London  School  of 
Economics. 

Professional  Background 

Lawyer,  Zollicoffer  and  Long;  Past  Assistant  United  States  Attorney. 

Honors  and  Awards 

Goldberg  and  Zeliff  Award  for  Oral  Advocacy;  Received  the  Department  of  Justice's 
Special  Achievement  Award,  1991. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-Present. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Noel.  Children,  William. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Member:    Children,  Youth  and  Families;  Finance;  Health  and  Human  Services 
Subcommittee  on  Health  Care  &  Access;  Rules,  Calendar,  and  Operations  of  the 
House. 


North  Carolina  Manual 

Richard  Timothy  Morgan 

(Republican  -  Moore  County) 

Thirty-first  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Moore  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Southern  Pines,  Moore  County,  July 
12,  1952,  to  Alexander  (deceased)  and  Mary 
Katherine  Crain  Morgan. 

Educational  Background 

Pinecrest  High  School,  1970;  Sandhills 
Community  College,  A. A.,  Liberal  Arts, 
1972;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  B.A.,  Political 
Science,  1974. 

Professional  Background 

Owner,  Richard  T.  Morgan  &  Associates;  General  Agent,  Chubb  Insurance  Group; 
Registered  Representative,  District  Manager,  Chubb  Securities  Corporation; 
Southeastern  Insurance  Institute  Certification,  UNC-Greensboro  School  of  Business 
and  Economics;  Licensed  by  the  N.C.  Department,  of  Insurance  for  Life,  Accident  & 
Health,  and  Property  &  Casualty  Insurance;  Licensed  by  the  National  Association  of 
Securities  Dealers  (NASD);  Licensed  by  the  N.C.  Real  Estate  Licensing  Board  as  a 
Real  Estate  Broker;  Business  Insurance  Certification;  Personal  Insurance 
Certification;  Diploma  in  Life  Insurance  Marketing. 

Organizations 

Life  Underwriter  Training  Council  (LUTC);  Professional  Insurance  Agents 
Association;  Carolinas  Association  of  Professional  Insurance  Agents;  Independent 
Insurance  Agents  Association  of  America;  Independent  Insurance  Agents  Association 
of  N.C;  National  Association  of  Life  Underwriters;  Sandhills  Association  of  Life 
Underwriters;  Sandhills  Area  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Chair,  Moore  County  Capital 
Drive  for  Boy  Scouts  of  America;  Chair,  Kiwanis  Club  of  the  Sandhills  Charity 
Committee;  Chair,  Red  Overton  Kiwanis  Charity  Horse  Show;  Chair,  United  Way; 
Chair,  Cystic  Fibrosis  Radiothon;  Lt.  Governor,  Circle  K.  Club;  Honorary  Member, 
Sandhills  Circle  K.  Club;  Board  of  Directors,  Kiwanis  Club  of  the  Sandhills;  Board  of 
Directors,  Southern  Pines  Jaycees;  Member,  Kiwanis  Club  of  the  Sandhills;  Member, 
Southern  Pines  Jaycees;  Member,  Sandhills  Arts  Council;  Member,  North  Carolina 
Art  Museum;  Member,  Pinehurst  Country  Club;  Member,  Pinecrest  High  School 
Patriot  Club;  Member,  North  Carolina  Mental  Health  Association;  Member,  Drug- 
Free  Moore  County,  Inc.;  Member,  Miss  Moore  County  Pageant  Association. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Chair,  First  Moore  County  Drug  Task  Force;  Member,  Moore  County  Drug  Task 
Force;  Chair,  Moore  County  Insurance  Review  Committee;  Member,  North  Carolina 
Council  on  Status  of  Women;  Member,  North  Carolina  Council  on  Juvenile  Justice 
and  Delinquency  Prevention. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  559 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1991-present;  Republican  Nominee,  N.C. 
Insurance  Commissioner,  1984;  Republican  Nominee,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives, 
1976,  1980,  1990;  Chair,  Moore  County  Young  Republicans;  Chair,  Pinehurst 
Precinct,  Moore  County  Republican  Party;  Chair,  Blake  for  Congress  Campaign, 
1984;  National  Advisory  Committee,  Helms  for  Senate;  Sustaining  Member, 
Committee  of  250,  N.C.  Republican  Party;  Sustaining  Member,  Committee  of  500, 
Republican  National  Committee;  Field  Advance,  Reagan/Bush  Campaign  Committee 
and  President  Ford  Campaign  Committee  Founders  Trust;  Lauch  Faircloth  for  U.S. 
Senate  Committee. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Outstanding  Young  Men  in  North  Carolina,  1991;  Distinguished  Service  Award, 
1991;  Outstanding  Young  Men  in  America,  1976,  1977,  1979,  1980  and  1981  editions; 
Personalities  of  the  South,  1977;  Community  Leaders  and  Noteworthy  Americans, 
1977;  1993  Distinguished  Alumnus,  Sandhills  Community  College. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Cynthia  Sue  Richardson  of  Carthage,  May  28,  1988.  Member,  Community 
Presbyterian  Church  of  Pinehurst. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Vice  Chair:  Business  and  Labor  Subcommittee  on  Labor  Relations  and  Employment; 

Finance. 
Member:  Business  and  Labor  Subcommittee  on  Travel  and  Tourism;  Constitutional 

Amendments  &  Referenda;  Rules,  Calendar,  and  Operations  of  the  House;  State 

Government  Subcommittee  on  State  Parks,  Facilities  and  Property; 

Transportation  Subcommittee  on  Public  Transportation. 


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Jane  Hurley  Mosley 

(Democrat  -  Wake  County) 

Sixty-third  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Wake  and  Durham  Counties. 

Educational  Background 

N.C.  State  University,  Studies  in  Speech 
Communications  and  Public  Relations, 
1972-88;  N.C.  Wesleyan  College,  Business 
Administration,  1989-90;  UNC-Chapel  Hill, 
Institute  of  Government,  Seminars  for 
Public  Information  Officers;  Numerous 
Continuing  Education  Seminars  on 
Leadership  Development,  Personal 
Communications  and  Public  Speaking. 

Professional  Background 

Public  Relations  Consultant,  1982-;  N.C.  Operation  Lifesaver,  Inc.,  1990;  N.C. 
Community  College  Alumni  Association,  Inc.,  Executive  Director,  1990;  N.C. 
Department  of  Community  Colleges,  Coordinator  for  Student  Development 
Services/Visiting  Artist  Program/Alumni  Affairs,  1984-90;  N.C.  Department  of 
Natural  Resources  and  Community  Development  Information  and  Communication 
Specialist  II,  1980-83;  N.C.  Department  of  Community  Colleges,  Public  Information 
Officer,  1968-80. 

Organizations 

Member,  Public  Relations  Society  of  America;  Member/Past  President  (two  years) 
N.C.  Association  of  Government  Information  Officers;  Past  Treasurer,  Association  of 
Community  College  Public  Information  Officers;  Member,  Council  for  the 
Advancement  and  Support  of  Education,  Washington,  DC;  Member/Past 
President/Vice  President/Regional  Director,  Cary  Jaycettes  and  N.C.  Jaycettes; 
Member,  Governor's  Highway  Safety  Association;  Member,  NETS/N.C.  Safety  and 
Health  Council;  Member,  N.C.  Society  of  Washington,  DC;  Past  Executive 
Coordinator,  "Cary  Clean  Community  System",  (Part  of  "National  Keep  America 
Beautiful"  Campaign),  1983-87;  Member,  N.C.  Passenger  Safety  Association;  Past 
Member,  Raleigh  Public  Relations  Society;  Member,  N.C.  Law  Enforcement  Officers 
Association;  Vice  President  of  Public  and  Governmental  Affairs  for  Cary  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  1986-89. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Past  Board  Member,  Wake  County  Arts  Council;  Board  Member/Executive  Director, 
N.C.  Community  College  Alumni  Association;  Board  Member,  N.C.  Operation 
Lifesaver,  Inc.;  Board  Member/Past  President,  Wake  County  Unit/N.C.  Division 
American  Cancer  Society;  Member,  Board  of  Directors,  Cary  Chamber  of  Commerce, 
1986/1989. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-present. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  561 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Cary  News  Profield,  1993;  N.C.  Safety  Award/Second  in  the  Nation,  N.C.  Operation 
Lifesavers,  Inc.,  1990-91;  State  Publicity  Chair,  Delegate,  State  Employees 
Association  of  N.C,  1987-88;  Tarheel  of  the  Week,  1986;  Citizen  of  the  Year  1985, 
Cary  Chamber  of  Commerce,  1985;  Volunteer  of  the  Year  (Ralph  Whitaker  Memorial 
Award  for  the  American  Cancer  Society),  1985;  Presidents  Award  of  Honor  (Statewide 
Publicity  Award,  N.C.  Jaycettes),  1981-82;  Most  Outstanding  Woman  in  State 
Government  for  N.C,  1981;  One  of  the  Five  Outstanding  Women  in  Government  of 
the  United  States,  1981;  Congressional  Award,  Highest  Honor  in  N.C.  Jaycettes, 
1980;  Most  Outstanding  Woman  in  State  Government  for  N.C,  1972. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Jerry  W.  Mosley.  Children:  Carlton  and  Kimberly  (twins).  First  United 
Methodist  Church,  Cary,  N.C. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Member:   Education  Subcommittee  on  Community  Colleges  and  Universities;  Ethics; 
Finance;  Public  Utilities;  Transportation  Subcommittee  on  Highways. 


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Martin  L«  Nesbitt,  Jr. 

(Democrat  -  Buncombe  County) 

Fifty-first  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Buncombe  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Asheville,  Buncombe  County, 
September  25,  1946,  to  Marion  L.  and  Mary 
(Cordell)  Nesbitt,  Sr. 

Educational  Background 

Reynolds  High  School,  1964;  UNC-Chapel 
Hill,  1970,  B.A.;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  School  of 
Law,  1973,  J.D. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney  at  Law. 

Organ  iza  tions 

Buncombe  County  Bar  Association;  N.C.  State  Bar  Associations;  N.C.  Academy  of 
Trial  Lawyers. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

American  Cancer  Society,  Buncombe  County  Unit,  Director,  1983;  The  Mediation 
Center,  Director,  1985-86;  N.C.  2000  Commission,  Member,  1981;  Buncombe  County 
Board  of  Education,  1977-79;  Alternatives  for  Asheville  Commission,  Member,  1985- 
86;  Commission  on  the  Future  of  the  Community  College  System,  Member,  1988-89; 
Highway  Study  Commission,  Member,  1988-89;  Board  of  Visitors  -  UNC-Chapel  Hill, 
Member,  1988-91;  Alzheimer's  Association,  WNC  Chapter,  Director,  1988-89;  Task 
Force  on  Excellence  in  Secondary  Education,  Member,  1990-91;  Consumer  and 
Advocacy  Advisory  Committee  for  the  Blind,  Member,  1990-91;  Alliance  of  Business 
Leaders  and  Educators  Advisory  Board,  Member,  1992-93;  N.C.  Nurses  Association 
Consumer  Advisory  Council,  1990-91,  1992-93. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1979-80,  (appointed  to  fill  unexpired  term 
created  by  the  death  of  Mary  C.  Nesbitt),  1981-82,  1983-84,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989- 
90,  1991-92,  1993-present;  Member  Southern  Legislative  Conference  1987-88; 
National  Legislative  Conference,  Member,  1987-88;  Democratic  Legislative  Campaign 
Committee,  Chair,  1989-92;  President,  Democratic  Men's  Club  of  Buncombe  County, 
1991. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Deanne  Seller,  September  28,  1979.  Children:  William  Martin  and  Chad 
Sellers.  Member,  St.  Luke's  Episcopal  Church. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Co-Chair:  Appropriations. 
Member:  Courts  and  Justice;  Judiciary  III;  Public  Employees. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


563 


Tohn  M,  Nichols 

(Republican  -  Craven  County) 

Third  Representative  District  -  Portions 
of  Craven  and  Pamlico  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Farmville,  Pitt  County,  August  14, 
1944,  to  Deward  L.  Nichols  and  Betty 
(Harris)  Nichols. 

Educational  Background 

Farmville  High,  1962;  East  Carolina 
University,  1971,  Bachelor  of  Science  in 
Business  Administration. 

Professional  Background 

Mortgage  Banker,  First  Choice  Mortgage 
Corp.;  Commissioner,  Trent  Woods,  N.C.,  1991-92. 

Organizations 

Craven  County  Home  Builders,  Director,  1978-present;  New  Bern,  Havelock  and 
Morehead  City  Boards  of  Realtors,  1978-present;  N.C.  Association  of  Realtors;  N.C. 
Home  Builders  Association;  Mortgage  Bankers  Association  of  Carolina,  Director;  New 
Bern  Civitans,  1982-84;  New  Bern  Jaycees,  1974;  Greenville  Jaycees,  1974-76; 
Craven  County  Committee  of  100;  New  Bern  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Commercial 
Fisherman's  Auxiliary. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-. 

Military  Service 
U.S.  Air  Force;  Tactical  Air  Command,  Sergeant. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Judith  (Lockamy)  Nichols,  July  7,  1973.  Children,  John  David  and  Amanda 
Kathryn.  Member,  First  Baptist. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Agriculture;  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  General  Government;  Courts 
and  Justice,  Financial  Institutions;  State  Government  Subcommittee  on  Military, 
Veterans  and  Indian  Affairs. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Edd  Nye 


(Democrat  -  Bladen  County) 

Ninety-sixth  Representative  District- 

Bladen,  portions  of  Cumberland,  New 

Hanover,  Pender  and  Sampson  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Gulf,  Chatham  County,  to  Joseph 
Burke  and  Vera  (Johnson)  Nye. 

Ed  ucational  Ba  ckgro  und 

Clarkton    High    School;    Southeastern 
Community  College;  NCSU. 

Professional  Background 

Insurance  Executive. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Elizabethtown  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Bladen  Masonic  Lodge;  former  member, 
Jaycees  and  Lions  Club. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Former  Trustee,  Bladen  Technical  College. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1977-78,  1979-80,  1981-82,  1985-86,  1987- 
88,  1989-90,  1991-92,  1993-present;  N.C.  Senate,  1975-76. 


Served,  U.S.  Air  Force. 


Military  Service 


Personal  Information 


Married,  Peggy  McKee  of  Clarkton.  Children:  Shannon,  Edward  and  Allison. 
Member,  Elizabethtown  Baptist  Church;  Board  of  Deacons.  Former  member:  Bladen 
Baptist  Association  (Moderator)  and  N.C.  Baptist  State  Convention. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Co  Chair:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Human  Resources. 
Vice  Chair:  Business  &  Labor  Subcommittee  on  Economic  Expansion  &  Growth. 
Member:  Education  Subcommittee  on  Preschool,  Elementary  &  Secondary  Education; 
Public  Employees;  State  Government  Subcommittee  on  Boards  and  Commissions. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


565 


Warren  Claude  Oldhani 

(Democrat  -  Forsyth  County) 

Sixty-seventh  Representative  District  - 
Forsyth  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Indianapolis,  Marion  County, 
March  10,  1926,  to  Philander  and  Minta 
Ann  Smith  Oldham. 

Educational  Background 

Crispus  Attucks,  Indianapolis,  IN,  1944; 
Bluefield  State  College,  B.S.,  Secondary 
Education,  1951;  West  Virginia  University, 
Morgantown,  WV,  1958;  M.S.  Health, 
Physical  Education  and  Recreation. 

Professional  Background 

Retired  Educator,  Winston-Salem  State  University;  Registrar,  1977-89;  Educator; 
Coach;  Administrator,  Winston-Salem  F/C  Schools,  1951-68;  Administrator,  WSSU, 
1968-77. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1991-present;  NAACP;  Winston  Lake 
YMCA;  American  Legion  Post  220;  Kappa  Alpha  Psi  Fraternity. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Navy,  5  1/C,  1944-46,  Pacific. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Gladys  Dandridge  of  Maybuery,  West  VA,  July  28,  1951.  Children:  Donna 
and  Leslie.  Member,  United  Metropolitan  Missionary  Baptist;  Chair,  Trustee  Board, 
Chair,  Building  Committee;  Member,  Endowment  Fund  Member  Scholarships 
Committee. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Education  Subcommittee  on  Community  Colleges  and  Universities. 
Vice  Chair:  Education. 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Education;  Insurance;  Pensions  and 
Retirement;  Public  Employees. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Charles  Richard  Preston 

(Republican  -  Catawba  County) 

Forty-fifth  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Catawba,  Gaston  and 

Lincoln  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Columbus,  Georgia,  July  27,  1940, 
to  Richard  E.  Preston  and  Virgie  F.  Preston. 

Educational  Background 

Columbus  High  School,  1957;  South  Georgia 
College,  1957-59;  Georgia  State  College, 
1960. 

Professional  Background 

Food  Service  Advertising,  Signs  R  Us;  Mr. 
Omelet  of  America,  Inc.;  Chair,  Catawba  County  Board  of  Elections,  1990. 

Organiza  tions 

Vice  Chair,  Governmental  Affairs  Division;  Catawba  County  Chamber  of  Commerce; 
Greater  Hickory  Convention  and  Visitors  Bureau,  Director. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Catawba  Memorial  Hospital,  Trustee. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-;  Republican  Mens  Forum;  Mason; 
Scottish  Rite;  Shrine. 

Military  Service 
U.S.  Air  Force,  Communications,  Sgt.,  1963-64;  Reserves,  National  Guard. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Carol  (Henry)  Preston,  May  30,  1971.    Children:    Tatum,  Charlsye  and 
Whit.  The  Church  of  Jesus  Christ  of  Latter  Day  Saints;  Priesthood. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Member:    Agriculture;  Business  and  Labor  Subcommittee  on  Travel  and  Tourism; 
Education  Subcommittee  on  Community  Colleges  and  Universities;  Finance; 
Public  Employees. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 
lean  R,  Preston 

(Republican  -  Carteret  County) 

Fourth  Representative  District  -  Carteret 
and  portions  of  Onslow  Counties. 

Educational  Background 

Snow  Hill  High  School,  1953;  Flora 
MacDonald  College,  1953-55;  East  Carolina 
University,  1957,  B.S.  ,  Business  Education; 
N.C.  State  Personnel  Development  Center, 

1989,  Certificate,  Public  Manager  Program. 

Professional  Background 

Caswell  Center,  Director  of  Education, 

1990,  Principal,  Barnes  School,  1979-89; 
Greene      County      Schools,      Program 
Administrator  for  Children  with  Special 
Needs,  1978-79,  Director  of  Reading,  K-12,  1975-78,  Special  Education  Teacher,  1968- 
74,  Business  Education  Teacher,  1961-62. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

National  Education  Association;  N.C.  Association  of  Educators;  N.C.  Association  of 
Supervision  and  Curriculum  Development;  International  Reading  Association; 
Council  for  Exceptional  Children;  N.C.  Education  of  Young  Children;  Greene  County 
Association  for  Retarded  Citizens;  Kappa  Delta  Pi-honorary  society  in  education; 
Alpha  Delta  Kappa-honorary  sorority  for  teachers;  Treasurer,  Crystal  Coast 
Republican  Women's  Club,  1992-93;  Vice-President,  Emerald  Isle  Garden  Club,  1992- 
93;  Carteret  County  Domestic  Violence  Program;  Cystic  Fibrosis  Special  Events; 
Beach  Clean  Sweep. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993. 

Honors  and  Awards 

Outstanding  Service  to  Mentally  Handicapped  Children  and  Their  Families  (given  by 
Greene  County  Association  of  Retarded  Citizens),  1978;  Governor's  Commission  on 
Libraries,  1978;  Outstanding  Exceptional  Education  Teachers,  1975;  Personalities  of 
the  South,  1974;  Governor's  Citizens  United  for  the  Improvement  of  Reading,  1974; 
Outstanding  Elementary  Teachers  of  America,  1973;  Outstanding  Young  Women  of 
America,  1971. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  John  E.  Preston.  Children:  Suzanne  Hardy  Castleberry  and  Pamela 
Preston  Reed.  Member,  Cape  Carteret  Presbyterian  Church;  Past  President,  Women 
of  the  Church;  Director,  Vacation  Bible  School;  Sunday  School  Teacher. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Natural  and  Economic  Resources; 
Education  Subcommittee  on  Preschool,  Elementary  &  Secondary  Education; 
Health  and  Human  Services  Subcommittee  on  Health  Care  &  Access;  Pensions 
and  Retirement;  State  Government  Subcommittee  on  Military,  Veterans  and 
Indian  Affairs. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Listom  Bryan  Ranisey 

(Democrat-  Madison  County) 

Fifty-second  Representative  District  - 

Graham,  Haywood,  Jackson,  Swain  and 

portions  of  Madison  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Marshall,  Madison  County, 
February  26,  1919,  to  John  Morgan  and 
Delia  Lee  (Bryan)  Ramsey. 

Educational  Background 

Mars  Hill  College,  1938. 

Professional  Background 

Retired  merchant. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 
Elk;  Mason;  American  Legion  (former  Commander);  Veterans  of  Foreign  Wars. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Co  Chair,  Governmental  Operations  Commission,  1981-1988,  member  1973-1976;  Co 
Chair,  Joint  Committee  on  Separation  of  Powers,  1982;  Advisory  Budget  Commission, 
1973-1980,  Blue  Ribbon  Study  Commission  on  Transportation,  1979-80.  Co  Chair 
Legislative  Services  Commission  1981-1988,  Member  1971-76;  Co  Chair  Legislative 
Research  Commission  1981-88,  Member  1975-76. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1961,  1963,  1967-Present  (16  Terms);  Dean, 
N.C.  House  of  Representatives;  Speaker  of  the  House,  1981-88  (Four  Terms);  1987-88; 
Executive  Committee,  Southern  Legislative  Conference,  1981-1988,  Chair,  11th 
Congressional  District  Democratic  Executive  Committee,  1972,-76,  1980;  Delegate, 
Democratic  National  Convention,  1968;  County  Chair,  Democratic  Executive 
Committee,  1958,  1962;  Executive  Committee,  NCSL  1981-88;  NCSL  Legislative 
Leaders  1981-88. 

Military  Service 

Served,  Army  Air  Corps,  World  War  II. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

N.C.  Public  Service  Award,  1985;  Friend  of  Education,  NCAE,  1985;  Honorary  mem- 
ber, N.C.  AFL-CIO,  1985;  First  annual  Roy  A.  Taylor  Service  Award,  1978. 
Distinguished  Service  Award  for  Outstanding  Alumni,  Mars  Hill  College  1979; 
Received  Honorary  Doctors  Degrees  Mars  Hill  College  May  1988;  Liston  B.  Ramsey 
Regional  Activity  Center,  Western  Carolina  University,  April  1987;  Certificate  of 
Commendation,  VFW  1989. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Florence  McDevitt.  Children:  Martha  (Ramsey)  George. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Financial  Institutions. 

Vice  Chair:  Pensions  and  Retirement. 

Member:  Constitutional  Amendments  &  Referenda;  Ethics;  Finance;  Public  Utilities. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 
Edward  David  Redwine 

(Democrat  -  Brunswick  County) 

Fourteenth  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Brunswick,  Columbus,  New 

Hanover  and  Robeson  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Wilmington,  New  Hanover  County, 
September  12,  1947,  to  Edward  Henry  and 
Doris  (Frink)  Redwine. 

Educational  Background 

Shallotte  High  School,  1965;  ECU,  1972, 
A.B.  (Political  Science,  History). 

Professional  Background 

Vice  President  and  partner  of  Coastal 
Insurance  and  Realty,  Inc. 

Organizations 

Independent  Insurance  Agents  of  N.C.;  Carolina  Association  of  Professional 
Insurance  Agents;  South  Brunswick  Chamber  of  Commerce  (President  and  Director, 
1976-82);  Shallotte  Lions  Club;  Board  of  Advisors,  Cape  Fear  Council,  BSA;  Mason, 
1976;  Shrine  Sudan  Temple,  1976. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

N.C.  Student  Legislative  Advisory  Council;  Board  of  Advisors,  Cape  Fear  Substance 
Abuse;  Vice  Chair,  Brunswick  County  Parks  and  Recreation;  N.C.  Battleship 
Memorial  Commission,  1982-83;  Trustee,  Brunswick  Technical  College,  1982. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1985-Present;  Executive  Board,  7th 
Congressional  District;  Brunswick  County  Democratic  Party  (Chair,  1979-82, 
Treasurer,  1976);  Young  Democrats  of  Brunswick  County  (President,  1978). 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Young  Agent  of  the  Year,  1984;  Mr.  Chair  Award,  IIANC,  1982;  Who's  Who  in 
American  Politics,  1982;  Outstanding  Young  Man  of  the  Year,  1982;  N.C.  Association 
of  Registers  of  Deeds  Outstanding  Legislator  Award,  1991. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Margaret  Penelope  Taylor  of  Monroe,  September  23,  1972.  Children:  Erin 
Elizabeth,  Amanda  Fletcher  and  David  Austin.  Member,  Shallotte  Presbyterian 
Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Business  and  Labor. 
Vice  Chair:  Insurance. 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Justice  and  Public  Safety;  Judiciary  II; 
Public  Employees. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


William  Odium  Richardson 

(Democrat  -  Cumberland  County) 

Eighteenth  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Cumberland  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Craven  County,  June  9,  1955,  to 
Charles  Henry  Richardson  and  Dorothy 
Odum  Richardson. 

Educational  Background 

Terry  Sanford  High  School,  1970-73;  UNC, 
B.A.,  Political  Science,  1973-77;  Campbell 
University  of  Law,  J.D.,  1978-80. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney  and  Partner,  firm  of  Beaver,  Holt, 

Richardson,  Sternlich,  Burge  and  Glazier. 

I 
Organizations 

Board  of  Directors,  Myrover/Reese  Fellowship  Home,  1986-present;  Co  Chairperson, 
UNC  Alumni  Admissions  Committee  for  Cumberland  County,  1986-present;  Board  of 
Directors,  Cumberland  County  Board  of  People  Assisting  Victims,  1990-present; 
President,  Cumberland  County  Mental  Health  Association,  1991-present;  Member, 
Cumberland  County  Preschool  Task  Force,  1991-present;  Student  Body  President, 
UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1976-77. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-present;  President,  Cumberland 
County  Democratic  Men's  Club,  1991. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Barbara  Boughman,  August  5,  1978.    Children:    Mathew  Hale,  Caroline 
Miller  and  Zachary  Stuart.   Holy  Trinity  Episcopalian  Church;  Vestry  Member,  1983- 
85  and  1987-89;  Stewardship  Chairperson,  1984,  1986  &  1988;  Episcopalian  Youth  I 
Council,  1980-83. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Justice  and  Public  Safety;  Courts  and 
Justice;  Environment;  Health  and  Human  Services  Subcommittee  on  Human 
Resources;  Judiciary  I. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


571 


George  Sidney  Robinson 

(Republican  -  Caldwell  County) 

Ninety-first  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Alexander,  Caldwell  and 

Catawba  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Lenoir  Caldwell  County,  November 
15,  1945,  to  Charles  M.  and  Lorraine  M. 
Robinson. 

Educational  Background 

Oak  Ridge  Military  Institute,  Oak  Ridge, 
N.C.,  1963-64;  University  of  Tennessee, 
1964-68,  1972-73;  New  Mexico  University. 

Professional  Background 

President,  Robinson  Lumber  Company,  Inc.;  Deputy  Assistant  Secretary,  N.C. 
Department  of  Transportation,  1986-88. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Appalachian  Lumberman's  Club;  Caldwell  County  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Lenoir 
Rotary  Club,  American  Heart  Association;  N.C.  Center  for  Crime  and  Punishment; 
Morganton/Lenoir  Airport  Authority;  Lenoir  Housing  Authority;  REPAY  (Victim 
Restitution  Program  -  N.C.  25th  Judicial  District);  Lenoir  Little  League  (Past 
President);  Parent  Teacher  Association  of  West  Lenoir;  Boy  Scouts  of  America  (Past 
District  Commissioner). 

Boards  and  Commissions 

North  Carolina  National  Bank;  N.C.  Board  of  World  Trade  Association;  N.C.  Board  of 
Economic  Development;  Yadkin-Pee  Dee  River  Basin  Committee. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives  1981-Present;  Past  Minority  Whip. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Air  Force,  1968-1972  (Sergeant);  Good  Conduct  Medal  for  Exemplary  Service. 

Honors  and  Awards 

Boy  Scouts  of  America  God  and  Country  Award;  Eagle  Scout;  Scout  of  the  Year,  1979. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Ann  Peterson,  April  14,  1974.  Children:  Rick.  Member,  First  Presbyterian 
Church  of  Lenoir. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chair:  Business  and  Labor;  Judiciary  III;  Rules,  Calendar,  and  Operations  of  the 

House. 
Member:  Business  &  Labor  Subcommittee  on  Economic  Expansion  &  Growth; 

Business  &  Labor  Subcommittee  on  Economic  Expansion  &  Growth; 

Constitutional  Amendments  &  Referenda;  Finance;  Public  Utilities. 


North  Carolina  Manual 

Richard  Eugene  Rogers 

(Democrat  -  Martin  County) 

Sixth  Representative  District  -  Portions 

of  Bertie,  Hertford,  Martin,  Pitt,  and 

Washington  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Williamston,  Martin  County, 
December  12,  1929,  to  Javan  and  Effie 
(Green)  Rogers  (both  deceased). 

Educational  Background 

Bear  Grass  High  School,  1943-1945; 
Williamston  High  School,  1945-46;  Oak  Ridge 
Military  Institution,  1946-47;  UNC-Chapel 
Hill,  1955,  B.S.,  Masters  Education,  1957. 

Professional  Background 

Superintendent,  Martin,  County  Schools,  1965-85  (retired);  Farming;  Insurance;  Real 
Estate;  N.C.  Association  of  School  Administrations;  Martin  County  Chamber  of 
Commerce. 

Organizations 
President,  Williamston  Kiwanis  Club,  1982;  Local  District  Committee,  BSA,  1965-85. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

District  Committee,  Boy  Scouts  of  America,  1986;  Board  of  Directors,  East  Carolina 
Vocational  Center,  1980-85;  Board  of  Directors,  N.C.  High  School  Athletic 
Association,  1981-84;  Board  of  Health,  Martin  Washington,  Tyrrell  District,  1965-84; 
N.C.  State  Capital  Planning  Commission;  Board  of  Visitors,  Chowan  College,  1991- 
1993. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1987-. 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Coast  Guard,  1950-53;  Honorable  Discharge. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Distinguished  Service  Award;  Boss  of  the  Year  Award;  Superintendent  Contributing 
Most  to  Athletics,  Region  1. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Jean  Carole  Griffin,  of  Williamston,  August  18,  1956.  Children:  Jeanette, 
Laura  and  Richard.  Member,  Memorial  Baptist  Church;  Board  of  Deacons,  1966-70, 
1972-76,  1978-82. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Co  Chair:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Education. 

Vice  Chair:  Local  and  Regional  Government  I. 

Member:  Agriculture;  Children,  Youth  and  Families;  Pensions  and  Retirement. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


573 


Carolyn  Barnes  Rmssell 

(Republican  -  Wayne  County) 

Seventy-seventh  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Greene,  Lenoir  and  Wayne 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Greenville,  Pitt  County,  North 
Carolina,  June  19,  1944,  to  O.D.  and  Naomi 
Grey  (Jones)  Barnes. 

Educational  Background 

Winterville  High  School,  Winterville,  North 
Carolina,  1962;  East  Carolina  University, 
A.B.  Sociology-Psychology,  1965;  M.A. 
Clinical  Psychology,  1967. 

Professional  Background 

Personnel  Manager;  Psychologist  at  Sunland  Training  Center;  Personnel  Director, 
O'Berry  Center,  Goldsboro. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Mental  Health  Association  in  Wayne  County,  Wayside  Fellowship  Home,  Board  of 
Directors,  1979-80;  North  Carolina  State  Medical  Auxiliary;  Wayne  County  Red 
Cross,  Board  Member,  1980-82;  Methodist  Home  for  Children,  Board  of  Trustees, 
1981-90,  Secretary,  1982-84,  Vice  President,  1984-85,  President,  1985-87,  Executive 
Committee,  1982-90;  Goldsboro  Arts  Council  Board  Member,  1983-87,  Arts  Auction 
Chair,  1979,  Arts  Ball  Chair,  1983,  Vice  President,  1983-84,  President,  1984-85; 
Wayne  County  Day  School  Board  of  Directors,  1985-87,  Secretary,  1985;  Wayne 
County  Boys  Club  Board  of  Directors,  1985-89;  Wayne  County  Social  Services  Board, 
1986-present,  Chair,  1988-present. 

Organiza  tions 

Cystic  Fibrosis  Campaign;  Wayne  County  Medical  Auxiliary,  1974-present,  (Vice 
President,  1976,  President,  1977,  Research  and  Education  Foundation  Committee 
Chair,  1978-80,  Student  Loan  Chair,  1983-85);  Parents  Without  Partners  Consultant, 
1977;  Wayne  Correctional  Community  Resource  Council  -  Goldsboro  District  Advisory 
Committee  ,  1982-present,  Chair,  1988-present  and  JPTA  Committee,  Goldsboro 
High  School;  N.C.  Drug  Cabinet  Panelist;  Operation  Santa  Claus  Chair,  1981;  Girl 
Scouts  of  America  Troop  Leader,  1979;  Workshop  Leader  and  Speaker  for  Governor's 
Conference  on  Leadership  Development  of  Women,  1980;  Director,  Seymour-Johnson 
Invitational  Swim  Meet,  1980;  Goldsboro  District  Advisory  Committee,  1982-present; 
Wayne  County  Task  Force  on  Health  Objectives  for  the  year  2000,  1992;  American 
Heart  Association,  Walk-a-Thon,  Honorary  Chair,  1992. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1991-92,  1993-present;  Member,  Business 
Legislative  Caucus;  Member  Eastern  Legislative  Caucus;  Secretary/Treasurer,  Bi- 
partisan Women's  Legislative  Caucus;  Appointee,  Energy  Committee  for  State 
Federal  Assembly;  Legislative  Appointee  to  Regional  Teaching  Fellows  Selection 


574  North  Carolina  Manual 

Committee;  Appointee,  State  Council  on  Health  Policy  Information;  Appointee, 
Communications  Committee  for  the  National  State  Legislators  Conference; 
Legislative  Research  Study  Commission  on  Health  Systems  Issues;  Legislative 
Research  Study  Committee  on  the  Use  of  Prison  Inmate  Labor. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Governor's  Individual  Leadership  Award,  1981;  McPheeter's  Award  for  Outstanding 
Contributions  to  Mental  Health-recipient;  Outstanding  Professional  Achievement 
Award  by  Federally  Employed  Women  recipient. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Douglas  M.  Russell,  June  24,  1967.  Children:  Susannah  Grey,  Douglas 
McCabe  and  Meredith  Leigh.  Member,  St.  Paul  United  Methodist  Church; 
Renovation  Drive  Chair  -  1981;  Author,  Centennial  Celebration  Drama;  Finance 
Board,  1982-86;  Council  on  Ministries  Chair,  1982-88;  Junior  UMYF  Counselor,  1984; 
Sunday  School  Teacher,  1978-present. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chair:  Business  &  Labor  Subcommittee  on  Economic  Expansion  &  Growth;  State 

Government  Subcommittee  on  Boards  and  Commissions. 
Member:  Agriculture;  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Education;  Public  Employees. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


575 


Pant  Wayne  Sexton 

(Republican-Rockingham  County) 

Seventy-third  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Forsyth  and  Rockingham 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Roanoke,  Roanoke  VA,  August  5, 
1942,  to  Paul  Rewben  Sexton  and  Thelma 
Virginia  Bolden. 

Educational  Background 

Stoneville  High  School,  1960;  UNC-Chapel 
Hill,  1960-61;  The  University  of  the  State  of 
New  York,  B.S.,  Liberal  Arts,  1988. 

Professional  Background 

Market  Manager,  Winn-Dixie,  Inc.  (25  years  of  service). 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

North  Carolina  National  Guard  Association;  National  Guard  Association  of  the 
United  States;  Shiloh  Volunteer  Fire  Department.,  past  member;  Shiloh  Ruritan 
Club,  past  member;  Cub  Scoutmaster  (Pack  566),  1975-78. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Rockingham  County  Board  of  Education,  Vice  Chair,  1982;  Western  Rockingham  City 
Board  of  Education,  Vice  Chair,  1988;  Rockingham  County  Consolidated  Board  of 
Education,  Vice  Chair,  1993. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993;  Rockingham  County  Republican  Party 
Executive  Committee. 

Military  Service 
Field  Artillery,  N.C.  National  Guard,  Army  NG,  Col.;  Reserves,  1963-present; 
Current  Position,  Intelligence  and  Security  Officer  for  N.C.  NG  Assigned  to  HQ  Stare. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Army  Commendation  Medal:  Army  Service  Ribbon:  Army  Reserve  Component 
Achievement  Medal:  Armed  Forces  Reserve  Medal:  Meritorious  Service  Medal. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Janice  Elizabeth  Ore  of  Eden,  October  2,  1966.  Children:  Paul  Wayne 
Sexton,  Jr.,  Michael  David  Sexton  and  Steven  Patrick  Sexton.  Member:  Hampton 
Heights  Baptist. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Education;  Business  and  Labor 
Subcommittee  on  Labor  Relations  and  Employment;  Children,  Youth  and 
Families;  Education  Subcommittee  on  Preschool,  Elementary  &  Secondary 
Education;  Public  Employees. 


North  Carolina  Manual 

Ronald  Lynwood  Smith 

(Democrat  -  Carteret  County) 

Fourth  Representative  District  -  Carteret 
and  portions  of  Onslow  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Morehead  City,  Carteret  County, 
July  7,  1940,  to  Charlie  and  Regenia  Salter 
Smith. 

Educational  Background 

Morehead  City,  1958;  N.C.  Institute  of 
Government;  Chicago  School  of  Appraisal. 

Professional  Background 

Semi  Retired  Real  Estate,  Clam  Rock,  Inc. 

Organizations 

Masonic  Lodge  and  Shrine  Elks,  Moose;  American  Legion  AAPP;  N.C.  Historical 

Society. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1991-present. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Army,  824,  Heavy  Boat,  Specialist,  1963-69. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Betty  Jackson  of  Atlantic  Beach,  November  17,  1978.  Children:  Jenny,  Amy, 
Jeffrey  and  Rachel.  Member,  Bogue  Banks  Baptist  Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  State  Government  Subcommittee  on  Military,  Veterans  and  Indian  Affairs. 

Vice  Chair:  Financial  Institutions;  State  Government. 

Member:  Agriculture;  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Education;  Public  Employees. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


577 


Kenneth  Owen  Spears,  J r. 

(Dernocrat  -  Cumberland  County) 

Eighteenth  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Cumberland  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Fayetteville,  Cumberland  County, 
September  13,  1959,  to  Kenneth  O.  Spears, 
Sr.  and  Gladys  (Trogdon)  Spears. 

Educational  Background 

E.  E.  Smith  Sr.  High  School,  1975-77; 
Louisburg  Jr.  College,  1977-78;  Methodist 
College,  1983,  Business  Administration. 

Professional  Background 

Real  Estate;  N.C.  Real  Estate  Broker; 
Former  Magistrate,  Cumberland  County. 

Organizations 

President,  American  Heart  Association;  Mason;  Shriner. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Fayetteville  Revitalization  Commission. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-;  State  President,  N.C.  Young 
Democrats  Club;  Congressional  Aide,  Congressman  Charles  Rose. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Mary  Talley  Spears,  June  24,  1984.    Children:    Rachel  Margaret  Spears. 
Member,  Salem  United  Methodist  Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Member:    Agriculture;  Courts  and  Justice;  Ethics;  Finance;  Financial  Institutions; 
State  Government  Subcommittee  on  Military,  Veterans  and  Indian  Affairs. 


North  Carolina  Manual 

Clarence  Foe  Stewart 

(Democrat-  Harnett  County) 

Nineteenth  Representative  District  - 

Harnett,  Lee  and  portions  of  Sampson 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Broadway,  Harnett  County,  May  4, 
1922,  to  William  M.  &  Lizzie  Jane  (Wicker) 
Stewart. 

Educational  Background 

Boone  Trail  High  School,  1940;  N.C.  State 
University,  1955,  B.S.. 

Professional  Background 

Farmer;  Educator,  1955-61;  County 
Executive  Director,  Harnett  County  ASCS,  1961-77;  State  Director,  ASCS,  1977-81; 
Public  Information  Officer,  Harnett  County  Schools,  1981-1987. 

Organizations 

Mason  (Shriner);  VFW,  American  Legion. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Charter  Chair,  Golden  Leaf  Boy  Scout  District;  Charter  Chair,  Harnett  County  Crime 
Stoppers,  1986,  member  Board  of  Directors,  Harnett  County  Crime  Stoppers; 
Director,  Harnett  County  Industrial  Facility  and  Pollution  Control  Financial 
Authority;  Raleigh  Federal  Savings  Bank  Director. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives  1989-90,  1991-92  and  1993-present. 

Military  Service 
Served,  U.S.  Army,  1941-43  (Sergeant,  tank  commander);  Silver  Star  Medal. 

Honors  and  A  wards 
Recognized  for  outstanding  administration  of  farm  programs  by  U.S.  Secretary  of 
Agriculture,  Freeman;  Merit  Award  from  Governor  Hunt  for  outstanding  leadership 
in  education. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Elsie  Stewart,  December  4,  1946.  Children:  Randall  and  David.  Member, 
Spring  Hill  Methodist  Church;  Chair,  Administrative  Board;  Sunday  School  teacher; 
served,  Parsonage  and  church  building  committees;  Chair,  Finance  Committee. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  State  Government  Subcommittee  on  State  Parks,  Facilities  and  Property. 
Vice  Chair:  Business  and  Labor  Subcommittee  on  Travel  and  Tourism;  Public 

Employees;  State  Government. 
Member:  Agriculture;  Finance. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


579 


Ronnie  N.  Sutton 

(Democrat  -  Robeson  County) 

Eighty-fifth  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Hoke  and  Robeson  Counties. 

Educational  Background 

Magnolia  High  School;  University  of  West 
Florida,  Naval  War  College,  1970-77,  B.A., 
M.S.;  Central  Michigan  University,  1979, 
M.A.;  UNC,  Chapel  Hill,  1985,  J.D. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney,  Locklear,  Jacobs,  Sutton  and 
Hunt;  Retired  Navel  Officer. 

Organ  iza  tions 

N.C.  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial 

Lawyers;  Kiwanis,  President,  1990;  Board,  N.C.  Cancer  Institution;  Board,  Lumbee 

River  Legal  Services;  VFW,  Life  Member. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993;  Chair,  Robeson  County  Democratic 
Party,  1991. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Navy,  Aviator,  Commander,  22  years;  600  combat  hours,  Vietnam,  two  Air 
Medals. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Geneva  (Chavis)  Sutton,  June  19,  1967.    Children:    Ronette  A.  Sutton  and 
Fonda  L.  Sutton.  Member,  New  Prospect  Methodist  Church. 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Member:    Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Transportation;  Business  and  Labor 
Subcommittee  on  Labor  Relations  and  Employment;  Judiciary  II;  Public 
Employees;  State  Government  Subcommittee  on  Military,  Veterans  and  Indian 
Affairs. 


North  Carolina  Manual 

Timothy  Norton  Tallent 

(Republican  -  Cabarrus  County) 

Thirty-fourth  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Union  County. 

Early  Years 

Born    in    Concord,    Cabarrus    County, 
November  9,  1949,  to  Johnny  and  Margaret  j 
(Weaver)  Tallent. 

Educational  Background 

Concord  High  School;  University  of  South 
Carolina. 

Professional  Background 

Owner,  Tallent  Properties  &  Investments,  j 
Owner,  Zion  Music  Services,  Inc. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Fellowship  of  Christian  Athletes;  Gideons  (former  President);  President,  Christian  : 
Businessmen. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86,  1987-88,  1989-90,  1991-92,  1993- 
present. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Outstanding  Lay  Person  of  Cabarrus  County. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Dianne  Cox  of  Concord,  August  3,  1974.  Children:  Angela,  Andrew. 
Member,  Concord  Bible  Church,  Concord. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS  j 

Vice  Chair:  Ethics 

Member:  Finance;  Financial  Institutions;  Public  Utilities;  Rules,  Calendar,  and 
Operations  of  the  House. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


581 


Gregory  Janties  Thompson 

(Republican  -  Mitchell  County) 

Forty-sixth  Representative  District  - 

Avery,  Mitchell,  and  portions  of  Burke, 

Caldwell,  and  Catawba  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Charlotte,  Mecklenburg  County, 
June  3,  1964,  to  Robert  D.  Thompson,  Sr. 
and  Doris  Rhyne  Thompson. 

Educational  Background 

Mitchell  High  School,  1978-82;  Montreat- 
Anderson  College,  AA,  1984;  UNC- 
Asheville,  B.A.,  Political  Science,  1987; 
NCSU  and  Western  Carolina  University, 
Graduate  Studies,  Public  Administration; 
N.C.  Institute  of  Political  Leadership,  Fellow,  1988. 

Professional  Background 

Public  Administration/Personnel,  Office  of  Governor  James  G.  Martin;  Special 
Assistant/Personnel,  Deputy  Director/Personnel  Appointments,  1989-92. 

Organiza  tions 

Member,  Mitchell  County  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Member,  N.C.  Center  for  Public 
Policy  Research;  Member,  Spruce  Pine  Kiwanis  Club;  National  Policy  Forums  Council 
on  National  Resources  and  Energy. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Governor's  Volunteer  Advisory  Council,  1992;  Montreat-Anderson  Alumni  Council 
Board  of  Directors;  UNC  Asheville  Alumni  Council  Board  of  Directors;  Safe  Place  of 
Mitchell  County,  Board  of  Directors. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-;  Delegate  to  County,  District,  and 
State  Republican  Conventions;  Congressman  Bill  Hendon  Campaign  Staff,  1986; 
Special  Assistant  to  Volunteer  Coordinator  of  Wake  Forest  Presidential  Debate,  1988; 
Congressman  Charles  Taylor  Campaign  Staff,  1988;  Special  Assistant  to  Director  of 
Boards,  Commissions  and  Personnel  Appointments,  Office  of  Governor  James  G. 
Martin,  1989-92;  Deputy  Director  of  Personnel  Appointments  -Office  of  Governor 
James  G.  Martin,  1992;  Volunteer  Coordinator,  Victory  '92-Bush/Quayle  Campaign, 
1992;  Mitchell  County  Republican  Executive  Committee;  Young  Republicans;  Fellow, 
N.C.  Institute  of  Political  Leadership,  1988. 

Honors  and  Awards 

Outstanding  Young  Men  of  America,  1988;  Delegate  to  Japan/American  Council  of 
Young  Political  Leaders,  1993. 

Personal  Information 

First  Baptist  Church,  Spruce  Pine,  N.C. 


582  North  Carolina  Manual 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Member:    Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Justice  and  Public  Safety;  Courts  and 
Justice;  Education  Subcommittee  on  Preschool,  Elementary  &  Secondary 
Education;  Public  Employees;  State  Government  Subcommittee  on  Boards  and 
Commissions. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 
Williani  L,  Waiinwright 

(Democrat  -  Craven  County) 

Seventy-ninth  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Craven,  Jones,  Lenoir  and 

Pamlico  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Somerville,  TN,  October  19,  1947,  to 
James  and  Daisy  Wainwright. 

Educational  Background 

Manassas  High,  1965;  Memphis  State,  B.S., 
Business,  1960. 

Professional  Background 
Pastor,  Piney  Grove  AMEZ  Church. 

Organiza  tions 

Carteret  County  Action  Headstart  Program  (Program  Policy  Chairperson);  Craven 
County  Ministerial  Alliance;  Craven  County  NAACP;  Craven  County  Voters  League; 
Havelock/Cherry  Point  Ministerial  Association;  New  Bern/Craven  County  Ministrial 
Alliance;  United  Senior  Services. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

A.M.E.  Zion  Church  Publishing  House  Board;  Craven  County  Board  of  Aging;  N.C. 
Council  of  Churches;  House  of  Delegates;  A.M.E.  Zion  Publishing  House  Board,  1992- 
present. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1991-present. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Outstanding  Member,  Board  of  Directors,  Carteret  Community  Action;  Head  Start 
Program,  Inc. 

Personal  Information 

Member,  Piney  Grove  AMEZ  Church;  Pastor,  1985-present;  Brotherhood  Pension  and 
Ministerial  Relief  Board,  1988-92. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Co  Chair:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  General  Government. 
Member:  Agriculture;  Business  &  Labor  Subcommittee  on  Economic  Expansion  & 
Growth;  Insurance;  Local  and  Regional  Government  II. 


584 


North  Carolina  Manual 


State  University,  1980-present. 
Teaching. 


Edward  A,  Warner,  Jr. 

(Democrat  -  Cumberland  County) 

Seventy-fifth  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Cumberland  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Fayetteville,  Cumberland  County, 
November  11,  1942,  to  Edward  A.  and  Mae 
Pearl  (Green)  Warner,  Sr. 

Educational  Background 

Campbell  College,  1965,  A.B.  English;  East 
Carolina  University,  1973,  M.A.ed. 

Professional  Background 

Countryside  Furniture  Company,  Inc. 
Board  of  Directors,  President;  Fayetteville 
Education  Professor  &  Supervisor  of  Student 


Org  a  n  iza  tions: 

Lebanon  Lodge,  No.  391,  AF  and  AM;  Phi  Delta  Kappa;  Hope  Mills  Optimist  Club; 
Hope  Mills  Kiwanis;  Assistant  Baseball  Coach,  Hope  Mills  Little  League. 

Boards  and  Commissions 
Cumberland  County  Board  of  Education. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1987-present;  Cumberland  County  Board  of 
Education. 

Hon  or s  and  A  wa rds 

Jaycees  Man  of  the  Year,  1977;  Fayetteville  State  University  School  of  Education 
Award;  Assistant  Principal  of  the  Year,  1976;  North  Carolina  Congress  of  Parents 
and  Teachers,  Honorary  Life  Membership  Award. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Jacquelyn  Fredda  Smith,  of  Anderson,  S.C.  on  October  13,  1979.  Children: 
Blekley,  Teddy  and  Molly.  Member,  Southview  Baptist  Church;  Deacon. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Education  Subcommittee  on  Preschool,  Elementary  &  Secondary  Education. 
Vice  Chair:  Education;  Pensions  and  Retirement;  Transportation  Subcommittee  on 

Highways. 
Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Education;  Environment. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


585 


John  Hugh  Weatherly 

(Republican  -  Cleveland  County) 

Forty-eighth  Representative  District  - 

Rutherford,  Cleveland,  and  portions  of 

Gaston  and  Polk  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  McColl,  Marlboro  County,  S.C., 
April  5,  1924,  to  Rufus  and  Rosa  (Riley) 
Weatherly. 

Educational  Background 

McColl  High  School,  McColl,  S.C.,  1942; 
University  of  Georgia,  1949,  B.S.  Forestry. 

Professional  Background 

Forester,  Bowater  Carolina;  President,  N.C. 
Division-Society  of  American  Foresters. 

Organiza  tions 

N.C.  Forestry  Association,  President,  1969;  Rotary;  United  Way  Board  of  Directors; 
Past  member,  Board  of  Trustees,  Catawba  Valley  Community  College. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1989-90,  1993-present;  Member,  Catawba 
County  Board  of  Commissioners,  1970-74. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Member,  General  Assembly  Environmental  Review  Study  Commission. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Marines,  Fighter  Pilot,  Major,  WWII,  Korean;  Air  Medal,  1944;  Distinguished 
Flying  Cross,  1944. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Willette  H.  Weatherly,  April  26,  1946.    Children:    Keith,  Karl  and  Kim. 
Member,  Shelby  Presbyterian;  Deacon,  1962-66;  Elder  (ordained). 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:    Agriculture;  Environment;  Finance;  Judiciary  II;  Transportation 
Subcommittee  on  Public  Transportation. 


586 


North  Carolina  Manual 


ichael  Satterfield  Wilkins 

(Democrat  -  Person  County) 

Twenty-second  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Franklin,  Granville,  Halifax, 

Person,  Vance  and  Warren  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Roxboro,  Person  County,  May  17, 
1945,  to  W.  A.  Wilkins  and  Sue  (Satterfield) 
Wilkins. 

Educational  Background 

Roxboro  High  School,  1963;  UNC,  Chapel 
Hill,  1967,  B.S.,  Business  Administration. 

Professional  Background 

Businessman,  Convenience  Corner,  Inc.; 
Currently  operator  of  car  washes;  Investments. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

N.C.  Rest.  Association;  Roxboro  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Director  and  Treasurer; 
Doctor  Recruitment  Committee;  Recreational  League  Football  and  Basketball  Coach. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Past  Chair,  First  Union  National  Bank,  Local  Board;  Person  County  Airport 
Commission. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993;  County  Commissioner,  Person  County, 
1980-88,  (chairman,  1986-88);  Council  Government  Region  H,  Chair;  Chair,  Joint 
Regional  Forum  87. 

Military  Service 
U.S.  Air  Force,  3726  BMTS,  Captain,  1967-71. 

Honors  and  A  wards 
United  States  Air  Force  Commendation  Award. 

Personal  Information 

Children:  Jennifer,  Diana  and  Brett.  Member,  Mebane  Memorial,  Roxboro. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  General  Government;  Business  &  Labor 
Subcommittee  on  Economic  Expansion  &  Growth;  Judiciary  III;  Local  and 
Regional  Government  II;  Transportation  Subcommittee  in  Airports,  Railways  & 
Waterways. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  587 

Wade  Franklin  Wilmotfa     IP 

(Democrat  -  Watauga  County) 

Fortieth  Representative  District  - 

Alleghany,  Ashe,  Stokes,  Surry  and 

Watauga  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Dobson,  Surry  County,  November 
14,  1934,  to  Jennings  and  Lillie  Mae 
Campbell  Wilmoth. 

Educational  Background 

Dobson  High  School,  1953,  Appalachian 
State  University,  B.S.,  1956. 

Professional  Background 

Realtor,  Wade  Wilmoth  Realty;  Director, 

First  Union  National  Bank,  1972-present;  State  Director  of  the  N.C.  Realtors 

Associations,  1986. 

Organizations 

Appalachian  State  University  Chancellors  Committee,  1983-86;  Honorary  Director, 
Boone  Area  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Hound  Ears  Club;  Former  President,  Boone 
Jaycees,  1970-71;  United  Way,  1969;  Watauga  County  Heart  Association,  1982-84; 
Chair,  Northwest  N.C.  Development  Association. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1987-88, 1991-present;  Boone  City  Council  (1 
term);  Mayor  of  Boone  (2  terms);  Three  key  achievements  made  in  Boone:  City 
Management  form  of  Government,  Seven  Million  Dollar  Water  Referendum  passed, 
Sewer  Capacity  Plant  was  added  to  double  the  former  capacity. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Army,  Engineers,  PFC,  1958-59,  West  Germany;  Good  Conduct  Medal; 
Marksman. 

Honors  and  Awards 

Young  Man  of  the  Year,  1969;  Realtor  of  the  Year,  1986;  Outstanding  Community 
Development  Award,  1984. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Gloria  Sue  Watts  of  Lenoir,  November  5,  1960.  Children:  Greg  and  April. 
First  Baptist  Church  of  Boone. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Chair:  Business  and  Labor  Subcommittee  on  Travel  and  Tourism. 

Vice  Chair:  Business  and  Labor;  Education  Subcommittee  on  Community  Colleges 

and  Universities;  State  Government  Subcommittee  on  State  Parks,  Facilities  and 

Property. 
Member:  Finance;  Insurance. 


North  Carolina  Manual 

Constance  Krarner  Wilson 

(Republican  -  Mecklenburg 
County) 

Fifty-seventh  Representative  District  - 
Portions  of  Mecklenburg  County. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Dayton,  Ohio,  August  9,  1959,  to 
Michael  C.  Kramer  and  Mona  (Miller) 
Kramer. 

Educational  Background 

LaPorte  High  School,  LaPorte,  IN,  1977; 
Indiana  University,  1981,  B.S.,  Finance. 

Professional  Background 

Banker,  NationsBank. 

Organizations 

Junior  Achievement;  United  Way;  Arts  and  Science  Council;  PTA  Treasurer;  Co 
Chair,  Mecklenburg  County  Blue  Ribbon  Commission  on  County  Governance,  1992; 
American  Legislative  Exchange;  N.C.  Institute  of  Politics,  1989;  Darden  School 
Emerging  Political  Leaders,  1993. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Governors  Council  on  Literacy;  Governor's  Commission  on  Infant  Mortality; 
Commission  on  Nursing;  Commission  on  Aging. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-present;  Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1989- 
90. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Thomas  S.  Wilson,  of  Roanoke  Rapids,  July  27,  1985.  Children:  Thomas, 
Kirsten,  Heather  and  Ashely.  Victory  Wood  Church;  Sunday  School  Teacher, 


COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Children,  Youth  and  Families;  Education  Subcommittee  on  Preschool, 
Elementary  &  Secondary  Education;  Finance;  Health  and  Human  Services 
Subcommittee  on  Health  Care  &  Access  ;  Local  and  Regional  Government  I. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 
Stephen  Wray  Wood 

(Republican  -  Guilford  County) 

Twenty-seventh  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Davidson  and  Guilford 

Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Winston-Salem,  Forsyth  County, 
October  6,  1948,  to  Dock  Wesley  Richard 
Thomas  Edmund  and  Annie  (Harris)  Wood. 

Educational  Background 

Old  Richmond  Elementary,  North  Forsyth 
High  School,  1966;  John  Wesley  College, 
Th.B.,  1970;  Asbury  College,  B.A.,  1973; 
UNC-Greensboro,  M.A.,  1980;  Luther  Rice 
Seminary,  D.Min.,  1982;  M.Div.,  Houston 
Graduate  School  of  Theology,  Post  Graduate  Studies  at  Princeton  Seminary,  UNC- 
Greensboro  Earlham  School  of  Religion,  Appalachian  State  University. 

Professional  Background 

Educator,  Pastor;  Singer,  songwriter  and  recording  artist;  former  Professor,  History 
and  Education,  and  Assistant  Academic  Dean,  John  Wesley  College;  Veterans 
Services  Officer,  N.C.  Division  of  Veterans  Affairs,  1987-1989;  Accredited  Veterans 
Services  Officer,  1987-present. 

Organizations 

American  Historical  Association;  Society  of  American  Church  History;  Southern 
Historical  Association;  High  Point  Jaycees  (Chaplain,  1982);  American  Legislative 
Exchange  Council,  American  Legion. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Steering  Committee,  Friends  Center,  Guilford  College;  Trustee,  John  Wesley  College; 
Director  and  President,  Triad  Christian  Counseling  Center. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1985-86,  1989-90,  1991-992,  1993-present; 
Vice  Chair,  Guilford  County  Republican  Party,  1983-1985. 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Army  (E-3),  Captain,  North  Carolina  State  Defense  Militia,  55  Battalion. 

Literary  Works 

Composer  and  recording  artist:  Albums  include  "Love  and  Devotion,  Travelin 
Troubadour,  "Titus  Overture",  Contributor  to  the  Dictionary  of  North  Carolina 
Biography. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Starr  Smith,  June  18,  1978.  Children:  Allyson  Wray  and  Joshua  Fleming 
Harris.  Member,  N.C.  Friends;  Pastor,  N.C.  Yearly  Meeting  of  Friends,  1980-present. 


590  North  Carolina  Manual 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Vice  Chair:  Education;  State  Government  Subcommittee  on  Military,  Veterans  and 

Indian  Affairs. 
Member:  Education  Subcommittee  on  Preschool,  Elementary  &  Secondary  Education; 

Finance,  Local  and  Regional  Government  I;  Rules,  Calendar,  and  Operations  of 

the  House. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


591 


Thonias  Edward  Wright 

(Democrat  -  New  Hanover  County) 

Ninety-eighth  Representative  District  - 

Portions  of  Brunswick,  Columbus,  New 

Hanover  and  Pender  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Wilmington,  New  Hanover  County, 
August  7,  1955,  to  William  Dallas  Wright,  I 
and  Sarah  Gibbs  Wright. 

Educational  Background 

John  T.  Hoggard,  1973;  Southeastern 
Community  College,  college  transfer,  1973- 
75;  UNC-Wilmington,  Psychology  and 
Biology,  1978-80;  Coastal  Carolina 
Community  College,  Paramedic,  1988. 

Professional  Background 

Business/Instructor,  Wrightway  Safety  &  Health  Co.,  Inc.,  President  and  Owner; 
EMS-Instructor,  Cape  Fear  Community  College;  Past  President,  Co-Owner  and 
Founder  Medical  Transportation  Specialist,  Inc. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

National  Association  of  EMS  Instructors;  N.C.  Association  of  Paramedics,  member; 
N.C.  Association  of  Emergency  Medical  Technicians;  Member,  Wilmington  Optimist 
Club;  Giblem  Lodge  #2  PHA;  Wilmington  Masons  United  PHA  St.  Thomas  Historic 
Preservation  Society;  Wilmington-New  Hanover  Community  Development 
Corporation;  Member,  New  Hanover  Community  Health  Center;  NAACP;  SCLC; 
Pioneer  Education  Project;  Member,  New  Hanover  Community  Auction,  Inc. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Minority  Health  Advisory  Council,  1993;  Cancer  Control  and  Coordination 
Commission,  1994;  N.C.  Health  Planning  Commission,  1993. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-present;  Wilmington  City  Council, 
1990-92  (appointed  to  fill  vacancy);  Precinct  Chair,  1990-93. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Joyce  Nixon,  of  Wilmington,  August  15,  1981.  Children:  Darryl  Lamonte; 
Shakima  Z.  (Kim);  Trinette  Marcia  and  Thomas  E.,  II.  Saint  Mary  Catholic  Church; 
Parish  Council  (member),  1991-93;  Usher,  1992-present;  President  (emeriti)  African- 
American  Ministry. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 


Business  and  Labor  Subcommittee  on  Labor  Relations  and  Employment;  Children, 
Youth  and  Families;  Education  Committee  on  Preschool,  Elementary  & 
Secondary  Education;  Finance;  Health  and  Human  Services  Subcommittee  on 
Human  Services. 


592 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Douglas  Yates  Yongme 

(Democrat  -  Scotland  County) 

Sixteenth  Representative  District- 
Portions  of  Cumberland,  Hoke,  Moore, 
Robeson  and  Scotland  Counties. 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Lumberton,  Robeson  County,  March 
20,  1937,  to  Robert  Eugene  Yongue,  Jr.  and 
Elizabeth  Gibson  Yongue. 

Educational  Background 

Laurinburg  High  School,  1955;  Edwards 
Military  Institute,  A.A.  Degree,  1957;  East 
Carolina  University,  B.S.  Degree  in 
Industrial  Arts,  1959;  East  Carolina 
University,  M.A.  Degree  in  Industrial  Arts 
and  Administration,  1960;  Completed  45  hours  at  East  Carolina  University  and 
Western  Carolina  University  to  obtain  State  Certification  in  Guidance  and 
Counseling,  1965;  Nove  University,  Educational  Doctorate,  1968. 

Professional  Background 

Educator,  Public  Schools  of  Robeson  County;  Special  Projects  Administrator,  1994; 
Assistant  Superintendent,  Robeson  County  Schools,  1981-92;  Superintendent, 
Maxton  City  Schools,  1973-81;  Principal,  Scotland  High  School,  1969-71;  President,  Y 
and  W  Builders,  Inc. 

Organizations 

American  Association  of  School  Administrators;  Phi  Delta  Kappa;  National  Asbestos 
Council;  North  Carolina  Asbestos  Council;  National  Radon  Association. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-. 

Honors  and  Awards 

Administrator  of  the  Year,  Robeson  County  Association  of  Office  Personnel  of 
Robeson  County  Schools,  1987;  Outstanding  Young  Educator,  The  Maxton,  Jaycees, 
1972;  Outstanding  Young  Educator,  The  Laurinburg  Jaycees,  1968. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Mildred  Hurley  of  Troy,  N.C,  August  20,  1961.  Children:  Douglas  Jr.  and 
Margaret  Elizabeth.  Saint  Luke  United  Methodist  Church;  Charter  Member;  Co- 
Chair,  Building  Committee;  Chair,  Administrative  Board;  Chair,  Trustees. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Member:  Appropriations  Subcommittee  on  Natural  and  Economic  Resources; 
Environment;  Pensions  and  Retirement;  Public  Utilities;  Transportation 
Subcommittee  on  Public  Transportation. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


593 


Demise  Gale  Weeks 

PRINCIPAL  CLERK 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Raleigh,  Wake  County,  July  22, 
1955,  to  Mack  Weeks  and  Winnifred 
Stephenson  Weeks. 

Educational  Background 

Fuquay-Varina  High,  1973;  N.C.  State 
University,  1973-74,  1978. 

Professional  Background 

Principal  Clerk,  North  Carolina  House  of 
Representatives,  1993-present;  General 
Partner,  Family  Business. 

Organizations 

American  Society  of  Legislative  Clerks  and  Secretaries;  Administrator,  N.C.  Seafood 
Festival,  1988. 

Political  Activities 

Principal  Clerk,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-present;  Assistant  Calendar 
Clerk,  N.C.  House,  1977-80;  Computer  Clerk,  N.C.  House,  1980-82;  Calendar  Clerk, 
N.C.  House,  1985-88;  Administrative  Assistant,  N.C.  House,  1989-92. 


594 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Oscar  Lee  Tyson,  Jr« 

(Democrat-N.  C.  House  Sgt.-at-Arms) 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Nash  County,  October  12,  1932,  to 
Oscar  Lee  Tyson,  Sr.  and  Nettie  Edwards 
Tyson. 

Educational  Background 

Spring  Hope  High  School,  1946-50;  UNC, 
Chapel  Hill,  Business  Administration. 

Professional  Background 

Merchant  (Retired),  Tyson's  General  Store, 
Manager-owner. 

Organizations 

Spring  Hope  Chapter  N.C.  Jaycees;  American  Heart  Association,  Nash  County  Fund 
Raising,  Co  Chair;  Board  of  Directors  Coastal  Plain  Heart  Association;  Founder, 
Community  Recreation,  Spring  Hope. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Nash  County  Planning  Board;  Nash  Board  of  Social  Services;  Trustee,  Nash 
Technical  Institute;  Zebulon  Board  of  Adjustments  (former  chair);  N.C.  Commission 
on  Recreation;  Vice  Chair,  Region  4,  National  Legislative  Services  and  Security 
Association. 

Political  Activities 

N.C.  Sgt-At-Arms;  N.C.  House  of  Representatives  Assistant;  Sergeant-at-Arms,  1985; 
Deputy  Sergeant-at-Arms,  1986-92;  Former  Chair,  Nash  County  Democratic  Party. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Spring  Hope  Chapter,  N.C.  Jaycees,  Distinguished  Service  Award  and  Presidential 
Award  of  Honor. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Air  Force,  Air  Weather  Service,  A/1C,  December,  1952-December  1956,  Korean 
War  Veteran. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Myrtle  Raines  Tyson,  March  3,  1972.  Zebulon  United  Methodist; 
Administrative  Board,  Chair  (former);  Trustee. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 
Lisa  Foster  Smith 


595 


(Democrat  -  N.  C.  House  Reading 

Clerk) 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Rocky  Mount,  Nash  County,  April 
10,  1959,  to  Charles  Henry  Foster  and  Inez 
Wilkins  Foster. 

Educational  Background 

South  Iredell  High  School,  Barium  Springs, 
1974-77;  Mitchell  Community  College, 
1977-78;  East  Carolina  University;  N.C. 
State  University. 

Professional  Background 

Office  Manager,  Al  Smith  Insurance  Agency 
(Nationwide  Insurance). 

Organiza  tions 

American  Business  Women's  Association;  Notary  Public  since  1987;  Member,  Delta 
Sigma  Theta  Sorority,  Inc.,  since  1978;  Primary  Advisor  of  Delta  Sigma  Theta 
Sorority,  Inc.,  since  1978;  Primary  Advisor  of  Collegiate  Chapter  at  N.C.  State 
University,  since  1990;  Member,  Order  of  the  Golden  Circle  (Women's  Masonic 
Auxiliary). 

Political  Activities 

Reading  Clerk,  House  of  Representatives,  1993-present;  Special  Voter  Registration 
Commissioner,  Wake  County. 

Person  al  In  form  a  tion 

Married,  Alfred  L.  Smith,  Jackson  Springs,  February  14,  1988.  Member,  St.  John 
Baptist  Church. 


596 


North  Carolina  Manual 


^f    Jatnes  William  McGinnis 

Chaplain,  N.C.  House 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Randleman,  Randolph  County, 
April  20,  1921,  to  Robert  Ashe  and  Mamie 
Diana  Warlick  McGinnis. 

Educational  Background 

Boyden  High  School  (Salisbury),  1938; 
Guilford  College,  A.B.  Sociology,  1942; 
Hartford  School  of  Religious  Education, 
M.A.,  Education,  1943;  Duke  Divinity 
School,  Masters  of  Divinity,  Religion,  1945; 
Command  &  General  Staff  Command 
Course,  Army,  Auditor,  1972;  Air  Force  War 
College  Course,  Graduate,  1974;  Army 

Chaplain  Schools,  1951-75. 

Professional  Background 

Presbyterian  Minister;  Moderator,  Granville  Presbytery,  1954;  Director  of  Religious 
and  Moral  Training,  N.C.  Division  of  Youth  Development,  1966-73;  CETA  Job 
Training  Officer,  1974;  Program  Representative,  N.C.  Division  of  Aging,  1977-87. 

Organizations 

Greensboro  Jaycees,  Honorary  Member;  Havelock  Lions  Club;  Cary  Rotary  Club; 
Liaison  between  N.C.  Division  of  Aging  and  Inter-Faith  Coalition  on  Aging  and  the 
V.A.  Hospitals. 

Political  Activities 

Chaplain,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1989-present. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Army,  NG  &  U.S.A.R.,  LTC,  1951-75;  State  Chaplain,  1951-75;  Reserves,  N.C. 
ARNG  &  U.S.A.R.;  Good  Conduct  and  National  Defense  medals. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Margaret  Faye  Maness  of  Biscoe,  April  2,  1948.  Children:  James  W.  Jr. 
(deceased),  Nancy  Lynn  and  Amy  Rose.  Pastorates,  Tacoma  Park  Presbyterian 
Church,  Washington,  D.C.;  Kirkwood  and  Royal  Oaks  Presbyterian  Church, 
Greensboro;  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Raleigh;  Trinity  Presbyterian  Church, 
Havelock;  Cary  Presbyterian  Church,  Cary. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  597 


House  of  Representatives 


Committee  Assignments  1993 

AGRICULTURE 

James,  Chair 

Bowen,  J.  Brown,  Howard  and  McLawhorn,  Vice  Chairs;  Alphin, 
Braswell,  Brubaker,  Creech,  Culp,  Culpepper,  Cummings,  Daughtry,  Fussell, 
Hayes,  Hightower,  Hill,  H.  Hunter,  Lutz,  Mavretic,  Mercer,  Mitchell, 
Nichols,  C.  Preston,  Rogers,  Russell,  Smith,  Spears,  Stewart,  Wainwright 
and  Weatherly. 

APPROPRIATIONS 

Diamont  and  Nesbitt,  Co  Chairs 

Subcommittee  on  Education:  Black  and  Rogers,  Co  Chairs;  Arnold, 
Barnes,  Cummings,  Edwards,  Fussell,  Grady,  Kuczmarski,  Michaux, 
Oldham,  Russell,  Sexton,  Smith  and  Warner. 

Subcommittee  on  General  Government:  Crawford  and  Wainwright,  Co 
Chairs;  Ellis,  Gray,  Hensley,  Jeffus,  Kennedy,  Mercer,  Nichols  and  Wilkins. 

Subcommittee  on  Human  Resources:  Easterling  and  Nye,  Co  Chairs; 
Alexander,  Baddour,  Barnhill,  Dickson,  Esposito,  Gardner,  Green,  Ives  and 

Lutz. 

Subcommittee  on  Justice  and  Public  Safety:  Gist  and  Holt,  Co  Chairs; 
Brubaker,  Flaherty,  Justus,  Kinney,  McCrary,  Redwine,  Richardson  and  G. 
Thompson. 

Subcommittee  on  Natural  and  Economic  Resources:  Bowman  and 
DeVane,  Co  Chairs;  Culp,  Dockham,  Gottovi,  H.  Hunter,  James,  Jenkins  and 
J.  Preston. 

Subcommittee  on  Transportation:  McAllister  and  McLaughlin,  Co  Chairs; 
Alphin,  Barbee,  Bowie,  Burton,  Creech,  Hall,  Holmes,  Lemmond, 
McLawhorn  and  Sutton. 

BUSINESS  AND  LABOR 

Redwine,  Chair 
Beall,  Jarrell,  Morgan,  Robinson,  and  Wilmoth,  Vice  Chairs. 

Subcommittee  on  Economic  Expansion  and  Growth:  Jarrell,  Chair; 
Bowman,  Nye  and  Russell,  Vice  Chairs;  Alphin,  Baddour,  Bowie,  Burton, 
Hall,  Lemmond,  Robinson,  Wainwright  and  Wilkins. 


598  North  Carolina  Manual 

Subcommittee  on  Labor  Relations  and  Employment:  Beall,  Chair; 
Kennedy,  Vice  Chair;  Brawley,  D.  Brown,  Cummings,  Easterling,  Flaherty, 
Hill,  Kuczmarski,  Mitchell,  Sexton,  Sutton,  Wilson  and  Wright. 

Subcommittee  on  Travel  and  Tourism:  Wilmoth,  Chair;  Grady  and 
Stewart,  Vice  Chairs;  Balmer,  H.  Hunter,  Jeffus,  McLawhorn,  Morgan  and 
C.  Preston. 

CHILDREN,  YOUTH  AND  FAMILIES 

H.  Hunter,  Chair 
Easterling,  Esposito  and  Jarrell,  Vice  Chairs;  Baddour,  Barnhill,  Berry, 
Bowie,  D.  Brown,  Colton,  Diamont,  Ellis,  Gamble,  Gardner,  Griffin,  Hayes, 
Hensley,  Ives,  Jeffus,  Kuczmarski,  McAllister,  McLawhorn,  Moore,  Rogers, 
Sexton,  C.  Wilson  and  Wright. 

CONSTITUTIONAL  AMENDMENTS  &  REFERENDA 

Fitch,  Chair 
Barnes,  Vice  Chair;  Brawley,  Gist,  Hackney,  Holt,  Jack  Hunt,  Kennedy, 
Lemmond,  Mavretic,  G.  Miller,  Morgan,  Ramsey  and  Robinson. 

COURTS  AND  JUSTICE 

Kennedy,  Chair 
Barnes  and  Justus,  Vice  Chairs;  Braswell,  Decker,  Fitch,  Flaherty,  R. 
Hunter,  Lee,  Michaux,  McCombs,  Nesbitt,  Nichols,  Richardson,  Spears  and 
G.  Thompson. 

EDUCATION 

Barnes,  Chair 
Fussell,  Oldham,  Warner  and  Wood,  Vice  Chairs. 

Subcommittee  on  Community  Colleges  and  Universities:  Oldham, 
Chair;  Crawford,  Gray  and  Wilmoth,  Vice  Chairs;  Barnhill,  Beall,  Dockham, 
Grady,  Luebke  and  C.  Preston. 

Subcommittee  on  Pre-School,  Elementary  and  Secondary  Education: 

Warner,  Chair;  Fussell  and  Holt,  Vice  Chairs;  Arnold,  Bowman,  Cummings, 
Diamont,  Dickson,  Edwards,  Green,  Hall,  Hightower,  Jarrell,  Jeffus, 
Jenkins,  Kinney,  McAllister,  Miner,  Nye,  J.  Preston,  Sexton,  G.  Thompson, 
C.  Wilson,  Wood  and  Wright. 

ENVIRONMENT 

Gottovi,  Chair 
Culp,  DeVane  and  Hackney,  Vice  Chairs;  Alexander,  J.  Brown,  Colton, 
Culpepper,  Creech,  Fussell,  Gray,  Green,  Griffin,  Hayes,  Hightower,  Holt, 
Jenkins,  Kinney,  Luebke,  B.  Miller,  Miner,  Richardson,  Warner  and 

Weatherly. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  599 

ETHICS 

Cotton,  Chair 
Diamont,  Gray,  R.  Hunter  and  Tallent,  Vice  Chairs;  B aimer,  Crawford, 
Creech,  Dockham,  Ellis,  Grady,  Kennedy,  Michaux,  Ramsey  and  Spears. 

FINANCE 

Hackney  and  G.  Miller,  Co  Chairs 
Brawley,  Cunningham,  Gamble,  Lee  and  Morgan,  Vice  Chairs;  Balmer, 
Beall,  Berry,  Bowen,  Braswell,  D.  Brown,  J.  Brown,  Church,  Cole,  Colton, 
Culpepper,  Daughtry,  Decker,  Fitch,  Griffin,  Hayes,  Hightower,  Hill, 
Howard,  Jack  Hunt,  R.  Hunter,  Jarrell,  Joye,  Luebke,  Mavretic,  McCombs, 
B.  Miller,  Miner,  Mitchell,  Moore,  C.  Preston,  Ramsey,  Robinson,  Spears, 
Stewart,  Tallent,  Weatherly,  Wilmoth,  C.  Wilson,  Wood  and  Wright. 

FINANCIAL  INSTITUTIONS 

Ramsey,  Chair 
Holmes,  McAllister  and  Smith,  Vice  Chairs;  Braswell,  Brubaker,  Church, 
Cole,  Cunningham,  Dockham,  Gamble,  Gist,  Hensley,  Howard,  R.  Hunter, 
Joye,  Justus,  McCombs,  Mercer,  Nichols,  Spears  and  Tallent. 

HEALTH  AND  HUMAN  SERVICES 

Mavretic,  Chair 
Dickson,  Gamble,  Green  and  Jeffus,  Vice  Chairs. 

Subcommittee  on  Health  Care  and  Access:  Gamble,  Chair;  Arnold, 
Barnhill,  D.  Brown,  Dickson,  Gottovi,  Hayes,  Jenkins,  Kuczmarski,  B.  Miller, 
Moore,  J.  Preston  and  C.  Wilson. 

Subcommittee  on  Human  Services:  Green,  Chair;  Esposito  and  H. 
Hunter,  Vice  Chairs;  Alexander,  Brubaker,  Church,  Culp,  Easterling, 
Richardson  and  Wright. 

Subcommittee  on  Aging:  Jeffus,  Chair;  Gardner  and  Lutz,  Vice  Chairs; 
Cummings,  Cunningham,  Edwards  and  Ives. 

INSURANCE 

Cunningham,  Chair 
Black,  Dockham,  Gray,  Hightower  and  Redwine,  Vice  Chairs;  Barbee, 
Bowman,  Brawley,  Church,  Cole,  Dickson,  Edwards,  Gardner,  Gottovi, 
Holmes,  Lee,  Luebke,  McLaughlin,  B.  Miller,  Oldham,  Wainwright  and 
Wilmoth. 


600  North  Carolina  Manual 

JUDICIARY  I 

Michaux,  Chair 
Flaherty,  Hackney  and  Holt,  Vice  Chairs;  Alexander,  Esposito,  Justus, 
Lemmond,  McCrary,  McLaughlin,  G.  Miller,  Miner,  Moore  and  Richardson. 

JUDICIARY  II 

R.  Hunter,  Chair 
Brubaker  and  Kennedy,  Vice  Chairs;  Braswell,  Culpepper,  Daughtry, 
Easterling,  Gamble,  Gardner,  Gottovi,  Griffin,  Kuczmarski,  Redwine,  Sutton 
and  Weatherly. 

JUDICIARY  III 

Hensley,  Chair 
Fitch,  Lee  and  Robinson,  Vice  Chairs;  Baddour,  Balmer,  Barnes,  Bowie, 
Decker,  Holmes,  Jarrell,  Jenkins,  B.  Miller,  Nesbitt  and  Wilkins. 

LOCAL  AND  REGIONAL  GOVERNMENT  I:  j 

Rogers,  Vice  Chair;  Braswell,  Culpepper,  Ellis,  Fitch,  James,  Lemmond, 
McCrary,  C.  Wilson  and  Wood. 

LOCAL  AND  REGIONAL  GOVERNMENT  II: 

Lutz,  Chair 
Gist  and  McLaughlin,  Vice  Chairs;  Alphin,  Barbee,  Burton,  Decker, 
Esposito,  Howard,  Ives,  Joye,  Mercer,  Mitchell,  Wainwright  and  Wilkins. 

PENSIONS  AND  RETIREMENT 

Lee,  Chair 
Brawley,  Ramsey  and  Warner,  Vice  Chairs;  Barbee,  Beall,  Church, 
Daughtry,  DeVane,  Grady,  Hall,  Justus,  Lutz,  McCombs,  Mercer,  Oldham,  J. 
Preston  and  Rogers. 

PUBLIC  EMPLOYEES 

Fussell,  Chair 
Bowman  and  Stewart,  Vice  Chairs;  Barnes,  Decker,  Griffin,  McLawhorn, 
Michaux,  Miner,  Nesbitt,  Nye,  Oldham,  C.  Preston,  Redwine,  Russell, 
Sexton,  Smith,  Sutton  and  G.  Thompson. 

PUBLIC  UTILITIES 

Bowen,  Holmes  and  G.  Miller,  Vice  Chairs;  Balmer,  Berry,  D.  Brown, 
Burton,  Culpepper,  DeVane,  Flaherty,  Hill,  Ives,  James,  Mavretic,  McCrary, 
Ramsey,  Robinson  and  Tallent. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  601 

RULES,  CALENDAR,  AND  OPERATIONS  OF  THE  HOUSE 

Jack  Hunt,  Chair 
Hackney,  James,  Michaux  and  Robinson,  Vice  Chairs;  Alexander, 
Brawley,  Colton,  Culp,  Dickson,  Hensley,  Hill,  R.  Hunter,  Lee,  McCrary,  G. 
Miller,  Mitchell,  Moore,  Morgan,  Tallent  and  Wood. 

STATE  GOVERNMENT 

Hightower,  Chair 
Barnhill,  Smith  and  Stewart,  Vice  Chairs. 

Subcommittee  on  Boards  and  Commissions:  Barnhill,  Chair; 
Cunningham  and  Russell,  Vice  Chairs;  Black,  Cole,  Diamont,  Ellis,  Morgan, 
Nye  and  G.  Thompson. 

Subcommittee  on  Military,  Veterans  and  Indian  Affairs:  Smith,  Chair; 
Jack  Hunt  and  Wood,  Vice  Chairs;  J.  Brown,  Grady,  Joye,  Kinney,  Nichols,  J. 
Preston,  Spears  and  Sutton. 

Subcommittee  on  State  Parks,  Facilities  and  Property:  Stewart,  Chair; 
Howard  and  Wilmoth,  Vice  Chairs;  Arnold,  Berry,  Bowen,  Crawford, 
Edwards,  Green  and  Hall. 

TRANSPORTATION 

Bowen,  Bowie,  Luebke  and  McLawhorn,  Vice  Chairs. 

Subcommittee  on  Airports,  Railways,  and  Waterways:  McLawhorn, 
Chair;  Bowie,  Colton,  Flaherty,  Gist,  Lee,  McAllister  and  Wilkins. 

Subcommittee  on  Highways:  Bowen,  Chair;  Barbee,  Beall  and  Warner, 
Vice  Chairs;  Alphin,  Baddour,  Berry,  J.  Brown,  Creech,  Jack  Hunt,  Joye, 
McLaughlin  and  McCombs. 

Subcommittee  on  Public  Transportation:  Luebke,  Chair;  DeVane,  Vice 
Chair;  Black,  Burton,  Cole,  Daughtry,  Kinney,  Morgan  and  Weatherly. 


602  North  Carolina  Manual 


603 


North  Carolina  Lighthouses 


Governor  James  B.  Hunt,  Jr.,  by  Executive  Order, 
Proclaimed  1994  to  be  The  Year  of  The  Coast 


This  brief  history  of  North  Carolina's  remaining 
lighthouses  is  a  special  tribute  to  our  coast 


YE^R 


COAST 


N  C  Lighthouses:  A  Brief 
Pictorial  History 

Text  and  Color  Photographs  by  Ed  Can- 
copyright  ©  1994 


North  Carolina  LighthousecS 

North  Carolina's  300  miles  of  low  and  flat  coastline  meets  a  shallow  ocean 
of  constantly  shifting  shoals,  sandbars,  inlets,  and  channels.  History  has 
recorded  thousands  of  shipwrecks  along  that  treacherous  expanse  of  coastal 
waters.  So  great  was  the  loss  of  property  and  life  that  the  coast  has  been 
known  for  centuries  as  the  legendary  "Graveyard  of  the  Atlantic." 

Shortly  after  the  Revolutionary  War,  the  state  legislature  recognized  the  need 
to  facilitate  safe  access  to  Wilmington  and  Ocracoke,  the  two  most  active 
ports  on  the  coast.  In  1784,  five  years  before  die  ratification  of  the  United 
States  Constitution,  the  legislature  audiorized  a  tax  to  pay  for  a  lighthouse  at 
Bald  Head  on  Smith  Island.  This  lighthouse  was  needed  to  guide  ships  into 
the  Cape  Fear  River  and  die  port  at  Wilmington. 

The  1 789  legislature  voted  to  build  a  lighdiouse  at  Ocracoke  to  bring  ships 
bound  for  Bath,  Edenton,  and  New  Bern  safely  dirough  Ocracoke  Inlet. 

Later  that  same  year,  the  United  States  Congress  enacted  a  law  requiring  the 
federal  government  to  build,  maintain,  and  own  all  lighdiouses  in  America. 
North  Carolina  quickly  transferred  title  for  die  nearly  completed  Bald  Head 
Lighdiouse  and  die  Ocracoke  Lighdiouse  site  to  die  United  States  government. 

Congress  assigned  die  initial  responsibility  for  lighdiouses  to  President 
George  Washington's  Secretary  of  die  Treasury,  Alexander  Hamilton. 

In  die  two  centuries  that  have  followed,  the  federal  government  has  put  more 
dian  60  light  structures  along  die  Nordi  Carolina  coast.  These  have  included 
lighdiouses,  lightships,  screw-pile  lighdiouses,  and  Texas  towers.  Ten  of 
diem  remain.  Eightof  die  10  are  functional  lights.  Of  the  two  non-functional 
structures,  one,  Bald  Head  Lighthouse,  is  a  restored  historical  site.  The 
odier,  Price's  Creek  Lighdiouse,  is  a  little  known  relic,  never  restored  to 
service  after  die  Civil  War. 

The  functional  lights  are  Oak  Island  Lighdiouse,  Frying  Pan  Light  Tower, 
Cape  Lookout  Lighdiouse,  Ocracoke  Lighdiouse,  Cape  Hatteras  Lighdiouse, 
Diamond  Shoals  Light  Tower,  Bodie  Island  Lighdiouse,  and  Currituck 
Beach  Lighthouse. 


CURRITUCK 
BEACH 


North  Carolina 
Lighthouses 


BODIE 
ISLAND 


CAPE 

HATTERAS 


OCRACOKE 


I 


DIAMOND 
SHOALS 


CAPE  LOOKOUT 


4?  PRICE'S  CREEK 
BALD  HEAD 


I 


FRYING  PAN 


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Old  Baldy  and 
The  (Smith  Island  Lighthouses 

Smith  Island  and  Oak  Island  sit  on  opposite  sides 
of  the  mouth  of  the  Cape  Fear  River.  Smith  Island 
is  composed  of  several  smaller  islands;  including 
Bald  Head  Island,  Middle  Island,  and  East  Beach. 

Bald  Head  Lighthouse,  North  Carolina's  first,  was 
completed  and  lighted  in  1795.  The  lighthouse 
was  built  on  a  mound  of  sand  near  the  point  where 
the  Cape  Fear  River  and  the  ocean  meet.  This 
mound  of  sand  is  the  source  of  the  name,  "Bald 
Head." 


Sailors  complained  about  the  lighthouse  from  the  beginning.  They  argued 
that  it  did  not  adequately  warn  ships  away  from  the  Frying  Pan  Shoals.  Given 
that  the  shoals  extend  some  20  miles  into  the  ocean,  much  of  that  area  would 
never  have  been  marked  by  the  lighthouse. 

Within  15  years  of  lighting  the  Bald  Head  Lighthouse,  a  new  channel  from 
the  ocean  to  the  river  opened  eight  miles  to  the  north,  near  Fort  Fisher  and 
Federal  Point.  The  new  channel  was  named  New  Inlet.  It  was  preferred  by 
most  ships  approaching  from  the  north,  because  it  offered  a  shorter  and  safer 
entrance  to  the  Cape  Fear  River.  Sailors  using  New  Inlet  suggested  that  the 
Bald  Head  Lighthouse  was  in  the  wrong  location.  In  response  to  their 
concerns,  a  50-foot-tall  lighthouse  was  built  at  Federal  Point  in  1 81 6,  to  mark 
New  Inlet. 


By  the  time  the  Federal  Point  Lighthouse  was  completed,  the  Bald  Head 
Lighthouse  was  on  the  brink  of  falling  into  the  ocean.  Unexpected  erosion 
had  put  the  structure  in  great  danger.  Therefore,  a  second  Bald  Head 
Lighthouse  was  built.  It  was  placed  about  a  mile  back  from  the  ocean  in  a 
grove  of  live  oak  trees.  The  octagonally-shaped  brick  structure  was  90  feet  tall, 
and  the  exterior  was  plastered  with  cement.  The  new  lighthouse,  nicknamed 
"Old  Baldy",  was  completed  in  1818. 


In  January,  1865,  Confederate  forces  lost  control  of  the  Cape  Fear  River  in 
the  second  battle  of  Fort  Fisher.  They  disabled  the  light  on  Old  Baldy  and 
destroyed  the  Federal  Point  Lighthouse  before  surrendering. 

A  new  screw-pile  lighthouse  was  built  at  New  Inlet  in  1866,  and  Old  Baldy 
was  left  dark.  Four  years  later  Old  Baldy  was  put  back  into  service,  because 
the  New  Inlet  channel  filled  with  sand,  and  the  inlet  was  gone. 

Complaints  about  ineffective  warning  for  Frying  Pan  Shoals  persisted,  so  in 
1 903,  a  1 50-foot-tall  steel  skeleton  structure  named  the  Cape  Fear  Lighthouse 
was  built  on  Smith  Island,  and  Old  Baldy  was  downgraded  to  a  low-intensity 
non-blinking  light.  The  light  on  Old  Baldy  was  discontinued  in  1935.  From 
1941  to  1958  it  housed  a  radio  beacon  to  guide  ships  in  low  visibility. 

Upon  completion  of  the  Oak  Island  Lighthouse  in  1958,  the  radio  beacon 
was  removed  from  Old  Baldy,  and  the  Cape  Fear  Lighthouse  was  dismantled. 

Old  Baldy,  the  oldest  lighthouse  in  North  Carolina,  no  longer  operates  as 
a  lighthouse.  It  is  restored  as  a  historical  site.  The  grand  old  structure  sits 
near  the  marina  at  Bald  Head  Island  Resort. 


Bald  Head  Lighthouse,  the  first  one  in  North  Carolina,  in  a  1805  sketch  of  a 

water  spout  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cape  Fear  River. 

(N.  C.  Division  of  Archives  and  History  photograph) 


,  SMITHjtLANO,     SOUTHPORT,  N.  C, 


This  steel  skeleton  tower,  the  Cape  Fear  Lighthouse,  replaced  Old  Baldy  in 

1903.  The  tower  was  removed  after  the  Oak  Island  Lighthouse  was  built. 

(N.  C.  Division  of  Archives  and  History  photograph) 


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Ocracoke  Lighthouse 

Ocracoke  was  home  to  the  notorious  pirate, 
Blackbeard,  in  the  early  18th  century.  Between 
attacks  on  merchant  ships  he  kept  his  ship  safely 
hidden  at  Ocracoke.  On  November  21,  1718, 
British  sailors  swarmed  onto  his  ship  at  Ocracoke 
Inlet,  and  Blackbeard  was  killed  in  the  bloody 
hand-to-hand  battle. 

In  1794,  Congress  authorized  construction  of  a 
lighthouse  at  Ocracoke.  However,  it  was  not  built 
on  the  lighthouse  site  that  had  been  purchased  by 
North  Carolina  and  deeded  to  the  federal 
government. 


A  long  and  narrow  island  near  Ocracoke  Harbor  made  of  oyster  shells 
bordered  the  channel  leading  from  the  inlet  to  the  Pamlico  Sound.  The 
island,  named  Shell  Castle  Island,  was  quickly  becoming  a  center  of  marine 
commerce.  The  lighthouse  was  built  on  the  island,  and  named  the  Shell 
Castle  Lighthouse. 

The  lighthouse  was  a  wooden  structure  55  feet  high.  The  base  was  25  feet 
in  diameter,  and  a  small  lighthouse  keeper's  quarters  was  attached.  Shell 
Castle  Lighthouse  was  completed  around  1 800. 

Between  1 806  and  1818,  the  island  suffered  three  major  disasters.  A  violent 
storm  hit  in  1806,  and  destroyed  most  of  the  shipping  facilities.  Shortly 
thereafter,  the  channel  began  to  shift  away  from  the  island,  and  a  new 
channel  opened  about  a  mile  away.  Finally,  in  1818,  lightning  struck  the 
lighthouse  and  burned  it  down. 

In  1823,  a  76-foot-high  replacement  lighthouse  was  built  on  Ocracoke 
Island.    The  exterior  was  plastered  wid\  cement  and  whitewashed. 

Early  in  the  Civil  War,  Confederate  troops  removed  the  lens  from  the  lamp. 
It  was  replaced  by  Union  forces  in  1863. 

The  Ocracoke  Lighthouse  is  still  in  service  with  a  low-intensity  automated 
light.  It  is  the  oldest  active  lighthouse  in  North  Carolina,  and  it  is  among 
the  oldest  active  lighthouses  in  the  Soudi. 


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Cape  Hatteras  Lighthouse 

The  most  hazardous  stretch  of  water  along  die  North 
Carolina  coast  is  at  Cape  Hatteras.  That  is  where  the 
cold  southbound  Labrador  Current  and  die  warm 
northbound  Gulf  Stream  collide  and  cause  turbulent 
seas,  shifting  sand  bars,  and  a  foggy  mist.  That  is 
where  hundreds  of  ships  have  entered  the  Graveyard 
of  the  Atlantic. 

Congress  authorized  construction  of  a  lighthouse  at 
Cape  Hatteras  in  1794,  in  the  same  legislation  diat 
authorized  die  lighthouse  at  Shell  Castle  Island 
(Ocracoke).  Nine  years  later,  in  1803,  die  Cape 
Hatteras  Lighdiouse  was  finally  completed.  It  was 
made  of  sandstone  and  stood  90  feet  high. 

Sailors  immediately  complained  diat  diey  could  not 
see  the  light.  Some  said  diey  saw  die  beach,  but 
never  saw  die  light.  The  lighthouse  seemed  to  be  just 
die  right  height  to  be  shrouded  in  die  blanket  of 
foggy  mist  much  of  the  time. 

In  1853,  the  government  responded  to  die  complaints  by  increasing  die 
height  of  die  lighdiouse  to  1 50  feet.  This  was  accomplished  by  adding  60 
feet  of  brick  on  top  of  die  existing  90  feet  of  sandstone.  The  newly  elevated 
lighthouse  was  fitted  widi  a  first-order  Fresnel  lens,  die  brightest  light 
available.  The  top  80  feet  of  die  tower  was  painted  red,  and  the  bottom  70 
feet  was  whitewashed. 

Early  in  the  Civil  War  the  lighdiouse  was  attacked  by  bodi  Union  and 
Confederate  forces.  The  Union  navy  shelled  it  and  damaged  die  exterior. 
Confederate  troops  removed  the  lens  and  destroyed  the  lamp.  Union  forces 
soon  gained  control  of  die  Outer  Banks  and  put  die  lighdiouse  back  in 
service  by  die  summer  of  1862. 

Complaints  persisted  diat  die  Cape  Hatteras  Lighthouse  was  inadequate  to 
guide  ships  past  die  hazards  of  Diamond  Shoals  and  die  Cape.  Therefore, 
a  new  lighdiouse  was  audiorized  in  1867.  The  authorization  also  included 


in 


plans  to  build  two  additional  lighthouses  north  of  Cape  Hatteras  at  40  mile 
intervals. 

The  new  Cape  Hatteras  Lighthouse,  a  very  large  copy  of  the  one  at  Cape 
Lookout,  was  completed  in  1870,  and  it  was  most  impressive.  At  208  feet 
high,  it  was  the  tallest  lighthouse  in  America,  and,  perhaps,  the  tallest  in  the 
world.   Three  years  later  its  black  and  white  spiral  stripes  were  painted. 

The  old  lighthouse  was  destroyed  by  explosives  soon  after  the  new  one 
became  operational. 

In  1936,  the  lighthouse  was  abandoned,  because  the  ocean  water  was  at  its 
base.  The  following  year  a  steel  skeleton  tower  lighthouse  (like  the  one  at 
Smith  Island)  was  erected  in  nearby  Buxton  Woods.  The  light  beamed  from 
this  temporary  location  for  the  next  14  years. 

By  1 950,  the  erosion  had  reversed,  so  the  majestic  Cape  Hatteras  Lighthouse 
was  reactivated,  and  the  steel  skeleton  tower  was  removed. 

Although  the  Coast  Guard  maintains  the  light,  the  lighthouse  is  part  of  the 
Cape  Hatteras  National  Seashore,  and  is  managed  by  the  National  Park 
Service.  It  is  open  to  die  public.  The  keeper's  house  has  been  converted  to 
a  museum  and  gift  shop. 


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The  Diamond  Shoals  Lightship  beached  at  Cape  Hatteras 

during  a  storm  in  1899. 

(N.  C.  Division  of  Archives  and  History  photograph) 


// 


The  first  Cape  Hatteras  Lighthouse  with  an  encampment 

of  Union  forces  in  1861. 

(N.  C.  Division  of  Archives  and  History  photograph) 


12 


Cape  Lookout  Lighthouse 

In  1804,  Congress  authorized  construction  of  a 
lighthouse  at  Cape  Lookout  to  warn  ships  approaching 
die  10-mile-long  Lookout  Shoals.  The  structure  was 
completed  in  1812. 

This  lighthouse  was  unlike  any  of  the  others  built  in 
North  Carolina.  It  was  96  feet  high,  and  consisted  of 
a  brick  tower  that  was  completely  covered  by  a  wooden 
tower.  The  wooden  exterior  was  painted  in  red  and 
white  horizontal  stripes. 

From  the  beginning,  the  Cape  Lookout  Lighthouse 
was  plagued  by  the  low  hanging  pre-dawn  and  late 

evening  mist  that  is  common  to  the  Outer  Banks.  The 
light  was  not  tall  enough  to  illuminate  above  die  mist.  Therefore,  sailors 
could  not  see  the  light  during  those  critical  times. 

Congress  recognized  die  visibility  problems,  and  in  1857,  a  new,  150-foot- 
high  round  brick  structure  was  audiorized.  The  new  Cape  Lookout 
Lighthouse  was  completed  in  1 859.  It  was  quickly  singled  out  as  one  of  die 
most  attractive  and  effective  lighthouses  in  America.  It  became  die  model  for 
construction  of  the  other  diree  lighthouses  on  the  Outer  Banks  (Cape 
Hatteras,  Bodie  Island,  Currituck  Beach). 

Confederate  forces  put  die  lighthouse  out  of  service  two  different  times 
during  the  Civil  War.  They  destroyed  the  lamp  in  1 861 ,  and  diey  blew  up 
the  stairs  in  1865. 

Lighthouses  are  easy  to  identify  at  night  by  their  unique  light  patterns.  The 
lighthouse  may  give  a  constant  beam  of  light  or  a  combination  of  flashes,  but 
the  pattern  will  be  different  from  nearby  lighthouses.  By  1872,  diree  nearly 
identical  lighthouses  were  operating  on  die  Outer  Banks,  and  another  one 
was  in  the  planning  stages.  Sailors  could  not  tell  diem  apart  in  the  daytime, 
so,  in  1873,  each  one  was  assigned  its  distinctive  markings.  The  Cape 
Lookout  lighthouse  was  painted  a  black  and  white  diamond-shaped  pattern. 
It  is  said  that  the  black  diamonds  face  north  and  south,  dius  serving  as  a 
compass. 

Aldiough  die  automated  lighdiouse  is  not  open  to  die  public,  the  site  is  part 
of  die  Cape  Lookout  National  Seashore.  The  keeper's  house  is  open  as  a 
museum  and  information  center. 


14 


.ti 


XDCDCD. 


Dodie  Island  Lighthouse 

The  first  Bodie  Island  Lighthouse  proved  to  be  a 
victim  of  confusion  and  poor  construction. 
Although  the  lighthouse  was  recommended  in 
1837,  it  was  10  years  before  disagreements  over 
the  location  were  resolved  and  construction  began. 

In  1848,  the  Bodie  Island  Lighthouse  was 
completed.  It  was  a  54-foot-high  circular  brick 
structure  with  hardly  any  taper  from  bottom  to 
top. 

Within  a  year  of  its  construction,  one  side  of  the 
structure  was  a  foot  lower  than  the  other.  The 
leaning  caused  the  lamp  to  stop  flashing.  In 
1 858,  attempts  to  prop  up  the  leaning  lighthouse 
and  level  the  lamp  were  abandoned,  and  a  new 
lighthouse  was  built  near  the  first  one. 


The  second  Bodie  Island  Lighthouse  was  a  90- 
foot-high  circular  brick  structure  that  was  painted  white.  It  was  completed 
in  1859.  Two  years  later,  Confederate  troops  sneaked  onto  the  Union-held 
Outer  Banks  and  blew  up  the  new  Bodie  Island  Lighthouse. 

When  work  was  finished  on  the  huge  Cape  Hatteras  Lighthouse,  the 
construction  crew  moved  40  miles  north,  and  built  the  third  Bodie  Island 
Lighthouse.  This  one  was  built  on  a  new  site  on  the  north  side  of  Oregon 
Inlet. 

The  third  Bodie  Island  Lighthouse  is  almost  an  exact  copy  of  the  one  at  Cape 
Lookout,  except  that  it  sits  on  an  exposed  granite  base.  The  1 50-foot-high 
structure  was  completed  in  1872.  It  was  painted  with  black  and  white 
horizontal  bands. 

The  automated  lighthouse  itself  is  not  open  to  the  public,  but  the  site  is  part 
of  the  Cape  Hatteras  National  Seashore.  The  National  Park  Service  operates 
a  visitors'  center  and  museum  in  the  old  keeper's  house. 


16 


Price's  Creek 


Prices  Creek  Lighthouse  & 
The  Cape  Fear  Piver  Lights 

In  1848,  Congress  authorized  construction  of  a 
series  of  eight  lights  along  the  25-mile  stretch  of  die 
Cape  Fear  River  between  Oak  Island  and 
Wilmington.  These  lights  consisted  of  seven 
small  lighthouses  and  a  lightboat.  Two  of  the 
lighthouses  were  built  on  Oak  Island,  across  the 
river  from  Old  Baldy,  and  two  were  built  at  Price's 
Creek.  The  others  were  built  at  Orton's  Point, 
Campbell's  Island,  and  two  at  Upper  Jettee.  The 
light  boat  was  placed  at  Horseshoe  Shoal,  between 
Lighthouse  and  Federal  Point  Lighthouse. 


The  two  lighthouses  at  Price's  Creek,  completed  in  1850,  were  built  on  the 
west  bank  of  the  river  between  Oak  Island  and  Orton's  Point.  The  taller  of 
the  two  lights  was  built  on  top  of  the  lighthouse  keeper's  house.  The  contract 
for  construction  of  the  Price's  Creek  Lighthouses,  dated  April  27,  1850, 
describes  the  second  lighthouse  as:  "A  light  house  at  proper  distance  in  front 
of  the  (first)  above,  to  range  with  the  channel,  to  be  twenty  feet  high,  to  be 
built  of  hard  brick.  The  diameter  of  the  base  to  be  seventeen  feet  and  that 
of  die  top  to  be  nine  feet." 

When  the  Confederate  forces  lost  control  of  the  Cape  Fear  River,  they 
damaged  or  destroyed  all  of  the  river  lights  to  prevent  Union  forces  from 
safely  navigating  the  river. 

After  die  war,  the  two  Oak  Island  lighthouses  were  rebuilt,  but  none  of  the 
odier  river  lights  were  put  back  into  service.  By  the  1880's,  all  seven  of  the 
small  Cape  Fear  River  lighthouses  and  die  light  boat  were  replaced  by 
unattended  beacons.  The  beacons  consisted  of  lanterns  mounted  on  pilings. 

The  masonry  shell  of  die  smaller  lighthouse  at  Price's  Creek  is  all  that  is  left 
of  the  river  lights.  It  is  a  brick  structure  about  20  feet  tall.  The  glass  and  iron 
lamp  housing  is  gone.  The  chemical  company  which  owns  die  property  has 
adopted  die  lighthouse.  They  repaired  die  Civil  War  cannon  damage  and 
die  decay  from  a  century  of  neglect. 


/,v 


Price's  Creek  Lighthouse  sits  across  the  river  and  about  two  miles  southwest 
from  Fort  Fisher.  It  is  on  private  property  and  is  not  accessible  to  die  public. 
However,  it  is  very  near  the  Southport  ferry  landing,  and  the  ferry  comes 
within  200  yards  of  the  lighthouse  as  it  approaches  the  landing. 


This  painting  by  a  military  officer  is  believed  to  be  a  depiction  of 

the  first  Federal  Point  Lighthouse.  The  mounds  of  earth 

in  the  background  are  Fort  Fisher. 

(N.  C.  Division  of  Archives  and  History  photograph) 


19 


Civil  War  cannon  damage  at  the  base  of  the  Price's  Creek  Lighthouse. 
(N.  C.  Division  of  Archives  and  History  photograph) 


20 


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Currituck  Beach  Lighthouse 

In  1875,  the  last  dark  area  on  the  Outer  Banks  was 
illuminated  with  the  completion  of  the  Currituck 
Beach  Lighthouse. 

This  1 50-foot-high  nearly  identical  twin  of  the 
lighthouse  at  Bodie  Island  sits  on  Whalehead  Hill 
about  40  miles  north  of  Oregon  Inlet  and  about 
40  miles  south  of  Cape  Henry,  Virginia. 

Distinctive  markings  had  already  been  painted  on 
the  ouher  three  tall  Outer  Banks  lighthouses,  so 
the  Currituck  Beach  Lighthouse  was  not  painted. 
Instead,  it  remained  its  natural  red  brick  color. 


The  automated  lighthouse  sits  well  back  from  the  ocean  in  a  wooded  area. 
A  private  non-profit  organization  is  in  the  process  of  restoring  the  keeper's 
house. 


22 


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Oak  Island  Lighthouse 

May  15,  1958  is  a  noteworthy  date  in  lighthouse 
history.  The  Oak  Island  Lighthouse  was  activated  on 
that  date,  thus  ending  Smith  Island's  1 63-year  tenure 
as  home  of  the  lighthouse  at  the  mouth  of  the  Cape 
Fear  River. 

The  Oak  Island  Lighthouse  was  the  last  one  built  in 
North  Carolina,  and  among  the  last  built  in  America. 
At  2.5  million  candlepower,  it  is  America's  most 
powerful  lighnhouse  and  the  second  most  powerful  in 
the  world.  The  lighthouse  is  part  of  the  Oak  Island 
Coast  Guard  Station. 

The  silo-style  reinforced  concrete  lighthouse  tower  is 
1 69  feet  tall  and  1 6  feet  in  diameter.  Permanent  color 
was  mixed  into  the  concrete  during  construction. 
The  upper  third  is  black,  the  middle  third  is  white, 
and  the  lower  third  is  gray. 


This  is  not  the  first  lighthouse  on  the  tip  of  Oak  Island.  Two  of  the  Cape 
Fear  River  lights  were  built  there  in  1849.  Ships  sailing  from  Wilmington 
to  the  ocean  needed  the  two  lights  on  Oak  Island  to  safely  navigate  the  curving 
river  channel.  One  of  die  two  lights  was  on  a  track  so  that  it  could  be  moved 
if  the  channel  shifted.  After  the  Civil  War,  the  other  river  lights  were  not 
reactivated,  but  the  Oak  Island  lights  continued  to  operate  until  die  1880's. 

The  Oak  Island  Lighthouse  is  not  open  to  the  public. 


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Frying  Dan  Light  Tower 

In  1854,  a  lightship  with  two 
lights  40  feet  high  was  stationed  at 
Frying  Pan  Shoals.  The  lightship 
was  needed  to  guide  ships  safely 
past  the  shoals  to  North  Carolina's 
major  port,  Wilmington. 

Except  for  a  four-year  break  during 
the  Civil  War,  the  lightship  and 
its  successors  marked  the  shoals 
for  the  next  112  years.  The  success 
of  the  Frying  Pan  lightships  speaks 
to  the  relative  calm  of  die  Cape 
Fear  waters  compared  to  the  often 
violent  Cape  Hatteras  waters. 


In  1 966,  a  Gult  Coast  oil  drilling 
platform  was  adapted  for  use  as  a  light  tower.  The  giant  "Texas  tower"  was 
built  in  Louisiana  and  transported  to  Frying  Pan  Shoals  by  barge. 

The  Frying  Pan  Tower  is  20  miles  southeast  of  Oak  Island.  The  ocean  is  40 
feet  deep,  and  die  deck  of  die  tower  is  anodier  40  feet  above  the  water.  The 
light  is  130  feet  above  the  ocean.  In  addition  to  the  light,  die  tower  is 
equipped  with  a  fog  horn  and  a  radio  beacon. 

In  1979,  the  tower  was  automated,  and  die  crew  was  removed.  The 
unattended  Frying  Pan  Light  Tower  continues  to  operate  effectively. 


opposite  page:  U.  S.  Coast  Guard  photograph  of  Frying  Pan  Shoals  Tower 

> 


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Diamond  Shoals  Light  Tower 

I 

Lighthouses  proved  incapable  of  marking 
the  far  sides  of  the  treacherous  Diamond 
Shoals,  so  a  lightship  with  lights  45  and 
60  feet  high  was  put  into  service. 


JEE  '"g£ 


In  1824,  the  first  Diamond  Shoals 
lightship  was  stationed  at  the  outer  edge 
of  die  shoals.  During  the  next  two  years, 
violent  storms  broke  the  ship  loose  from 
its  anchors  three  different  times.  Ten 
months  were  needed  to  repair  the  damage 
die  first  time  it  broke  loose.  Five  months 
were  needed  for  repairs  the  second  time 
it  broke  loose.  The  ship  was  blown  onto 
the  beach  at  Ocracoke  and  destroyed  the 
third  time  it  broke  loose.  The  lightship 
was  not  replaced. 


In  1891,  an  unsuccessful  attempt  was 
made  to  build  a  lighthouse  in  the  25-foot- 
deep  water  of  Diamond  Shoals.  A  storm 
destroyed  the  equipment,  tools,  and  materials. 

A  new  lightship  with  improved  anchors  and  cables  was  put  in  place  in  1 897. 
Lightships  marked  the  Cape  for  the  next  70  years.  A  storm  drove  the  ship 
ashore  at  Cape  Hatteras  in  1899.  A  German  submarine  sank  the  lightship 
in  1918.   Passing  ships  rammed  the  lightship  numerous  times. 

In  1967,  a  Texas  tower  similar  to  die  one  at  Frying  Pan  Shoals  was  put  in 
place  at  Diamond  Shoals.  The  Diamond  Shoals  Light  Tower  stands  in  54 
feet  of  ocean  water,  and  it  is  13  miles  offshore  from  Cape  Hatteras. 

The  175-foot-high  tower  is  equipped  with  a  light,  a  fog  horn,  and  a  radio 
beacon.  It  was  automated  in  1 979,  and  the  crew  was  removed.  If  any  of  die 
systems  need  service,  the  tower's  computer  sends  a  radio  signal  to  the  Coast 
Guard. 

opposite  page:  U.  S.  Coast  Guard  photograph  of  Diamond  Shoals  Tower 


28 


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How  Tall  Are  Lighthouses? 


It  is  not  unusual  to  find  more  than  one  number  for  the  height  of  a  lighthouse. 
Often  times  the  numbers  will  differ  by  several  feet.  How  can  such  a  discrepancy 
arise?  Perhaps  it  comes  about  because  of  the  difference  between  construction 
and  function.  Documents  related  to  construction  tend  to  list  the  height  of  the 
structure.  Some  list  the  height  to  the  tip  top  of  the  lighthouse,  some  list  the 
height  to  the  light,  and  some  list  the  height  of  the  masonry  tower.  Many 
references  to  a  functioning  lighthouse  list  the  height  of  the  light  above  sea  level. 

The  Cape  Hatteras  Lighthouse  has  a  number  of  published  heights.  North 
Carolina  Lighthouses  (David  Stick,  N.  C.  Division  of  Archives  and  History, 
1 980.  p.  63)  gives  the  height  as  1 80  feet.  Soudiern  Lighthouses  (Bruce  Roberts 
and  Ray  Jones,  The  Globe  Press,  Chester  Conn.,  1989.  p.  35)  gives  the  height 
as  1 93  feet.  Exploring  the  Lighthouses  of  North  Carolina  (Cindy  Corey,  The 
Provincial  Press,  Chapel  Hill.  1982.  p.  28)  gives  the  height  as  208  feet. 


Screw-Pile  Lighthouse 

Screw-pile  lighthouses  were  built  in  the  shallow  waters  of  sounds  and  rivers  to 
mark  shoals  and  sandbars.  The  name  comes  from  the  three-foot-wide  screw 
blade  on  each  pile.  The  piles  were  screwed  firmly  into  the  sound  or  river  bottom 
to  provide  a  sturdy  base  for  the  lighthouse.  About  20  screw-pile  lighthouses  were 
built  in  North  Carolina  between  1856  and  1891.  Some  of  them  lasted  beyond 
1950.  (N.  C.  Division  of  Archives  and  History  photograph) 


u, 


The  state's  second  lighthouse,  the  Shell  Castle  Lighthouse 

at  Ocracoke  Inlet  in  the  early  1800's. 

(N.C.  Division  of  Archives  and  History  photograph) 


Acknowledgement 

In  1 980,  David  Stick  wrote  North  Carolina  Lighthouses.  It  is  a  scholarly  history 
of  the  state's  lighthouses.  Moreover,  it  is  the  starting  place  for  anyone  who  chooses 
to  research  and  write  about  lighthouses. 


31 


Lighthouse  Locations 


#        Currituck  Beach  Lighthouse  is  about  40  miles  north  of  Manteo.  Drive  from 

1.3 

V         Manteo  to  the  Outer  Banks,  and  take  US-1 58  north.  When  US-1 58  turns 
west  toward  Elizabeth  City,  go  north  onto  NC-12,  and  drive  to 
Corolla.   The  Lighthouse  is  on  the  outskirts  of  Corolla. 


Bodie  Island  Lighthouse  is  south  of  Manteo  near  Oregon  Inlet.  Turn  south       JQ 
at  Whalebone  onto  NC-12,  and  enter  the  National  Seashore.  Within  a  few 
miles  a  sign  will  mark  the  way  to  the  Lighthouse.  The  Lighthouse  is  just  north 
of  Oregon  Inlet,  and  it  is  difficult  to  see  from  NC-12. 

f  Cape  Hatteras  Lighthouse  is  at  the  village  of  Buxton  about  45  miles  south  of 
f  Whalebone  on  NC-1 2.  The  Lighthouse  is  so  tall  it  is  easy  to  see,  but  it  is  hard 
m       to  find,  so  watch  for  the  signs  in  Buxton. 


Ocracoke  Lighthouse  can  only  be  reached  by  ferry.  A  free  ferry  sails       &\ 
from  the  village  of  Hatteras  to  Ocracoke  Island  at  one  hour  intervals. 

The  ferry  ride  takes  40  minutes.  Ocracoke  Lighthouse  is  in  Ocracoke  Village. 

Toll  ferries  serve  Ocracoke  Village  from  Cedar  Island  and  from  Swan  Quarter. 

Both  toll  ferries  require  more  than  two  hours  to  make  the  trip.  — 5 

£  Cape  Lookout  Lighthouse  is  on  the  Cape  Lookout  National  Seashore,  and  can 
only  be  reached  by  ferry.  Toll  passenger  ferry  service  is  available  at  9:00  a.m. 
and  1:00  p.m.  from  the  ferry  dock  at  Harkers  Island.  Cape  Lookout  is  a 
natural  area.  Rest  rooms  and  picnic  tables  are  the  only  facilities  on  the  island. 


\ 


Old  Baldy  Lighthouse  is  on  Bald  Head  Island,  and  can  only  be        ^ 

reached  by  private  toll  passenger  ferry.  Go  to  Southport  (about  30  miles  south  ,  V 

of  Wilmington),  and  follow  the  Bald  Head  Island  signs  to  the  ferry  landing.  f   • 

The  Lighthouse  is  near  the  island's  marina.   Restaurants  and  gift  shops  are  /v^S 
available. 

Price's  Creek  Lighthouse  is  on  private  property  near  Southport.  The 
Lighthouse  sits  near  the  Southport  landing  of  the  Southport  -  Fort  Fisher 
ferry.  Each  time  the  ferry  enters  and  exits  the  landing,  it  provides  an 
excellent  view  of  the  lighthouse. 

Oak  Island  Lighthouse  is  at  the  Coast  Guard  Station  on  Caswell  Beach.  About 
two  miles  north  of  Southport,  take  NC-1 33  toward  Long  Beach.  When  NC- 
1 33  ends,  turn  left,  and  go  to  Caswell  Beach. 


52 


604  North  Carolina  Manual 


CHAPTER  FOUR 


The  judicial  Branch 


"*"*~W 


Hie  Supreme  Court  of  North  Carolina: 

A  Brief  History 


^j 


vml 


contributed  by  Martin  H.  Brinkley 


The  legal  and  historical  origins  5  N-C-  d  Mur->  58  <1805»-  The 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Court's  invocation  of  the  due  process 
North  Carolina  lie  in  the  (or  "law  of  the  land">  clause  of  the 
State  Constitution  of  1776,  which  State  Declaration  of  Rights  to  invali- 
empowered  the  General  Assembly  to  date  a  legislative  enactment  recalled 
appoint  "Judges  of  the  Supreme  a  celebrated  en  banc  Superior  Court 
Courts  of  Law  and  Equity"  and  case  that  had  established  the  power 
"Judges  of  Admiralty."  Until  1799,  of  judicial  review  in  North  Carolina, 
however,  North  Carolina  had  no  (Bayard  v.  Singleton,  1  N.C.  (Mart.) 
appellate  court.  That  year,  two  of  the  5  (1787))-  Together  these  two  hold- 
State's  four  Superior  Court  judges  inZs  assured  the  supremacy  of  the 
were  commissioned  to  gather  at  North  Carolina  Constitution  as  the 
Raleigh  to  dispose  of  appeals  involv-  fundamental  law  of  the  State, 
ing  disputed  questions  of  law  that  „     ^y  an  1805  statute  the  Court  of 

,     ,       .  ,,      .     ,.   .   ,     .       .,  Conference     was     renamed     the 

had  arisen  on  the  judicial  circuits.  .,„  ~       ,  „    .,,        ,    ., 

..  .        .     ,  .        .  ,        ,,      .  Supreme  Court,    although  its  com- 

Although  this  twice-yearly  gathering  positi(m  remained  the  same:  a  qu0. 

of  trial  judges,  later  named  the  rum  of  Superior  Court  judges  sitting 

"Court  of  Conference,"  carried  a  en  banc  to  review  their  own  deci- 

short  docket,  its  decisions  were  sions.  In  1810  the  Court  became  a 

important  to  North  Carolina's  infant  tribunal  of  public  record;  the  judges 

public  institutions.  In  1805,  for  were  ordered  to  reduce  their  opin- 

example,  the  Court  of  Conference  ions  to  writing  and  deliver  them 

declared  unconstitutional  an  attempt  viva  voce  in  open  court,  for  which 

by  the  General  Assembly  to  deprive  they  were  paid  an  additional  £50 

the  University  of  North  Carolina  of  per  year.  They  also  were  autho- 

property  it  had  acquired  through  its  rized  to  elect  from  their  number  a  i 

right  to  escheats.  (Trustees  of  the  chief  justice;  John  Louis  Taylor,  a 

University  of  North  Carolina  v.  Foy,  twelve-year  veteran  of  the  N.C. 


The  North  Carolina  Judicial  Branch 


605 


Superior  Court  bench,  was  chosen 
for  this  position.  By  the  same  act 
the  governor  was  directed  to  pro- 
cure a  seal  and  motto  for  the 
Court,  and  any  party  in  an  action 
adjudicated  in  the  Superior  Court 
was  given  the  right  of  appeal. 

Acting  upon  a  bill  introduced  by 
William  Gaston  of  New  Bern,  the 
General  Assembly  in  November 
1818  created  the  separate  Supreme 
Court  contemplated  by  the  1776 
Constitution.  The  new  tribunal  was 
to  be  composed  of  a  chief  justice  and 
two  "judges,"  and  was  commissioned 


to  exercise  exclusive  appellate  juris- 
diction over  questions  of  law  and 
equity  arising  in  the  Superior 
Courts.  The  legislators  elected  John 
Louis  Taylor,  Leonard  Henderson, 
and  John  Hall  the  first  members  of 
the  Court;  being  empowered  to  elect 
their  own  chief  justice,  Judges 
Henderson  and  Hall  chose  Taylor  to 
fill  his  old  post.  The  first  meeting  of 
the  Court  took  place  on  January  1, 
1819.  The  Court  began  holding  two 
sittings,  or  "terms,"  a  year,  the  first 
beginning  on  the  second  Monday  in 
June  and  the  second  on  the  last 


The  North  Carolina  Supreme  Court 

Front  row:  Louis  B.  Meyer,  Jr.;  Chief  Justice  James  G.  Exum,  Jr.;  Burley  Mitchell,  Jr. 
Back  row:  Willis  Padgett  Wichard;  Henry  E.  Frye;  John  Webb;  Sarah  Parker 


606  North  Carolina  Manual 

Monday  in  December.  This  schedule  judges  should  be  elected  at  large,  by 

endured  until  the  Constitution  of  the  people.  The  thin  reed  of  legisla- 

1868  prescribed  the  first  Mondays  in  tive  support  for  the  Court  nearly 

January  and  July  for  the  sittings,  snapped  in  1832,  when  a  bill  was 

Vacancies  on  the  Court  were  filled  introduced  to  reduce  the  salaries  of 

.,     ,      .,  ..,  the  judges  from  $2,500  to  $2,000. 

temporarily  by  the  governor,  with  *      f  ' 

,  .  ii.         «o  That  this  measure  and  others  spon- 

the  assistance  and  advice  ol  the  , ,  ,.  ,       ....  .         ,,  , 

sored  by  populist  politicians  through- 
Council  of  State,  until  the  end  of  the  Qut  the  1820s  and  1S3Qs  (including  a 

next  session  of  the  state  General  proposed  1835  constitutional  amend- 

Assembly.  ment  dissolving  the  Court  outright) 

The  General  Assembly's  creation  were  defeated  was  probably  due  to 

of  an  independent  appellate  judiciary  the  personal  prestige  of  the  judges 

ran  counter  to  the  reforming  democ-  themselves.  The  election  of  former 

ratic  spirit  of  Jacksonian  North  Superior  Court  Judge  and  State 

Carolina.  From  the  beginning  oppo-  Bank  President  Thomas  Ruffin  to 

nents  objected  to  the  judges'  salaries,  the  bench  in  1829  effectively  ensured 

which  at  $2,500  per  year  were  con-  the  Court's  survival.  Ranked  by 

sidered  extravagant  (the  Governor's  Harvard  Law  School  Dean  Roscoe 

salary  was  only  $2,000);  that  the  Pound  as  one  of  the  ten  greatest 

judges  were  to  "hold  office  during  jurists  in  American  history,  Ruffin 

good  behavior" — a  virtual  guarantee  singlehandedly  transformed  the  com- 

of  life  tenure — angered  the  reform-  mon  law  of  North  Carolina  into  an 

ers,  who  thought  the  Court  an  elitist  instrument  of  economic  change.  His 

institution  too  far  removed  from  the  writings  on  the  subject  of  eminent 

people.  The  growing  population  of  domain — the  right  of  the  state  to  seize 

the  western  counties,  naturally  given  private  property  for  the  public  good — 

to  criticizing  an  unresponsive,  dis-  paved  the  way  for  the  expansion  of 

tant  state  government  dominated  by  railroads    into    North    Carolina, 

eastern  planters,  protested  the  long  enabling  the  "Rip  Van  Winkle  State" 

journeys  their  lawyers  had  to  under-  to  embrace  the  industrial  revolution, 

take  in  order  to  argue  cases  from  the  Ruffin's  opinions  were  cited  as  persua- 

overburdened  western  circuits  before  sive  authority  by  appellate  tribunals 

the  Supreme  Court.  To  their  voices  throughout  the  United  States.  The 

were  added  those  of  the  Superior  influence  his  decisions  exercised  upon 

Court  judges  who  resented  being  the  nascent  jurisprudence  of  the 

reversed  on  appeal.  The  enemies  of  states  then  known  as  the  'Southwest 

the  Court,  Senator  Gaston  predicted  (Alabama,  Louisiana,    Tennessee, 

in  1821,  sought  to  "make  a  mob  court  Arkansas,  and  Mississippi),  which 

of  it  by  getting  the  [Superior  Court]  were  settled  by  emigrating  North 

Judges  on  it  and  thus  destroying  its  Carolinians  in  large  numbers,  made 

most  valuable  features,  its  perfect  Ruffin  a  celebrated  figure  at  home, 

separation  from  the  tribunals  whose  Public   veneration   of  the   "stern 

decisions  it  revises."  prophet,"  as  Ruffin  was  called,  pre- 

Throughout  the  1820s  regular  served  his  Court  from  destruction, 
attacks  were  leveled  at  the  Supreme  The  accession  of  William  Gaston, 

Court  by  legislators  who  believed  who    had    sponsored    the     1818 

that  the  chief  justice  and  the  two  Supreme  Court  bill  in  the  General' 


i 


The  North  Carolina  Judicial  Branch  607 

Assembly,  to  the  high  bench  in  1833  was  never  advanced  by  the  Court's 
silenced  all  but  the  most  radical  proponents  during  the  antebellum 
democrats  from  openly  declaring  period.)  Second,  the  number  of 
their  opposition  to  the  Court.  More  judges  was  increased  from  three  to 
statesman  than  legal  technician,  five,  with  the  chief  justice  retaining 
Gaston's  concurrence  lent  weight  to  his  title  and  his  brethren  receiving 
Ruffm's  elaborate  expressions  in  polit-  the  appellation  "associate  justices." 
ically  charged  cases  such  as  Hoke  y^  Third,  the  selection  of  Supreme 
Henderson.  15  N.C.  (4  Dev.)  1  (1833),  Court  judges  was  removed  from  the 
in  which  the  Court  held  that  a  public  General  Assembly  and  entrusted  to 
office  (such  as  that  of  Supreme  Court  popular  sovereignty;  the  justices, 
judge)  was  "property"  protected  by  the  including  the  chief  justice,  were  to  be 
"Law  of  the  Land"  Clause  of  the  State  elected  by  the  people  for  eight-year 
Constitution.  (The  respect  Ruffin  terms.  In  the  event  of  a  vacancy,  the 
commanded  caused  the  Court  to  governor  was  to  appoint  a  locum 
avoid  overruling  Hoke,  which  many  tenens  to  sit  until  after  the  next  gen- 
thought  an  incorrect  decision,  until  eral  election  for  members  of  the 
1903,  more  than  three  decades  after  General  Assembly.  Finally,  in  a  pro- 
his  death.)  Together  Gaston  and  gressive  move,  the  new  judicial  arti- 
Ruffin,  whom  his  colleagues  elected  cle  merged  the  formerly  separate  law 
Chief  Justice  in  1833  (by  a  coin  toss,  and  equity  jurisdictions  of  the  Court 
according  to  a  popular  but  probably  into  a  single  "form  of  action  for  the 
apocryphal  account),  dominated  their  enforcement  or  protection  of  private 
less-talented  brother  judges,  render-  rights  or  the  redress  of  private 
ing    treatise-like    opinions    that  wrongs." 

inspired  one  contemporary  to  The  final  decades  of  the  nineteenth 
exclaim:  "No  State  of  the  Union  .  .  .  century  witnessed  rapid  change  in  the 
not  even  the  United  States,  ever  had  Court's  membership,  as  conservative 
a  superior  Bench;  few  ever  had  its  Democrats  regained  political  hegemo- 
equal."  ny  following  the  Republican  domina- 
The  Supreme  Court  survived  the  tion  of  Reconstruction.  Additional  con- 
Civil  War,  during  which  its  docket  stitutional  amendments  reduced  the 
was  greatly  diminished,  under  the  Court's  membership  back  to  three  in 
able  if  somewhat  domineering  lead-  1876;  by  1888,  however,  the  justices' 
ership  of  Chief  Justice  Richmond  crushing  workload,  made  public  by 
Pearson.  Four  major  reforms  befell  the  early  death  of  Justice  Thomas  S. 
the  Court  as  a  result  of  North  Ashe  from  sheer  exhaustion,  led 
Carolina's  adoption  of  a  new  consti-  North  Carolinians  to  ratify  an 
tution  in  1868.  First,  in  an  extensive  amendment  restoring  the  Court's 
revision  of  the  judicial  article,  the  number  to  five. 

Court  became  a  "constitutional"  tri-  By  placing  the   selection  of 

bunal  that  owed  its  existence  to  the  Supreme  Court  justices  in  the 

fundamental  law  of  the  State  rather  hands  of  the  populace,  the  1868 

than  to  a  legislative  enactment.  Constitution  presaged  (and  perhaps 

(Although  it  can  be  argued  that  the  rendered  inevitable)  the  appellate 

1776  Constitution  had  commanded  judiciary's  descent  into  partisan 

the  creation  of  a  Supreme  Court,  politics.  In  the  elections  of  1894  and 

such  an  interpretation  apparently  1896  two  Republicans,  David  M. 


608 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Furches  and  Robert  M.  Douglas  (son 
of  Illinois  Senator  Stephen  A. 
Douglas,  Abraham  Lincoln's  princi- 
pal opponent  in  the  presidential 
election  of  1860)  were  elected  to  the 
Court.  In  1900  the  justices,  by  a 


receive  the  two-thirds  vote  necessary 
to  convict  and  remove  the  justices 
from  office.  Furches  and  Douglas 
each  served  out  his  elected  term  and 
retired  from  the  Court. 

The  Supreme  Court  sat  in  the 


Old  Supreme  Court  Building,  circa  1930 
(N.  C.  Department  of  Archives  and  History) 


vote  of  four  to  one,  declared  uncon- 
stitutional important  legislation 
enacted  by  the  Democratic  General 
Assembly  in  1899.  The  following 
year  Furches  (whom  Republican 
Governor  Daniel  L.  Russell  appointed 
Chief  Justice  in  1900,  upon  the 
death  of  Chief  Justice  W.T. 
Faircloth)  and  Douglas  were  jointly 
impeached  by  the  House  of 
Commons  for  issuing  an  allegedly 
unconstitutional  mandamus  ordering 
the  State  Treasurer  to  pay  out  money. 
The  indictment  was  sustained  by  a 
majority  of  the  Senate,  but  did  not 


State  Capitol  at  Raleigh  throughout 
most  of  the  nineteenth  century, 
retreating  to  the  meeting  house  of 
the  First  Presbyterian  Church  after 
the  Capitol  was  burned  in  1831.  In 
1846  the  General  Assembly  passed 
legislation  requiring  the  Court  to 
hold  an  August  Term  in  Morganton 
for  the  convenience  of  lawyers  from 
the  western  counties;  this  practice 
ceased  when  the  commencement  of 
hostilities  in  1861  made  travel 
increasingly  dangerous.  (For  the 
rest  of  the  nineteenth  century 
"Morganton  decisions,"  rendered  in 


The  North  Carolina  Judicial  Branch  609 

the  absence  of  a  law  library,  were  the  State  Constitution  as  a  more 

widely    disparaged   by   the    bar;  capacious  vessel  of  individual  rights 

lawyers  sometimes  pointed  to  their  than  its  federal  counterpart, 

provenance  as  evidence  of  inferior  Public  interest  in  the  Supreme 

quality.)  From  1888  until  1940  the  Court  as  an  institution  has  risen 

justices  successively  occupied  build-  over  the  last  three  decades,  as  a 

ings  on  the  north  and  south  edges  of  series  of  "first"  justices  mounted  the 

Raleigh's  Union  Square.  The  present  bench.  In  1970  Governor  Robert  W. 

courtroom,  conference  room,  and  the  Scott  appointed  his  predecessor  in 

chambers  of  the  justices  are  on  the  the   Executive  Mansion,   Daniel 

third  floor  of  the  Justice  Building  Killian  Moore,  associate  justice; 

(completed  in  1940),  where  the  mem-  Moore  became  the  first  former  gover- 

bers  of  the  Court  work  throughout  nor  to  serve  on  the  Supreme  Court, 

the  year.  The  election  of  Susie  Marshall 

The  lengthy  tenures  of  two  chief  Sharp — the  first  woman  to  become  a 

justices,  Walter  Clark  (1903-24)  and  judge  of  the  Superior  Court  and  an 

Walter  P.  Stacy  (1925-51)  saw  the  associate  justice  of  the  Supreme 

Supreme  Court  through  the  first  half  Court — as  chief  justice  in   1974 

of  the  twentieth  century.  In  1936  the  marked  the  first  election  of  a  woman 

judicial     article     of    the     State  to  the  highest  judicial  post  of  any 

Constitution  was  amended  to  provide  state.  In  1983  Governor  James  B. 

that  the  Court  should  consist  of  a  Hunt,  Jr.  appointed  Henry  E.  Frye,  a 

chief  justice  and  not  more  than  six  Greensboro  lawyer,  associate  justice; 

associate  justices.  The  following  year  Frye  is  the  first  African-American  to 

the    General   Assembly   enacted  serve  on  the  Court, 

enabling  legislation  authorizing  the  At    the    suggestion    of   Chief 

Governor  to  appoint  two  additional  Justice  James  G.  Exum,  Jr.  and  oth- 

associate  justices,  bringing  the  mem-  ers,  the  General  Assembly  in  1987 

bership  of  the  Court  to  seven,  where  established  a  Judicial  Selection 

it  now  stands.  Study  Commission  to  review  North 

The  twentieth  century  has  called  Carolina's  method  of  judicial  selec- 
upon  the  justices  to  delineate  the  tion  and  retention.  The  Commission 
responsibilities  and  limitations  of  a  recommended  that  Supreme  Court 
burgeoning  state  bureaucracy.  Many  justices  be  appointed,  rather  than 
of  these  governmental  controversies  elected,  and  proposed  a  constitutional 
have  at  their  root  questions  regard-  amendment  creating  an  appointive 
ing  separation  of  powers:  the  princi-  system.  An  amended  version  of  this 
pie  that  the  executive,  legislative,  plan  has  passed  the  Senate  repeated- 
and  judicial  branches  of  government  ly  in  recent  years  but  has  failed  to 
should  be,  in  the  words  of  the  North  garner  a  three-fifths  vote  in  the 
Carolina  Declaration  of  Rights,  "for-  House  of  Representatives.  Efforts  to 
ever  separate  and  distinct."  At  the  eliminate  the  practice  of  electing 
same  time  the  Court  has  continued  appellate  judges  will  probably  con- 
to  labor  in  the  vineyards  of  the  com-  tinue  in  forthcoming  legislative 
mon  law,  expanding  it  as  required,  to  sessions. 

meet  the  demands  of  a  rapidly  The  primary  function  of  the 

changing  state.  Recent  years  have  Supreme  Court  is  to  decide  questions 

occasionally  seen  the  justices  interpret  of  law  that  have  arisen  in  the  lower 


610      '  JNORTH  CAROLINA  MANUAL 

courts  and  before  state  administra-  These  opinions  are  published  in  the 
tive  agencies.  The  justices  spend  North  Carolina  Reports  and  in  sever- 
most  of  their  time  outside  the  court-  al  unofficial  publications,  and  may  be 
room  reading  written  case  records,  found  in  major  law  libraries  through- 
studying  briefs  prepared  by  lawyers,  out  the  world. 

researching  applicable  law,  and  writ-  The  North  Carolina  Supreme 

ing  opinions  exposing  the  reasoning  Court  Historical  Society,  Inc.  was 

upon  which  the  Court's  determina-  chartered  as  a  non-profit  corporation 

tions  are  based.  The  concurrence  of  in  1992  to  preserve  and  celebrate  the 

four  justices  generally  is  required  for  history  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 

a  decision;  each  of  the  seven  justices  North  Carolina,  as  well  as  heighten 

participates  in  every  case  except  in  public  appreciation  of  the  history  and 

unusual  situations  in  which  a  justice  achievements  of  North  Carolina's 

may  feel  compelled  to  recuse,  or  with-  entire  judicial  system.  Presided  over 

draw,  from  sitting.  by  retired  Associate  Justice  Harry  C. 

In  addition  to  cases  awaiting  Martin,  the  Society  is  governed  by  a 

decision,    the   justices    consider  Board  of  Trustees  chaired  by  Charles 

numerous  petitions  in  which  a  party  F.  Blanchard,  Esq.,  and  composed  of 

seeks  to  bring  a  case  before  the  judges,  court  officials,  lawyers,  and 

Court  for  adjudication.  Although  laypersons.  Membership  is  open  to 

most  such  requests  are  denied,  the  the  public.  In  January  1994  the 
justices  read  hundreds  of  records  and  ,    Society  sponsored  a  three-day  cele- 

briefs  and  spend  many  hours  in  con-  bration  in  Raleigh  to  honor  the  one 

ference  deliberating  their  merits,  hundred  seventy-fifth  anniversary  of 

Each  justice  writes  several  hundred  the  Supreme  Court's  first  session, 
printed  pages  of  opinions  each  year. 


References 

Kemp  P.  Battle,  An  Address  on  the  History  of  the  Supreme  Court.  103  N.C. 

339  (1883). 
David  M.  Britt,  Update  of  the  History  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  North 

Carolina.  326  N.C.  839  (1990). 
Walter  Clark,  History  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  North  Carolina.  177  N.C.  617 

(1919). 
John  V.  Orth,  The  North  Carolina  State  Constitution:  A  Reference  Guide 

(1993). 


i 


The  North  Carolina  Judicial  Branch 


THE  COURT  SYSTEM  IN 
NORTH  CAROLINA 

Before  comprehensive  reorgani-  tern.  Any  changes,  however, 
zation  was  implemented  in  the  required  amending  Article  IV  of  the 
late  1960's,  North  Carolina's  State  Constitution.  In  November  of 
court  system  had  many  levels.  1962,  the  citizens  of  North  Carolina 
Statewide,  the  Supreme  Court  had  approved  an  amendment  which 
appellate  jurisdiction  and  the  authorized  making  the  changes; 
Superior  Court  had  general  trial  however,  there  was  not  enough  time 
jurisdiction.  At  the  local  level  were  between  the  passage  of  the  amend- 
hundreds  of  Recorder's  Courts,  ment  and  the  convening  of  the  1963 
Domestic  Relations  Courts,  Mayor's  General  Assembly  to  prepare  legisla- 
Courts,  County  Courts,  and  Justice  tion  to  implement  the  changes.  The 
of  the  Peace  Courts  created  by  the  General  Assembly  of  1963  created  a 
General  Assembly  and  individually  Courts  Commission  and  charged  it 
tailored  for  the  towns  and  counties,  with  the  responsibility  of  preparing 
Some  of  these  courts  were  in  session  the  new  legislation.  The  Courts 
nearly  full  time,  others  only  an  hour  Commission  began  its  study  soon 
or  two  a  week.  Some  were  presided  after  the  adjournment  of  the  session, 
over  by  a  full-time  judge,  although  Legislation  was  introduced  in  the 
most  were  not.  Some  courts  had  1965  General  Assembly  to  establish 
judges  who  were  lawyers,  but  many  a  new  court  system.  The  constitu- 
had  lay  judges  who  spent  most  of  tional  reform  and  the  legislation  cre- 
their  time  at  other  pursuits.  The  ated  an  Administrative  Office  of  the 
salaries  for  judges  varied  depending  Courts  and  established  the  frame- 
on  the  court,  and  the  cost  of  court  work  for  the  District  Court  Division, 
varied  from  court  to  court,  some-  During  the  late  1950's  and  early 
times  differing  even  within  the  same  1960's,  the  Supreme  Court  of  North 
county.  In  some  instances,  such  as  Carolina  was  one  of  the  busiest  in 
justices  of  the  peace,  court  officials  the  country.  Faced  with  an  increas- 
were  compensated  by  the  fees  they  ing  number  of  cases  dealing  with  its 
exacted,  and  they  provided  their  own  customary  judicial  business  and  a 
facilities.  number  of  post-conviction  appeals 
As  early  as  1955,  certain  citizens  based  on  constitutional  issues  result- 
recognized  that  something  should  be  ing  from  recent  United  States 
done  to  bring  uniformity  to  the  court  Supreme  Court  decisions,  the  Court 
system  in  North  Carolina.  At  the  was  becoming  overburdened.  This 
suggestion  of  Governor  Luther  situation  led  the  1965  General 
Hodges  and  Chief  Justice  M.V.  Assembly  to  submit  a  proposed 
Barnhill,  the  North  Carolina  Bar  amendment  to  Article  IV  of  the 
Association  sponsored  an  in-depth  North  Carolina  Constitution,  autho- 
study  which  ultimately  resulted  in  rizing  the  creation  of  an  intermedi- 
the  restructuring  of  the  court  sys-  ate  court  of  appeals.    The  court 


612 


The  North  Carolina  Judicial  Branch 


would  relieve  the  pressure  on  the 
Supreme  Court  by  sharing  the  appel- 
late caseload.  The  people  over- 
whelmingly approved  this  recom- 
mendation in  the  November  1965 
election,  and  the  1967  General 
Assembly  enacted  the  necessary  leg- 
islation establishing  the  North 
Carolina  Court  of  Appeals.  The 
Court  of  Appeals  became  operational 
on  October  1,  1967. 

These  constitutional  changes  and 
the  implementing  legislation  created 


the  current  multi-level  court  system. 
There  are  two  trial  divisions:  the 
District  Court  Division  and,  above  it, 
the  Superior  Court  Division.  Above 
the  district  and  superior  courts  is  a 
two-level  Appellate  Division  consist- 
ing of  the  Court  of  Appeals  and  the 
Supreme  Court.  The  Administrative 
Office  of  the  Courts,  which  began  its 
operations  on  July  1,  1965,  assists 
with  the  administrative  functions  of 
the  system  at  all  levels. 


The  Supreme  Court  of  North  Carolina 

As  the  highest  court  in  our  state,  the  Supreme  Court  has  functioned  as 
an  appellate  court  since  1805,  although  prior  to  1819  the  members  also  acted 
as  trial  judges,  holding  terms  in  the  different  counties.  The  Supreme  Court 
has  no  jury,  and  it  makes  no  determinations  of  fact;  rather,  it  considers  error 
in  legal  procedures  or  in  judicial  interpretation  of  the  law  and  hears  oral 
arguments  on  the  written  record  of  cases  previously  tried  by  the  superior 
courts,  district  courts,  and  certain  administrative  agencies  and  commissions. 

The  only  original  case  jurisdiction  exercised  by  the  Supreme  Court  is  in 
the  censure  and  removal  of  judges  upon  the  non-binding  recommendations  of 
the  Judicial  Standards  Commission.  Appeals  from  the  Court  of  Appeals  to 
the  Supreme  Court  are  by  right  in  cases  involving  constitutional  questions, 
and  cases  in  which  there  has  been  dissent  in  the  Court  of  Appeals.  In  its  dis- 
cretion, the  Supreme  Court  may  review  Court  of  Appeals  decisions  in  cases  of 
significant  public  interest  or  cases  involving  legal  principles  of  major  signifi- 
cance. As  a  matter  of  right,  appeals  go  directly  to  the  Supreme  Court  in  first 
degree  murder  cases  in  which  the  defendant  has  been  sentenced  to  death  or 
life  imprisonment,  and  in  Utilities  Commission  general  rate  cases.  In  all 
other  cases  appeal  as  of  right  is  to  the  Court  of  Appeals.  In  its  discretion,  the 
Supreme  Court  may  hear  appeals  directly  from  the  trial  courts  in  cases  of 
significant  public  interest,  cases  involving  legal  principles  of  major  signifi- 
cance, where  delay  would  cause  substantial  harm,  or  when  the  Court  of 
Appeals  docket  is  unusually  full. 

Since  1937  the  Court  has  consisted  of  the  Chief  Justice  and  six  Associate 
Justices.  Originally,  the  court  had  only  three  members  (1818-1868;  1875- 
1889);  however,  there  were  times  when  there  were  five  members  (1868-1875; 
1889-1937).  The  Chief  Justice  and  the  associate  justices  are  elected  by  the 
people,  each  for  eight-year  terms.  If  a  vacancy  occurs  during  a  term,  the 
Governor  fills  the  vacancy  until  the  next  general  election. 

The  Court  sits  to  hear  oral  arguments  in  the  courtroom  in  the  Justice 
Building  in  Raleigh,  with  the  Chief  Justice  presiding.  In  his  absence  the 
senior  ranking  Justice  presides.    The  Court  sits  only  en  banc,  that  is,  all  l 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  613 

members  hear  each  case.  Associate  Justices  are  seated  alternately  to  the 
right  or  left  of  the  Chief  Justice,  according  to  their  seniority  in  years  of  ser- 
vice on  the  Court. 

Officials  of  the  Supreme  Court  are  the  Clerk,  the  Librarian,  and  the 
Reporter.  Each  is  appointed  by  the  Court,  and  serves  at  its  pleasure. 

The  North  Carolina  Court  of  Appeals 

Adopted  in  1965,  the  constitutional  amendment  that  established  the 
Court  of  Appeals,  and  the  implementing  legislation,  provided  for  a  total  of 
nine  judges  to  be  elected  for  terms  of  eight  years.  In  1977,  the  General 
Assembly  created  three  additional  seats  on  the  Court,  bringing  the  total 
number  of  judges  to  twelve.  The  bulk  of  the  caseload  of  the  Court  of  Appeals 
consists  of  cases  appealed  from  the  trial  courts.  The  Court  also  hears 
appeals  directly  from  certain  administrative  agency  decisions.  The  Court 
sits  in  panels  of  three  judges,  thus  allowing  arguments  in  separate  cases  to 
be  heard  at  the  same  time.  The  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  desig- 
nates one  of  the  judges  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  as  Chief  Judge.  Judges  are 
assigned  by  the  Chief  Judge  to  sit  in  panels  in  such  a  fashion  that  each  will 
sit,  as  nearly  as  possible,  an  equal  number  of  times  with  every  other  judge. 
The  Court  sits  primarily  in  Raleigh,  but  as  need  is  demonstrated  and  facili- 
ties become  available,  it  may  be  authorized  by  the  Supreme  Court  to  sit  in 
other  places  throughout  the  state.  The  Court  of  Appeals  appoints  a  clerk  to 
serve  at  its  pleasure.  The  Appellate  Division  Reporter  prepares  an  official 
"report"  of  opinions  of  the  Court  of  Appeals  just  as  is  done  for  the  Supreme 
Court. 

The  Superior  Court 

North  Carolina's  superior  courts  are  the  general  jurisdiction  trial  courts 
for  the  state.  Original  jurisdiction  of  the  superior  court  includes  all  felony 
cases.  Most  misdemeanors  are  tried  first  by  a  district  court  judge,  from 
which  conviction  may  be  appealed  to  the  superior  court  for  trial  de  novo  by  a 
jury.  The  superior  court  is  the  proper  court  for  the  trial  of  civil  cases  where 
the  amount  in  controversy  exceeds  $10,000,  and  it  has  jurisdiction  over 
appeals  from  certain  administrative  agencies.  Regardless  of  the  amount  in 
controversy,  the  original  civil  jurisdiction  of  the  superior  court  does  not 
include  domestic  relations  cases,  or  probate  and  estates  matters  and  certain 
special  proceedings  that  are  heard  first  by  the  clerk  of  superior  court. 
Rulings  of  the  clerk  are  within  the  appellate  jurisdiction  of  the  superior 
court. 

The  100  counties  are  grouped  into  superior  court  districts.  Each  district 
has  at  least  one  senior  resident  superior  court  judge  who  has  certain  admin- 
istrative responsibilities  for  his  or  her  home  district.  Resident  superior  court 
judges  are  elected  by  statewide  ballot  to  office  for  eight-year  terms.  In  addi- 
tion, up  to  two  "special"  superior  court  judges  can  be  appointed  by  the 
Governor. 

The  superior  court  districts  are  grouped  into  four  divisions  for  the  rota- 
tion of  superior  court  judges.  Within  each  division,  resident  superior  court 
judges  are  required  to  rotate  among  the  superior  court  districts  and  hold 


614  The  North  Carolina  Judicial  Branch 

court  for  at  least  six  months  in  each,  then  move  on  to  their  next  assignment. 
Special  superior  court  judges  may  be  assigned  to  hold  court  in  any  county. 
Assignments  of  all  superior  court  judges  are  made  by  the  Chief  Justice  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  with  the  aid  of  the  Administrative  Office  of  the  Courts. 
Under  the  Constitution  of  North  Carolina,  at  least  two  sessions  (of  one  week 
each)  of  superior  court  are  held  annually  in  each  county.  The  vast  majority 
of  counties  require  more  than  the  constitutional  minimum  of  two  weeks  of 
superior  court  annually,  and  some  larger  counties  have  superior  court  ses- 
sions about  every  week  in  the  year. 

The  District  Court 

The  court  reorganization  of  the  1960's  provided  for  the  establishment  of  a 
uniform  system  of  district  courts  in  three  phases  throughout  the  State:  In 
December  of  1966,  the  district  court  was  activated  in  22  counties;  in 
December  of  1968,  the  district  court  was  established  in  an  additional  61 
counties;  and  in  December  of  1970,  in  the  remaining  17  counties.  As  the  dis- 
trict court  was  established  in  a  judicial  district,  all  courts  inferior  to  the 
superior  court  were  abolished,  all  cases  pending  in  the  abolished  courts  were 
transferred  to  the  dockets  of  the  district  court  for  trial,  and  all  records  of  the 
abolished  courts  were  transferred  to  the  office  of  the  Clerk  of  Superior  Court, 
who  is  required  to  maintain  a  system  of  consolidated  records  of  both  the 
superior  court  and  the  district  court.  Upon  the  establishment  of  a  district 
court  in  a  county,  the  county  was  relieved  of  all  expenses  incident  to  the 
operation  of  the  courts  except  the  expense  for  providing  adequate  physical 
facilities. 

As  for  superior  courts,  the  General  Assembly  has  grouped  North 
Carolina's  100  counties  into  district  court  districts.  The  district  court  must 
sit  in  at  least  one  place  in  each  county.  The  district  court  has  exclusive  origi- 
nal jurisdiction  of  virtually  all  misdemeanors  and  infractions  (non-criminal 
violations  of  law  not  punishable  by  imprisonment),  probable  cause  hearings 
in  felony  cases,  all  juvenile  proceedings,  involuntary  commitments  and 
recommitments  to  mental  health  hospitals,  and  domestic  relations  cases,  and 
it  has  concurrent  jurisdiction  of  civil  cases  where  the  amount  in  controversy 
is  $10,000  or  less.  Jury  trial  is  provided,  upon  demand,  in  civil  cases.  An 
appeal  in  a  civil  case  is  to  the  Court  of  Appeals  on  questions  of  law  only.  No 
jury  is  authorized  in  criminal  cases.  Upon  appeal  in  criminal  cases,  trial  de 
novo  before  a  jury  will  be  had  in  the  superior  court. 

One  or  more  district  court  judges  are  elected  for  four-year  terms  in  each 
district.  In  multi-judge  districts,  the  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  des- 
ignates one  of  the  judges  as  Chief  District  Court  Judge.  Subject  to  the  Chief 
Justice's  general  supervision,  each  chief  judge  exercises  administrative 
supervision  and  authority  over  the  operation  of  the  district  courts  and  magis- 
trates in  the  district.  District  court  judges  serve  full  time. 

Magistrates 
With  the  establishment  of  the  district  courts  in  the  counties,  the  office  of 
justice  of  the  peace  was  abolished  and  replaced  by  the  newly  fashioned  position 
of  magistrate.    Magistrates  function  within  the  district  court  as  subordinate 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  615 

judicial  officials.  They  are  appointed  by  the  Senior  Resident  Superior  Court 
Judge,  upon  recommendation  of  the  Clerk  of  Superior  Court,  to  serve  a  term 
of  two  years.  The  law  gives  the  Chief  District  Court  Judge  general  supervi- 
sory authority  over  the  magistrates  in  the  district.  Magistrates  operate  with 
less  authority  and  discretion  than  old  justices  of  the  peace,  and  with  more 
supervision,  but  have  extensive  authorities  within  the  district  court  division. 
They  are  empowered  to  try  certain  misdemeanor  worthless  check  cases  and 
civil  suits  designated  as  small  claims  cases,  to  accept  written  appearances, 
waivers  of  trial,  and  pleas  of  guilty  or  admissions  of  responsibility  in  certain 
misdemeanor  and  infraction  cases,  to  conduct  initial  appearances,  grant  bail 
before  trial  in  noncapital  cases,  and  issue  arrest  and  search  warrants. 

District  Attorneys 

North  Carolina  is  divided  into  prosecutorial  districts,  each  having  a  dis- 
trict attorney  who  is  elected  for  a  four-year  term.  The  district  attorney  rep- 
resents the  state  in  all  criminal  actions  brought  in  the  superior  and  district 
courts  in  the  district,  and  is  responsible  for  ensuring  that  infraction  cases  are 
prosecuted  efficiently.  In  addition  to  prosecutorial  functions,  the  district 
attorney  is  responsible  for  calendaring  criminal  cases  for  trial. 

Clerks  of  Superior  Court 

A  Clerk  of  Superior  Court  is  elected  to  a  four-year  term  in  each  county. 
The  clerk  has  jurisdiction  to  hear  and  decide  special  proceedings  (such  as 
adoptions,  condemnations,  partitions,  and  foreclosures),  is  ex  officio  judge  of 
probate,  and  performs  record-keeping  and  administrative  functions  for  both 
the  superior  and  district  courts  of  the  county. 

County  Functions 

Prior  to  court  reorganization  in  the  1960s,  the  counties  had  extensive 
funding  responsibility  for  the  operations  of  various  courts  and  court  officials. 
The  court  reforms  established  the  unified  General  Court  of  Justice,  and  the 
state  assumed  responsibility  for  funding  and  administration  of  virtually  all 
court  operations.  However,  some  county  responsibilities  remain.  Each  coun- 
ty has  the  duty  to  adequately  furnish  and  maintain  a  courthouse  with  at 
least  one  courtroom  and  related  facilities.  In  certain  municipalities  where 
the  General  Assembly  has  authorized  additional  seats  of  district  court,  the 
court  facilities  are  provided  by  the  municipalities. 

The  Sheriff  of  each  county,  or  one  of  the  sheriffs  deputies,  performs 
the  duties  of  bailiff.  The  bailiff  opens  and  closes  courts,  carries  out  directions 
of  the  judge  in  maintaining  order,  takes  care  of  jurors  when  they  are  deliber- 
ating on  a  case,  and  otherwise  assists  the  judge.  A  court  reporter  is  required 
to  record  the  proceedings  in  most  of  the  cases  tried  in  the  Superior  Court. 
Jurors  are  drawn  for  each  term  of  court.  An  independent  three-member  jury 
commission  in  each  county  selects  names  at  random  from  the  county's  voter 
registration  records,  the  list  of  licensed  drivers  residing  in  the  county,  and 
any  other  sources  deemed  reliable.  Each  name  is  given  a  number,  and  the 
Clerk  of  Superior  Court  draws  a  number  of  prospective  jurors  at  random 
from  a  box.  The  numbers  are  matched  with  the  names  which  are  held  by  the 


616  The  North  Carolina  Judicial  Branch 

Register  of  Deeds,  and  the  resulting  list  of  names  is  summoned  by  the 
Sheriff.  No  occupation  or  class  of  person  is  excused  from  jury  service.  In 
fact,  the  law  specifically  declares  that  jury  service  is  an  obligation  of  citizen- 
ship to  be  discharged  by  all  qualified  citizens.  Responsibility  for  hearing 
requests  to  be  excused  from  jury  service  lies  with  the  Chief  District  Court 
Judge. 

For  Further  Information 

North  Carolina  Supreme  Court:  (919)  733-3723 
North  Carolina  Court  of  Appeals:  (919)  733-3561 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  617 


618 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  North  Carolina  Judicial  Branch  619 


Janies  Gooden  Exuin,  Jn 

Chief  Justice 

Early  Years 

Born  September  14,  1935,  to  James  G.  and  Mary  Wall  (Bost)  Exum.  Raised  in  Snow 
Hill,  N.C. 

Educational  Background 

Snow  Hill  High  School  1953;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1957,  A.B.  (English);  New  York 
University  School  of  Law,  1960,  LL.B;  National  Judicial  College,  1969;  Senior 
Appellate  Judges  Seminar,  New  York  University  School  of  Law  and  Institute  of 
Judicial  Administration,  1976. 

Professional  Background 

Chief  Justice,  N.C.  Supreme  Court,  1986-present;  Associate  Justice,  N.C.  Supreme 
Court,  1975-1986  (elected  1974,  reelected  1982);  Resident  Superior  Court  Judge,  18th 
Judicial  District,  1967-1974  (appointed,  July  1,  1967,  by  Governor  Dan  K.  Moore  to  a 
newly  created  judgeship;  elected,  1968);  law  clerk,  Associate  Justice  Emery  B.  Denny, 
N.C.  Supreme  Court,  1960-61;  practicing  attorney  (firm  of  Smith,  Moore,  Smith, 
Schell  and  Hunter,  Greensboro,  N.C),  1961-1967;  visiting  lecturer,  UNC-Chapel  Hill 
School  of  Law,  1978-1985. 

Organizations 

Conference  of  Chief  Justices  1986-present  (member,  Board  of  Directors,  1990-present; 
chair,  Committee  on  Resolutions;  liaison,  Commission  on  Uniform  Laws);  Judicial 
Conference  of  the  United  States  (member,  Advisory  Committee  on  Criminal  Rules 
1988-90);  American  Bar  Association  (chairman,  Ad  Hoc  Committee  on  Death  Penalty 
Costs  1983-present);  chair,  Standing  Committee  on  Criminal  Justice  Standards, 
1990-93;  Member,  Criminal  Justice  Section  Council,  1981-1985);  N.C.  Bar  Association 
(Vice  Chair,  Task  Force  on  Alternatives  to  Litigation,  1984-1986);  Member,  Central 
Selection  Committee,  Morehead  Scholarship  Foundation,  1975-1988;  President, 
General  Alumni  Association,  UNC-CH,  1987-88;  Mason;  Shriner;  Sigma  Nu;  Phi 
Delta  Phi;  Watauga  Club;  Milburnie  Fishing  Club;  Capitol  City  Club;  Wake  County 
Chittlin'  Club. 

Political  Activities 

Elected  to  the  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1967. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Army  Reserves,  1961-1967  (Captain);  U.S.  Army  Information  School,  1961 
(honor  graduate). 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Valedictorian,  1953;  Distinguished  Service  Award,  Psi  chapter,  Sigma  Nu  Fraternity, 
1974;  Distinguished  Service  Award,  Greensboro  Jaycees,  1968;  Root  Tilden  Scholar, 
1957-1960;  Benjamin  F.  Butler  Memorial  Award,  1960;  Morehead  Scholar,  1953-1957; 
Algernon  Sydney  Sullivan  Award,  1957;  Phi  Eta  Sigma,  1954;  President,  Phi  Beta 
Kappa,  1956. 


620  North  Carolina  Manual 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Judith  Jamison,  June  29,  1963.  Children:  James  Gooden,  Steven  Jamison, 
and  Mary  March  (Williams)  Exum;  Member,  Holy  Trinity  Church,  Greensboro; 
Former  Senior  Warden,  Vestryman,  and  Sunday  School  Teacher,  Holy  Trinity 
Church,  Greensboro  and  Christ  Church,  Raleigh;  Member  and  Chalice  Bearer,  Christ 
Church,  Raleigh;  Former  Parliamentarian,  Episcopal  Diocese  of  North  Carolina. 


The  North  Carolina  Judicial  Branch 


621 


Louis  B.  Meyer,  Jr. 
Associate  Justice 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Marion,  McDowell  County,  July  15, 
1933,  to  Louis  B.  and  Beulah  V.  (Smith) 
Meyer,  Sr. 

Educational  Background 

Enfield  Public  Schools;  Wake  Forest 
University,  1955,  B.A.;  Wake  Forest 
University  School  of  Law,  1960,  J.D.; 
University  of  Virginia,  School  of  Law,  1992, 
L.L.M.;  Campbell  University,  Honorary 
Doctor  of  Law,  1990. 

Professional  Background 

Associate  Justice,  N.C.  Supreme  Court,  1981- 

present  (appointed  January,  1981;  elected,  November,  1982;  re-elected,  1986);  former 
attorney  (private  practice,  18  years);  former  special  agent,  FBI;  former  Adjunct 
Professor  of  Business  Law,  Atlantic  Christian  College;  law  clerk,  N.C  .Supreme 
Court,  1960.  Admitted  to  practice  before  the  U.S.  Supreme  Court;  U.S.  Court  of 
Appeals  for  the  Fourth  Circuit;  U.S.  Districts  Court  and  all  State  Courts  in  N.C. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Wilson  County  Bar  Association  (former  President);  7th  Judicial  Bar  Association  (for- 
mer President);  N.C.  Bar  Association  (former  Vice  President);  Masons;  Wake  County 
Bar  Association,  Institute  of  Judicial  Administration;  American  Bar  Association. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Board  of  Trustees,  Wake  Forest  University,  1989-92;  Board  of  Visitors,  Wake  Forest 
University  School  of  Law. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Army,  1955-1957  (1st  Lieutenant). 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Evelyn  Spradlin,  December  29,  1956.  Children:  Louis  B.,  Ill,  Patricia 
Shannon  Cave,  and  Adam  Burden;  Member,  First  Baptist  Church,  Wilson;  Sunday 
School  Teacher;  Former  Deacon  and  Former  Trustee. 


622 


North  Carolina  Manual 


BurleyB.  Mitchell,  Jr. 

Associate  Justice 

Early  Years 

Born  December  15,  1940,  to  Burley  Bayard 
and  Dorothy  Ford  (Champion)  Mitchell,  Sr. 

Ed  u  ca  tion  alBa  ckgro  und 

Raleigh  Public  Schools;  N.C.  State 
University,  1966,  B.A.  cum  laude; 
University  of  North  Carolina-Chapel  Hill 
School  of  Law,  1969,  J.D.;  Senior  Appellate 
Judges  Seminar,  New  York  University 
School  of  Law  and  Institute  of  Judicial 
Administration,  1984  and  1988. 

Professional  Background 

Associate  Justice,  N.C.  Supreme  Court, 
1982-present  (appointed,  1982;  elected  1982;  re-elected,  1984  and  1992);  Secretary, 
N.C.  Department  of  Crime  Control  and  Public  Safety,  1979-1982;  Judge,  N.C.Court  of 
Appeals,  1977-1979;  District  Attorney,  Tenth  Judicial  District,  1972-1977;  Assistant 
Attorney  General  of  N.C,  1969-1972;  admitted  to  practice  before  the  U.S.  Supreme 
Court,  U.S.  Court  of  Appeals  for  the  Fourth  Circuit,  and  all  State  and  Federal  Courts 
in  N.C. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Institute  of  Judicial  Administration;  American  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Bar  Association 
(Vice  President,  1986-87);  Wake  County  Bar  Association;  Delta  Theta  Phi; 
International  Mensa  Society;  Raleigh  Kiwanis  Club;  State  Government  Employees 
Combined  United  Fund  Campaign;  former  chairman,  Triangle  March  of  Dimes  Drive. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Chair,  Governor's  Advisory  Board  on  Prisons  and  Punishment,  1989-92;  Governor's 
Crime  Commission,  1977;  N.C. Courts  Commission,  1983-present;  N.C.  News  Media 
Administration  of  Justice  Council,  1976;  N.C.  State  University,  Graduate  School 
Board  of  Advisory,  1992-present. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Navy  (7th  Fleet,  Asia),  1958-1962. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Outstanding  Young  Man  of  the  Year,  City  of  Raleigh,  1975;  Freedom  Guard  Award 
for  Community,  Religious,  and  Governmental  Activities,  N.C.  Jaycees,  1974-75;  N.C. 
National  Guard  Citizenship  Award,  1982;  Who's  Who  in  America;  Outstanding 
Alumnus,  N.C.  State  University,  1990. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Mary  Lou  Willet,  August  3,  1962.  Children:  David  Bayard  and  Catherine 
Morris;  member,  Hayes-Barton  United  Methodist  Church,  Raleigh;  President,  United 
Methodist  Men,  1984;  Sunday  School  Teacher,  1975-;  Sunday  School  Superintendent, 
1992-present. 


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623 


Henry  E.  Frye 
Associate  Justice 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Ellerbe,  Richmond  County,  August 
1,  1932,  to  Walter  A.  and  Pearl  (Motley) 
Frye  (both  deceased). 

Educational  Background 

Mineral  Springs  School;  North  Carolina  A  & 
T  State  University,  1953,  B.S.;  UNC-Chapel 
Hill  School  of  Law,  1959,  J.D.  with  honors. 

Professional  Background 

Associate  Justice,  N.C.  Supreme  Court, 
1983-present  (appointed,  February,  1983  to 
replace  J.  Phil  Carlton;  elected,  1984);  prac- 
ticing attorney,  1959-1963,  1967-1983;  for- 
mer professor,  N.C.  Central  University  Law  School,  1965-1967;  Assistant  U.S. 
Attorney,  Middle  District  of  North  Carolina,  1963-1965. 

Organizations 

Greensboro  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Bar  Association;  American  Bar  Association; 
National  Bar  Association;  Kappa  Alpha  Psi;  American  Judicature  Society,  Vice 
President,  1991-93. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Board  of  Directors,  N.C.  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Company,  1973-1983;  Board  of 
Directors,  Greensboro  National  Bank,  1971-1983  (President,  1971-81). 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  Senate,  1981-82;  Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1969,-80. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Air  Force,  1953-1955  (Captain) 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Alumni  Excellence  Award,  North  Carolina  A  &  T  State  University,  1972;  Doctor  of 
Laws,  Shaw  University,  1971,  N.C.  A  &  T  State  University,  1983;  Charles  D.  Mclver 
Medal,  UNC-  Greensboro,  1986;  Distinguished  Alumnus  Award,  UNC-Chapel  Hill, 
1986;  Lawyer  of  the  Year,  N.C.  Association  of  Black  Lawyers,  1988;  Appellate  Judges 
Award,  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers,  1989;  Brotherhood  Award,  National 
Conference  of  Christians  &  Jews,  1991;  Greensboro  Business  Leaders  Hall  of  Fame, 
Jr.  Achievement  of  Central  N.C,  1991. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Edith  Shirley  Taylor,  August  25,  1956.  Children:  Henry  Eric  and  Harlan 
Elbert;  Member,  Providence  Baptist  Church,  Greensboro;  Deacon;  former  Sunday 
School  Teacher. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


John  Webb 


Associate  Justice 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Rocky  Mount,  Nash  County, 
September  18,  1926,  to  William  Devin  and 
Ella  (Johnson)  Webb. 

Educational  Background 

Charles  L.  Coon  High  School,  1944;  UNC  - 
Chapel  Hill;  Columbia  University  School  of 
Law,  1952,  LL.B. 

Professional  Background 

Associate  Justice,  N.C. Supreme  Court, 
1987-present  (elected  1986,  reelected  1990); 
Judge,  N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1977-1986 
(appointed  December  2,  1977  by  Governor 

Hunt  as  one  of  three  new  judges;  elected,  1978;  re-elected  1984);  Judge,  Superior 

Court,  1971-1977. 

Organ  iza  tions 

N.C.  Bar  Association;  Phi  Delta  Phi;  Phi  Beta  Kappa. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Navy,  1944-1946  (Third  Class  Petty  Officer). 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Carolyn  Harris,  September  13,  1958.  Children:  Caroline  (Webb)  Smart  and 
William  Devin;  Member,  First  Baptist  Church;  Sunday  School  Teacher,  1955-1979; 
Deacon. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


625 


His  Padgett  Whichard 
Associate  Justice 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Durham,  Durham  County,  May  24, 
1940,  to  Willis  Guilford  (deceased)  and 
Beulah  (Padgett)  Whichard. 

Educational  Background 

Durham  City  Schools;  UNC  -  Chapel  Hill, 
1962,  A.B.;  UNC-Chapel  Hill  School  of  Law, 
1965,  J.D.;  University  of  Virginia,  LL.M., 
1984. 

Professional  Background 

Associate  Justice,  N.C.  Supreme  Court, 

(elected    1986);  Judge,   N.C.   Court  of 

Appeals,  1980-1986;  Practicing  attorney, 

1966-1980;  Law  Clerk,  William  H.  Bobbitt,  former  Chief  Justice,  N.C.  Supreme 

Court,  1965-66. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

American  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Bar  Association;  Durham  County  Bar  Association; 
Phi  Beta  Kappa;  Phi  Alpha  Delta;  Phi  Delta  Phi;  Order  of  the  Coif;  Kiwanis  Club  of 
Tobaccoland,  1974-1985;  UNC  Law  Alumni  Association  (President,  1978-79); 
Director,  Durham  County  Chapter,  American  Red  Cross,  1971-1979;  Director, 
Transition  of  Youth,  Inc.,  1971-1978;  Southern  Growth  Policies  Board,  1971-1980 
(Vice  Chair,  1975-1978);  Director,  Durham  YMCA,  1973-1977;  Durham  Jaycees, 
1966-1975;  Chapter  Chair,  National  Foundation,  March  of  Dimes,  1969-1974. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Senior  Citizens  Coordinating  Council,  1972-1975;  Governor's  Advisory  Committee  on 
Youth  Development,  1972-73. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1970-1974;  member,  N.C.  Senate,  1974- 
1980;  Legislative  Research  Commission,  1971-1973,  1975-1977. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Army  National  Guard,  1966-1972;  Life  Member,  National  Guard  Association. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Outstanding  Appellate  Judge,  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers,  1983;  Outstanding 
Youth  Service,  N.C.  Juvenile  Correctional  Association,  1975;  Outstanding  Legislator, 
N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers,  1975;  Young  Man  of  the  Year,  Durham,  1971. 

Person  al  In  form  a  tion 

Married,  Leona  Irene  Paschal,  June  4,  1961.  Children:  Jennifer  Whichard  Ritz  and 
Ida  Gilbert. 


626 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Sarah  Elizabeth  Parker 
Associate  Justice 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Charlotte,  Mecklenburg  County, 
August  23,  1942,  to  Augustus  and  Zola 
Elizabeth  (Smith)  Parker  (deceased). 

Educational  Background 

Garinger  High  School,  Charlotte,  1960; 
Meredith  College,  1960-1962;  UNC-Chapel 
Hill,  1964,  B.A.;  UNC  Chapel  Hill  School  of 
Law,  1969,  J.D.;  Institute  of  Judicial 
Administration  Appellate  Judges  Seminar, 
1987. 

Professional  Background 

Associate  Justice  N.C.  Supreme  Court, 
1993-present  (elected,  November  3,  1992);  Judge,  N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1985- 
1993(appointed,  December  28,  1984;  elected,  November  4,  1986,  reelected,  November 
6,  1990);  attorney  in  private  practice,  1969-1984;  volunteer,  U.S.  Peace  Corps 
(Ankara,  Turkey),  1964-1966. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

N.C.  Bar  Association  (Vice  President,  1987-88);  American  Bar  Association;  Wake 
County  Bar  Association;  Mecklenburg  County  Bar  (Secretary-Treasurer,  1982-1984; 
Executive  Committee,  1976-1978);  N.C.  Association  of  Women  Attorneys;  National 
Association  of  Women  Judges;  Institute  of  Judicial  Administration;  Raleigh  Executive 
North  Carolina  International  Women's  Connection  Club. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Board  of  Visitors,  UNC-Chapel  Hill;  Former  member,  Advisory  Council,  N.C. 
Correctional  Center  for  Women;  Director,  Charlotte  YWCA. 

Political  Activities 

Past  member,  Executive  Committee,  State  Democratic  Party;  Mecklenburg  County 
Democratic  Women's  Club  (President,  1973);  Charlotte  Women's  Political  Caucus. 

Personal  Information 

Member,  Christ  Episcopal  Church,  Charlotte. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  627 


THE  ADMINISTRATIVE  OFFICE 
OF  THE  COURTS 


Prior  to  the  reforming  and  reor-  major  headings  including  fiscal  man- 

ganizing  of  the  court  system  in  agement,  personnel  direction,  infor- 

North  Carolina  in  the  early  mation  services,  juvenile  services, 

1960s,  there  was  no  unified  court  guardian  ad  litem  services,  trial 

system,  centralized  administration,  court  management  services,  research 

statewide  financing  or  many  other  and  planning,  and  administrative 

structural  and  operational  character-  services. 

istics  uniform  statewide.  The  deci-  Operating  costs  of  The  Judicial 
sions  made  by  the  various  Bar  Branch  are  paid  from  state  appro- 
Association  study  committees  and  priations.  Consequently,  the 
subsequently  by  the  people,  and  the  Administrative  Office  of  the  Courts 
implementing  legislation  recom-  is  responsible  for  preparing  the  bud- 
mended  by  the  Courts  Commission,  get,  as  well  as  managing  appropria- 
charted  new  ground  in  court  systems  tions,  for  the  Judicial  Branch.  In 
and  established  a  model  which  to  addition  to  managing  the  budget  and 
this  day  is  being  followed  in  other  expenditures,  the  Fiscal  Services 
states.  Division  (controller's  office)  also  has 
A  key  element  in  this  process  established  and  supervises  the 
was  the  concept  that  the  court  sys-  method  of  accounting  for  the  hun- 
tem  would  operate  more  efficiently  dreds  of  millions  of  dollars  which 
and  fairly,  across  the  state,  with  cen-  flow  annually  through  the  offices  of 
tralized  administration  and  manage-  the  Clerk  of  Superior  Court.  All 
ment.  Thus,  the  constitutional  equipment  and  supplies  used  in  the 
amendment  and  implementing  legis-  court  system  are  centrally  purchased 
lation  called  for  establishment  of  an  and  distributed.  Forms  are  designed, 
Administrative  Office  of  the  Courts  printed,  and  provided  to  the  various 
to  accomplish  this  purpose.  The  clerk's  offices.  The  payroll  and  travel 
statutes  provide  for  a  Director  and  expenses  for  Judicial  Branch  person- 
an  Assistant  Director,  both  appoint-  nel  are  handled  in  this  division  and 
ed  by  the  Chief  Justice,  to  serve  at  the  Personnel  Services  Division, 
his  pleasure.  Therefore,  the  judges  As  a  separate  branch  of  govern- 
are  substantially  relieved  of  the  con-  ment,  the  Judiciary  is  not  subject  to 
duct  of  the  business  affairs  of  the  the  State  Personnel  Office  which 
Judiciary  so  that  they  can  concen-  serves  the  Executive  Branch  of  gov- 
trate  their  efforts  on  the  disposition  ernment.  Instead,  they  administer 
of  cases.  their  own  personnel  system.  Thus,  the 
Some  specific  statutory  duties  responsibility  of  classifying  jobs  and 
are  outlined  below,  but  the  functions  administering  the  personnel  system  of 
of  the  Administrative  Office  of  the  the  Judicial  Branch  is  vested  in  the 
Courts  can  be  grouped  into  several  Administrative  Office  of  the  Courts. 


628 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  Administrative  Office  of  the 
Courts  has  designed  and  implement- 
ed a  record  keeping  system  and  a 
statistical  reporting  system  by  which 
it  maintains  a  case  by  case  inventory 
of  the  more  than  2.4  million  cases 
which  flow  through  the  system  each 
year.  In  the  specific  area  of  juvenile 
justice,  the  Office  is  responsible  for 
administration  of  the  juvenile  intake, 
probation  and  aftercare  services  on  a 
statewide  basis.  To  perform  this  ser- 
vice, there  are  more  than  300  profes- 
sional court  counselors. 

The  Administrative  Office  of  the 
Courts  also  provides  extensive  ser- 
vices in  areas  related  to  trial  court 
management,  including  programs  for 
case  calendar  supervision,  jury  uti- 
lization management  and  other  ser- 
vices designed  to  make  the  work  of 
the  trial  courts  more  efficient. 

The  Assistant  Director  of  the 
Administrative  Office  of  the  Courts 
is  the  administrative  assistant  to  the 
Chief  Justice.  The  Assistant 
Director's  responsibilities  include 
assisting  the  Chief  Justice  and  the 
Supreme  Court  in  preparing  the 
schedules  of  superior  courts  and 
assigning  superior  court  judges  to 
the  various  court  sessions.  The 
Director  and  Assistant  Director 
share  primary  responsibilities  to 
coordinate  the  programs  that  provide 
counsel  for  indigent  defendants.  A 
continuing  and  overriding  responsi- 
bility of  the  office  is  to  study  the 
operation  of  the  court  system  and 
make  recommendations  for  improve- 
ments. In  addition  to  the  work  of  its 
Research  and  Planning  Division,  this 
function  involves  coordination  with 
various  agencies  such  as  the  Courts 
Commission,  the  Governor's  Crime 


Commission,  the  Sentencing  Policy 
and  Advisory  Commission  and  other 
agencies  and  commissions. 

Although  the  operations  of  the 
Administrative  Office  of  the  Courts 
are  generally  outlined  above,  a  spe- 
cific statutory  listing  of  duties 
include  the  following: 

(1)  collecting  and  compiling  statisti- 
cal data  on  the  judicial  and 
financial  operations  of  the  courts 

(2)  determining  the  state  of  the  dock- 

ets and  evaluating  the  practice 
and  procedures  of  the  courts,  and 
making  recommendations  for  the 
efficient  administration  of  justice 

(3)  prescribing  uniform  administra- 
tive and  business  methods  and 
systems  to  be  used  in  the  offices 
of  the  Clerks  of  Superior  Court 

(4)  preparing  budget  estimates  of 
State  appropriations  necessary 
for  the  operation  of  the  Judicial 
Department 

(5)  investigating  and  making  recom- 
mendations concerning  the 
securing  of  adequate  physical 
accommodations 

(6)  procuring  and  distributing  such 
equipment,  forms  and  supplies 
as  are  to  be  acquired  with  State 
funds 

(7)  making  recommendations  for  the 
improvement  of  the  operation  of 
the  Judicial  Department 

(8)  preparing  an  annual  report  on 
the  work  of  the  Judicial 
Department 

(9)  assisting  the  Chief  Justice  in  per- 
forming his  duties  relating  to  the 
transfer  of  the  District  Court 
Judges  for  temporary  or  special- 
ized duty  i 

(10)  performing  such  additional 
duties  and  exercising  such  addi- 
tional powers  as  may  be  pre- 
scribed by  statute  or  assigned  by 
the  Chief  Judges. 


For  Further  Information 


(919)  733-7107 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


629 


Jaines  C.  Drennan 
Director 

Early  Years 

Born  March,  23,  1949,  to  Clifton  Henderson 
Drennan  and  Blanche  Quick  Drennan. 

Educational  Background 

McCormick  High,  McCormick,  S.C.,  1967; 
Furman  University,  B.A.,  Political  Science, 
1971;  Duke  University,  J.D.,  1974. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney/Professor. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Professor  of  Public  Law  and  Government, 

Institute  of  Government,  UNC,  1974-93;  N.C.  Bar  Association,  Order  of  the  Coif; 

National  Association  of  State  Judicial  Educators;  Conference  of  State  Court 

Administrators. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

The  Administrative  Rules  Review  Commission. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Army,  Quartermaster,  1st  Lt.,  Jan-May,  1975. 

Personal  Information 

Watts  Street  Baptist  Church,  Durham;  Chair.,  Board  of  Mission,  1992-93;  Chair, 
Church  Council  and  Moderator,  1993-94;  Past  Member,  N.C.  State  Baptist 
Committee  on  Christian  Life  and  Public  Affairs;  Board  of  Directors,  Durham  Habitat 
for  Humanity;  Chair,  Family  Selection  Committee.  Married,  Anne  Collier  Drennan, 
May  21,  1972.  Children:  Jennifer  Ellen  and  Jonathan  Clifton. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  631 

THE  COURT  OF  APPEALS 


Stanley  Gerald  Arnold 


Chief  Judge 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Harnett  County,  November  14,  1940,  to  Arlie  D.  and  Gertrude  (Blanchard) 
Arnold. 

Educational  Background 

Lafayette  High  School;  Oak  Ridge  Military  Institute,  1958-59;  East  Carolina 
University,  1963,  A.B.;  UNC-Chapel  Hill  School  of  Law,  1966,  LL.B.;  Eagleton 
Institute  of  Politics,  1972. 

Professional  Background 

Judge,  N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1975-  (elected  1974,  to  complete  unexpired  term  of 
William  E.  Graham,  Jr.  (elected  to  full  term,  1976;  reelected  1984). 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

N.C.  Bar  Association;  N.C.  State  Bar  Association;  American  Bar  Association;  Phi 
Alpha  Delta. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Chair,  Judicial  Standards  Commission,  1982-;  Commission  on  Solid  Waste  Disposal, 
1974;  Southern  Legislative  Conference  Commission  on  Energy,  1971-1974;  Southern 
Legislative  Conference  Committee  on  Consumer  Protection,  1971-1974;  Vice  Chair, 
N.C.  Study  on  Medical  Manpower;  N.C.  Local  Government  Study  Commission,  1971- 
1973. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1971,1973-74;  Chair,  Harnett  County 
Democratic  Executive  Committee,  1968. 

Honors  and  Awards 

Outstanding  Alumni  Award,  East  Carolina  University,  1981.  Outstanding  Young 
Men  of  America,  1970-1973;  Distinguished  Service  Award  1970-1973;  Member,  Phi 
Kappa  Phi,  1986. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Paula  Sue  Johnson,  June  26,  1963.  Children:  Lisa  Dawn  and  Stanley 
Gerald,  Jr.;  Member,  Lillington  Baptist  Church. 


632 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Hugh  Albert  Wells 
Judge 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Shelby,  Cleveland  County,  June  8, 
1922,  to  Charles  H.  and  Tonce  (Walker) 
Wells. 

Educational  Background 

Shelby  High  School,  1939;  UNC-Chapel 
Hill,  1949;  UNC-Chapel  Hill  School  of  Law, 
1952,  LL.B. 

Professional  Background 

Judge,  N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1979-present 
(appointed  August  20,  1979  by  Governor 
James  B.  Hunt;  elected  to  complete  unex- 
pired term,  1980;  elected  to  full  term,  1982, 
1990);  Executive  Director,  Public  Staff,  N.C.  Utilities  Commission,  1977-1979;  N.C. 
Utilities  Commission,  1970-75  (appointed  by  Governor  Robert  Scott);  Vice-President 
and  General  Counsel,  N.C.  Electric  Membership  Corporation,  1975-77;  Counsel, 
Utilities  Review  Committee,  N.C.  General  Assembly,  1976-77;  private  law  practice 
(Shelby,  N.C,  1952-1960;  Atlanta,  G.A.,  1960-1963;  Raleigh,  N.C,  1963-1969). 

Organizations 

N.C.  Bar  Association;  American  Bar  Association;  and  N.C. State  Bar. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Army  Air  Corps,  1942-1945. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Anne  Hubner.  Children:  Kathleen,  Hugh,  Jr.,  and  Joe;  Member,  Methodist 
Church. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


633 


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Clifton  E«  Johnson 
Judge 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Williamston,  Martin  County, 
December  9,  1941,  to  Charlie  M.  (deceased) 
and  Willie  (McNair)  Johnson. 

Educational  Background 

E.J.  Hayes  High  School,  1961;  N.C.  Central 
University,  1965,  B.A.;  N.C.  Central 
University  School  of  Law,  1967,  LL.B. 

Professional  Background 

Judge,  N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1982-present 

Resident  Superior  Ct.  Judge,  1977-1982 

Chief  Judge,  District  Court  1974-1977 

Judge,  District  Court,  1969-1974;  Assistant 

District  Attorney,  Mecklenburg  County,  1969.  Resident  Superior  Court  Judge,  1977- 

1982. 

Organiza  tions 

Mecklenburg  County  Bar  Association;  N.C.  State  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Bar 
Association;  N.C.  Association  of  Black  Lawyers;  Rotary  International;  Omega  Psi  Phi; 
N.C.  Central  University  Alumni  Association,  NAACP. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

1991-present,  Chair,  North  Carolina  Judicial  Standards  Commission;  American  Bar 
Association;  Member,  Board  of  Visitors,  N.C.  Central  University  School  of  Law; 
Member,  N.C.  Courts  Commission;  Member,  Administration  of  Justice  Study 
Committee,  N.C.  Bar  Association. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Brenda  J.  Wilson  of  Williamston,  December  26,  1963.  Children:  Yulonda, 
Clifton  II,  Khiva  and  Clinton;  Member,  Mount  Carmel  Baptist  Church. 


634 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Sidney  Smith  Eagles,  In 
Judge 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Asheville,  Buncombe  County, 
August  5,  1939,  to  Sidney  S.  and  Mildred  T. 
(Brite)  Eagles,  Sr. 

Educational  Background 

Gordon  Military  College,  1957;  Wake  Forest 
College,  1961,  B. A.  (History);  Wake  Forest 
School  of  Law,  1964,  J.D. 

Professional  Background 

Judge,  N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1983-; 
Attorney  in  private  practice  (firm  of  Eagles, 
Hafer  &  Hall,  1981-82;  sole  practitioner, 
1976-1980);  Assistant  Deputy  Attorney 
General,  1967-1976;  Counsel  to  House  Speaker,  1976-1980. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Wake  County  Bar  Association  (former  Chair,  Executive  Committee);  N.C.  Bar 
Association  (Vice  President,  1989-90);  N.C.  State  Bar;  American  Bar  Association; 
Wake  County  Academy  of  Criminal  Defense  Attorneys;  American  Law  Institute; 
Executives  Club  of  Raleigh  (President  1986):  Raleigh  Kiwanis  Club  (President,  1987); 
Director,  Wake  Chapter,  N.C.  Symphony  Society,  1978-1982  (Chair,  1976-1980, 
1982);  Member,  Wake  Forest  University,  School  of  Law  Board  of  Visitors,  1983-pre- 
sent;  Chair,  Appellate  Judges  Conference  ABA,  1993-94;  Member,  House  of  Delegates 
ABA  1992-present;  Member  Barton  College  Board  of  Trustees. 

Political  Activities 

Democratic  Men  of  Wake  County,  1980-1982;  Democratic  Senate  Nominating 
Committee,  1979-1981;  House  Creek  Precinct  Chair,  1976-1980;  State  Campaign 
Manager,  U.S.  Senator  Robert  Morgan  Reelection  Campaign,  1980. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Air  Force,  1964-1976;  Reserves,  1967-1991  (Colonel,  U.S.A.F.R.  Retired);  Air 
Force  Commendation  Medal,  1966;  Meritorious  Service  Medal,  1980;  Legion  of  Merit,  j 
1991. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Rachel  Phillips  of  Nashville,  Tennessee,  May  22,  1965.  Children:  Virginia 
Brite  and  Margaret  Phillips;  Member,  Hillyer  Memorial  Christian  Church  of  Raleigh;  ' 
former  Deacon;  Elder,  Trustee;  Chair  of  the  Board,  1980-81,  1989;  Chair  of  the  Board 
of  Elders,  1985;  Sunday  School  Attendant,  Nursery  Class. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


635 


lack  Lowell  Cozort 
Judge 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Valdese,  Burke  County,  January  9, 
1950,  to  Stuart  Lee  and  Margaret  Mae 
(Keever)  Cozort,  Sr. 

Educational  Background 

Drexel  High  School,  1968;  N.C.S.U.,  1972, 
B.A.  (Political  Science);  Wake  Forest 
University  School  of  Law,  1975,  J.D. 

Professional  Background 

Judge,  N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1985-;  legal 
counsel,  Governor  James  B.  Hunt,  1977- 
1985;  Associate  Attorney  General,  N.C. 
Department  of  Justice,  1975-1977. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Wake  County  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Bar  Association;  N.C.  State  Bar  Association;  Phi 
Delta  Phi;  N.C.S.U.  Alumni  Association;  Raleigh  Rotary  Club,  1976-1980;  Advisory 
Committee,  N.C.S.U.  Fellows  Program;  N.C.S.U.  Student  Aid  Association. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Southeast  Interstate  Low  Level  Radioactive  Waste  Management  Commission,  1983- 
84;  N.C.  Capital  Building  Authority,  1977-1982;  N.C.-S.C.  Boundary  Commission, 
1977;  Wake  Forest  University  School  of  Law  Board  of  Visitors,  1986-present. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Outstanding  Young  Men  in  America,  1982;  Outstanding  Senior,  N.C.S.U.  Liberal  Arts 
Faculty,  1972. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Kathryn  Elder  Kornegay  of  Greensboro,  November  12,  1977.  Children: 
Jackson  Lowell,  Jr.  and  Kathryn  Kornegay;  Member,  White  Memorial  Presbyterian 
Church,  Raleigh. 


636 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Robert  Ftymn  Orr 
fudge 


Early  Years 

Born  October  11,  1946,  in  Norfolk,  Virginia, 
to  Robert  K.  and  Minnie  Sue  Orr. 

Educational  Background 

Hendersonville  High,  1964;  UNC-Chapel 
Hill,  1964-1968,  1971,  A.B.;  UNC-Chapel 
Hill  School  of  Law,  1975,  J.D. 

Professional  Background 

Judge,  North  Carolina  Court  of  Appeals, 
1986-present;  Private  practice  of  law, 
Asheville,  N.C.  1975-1986. 

Orga  n  iza  tion  s 

N.C.  Bar  Association,  NCBA  Vice  -President,  1991-92;  28th  Judicial  District  Bar 
Association;  Preservation  Society  of  Asheville  and  Buncombe  County  (President, 
1976-1978);  Historic  Preservation  Foundation  of  N.C,  Inc.  (Board  of  Directors,  1980- 
1984);  Asheville  Revitalization  Commission  (Vice  Chair,  1977-81). 

Boards  and  Commissions 

N.C.  Alcoholic  Beverage  Control  Commission,  January,  1985  August,  1986;  National 
Park  System  Advisory  Board,  1990-94;  Elected  Chair,  August  1992;  Board  of  Visitors, 
N.C.C.U.,  School  of  Law,  1993-present. 

Political  Activities 

Buncombe  County  Republican  Party  Chair,  1983-1985;  Executive  Committee,  N.C. 
Republican  Party,  1983-1985. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Army,  June,  1968  -  March,  1971. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Louise  H.  Wilson.  Children:  Kelly,  Robby,  Alex  and  Louise;  Presbyterian 
Church. 


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637 


♦  Edward  Greene 
Judge 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Biscoe,  Montgomery  County,  June 
27,  1944,  to  Jonah  and  Helen  (Latham) 
Greene. 

Educational  Background 

East  Montgomery  High  School,  1962;  East 
Carolina  University,  A.B.  (Political  Science), 
1966;  UNC-Chapel  Hill  School  of  Law,  J.D., 
1969;  Master  of  Laws  in  the  Judicial 
Process  (LL.M),  University  of  Virginia 
School  of  Law,  1990;  Appellate  Judges 
Seminar,  New  York  University  School  of 
Law  &  Institute  of  Judicial  Administration, 
1991. 

Professional  Background 

Judge,  N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1986-present;  District  Court  Judge,  Eleventh  Judicial 
District,  1979-1986;  Attorney,  1969-1979;  Adjunct  Professor,  Children  in  the  Legal 
System,  Campbell  University  of  School  of  Law,  1985-present;  Visiting  Lecturer 
Family  Law,  UNC-Chapel  Hill  School  of  Law,  1992. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

N.C.  State  Bar,  N.C.  Bar  Association,  Harnett  County  Bar  Association;  Phi  Kappa 
Tau,  Phi  Delta  Phi;  Dunn  Jaycees,  1972-75. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Board  of  Trustees,  East  Carolina  University,  1972-79;  Dunn  Area  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  1972-75,  President,  1973;  Harnett  Primary  PTA,  President,  1986. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Army  Reserves,  1969-85,  Military  Police. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Dean's  Award  for  Teaching  Excellence,  Campbell  University  School  of  Law,  1993; 
Outstanding  Young  Man  of  Dunn,  1973;  Outstanding  Senior  in  Political  Science,  East 
Carolina  University,  1966. 

Publications 

Co-Author,  Youth  and  the  Law  (a  textbook);  Author,  Mental  Health  Care  for  Children: 
Before  and  During  State  Custody,  13  Campbell  L.  Rev.  1  (1990). 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Joan  Ellen  Powell  of  Alexandria,  Virginia,  August  6,  1966.  Children:  Kelly 
Latham  and  Reagan  Powell. 


638 


North  Carolina  Manual 


John  Baker  Lewis,  Jr. 
Judge 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Farmville,  Pitt  County,  September 
21,  1936,  to  John  B.  and  Mary  Anderson 
(Lamar)  Lewis. 

Educational  Background 

Farmville  High  School,  1954;  UNC-Chapel 
Hill,  1958,  A.B.  (European  History);  UNC- 
Chapel  Hill  School  of  Law,  1961,  LL.B, 
President,  third  year  class. 

Professional  Background 

Judge,  N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1989-present 
(elected  November,  1988,  re-elected,  1992); 
Special  Superior  Court  Judge,  1982-1988 

(appointed  by  Governor  James  B.  Hunt;  re-appointed  by  Governor  James  G.  Martin, 

1987);  practiced,  Lewis  &  Rouse,  1966-82,  Farmville,  N.C. 

Organizations 

N.C.  State  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Bar  Association;  3rd  District  Bar  Association;  Wake 
County  Bar  Association;  Pitt  County  Bar  Association  (President,  1971). 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Former  Member:  N.C.  Property  Tax  Commission,  1978-1981  (Chair);  Board  of 
Directors,  N.C.  Arts  Council,  1981-1987;  President,  Farmville  Child  Developmental 
Center  (Charter  Member). 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Navy,  1961-1966,  Active  duty  Japan,  Vietnam;  Reserves,  1966-91;  Military 
Judge,  Retired;  Captain  JAGC. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Man  of  the  Year,  Farmville,  1979. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Kay  Ellen  Isley  of  Burlington,  February  25,  1967.  Children:  Benjamin  May 
Lewis,  II  and  John  Thomas  Carlysle  Lewis;  Member,  Presbyterian  Church  of; 
Farmville. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


639 


Tarries  Andrew  Wymn,  Jn     flj 
Judge 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Robersonville,  Martin  County, 
March  17,  1954,  to  James  A.  and  Naomi 
Lynch  Wynn,  Sr. 

Ed  u  ca  tion  al  Ba  ckgro  und 

Robersonville  High  School,  1972;  UNC- 
Chapel  Hill,  B.A.,  Journalism,  1975; 
Marquette  University,  Milwaukee,  WI,  J.D., 
Law,  1979;  Candidate,  LL.M.,  University  of 
Virginia. 

Professional  Background 

Judge,  N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1990-present; 
Fitch,  Butterfield  &  Wynn,  1984-90;  N.C. 
Assistant  Appellate  Defender,  1983-84;  U.S.  Navy  JAG  Corps,  1979-83. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

American  Bar  Association,  Judicial  Committee  on  Continuing  Appellate  Education; 
National  Bar  Association,  Judicial  Division;  N.C.  Bar  Association,  Public  Information 
Committee;  N.C.  Association  of  Black  Lawyers;  Wisconsin  State  Bar  Association; 
Naval  Reserve  Association;  Master  Mason;  Life  Member,  Kappa  Alpha  Psi. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Commissioner,  National  Conference  of  Commissioners  on  Uniform  State  Laws,  1993- 
present;  N.C.  Supreme  Court  Permanent  Families  Task  Force  Member,  1992-present; 
Trustee,  Pitt  Community  College,  1989-93;  Trustee,  N.C.  Health  Care  Advisory 
Board,  1988-90;  Trustee,  Wesley  Foundation  of  Greenville,  1975-76. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Navy,  Judge  Advocate  General's  Corps,  Active  duty,  1979-83;  Reserves,  1983- 
present,  current  rank,  Commander. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Jacqueline;  Children:  Javius  and  Conlan;  Member,  Cornerstone  Missionary 
Baptist  Church. 


640 


North  Carolina  Manual 


John  Charles  Martin 
Judge 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Durham,  Durham  County, 
November  9,  1943,  to  C.  B.  Martin  and 
Mary  Blackwell  Pridgen  Martin. 

Educational  Background:  Durham  High 
School,  1961;  Wake  Forest  University,  B.A., 
1965;  Wake  Forest  University  School  of 
Law,  J.D.,  1967. 

Professional  Background 

Judge,  N.C.  Court  of  Appeals;  1985-88, 
1993-present;  Judge,  N.C.  Superior  Court, 
1977-84;  Attorney,  Maxwell,  Martin, 
Freeman  &  Beason,  1988-92;  Attorney, 

Haywood  Denny  and  Miller,  1969-77. 

Organiza  tions 

Durham  County,  Board  of  Directors,  1991-92;  N.C,  Chair,  Administration  of  Justice 
Study  Committee,  1990-92;  American  Judicial  Administration  Bar  Associations; 
Chair,  Leadership  Course,  Durham  Chamber  of  Commerce,  1974;  Phi  Delta  Phi. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Board  of  Visitors,  Wake  Forest  University  School  of  Law,  1986-present;  Alumni 
Council,  Wake  Forest  University,  1993-;  Former  Member,  Trial  Judges  Pattern  Jury 
Instructions  Drafting  Committee,  1978-84;  Commission  Study  Committee  on  the 
Rules  of  Evidence,  Legislative  Research  Commission,  1980;  State-Federal  Judicial 
Council  of  N.C,  Chair  1987,  Judges'  Bench  Book  Committee. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Army,  1st  Lieutenant,  1967-69,  Military  Police  Corps. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Military  Police  Corps;  Army  Commendation  Medal;  Outstanding  Young  Man  of  the 
Year,  City  of  Durham,  1976;  Who's  Who  in  American  Law. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Margaret  Rand,  September  4,  1993.  Children:  Lauren,  Sarah  and  Susan; 
Epworth  United  Methodist  Church,  Durham,  N.C. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


641 


Joseph  R,  John,  Sn 
Judge 

Early  Years 

Born  in  East  Chicago,  Indiana,  October  13, 
1939. 

Educational  Background 

Belmont  Abbey  College,  1958;  UNC-Chapel 

Hill,  A.B.,  English  Major,  Political  Science 

Minor,      1960;      Combined     Fulbright 

Commission  and  French  Government  Grant 

Recipient,  University  of  Paris,  France, 

1962-63;  Summer  Diploma,  University  of 

Heidelberg,  Germany,  1964;  UNC-Chapel 

Hill,  M.A.,  with  a  Political  Science  Major, 

1967;    UNC-Chapel    Hill,    J.D.,    1971; 

Certificate  from  Northwestern  University, 

School  of  Law,  course  for  prosecuting  attorneys,  1975;  Granted  Membership,  N.C. 

College  of  Advocacy,  1979;  Certificate  from  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  Institute  of 

Government,  Justice  Executives  Program,  1984;  Diploma,  National  Judicial  College, 

General  Jurisdiction  course,  1985. 

Professional  Background 

Appelate  Court  Judge,  N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1992-present;  Re-elected,  without  oppo- 
sition, to  an  eight-year  term  as  Resident  Superior  Court  Judge,  18th  Judicial  District; 
Appointed  Resident  Superior  Court  Judge,  18th  Judicial  District,  by  Governor  James 
B.  Hunt,  1984;  Re-elected,  without  opposition,  to  a  four-year  term  as  District  Court 
Judge,  18th  Judicial  District  1984;  Appointed  Chief  District  Court  Judge,  18th 
Judicial  District,  by  N.C.  Supreme  Court  Chief  Justice  Joseph  Branch,  1984;  Elected 
to  a  full  four-year  term  as  District  Court  Judge,  18th  Judicial  District,  1980; 
Appointed  District  Court  Judge,  18th  Judicial  District,  by  Governor  James  B.  Hunt  to 
fill  the  unexpired  term  of  Honorable  B.  Gordon  Gentry,  1980;  Greensboro  Law  firm  of 
Pell,  Pell,  Weston  &  John,  full  partner  in  law  firm,  continued  in  general  practice  of 
law,  1978-80;  Greensboro  law  firm  of  Pell,  Pell  &  Weston,  general  practice  of  law, 
with  special  emphasis  on  criminal,  domestic  relations,  personal  injury  and  general  lit- 
igation, some  pro  bono  work,  1977-78;  Admitted  to  practice  in  U.S.  Supreme  Court  of 
the  United  States,  1977;  Admitted  to  practice  in  U.S.  District  Court  for  the  Middle 
District  of  N.C,  1976;  Chief  Assistant  District  Attorney,  18th  Judicial  District,  as 
Chief  Assistant,  assumed  responsibility  for  administrating  the  Superior  Court  docket, 
coordinating  the  investigation  of  major  cases  with  local  and  state  law  enforcement 
agencies,  as  well  as  preparing  and  presenting  major  cases  for  trial  in  the  Superior 
Court,  1975-77;  Assistant  District  Attorney,  18th  Judicial  District  (Guilford  County), 
1972-77;  Admitted  to  practice  in  courts  of  North  Carolina,  1971;  Staff  Attorney, 
Greensboro  Legal  Aid  Foundation,  1971-72; 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Phi  Delta  Phi  Legal  Fraternity;  Student  Bar  Association  Recruitment  Committee; 
International  Law  Society;  Student  Bar  Association  Placement  Committee;  Student 
Bar  Association  Curriculum  Committee,  Co-Chair;  Greensboro  Bar  Association;  18th 
Judicial  District  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Bar  Association;  American  Bar  Association; 


642  North  Carolina  Manual 

Board  of  Trustees,  Greensboro  Legal  Aid  Foundation;  National  District  Attorneys 
Association;  N.C.  Association  of  District  Attorneys;  N.C.Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers; 
Greensboro  Defense  Lawyers  Association;  N.C. District  Judges  Association;  N.C. 
Conference  of  Superior  Court  Judges;  American  Judges  Association. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Greensboro  Chamber  of  Commerce;  Greensboro  YMCA  Annual  Fund  Raising 
Committee;  Rotary  Club  of  Raleigh;  Crescent  Rotary  Club;  Greensboro  Center  for 
Creative  Arts,  Boards  of  Directors;  Family  and  Children's  Service  of  Greater 
Greensboro,  Inc.;  Vice  Chair,  Criminal  Justice  Task  Force,  Gateways  Community 
Improvement  Program;  Greensboro  Volunteers  to  the  Court,  Board  of  Directors; 
Hamilton  Village  Homeowners  Association,  Vice-President;  Cardinal  Manor 
Homeowners  Association;  Building  Committee  for  Guilford  County  Courts  Building, 
High  Point;  City  of  Greensboro,  Committee  on  the  Reduction  of  Crime  and  Violence; 
Foundation  America,  N.C.  Chapter,  Board  of  Directors. 

Political  Activities 

Guilford  County  Young  Democrats  Club,  Board  of  Directors;  Precinct  Chair,  Guilford 
County  Democratic  Party;  Guilford  County  Democratic  Club. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Mary  Evelyn  (Jones)  John  of  Lexington.  Children:  Stephanie  Ophelia  John, 
Joseph  Andrew  John,  II  and  Joseph  R.  John,  Jr.  (twins);  Member,  Saint  Andrews 
Episcopal  Church,  Greensboro,  N.C;  Saint  Andrews  Episcopal  Church,  Christian 
Education  Committee,  Christian  Education  Teacher. 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch 


643 


Elizabeth  Gordon  McCrodden 
Judge 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Hamlet,  Richmond  County,  October 
10,  1943  to  Walter  Stewart  Gordon  and 
Ellen  Stone  Gordon. 

Educational  Background 

Hamlet  High  School,  1962;  Randolph-Macon 
Woman's  College,  A.B.,  Economics,  1966; 
UNC-School  of  Law,  J.D.  with  Honors, 
1977. 

Professional  Background 

Judge,  N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1993-present; 
Private  Law  Practice,  1992-93;  N.C. 
Department  of  Justice,  Assistant  Attorney 

General,  1987-91;  Associate,  Teague,  Campbell,  Dennis  &  Gorham,  1986-87;  Chief 
Deputy  Commissioner/Deputy  Commissioner,  N.C.  Industrial  Commission,  1984-86; 
Senior  Staff  Attorney/Staff  Attorney,  N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1981-84;  Private  Law 
Practice  in  Chapel  Hill/Research  Triangle  Park,  1979-81;  Research  Assistant  for 
Judge  Gerald  Arnold,  N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1977-78. 

Organizations 

N.C.  State  Bar;  American  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Bar  Association,  Appellate  Rules 

Study  Committee;  Committee  on  Women  in  the  Legal  Profession  in  N.C;  Wake 

County  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Association  of  Women  Attorneys;  Wake  County 

Advisory  Committee  on  Area  Homelessness,  1993;  League  of  Women  Voters  of  N.C, 

Board  of  Directors,  1991-92;  League  of  Women  Voters  of  Wake  County,  President, 

1989-90,  Board  of  Directors,  1986-88;  Wake  County  Community  Assessment 
Committee,  1992-93;  N.C  Congress  of  Parents  and  Teachers,  Board  of  Managers, 
1988-present;  Wake  County  Youth  Services  Planning  Board,  1989-93;  Randolph- 
Macon  Woman's  College  Alumnae  Association,  District  Director  and  Member  of  the 
Board,  1992-present;  Raleigh  Chapter  President,  1985-87;  Adoptions  and  Surrogate 
Parenthood  Study  Commission,  1988;  Washington  Elementary  School  PTA, 
President,  1986-87;  Wake  County  PTA  Council,  1983-84. 

Political  Activities 

Democratic  Women  of  Wake  County;  Wake  County  Citizens  for  Jim  Hunt,  (1992 
Voter  Contact  Constituency  Chair/Steering  Committee  Member). 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Brian  J.  McCrodden,  October  16,  1971.  Children:  Laura  Stone  McCrodden 
and  Sarah  Elizabeth  McCrodden;  Member,  White  Memorial  Presbyterian  Church. 


644  North  Carolina  Manual 

THE  SUPERIOR  COURT 

(as  of  November  1, 1993) 
Resident  Judges 

District  Judge  Address 

1  Thomas  S.  Watts* Elizabeth  City 

J.  Richard  Parker Manteo 

2  William  C.  Griffin,  Jr.* Williamston 

3A       W.  Russell  Duke,  Jr.* Greenville 

Mark  D.  Martin Greenville 

3B        Herbert  O.  Phillips,  III* Morehead  City 

4A        Henry  L.  Stevens,  III* Kenansville 

4B        James  R.  Strickland* Jacksonville 

5  Ernest  B.  Fullwood* Wilmington 

Gary  E.  Trawick Burgaw 

W.  Allen  Cobb,  Jr Wilmington 

6A        Richard  B.  Allsbrook* Roanoke  Rapids 

6B        Cy  Anthony  Grant,  Sr.* Windsor 

7A        Quentin  T.  Sumner* Rocky  Mount 

7B        George  K.  Butterfield,  Jr Wilson 

7C        Frank  R.  Brown* Tarboro 

8A        James  D.  Llewellyn* Kinston 

8B        Paul  Michael  Wright* Goldsboro 

9  Robert  H.  Hobgood* Louisburg 

Henry  W.  Hight,  Jr Henderson 

10        George  R.  Green Raleigh 

10B      Robert  L.  Farmer* Raleigh 

Henry  V.  Barnette,  Jr Raleigh 

IOC      Narley  L.  Cashwell Raleigh 

10D      Donald  W.  Stephens Raleigh 

11         Wiley  F.  Bowen* Dunn 

Knox  V.  Jenkins Four  Oaks 

12A      Jack  A.  Thompson Fayetteville 

12B      Gregory  A.  Weeks Fayetteville 

12C      Coy  E.  Brewer,  Jr.* Fayetteville 

E.  Lynn  Johnson Fayetteville 

13        William  C.  Gore,  Jr.* Whiteville 

D.  Jack  Hooks,  Jr Whiteville 

14A      Orlando  F.  Hudson,  Jr Durham 

14B      Anthony  M.  Brannon* Durham 

J.  Milton  Read,  Jr Durham 

A.  Leon  Stanback,  Jr Durham 

15A      J.  B.  Allen  Jr.* Burlington 

15B      F.  Gordon  Battle* Hillsborough 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  645 

District  Judge  Address 

16A      B.  Craig  Ellis* Laurinburg 

16B      Joe  Freeman  Britt* Lumberton 

Dexter  Brooks Pembroke 

17A      Melzer  A.  Morgan,  Jr.* Wentworth 

Peter  M.  McHugh Reidsville 

17B      James  M.  Long* Pilot  Mountain 

18A      W.  Steven  Allen,  Sr Greensboro 

18B      Howard  R.  Greeson,  Jr Greensboro 

18C      W.  Douglas  Albright* Greensboro 

18D      Thomas  W.  Ross Greensboro 

18E      Catherine  C.  Eagles Greensboro 

19A     James  C.  Davis* Concord 

19B      Russell  G.  Walker,  Jr.* Asheboro 

19C      Thomas  W.  Seay,  Jr.* Spencer 

20A     F.  Fetzer  Mills* Wadesboro 

James  M.  Webb Southern  Pines 

20B      William  H.  Helms* Monroe 

21A      William  Z.  Wood,  Jr Winston-Salem 

21B      Judson  D.  DeRamus,  Jr.* Winston-Salem 

21C      William  H.  Freeman Winston-Salem 

21D      James  A.  Beaty,  Jr Winston-Salem 

22         Preston  Cornelius* Mooresville 

Lester  P.  Martin,  Jr Mocksville 

23        Julius  A.  Rousseau,  Jr.* North  Wilkesboro 

24        Charles  C.  Lamm,  Jr.*  Boone 

25A     Claude  S.  Sitton* Morganton 

Beverly  T.  Beal Lenoir 

25B      Forrest  A.  Ferrell* Hickory 

26A     Shirley  L.  Fulton Charlotte 

Marcus  L.  Johnson Charlotte 

26B      Robert  P.  Johnston Charlotte 

Julia  V.  Jones Charlotte 

26C      Robert  M.  Burroughs,  Sr.* Charlotte 

Chase  B.  Saunders Charlotte 

27A     Robert  E.  Gaines Gastonia 

Jesse  B.  Caldwell Gastonia 

27B      John  Mull  Gardner* Shelby 

28        Robert  D.  Lewis* Asheville 

C.  Walter  Allen Asheville 

29        Zoro  J.  Guice,  Jr.* Rutherfordton 

Loto  Greenlee  Caviness Marion 

30A     James  U.  Downs* Franklin 

30B      Janet  Marlene  Hyatt* Waynesville 

*Senior  Resident  Superior  Court  Judge  of  the  district  or  "set  of  districts" 

For  Further  Information 

(919)  755-4100 


• 


646  North  Carolina  Manual 

THE  DISTRICT  COURT 

(as  of  November  1, 1993) 
District  Judges 

District  Judge  Address 

1  Grafton  G.  Beaman Elizabeth  City 

C.  Christopher  Bean Edenton 

Janice  M.  Cole Hertford 

2  Michael  A.  Pauls Washington 

James  W.  Hardison Williamston 

Samuel  G.  Grimes Washington 

3A  E.  Burt  Aycock,  Jr  Greenville 

James  E.  Martin Grifton 

David  A.  Leech Greenville 

3B  James  E.  Ragan,  III Oriental 

Willie  Lee  Lumpkin,  III Morehead  City 

George  L.  Wainwright Morehead  City 

Jerry  F.  Waddell New  Bern 

4  Stephen  M.  Williamson Kenansville 

William  M.  Cameron,  Jr Jacksonville 

Wayne  G.  Kimble,  Jr Jacksonville 

Leonard  W.  Thagard Clinton 

Paul  A.  Hardison Jacksonville 

Russell  J.  Lanier Beulaville 

5  Jacqueline  Morris-Goodson Wilmington 

Elton  Glenn  Tucker Wilmington 

John  W.  Smith Wilmington 

Julius  H.  Corpening Wilmington 

Shelley  S.  Holt Wilmington  j 

Vacant 

6A  Harold  P.  McCoy Halifax 

Dwight  L.  Cranford Halifax 

6B  Alfred  W.  Kwasikpui Jackson 

Thomas  R.  Newbern Aulander 

George  M.  Britt Tarboro 

Albert  S.  Thomas,  Jr Wilson 

Sarah  F.  Patterson Rocky  Mount 

Joseph  John  Harper,  Jr Tarboro 

M.  Alexander  Biggs,  Jr Rocky  Mount 

John  L.  Whitley Wilson 

8  J.  Patrick  Exum Kinston 

Arnold  O.  Jones Goldsboro , 

Kenneth  R.  Ellis Goldsboro 

Rodney  R.  Goodman Kinston 

Joseph  E.  Setzer,  Jr Goldsboroi 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  647 

District  Judge  Address 

9  Claude  W.  Allen,  Jr Oxford 

Charles  W.  Wilkinson,  Jr Oxford 

J.  Larry  Senter Franklinton 

H.  Weldon  Lloyd,  Jr Henderson 

Pattie  S.  Harrison Roxboro 

10  Russell  G.  Sherrill,  III Raleigh 

Stafford  G.  Bullock Raleigh 

Louis  W.  Payne,  Jr Raleigh 

William  A.  Creech Raleigh 

Joyce  A.  Hamilton Raleigh 

FredM.  Morelock Raleigh 

Jerry  W.  Leonard Raleigh 

Donald  W.  Overby Raleigh 

James  R.  Fullwood Raleigh 

Anne  B.  Salisbury Raleigh 

William  C.  Lawton Raleigh 

11  William  A.  Christian Sanford 

Edward  H.  McCormick Lillington 

Samuel  S.  Stephenson Angier 

T.  Yates  Dobson,  Jr Smithfleld 

Albert  A.  Corbett,  Jr Smithfield 

Franklin  F.  Lanier Buies  Creek 

12  Sol  G.  Cherry Fayetteville 

A.  Elizabeth  Keever Fayetteville 

Patricia  Timmons-Goodson Fayetteville 

John  S.  Hair,  Jr Fayetteville 

James  F.  Ammons,  Jr Fayetteville 

Andrew  R.  Dempster Fayetteville 

13  Jerry  A.  Jolly Tabor  City 

David  G.  Wall Elizabethtown 

Napoleon  B.  Barefoot,  Jr Bolivia 

Ola  M.  Lewis Bolivia 

14  Kenneth  C.  Titus Durham 

David  Q.  LaBarre Durham 

Richard  Chaney Durham 

Carolyn  D.  Johnson Durham 

William  Y.  Manson Durham 

15A        James  Kent  Washburn Burlington 

Spencer  B.  Ennis Burlington 

Ernest  J.  Harviel Burlington 

15B        Patricia  S.  Love Chapel  Hill 

Stanley  S.  Peele Chapel  Hill 

Lowry  M.  Betts Pittsboro 

16A        Warren  L.  Pate Raeford 

William  C.  Mcllwain,  III Laurinburg 

16B        Charles  B.  McLean Lumberton 

Herbert  L.  Richardson Lumberton 


- 

648  North  Carolina  Manual 

District  Judge  Address 

16B        Gary  L.  Locklear Pembroke 

Robert  F.  Floyd,  Jr Fairmont 

J.  Stanley  Carmical Lumberton 

17A        Robert  R.  Blackwell Yanceyville 

Janeice  B.  Tindal Reidsville 

Vacant 

17B        Jerry  Cash  Martin Mount  Airy 

Clarence  W.  Carter King 

Otis  M.  Oliver Mount  Airy 

18  J.  Bruce  Morton Greensboro 

William  L.  Daisy Greensboro 

Sherry  Fowler  Alloway Greensboro 

Lawrence  C.  McSwain Greensboro 

William  A.  Vaden Greensboro 

Thomas  G.  Foster,  Jr Greensboro 

Joseph  E.  Turner Greensboro 

Donald  L.  Boone High  Point 

Ben  D.  Haines Greensboro 

Charles  L.  White Greensboro 

19A        Adam  C.  Grant,  Jr Concord 

Clarence  E.  Horton,  Jr Kannapolis 

19B        William  M.  Neely Asheboro 

Vance  B.  Long Asheboro 

Michael  A.  Sabiston Troy 

19C        Frank  M.  Montgomery Salisbury 

Anna  Mills  Wagoner Salisbury 

20  Donald  R.  Huffman Wadesboro 

Kenneth  W.  Honeycutt Monroe 

Ronald  Wayne  Burris Albemarle 

Michael  Earl  Beale Pinehurst 

Tanya  T.  Wallace Rockingham 

Susan  C.  Taylor Albemarle 

21  James  A.  Harrill,  Jr Winston-Salem 

Robert  Kason  Keiger Winston-Salem 

Roland  H.  Hayes Winston-Salem 

William  B.  Reingold Winston-Salem 

Loretta  C.  Biggs Kernersville 

Margaret  L.  Sharpe Winston-Salem 

Chester  C.  Davis Winston-Salem 

22  Robert  W.  Johnson Statesville 

Samuel  A.  Cathey Statesville 

George  T.  Fuller Lexington 

Kimberly  S.  Taylor Hiddenite 

James  M.  Honeycutt Lexington 

Jessie  A.  Conley Statesville 

23  Samuel  L.  Osborne Wilkesboro 

Edgar  B.  Gregory Wilkesboro 


The  North  Carolina  Legislative  Branch  649 

District  Judge  Address 

24  Robert  H.  Lacey Newland 

R.  Alexander  Lyerly Banner  Elk 

Claude  B.  Smith,  Jr Boone 

25  L.  Oliver  Noble,  Jr Hickory 

Timothy  S.  Kincaid Newton 

Ronald  E.  Bogle Hickory 

Jonathan  L.  Jones Valdese 

Nancy  L.  Einstein Lenoir 

Robert  E.  Hodges Morganton 

Robert  M.  Brady Lenoir 

26  James  E.  Lanning Charlotte 

William  G.  Jones Charlotte 

Daphene  L.  Cantrell Charlotte 

Resa  L.  Harris Charlotte 

Marilyn  R.  Bissell Charlotte 

Richard  D.  Boner Charlotte 

H.  William  Constangy,  Jr Charlotte 

Jane  V.  Harper Charlotte 

Charles  Jerome  Leonard,  Jr Charlotte 

Philip  F.  Howerton,  Jr Charlotte 

Yvonne  M.  Evans Charlotte 

David  S.  Cayer Charlotte 

27A        Timothy  L.  Patti Gastonia 

HarleyB.  Gaston,  Jr Belmont 

Catherine  C.  Stevens Gastonia 

Joyce  A.  Brown Belmont 

Melissa  A.  Magee Stanley 

27B        George  W.  Hamrick Shelby 

James  Thomas  Bowen,  III Lincolnton 

J.  Keaton  Fonvielle Shelby 

James  W.  Morgan Shelby 

28  Earl  Justice  Fowler,  Jr Asheville 

Peter  L.  Roda Asheville 

Gary  S.  Cash Asheville 

Shirley  H.  Brown Asheville 

Rebecca  B.  Knight Asheville 

29  Robert  S.  Cilley Brevard 

Stephen  F.  Franks Hendersonville 

Robert  S.  Cilley Brevard 

Deborah  M.  Burgin Rutherfordton 

Mark  E.  Powell Hendersonville 

30  John  J.  Snow Murphy 

Danny  E.  Davis Waynesville 

Steven  J.  Bryant Bryson  City 


For  Further  Information 


(919)  755-4101 


- 


650  North  Carolina  Manual 

DISTRICT  ATTORNEYS 

(as  of  November  1, 1993) 

District  Judge  Address 

1       H.  P.  Williams,  Jr Elizabeth  City 

2      Mitchell  D.  Norton Washington 

3A    Thomas  D.  Haigwood Greenville 

3B    W.  David  McFadyen,  Jr New  Bern 

4      William  H.  Andrews Jacksonville 

5      Jerry  L.  Spivey Wilmington 

6A    W.  Robert  Caudle,  II Halifax 

6B    David  H.  Beard,  Jr Murfreesboro 

7      Howard  S.  Boney,  Jr Tarboro 

8      Donald  Jacobs Goldsboro 

9      David  R.  Waters Oxford 

10    C.  Colon  Willoughby,  Jr Raleigh 

11    Thomas  H.  Lock Smithfield 

12    Edward  W.  Grannis,  Jr Fayetteville 

13     Rex  Gore Bolivia 

14    Ronald  L.  Stephens Durham 

15A Steve  A.  Balog Graham 

15B CarlR.  Fox Pittsboro 

16A Jean  E.  Powell Raeford 

16B John  R.  Townsend Lumberton 

17A Belinda  J.  Foster Wentworth 

17B James  L.  Dellinger,  Jr Dobson 

18    Horace  M.  Kimel,  Jr Greensboro 

19A William  D.  Kenerly Concord 

19B Garland  N.  Yates Asheboro 

20    Carroll  Lowder Monroe 

21    Thomas  J.  Keith Winston-Salem 

22    H.  W.  Zimmerman,  Jr Lexington 

23    Michael  A.  Ashburn Wilkesboro 

24    James  Thomas  Rusher Boone 

25    Robert  E.  Thomas Newton 

26    Peter  S.  Gilchrist Charlotte 

27A Michael  K.  Lands Gastonia 

27B William  C.  Young Shelby 

28    Ronald  L.  Moore Asheville 

29    Alan  C.  Leonard Rutherfordton 

30    Charles  W.  Hipps Waynesville 

The  Chief  District  Court  Judge  for  each  district  is  listed  first. 

For  Further  Information 

(919)  755-4117 


Higher  Education 

In 
North  Carolina 


>=* 


Part  III 


652  North  Carolina  Manual 


North  Carolina  Manual 


653 


mi 


■:■:■:'■:'■:■:<•:'•'.'•  vX:. ■>:-.■:-.•. ■;■;■;■. -:■;-"■,■;■.■.-.-  '-.-:■.■  ::-::-:-:  •. . :-.  -:-:-;-.-. .  .-.•.;:  •.-:-.-,-.-;-;-:-.-:-':.:;:::: 


The  University  of  North  Carolina 

at  Chapel  Hill 

Bicentennial  Observance  Celebration 


1K= 


President  Clinton  speaks  at  the  UNC-Chapel  Hill 
Bicentennial  Celebration 


(Contributed  by  the  Bicentennial  Observance  Office,  The  University  of  North  Carolina  at  Chapel  Hill) 


654  Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 

Excerpts  from  President  Clinton's  Speech 
October  12,  1993 


I  began  to  think  of  this  moment  in  August  when  I  was  on  vacation,  and  I 
spent  an  evening  with  a  person  who  used  to  be  one  of  your  great  sons,  James 
Taylor.  And  I  asked  him  to  sing  Carolina  In  My  Mind,  so  that  I  could  begin 
to  think  about  what  this  day  might  mean  to  all  of  us. 

Five  other  presidents  have  come  to  this  great  university  to  speak.  None 
has  ever  had  the  opportunity  to  speak  to  a  crowd  like  this,  on  this  occasion  of 
your  200th  birthday  as  a  university. 

I'd  like  to  begin  by  thanking  the  students  whom  I  have  met,  and  especial- 
ly those  who  gave  me  this  beautiful  leather  bound  book  of  essays  -  three  of 
them  -  about  the  theme  for  this  bicentennial  celebration  that  the  students 
chose  -  community.  For  it  is  in  many  ways  what  ought  to  be  America's  theme 
today,  how  we  can  be  more  together  than  we  are  apart. 

This  university  has  produced  enough  excellence  to  fill  a  library  or  lead  a 
nation.  In  novelists  like  Thomas  Wolfe  and  Walker  Percy.  In  great  defenders 
of  the  Constitution  like  Senator  Sam  Ervin  and  Julius  Chambers,  now  one  of 
your  Chancellors.  And  Katherine  Everett,  a  pioneer  among  women  lawyers. 
And  Francis  Collins,  a  scientist  who  discovered  the  gene  for  cystic  fibrosis. 
And  journalists  like  Charles  Kuralt  and  Tom  Wicker  and  Deborah  Potter  and 
my  Pulitzer  Prize-winning  friend,  Taylor  Branch.  And  leading  businessmen 
and  women  like  the  head  of  the  Small  Business  Administration  in  our 
administration,  Erskine  Bowles,  who's  here  with  me  tonight  and  who,  I  dare 
say,  is  the  ablest  person  ever  to  hold  his  position  -  probably  because  of  the 
education  he  got  here  at  the  University  of  North  Carolina.  These  are  just  a 
few  of  the  many  thousands  of  lives  who  have  been  brightened  by  what  Mr. 
Kuralt  so  warmly  referred  to  as  the  light  and  liberty  this  great  university 
offers. 

As  one  who  grew  up  in  the  South,  I  have  long  admired  this  university  for  i 
understanding  that  our  best  traditions  call  on  us  to  offer  that  light  and  liber- 
ty to  all.  Chapel  Hill  has  always  been  filled  with  a  progressive  spirit.  Long 
before  history  caught  up  with  him,  as  Mr.  Kuralt  just  said,  your  legendary 
president,  Frank  Porter  Graham,  spoke  this  simple  but  powerful  truth:  "In 
the  South,  two  great  races  have  fundamentally  a  common  destiny  in  building 
a  nobler  civilization,  and  if  we  go  up,  we  go  up  together."  What  a  better  life 
we  might  have  had  if  more  had  listened  to  that  at  a  sooner  time. 

Your  great  state  has  also  understood  that  education  goes  hand-in-hand  ' 
with  the  expansion  of  democracy  and  the  advancement  of  our  own  economy. 
Under  the  leadership  of  men  like  Luther  Hodges  and  Terry  Sanford  and  Bill 
Friday,  this  university  joined  with  your  other  state's  great  universities,  the 
state  government  and  the  corporate  community  to  begin  building  an 
advanced  research  center  to  attract  new  businesses  and  jobs.  Now  the 
Research  Triangle  has  more  than  60  companies,  more  than  34,000  employ- 
ees; it  is  the  envy  of  the  entire  nation  of  what  we  can  do  if  we  strive  to  make 
change  our  friend. 


North  Carolina  Manual  655 

Tonight  we  celebrate  the  day  this  university  began  -  the  laying  of  a  cor- 
nerstone that  marks  a  milestone  in  the  entire  American  journey,  because  on 
this  day,  near  this  place,  200  years  ago,  the  cornerstone  was  laid  for  the  first 
building  in  the  first  university  in  a  nation  that  had  only  recently  been  born. 

It  was,  to  be  sure,  a  time  of  hopeful  and  historic  change,  when  the  future 
was  clear  to  those  who  had  the  vision  to  see  it  and  the  courage  to  seize  it.  It 
was  a  time  of  heroes  such  as  William  R.  Davie,  a  fighter  in  the  Revolution,  a 
framer  of  the  Constitution,  a  Princeton  graduate  who  wanted  a  state  univer- 
sity here  to  make  education  accessible  to  more  than  a  privileged  few. 

On  October  12th  in  1793,  when  General  Davie  laid  the  foundation  for 
this  university,  he  laid  a  foundation  for  two  centuries  of  progress  in 
American  education. 

Historians  tell  us  now  that  there  was  then  a  joyous  ceremony  -  that  "the 
maple  leaves  flamed  red  in  the  eager  air."  Great  joy  there  was,  but  remember 
now,  it  was  in  the  face  of  great  uncertainty.  The  ruins  of  the  Revolutionary 
War  had  yet  to  heal.  The  debts  had  yet  to  be  repaid.  An  a  new  democracy 
seemed  still  untested  and  unstable.  Yet,  in  spite  of  all  these  problems,  the 
Americans  of  that  time  had  the  courage  to  build  what  had  never  before  exist- 
ed -  a  great  new  republic  and  a  public  university. 

In  spite  of  the  obstacles,  they  decided  to  bet  on  the  future,  not  cling  to  the 
past.  That  is  the  test  for  us  today,  my  fellow  Americans.  .  . 

.  .  .Now,  after  200  years,  and  after  200  years  of  this  university,  we  find 
ourselves  a  people  of  more  than  150  different  racial  and  ethnic  groups  con- 
fronting a  challenge  in  this  new  era  which  tests  our  belief  in  the  future,  tests 
our  courage  to  change,  and  tests  our  commitment  to  community  -  to  going  up 
together. 

Tonight  we  can  best  honor  this  great  university's  historic  builders  and 
believers,  a  dozen  generations  after  our  nation  and  this  university  began  by 
meeting  those  tests. 

Tonight  before  I  go  on,  I  want  to  express  here  in  North  Carolina,  my  pro- 
found gratitude  and  deep  personal  sympathy  to  the  families  of  the  six  ser- 
vicemen from  Fort  Bragg  who  were  killed  in  Somalia:  Sergeant  Daniel 
Busch,  First  Class  Earl  Fillmore,  Master  Sergeant  Gary  Gordon,  Master 
Sergeant  Timothy  Martin,  Sergeant  First  Class  Matthew  Rierson  and 
Sergeant  First  Class  Randall  Schugan.  May  God  bless  their  souls  and  their 
families,  and  may  we  all  thank  them. 

.  .  .  The  idea  of  the  public  university,  born  here  in  North  Carolina,  played 
a  major  role  in  revolutionizing  opportunity  for  millions  and  millions  and  mil- 
lions of  Americans  who  never  even  came  into  this  state,  but  got  that  opportu- 
nity in  other  states  because  of  the  example  set  here. 

...  I  honestly  believe  that  as  you  start  the  third  century  of  this 
University's  life  we  could  be  looking  at  the  most  exciting  time  America  has 
ever  known,  if  we  have  the  security  and  the  courage  to  change. 

We  want  to  revitalize  the  American  spirit  of  enterprise  and  adventure. 
We  want  to  give  our  people  new  confidence  to  dream  those  great  dreams 
again,  to  take  those  great  risks,  to  achieve  those  great  things. 

The  security  I  seek  for  America  is  like  a  rope  for  a  rock  climber,  to  lift 
those  who  will  take  responsibility  for  their  own  lives  to  greater  and  greater 


656  Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 

pinnacles.  The  security  I  seek  is  not  government  doing  more  for  people  but 
Americans  doing  more  for  ourselves  and  for  our  families,  for  our  communities 
and  for  our  country.  It  is  not  the  absence  of  risk,  it  is  the  presence  of  opportu- 
nity. It  is  not  a  world  without  change  but  a  world  in  which  change  is  our 
friend  and  not  our  enemy. 

We  honor  today  the  men  and  women  who  had  the  courage  to  create  a  new 
university  in  a  new  nation.  We  must,  like  them,  be  builders  and  believers, 
the  architects  of  a  new  security  to  empower  and  embolden  America  and  the 
University  of  North  Carolina  on  the  eve  of  a  new  century. 

In  the  words  of  your  great  alumnus,  Thomas  Wolfe,  the  true  discovery  of 
America  is  still  before  us.  The  true  fulfillment  of  our  spirit,  of  our  people,  of 
our  mighty  and  immortal  land  is  yet  to  come.  Let  us  believe  in  those  words 
and  let  us  act  on  them,  so  that  200  years  from  now  our  children,  12  genera- 
tions removed,  will  still  celebrate  this  glorious  day. 

Thank  you,  and  God  speed. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  657 


CHAPTER  ONE 
The  University  of  North  Carolina  System 

The     University     of     North  In  1965,  Charlotte  College  was 

Carolina  consists  of  sixteen  added  as  The  University  of  North 

institutions,  all  governed  by  a  Carolina    system  and  named  The 

single  Board  of  Governors  but  each  University  of  North  Carolina  at 

having  its  own  board  of  trustees  and  Charlotte,    and,  in  1969,  Asheville- 

each  with  its  distinctive  history  and  Biltmore  College  and  Wilmington 

mission.  College  became  The  University  of 

The  institution  now  known  as  North  Carolina  at  Asheville  and  The 

The  University  of  North  Carolina  at  University  of  North  Carolina  at 

Chapel  Hill  was  chartered  in  1789  Wilmington  respectively, 
and  opened  its  doors  to  students  in  On  October  30,  1971,  the  General 

1795,  the  first  state  university  in  the  Assembly  in  special  session  merged, 

United  States  to  do  so.  Throughout  without  changing  their  names,  the 

most  of  its  history,  it  has  been  gov-  remaining  ten  state-supported  senior 

erned  by  a  board  of  trustees  chosen  institutions  into  the  University  as 

by  the  Legislature  and  presided  over  follows:        Appalachian        State 

by  the  Governor.  During  the  period  University  (Boone),  East  Carolina 

1917-1972,  the  board  consisted  of  one  University  (Greenville),  Elizabeth 

hundred  elected  members  and  a  City  State  University  (Elizabeth 

varying  number  of  ex  officio  mem-  City),  Fayetteville  State  University 

bers.  (Fayetteville),    North    Carolina 

By  act  of  the  General  Assembly  Agricultural  and  Technical  State 

of  1931,  without  change  of  name,  it  University  (Greensboro),   North 

was  merged  with  The  North  Carolina  Carolina      Central      University 

College  for  Women  at  Greensboro  (Durham),  North  Carolina  School  of 

and  the  North  Carolina  State  College  the  Arts  (Winston-Salem),  Pembroke 

of  Agriculture  and  Engineering  at  State    University,     (Pembroke), 

Raleigh  to  form  a  multicampus  insti-  Western      Carolina     University 

tution  designated  as  The  University  (Cullowhee),  and  Winston-Salem 

of  North  Carolina.  State  University  (Winston-Salem). 

In  1963,  the  General  Assembly  This  merger,  which  resulted  in  a 
changed  the  names  of  three  statewide  multicampus  university  of 
University  of  North  Carolina  cam-  sixteen  constituent  institutions, 
puses.  The  campus  at  Chapel  Hill  became  effective  on  July  1,  1972. 
was  changed  to  The  University  of  The  constitutionally  authorized 
North  Carolina  at  Chapel  Hill;  the  Board  of  Trustees,  composed  of  100 
campus  at  Greensboro  was  changed  members,  was  designated  the  Board 
to  The  University  of  North  Carolina  of  Governors.  The  number  was 
at  Greensboro;  and,  in  1965,  the  reduced  to  thirty-two  members  elect- 
name  of  the  campus  at  Raleigh  was  ed  by  the  General  Assembly,  with 
changed  to  North  Carolina  State  authority  to  choose  their  own  chair- 
University  at  Raleigh.  man  and  other  officers. 


658 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  Board  of  Governors  is 
assigned  five  major  categories  of 
powers  and  duties: 

1.  With  reference  to  the  constituent 
institutions  of  The  University  of 
North  Carolina,  the  Board  of 
Governors  has  comprehensive 
duties  and  powers  for  the  control, 
supervision,  management,  and 
governance  of  all  affairs  of  the 
constituent  institutions,  together 
with  the  responsibility  to  develop, 
prepare,  and  present  a  single, 
unified  budget  for  all  of  public 
senior  higher  education,  and  to 
approve  the  establishment  of  any 
new  public  senior  institution. 

2.  With  reference  to  the  State 
Board  of  Education  and  the 
Department  of  Community 
Colleges,  the  Board  of  Governors 
is  to  maintain  liaison  through 
appropriate  and  regularized  con- 
sultative processes,  in  accor- 
dance with  the  intent  to  develop 
a  coordinated  system. 

3.  With  reference  to  State  or  federal 
programs  that  provide  aid  to 
institutions  or  students  in  post- 
secondary  education  through  a 
state  agency,  except  for  those 
related  exclusively  to  the  com- 
munity colleges,  the  Board  of 
Governors  is  to  administer  such 
programs  in  accordance  with 
State  or  federal  statute  to  insure 
that  such  activities  are  conso- 
nant with  the  development  of  a 
coordinated  system  of  higher 
education. 

4.  With  reference  to  the  private  col- 
leges and  universities,  in  the 
interest  of  developing  a  coordi- 
nated system  of  higher  educa- 
tion, the  Board  is:  to  assess  the 
contributions  and  needs  of  those 
institutions  and  to  give  advice 
and  recommendations  to  the 


General  Assembly  to  the  end 
that  their  resources  may  be  uti- 
lized in  the  best  interest  of  the 
State;  to  license  to  confer  degrees 
to  non-public  institutions,  estab- 
lished in  the  State  after  April  15, 
1923;  to  approve  the  appoint- 
ment by  the  President  of  an  advi- 
sory committee  of  presidents  of 
private  colleges  and  universities; 
and  to  maintain  liaison  and  con- 
sult with  the  private  institutions 
through  that  advisory  committee 
or  other  appropriate  mecha- 
nisms. 
5.    With  further  reference  to  all  of 
higher    education    in    North 
Carolina,  the  Board  of  Governors 
is:  to  collect  and  disseminate 
data  and  to  prescribe  uniform 
reporting  practices  and  policies 
for  the  constituent  institutions; 
to  give  advice  and  recommenda- 
tions   to    the    Governor,    the 
General  Assembly,  the  Advisory 
Budget  Commission,  and  the 
Board  of  Trustees  of  the  con- 
stituent institutions;  and  to  pre- 
pare and  from  time  to  time  revise 
a  long-range  plan  for  a  coordinat- 
ed system  of  higher  education. 
University-wide  administration  and 
execution  of  Board  policy  is  the 
responsibility  of  the  President  of  the 
University.  The  President,  the  offi- 
cers of  the  University,  and  their  sup- 
porting staffs  constitute  the  General 
Administration  of  the  University. 

The  Administrative  Council,  con- 
sisting of  the  President,  the  16 
Chancellors,  and  the  principal  mem- 
bers of  the  President's  staff  meets 
monthly  as  a  forum  for  the  exchange 
of  information  and  advice  on  matters 
of  multicampus  concern.  Advice  to  i 
the  President  from  the  faculty  per- 
spective is  provided  by  the  Faculty 
Assembly  whose  members  are  drawn 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  659 

from  the  faculties  of  the  sixteen  con-  and    cultural    enrichment.    The 

stituent  institutions.  Advice  to  the  broadcasting  facilities  owned  by 

President  from  the  student  perspec-  The  University  are  licensed  by 

tive  is  provided  by  the  Student  the     Federal    Communications 

Advisory  Council,  which  consists,  ex  Commission  to  operate  in  the  pub- 

officio,  of  the  student  body  president  lie's  interest.  To  achieve  that  goal, 

of  each  of  the  16  institutions.  the  staff  is  involved  in  ascertaining 

An  Advisory  Council,  consisting  community  problems  and  needs  fol- 
of  eight  private  institutional  presi-  lowed  by  the  acquisition  and/or 
dents  elected  by  the  Board  of  development  and  production  of  pro- 
Governors  on  nomination  by  the  grams,  scheduling  for  maximum 
President,  meets  on  call  of  the  presi-  viewing,  providing  information  to 
dent  and  advises  him  on  matters  of  potential  audiences,  assisting  in 
mutual  concern.  reception  of  programs,  and  evaluat- 

In  1976,  by  agreement  among  ing  the  effectiveness  of  the  process, 

the  President  of  The  University,  the  The   1979  General  Assembly 

State  President  of  the  Community  authorized  and  directed  the  Board  of 

College  System,  and  the  Chair  of  the  Governors     to     establish     "The 

Board  of  Directors  of  the  North  University  of  North  Carolina  Center 

Carolina  Association  of  Independent  for  Public  Television"  in  order  to 

Colleges  and  Universities,  a  new  enhance  the  uses  of  television  for 

three-part  liaison  committee  was  public  purposes.  The  Board  was 

formed  to  provide  a  forum  where  authorized  and  directed  to  establish 

matters  of  mutual  concern  to  the  the  Board  of  Trustees  for  the  Center 

three  sectors  may  be  discussed  and  and  to  delegate  to  the  Board  of 

advice  thereon  formulated.  The  com-  Trustees  such  powers  and  duties  as 

mittee  consists  of  four  members  cho-  the  Board  of  Governors  deemed  nec- 

sen    by    the    President    of    The  essary  or  appropriate.  Members  of 

University,  four  chosen  by  the  State  the  Board  of  Trustees,  whose  terms 

President  of  Community  College  are  for  four  years,  are  selected  as  fol- 

System,  and  four  chosen  by  the  lows:  eleven  persons  appointed  by 

President  of  the  Association.  A  simi-  the  Board  of  Governors;  four  persons 

lar  liaison  committee  composed  of  appointed  by  the  governor;  one 

four  representatives  designated  by  Senator  appointed  by  the  President 

the  President  of  the  University  and  of  the  Senate;  one  member  of  the 

four    designated    by    the    State  House  of  Representatives  appointed 

President  of  the  Community  College  by  the  Speaker  of  the  House;  and  ex 

System  meets  periodically  to  discuss  officio,     the     Secretary     of    the 

and   develop   advice   to   the   two  Department  of  Cultural  Resources, 

Presidents  on  matters  of  mutual  con-  the  Secretary  of  the  Department  of 

cern  to  the  Community  College  Human  Resources,  the  Superintendent 

System  and  The  University.  of  Public  Instruction,  the  State 

The  University  television  net-  President  of  the  Community  College 

work  (The  N.  C.    Center  for  Public  System,  and  the  President  of  The 

Television)  is  a  public  service  activity  University  of  North  Carolina, 

which  provides  television  programs  North      Carolina      Memorial 

throughout  the  State  for  educational  Hospital  is  the  principal  teaching 

purposes,  information  dissemination,  hospital  for  the  School  of  Medicine  at 


660  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  University  of  North  Carolina  at  from  the  Board  of  Governors.  The 
Chapel  Hill,  and  is  operated  by  a  North  Carolina  School  of  the  Arts 
Board  of  Directors  consisting  of  has  two  additional  ex  officio  mem- 
twelve  members,  nine  of  whom  are  bers. 

appointed  from  the  public-at-large  by  Each  institution  has  its  own  fac- 
the  Board  of  Governors  for  five-year  ulty  and  student  body,  and  each  is 
terms.  Three  are  ex  officio  members:  headed  by  a  chancellor  as  its  chief 
The  University  of  North  Carolina  administrative  officer.  Unified  gener- 
Vice  Chancellor  for  Health  Sciences,  al  policy  and  appropriate  allocation 
University  of  North  Carolina  Vice  of  function  are  effected  by  the  Board 
Chancellor  for  Business  and  Finance,  of  Governors  and  by  the  President 
and  the  Dean  of  The  University  of  with  the  assistance  of  other  adminis- 
North  Carolina  Medical  School.  trative  officers  of  The  University. 
Each  constituent  institution  has  The  General  Administration  office  is 
its  own  board  of  trustees  of  thirteen  located  in  Chapel  Hill, 
members,  eight  of  whom  are  appoint-  The  chancellors  of  the  con- 
ed by  the  Board  of  Governors,  four  by  stituent  institutions  are  responsi- 
the  Governor,  and  with  the  elected  ble  to  the  President  as  the  chief 
president  of  the  student  body,  serv-  administrative  and  executive  offi- 
ing  as  an  ex  officio  member.  The  cer  of  The  University  of  North 
principal  powers  of  each  institutional  Carolina, 
board  are  exercised  under  a  delegation 

For  Further  Information 

(919)  962-1000 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 


C  D.  Spangler,  Jr. 
President 


Early  Years 

Born  in  Charlotte,  Mecklenburg  County, 
April  5,  1932,  to  CD.  and  Veva  (Yelton) 
Spangler,  Sr. 

Educational  Background 

Charlotte  Public  Schools,  1938-47; 
Woodberry  Forest  School,  1947-50; 
University  of  North  Carolina-Chapel  Hill, 
1950-54,  B.S.;  Harvard  Business  School, 
1954-56,  M.B.A. 

Professional  Background 

President,  University  of  North  Carolina, 
1986-present;  President,  CD.  Spangler 
Construction  Co.,  1958-86;  President,  Golden  Eagle  Industries,  Inc.,  1968-86. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Former  Board  Member,  Charlotte  Nature  Museum;  former  Board  Member,  Charlotte 
Symphony  Orchestra;  former  Chair,  Charlotte  Advisory  Board,  Salvation  Army;  Vice 
Chair,  Charlotte-Mecklenburg  Board  of  Education,  1972-76;  former  Board  Member, 
Y.M.C.A.;  former  Board  President,  Mint  Museum  of  Art,  1982. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Board  Director,  BellSouth  Corporation,  1987-present;  Trustee,  National  Humanities 
Center,  1986-present;  member,  Business-Higher  Education  Forum,  1990-present;  for- 
mer Board  Director,  The  Equitable  Life  Assurance  Society,  1989-91;  former  Board 
Director,  Jefferson-Pilot  Corporation,  1987-89,  1992;  former  Board  Director, 
Hammermill  Paper  Company,  1982-86;  former  Board  Director,  NCNB  Corporation, 
1983-86;  former  Board  Chair,  Bank  of  North  Carolina,  1973-82;  former  member, 
Board  of  Trustees,  Crozer  Theological  Seminary;  Board  of  Directors,  Union 
Theological  Seminary,  NYC,  1985-90;  Board  of  Directors,  Associates  of  the  Harvard 
Business  School,  1991-present. 


Military  Service 


United  States  Army,  1956-58. 


Honors  and  Awards 

Eagle  Scout;  Liberty  Bell  Award,  Mecklenburg  County  Bar  Association,  1985; 
Honorary  Doctor  of  Humane  Letters,  Queens  College,  1985;  Honorary  Doctor  of  Laws, 
Davidson  College,  1986;  Alumni  Achievement  Award,  Harvard  Business  School,  1988. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Meredith  Riggs,  of  Bronxville,  June  25,  1960.  Children:  Anna  and  Abigail; 
Member,  Myers  Park  Baptist  Church;  Deacon. 


662 


North  Carolina  Manual 


APPALACHIAN  STATE  UNIVERSITY 


since  1903.  aM 

I  he  University  of  North  | 
Carolina  since  1972. 


Appalachian  State  University, 
founded  in  1899  as  Watauga 
Academy,  is  located  in  Boone, 
North  Carolina.  It  sits  in  the  heart 
of  the  Blue  Ridge  Mountains,  close  to 
the  borders  of  Virginia  and 
Tennessee,  and  is  less  than  two 
hours  from  the  region's  major  air- 
ports and  population  centers. 

The  university  has  grown  steadi- 
ly over  the  years.  It  was  first  known 
in  1925  as  Appalachian  State 
Normal  School,  and  in  1929,  it 
became  known  as  Appalachian  State 
Teachers'  College.  In  1967,  it  was 
changed  to  Appalachian  State 
University  ,  and  in  1972  it  was  con- 
solidated with  The  University  of 
North  Carolina  system.  The  campus 
now  occupies  some  48  buildings  on 
its  75-acre  main  campus  as  well  as 
several  new  buildings  on  the  new 
180-acre  west  campus.  Furthermore, 
the  University  has  a  master  plan  for 
an  enrollment  of  10,000  students 
with  future  expansions  concentrated 
on  some  330  acres  of  outlying  land 
owned  by  the  University. 

Appalachian  maintains  two  cam- 
puses away  from  Boone  for  experiential 
studies.  The  New  York  Loft,  begun  in 


1974,  consists  of  some  3,000  square 
feet  of  carefully  designed  living  space 
for  ten  to  twelve  visitors  at  a  time. 
Located  at  67  Vestry  Street  in  the 
SoHo  district  of  New  York  City,  the 
loft  is  within  easy  walking  distance 
of  the  World  Trade  Center, 
Chinatown,  Little  Italy,  and  all  SoHo 
art  galleries. 

The  Appalachian  House,  a  satel- 
lite campus  in  Washington,  DC, 
opened  in  1977.  The  150-year-old 
house  is  in  the  heart  of  the  Capitol 
Hill  Historic  District.  It  is  next  door 
to  the  Folger  Shakespeare  Library, 
only  minutes  away  from  the  U.  S. 
Senate  and  House  chambers, 
Congressional  offices,  the  Library  of 
Congress,  and  the  Supreme  Court. 
The  Appalachian  House  and  Loft, 
supervised  by  the  Associate  Vice 
Chancellor  for  Academic  Affairs,  are 
not  open  to  the  general  public,  but 
are  reserved  for  use  by  ASU  faculty, 
students  and  staff. 

The  University  welcomes  and 
encourages  prospective  students, 
alumni,  and  friends  to  visit  the  cam- 
pus and  to  tour  the  surrounding  area 
which  encompasses  six  ski  resorts, 
nine  golf  courses,  and  several  major 
tourist  attractions. 

Founded  in  1899  as  Watauga 
Academy,  Appalachian  State 
University  evolved  into  a  state 
teacher's  college  and  later  broadened 
its  purpose  to  include  the  liberal 
arts.  In  1972,  it  became  a  part  of  the 
consolidated  University  of  North 
Carolina.  From  its  beginnings  as  a 
small  local  institution,  Appalachian 
has  grown  to  an  enrollment  of 
approximately  11,500  students  from 
all  over  North  Carolina,  as  well  as 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 


663 


from  other  states  and  nations. 
Throughout  its  rapid  growth,  the 
University  has  consistently  main- 
tained a  student  centered  environ- 
ment and  has  been  responsive  to  the 
changing  needs  of  its  constituency. 

Appalachian  State  University  is 
a  comprehensive  university,  -offer- 
ing 94  undergraduate  majors  and 
80  graduate  majors.  As  a  compre- 
hensive university  whose  major 
clientele  is  the  traditional  under- 
graduate student,  Appalachian's 
primary  mission  will  continue  to  be 
that  of  instruction.  To  prepare  a 
diverse  constituency  for  productive 
lives  in  society,  the  University  will 
provide  each  student  with  a  well- 
rounded  liberal  education  and  the 
opportunity  to  participate  in  a  wide 
range  of  educational  experiences 
and  professional  programs.  It  will 
maintain  a  strong  commitment  to 
excellence  in  instruction,  as  well  as 
its  tradition  of  attention  to  the  indi- 
vidual needs  of  students. 


At  Appalachian,  research  and 
service  are  supportive  of  the  instruc- 
tional mission.  The  major  purposes 
of  research,  scholarship  and  other 
creative  activities  are  to  serve  as  a 
basis  for  instruction,  to  ensure  a 
vital  and  intellectually  engaged  fac- 
ulty, and  to  provide  a  means  for  the 
advancement  of  knowledge. 
Professional  and  public  service  is 
provided  in  the  form  of  continuing 
education  programs  and  activities, 
consultation  services,  the  extension 
into  the  community  of  the  profession- 
al knowledge  and  skills  of  the  facul- 
ty, staff  and  students,  and  the  shar- 
ing of  its  special  responsibilities  to 
the  region.  The  University  seeks  to 
contribute  to  the  understanding, 
appreciation  and  preservation  of  the 
unique  culture  of  the  Appalachian 
region. 

Within  the  framework  of  higher 
education  established  by  the  State  of 
North  Carolina,  Appalachian  State 
University  seeks  to  nurture  an 


Satie  Hunt  Broyhill  Music  Center. 


664 


North  Carolina  Manual 


intellectual  climate  in  which  truth  is 
sought  and  respected,  critical  think- 
ing is  encouraged,  cultural  horizons 
are  broadened,  and  ethical  and  aes- 
thetic values  are  appreciated.  It 
maintains  an  academic  environment 
conducive  to  learning,  sensitive  to 
individual,  community  and  regional 
needs;  and  alert  to  the  new  ideas  and 


challenges  of  a  complex  and  chang- 
ing world.  The  university's  faculty 
and  administration  are  dedicated  to 
excellence  in  teaching,  research,  and 
service.  Within  the  limits  of  its 
resources,  Appalachian  State 
University  serves  the  educational 
needs  of  the  people  within  its  sphere 
of  influence. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 


665 


Francis  T.  Borkowski 
Chancellor 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Weirton,  West  Virginia,  March  16, 
1936. 

Educational  Background 

West  Virginia  University,  Ph.D.,  (Major: 
Music,  Minor:  Musicology),  1967, 
Morgantown,  West  Virginia;  Indiana 
University,  M.M.,  1959,  Bloomington, 
Indiana,  (Major:  Music  Performance,  Minor: 
Conducting);  Oberlin  College,  1957,  Oberlin, 
Ohio,  B.S.,  (Major:  Music  Education,  Minor: 
English),  Harvard  University,  1976, 
Courses  in  Management;  Aspen  Institute, 
1957,  Studies  in  Performance  &  Orchestra 
Conducting. 

Professional  Background 

University  of  South  Carolina,  Executive  Vice  President  and  Provost  of  nine  campuses 
enrolling  34,000  students,  1978-88;  Indiana  University-Perdue  University  at  Fort 
Wayne,  first  Vice  Chancellor  and  Dean  of  Faculties  of  a  campus  enrolling  10,000  stu- 
dents; Ohio  University,  Associate  Dean  of  Faculties,  1970-75;  Ohio  University, 
Assistant  Director,  School  of  Music,  1969-70;  University  of  South  Carolina,  Professor 
of  Music,  1978;  Indiana  University-Perdue  University  at  Fort  Wayne,  Professor  of 
Music,  1975-78;  Ohio  University,  Associate  Professor,  1967-75;  West  Virginia 
University,  Assistant  Professor  of  Music,  1961-67;  Jacksonville,  Florida,  1959-61; 
Indianapolis,  Indiana,  1958-59. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Member,  American  Council  on  Education,  Commission  on  Women  in  Higher  Education, 
1989;  International  Association  of  University  President,  1990-;  Member,  Executive 
Committee,  and  Member,  Commission  on  the  Urban  Agenda,  National  Association  of 
State  University  and  Land  Grant  Colleges,  1990-present;  Member,  University  of  South 
Florida  Foundation  Executive  Committee,  1988;  Member,  Florida  Council  of  100,  1988- 
Present;  Chair,  Southern  Association  of  Colleges  and  Schools;  Chair,  Criteria  and 
Reports  Committee,  1985-90;  Presidential  Appointment  to  National  Advisory 
Committee,  John  F.  Kennedy  Center  for  the  Performing  Arts,  1979-82. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Member,  Tampa  Enterprise  Corporation  Advisory  Board  of  Directors,  1990-;  Member, 
Tampa  Bay  International  Trade  Council  Board  of  Directors,  1990-;  Member,  Bok 
Tower  Garden  Foundation  Board  of  Directors,  1989-;  Member,  United  Way  of  Greater 
Tampa  Board  of  Directors,  1989-;  Member,  Florida  Japan  Institute  Advisory  Board, 
,  1988-;  Member,  Tampa  Bay  Performing  Art  Center  Board  of  Trustees,  1988-; 
Member,  New  College  Foundation  Board  of  Trustees,  1988;  Member,  Greater  Tampa 
Chamber  of  Commerce  Board  of  Governors,  1988-present;  Chair,  H.  Lee  Moffitt 
Cancer  Center  and  Research  Institute  Board  of  Directors,  1988-present;  Citizens  and 
Savings  Bank  of  Florida,  1989-91;  NationsBank  of  Florida,  1991-President. 


666  North  Carolina  Manual 

Publications 

Performed  as  soloist,  conductor,  or  in  ensembles  in  over  600  music  performances; 
Authored  articles,  presented  conference  papers,  served  on  numerous  panels  dealing 
with  higher  education  issues;  Borkowski,  Francis  T.  (1992).  "A  President's  Perspective 
on  Telecommunication."  Metropolitan  Universities:  An  International  Forum,  Vol.  3, 
No.  1.,  35-42;  Borkowski,  Francis  T.  (1990).  "The  University  President's  Role  in 
Establishing  an  Institutional  Climate  to  Encourage  Minority  Participation  in  Higher 
Education."  Increasing  the  Participation  of  Minorities  in  Higher  Education.  Peabody 
Journal  of  Education,  32-43.;  Borkowski,  Francis  T.  and  MacManus,  Susan  A.  (1989). 
Visions  for  the  Future:  Creating  New  Institutional  Relationships  Among  Academia, 
Business,  Government  and  Community.  University  of  South  Florida  Press.  282 
pages. 

Honors  and  Awards 

St.  Leo  College,  Doctor  of  Humane  Letters  Honoris  Causa,  April  22,  1989;  Phi  Beta 
Kappa;  Sigma  Xi,  Certificate  of  recognition  for  Sigma  Xi;  Scientific  Research  Society: 
"Awarded  for  your  devotion  to  the  unflagging  support  of  research  in  science  and  engi- 
neering", April,  1985;  Pi  Kappa  Lambda;  Mortar  Board. 

Personal  Information 

Married  with  three  children. 


I 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 


667 


EAST  CAROLINA  UNIVERSITY 


East  Carolina  University  is 
located  adjacent  to  downtown 
Greenville  (population  45,000), 
a  business,  medical  and  university 
center  on  the  coastal  plain.  It  is 
located  80  miles  east  of  Raleigh  and 
a  little  over  an  hour's  drive  from  a 
variety  of  coastal  resorts  and  recre- 
ation areas. 

Under  Governor  Charles 
Brantley  Aycock,  the  state  of  North 
Carolina  embarked  in  the  early  20th 
century  upon  an  ambitious  and 
unprecedented  program  of  progress 
in  public  education.  During  its  first 
decade,  new  schools  were  being 
opened  at  the  remarkable  rate  of  one 
a  day.  It  was  an  educational  program 
designed  to  lift  North  Carolina  from 
the  abyss  of  illiteracy  and  ignorance. 
To  supply  the  teachers,  it  was 
decided  that  a  new  public  normal 
school  should  be  established  in  the 
mostly  rural,  agriculturally-rich 
eastern  half  of  the  state.  That  deci- 
sion marked  the  beginning  of  the 
institution  of  higher  learning  that  is 
j  now  East  Carolina  University. 

East  Carolina  University,  char- 
.  tered  in  1907  as  a  teacher  training 
i  school,  has  moved  in  a  rapid  and 
orderly  transition  from  normal 
school  to  liberal  arts  college  to  multi- 
faceted  university  and  has  become 
the  focal  point  for  higher  education, 
professional  training,  service  and 
cultural  development,  including  the 
fine  arts  and  music,  for  eastern 
North  Carolina.  In  1941,  the  General 
Assembly  authorized  East  Carolina 
to  institute  a  liberal  arts  program  of 
equal  standing  with  its  teacher  edu- 
cation program.  By  the  1960's,  the 
college  had  become  the  third  largest 


EAnLCAR0LINA 
UNIVERSITY 

Established  in  1907  as 
a  state -supported  nor- 
mal school.  A  four- 
year  college  since  1920. 
A  university  since  1967. 


institution  of  higher  learning  in  the 
state.  In  1967,  the  General  Assembly 
elevated  East  Carolina  College  to  the 
status  of  a  state  supported  university 
with  a  mandate  to  expand  programs 
in  all  areas.  In  1972,  ECU  became  a 
constituent  institution  of  the 
University  of  North  Carolina  system. 
During  the  1970's,  ECU  won  autho- 
rization to  establish  a  school  of  medi- 
cine which  with  Pitt  County  Memorial 
Hospital  has  become  the  center  of  a 
major  regional  complex  of  medical 
training,  treatment  and  health  care. 

At  present,  ECU  consists  of  11 
professional  schools,  the  College  of 
Arts  and  Sciences  with  17  academic 
departments,  the  Graduate  School, 
the  Office  of  Undergraduate  Studies, 
two  library  divisions,  the  Division  of 
Continuing  Education  and  Summer 
School,  the  Regional  Development 
Institute,  the  Institute  for  Coastal  and 
Marine  Resources,  the  Institute  for 
Historical  and  Cultural  Research,  the 
Center  for  Applied  Technology,  the 
BB&T  Center  for  Leadership 
Development,  the  Bureau  of  Business 
Research,  the  Rural  Education 
Institute,  the  Center  on  Aging,  and 
the  Science  Institute  for  the  Disabled. 


668 


North  Carolina  Manual 


East  Carolina  University  is  accred- 
ited by  the  Southern  Association  of 
Colleges  and  Schools;  its  programs  are 
fully  accredited  by  state  and  national 
accrediting  agencies.  The  University  is 
a  member  of  or  is  accredited  by  more 
than  60  associations. 

The  total  enrollment  for  the  fall 
semester  of  1992  was  over  17,757. 
ECU  students  come  from  all  of  North 
Carolina's  counties,  most  of  the  50 
states  and  nearly  50  foreign  coun- 
tries. 

The  University  offers  undergrad- 
uate degrees  in  more  than  100  bach- 
elor's degree  program  tracks.  The 


Graduate  School  has  over  70  master's 
degree  program  tracks,  six  Ph.D. 
programs  in  the  basic  medical  sci- 
ences and  an  Ed.D.  program  in  the 
School  of  Education.  The  MD  degree 
is  offered  through  the  School  of 
Medicine. 

There  are  more  than  65,000  liv- 
ing alumni.  They  reside  in  each  of 
the  50  states  and  in  some  30  other 
countries.  Alumni  are  informed  of 
campus  and  alumni  activities 
through  alumni  publications  and  the 
ECU  Alumni  Association  offers  a 
wide  range  of  programs  and  activities 
for  former  students. 


East  Carolina  University  General  Classroom  Building 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 


669 


Richard  Ronald  Eakin 
Chancellor 

Early  Years 

Born  in  New  Castle,  Pennsylvania,  August 
6,  1938,  to  Everett  Glenn  and  Mildred 
(Hammerschmidt)  Eakin. 

Educational  Background 

Shenango  High  School;  Geneva  College, 
1960,  A.B.;  Washington  State  University, 
1962-64,  M.A.,  Ph.D. 

Professional  Background 

Chancellor,  East  Carolina  University,  1987- 

present;  Vice  President,  Planning  and 

Budgeting,  Bowling  Green  State  University, 

1983-87;  Executive  Vice  Provost,  Planning 

and  Budgeting,  Bowling  Green  State  University,  1980-83;  Vice  Provost,  Institutional 

Planning  and  Budgeting,  Bowling  Green  State  University,  1979-80;  Vice  Provost, 

Student  Affairs,  Bowling  Green  State  University,  1972-79;  Inter-University  Council 

(State  Universities  in  Ohio:  Fiscal  Officers,  1983-1987;  Chair,  1984-85;  Student 

Affairs  Committee  Chair,  1974-75;  (Secretary,  1972-1974);  Ohio  Board  of  Regents, 

Subsidy  Formula  Review  Committee,  1979-80,  1983,  1984,  1986. 

Organizations 

Former  member,  Wood  County,  Ohio  Community  Mental  Health  Board,  1984-87, 
Chair,  1986,  Vice  Chair,  1985;  Bowling  Green,  Ohio  Town  Gown  Club,  1970-87. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Chair,  Board  of  Directors,  College  Football  Association,  1993;  Chair,  Board  of 
Directors  and  Vice  President,  Administration  and  Finance,  National  Hemophilia 
Foundation,  1984-1987;  Vice  President  and  member  of  the  Board  of  Directors,  1983- 
84. 

Honors  and  Awards 

William  T.  Jerome  III  Award,  1982-83  (presented  by  the  Undergraduate  Student  gov- 
ernment, Bowling  Green  State  University,  in  recognition  of  extraordinary  service  to 
the  Student  Body);  Mortarboard  National  Honorary  Society,  1982;  Beta  Tau  Chapter 
of  Omicron  Delta  Kappa,  National  Leadership  Honor  Society,  1978;  Institute  for 
Educational  Management,  Harvard  University,  1978;  Institute  for  Student  Personnel 
Officers,  sponsored  by  the  American  Council  on  Education,  Office  of  Leadership 
Development  in  Higher  Education,  1976. 

Person  a  I  In  form  a  tion 

Married,  Jo  Ann  McGeehan,  of  Beaver,  Pennsylvania  August  23,  1960.  Children: 
Matthew  and  Maridy;  Member,  Presbyterian  Church:  Elder,  Deacon. 


670 


North  Carolina  Manual 


ELIZABETH  CITY  STATE  UNIVERSITY 


Elizabeth  City  State  University, 
a  constituent  institution  of 
The  University  of  North 
Carolina,  for  over  a  century  has  dedi- 
cated itself  to  the  constant  enhance- 
ment of  its  learning  environment 
and  to  maintaining  a  position  on  the 
frontiers  of  opportunity.  This  envi- 
ronment is  especially  tailored  to 
serve  a  student  population  which  pri- 
marily reflects  the  demographic, 
socioeconomic  and  educational  diver- 
sity found  in  northeastern  North 
Carolina. 

Over  the  past  several  years 
ECSU's  undergraduate  program  has 
been  significantly  strengthened  and 
diversified  to  offer  a  range  of  degree 
programs  in  the  arts  and  sciences, 
computer  sciences,  psychology  and 
pre-professional  programs,  as  well  as 
ROTC  and  graduate  programs 
through  its  Graduate  Center.  ECSU 
continues  to  emphasize  public  and 
community  service  and  its  role  in  the 
development  of  its  region. 

When  the  Honorable  Hugh  Cale, 
a  black  representative  to  the  North 
Carolina  General  Assembly  from 
Pasquotank  County,   introduced 


House  Bill  383  in  the  1891  session,  it 
was  difficult  to  realize  that  the 
establishment  of  a  normal  school  for 
the  educating  and  training  of  teach- 
ers of  the  black  race,  to  teach  in  the 
common  schools  of  North  Carolina, 
would  have  the  impact  seen  today. 

Enacted  into  law  on  March  3, 
1891,  the  State  Colored  Normal 
School  began  operation  on  January 
4,  1892,  in  a  rented  intown  location 
with  a  budget  of  $900.00,  a  faculty  of 
two,  a  student  body  of  twenty-three, 
and  a  curriculum  consisting  of  nor- 
mal, elementary  and  secondary 
school  courses.  Under  the  leadership 
of  Dr.  Peter  Weddick  Moore,  the  first 
president,  the  school  moved  to  its 
present  location  in  1912,  and 
expanded  its  students,  faculty,  facili- 
ties, and  programs. 

Following  the  retirement  of  Dr. 
Moore  in  1928,  Dr.  John  Henry  Bias 
became  president  and  supervised  the 
change  from  a  two-year  normal 
school  to  a  four-year  teachers  college. 
In  1939,  the  General  Assembly 
changed  the  school's  name  to 
Elizabeth  City  State  Teachers 
College  and  the  first  baccalaureate 
degrees  were  conferred  upon  twenty- 
six  Elementary  Education  graduates. 

Dr.  Harold  Leonard  Trigg  and 
Dr.  Sidney  David  Williams  served 
Elizabeth  City  State  Teachers 
College  effectively  and  efficiently 
from  1939-1958  as  the  third  and 
fourth  presidents,  respectively. 
During  their  capable  administra- 
tions, improvements  and  additions 
were  made  in  the  physical  plant  and 
in  curricular  offerings. 

During  the  decade  of  leadership 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 


671 


provided  by  Dr.  Walter  Nathaniel 
Ridley,  the  school's  fifth  president,  the 
institution  made  significant  progress. 
Curricular  offerings  expanded  via 
approval  of  additional  majors,  minors, 
and  concentrations,  and  student  ser- 
vices enhanced.  Full  membership  in 
the  Southern  Association  of  Colleges 
and  Schools  was  granted  and  subse- 
quently reaffirmed.  The  name  of  the 


Thorpe  became  the  sixth  president, 
and  one  year  later,  Elizabeth  City 
State  College  became  Elizabeth  City 
State  University.  In  1972  the  school 
became  one  of  the  sixteen  constituent 
institutions  of  the  University  of 
North  Carolina;  and  Dr.  Thorpe 
became  its  first  chancellor.  During 
Dr.  Thorpe's  administration,  the 
faculty/staff  doubled  in  number;  the 


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school  changed  to  Elizabeth  City 
State  College,  and  the  sobriquet, 
"Vikings"  was  adopted  for  intercolle- 
giate athletic  teams.  Student  enroll- 
ment broke  the  one  thousand  mark 
for  the  first  time. 

Following  the  resignation  of  Dr. 
Ridley  in  1968,  Dr.  Marion  Dennis 


student  enrollment  neared  the  fif- 
teen hundred  mark;  and  additional 
degree-granting  was  approved  and 
implemented.  The  annual  budget 
approached  $9,000,000,  and  the 
school's  physical  assets  grew  to 
include  over  fifty  buildings  and 
approximately  eight  hundred  thirty 


672 


North  Carolina  Manual 


acres  of  land.  The  concept  of  "com- 
muniversity"  gained  wide-spread 
acceptance. 

Following  the  death  of  Dr.  Thorpe 
in  1983,  Dr  .  Jimmy  Raymond  Jenkins 
became  the  seventh  individual  to 
serve  as  head  of  the  institution,  and 
the  second  chancellor.  No  other  alum- 
nus had  previously  held  this  office  at 
any  institution  of  higher  learning. 

With  over  11,000  graduates  to  its 
credit,  and  a  Fall  1992  enrollment 


which  broke  two  thousand  for  the 
first  time,  Elizabeth  City  State 
University  has  proven  its  utility  and 
its  dedication  to  a  mission  and  phi- 
losophy established  a  century  ago. 
Through  the  capable  leadership  and 
guidance  of  Chancellor  Jenkins, 
Elizabeth  City  State  University  will 
continue  to  prosper  and  grow  into 
the  dreams  of  all  those  who  have 
given  so  much  of  themselves. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 


673 


Tiniiny  R,  Jenkins  Sr. 
Chancellor 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Selma,  North  Carolina,  March  18, 
1943,  to  Willie  (deceased)  and  Alma  (Street) 
Jenkins. 

Educational  Ba  ckgro  und 

ESCU,  1965,  B.S.  (Biology);  Purdue 
University,  1970,  M.S.  (Biology);  Purdue 
University,  1972,  Ph.D.  (Science  Education); 
St.  Augustine's  College,  Biology  Institute, 
1967,  Radioactive  Materials  Certificate  from 
Atomic  Energy  Commission;  University  of 
Wisconsin,  Institute  for  Academic  and  Non- 
Academic  Administrators  Certificate. 

Professional  Background 

Chancellor,  Elizabeth  City  State  University,  1983-;  Vice  Chancellor  for  Academic 
Affairs,  Elizabeth  City  State  University  and  Professor  of  Biology,  Elizabeth  City  State 
University,  1977-83;  Assistant  Academic  Dean  for  Administration  and  Assistant,  then 
Associate  Professor  (1973)  of  Biology,  Elizabeth  City  State  University,  1972-77; 
Teacher  (Biology,  Chemistry),  Centreville  Maryland  High  Schools. 

Organizations 

N.  C.  State  Advisory  Team  of  Examiners  for  College  Licensing,  American  Association 
of  Higher  Education;  National  Science  Teachers  Association;  American  Biology 
Teachers  Association;  National  Alliance  of  Black  School  Educators;  Association  for 
Supervision  and  Curriculum  Development;  National  Caucus  for  Black  Aged;  Omega 
Psi  Phi;  Vice  Chair,  1993,  Horatio  Alger  Awards. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Director,  Pasquotank  Credit  Union;  Elizabeth  City/Pasquotank  School  Redistricting 
Study  Committee;  N.  C.  Humanities  Committee;  Committee  on  Public  Understanding 
of  Science  and  Technology  for  NC;  N.  C.  Advisory  Panel  for  Women  Administrators  in 
Higher  Education;  Governor's  Oversight  Committee  for  Official  Labor  Market 
Information;  N.  C.  Humanities  Committee  (Executive  Committee,  1981);  N.  C. 
Governor's  Board  of  Science  and  Technology;  Electronic  Town  Hall  Task  Force; 
Advisory  Board,  Elizabeth  City  Boys  and  Girls  Club;  Board  of  Directors,  Central 
Intercollegiate  Athletic  Association  (CIAA),  and  Equal  Opportunity  Management 
Institute. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Distinguished  Alumni  Award,  National  Association  for  Equal  Opportunity,  1983; 
Outstanding  Young  Men  of  America;  Outstanding  Personalities  in  the  South;  Robert 
R.  Morton  Award,  National  Business  League,  1988. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Faleese  Moore  of  Darden.  Children:  Lisa,  Ginger,  and  Jimmy  Raymond  Jr.; 
Member,  The  Howell  Chapel  Disciples  of  Christ  Church,  Selma  and  Union  Chapel 
Missionary  Baptist  Church,  Elizabeth  City. 


674 


North  Carolina  Manual 


FAYETTEVILLE  STATE  UNIVERSITY 


31 


STATE  JWWERSITYl 
Est.  1867  as  Howard! 
ochool.  State-supported 
since  1877.  A  part  of 
The  University  of  North' 
Carolina  since  1972. 


A  constituent  institution  of  The 
University  of  North  Carolina, 
Fayetteville  State  University 
had  its  genesis  in  the  Howard 
School.  At  the  close  of  the  Civil  War, 
the  need  for  provisions  for  the  school- 
ing of  African- American  children  was 
a  crucial  problem  throughout  the 
South.  In  1867,  seven  progressive 
African-American  citizens — David 
Bryant,  Nelson  Carter,  Matthew  N. 
Leary,  A.  J.  Chesnutt,  Robert 
Simmons,  George  Granger,  and 
Thomas  Lomax  —  paid  $140.00  for  a 
lot  on  Gillespie  Street  in  Fayetteville 
and  converted  themselves  into  a  self- 
perpetuating  Board  of  Trustees  to 
maintain  this  property  permanently 
as  a  site  for  the  educating  of  African 
American  children  in  Fayetteville. 
Robert  Harris  was  chosen  as  the  first 
principal  and  served  until  his  death 
in  1880. 

By  legislative  act  on  March  8, 
1877,  the  North  Carolina  General 
Assembly  provided  for  the  establish- 
ment of  a  Normal  School  for  the  edu- 
cation of  African-American  teachers. 
Because  of  the  small  amount  of  the 
appropriation,  it  was  felt  that  the 


money  could  be  used  more  effectively 
if  given  to  an  existing  school.  Several 
areas  of  the  state  competed  to 
become  this  first  state-supported 
school,  but  the  Legislature  chose  the 
Howard  School  as  the  most  promis- 
ing because  of  its  success  record  dur- 
ing the  previous  ten  years.  It  was 
designated  a  teacher  training  insti- 
tution and  its  name  was  changed  to 
the  State  Colored  Normal  School. 
Charles  Waddell  Chesnutt,  formerly 
assistant  to  Principal  Harris,  became 
the  second  principal  of  the  institu- 
tion in  1880. 

In  1883,  Principal  Chesnutt 
resigned  and  Mr.  Ezekiel  Ezra  Smith 
was  elected  to  fill  the  vacancy.  On 
two  occasions,  Dr.  Smith  was  called 
to  serve  the  U.S.  government. 
During  his  first  absence  between 
1888  and  1895,  George  Williams  was 
chosen  to  guide  the  destiny  of  the 
institution.  During  Smith's  second 
absence  from  1898  to  1899,  Reverend 
L.  E.  Fairley  became  acting  principal 
of  State  Normal  School. 

When  Dr.  Smith  retired  as 
President  of  the  State  Normal  School 
in  1933,  the  institution  had  moved  to 
its  present  location  on  Murchison 
Road  in  Fayetteville.  The  size  of  the 
new  campus  expanded  by  42  acres, 
and  there  were  eight  brick  buildings 
and  several  cottages  on  the  campus. 

In  1929,  all  high  school  work  was 
discontinued  at  the  Normal  School. 
In  May  of  1937,  the  State  Board  of 
Education  authorized  the  extension 
of  the  course  of  study  to  four  years 
with  authority  to  grant  the  Bachelor 
of  Science  degree  in  Elementary 
Education.  In  1939,  the  name  of  the 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina                   675 

institution      was      changed      to  Comprehensive  Level  I  Institution. 
Fayetteville  State  Teachers  College  In  addition  to  expanding  program 
under  the  leadership  of  Dr.  James  offerings  and  services,  eight  build- 
Ward  Seabrook  who  served  as  presi-  ings  were  added  to  the  physical  plant 
dent  from  1933  until  his  retirement  during  this  period,  including  a  $4.8 
in  1956.  million      ultramodern      Science 
Dr.  Seabrook  was  succeeded  by  Complex  named  for  Chancellor 
Dr.   Rudolph  Jones.   During  Dr.  Lyons,  the  Center  for  Continuing 
Jones'  administration,  the  curricu-  Education  Building  which  represent- 
lum  was  expanded  to  include  majors  ed  a  part  of  the  first  private  philan- 
in  Secondary  Education  and  pro-  thropic  grant  of  more  than  $1  million 
grams  leading  to  degrees  outside  the  to  the  University  given  by  the 
teaching  field.  The  name  of  the  Kellogg  Foundation,  and  a  new 
school  was  changed  to  Fayetteville  library  which  provided  stacking 
State  College  in  1963.  Also  under  Dr.  space  for  over  350,000  volumes. 
Jones'  leadership,  six  additions  were  On  January  1,  1988,  Dr.  Lloyd  V. 
made  to  the  physical  plant  to  accom-  Hackley  became  the  ninth  Chief 
modate  a  rapidly  expanding  enroll-  Executive  Officer  of  the  University, 
ment.  When  Dr.  Jones  resigned  in  Since  this  date,  he  has  actively  pur- 
1969,  a  new  Administration  Building  sued  initiatives  that  have  further 
was  under  construction  and  the  expanded  program  offerings  and 
Rudolph  Jones  Student  Center  was  improved  the  campus  environment 
on  the  drawing  board.  in  response  to  the  needs  and  inter- 
In  1969,  the  institution  acquired  ests  of  students  and  the  community, 
its  present  name  -  Fayetteville  State  FSU  is  moving  to  the  forefront  as  the 
University  and  Dr.  Charles  "A"  fastest-growing  university  in  North 
,  Lyons,  Jr.  was  elected  President.  By  Carolina,  offering  over  36  baccalau- 
a  legislative  act,  on  July  1,  1972,  reate  degrees  as  well  as  master's 
;  Fayetteville  State  University  became  degrees  in  business,  education,  biolo- 
[  a  constituent  institution  of  The  gy,  political  science,  sociology,  psy- 
1  University  of  North  Carolina  and  Dr.  chology,  mathematics,  history  and 
,  Lyons  became  its  first  Chancellor.  English.      The    newly    approved 
Dr.  Lyons  served  as  chancellor  for  15  Nursing  Program  has  been  added  for 
;  years.  licensed  nurses  with  ADN  or  nursing 

During  his  tenure,  the  curricu-  diploma, 

lum  was  expanded  to  include  a  vari-  FSU  has  grown  from  a  one-build- 

ety  of  both  baccalaureate  and  mas-  ing  school  to  an  international  award 

ter's  level  programs.  In  addition  the  winning  campus  of  40  buildings  and 

Fort  Bragg-Pope  AFB  Extension  156  acres.  In  addition  to  physical 

Centers,  in  conjunction  with  the  facilities,  the  quality  of  the  faculty  is 

Week-End  and  Evening  College,  an  area  in  which  there  has  been 

were  established  in  order  to  provide  steady  improvement.  Nearly  80  per- 

military  personnel  and  other  persons  cent  of  FSU's  full-time  faculty  hold 

,  employed  full-time  with  the  oppor-  doctoral  degrees;  one  of  the  highest 

tunity  to  further  their  education,  percentages  among  degree-granting 

The  general  academic  structure  institutions  in  North  Carolina, 

took  its  present  configuration  in  Under  the  energetic  leadership  of 

1985  when  the  University  became  a  its   Chancellor,    Dr.    Hackley, 


676  North  Carolina  Manual 

Fayetteville  State  University  has  Physical  Education  Complex  current- 
made  significant  progress  in  student  ly  under  construction,  underscore  the 
enrollment  growth,  composite  SAT  commitment  of  Dr.  Hackley's  admin- 
scores  for  entering  classes,  and  istration  to  continued  expansion  and 
retention  rates  for  students  while  growth. 

increasing  its  economic  and  social  Fayetteville  State  University  is  a 

impact  in  the  local  Cumberland  proud  institution  with  an  outstand- 

County  community.  With  more  than  ing  history.  It  is  the  second  oldest 

500  employees  and  an  annual  payroll  state-supported  institution  in  North 

of  $18.5  million,  Fayetteville  State  Carolina  and  one  of  the  oldest 

University  is  expected  to  generate  a  teacher  education  institutions  in  the 

$700  million  impact  within  the  local  South.  The  University  is  located  in 

economy  in  the  next  five  years.  the  fourth  largest  urban  population 

The    $6.4    million    School    of  center  in  North  Carolina  and  one  of 

Business  and  Economics  Building  the  ten  fastest  growing  counties  in 

and  the  $10,787  million  Health  and  the  South. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 


677 


Lloyd  V,  Hackley 
Chancellor 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Roanoke,  Roanoke  County, 
Virginia,  June  14,  1940,  to  David  W.  and 
Ernestine  (Parker)  Hackley  (both  deceased). 

Ed  u  ca  tion  alBa  ckgro  und 

Ludy  Addison  High  School  (Roanoke, 
Virginia), 1958;  Michigan  State  University, 
1965,  B.A.;  UNC  -Chapel  Hill,  1976,  Ph.D.; 
Government  Executives  Institute,  UNC- 
Chapel  Hill,  School  of  Business,  1980. 

Professional  Background 

Chancellor,  Fayetteville  State  University, 

1988-;  Vice  President  for  Student  Services 

and  Special  Programs,  UNC  General  Administration  (Chapel  Hill,  N.C.),  1985-1987; 

Chancellor,  University  of  Arkansas  at  Pine  Bluff  (Pine  Bluff,  Ark.),  1981-1985; 

Associate  Vice  President  for  Academic  Affairs,  UNC  General  Administration  (Chapel 

Hill,  N.C.),  1979-1981. 

Organiza  tions 

Member:  Academia  and  Poverty  Council,  N.C.  Poverty  Project;  Chair:  MetroVisions' 
Task  Force  on  Crusade  for  Excellence  in  Education;  Principals'  Executive  Program; 
Member:  Strategic  Planning  Team,  Cumberland  County  Board  of  Education; 
Fayetteville  Area  Chamber  of  Commerce  (Board  of  Directors);  Mason;  Shriner;  and 
Past  Potentate.  Past  Member:  Pine  Bluff  Rotary  Club  (Pine  Bluff,  Ark.);  Board  of 
Directors:  Occonochee  Boy  Scouts  of  America. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Vice  Chair  and  Member,  Southern  Regional  Vision  for  Education  (SERVE);  Member, 
Board  of  Directors:  Southern  National  Bank  (Fayetteville,  N.C);  Fayetteville  Area 
Health  Education  Center  (Fayetteville,  N.C);  N.C.  Child  Advocacy  Institute  (Raleigh, 
j  N.  C);  N.C.  Center  for  Public  Policy  Research  (Raleigh,  N.C);  Council  of  Chief  State 
!  School  Officers'  School/Collegiate  Collaboration  Advancing  Effective  Teaching  for  At 
Risk  Youth  (N.C.  Collegiate  Representative);  Advisory  Member  to  Board  of  Directors, 
Tyson  Foods,  Inc.  (Springdale,  Ark.);  Past  Member:  Southern  National  Bank 
(Fayetteville,  N.C);  Arkansas  Advisory  Committee  to  United  States  Commission  on 
Civil  Rights  (Chair);  Arkansas  Endowment  for  the  Humanities  (President;  Board  of 
Directors);  Arkansas  Quality  Higher  Education  Study  Committee  (Chair, 
Subcommittee  on  Curriculum  and  Student  Matters). 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Air  Force,  1958-1978  (Major);  Meritorious  Service  Medal,  USAF,  Europe,  1971; 
Man  of  the  Hour,  HQ,  USAF,  Europe,  1970;  Bronze  Star  for  Meritorious  Service  in 
Combat  with  Valor,  Vietnam,  1968;  Vietnam  Cross  for  Gallantry,  Vietnam,  1968. 


678  North  Carolina  Manual 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Tar  Heel  of  the  Week,  News  and  Observer  (Raleigh,  N.C.),  1987;  Presented  Key  to  the 
City  of  Roanoke,  Virginia  by  Mayor,  May,  1987;  Resolution  of  Commendation  by 
Arkansas  Legislature,  September,  1985;  Resolution  of  Tribute  by  Michigan 
Legislature,  1984;  Presented  Key  to  the  City  of  Flint,  Michigan  by  Mayor,  1984; 
Listed  in  Who's  Who  in  the  South  and  Southwest,  1979;  Listed  in  Community 
Leaders  and  Noteworthy  Americans,  1978;  Golden  Heritage  Life  Member,  NAACP, 
1991. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Brenda  L.  Stewart  of  Roanoke,  Va.,  June  12,  1960.  Children:  Dianna 
Hackley-Applin  and  Michael  R.  Hackley;  High  Street  Baptist  Church  (Roanoke,  Va.). 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  679 

NORTH  CAROLINA  AGRICULTURAL  AND 
TECHNICAL  STATE  UNIVERSITY 


North  Carolina  Agricultural 
and  Technical  State 
University  was  established  as 
the  A.  and  M.  College  for  the 
"Colored  Race"  by  an  act  of  the 
General  Assembly  of  North  Carolina, 
ratified  March  9,  1891.  The  act  read 
in  part:  "That  the  leading  object  of 
the  institution  shall  be  to  teach  prac- 
tical agriculture  and  the  mechanic 
arts  and  such  branches  of  learning 
as  relate  thereto,  not  excluding  acad- 
emical and  classical  instruction." 

The  College  began  operation  dur- 
ing the  school  year  of  1890-91,  before 
the  passage  of  the  state  law  creating 
it.  This  curious  circumstance  arose 
out  of  the  fact  that  the  Morrill  Act 
passed  by  Congress  in  1890  ear- 
marked the  proportionate  funds  to  be 
allocated  in  bi-racial  school  systems 
to  the  two  races.  The  A.  and  M. 
College  for  the  White  Race  was 
established  by  the  State  Legislature 
in  1889  and  was  ready  to  receive  its 
share  of  funds  provided  by  the 
Morrill  Act  in  the  Fall  of  1890. 
Before  the  college  could  receive  these 
funds,  however,  it  was  necessary  to 
make  provisions  for  Colored  stu- 
dents. Accordingly,  the  Board  of 
Trustees  of  the  A.  and  M.  College  in 
Raleigh  was  empowered  to  make 
temporary  arrangements  for  these 
students.  A  plan  was  worked  out 
with  Shaw  University  in  Raleigh 
where  the  College  operated  as  an 
annex  to  Shaw  University  during  the 
years  1890-1891,1891-92,  and  1892- 
1893. 

The  law  of  1891  also  provided 
that  the  College  would  be  located  in 
such  city  or  town  in  the  State  as 


A.  5  T_C0LLEGE 

The  Agricultural  and 
Technical  College  of 
North  Carolina,  char- 
tered 189L  for  Negroes. 
Maintained  by  state, 
federal   funds.    Coed. 


would  make  to  the  Board  of  Trustees 
a  suitable  proposition  that  would 
serve  as  an  inducement  for  said  loca- 
tion. A  group  of  interested  citizens  in 
the  city  of  Greensboro  donated  four- 
teen acres  of  land  for  a  site  and 
$11,000  to  aid  in  constructing  build- 
ings. This  amount  was  supplemented 
by  an  appropriation  of  $2,500  from 
the  General  Assembly.  The  first 
building  was  completed  in  1893  and 
the  College  opened  in  Greensboro 
during  the  fall  of  that  year. 

In  1915  the  name  of  the  institu- 
tion was  changed  to  The  Agricultural 
and  Technical  College  of  North 
Carolina  by  an  Act  of  the  State 
Legislature. 

The  scope  of  the  college  program 
has  been  enlarged  to  take  care  of 
new  demands.  The  General 
Assembly  authorized  the  institution 
to  grant  the  Master  of  Science  degree 
in  education  and  certain  other  fields 
in  1939.  The  first  Master's  degree 
was  awarded  in  1941.  The  School  of 
Nursing  was  established  by  an  Act  of 
the  State  Legislature  in  1953  and 
the  first  class  was  graduated  in 
1957. 


680 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Dudley  Memorial  Building 


The  General  Assembly  repealed 
previous  acts  describing  the  purpose 
of  the  College  in  1957,  and  redefined 
its  purpose  as  follows: 

"The  primary  purpose  of  the 
College  shall  be  to  teach  the 
Agricultural  and  Technical  Arts  and 
Sciences  and  such  branches  of  learn- 
ing as  related  thereto;  the  training  of 
teachers,  supervisors,  and  adminis- 
trators for  the  public  schools  of  the 
State,  including  the  preparation  of 
such  teachers,  supervisors  and 
administrators  for  the  Master's 
degree.  Such  other  programs  of  a 
professional  or  occupational  nature 
may  be  offered  as  shall  be  approved 
by  the  North  Carolina  Board  of 
Higher  Education,  consistent  with 
the  appropriations  made  therefore." 
The  General  Assembly  of  North 
Carolina  voted  to  elevate  the  College 
to  the  status  of  Regional  University 
effective  July  1,  1967. 

On  October  30,  1971,  the  General 
Assembly  ratified  an  act  to  consoli- 
date the  institutions  of  higher  learn- 


ing in  North  Carolina.  Under  the 
provisions  of  this  Act,  North 
Carolina  Agricultural  and  Technical 
State  University  became  a  con- 
stituent institution  of  The  University 
of  North  Carolina,  effective  July  1, 
1972. 

Six  presidents  have  served  the 
Institution  since  it  was  founded  in 
1891.  They  are  as  follows:  Dr.  J.O. 
Crosby,  (1892-1896),  Dr.  James  B. 
Dudley,  (1896-1925),  Dr.  F.  D 
Bluford  (1925-1955),  Dr.  Warmoth  T. 
Gibbs  (1956-1960),  Dr.  Samuel 
DeWittt  Proctor,  (1960-1964),  and 
Dr.  Lewis  C.  Dowdy,  who  was  elected 
President  April  10,  1964.  Dr.  Cleon 
F.  Thompson,  Jr.,  served  as  Interim 
Chancellor  of  the  Institution  from 
November  1,  1980  until  August  31, 
1981.  Dr.  Edward  B.  Fort  assumed 
Chancellorship  responsibilities  on 
September  1,  1981. 

North  Carolina  Agricultural  and 
Technical  State  University  is  one  of 
the  two  land-grant  institutions  locat- 
ed in  the  State.  It  is  a  comprehensive 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 


681 


University  with  an  integrated  faculty 
and  student  body  offering  degrees  at 
the  baccalaureate  and  master's  lev- 
els. The  university  has  been  autho- 
rized to  plan  Ph.D.  degrees  in  electri- 
cal and  mechanical  engineering. 

The  purpose  of  the  University  is 
to  provide  an  intellectual  setting 
where  students  in  higher  education 
may  find  a  sense  of  identification, 
belonging,  and  achievement  that  will 
prepare  them  for  roles  of  leadership 


and  service  in  the  communities 
where  they  will  live  and  work.  In 
this  sense,  the  University  serves  as  a 
laboratory  for  the  development  of 
excellence  in  teaching,  research  and 
public  service. 

The  program  of  the  University 
focuses  on  the  broad  fields  of  agricul- 
ture, engineering,  technology,  busi- 
ness, education,  nursing,  the  liberal 
arts  and  science. 


682 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Edward  B.  Fort 
Chancellor 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Detroit,  Michigan,  to  Edward  and 
Inez  (Baker)  Fort. 

Educational  Background 

Northwestern  Senior  High  School,  1950 
(Magna  Cum  Laude);  University  of 
California,  Berkeley,  Doctorate  Degree; 
Wayne  State  University,  honorary  Doctor  of 
Law  Degree;  Wayne  State  University, 
Master's  Degree;  Wayne  State  University, 
Bachelor's  Degree. 

Professional  Background 

Chancellor,  N.C.  Agricultural  and  Technical 
University,  1981-present;  Chancellor,  University  of  Wisconsin  Center  System,  1974- 
81;  Superintendent/Deputy  Superintendent,  Sacramento,  CA,  city  schools,  1971-74; 
Superintendent  of  Schools,  Inskster,  Michigan,  1967-71;  Adjunct  Professor  of 
Education,  University  of  Michigan  1968-71;  Vice  Principal,  Berkeley,  California 
Schools,  one  year;  Curriculum  Coordinator,  Detroit,  Public  Schools,  three  years; 
Public  School  Teacher,  Detroit,  Michigan  and  Berkeley,  CA,  four  years. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Member,  American  Association  of  School  Administrators,  National  Alliance  of  Black 
School  Educators;  Past  Member,  Phi  Delta  Kappa  Board  of  Editorial  consultants; 
Boards  of  Advisors,  Fund  for  the  Improvement  of  Post  Secondary  Education;  Madison 
Wisconsin  Task  Force  on  Career  Education,  1976-80;  California  Commission  on 
Management  of  Crime  and  Conflict  on  the  Schools  National  Association  of  State 
Universities  and  Land  Grant  Colleges;  N.  C.  Association  of  Colleges  and  Universities; 
American  Association  of  State  Colleges  and  Universities;  National  Association  of 
Equal  Opportunity  in  Higher  Education;  Elected  to  a  5  year  term  as  member  of  the 
NCAA  President's  Commission;  Elected  to  serve  on  N.C.  Biotechnology  Board; 
Nominated  by  UNC-System  President  to  serve  on  N.C.  Board  of  Science  & 
Technology;  Elected  Chair  of  University  (HBU/MI  Waste  Mgt.  Consortium);  1990 
Delegate  to  Spain  meeting  of  International  Association  of  University  Presidents  RE: 
Globalization  of  Curriculum;  Selected  for  membership  on  NASA  Advisory  Council, 
Spring,  1991.  Appointed  by  President  Clinton  to  NASA  Advisory  Committee  on  the 
Redesign  of  the  Space  Station. 

Accomplishments 

Launched  Administrative  Plan  which  preserved  Nursing  School  Integrity,  Insured 
reinstatement  of  full  State  and  Nation  Accreditation;  Revamped  Fiscal  Accountability 
Procedures,  gained  clean  State  Audit  Endorsements;  Established  long  range  planning 
Mechanisms  driven  by  High  Tech  Mission;  Established  University's  first  School  of 
Technology;  Established  Office  of  Enrollment  Management;  Pushed  School  of 
Engineering  to  position  as  #1  producer  of  African  American  Engineers  in  U.S.  (B.S. 
Degrees);  Completed  construction  of  New  World  Class  School  of  Engineering  building- 
dedicated  to  Astronaut  Ronald  McNair  (Alumnus);  Launched  Task  Force  Study  lead- 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  683 

ing  to  the  Construction  of  $16M  new  campus  library;  positioned  campus  to  become  a 
major  research  complex;  established  Chancellor's  Executive  Seminar  for  careers  on 
campus;  Negotiated  $4M  five  year  grant  for  Agricultural  Research  Facilities 
Construction  (USDA);  Gained  largest  NSF  Grant  ($2.5M)  given  to  a  black  campus  in 
this  decade  gained  for  Doctoral  Student  Development;  Overseen  direction  of  $5.5M 
(Just  announced)  NASA  Contract  for  Deep  Space  Research,  5  years;  Has  petitioned 
University  System  for  authorization  to  begin  Doctoral  Instruction  in  Engineering, 
1993;  University  Awarded  a  $5  million  grant  from  the  U.S.  Department  of 
Transportation  to  operate  a  Transportation  Institute;  Awarded  $3  million  from  W.  K. 
Kellogg  Foundation  for  a  Center  of  Engineering  Excellence. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Army,  1954-57;  Awarded  Good  Conduct  Medal. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Received  "80  for  the  80s,"  Milwaukee  Journal,  1979;  Listed  in  Who's  Who  in  America; 
Received  Educational  Press  Association  of  America  Award;  Author  of  many  articles 
and  essays;  Honorary  Degree,  Wayne  State  University. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Mrs.  Lessie  (Covington)  Fort,  December  5,  1959.  Children:  Clarke  and 
Lezlie;  Member,  Providence  Baptist  Church,  Greensboro. 


684 


North  Carolina  Manual 


NORTH  CAROLINA  CENTRAL  UNIVERSITY 


Antral  IwJzS 


t&m 


te  liberal  arts  cd 
19254969.  Now, 
university. 


MMBM      W 


North  Carolina  Central 
University,  chartered  in  1909 
and  opened  in  1910,  is  in  the 
last  quarter  of  its  first  century  and 
looks  confidently  toward  a  new  mil- 
lennium. 

For  nearly  half  of  its  history, 
North  Carolina  Central  University 
was  led  by  one  man,  James  E. 
Shepard,  the  grandson  of  a  slave  and 
the  son  of  a  distinguished  Baptist 
minister.  A  trained  pharmacist, 
Shepard  was  also  a  leader  of  the 
International  Sunday  School  move- 
ment of  his  era.  During  the  first 
decade  of  the  twentieth  century,  the 
young  Shepard  began  to  speak  of  his 
dream  of  an  institution  which  would 
provide  both  practical  training  and 
intellectual  stimulation,  particularly 
for  the  lay  leaders  of  the  nation's 
black  churches. 

Shepard's  dream  came  to  the 
attention  of  the  Durham  Merchant's 
Association,  which  invited  him  and 
his  associates  to  examine  the  advan- 
tages of  their  city  as  the  site  of  what 
was  then  referred  to  as  "a  National 
Training  School  for  the  Colored 
Race."  The  Durham  of  the  early 


1900's  had  a  population  of  some 
18,000  persons,  and  was  served  by 
four  railroads.  The  association 
offered  to  Shepard  a  25-acre  site, 
one-half  mile  outside  the  existing 
city  limits. 

With  moral  and  financial  support 
from  prominent  citizens  of  Durham, 
New  York,  and  Connecticut,  Shepard 
established  his  school.  The  original 
physical  plant,  which  was  equipped 
with  electric  light  and  steam  heat, 
had  a  value  of  $60,000  and  consisted 
of  eight  buildings. 

The  school  opened  its  doors  in 
July,  1910,  as  the  National  Religious 
Training  School  and  Chautauqua. 
The  name  Chautauqua  had  its  ori- 
gins in  the  Sunday  School  move- 
ment, and  described  a  series  of  lec- 
tures and  cultural  activities  designed 
for  a  general  audience.  Chautauqua 
programs  were  promoted  as  an 
opportunity  for  a  vacation;  neverthe- 
less, Chautauqua  registrants  were 
required  to  attend  all  of  the  major 
lectures  of  the  series. 

During  the  1910-11  school  year, 
the  National  Religious  Training 
School  and  Chautauqua  had  15  fac- 
ulty members  and  enrolled  201  stu- 
dents. Three  of  these  students  gradu- 
ated from  the  school's  Commerce 
program  in  1911.  The  institution 
offered  three-and-four  year  programs 
(all  requiring  extensive  study  of 
Latin,  Greek,  and  the  Bible)  in  the 
following  curricula:  Normal,  Teacher 
Training,  College  Preparatory, 
Classical  Course  for  the  A.B.  degree, 
General  Science  Course  for  the  B.S. 
degree  and  Chemistry.  Shorter  voca- 
tional and  trade  courses  offered 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  685 

ranged  from  weaving  to  mural  deco-  law,  pharmacy,  and  library  science, 

rating.  The  school  also  offered  spe-  The  graduate  programs  were  opened 

cial  training  for  ministers  and  reli-  that  fall;  the  School  of  Law  was 

gious  workers.  established  in  1940;  and  the  School 

In  1915  financial  difficulties  of  Library  Science  in  1941.  The  phar- 

forced  the  reorganization  of  the  insti-  macy  school  was  never  established, 

tution  as  the  National  Training  even  though  that  was  Dr.  Shepard's 

School,  but  a  large  donation  from  own  profession. 

Mrs.  Russell  Sage  of  New  York  City  By  the  time  of  Dr.  Shepard's 

permitted  Dr.  Shepard  to  retain  con-  death  on  October  6,  1947,  the  institu- 

trol.  tion  had  become  North  Carolina 

In   the   next   few   years,    Dr.  College  at  Durham,  fully-accredited, 

Shepard  weighed  the  alternative  highly  respected,  and  the  alma 

courses  of  seeking  denominational  mater  of  a  growing  list  of  distin- 

support  for  the  nonsectarian  school  guished  alumni. 

and  of  seeking  support  from  the  An  interim  committee  (Dr.  Albert 

North  Carolina  General  Assembly.  E.  Manley,  Miss  Rugh  G.  Rush,  and 

In  1923,  the  National  Training  Dr.  Albert  L.  Turner)  directed  the 

School  became  the  state-supported  affairs  of  the  institution  until  the 

Durham  State  Normal  School,  devot-  accession  of  Dr.  Alfonso  Elder  as  the 

ed  to  "the  training  of  teachers  for  the  college's  second  president  in  1948. 

Colored  Public  Schools  of  North  Dr.  Elder  would  lead  North  Carolina 

Carolina."  Two  years  later,  Dr.  College  at  Durham  for  the  next  15 

Shepard  was  able  to  persuade  the  years,  overseeing  an  era  of  physical 

General  Assembly  to  take  a  revolu-  expansion,  rapid  growth  in  enroll- 

tionary  step,  making  the  institution  ment,  and  significant  development  in 

over  into  North  Carolina  College  for  academic  programs. 

Negroes,  the  first  state-supported  Dr.  Elder  retired  in  September, 

liberal  arts  college  for  black  people  in  1963,     and    was     succeeded     as 

the  United  States.  Building  pro-  President  by  Dr.  Samuel  P.  Massie, 

grams  to  support  the  institution's  who  resigned  on  February  1,  1966. 

new  role  began  in  1927,  under  the  Vice-President    William    Jones, 

administration  of  Governor  Angus  B.  Graduate  Dean  Helen  G.  Edmonds, 

McLean.  and  Professor  William  H.  Brown 

Between  1925  and  1939,  North  were  the  institution's  interim  admin- 
Carolina  College  for  Negroes  istrators  until  July,  1967,  when  Dr. 
achieved  the  accreditation  of  the  Albert  N.  Whiting  became  President. 
Southern  Association  of  Colleges  and  Dr.  Whiting  directed  continued 
Secondary  Schools  and  met  the  edu-  physical  expansion  of  the  institution, 
cational  standards  of  the  American  as  well  as  the  creation  of  several  new 
Medical  Association,  for  pre-medical  academic  programs.  Those  included 
training,  and  most  of  the  South's  programs  in  criminal  justice,  public 
state  departments  of  education.  administration,  elementary  educa- 

In  1939,  the  General  Assembly  tion,  jazz,  and  church  music,  and,  in 

authorized   the   North   Carolina  1972,  the  creation  of  the  North 

College  Board  of  Trustees  to  estab-  Carolina  Central  University  School 

lish  graduate  courses  in  the  liberal  of  Business, 

arts  and  to  organize  departments  of  In  1969,  North  Carolina  College 


686 


North  Carolina  Manual 


I 


ft!  DURHAM 
1910  •  IV47 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  687 

at  Durham  became  North  Carolina  program  in  computer  science. 

Central  University.  Distinguished  alumni  of  North 

In  1972,  all  of  North  Carolina's  Carolina  Central  University  include 

senior  institutions  of  higher  educa-  the  President  of  Virginia  Union 

tion  became  part  of  the  University  of  University,     the     Chancellor    of 

North  Carolina.  Dr.  Whiting's  title  Winston-Salem  State  University,  a 

was  changed  from  President  to  Vice-President  of  the  University  of 

Chancellor.  He  remained  at  the  helm  North  Carolina,  and  university  and 

of  North  Carolina  Central  University  college  faculty  from  throughout  the 

for  11  more  years,  until  June  30,  United  States.  Also  alumni  are  a 

1983.  number  of  members  of  the  N.C. 

Chancellor  Whiting  was  succeed-  General  Assembly  (including  the 

ed  by  Dr.  LeRoy  T.  Walker,  who  Speaker    of   the    N.C.    House    of 

served  until  the  election  in  1986  of  Representatives),  the  current  (1992) 

Chancellor  Tyronza  R.  Richmond  by  Mayor  of  Atlanta,  former  Mayors  of 

the  UNC  Board  of  Governors.  Dr.  Raleigh  and  Durham,  and  a  host  of 

Donna  J.  Benson  became  Interim  distinguished  public  servants  at  all 

Chancellor  on  January  1,  1992,  with  levels  of  government.  Graduates  of 

the  return  of  Dr.  Richmond  to  faculty  North  Carolina  Central  University 

duties.  In  the  last  decade,  North  includes  presidents  of  banks  and 

Carolina  Central  University  has  other  corporate  entities:   school 

added  graduate  programs  in  Public  superintendents,  principals,  and 

Administration,  Criminal  Justice,  administrators  in  many  states;  per- 

and  Information  Sciences,  revised  its  forming  artists;  professional  ath- 

Master  of  Business  Administration  letes;  and  representatives  of  most  of 

program,  and  added  a  baccalaureate  the  professions. 


North  Carolina  Manual 

^f    Julius  LeVonne  Chambers 
Chancellor 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Mt.  Gilead,  Montgomery  County, 
October  6,  1936,  to  William  Lee  Chambers 
and  Matilda  U.  Chambers. 

Educational  Background 

Peabody  High  School,  1954;  NCCU,  B.A. 
History,  1958;  University  of  Michigan,  M.A. 
History,  1959;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  J.D.  Law, 
1962;  Columbia  University  School  of  Law, 
LLM  Degree  Law,  1963. 

Professional  Background 

Chancellor,  1993-Present. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

N.  C.  State  Bar  Association;  N.  C.  Bar  Association;  N.  C.  Association  of  Black 
Lawyers;  American  Bar  Association;  National  Bar  Association,  NAFEO;  NAACP 
Legal  Def.  &  Educ.  Fund,  Children's  Def.  Fund;  OIC,  Univeristy  of  Penn.,  BOT; 
Prince  Hall  Masons. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

President's  Commission  on  White  House  Fellows  National  Board  of  the  Fund  for  the 
Improvement  of  Post-Secondary  Education;  Indian  Law  Resource  Center,  People  for 
the  American  Way. 

Military  Service 
U.  S.  Navy,  Reserve,  Hospitalman,  1962-66;  U.  S.  Army,  Jag,  Private. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Vivian  G.  Chambers,  August  7,  1960.  Children:  Judy  L.  and  Derrick  L; 
Friendship  Baptist;  Trustee. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 


689 


NORTH  CAROLINA  SCHOOL  OF  THE  ARTS 


In  1965,  the  North  Carolina 
School  of  the  Arts  opened  its 
doors  to  just  over  200  students 
and  broke  new  ground  as  the 
nation's  first  state-supported  resi- 
dential school  for  the  performing 
arts.  Just  two  years  earlier, 
Governor  Terry  Sanford  encouraged 
the  General  Assembly  to  pass  legis- 
lation supporting  such  an  endeavor. 
By  an  act  of  the  General  Assembly  in 
1963,  the  School  was  established  and 
opened  under  the  leadership  of  its 
first  president,  the  late  Dr.  Vittorio 
Giannini,  eminent  American  com- 
poser. 

Today,  NCSA  is  a  formidable 
presence  in  the  competitive  world  of 
arts  institutions  and  stands,  as  it 
has  throughout  its  25-year  history, 
on  a  tradition  of  professionalism. 

Robert  Ward,  Pulitzer  Prize-win- 
ning composer,  served  as  chancellor 
from  1967-1974.  Under  his  tenure 
the  School  more  than  doubled  its  fac- 
ulty and  enrollment. 

Composer  Robert  Suderburg 
served  as  chancellor  from  1974-1983. 
Suderburg  promoted  and  extended 
the  School's  statewide  perfor- 
mance/workshop programs  in  the 
public  schools  and  helped  diversify 
summer  program  offerings. 

During  the  1983-84  academic 
year,  Dr.  Lawrence  Hart,  retired 
dean  of  music  at  the  University  of 
North  Carolina  at  Greensboro, 
became  the  acting  chancellor. 

In  1984,  Dr.  Jane  Milley  was 
appointed  chancellor.  During  Dr. 
Milley's  tenure,  faculty  salaries  were 
increased  and  campus  facilities  were 
expanded,  including  the  addition  of  a 


NORTH    CAROLINA 

SCHOOL 

OF THE  _^ 

(ARTS 

THE  UNIVERSITY  OF 
NORTH  CAROLINA 

new  theatre  building,  new  drama 
studios  and  gymnasium;  acquisition 
of  additional  campus  housing;  and 
much-needed  renovation  of  some  old 
classroom  spaces. 

Dr.  Philip  Nelson,  former  dean  of 
music  at  Yale  University,  served  as 
interim  chancellor  during  the  1989- 
90  school  year. 

Alex  C.  Ewing  was  appointed  the 
fifth  chancellor  of  the  School  in  the 
spring  of  1990.  Mr.  Ewing  is  a  well- 
known  arts  administrator  in  the 
national  dance  world  as  well  as  a 
businessman.  He  had  served  the 
School  previously  as  head  of  its 
international  Board  of  Visitors. 
During  the  first  years  of  his  adminis- 
tration, he  led  the  School  in  a  com- 
prehensive planning  process  includ- 
ing the  formulation  of  a  new  School 
of  Filmmaking  and  preparation  for  a 
major  capital  campaign. 

In  addition  to  serving  its  stu- 
dents, NCSA  offers  special  programs 
including  a  summer  session,  a  prepro- 
fessional  program  in  dance,  the 
Community  Music  School  and  inter- 
national programs  in  Hungary, 
France,  Germany,  England  and  Italy. 


690 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Since  opening  its  doors  25  years 
ago,  NCSA  is  still  the  only  major  arts 
training  institution  of  its  kind  offer- 
ing instruction  on  a  high  school, 
undergraduate  and  graduate  level  in 
dance,  drama,  music,  and  design  and 
production, 
with  a  com- 
plementary 
academic 
program. 

Students, 
are  selected 
through  strict 
admission 
standards 
requiring  an 
audition  or 
submission  of 
a  portfolio  and 
work  toward  a 
Bachelor  of 
Music  or  a 
Bachelor  of 
Fine  Arts  in 
the  areas  of  *- 
dance,  drama, 
or  design  and 
production. 
NCSA's  mas- 
ter's program 
offers  inten- 
sive training 
in  music,  and 
in  design  and 
production. 

Students 
are  selected 
based  on  the 
ability  to 
show  poten- 
tial for  pro- 
fessional success.  In  addition  to  the 
rigorous  demands  of  their  arts  train- 
ing, accredited  academic  courses  in 
math,  the  sciences,  social  sciences, 
and  humanities  are  required.  On  the 
secondary  level,  students  in  the 


The  March,  1989 

"Learned 


photo  by  Kurt  Eslick 


School's  dance,  music,  and  visual 
arts  programs  work  toward  North 
Carolina  high  school  diplomas. 

In  1983  NCSA  opened  the  now 
renowned  Stevens  Center  for  the 
Performing  Arts,  a  1,380  seat  audito- 
rium which 
very  quickly 
became  an 
integral  part 
of  Winston- 
Salem's  bid 
to  return 
culture  and 
night  life  to 
its  downtown 
area. 

N.C.S.A. 
and  its  facul- 
ty, recognize 
that  perfor- 
mance experi- 
ence is  vital  to 
the  training  of 
young  per- 
formers. 
Students  pro- 
duce and  per- 
form in  more 
than  300 
events  annu- 
ally—events 
attended  by 
more  than 
60,000  peo- 
performance  of     pie,   in  the 

Ladies"  Stevens 

Center  and 
various  other 
on-campus1 
theaters. 
Unique 
opportunities  to  perform  across  North 
Carolina  and  in  Europe  are  also  avail- 
able through  NCSA.  Through  the 
touring  program,  students  take  more 
than  200  performances  and  educa- 
tional services  to  public  schools  and1 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 


691 


community     arts     organizations  each  season  with  the  Metropolitan 

around  the  state  each  year.  Each  Opera.  Gianna  Rolandi  is  a  star  of 

summer,  young  musicians  study  the  New  York  City  Opera.  Richard 

with  master  artists  and  perform  Buckley    conducts    the    Oakland 

before  international  audiences  in  Symphony  and  Kirk  Trevor  the 

Germany,  Italy  and  Switzerland  Knoxville  Symphony  Orchestra.  Mel 

with    the     International    Music  Tomlinson  was  premier  danseur  with 

Program.  Dance  students  also  study  the   New  York   City  Ballet   and 

and  perform  abroad  each  summer.  Edward  Stierle  became  the  second 

The  Community  Music  School  offers  American  in  history  to  win  the  pres- 

teaching  experience  to  advanced  stu-  tigious  Prix  de  Lausanne  Gold  Medal 


dents  and  educational  opportunities 
to  community  members  of  all  ages. 
One  of  the  newest  NCSA  extension 
programs,  the  Adult  Center  for  Arts 
Enrichment,  recently  opened  its 
doors  with  classes  in  symphonic  lis- 
tening, community  theater  manage- 
ment, and  more. 

NCSA  alumni 
speak  best  of  the 
School's  success. 
Since  1972,  alum- 
ni of  NCSA's 
School  of  Drama 
have  appeared  in 
more  than  40 
Broadway  and 
regional  theater 
productions,  15 
major  motion  pic- 
tures, and  25 
major  television 
productions.  Tom 
Hulce  was  nomi- 
nated for  an 
Academy  Award 
in  1985  for  his 
performance  in 
"Amadeus."  Six 
NCSA  alumni 
have  recurring 
roles  in  network 
day-time  dramas. 
In  music,  bass- 
baritone  John 
Cheek      appears 


for  ballet  in  1985. 

In  its  brief  history,  the  North 
Carolina  School  of  the  Arts  has 
rapidly  advanced  to  the  top  of  the 
world's  arts  institutions.  Top  flight 
performing  arts  companies  continue 
to  look  to  NCSA  for  the  best  in 
trained,  professional  artists. 


The  1991  Winter  Dance,  Adagio  for  Ten  and  Two 
Choreographed  by  Richard  Gibson 

photo  by  Charlie  Buchanan 


692 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Alexander  Ewing 
Chancellor 

Early  Years 

Born  in  New  York,  February  25,  1931  to 
Thomas  and  Lucia  Hosmer  Chase  Ewing, 
Jr. 

Educational  Background 

St.  Paul's  School  1949;  Yale  University, 
1953. 

Professional  Background 

Chancellor,  North  Carolina  School  of  the 
Arts,  1991-present;  Cattle/Ranching; 
Hillbright  Enterprises,  Inc.,  President  1975- 
1980;  Owner/  Operator  (CEO),  Ale  Land 
and  Cattle  Company. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Former  General  Director,  Joffrey  Ballet  Company,  New  York;  Board  of  Directors, 
Joffrey  Ballet  Foundation,  School  of  American  Ballet. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Sheila  Cobb  Ewing  of  Mt.  Kisco,  New  York,  October  31,  1970. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 


693 


NORTH  CAROLINA  STATE  UNIVERSITY 


On  March  7,  1887,  the  North 
Carolina  General  Assembly 
passed  the  act  which  autho- 
rized the  establishment  of  the  North 
Carolina  College  of  Agriculture  and 
Mechanic  Arts.  The  Watauga  Club  of 
Raleigh  and  the  statewide  farmers' 
movement  had  convinced  the  legisla- 
ture of  the  need  to  transfer  the  funds 
received  by  the  State  under  the  pro- 
visions of  the  Morrill  Land-Grant  Act 
of  1862  from  the  University  of  North 
Carolina  in  Chapel  Hill  to  a  new 
land-grant  college  in  Raleigh.  The 
cornerstone  of  A.  and  M.  College  was 
laid  in  August,  1888,  and  its  doors 
were  officially  opened  on  October  3, 
1889. 

Alexander  Q.  Holladay,  the  col- 
lege's first  president  (1889-1899), 
and  a  faculty  of  five  offered  courses 
in  agriculture,  horticulture,  pure  and 
agricultural  chemistry,  English, 
bookkeeping,  history,  mathematics, 
physics,  practical  mechanics,  and 
military  science.  The  first  freshman 
class  numbered  about  fifty  students. 
By  the  end  of  the  institution's  first 
decade  the  resident  enrollment  had 
reached  300. 

During  the  administration  of 
George  T.  Winston  (1899-1908),  a 
new  curriculum  in  textiles  was  devel- 
oped and  normal  courses  were 
offered  in  the  summer  for  public 
school  teachers,  both  men  and 
women.  The  Agricultural  Extension 
Service  was  established  during  the 
administration  of  Daniel  H.  Hill 
(1908-1916),  and  enrollment  grew  to 
more  than  700.  In  1917,  during  the 
administration  of  Wallace  C.  Riddick 
(1916-1923),  the  institution's  name 
was  changed  to  The  North  Carolina 


State  College  of  Agriculture  and 
Engineering.  The  introduction  of  the 
word  "engineering"  was  intended  to 
reflect  the  increasing  emphasis  on 
the  professional  and  theoretical,  as 
well  as  the  practical  aspects  of  tech- 
nical education. 

In  1923,  a  major  reorganization 
of  the  administration  of  the  College 
was  begun,  and  President  Riddick 
resigned  to  become  the  first  dean  of 
the  new  School  of  Engineering. 
Eugene  Clyde  Brooks  (1923-1934), 
the  fifth  president  of  State  College, 
continued  the  reorganization  with 
the  creation  of  the  School  of 
Agriculture  (later  renamed  the 
School  of  Agriculture  and  Forestry), 
the  School  of  Science  and  Business, 
the  School  of  Education,  the  School 
of  Textiles,  and  the  Graduate  School. 
Resident  enrollment  rose  to  nearly 
2,000  in  1929  before  the  Depression 
caused  a  drop  to  approximately  1,500 
in  1933.  The  first  women  graduates 
of  State  College  received  their 
degrees  in  1927. 

In  the  midst  of  the  Depression,  the 
General  Assembly  of  1931  attempted 
to  promote  the  economy  and  to  prevent 
unnecessary  duplication  among  the 


694 


North  Carolina  Manual 


three  leading  state  institutions  of 
higher  education  by  establishing  a 
single  consolidated  administration 
for  the  University  of  North  Carolina 
at  Chapel  Hill,  the  North  Carolina 
State  College  of  Agriculture  and 
Engineering,  and  the  North  Carolina 
College  for  Women  in  Greensboro. 
Dr.  Frank  Porter  Graham,  president 
of  the  University  of  North  Carolina, 
was  elected  president  of  the 
Consolidated  University,  and  Dr. 
Brooks,  with  the  title  of  vice  presi- 
dent, continued  as  chief  administra- 
tive officer  at  State  College.  Among 
the  consequences  of  consolidation 
were  the  phasing  out  of  the  School  of 
Engineering  at  Chapel  Hill  and  the 
School  of  Science  and  Business  at 
Raleigh.  A  general  college,  later 
called  the  Basic  Division,  was  estab- 
lished to  provide  two  years  of  basic 
courses  in  humanities,  social  sci- 
ences, and  natural  sciences  as  a 
foundation  for  students  in  the  vari- 
ous degree-granting  technical  and 
professional  schools. 

Colonel  John  W.  Harrelson 
(1934-1953),  Class  of '09,  was  the 
first  alumnus  to  become  administra- 
tive head  of  State  College.  Under 
the  consolidated  organization,  his 
title  was  Dean  of  Administration; 
later  it  was  changed  to  Chancellor. 
During  Harrelson's  administration 
the  institution  experienced  the 
beginning  of  extraordinary  growth  in 
the  aftermath  of  World  War  II.  Two 
new  schools  were  established:  the 
School  of  Design  and  the  School  of 
Forestry.  A  multi-million  dollar 
expansion  program  was  completed 
during  the  administration  of  Carey 
H.  Bostian  (1953-59),  and  the  pro- 
gram of  student  activities  was  great- 
ly enlarged,  as  the  enrollment  passed 
5,000. 

The  faculty  and  student  population 


more  than  doubled  during  the 
administration  of  John  T.  Caldwell 
(1959-1975),  and  another  new  school 
was  organized:  the  School  of  Physical 
Sciences  and  Applied  Mathematics 
(now  Physical  and  Mathematical 
Sciences).  The  School  of  General 
Studies,  was  renamed  the  School  of 
Liberal  Arts.  The  name  Liberal  Arts 
was  adopted  when  the  School  was 
authorized  to  offer  a  full  range  of 
bachelor's  and  master's  degree  pro- 
grams in  the  humanities  and  social 
sciences.  The  name  of  the  institution 
itself  was  changed  in  1965  to  North 
Carolina  State  University,  signifying 
its  new  role  as  a  comprehensive  uni- 
versity. 

NCSU's  enrollment  passed 
20,000  during  the  administration  of 
Chancellor  Joab  L.  Thomas  (1976- 
1981).  The  School  of  Veterinary 
Medicine  was  established,  the  name 
of  the  School  of  Liberal  Arts  was 
changed  to  School  of  Humanities  and 
Social  Sciences,  and  North  Carolina 
State  University  was  recognized  as 
one  of  two  major  research  universi- 
ties within  the  University  of  North 
Carolina  system. 

Bruce  R.  Poulton  became 
Chancellor  in  the  fall  of  1982  as 
NCSU's  tenth  chief  administrative 
officer.  He  resigned  effective 
September  30,1989.  Dr.  Larry  K. 
Monteith  was  subsequently  appoint- 
ed as  NCSU's  Chancellor. 

North  Carolina  State  University 
is  one  of  the  nation's  major  public 
universities  and  shares  the  distinc- 
tive character  of  land-grant  state 
universities  nationally  -  broad  acade- 
mic offerings,  extensive  public  ser- 
vice, national  and  international 
activities,  and  large-scale  extension 
and  research  programs. 

The  University  is  organized  into 
nine  colleges,  the  School  of  Design 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 


695 


696  North  Carolina  Manual 

and  the  Graduate  School.  The  col-  The       pioneer       Humanities 

leges   are   Agriculture   and   Life  Extension  Program,  which  takes 

Sciences,  Education  and  Psychology,  seminar    series    to    rural    areas 

Engineering,   Forest   Resources,  throughout  the  state,  is  now  serving 

Humanities  and  Social  Sciences,  as  a  model  for  a  number  of  similar 

Management,        Physical       and  programs  throughout  the  country. 
Mathematical  Sciences,  Textiles  and  Extension  organizations  in  each 

Veterinary  Medicine.  In  addition,  a  of  the  100  counties  in  North  Carolina 

complex  of  divisions,  institutes,  and  and    on    the    Cherokee    Indian 

centers  provides  for  a  wide  range  of  Reservation  assist  in  carrying  the 

special  academic,  research,  and  University's  teaching  and  applied 

extension  programs.  research  programs  throughout  the 

Academic  programs  are  offered  State.  The  diversity  of  these  pro- 

in  82  fields  leading  to  baccalaureate  grams  spans  such  fields  as  agricul- 

degrees,77  master's  degree  fields  and  ture,  design,  education,  forestry, 

48  fields  leading  to  doctoral  level  engineering,  humanities,  marine  sci- 

degrees.  ence,  textiles,  urban  affairs  and  vet- 

NCSU  ranks  36th  in  the  nation  erinary  medicine, 
in  research  expenditures  and  6th  in  There  are  over  150  campus  build- 
industry  funded  research.  ings  on  the  central  campus  of  623 

The  NCSU  College  of  Engineering  acres  and  on  an  adjacent  180-acre 

has  one  of  the  six  largest  undergrad-  tract  that  houses  the  College  of 

uate  programs  in  the  nation,  and  the  Veterinary  Medicine.  In  addition,  the 

College  of  Textiles  is  the  largest  and  University  continues  to  develop  its 

most  modern  university-based  tex-  Centennial  Campus,  an  academic 

tiles  school  in  the  world.  The  NCSU  and  research  village  where  collabora- 

College  of  Agriculture  and  Life  tion  between  university  and  private 

Sciences  is  the  fifth  largest  agricul-  industry  researchers  is  encouraged, 

ture  college  in  the  country,  and  oper-  Centennial  Campus,  on  1,000  acres 

ates  the  nation's  second  oldest  state  adjacent  to  the  main  campus,  houses 

research  service.  the  new  $40  million  College  of 

The  College  of  Forest  Resources  Textiles  complex  as  well  as  two 

boasts  the  largest  research  program  major  research  buildings  occupied  by 

of  any  Southeastern  forestry  school  university  and  private  industry 

and  is  the  birthplace  of  the  nation-  research  groups.  A  third  research 

wide  acid  rain  research  effort.  building  should  be  ready  for  occu- 

The  College  of  Education  and  pancy  by  Spring,  1994,  which  will 

Psychology's  community  college  and  house  a  new  research  initiative  of 

adult  education  program  is  ranked  the     College     of     Physical     and 

by  peers  among  the  top  five  in  the  Mathematical  Sciences  emphasizing 

country.  The  School  of  Design  is  the  marine,  earth  and  atmospheric  sci- 

most  comprehensive  school  of  envi-  ences.  The  Engineering  Graduate 

ronmental  design  in  the  Southeast.  Research  Center  (EGRC)  also  is 

The  NCSU  College  of  Veterinary  planned  as  a  magnet  for  industrial 

Medicine  has  quickly  gained  national  partners,  and  is  intended  to  give 

stature  for  trailblazing  programs  North   Carolina   an   engineering 

including  laser  surgery,  cancer  treat-  research  institution  of  national 

ment  and  avian  medicine.  stature. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  697 

NCSU  has  88,000  acres  across  Humanities  and  Social  Sciences  - 

the  state  including  one  research  and  3,614;  Management  -  2,157;  Physical 

endowment  forest  of  78,000  acres,  and  Mathematical  Sciences  -  1,438; 

Near  the  main  campus  are  research  Textiles   -   993;    and  Veterinary 

farms;  biology  and  ecology  sites;  Medicine  -  336.  More  than  1,100  stu- 

genetics,  horticulture  and  floricul-  dents  from  foreign  nations   are 

ture  nurseries;  forests;  and  areas  enrolled. 

such  as  Carter-Finley  Stadium,  North  Carolina  State  University 

which  together  comprise  about  2,500  is  committed  to  equality  of  educa- 

acres.  tional  opportunity  and  does  not  dis- 

North  Carolina  State  University  criminate  against  applicants,  stu- 

is  one  of  the  three  Research  Triangle  dents,  or  employees  based  on  race, 

Universities    along    with    Duke  color,  national  origin,  religion,  sex, 

University  and  the  University  of  age,  or  handicap.  Moreover,  North 

North  Carolina  at  Chapel  Hill.  In  the  Carolina  State  University  is  open  to 

30-mile  triangle  formed  by  the  three  people  of  all  races  and  actively  seeks 

universities    is    the    5,000-acre  to  promote  racial  integration  by 

Research     Triangle     Park,     the  recruiting  and  enrolling  a  larger 

Research   Triangle   Institute   (a  number  of  black  students. 
Universities'  subsidiary),  and  the  NCSU   is    a   member   of  the 

Triangle  Universities  Computation  National    Association    of    State 

Center,  a  central  facility  for  the  Universities     and     Land-Grant 

extensive  computing  activities  of  the  Colleges,  the  American  Council  on 

institutions.  Education,  the  American  Council  of 

NCSU  enrolled  more  than  27,000  Learned  Societies,  the  Association  of 

students  in  the  1992  fall  semester,  Governing  Boards  of  Universities 

including  approximately  3,800  life-  and    Colleges,    the    Oak    Ridge 

long  education  students  in  various  Associated      Universities,       the 

;  categories.   The  enrollment  by  school  International  University  Consortium 

•is:    Agriculture  and  Life  Science  -  for  Telecommunications  in  Learning, 

(4,174;  Design  -  618;  Education  and  the  North  Carolina  Association  of 

.Psychology  -  1,656;  Enginnering  -  Colleges  and  Universities,  and  the 

17,015;   Forest   Resources   -   822;  Cooperating  Raleigh  Colleges. 


698 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Larry  K.  Montei 
Chancellor 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Bryson  City,  North  Carolina, 
August  17,  1933,  to  Earl  and  Essie  (King) 
Monteith. 

Educational  Background 

North  Carolina  State  University,  1960,  B.S. 
(Electrical  Engineering);  Duke  University, 
1962,  M.S.  (Electrical  Engineering);  Duke 
University,  1965,  Ph.D.  (Electrical 
Engineering). 

Professional  Background 

Interim  Chancellor,  N.  C.  State  University, 
October  1989-May  1990;  Chancellor,  May 
1990-present;  Dean,  College  of  Engineering,  NCSU,  1978-1989;  Head,  Department  of; 
Electrical  Engineering,  NCSU,  1974-1978;  Professor,  Electrical  Engineering,  NCSU, 
1972-1989;  Associate  Professor,  Electrical  Engineering,  NCSU,  1968-1972;  Adjunct 
Assistant  Professor,  Electrical  Engineering,  NCSU,  1965-1968;  Group  Leader, ! 
Research  Triangle  Institute,  1966-1968;  Member  of  Technical  Staff,  RTI,  1962-1966; 
Member  of  Technical  Staff,  Bell  Telephone  Labs,  1960-1962. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Institute  of  Electrical  and  Electronics  Engineers;  American  Society  of  North  Carolina; 
American  Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science;  Sigma  Xi. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Accrediting  Board  for  Engineering  and  Technology;  Board  of  Directors,  Research 
Triangle  Institute;  Council  of  the  Institute  for  Transportation  Research  and 
Engineering  Deans;  Deans  Advisory  Committee,  Microelectronics  Center  of  North 
Carolina;  National  Science  Foundation  Panel  for  Undergraduate  Laboratory 
Equipment  Awards;  Board  of  Trustees,  N.  C.  School  for  Science  and  Mathematics, 
1978-1985;  Executive  Committee  on  Telecommunications;  Board  of  Directors, 
Engineering  College  Council  of  Deans;  Governor  James  B.  Hunt's  Committee  to  draft 
original  plan  for  the  Microelectronics  Center  of  North  Carolina;  Board  of  Directors, 
National  Driving  Center,  1981-1989. 

Hon  ors  and  Awa  rds 

Tau  Beta  Pi;  Duke  University's  Distinguished  Engineering  Alumnus  Award,  1984 
Phi  Beta  Kappa,  Duke  University,  1993. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Nancy  Alexander,  April  19,  1952.  Children:  Carol,  Larry  and  Steve 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 


699 


PEMBROKE  STATE  UNIVERSITY 


Founded  as  an  all-Indian  School 
in  1887,  and  until  1953  the 
only  state-supported  four-year 
college  for  Indians  in  the  nation, 
Pembroke  State  University  is  proud 
of  its  heritage  and  the  diversity  of  its 
student  body.  The  student  popula- 
tion which  numbers  more  than 
3,000,  consists  of  62  percent  white 
students,  25  percent  American 
Indian  students,  and  11  percent 
black  students,  making  Pembroke 
State  University  one  of  the  most 
racially  diverse  universities  in  the 
nation. 

Located  in  southeastern  North 
Carolina,  30  miles  southwest  of 
IFayetteville,  the  institution  began 
when  the  General  Assembly  of  North 
Carolina  authorized  the  establish- 
ment of  a  normal  (teacher-training) 
school    for    Indians    in    Robeson 
County.    To  establish  this  institu- 
tion, the  state  legislature  appropriat- 
ed $500,  designating  it  "for  payment 
'of  services  rendered  for  teaching  and 
jno  other  purpose."    The  Indian  peo- 
ple were  given  the  responsibility  of 
iraising  funds  for  land  acquisition 
,and  building  construction.    The  first 
jbuilding,  a  two-story  wooden  struc- 
ture constructed  largely  through 
donated  labor  and  materials,  was 
located  on  a  one-acre  site,  one  mile 
from  the  Town  of  Pembroke,  on  land 
which  was  purchased  for  $8. 

The  Croatan  Normal  School  (the 
original  name  of  the  Institution), 
opened  its  doors  in  the  fall  of  1887 
with  an  enrollment  of  15  students.  It 
as  the  first  state-supported  school 
f  any  type  for  Robeson  County 
Indians.  In  1909  the  school  was 
moved  to  the  Town  of  Pembroke, 


center  of  the  Lumbee  Native  American 
Indian  Community.  The  school  experi- 
enced various  stages  of  development 
until  1940  when  the  first  four-year  col- 
lege degrees  were  conferred.  In  1941 
the  state  legislature  renamed  the 
school  Pembroke  State  College  for 
Indians,  and  its  scope  was  widened  in 
1942  with  the  addition  of  non-teaching 
baccalaureate  degrees. 

Until  1945  only  Robeson  County 
Indians  were  eligible  for  admission 
but  in  that  year,  the  state  legislature 
authorized  admission  of  people  from 
all  federally  recognized  Indian 
groups.  In  1949,  the  General 
Assembly  shortened  the  school's 
name  to  Pembroke  State  College.  In 
1954  the  school  was  opened  to  all 
races  following  the  Supreme  Court 
ruling  regarding  segregation. 

Rapid  development  followed 
when  regional  university  status  was 
granted  in  1969  and  Pembroke  State 
University  emerged.  In  1972 
Pembroke  State  University  became  a 
constituent  institution  of  The 
University  of  North  Carolina's  16- 
campus  system,  and  was  placed 
under  the  authority  of  the  UNC 
Board  of  Governors. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Its  growth  as  a  university  has 
been  especially  progressive  in  the 
last  two  decades.  Master's  programs 
in  education  were  implemented  in 
1978  and  now  include  degree  pro- 
grams in  Educational  Administration, 
Educational  Supervision,  Elementary 
Education,  English  Education, 
Mathematics  Education,  Middle 
Grades  Education,  and  Reading 
Education.  Masters  programs  in 
School  Counseling  and  Organizational 
Leadership  and  Management  have  also 
been  added  to  the  post  baccalaureate 
offerings. 

Pembroke  State  University 
enjoys  the  highest  accreditation  pos- 
sible and  features  52  undergraduate 
specialization's  (and  40  minors) 
through  17  undergraduate  academic 


departments:  American  Indian 
Studies;  Art;  Biology;  Business 
Administration  and  Economics; 
Communicative  Arts;  Education; 
Geology  and  Geography;  Health, 
Physical  Education  and  Recreation; 
History;  Mathematics  and  Computer 
Science;  Music;  Nursing;  Philosophy 
and  Religion;  Physical  Science; 
Political  Science;  Psychology;  and 
Sociology,  Social  Work  and  Criminal 
Justice. 

Newest  additions  to  the  institu- 
tion's baccalaureate  degree  offerings 
are  a  Bachelor  of  Science  in  Nursing, 
which  began  in  1992;  a  Bachelor  of 
Science  in  Community  Health 
Education  and  a  Bachelor  of  Arts  in 
Criminal  Justice  which  began  in  the 
1993-94  academic  year.    With  these 


The  Givens  Performing  Arts  Center,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  buildings  in 
the  state  and  the  center  of  cultural  activities  in  the  region 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  701 

three  programs,  Pembroke  State  Fayetteville,  Charlotte,  Greensboro, 

University  seeks  to  enhance  its  mis-  Raleigh  and  other  cities.    WPSU- 

sion  of  service  to  the  region.  TVs  Action  News  31  is  the  only  live, 

Pembroke  State  University  offers  student-produced  television  news 

a  Bachelor  of  Arts  in  American  program  in  the  state  and  one  of  only 

Indian  Studies,  which  is  one  of  only  three  in  the  nation, 

two  such  baccalaureate  programs  To  boost  the  region's  economy, 

offered  east  of  the  Mississippi  River.  Pembroke  Sate  houses  an  Office  of 

The  institution  has  an  outstanding  Economic  Development  whose  ser- 

collection  of  American  Indian  art  and  vices  include  providing  strategic 

artifacts  in  its  Native  American  plans  for  the  economic  development 

Resource  Center  which  is  visited  of  surrounding  counties, 

each  year  by  thousands  of  people  Pembroke  State  University  is  a 

from  this  country  and  abroad.  member  of  the  NCAA  Division  II 

In  the  fall  of  1994,  Pembroke  Peach  Belt  Conference.  This  confer- 
State  University  will  be  a  participat-  ence,  composed  of  public  colleges  and 
ing  campus  in  the  North  Carolina  universities  in  North  Carolina,  South 
Teaching  Fellows  Program.  The  Carolina  and  Georgia,  has  enabled 
Teaching  Fellows  program  has  been  PSU  to  compete  with  institutions 
hailed  as  the  nation's  top  teacher  similar  in  size  and  mission  and  pro- 
recruitment  program  and  is  designed  vides  a  high  level  of  competition, 
to  attract  today's  brightest  students  The  University,  through  its  mis- 
and  prepare  them  for  their  role  as  sion,  is  committed  to  academic  excel- 
tomorrow's  teachers.  lence  in  a  balanced  program  of  teach- 

The    state-of-the-art    Givens  ing,  research  and  service.   The  facul- 

Performing  Arts  Center  is  the  cultur-  ty    and    administration    of    the 

al  center  of  the  region,  featuring  University  believe  that  commitment 

attractions  from  Broadway  such  as  to  education  as  a  lifelong  experience 

Fiddler  on  the  Roof,  A  Chorus  Line,  compels  the  University  to  enhance 

42nd  Street,  My  Fair  Lady,  and  and  enrich  the  intellectual,  economic, 

Brigadoon,  among  others.  social,  cultural,  and  political  life  of 

Pembroke  State's  modern  televi-  the  region  it  serves.  By  actively  pur- 
sion  facility,  WPSU-TV,  enables  the  suing  these  goals,  the  University,  by 
University  to  distribute  weekly  pro-  example,  fulfills  another  aspect  of  its 
grams  to  a  potential  audience  of  2.5  mission:  to  instill  in  students  a  con- 
million  people  in  eastern  North  tinuing  appreciation  for  diverse  cul- 
Carolina.  Audiences  receive  this  tures  and  an  active  concern  for  the 
broadcast  through  cable  stations  in  well-being  of  others. 


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Joseph  Bruce  Qxemdine 
Chancellor 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Pembroke,  North  Carolina,  March 
31,  1930,  to  Thomas  H.  and  Georgie  Rae 
Oxendine  (both  deceased). 

Educational  Background 

Catawba  College,  1952,  A.B.  (Health  and 
Physical  Education);  Boston  University, 
1953,  Ed.M.  (Physical  Education  and 
Educational  Administration);  Boston 
University,  1959,  Ed.D.  (Physical  Education 
and  Educational  Psychology). 

Professional  Background 

Chancellor  Pembroke  State  University,  July 
1989-;  Professor,  Temple  University  1959-1989;  Dean,  College  of  Health,  Physical 
Education,  Recreation  and  Dance  (1968-1981),  Temple  University. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

American  Association  of  University  Professors;  American  Association  of  State 
Colleges  and  Universities;  American  Alliance  for  Health,  Physical  Education, 
Recreation  and  Dance;  National  Association  for  Sport  and  Physical  Education; 
National  Association  for  Physical  Education  in  Higher  Education. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Southern  Association  of  Colleges  and  Schools,  Commission  on  Colleges;  National 
Institute  of  Health,  Office  of  Minority  Programs,  Fact-Finding  Team;  American 
Association  of  State  Colleges  and  Universities,  Committee  on  Cultural  Diversity, 
Ethnic  Minorities  Committee;  Peach  Belt  Athletic  Conference,  Vice  President;  North 
Carolina  Center  for  Nursing  Advisory  Council. 

Publications 

American  Indian  Sports  Heritage.  1988  Campaign,  IL,  Human  Kinetics,  Inc.; 
Psychology  of  Motor  Learning,  (2nd  ed.),  1984,  Englewood  Cliffs,  NJ,  Prentice-Hall, 
Inc.;  Psychology  of  Motor  Learning,  1968,  New  York,  Appleton,  Century-Crofts,  plus 
three  dozen  professional  and  research  articles,  and  five  chapters  in  books  on  Sport 
Psychology. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

R.  Tait  McKenzie  Award,  American  Alliance  for  Health,  Physical  Education. 
Recreation  and  Dance,  1993;  Charles  D.  Henry  Award  (for  the  enhancement  of  ethnic 
minority  members)  American  Alliance  of  Health,  Physical  Education,  Recreation  and 
Dance,  1989;  Stauffer  Award  for  Outstanding  Faculty  Service,  Temple  University: 
1989;  Honor  Award,  American  Alliance  of  Health,  Physical  Education;  Recreation  and 
Dance,  1986;  Honorary  Degree,  Doctor  of  Science,  Catawba  College,  1979;  Inductee 
into  Sports  Hall  of  Fame,  Catawba  College,  1978;  Alumni  Award  for  Distinguishec 
Public  Service,  Boston  University,  1978. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  703 

Military  Service 

U.  S.  Army,  1953-1955,  Korea  and  Hawaii. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Adrienne  McNaughton  of  Philadelphia,  August  19,  1961.    Children:   James 
Thomas  and  Jean  Marie. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


H 

ASHEVILLE 


56 

UNIVERSITY  OF  N.C. 
AT  ASHEVILLE 

Established  1927;  be- 
came Asheville*Biltmore 
Collegel936.  Movedhere 
in  1961.  A  campus  of 
The  University  of  North 
Carolina,  1969. 


The  University  of  North 
Carolina  at  Asheville,  the  only 
Liberal  Arts  I  University  in 
the  16-campus  University  of  North 
Carolina  system,  has  received 
national  recognition  for  its  innova- 
tive and  integrative  approach  to  lib- 
eral arts  education.  With  small  class- 
es and  a  focus  on  undergraduate 
education,  UNCA  students  and  facul- 
ty interact  closely  in  a  supportive 
and  challenging  learning  environ- 
ment. 

UNCA's  Humanities  Program,  a 
four-course  sequence  of  world  culture 
required  of  every  UNCA  student,  has 
served  as  a  model  for  colleges  and 
universities  across  the  country.  Its 
Undergraduate  Research  Program, 
which  UNCA  pioneered  in  public 
higher  education  a  decade  ago,  has 
provided  undergraduates  research 
opportunities  usually  reserved  for 
graduate  students.  UNCA  became 
the  headquarters  for  the  National 
Center  for  Undergraduate  Research 
in  1991. 

UNC-A  was  originally  estab- 
lished as  Buncombe  County  Junior 
College  in  1927  and  was  housed  in 


the  basement  of  a  public  school.  Five 
changes  of  name,  four  different  pat- 
terns of  educational  organization, 
and  several  shifts  of  location  followed 
-  until  the  college  became  a  campus 
of  the  consolidated  University  of 
North  Carolina  on  July  1,  1969. 

After  Buncombe  County  Junior 
College     was     established,     the 
Asheville  City  School  Board  also  ; 
started  the  College  of  the  City  of  : 
Asheville.  The  two  colleges  operated 
as  free  public  institutions  until  1930, 
when  a  financial  crisis  forced  the  city 
college  to  close  and  the  county  col- 
lege to  begin  charging  tuition.  The  \ 
name  of  the  latter  was  changed  to  j 
Biltmore  Junior  College,  which 
became,  in  effect,  the  successor  to 
both  institutions.  For  three  years  the 
faculty  exercised  control  of  the 
school,  but  on  Jan.  11,  1934,  they 
turned  their  authority  over  to  a 
newly-selected  board  of  trustees.  A 
charter  was  secured  under  the  name 
of  Biltmore  College.  In  1936  control 
passed  to  the  Asheville  City  School 
Board,  and  the  name  was  once  again 
changed,  this  time  to  Asheville-! 
Biltmore  College,  the  name  by  which 
the  institution  was  known  until ' 
1969. 

During  the  1930s  and  1940s,  the 
institution  remained  a  local  junior 
college  under  joint  city  and  county  i 
control.    In    1955,    the    General 
Assembly  of  North  Carolina  voted  a  \ 
modest  appropriation  for  its  support, ! 
increasing  the  amount  two  years 
later.  Under  the  provisions  of  thef 
1957    Community    College    Act,1 
Asheville-Biltmore  College  was  the 
first  institution  to  qualify  as  a  state 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 


705 


supported  community  college,  with  a 
board  of  trustees  appointed  by  the 
Governor,  the  City  Council,  the  County 
Board  of  Commissioners,  and  the  city 
and  county  boards  of  education. 

Vigorous  development  of  the  col- 
lege began  in  1958,  when  the  voters 
approved  a  $500,000  bond  issue  for 
capital  funds  for  the  college.  This 
sum,  plus  funds  allocated  by  the 
state,  enabled  the  institution  to 
acquire  a  157-acre  tract  in  north 
Asheville.  The  first  two  buildings  on 
this  new  campus  were  completed  and 
occupied  in  the  fall  of  1961.  In  that 
same  year,  area  voters  approved  a 
$750,000  bond  issue,  which  was 
matched  with  state  funds  to  con- 
struct five  additional  buildings. 

On  July  1,  1963,  Asheville- 
Biltmore  College  became  a  state  senior 
college  under  the  control  of  a  new 
board  of  trustees.  This  board,  believing 
that  the  college  should  have  a  residen- 
tial character,  petitioned  the  General 
Assembly  for  dormitories,  which  were 
first  occupied  in  1967.  In  that  same 


year,  after  visits  from  committees 
of  the  Southern  Association  of 
Colleges  and  Schools,  Asheville- 
Biltmore  became  a  fully  accredited 
senior  college. 

As  early  as  1962,  Asheville- 
Biltmore  College  had  expressed  the 
goal  of  becoming  a  campus  of  the 
Consolidated  University  of  North 
Carolina.  In  1966,  the  Board  of 
Trustees  of  the  college  passed  a  reso- 
lution stating  its  intention  to  see  the 
school  become  the  University  of 
North  Carolina  at  Asheville.  After 
two  years  of  discussion,  a  committee 
of  the  Board  of  Trustees  of  the 
Consolidated  University  visited 
Asheville  in  April,  1968  to  determine 
whether  the  college  should  be  incor- 
porated into  the  University  of  North 
Carolina.  Their  findings  were  favor- 
able and  were  adopted  by  the  full 
Board  of  Trustees  on  Dec.  2,  1968. 
Subsequently,  the  State  Board  of 
Higher  Education  endorsed  the 
proposal  which  was  then  submitted 
to    the    General    Assembly.    The 


Karpen  Hall 


706 


North  Carolina  Manual 


General  Assembly  gave  its  approval 
and  on  July  1,  1969,  Asheville- 
Biltmore  College  became  the 
University  of  North  Carolina  at 
Asheville,  one  of  six  campuses  of  the 
Consolidated  University.  On  July  1, 
1972,  the  10  remaining  state-sup- 
ported senior  institutions  were 
merged  into  one  statewide,  multi- 
campus  system,  making  the 
University  of  North  Carolina  at 


Asheville  one  of  16  constituent  insti- 
tutions of  the  University  of  North 
Carolina.  UNCA  was  reclassified 
from  Comprehensive  II  University  to 
Liberal  Arts  I  University  by  the 
UNC  Board  of  Governors  on  March 
6,  1992.  The  new  designation  more 
accurately  reflects  UNCA's  achieve- 
ments and  focus  on  undergraduate 
education. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 


707 


Saimmel  Schuuian 
Chancellor 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Chicago,  Illinois,  September  26, 
1942,  to  Stanton  and  Marie  Schuman. 

Educational  Background 

Grinnell  College,  1964,  B.A.;  San  Francisco 
State  University,  1966,  M.A.;  Northwestern 
University,  1969,  Ph.D. 

Professional  Background 

Chancellor  and  Professor  of  Literature  and 

Language,  The  University  of  North  Carolina 

at  Asheville,  July  1,  1991  to  Present;  Vice 

President    for    Academic    Affairs    and 

Professor  of  English,  Guilford  College,  1981- 

91;  Acting  President,  Guilford  College,  July  1-December  31,  1988;  Director,  Honors 

Program  and  Associate  Professor  of  English,  University  of  Maine,  1977-81;  Assistant 

to  Associate  Professor,  Department  of  English,  Cornell  College,  Mount  Vernon,  Iowa, 

1970-1977. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Vladimir  Nabokov  Society  (Past  President;  National  Collegiate  Honors  Council, 
President;  North  Carolina  Honors  Association  (Past  President)  Modern  Language 
Association  of  America. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

WCQS  (Public  Radio);  North  Carolina  Arboretum;  Western  North  Carolina 
Development  Association;  United  Way  of  Asheville  and  Buncombe  County,  Inc.; 
Asheville  Area  Cultural  Action  Plan;  Leadership  Asheville  Advisory  Council. 

Hon  ors  and  Aw  a  rds 

B.A.  Degree  "With  Distinction";  M.A.  Degree  "With  Honors". 

Literary  Works 

Books — Cyril  Tourneur;  Vladimir  Nabokov:  A  Reference  Guide;  Theatre  of  Fine 
Devices:  Emblems  and  the  Emblematic  in  the  Plays  of  John  Webster;  John  Webster:  A 
Reference  Guide;  Compiler,  Honors  Programs  in  Smaller  Colleges:  A  Handbook; 
Beginning  in  Honors.  Approximately  50  scholarly  articles. 


708 


North  Carolina  Manual 


UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA- 
CHAPEL  HILL 


UNIVERSITY  OF  NX. 
AT  CHAPEL  HILL 

...— ^  •  •  •  ™ 

First  state  university 
to  open  its  doors.  1795. 
Chartered  in  1789  under 
the  Constitution  of  1776. 


From  the  classroom  to  the  court- 
room to  the  boardroom,  the 
University  of  North  Carolina 
at  Chapel  Hill  has  a  200-year  history 
of  making  the  state  -  and  the  nation  - 
a  better  place. 

Conceived  on  the  eve  of  the 
state's  birth,  the  university  was 
guaranteed  by  the  North  Carolina 
constitution.  Leaders  recognized  the 
importance  of  higher  learning  to  all 
residents  of  their  fledgling  state. 
Guided  by  Revolutionary  war  hero 
Gen.  William  Richardson  Davie,  the 
N.C.  General  Assembly  chartered 
the  University  of  North  Carolina  as 
the  nation's  first  state  university  in 
1789.  The  cornerstone  of  the  univer- 
sity's first  building,  Old  East,  was 
laid  four  years  later. 

With  the  arrival  of  Carolina's 
first  student,  Hinton  James,  in  1795, 
and  the  graduation  of  its  first  class 
in  1798,  a  tradition  of  academic 
excellence  and  service  was  born. 

Just  as  James  left  his  mark  in 
Wilmington  and  New  Hanover  County 
-  first  working  to  improve  navigation 
on  the  Cape  Fear  River  and  later  as 
mayor  -  Carolina  students,  faculty 


and  alumni  have  continued  to  make  a 
difference  in  the  world  around  them. 

In  the  1820's,  the  university  con- 
ducted the  nation's  first  state  geolog- 
ical survey.  Soon  after,  Carolina  sci- 
entists made  the  first  systematic 
astronomical  observations  in  the 
nation,  and  in  1832  the  first  observa- 
tory at  a  U.S.  state  university  was 
built  in  Chapel  Hill.  A  university 
faculty  member,  professor  Francis  P. 
Venable,  and  student,  William  R. 
Kenan  Jr.,  are  credited  with  discov- 
ering the  industrial  applications  of 
calcium  carbide,  the  source  of  acety- 
lene gas,  in  the  late  1800's. 

During  the  20th  century, 
Carolina,  the  flagship  of  the  16-cam- 
pus  UNC  system,  has  continued  to 
shape  the  progress  of  the  state,  pro- 
ducing nearly  half  of  its  governors 
and  many  of  its  legislators,  doctors, 
lawyers,  business  executives,  teach- 
ers and  journalists.  Most  of  its 
193,000  living  alumni  continue  to 
live  in  North  Carolina.  Others  -  like 
actor  Andy  Griffith,  basketball  star 
Michael  Jordan,  fashion  designer 
Alexander  Julian,  composer  Richard 
Adler,  Cartoonist  Jeff  MacNelly  and 
journalists  Charles  Kuralt,  Roger 
Mudd,  Deborah  Potter,  Tom  Wicker, 
Jonathan  Yardley  and  Ed  Yoder  - 
can  be  found  around  the  country  and 
the  world.  , 

With  its  14  colleges  and  schools 
offering  66  bachelor's,  86  master's 
and  62  doctoral  degrees,  as  well  as 
professional  degrees  in  dentistry, 
medicine,  pharmacy  and  law,  UNC-, 
CH's  influence  can  be  seen  in  nearly 
all  walks  of  life. 

Carolina  researchers,  for  example,. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina                   709 

recently  developed  the  first  animal  who  are  so  dedicated  in  their  service 

model  for  the  deadly  disease  cystic  to  the  state  also  are  committed  to 

fibrosis.    Computer  scientists  are  pio-  classroom  teaching.    Carolina  stu- 

neers  in  virtual  reality  research,  dents  learn  from  a  2,100-member 

Marine  scientists  are  working  to  bet-  faculty  that  was  ranked  the  foremost 

ter  manage  coastal  barriers  and  agri-  in  the  Southeast  and  among  the  top 

culture  to  restore  bay  scallops  in  20  at  research  universities  in  the 

Bogue  Sound.   Social  work  faculty  are  most  recent  comprehensive  study  by 

evaluating  a  national  drop-out  pre-  the  National  Academy  of  Sciences, 

vention  program  in  Mecklenburg  Many  faculty  members  hold  or  have 

County.  held  major  positions  in  nearly  every 

Every  day,  North  Carolinians  national  scholarly  or  professional 

benefit  from  the  university's  strong  association. 

commitment  to  public  service.  The  university's  academic  pro- 
Carolina  devotes  a  larger  proportion  grams  regularly  receive  high  rank- 
of  its  budget  in  direct  service  to  the  ings  from  the  national  media.  In 
state  -  19  percent  -  than  any  other  spring  1993,  for  example,  US  News 
major  U.  S.  research  university.  and  World  Report's  list  of  leading 

In  1991-92,  for  example,  faculty  professional  programs   included 

from  70  departments  provided  ser-  Carolina's  dentistry,  pharmacy, 

vices  to  more  than  42,000  students  nursing,  medicine,  business  and  law 

and  14,000  teachers  and  administra-  schools.    Programs  in  public  health 

tors  in  Tar  Heel  Schools.    More  than  and  medicine  also  placed  near  the 

1,200  principals  around  the  state  are  top  of  the  list. 

doing  a  better  job  today  after  partici-  Carolina's  more  than  23,000- 
pating  in  the  Carolina-based  member  student  body  also  wins  con- 
Principals'  Executive  Program,  the  stant  acclaim.  Since  1980,  for  exam- 
nation's  longest  running  in-residence  pie,  nine  UNC-CH  students  have 
management  program  for  principals.  won     the     prestigious      Rhodes 

Likewise,  counties  and  municipal-  Scholarship  to  Oxford  University, 

ities  from  Manteo  to  Murphy  rely  on  The  university  has  produced  32 

UNC-CH's  Institute  of  Government,  Rhodes  Scholars  since  the  program 

the  nation's  largest  and  most  diversi-  began  in  1902  -  including  the  first 

fied  university-based  government  black  female  winner, 

training  and  research  organization,  Chapel  Hill  has  remained  true  to 

for  information  on  how  to  most  effec-  the  founding  ideal  of  providing  a 

tively  serve  their  residents.  quality  education  as  inexpensively  as 

And  in  1992,  the  university's  possible  to  the  people  of  North 

N.C.  Area  Health  Education  Centers  Carolina.    The  university  frequently 

Program  trained  more  than  25,000  has  been  cited  as  one  of  the  nation's 

health  professionals,  serving  as  a  top  high-quality,  low-cost  schools.   In 

statewide  classroom  for  health  stu-  1992,  Money  magazine  selected 

dents  and  residents.    In  1991,  AHEC  Carolina  as  the  nation's  ninth-best 

conducted  more  than  3,700  consulta-  overall  educational  bargain  and  the 

tion  clinics  by  faculty  in  75  locations,  very  top  value  among  public  univer- 

primarily  for  patients  in  under-  sities.    Dubbed  a  "Public  Ivy"  by 

served  rural  and  urban  areas.  author  Richard  Moll,  UNC-CH  is 

These  same  faculty  members  among  eight  public  institutions  he 


710 


North  Carolina  Manual 


says  offer  the  equivalent  of  a  tradi- 
tional Ivy  League  education. 

As  Carolina  observes  its  bicen- 
tennial and  heads  into  its  third 
century,  the  fire  that  marked  the 
birth  of  public  higher  education 
remains  strong.  Emerging  from  the 
first  birth  pangs  of  a  new  state,  the 
university's  trailblazing  tradition 
has  become  inseparably  intertwined 
with  North  Carolina's  own  rich 
history.  At  the  same  time,  Chapel 
Hill  has  become  a  blueprint  national- 
ly for  public  higher  education,  a 


benchmark  of  democracy.  Today 
Carolina,  once  the  lone  flame  of  pub- 
lic higher  education,  is  joined  by 
more  than  1,500  other  public  colleges 
and  universities  nationwide. 

As  the  people  of  the  state  cele- 
brate the  university's  bicentennial, 
they  salute  the  vision  of  their  forefa- 
thers, recognize  Carolina's  commit- 
ment to  vital  teaching,  cutting-edge 
research  and  distinguished  public 
service,  and  look  ahead  at  its  contin- 
ued role  as  a  model  and  leader  in  the 
academic  arena  and  beyond. 


"Old  East",  the  Nation's  Oldest  State  University  Building  Still 

Serves  as  a  Residence  Hall. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 


711 


V 


Paml  Hardin 
Chancellor 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Charlotte,  Mecklenburg  County, 
June  11,  1931,  to  Paul  Bishop  Hardin,  Jr., 
and  the  late  Dorothy  Reel  Hardin. 

Educational  Background 

High  Point  High  School;  Duke  University, 
1952,  A.B.  (English);  Duke  University 
School  of  Law,  1954,  J.D. 

Professional  Background 

Chancellor,  University  of  North  Carolina  at 

Chapel   Hill,    1988-;    president,    Drew 

University,  1975-88;  president,  Southern 

Methodist  University,  1972-74;  president, 

Wofford  College,  1968-72;  law  faculty,  Duke  University  School  of  Law,  1958-68;  law 

practice,  Bradley,  Arant,  Rose  &  White,  Birmingham,  Ala.,  1956-58;  U.  S.    Army 

Counter  Intelligence  Corps,  1954-56. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Co-founder,  the  local  town-gown  Coordination  and  Consultation  Committee;  board  of 
directors,  Chapel  Hill-Carrboro  Chamber  of  Commerce,  1992-;  vice  president,  the 
local  Public  Private  Partnership,  1990-;  Rotary  Club,  1960-  (president,  Durham 
Rotary  Club,  1967-68).  Founding  trustee,  Educate  America,  Inc.,  1991-;  board  of 
trustees,  The  Carnegie  Foundation  for  the  Advancement  of  Teaching,  1990-;  charter 
member,  NCAA  Presidents'  Commission;  member,  New  Jersey  Board  of  Higher 
Education,  1983-88;  board  of  directors,  the  National  Association  of  Independent 
Colleges  and  Universities,  1987-88;  co-chair,  Japan-U.S.  Conference  of  University 
Presidents,  1985-89;  board  of  trustees,  Duke  University,  1968-74.  Boards  of  directors 
of  The  Italy  Fund,  1985-;  Shearson  Daily  Dividend,  Inc.,  and  related  funds,  1979-;  and 
Summit  Bancorporation,  1976-Present. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Honorary  member  -  Golden  Key  National  Honor  Society,  1993;  Duke  Law  Alumni 
Association's  Charles  S.  Murphy  Award,  1991;  named  one  of  the  nation's  100  most 
effective  university  presidents,  1986;  LL.D.  (honorary),  Monmouth  College,  1988;  LL.D. 
(honorary),  Adrian  College,  1987;  Litt.D.  (honorary),  Nebraska  Wesleyan  College,  1978; 
LL.D.  (honorary),  Coker  College,  1972;  L.H.D.  (honorary),  Clemson  University,  1970. 

Publications 

Co-author  of  the  books;  Cases  and  Materials  on  the  Administration  of  Criminal 
Justice  and  Evidence:  Cases  and  Materials. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Barbara  Russell  of  Rocky  Mount,  June  8,  1954;  Children:  Paul  Russell  Hardin, 
Sandra  Mikush  and  Dorothy  Holmes;  President,  National  Association  of  Schools  and 
Colleges  of  the  United  Methodist  Church,  1972,  1984;  chair,  National  Commission  on 
United  Methodist  Higher  Education,  1975-1977;  member,  University  Methodist  Church. 


712 


North  Carolina  Manual 


TY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA- 
CHARLOTTE 


UNIVERSITY  OF  N.C. 
AT  CHARLOTTE 

(Established  I946;became| 
Charlotte  College.  1949. 
Moved  here  1961.  Campus 
of  The  University  of  North  | 
Carolina  since  1965. 


The  University  of  North 
Carolina  at  Charlotte  was  cre- 
ated by  the  North  Carolina 
General  Assembly  in  1965.  The  legisla- 
tion made  Charlotte  College,  UNC-C  s 
predecessor  institution,  the  fourth 
campus  of  the  consolidated 
University  of  North  Carolina.  In 
1972,  the  University  of  North 
Carolina  system  was  restructured, 
and  UNC-C  became  one  of  the  16 
public  senior  institutions  composing 
the  system. 

UNC-C  can  trace  its  lineage  to 
1946  with  the  establishment  of  the 
Charlotte  Center  of  the  University  of 
North  Carolina.  The  center  became 
Charlotte  College  in  1949  under  the 
leadership  of  Bonnie  E.  Cone. 
Offering  a  junior  college  curriculum, 
the  College  operated  under  the 
Charlotte  Board  of  School 
Commissioners  until  1958  when  it 
became  a  part  of  the  North  Carolina 
community  college  system.  In  1963, 
Charlotte  College  became  a  four-year 
institution. 

Dr.  D.W.  Colvard  was  elected  the 
first  chancellor  of  the  Charlotte 


campus  on  January  28,  1966.  Dr. 
E.K.  Fretwell  Jr.  became  the  second 
chancellor  on  January  1,  1979  and 
Dr.  James  H.  Woodward,  the  third 
chancellor  in  1989. 

The  University  is  composed  of 
the  College  of  Liberal  Arts  and  five 
professional  colleges:  Architecture, 
Business  Administration,  Education, 
Engineering  and  Nursing. 

Enrollment  passed  the  15,000 
mark  in  the  fall  of  1991.  The  institu- 
tion offers  a  broad  range  of  under- 
graduate programs  and  a  growing 
number  of  master's  degree  programs. 
The  UNC  Board  of  Governors  has 
authorized  doctoral  programs  in 
engineering,  applied  mathematics 
and  educational  administration. 

UNC-C  has  become  somewhat 
unique  because  of  its  role  in  develop- 
ing its  surrounding  environment. 
This  includes  University  Research 
Park,  North  Carolina's  second  such 
development  and  now  the  nation's 
sixth  largest;  University  Hospital,  a 
130-bed  facility;  and  University 
Place,  a  European-style  mixed  use 
development  of  housing,  stores, 
restaurants,  offices,  theaters,  and  a 
hotel.  The  sum  of  all  the  parts  is 
known  as  University  City.  The 
research  park  and  the  mixed-use 
development  will  create  a  substan- 
tial  endowment  for  the  university. 

Another  unique  aspect  of  the 
University  is  the  scope  of  its  out- 
reach activities.  These  include  con- 
tinuing education;  an  Urban 
Institute  to  provide  research  and  ser- 
vice to  urban  areas;  the  Center  for 
International  Programs  to  help 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 


713 


Charlotte  relate  to  the  growing  num- 
ber of  international  people  and  firms 
locating  in  the  area;  The  Ben  Craig 
business  incubator  center,  and  The 
Cameron  Applied  Research  Center. 

The  campus 
was  created  to  pro- 
vide educational 
opportunity  to  meet 
the  needs  of  all  citi- 
zens of  Charlotte 
and  the  surround- 
ing metropolitan 
region:  new  fresh- 
men as  well  as 
transfer,  older  and 
part-time  students; 
entry-level  as  well 
as  graduate  stu- 
dents; and  students 
seeking  study  in 
the  liberal  arts  and 
sciences  as  well  as 
in  professional 
arenas.  In  addition, 
UNC-Charlotte  has 
responded  to  the 
opportunities  pre- 
sented by  North 
Carolina's  largest 
city  and  its  sur- 
rounding area  to 
make  public  ser- 
vice commitments, 
form  relationships  with  other  institu- 
tions and  agencies,  initiate  experien- 
tial learning,  and  clinical  place- 
ments, and  become  involved  with  a 
wide  range  of  national  and  interna- 
tional commercial,  industrial,  cultur- 
al, governmental,  health  care,  and 
educational  communities. 

At  the  same  time,  the  needs  of  the 
metropolitan  region  for  educational 
opportunity  have  motivated  much  of 
the  academic  program  development  of 
the  campus.  These  needs  first  found 
expression  in  the  development  of  new 


The  Belk  Tower  and  Carillon 


undergraduate  programs. 

Later,  regional  needs  were  uti- 
lized to  identify  areas  for  addition  of 
master's  level  instruction,  primarily 
in  professional  areas  but  also  in 

selected  liberal 
arts  and  sciences 
disciplines.  More 
recently,  UNC-C 
has  responded  to 
regional  needs 
through  develop- 
ment of  doctoral 
programs  in  coop- 
eration with  more 
senior  institutions 
of  North  Carolina. 
Indeed,  much  of 
the  current  pro- 
grammatic devel- 
opment of  the  cam- 
pus has  anticipated 
the  addition  to  the 
curriculum  of  doc- 
toral programs  in 
selected  areas 
which  responds  to 
regional  needs  in 
education,  engi- 
neering, computer 
science,  and  math- 
ematics. 

From  its  very 
beginning,  UNC- 
Charlotte  has  emphasized  compre- 
hensive undergraduate  programs, 
comprising  the  traditional  arts  and 
sciences  disciplines  and  selected  pro- 
fessional programs.  This  broad  defin- 
ition of  undergraduate  education  has 
led  to  a  campus  qualitatively  differ- 
ent from  other  colleges  that  have 
evolved  from  a  singular  focus  such  as 
the  traditional  liberal  arts  or  a  pro- 
fessional base  such  as  teacher  educa- 
tion, business,  or  technical  training. 
The  professional  disciplines  at  UNC- 
Charlotte  have  built  upon  a  strong 


714  North  Carolina  Manual 

foundation  of  liberal  arts  education,  Interdisciplinary  programs  have 

making  possible  both  a  unity  and  a  always  been  a  significant  aspect  of 

variety  of  programs  for  students.  The  campus  intellectual  life,  responding 

goals  of  education  now  have  been  for-  in  part  to  student  interests  and  in 

malized  into  common  general  educa-  part  to  regional  needs  for  programs 

tion  requirements  for  graduates  of  that  join  ideas  from  more  than  a 

all  undergraduate  degree  programs,  single  academic  discipline. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 


715 


fames  H«  Woodward 
Chancellor 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Sanford,  Florida,  November  24, 
1939,  to  J.  Hoyt  Woodward  and  Bonnie 
Breeden  Woodward. 

Ed  u  ca  tion  alBa  ckgro  und 

Georgia  Institute  of  Technology,  1962, 
B.S.A.E.  (with  honors);  Georgia  Institute  of 
Technology,  1967,  Ph.D.;  The  University  of 
Alabama  at  Birmingham,  1973,  M.B.A. 

Professional  Background 

Chancellor,  University  of  North  Carolina — 

Charlotte,  1989-;  Senior  Vice  President  for 

University  College,  University  of  Alabama 

at  Birmingham,  1984-1989;  Dean,  School  of  Engineering,  UAB,  1978-1983;  Professor 

of  Engineering  Mechanics,  UAB,  1977-1989;  Assistant  Vice  President  for  University 

College,  UAB,  1973-1978;  Director  of  Technology  Development,  Rust  International, 

1970-1973. 

Organiza  tions 

American  Society  of  Mechanical  Engineers;  American  Society  of  Engineering 
Education;  National  Society  of  Professional  Engineers;  Omicron  Delta  Kappa;  Sigma 
Xi;  Phi  Kappa  Phi;  Tau  Beta  Pi;  Newcomen  Society. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Board  of  Visitors,  USAF  Air  University;  Board  of  Directors,  Charlotte  Arts  and 
Science  Council;  Charlotte-Mecklenburg  Education  Foundation;  Greater  Carolinas 
Chapter  American  Red  Cross;  MCNC;  Sunbelt  Institute;  Charlotte  City  Club. 

Military  Service 

U.  S.  Air  Force,  1965-1968  (Captain). 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Martha  Hill  of  Columbus,  Georgia,  October  13,  1956.  Children:  Connie 
Paternostro,  Tracey  Pearson,  and  Wade  Woodward;  Member  of  the  Methodist 
Church. 


716 


North  Carolina  Manual 


UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA- 


10 


UNIVERSITY  OF  N.C.* 
AT  GREENSBORO 

I  Est  in  1891  as  a  normal' 
f  school:  became  Woman's  1 
College  of  the  University 
1  of  North  Carolina,  1932. 1 
Coeducationalsincel963. ] 


wra* 


The  University  of  North 
Carolina  at  Greensboro,  locat- 
ed near  the  center  of  North 
Carolina  and  in  the  state's  third 
largest  city,  has  a  strong  tradition  of 
academic  excellence.  As  The  State 
Normal  and  Industrial  College 
(1891-1919),  The  North  Carolina 
College  for  Women  (1919-1932)  and 
The  Woman's  College  of  the 
University  of  North  Carolina  (1932- 
1963),  the  institution's  concentration 
for  many  years  was  on  the  education 
of  young  women.  In  1963,  Woman's 
College  was  renamed  The  University 
of  North  Carolina  at  Greensboro  and 
became  coeducational.  With  the 
change  came  an  expanded  education- 
al mission,  particularly  at  the  gradu- 
ate level.  Over  the  years,  UNC-G 
has  awarded  over  65,000  degrees. 

Today,  UNC-G  offers  undergrad- 
uate degrees  in  100  areas,  master's 
degrees  in  68  concentrations  and 
doctoral  degrees  in  13  areas  of  study. 
Academically,  the  University 
consists  of  a  College  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,  which  contains  18  depart- 
ments, and  six  professional  schools 


(Joseph  M.  Bryan  School  of  Business 
and  Economics,  Education,  Human 
Environmental  Sciences,  Music, 
Nursing  and  Health,  and  Human 
Performance).  Walter  Clinton  Jackson 
Library  has  an  open-stack  collection 
of  over  2,193,215  items,  including 
books,  documents  and  microtext. 

The  University's  Residential 
College  provides  a  program  for  fresh- 
men and  sophomores  and  a  limited 
number  of  upperclassmen  seeking  an 
innovative  learning  environment. 
Interdepartmental  studies  are 
offered.  In  addition,  the  University's 
College  of  Arts  and  Sciences  offers 
the  Center  for  Critical  Inquiry, 
which  sponsors  such  cross-discipli- 
nary programs  as  Special  Programs 
in  Liberal  Studies,  The  Honors 
Program,  and  Freshmen  Seminars. 
In  addition,  The  Writing  Across  The 
Curriculum  Program  has  been  a 
requirement  in  the  College  of  Arts 
and  Sciences  since  1989. 

Faculty  research  and  other  cre- 
ative work  continues  to  increase  each 
year  at  the  University,  and  no  where 
is  that  growth  more  obvious  than  in 
the  annual  summary  of  external 
grants  compiled  by  the  Office  of 
Research  Services.  Total  award  dol- 
lars from  grants  and  contracts  for 
research,  training,  and  public  service 
amounted  to  $11.4  million  in  1992- 
93.  The  University's  faculty  are 
engaged  in  a  wide  variety  of  research 
projects  designed  both  to  improve  the 
lives  of  North  Carolina  citizens  and 
to  advance  knowledge.  For  example, 
in  1990  the  School  of  Nursing 
received  a  four-year,  $2,025,776 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  717 

federal  grant  to  devise  new  strate-  abstracts  of  documents  and  journal 

gies  aimed  at  encouraging  more  uti-  articles  on  education  research  and 

lization  of  medical  services  available  practice. 

for  poverty-level  children  in  the  In  another  development,  in  April 
state.  Specifically,  the  research  -  of  1993  the  University  announced 
titled  the  Healthy  Kids  Project  -  is  plans  to  develop  a  series  of  accelerat- 
aimed  at  finding  ways  to  encourage  a  ed  educational  programs  that  will 
greater  number  of  parents  eligible  allow  academically  talented  students 
for  Medicaid  to  enroll  their  children  to  earn  both  a  bachelor's  degree  and 
in  available  medical  services.  The  a  master's  degree  in  a  five-year  peri- 
research  will  have  implications  for  od.  Normally,  students  require  six  or 
economically  disadvantaged  families  seven  years  to  complete  both 
in  rural  areas  throughout  the  South.  degrees.  UNC-G  plans  to  initially 
Several  developments  illustrate  create  a  dozen  or  more  accelerated 
the  progress  UNC-G  is  continuing  to  tracks  under  this  program,  and  then 
make.  In  1990-91,  the  School  of  expand  those  programs  further. 
Education  received  an  $18.5  million,  University  officials  say  they  have 
five-year  federal  contract  to  establish  learned  that,  as  far  as  can  be  deter- 
a  regional  education  laboratory  for  mined,  UNC-G  is  the  first  institu- 
the  Southeast.  The  award  estab-  tion  in  the  country  to  offer  a  sizable 
lished  the  SouthEastern  Regional  number  of  five-year,  accelerated 
Vision  for  Education  (SERVE)  and  is  master's  degree  programs  on  a 
the  largest  federal  grant  or  contract  campus-wide  basis, 
ever  awarded  to  a  UNC  campus.  In  While  graduate  study  was  first 
1992,  UNC-G  was  elected  to  mem-  authorized  in  1919-1920  at  The 
bership  in  the  National  Association  North  Carolina  College  for  Women 
of  State  Universities  and  Land-  (now  UNC-G),  doctoral  studies  were 
Grant  Colleges  (NASULGC),  the  not  introduced  until  the  Ph.D.  in 
nation's  oldest  higher  education  Child  Development  and  Family 
association.  Election  to  NASULGC  Relations  was  approved  in  1960. 
places  UNC-G  among  the  finest  uni-  Since  1919,  over  13,500  master's 
versities  in  the  nation.  In  1993,  the  degrees  have  been  awarded  at  UNC- 
U.S.  Department  of  Education  G.  Doctoral  studies  have  grown  as 
awarded  a  five-year,  $1.7  million  well,  and  the  University  has  now 
contract  to  the  School  of  Education  to  awarded  over  1,300  doctorates.  The 
operate  one  of  its  Educational  number  is  expected  to  increase  even 
Resources  Information  Center  more  rapidly  in  the  years  ahead. 
(ERIC)  Clearinghouses.  This  is  only  Long  known  for  its  strength  in 
one  of  16  subject-specific  ERIC  the  arts,  UNC-G  offers  a  broad  per- 
Clearinghouses  located  across  the  formance  program  in  theatre,  music, 
country.  Others  are  located  at  such  and  dance.  Studies  in  art  are 
prominent  institutions  as  UCLA,  enriched  by  Weatherspoon  Art 
Columbia  University,  and  Ohio  State  Gallery,  which  houses  the  most  out- 
University.  The  ERIC  at  UNC-G  standing  permanent  collection  of  con- 
will  focus  on  counseling  and  student  temporary  American  art  in  the 
services.    The  ERIC  database  is  the  Southeast. 

world's  largest  source  of  educational  The    University    has    a    very 

information,  containing  over  750,000  distinguished  faculty,  many  of  whom 


718 


North  Carolina  Manual 


are  nationally  known  in  their  fields. 
The  University  has  a  full-time  facul- 
ty of  578  with  78.4  percent  holding 
the  doctorate/first  professional 
degree. 

Chartered  in  1891,  UNC-G 
opened  its  doors  as  the  State  Normal 
and  Industrial  School  in  1892,  with 
an  initial  student 
body  of  223  and  a 
15-member  facul- 
ty. Its  campus  in 
1892  consisted  of 
10  acres,  and  its 
original  curricu- 
lum featured  three 
departments,  with 
courses  in  busi- 
ness, domestic 
science  and  nor- 
mal school  train- 
ing through  a 
three-year  course 
of  study  that  led 
to  a  diploma.  The 
institution  was 
the  first  state- 
supported  educa- 
tional institution 
for  women  in  the 
state. 

Leading  that 
crusade  for  high- 
er education  for 
women  was  Mr. 
Charles  Duncan 

Mclver,  who  served  as  the  institu- 
tion's first  president  from  1892-1906. 
Other  pioneers  in  public  school  edu- 
cation -  notably,  Charles  B.  Aycock, 
Edwin  A.  Alderman  and  James  Y. 
Joyner  -  came  to  Dr.  Mclver's  assis- 
tance. However,  it  is  to  Dr.  Mclver, 
more  than  any  other  individual,  that 
the  institution  owes  its  establish- 
ment. 

In  1906,  following  the  death  of 
Dr.  Mclver,  Dr.  Julius  I.  Foust 


became  president  and  served  until 
1934,  when  he  retired  from  active 
service.  In  1932  the  school  became 
one  of  the  three  institutions  which 
made  up  the  Consolidated  University 
of  North  Carolina.  At  that  time,  the 
institution  was  renamed  The 
Woman's  College  of  the  University  of 
North  Carolina. 

In  early  1934, 
Dr.  Walter  Clinton 
Jackson,  who  had 
served  as  faculty 
member  and  Vice 
President,  was  also 
elected  head  of  the 
institution  with  the 
title  of  Dean  of 
Administration.  By 
act  of  the  Board  of 
Trustees  in  1945, 
the  title  of  the  head 
of  the  institution 
was  changed  to 
Chancellor. 

Dr.  Jackson, 
who  retired  in  1950, 
was  succeeded  by 
Dr.  Edward  Kidder 
Graham.  After  Dr. 
Graham's  resigna- 
tion in  1956,  Dr.  W. 
W.  Pierson,  Jr. 
served  as  acting 
Chancellor  until 
July  1,  1957,  when 
Dr.  Gordon  W.  Blackwell  became 
Chancellor.  Dr.  Pierson  returned  to 
serve  again  as  acting  chancellor  in 
September  1960  after  the  resignation 
of  Dr.  Blackwell. 

Dr.  Otis  Singletary  became 
Chancellor  July  1,  1961.  In  1963, 
Woman's  College  was  renamed  The 
University  of  North  Carolina  at 
Greensboro  and  became  coeducational. 
During  the  period  of  November  1964 
through  February  1966,  while  Dr. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  719 

Singletary  was  on  a  leave  of  absence,  Board.  The  University  and  Concert 

Dr.  James  Ferguson  served  as  Acting  Lecture  Series  provides  a  yearlong 

Chancellor.  array  of  performances  by  major 

Dr.  Singletary  returned  and  artists   and  performing  groups, 

served  as  Chancellor  until  his  resig-  Other  performances  in  the  arts  are 

nation  on  Nov.  1,  1966.  Dr.  Ferguson  provided  by  UNC-G  Theatre,  the 

again  served  as  acting  Chancellor  UNC-G  Dance  Company,  and  the 

and  was  appointed  Chancellor  on  School  of  Music.    Weatherspoon  Art 

Jan.  9,  1967.  Dr.  Ferguson  served  Gallery  provides  a  continuing  sched- 

until  the  summer  of  1979,  when  he  ule   of  art   exhibitions.     Among 

left  the  Chancellor's  office  to  return  approximately  140  student  organiza- 

to  teaching  in  the  Department  of  tions,  UNC-G  also  has  a  very  active 

History.     He  was   succeeded   as  Greek  system  of  fraternities  and 

Chancellor  by  Dr.  William  E.  Moran.  sororities. 

Since  then,  the  UNC-G  campus  UNC-G  also  is  one  of  only  five 

has  grown  to  encompass  approxi-  public  or  private  institutions  in  the 

mately  180  acres  with  approximately  state  that  has  a  chapter  of  Phi  Beta 

75  major  buildings.  Those  structures  Kappa,  the  national  scholastic  hon- 

include  over  a  dozen  classroom  build-  orary  society  that  recognizes  acade- 

ings,  22  residence  halls,  and  a  new  mic  accomplishments  in  the  liberal 

$6.9  million  Student  Apartments  arts  and  sciences. 
Housing  Project,  completed  in  1993.  In  intercollegiate  athletics,  the 

Among  other  new  capital  improve-  University  achieved  its  goal  of  reach- 

ment  projects  recently  completed  and  ing  Division  I  status  in  the  NCAA  by 

placed  in  use  are  the  new  Student  the  1991-92  academic  year.  The 

Recreation   Center,    Health    and  University  fields  teams  in  14  sports, 

Human  Performance  Building,  the  including  men's  and  women's  soccer, 

Anne  and  Benjamin  Cone  Building  men's  and  women's  basketball,  men's 

which  houses  the  Weatherspoon  Art  and  women's  tennis  and  golf,  men's 

Gallery,  and  a  newly  renovated  baseball,  women's  Softball,  women's 

University     Dining     Hall.     The  volleyball,  and  men's  and  women's 

University's  first  multi-level  parking  cross-country  and  men's  wrestling, 

deck  was  scheduled  for  completion  During  the  1980s,  the  UNC-G  men's 

late  in  1993.    Renovations  to  other  soccer  team  won  five  national  cham- 

campus  buildings  are  part  of  an  on-  pionships,  establishing  the  soccer 

going  effort.  program  as  a  national  powerhouse. 

On  campus,  UNC-G  has  ample  UNC-G  student  athletes  have  earned 

opportunities  for  recreation,  enter-  a  variety  of  All-American,  academic 

tainment  and  social  life.  Elliott  All-American  and  other  honors.   UNC-G 

University  Center  sponsors  concerts  competes  as  a  member  of  the  Big 

on  a  regular  basis  during  the  year  South  Conference, 
through   the   Campus   Activities 


720 


North  Carolina  Manual 


William  E.  Moran 
Chancellor 

Early  Years 

Born  in  White  Plains,  New  York,  May  28, 
1932,  to  Frank  J.  and  Margaret  Mary 
(Farrell)  Moran. 

Educational  Background 

Princeton  University,  1954,  B.A.;  Harvard 
University's  Graduate  School  of  Business 
Administration,  1959,  M.B.A.;  University  of 
Michigan's  Graduate  School  of  Business, 
1966,  Ph.D. 

Professional  Background 

Chancellor,  University  of  North  Carolina  at 

Greensboro,  1979-;  Chancellor,  University 

of  Michigan  at  Flint,  1971-1979;  Assistant  to  the  President,  State  University  of  New 

York  at  Stoney  Brook,  1966-71;  Administrative  Staff,  Harvard  Business  School,  1961- 

1963;  Consultant,  Booz,  Allen  &  Hamilton  (New  York  City),  1959-1961. 

Organiza  tions 

Jefferson  Pilot  Growth,  Income  and  Money  Market  Funds,  Board  of  Directors, 
Greensboro,  N.  C.  Southern  Association  of  Colleges  and  Schools;  member  of  Appeals 
Committee  of  the  Commision  on  Colleges;  Rotary  Club  of  Greensboro,  Member  of 
Board  of  Directors;  Greensboro  Development  Corporation,  Board  of  Directors. 

Military  Service 

U.  S.  Navy,  Gunnery  Officer,  (Lieutenant  JG)  1945-1957. 

Literary  Works 

Co-Author:  "Managing  Technical  Manpower"  (Series  of  six  Articles  on  the  modern 
role  of  the  Technician);  Author  of  numerous  articles  for  professional  journals  on  high- 
er education,  and  pieces  in  several  books. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Barbara  Carol  Baillet,  April  20,1963.  Children:  Kathryn,  Kevin,  Colin,  and 
Christian. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 


721 


UNIVERSITY  OF  NORTH 

WILMINGTON 


The  661-acre  campus  of  the 
University  of  North  Carolina 
at  Wilmington  offers  an  oasis 
of  green  amidst  the  commercial  bus- 
tle of  South  College  Road,  and  the 
warm  brick  Georgian  architecture  of 
the  campus  buildings  provides  a  suit- 
able atmosphere  for  learning. 

UNC-W,  among  the  fastest  grow- 
ing universities  in  the  16-campus 
UNC  system,  prides  itself  on  its 
undergraduate  education,  a  marine 
science  curriculum  that  ranks  sev- 
enth in  the  nation,  a  commitment  to 
increased  internationalism  and  envi- 
ronmental education,  and  its  mission 
to  provide  public  service  to  the 
region  it  serves. 

Organized  into  the  College  of 
Arts  and  Sciences,  the  Cameron 
School  of  Business  Administration, 
the  School  of  Education,  the  School 
of  Nursing,  and  the  Graduate  School, 
the  university-  offers  degrees  in  57 
areas  of  concentration  to  its  student 
body  of  more  than  8,000,  (46  under- 
graduate/11 graduate  degrees). 

Degree  Programs  include: 
Accountancy,  Anthropology,  Fine 
Arts,  **Biology,  Business,  *Business 
Management  &  Administration, 
"""Chemistry,  Computer  Science, 
*Curriculum  Supervision,  Economics, 
*Educational-Administration, 
**Elementary  Education,  **English, 
Environmental  Studies,  French, 
Geography,  **Geology,  **History, 
"""Intermediate  Education,  Law 
Enforcement  and  Corrections, 
"""Mathematics,  **Marine  Biology, 
Marketing,  Master  of  Arts  in 
Teaching,  Medical  Technology,  Middle 


r80 


UNIVERSITY  OF  N  C 
AT  WILMINGTON 

^;1947^Wilmington 
^if^f- Moved  here  in 
lyol.  A  campus  of  The 
University  of  North 
Carolina   since  1969. 


Grades  Education,  Music  Education, 
Nursing,  Parks  &  Recreation  Mgmt, 
Philosophy  and  Religion,  Physical 
Education,  Physics,  Political  Science, 
Psychology,  *Reading  Education, 
Social  Science,  Social  Work,  Sociology, 
Spanish,  **Special  Education,  Speech 
Communication.  (*Denotes  graduate 
programs;  **are  undergraduate  and 
graduate  programs.) 

The  university,  founded  in  1947 
as  Wilmington  College,  first  moved 
to  the  College  Road  site  in  1961  and 
occupied  three  buildings.  It  became 
the  University  of  North  Carolina  at 
Wilmington  in  1969.  Now  the  cam- 
pus has  70  buildings  on  a  661-acre 
tract.  In  five  residence  halls,  13 
apartment  buildings  and  seven 
suites,  more  than  1,900  students  live 
on  campus.  A  University  Union  and 
University  Center  provide  for  the 
needs  of  resident  and  commuting 
students  and  are  used  occasionally 
by  the  general  public  as  well. 

Three  of  the  university's  facilities 
are  available  for  use  by  the  general 
public:  the  1,000-seat  Kenan 
Auditorium,  the  6,000-seat  Trask 


722 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Alderman  Hall,  one  of  the  three  original  buildings 


Coliseum,  and  Randall  Library  (the 
regional  Federal  Document 
Repository).  Kenan  Auditorium  is 
used  for  concerts,  theatre  produc- 
tions, lectures,  and  public  meetings. 
Trask  Coliseum  is  used  for  exhibi- 
tions and  larger  shows  as  well  as 
athletic  events. 

UNC-W  offers  some  evening 
classes  and  two  five-week  summer 


terms.  In  addition  to  the  regular  cur- 
riculum courses,  the  Division  of 
Public  Service  offers  a  variety  of 
seminars,  short  courses,  and  work- 
shops for  continuing  education  credit 
or  for  personal  enrichment. 

For  additional  information,  con- 
tact UNC-W,  601  South  College  Road 
Wilmington,  N.C.  28403,  or  call  (910) 
395-3000. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 


723 


fames  R,  Leutze 
Chancellor 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Charleston,  SC,  December  24,  1935, 
to  Williard  Parker  and  Magdalene  Mae 
Leutze. 

Educational  Background 

Woicomco  High  School,  Salisbury,  MD, 
1953;  University  of  Maryland,  B.A.,  1957; 
University  of  Miami,  M.A.,  1959;  Duke 
University,  Ph.D.,  1968. 

Professional  Background 

Chancellor,  University  of  North  Carolina  at 
Wilmington;  Co-Creator,  producer  and  host 
of  Globe  Watch,  N.  C.  Center  for  Public  TV; 
Professor  of  History,  UNC-W,  1990-present. 

Organiza  tions 

President,  Hampden-Sydney  College,  Hampden-Sydney,  VA,  1987-90;  Chair, 
Curriculum  -  Peace,  War  &  Defense  -  UNC,  Chapel  Hill,  1979-87;  Professor  of  History 
-  UNC  Chapel  Hill,  1968-87. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Chair,  State  Advisory  Board,  Children's  Museum  About  the  World,  Raleigh;  Member 
District  Court  Advisory  Group;  Chair,  Interagency  Task  Force  on  Educational 
Technologies;  Member,  Government  Performance  Audit  Committee,  1991;  Trustee, 
George  Marshall  Foundation,  1990-present;  International  Association  of  University 
Presidents,  1989-90;  Executive  Committee,  Virginia  Foundation  of  Independent 
Colleges,  1989-90;  Coca-Cola  Scholars  Selection  Committee,  1987-90;  Educational 
Associate,  Atlantic  Council  of  the  United  States,  1985-present;  Central  Selection 
Committee,  Morehead  Scholarship  Program,  1983-present;  Divisional  Vice-Chair, 
Social  Science  Division,  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1986-87;  Member,  Curriculum  Committee 
|  on  Peace,  War,  and  Defense,  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1972-87;  Referee,  McArthur  Grants  on 
i  International  Peace  and  Security  Studies,  Social  Science  Research  Council,  1985-86; 
Fund  Raiser,  Arts  &  Sciences  Foundation,  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1984-85;  Executive 
Secretary,  Triangle  Universities  Security  Seminar,  1984;  Commencement  Speaker, 
UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1983;  Convenor,  U.  S.  Field,  Department  of  History,  UNC-Chapel 
Hill,  1981-83;  Member,  Alumni  Annual  giving  Council,  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1979-82; 
Executive  Committee,  State  Advisory  Council  on  Vocational  Education,  1977-80; 
President,  Guy  B.  Phillips  Junior  High  School,  PTSA,  1978-79;  Chair,  Durham- 
Orange  County  Manpower  Advisory  Committee,  1976-78  (Member,  1974-78). 

Honors  and  A  wards 

,  Recipient  of  Standard  Oil  Award  for  Teaching,  UNC,  1971;  Tanner  Award,  1978; 
Order  of  Golden  Fleece  Award,  1983;  Wowman  and  Gordon  Gray  Teaching  Professor, 
1982-85;  Dowd  Professor,  1986-87;  Mem.  Orgn.  Am.  Historians;  Royal  U.  S.  Institute 
(London);  American  History  Association. 


724  North  Carolina  Manual 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.  S.  Airforce,  Lt.  Captain,  1960-63. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Kathleen  Erskine  of  Palm  Beach,  FL,  February  11,1960.  Children:  Jay 
Erskine  Leutze,  Magdalene  Leigh  Leutze  Bordley  and  James  Parker  Leutze. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  725 


WESTERN  CAROLINA  UNIVERSITY 


Western  Carolina  University 
was  founded  in  August  1889 
as  a  semi-public  school. 
Chartered  as  Cullowhee  High  School 
in  1891,  it  served  the  Cullowhee 
community  and  boarding  students 
from  neighboring  counties  and  other 
states. 

For  Professor  Robert  Lee 
Madison,  the  institution'  s  founder, 
the  aim  of  the  school  was  teacher 
training.  Impressed  with  mountain 
children,  he  wanted  to  bring  them 
opportunities  for  development.  In 
1893,  with  the  first  state  appropria- 
tion of  $1,500,  a  normal  department 
was  established.  In  1905,  the  institu- 
tion became  Cullowhee  Normal  and 
Industrial  School,  a  title  it  held  for 
20  years. 

Beginning  about  1912,  the  status 

of  the  school  was  gradually  raised  to 

that  of  a  two-year  normal  school  or 

junior  college.  With  state  support 

:  increasing  and  work  at  the  sec- 

■  ondary  level  discontinued,  the  name 

of  the  school  was  changed  in  1925  to 

j  Cullowhee  State  Normal  School. 

In  1929,  under  a  new  charter 
authorizing  the  school  to  extend  its 
;  work  to  the  four-year  level,  the  name 
Western  Carolina  Teachers  College 
was  adopted.  Modifications  in  func- 
tion and  rapid  growth  climaxed  in 
1951  with  the  addition  of  a  postgrad- 
uate year  to  the  curriculum,  and  the 
granting  of  the  Master  of  Arts  in 
Education  degree  was  authorized. 
Demands  for  expanded  programs  in 
the  liberal  arts  and  in  other  areas  of 
learning  led  to  expanded  offerings 
and  a  further  change,  in  1953,  to  the 
name  Western  Carolina  College. 


[WESTERN  CAROLINA 
[        UNJVERSITY 

[Established  in  1889  as 
a  private  school.  Has 
been  a  state  supported 
institution  since  1893. 


In  1967  the  institution  was  des- 
ignated a  regional  university  by  the 
North  Carolina  General  Assembly 
and  the  name  of  the  institution 
changed  to  Western  Carolina 
University. 

In  1971  the  state  legislature 
reorganized  higher  education  in 
North  Carolina,  and  on  July  1,  1972, 
Western  Carolina  University  became 
a  constituent  institution  of  The 
University  of  North  Carolina. 

Today,  the  University  enrolls 
more  than  6,500  students  working 
toward  degrees  in  the  arts  and  sci- 
ences, business,  education  and  psy- 
chology, health  sciences,  nursing, 
technology  and  applied  sciences,  and 
numerous  other  fields  of  academic 
endeavor.  The  university's  five 
schools  -  Applied  Sciences,  Arts  and 
Sciences,  Business,  Education  and 
Psychology,  and  Graduate  School  - 
offer  degrees  at  the  bachelor's,  mas- 
ter's and  education  specialist  levels. 
In  January  1994,  all  of  the  under- 
graduate schools  will  become  col- 
leges, another  milestone  in  the 
expanding  scope  of  the  institution's 
academic  program.  The  nation's  first 


726 


North  Carolina  Manual 


\ 


K  F  DOiMOFI  IMMSntTlOK  BAOKO 
11 


WESTERN    CAROLINA    UNIVERSITY 


The  H.  F.  Robinson  Administration  Building  and  Mountain 
Heritage  Center  at  Western  Carolina  University. 


master's  degree  program  in  project 
management  is  offered  in  the  School 
of  Business.  A  faculty  of  about  340 
serves  students  in  resident  -  credit 
centers  at  Asheville  and  Cherokee,  in 
extension  classes  in  towns  across 
Western  North  Carolina,  and  on  the 
campus  in  Cullowhee. 

Service  to  the  region  historically 
has  been  a  keynote  of  Western 
Carolina  University's  program,  now 
more  comprehensive  than  ever.  Its 
Center  for  Improving  Mountain 


Living,  its  Mountain  Heritage 
Center,  its  Hunter  Library,  largest 
in  Western  North  Carolina,  its 
Institute  for  College  and  University 
Teaching,  and  its  Mountain 
Aquaculture  Research  Center  are 
outstanding  examples  if  its  research 
and  service  activities.  By  authoriza- 
tion of  the  University  of  North 
Carolina  Board  of  Governors,  it 
engages  in  extensive  international 
programs  of  instructional  and  tech- 
nical assistance  in  other  lands. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 


Myron  Lee  Coulter 
Chancellor 


Early  Years 

Born  in  Albany,  Indiana,  March  21,  1929,  to 
Mark  Earl  and  Thelma  Violet  Coulter. 

Educational  Background 

Indiana  State  Teachers  College,  1951,  B.S.; 
Indiana  University,  1956,  M.S.;  Indiana 
University,  1959,  Ed.D.;  The  College  of 
Idaho,  1982,  honorary  Doctor  of  Humane 
Letters. 

Professional  Background 

Chancellor,  Western  Carolina  University, 
1984-;  President,  Idaho  State  University, 
Pocatello,  1976-84;  Vice  President  for 

Administration  and  Professor  of  Education,  Western  Michigan  University, 
Kalamazoo,  1974-76;  Interim  President,  Western  Michigan  University,  1974;  Vice 
President  for  Institutional  Services  and  Professor  of  Education,  Western  Michigan 
University,  1968-1974;  professional  research  and  publications  in  area  of  reading; 
Associate  Professor  of  Education,  Penn  State  University,  1959-1966. 

Organizations 

American  Association  of  State  Colleges  and  Universities,  (Board  of  Directors,  1981- 
84;  Secretary-Treasurer,  1984-87;  Chairman  1988-89);  National  Society  for  Study  of 
Education;  International  Reading  Association;  Phi  Delta  Kappa;  Omicron  Delta 
:  Kappa;  Rotary  International. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

• 

'.  American  Council  of  Education,  Committee  on  Division  I  Intercollegiate  Athletics, 
1  1982;  Idaho  Task  Force  on  Higher  Education;  Director,  Idaho  Council  on  Economic 

Education;  numerous  committees  of  AASCU;  N.C.  Center  for  Advancement  of 
I  Teaching,  1985-;  North  Carolina  Arboretum,  1986-Present;  Governor's  Task  Force  on 
j  Aquaculture,  1988-89;  Center  for  PVO/University  Collaboration  in  Development, 
1 1988-;  Inter-American  University  Council  for  Economics  and  Social  Development 
i  (CUIDES),  1989;  Western  North  Carolina  Tomorrow,  1984-;  Western  North  Carolina 

Development  Association,  1990-;  Western  Carolina  Manufacturers'  Council,  1990-; 

Western  North  Carolina  International  Trade  Center,  1991-Present;  N.C.  Board  of 

Science  and  Technology,  1993-Present. 

Honors  and  Awards 

Beta  Gamma  Sigma;  Who's  Who  in  the  South;  Who's  Who  in  Education;  Phi  Kappa 
Phi;  Who's  Who  in  America;  Who's  Who  in  the  West;  President's  Medallion,  Idaho 
State  University,  1978;  Resolution  of  Tribute,  Michigan  State  Legislature,  1976; 
Distinguished  Alumni  Award,  Indiana  State  University,  1975;  Alumni  Association 
Award,  Western  Michigan  University,  1974;  Master's  Day  Award,  Indiana  State 
University,  1969. 

Personal  Information 
Married,  Barbara  Bolinger,  July  21,  1951.  Children:  Nan  and  Benjamin. 


728 


North  Carolina  Manual 


WINSTON  -  SALEM  STATE  UNIVERSITY 


WINSTON-SALEM 
STATE  UNIVERSITY 

.  •  •  •  ■      '  — 

'Established  for  Negroes 
,  as  Slater  Industrial 
Academy,  1892.  State 
supported  since  1895: 
University  since  1969. 


Winston-Salem  State 
University  was  founded 
as  the  Slater  Industrial 
Academy  on  September  28,  1892.  It 
began  in  a  one-room  frame  structure 
with  25  pupils  and  one  teacher.  In 
1895,  the  school  was  recognized  by 
the  State  of  North  Carolina,  and  in 
1897  it  was  chartered  by  the  State  as 
the  Slater  Industrial  and  State 
Normal  School. 

From  the  beginning,  the  school 
has  insisted  upon  the  vital  impor- 
tance of  elementary  school  teachers 
in  any  program  of  building  an 
improved  citizenship.  Emphasis  has, 
therefore,  constantly  been  placed 
upon  the  quality  and  quantity  of 
training  for  these  teachers.  In  1925, 
the  General  Assembly  of  North 
Carolina  recognized  the  school's 
leadership  in  this  field;  granted  the 
school  a  new  charter,  extended  its 
curriculum  above  high  school; 
changed  its  name  to  Winston-Salem 
Teachers  College;  and  empowered  it 
under  authority  of  the  State  Board  of 
Education  to  confer  appropriate 
degrees.  Winston-Salem  Teachers 
College  thus  became  the  first  Negro 


institution  in  the  nation  to  grant 
degrees  for  teaching  the  elementary 
grades. 

The  Nursing  School  was  estab- 
lished in  1953,  awarding  graduates 
the  degree  of  bachelor  of  science.  The 
basic  nursing  program  covers  four 
academic  years  of  study  with  equal 
emphasis  on  academic  and  profes- 
sional education. 

In  1957,  the  North  Carolina 
General  Assembly  revised  the  char- 
ter of  the  college  and  authorized  the 
expansion  of  the  curriculum  to 
include  secondary  education  and  any 
other  specific  types  of  training  as 
directed  and  determined  by  the  State 
Board  of  Higher  Education.  The 
North  Carolina  General  Assembly  of 
1963  authorized  the  changing  of  the 
name  from  Winston-Salem  Teachers 
College  to  Winston-Salem  State 
College.  A  statute  designating 
Winston-Salem  State  College  as 
Winston-Salem  State  University 
received  legislative  approval  in  1969. 

On  October  30,  1971,  the  General 
Assembly  reorganized  higher  educa- 
tion in  North  Carolina,  and  on  July 
1,  1972,  Winston-Salem  State 
University  (WSSU)  became  one  of  16 
constituent  institutions  of  The 
University  of  North  Carolina,  subject 
to  the  control  of  a  Board  of  Governors. 

Today,  Winston-Salem  State  has 
a  student  enrollment  of  approximately 
2,600  and  offers  three  degree 
options-bachelor  of  arts,  bachelor  of 
science  and  bachelor  of  science  in 
applied  science.  Major  programs 
include  accounting,  business  adminis- 
tration, business  music,  computer  sci- 
ence, economics  mass  communications, 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 


729 


medical  technology,  nursing  and 
Spanish,  among  many  others.  The 
Graduate  Center  offers  courses 
leading  to  master's  degrees  in  both 
business  administration  and  educa- 
tion through  Appalachian  State 
University. 

Eight  chief  administrators  have 
served  the  institution  since  it  was 
founded  in  1892.  They  are:  Simon 
Green  Atkins,  (1892-1904  and  1913- 
34);  Cadd  Grant  O'Kelly,  (1904-10); 
Francis  Marion  Kennedy,  (1910-13); 
Francis  Loguen  Atkins,  (1934-61); 
Kenneth  Raynor  Williams,  (1961-77); 
H.  Douglas  Covington,  (1977-84); 
and  Dr.  Haywood  L.  Wilson,  Jr., 
(1984-85).  Dr.  Cleon  F.  Thompson, 


Jr.  was  named  chancellor  in  June, 
1985,  with  the  appointment  effective 
August  1,  1985. 

Winston-Salem  State  University 
is  located  on  a  94-acre  tract  in 
Winston-Salem,  Forsyth  County, 
North  Carolina,  a  city  of  about 
162,000  residents.  This  thriving 
Twin  City  is  part  of  the  Piedmont 
Triad,  which  encompasses  the  neigh- 
boring cities  of  Greensboro  and  High 
Point.  The  Triad  is  the  most  heavily 
populated  and  most  rapidly  growing 
standard  metropolitan  statistical 
area  between  Washington,  DC,  and 
Atlanta,  GA.  Winston-Salem  is  the 
industrial  and  cultural  hub  of  the 
Triad. 


"Southern  Sunrise",  a  12-foot  stainless  steel  sculpture,  adorns  the 
courtyard  of  Williams  Auditorium. 


North  Carolina  Manual 

Ijjf      Cleon  R  Thompson,  Jr. 

Chancellor 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Harlem,  New  York,  November  1, 
1931,  to  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Cleon  F.  Thompson,  Sr. 

Educational  Background 

Marlboro  High  School,  1949;  N.C.  Central 
University,  1956,  B.S.  (Biology);  N.C. 
Central  University,  1958,  M.S.  (Biology); 
Duke  University,  1977,  Ph.D.  (Educational 
Administration);  doctoral  studies  in  Political 
Science,  Economics,  and  Educational  Law. 

Professional  Background 

Chancellor,  Winston-Salem  State 
University,  1985-Present;  Interim 
Chancellor,  North  Carolina  A  &  T  State  University,  1980-1981;  Vice  President  for 
Student  Services  and  Special  Programs,  General  Administration,  University  of  North 
Carolina  system,  1975-80;  Senior  Vice  President,  Shaw  University,  1973-78;  Provost, 
Shaw  University,  1971-72;  Vice  President  for  Academic  Affairs,  Shaw  University, 
1969-71;  Instructor  of  Biology,  Shaw  University,  1965-69;  Acting  Chairman,  Biology 
Department,  Tuskegee  Institute,  1963-65;  Assistant  Professor  of  Biology,  Tuskegee 
Institute,  1961-63;  Instructor,  North  Carolina  A  &  T  State  University,  1960-61; 
Research  Assistant,  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  1956-60. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

American  Association  of  University  Professors;  American  Association  for  the 
Advancement  of  Science;  Kappa  Alpha  Psi;  Raleigh  Business  and  Professional 
League;  National  Association  for  Equal  Opportunity  in  Higher  Education;  Rotary 
Club  of  Winston-Salem;  Phi  Delta  Kappa;  Winston-Salem  Civic  Ventures. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Goodwill  Industries;  Leadership  Winston-Salem;  Winston-Salem  Business,  Inc., 
United  Way;  North  Carolina  Institute  for  Minority  Economic  Development;  Junior 
League  of  Winston-Salem;  Forsyth  County  Economic  Development  Corporation. 

I 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Doctor  of  Humane  Letters,  N.C.  Central  University,  1989;  resolutions  and  citations 
for  distinguished  service  as  Interim  Chancellor  at  North  Carolina  A  &  T  State 
University  from  University  of  N.  C.  Board  of  Governors,  Board  of  Trustees  of  North 
Carolina  A  &  T  State  University  and  National  Association  for  Equal  Opportunity  ir 
Higher  Education;  Citizen  of  The  Year,  Kappa  Alpha  Psi,  1982;  Who's  Who  Among 
Black  Americans,  1980-81;  Outstanding  Achievements  in  Chosen  Field  of  Humar 
Endeavor,  Kappa  Alpha  Psi,  1980;  Who's  Who  in  North  Carolina  1973;  Man  of  th< 
Year,  Kappa  Alpha  Psi,  1964. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  731 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.  S.  Army,  1953-55;  research  technician,  Burn  Surgical  Research  Unit, 
Brooks  Army  Hospital,  Fort  Sam  Houston. 

Literary  Works 

Author,  numerous  scholarly  papers  ranging  from  "Design  and  Construction  of  a 
Lyphalization  Apparatus  from  Scrapped  Equipment  for  U.  S.  Army  Medical  Corps"  to 
'The  Revised  N.  C.  State  Plan  for  the  Further  Elimination  of  Racial  Duality  in  Public 
Higher  Education  Systems,  Phase  II. ' 

Person  a  I  In  form  a  tion 

Married,  Edwina  Thompson.  Children:  Cleondra  (Thompson)  Jones. 


732 


North  Carolina  Manual 


CHAPTER  TWO 


The  North  Carolina  Connnumity  College  Systeni 


The  North  Carolina  Community  College  System  is  comprised  of 
58  two-year,  public-supported  colleges,  which  are  the  state's  primary 
provider  of  technical  and  vocational  training  beyond  high  school. 
In  addition  to  their  primary  mission  of  technical  I  vocational  train- 
ing, community  colleges  also  provide  a  variety  of  other  educational 
opportunities,  from  obtaining  a  high  school  diploma  through  com- 
pletion of  the  first  two  years  of  a  four-year  baccalaureate  degree. 

All  100  counties  have  access  to  one  or  more  of  the  58  community 
colleges,  with  campuses  that  are  within  30  miles  of  most  of  the 
state's  population.  In  1992-93,  more  than  760,500  adults  took  one 
or  more  courses  at  a  community  college. 


PROGRAMS  AND  SERVICES 


The  community  college  system 
offers  174  technical  programs 
and  95  vocational  programs, 
each  leading  to  a  certificate,  diploma 
or  associate  degree.  Program  offer- 
ings vary  from  college  to  college, 
depending  on  the  needs  of  the  sur- 
rounding community. 

College-level  academic  courses 
are  offered  throughout  the  system 
through  college  transfer  programs, 
general  education  programs,  and/or 
contractual  agreements  with  senior 
public  and  private  colleges  and  uni- 
versities. Most  courses  will  transfer 
to  one  or  more  four-year  colleges. 
Associate  degrees  in  college  transfer 
-  the  freshmen  and  sophmore  years 
of  a  baccalaureate  degree  -  are 
offered  by  41  community  colleges. 
All  58  colleges  also  offer  occupational 
extension  classes,  which  are  short- 
term  courses  designed  to  upgrade 
employee  skills.    Generally,  these 


courses  are  offered  on  an  "on 
request"  basis  by  a  company  or  busi- 
ness. 

Customized  training  programs 
for  any  new  or  expanding  industry 
creating  at  least  12  new  jobs  are  also 
available.  Since  1963,  the  New  and 
Expanding  Industry  Program  has 
trained  more  than  227,000  employ- 
ees in  skills  needed  by  approximately 
2,590  North  Carolina-based  compa- 
nies. The  training  needs  of  already 
established  companies  and  business- 
es are  also  met  by  community  col- 
leges through  Focused  Industrial 
Training  Programs.  Since  1981, 
more  than  47,000  workers  in  over 
5,000  industries  have  been  trained. 

The  community  college  system 
also  operates  a  small  business  center 
network  at  53  sites  statewide.  Thf 
centers  offer  free  services  and  free  oi 
low-cost  classes  to  small  business 
owners/managers. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  733 

SYSTEM  MISSION 

Support  of  economic  growth  and  prosperity  through  education  was  the 
underlying  concept  in  the  development  of  the  community  college  system. 
The  mission  of  the  system  is  defined  in  the  North  Carolina  General  Statutes 
(115D): 

"The  major  purpose  of  each  and  every  institution  operating 
under  the  provisions  of  this  Chapter  shall  be  and  shall  continue  to 
be  the  offering  of  vocational  and  technical  education  and  training, 
and  of  basic,  high  school  level,  academic  education  needed  in  order 
to  profit  from  vocational  and  technical  education,  for  students  who 
are  high  school  graduates  or  who  are  beyond  the  compulsory  age 
limit  of  the  public  schools  system  and  who  have  left  the  public 
schools." 

The  mission  directs  the  system  to  serve  adults  who  have  left  the  public 
schools,  but  are  beyond  compulsory  school  age.  The  statutory  mission  state- 
ment serves  to  keep  the  system  focused  on  vocational  and  technical  educa- 
tion. 

ORGANIZATION  AND  PURPOSE 

From  1963-79,  the  community  college  system  was  under  the  purview  of 

the  State  Board  of  Education.    In  1979,  the  General  Assembly  changed  the 

1  state  control  of  the  system  by  creating  the  State  Board  of  Community 

1  Colleges.    The  new  Board  assumed  full  responsibility  for  the  system  on 

January  1,  1981. 

The  State  Board's  primary  function  is  to  adopt  and  execute  policies,  regu- 
1  lations  and  standards  it  deems  necessary  for  the  establishment,  administra- 
<  tion  and  operation  of  the  colleges.  There  are  20  members  of  the  State  Board 
]  of  Community  Colleges:  10  members  are  appointed  by  the  Governor,  4  mem- 
bers from  the  North  Carolina  House  of  Representatives,  4  members  from  the 
!  North  Carolina  Senate,  and  the  Lieutenant  Governor  and  State  Treasurer 
i  serve  as  ex  officio  members. 

The  Department  of  Community  Colleges  provides  state-level  administra- 
!  tion,  direction  and  leadership  to  the  58  colleges.  It  operates  under  the  juris- 
diction of  the  North  Carolina  State  Board  of  Community  Colleges.  The 
Department  is  headed  by  the  President  of  the  North  Carolina  Community 
College  System  who  is  responsible  for  organizing  and  managing  the 
Department,  as  well  as  carrying  out  the  philosophy,  policies,  and  directions 
of  the  State  Board. 

The  major  function  of  the  Department  includes  distributing  state  funds 
1  and  provides  fiscal  accountability,  approving  education  programs,  and  carry- 
ing out  the  policies  and  procedures  established  by  the  State  Board  of 
Community  Colleges  or  the  General  Assembly.  The  Department  provides 
other  services  for  the  system  that  would  be  difficult  for  an  individual  college 
to  initiate  or  fund  on  its  own. 

Each  of  the  58  community  colleges  within  the  system  is  administered  by 


734 


North  Carolina  Manual 


a  local  board  of  trustees  and  a  presi- 
dent. Local  boards  are  comprised  of 
individuals  appointed  from  the  col- 
lege's service  area.  Members  are 
appointed  by  the  Governor,  the  local 
board  of  education,  and  the  local 
county  commissioners.  The  presi- 
dent of  the  student  government  asso- 
ciation of  the  college  generally  serves 
as  an  ex  officio  member  of  the  local 
board. 

Since  community  colleges  serve  a 
broad  range  of  persons  whose  needs, 
skills  and  interest  vary,  each  college 
offers,  in  turn,  a  broad  range  of  edu- 


cational and  training  programs, 
many  specifically  attuned  to  the  local 
job  market.  The  programs  and  ser- 
vices offered  by  each  college  reflect 
the  needs  and  concerns  of  the  citi- 
zens and  industries  in  the  communi- 
ty. 

The  Department  of  Community 
Colleges  publishes  a  listing  each  year 
of  all  curriculums  offered  in  the  sys- 
tem by  colleges.  To  obtain  a  copy  of 
the  EDUCATIONAL  CHART,  or  for 
more  information  about  the  North 
Carolina  Community  College 
System,  contact: 


Sir 


re- 


public Affairs  Office 

JV.  C,  Department  of  Com m unity  Colleges 

200  W;  Jones  St. 

Raleigh,  N.  C.  27603-1337 

(919)733-7051 


1K2H 


=*aB 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina 


735 


Robert  W.  Scott 

President 

North  Carolina  Community 
College  System 

Early  Years 

Born  near  Haw  River,  Alamance  County, 
June  13,  1929,  to  former  Governor  and  U.  S. 
Senator  W.  Kerr  Scott  and  Elizabeth 
(White)  Scott  (both  deceased). 

Educational  Background 

Alexander  Wilson  School  (Graham, 
N.C.),1947;  Attended  Duke  University, 
1947-49;  N.  C.  State  University,  1952,  B.S. 
(Dairy  Husbandry). 

Professional  Background 

President,  North  Carolina  Community  College  System,  1983-present;  Scott  and 
Roney,  Public  Affairs  Consultants,  1982-83;  Consultant  and  Lecturer,  1973-1975; 
Served  on  Community  Council,  1973-75;  Federal  Chair,  Appalachian  Regional 
Commission,  1977-79  (appointed  by  President  Carter);  President,  Scott  Enterprises, 
Inc.  and  Owner  and  General  Manager,  Melville  Farms,  1958-present . 

Organizations 

N.C.  Grange  (Asst.  to  the  Master,1959-61;  Master,1961-63);  American  Society  for  Farm 
Managers  and  Appraisers;  N.C.  Farm  Bureau  Federation;  N.  C.  AgriBusiness  Council. 

Boa rds  and  Com m ission s 

Member:  Board  of  Directors,  American  Assoc,  of  Community  Colleges;  National 
I  Council  of  State  Directors  of  Community  &  Junior  Colleges;  SREB  Commission  for 
',  Educational  Quality;  Rural  Economic  Development  Center;  N.C.  Commission  on  Jobs 
\  and  Economic  Growth;  Governor's  Advisory  Council  on  Literacy;  Governor's 

Commission  on  Workforce  Preparedness;  N.  C.  Air  Cargo  Airport  Authority. 

'  Poli  tica  1  Acti  vi  ties 

,  Governor,  North  Carolina,  1969-73;  Lt.  Governor,  1965-69;  Vice  Chair,  Democratic 

i  National  Committee,  1971-72;  N.C.  Steering  Committee,  Carter  for  President,  1976. 

i 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Numerous  Honorary  Doctors  of  Laws,  1969-72;  Distinguished  Service  Award,  1972; 
Golden  Key  Award,  National  4-H  Congress,  1970;  Jaycee  International  Senatorship, 
1971;  Medallion  of  Honor,  N.C.  B'nai  B'rith  Association,  1971;  Distinguished  Service 
Award  from  N.C.  Citizens  for  Business  and  Industry,  1988;  University  Award  from 
UNC,  1987. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Army,  1953-1955  (Special  Agent,  Counter  Intelligence  Corps). 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Jessie  Rae  Osborne  of  Swepsonville,  N.  C.  ,  September  1,  1951.  Children: 
Mary  Ella  Scott  Cagle  and  Margaret  Rose  Scott  Phipps  (twins),  Susan  Rae  Scott 
Sutton,  William  Kerr  Scott  and  Janet  Louise  Scott;  Member,  Hawfields  Presbyterian 
Church;  Deacon,  1959-63;  Elder,  1963-  Present. 


736  North  Carolina  Manual 

DEPARTMENT  OF  COMMUNITY  COLLEGES 

200  W.  Jones  Street 

Raleigh,  N.  C.    27603-1337 

(919)  733-7051 

Switchboard  open  8:00  a.m.  to  5:00  p.m.  daily 


Robert  W.  Scott System  President 

Senior  Administrators 

Dr.  J.  Parker  Chesson Executive  Vice  President 

Thomas  C.  King,  Jr Senior  Vice  President  and  Chief  Financial  Officer 

Dr.  Janice  Kennedy-Sloan Vice  President  for  Student  Development 

Dr.  James  G.  Wingate Vice  President  for  Programs 

Dr.  C.  Neill  McLeod Associate  Executive  Vice  President 

Kathryn  Baker  Smith Associate  Vice  President  for  Planning  and  Research 

Assistants  to  the  System  President 

Roger  W.  Bone State  Governmental  Affairs 

Pam  Hall Special  Assistant  and  Board  Affaris 

Clay  T.  Hines Legal  Affairs 

Hal  M.  Miller Federal  Governmental  Affairs 

Mark  R.  Van  Sciver Public  Affairs 


COMMUNITY  COLLEGE  PRESIDENTS 

(As  of  August  1,1993) 

Presidents  of  the  Community  and  Technical  Colleges 

Dr.  W.  Ronald  McCarter Alamance  County  Community  College 

Lois  Crumpler  (Interim  President) Anson  Community  College 

Kenneth  Ray  Bailey Asheville-Buncombe  Technical  College 

Dr.  U.  Ronald  Champion Beaufort  County  Community  College 

Lynn  G.  King Bladen  Community  College 

Dr.  David  W.  Sink Blue  Ridge  Community  College 

Dr.  W.  Michael  Reaves Brunswick  Community  College 

Dr.  Eric  B.  McKeithan Caldwell  Community  College 

Vacant Cape  Fear  Community  College 

Dr.  Donald  W.  Bryant Carteret  Community  College 

Dr.  Cuyler  Dunbar Catawba  Valley  Community  College 

Dr.  Marvin  R.  Joyner Central  Carolina  Community  College 

Dr.  Paul  Anthony  Zeiss Central  Piedmont  Community  College 

Dr.  L.  Steve  Thornburg Cleveland  Community  College 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  737 

Dr.  Ronald  K.  Lingle Coastal  Carolina  Community  College 

Dr.  Larry  Donnithorne College  of  the  Albemarle 

Dr.  Lewis  S.  Redd Craven  Community  College 

Dr.  J.  Bryan  Brooks Davidson  County  Community  College 

Dr.  Phail  Wynn,  Jr Durham  Technical  College 

Charles  B.  Mclntyre Edgecombe  Community  College 

Dr.  Craig  Allen Fayetteville  Technical  College 

Dr.  Bob  H.  Greene Forsyth  Technical  College 

Dr.  W.  Wayne  Scott Gaston  College 

Dr.  Donald  W.  Cameron Guilford  Technical  Community  College 

Dr.  Elton  L.  Newbern,  Jr Halifax  Community  College 

Dr.  Dan  W.  Moore Haywood  Technical  College 

Dr.  Willard  L.  Lewis,  III Isothermal  Community  College 

Dr.  Donald  L.  Reichard James  Sprunt  Community  College 

Dr.  John  Tart Johnston  Community  College 

Dr.  Lonnie  H.  Blizzard Lenoir  Community  College 

Dr.  Martin  Nadelman Martin  Community  College 

Dr.  Virginia  A.  Foxx Mayland  Community  College 

Dr.  Robert  M.  Boggs McDowell  Technical  College 

Dr.  Douglas  Eason Mitchell  Community  College 

Dr.  Theodore  H.  Gasper,  Jr Montgomery  Community  College 

Dr.  J.  Reid  Parrott,  Jr Nash  Community  College 

Dr.  E.  Douglas  Kearney,  Jr Pamlico  Community  College 

Dr.  H.  James  Owen Piedmont  Community  College 

Dr.  Charles  E.  Russell Pitt  Community  College 

Dr.  Larry  K.  Linker Randolph  Community  College 

Joseph  W.  Grimsley Richmond  Community  College 

Dr.  Harold  E.  Mitchell Roanoke-Chowan  Community  College 

Fred  G.  Williams,  Jr Robeson  Community  College 

Dr.  N.  Jerry  Owens Rockingham  Community  College 

Dr.  Richard  L.  Brownell Rowan-Cabarrus  Community  College 

Dr.  Clifton  W.  Paderick Sampson  Community  College 

Dr.  John  R.  Dempsey Sandhills  Community  College 

Dr.  Stephen  C.  Scott Southeastern  Community  College 

Dr.  Barry  W.  Russell Southwestern  Community  College 

Dr.  Jan  J.  Crawford Stanly  Community  College 

Dr.  Swanson  Richards Surry  Community  College 

Dr.  Harry  Jarrett Tri-County  Community  College 

Dr.  Ben  F.  Currin Vance-Granville  Community  College 

Dr.  Bruce  I.  Howell Wake  Technical  College 

Dr.  Edward  H.  Wilson Wayne  Community  College 

Dr.  James  A.  Richardson Western  Piedmont  Community  College 

Dr.  James  R.  Randolph Wilkes  Community  College 

Dr.  Frank  L.  Eagles Wilson  County  Technical  College 


738  North  Carolina  Manual 

ALAMANCE  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Graham,  N.  C. 

One  of  the  original  industrial  education  centers,  Alamance  Community 
College  was  founded  in  1958  to  serve  the  occupational  needs  of  area  resi- 
dents and  remains  a  vital  force  in  educating  and  training  Alamance  County's 
work  force.  Through  the  years,  community  needs  have  grown  and  changed, 
and  in  response  ACC  has  expanded  and  matured.  ACC's  mission  is  to  provide 
responsive  programming  consistent  with  the  educational,  occupational  and 
cultural  needs  of  the  residents  within  its  service  area. 

ACC  is  one  of  the  seventh  largest  in  the  58-member  state  system  (based 
on  annual  full-time  equivalent  students  in  the  most  recent  statewide  statis- 
tics from  the  1991-1992  school  year)  and  is  accredited  by  the  Southern 
Association  of  Colleges  and  Schools.  Academic  disciplines  include  42  diploma 
and  associate  degree  programs  in  four  divisions  (business,  human  services, 
humanities  public  service  and  industrial  technology),  including  a  two-year 
college  transfer  program.  ACC  has  an  enrollment  of  approximately  3,775 
curriculum  students  and  serves  another  13,000  area  residents  annually 
through  its  comprehensive  continuing  education  program  which  features 
industrial  services,  literacy  programs,  and  courses  of  personal  interest  to 
local  citizens. 

Located  in  Graham  along  Interstate  85/40,  the  main  campus  is  on  a  72- 
acre  site  on  the  banks  of  the  Haw  River  and  includes  a  three-story  building 
of  155,600  square  feet  as  well  as  a  shop  building  and  greenhouse.  The 
Burlington  campus  at  1519  N.  Mebane  Street  has  25,730  square  feet  and  is 
used  primarily  for  continuing  education  classes. 

ANSON  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Polkton,  N.  C. 

Anson  Community  College  was  originally  designated  as  the  Ansonville 
Industrial  Education  Center  in  November,  1962,  by  action  of  the  State 
Department  of  Public  Instruction.  Many  local  citizens  were  instrumental  in 
securing  this  operation  for  the  Anson  County  Area.  Trustees  of  the  General 
William  A.  Smith  Trust,  public  school  officials,  and  individuals  interested  in 
a  wider  range  of  educational  opportunities  for  local  residents  completed 
arrangements  for  its  establishment  in  Ansonville,  North  Carolina. 

On  December  2,  1967,  a  local  board  of  trustees  was  officially  appointed 
by  the  Anson  County  Board  of  Education  and  the  County  Commissioners.  As 
a  result,  the  Ansonville  Industrial  Education  Center  became  Anson 
Technical  Institute,  a  unit  of  the  Department  of  Community  Colleges  of 
North  Carolina. 

Further  progress,  larger  enrollment,  and  additional  support  from  the 
community  enabled  Anson  Technical  Institute  to  acquire  land,  obtain  addi- 
tional funds,  and  construct  a  28,000  square  foot  building  in  Polkton,  about 
seven  miles  west  of  Wadesboro  on  U.S.  Highway  74.  Beginning  in  1977,  the 
new  building  housed  the  business  and  secretarial  programs,  graphic  arts  pro- 
grams, and  applied  technology  programs. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  739 

To  better  reflect  the  offerings  of  the  institution,  the  Board  of  Trustees  on 
June  7,  1979,  changed  the  name  to  Anson  Technical  College. 

Nineteen  eighty-one  saw  the  creation  of  a  unique  consortium  to  offer 
courses  and  programs  in  Union  County.  Over  a  decade  later,  the  consortium 
now  known  as  Anson/Stanly  Community  College  and  located  in  Monroe, 
N.C.,  continues  to  offer  educational  programs  from  literacy  training  to  the 
associate  degree  level. 

In  1986,  a  3,600  square  foot  specialized  Auto  Body  Repair  Building  was 
completed  on  the  Ansonville  Campus. 

Effective  November  1,  1987,  the  official  name  of  Anson  Technical  College 
was  changed  to  Anson  Community  College. 

A  third  building  was  constructed  on  the  Polkton  Campus  and  occupied  in 
1990.  This  13,000  square  foot  voc/tech  building  is  currently  used  for  electron- 
ic technology,  electrical  installation,  drafting,  science  labs,  nursing,  and 
developmental  studies. 

In  1991,  the  Ansonville  and  Polkton  Campuses  were  consolidated.  The 
Polkton  Campus  buildings  were  re-modeled  to  accommodate  the  programs 
and  administrative  offices  from  Ansonville.  Ansonville  Campus  continues  to 
house  the  auto  body,  auto  mechanic,  and  welding  programs  due  to  these  pro- 
grams' specialized  lab  areas. 

The  Spring  of  1992  will  see  significant  growth  in  enrollment  due  to  the 
opening  of  the  Brown  Creek  Correctional  Facility.  Anson  Community  College 
will  be  providing  training  ranging  from  literacy  to  vocational  and  technical 
programs  for  the  nearly  600  inmates  expected  to  be  housed  at  the  unit. 

Located  in  downtown  Wadesboro,  the  continuing  education/community 
services  division  provides  a  variety  of  learning  opportunities.  Literacy  class- 
es, the  Small  Business  Center,  training  for  business  and  industry,  and  the 
sponsoring  of  civic  and  cultural  events  are  only  a  few  of  the  services  provided 
by  this  division  of  the  college. 


ASHEVILLE- BUNCOMBE  TECHNICAL  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Asheville,  N.  C. 

For  over  a  quarter  of  a  century,  Asheville-Buncombe  Technical 
Community  College  has  educated  citizens  for  jobs  in  western  North  Carolina. 
In  1990,  A-B  Tech  expanded  its  mission  to  add  college  transfer  programs. 
Originally  funded  by  a  bond  election,  the  mountain  college  was  initially 
administered  by  the  Asheville  City  Board  of  Education,  with  control  passing 
to  a  local  board  of  trustees  in  1963. 

A-B  Tech  first  offered  pre-employment  training  in  machine  shop,  practi- 
cal nurse  education,  and  electronics  along  with  job-related  short  courses.  The 
first  associate  in  applied  science  degree  was  awarded  in  August  1964. 

In  early  years,  Asheville-Buncombe  Technical  Community  College  served 
the  vocational/technical  education  needs  of  15  western  North  Carolina  coun- 
ties. Four  units  were  established  in  outlying  areas  and  administered  by  A-B 
Tech.  These  units  gradually  established  independent  status  and  became 
institutions  in  the  community  college  system. 


740  North  Carolina  Manual 

Located  in  Asheville,  rated  a  No.  1  city  by  the  Places  Rated  Almanac, 
A-B  Tech  serves  Buncombe  and  Madison  counties,  with  a  combined  popula- 
tion approaching  200,000. 

Outdoor  lovers  enjoy  the  diversity  offered  by  mountain  living:  skiing  is  a 
popular  sport;  fishing,  hiking  and  backpacking  dominate  the  outdoor  scene  in 
summer.  Visitors  attracted  by  the  scenic  mountain  splendor  make  the  travel 
and  tourism  industry  the  second  largest  employer  in  Buncombe  County. 

Asheville,  also  top  rated  as  a  premier  retirement  community,  serves  as  a 
regional  health  center  and  a  retail  shopping  area.  Over  the  years  Buncombe 
County  has  provided  the  necessary  space  for  industrial  development,  while 
Madison  County  remains  more  dependent  upon  agricultural  pursuits. 

Starting  with  a  20-acre  tract  and  $300,000  for  site  development  and  two 
buildings,  which  provided  30,000  square  feet  of  floor  space,  Asheville- 
Buncombe  Technical  Community  College  today  is  located  on  approximately 
127  acres  and  occupies  483,455  square  feet  of  floor  space.  A  satellite  campus 
in  Madison  County  was  opened  in  January  1990. 


BEAUFORT  COUNTY  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Washington,  N.  C. 

Beaufort  County  Community  College  began  as  an  industrial  education 
center  and  branch  of  Lenoir  County  Technical  Institute.  Later  it  operated  as 
a  branch  of  Pitt  Technical  Institute.  The  institution  gained  independence  as 
Beaufort  County  Technical  Institute  in  1967. 

Housed  temporarily  in  an  abandoned  prison  camp  and  various  rented 
facilities,  the  institution  began  work  on  a  68-acre  campus  in  1968,  the  same 
year  the  institution  graduated  38  students  from  four  vocational  programs. 

The  status  of  the  institution  was  changed  to  that  of  community  college  in 
1979,  although  college  transfer  courses  had  been  offered  in  cooperation  with 
East  Carolina  University  for  many  years. 

Six  permanent  buildings  are  located  on  the  campus  on  U.S.  Route  264, 
approximately  four  miles  east  of  Washington  in  historic  eastern  North 
Carolina.  U.S.  Routes  264  and  17,  being  the  main  traffic  arteries  in  this  area, 
facilitate  transportation  to  the  institution  by  persons  in  four  counties:  ; 
Beaufort,  Hyde,  Tyrrell  and  Washington. 

Each  building  on  Beaufort  County  Community  College's  campus  contains 
both  general  purpose  classroom  space  and  special  purpose  laboratory  space. 

Building  1  contains  administrative  offices  and  data  processing  laborato- 
ries. Building  2  houses  business-subject  laboratories,  cosmetology,  auto 
mechanics  and  electrical  electronics  laboratories.  Building  3  includes  the 
nursing  arts  laboratories.  Building  4  contains  the  machine  shop,  drafting, 
power  mechanics,  diesel  and  welding  laboratories.  Building  5,  the  learning 
resources  center,  includes  a  student  lounge,  snack  bar,  library,  learning  labo- 
ratory and  a  large  multi-use  area.  Building  8  contains  Continuing  Education 
Division  Offices,  classrooms,  and  shops  and  a  small  lecture  auditorium. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  741 

BLADEN  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Dublin,  N.  C. 

Bladen  Community  College  was  established  as  Bladen  Technical 
Institute  in  1967  under  the  authority  of  General  Statute  115A,  enacted  by 
the  1963  General  Assembly  and  subsequently  amended  by  the  1965  and  1967 
General  Assemblies. 

Bladen  Community  College  formally  opened  on  December  16,  1967,  as 
Bladen  Technical  Institute,  and  was  initially  located  in  a  composite  of  rented 
buildings  in  Elizabethtown.  The  old  Johnson  Cotton  Company  property  on 
Highway  701  was  secured  and  became  the  location  for  administrative  offices 
and  educational  course  offerings.  Space  for  a  welding  ship  and  student  ser- 
vice area  was  provided  by  leasing  the  Marks  Tractor  building  next  to  the 
Johnson  Cotton  Company  building.  Business,  secretarial,  and  nursing  pro- 
grams were  housed  in  the  old  Elizabethtown  Baptist  Church. 

The  College  began  operation  on  a  full-scale  basis  in  September  1968. 
Initially,  curriculum  programs  were  offered  in  Cosmetology,  Executive 
Secretarial  Science,  Business  Administration,  Industrial  Engineering  and 
Agricultural  Engineering  Technologies,  Industrial  Maintenance,  Automotive 
Mechanics,  and  Nursing  Assistant.  A  complete  battery  of  extension  and 
other  part-time  adult  programs  were  started  during  the  evenings  to  comple- 
ment day  programs. 

A  site  for  a  permanent  campus  near  Dublin  was  secured,  and  phase  one 
of  the  building  program  began  in  the  spring  of  1970.  The  College  moved  to  its 
permanent  25-acre  campus  in  July  1971.  Two  buildings  totaling  27,000 
square  feet  were  included  in  the  initial  building  phase  and  housed  adminis- 
trative offices,  classrooms,  laboratories,  shops,  a  student  lounge,  and  library. 

A  small  shop  was  built  as  an  MDTA  welding  class  project  in  1972.  Nine 
acres  were  added  to  the  campus  in  1972  and  an  additional  11  acres  in  1973. 
A  combination  shop/classroom  building  containing  10,500  square  feet  was 
completed  in  the  summer  of  1973  and  was  initially  occupied  at  the  beginning 
of  the  1973  fall  quarter.  A  3,600  square  foot  storage  shed,  constructed  as  a 
class  project,  was  completed  early  in  1974. 

Construction  of  a  multi-purpose  building,  an  administrative  building, 
and  a  learning  resources  center  was  begun  in  the  summer  of  1975.  The 
Learning  Resources  Center  and  the  Administrative  Building  were  completed 
in  April  1976,  and  the  Multi-Purpose  Building  was  completed  in  July  1976. 

A  carpentry  laboratory  was  completed  in  1978  two  additional  shop  build- 
ings were  completed  in  1980,  and  a  high  technology  center  was  completed  in 
1988. 

A  satellite  campus  was  started  in  the  Kelly  community  in  1975  when  the 
Bladen  County  Board  of  Education  deeded  the  Natmore  school  property  to 
the  College.  The  5.25  acre  site  included  two  buildings  with  a  combined  gross 
square  footage  of  7,170.  In  1985,  a  4,000  square  foot  building  was  completed 
at  the  Kelly  campus. 

Soon  after  the  College  was  established,  plans  were  formulated  to  attain 
accreditation  by  the  Southern  Association  of  Colleges  and  Schools.  The 
College  was  initially  granted  "correspondent"  status,  but  in  1973  earned 


742  North  Carolina  Manual 

"candidate  for  accreditation"  status.  Full  accreditation  was  attained  in  1976 
and  was  reaffirmed  in  1982.  Following  a  comprehensive  self-study,  Bladen 
Community  College  was  reaffirmed  for  another  ten-year  period  in  December 
1992. 

Bladen  Community  College  offers  post-secondary  curricula  in  the  areas 
of  Vocational,  Technical,  and  General  Education  (College  Transfer). 
Instruction  is  also  offered  in  a  variety  of  Continuing  Education  programs  and 
courses.  The  College  is  dedicated  to  the  open-door  policy  and  to  meeting  the 
educational  and  cultural  needs  of  the  people  of  Bladen  and  surrounding 
counties. 

BLUE  RIDGE  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Flat  Rock,  N.  C. 

In  1963,  the  N.C.  General  Assembly  authorized  a  system  of  comprehen- 
sive community  colleges  and  technical  institutes  to  be  established  in  areas  of 
the  state  where  a  definite  need  for  such  an  institution  was  shown.  On  the 
basis  of  this  need  and  through  the  combined  efforts  of  interested  citizens  of 
Henderson  County,  the  College  was  established  as  Henderson  County 
Technical  Institute  in  May  of  1969.  At  that  time,  the  citizens  of  Henderson 
County  approved  a  bond  issue  and  a  special  tax  levy  which  provided  funds 
for  the  construction,  operation,  and  maintenance  of  a  physical  plant  for  the 
school. 

The  school's  local  board  of  trustees  was  administered  the  oath  of  office  on  ' 
September  9,  1969.  The  institution  began  operation  on  December  1,  1969 
with  the  first  course  offered  on  January  8,  1970.  The  first  full-time  curricu-  I 
lum  classes  began  on  September  14,  1970.  On  October  12,  1970,  the  board  of 
trustees  voted  to  change  the  name  of  Blue  Ridge  Technical  Institute.  On  July 
9,  1979  they  voted  to  change  the  name  of  Blue  Ridge  Technical  College  and 
on  September  14,  1987,  they  approved  the  name  of  Blue  Ridge  Community 
College. 

Blue  Ridge  Community  College  is  one  of  58  similar  institutions  which 
operate  under  the  North  Carolina  State  Board  of  Community  Colleges.  The 
College  occupies  facilities  on  a  109-acre  campus  located  on  Blue  Ridge  Tech 
Road,  which  connects  Airport  and  Allen  Road,  two  and  a  half  miles  southeast 
of  Hendersonville  in  Henderson  County.  A  10-building  complex  provides 
more  than  128,000  square  feet  of  floor  space  divided  into  shop  and  laboratory 
space,  classrooms,  library,  learning  center,  office  and  reception  space,  and 
student  lounge  areas. 

The  Transylvania  Center  in  Pisgah  Forest  houses  curriculum  and  contin- 
uing education  classes.  Renovations  to  this  facility  were  completed  in  1988. 


BRUNSWICK  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Supply,  N.  C. 

Brunswick  Community  College,  the  youngest  of  North  Carolina's  commu- 
nity  colleges,  serves  students  with  campuses  in  Supply,  Leland,  and 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  743 

Southport.  It  boasts  some  of  the  newest  classrooms,  laboratories  and  other 
facilities  in  the  state.  A  1,500-seat  community  auditorium  accommodates 
concerts,  dramatic  performances  and  other  events. 

Brunswick  Community  College  has  vocational,  technical,  general  educa- 
tion, and  continuing  education  classes  to  suit  almost  every  schedule. 
Students  can  attend  classes  during  the  day,  evenings,  or  even  on  Saturdays 
to  meet  their  education  goals.  Fifteen  curriculum  programs  and  numerous 
continuing  education/extension  classes  are  open  to  any  adult  student. 

The  faculty  and  staff  at  Brunswick  Community  College  realized  that  a 
"one  size  fits  all"  approach  does  not  apply  to  students.  Through  a  flexible 
series  of  courses,  called  developmental  guided  studies,  opportunities  are 
made  for  all  students  to  strengthen  their  basic  educational  background.  Both 
individually  programmed  instruction  and  teaching  in  small  groups  assists 
students  in  overcoming  their  educational  deficiencies.  Both  basic  education 
and  GED  (high  school  equivalency  certificate)  studies  are  offered  at  a  variety 
of  times  and  locations  throughout  the  county. 

Vocational  programs  at  Brunswick  Community  College  include:  automo- 
tive mechanics,  cosmetology,  air  conditioning,  heating  and  refrigeration,  and 
industrial  maintenance.  Those  interested  in  health  careers  can  select  from 
BCC's  practical  nursing  or  nursing  assistant  programs. 

Students  can  select  from  technical  programs  in  business  administration, 
!  business  computer  programming,  administrative  office  technology,  and  elec- 
tronic engineering  technology.  Or  they  may  study  in  real  estate  or  basic  law 
s  enforcement. 

Those  who  wish  to  pursue  a  four-year  (bachelor's)  degree  can  take  their 
,  first  two  years  of  study  at  Brunswick  Community  College.  Students  in  the 
:  general  education  program  earn  credits  at  both  the  University  of  North 
;  Carolina  at  Wilmington  and  at  BCC.  The  courses  are  also  transferable  to 
;  most  other  four  year  North  Carolina  and  out-of-state  colleges  and  universi- 
!  ties. 

Through  the  college's  continuing  education  courses,  students  can  learn 
1  basic  skills,  provide  enrichment,  or  gain  practical  knowledge.  Offered  in  vari- 
I  ous  locations,  the  classes  range  from  outboard  motor  repair  to  cabinet  mak- 
j  ing  to  welding.  These  courses  provide  an  excellent  way  for  a  person  to  pre- 
;  view  an  interest  area. 


CALDWELL  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

AND  TECHNICAL  INSTITUTE 

Lenoir,  N.  C. 

Caldwell  Technical  Institute  was  established  April  2,  1964,  and  perma- 
nent facilities  were  occupied  in  September  1967.  In  1970  the  N.C.  General 
Assembly  authorized  Caldwell  Technical  Institute  to  offer  college  transfer 
courses  and  the  institution's  name  became  Caldwell  Community  College  and 
Technical  Institute. 

Since  its  establishment,  Caldwell  Community  College  and  Technical 
Institute  has  enjoyed  constant  community  support  and  encouragement.  The 


744  North  Carolina  Manual 

institution  has  grown  to  include  50  occupational  programs,  the  college  trans- 
fer program  and  non-credit  continuing  education  programs. 

Located  in  the  foothills  of  western  North  Carolina,  CCC  and  TI  has 
established  a  main  campus  on  a  98-acre  tract  of  land  in  Hudson.  The  institu- 
tion also  has  a  Watauga  Division  in  Boone.  The  service  area  includes  some 
100,000  people:  approximately  68,000  in  Caldwell  County  and  32,000  in 
Watauga  County. 

A  variety  of  industries  form  the  basis  of  the  economy  in  CCC  and  TFs 
service  area:  furniture,  hosiery,  paper,  metals  manufacturing  and  tourism. 

Accessible  to  the  population  centers  of  Lenoir,  Granite  Falls  and  Hickory, 
the  Hudson  campus  is  located  on  Highway  321  with  total  square  footage  over 
200,000. 

The  Watauga  Campus  administrative  offices  are  located  at  the  intersec- 
tion of  Highway  321  West  and  105  By-pass  in  Boone.  Curriculum  and 
Continuing  Education  classes  are  taught  at  this  site,  Watauga  High  School 
and  other  sites  in  the  county. 


CAPE  FEAR  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 
Wilmington,  N.  C. 

Cape  Fear  Community  College  began  in  1959  as  the  Wilmington 
Industrial  Education  Center  and  adopted  the  name  Cape  Fear  Technical 
Institute  in  1964,  with  the  establishment  of  the  statewide  community  college 
system.  On  January  1,  1988,  after  approval  by  its  Board  of  Trustees  and  the 
New  Hanover  County  Commissioners,  Cape  Fear  Technical  Institute  became 
Cape  Fear  Community  College. 

From  its  modest  beginnings  with  an  enrollment  of  only  several  hundred 
students,  CFCC  now  serves  more  than  24,000  adults  annually  in  a  wide 
range  of  curriculum  and  non-credit  courses  and  extension  and  evening  pro- 
grams, at  both  on-campus  and  off-campus  locations  in  Wilmington  and 
Burgaw  and  throughout  New  Hanover  and  Pender  counties. 

CFCC's  main  campus  is  located  in  downtown  Wilmington,  with  the  cam- 
pus extending  between  North  Front  Street  and  the  Cape  Fear  River,  where 
the  institution  maintains  its  dock,  a  training  vessel,  and  various  boats.  A 
satellite  campus  is  located  in  Burgaw,  North  Carolina,  to  better  serve  Pender 
County  residents.  CFCC  also  occupies  a  building  at  926  North  Front  Street, 
several  blocks  from  the  main  campus  for  its  electronics/instrumentation  pro- 
grams and  a  building  at  216  North  Second  Street  for  nursing  programs. 

The  main  campus  consists  of  three  main  buildings  (in  addition  to  its  dock 
space):  a  four-story  administration/lab/shop  building,  a  seven-story  structure 
adjacent  to  the  administration  building  that  houses  classrooms,  library,  labs, 
shop-classroom  complex,  student  activity  area,  cafeteria,  bookstore  and  lec- 
ture auditorium;  and  a  building  that  houses  vocational  shops. 

Recent  growth  has  placed  the  college  near  the  top  in  terms  of  the  facili- 
ties'  needs  among  the  58  schools  in  the  Community  College  System.  In  the 
summer  of  1993,  the  New  Hanover  County  Commissioners  took  steps  to  alle- 
viate the  overcrowded  conditions  at  the  College  by  purchasing  more  than  6 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  745 

acres  of  land  adjacent  to  the  College.    The  land  has  three  buildings  that, 
after  some  modification,  will  provide  additional  shop  and  classroom  space. 

CARTERET  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Morehead  City,  N.  C. 

On  July  11,  1963,  the  State  Board  of  Education  authorized  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Carteret  County  Unit  of  the  Goldsboro  Industrial  Education 
Center.  The  unit  operated  until  Oct.  5,  1967,  when  Carteret  Technical 
Institute  was  officially  established  under  a  contract  with  the  Carteret 
County  Board  of  Education.  On  July  9,  1979,  the  Board  of  Trustees  officially 
changed  the  name  of  the  institution  to  Carteret  Technical  College.  Nine 
years  later  on  September  2,  1987,  the  Board  of  Trustees  approved  changing 
the  name  to  Carteret  Community  College  and  this  action  was  affirmed  by  the 
local  Board  of  Commissioners  on  September  8,  1987. 

Carteret  Community  College  offers  a  full  range  of  technical/vocational, 
associate  degree,  certificate  and  diploma  programs  as  well  as  the  college 
transfer  program.  The  campus  is  located  on  U.S.  70  West  in  Morehead  City. 
The  coastal  allure  along  with  quality  programs  provide  a  relaxed  but  sound 
educational  environment. 

The  27.6  acre  campus  has  twelve  buildings  along  with  a  civic  center  com- 
plex on  campus.  Carteret  Community  College  is  currently  developing  off- 
campus  centers  in  the  eastern  and  western  ends  of  its  service  center. 

CATAWBA  VALLEY  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Hickory,  N.  C. 

Catawba  Valley  Community  College  opened  its  doors  in  1960  as  one  of 
I  the  original  North  Carolina  industrial  education  centers.  In  1988,  the  college 
I  was  made  a  comprehensive  community  college  offering  academic  programs 
1  that  transfer  to  four-year  colleges  and  universities,  in  addition  to  the  occupa- 
j  tional/  technical  programs  which,  by  this  date,  ranged  from 
automation/robotics  to  allied  health  curricula  to  special  interest  continuing 
j  education  courses.  In  1992,  CVCC  enrolled  more  than  3,700  students  in  48 
i  curriculum  programs  and  more  than  28,000  students  in  continuing  education 
classes. 

The  campus  is  located  on  U.  S.  Highways  70/321,  halfway  between 
Hickory  and  Newton,  in  Catawba  County.  The  campus  covers  73  acres  and 
has  ten  buildings  containing  270,000  square  feet  of  space.  The  College 
Foundation  recently  purchased  a  tract  of  27  acres  on  which  a  100,000  square 
foot  building  is  located.  This  property  is  located  on  Highways  70/321  about 
one-tenth  of  a  mile  east  of  the  main  campus.  Currently  some  of  the  buildings 
are  being  renovated  for  college  use. 

CVCC  has  developed  and  implemented  technology  centers  to  assist  local 
industry  by  increasing  technical  sophistication  and  human  resources  devel- 
opment. Currently  the  Environmental  Policy  and  Studies  Center,  the 
Hosiery  Technology  Center,  the  Furniture  Technology  Center,  and  the 
recently  designated  North  Carolina  Quality  Center  serve  this  purpose. 


746  North  Carolina  Manual 

CENTRAL  CAROLINA  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Sanford,  N.  C. 

One  of  the  original  industrial  education  centers,  Central  Carolina 
Community  College  began  awarding  associate  degrees  in  1965,  the  same 
year  the  institution's  name  became  Central  Carolina  Technical  Institute.  The 
name  was  changed  to  the  one  it  now  bears  in  1988. 

In  1991-92  CCCC  served  more  than  19,018  students  and  offered  44  cur- 
riculum programs  ranging  from  automotive  mechanics  to  nursing  education. 
The  main  campus  is  located  in  Sanford  in  Lee  County  (population:  42,500)  on 
a  41  acre  site.  Other  locations  include  the  new  Chatham  County  Campus, 
Pittsboro,  N.  C.  ,  located  on  43  acres;  Henry  Siler  School  in  Siler  City;  the 
Harnett  County  Campus,  Lillington,  N.  C.  ,  located  on  10  acres  and  the  N.  C. 
School  of  Telecommunications  located  in  Sanford,  N.  C.  on  4  acres. 

The  libraries  of  the  three  county  campuses  include  over  30,000  books, 
238  periodicals,  25  newspapers,  and  numerous  audio-visual  materials  and 
equipment. 

Central  Carolina  Community  College  has  historically  emphasized  techni- 
cal education.  It  has  led  the  state  in  developing  innovative  programs  in  this 
area  and  now  offers  these  programs  which  are  unique  to  North  Carolina: 
Motorcycle  mechanics,  laser  and  electro-optics  technology,  telephony,  quality 
assurance  technician,  and  veterinary  medical  technology.  A  variety  of  cours- 
es in  business,  technical,  health  sciences  and  human  services,  and  college 
transfer  are  available  as  well. 

CCCC  also  operates  a  Small  Business  Assistance  Center  with  offices  in 
Sanford  at  the  Lee  County  Civic  Center,  in  Dunn  at  the  Triangle  South 
Enterprise  Center,  and  in  Pittsboro  at  the  college's  Chatham  campus.  CCCC 
administers  the  Lee  County  Civic  Center. 

CENTRAL  PIEDMONT  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Charlotte,  N.  C. 

Central  Piedmont  Community  College,  the  largest  community  college  in 
North  Carolina,  was  formed  in  1963  by  a  merger  of  Mecklenburg  College  and 
the  Central  Industrial  Education  Center. 

Initially,  CPCC,  as  it  is  popularly  known,  offered  a  dozen  vocational  pro- 
grams and  extension  courses  to  some  2,000  students.  Today  the  College 
offers  72  career  programs  and  college  transfer,  high  school  completion, 
advancement  studies,  basic  skills  enhancement,  and  an  expanding  corporate 
training  and  continuing  education  program.  CPCC  is  a  member  of  the 
national  League  for  Innovation  and  has  been  identified  as  one  of  the  five  best 
community  colleges  in  the  United  States. 

The  central  campus,  at  Elizabeth  Avenue  and  Kings  Drive  in  uptown 
Charlotte,  is  located  near  the  hub  of  Mecklenburg  County.  CPCC's  North 
Center,  Verhoeff  Drive,  Huntersville;  West  Center,  2615-3  Freedom  Drive, 
Charlotte;  and  South  Center,  Hwy.  51  at  Alexander  Road,  Matthews,  attract 
an  increasing  number  of  students  seeking  the  convenience  of  instruction 
close  to  their  homes.  Classes  are  also  offered  at  a  number  of  area  high 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  747 

schools,  churches,  and  business  sites. 

An  inviting  educational  environment  welcomes  students  to  the  central 
CPCC  campus.  Thirty-five  buildings,  including  the  new,  state-of-the-art 
Advanced  Technology  Center  and  Center  for  Automotive  Technology,  are  sit- 
uated on  33  acres  of  ground  accented  by  award- winning  landscaping.  Central 
campus  facilities  house  classrooms,  well-equipped  labs,  and  shop  areas,  as 
well  as  a  learning  resource  center,  greenhouse,  and  multi-purpose  gym. 

In  support  of  the  spirit  of  community  so  important  at  the  College,  a  vari- 
ety of  clubs,  student  life  and  student  government  activities  provide  opportuni- 
ties for  members  of  the  diverse  student  body  to  experience  college  life,  make 
new  friends  and  participate  in  activities  associated  with  their  fields  of  study. 

CLEVELAND  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Shelby,  N.  C. 

Public  higher  education  came  to  Cleveland  County  in  1965  with  the 
establishment  of  the  Cleveland  County  Industrial  and  Adult  Education 
Center.  This  satellite  of  Gaston  College  was  renamed  in  a  matter  of  months 
to  the  Cleveland  County  Industrial  Center  and  then  later  to  the  Cleveland 
County  Unit  of  Gaston  College.  In  October  1967,  the  institution  officially 
became  Cleveland  County  Technical  Institute. 

The  Cleveland  County  Technical  Institute  moved  from  the  rented  North 
Morgan  Street  location  and  the  borrowed  classrooms  of  churches,  schools, 
banks  and  other  available  spaces  into  the  old  county  home  buildings  in  1969. 
That  site,  137  South  Post  Road,  serves  as  the  location  of  today's  modern  facil- 
ities. 

In  1971,  the  County  Commissioners  granted  land  and  $500,000  to  be 
matched  with  a  state  grant  of  the  same  amount.  This  money  was  used  for  the 
construction  of  a  new  building  to  house  vocational  and  occupational  pro- 
grams. The  building  opened  in  1974.  In  1975,  Cleveland  County  Technical 
Institute  was  accredited  by  the  Southern  Association  of  Colleges  and  Schools. 

The  voters  of  Cleveland  County  demonstrated  great  confidence  in  the 
future  of  the  College  with  the  approval  of  a  five  million  dollar  bond  issue  on 
June  7,  1977.  Those  monies  were  used  for  the  construction  of  additional 
classrooms  and  shops.  The  Campus  Center  was  completed  in  1981.  A  field 
house  was  completed  in  July  1987,  the  Student  Activities  Center  was  com- 
pleted in  February  1989,  and  The  James  Broughton  Petty  Ampitheater  was 
completed  in  1991. 

The  Cleveland  County  Board  of  Commissioners  approved  the  request  of 
the  Cleveland  County  Technical  Institute  Board  of  Trustees  to  change  the 
name  of  the  institution  to  Cleveland  Technical  College  in  March  1980.  This 
action  was  in  recognition  of  the  quality  and  caliber  of  the  College's  programs. 

In  July  1987,  Cleveland  Technical  College  was  authorized  by  the  state 
legislature  to  become  Cleveland  Community  College.  This  name  change  sig- 
naled the  addition  of  the  two-year  college  transfer  programs  making 
Cleveland  a  comprehensive  community  college  with  technical,  vocational,  col- 
lege transfer,  and  continuing  education  programs. 


748  North  Carolina  Manual 

COASTAL  CAROLINA  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Jacksonville,  N.  C. 

One  of  the  original  industrial  education  centers,  Coastal  Carolina 
Community  College  changed  its  name  to  the  one  it  now  bears  in  1970.  The 
institution  began  in  an  abandoned  prison  with  an  enrollment  of  325  exten- 
sion students  and  one  full-time  employee.  This  year  CCCC  served  students 
in  57  curriculum  programs,  ranging  from  automotive  mechanics  to  electronic 
servicing  and  employed  approximately  200  full-time  employees. 

The  campus  is  located  in  Jacksonville  "The  City  On  The  Go",  which  has  a 
population  of  over  78,000. 

The  area  is  noted  for  fresh  water  fishing  in  the  beautiful  New  River.  Its 
close  proximity  to  area  beaches  also  makes  it  popular. 

The  Coastal  Carolina  Community  College  campus  has  98  acres  and  12 
buildings  and  operates  a  Skills  Center  used  for  training  personnel  for  new 
and  expanding  industries. 

COLLEGE  OF  THE  ALBEMARLE 

Elizabeth  City,  N.  C. 

One  of  six  colleges  in  North  Carolina  chartered  under  the  Community 
College  Act  of  1957,  College  of  the  Albemarle  was  issued  a  new  charter  on 
July  1,  1963,  pursuant  to  the  enactment  of  the  Community  College  Act  of 
1963. 

In  September  1961,  five  instructors  conducted  the  college's  first  classes 
for  182  students  in  a  renovated  hospital.  The  college  now  serves  curriculum 
students  in  27  programs,  ranging  from  traditional  liberal  arts  or  vocational 
programs  such  as  Cosmetology,  Nursing,  and  Auto  Mechanics  to  new  pro- 
grams such  as  Microcomputer  Systems  Technology  and  Hotel  and 
Restaurant  Management.  More  than  5,000  people  enroll  annually  in  adult 
education,  occupational  training,  or  other  extension  programs. 

The  area  is  noted  for  agriculture,  small  business,  developing  industry, 
tourism  on  the  Outer  Banks,  and  the  world's  largest  Coast  Guard  Aviation 
Technical  Training  Center. 

College  of  The  Albemarle's  main  campus  is  located  in  Elizabeth  City  on 
U.S.  Highway  17  North  in  Pasquotank  County.  Pasquotank  County  is  the 
center  of  the  college's  seven-county  service  area — the  largest  service  area  in 
the  community  college  system.  To  serve  better  the  residents  who  live  near 
the  outer  fringes,  satellites  are  located  in  Dare  and  Chowan  counties. 

The  40-acre  main  campus  borders  the  Pasquotank  River.  Four  buildings 
on  this  campus  include  a  Community  and  Small  Business  Center  which  fea- 
tures a  stage  and  a  1,000  seat  auditorium  available  for  community  use. 

The  college's  Dare  County  Campus,  located  on  Russell  Twiford  Road  in 
Manteo,  is  provided  by  Dare  County.  The  campus  provides  facilities  to  offer 
associate  degree,  diploma,  and  continuing  education  programs  at  a  location 
more  convenient  to  Outer  Banks  residents. 

Located  in  Edenton  Village  Shopping  Center  on  business  highway  U.S.  17  in  I 
Edenton,  the  college's  Chowan  County  Center  opened  in  December  of  1992. 


i 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  749 

Provided  by  Chowan  County,  the  newly  renovated  site  houses  classrooms, 
offices,  a  seminar  room,  and  a  student  lounge  for  students  enrolled  in  both 
curriculum  and  continuing  education  programs. 

CRAVEN  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

New  Bern,  N.  C. 

The  campus  of  Craven  Community  College  is  located  in  the  western  area 
of  New  Bern  on  South  Glenburnie  Road  at  College  Court.  The  institution 
serves  Craven  County  (population:  81,613).  A  long-range  development  plan 
currently  under  study  calls  for  an  additional  satellite  campus  on  25  acres  the 
College  owns  in  Havelock,  N.C.,  in  the  eastern  part  of  the  county. 

There  are  currently  five  permanent  buildings  and  two  temporary  modu- 
lar units  housing  four  classrooms.  A  286-seat  auditorium  houses  numerous 
college  and  community  activities.  Outdoor  physical  education  facilities 
include  tennis  and  soccer. 

Rental  facilities  for  Cosmetology,  Data  Processing  and  other  Business 
Programs,  and  a  Learning  Lab  are  located  in  East  Plaza  Professional  Center 
on  Highway  70  in  Havelock.  Office  space  and  a  testing  center  are  located  in 
Building  293  of  Cherry  Point  Marine  Corps  Air  Station.  The  College  uses 
public  high  school  and  middle  school  buildings  in  Havelock  for  evening  class- 
es. CCC  has  the  third  largest  machinist  program  in  the  state  and  the  only 
tool  and  die  program  east  of  1-95. 

DAVIDSON  COUNTY  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Lexington,  N.  C. 

Davidson  County  Community  College  was  initially  chartered  in  1958  as 
an  Industrial  Education  Center  (IEC).  Like  other  industrial  education  cen- 
ters chartered  in  the  1950s  and  consolidated  under  the  Community  College 
Act  of  1963,  this  center  was  designed  to  equip  adults  with  the  skills  needed 
to  move  from  an  agricultural  to  a  manufacturing-based  economy.  When  the 
Sinclair  Building  opened  on  a  22-acre  site  in  1963,  the  Davidson  County  IEC 
enrolled  125  students  in  vocational  and  technical  programs  and  51  students 
in  adult  education  and  service  programs.  Since  then,  the  College  has  grown 
to  eight  buildings  on  approximately  84  acres,  serving  over  14,000  students 
annually. 

In  1965,  the  institution  was  chartered  as  Davidson  County  Community 
College.  The  Associate  in  Arts,  Associate  in  Science,  and  Associate  in  Fine 
Arts  were  added  to  the  existing  Associate  in  Applied  Science,  Diploma,  and 
Certificate  offerings. 

The  College  primarily  serves  Davidson  and  Davie  Counties,  but  also 
plays  a  significant  role  in  the  development  of  The  Piedmont  Triad  region. 


750  North  Carolina  Manual 

DURHAM  TECHNICAL  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Durham,  N.  C. 

A  charter  member  of  the  North  Carolina  Community  College  System, 
Durham  Technical  Community  College  was  established  in  1961  as  one  of  the 
state's  first  Industrial  Education  Centers.  Subsequent  name  changes — to 
Durham  Technical  Institute  in  1965,  and  to  Durham  Technical  Community 
College  in  1986 — reflect  the  college's  expanding  educational  mission.  Over 
the  past  30  years,  Durham  Tech  has  opened  doors  of  employment  opportuni- 
ty and  higher  education  to  thousands  of  North  Carolina  citizens.  In  1992-93 
alone,  the  college  served  nearly  30,000  students  at  more  than  100  locations 
in  Durham  and  Orange  counties.  And,  as  Durham  Tech  enters  its  fourth 
decade  of  providing  an  "education  that  works"  to  the  community,  it  envisions 
continued  growth  in  programs,  services  and  facilities. 

Durham  Tech's  mission  encompasses  several  important  roles:  providing 
post  secondary  entry-level  occupational  training;  retraining  and  skills 
improvement  for  the  local  work  force;  opportunities  for  adult  high  school 
completion,  vocational  advancement  and  personal  growth;  two  years  of  stud- 
ies in  the  liberal  arts  and  sciences  for  students  seeking  the  B.A.  or  B.S. 
degree;  and  employee  training  and  education  for  area  industry.  The  college 
offers  36  programs  of  study  leading  to  a  degree,  diploma  or  certificate. 
Durham  Tech  offers  North  Carolina's  only  associate  degree  training  in 
Opticianry,  Microelectronics  Technology,  and  Dental  Laboratory  Technology. 

The  College  currently  has  three  permanent  campus  sites:  A  20  acre 
main  campus  located  just  outside  the  famous  Research  Triangle  Park;  a  33 
acre  campus  located  close  to  the  main  campus  and  housing  the  college's 
Industrial  and  Engineering  Technologies  programs;  and  a  27  acre  Northern 
Durham  Center  which  opened  in  August,  1993  on  Snowhill  Road  near 
Treyburn. 

EDGECOMBE  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Tarboro,  N.  C. 

Edgecombe  Community  College  began  as  an  extension  of  Wilson 
Technical  Community  College,  but  in  1967,  the  college  was  placed  under 
Edgecombe  County  administration.  Later,  in  1972,  the  College  added  a 
satellite  campus  in  Rocky  Mount. 

ECC's  curriculum  offerings  include  a  college  transfer  program  (Associate 
in  Arts,  Associate  in  Science),  nine  diploma  programs,  and  seven  certificate , 
programs.    These  programs  include  a  wide  variety  of  allied  health, 
business/computer,  industrial,  and  human  services  programs. 

ECC's  Continuing  Education  program  also  provides  area  residents  with  a 
wide  range  of  literacy  classes,  as  well  as  training  seminars  for  local  business 
and  industry.  Classes  in  Total  Quality  Management  and  Statistical  Process 
Control  are  very  popular  choices.  The  College  also  offers  in-plant  training 
and  classes  to  meet  a  variety  of  specialized  needs. 

The  College  also  offers  local  business  and  industry  a  variety  of  opportuni- 
ties through  the  Small  Business  Center.    On  a  similar  note,  ECC  offers  the 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  751 

REAL  program — Rural  Entrepreneurship  Through  Action  Learning.  REAL 
offers  its  students  the  chance  to  research,  plan,  set  up  and  operate  their  own 
businesses  in  conjunction  with  the  college.  Currently,  this  program  is  one  of 
just  a  few  in  the  nation. 

ECC's  Tarboro  campus  includes  six  buildings  with  a  total  of  103,255 
square  feet  on  a  104-acre  lot.  The  main  building  contains  a  500  -  seat  audito- 
rium, student  lounge  and  classrooms.  The  college's  most  recent  addition  is  a 
7,200  square  foot  maintenance/shop  building  completed  in  1993. 

In  1987,  the  College  completed  a  new  facility  in  Rocky  Mount.  The  new 
45,000  square  foot  two  story  building,  the  3,500  square  foot  cosmetology 
building  acquired  in  1974,  and  the  college's  existing  facility  provided  the 
Rocky  Mount  Center  with  a  total  of  65,283  square  feet. 

Through  a  wide  selection  of  programs  and  classes,  ECC  strives  to 
improve  both  the  quality  of  life  and  the  economic  outlook  of  its  students  and 
area  residents.  ECC  is  equipping  its  students  with  the  basic,  real  life,  tech- 
nical, and  practical  skills  that  allow  them  to  excel  in  their  careers,  homes 
and  communities. 

FAYETTEVILLE  TECHNICAL  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Fayetteville,  N.  C. 

Fayetteville  Technical  Community  College  originated  in  1961  as  the 
Fayetteville  Area  Industrial  Education  Center,  became  Fayetteville 
Technical  Institute  in  1963.  It  was  not  until  1988  that  it  became  known  as 
Fayetteville  Technical  Community  College.  Fayetteville  Tech  is  a  public,  two- 
year  comprehensive  community  college  located  in  Fayetteville,  Cumberland 
County,  North  Carolina.  The  college  offers  36  Associate  in  Applied  Science 
degrees,  16  diploma  programs,  four  certificate  programs,  the  Associate  in 
General  Education;  the  Associate  in  Arts  and  the  Associate  in  Science 
degrees. 

Serving  about  37,000  students  annually,  approximately  10,000  in  cur- 
riculum programs  and  36,000  in  non-credit  continuing  education  courses,  the 
college  ranks  as  the  second  largest  community  college  in  the  state.  Thirty- 
five  percent  of  the  students  enrolled  in  curriculum  programs  are  minorities, 
and  59%  of  the  students  are  female. 

The  college  works  closely  with  local  and  state  employers  to  produce  well- 
trained  graduates  ready  to  take  a  place  in  the  workforce.  Fayetteville  Tech 
also  serves  a  large  military  population  from  near-by  Fort  Bragg  and  Pope  Air 
Force  Base. 

The  111.6-acre  main  campus  has  a  physical  plant  of  more  than  532,000 
square  feet.  Continuing  Education  classes  are  offered  at  a  campus  annex 
location  and  at  sites  throughout  the  community.  Offices  and  classes  are  also 
located  at  Fort  Bragg. 


752  North  Carolina  Manual 

FORSYTH  TECHNICAL  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Winston-Salem,  N.  C. 

Forsyth  Technical  Community  College  was  established  in  1959  as  an 
industrial  education  center,  part  of  the  Winston-Salem/Forsyth  County 
School  System.  In  1963  the  IEC  became  part  of  the  North  Carolina 
Community  College  System  as  Forsyth  Technical  Institute.  That  year 
approximately  150  students  enrolled  in  curriculum  programs  and  500 
enrolled  in  continuing  education  programs. 

Since  1963  the  institution  has  undergone  many  changes.  The  name 
changed  in  1985  to  Forsyth  Technical  College  and  to  Forsyth  Technical 
Community  College  in  1987  with  the  addition  of  a  college  transfer  program. 
Besides  the  college  transfer  program,  FTCC  currently  offers  25  technical  pro- 
grams, 14  vocational  programs,  and  twelve  certificate  programs.  These  cur- 
riculum programs  serve  an  average  of  5,000  students  each  quarter;  continu- 
ing education  courses  serve  7  to  8,000  each  quarter. 

The  main  campus  is  located  at  2100  Silas  Creek  Parkway,  with  an  addi- 
tional center  for  health  technologies  programs  at  North  Carolina  Baptist 
Hospital.  Continuing  education  administrators  and  some  adult  education 
programs  are  located  at  1300  Bolton  Street,  approximately  one  mile  from  the 
main  campus.  There  are  also  75  other  sites  for  continuing  education  classes 
throughout  Forsyth  and  Stokes  counties. 

The  campus  has  grown  to  sixteen  buildings  for  a  total  of  516,529  square 
feet.  Between  1990-1992,  two  new  facilities  were  constructed  within  the  last 
year  on  the  main  campus.  The  first  is  a  building  (41,774  square  feet)  dedi- 
cated to  nursing  programs;  the  second  (70,000  square  feet)  has  a  combination 
of  student  services  offices,  classrooms/labs,  and  administrative  offices. 

GASTON  COLLEGE 

Dallas,  N.  C. 

Gaston  College  was  granted  a  charter  by  the  State  of  North  Carolina  in 
1963  under  the  provisions  of  the  1957  Community  College  Act  and  operated 
under  the  direction  of  the  North  Carolina  Board  of  Higher  Education.  The 
College  began  classes  in  temporary  headquarters  at  a  local  church  in, 
September  of  1964.  On  July  1,  1965,  Gaston  College  merged  with  Gaston 
Technical  Institute  and  the  Gastonia  Industrial  Education  Center  and  was 
chartered  on  that  date  by  the  State  Board  of  Education.  On  January  1,  1981, 
the  College  began  operating  under  the  newly  formed  North  Carolina  State 
Board  of  Community  Colleges  as  a  two-year  comprehensive  college. 

From  its  humble  beginnings  in  1963,  Gaston  College  has  grown  into  one 
of  the  largest  community  colleges  in  North  Carolina.  Its  present  annual 
unduplicated  headcount  for  both  curriculum  and  extension  totals  over  22,000 
students.  The  main  campus,  which  was  dedicated  in  1981,  is  situated  on  177 
acres  between  Dallas  and  Gastonia,  North  Carolina,  on  Highway  321,  just  off 
Interstate  85.  A  satellite  campus  located  in  Lincolnton  serves  the  citizens  of 
Lincoln  County.  The  addition  of  the  Regional  Emergency  Services  Center 
and  the  Lawrence  L.  Wyss  Information  Center  in  1991  brought  the  number 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  753 

of  permanent  buildings  to  a  total  of  eleven. 

Gaston  College  continues  to  expand  through  new  facilities  and  innova- 
tive new  projects  such  as  distance  learning  via  fiber  optics,  Tech  Prep  in  con- 
junction with  public  schools  in  the  area,  and  the  implementation  of  a  "quality 
first"  program  throughout  the  College.  Through  the  efforts  of  The  University 
of  North  Carolina  at  Charlotte  and  Appalachian  State  University,  baccalau- 
reate and  master  level  courses  are  also  being  offered  by  the  University 
Center  at  Gaston  College  as  a  convenience  for  area  citizens.  A  new  or 
expanded  library  and  the  possibility  of  a  Workforce  Preparendness  Center  to 
address  the  needs  of  local  industry  are  part  of  the  college's  new  master  plan. 

Through  the  past  years,  Gaston  College  has  grown,  not  only  in  size,  but 
in  stature  to  become  a  strong  force  within  Gaston  and  Lincoln  Counties.  The 
College  continuously  works  to  reinforce  its  commitment  to  the  success  of  its 
students,  as  well  as  its  strong  desire  to  serve  the  surrounding  communities 
to  the  fullest. 

GUILFORD  TECHNICAL  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Jamestown,  N.  C. 

Guilford  Technical  Community  College  has  entered  its  thirty-fifth  year  of 
service  to  the  residents  of  Guilford  County.  From  a  former  sanitarium  site  in 
Jamestown,  it  has  emerged  as  an  educational  complex  ranking  fourth  in  size 
among  the  state's  58  community  college  system  institutions. 

Founded  in  1958  as  an  industrial  education  center,  the  institution  began 
with  two  courses  and  50  students  housed  in  one  building.  By  the  end  of  the 
1958-59  academic  year,  11  full-time  and  10  part-time  instructors  were  teach- 
■  ing  593  students  in  six  vocational  courses. 

In  1965  Guilford  Industrial  Education  Center  became  Guilford  Technical 

Institute.  The  approval  was  given  to  the  institution  to  grant  the  associate  in 

applied  science  degree.  To  more  effectively  serve  students,  GTI  requested  the 

i  addition  of  the  college  transfer  program.  This  request  was  granted  with  an 

,  effective  date  identified  in  the  next  fiscal  year  with  GTI  being  named 

j  Guilford  Technical  Community  College  in  1983. 

During  1991-92  the  institution  served  students  in  50  vocational,  techni- 
cal and  college  transfer  programs.  More  than  25,000  people  enrolled  in  con- 
tinuing education  and  extension  courses. 

The  main  campus  of  Guilford  Technical  Community  College  is  located  on 
,an  85-acre  wooded  tract  off  U.S.  Highway  29-70A  at  the  eastern  edge  of 
Jamestown.  It  is  ideally  situated  within  easy  commuting  distance  of 
Greensboro,  High  Point  and  surrounding  areas  of  Guilford  County. 

In  addition  to  the  campus  at  Jamestown,  GTCC  operates  other  locations  in 
Greensboro  and  High  Point  and  at  the  Piedmont  Triad  International  Airport. 
Greensboro  centers  are  located  at  501  W.  Washington  St.  and  400  W. 
jWhittington  Street  in  downtown  Greensboro.  The  GTCC  Small  Business 
(Assistance  Center,  located  at  2007  Yanceyville  Street,  is  also  in  Greensboro. 
The  High  Point  Center  is  located  at  901  S.  Main  St.  GTCC  aviation  programs 
occupy  the  GTCC  Aviation  Center  at  the  Piedmont  Triad  International  Airport. 


754  North  Carolina  Manual 

Part-time  teaching  centers  for  the  institution's  short-term,  non-credit 
Continuing  Education  program  are  established  whenever  the  need  arises. 
The  courses  are  offered  in  schools,  community  centers,  churches,  housing 
projects  and  libraries  throughout  Guilford  County. 

GTCC  operations  are  primarily  housed  in  26  buildings  with  442,151 
assignable  square  feet. 

A  ground  breaking  was  held  for  Davis  Hall,  a  three-level  28,438  square 
foot  structure  which  houses  Air  Conditioning  and  Heating,  Civil 
Engineering,  Industrial  Maintenance,  Surveying  Mechanical  Drafting  and 
Design,  Electronic  Data  Processing,  English,  Humanities  and  Social  Science 
programs.  Adjoining  this  building  is  a  5,819  square  foot  facility  which  houses 
Packaging  Machinery  Servicing. 

HALIFAX  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Weldon,  N.  C. 

Halifax  Community  College,  chartered  Sept.  7,  1967  as  Halifax  County 
Technical  Institute,  began  functioning  in  February,  1968. 

Since  its  beginning  at  the  Halifax  County  Civil  Defense  Building  in 
Halifax  with  an  enrollment  of  15  curriculum  students  in  only  two  programs, 
HCC  has  grown  dramatically  and  today  serves  students  in  more  than  33  pro- 
gram areas.  With  the  establishment  of  a  two-year  college  transfer  program, 
the  name  Halifax  Community  College  became  effective  in  July  of  1976. 

The  campus  is  located  on  N.  C.  Highway  158  in  Weldon,  less  than  a  mile 
east  of  Interstate  95.  HCC's  service  area  includes  all  of  Halifax  County  and 
parts  of  Northampton  and  Warren  counties. 

The  demographics  classify  HCC's  service  area  as  primarily  rural  with 
agriculture  as  a  strong  influence.  Halifax  Community  College  serves  a  popu- 
lation of  more  than  68,500  people.  In  recent  years,  several  large  industries 
have  moved  into  the  area  to  join  a  large  textile  industry  and  a  paper  mill  in  | 
varying  the  economic  base. 

A  popular  scenic  attraction  is  Lake  Gaston,  a  20,000-acre  freshwater 
lake,  ideal  for  fishing  and  recreation. 

Halifax  Community  College  has  in  the  main  building,  administrative 
offices,  classrooms,  a  150-seat  auditorium,  laboratories,  and  a  full-service 
library  housing  over  30,000  volumes  and  more  than  133  newspaper  and  mag- 
azine subscriptions.  The  Continuing  Education  Center  houses  the  Small 
Business  Center,  vocational  shops  and  bays  for  industrial  training,  class- 
rooms, offices,  and  a  large  multi-purpose  auditorium.  The  recently  con- 
structed  Student  Admissions  and  Nursing  Education  Center  is  headquarters 
for  the  admissions  offices,  nursing  education,  a  bookstore,  and  a  student 
lounge. 

The  campus  is  located  on  a  109-acre  site,  and  the  present  physical  plant 
contains  approximately  146,000  square  feet. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  755 

HAYWOOD  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Clyde,  N.  C. 

Haywood  Community  College  began  operation  in  August  1965  as 
Haywood  Industrial  Education  Center  with  one  curriculum  program  and  15 
students.  Today  HCC  is  a  fully  accredited  community  college  offering  thirty 

.  curriculum  programs  in  a  wide  range  of  career  options.  A  total  of  2,216  stu- 
dents were  enrolled  in  these  programs  during  the  1991-92  academic  year. 
Curriculum  programs  are  supported  by  the  Learning  Resource  Center  which 
contains  more  than  26,000  books,  over  250  serial  subscriptions,  and  over 
28,000  microfilm  units. 

The  LRC  and  most  other  HCC  facilities  are  located  on  the  beautiful  83- 
acre  campus  over  which  the  College  has  maintained  an  impressive  landscap- 
ing and  arboretum  program  from  the  beginning.  Additionally,  the  college 
has  its  own  320-acre  teaching  forest. 

Located  near  Clyde,  N.C.,  25  miles  west  of  Asheville  at  the  junction  of 

'  U.S.  Highway  19-23  and  Jones  Cove  Road,  one  mile  from  Interstate  40,  the 
college  boasts  a  new  47,000  square  foot  Student  Center,  a  Cosmetology  build- 
ing, modern-well-equipped  educational  facilities,  a  Child  Development 
Center  new  this  fall  and  the  Regional  High  Technology  Center  with  its  state- 
of-the-art  equipment  and  high  tech  programs  such  as  robotics,  laser  optics 

'  and  three-dimensional  design  using  AutoCad  and  CADKEY. 

I  ISOTHERMAL  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Spindale,  N.  C. 

Isothermal  Community  College  is  a  comprehensive  two-year  institution 
1  providing  appropriate,  economical  and  convenient  learning  opportunities  for 
,  the  people  of  Rutherford  and  Polk  counties  and  surrounding  areas.  The  insti- 
tution is  accredited  by  the  Commission  on  Colleges  of  the  Southern 
I  Association  of  Colleges  and  Schools  to  award  associate  degrees. 

Chartered  October  1,  1964  by  the  State  Board  of  Education  and  named 
i  Isothermal  Community  College  on  November  23,  1964  because  of  its  location 
!  in  the  Isothermal  Belt,  the  college  is  an  open-door  institution.  It  provides  col- 
lege transfer,  technical,  vocational  and  continuing  education  programs,  as 
well  as  varied  cultural  and  enrichment  opportunities.  The  beautiful  132-acre 
main  campus  is  located  on  Highway  74  By-Pass,  Spindale,  N.C.,  and  houses 
14  buildings,  the  11-acre  Isothermal  Lake  and  a  38,750  volume  library.  An 
ill-acre  satellite  campus  in  Polk  County  is  housed  in  a  facility  opened  in 
early  1989  in  Columbus,  N.C. 

During  the  1991-92  year,  an  average  of  1,690  students  were  enrolled  in 
curriculum  programs  each  quarter  almost  4,655  in  continuing  education  pro- 
grams, including  literacy  programs.  Isothermal,  during  the  1991-92  year, 
awarded  556  degrees,  diplomas  and  certificates  including  181  Adult  High 
School  Diplomas  and  159  GEDs.  Also  during  this  time,  almost  60,000  per- 
sons, many  repeat  users,  utilized  the  college  library. 


756  North  Carolina  Manual 

JAMES  SPRUNT  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Kenansville,  N.  C. 

James  Sprunt  Community  College  originated  in  1960  as  the  Duplin 
County  Unit  of  the  Goldsboro  Industrial  Education  Center.  In  1964  the  insti- 
tution was  named  James  Sprunt  Institute  in  honor  of  Dr.  James  Sprunt,  a 
celebrated  Civil  War  chaplain  and  educator,  who  was  headmaster  of  an  earli- 
er James  Sprunt  in  1845. 

Students  choose  from  one-  and  two-year  degree  programs,  ranging  from 
welding  and  commercial  art  to  nursing  and  college  transfer. 

James  Sprunt  Community  College  is  located  in  southeastern  North 
Carolina  in  historic  Kenansville,  the  county  seat  of  Duplin  County. 

Duplin  County  is  known  as  the  leading  producer  of  agricultural  products 
in  the  state,  and  offers  the  only  community  college  program  in  Swine 
Management  Technology  east  of  the  Mississippi. 

The  institution  has  a  53-acre  campus  with  five  buildings  that  house 
administrative  offices,  classrooms,  laboratories,  industrial  shops,  a  300-seat 
auditorium,  student  center  and  a  23,500  volume  library. 

JOHNSTON  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Smithfield,  N.  C. 

In  September  1969,  Johnston  Community  College  (then  Johnston  County 
Technical  Institute)  offered  its  first  occupational  and  adult  educational 
courses  at  the  former  Forest  Hill  High  School,  located  on  Highway  301  South 
near  the  town  of  Four  Oaks.  The  first  night,  a  total  of  659  adults  enrolled  in 
29  classes.  During  1990-91  the  College  served  3,929  students  in  35  curricu- 
lum programs  ranging  from  Electronics  Engineering  Technology  to  Truck 
Driver  Training. 

In  the  fall  of  1976,  the  College  moved  to  its  present  campus  located  near 
the  center  of  Johnston  County  at  the  intersection  of  Interstate  95  and  U.S. 
Highway  70,  just  east  of  Smithfield  (population:  7,540).  Smithfield,  chartered 
in  1777,  is  a  major  eastern  North  Carolina  tobacco  market. 

In  August  1987,  the  name  of  the  institution  was  officially  changed  from 
Johnston  Technical  College  to  Johnston  Community  College. 

Johnston  Community  College  has  a  100-acre  campus  with  nine  buildings. 
In  mid-1989,  construction  was  completed  on  a  complex  housing  a  new 
Learning  Resource  Center  and  the  1000-seat  Paul  A.  Johnston  Auditorium, 
to  be  used  by  the  College  and  the  community.  Construction  of  the  auditorium 
was  made  possible  through  contributions  from  a  county-wide  fundraising 
campaign. 

Known  as  the  Johnston  Community  College  Arts  and  Learning  Center, 
the  facility  was  formally  dedicated  on  August  20,  1989,  the  College's 
Twentieth  Anniversary. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  757 

LENOIR  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Kinston,  N.  C. 

Lenoir  Community  College  was  one  of  the  original  industrial  education 
centers  authorized  under  the  1957  legislation.  Chartered  in  1958,  the  institu- 
tion offered  its  first  classes  in  February  1960.  Lenoir  County  IEC  became 
Lenoir  County  Technical  Institute  in  June  1964,  and  attained  community 
college  status  in  November  of  that  year.  Lenoir  County  Community  College 
became  Lenoir  Community  College  in  1968  when  "County"  was  dropped  from 
the  name. 

From  an  initial  enrollment  of  just  over  two  dozen  students  in  1960, 
Lenoir  Community  College  now  serves  several  thousand  citizens  annually  in 
college  transfer,  technical,  vocational,  extension,  and  basic  skills  programs. 
Unique  programs  include  career  pilot  training,  court  reporting,  library 
media,  and  welding  technology.  The  college  service  area  includes  Lenoir, 
Jones,  and  Green  counties  with  a  population  of  approximately  85,000. 

The  main  campus  is  in  Kinston  at  the  intersection  of  Highway  70  and  58. 
It  has  86  acres  with  eight  educational  buildings,  including  a  student 
center/gymnasium  facility  and  a  large  learning  resource  center  with  over 
50,000  volumes  and  a  genealogy/local  history  museum.  The  institution  also 
operates  educational  centers  in  Snow  Hill  (Greene  County)  and  Trenton 
(Jones  County)  to  better  serve  the  residents  of  those  areas. 

The  local  economy  is  based  on  a  good  mix  of  agriculture  and  a  diversified 
business/industrial  base.  The  college  is  committed  to  serving  the  needs  of  its 
citizens  and  to  further  enhance  economic  development. 

I  MARTIN  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Williamston,  N.  C. 

Martin  Community  College  was  initially  authorized  as  a  technical  insti- 
tute by  the  General  Assembly  in  1967.  Under  a  contractual  agreement  with 
the  Martin  County  Board  of  Education,  extension  courses  were  first  offered 
during  the  summer  of  1968,  and  curriculum  programs  were  added  in  the  fall 
of  1969.  The  original  institute  was  housed  in  an  old  public  school  facility  in 
Everetts,  N.C. 

Following  a  successful  county-wide  election  in  June  of  1969,  the  college 
obtained  independent  status  and  was  subsequently  granted  community  col- 
lege status  in  June  of  1975.  The  name  of  the  institution  was  officially 
changed  to  Martin  Community  College  in  July  1,  1976. 

In  1971  the  main  campus  was  moved  to  a  sixty-five  acre  tract  at  the 
intersection  of  Kehukee  Park  Road  and  Highway  64  one  mile  west  of 
Williamston.  The  initial  instructional  buildings  of  the  new  campus  were 
Completed  in  May  of  1971.  The  campus  complex  includes  eight  buildings, 
housing  210,295  square  feet.  The  campus  physical  plant  includes  instruc- 
tional and  laboratory  facilities,  an  auditorium,  bookstore,  cafeteria,  vocation- 
al shops  and  the  Martin  Arena  Equine  Facility.  The  Learning  Resources 
enter  houses  over  26,500  volumes,  a  print  shop,  and  genealogy/local  history 


758  North  Carolina  Manual 

area  as  well  as  a  special  collection  of  North  Carolina  materials. 

Martin  Community  College  serves  three  counties  from  the  main  campus 
in  Williamston  and  branch  campuses  in  Windsor  (Bertie  County)  and 
Plymouth  and  Roper  (Washington  County). 

MAYLAND  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Spruce  Pine,  N.  C. 

Mayland  Technical  Institute  was  approved  by  the  1971  session  of  the 
General  Assembly  of  North  Carolina  upon  recommendation  of  the  State 
Board  of  Education,  the  Advisory  Budget  Commission  and  the  governor.  MTI 
began  operation  in  September  1971  in  the  board  room  of  Northwestern  Bank 
in  Spruce  Pine. 

From  September  1971  until  August  1972,  the  institution  offered  courses 
only  in  continuing  education.  In  the  fall  quarter  of  1972,  there  were  80  stu- 
dents enrolled  in  four  curriculum  programs,  and  in  fall  quarter  1982,  there 
were  more  than  700  students  enrolled  in  19  curriculum  programs. 

On  December  3,  1979,  the  institution  was  formally  renamed  Mayland 
Technical  College  and  on  January  1,  1988,  the  institution  was  renamed 
Mayland  Community  College. 

Mayland  Community  College  is  located  in  the  Blue  Ridge  section  of  the 
Appalachian  Mountains  of  western  North  Carolina  on  the  Avery  County- 
Mitchell  County  line  near  the  town  of  Spruce  Pine.  MCC  is  chartered  to 
serve  Mitchell,  Avery  and  Yancey  counties  (hence  the  name  MAYland). 

The  institution  has  a  41-acre  campus  with  five  buildings,  including  a 
Vocational  Solaronics  Laboratory,  Auto  Body  Repair  and  welding  shop.  MCC 
operates  two  off-campus  learning  centers. 

Mcdowell  technical  community  college 

Marion,  N.  C. 

McDowell  Technical  Community  College  was  established  in  1964  as  the 
Marion-McDowell  Industrial  Education  Center.  The  Center,  located  in  down- 
town Marion  at  the  corner  of  State  and  South  Garden  Streets,  operated  as  a 
satellite  unit  of  Asheville  Buncombe  Technical  Institute. 

In  1967,  the  school  became  an  independent  unit  of  the  Department  of 
Community  Colleges.  A  board  of  trustees  was  sworn  in,  giving  the  college 
local  autonomy. 

As  enrollment  at  the  College  grew,  space  problems  became  more  press- 
ing. Finally,  in  1970,  the  College  was  moved  to  its  present  permanent  facili- 
ties on  a  31-acre  site  at  the  intersection  of  Interstate  40  and  Highway  226  ir 
Marion. 

The  College  became  McDowell  Technical  Institute  in  1971,  when  th( 
N.C.  General  Assembly  officially  chartered  it  as  an  independent  institution. 

In  1975,  the  college  added  39,322  square  feet  to  the  existing  campus 
Expansion  included  a  500-seat  amphitheatre,  Learning  Resource  Center,  22! 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  759 

seat  teaching  auditorium,  permanent  administrative  offices,  a  campus  book- 
store, classrooms  and  an  expanded  student  commons  area. 

In  1979,  the  N.C.  General  Assembly  enacted  a  bill  to  change  McDowell 
Technical  Institute's  name  to  McDowell  Technical  College. 

Beginning  with  the  Fall  Quarter  of  1982,  the  College  thoroughly  entered 
the  computer  age.  The  original  computer  lab  utilized  primitive  but  highly 
versatile  TRS-80  microcomputers.  At  the  beginning  of  1984,  the  Prime  mini- 
computer was  installed,  allowing  a  higher  level  of  programming  activities. 
During  the  late  1980's,  Macintosh  microcomputers  became  commonplace 
throughout  the  campus.  Today,  all  full-time  faculty  and  90  percent  of  the 
staff  and  administrators  at  MTCC  use  computers  daily.  All  of  the  College  fac- 
ulty and  staff  have  had  the  opportunity  to  become  computer-literate. 

Robert  M.  Boggs  succeeded  John  A.  Price  as  President  in  1984,  becoming 
the  College's  second  Chief  Administrator.  The  College  undertook  a  major 
county  bond  campaign  for  the  addition  of  new  facilities.  A  32,000-square-foot 
Industrial  Skills  Center  houses  special  industrial  skills  training  and 
class/lab  areas. 

The  Day  Care/Classroom  building  houses  a  Day  Care  area  for  children  of 
MTCC  students,  Continuing  Education  classrooms  and  offices,  a  teaching 
auditorium,  and  faculty  offices. 

In  1988,  the  school  changed  its  name  to  McDowell  Technical  Community 
College.  During  that  same  year,  the  MTCC  Small  Business  Center  was  fund- 
ed and  established  to  provide  educational  opportunities  and  financial  assis- 
tance to  small  businesses  in  McDowell  County.  The  Small  Business  Center  is 
located  in  the  former  Marion-McDowell  Industrial  Education  Center  on  State 
Street  in  Marion. 

In  1989,  the  College  began  offering  Continuing  Education  classes  in  the 
J  new  Small  Business  Center  location,  better  known  as  the  MTCC  Downtown 
:  Center.  The  Downtown  Center  currently  offers  students  a  wide  range  of  edu- 
■  cational  opportunities,  including  Adult  Basic  Education,  tutoring,  English  as 
'  a  second  language,  S.A.T.  preparation,  foreign  language  studies,  and  literacy 
j  training.  More  than  a  dozen  nationalities  are  represented  by  the  students 
who  study  at  the  Downtown  Center. 

Also,  the  MTCC  Career  Center  was  established  through  the  benefits  of  a 
federal  Title  III  grant,  providing  students  with  information  and  help  in 
choosing  careers.  A  series  of  computerized  personality  and  aptitude  tests  are 
given  to  students  who  are  unsure  of  career  decisions.  The  Career  Center  staff 
administers  to  students  with  learning  disabilities  and  physical  handicaps  as 
well.  The  Career  Center  also  supervises  an  innovative  "peer-tutoring"  pro- 
gram in  which  students  are  paid  to  tutor  other  students,  to  whom  the  service 
"is  free.  The  MTCC  Library  houses  more  than  16,000  volumes  and  receives 
160  newspapers  and  periodicals. 

McDowell  Technical  Community  College  currently  enrolls  an  average  of 
]860  students  in  curriculum  programs  each  quarter,  and  approximately  twice 
as  many  in  continuing  education  programs. 


760  North  Carolina  Manual 

MITCHELL  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Statesville,  N.  C. 

The  institution  dates  back  to  1852,  when  the  Presbytery  of  Concord 
decided  to  establish  an  educational  institution  in  western  North  Carolina  for 
females.  A  windstorm  in  1855  destroyed  the  nearly  completed  structure,  but 
it  was  rebuilt  and  opened  in  1856  with  122  students.  An  additional  setback 
came  in  1857  when  a  measles  epidemic  forced  the  first  year  of  operation  to  a 
premature  close. 

Between  1817  and  1917,  the  name  of  the  college  changed  three  times: 
Simonton  Female  College  (1871),  Statesville  Female  College  (1883)  and 
Mitchell  College  (1917). 

Mitchell  College  produced  its  first  junior  college  graduate  in  1924  and 
became  coeducational  in  1932  when  five  men  enrolled.  The  Southern 
Association  of  Colleges  and  Schools  granted  accreditation  in  1955,  and  in 
1959  the  Mitchell  College  Foundation  received  the  property  deed  from 
Concord  Presbytery. 

Through  legislative  action,  Mitchell  became  the  fifty-seventh  community 
college  system  institution  on  July  1,  1973,  and  the  only  private  institution 
ever  to  be  admitted  to  the  North  Carolina  system.  Equality  of  educational 
opportunities  and  active  recruitment  of  minority  students  continues  to  be  an 
important  goal  of  the  institution. 

Mitchell  Community  College  serves  the  residents  of  Iredell  County  (pop- 
ulation: 92,931)  which  is  in  the  midwestern  section  of  Piedmont  North 
Carolina.  Statesville,  the  county  seat,  is  one  of  only  a  few  cities  to  have  locat- 
ed within  its  city  limits  the  intersection  of  two  interstate  highways:  1-40 
East-West,  and  1-77  North-South.  Statesville  is  served  by  U.S.  Highways  21, 
64,  and  70  as  well  as  N.C.  Highways  90  and  115. 

The  main  campus  is  situated  on  16.1  acres  and  has  19  buildings,  includ- 
ing a  41,508-volume  Learning  Resources  Center,  vocational  building,  science 
building  and  main  building  as  well  as  two  auditoriums,  a  gym  and  a  student 
union.  In  addition  to  the  buildings  on  the  main  campus,  there  is  a 
Continuing  Education  Center  in  Statesville  and  a  facility  in  Mooresville. 

MONTGOMERY  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE  J 

Troy,  N.  C. 

The  State  Board  of  Education  issued  a  charter  to  Montgomery  Technical 
Institute  on  September  7,  1967.  As  directed  by  law,  eight  members  were 
appointed  to  the  Board  of  Trustees. 

In  November  1967,  administrative  and  teaching  personnel  were 
employed.  Extension  classes  were  conducted  in  1967-68.  Full-time  curricu- 
lum students  were  accepted  in  August  1968.  The  institution's  first  students 
were  graduated  in  June  1969. 

Adult  Basic  Education  and  Adult  High  School  Diploma  Programs  began 
in  October  1968.  In  June  1968,  the  building  on  Page  Street  in  Troy  was  occu- 
pied as  a  temporary  location  of  Montgomery  Technical  Institute. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  761 

In  June  3,  1971,  the  State  Board  of  Education  approved  Montgomery 
Technical  Institute  as  a  chartered  technical  institution,  effective  July  1971. 

In  compliance  with  the  law,  four  additional  trustees  were  appointed  by 
the  Governor  on  December  1,  1971.  Local  control  of  the  college  is  the  respon- 
sibility of  the  Board  of  Trustees.  The  President  of  the  Student  Government 
Association  serves  as  an  ex  officio  member  of  the  Board. 

In  October  1975,  the  citizens  of  Montgomery  County  passed  a  bond  issue 
authorizing  the  construction  of  a  new  campus  of  64,000  spare  feet  of  space  on 
a  149  acre  tract  of  land. 

Montgomery  Technical  Institute  became  Montgomery  Technical  College 
in  January  1983  in  accordance  with  legislative  and  board  approval. 

Another  change  occurred  in  September  1987  when  the  Board  of  Trustees 
and  County  Commissioners  voted  for  the  official  name  -  Montgomery 
Community  College  -  as  authorized  by  the  N.  C.  General  Assembly. 

The  Montgomery  Community  College  campus  now  includes  facilities  of 
approximately  73,000  square  feet  on  150  acres  of  land. 


NASH  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Rocky  Mount,  N.  C. 

Nash  Technical  Institute  was  founded  in  1967  and  began  offering  courses 
in  a  local  high  school.  By  May  1968  the  institution  graduated  fifteen  students 
enrolled  in  a  Nurses'  Assistant  training  program,  and  a  number  of  other  pro- 
grams were  in  progress. 

At  the  end  of  one  year,  the  institution  moved  to  a  vacant  elementary 
school,  where  it  expanded  its  program  offerings  and  operated  at  its  Stony 
Creek  location  until  1975. 

After  three  different  site  locations  and  three  different  name  changes, 
Nash  Technical  Institute  is  now  Nash  Community  College,  and  is  located  on 
J77  acres  midway  between  Nashville  and  Rocky  Mount  on  Old  Carriage  Road, 
a  few  hundred  yards  off  U.  S.  Highway  64  Bypass.  Five  modern  buildings 
including  shops,  labs,  classrooms  and  administrative  offices  comprise  the 
{spacious  campus.  An  additional  ten  acre  tract  is  owned  by  the  College  in 
Whitakers. 

As  a  comprehensive  community  college,  a  wide  range  of  academic  pro- 
grams are  offered,  many  of  which  lead  to  a  degree,  diploma  or  certificate. 
Included  are  two-year  technical  and  college  transfer  programs  which  give 
.students  the  knowledge  and  expertise  required  for  a  challenging  career  or 
successful  transfer  to  a  four-year  college  or  university. 

Vocational,  occupational  and  business  and  industry  programs  are  offered 
vhich  prepare  students  for  jobs  and  provide  a  skilled  workforce  for  the  area. 

In  addition,  a  wide  range  of  literacy  and  community  service  programs  are 
available  to  meet  the  diverse  needs  of  the  citizenry  in  Nash  County  and  sur- 
'ounding  area,  which  is  in  keeping  with  the  mission  of  the  college. 


762  North  Carolina  Manual 

PAMLICO  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Grantsboro,  N.  C. 

Pamlico  Technical  College  was  originally  established  as  a  unit  of  the 
Lenoir  Industrial  Education  Center  on  July  1,  1962,  and  was  then  chartered 
as  a  technical  institute  on  July  1,  1971.  In  accordance  with  a  request  by  the 
board  of  trustees,  the  name  was  changed  in  July  1979,  to  Pamlico  Technical 
College  and  in  October  1987,  to  Pamlico  Community  College. 

In  the  beginning,  there  was  only  one  full-time  curriculum  program  and 
an  enrollment  of  approximately  200  in  continuing  education  classes  which 
were  held  in  a  one-classroom,  one-lab  building  located  at  Pamlico  County 
High  School.  For  the  past  several  years,  PCC  has  annually  enrolled  an  aver- 
age of  19  percent  of  the  area  population  in  either  curriculum  or  continuing 
education  programs. 

The  campus  is  located  in  a  totally  rural  setting  between  Grantsboro  and 
Arapahoe. 

The  area  is  noted  for  summer  camps  and  sailing.  Summer  visitors  find 
plenty  of  access  for  water  sports  and  fishing. 

Pamlico  Community  College  has  a  44-acre  campus  with  a  single  40,000 
square  foot  building  which  was  constructed  in  1976.  The  institution's  library 
houses  16,175  volumes. 

PIEDMONT  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Roxboro,  N.  C. 

Person  County  Technical  Institute  began  operation  on  July  1,  1970.  The 
name  of  the  institution  was  changed  to  Piedmont  Technical  Institute  in  May 
of  1971. 

In  November  of  1974,  the  voters  of  Person  County  showed  outstanding 
support  for  the  institution  by  overwhelmingly  passing  a  $2.5  million  bond 
issue  for  new  facilities.  On  October  1,  1979,  the  institution  officially  changed 
its  name  to  Piedmont  Technical  College.  A  178-acre  campus  is  located  in 
Roxboro  in  Person  County  (population:  30,180).  A  15-acre  satellite  campus 
serving  Caswell  County  (population:  20,693)  is  located  adjacent  to  Bartlett 
Yancey  High  School  in  Yanceyville.  The  name  of  the  institution  was  changed 
to  Piedmont  Community  College  effective  January  1,  1988  in  keeping  with 
virtually  all  public  two-year  colleges  in  North  Carolina. 

The  institution  is  within  easy  driving  distance  of  many  major  cities  and 
historic  and  resort  areas.  Area  residents  and  tourists  may  enjoy  picnicking,  ( 
fishing,  camping  and  water  sports  at  two  major  lakes. 

The  118,000-square  foot  Person  County  Campus  includes  10  buildings. 
These  facilities  include  44  lecture  classrooms,  15  shops  and  labs,  a  Library 
Learning  Center,  Campus  Center,  Counseling  Center,  Teaching  Auditorium, 
Recreation  Laboratory  and  a  Skills  Training  Center.  A  Management 
Development  Center  and  Timberlake  Art  Gallery  were  dedicated  in  1987. 

The  Caswell  County  Campus  is  composed  of  approximately  15,000 
square  feet  of  space.  The  College  has  served  Person  County  since  1970  and 
Caswell  County  since  1985. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  763 

PITT  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Greenville,  N.  C. 

Pitt  Community  College  was  chartered  as  an  industrial  education  center 
in  March  1961.  It  was  designated  a  technical  institute  in  1964  and  a  commu- 
nity college  in  1979. 

Ninety  students  were  enrolled  in  Pitt's  six  IEC  programs.  This  year  PCC 
is  serving  over  4,500  students  in  51  curriculum  programs  and  more  than 
6,000  students  in  continuing  education  programs. 

The  campus  is  located  on  170  acres  just  south  of  the  Greenville  city  lim- 
its, in  Pitt  County  (population  108,000).  The  campus  is  well  known  for  its 
.  Georgian  architecture-styled  buildings  and  pine  trees.  There  are  eight  major 
i  buildings.  The  campus  is  undergoing  a  major  construction  with  one  building 
under  construction  and  three  more  buildings  recently  completed. 

PCC  is  a  comprehensive  two  year  college  offering  technical,  occupational 
:  and  college  transfer  programs.  During  the  last  decade,  the  college  has  devel- 
oped a  specialization  in  allied  health  programs  and  currently  offers  more 
allied  health  programs  than  any  community  college  in  Eastern  North 
Carolina.  The  college  awards  Associate  in  Science  degrees,  diplomas  and  cer- 
.  tificates. 

Pitt  Community  College  is  the  sixth  largest  community  college  in  North 
Carolina.  It  operates  in  a  spirit  of  excellent  cooperation  with  East  Carolina 
University  and  Pitt  County  Schools. 

RANDOLPH  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 
Asheboro,  N.  C. 

Randolph  Community  College  began  operation  in  1962  as  Randolph 
industrial  Education  Center,  a  joint  city-county  industrial  education  center. 
The  college  became  a  member  of  the  state  organization  in  1963,  when  the 
North  Carolina  legislature  established  a  separate  system  of  community  col- 
leges. 

Situated  near  the  geographic  center  of  North  Carolina  in  Asheboro, 
(Randolph  Community  College  is  located  at  the  McDowell  Road  exit  just 
isouth  of  the  interchange  of  Highways  220,  64  and  49,  and  only  26  miles 
south  of  two  interstate  highways  in  Greensboro,  N.C.,  making  it  accessible 
from  all  parts  of  the  state.  The  college  draws  from  a  population  base  of  just 
over  16,000  in  Asheboro  and  over  107,000  countywide. 

RCC's  Asheboro  Campus  includes  seven  major  buildings.  The  original 
building,  constructed  in  1962  with  additions  in  1968  and  1972,  is  now  known 
as  the  Administration/Education  Center.  Other  Buildings  include  a 
Vocational-Technical  Center,  Student  Services  Center,  Business  Education 
Center,  Design  Center,  Computer  Technology  Center,  and  the  Learning 
Resources  Center,  which  houses  a  library  containing  more  than  30,000  vol- 
imes. 

A  second  campus,  located  in  Archdale,  N.C.,  serves  residents  in  the  fast- 
growing  northwest  corner  of  Randolph  County. 

Randolph  Community  College  offers  23  vocational  and  technical  degrees 


764  North  Carolina  Manual 

and  is  fully  accredited  by  the  Southern  Association  of  Colleges  and  Schools 
and  the  North  Carolina  State  Board  of  Community  Colleges. 

RICHMOND  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Hamlet,  N.  C. 

Chartered  on  April  2,  1964,  Richmond  Community  College  became  a  vital 
educational  factor  in  Richmond  and  Scotland  counties  before  a  permanent 
campus  was  established. 

The  first  extension  courses  began  in  1964:  supervisory  development,  fire 
service  training  and  adult  education.  The  first  curriculum  classes  began  in 
1966  with  223  students  enrolled  in  12  programs.  All  classes  were  offered  in 
temporary  locations. 

RCC  now  offers  23  technical  and  vocational  programs,  plus  hundreds  of 
continuing  education  courses,  thereby  reaching  thousands  of  citizens  each 
year. 

Richmond  Community  College  is  located  on  U.  S.  Highway  74  between 
Hamlet  and  Rockingham. 

The  area  is  noted  for  its  racetrack,  peaches,  American  Legion  baseball 
teams  and  state  championship  football  teams. 

The  physical  plant  of  the  160-acre  campus  consists  of  five  buildings  with 
a  total  of  130,000  square  feet.  Additional  classroom,  lab  and  office  space  is 
provided  for  nursing  and  continuing  education  classes  at  Scotland  Center  in 
Laurinburg,  at  the  James  Nursing  Building  in  Hamlet,  and  the  Rockingham 
Center. 

Enrollment  in  1992  included  over  6,000  citizens  in  degree  programs, 
industrial  and  public  safety  training,  and  literacy. 

ROANOKE-CHOWAN  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Ahoskie,  N.  C. 

Roanoke-Chowan  Community  College  was  established  in  August  1967  to 
serve  all  of  Hertford  County  and  parts  of  Bertie  and  Northampton  Counties. 

Originally  founded  as  Roanoke-Chowan  Technical  Institute,  the  institu- 
tion's governing  board,  along  with  the  Hertford  County  Board  of 
Commissioners,  approved  a  name  change  to  Roanoke-Chowan  Technical 
College  in  1981.  The  current  name,  Roanoke-Chowan  Community  College, 
was  approved  by  both  boards  in  1987. 

Located  on  a  39-acre  site  outside  the  town  of  Ahoskie  in  Hertford  County, 
the  original  campus  was  a  former  state  correctional  facility.  Seven  existing 
prison  buildings  were  renovated  for  offices  and  classrooms,  with  a  two-story; 
wooden  building  being  erected  in  1969  to  house  additional  classrooms  and 
laboratory  spaces  for  cosmetology,  business,  and  architectural  drafting  pro- 
grams. Of  the  original  structures,  only  the  two-story  remains  and  is  in  use 
today. 

Other  modern  campus  buildings  include  the  Roberts  H.  Jernigan,  Jr 
Education  Center,  the  Julian  Pittman  Freeman  Vocational  Educatior 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  765 

Building,  the  John  W.  "Jack"  Young,  Jr.  Center,  and  the  Hugh  Caullie  Freeland 
Industrial  Technology  Training  Center.  A  maintenance/storage/receiving  build- 
ing also  is  located  on  campus,  and  Roanoke-Chowan  Industries,  which  serves 
as  a  training  center  for  the  area's  handicapped,  is  located  across  from  the 
main  campus. 

Although  its  beginning  was  meager  -  less  than  50  students,  only  a  hand- 
ful of  staff,  and  very  few  course  offerings  -  the  College  has  made  significant 
strides,  growing  as  the  needs  of  the  people  have  grown. 

Today,  the  College  offers  26  areas  of  credit  study  leading  to  certificates, 
diplomas,  or  associate  in  applied  science  degrees.  An  Associate  in  General 
Education  Degree  also  can  be  earned.  The  General  Education  program,  as 
well  as  others,  offers  opportunities  for  students  to  continue  their  education  at 
East  Carolina  University,  Elizabeth  City  State  University  and  Chowan 
College,  etc. 

Working  with  sister  institutions,  cooperative  agreements  have  been 
established  with  Pitt  Community  College  for  Radiologic  Technology  and  with 
Halifax  Community  College  for  Accounting. 

Growth  in  program  offerings  has,  of  course,  resulted  in  student  body 
growth.  During  the  1992-93  fiscal  year,  3,030  curricular  students  enrolled, 
equating  to  approximately  758  students  per  quarter.  To  date,  the  highest 
'<  quarterly  enrollment  occurred  in  the  fall  of  1992,  when  875  students  regis- 
tered. 

Not  unlike  the  college's  curriculum  area,  significant  growth  also  has  been 
evidenced  in  the  Continuing  Education  Department.  Through  the  various 
continuing  education  classes,  programs,  and  workshops,  more  than  1,000  res- 
idents are  served  each  year. 

Roanoke-Chowan  Community  College  is  under  the  leadership  of  its 
■fourth  president,  Dr.  Harold  E.  Mitchell. 

i  ROBESON  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Lumberton,  N.  C. 

The  Community  College  movement  expanded  into  Robeson  County  with 
he  establishment  of  Robeson  Technical  Institute  in  1965.  The  Institute  was 
'located  at  the  Barker  Ten-Mile  Elementary  School,  seven  miles  north  of 
Lumberton.  Twenty  full-time  curriculum  students  enrolled  the  first  year. 
The  College  has  gone  through  two  name  changes  since  its  beginning  to  its 
oresent  name  of  Robeson  Community  College,  and  it  remains  committed  to 
serving  all  sectors  of  the  county  and  surrounding  area  with  vocational/tech- 
lical  and  continuing  education  programs. 

Three  building  phases  beginning  in  1972  and  finishing  in  1988  made 
&CC  a  187,547  square-foot  facility  which  now  houses  over  $2  million  in 
iquipment  and  21  curriculum  programs,  along  with  a  variety  of  continuing 
Education  programs. 

Robeson  Community  College's  25th  year  was  a  monumental  one.  During 
990-91,  the  College  celebrated  its  Silver  Anniversary  and  the  many  partner- 
hips  throughout  the  county  and  state  which  have  contributed  to  its  success. 


766  North  Carolina  Manual 

Southern  Association  of  Colleges  and  Schools  accreditation  reaffirmation  was 
received  in  1990  after  two  intense  years  of  concentrated  self-study. 
Students,  faculty,  staff,  and  the  13-member  Board  of  Trustees  alike  joined  as 
a  team  in  bringing  the  self-study  to  its  successful  fruition. 

Commitment  of  RCC  to  its  students  and  the  citizenry  of  Robeson  County 
was  seen  with  the  excellent  reports  of  various  auditing  agencies  in  the  state, 
as  well  as  the  enrollment  of  2,242  curriculum  students  and  9,787  continuing 
education  students.  There  are  150  carefully  selected  full-time  employees 
who  now  serve  RCC,  which  represents  a  figure  of  almost  25  times  as  many  as 
when  the  College  first  opened  its  doors  in  1965  with  six  full-time  employees. 
Another  200  part-time  personnel  teach  and  provide  services  to  the  student 
body  on  an  annual  basis. 

ROCKINGHAM  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Wentworth,  N.  C. 

As  the  only  college  in  Rockingham  County  (population:  83,000), 
Rockingham  Community  College  must  provide  an  array  of  services  for  a  vari- 
ety of  people.  Although  an  industrial  education  center  in  Eden  predated 
RCC,  the  institution  grew  out  of  a  desire  of  local  residents  to  have  a  two-year 
college  in  the  area  as  well.  Leaders  eventually  proposed  combining  the  two, 
and  voters  approved  a  bond  issue  and  supplementary  tax  for  RCC  in  1963. 

The  institution  offers  programs  such  as  auto  body  repair,  electromechani- 
cal technology,  industrial  maintenance,  microcomputer  systems  technology, 
nursing,  business  administration  and  college  transfer. 

Rockingham  Community  College  is  near  the  county  seat  of  Wentworth  in 
the  center  of  the  county,  midway  between  Madison,  Mayodan,  Stoneville, 
Eden  and  Reidsville.  The  college  is  about  20  miles  north  of  Greensboro. 

The  area  is  dotted  with  small  tobacco  farms  and  large  manufacturing 
plants.  Such  national  firms  as  American  Tobacco  Co.,  Fieldcrest-Cannon  and 
Miller  Brewing  Co.  are  major  employers. 

The  274-acre  campus  has  11  buildings,  including  a  36,480-volume 
library,  gymnasium,  the  two-story  Whitcomb  Student  Center  (built  with  con- 
tributions from  area  residents  and  corporations),  tow  vocational  shop  build- 
ings, a  laboratory  building,  a  two-story  classroom  building,  and  two-story 
Technical  Laboratories  Building,  along  with  administration,  maintenance, 
and  instructional  storage  buildings.  The  campus'  replacement  value  is 
approximately  $21.5  million.  Azaleas,  tall  pines  and  broad  lawns  help  make 
the  campus  one  of  North  Carolina's  most  beautiful. 

ROWAN-CABARRUS  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Salisbury,  N.  C. 

Rowan-Cabarrus  Community  College  opened  its  doors  in  Septembe: 
1963,  as  an  industrial  education  center.  In  1964  the  IEC  was  designatet 
Rowan  Technical  Institute,  and  in  1979  the  name  was  changed  to  Rowai 
Technical  College.  In  1988  the  trustees  of  the  college  voted  to  change  th 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  767 

name  of  the  institution  to  Rowan-Cabarrus  Community  College  to  more  accu- 
rately reflect  the  comprehensive  nature  of  its  programs  and  the  service  area. 

The  college  has  experienced  considerable  growth  since  1963  and  now 
enrolls  more  than  18,000  citizens  annually.  Today,  Rowan-Cabarrus 
Community  College  prepares  individuals  for  careers  in  over  thirty  programs 
of  study  in  business,  human  services,  and  engineering  technologies.  An 
Associate  Degree  Liberal  Arts  program  is  also  available  for  those  students 
who  intend  to  transfer  to  a  four-year  college  or  university. 

RCCC's  North  Campus  is  located  at  the  intersection  of  Jake  Alexander 
Boulevard  and  1-85.  The  college  also  has  a  South  Campus  located  in 
Cabarrus  County  at  the  junction  of  1-85,  N.  C.  73,  and  Trinity  Church  Road 
that  serves  the  southern  portion  of  the  service  area. 

The  physical  plant  has  expanded  almost  as  rapidly  as  the  curriculum. 
From  a  single  building  designed  especially  for  vocational-technical  training, 
the  college's  North  Campus  in  Salisbury  now  consists  of  six  educational 
buildings  containing  179,000  square  feet.  These  facilities  are  complemented 
by  a  40,000  square  foot  South  Campus  in  Cabarrus  County  and  a  10,000 
square  foot  Adult  Education  Center  in  Concord. 

SAMPSON  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Clinton,  N.  C. 

Sampson  Community  College  was  established  in  1965  as  an  extension  of 

Wayne  Community  College.  From  a  small  school  with  10  students  in  the  first 

graduating  class  in  1967,  the  College  has  grown  and  expanded.  Today 

Sampson  Community  College  is  housed  on  55  acres  in  Clinton,  the  county 

,  seat. 

Agriculture  plays  a  major  role  in  the  economy  of  Clinton  and  Sampson 
•  County.  The  county's  agriculture  is  diversified  with  over  40  commodities  pro- 
'duced  commercially.  Gross  farm  income  in  1990  exceeded  $329  million. 
I  Sampson  County  is  the  largest  swine  producer  in  the  world  with  poultry 
(mainly  turkeys),  vegetable  crops,  tobacco,  cotton,  and  many  other  crops  con- 
tributing significantly  to  this  income. 

Over  6,000  different  citizens  of  this  area  will  enroll  in  at  least  one  course 
.at  the  College  this  year  -  in  literacy,  GED,  technical,  vocational,  college 
transfer,  continuing  education,  and  business  and  industry.  That's  12  percent 
of  the  county's  population,  and  over  20  percent  of  the  county's  entire  work- 
force. SCC  is  a  comprehensive  community  college  and  is  the  only  postsec- 
ondary  institution  in  Sampson  County.  In  addition  to  the  curriculum  classes 
offered  on  campus,  SCC  reaches  all  over  Sampson  County  offering  basic 
skills  classes,  business  and  industry  training,  emergency  medical  services 
training,  and  other  continuing  education  classes. 

Sampson  Community  College  celebrated  its  25th  birthday  in  1992. 


768  North  Carolina  Manual 

SANDHILLS  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Pinehurst,  N.  C. 

Sandhills  Community  College  was  the  first  comprehensive  community 
college  established  under  the  Community  College  Act  of  1963.  It  was  chartered 
Dec.  9  of  that  year  and  began  classes  in  1965  at  nine  scattered  locations 
throughout  downtown  Southern  Pines. 

SCC  is  located  in  southern  Moore  County  and  is  situated  almost  equally 
between  Southern  Pines,  Pinehurst,  Aberdeen  and  Carthage. 

This  area  is  noted  for  peach  production,  golf  courses  and  horse  farms  and 
as  a  quality  retirement  community. 

Sandhills  Community  College  has  eleven  major  buildings,  forming  a  core 
campus  surrounded  by  longleaf  pines.  A  78,000-volume  library,  newly  occu- 
pied vocational  education  building  and  an  overall  environment  conducive  to 
academic  excellence  grace  the  180-acre  campus. 

SOUTHEASTERN  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE  j 

Whiteville,  N.  C. 

In  1964  Southeastern  Community  College  set  up  offices  in  the  Powell 
Building  in  Whiteville.  The  first  curriculum  classes  were  offered  in  ! 
September  1965,  in  a  temporary  location  -  Chadbourn  High  School.  The  move 
to  the  present  campus  took  place  in  September  1967.  Southeastern  currently 
serves  over  5,000  students  annually  through  its  college  transfer,  technical, 
vocational,  continuing  education  and  adult  literacy  programs. 

The  College  also  provides  customized  training  and  other  services  for 
business  and  industry,  educational  and  community  programming  on  local 
cable  television  channels,  and  an  annual  performing  arts  series. 

Southeastern  Community  College  is  located  in  Columbus  County  on 
Highway  74-76/Business  130,  between  Whiteville  and  Chadbourn  in  south- 
eastern North  Carolina,  and  about  50  miles  from  the  Carolina  coastline.  The 
100-acre  campus  now  has  11  buildings,  including  a  new  Child  Development 
building  completed  in  1993.  A  challenge  course,  firing  range,  lighted  tennis 
courts  and  baseball  fields  augment  the  classrooms  and  offices.  SCC's  50,300- 
volume  library  is  available  to  the  community  as  well  as  to  the  institution's 
students,  faculty,  and  staff. 

Columbus,  a  rural  agricultural  county,  covers  an  area  of  938  square 
miles  and  has  a  population  of  51,037.  The  area  is  noted  for  its  tobacco  and, 
strawberry  production,  garment  fabrication,  food  processing,  and  chemical, 
wood  and  wood  products,  yarn,  and  textile  manufacturing. 

SOUTHWESTERN  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Sylva,  N.  C. 

Southwestern  Community  College  was  established  in  Sylva  on  December  1, 
1964,  as  the  Jackson  County  Industrial  Education  Center,  a  unit  of 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  769 

Asheville-Buncombe  Technical  Institute.  Since  achieving  independent  status 
in  the  Fall  of  1967,  the  College  has  greatly  expanded  its  educational  services 
to  the  residents  of  Jackson,  Macon,  and  Swain  counties.  Initially,  the 
Industrial  Education  Center  only  offered  four  curriculum  courses:  automo- 
tive mechanics;  carpentry  and  cabinet  making;  block  and  brick  masonry;  and 
radio,  television  and  small  appliance  repair.  Today,  instruction  is  provided 
in  46  academic  areas  on  the  campus  in  Sylva  and  at  three  off-campus  centers 

in  Franklin,  Bryson  City,  and  Cherokee. 

Located  on  a  57-acre  tract  of  land  on  North  Carolina  Highway  116 

between  Webster  and  Sylva,  the  Southwestern  Community  College  campus 
consists  of  seven  buildings,  totaling  194,728  square  feet  and  a  Learning 
Resources  Center  containing  23,976  volumes.  Centrally  located  to  serve 
southwestern  North  Carolina,  the  college  is  50  miles  southwest  of  Asheville, 
N.C.,  and  90  miles  southeast  of  Knoxville,  T.N. 

Southwestern's  three-county  service  area  totals  1,534  square  miles  (30% 
larger  than  the  state  of  Rhode  Island)  and  has  a  population  of  62,657.  The 
area  is  noted  for  the  beautiful  Smoky  Mountains  and  the  variety  of  recre- 
ational opportunities  available. 

I  STANLY  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Albemarle,  N.  C. 

Stanly  Community  College  was  established  in  July,  1971,  and  officially 
opened  in  temporary  headquarters,  previously  occupied  by  South  Albemarle 
High  School,  in  December  of  the  same  year.  A  faculty  of  eight,  in  a  period  of 
five  months,  saw  the  college  grow  from  31  students  to  almost  400  and  the 
SCC  Trustees  began  talking  about  the  construction  of  a  new  campus. 

In  September,  1974,  a  formal  ground  breaking  ceremony  was  held  on  a 

:  beautiful  hillside  off  West  Main  Street  in  Albemarle  and  in  October  of  1975 

jthe  Academic/Administration  (now  the  Patterson  Building)  and  the 
Vocational  Shop  Building  were  completed.  The  Vocational  Building  has  been 
renovated  and  now  houses  the  Student  Center  and  Bookstore.  A  beautifully 

i  landscaped  student  plaza  has  been  added  for  students'  enjoyment  and  great- 

j  ly  enhances  the  beauty  of  the  campus  overall. 

The  Kelley  Building,  named  for  Annie  Ruth  Kelley,  first  chairperson  of 
the  Board  of  Trustees,  was  completed  and  occupied  in  October,  1981.  The 
Industrial  Training  Center,  built  in  1960  by  Kinlaw  International,  was  pur- 
chased by  the  College  in  1981.  In  1993  after  extensive  renovations,  this  facil- 
ity became  the  Corporate  and  Continuing  Education  Center  which  also  hous- 
es the  Auto  Body  and  Welding  Programs. 

With  this  addition  of  a  third  major  building  and  the  16,000  square  foot 
Corporate  and  Continuing  Education  Center,  the  facilities  at  South 
Albemarle  High  School  were  closed  and  the  consolidation  of  the  campus  was 
completed.  Four  mobile  classroom  units  were  purchased  in  1984  to  accom- 
modate Adult  High  School  classes  and  HRD  (Human  Resources 
Development).  The  Allied  Health  Building  was  completed  and  ready  for  use 
by  Fall  Quarter,  1987.  In  1988,  a  greenhouse  was  constructed  for  use  by  the 
Horticulture  curriculum. 


770  North  Carolina  Manual 

In  addition  to  its  Albemarle  Campus,  SCC  has  been  involved  in  a  unique 
consortium  with  Anson  Community  College  to  offer  courses  and  degree  pro- 
grams in  Union  County.  Now,  over  a  decade  later,  the  consortium  is  known 
as  Union  Technical  Education  Center  and  will  move  into  a  beautiful  new 
facility  in  Monroe  in  December,  1983. 

Today,  Stanly  Community  College  offers  a  two-year  college  transfer  pro- 
gram, technical  degrees,  vocational  diplomas  and  general  adult  and  exten- 
sion courses.  The  total  number  of  curriculum  students  registered  over  the 
past  22  years  is  over  32,000  with  Continuing  Education  registering  in  excess 
of  100,000.  Over  22,000  firefighters  have  participated  in  fire  related  training 
and  over  10,000  individuals  have  received  CPR  and  First  Aid  training.  Over 
1,000  individuals  have  completed  Adult  High  School  and  almost  2,000  have 
obtained  high  school  equivalency  by  successfully  completing  the  GED. 

SURRY  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Dobson,  N.  C. 

Receiving  its  charter  in  January  1964,  Surry  Community  College  was 
one  of  the  earliest  members  of  the  North  Carolina  community  college  system. 
Classes  met  during  the  first  two  years  in  rented  and  borrowed  facilities. 

Funds  to  purchase  the  present  campus  site  in  the  county  seat  of  Dobson 
and  to  construct  the  first  buildings  came  from  a  March  1964  $500,000  bond 
issue  and  four-cent  tax  authorization  by  Surry  County  voters.  SCC  moved  to 
the  new  campus  in  the  spring  of  1967. 

The  first  programs  offered  were  college  parallel,  business,  secretarial, 
drafting,  agriculture,  electronics,  adult  basic  education  and  high  school  com- 
pletion. Various  non-credit  classes  were  also  available.  Some  vocational  pro- 
grams were  postponed  until  new  facilities  were  completed  in  1967. 

In  addition  to  the  college  transfer  program,  SCC  currently  offers  21  tech- 
nical and  seven  vocational  programs. 

The  college  serves  Surry  and  Yadkin  counties,  with  enrollment  also  from 
adjacent  counties  in  North  Carolina  and  neighboring  Virginia.  The  area  is 
noted  for  its  mountain  music  and  agriculture,  with  a  good  mix  of  industry 
(textiles,  apparel,  hosiery,  and  granite  products  from  the  largest  open-face 
quarry  in  the  world).  Mount  Airy  is  known  for  its  Autumn  Leaves  Festival 
and  is  "Mayberry,"  home  of  Andy  Griffith.  Surry  also  has  the  state's  only 
active  historical  farm,  the  turn-of-the-century  Home  Creek  Farm,  just  south 
of  Pilot  Mountain  State  Park.  Population  centers  other  than  Mount  Airy  are 
Elkin,  Pilot  Mountain  and  Dobson  in  Surry,  and  Yadkinville,  Boonville,  and1 
East  Bend  in  Yadkin.  Major  corporations  with  operations  in  the  two  counties 
area  include  Unifi,  Weyerhaeuser,  John  S.  Clark,  Cross  Creek  Apparel 
Spencer's,  Renfro  Chatham,  Brendle's  and  others,  making  for  a  favorable1 
economic  mix. 

Surry  Community  College's  100-acre  campus  has  seven  buildings  valuec 
at  $11  million.  A  long  range  campus  plan  projects  new  facilities  into  the  21s 
century  to  better  serve  the  college's  constituency. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  771 

TRI-COUNTY  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Murphy,  N.  C. 

Tri-County  Community  College  began  operation  in  1964  as  an  extension 
unit  of  Asheville-Buncombe  Technical  Institute.  In  1967  the  North  Carolina 
General  Assembly  approved  the  name  change  to  Tri-County  Technical 
Institute,  an  individual  unit  of  the  North  Carolina  Department  of 
Community  Colleges.  In  1978,  the  North  Carolina  General  Assembly 
approved  the  college  transfer  program  for  Tri-County  Community  College. 

The  campus  of  Tri-County  Community  College  is  situated  on  75  beautiful 
acres  in  the  mountains  of  Western  North  Carolina.  The  College  serves 
Cherokee,  Clay  and  Graham  Counties.  Currently,  there  are  seven  vocational 
and  eleven  technical  programs  of  study  offered  in  addition  to,  college  transfer 
and  continuing  education. 

VANCE-GRANVILLE  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Henderson,  N.  C. 

Vance-Granville  Community  College  was  chartered  as  Vance  County 
Technical  Institute  in  1969  and  offered  technical,  vocational  and  continuing 
i  education  courses  to  residents  of  Vance  County  in  a  renovated  hospital  build- 
ing in  downtown  Henderson. 

In  1972,  Vance  and  Granville  counties  combined  their  resources  to  sup- 
port a  $2  million  bond  referendum  to  construct  a  single  institution  for  the 
;  education  of  their  citizens.  The  result  was  the  1976  opening  of  the  new 
Vance-Granville  Community  College  campus  on  an  85-acre  tract  in  Vance 
:  County,  equidistant  between  Henderson  and  Oxford. 

With  this  location  still  serving  as  its  main  campus,  VGCC  has  experi- 
I  enced  significant  progress  in  its  physical  facilities  and  student  enrollment 
I  over  the  years.  Because  of  this  phenomenal  growth,  the  College  area  was 
'  expanded  in  1978  to  serve  not  only  Vance  and  Granville  counties,  but  also 
]  the  citizens  of  Franklin  and  Warren  counties. 

Today,  the  main  campus,  with  a  lake  and  picturesque  landscaping,  has 
i  seven  permanent  buildings,  including  a  student  services  building  and  a  Civic 
Center.  Along  with  administrative  and  faculty  offices,  a  day  care  center, 
auditorium,  student  lounge  and  learning  resources  center,  these  facilities 
provide  more  than  30  classrooms,  nine  ships  and  four  labs  in  which  students 
study  and  train  in  more  than  30  curriculum  programs  as  well  as  extension, 
industry  services  and  small  business  classes. 

Vance-Granville  also  operates  three  satellite  campuses:  South  Campus, 
J  located  between  Butner  and  Creedmoor  in  Granville  County;  Warren  County 
Campus  in  Warrenton;  and  Franklin  County  Campus  in  Louisburg. 

Situated  on  an  11-acre  tract,  South  Campus  is  a  single  story,  semicircu- 
lar structure  housing  classrooms,  shops,  offices  and  a  reception  area.  The 
Granville  County  Library  South  Branch  occupies  one  section  of  the  complex. 

Warren  County  Campus,  located  on  the  John  Graham  Middle  School 
campus,  is  housed  in  three  one-story  brick  buildings  totaling  more  than 


772  North  Carolina  Manual 

14,000  square  feet.  It  boasts  general  classrooms,  an  ABE/GED  learning/test- 
ing center,  labs,  multi-purpose  shop,  reception  areas  and  offices. 

Occupying  a  10,000-square-feet  section  of  the  Franklin  County  Human 
Resources  Building,  the  Franklin  County  Campus  consists  of  classrooms, 
labs,  ABE/GED  learning/testing  center  administrative  and  faculty  offices, 
and  student  lounge. 

During  1992-93,  the  College  served  12,825  students  —  or  one  out  of  every 
seven  adults  residing  within  its  service  area. 

The  region  served  by  Vance-Granville  is  primarily  agrarian,  but  is 
becoming  more  industrialized  as  the  area  continues  to  attract  a  wide  variety 
of  manufacturing  firms  and  other  types  of  businesses. 

WAKE  TECHNICAL  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Raleigh,  N.  C. 

Wake  Technical  Community  College  was  chartered  in  1958  as  the  Wake 
County  Industrial  Education  Center  (IEC).  It  grew  from  an  IEC  to  a  techni- 
cal institute  and  in  1987,  after  undergoing  several  name  changes,  it  became 
Wake  Technical  Community  College  to  better  reflect  its  college-level  instruc- 
tion. 

The  institution  began  operation  in  1963  at  its  present  location  with  34 
full-time  students,  plus  an  additional  270  students  who  were  enrolled  in 
industrial  training  programs.  Today,  Wake  Tech  enrolls  more  than  11,000 
curriculum  students  annually,  and  approximately  26,000  more  take  continu- 
ing education  courses  for  job  upgrading  or  personal  enhancement.  Wake 
Tech  offers  more  than  700  continuing  education  courses  at  approximately 
500  sites  throughout  Wake  County. 

The  largest  portion  of  Wake  Tech's  76  curriculum  programs  is  taught  on 
the  main  campus  situated  in  Wake  County  10  miles  south  of  Raleigh,  the 
capital  city  of  North  Carolina.  Health  occupations  programs  are  taught  at 
the  College's  Health  Education  Complex  on  Holston  Lane  adjacent  to  Wake 
Medical  Center,  one  of  several  area  facilities  where  students  receive  clinical 
experience.  Combined,  the  main  campus  and  Health  Education  Complex 
consist  of  82  acres  and  have  16  permanent  structures  totaling  approximately  , 
265,000  square  feet.  Wake  Tech's  Culinary  Technology  and  Hotel  and 
Restaurant  Management  programs  are  conducted  at  the  Longview 
Hospitality  Education  Center,  a  former  public  school  facility  off  New  Bern 
Avenue.  t 

In  August  1993,  the  College  held  the  formal  opening  of  the  Wake 
Technical  Community  College  News  and  Observer  Adult  Education  Center  at 
1920  Capital  Boulevard.  This  facility  houses  the  Basic  Skills  programs  — 
Adult  Basic  Education,  Adult  High  School  Diploma  and  GED  —  as  well  as 
the  Small  Business  Center.  A  number  of  credit  classes  also  are  taught  at  the 
Center. 

In  addition  to  classroom  and  laboratory  instruction,  students  in  many 
programs  receive  hands-on  experience  in  the  business  setting  through  a 
cooperative  education  work-study  program. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  773 

Wake  Technical  Community  College  is  accredited  by  the  Commission  on 
Colleges  of  the  Southern  Association  of  Colleges  and  Schools  to  award  associ- 
ate level  degrees. 

The  vocational,  technical  and  college  transfer  instruction  that  Wake  Tech 
provides  help  to  prepare  local  citizens  for  a  wide  diversity  of  occupations  in 
the  Triangle  Area. 

WAYNE  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 
Goldsboro,  N.  C. 

Wayne  Community  College  was  established  as  Goldsboro  Industrial 
Education  Center  on  June  1,  1957.  It  became  Wayne  Technical  Institute  in 
1964  and  then,  Wayne  Community  College  in  1967.  During  the  early  1960's 
three  extension  units  of  Goldsboro  IEC  were  established  in  Morehead  City, 
Kenansville  and  Clinton.  These  extension  units  later  became  Carteret, 
James  Sprunt,  and  Sampson  Community  Colleges. 

Wayne  Community  College's  original  on-campus  building  was  completed 
in  November,  1960,  and  until  fall  of  1962,  all  courses  were  taught  in  the 
evening  and  all  students  attended  part-time. 

During  1962-63,  the  first  full-time  courses  were  offered  in  automotive 
mechanics,  electronics,  drafting  and  practical  nursing.  There  were  47  stu- 
dents and  eight  faculty  members.  Now  WCC  serves  approximately  9,000  stu- 
1  dents  per  year  in  continuing  and  adult  education  classes  and  3,500  students 
per  year  in  48  curriculum  programs.  Enrollment  has  been  at  record  levels 
for  the  past  four  years. 

Wayne  Community  College's  permanent  campus  is  located  north  of 
Goldsboro  at  3000  Wayne  Memorial  Drive.  A  campus  development  project 
•  which  began  in  1986  has  relocated  approximately  90  percent  of  the  college's 
;  operations  to  this  site.  At  present,  WCC  has  more  than  250,000  square  feet 
i  of  classrooms,  labs  and  offices  furnished  with  modern  equipment  on  the  125- 
j  acre  North  Campus.  Aviation  programs  are  located  at  the  Goldsboro-Wayne 
'  Municipal  Airport,  and  a  few  other  curriculum  programs  temporarily  remain 
1  on  the  South  Campus,  Highway  70  East  Bypass. 

Plans  are  underway  to  construct  another  building  as  soon  a  possible  to 
complete  the  relocation  to  the  North  Campus,  and  a  long-range  plan  for  cam- 
pus development  offers  several  options  for  meeting  future  needs. 

WESTERN  PIEDMONT  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Morganton,  N.  C. 

Western  Piedmont  Community  College  was  chartered  on  April  2,  1964, 
as  a  member  of  the  North  Carolina  Community  College  System.  The  citizens 
of  Burke  County  had  approved  a  bond  referendum  by  an  unprecedented  mar- 
gin of  17  to  1  in  favor  of  funding  such  a  facility.  The  College  began  operation 
in  1965  with  a  variety  of  continuing  education  classes  in  local  shops,  church- 
es, and  rented  spaces. 

During  the  following  year,  14  curriculum  programs  enrolled  over  400 


774  North  Carolina  Manual 

students  and  construction  was  begun  on  a  permanent  campus  at  the  inter- 
section of  1-40  and  Highway  64  within  the  corporate  limits  of  Morganton,  the 
county  seat.  Over  12,000  students  now  attend  classes  annually  in  more  than 
80  certificate,  diploma,  and  degree  programs. 

Manufacturing  is  diversified  in  Burke  County  with  furniture,  textiles, 
electronics,  graphite  products,  metal  work,  and  shoes  serving  as  local 
employers.  The  major  employer  is  the  State  of  North  Carolina  with  services 
at  Broughton  Hospital,  Western  Carolina  Center,  Western  Youth  Institution, 
and  the  School  for  the  Deaf. 

The  main  campus  consists  of  14  buildings  on  a  132  acre  site.  Phifer 
Learning  Resources  Center  contains  a  replica  of  Senator  Sam  J.  Ervin's 
home  library.  The  recently  completed  "Master  Campus  Plan"  seeks  to  double 
facility  space  during  the  next  decade.  Extension  classes  are  offered  at  the 
East  Burke  Center  in  Hildebrand,  Courthouse  Square  in  Morganton,  and  the 
Morganton/Burke  Senior  Center. 

WILKES  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Wilkesboro,  N.  C. 

Established  in  1965,  Wilkes  Community  College  offers  services  to  the  cit- 
izens of  Wilkes,  Ashe  and  Alleghany  counties.  The  college  provides  opportu- 
nities for  higher  education  throughout  northwest  North  Carolina  in  the 
beautiful  Blue  Ridge  Mountains. 

The  main  campus  is  located  in  Wilkesboro  on  a  wooded  112-acre  site  just 
off  U.S.  421  and  N.C.  268  West.  Extension  campuses  are  located  in  West 
Jefferson  and  Sparta. 

The  Wilkesboro  campus  includes  over  200,000  square  feet  of  classrooms, 
laboratories,  shops  and  offices.  Included  on  the  main  campus  is  the  1,100 
seat  John  A.  Walker  Community  Center.  The  Center  provides  numerous  cul- 
tural and  entertainment  programs  throughout  the  year.  WCC  also  hosts  the 
annual  Merle  Watson  Memorial  Festival  during  the  last  week  of  April. 

WILSON  TECHNICAL  COMMUNITY  COLLEGE 

Wilson,  N.  C. 

Established  in  1958  as  Wilson  Industrial  Education  Center,  Wilson 
Technical  Community  College  is  one  of  the  system's  oldest  institutions.  The 
first  classes  were  held  in  the  Charles  L.  Coon  High  School  Annex.  Later  the 
present  location  was  secured  and  construction  was  begun  on  the  first  build- 
ing in  1958. 

In  1964  the  State  Board  of  Education  granted  authority  to  award  the 
associate  in  applied  science  degree  and  the  institution's  name  was  changed  to 
Wilson  County  Technical  Institute.  The  current  name  was  adopted  in  1989. 

The  main  campus  of  Wilson  Technical  Community  College  is  located  at 
902  Herring  Avenue,  N.C.  Highway  42  East  in  Wilson.  It  is  just  off  U.S. 
Highway  301  and  is  easily  accessible  from  N.C.  Highway  58  and  U.S. 
Highway  264. 

WTCC  has  a  33-acre  campus  with  ten  buildings  which  house  23  class- 
rooms and  30  shops  and  labs.  The  estimated  value  of  the  buildings  is 
$11,769,818.  The  library  houses  27,457  volumes;  245  magazines,  journals, 
and  newspapers;  and  3,000  audiovisual  items. 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  775 


CHAPTER  THREE 

Private  Higher  Education 

Private  higher  education  in  inflation  on  private  college  tuition's 

North  Carolina  traces  its  histo-  and  therefore  enrollments,  Governor 

ry  to  1772  and  the  founding  of  Terry  Sanford  recommended  in  1963 

Salem  College,  one  of  the  earliest  col-  that  the  state  assist  North  Carolina 

leges  for  women  in  the  United  students  desiring  to  attend  North 

States.  The  second  oldest  institution  Carolina's  private  colleges.  In  1968 

of  higher  education  in  the  state,  this  recommendation  was  reiterated 

Louisburg  College,  was  first  char-  by  the  Board  of  Higher  Education, 

tered  in   1787  and  today  is  the  which  was  concerned  by  the  gradual 

nation's  oldest  private  junior  college,  but  constant  enrollment  shift  away 

The  decade  of  the  1830's  witnessed  a  from  private  colleges  due  to  the 

flourishing  of  private  colleges — Wake  tuition  differential  between  the  public 

Forest  University  (1834),  Davidson  and  private  sectors. 

College  and  Guilford  College  (1837),  In   1968  the  North  Carolina 

Duke  University  and  Greensboro  Association  of  Independent  Colleges 

College  (1838)  -  founded  by  private  and  Universities  was  organized  to 

citizens  determined  to  spread  the  speak  for  and  represent  the  interests 

benefits  of  higher  education  to  the  of  the  private  colleges  and  universi- 

people  of  the  state.  There  were  twen-  ties.  The  purpose  of  the  organization, 

ty  present-day  private  colleges  or  as  stated  in  its  constitution,  is  "to 

their  predecessors  serving  North  promote  and  advance  the  interests  of 

Carolina  by  1877,  when  the  second  higher  education  in  North  Carolina, 

state-supported  college  was  estab-  with  special  concern  for  the  dual 

lished.  nature  of  the  system,  its  quality, 

Today  North  Carolina  has  37  freedom  and  responsibility  to  serve 

1  independently  controlled  colleges  the  educational  and  cultural  needs  of 

'and  universities  which  are  accredit-  the  state,  nation,  and  world."    The 

led  by  the  Southern  Association  of  Association  works  closely  with  the 

Colleges  and  Schools.  These  institu-  state  university  system,  community 

tions,  affiliated  with  12  different  reli-  college  system  and  the  Department 

gious  denominations,  enroll  over  of  Public  Instruction  and  State 

60,000  students  and  confer  nearly  Board  of  Education  to  address  major 

one-third  of  the  bachelor's  degrees  issues      in      education.           The 

awarded  in  the  state  each  year.  Association's  Board  of  Directors  is 

Private  universities  also  confer  over  composed  of  the  presidents  of  the 

half  of  the  state's  degrees  in  law  and  member  institutions;  a  Chair  and 

medicine.  Executive  Committee  are  elected 

From  about  the  turn  of  the  century  from  the  Board.  The  President  of  the 

tontil  the  early  1960's,  enrollment  was  Association  is  an  ex-officio  member 

fairly  evenly  distributed  between  the  of    the     Board     and     Executive 

public  and  private  sectors  of  higher  Committee  and  is  the  organization's 

education.  Anticipating  the  effects  of  Chief  Executive  Officer. 


776  North  Carolina  Manual 

Through  the  efforts  of  the  the  state.  The  North  Carolina  Center 
Association  of  Independent  Colleges  provides  a  range  of  service  activities 
and  Universities,  concerned  citizens  as  an  advocate  for  the  institutions  in 
and  legislators,  the  first  private  col-  the  areas  of  student  recruitment, 
lege  student  assistance  programs  teacher  education,  financial  aid,  and 
were  enacted  by  the  General  research.  The  Center  administers 
Assembly  in  1971.  The  State  such  programs  as  a  visiting  scholars 
Contractual  Scholarship  Fund  alio-  program,  campus  tours  for  coun- 
cates  $450  for  each  North  Carolina  selors,  and  cooperative  library  pur- 
student  based  on  full-time  equivalent  chasing.  The  Center  also  coordinates 
enrollment  at  an  institution,  from  activities  of  independent  constituent 
which  scholarships  in  varying  groups  such  as  academic  deans, 
amounts  are  awarded  to  needy  North  admissions  directors,  continuing  edu- 
Carolinians.  About  7,500  North  cation  personnel,  directors  of  devel- 
Carolina  students  are  helped  every  opment  and  financial  aid  directors, 
year  through  this  program.  The  governance  of  the  Center  is  iden- 

The  State  Contractual  Scholarship  tical  to  that  of  the  Association. 
Fund  was  augmented  in  1975  by  the  In  order  to  continue  to  increase 

Legislative  Tuition  Grant,  which  pro-  awareness  of  the  importance  of  the 

vides  each  North  Carolina  student  private  sector  in  higher  education  in 

with  a  fixed  amount  to  be  applied  North  Carolina,  the  Association 

against  his  or  her  tuition,  thereby  formed  the  Council  of  Trustees  in 

reducing  the  gap  between  public  and  1977.  This  organization,  which  is 

private  tuitions.  The  Legislative  composed  of  one  trustee  from  each  of 

Tuition  Grant  provided  $1,150  for  the  37  private  colleges  and  universi- 

each  of  the  approximately  23,000  ties,  represents  the  1,300  citizens 

North  Carolina  undergraduate  stu-  who  serve  as  private  college  and  uni- 

dents  who  attended  private  colleges  versity  trustees.  The  Council  has 

and  universities  on  a  full-time  basis  published  policy  statements  on 

in  1993-94.  issues  of  importance  to  higher  educa- 

In  1975,  the  Association  assumed  tion,  such  as  Planned  Diversity:  A 

a  wide  range  of  educational  and  Public  Policy  for  Independent  Higher 

research  activities  by  incorporating  Education  in  North  Carolina.  The 

the   North   Carolina   Center  for  Association  published  Partnerships 

Independent  Higher  Education.  The  for  Progress  in  1992  highlighting 

Center  absorbed  the  functions  of  the  innovative  programs  and  collabora- 

Piedmont  University  Center,  a  con-  tions  with  government  and  business, 

sortium  of  twenty  public  and  private  An  Economic  Impact  Statement  of 

institutions  in  the  Piedmont  region.  Independent     Universities     and, 

The  membership  of  the  Piedmont  Colleges  in  North  Carolina  was 

Center  was  modified  to  include  all  released  in  1993. 
private  colleges  and  universities  in 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  777 

The  North  Carolina  Association  of 
Independent  Colleges  and  Universities 

A  Historical  List 


Presidents  of  the  Association 

President  Term 

Virgil  L.  McBride 1970-1974 

Senator  John  T.  Henley 1979  1992 

Dr.  A.  Hope  Williams 1992-  Present 

Chairs  of  the  Association 


Chair  Institution  Term 

Dr.  Ralph  Scales Wake  Forest  University 1969-71 

Dr.  Norman  W.  Wiggins Campbell  University 1971-73 

Dr.  Arthur  D.  Wenger Atlantic  Christian  College 1973-75 

Dr.  Samuel  R.  Spencer Davidson  College 1975-77 

Terry  Sanford Duke  University 1977-81 

Dr.  Fred  B.  Bentley Mars  Hill  College 1981-83 

Dr.  James  Fred  Young Elon  College 1983-87 

Dr.  John  E.  Weems Meredith  College 1987-91 

Dr.  William  R.  Rogers Guilford  College 1991-Present 


778  North  Carolina  Manual 

PRESIDENTS  OF  PRIVATE  COLLEGES 

AND  UNIVERSITIES 

A  Current  List 


Senior  Colleges  and  Universities 

President  Institution  Location 

Dr.  Joel  0.  Nwagboraocha Barber-Scotia  College Concord 

Dr.  James  B.  Hemby Barton  College Wilson 

Dr.  Joseph  S.  Brosnan Belmont  Abbey  College Belmont 

Dr.  Gloria  R.  Scott Bennett  College Greensboro 

Dr.  Norman  A.  Wiggins Campbell  University Buies  Creek 

J.  Fred  Corriher,  Jr Catawba  College Salisbury 

Dr.  Jerry  F.  Jackson Chowan  College Murfreesboro 

Dr.  John  W.  Kuykendall Davidson  College Davidson 

Dr.  Nannerl  O.  Keohane Duke  University Durham 

Dr.  James  Fred  Young Elon  College Elon  College 

Dr.  Christopher  White Gardner- Webb  College Boiling  Springs 

Dr.  Craven  E.  Williams Greensboro  College Greensboro 

Dr.  William  R.  Rogers Guilford  College Greensboro 

Dr.  Jacob  C.  Martinson,  Jr High  Point  College High  Point 

Dr.  Robert  Albright Johnson  C.  Smith  University Charlotte 

Dr.  S.  David  Frazier Lees-McRae  College Banner  Elk 

Dr.  John  E.  Trainer,  Jr Lenoir-Rhyne  College Hickory 

Dr.  Bernard  W.  Franklin Livingstone  College Salisbury 

Dr.  Fred  B.  Bentley Mars  Hill  College Mars  Hill 

Dr.  John  E.  Weems Meredith  College Raleigh 

Dr.  M.  Elton  Hendricks Methodist  College Fayetteville 

William  W.  Hurt Montreat-Anderson  College Montreat 

Dr.  W.  Burkette  Raper Mount  Olive  College Mount  Olive 

Dr.  Leslie  H.  Garner N.C.  Wesleyan  College Rocky  Mount 

Dr.  Zane  E.  Eargle Pfeiffer  College Misenheimer 

Dr.  Billy  O.  Wireman Queens  College Charlotte 

Dr.  Thomas  L.  Reuschling St.  Andrews  Presbyterian  College  .Laurinburg 

Dr.  Prezell  R.  Robinson Saint  Augustine's  College Raleigh 

Dr.  Julianne  Still  Thrift Salem  College Winston- Salem 

Dr.  Talbert  O.  Shaw Shaw  University Raleigh 

Dr.  Thomas  K.  Hearn,  Jr Wake  Forest  University Winston-Saleir 

Dr.  Douglas  M.  Orr,  Jr Warren  Wilson  College Swannanof 

Dr.  Jerry  E.  McGee Wingate  College Wingatc 


Higher  Education  in  North  Carolina  779 

Junior  Colleges 

President  Institution  Location 

Thomas  J.  Bertrand Brevard  College Brevard 

Dr.  Ronald  L.  May Louisburg  College Louisburg 

Dr.  Garrett  Briggs Peace  College Raleigh 

Dr.  Clauston  L.  Jenkins,  Jr Saint  Mary's  College Raleigh 


780  North  Carolina  Manual 


Political  Parties 

In 
North  Carolina 


Iwi'MMB 


mm| 


Part  IV 


782 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Original  Democratic  Donkey,  circa  1830 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  783 


CHAPTER  ONE 

The  Democratic  Party  of  North  Carolina 
Plan  of  Organization 

PREAMBLE 

We,  the  members  of  the  Democratic  Party  of  North  Carolina,  in 
order  to  make  more  effective  the  principles  of  our  Party,  to  embrace 
and  serve  all  peoples  of  our  Party  without  regard  to  race,  age  or  sex,  to 
insure  the  blessings  of  liberty  and  equal  opportunity,  and  to  work 
together  for  the  welfare  and  happiness  of  all  citizens,  do  hereby  adopt 
and  establish  this  Plan  of  Organization. 

0.00    STATEMENT  OF  PRINCIPLES  FOR  ALL  LEVELS  OF  THE 
DEMOCRATIC  PARTY 

0.01  OPEN  PARTY 
All  public  meetings  at  all  levels  of  the  Democratic  Party  of  North  Carolina 

shall  be  open  to  all  members  of  the  Democratic  Party  regardless  of  race,  sex, 
:  age,  color,  creed,  national  origin,  religion,  ethnic  identity,  handicapping  con- 
i  dition,  economic  status,  or  philosophical  persuasion. 

:0.02  ENCOURAGE  PARTICIPATION 

Special  efforts  shall  be  made  to  encourage  traditionally  under-represented 
groups  to  participate  in  delegate  selection  processes  and  in  Party  organiza- 
tions at  all  levels  to  the  end  that  all  elected  or  appointed  Democrats  to  any 
positions  reasonably  reflect  the  Democratic  electorate  of  the  unit  with  regard 
to  age,  race,  sex,  handicapping  condition,  and  ethnic  origin. 

0.03  NON-DISCRIMINATION 

No  test  for  membership  in,  or  any  oath  of  loyalty  to,  the  Democratic  Party 
of  North  Carolina  shall  be  required  or  used  which  has  the  effect  of  requiring 
prospective  or  current  members  of  the  Democratic  Party  to  acquiesce  in,  con- 
done or  support  discrimination  on  the  grounds  of  race,  sex,  age,  color,  creed, 
national  origin,  religion,  ethnic  identity,  handicapping  condition,  or  economic 
status. 

3.04  PUBLICIZE  MEETINGS 

The  time  and  place  of  all  public  meetings  of  the  Democratic  Party  on  all 
evels  shall  be  publicized  fully  and  in  such  a  manner  as  to  assure  timely 
lotice  to  all  interested  persons.  Such  meetings  must  be  held  in  places  acces- 
sible to  all  Party  members  and  large  enough  to  accommodate  all  interested 
persons. 


784  North  Carolina  Manual 

0.05  BROAD  REGISTRATION 

The  Democratic  Party,  on  all  levels,  shall  actively  support  the  broadest 
possible  registration  without  discrimination  on  grounds  of  race,  sex,  age, 
color,  creed,  national  origin,  religion,  ethnic  identity,  handicapping  condition, 
or  economic  status. 

0.06  NOTICE  OF  SELECTION  OF  PARTY  OFFICIALS 

The  Democratic  Party  of  North  Carolina  shall  publicize  fully  and  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  assure  notice  to  all  interested  parties  a  full  description  of  the 
legal  and  practical  procedures  for  selection  of  Democratic  Party  officers  and 
representatives  on  all  levels.  Publication  of  these  procedures  should  be  done 
in  such  fashion  that  all  prospective  and  current  members  of  the  Democratic 
Party  will  be  fully  and  adequately  informed  of  the  pertinent  procedures  in 
time  to  participate  in  each  selection  procedure  at  all  levels  of  the  Democratic 
Party  organization.  Such  publication  should  be  done  in  timely  fashion  so  that 
all  prospective  candidates  or  applicants  for  any  elected  position  within  the 
Democratic  Party  will  have  full  and  adequate  opportunity  to  compete  for 
office. 

1.00  PRECINCT  ORGANIZATION 

1.01  UNIT  OF  ORGANIZATION 

The  unit  of  the  Democratic  Party  organization  in  the  State  of  North 
Carolina  shall  be  the  voting  precinct. 

1.02  COMPOSITION  OF  PRECINCT  COMMITTEE 

Precinct  Committee.  In  each  precinct,  there  shall  be  a  Precinct 
Committee  consisting  of  ten  active  Democrats,  who  reside  in  the  precinct, 
and  who  should,  but  need  not  necessarily,  be  present  when  elected  by  the 
active  Democrats  of  the  precinct  present  at  the  annual  precinct  meeting  held 
in  odd-numbered  years.  The  composition  of  the  Precinct  Committee  should 
bear  a  reasonable  relationship  to  the  make-up  of  the  active  Democrats  of  said 
precinct  as  to  sex,  age,  race,  ethnic  background,  and,  where  practical,  geogra- 
phy. All  Democratic  county  and  city  officials  elected  by  partisan  election,  and 
Democratic  members  of  the  North  Carolina  General  Assembly  residing  in  the 
precinct  shall  be  ex-officio  non-voting  members  of  the  Precinct  Committee. 

Precinct  Officers.  The  Precinct  Committee  shall  have  as  officers  a  chair, 
three  vice  chairs,  a  secretary,  and  a  treasurer.  The  first  vice  chair  must  be  of 
opposite  sex  to  the  chair  and  should  where  possible,  be  of  that  race  other, 
than  that  of  the  chair  which  constitutes  at  least  20  percent  of  the  registered 
Democrats  in  the  Precinct.  If  the  chair  and  first  vice  chair  are  of  the  same 
race,  the  second  vice  chair  should,  where  possible,  be  of  that  race  other  than 
that  of  the  chair  and  first  vice  chair,  which  constitutes  at  least  20  percent  o) 
the  registered  Democratic  voters  in  the  precinct.  One  officer  should  be  Si 
years  of  age  or  under  if  none  of  the  other  officers  of  the  precinct  committee 
are  36  years  of  age  or  younger.  No  two  officers  of  the  Precinct  Committee 
shall  be  from  the  same  immediate  family  residing  in  the  same  household. 

Terms  of  Office.  The  terms  of  office  of  the  members  and  officers  of  th( 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  785 

Precinct  Committee  shall  expire  on  the  date  set  for  the  next  succeeding 
precinct  meeting  held  in  an  odd-numbered  year  or  when  their  successors 
shall  be  elected  or  appointed,  whichever  shall  occur  first.  Newly  elected  offi- 
cers shall  take  office  immediately  upon  their  election. 

Election  to  State,  District,  or  County  Office.  Should  any  precinct  offi- 
cer be  elected  as  an  officer  of  the  State,  District,  County  Executive 
Committee  as  provided  for  in  Section  2.03,  he  or  she  automatically  vacates 
their  precinct  office. 

Vacancies.  Vacancies  that  exist  among  the  officers  and  members  of  the 
Precinct  Committee  for  whatever  reason  shall  be  filled  in  accordance  with 
Section  10.04. 

Removals.  Officers  and  members  of  the  precinct  committee  may  be 
removed  in  accordance  with  Section  10.05. 

1.03  DUTIES  OF  PRECINCT  OFFICERS 

Chair.  The  duties  of  the  precinct  chair  shall  be  to: 

1.  Establish  an  organization  of  the  Party  within  the  precinct; 

2.  Delegate  duties  to  Precinct  Committee  members; 

3.  Attend  County  Executive  Committee  meetings  and  convey  the 
information  from  those  meetings  to  precinct  committee  and 
precinct  workers; 

4.  Carry  out  duties  assigned  to  him  or  her  by  the  County  Executive 
Committee;  and  the  Plan  of  Organization;  and 

5.  Recommend  Precinct  Registrar,  Judge  and  Special  Registration 
Commissioners  to  the  County  Chair.  The  duties  of  the  commisioners 

shall  be  to: 

1.  Issue  all  notices; 

2.  Prepare  all  correspondence;  and 

3.  Perform  any  other  duties  that  may  be  assigned  by  the  Precinct 
Chair. 

Treasurer.  The  duties  of  the  Precinct  Treasurer  shall  be  to: 

1.  Maintain  the  Precinct  Treasury; 

2.  Provide  assistance  to  the  county  treasurer  and  in  fundraising 
activities; 

3.  Maintain  records  for  funds  contributed  to  the  county  treasury  by 
the  precinct  committee;  and 

4.  Prepare  and  file  such  financial  reports  of  the  precinct  committee 
as  may  be  required. 

Committee.  The  duties  of  the  Precinct  Committee  members  shall  be  such 
is  are  assigned  to  them  by  the  precinct  chair. 

1.04  PRECINCT  MEETINGS 
When  Held.   Annual  Precinct  meetings  shall  be  held  prior  to  April  1st  at 

i  time  and  date  designated  by  the  State  Chair  pursuant  to  Section  4.08. 
Location:  The  annual  precinct  meetings  shall  be  held  at  the  polling  place 
f  each  precinct  or  other  facility  deemed  appropriate  by  the  Precinct  Chair, 
mrsuant  to  Section  4.05.  If  a  meeting  facility  other  than  the  precinct  polling 
>lace  is  used,  it  must  be  approved  in  advance  by  the  County  Chair  and 


786  North  Carolina  Manual 

publicly  announced  seven  calendar  days  in  advance  of  the  meeting;  and  the 
precinct  chair  shall  also  post  notice  at  the  regular  polling  place.  In  the  event 
a  quorum  (ten  active  Democrats  residing  in  the  Precinct)  is  not  present, 
there  shall  be  a  second  meeting  of  the  precinct  one  week  following  the  date 
set  by  the  State  Chair  for  the  first  meeting.  Any  precinct  meeting  provided 
for  in  this  section  shall  be  held  more  than  two  weeks  before  the  annual 
County  Convention. 

Unorganized  Precinct.  A  precinct  that  did  not  meet  on  the  second  meet- 
ing date  shall  be  considered  as  not  organized  and  shall  not  be  entitled  to 
send  delegates  to  the  county  convention  or  be  represented  on  the  County 
Executive  Committee  until  the  county  chair  has  appointed  an  acting  precinct 
chair  and  has  called  a  special  meeting  for  the  purpose  of  organizing  the 
precinct  and  the  precinct  is  organized  in  accordance  with  Sections  1.05  and 
1.08.  See  also  Section  2.05.  The  acting  precinct  chair  shall  preside  over  the 
special  meeting  called  by  the  county  chair  for  the  purpose  of  organizing  the 
precinct. 

Meeting  for  Newly  Created  Precincts.  In  Addition  to  the  other  busi- 
ness specified  in  the  call,  the  said  committee  may  adopt  resolutions  fixing  a 
day,  time,  and  place  for  the  holding  of  additional  Precinct  Committee  meet- 
ings, and  may  provide  for  precinct  meetings  for  the  election  of  a  Precinct 
Committee  and  precinct  officers  in  any  precinct  created  by  the  Board  of 
Elections  since  the  immediate  preceding  general  election,  or  in  any  precinct 
in  said  county  which  is  not  properly  organized.  Such  committee  and  officers 
shall  serve  until  the  subsequent  precinct  meeting  held  in  odd-numbered 
years.  The  County  Chair  shall  fully  publicize  all  meeting  dates  established. 
Any  precinct  meeting  provided  for  in  this  section  shall  be  held  more  than  two 
weeks  before  the  annual  county  convention. 

Order  of  Business:  Odd-Numbered  Years.  The  order  of  business  at  the 
annual  precinct  meeting  held  in  odd-numbered  years  shall  be: 

Called  Meetings.  Additional  meetings  may  be  called  in  accordance  with 
Section  10.01. 

Presiding  Officers.  The  precinct  meetings  shall  be  presided  over  by  the 
Chair  of  the  Precinct  Committee;  but,  in  his  or  her  absence,  the  Vice-Chairs 
of  the  Committee  in  order  of  succession,  the  secretary  and  the  treasurer 
shall,  in  order  of  succession,  preside,  and  in  the  absence  of  both  the  Chair 
and  the  Vice-Chair,  the  secretary  and  the  treasurer,  any  member  of  the 
Committee  may  preside.  In  the  event  that  none  of  the  above  named  are  pre- 
sent, any  active  Democrat  residing  in  the  precinct  may  preside. 

1.05    QUORUM  REQUIRED  TO  ORGANIZE  PRECINCT  AND  TO  ELECT 
PRECINCT  OFFICERS  AND  MEMBERS  OF  THE  PRECINCT 
COMMITTEE 
A  quorum  for  a  precinct  meeting  held  for  the  purpose  of  organizing  the 
precinct  or  electing  precinct  officers  and  members  of  the  Precinct  Committee 
at  the  annual  precinct  meetings  shall  consist  of  ten  active  Democrats  resid- 
ing in  such  precinct.  In  precincts  having  fewer  than  20  registered  and  active 
Democrats,  one-half  of  such  registered  active  Democrats  shall  be  sufficient  to 
comprise  the  Precinct  Committee  and  to  constitute  a  quorum  at  a  precinct 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  787 

meeting  held  for  the  purpose  of  organizing  the  precinct  or  electing  precinct 
officers  and  members  of  the  Precinct  Committee  at  the  annual  precinct  meet- 
ing. 

1.06  VOTING  AT  PRECINCT  MEETINGS 

Each  active  Democrat  residing  in  the  precinct  and  present  at  any  precinct 
meeting,  shall  be  entitled  to  cast  one  vote  at  said  meeting. 

1.07  REPRESENTATION  AT  COUNTY  CONVENTION  AND  ON  COUNTY 

EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

No  precinct  shall  be  entitled  to  send  delegates  to  any  County  Convention 

unless  those  delegates  were  elected  at  a  precinct  meeting  at  which  a  quorum 

!  was  present.  No  precinct  shall  be  entitled  to  representation  on  the  County 

Executive  Committee  unless  a  Precinct  Committee  and  Precinct  Committee 

officers  were  elected  at  a  precinct  meeting  at  which  a  quorum  was  present. 

1.08  VOTES  AT  COUNTY  CONVENTION 

Each  precinct  shall  be  entitled  to  cast  at  any  County  Convention  one  vote 
for  every  100  Democratic  votes,  or  major  fraction  thereof,  cast  by  the  precinct 
for  Democratic  Governor  at  the  last  gubernatorial  election;  provided  that 
every  precinct  shall  be  entitled  to  cast  at  least  one  vote  at  the  County 
Convention. 

1.09  DELEGATES  TO  THE  COUNTY  CONVENTION 

Each  precinct  shall  elect  at  least  one  delegate  for  each  vote  to  which  said 

precinct  is  entitled  at  the  County  Convention,  and  the  precinct  may  elect  no 

more  than  five  delegates  for  each  vote.  If  the  precinct  elects  less  than  one 

delegate  for  each  vote  to  which  it  is  entitled,  then  the  precinct  vote  at  the 

'<  County  Convention  shall  be  limited  to  the  number  of  delegates  elected. 

2.00  COUNTY  ORGANIZATIONS 


2.01  COMPOSITION  OF  COUNTY  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

Members.  There  shall  be  a  County  Executive  Committee  in  each  county 
composed  of: 

1.  The  chair  and  first  vice  chair  of  the  several  precinct  committee  in 
the  county; 

2.  The  elected  officers  of  the  County  Executive  Committee; 

3.  The  presidents  of  the  duly  organized  and  chartered  county 
Auxiliary  organizations,  which  shall  include  Democratic  Women's 
Clubs,  Young  Democrats  Clubs,  Teen  Dem  Clubs,  and  Senior 

Democrats  Clubs  within  the  county. 

The  respective  State  Presidents  of  the  Democratic  Party  aux- 
iliary organizations  shall  determine  those  duly  organized  County 
auxiliary  organizations  within  a  county  and  certify  the  name  of  the 
President  to  the  State  Chair. 

State  Party  Headquareters  shall  provide  the  County  Chair 
with  the  name  of  the  presidents  of  duly  organized  and  chartered 


788  North  Carolina  Manual 

clubs  within  their  county. 

Should  a  precinct  chair  or  first  vice  chair  be  elected  as  presi- 
dent of  an  auxiliary  organization,  some  other  member  of  said  orga- 
nization shall  be  certified  as  the  representative  of  that  organiza- 
tion on  the  County  Executive  Committee. 

In  addition,  the  County  Teen  Dem  Advisor  shall  be  a  member 
of  the  Executive  Committee  and  equally  share  the  vote  of  that 
organization  with  the  county  Teen  Dem  president  unless  an  addi- 
tional vote  is  authorized  by  the  County  Executive  Committee. 

4.  Any  elected  or  appointed  member  of  the  State  Democratic 
Executive  Committee  from  that  county,  not  a  member  of  county 
executive  committee  by  virtue  of  holding  some  other  office,  shall  be 
an  ex-officio  voting  member. 

5.  All  Democratic  county  and  city  officials  elected  by  partisan  elec- 
tion, and  Democratic  members  of  the  North  Carolina  General 
Assembly  residing  in  the  county  shall  be  ex-officio,  voting  mem- 
bers of  the  County  Executive  Committee. 

6.  The  County  Chair  shall  determine  what  shall  constitute  a  duly 
organized  Democratic  Men's  Club  within  a  county  to  represent 
such  club  on  the  Executive  Committee. 

2.02  VOTING  ON  THE  COUNTY  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 
Committee  Officers,  Presidents  of  Auxiliary  Organizations,  and 

Ex-Officio  Members.  Elected  officers,  Presidents  of  county  auxiliary  orga- 
nizations, and  other  ex-officio  members  not  provided  for  below  shall  be  enti- 
tled to  one  vote  each. 

No  individual  members  shall  be  entitled  to  cast  more  than  one  vote  even 
though  the  individual  may  be  serving  in  multiple  capacities  under  the  pre- 
sent County  Executive  Committee  structure. 

Precinct  Officers.  The  several  Precinct  Chairs  and  First  Vice  Chairs 
shall  be  entitled,  as  members  of  the  County  Executive  Committee,  to  cast  for 
their  precinct  one  vote  for  each  100  Democratic  votes,  or  major  fraction 
thereof,  cast  by  their  precinct  for  Governor  at  the  last  preceding  gubernatorial 
election,  provided  that  each  precinct  chair  and  first  vice  chair  together  shall 
be  entitled  to  cast  for  their  precinct  a  minimum  of  one  vote. 

In  the  event  that  the  two  members  should  disagree  on  how  their  precinct's: 
vote  shall  be  cast,  then  each  member  shall  cast  exactly  one-half  of  the  votes 
which  their  precinct  is  entitled  to  cast. 

Under  no  circumstances  shall  one  representative  be  able  to  cast  more 
than  one-half  of  the  votes  to  which  a  precinct  is  entitled,  even  though  the' 
precinct's  second  representative  is  absent  (See  Action  10.03). 

2.03  OFFICERS  OF  THE  COUNTY  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 
Elected  Officers.  The  County  Executive  Committee  shall  have  as  officers 

a  Chair,  three  vice  chairs,  a  secretary  and  a  treasurer.  The  first  vice  chair 
must  be  of  opposite  sex  to  the  chair.  If  the  chair  and  first  vice  chair  are  of  the 
same  race,  the  second  vice  chair  must  be  of  that  race  other  than  that  of  the 
chair  and  first  vice  chair,  which  constitutes  at  least  20  percent  of  the  registered 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  789 

'  Democratic  voters  in  the  county.  The  third  vice  chair  shall  be  36  years  of  age 

I  or  under,  if  none  of  the  other  officers  of  the  County  Executive  Committee  are 

36  years  of  age  or  under.  Officers  of  the  County  Executive  Committee  shall 

be  active  Democrats  residing  within  the  county.  No  two  county  officers  may 

be  from  the  same  immediate  family  residing  in  the  same  household. 

Municipal  and  County  Precinct  Vice  Chairs.  In  each  county  that  con- 
tains two  or  more  municipalities  of  a  population  of  more  than  60,000  persons 
each,  officers  in  addition  to  the  ones  specified  above  shall  be  elected  as  fol- 
lows: (a)  a  vice  chair  for  each  such  municipality,  who  must  be  a  resident  of 
that  municipality  and  who  shall  be  elected  by  the  precinct  chairs  and  first 
vice  chairs  of  that  municipality;  and  (b)  a  vice  chair  for  those  precincts  not 
contained  in  such  municipalities — if  those  precincts  have  a  total  population 
of  more  than  60,000  persons  who  must  be  a  resident  of  one  of  those  precincts 
and  who  shall  be  elected  by  the  precinct  chairs  and  first  vice  chairs  of  those 
precincts  not  contained  in  the  said  municipalities. 

Term  of  Office.  The  term  of  office  of  the  officers  of  the  County  Executive 
Committee  shall  be  for  two  years  and  shall  expire  on  the  date  set  for  the  next 
succeeding  county  convention  meeting  held  in  the  odd-numbered  year  or 
when  their  successors  shall  be  elected,  whichever  shall  occur  first.  Newly 
elected  officers  shall  take  office  immediately  upon  election. 

Limitation  of  Terms.  A  person  who  has  served  as  an  elected  officer  of  a 
County  Executive  Committee  for  two  full  consecutive  terms  shall  not  be  eligi- 
ble for  re-election  to  that  particular  office,  provided  that  after  such  office  has 
been  held  by  another  individual  for  one  full  term  such  person  shall  be  eligible 
for  election  to  that  office  again. 

Election  to  District  or  State  Officer.  Should  any  county  officer  be  elect- 
ed as  an  officer  of  the  district  or  as  an  officer  of  the  State  Executive 
Committee,  he  or  she  shall  be  deemed  to  have  automatically  vacated  their 
county  office. 

Vacancies.  Vacancies  that  exist  among  the  officers  and  members  of  the 
county  executive  committee  for  whatever  reason  shall  be  filled  in  accordance 
iwith  Section  10.04. 

Removals.  Officers  and  members  of  the  county  executive  committee  may 
jbe  removed  in  accordance  with  Section  10.05. 

When  County  Committee  Is  Not  in  Session.  When  the  County 
Executive  Committee  is  not  in  session,  the  officers  of  the  County  Executive 
Committee  shall  act  in  the  place  of  the  County  Executive  Committee  on  all 
matters;  unless  this  Plan  of  Organization  states  that  action  is  to  be  by  the 

entire  Executive  Committee. 

i 

2.04  COUNTY  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE  MEETINGS 

When.  The  County  Chair  shall  issue  a  call  for  a  meeting  of  the  County 
Executive  Committee  periodically,  but  not  less  than  once  every  six  months. 

Called  Meetings.  Additional  meetings  may  be  called  in  accordance  with 
Section  10.01. 

Business  Permitted.  The  County  Executive  Committee  may  conduct  any 
business  as  is  required  or  necessary  to  the  county  Democratic  Party  insofar 
as  such  business  is  consistent  with  the  Plan  of  Organization. 


790  North  Carolina  Manual 


2.05  DUTIES  OF  COUNTY  OFFICERS 

Chair.  The  duties  of  the  county  chair  shall  be  to: 

1.  Establish  an  organization  of  the  Party  in  the  county; 

2.  Carry  out  duties  assigned  to  him  or  her  by  the  State  Chair,  the 
District  chair  and  County  Executive  Committee; 

3.  Have  the  authority  to  appoint  committees  to  assist  him  or  her  in  , 
performing  his  or  her  duties  (see  Sections  8.03  and  10.04); 

4.  Designate  the  exact  place  and  time  at  which  the  County 
Convention  is  to  be  held  thirty  days  prior  to  the  convention; 

5.  Notify  the  precinct  chair  or  person  who  is  to  preside  at  the  annual 
precinct  meeting  of  the  date,  time,  and  place  of  the  annual  county 
convention  and  the  votes  that  each  precinct  is  entitled  to  cast  at 
the  county  convention; 

6.  Appoint  an  Acting  precinct  chair  for  a  term  of  30  days  for  an  unor- ! 
ganized  precinct  in  the  event  that  it  did  not  meet  on  the  second 
meeting  date  of  its  annual  precinct  meeting  in  the  odd-numbered 
years  and  did  not  duly  elect  a  precinct  chair,  or  for  a  newly  created 
precinct  as  set  forth  in  Section  1.04,  for  the  purpose  of  organizing 
the  precinct; 

7.  Organize  political  instruction  classes  for  precinct  committees; 

8.  Obtain  all  materials  necessary  for  the  proper  performance  of  his  or  I 
her  duties  and  doing  all  other  things  necessary  for  the  proper  car- 
rying out  of  the  best  interests  of  the  Party. 

9.  Appoint  a  publicity  chair  who  shall  have  the  duties  and  responsi- 
bilities of  disseminating  information  to  registered  Democrats  of 
the  county  describing  the  qualification  and  the  procedures  for 
selection  of  delegates  and  officers  at  all  levels  of  the  Democratic 
Party; 

10.  Appoint  a  County  Teen  Democrat  advisor  who  shall  encourage  the 
establishment  and/or  nurture  of  a  local  Teen  Democratic 
Organization. 

11.  Perform  such  duties  as  set  forth  in  Section  5.01; 

12.  Encourage  the  establishment  of  auxiliary  organizations  in  the 
county; 

13.  Appoint  a  county  Sustaining  Fund  chair  whose  responsibility  it 
shall  be  to  coordinate  the  State  Party's  Sustaining  Fund  campaign 
in  that  county.  Duties  of  the  Sustaining  Fund  chair  shall  include 
encouraging  Democrats  to  check  the  box  on  their  state  and  federal 
income  tax  forms  designating  money  for  the  Democratic  Party; 


14.  Upon  receipt  from  the  State  Chair,  disseminate  the  date,  time,  anc 
place  of  county,  district,  and  State  conventions  to  the  news  medi* 
in  his  or  her  county; 

15.  Prepare  and  furnish  all  forms  and  blanks  needed  in  making  the 
returns  from  the  precinct  meetings  and  any  reported  challenge! 
and  appeals  therefrom  and  have  the  authority  to  raise  the  fund; 
necessary  to  pay  for  the  expenses  thereof;  and 

16.  At  the  end  of  his  or  her  term  of  office,  make  every  effort  to  assis 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  791 

the  new  county  chair  in  the  transition  period.  This  assistance 
should  include  the  transfer  of  important  records  and  any  informa- 
tion that  might  assist  the  new  chair. 

Vice  Chair.  The  duties  of  the  three  county  vice  chairs  shall  be  such  as 
may  be  assigned  by  the  county  chair. 

Secretary.  The  duties  of  the  county  secretary  shall  be  to: 

1.  Keep  all  records  of  the  county  executive  committee,  including 
attendance  at  all  meetings; 

2.  Issue  all  notices; 

3.  Prepare  all  correspondence; 

4.  Perform  any  other  duties  that  may  be  assigned  by  the  Chair;  and 

5.  Maintain  lists  of  the  names  and  addresses  of  all  precinct  officers 
and  committee  members  and  of  elected  delegates  to  any  conven- 
tion. The  list  shall  be  made  available  for  inspection  and  copying,  in 
the  presence  of  the  Secretary,  and  at  the  expense  of  the  individuals 
requesting  the  copies,  to  any  active  Democrat  residing  in  the  coun- 
ty. The  information  for  each  precinct  in  the  county  shall  be  avail- 
able for  inspection  and  copying  within  three  days  after  it  is 
received  from  the  precinct  chair.  The  County  Secretary  shall 
record  the  name,  race,  sex,  address,  and  telephone  number  of  the 
precinct  officers  and  precinct  committee  members  and  the  county 
officers  to  the  state  and  Congressional  District  chairs. 

Treasurer.  The  duties  of  the  county  treasurer  shall  be  to: 

1.  Keep  records  of  all  money  received  and  expended  on  behalf  of  the 
county  Democratic  Party; 

2.  Maintain  a  list  of  the  names,  addresses  and  occupations  of  all 
donors; 

3.  Prepare  and  file  such  reports  of  the  finances  of  the  County 
Executive  Committee  as  are  required  by  law;  and 

4.  Coordinate  with  the  county  Sustaining  Fund  chair  his  or  her  activ- 
ities. 

2.06  COUNTY  BOARDS  OF  ELECTIONS  AND  PRECINCT  JUDGES, 
REGISTRARS  AND  SPECIAL  REGISTRATION  COMMISSIONERS 

Method  of  Selection.  The  County  Chair,  after  consulting  with  the 
precinct  chair,  shall  submit  his/her  recommendations  for  Democratic  mem- 
bers of  the  County  Board  of  Elections  in  accordance  with  instructions  provid- 
ed by  the  State  Chair.  The  county  Chair  shall  call  a  meeting  of  the  county 
(Executive  Committee  and  submit  his  or  her  recommendations  for  confirma- 
tion by  said  Executive  Committee.  The  County  Chair  shall  not  be  required  to 
(take  nominations  from  the  floor.  Only  when  such  recommendations  shall  be 
(confirmed  by  a  majority  of  the  committee  members  present  and  voting  as 
provided  in  Section  2.02  shall  the  same  be  submitted  to  the  State  Chair  by 
the  County  Chair.  The  time  of  such  meeting  of  the  respective  County 
Executive  Committees  for  the  purpose  of  passing  on  such  recommendations 
shall  be  fixed  by  the  State  Chair. 

Qualifications  of  Members.  No  member  or  officer  of  a  County  Executive 
Committee  shall  be  eligible  to  serve  as  a  member  of  a  County  Board  of 


792  North  Carolina  Manual 

Elections  or  as  a  Precinct  Registrar  or  Judge.  No  person,  while  acting  as  a 
member  of  the  County  Board  of  Elections,  shall  serve  as  a  state,  district,  or 
county  campaign  manager  or  treasurer  of  any  candidate  in  a  primary  elec- 
tion, general  election  or  as  a  chair  of  any  state,  district  or  county  political 
organization  (G.S.  163-41). 

Precinct  Judges,  Registrars,  and  Special  Registration 
Commissioners.  The  County  Chair,  after  consulting  with  the  precinct 
chairs,  shall  recommend  judges,  registrars,  and  special  registration  commis- 
sioners to  the  County  Board  of  Elections  as  required  by  law  in  North 
Carolina  General  Statutes  163-41. 

2.07  RULES  FOR  PRECINCT  MEETINGS 

Precinct  Meetings.  The  County  Executive  Committee  shall  have  power 
to  make  any  rules  with  regard  to  the  holding  of  precinct  meetings  which  it 
may  deem  proper,  not  inconsistent  with  this  Plan  of  Organization. 

2.08  MUNICIPAL  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

Municipal  Executive  Committee.  There  shall  be  a  Municipal  Executive 
Committee  when  required  by  law  to  fill  any  vacancies  in  nomination  to  parti-  ! 
san  municipal  offices  to  be  voted  for  in  any  town  or  city  election.  The 
Municipal  Executive  Committee  shall  be  composed  of  the  precinct  chair  and 
first  vice  chair  of  the  precincts  that  comprise  the  city  or  town.  Each  member  ' 
shall  be  entitled  to  vote  as  prescribed  in  Section  2.02  and  10.03.  The  county 
chair  shall  be  an  ex-officio,  non-voting  member  of  the  committee  and  preside 
at  all  meetings. 

3.00  CONGRESSIONAL,  JUDICIAL,  STATE  SENATE  AND  STATE 
HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES  DISTRICT  ORGANIZATIONS 

3.01  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 
Members.  There  shall  be  a  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee 

in  each  congressional  district  in  North  Carolina  which  shall  be  composed  of: 

1.  The  chair  and  first  vice  chair  of  each  county  in  the  congressional 
district  as  ex-officio  voting  members; 

2.  The  officers  of  the  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  as 
set  forth  in  Section  3.04; 

3.  An  elected  Congressional  District  representative  of  each  statewide 
chartered  auxiliary  organization  with  by-laws  approved  by  the 
State  Executive  Committee  as  an  ex-officio  voting  member. 

State  Party  Headquarters  shall  provide  the  District  Chair 
with  the  names  of  the  designated  representative  of  such  chartered 
auxiliary. 

Should  a  county  chair  or  first  vice  chair  be  elected  as  an  elect- 
ed representative  of  a  district  auxiliary  organization,  some  other 
member  of  said  organization  shall  be  certified  to  the  congressional 
district  chair  as  the  representative  of  that  auxiliary  organization 
on  the  congressional  district  executive  committee;  and 

4.  A  Congressional  District  chair  for  Minority  Affairs  who  shall  be 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  793 

appointed  by  the  Congressional  District  chair  and  who  shall  serve 
at  the  pleasure  of  the  Congressional  District  chair  and  who  shall 
be  an  ex-officio  voting  member. 
5.       The  Democratic  Congressman  of  the  District  as  an  ex-officio  voting 
member. 

3.02  VOTING  ON  THE  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT  EXECUTIVE 
COMMITTEE 

Committee  Officers  and  Ex-Officio  Members.  The  Congressional 
District  Executive  Committee  officers  and  the  ex-officio  members  of  the 
Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  shall  be  entitled  to  one  vote 
each,  except  when  voting  for  the  nominating  procedures  under  North 
Carolina  General  Statutes  163-13(B)  when  they  shall  be  non-voting  mem- 
bers. 

County  Chairs  and  First  Vice  Chairs.  These  members  shall  be  entitled 
to  cast  for  their  county  one  vote  for  each  300  persons,  or  major  fraction  there- 
of, residing  within  the  county  based  upon  the  last  decennial  census. 

In  the  event  that  the  Chair  and  first  vice  chair  should  disagree  on  how 
their  county's  votes  will  be  cast,  then  each  member  shall  cast  exactly  one-half 
of  the  votes  which  their  county  is  entitled  to  cast. 

If  only  one  representative  of  a  county  is  present  at  a  meeting  of  this  com- 
mittee and  the  other  member  from  that  county  on  the  committee  has  not  des- 
ignated an  active  Democrat  as  his  or  her  alternate  (see  Section  10.03),  or 
such  alternate  is  not  present,  then  such  representative  shall  be  entitled  to 
cast  all  of  the  votes  which  the  county  is  entitled  to  cast. 

3.03  DUTIES  OF  THE  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT  EXECUTIVE 
COMMITTEE 

The  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  shall  perform  the  duties 
required  by  North  Carolina  General  Statutes  163-13  and  163-114,  and  such 
jother  duties  as  may  be  delegated  to  it  by  the  State  Chair  and  State  Executive 
jCommittee. 

In  addition,  the  members  from  their  respective  counties  shall  perform 
'those  duties  imposed  and  specified  by  North  Carolina  General  Statutes  163- 
13  and  163-114. 

3.04  OFFICERS  OF  THE  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT  EXECUTIVE 
COMMITTEE 

Elected  Officers.  The  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  shall 
have  as  officers  a  Chair,  three  vice  chairs,  secretary,  and  treasurer.  The  first 
vice  chair  must  be  of  the  opposite  sex  of  the  chair.  If  the  chair  and  the  first 
vice  chair  are  of  the  same  race,  the  second  vice  chair  must  be  of  another  race 
which  constitutes  at  least  20  percent  of  the  registered  Democratic  voters  in 
the  Congressional  District.  One  officer  shall  be  36  years  of  age  or  younger. 
Where  there  are  sufficient  counties  in  a  district,  no  two  officers  shall  live  in 
.the  same  county  except  for  the  chair  and  secretary.  Officers  of  a  District 
Executive  Committee  shall  be  active  Democrats  residing  within  the 

ongressional  District. 


794  North  Carolina  Manual 

Vacancies.  Should  any  Congressional  District  Officer  be  elected  as  an 
officer  of  the  state  Executive  Committee,  he  or  she  automatically  vacates 
their  Congressional  District  office.  Vacancies  occurring  among  the  officers 
and  members  of  the  District  Executive  Committee  shall  be  filled  in  accor- 
dance with  Section  10.04. 

3.05  DUTIES  OF  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT  OFFICERS  I 
Chair.  The  duties  of  the  Congressional  District  chair  shall  be  to: 

1.  Be  the  liaison  between  the  State  and  County  Organizations; 

2.  Coordinate  the  political  activities  among  the  counties  in  the  dis- 
trict; 

3.  Assist  the  State  Chair  and  Executive  Director  to  disseminate  and 
collect  information; 

4.  Organize  rallies; 

5.  Hold  seminars  and  instructional  sessions  on  Democratic  Party  i 
issues  and  organization; 

6.  Appoint  a  Delegate  Selection  Chair  who  shall  have  the  duties  and 
responsibilities  of  disseminating  information  to  the  County  Chairs 
and  other  registered  Democrats  in  the  District  describing  the  qual- 
ifications and  procedures  for  selection  of  delegates  to  the  National 
Convention; 

7.  At  least  thirty  days  before  the  District  Convention,  the  Chair  shall 
select  and  designate  a  place  at  which  such  Convention  is  to  be  held 
and  notify  the  State  Chair  and  all  County  Chairs  in  the  District; 

8.  Perform  such  duties  as  set  forth  in  Section  6.01. 

Vice  Chairs.  The  duties  of  the  three  Congressional  District  vice  chairs 
shall  be  such  as  may  be  assigned  by  the  Congressional  District  chairs. 
Secretary.  The  duties  of  the  Congressional  District  Secretary  shall  be  to: 

1.  Keep  all  records  of  the  District  Executive  Committee,  including 
attendance  at  all  meetings; 

2.  Issue  all  notices; 

3.  Prepare  all  correspondence; 

4.  Perform  any  other  duties  that  may  be  assigned  by  the  Chair;  and 

5.  Forward  a  copy  of  the  name,  race,  sex,  address,  and  telephone 
number  of  each  District  Executive  Committee  officer  to  the  Stat( 
Chair. 

Treasurer.  The  duties  of  the  Congressional  District  Treasurer  shall  be  to 

1.  Maintain  a  list  of  the  names,  addresses  and  occupations  of  al 
donors;  and 

2.  Prepare  and  file  such  reports  of  the  finances  of  the  Congressiona' 
District  Executive  Committee  as  required  by  law. 

Congressional  District  Chair  for  Minority  Affairs.  The  Congressiona 
District  chair  for  Minority  Affairs  shall  serve  as  a  liaison  between  thi 
Congressional  District  party  and  the  Democratic  minority  community  an 
shall  encourage  full  participation  and  representation  in  all  Party  affairs. 

3.06  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE  MEETING,' 
When  and  Where  Held.  An  annual  Congressional  District  Executiv 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  795 

committee  meeting  shall  be  held  within  the  geographical  boundaries  of  each 
Congressional  District  each  year.  The  State  Chair,  after  consulting  with  the 
Congressional  District  chairs,  shall  designate  the  date,  on  which  such 
Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  meetings  shall  be  held.  The 
exact  location  and  time  of  the  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee 
meetings  in  such  city  shall  be  determined  by  the  Congressional  District 
chair. 

Called  Meetings.  The  Congressional  District  chair  shall  issue  a  call  for  a 
meeting  of  the  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  periodically,  but 
not  less  than  once  every  six  months.  Additional  meetings  may  be  called  in 
accordance  with  Section  10.01. 

When  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  is  not  in 
Session.  When  the  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  is  not  in 
session,  the  officers  of  the  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  shall 
act  in  the  place  of  the  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  on  mat- 
ters unless  this  Plan  of  Organization  states  that  action  is  to  be  taken  by  the 
entire  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee. 


3.07  SPLIT  COUNTIES 

Should  a  county  be  divided  between  two  or  more  congressional  districts, 
the  county  shall  be  entitled  to  two  (2)  representatives  on  the  Congressional 
District  Executive  Committee  of  each  district  in  which  any  portion  of  the 
county  resides.  The  County  Chair  and  First  Vice  Chair  shall  represent  the 
:ounty  on  the  District  Executive  Committee  in  the  district  in  which  they 
reside.  The  same  convention  at  which  the  county  officers  are  elected  shall 
sleet  the  balance  of  their  entitled  representation  on  all  such  District 
Executive  Committees  from  active  Democrats  from  such  county  residing  in 
;he  Congressional  District  to  which  they  shall  be  elected,  ensuring  equal 
division  between  men  and  women. 

108  JUDICIAL  DISTRICT  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

Composition.  There  shall  be  a  Judicial  District  Executive  Committee  for 
?ach  Judicial  District  in  the  state.  It  shall  be  composed  of  two  members  from 
pach  county  in  the  district.  These  members  shall  be  elected  at  their  respec- 
tive County  Conventions  held  in  even-numbered  years  except  that  Section 
Ml  shall  apply  to  single  county  judicial  districts. 

Voting.  These  two  members  shall  be  entitled  to  cast,  for  their  county,  one 
rote  for  each  300  persons,  or  major  fraction  thereof,  residing  within  the  coun- 
y,  based  upon  the  last  decennial  census.  In  the  event  that  the  two  members 
hould  disagree  on  how  their  county's  votes  shall  be  cast,  then  each  member 
hall  cast  exactly  one-half  of  the  votes  which  their  county  is  entitled  to  cast. 
f  only  one  representative  of  a  county  is  present  at  a  meeting  of  the  commit- 
ee  and  the  other  member  from  that  county  has  not  designated  a  Democrat 
Vs  his  or  her  alternate,  (see  Section  10.03),  or  such  alternate  is  not  present, 
hen  such  representative  shall  be  entitled  to  cast  all  of  the  votes  which  the 
ounty  is  entitled  to  cast. 

'  Duties.  The  Judicial  District  Executive  Committee  shall  perform  those 
uties  imposed  and  specified  by  North  Carolina  General  Statutes  163-9,  163- 


796  North  Carolina  Manual 

10  and  163-114,  as  amended,  "Filling  Vacancies  in  State  and  Judicial 
Offices." 

Officers.  The  Congressional  District  Chair  and  Secretary  shall  be  ex-offi- 
cio,  non-voting  members  of  the  Judicial  District  Executive  Committee.  Where 
a  Judicial  District  lies  in  more  than  one  Congressional  District,  the  State 
Chair  shall  designate  one  of  the  applicable  Congressional  District  chairs  and 
secretaries  as  chair  and  secretary  of  the  judicial  district  executive  committee. 

The  Congressional  District  Chair  shall  preside  at  all  meetings  of  the 
Judicial  District  Executive  Committee.  The  chair  and  secretary  shall  imme- 
diately certify  the  name  of  the  nominee  to  the  State  Board  of  Elections,  P.O. 
Box  12169,  Raleigh,  NC  27602,  and  furnish  a  copy  to  the  State  Chair,  P.O. 
Box  12196,  Raleigh,  NC  27605. 

3.09  STATE  SENATORIAL  DISTRICT  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

Composition.  There  shall  be  a  State  Senatorial  District  Executive 
Committee  for  each  State  Senatorial  District  in  the  state.  It  shall  be  com- 
posed of  two  members  from  each  county  in  that  district  except  that  Section 
3.11  shall  apply  to  single  county  State  Senatorial  Districts.  These  members 
shall  be  elected  at  their  respective  county  conventions  held  in  even-num- 
bered years.  In  the  case  where  only  part  of  the  county  is  included  within  a 
district,  then  in  electing  the  members  of  the  district  executive  committee, 
only  the  delegates  to  the  county  convention  who  reside  in  the  district  may 
vote  in  electing  the  district  committee  member,  and  only  those  delegates 
shall  be  considered  as  the  membership  of  the  convention  in  determining  a 
quorum.  If  the  county  chair  does  not  reside  in  the  district,  he  or  she  may  pre- 
side but  shall  have  no  vote. 

Voting.  The  two  county  representatives  on  a  district  executive  committee 
shall  be  entitled  to  cast,  for  their  county,  one  vote  for  each  300  persons,  or 
major  fraction  thereof,  residing  in  the  county  based  upon  the  last  decennial 
census,  or  in  the  case  where  less  than  the  whole  county  is  in  the  district,  one 
vote  for  each  300  persons,  or  major  fraction  thereof,  residing  in  that  part  of 
the  district  within  the  county  based  upon  the  last  decennial  census.  In  the 
event  that  the  two  members  should  disagree  on  how  their  county's  votes  will 
be  cast,  then  each  member  shall  cast  exactly  one-half  of  the  votes  which  then 
county  is  entitled  to  cast.  If  only  one  representative  of  a  county  is  present  at 
a  meeting  of  this  committee  and  the  other  member  has  not  designated  z 
Democrat  as  his  or  her  alternate,  (see  Section  10.03),  or  such  alternate  is  not 
present,  then  such  representative  shall  be  entitled  to  cast  all  of  the  votes 
which  the  county  is  entitled  to  cast. 

Duties.  The  State  Senatorial  District  Executive  Committee  shall  perforrr 
those  duties  imposed  and  specified  by  North  Carolina  General  Statutes  163 

11  and  163-114,  as  amended,  "Filling  Vacancies  in  the  General  Assembly." 
Officers.  The  Congressional  District  Chair  and  Secretary  shall  be  ex-offi 

cio,  non-voting  members  of  the  State  Senatorial  District  Executivi 
Committee.  Where  a  State  Senatorial  District  lies  in  more  than  on 
Congressional  District,  the  State  Chair  shall  designate  one  of  the  applicabl 
Congressional  District  chairs  and  secretaries  as  chair  and  secretary  of  th 
State  Senatorial  District  Executive  Committee. 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  797 

The  Congressional  District  chair  shall  preside  at  all  meetings  of  the  State 
Senatorial  District  Executive  Committee.  The  chair  and  secretary  shall 
immediately  certify  the  name  of  the  appointment  to  the  Governor  of  the 
State  of  North  Carolina,  State  Capitol,  Raleigh,  NC  27611,  and  furnish  a 
copy  to  the  State  Chair  and  the  State  Board  of  Elections. 

3.10  STATE  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES  DISTRICT  EXECUTIVE 
COMMITTEE 

Composition.  There  shall  be  a  State  House  of  Representatives  District 
Executive  Committee  for  each  State  House  of  Representatives  District  in  the 
state.  It  shall  be  composed  of  two  members  from  each  county  in  that  district 
except  that  Section  3.11  shall  apply  to  single  county  State  House  of 
Representatives  Districts.  These  members  shall  be  elected  at  their  respective 
County  Conventions  held  in  even-numbered  years.  In  the  case  where  only 
part  of  a  county  is  included  within  a  district,  then  in  electing  the  members  of 
the  district  executive  committee,  only  the  delegates  to  the  county  convention 
who  reside  in  the  district  may  vote  in  electing  the  district  committee  mem- 
bers, and  only  those  delegates  shall  be  considered  as  the  membership  of  the 
convention  in  determining  a  quorum.  If  the  county  chair  does  not  reside  in 
the  district,  he  or  she  may  preside  but  shall  have  no  vote. 

Voting.  The  two  county  representatives  on  a  district  executive  committee 
shall  be  entitled  to  cast,  for  their  county,  one  vote  for  each  300  persons,  or 
major  fraction  thereof,  residing  within  the  county,  based  upon  the  last  decen- 
nial census,  or  in  the  case  where  less  than  the  whole  county  is  in  the  district, 
one  vote  for  each  300  persons  or  major  fraction  thereof  residing  in  that  part 
Df  the  district  within  the  county  based  upon  the  last  decennial  census.  In  the 
avent  that  the  two  members  should  disagree  on  how  their  county's  votes  will 
oe  cast,  then  each  member  shall  cast  exactly  one-half  of  the  votes  which  their 
county  is  entitled  to  cast.  If  only  one  representative  of  a  county  is  present  at 
a  meeting  of  this  committee  and  the  other  member  from  the  county  on  this 
committee  has  not  designated  a  Democrat  as  his  or  her  alternate,  (see 
{section  10.03),  or  such  alternate  is  not  present,  then  such  representatives 
hall  be  entitled  to  cast  all  of  the  votes  which  the  county  is  entitled  to  cast. 

Duties.  This  Committee  shall  perform  those  duties  imposed  and  specified 
)y  North  Carolina  General  Statutes  163-11  and  163-114,  as  amended, 
'Filling  Vacancies  in  the  General  Assembly." 

Officers.  The  Congressional  District  Chair  and  secretary  shall  be  ex  offi- 
cio, non-voting  members  of  the  State  House  of  Representatives  District 
Executive  Committee.  Where  a  State  House  of  Representatives  District  lies 
'n  more  than  one  Congressional  District,  the  State  Chair  shall  designate  one 
»f  the  applicable  Congressional  District  Chairs  and  secretaries  as  chair  and 
ecretary  of  the  State  House  of  Representatives  District  Executive 
Committee. 

The  Congressional  District  chair  shall  preside  at  all  meetings  of  the  State 
louse  of  Representatives  District  Executive  Committee.  The  Chair  and  sec- 
etary  shall  immediately  certify  the  name  of  the  appointment  to  the 
xovernor  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina,  State  Capitol,  Raleigh,  NC  27611, 

nd  furnish  a  copy  to  the  State  Chair  and  the  State  Board  of  Elections. 


798  North  Carolina  Manual 


•'i 


3.11  SINGLE  COUNTY  DISTRICTS 

Whole  County.  Should  any  Judicial,  District  Attorney,  State  Senatorial, 
or  State  House  of  Representatives  District  be  composed  of  only  one  county, 
and  includes  all  of  that  county,  then  the  County  Executive  Committee  of  said 
county  shall  be  the  Judicial,  District  Attorney,  State  Senatorial  or  State 
House  of  Representatives  District  Executive  Committee  for  the  respective 
district.  (See  Section  3.09,  3.10  and  3.11.)  Upon  convening,  the  county 
Executive  Committee  shall  resolve  itself  into  the  Judicial,  District  Attorney, 
State  Senatorial  or  State  House  of  Representatives  District  Executive 
Committee  for  the  respective  district;  each  member  in  attendance  shall  have 
one  vote. 

Partial  County.  Should  any  Judicial,  State  Senatorial  or  State  House  oi 
Representatives  District  be  composed  of  only  one  county,  but  includes  less 
than  all  of  that  county,  then  the  County  Executive  Committee  of  said  count} 
shall  be  the  State  Senatorial  or  State  House  of  Representatives  Districi 
Executive  Committee  for  the  respective  district,  but  only  those  county  execu 
tive  committee  members  who  reside  in  the  district  shall  be  eligible  to  vote 
and  for  the  purpose  of  determining  a  quorum,  those  persons  eligible  to  vote 
shall  be  considered  as  the  members  of  the  committee.  If  the  county  chair  does 
not  reside  in  the  district,  he  or  she  may  still  preside  but  shall  have  no  vote 
Upon  convening,  the  members  of  the  county  executive  committee  who  reside 
in  the  applicable  district  shall  resolve  themselves  into  the  Judicial,  State 
Senatorial  or  State  House  of  Representatives  Executive  Committee  for  the 
respective  district;  each  member  in  attendance  shall  have  one  vote. 

3.12  REMOVALS  AND  VACANCIES  IN  JUDICIAL,  STATE  SENATORIAJ 
AND  STATE  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES  DISTRICr 
EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEES 

Removal.  Officers  and  members  of  the  District  Executive  Committee  ma; 
be  removed  in  accordance  with  Section  10.05. 

Vacancies.  Vacancies  occurring  among  members  of  the  Judicial,  Stat 
Senatorial  and  State  House  of  Representatives  Executive  Committee  shall  b 
filled  by  the  County  Executive  Committee  in  accordance  with  Section  10.04. 

4.00  STATE  ORGANIZATION 

4.01  STATE  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 
There  shall  be  a  State  Executive  Committee  which  shall  be  the  governin 

body  of  the  North  Carolina  Democratic  Party  as  follows: 

Composition.  The  State  Executive  Committee  shall  consist  of  its  electe 
officers,  appointed  officers,  ex-officio  officers,  ex-officio  members,  the  distrii 
chairs,  and  a  person  or  persons  from  each  county  in  the  state  who  shall  t 
elected  at  the  County  Conventions  held  in  odd-numbered  years.  Each  count 
is  entitled  to  one  member  of  the  State  Executive  Committee  for  each  3,0C 
Democratic  votes,  or  major  fraction  thereof,  cast  by  that  county  for  Governc 
at  the  last  preceding  gubernatorial  election,  provided,  however,  that  eac 
county  shall  have  at  least  one  member.  The  County  Chair  shall  be  the  men 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  799 

ber  or  one  of  the  members  elected  from  the  county. 

Method  of  Election.  In  electing  members  to  the  State  Executive 
Committee,  delegates  to  the  county  convention  shall  be  instructed  to  cast  one 
half  of  their  votes  for  men  and  one  half  for  women;  if  the  number  to  be  elect- 
ed is  an  odd  number,  they  shall  be  instructed  to  divide  their  votes  equally 
with  a  difference  of  not  more  than  one.  This  provision  shall  be  inapplicable 
when  only  one  member  is  to  be  elected. 

Length  of  Terms.  The  term  of  office  of  the  members  of  the  State 
Executive  Committee  shall  be  for  two  years  and  shall  expire  on  the  date  set 
for  the  County  Convention  two  years  following  their  election,  or  when  their 
successors  shall  be  elected,  whichever  shall  occur  first. 

Vacancies.  Vacancies  occurring  among  the  officers  and  members  of  the 
State  Executive  Committee  shall  be  filled  in  accord  with  Section  10.04. 

Removals.  Officers  and  members  of  the  State  Executive  Committee  may 
be  removed  in  accordance  with  Section  10.05. 

4.02  ELECTED  OFFICERS 

Date  of  Election.  In  each  odd-numbered  year,  the  State  Chair  shall  con- 
vene the  State  Executive  Committee  prior  to  March  1  for  the  purpose  of 
electing  its  officers. 

'  Elected  Officers.  The  State  Executive  Committee  shall  have  as  its  elect- 
ed officers  a  chair,  three  vice  chairs  and  a  Secretary.  The  first  vice  chair 

■'  must  be  of  opposite  sex  to  the  chair.  If  the  chair  and  first  vice  chair  are  of  the 
same  race,  the  Second  Vice  Chair  must  be  of  that  race  other  than  the  race  of 
the  chair  and  first  vice-chair  which  constitutes  at  least  20  percent  of  the  reg- 
istered Democratic  voters  in  the  state.  The  third  vice-chair  shall  be  36  years 
of  age  or  younger. 
Limitation  of  Terms.  A  person  who  has  served  as  an  elected  officer  of  the 

;  State  Executive  Committee  for  two  full  consecutive  terms  shall  not  be  eligi- 

'ble  for  re-election  to  that  particular  position,  provided  that  after  such  posi- 
tion has  been  held  by  another  individual  for  one  full  term  such  person  shall 
be  eligible  for  election  to  that  position. 

4.03  APPOINTED  OFFICERS,  EX-OFFICIO  OFFICERS,  AND  EX- 
OFFICIO  MEMBERS 

The  State  Chair  shall  appoint  a  State  Treasurer,  a  State  Sustaining  Fund 
Chair,  a  State  Chair  for  Minority  Affairs  and  a  State  Advisor  for  the  Teen 
Dems,  all  of  whom  shall  serve  at  the  pleasure  of  the  State  Chair  as  appointed 
officers  and  all  of  whom  shall  be  voting  members  of  the  State  Executive 
Committee. 

The  presidents  of  all  statewide  chartered  auxiliary  organizations,  with  by- 
laws approved  by  the  State  Executive  Committee,  shall  be  ex-officio  voting 
members  of  the  State  Executive  Committee. 

The  members  of  the  Democratic  National  Committee  from  North  Carolina 
and  the  National  Committeeman  and  National  Committeewoman  of  the 
Young  Democrats  of  North  Carolina  shall  be  ex-officio  voting  members  of  the 
State  Executive  Committee. 

All  Democratic  members  of  the  Council  of  State,  United  States  Senate, 


800  North  Carolina  Manual 

United  States  House  of  Representatives,  and  the  Democratic  Speaker  of  the 
North  Carolina  House  of  Representatives  and  the  Democratic  President  Pro 
Tern  of  the  North  Carolina  Senate  shall  be  ex-officio  voting  members  of  the 
State  Executive  Committee. 

4.04  VOTING  ON  THE  STATE  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

All  members  and  officers  of  the  State  Executive  Committee,  whether  elect- 
ed, appointed  or  ex-officio,  shall  be  entitled  to  one  vote. 

4.05  DUTIES  OF  THE  STATE  CHAIR  AND  CERTAIN  OFFICERS 
Chair.  The  duties  of  the  State  Chair  shall  be  to: 

State  Chair  of  the  Sustaining  Fund.  The  chair  of  the  State  Sustaining 
Fund  shall  have  the  duties  of  overseeing  the  raising  of  state  Sustaining 
Funds.  He  or  she  shall  coordinate  the  State  Sustaining  Fundraising  activi- 
ties with  each  county  Sustaining  Fund  chair. 

State  Chair  for  Minority  Affairs.  The  State  Chair  for  Minority  Affairs 
shall  serve  as  a  liaison  between  the  State  Party  and  the  Democratic  minority 
community  and  shall  encourage  full  participation  and  representation  in  all 
Party  affairs. 

Teen  Dems  Advisor.  The  State  Advisor  of  the  Teen  Dems  shall  have  the 
duty  of  propagating  Teen  Dem  Clubs  throughout  North  Carolina  and  of  pro- 
viding guidance  and  coordination  for  Teen  Dem  operations  and  activities. 

4.06  STATE  EXECUTIVE  COUNCIL 

Powers.  When  the  State  Executive  Committee  is  not  in  session,  the  State 
Executive  Council  shall  act  in  its  place  in  all  matters,  except  those  explicitly 
requiring  action  by  the  State  Executive  Committee. 

Meetings.  The  State  Executive  Council  shall  meet  at  least  once  every 
three  months  upon  call  of  the  State  Chair  or  upon  request  of  40  percent  of  its 
members. 

Composition.  The  members  of  the  State  Executive  Council  are:  the  State 
Chair,  each  of  the  three  state  vice-chairs,  the  state  secretary,  the  state  trea- 
surer, the  state  chair  of  the  State  Sustaining  Fund,  the  chair  for  minority 
affairs,  state  advisor  of  the  Teen  Dems,  the  state  presidents  of  all  auxiliary 
organizations  with  by-laws  approved  by  the  State  Executive  Committee,  the 
Congressional  District  chairs,  the  members  of  the  Democratic  National 
Committee,  the  National  Committeeman  and  the  National  Committeewoman 
of  the  Young  Democrats  of  North  Carolina,  and  three  at  large  members 
appointed  by  the  State  Chair.  These  three  members  shall  reasonably  reflecl 
the  geographic,  racial,  and  sexual  makeup  of  the  Democratic  Party  in  Nortt 
Carolina.  The  State  Chair  shall  serve  as  chair  of  the  Executive  Council. 

Voting.  Each  member  of  the  Executive  Council  shall  be  entitled  to  cas 
one  vote  except  the  Teen  Dem  President  and  Advisor  who  shall  equally  shar< 
one  vote. 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  801 

4.07  STATE  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE  MEETINGS 

Notice  of  All  Meetings.  At  least  15  days  prior  to  any  meeting  of  the 
State  Executive  Committee,  notices  shall  be  mailed  stating  the  date,  time, 
place  and  proposed  agenda  of  such  meeting. 

Called  Meeting.  Upon  written  receipt  of  petition  from  40  percent  of  the 
State  Executive  Committee,  the  State  Chair  shall  call  a  meeting  of  the  full 
State  Executive  Committee  within  30  days. 

4.08  ORDER  OF  BUSINESS  OF  THE  STATE  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 
AT  REGULAR  ANNUAL  MEETING 

Each  year,  the  State  Chair  shall  convene  the  State  Executive  Committee 
prior  to  March  1.  At  such  meeting,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  Chair  to 
publicly  announce  and  enter  into  the  proceedings  of  that  meeting  the  follow- 
ing as  the  first  order  of  business: 

1.  The  exact  date  and  time  at  which  annual  Precinct  Meetings  are  to 
be  held  in  accordance  with  Section  1.04. 

2.  The  exact  date  and  time  at  which  annual  County  Conventions  are 
to  be  held  in  accordance  with  Section  5.01. 

3.  The  exact  date  at  which  Congressional  District  Conventions  are  to 
be  held  each  year  in  accordance  with  Section  6.01. 

4.  The  exact  date,  time  and  place  at  which  the  State  Convention  is  to 
be  held  each  even-numbered  year  in  accordance  with  Section  6.02. 

5.  In  promulgating  the  dates  for  County,  District,  and  State 
Conventions,  the  State  Chair  shall  set  the  dates  for  such  conven- 
tions so  as  to  provide  a  reasonable  time  between  all  such  meetings 
for  the  resolutions  adopted  by  the  various  conventions  to  be  pre- 
sented to  and  considered  by  the  Resolutions  and  Platform 
Committee  of  the  State  Convention. 

6.  In  each  year,  the  State  Chair  shall  announce  the  number  of  votes 
to  which  each  county  is  entitled  at  the  Congressional  District 
Conventions  and  at  the  biennial  State  Convention. 

7.  The  State  Chair,  in  odd-numbered  years,  will  submit  the  constitu- 
tions or  by-laws  of  each  statewide  auxiliary  organization  for 
approval  of  the  State  Executive  Committee. 

8.  Each  year,  to  receive  for  information  the  most  recent  financial 
statement  of  the  Party  and  to  approve  an  annual  budget  prepared 
and  submitted  by  the  Budget  Committee. 

9.  The  State  Executive  Committee  shall,  as  the  need  arises  and  as 
North  Carolina  law  directs,  create  any  sectional  committee  to  nom- 
inate, replace,  or  recommend  nomination  or  recommend  to  a  high- 
er authority,  any  partisan  candidate. 

4.09  STATE  EXECUTIVE  DIRECTOR 

A  full-time  Executive  Director  shall  be  selected  by  the  State  Party  Chair 
with  the  approval  of  the  State  Executive  Council  to  serve  at  the  pleasure  of 
the  State  Chair.  The  performance  of  the  Executive  Director  shall  be  subject 
to  annual  review  by  the  State  Chair  and  the  Executive  Council.  The  adminis- 


802  North  Carolina  Manual 

trative  staff  of  the  State  Democratic  Headquarters  shall  be  employed  by  and 
under  the  supervision  of  the  Executive  Director. 

The  duties  and  responsibilities  of  the  State  Executive  Director  and  the 
Administrative  Staff  of  the  State  Democratic  Headquarters  shall  include: 

1.  Planning,  funding  and  implementation  of  paid  media  capability; 

2.  Planning  and  conducting  forums  of  retreats  for  Democratic  elected 
officials; 

3.  Updating  precinct  organizational  manuals  and  other  guides  for 
campaigning  and  Democratic  Party  functions; 

4.  Calculating  and  providing  to  each  County  and  District  Chair  the 
number  of  votes  which  the  representatives  of  a  county  are  entitled 
to  as  members  of  the  Judicial,  State  Senate,  and  State  House  of 
Representatives  Executive  Committees;  and 

5.  Such  other  duties  as  may  be  assigned  by  the  State  Chair,  the  State 
Executive  Council,  the  State  Executive  Committee,  or  the  State 
Convention. 

4.10  NOTICE  OF  PARTY  MEETINGS 

County  Chairs  and  District  Chairs.  Each  year,  immediately  after  the 
adjournment  of  the  annual  meeting  of  the  State  Executive  Committee,  it 
shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  Chair  to  publish  the  proceedings  of  the  same 
and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  Secretary  to  notify,  in  writing,  the  sever- 
al County  Chairs  and  Congressional  District  Chairs  of  the  date  and  places  so 
fixed  for  the  holding  of  precinct  meetings,  the  date,  time  and  places  for  hold- 
ing of  conventions,  and  the  information  provided  for  in  Section  4.08(6). 

News  Media.  Two  weeks  prior  to  the  date  set  for  the  precinct  meetings, 
the  County  Conventions,  the  Congressional  District  Conventions  and  the 
State  Convention,  the  State  Chair  shall  disseminate  by  means  of  press 
release  to  all  news  media  in  the  state,  the  time,  location  (except  for  county 
conventions  and  precinct  meetings)  and  function  of  each  meeting  or  conven- 
tion and  urge  all  active  Democrats  to  participate. 

In  addition  to  the  procedures  outlined  above,  the  State  Chair, 
Congressional  District  Chairs,  and  the  county  chairs,  shall  use  such  other 
means  and  methods  as  will  insure  full  and  timely  knowledge  of  the  functions 
and  times  of  all  Party  meetings. 

4.11  ANNUAL  AUDIT 

The  State  Executive  Council  shall  provide  for  an  annual  audit  of  the  finan- 
cial accounts  and  balances  of  the  State  Executive  Committee  funds. 

5.00  COUNTY  CONVENTIONS 

5.01  MEETING  AND  FUNCTION 

Annual  Meeting.  Each  county  shall  hold  a  County  Convention  annually 
in  accordance  with  the  date  and  the  time  designated  by  the  State  Chair  pur- 
suant to  Section  4.08(2). 

Place  of  Convention.  The  County  Chair  shall,  30  days  prior  to  the  date 
such  convention  is  to  be  held,  designate  the  exact  time  and  place  where  such 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  803 

convention  is  to  be  held  and  the  same  shall  be  announced  prior  to  the 
adjournment  of  the  precinct  meetings. 

Presiding  Officer.  All  county  conventions  shall  be  called  to  order  by  the 
County  Chair,  but  in  his  or  her  absence,  the  vice-chair  of  the  committee  in 
order  of  succession,  the  secretary  and  the  treasurer  shall,  in  order  of  succes- 
sion, preside  over  the  Convention,  and  case  none  of  the  foregoing  persons 
shall  be  present,  then  by  any  delegate  to  the  convention  may  preside  until  a 
permanent  chair  is  elected  by  the  Convention. 

Order  of  Business:  Odd-Numbered  Years.  The  county  convention,  held 
in  odd-numbered  years,  shall: 

1.  Elect,  from  among  the  active  Democrats  of  the  county,  the  officers 
of  the  County  Executive  Committee; 

2.  Elect,  from  among  the  active  Democrats  of  the  county,  the  mem- 
bers of  the  State  Executive  Committee  to  which  the  county  is  enti- 
tled; 

3.  Elect,  from  among  the  active  Democrats  of  the  county,  the  dele- 
gates to  the  annual  Congressional  District  convention.  The  county 
chair  shall  notify  in  writing  within  five  days  all  persons  elected  as 
delegates;  and 

4.  Conduct  any  other  business  related  to  the  affairs  of  the  county. 
Order  of  Business:  Even-Numbered  Years.  The  county  convention 

held  in  even-numbered  years  shall: 

1.  Elect,  from  among  the  active  Democrats  of  the  county,  delegates  to 
the  annual  Congressional  District  convention  and  to  the  biennial 
state  convention  in  accordance  with  Section  6.01  and  6.02.  The 
county  chair  shall  notify  in  writing  within  five  days  all  persons 
elected  as  delegates; 

2.  Elect,  from  among  the  active  Democrats  of  the  county,  two  mem- 
bers of  each  of  the  following:  the  Judicial  District  Executive 
Committee,  the  State  Senatorial  District  Executive  Committee  and 
the  State  House  of  Representatives  District  Executive  Committee; 
provided  that  a  county  shall  not  elect  members  to  that  particular 
District  Executive  Committee,  if  it  is  not  a  part  of  a  multi-county 
Judicial,  State  Senatorial,  or  State  House  of  Representatives 
District;  and 

3.  Conduct  any  other  business  related  to  the  affairs  of  the  county. 
Certification.  Within  five  days  following  the  County  Convention,  the 

County  Chair  shall  certify  to  the  District  and  State  Chair  the  names, 
addresses,  precincts,  race,  sex  and  telephone  numbers  of  all  persons  elected 
as  delegates,  officers,  and  members  of  any  Executive  Committee. 

5.02  VOTING 

■  Allocation  of  Votes.  Each  precinct  shall  be  entitled  to  cast  in  the  county 
convention  one  vote  for  every  100  Democratic  votes,  or  major  fraction  thereof, 
cast  by  the  precinct  for  Governor  in  the  last  preceding  gubernatorial  election; 
provided  that  each  precinct  shall  be  entitled  to  cast  at  least  one  vote  at  the 
County  Convention. 
Votes  Divided  Among  Delegates  Present.  The  precinct  delegates  who 


804  North  Carolina  Manual 

attend  the  County  Convention  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  the  full  strength  of 
their  precinct  upon  all  matters  of  business  which  come  before  the  convention, 
provided  that  the  precinct  originally  elected  at  least  one  delegate  for  each 
vote  to  which  it  was  entitled,  as  provided  in  Section  1.08.  Each  such  delegate 
present  from  a  particular  precinct  shall  cast  an  equal  number  of  the  votes  to 
which  the  precinct  is  entitled.  All  votes  which  the  precinct  is  entitled  to  cast 
shall  be  divided  equally  among  all  the  delegates  representing  that  precinct 
who  are  in  attendance. 

Tabulation  of  Votes.  The  County  Chair  shall  appoint  a  sufficient  number 
of  secretaries  or  accountants,  who  shall  reduce  the  votes  to  decimals,  round- 
ing off  to  the  nearest  hundredth  and  tabulate  the  votes. 

Voice  Votes.  Nothing  herein  contained  shall  prevent  the  Convention  from 
making  nominations,  holding  elections  and  conducting  business  by  voice  vote 
or  by  acclamation  where  a  vote  by  precincts  is  not  demanded  by  25  percent  of 
the  certified  voters  present. 

Vote  May  Not  Be  Changed.  After  a  vote  is  cast,  there  shall  be  no  change 
in  such  vote  until  after  the  roll  call  is  completed  and  before  the  final  result  of 
the  ballot  shall  be  announced  by  the  Chair  of  the  Convention. 

Reporting  and  Challenging  the  Vote.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  dele- 
gates from  the  several  precincts  to  choose  one  of  their  number  as  chair, 
whose  name  shall  be  reported  to  the  Chair  of  the  Convention;  and  whose 
duty  it  shall  be  to  cast  the  vote  of  the  precinct  as  directed;  and  the  vote  as 
announced  by  such  person  shall  be  recorded  unless  some  delegate  from  that 
precinct  shall  challenge  its  accuracy,  in  which  case  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the 
Chair  of  the  Convention  to  cause  the  roll  of  delegates  from  that  precinct  to  be 
called,  upon  which  the  vote  of  such  precinct  shall  be  tabulated  and  recorded 
according  to  the  response  of  the  delegates;  but  in  no  event  shall  the  vote  of 
one  precinct  be  challenged  by  a  delegate  from  another  precinct. 

5.03  RULES  FOR  COUNTY  CONVENTIONS 

The  County  Executive  Committee  shall  have  the  power  to  make  such  other 
rules  and  regulations  for  the  holding  of  County  Conventions  not  inconsistent 
with  this  Plan  of  Organization,  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  or  expedient. 

Quorum.  At  the  County  Convention  a  quorum  shall  exist  at  any  time  at 
which  there  is  present  on  the  floor  at  least  one  official  delegate  from  50  per- 
cent +  one  of  the  precincts  with  duly  elected  delegates  to  said  Convention. 

6.00  DISTRICT  AND  STATE  CONVENTIONS 

6.01  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT  CONVENTIONS 
When  and  Where  Held.  An  annual  Congressional  District  convention 

shall  be  held  within  the  geographical  boundaries  of  each  Congressional 
District  each  year.  The  State  Chair  shall  designate  the  date  which  such 
Convention  shall  be  held.  The  exact  location  and  time  of  the  convention  in 
such  city  shall  be  determined  by  the  District  Chair. 

Allocation  of  Votes.  Each  county  in  a  Congressional  District  shall  be 
entitled  to  cast  at  a  Congressional  District  Convention  one  vote  for  every  300 
votes,  or  major  fraction  thereof,  cast  in  that  county  or  in  the  applicable  por- 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  805 

tion  thereof,  for  the  Democratic  candidate  for  Governor  at  the  last  preceding 
gubernatorial  election;  provided,  that  each  county  shall  be  entitled  to  cast  at 
least  one  vote. 

Election  of  Delegates.  The  Congressional  District  convention  shall  be 
composed  of  delegates  elected  by  the  several  County  Conventions  held  annu- 
ally. Each  county  or  appropriate  portion  thereof  shall  elect  one  delegate  for 
each  vote  it  is  entitled  to  cast  at  the  Congressional  District  Convention. 

Order  of  Business:  Odd-Numbered  Years.  The  Congressional  District 
Convention  held  in  odd-numbered  years  shall: 

1.  Elect,  from  among  the  active  Democrats  of  the  Congressional 
District,  officers  of  the  Congressional  District  Executive 
Committee;  and  then 

2.  Conduct  any  other  business  related  to  the  affairs  of  the 
Congressional  District. 

Order  of  Business:  Even-Numbered  Years.  The  Congressional  District 
Convention  held  in  even-numbered  years  shall: 

1.  Elect,  from  among  the  active  Democrats  of  the  Congressional 
District,  one  member  of  the  biennial  State  Convention's 
Committee  of  Permanent  Organization,  Rules  and  Order  of 
Business; 

2.  Elect,  from  among  the  active  Democrats  of  the  Congressional 
District,  one  member  of  the  Biennial  State  Convention's 
Committee  on  Credentials  and  Appeals; 

3.  Elect,  from  among  the  active  Democrats,  one  member  of  the 
Council  of  Review; 

4.  In  each  presidential  election  year,  elect,  from  among  the  active 
Democrats  in  the  Congressional  District,  the  number  of  delegates 
first  and  then  alternates  to  the  National  Convention  allotted  to 
each  Congressional  District; 

5.  In  each  presidential  election  year,  nominate,  from  among  the 
active  Democrats  in  the  Congressional  District,  one  Presidential 
elector  from  that  Congressional  District; 

6.  In  each  presidential  election  year,  elect,  from  among  the  active 
Democrats  in  the  Congressional  District,  one  member  of  the 
Delegate  Nominating  Committee;  and  then 

7.  Conduct  any  other  business  related  to  the  affairs  of  the 
Congressional  District. 

6.02  STATE  CONVENTION 

When  and  Where  Held.  A  State  Convention  shall  be  held  each  even- 
numbered  year.  The  State  Chair  shall  designate  the  date,  time,  and  location 
of  such  convention. 

Allocation  of  Votes.  Each  county  in  the  state  shall  be  entitled  to  cast  at  a 
State  Convention  one  vote  for  every  300  Democratic  votes,  or  major  fraction 
thereof,  cast  in  that  county  for  the  Democratic  candidate  for  Governor  in  the 
last  preceding  gubernatorial  election,  provided  that  each  county  shall  have  at 
least  one  vote. 

Election  of  Delegates.  The  State  Convention  shall  be  composed  of  dele- 


806  North  Carolina  Manual 

gates  elected  by  the  several  County  Conventions  held  in  even-numbered 
years.  Each  county  shall  elect  one  delegate  for  each  vote  it  is  entitled  to  cast 
at  the  State  Convention. 

6.03  VOTING 

Division  of  Votes  Among  Delegates  Present.  The  delegates  who 
attend  a  District  or  State  Convention  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  the  full 
strength  of  their  county  upon  all  matters  of  business  which  come  before  the 
respective  District  or  State  Conventions,  and  each  such  delegate  present 
from  a  particular  county  shall  cast  an  equal  number  of  votes  which  the  coun- 
ty is  entitled  to  cast.  All  votes  which  the  county  is  entitled  to  cast  shall  be 
divided  equally  among  all  the  delegates  in  attendance  representing  that 
county. 

Vote  May  Not  Be  Changed.  In  both  District  and  State  Conventions, 
after  a  vote  is  cast,  there  shall  be  no  change  in  such  vote  until  after  the  roll 
call  is  completed  and  before  the  final  result  of  the  ballot  shall  be  announced 
by  the  Chair  of  said  Convention. 

Roll  of  Delegates.  The  State  Chair  shall  direct  the  make-up  of  a  roll  of  all 
delegates  from  the  several  counties  to  the  District  and  State  Conventions 
and  transmit  the  same  to  the  Chair  of  the  District  and  State  Conventions. 

Majority  Vote.  In  District  and  State  Conventions,  elections  or  nomina- 
tions shall  be  made  only  by  majority  vote. 

Reporting  and  Challenging  a  Vote.  In  all  District  and  State 
Conventions,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  delegates  from  the  several  counties  to 
choose  one  of  their  number  as  chair,  whose  name  shall  be  reported  to  the 
Chair  of  such  Convention,  and  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  cast  the  vote  of  his  or 
her  county  as  directed,  and  the  vote,  as  announced  by  that  person,  shall  be 
recorded  unless  some  delegate  from  that  county  shall  challenge  its  accuracy, 
in  which  event  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Chair  of  the  Convention  to  cause 
the  roll  of  delegates  from  that  county  to  be  called,  upon  which  the  vote  of 
such  county  shall  be  tabulated  and  recorded  according  to  the  response  of  its 
delegates;  but  in  no  event  shall  the  vote  of  one  county  be  challenged  by  a  del- 
egate from  another  county. 

Voice  Votes.  Nothing  herein  shall  prevent  the  District  and  State 
Conventions  from  adopting  temporary  rules,  making  nominations,  holding 
elections  and  conducting  business  by  voice  vote  or  by  acclamation  where  a 
vote  of  counties  is  not  demanded  by  25  percent  of  the  delegates  present. 

Quorum.  A  quorum  at  a  District  or  State  Convention  shall  exist  at  any 
time  in  which  there  is  present  on  the  floor  at  least  one  official  delegate  from 
50  percent  +  one  of  the  counties  entitled  to  be  at  said  convention. 

7.00  NATIONAL  CONVENTIONS  AND  DEMOCRATIC  NATIONAL 
COMMITTEE 

7.01  PROCEDURES 

In  accordance  with  the  mandate  and  call  for  each  national  convention  or 
meeting  of  the  National  Democratic  Party,  the  State  Executive  Committee 
shall  adopt  a  plan  for  the  selection  of  delegates  and  alternates  thereto  and 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  807 

shall,  as  a  part  of  said  plan,  provide  for  the  election  of  members  of  the 
Democratic  National  Committee  allotted  to  North  Carolina;  provided  that 
such  members  of  the  Democratic  National  Committee  shall  be  elected  during 
each  presidential  election  year  by  the  State  Executive  Committee  to  serve 
four-year  terms. 

8.00  POLICY  COMMITTEES 

8.01  RESOLUTIONS  AND  PLATFORM  COMMITTEE 
Composition.  At  the  regular  annual  meeting  of  the  State  Executive 

Committee  referred  to  in  Section  4.08,  the  State  Executive  Committee  shall 
elect  one  person  from  each  Congressional  District  to  the  Resolutions  and 
Platform  Committee  of  the  biennial  State  Convention.  In  addition,  the  State 
Chair  shall  appoint  seven  (7)  members  to  said  committee,  those  being  the 
presidents  of  the  Young  Democrats,  the  Democratic  Women,  the  Senior 
Democrats  and  four  at-large  members,  and  designate  from  members  of  the 
committee  a  chair,  vice-chair  and  secretary. 

Meetings.  The  committee  shall  meet  at  the  call  of  its  chair.  It  shall  pre- 
pare the  proposed  platform  of  the  Party  for  submission  to  the  State 
Convention  . 

Matters  for  Consideration.  The  Resolutions  and  Platform  Committee 
shall  consider  all  resolutions  addressed  to  the  biennial  State  Convention. 
The  committee  is  encouraged  to  hold  one  or  more  public  hearings  and  to 
invite  testimony  from  all  citizens. 

In  addition,  any  Democratic  chartered  auxiliary  organization  with  by-laws 
approved  by  the  State  Executive  Committee,  and  any  Democratic  organiza- 
tion, committee  or  convention  established  or  recognized  by  this  Plan  of 
;  Organization  may  submit  its  platform  or  resolutions  of  both  to  the  State 
|  Resolutions  and  Platform  Committee. 

,  8.02  STATE  LEGISLATIVE  POLICY  COMMITTEE 

Composition.  The  State  Legislative  Policy  Committee  shall  be  composed 
of  the  following  persons  or  a  duly  appointed  representative  of  each  of  them: 
•  the  Democratic  Governor  or  the  nominee,  the  Democratic  Lieutenant 
Governor  or  the  nominee,  the  Democratic  Speaker  of  the  State  House  of 
Representatives,  or  the  nominee,  the  Democratic  President  Pro  Tern  of  the 
Senate  or  the  nominee,  and  the  State  Chair.  Senate  or  the  Nominee,  or  the 
following  persons  shall  also  be  members  of  this  committee:  the  three  state 
vice-chairs,  the  North  Carolina  members  of  the  Democratic  National 
Committee,  the  chair  of  the  Democratic  Caucus  of  the  State  Senate,  the  chair 
of  the  Democratic  Caucus  of  the  State  House  of  Representatives,  each 
Congressional  District  chair,  and  five  persons  appointed  by  the  State  Chair. 
The  State  Chair  or  designee  shall  serve  as  Chair. 

Meetings.  This  committee  shall  meet  at  least  once  monthly  while  the 
General  Assembly  is  in  session  and  at  other  times  upon  the  call  of  the  Chair. 

Duties.  This  Committee  shall  formulate  recommendations  for  state  and 
national  Democratic  legislative  policy.  It  shall  communicate  to  state  and 
jnational  legislators  grassroots  sentiments  on  legislative  issues.  It  shall  assist 


808  North  Carolina  Manual 

in  sponsoring  public  forums  throughout  the  state  on  state  and  national 
issues. 

8.03  STATE,  DISTRICT,  CONGRESSIONAL  AND  COUNTY  ISSUES 
COMMITTEES 

Composition.  The  State  Chair,  Congressional  District  Chair  and  each 
county  chair  may  appoint  Issues  Committees  of  between  five  and  fifteen 
members  and  a  Chair  of  each  to  serve  until  the  succeeding  State,  District 
and  County  Conventions. 

Duties.  The  substantive  concerns  of  these  committees  shall  be  determined 
and  announced  by  the  State  Chair,  Congressional  District  and  County 
Chairs  who  shall  make  such  committees  relevant  to  the  converns  of 
Democratic  citizens  of  his  or  her  Congressional  District  or  county.  Such  com- 
mittees shall  solicit  the  views  of  citizens  of  the  State,  Congressional  Districts 
and  counties  and  shall  formulate  and  adopt,  by  simple  majority  vote,  resolu- 
tions  and/or  proposed  legislation  for  submission  to  State,  the  Congressional 
District  and  County  Executive  Committees  or  to  the  appropriate  convention. 

Reports.  The  State,  Congressional,  District  and  County  Executive 
Committee  shall  meet  at  the  call  of  its  chair  to  vote  to  endorse  or  not  endorse 
such  resolutions  or  proposals,  but  shall  in  any  event  pass  a  record  of  such 
proposals  and  their  action  to  the  next  highest  Democratic  Executive 
Committee  or  appropriate  Convention  for  action. 

8.04  STATE  CAMPAIGN  COMMITTEE 

In  the  odd-numbered  year,  the  District  Chair  shall  call  a  meeting  of  the 
District  Executive  Committee  no  later  than  the  annual  District  Convention 
for  the  purpose  of  the  election  of  two  members  of  a  State  Campaign 
Committee  from  such  Congressional  District,  one  of  whom  shall  be  a  man 
and  one  of  whom  shall  be  a  woman.  This  committee  shall  serve  a  two-year 
term. 

The  State  Chair  shall  be  an  ex-offlcio  voting  member  of  this  committee  and 
shall  serve  as  its  chair. 

The  Committee  shall  meet  from  time  to  time  at  the  call  of  the  State  Chair. 
Its  first  meeting  shall  be  held  no  later  than  July  1st  in  the  odd-numbered 
year. 

This  Committee  shall  formulate  overall  party  campaign  policy  for  general 
elections  and  shall  recommend  such  policies  for  consideration  and  adoption 
by  the  State  Executive  Committee. 

i 

8.05  COMMITTEE  FOR  DISTRIBUTION  OF  STATE  CAMPAIGN  FUNE 
(TAX  CHECK-OFF) 

Allocation  of  these  funds  shall  be  made  in  accordance  with  the  provision  oi 
G.S.  163-278.41-42  by  a  committee  composed  of  the  State  Chair,  the  StaU 
Treasurer,  the  Congressional  District  Chair,  and  two  persons  appointed  bj 
the  State  Chair.  The  State  Chair  shall  serve  as  chair  of  this  committee.  Th( 
term  of  this  committee  shall  be  two  years  and  shall  begin  at  the  date  set  foi 
the  District  Convention  on  the  odd-numbered  year. 
9.00  COUNCIL  OF  REVIEW 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  809 


9.01  PURPOSE 

There  is  hereby  established  a  Council  of  Review  for  the  purpose  of  hearing 
and  rendering  fair  and  impartial  decisions  on  such  disputes  and  controver- 
sies which  have  arisen  or  which  may  hereafter  arise  within  the  Party  when 
the  same  are  filed  with  said  Council  by  the  State  Chair,  or  by  the  State 
Executive  Committee,  or  when  they  are  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  Chair 
of  the  Council  of  Review  by  an  aggrieved  active  Democrat.  Auxiliary  organi- 
zations of  the  Democratic  Party  shall  provide  for  the  internal  resolution  of 
disputes  within  their  respective  organizations  and  shall  not  be  subject  to  this 
section. 

9.02  COMPOSITION 

Members.  The  Council  of  Review  shall  consist  of  one  member  from  each 
Congressional  District  who  shall  be  elected  at  the  Congressional  District 
Conventions  held  in  even-numbered  years,  and  four  members  at-large  to  be 
appointed  by  the  State  Chair. 

Officers.  The  State  Chair  shall  appoint  a  Chair  and  a  Secretary  of  the 
Council  of  Review  from  among  the  membership  of  the  Council  of  Review. 

Terms.  Members  of  the  Council  of  Review  shall  serve  for  a  term  of  two 
years  beginning  upon  the  date  of  their  election  by  the  Congressional  District 
Convention  held  in  even-numbered  years  for  two  years  or  until  their  succes- 
sors are  elected  or  appointed. 

9.03  RULES  AND  DECISIONS 

Forty  percent  (40%)  of  the  entire  membership  of  the  Council  of  Review 
shall  constitute  a  quorum.  All  decisions  concurred  in  by  a  majority  of  the 

:  Council  of  Review  present  and  voting  shall  be  final  and  binding  upon  all 
North  Carolina  Democratic  Party  meetings  and  officials,  except  that  any 

1  decision  of  the  Council  of  Review  may  be  appealed  to  the  State  Executive 
Council.  The  State  Chair  is  hereby  directed  to  issue  such  further  and  supple- 
mentary directives  as  may  be  necessary  and  proper  to  implement  the  deci- 

:  sions  of  this  Council.  The  Council  of  Review  is  further  empowered  and  direct- 

1  ed  to  adopt  necessary  and  appropriate  rules  to  assure  that  each  dispute  and 
grievance  is  settled  impartially,  equitably  and  according  to  the  rules  of  jus- 

1  tice  and  fairness. 

9.04  REMOVAL  OF  MEMBERS 

The  State  Executive  Council  shall  have  the  right  to  remove  from  office  any 
member  of  the  Council  of  Review  upon  two-thirds  of  said  Council  present  and 
voting  being  satisfied  that  the  Council  member  has  been  disloyal  to  the  Party 
'or  is  guilty  of  any  misconduct  which  is  not  in  keeping  with  his  or  her  high 
position  of  honor  in  the  Democratic  Party. 

9.05  VACANCIES 

A  vacancy  in  the  membership  of  the  Council  of  Review  shall  be  filled  by 
the  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  of  the  Congressional 
District  in  which  such  vacancy  exists,  provided  that  vacancies  in  members  at 


810  North  Carolina  Manual 

large  shall  be  filled  by  the  State  Chair. 

9.06  JURISDICTION 

The  Council  of  Review  shall  assume  jurisdiction  of  all  matters  and  dis- 
putes arising  from  any  Party  meeting  or  convention  provided  for  in  this  Plan 
of  Organization;  provided  such  dispute  or  grievance  is  brought  to  the  atten- 
tion of  the  Chair  of  the  Council  of  Review  within  72  hours,  excluding  week- 
ends or  holidays,  after  such  meeting  or  convention  was  convened  or  was  to 
have  been  convened.  Any  grievances  arising  from  such  Party  meeting  or  con- 
vention not  brought  to  the  attention  of  the  Chair  of  the  Council  of  Review 
within  the  72-hour  period,  excluding  weekends  or  holidays,  shall  be  deemed 
to  have  been  waived.  An  aggrieved  Democrat  shall  be  deemed  to  have 
brought  such  to  the  attention  of  the  Chair  of  the  Council  of  Review  if  written 
notice  was  filed  with,  or  deposited  in  the  mail  to,  the  Chair  of  the  Council  of 
Review,  the  State  Chair,  Executive  Director  or  State  Democratic 
Headquarters  within  the  72-hour  period,  excluding  weekends  or  holidays. 
The  Council  of  Review  shall  assume  jurisdiction  of  all  matters  and  disputes 
referred  to  it  by  the  State  Chair. 

The  person(s)  filing  the  grievance  shall  be  referred  to  as  the  Petitioner(s). 
The  person(s)  against  whom  the  grievance  is  filed  shall  be  referred  to  as  the 
Respondent(s). 

9.07  NOTICE 

County  Chair.  Upon  receipt  of  the  grievance  by  the  Council  of  Review,  it 
shall  immediately  notify  the  county  chair  of  the  county  in  which  the  aggriev- 
ed party  resides  of  the  nature  of  the  grievance  filed  and  the  time  and  the 
place  that  the  Council  of  Review  will  hear  the  matter. 

Respondent.  Upon  receipt  of  a  petition  setting  forth  full  details,  the  chair 
of  the  Council  of  Review  shall  immediately  notify  the  Respondent  of  the 
Petition,  the  contents  of  the  Petition,  the  date,  time  and  place  that  the 
Council  of  Review  will  hear  the  matter  and  that  the  Respondent  may  be  rep- 
resented by  Counsel. 

9.08  PROCEDURES  FOR  COUNCIL  OF  REVIEW 

Opening.  The  Chair  of  the  Council  of  Review  shall  begin  the  hearing  by 
ascertaining  that  all  parties  have  been  given  notice  of  the  hearings  and 
copies  of  the  Petition  and  Answer  and  such  other  documents  as  may  have 
been  filed,  and  that  all  witnesses  requested  by  any  party  to  be  invited  to 
attend  have  indeed  been  invited  by  the  State  Chair  or  the  Chair  of  the 
Council  of  Review. 

The  Chair  of  the  Council  of  Review  shall  advise  the  parties  that  the  hear- 
ing is  held  to  enable  the  Council  of  Review  to  hear  evidence  of  the  acts,  omis- 
sions or  conditions  alleged  in  the  Petition  and  to  adjudge,  on  the  basis  of  that 
evidence,  the  merits  of  the  dispute  or  controversy  involved,  and  the  Counci 
of  Review  has  the  right  to  confront  and  cross-examine  the  Petitioner  and  al 
witnesses  adverse  to  a  party  involved,  and  to  present  evidence  and  argumen 
in  their  own  behalf. 

Admissibility  of  Evidence.  The  evidence  of  witnesses,  beginning  witl 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  811 

those  who  support  the  Petition,  shall  be  given  under  oath  if  any  material 
allegations  of  fact  are  denied  by  the  Respondent,  and  shall  be  elicited  by  the 
parties,  or  their  representatives,  and  as  appropriate,  by  any  member  of  the 
Council  of  Review.  An  opportunity  for  cross-examination  of  all  witnesses 
shall  be  allowed.  Evidence,  to  be  admissible  before  the  Council  of  Review, 
shall  be  of  a  direct,  non-hearsay  nature. 

Standard  of  Proof.  In  order  to  uphold  the  Petition,  all  material  facts 
alleged  therein  shall  be  proved  by  clear  and  convincing  evidence. 

Procedure.  The  following  Procedure  shall  be  observed  for  the  hearing  by 
the  Council  of  Review: 

A.  Presentation  of  Case  by  the  Petitioner 
(One  Hour  Maximum) 

1.  Opening  Statement  concerning  the  Petition,  if  desired. 

2.  Petitioner's  witnesses  are  called,  examined  and  cross-examined. 

3.  Petitioner's  non-testimonial  evidence  is  presented. 

B.  Presentation  of  Case  by  Respondent 
(One  Hour  Maximum) 

1.  Opening  Statement  concerning  Answer,  if  desired. 

2.  Respondent's  witnesses  are  called,  examined  and  cross-examined. 

3.  Respondent's  non-testimonial  evidence  is  presented. 

C.  Closing  Statement  by  each  Party 
(10  minutes  maximum  for  each) 

D.  Council  of  Review  closes  to  deliberate  in  executive  session.  Council 
will  announce  its  decision  openly  before  all  parties  and  will,  upon 
request,  announce  the  numerical  vote. 

Appeal.  Notice  of  appeal  from  the  decision  of  the  Council  of  Review  to  the 
State  Executive  Council  must  be  presented  in  writing  to  the  State  Chair 
within  30  days  of  the  date  of  the  hearing  before  the  Council  of  Review. 

9.09  ALTERNATIVE  PROCEDURES 

Nothing  herein  shall  prevent  preliminary  adjudication  of  grievances  by 
appropriate  Credentials  or  Grievance  Committee  at  the  county  or  district 
level;  provided  that  the  72-hour  notice  period  shall  begin  at  the  time  of  the 
decision  by  the  said  county  or  district  Credentials  or  Grievance  Committee. 
Nothing  herein  shall  prevent  the  State  Executive  Director  from  mediating 
disputes  and  rendering  decisions  related  thereto,  subject  to  appeal  to  the 
Council  of  Review. 

10.00  MISCELLANEOUS 

10.01  COMMITTEE  MEETINGS 

Called  Meetings.  Unless  otherwise  provided  in  this  Plan  of  Organization, 
the  chair,  or  40  percent  of  the  membership  of  any  committee,  sub-committee, 
or  council  authorized  or  recognized  under  this  Plan  of  Organization,  may  call 
meetings  in  addition  to  those  required  by  this  Plan  of  Organization  upon  notice 
mailed  to  each  member  at  least  seven  (7)  days  prior  to  the  called  meeting. 

When  and  Where.  All  committees  shall  meet  at  such  times  and  places  as 
the  chair  of  the  respective  committee  may  from  time  to  time  appoint  and  des- 


812  North  Carolina  Manual 

ignate  in  the  call,  unless  otherwise  set  forth  in  this  Plan  of  Organization. 

10.02  QUORUM 

Unless  otherwise  specifically  provided  for  in  this  Plan  of  Organization, 
forty  percent  (40%)  of  the  persons  consulting  the  entire  membership  of  any 
committee  shall  constitute  a  quorum. 

10.03  PROXY  VOTING 

State  Executive  Committee.  A  member  of  the  State  Executive 
Committee  may  designate  an  active  Democrat  from  his  or  her  county  to  serve 
as  his  or  her  alternate  for  a  particular  State  Executive  Committee  meeting 
by  notifying  the  State  Chair,  State  Secretary,  or  Executive  Director  of  such 
meeting;  provided,  however,  that  no  one  person  may  serve  as  an  alternate  for 
more  than  one  member  at  any  meeting  and  no  member  or  alternate  may  be 
entitled  to  more  than  one  vote. 

District  Executive  Committee.  A  member  of  a  District  Executive 
Committee  may  designate  an  active  Democrat  from  his  or  her  county  to  serve 
as  his  or  her  alternate  for  a  particular  District  Executive  Committee  meeting 
by  notifying  the  district  chair  or  district  secretary  of  such  designation  in 
writing,  prior  to  the  call  to  order  of  such  meeting;  provided,  however,  that  no 
person  may  serve  as  an  alternate  for  more  than  one  member  at  any  meeting 
and  no  member  can  also  serve  at  the  same  meeting  as  an  alternate. 

County  Executive  Committee.  A  member  of  a  County  Executive 
Committee  may  designate  an  active  Democrat  from  his  or  her  precinct  to 
serve  as  his  or  her  alternate  for  a  particular  County  Executive  Committee 
meeting  by  notifying  the  County  Chair  or  County  Secretary  of  such  designa- 
tion in  writing,  prior  to  the  call  to  order  of  such  meeting;  provided,  however, 
that  no  person  may  serve  as  an  alternate  for  more  than  one  member  at  any 
meeting  and  no  member  can  also  serve  at  the  same  meeting  as  an  alternate. 

10.04  VACANCIES  AND  SUCCESSION 

State  and  District  Executive  Committee  Members.  Vacancies  among 
members  of  State  or  District  Executive  Committees  who  represent  their 
county  on  such  an  Executive  Committee  of  the  county  in  which  such  vacan- 
cies occur  at  a  meeting  of  the  County  Executive  Committee  held  within  thirty 
(30)  days  following  the  creation  of  the  vacancy.  This  meeting  shall  be  held 
not  less  than  seven  (7)  days  following  normal  notice  of  such  meeting. 

State  Executive  Committee  Officers.  Vacancies  occurring  in  the  elect- 
ed officer  positions  of  the  State  Executive  Committee  shall  be  filled  by  the 
State  Executive  Committee  within  sixty  (60)  days  following  notice  of  the  cre- 
ation of  a  vacancy.  The  State  Chair  shall  call  a  meeting  of  the  State 
Executive  Committee  to  fill  the  vacancy  and  any  other  vacancies  which 
might  be  caused  by  the  action  of  the  State  Executive  Committee  in  filling 
that  vacancy.  This  meeting  shall  not  be  held  less  than  fifteen  (15)  days  fol- 
lowing normal  notice  of  such  a  meeting. 

District  Executive  Committee  Officers.  Vacancies  occurring  in  the 
elected  officer  positions  of  the  District  Executive  Committees  shall  be  filled 
by  the  District  Executive  Committee  within  thirty  (30)  days  following  notice 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  813 

of  the  creation  of  a  vacancy.  The  District  Chair  shall  call  a  meeting  of  the 
District  Executive  Committee  to  fill  the  vacancy  and  any  other  vacancies 
which  might  be  caused  by  the  action  of  the  District  Executive  Committee  in 
filling  that  vacancy.  This  meeting  shall  not  be  held  less  than  seven  (7)  days 
following  normal  notice  of  such  a  meeting. 

County  Executive  Committee  Officers.  Within  thirty  (30)  days  follow- 
ing notice  of  the  creation  of  a  vacancy,  which  is  to  be  filled  by  a  County 
Executive  Committee,  the  County  Chair  shall  call  a  meeting  of  such  commit- 
tee to  fill  that  vacancy  and  any  other  vacancies  which  might  be  caused  by  the 
action  of  such  committee  in  filling  that  vacancy.  This  meeting  shall  be  held 
not  less  than  seven  (7)  days  following  normal  notice  of  such  meeting. 

Precinct  Officers  and  Committee  Members.  Vacancies  occurring 
among  the  officers  or  members  of  the  Precinct  Committee  shall  be  filled  with- 
in 30  days  following  notice  of  creation  of  a  vacancy.  The  Precinct  Chair  shall 
call  a  meeting  of  the  remaining  members  of  the  Precinct  Committee  to  fill 
that  vacancy  and  any  other  vacancies  which  might  be  caused  by  the  action  of 
such  committee  in  filling  that  vacancy.  This  meeting  shall  be  held  not  less 
than  seven  (7)  days  following  normal  notice  of  such  meeting. 

Succession.  If,  for  any  reason,  there  should  occur  a  vacancy  in  the  chair- 
ship  of  the  State,  precinct,  county,  or  Congressional  District  Executive 
Committee,  the  vice-chair  in  order  of  succession,  the  secretary  and  the  trea- 
surer shall,  in  order  of  succession,  preside  and  in  the  absence  of  any  of  the 
foregoing,  any  member  of  the  respective  committee  may  preside. 

10.05  REMOVAL  OF  OFFICERS  AND  COMMITTEE  MEMBERS 

Grounds  for  Removals.  Any  officer  or  committee  member  of  the 
Democratic  Party  at  any  level,  including  the  precinct,  the  county,  the 
Congressional  District,  the  Judicial  District,  the  State  Senatorial  District, 
the  State  House  of  Representatives  District,  the  State  Executive  Committee, 
the  State  Executive  Council  or  any  committee,  subcommittee,  or  council 
thereof,  who  gives  support  to,  aids  or  helps  any  opposing  party  or  candidate 
or  any  opposing  political  party,  or  who  refuses  or  fails  to  perform  his  or  her 
duties,  or  who  is  convicted  of  a  crime  involving  moral  turpitude,  may  be 
removed  from  office. 
Procedure  for  Removal: 

1.  Petitioners.  Any  active  Democrat  who  petitions  for  the  removal 
of  an  officer  or  committee  member  shall  be  called  a  Petitioner. 
Petitioners  must  be  from  the  jurisdiction  of  the  office  or  committee 
from  which  the  officer  or  committee  member  against  whom  the 
Petition  is  filed;  provided  that  the  State  Chair  may  be  a  petitioner 
against  any  officer  or  committee  member  of  the  Democratic  Party 
at  any  level. 

2.  Respondents.  The  person  against  whom  a  petition  is  filed  shall 
be  called  a  Respondent. 

3.  Petition.  A  Petition  setting  forth  full  details  of  the  allegations 
against  the  officer  or  committee  member  shall  be  submitted  to  the 
appropriate  executive  committee. 

4.  State  Chair  as  Respondent.  Upon  receipt  of  a  petition  signed  by 


814  North  Carolina  Manual 

a  majority  of  the  State  Executive  Committee,  the  first  vice-chair  of 
the  State  Executive  Committee  shall  perform  those  duties  set  forth 
below  in  the  stead  of  the  State  Chair  as  to  notice,  referral  to  the 
Council  of  Review,  voting  and  procedure  of  the  Council  of  Review. 

5.  Precinct  Officer  or  Precinct  Committee  Member  as 
Respondent.  The  petition  shall  be  signed  by  three  petitioners. 
The  petition  may  either  be  filed  pursuant  to  Section  10.05(n)  or  the 
petition  may  be  filed  with  the  county  chair.  If  the  petition  is  filed 
with  the  county  chair,  the  county  chair  shall,  upon  the  approval  of 
a  majority  of  the  County  Executive  Committee  officers  and,  after 
giving  five  days  notice  thereof,  call  a  meeting  of  the  County 
Executive  Committee  to  hear  the  Petitioners,  the  Respondent,  and 
other  interested  parties  or  witnesses.  A  two-thirds  vote  of  those 
members  present  and  voting  as  provided  in  Section  2.02,  shall  be 
necessary  to  remove  a  precinct  officer  or  precinct  committee  mem- 
ber. The  decision  of  the  County  Executive  Committee  shall  be 
final.  The  county  chair  shall  cause  a  detailed  account  of  any 
removal  and  replacement,  hereunder  to  be  filed  with  the  State 
Chair. 

6.  Procedure  in  All  Other  Cases. 

a.  The  Petition  shall  be  signed  by  three  petitioners. 

b.  The  Petition  shall  be  filed  with  the  State  Chair. 

c.  The  State  Chair  must  have  the  approval  of  a  majority  of  the 
other  State  Executive  Committee  elected  officers  before  refer- 
ring the  petition  to  the  Council  of  Review. 

d  Upon  the  approval  of  a  majority  of  the  other  State  Executive 
Committee  elected  officers,  the  State  Chair  must  call  a  meet- 
ing of  the  Council  of  Review  and  must  give  five  days  notice 
thereof  to  the  Petitioners,  to  the  Respondent,  and  to  the  coun- 
ty chair  of  the  county  of  residence  of  the  Respondent  setting 
forth  the  time,  the  date,  and  the  place  of  the  hearing,  and  the 
factual  allegations  of  the  Petition. 

e.  A  majority  vote  of  those  members  of  the  Council  of  Review 
present  and  voting  shall  be  necessary  to  remove  any 
Respondent. 

f.  Procedure.  The  Council  of  Review  shall  otherwise  follow  its 
procedures  as  set  forth  in  Section  9.08  herein. 

10.06  CANDIDATES  AND  CAMPAIGN  MANAGERS  IN  PRIMARIES 

Any  officer  of  any  county,  district  or  state  executive  committee,  who  files 
for  elective  office  and  who  is  opposed  in  the  Democratic  Primary;  or  (2)  who 
manages  a  campaign  for  a  candidate  who  is  opposed  in  the  Democratic 
Primary,  shall  be  deemed  to  have  vacated  that  office  as  of  the  date  that 
another  Democrat  files  for  the  same  elective  office.  Such  vacancy  shall  be 
filled  as  provided  for  in  this  Plan  of  Organization. 

Any  officer  of  any  county,  district  or  state  executive  committee,  who  takes 
an  active  campaign  managerial  role  or  is  treasurer  appointed  for  campaign 
reporting  purposes  in  support  of  a  candidate  who  is  opposed  in  the 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  815 

Democratic  primary,  shall  be  deemed  to  have  vacated  that  office  as  of  the 
date  that  such  candidate  and  another  Democrat  file  for  the  same  elective 
office.  Such  vacancy  shall  be  filled  as  provided  for  in  this  Plan  of 
Organization. 

10.07  SUBCOMMITTEES 

All  Executive  Committees  shall  have  the  power  to  appoint  such  ad  hoc  or 
standing  committees  for  such  purposes  and  with  such  powers  in  their  respec- 
tive jurisdictions  as  may  be  deemed  necessary  or  desirable  so  long  as  the 
functions  of  the  committees  are  consistent  with  this  Plan  of  Organization. 

10.08  AUDIT  COMMITTEES 

The  county  and  district  chairs  shall  appoint  a  committee  of  three  members 
to  review  and  oversee  annually  the  financial  accounts  and  balances  of  the 
committee.  A  report  of  that  committee  shall  be  made  at  the  first  meeting  of 
the  year  of  the  Executive  Committee. 

10.09  FILLING  VACANCIES  AMONG  CANDIDATES 

Vacancies  shall  be  filled  among  candidates,  and  the  selection  of  candidates 
shall  be  as  prescribed  by  law. 

10.10  APPEALS 

Unless  a  grievance  has  been  filed  with  the  Council  of  Review,  the  right  of 
appeal  shall  lie  from  any  subordinate  committee  or  convention  to  the  com- 
mittee or  convention  next  superior  thereto,  and  in  all  county,  district,  or 
state  conventions,  appeals  shall  first  be  referred  to  the  Committee  on 
Credentials  and  Appeals,  or  a  special  committee  provided  by  the  convention, 
and  the  findings  and  reports  of  such  committee  had  before  action  thereon  by 

the  convention. 

i 

i 

■10.11  REPORTS 

I  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  County  Executive  Committees  and  their  Chairs 
jto  make  such  reports  and  furnish  such  information  to  the  State  Chair  and 
Chairs  of  the  several  District  Committees  as  the  said  State  and  District 
Chairs  may  desire. 

L0.12  ACTIVE  DEMOCRAT  DEFINED 

An  active  Democrat  is  a  person  who  is  registered  as  a  Democrat  and  who 
jives  of  his  or  her  time  and/or  means  to  further  the  interests  of  the 
democratic  Party. 

0.13  DEFINITION  OF  RESIDENCE 

Residence  shall  be  defined  as  voting  residence  in  accordance  with  North 
"arolina  law. 

0.14  UNIT  RULE  ABOLISHED 

The  "unit  rule"  exists  where  all  of  a  non-unanimous  delegation's  votes  are 
ast  according  to  the  vote  or  will  of  less  than  a  unanimous  majority  of  its  del- 


816  North  Carolina  Manual 

egates.  The  use  of  the  unit  rule  is  prohibited  in  all  activities  and  at  all  levels 
of  the  Democratic  Party  of  North  Carolina. 

10.15  NO  CONVENTION  MAY  BIND  ANOTHER 

No  Convention  may  vote  to  bind  a  subsequent  Convention. 

10.16  ELECTION  OF  ALTERNATE  DELEGATES  PROHIBITED 

No  alternate  delegates  or  replacement  delegates  shall  be  elected  to  county, 
district,  or  State  Conventions. 

10.17  ROBERT'S  RULES 

Procedure  or  parliamentary  questions  not  specifically  covered  by  this  Plan 
of  Organization  or  rules  adopted  pursuant  to  authority  granted  herein  shall 
be  governed  by  the  Robert's  Rules  of  Order  Newly  Revised,  or  latest  edition. 

11.00  AMENDMENTS 

11.01  POWER  TO  AMEND 

The  State  Executive  Committee  shall,  at  any  regularly  called  meeting  duly 
held,  have  the  power  to  amend  this  Plan  of  Organization.  Any  amendment 
adopted  by  the  State  Executive  Committee  including  those  herein  contained 
shall  be  effective  immediately  and  remain  in  effect  until  and  unless  the  same 
is  repealed  or  amended  by  action  of  the  next  State  Convention.  All  amend- 
ments of  this  Plan  of  Organization  must  be  approved  by  a  two-thirds  vote  of 
the  members  of  delegates  present  and  voting  at  the  State  Executive 
Committee  meeting  or  State  Convention  considering  same. 

11.02  DATE  OF  AMENDMENTS 

The  foregoing  is  the  Plan  of  Organization  of  the  Democratic  Party  of  North 
Carolina  as  adopted  by  the  State  Democratic  Executive  Committee  at  a 
meeting  held  in  the  City  of  Raleigh  on  January  10,  1970;  and  as  amended  on 
April  3,  1970;  January  11,  1972;  May  11,  1974;  October  25,  1975;  February 
10,  1979;  August  29,  1980;  August  7,  1982,  February  12,  1983;  July  9,  1983; 
August  15,  1987;  and  November  9,  1991. 

Tom  Hendrickson 
Chair 

June,  1992 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  817 


NORTH  CAROLINA  DEMOCRATIC  PARTY 


STATE  EXECUTIVE  COUNCIL 


Chair Tom  Hendrickson Raleigh 

First  Vice  Chair Thomasine  Moore Jacksonville 

Second  Vice  Chair Carl  Bartlett Black  Mountain 

Third  Vice  Chair Patrick  McCoy Raleigh 

Secretary David  Parker Statesville 

Treasurer LyndoTippett Fayetteville 

At-Large  Member Hon.  Martin  L.  Nesbitt Asheville 

At-Large  Member Senator  Beverly  Perdue New  Bern 

At-Large  Member John  Sledge Southern  Pines 

Minority  Affairs  Chair Donald  Baker Charlotte 

National  Committeewoman Dr.  Jeannette  Counci Fayetteville 

National  Committeewoman Muriel  K.  Offerman Cary 

National  Committeeman Dr.  Jim  Young Greenville 

National  Committeeman Hon.  Harvey  Gantt Charlotte 

President  Democratic  Women Earline  Sills  Williams New  Bern 

President-Senior  Democrats Mr.  L.  C.  Bruce Raleigh 

President-Young  Democrats Mr.  Stephen  Kearney Charlotte 

YDC  National  Committeeman Donald  Andrews Lumberton 

YDC  Nat'l  Committeewoman Ruth  Fletcher Raleigh 

President-College  Democrats Bill  Gheen Greenville 

First  District  Chair Mr.  J.  C.  Cole Hertford 

Second  District  Chair David  L.  Smith Durham 

Third  District  Chair David  Elliott Greenville 

.Fourth  District  Chair Ms.  Billie  Cox Chapel  Hill 

Fifth  District  Chair Dr.  Fred  T.  Badders Boone 

'Sixth  District  Chair Andy  Meredith Elon  College 

Seventh  District  Chair Talmage  S.  Baggett,  Jr Fayetteville 

'Eighth  District  Chair Charles  T.  Walker Concord 

Ninth  District  Chair Buck  Lattimore Charlotte 

Tenth  District  Chair David  Robinette Taylorsville 

Eleventh  District  Chair Hon.  William  H.  Stanley Asheville 

Twelfth  District  Chair Alan  Foster Winston-Salem 


818  North  Carolina  Manual 


DEMOCRATIC  COUNTY  CHAIRS 


Alamance N.  Madison  Wall,  II  Burlington 

Alexander Lahoma  Warren Hiddenite 

Alleghany Tom  F.  Smith Sparta 

Anson Ross  Hendley Wadesboro 

Ashe Delmus  Parker Deep  Gap 

Avery James  C.  Beasley Banner  Elk 

Beaufort Honorable  David  C.  Everett Bath 

Bertie William  Davis,  Jr Lewiston 

Bladen Dorothy  Peterson Elizabethtown 

Brunswick Roney  W.  Cheers Shallotte 

Buncombe Hon.  James  Ray  Elingburg Asheville 

Burke Connie  Ledford Morganton 

Cabarrus Dennis  L.  Hall,  Sr Concord 

Caldwell Ralph  Ritch,  Jr Lenoir 

Camden Winifred  J.  Wood Camden 

Carteret James  I.  Phillips Morehead  City 

Caswell Gladys  Garland Milton 

Catawba Fred  Fulbright Vale 

Chatham Johnny  Butts Siler  City' 

Cherokee Judy  Caldwell Murphy 

Chowan William  Phillips Edentori 

Clay Bill  Brooks Warnt 

Cleveland Robin  Brackett Shelb) 

Columbus Leo  Mercer Chadbourr 

Craven Ben  A.  Watford New  Ben 

Cumberland George  W.  Breece Fayettevill< 

Currituck Rosalie  Rose Moyocl 

Dare Gerves  S.  Taylor,  III Nags  Hea< 

Davidson John  Home Lexingtoi 

Davie Debra  Brown  Groce Mocksvill 

Duplin Armin  J.  Jancis Warsa^ 

Durham Mr.  T.  E.  Austin Durhar. 

Edgecombe Florence  A.  Armstrong Tarbor 

Forsyth John  W.  Totten,  III Winston-Saler 

Franklin R.  Dean  Lamm Louisbur 

Gaston John  Bridgeman Gastoni 

Gates Pulette  F.  Wester Eur 

Graham Curtis  Griggs Robbinsvill 

Granville Hon.  James  W.  Crawford,  Jr Oxfor 

Greene Charlene  Benner Hakkertc 

Guilford Art  Winstead,  Jr Greensboi 

Halifax Melinda  Solomon Roanoke  Rapu 

Harnett Toni  Fitzpatrick Spring  Lai 

Haywood Michael  L.  Bonfoey Waynesvil 

Henderson Kathleen  Carland Hendersonvil 

Hertford Anita  L.  Smith Ahosk 

Hoke Eva  J.  Hadden Raefo 

Hyde Mitchell  Newman Swan  Quart 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  819 

Iredell Dinah  Daniels Statesville 

Jackson Lewis  Keener Sylva 

Johnston Donald  B.  Rains Princeton 

Jones William  Frost Maysville 

Lee D.  David  Riddle Sanford 

Lenoir James  Benjamin  Stephenson Kinston 

Lincoln Tommy  Dale  Drum Lincolnton 

Macon Ronnie  Beale Franklin 

Madison Dr.  Donald  N.  Anderson Mars  Hill 

Martin James  R.  Batchelor,  Jr Williamston 

McDowell Hugh  Franklin Marion 

Mecklenburg Liz  Brown  Johnson Charlotte 

Mitchell Ben  Robinson Bakersville 

Montgomery Ruthie  Morris Troy 

Moore David  J.  Caliri Southern  Pines 

Nash McLain  Wallace Rocky  Mount 

New  Hanover Ralph  Troy Wilmington 

Northampton James  Melvin  Boone Garysburg 

Onslow Virginia  K.  Catalon Jacksonville 

Orange Mariah  G.  McPherson Hillsborough 

Pamlico Bill  R.  Moore Grantsboro 

Pasquotank Cathy  Meggs Elizabeth  City 

Pender James  T.  Robbins Willard 

Perquimans Lillian  A.  Holman Willard 

Person Rachel  Winstead Roxboro 

Pitt Max  Poole Grimesland 

.  Polk Mary  Kathryn  Hix Mill  Spring 

Randolph Eva  Scotton Liberty 

Richmond William  R.  Webb,  Jr Ellerbe 

Robeson Forrest  Wade  Sealey Fairmont 

Rockingham Rebecca  Cipriani Reidsville 

;  Rowan Carlyle  Sherrill Salisbury 

^Rutherford Charles  Z.  Flack,  Jr Forest  City 

'Sampson Henry  Lee  Turlington Clinton 

(Scotland Luther  Douglas,  III Laurinburg 

'Stanly Michael  W.  Taylor Albemarle 

iStokes Graham  Flynt Germanton 

jSurry Pearl  M.  Laws Mount  Airy 

,Swain Hon.  Maggie  M.  Warren Bryson  City 

Transylvania Paulette  Wilson LakeToxaway 

Terrell Irdell  Hassell Columbia 

Union Gary  Sides Indian  Trail 

Vance Harvey  D.  Jackson Henderson 

Wake Mary  E.Perry Wendell 

Warren : Ogeltree  Richardson Hollister 

Washington Garland  O'Brien Rober 

Watauga Andy  Reese Boone 

Wayne Wilber  Shirley Goldsboro 

(Vilkes Joe  Ware North  Wilkesboro 

Wilson B.  Perry  Morrison,  Jr Wilson 

fadkin Benjamin  S.  Neill East  Bend 

fancey Hon.  Clyde  Mcintosh Burnsville 


820 


North  Carolina  Manual 


■^ 


Original  Republican  Elephant,  circa  1870 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  821 

CHAPTER  TWO 

Republican  Party  Of  North  Carolina 
Plan  of  Organization 

(adopted  MAY  22,  1993) 

PREAMBLE 

We,  the  members  of  the  Republican  Party  of  North  Carolina  dedi- 
cated to  the  sound  principles  fostered  by  that  Party,  conscious  of  our 
civic  responsibilities  and  rights,  firm  in  our  determination  to  give  our 
strength  to  preserving  the  American  principle  that  government  ought 
and  must  be  of  all  the  people,  by  all  the  people,  and  for  all  the  people 
do,  for  the  purpose  of  uniting  and  coordinating  our  efforts  for  maxi- 
mum power  and  efficiency,  herewith  establish  this  instrument,  The 
Plan  of  Organization  of  the  Republican  Party  of  North  Carolina. 

ARTICLE  I 
MEMBERSHIP 

Members 

All  citizens  of  North  Carolina  who  are  registered  Republicans  are  members 
of  the  Republican  Party  of  North  Carolina  and  shall  have  the  right  to  partici- 
pate in  the  official  affairs  of  the  Republican  Party  in  accordance  with  these 
rules.  All  reference  herein  to  delegates,  alternates,  officers,  and  members 
shall,  in  all  cases,  mean  persons  identified  and  registered  with  the 
Republican  Party  in  the  precinct  of  their  residence. 

ARTICLE  II 
PRECINCT  MEETINGS 

L.  Biennial  Precinct  Meetings 

A.  In  every  odd-numbered  year,  the  County  Chair  shall  call  Precinct 
Meetings  during  the  month  of  February  or  the  first  10  days  of  March, 
after  giving  10  days  written  notice  of  the  time  and  place  of  holding 
same  to  each  Precinct  Chair,  and  after  giving  1  week's  notice  of  such 
Meeting  in  a  newspaper  of  general  circulation  within  the  County. 
Failure  of  the  County  Chair  to  act  in  compliance  with  the  provision 
above  shall  be  cause  for  any  Member  of  the  County  Executive 
Committee  with  the  approval  of  the  County  Vice-Chair  to  call  said 
Precinct  Meetings  by  notice  in  a  newspaper  of  general  circulation 
within  the  County.  The  County  Executive  Committee  will  set  a  regis- 


822  North  Carolina  Manual 

tration  deadline  of  not  more  than  30  days,  nor  less  than  5  days  prior 
to  convening  of  the  Meeting.  Every  Republican  registered  prior  to 
such  deadline  shall  be  entitled  to  cast  1  vote,  except  that  the  30  day 
requirement  shall  not  apply  to  residents  who  have  moved  into  the 
Precinct  within  30  days  of  the  Precinct  Meeting. 

B.  Biennial  precinct  meetings,  at  which  a  quorum  is  1  person,  shall  elect 
a  Precinct  Committee  consisting  of  a  Chair,  Vice-Chair,  Secretary  and 
as  many  Members-at-Large  as  deemed  necessary  to  conduct  the  busi- 
ness of  the  Precinct.  Members  of  the  Precinct  Committee  shall  hold 
their  places  for  2  years  or  until  their  successors  are  chosen.  Precinct 
Meetings  shall  elect  1  delegate  and  1  Alternate  to  the  County 
Convention.  They  shall  also  elect  1  additional  Delegate  and  Alternate 
for  every  50  votes,  or  major  fraction  thereof,  cast  for  the  Republican 
candidate  for  Governor  in  the  last  General  Election. 

C.  The  Chair  and  Secretary  of  each  Precinct  shall  certify  the  election  of 
Officers,  Committee  Members,  and  Delegates  and  Alternates  to  the 
County  Convention,  on  forms  stipulated  by  the  State  Central 
Committee  and  furnished  by  the  County  Chair.  Complete  credentials 
shall  be  in  the  hands  of  the  County  Secretary  by  the  deadline  set  by 
the  County  Chair,  which  shall  be  at  least  2  days  prior  to  the 
Credentials  Committee  Meeting,  unless  the  Precinct  Meetings  and  the 
County  Convention  are  held  on  the  same  day. 

2.  Presidential  Election  Year  Precinct  Meetings 

A.  In  each  precinct  in  every  Presidential  Election  year,  the  County  Chair 
shall  call  precinct  meetings  within  the  dates  designated  by  the  State 
Central  Committee  after  giving  10  days  written  notice  of  the  time  and 
place  of  holding  same  to  each  Precinct  Chair,  and  after  giving  one 
week's  notice  of  such  meeting  in  a  newspaper  of  general  circulation 
within  the  County.  Failure  of  the  County  Chair  to  act  in  compliance 
with  this  provision  shall  be  cause  for  any  Member  of  the  County 
Executive  Committee,  with  the  approval  of  the  County  Vice-Chair,  tc 
call  said  Precinct  Meeting  by  notice  in  a  newspaper  of  general  circula- 
tion within  the  county.  The  County  Executive  Committee  will  set  £ 
registration  deadline  of  not  more  than  30  days  nor  less  than  5  days 
prior  to  the  convening  of  the  Meetings.  Every  Republican  registerec 
prior  to  such  deadline  shall  be  entitled  to  cast  1  vote  except  that  th( 
30  day  requirement  shall  not  apply  to  residents  who  have  moved  int( 
the  Precinct  within  30  days  of  the  Precinct  Meeting. 

B.  Presidential  Election  Year  Precinct  Meetings,  at  which  a  quorum  is  j 
person,  shall  elect  1  Delegate  and  1  Alternate  to  the  Presidentia 
Election  Year  County  Convention.  They  shall  also  elect  1  additiona 
Delegate  and  Alternate  for  every  50  votes,  or  major  fraction  thereoi 
cast  for  the  Republican  candidate  for  Governor  in  the  last  Genera 
Election.  No  organization  changes  shall  take  place  except  as  provide 
in  this  section. 

C.  The  Chair  and  Secretary  of  each  Precinct  shall  certify  election  c 
Delegates  and  Alternates  to  the  Presidential  Election  Year  Count 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  823 

Convention  on  forms  stipulated  by  the  State  Central  Committee  and 
furnished  by  the  County  Chair.  Complete  Credentials  shall  be  in  the 
hands  of  the  County  Secretary  by  the  deadline  set  by  the  County 
Chair,  which  shall  be  2  days  prior  to  the  Credentials  Committee 
Meeting,  unless  the  Precinct  Meetings  and  the  County  Convention  are 
held  on  the  same  day. 

3.  Other  Precinct  Meetings 

A.  Other  meetings  of  the  Precinct  general  Membership  may  be  held  at 
such  time  as  shall  be  designated  by  the  Chair  of  the  Precinct 
Committee  after  giving  5  days  notice  of  such  Meeting  in  a  newspaper 
of  general  circulation  within  the  County;  or  upon  similar  call  of  1/3  of 
the  Members  of  the  Precinct  Committee,  or  10  Members  of  the  general 
Precinct  Membership.  There  shall  be  no  proxy  voting. 

B.  In  the  event  a  Precinct  fails  to  properly  organize  or  the  Precinct  Chair 
fails  to  act,  the  County  Chair  shall  appoint  a  Temporary  Precinct 
Chair  to  serve  until  a  general  Membership  Meeting  can  be  called  and 
a  new  Chair  elected,  which  shall  be  done  within  30  days  of  appoint- 
ment. 

ARTICLE  III 
PRECINCT  COMMITTEE 

1.  Duties  of  Committee 

The  Precinct  Committee  shall  cooperate  with  the  County  Executive 
Committee  in  all  elections  and  Party  activities;  provide  the  County  Chair 

:  with  a  list  of  Party  Members  within  the  Precinct  suitable  for  appointment  as 
Election  Officials,  and  promote  the  objectives  of  the  Party  within  the 

.  Precinct. 

'  2.  Duties  of  Officers 

The  Chair  of  the  Precinct  Committee,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
Precinct  Committee,  shall  have  general  supervision  of  the  affairs  of  the  Party 
j  within  the  Precinct,  shall  preside  at  all  Meetings  of  the  Precinct,  and  shall 
i  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  Precinct  Committee  or 
the  County  Executive  Committee.  The  Vice-Chair  shall  function  as  Chair  in 
the  absence  of  the  Chair.  The  Secretary  shall  keep  all  minutes  and  records 
and  shall  maintain  a  list  of  registered  Republican  voters  and  workers  within 
the  Precinct. 

,3.  Vacancies  and  Removals 

A.  In  case  of  death,  resignation,  discontinuance  of  residency  within  the 
Precinct,  removal  of  any  Officer  or  Member  of  the  Precinct  Committee, 
or  other  vacancy,  the  resulting  vacancy  shall  be  filled  by  the  remain- 
ing Members  of  the  Precinct  Committee. 

B.  Any  Member  of  the  Precinct  Committee  may  be  removed  by  a  2/3  vote 
of  the  Precinct  Committee  after  being  furnished  with  notice  of  the 
charges  against  him,  signed  by  no  less  than  -1/3  of  the  Members  of  the 


824  North  Carolina  Manual 

Precinct  Committee  and  allowing  him  twenty  (20)  days  to  appear  and 
defend  himself;  provided  further  that  said  cause  for  removal  shall  be 
confined  to  gross  inefficiency,  Party  disloyalty  or  failure  to  comply 
with  the  County  or  State  Party  Plans  of  Organization.  Such  removal 
may  be  appealed  to  the  County  Executive  Committee  within  twenty 
(20)  days  and  their  decision  shall  be  final. 
C.  For  the  purposes  of  this  Plan  of  Organization,  "Party  disloyalty"  shall 
be  defined  as  actively  supporting  a  candidate  of  another  Party  or  inde- 
pendent candidate  running  in  opposition  to  a  nominee  of  the 
Republican  Party. 

ARTICLE  IV 
COUNTY  CONVENTION 

1.  Biennial  Conventions 

A.  A  County  Convention  shall  be  called  in  every  odd-numbered  year,  by 
the  Chair  of  the  County  Executive  Committee,  at  the  County  seat, 
within  the  month  of  March,  at  least  10  days  prior  to  the  scheduled 
District  Convention,  and  after  giving  15  days  notice  of  such 
Convention  in  a  newspaper  of  general  circulation  within  the  County. 
At  the  time  of  the  call  of  the  Convention,  the  County  Chair  shall 
appoint  a  Credentials  Committee,  which  will  meet  and  issue  its  report 
on  Delegates  and  Alternates  certified  to  that  Convention  at  least  3 
days  in  advance  of  the  convening  of  the  Convention,  unless  a  County 
holds  its  Precinct  Meetings  and  County  Convention  on  the  same  day. 
All  Delegates  and  Alternates  challenged  in  the  report  of  the 
Credentials  Committee  shall  be  notified  prior  to  the  day  of  the 
Convention  and  allowed  to  present  their  case  to  the  Credentials 
Committee  prior  to  the  convening  of  the  Convention.  The  Delegates 
and  Alternates  elected  at  the  Biennial  Precinct  Meetings,  unless  suc- 
cessfully challenged,  shall  sit  as  Delegates  and  Alternates  to  the 
County  Convention.  If  the  County  Chair  fails,  refuses  or  neglects  to 
call  a  County  Convention  as  required  by  this  Article,  it  shall  become 
the  duty  of  the  Vice-Chair  to  act  in  this  capacity.  The  Vice-Chair  shall 
give  5  days  notice  thereof  to  all  Precinct  Chairs  and  County  Executive 
Committee  Members  and  shall  give  5  days  notice  of  such  Convention 
in  a  newspaper  of  general  circulation  with  the  County.  If  the  County 
Chair  or  Vice-Chair  does  not  call  such  a  Meeting,  it  shall  be  cause  for 
any  Member  of  the  County  Executive  Committee  with  the  approval  of 
the  Congressional  District  Chair  or  Chair  to  call  such  County 
Convention. 

B.  Convention  Action 

1.  Plan  of  Organization 

The  County  Convention  shall  adopt  a  written  County  Plan  of 
Organization  not  inconsistent  with  this  State  Plan  of 
Organization,  a  current  copy  of  which  shall  be  on  file  at  County 
Headquarters  and  at  State  Headquarters. 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  825 

2.  Elections 

a.  The  County  Convention  shall  elect  a  Chair  and  Vice  Chair,  a 
Secretary,  a  Treasurer  and  such  other  Officers  as  may  be 
deemed  necessary,  who  shall  serve  for  a  term  of  2  years  or  until 
their  successors  are  elected. 

b.  The  County  Convention  shall  elect  a  County  Executive 
Committee  of  5  or  more  voters,  in  addition  to  the  County 
Officers,  who  shall  hold  their  places  for  a  term  of  2  years  or 
until  their  successors  are  elected.  The  County  Plan  of 
Organization  may  provide  for  the  County  Executive  Committee 
to  elect  additional  Members  of  the  County  Executive 
Committee  in  addition  to  those  Members  of  the  County 
Executive  Committee  elected  by  the  County  Convention. 

c.  The  County  Convention  shall,  in  accordance  with  The  County 
Plan  of  Organization,  elect  1  delegate  and  1  Alternate  to 
Congressional  District  and  State  Conventions,  plus  1  addition- 
al Delegate  and  Alternate  for  every  200  votes,  or  major  fraction 
thereof,  cast  for  the  Republican  candidate  for  Governor  in  the 
last  General  Election  in  said  County.  Each  County  shall  fur- 
ther elect  1  Delegate  and  Alternate  for  each  Republican  elected 
to  the  state  legislature  and  to  public  office  on  the  state  or 
national  level  from  said  County  in  the  last  election  held  for  that 
office. 

d.  If  a  county  has  been  divided  between  2  or  more  Congressional 
Districts,  it  shall  prorate  its  delegate  vote  among  these 
Congressional  Districts  in  accordance  with  the  vote  cast  for  the 
Republican  candidate  for  Governor  in  the  last  general  election 
in  the  political  subdivisions  within  the  county  which  have  been 
divided  among  the  different  Congressional  Districts.  Delegates 
elected  to  a  Congressional  District  Convention,  in  addition  to 
the  other  qualifications  which  they  must  meet,  must  reside  in 
the  Congressional  District  to  whose  Convention  they  are  elect- 
ed. The  Delegates  to  the  County  Convention  from  the  political 
subdivisions  in  different  Congressional  Districts  shall  elect  the 
Delegates  to  their  own  Congressional  District  Convention. 

C.  Credentials 

The  Chair  and  Secretary  of  the  County  Executive  Committee  shall 
certify  the  election  of  Officers,  Committee  Members,  Delegates  and 
Alternates  to  the  District  and  State  Conventions,  on  forms  furnished 
by  the  State  Central  Committee.  Completed  Credentials  shall  be  in 
the  hands  of  the  Congressional  District  Secretary  and  the  State 
Headquarters  by  the  deadline  set  by  the  State  Chair.  No  Delegates  or 
Alternates  shall  be  added  to  the  Credentials  list  following  the 
adjournment  of  the  County  Convention. 

Presidential  Election  Year  County  Convention 

A.  A  County  Convention  shall  be  called  in  every  Presidential  Election 
year  by  the  Chair  of  the  County  Executive  Committee,  within  the 


826  North  Carolina  Manual 

dates  designated  by  the  State  Central  Committee,  after  giving  15  days 
notice  of  such  Convention,  in  a  newspaper  of  general  circulation  with- 
in the  County.  At  the  time  of  the  call  of  the  Convention,  the  County 
Chair  shall  appoint  a  Credentials  Committee,  which  will  meet  and 
issue  its  report  on  Delegates  and  Alternates  certified  to  that 
Convention  at  least  3  days  in  advance  of  the  convening  of  the 
Convention,  unless  a  County  holds  its  Precinct  Meetings  and  County 
Convention  on  the  same  day.  All  Delegates  and  Alternates  challenged 
in  the  report  of  the  Credentials  Committee  shall  be  notified  prior  to 
the  day  of  the  Convention  and  allowed  to  present  their  case  to  the 
Credentials  Committee  prior  to  the  convening  of  the  Convention.  The 
Delegates  and  Alternates  elected  at  the  Presidential  Election  Year 
Precinct  Meetings,  unless  successfully  challenged,  shall  sit  as 
Delegates  and  Alternates  to  the  County  Convention.  If  the  County 
Chair  fails,  refuses  or  neglects  to  call  a  County  Convention  as 
required  by  this  Article,  it  shall  be  cause  for  any  Member  of  the 
County  Executive  Committee,  with  the  approval  of  the  Congressional 
District  Chair,  to  call  such  County  Convention.  The  Vice-Chair  shall 
give  5  days  notice  thereof  to  all  Precinct  Chairs  and  County  Executive 
Members  and  shall  give  5  days  notice  of  such  Convention  in  a  newspa- 
per of  general  circulation  within  the  County. 

B.  The  Presidential  Election  Year  County  Convention  shall  elect  1  dele- 
gate and  1  alternate  to  the  Congressional  District  and  State 
Conventions,  plus  1  additional  Delegate  and  Alternate  for  every  200 
votes,  or  major  fraction  thereof,  for  the  Republican  candidate  for 
Governor  in  the  last  General  Election  in  said  County.  Each  county 
shall  further  elect  1  Delegate  and  1  Alternate  for  each  Republican 
elected  to  the  state  legislature  and  to  public  office  in  the  state  or 
national  level  from  said  County  in  the  last  election  held  for  that  office. 
No  organizational  changes  shall  take  place  except  as  provided  in  this 
section. 

C.  If  a  County  has  been  divided  between  1  or  more  Congressional 
Districts,  it  shall  prorate  its  Delegate  vote  among  those  Congressional 
Districts  in  accordance  with  the  vote  cast  for  the  Republican  candi- 
date for  Governor  in  the  last  General  Election  in  the  political  subdivi- 
sions within  the  County  which  have  been  divided  among  the  different 
Congressional  Districts.  Delegates  elected  to  a  Presidential  Year 
Congressional  District  Convention,  in  addition  to  the  other  qualifica- 
tions which  they  must  meet,  must  reside  in  the  Congressional  District 
to  whose  Convention  they  are  elected.  The  Delegates  to  the  County 
Convention  from  the  political  subdivisions  in  different  Congressional 
Districts  shall  elect  the  Delegates  to  their  own  Presidential  Year 
Congressional  District  Convention. 

D.  The  Chair  and  Secretary  of  the  County  Executive  Committee  shal 
certify  election  of  Delegates  and  Alternates  to  the  Presidential 
Election  Year  District  and  State  Conventions  on  forms  furnished  b) 
the  State  Central  Committee.  Completed  Credentials  shall  be  in  thf 
hands  of  the  Congressional  District  Secretary  and  the  State 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  827 

Headquarters  by  the  deadline  set  by  the  State  Chair.  No  Delegate  or 
Alternate  shall  be  added  to  the  Credentials  List  following  the  adjourn- 
ment of  the  Presidential  Election  Year  County  Convention. 

3.  $1.00  Fee 

For  each  person  who  is  elected  at  a  County  Convention  to  be  either  a 
Delegate  or  an  Alternate  to  the  State  Convention,  the  County  shall  forward 
■to  the  State  Party  $1.00  to  defray  the  costs  of  mailing  Convention  materials 
to  such  elected  Delegates  and  Alternates.  A  County  Plan  of  Organization 
may  permit  the  County  Party  to  recover  this  $1.00  fee  from  the  Delegates 
and  Alternates  following  their  election. 

ARTICLE  V 
COUNTY  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

1.  Membership 

The  County  Executive  Committee  shall  consist  of  the  County  Officers  and 
other  persons  elected  by  the  County  Convention  in  accordance  with  Article 
TV,  and  the  County  Finance  Chair. 

2.  Powers  and  Duties 

The  County  Executive  Committee  shall  cooperate  with  the  District  and 
State  Committees  in  all  elections  and  Party  activities;  shall  encourage  quali- 
fied candidates  for  office  within  the  County;  adopt  a  budget;  and  shall  recom- 
mend nominees  to  the  State  Chair  for  appointments  for  County  Board  of 
Election;  and  shall  have  active  management  of  Party  affairs  within  the 
County.  It  shall  approve  a  Finance  Committee  and  an  Auditing  Committee 
of  not  less  than  3  Members  each  and  may  approve  such  other  Committees  as 
.may  be  deemed  necessary.  The  County  Chair  and  Vice-Chair  shall  be  an  Ex- 
pfflcio  Member  of  all  Committees  indicated  in  this  paragraph. 

Within  90  days  after  the  State  Convention,  the  County  Executive 
Committee  shall  amend  the  County  Plan  of  Organization  so  as  to  bring  it 
nto  compliance  with  the  State  Plan  of  Organization. 

5.  Meetings 

The  County  Executive  Committee  shall  meet  at  least  twice  a  year  upon 
':all  of  the  County  Chair  after  giving  10  days  notice  to  all  Members;  or  upon 
similar  call  of  1/3  of  the  Members  of  the  Committee.  1/3  of  the  Members 
hall  constitute  a  quorum  for  the  transaction  of  business.  There  shall  be  no 
!>roxy  voting. 

L  Duties  of  Officers 

A.  The  Chair  of  the  County  Executive  Committee,  with  the  advice  and 
consent  of  the  County  Executive  Committee,  shall  have  general  super- 
vision of  the  affairs  of  the  Party  within  the  County.  He  shall  issue  the 
call  for  Biennial  Precinct  Meetings  and  Presidential  Election  Year 
Precinct  Meetings,  the  County  Convention,  the  Presidential  Year 
County  Convention,  and  Executive  Committee  Meetings,  and  shall 


828  North  Carolina  Manual 

preside  at  all  the  Meetings  of  the  County  Executive  Committee.  He 
shall  appoint  a  Finance  Chair,  Auditing  Committee  and  any  other 
Chair  deemed  necessary  to  conduct  the  business  of  the  County 
Executive  committee.  He  shall  further  appoint  a  Temporary  Chair  of 
the  County  Convention,  who  may  be  himself.  He  shall  make  periodic 
reports  on  the  status  of  the  Party  within  his  County  to  the  District 
Chair.  He  shall  be  responsible  for  the  creation  and  maintenance  of  a 
Republican  organization  in  every  Precinct  within  his  County.  He 
shall  obtain  and  preserve  a  list  of  all  registered  Republicans  within 
the  County  and  shall  perform  such  other  duties  as  may  be  prescribed 
by  the  County,  District,  or  State  Committees;  the  County  Chair  shall 
be  "Ex-Officio"  Member  of  all  Committees  unless  otherwise  designat- 
ed. 

B.  The  Vice  Chair  shall  function  as  Chair  in  the  absence  of  the  Chair  and 
shall  have  such  other  duties  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  County 
Executive  Committee.  The  Vice  Chair  shall  be  an  "Ex-Officio"  Member 
of  all  Committees  unless  otherwise  designated. 

C.  The  Secretary  shall  keep  all  minutes  and  records  and  shall  maintain  a 
roster  of  all  Precinct  Officers  and  Executive  Committee  Members. 
Such  records  shall  be  available,  including  all  Credentials  Lists  upon 
request,  to  any  registered  Republican  within  the  County.  The 
Secretary  shall  furnish  to  the  Congressional  District  Chair  and  to 
State  Headquarters  up-to-date  lists  of  all  Precinct  Chair. 

D.  The  Treasurer  shall  receive  and  disburse  all  funds  for  Party  expendi- 
tures pursuant  to  authority  duly  given  by  the  County  Executive 
Committee,  shall  make  a  financial  report  at  all  County  Executive 
Committee  Meetings  and  shall  fulfill  all  financial  reports  and  obliga- 
tions required  under  State  and  Federal  election  laws. 


Vacancies  and  Removals 

A.  In  case  of  death,  resignation,  discontinuance  of  residency  within  the 
County,  removal  of  any  Officer  or  Member  of  the  County  Executive 
Committee,  or  other  vacancy,  the  resulting  vacancy  shall  be  filled  by 
the  County  Executive  Committee. 

B.  Any  Officer  or  Member  of  the  County  Executive  Committee  may  be 
removed  by  a  2/3  vote  of  the  Committee  after  being  furnished  with 
notice  of  the  charges  against  him,  signed  by  not  less  than  1/3  of  the 
Members  of  the  Committee  and  allowing  him  30  days  to  appear  and 
defend  himself;  provided  further  that  said  cause  for  removal  shall  be 
confined  to  gross  inefficiency,  Party  Disloyalty,  or  failure  to  act  in, 
compliance  with  the  County  or  State  Plans  of  Organization.  Such 
removal  may  be  appealed,  within  20  days  to  the  Congressional 
District  Chair  and  Members  of  the  State  Executive  Committee  within 
the  District,  and  their  decision  shall  be  final. 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  829 

ARTICLE  VI 
COUNTY  FINANCE  AND  AUDITING  COMMITTEES 

1.  Finance  Committee 

The  County  Finance  Committee  shall  be  composed  of  the  County  Finance 

Chair,  the  County  Chair,  County  Vice-Chair,  the  County  Treasurer,  and  not 

,  less  than  3  persons  approved  by  the  County  Executive  Committee.    They 

i  shall  cooperate  with  the  Congressional  District  and  State  Finance 

;  Committees  and  shall  have  active  management  of  fund-raising  efforts  within 

the  County. 

2.  Auditing  Committee 

The  Auditing  Committee,  appointed  by  the  County  Chair,  shall  conduct  a 
yearly  audit  of  the  financial  records  of  the  County  and  report  such  audit  to 
the  County  Executive  Committee  for  approval. 

i 

ARTICLE  VII 

JUDICIAL,  SENATORIAL,  LEGISLATIVE 

DISTRICT  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEES 

1.  Membership 

A.  In  a  single  County  District  and  County  Executive  Committee  shall 
serve  as  the  District  Committee. 

B.  In  a  single  County  containing  more  than  1  District  wholly  within  the 
County,  the  County  Plan  of  Organization  shall  address  the  method  of 
election  of  District  Officers. 

C.  In  those  Districts  encompassing  more  than  1  County,  Membership 
shall  consist  of  the  County  Chair  and  Vice-Chair  of  the  County  or 
their  appointees,  within  the  District,  to  be  done  by  weighted  voting 
based  on  the  votes  cast  for  the  Republican  candidate  for  Governor  in 
the  last  General  Election  within  the  District. 

D.  In  those  Counties  that  are  divided  into  2  or  more  multi-County 
Legislative,  Judicial  or  Senatorial  Districts,  the  County  Chairs  and 
Vice-Chairs  shall  appoint,  with  the  approval  of  the  County  Executive 
Committee,  designees  to  serve  on  the  District  Executive  Committee 
for  Districts  in  which  they  do  not  reside. 

E.  All  District  Officers  shall  reside  within  their  Districts. 
I  Election  of  Officers 

At  some  time  preceding  the  State  Convention,  the  District  Committees 
jhall  meet  at  a  time  and  place  designated  by  a  Member  of  the  Committee, 
tipulated  by  the  Congressional  District  Chair.  If  the  District  is  split  between 
{wo  Congressional  Districts,  the  County  Chair  designated  by  the 
Congressional  District  Chair  of  the  Congressional  District  in  which  the 
reater  part  of  the  District  population  lies  shall  call  the  Meeting.  The 
fleeting  shall  elect  a  Chair  and  such  other  Officers  as  may  be  deemed  neces- 
ary.  The  Officers  shall  have  such  duties  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  State 
Executive  Committee.  The  Chair  shall  report  to  the  State  Chair  names  of 
tie  Officers  elected. 


830  North  Carolina  Manual 

3.  Powers  and  Duties  of  Committees 

A.  The  Judicial  District  Committee  shall  encourage  qualified  candidates 
for  District  Attorney,  District  Judge  and  Superior  Court  Judge  and 
shall  assist  and  cooperate  with  the  County  and  State  Executive 
Committees  in  all  campaigns. 

B.  The  Senatorial  District  Committee  shall  encourage  qualified  candi- 
dates for  State  Senate  and  shall  assist  and  cooperate  with  the  County 
and  State  Executive  Committees  in  all  campaigns. 

C.  The  Legislative  District  Committee  shall  encourage  qualified  candi- 
dates for  State  House  of  Representatives  and  shall  assist  and  cooper- 
ate with  the  County  and  State  Executive  Committee  in  all 
Campaigns. 

D.  Committees  herein  elected  shall  serve  as  the  appropriate  District 
Executive  Committee  as  they  are  referred  to  in  North  Carolina  G.S. 
163-114. 

ARTICLE  VIII 

CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT  CONVENTIONS 

1.  Biennial  Convention 

A.  Call  of  Convention 

A  Congressional  District  Convention  shall  be  called  in  every  odd  numbered 
year  by  the  Chair  of  the  Congressional  District  Committee,  within  the  month 
of  April,  upon  20  days  written  notice  of  the  time  and  place  for  holding  same 
to  all  Members  of  the  District  Committee  and  to  the  County  Chair  within 
said  District.  At  the  time  of  the  call  of  the  Convention  the  District  Chair 
shall  appoint  a  Credentials  Committee,  which  will  meet  and  issue  its  report 
on  Delegates  and  Alternates  certified  to  that  Convention  at  least  3  days  in 
advance  of  the  convening  of  the  Convention.  All  Delegates  and  Alternates 
challenged  in  the  report  of  the  Credentials  Committee  shall  be  notified  prior 
to  the  day  of  the  Convention  and  allowed  to  present  their  case  to  the 
Credentials  Committee  prior  to  the  convening  of  the  Convention.  The 
Delegates  and  Alternates  elected  in  the  County  Conventions,  unless  success- 
fully challenged,  shall  sit  as  Delegates  and  Alternates  to  the  Congressional 
District  Convention.  In  years  requiring  reapportionment,  the  District 
Convention  shall  be  called  within  dates  designated  by  the  Chair  of  the  State , 
Republican  Executive  Committee.  These  Conventions  are  to  be  held  after 
the  General  Assembly  has  completed  Congressional  redistricting. 

B.  Convention  Action 

1.  The  Congressional  District  Convention  shall  adopt  a  District  Plan  of 
Organization,  a  current  copy  of  which  shall  be  on  file  at  State 
Headquarters. 

2.  The  Congressional  District  Convention  shall  elect  a  Chair  and  a  Vice- 
Chair,  a  Secretary,  a  Treasurer,  and  such  other  Officers  as  may  be 
deemed  necessary  who  shall  serve  for  a  term  of  2  years  or  until  their 
successors  are  elected. 

3.  The  Congressional  District  Convention  shall  further  elect  1  Member  ol 
the  State  Executive  Committee,  plus  1  additional  Member  for  everjj 


Political  Paeties  in  North  Carolina  831 

6,000  votes,  or  major  fraction  thereof,  cast  within  the  District  for  the 
Republican  candidate  for  Governor  in  the  last  General  Election. 
C.  Credentials 

The  Chair  and  Secretary  of  the  Congressional  District  shall  certify  election 
of  Officers,  and  at-large  Members  of  the  State  Executive  Committee,  elected 
according  to  the  provisions  of  Article  VIII,  Section  B.3.  Completed  District 
Credentials,  plus  completed  Credentials  for  the  Counties  within  the  District, 
shall  be  in  the  hands  of  the  State  Credentials  Committee  Chair  by  the  dead- 
line set  by  the  State  Chair. 

2.  Presidential  Election  Year  Congressional  District  Convention 

A.  Call  of  Convention 

A   Presidential  Election  Year  Congressional  District  Convention  shall  be 
called  in  every  Presidential  Election  Year  by  the  Chair  of  the  Congressional 
District  Committee  within  the  dates  designated  by  the  State  Central 
Committee,  which  dates  shall  be  subsequent  to  the  North  Carolina 
Presidential  Preference  Primary  for  that  year,  upon  20  days  written  notice  of 
the  time  and  place  for  holding  same  to  all  Members  of  the  District 
Committee  and  to  the  County  Chair  within  said  District.   At  the  time  of  the 
call  of  the  Convention  the  District  Chair  shall  appoint  a  Credentials 
Committee,  which  will  meet  and  issue  its  report  on  Delegates  and  Alternates 
!  certified  to  that  Convention  at  least  3  days  in  advance  of  the  convening  of  the 
,  Convention.    All  Delegates  and  Alternates  challenged  in  the  report  of  the 
Credentials  Committee  shall  be  notified  prior  to  the  day  of  the  Convention 
and  allowed  to  present  their  case  to  the  Credentials  Committee  prior  to  the 
i  convening  of  the  Convention.    The  Delegates  and  Alternates  elected  in  the 
'  Presidential  Election  Year  County  Conventions,  unless  successfully  chal- 
lenged, shall  sit  as  Delegates  and  Alternates  to  the  Presidential  Election 
!  Year  Congressional  District  Convention. 

B.  Convention  Action 

I  The  Presidential  Election  Year  Congressional  District  Convention  shall 
i  elect  3  Delegates  and  3  Alternates  to  the  Republican  National  Convention, 
i  and  shall  nominate  one  Presidential  Elector.  No  organizational  changes  shall 
i  take  place  except  as  provided  in  this  section. 

C.  Credentials 

The  Chair  and  Secretary  of  the  Congressional  District  shall  certify  election 
of  Delegates  and  Alternates,  and  Nominee  for  Presidential  Elector  on  forms 
furnished  by  the  State  Central  Committee.  Completed  District  Credentials, 
plus  completed  Credentials  for  the  Counties  within  the  District,  shall  be  in 
the  hands  of  the  State  Credentials  Committee  Chair  by  the  deadline  set  by 
the  State  Chair. 

ARTICLE  IX 
CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

1.  Membership 

Membership  of  the  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  shall  be 
omposed  of: 


832  North  Carolina  Manual 

A.  The  Officers  elected  at  the  District  Convention. 

B.  All  duly  elected  County  Chairs  and  Vice  Chairs  within  the  District. 

C.  The  District  Finance  Chair. 

D.  All  Members  of  the  State  Executive  Committee  who  are  elected  by  the 
District  Convention  under  the  provisions  in  Article  VIII,  Section  B.3. 

E.  Such  others  as  the  District  Plan  of  Organization  may  provide. 

2.  Powers  and  Duties 

The  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  shall  set  the  location  of 
District  Conventions;  encourage  qualified  candidates  for  Congress;  cooperate 
with  the  Judicial,  Senatorial  and  Legislative  Executive  Committees  in 
encouraging  qualified  candidates  for  those  offices,  especially  in  multi-County 
Districts;  approve  a  Chair;  and  cooperate  with  the  County  and  State 
Executive  Committees  in  all  campaigns. 

3.  Meetings 

The  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  shall  meet  at  least  each 
calendar  quarter  of  the  year,  upon  call  of  the  Congressional  District  Chair 
after  giving  10  days  notice  to  all  Members  by  mail.  One-quarter  of  the 
Members  of  the  Committee  shall  constitute  a  quorum  for  the  transaction  of 
business.  There  shall  be  no  proxy  voting. 

4.  Duties  of  Officers 

A.  The  Congressional  District  Chair,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 
District  Executive  Committee,  shall  have  general  supervision  of  the 
affairs  of  the  Party  within  the  District.  He  shall  assist  the  State  Chair 
in  carrying  out  state  programs,  supervise  the  Congressional  cam- 
paigns until  such  time  as  a  Campaign  Manager  shall  have  been 
appointed,  maintain  contact  with  all  Counties  within  the  District  and 
shall  be  responsible  for  the  proper  organization  and  functioning  of 
those  Counties.  He  shall  maintain  constant  liaison  with  all  County 
Chairs  with  regard  to  a  Republican  organization  in  every  precinct 
within  his  District  and  with  Legislative,  Senatorial,  and  Judicial 
District  Chair  with  regard  to  candidate  recruitment.  In  addition,  he 
shall  furnish,  upon  request,  each  County  Chair  and  each  County 
Executive  Committee  Officer  an  accurate  and  up-to-date  list  of  all 
County  Executive  Committee  Officers  within  his  District  to  include 
title,  name,  address,  and  zip  code.  These  lists  shall  be  updated  period- 
ically to  insure  that  the  latest  information  is  provided  to  those  to 
whom  it  is  required  to  be  provided.  He  shall  appoint  a  Finance  Chair  i 
and  Audit  Chair.  He  shall  be  an  "Ex-Officio"  Member  of  all  District 
Committees.  He  shall  have  such  other  duties  as  may  be  prescribed  by, 
the  State  Executive  Committee. 

B.  The  Vice-Chair  shall  be  Chief  Assistant  to  the  District  Chair  and  shall 
act  as  Chair  in  the  absence  of  the  Chair;  shall  maintain  liaison  with 
the  County  Vice  Chair  through  the  District  (where  applicable)  and 
shall  have  such  other  duties  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  District 
Committee.  The  Vice  Chair  will  be  an  "Ex-Officio"  Member  of  all 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  833 

District  Committees  unless  otherwise  designated. 

C.  The  Secretary  shall  keep  all  minutes  and  records  and  shall  maintain  a 
roster  of  all  Officers  of  the  Counties  within  the  District. 

D.  The  Treasurer  shall  receive  and  disburse  all  funds  for  Party  expendi- 
tures pursuant  to  authority  duly  given  by  the  District  Committee  and 
will  make  a  financial  report  to  all  District  Executive  Committee 
Meetings.  The  Treasurer  shall  fulfill  all  financial  reports  and  obliga- 
tions required  under  the  state  and  federal  election  laws. 

5.  Vacancies  And  Removals 

A.  In  case  of  death,  resignation,  discontinuance  of  residency  within  the 
District,  removal  of  any  Officer  of  the  Congressional  District 
Executive  Committee,  or  other  vacancy,  the  resulting  vacancy  shall  be 
filled  by  the  remaining  Members  of  the  Committee  at  the  next  official- 
ly called  District  Meeting. 

B.  Any  Officer  of  the  Congressional  District  Executive  Committee  may  be 
removed  by  a  2/3  vote  of  the  Congressional  District  Executive 
Committee  after  being  notified  of  the  charges  against  him  signed  by 
not  less  than  1/3  of  the  Members  of  the  Committee,  and  allowing  him 
30  days  to  appear  and  defend  himself;  provided  further  that  said 
cause  for  removal  shall  be  confined  to  gross  inefficiency,  Party  disloy- 
alty, or  failure  to  act  in  compliance  with  the  District  or  State  Plans  of 
Organization.  Such  removal  may  be  appealed,  within  20  days,  to  the 
State  Central  Committee,  and  their  decision  shall  be  final. 

ARTICLE  X 

DISTRICT  FINANCE  COMMITTEE 

The  District  Finance  Chair  shall  serve  as  Chair  of  the  Congressional 
District  Finance  Committee,  which  shall  be  composed  of  the  Finance  Chairs 
of  all  the  Counties  within  the  District,  the  Congressional  District  Chair,  and 
the  Congressional  District  Treasurer,  plus  3  additional  Members  to  be  elect- 
ed by  the  Members  of  the  Finance  Committee.  Other  Officers  as  may  be 
deemed  necessary  may  be  elected  by  and  from  the  Members  of  the 
Committee.  This  Committee  shall  cooperate  with  the  State  Finance 
Committee  and  with  County  Finance  Committees  in  all  fund-raising  efforts. 

ARTICLE  XI 
STATE  CONVENTIONS 

1.  Biennial  State  Convention 

A.  A  Biennial  State  Convention  shall  be  called  in  every  odd-numbered 
year  to  be  held  in  the  month  of  May  of  said  odd-numbered  year,  by  the 
Chair  of  the  Republican  State  Executive  Committee  after  giving  60 
days  written  notice  of  the  time  and  place  for  holding  same  to  all 
Members  of  the  State  Executive  Committee  and  to  all  County  Chairs. 
At  the  time  of  the  call  of  the  Convention,  the  State  Chair  shall  appoint 
a  Credentials  Committee,  which  will  meet  and  issue  its  report  on 


834  North  Carolina  Manual 

Delegates  and  Alternates  certified  to  that  Convention  at  least  3  days 
in  advance  of  the  convening  of  the  Convention.  All  Delegates  and 
Alternates  challenged  in  the  report  of  the  Credentials  Committee 
shall  be  notified  prior  to  the  day  of  the  Convention  and  allowed  to  pre- 
sent their  case  to  the  Credentials  Committee  prior  to  the  convening  of 
the  Convention.  Delegates  and  Alternates  elected  at  the  County 
Conventions,  unless  successfully  challenged,  shall  sit  as  Delegates 
and  Alternates  to  the  Biennial  State  Convention.  In  years  requiring 
reapportionment,  the  Biennial  State  Convention  shall  be  called  on  a 
date  set  by  the  Chair  of  the  State  Republican  Executive  Committee 
upon  60  days  written  notice  of  the  time  and  place  to  all  Members  of 
the  State  Executive  Committee. 
B.  In  every  odd-numbered  year,  the  Biennial  State  Convention  shall  elect 
a  State  Chair  and  a  Vice-Chair  who  shall  serve  for  a  term  of  2  years  or 
until  their  successors  are  elected. 

2.  Presidential  Election  Year  State  Convention 

A.  A  Presidential  Election  Year  State  Convention  shall  be  called  in  every 
Presidential  Election  Year  between  the  date  of  the  Presidential 
Preferential  Primary  Election  and  35  days  prior  to  the  Republican 
National  Convention  of  said  Presidential  Election  Year,  by  the  Chair 
of  the  Republican  State  Executive  Committee  after  giving  60  days  I 
written  notice  of  the  time  and  place  for  holding  same  to  all  Members 
of  the  State  Executive  Committee  and  to  all  County  Chairs.  At  the 
time  of  the  call  of  the  Convention,  the  State  Chair  shall  appoint  a 
Credentials  Committee,  which  will  meet  and  issue  its  report  on 
Delegates  and  Alternates  certified  to  that  Convention  at  least  3  days 
in  advance  of  the  convening  of  the  Convention.  All  Delegates  and 
Alternates  challenged  in  the  report  of  the  Credentials  Committee 
shall  be  notified  prior  to  the  day  of  the  Convention  and  allowed  to  pre- 
sent their  case  to  the  Credentials  Committee  prior  to  the  convening  of 
the  Convention.  Delegates  and  Alternates  elected  at  the  Presidential 
Election  Year  County  Convention,  unless  successfully  challenged, 
shall  sit  as  Delegates  and  Alternates  to  the  Presidential  Election  Year 
state  Convention. 

B.  In  every  Presidential  Election  Year  the  Presidential  Election  Year 
Convention  shall  elect  Delegates  and  Alternates  to  the  National 
Convention,  in  addition  to  those  specified  under  Article  VIII  in  the; 
number  stipulated  by  the  State  Chair  as  determined  by  the  Nationa 
Rules.  The  Convention  shall  nominate  a  National  Committeeman  anc 
National  Committeewoman  who  shall  serve  for  a  term  of  4  years  0) 
until  their  successors  are  elected;  and  nominate  2  Presidentia 
Electors-at-Large. 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  835 

ARTICLE  XII 
STATE  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

1.  Membership 

The  State  Executive  Committee  shall  be  composed  of  the  following: 

A.  The  Congressional  District  Chairs,  the  Congressional  District  Vice- 
Chairs,  the  Congressional  District  Finance  Chairs,  and  those  persons 
elected  by  the  District  Conventions  under  Article  VIII,  Section  l.B.3. 
of  this  Plan. 

B.  The  State  Chair,  all  past  State  Chairs,  the  Vice  Chair,  National 
Committeeman,  National  Committeewoman,  Secretary,  Assistant 
Secretary,  Treasurer,  Assistant  Treasurer,  Finance  Chair,  General 
Counsel,  Assistant  General  Counsel. 

C.  The  Chair,  National  Committeeman  and  National  Committeewoman 
of  the  Young  Republican  Federation.  The  President,  President-elect, 
and  Past  President  of  the  Women's  Federation  The  Chair  of  the  North 
Carolina  College  Republicans  and  the  Chair  of  the  North  Carolina 
Teenage  Republicans. 

D.  All  current  Republican  Members  of  the  United  States  Congress, 
Governor,  Members  of  the  Council  of  State,  and  the  State  Legislature. 

E.  All  past  Republican  Members  of  the  United  State  Congress, 
Governors,  and  Members  of  the  Council  of  State. 

F.  All  County  Chairs  and  Vice  Chairs. 

2.  Power  and  Duties  of  Committee 

The  State  Executive  Committee  shall  meet  within  30  days  of  the  adjourn- 
;  ment  of  the  State  Convention  and  elect  a  Secretary  and  an  Assistant 
Secretary,  a  Treasurer,  Assistant  Treasurer,  a  General  Counsel  and  an 
!  Assistant  General  Counsel  who  shall  serve  for  a  term  of  2  years  or  until  their 
;  successors  are  elected.    The  Committee  shall  formulate  and  provide  for  the 
1  execution  of  such  plans  and  measurers  as  it  may  deem  conducive  to  the  best 
i  interests  of  the  Republican  Party.  It  shall  approve  an  Auditing  Committee  of 
'  at  least  3  Members,  1  of  whom  shall  be  a  Certified  Public  Accountant,  to  con- 
j  duct  a  yearly  audit;  adopt  a  budget;  and  have  active  management  of  all 
1  affairs  of  the  Party  within  the  State.  It  may  delegate  such  duties  as  it  deems 
proper  to  the  State  Central  Committee.  When  monies  are  raised  and  expen- 
ditures authorized  by  other  than  the  State  Central  Committee  or  the  State 
Executive  Committee  on  behalf  of  any  candidate  for  state  or  national  office, 
the  Party  shall  not  be  held  liable;  except,  however,  that  the  State  Executive 
.  Committee,  by  2/3  vote  of  a  quorum  present,  may  assume  any  portion  of  such 
debts  it  deems  advisable. 

3.  Committee  Meetings 

The  State  Executive  Committee  shall  meet  at  least  twice  per  calendar 
year,  upon  call  of  the  Chair  at  such  times  as  the  State  Chair  shall  determine 
after  giving  15  days  written  notice  to  all  Committee  Members;  or  upon  peti- 
tion of  1/3  of  the  Members  of  the  Committee.  25%  of  the  Members  shall  consti- 
tute a  quorum  for  the  transaction  of  business.  There  shall  be  no  proxy  voting. 


836  North  Carolina  Manual 

4.  Duties  of  Officers 

A.  The  State  Chair,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Central 
Committee,  shall  have  general  supervision  of  the  affairs  of  the  Party 
within  the  State.  He  shall  preside  at  all  Meetings  of  the  State 
Executive  Committee  and  shall  perform  such  duties  as  may  be  pre- 
scribed by  the  State  Executive  Committee.  He  shall  appoint,  with  the 
approval  of  the  State  Central  Committee,  a  Finance  Chair  who  shall 
serve  at  the  pleasure  of  the  State  Chair.  The  State  Chair  shall  appoint 
Convention  Committees  and  Temporary  Officers.  He  shall  be  respon- 
sible for  the  campaigns  of  the  Governor  and  Lieutenant  Governor 
until  such  times  as  permanent  Campaign  Manager  may  be  appointed. 
The  State  Chair  may  delegate  authority  to  the  District  Chairs  to  act 
in  his  behalf  on  any  matter. 

B.  The  Vice-Chair  shall  be  chief  assistant  to  the  Chair  and  shall  act  as 
Chair  in  the  absence  of  the  Chair.  The  Vice-Chair  shall  maintain  close 
liaison  with  the  District  and  County  Vice  Chair,  encourage  and  direct 
activities  in  the  Party  structure.  The  Vice-Chair  shall  work  with  the 
National  Committeewoman  and  Committeeman  and  provide  them 
with  information  and  assistance  on  state  matters.  The  Vice-Chair 
shall  have  such  other  duties  as  may  be  prescribed  by  the  State 
Executive  and  Central  Committees. 

C.  The  National  Committeewoman  and  National  Committeeman  shall 
maintain  liaison  with  the  National  Republican  Party  and  with  the 
State  Executive  and  Central  Committees. 

D.  The  Secretary  shall  keep  minutes  of  all  Meetings.  The  Assistant 
Secretary  shall  assist  the  Secretary  in  the  above  duties  and  shall  act 
as  the  Secretary  in  the  absence  of  the  Secretary. 

E.  The  State  Treasurer  shall  receive  and  disburse  all  funds  collected  or 
earned  by  the  State  Party,  and  all  disbursements  shall  be  made  by 
him.  All  funds  shall  be  deposited  in  a  central  location  at  the 
Treasurer's  direction.  The  Treasurer  shall  be  bonded  in  an  amount 
fixed  by  the  State  Central  Committee  with  the  premium  to  be  paid 
from  Party  funds.  The  Treasurer  shall  submit  such  financial  reports 
as  are  required  by  the  state  and  federal  campaign  election  laws.  The 
Assistant  Treasurer  shall  assist  the  Treasurer  and  have  the  power  to 
make  disbursements  in  the  absence  of  the  Treasurer. 

F.  The  General  Counsel  shall  advise  the  Executive  Committee  in  all  legal 
matters  and  shall  act  as  Parliamentarian  at  all  Meetings  of  the 
Committee. 

5.  Vacancies  and  Removals 

A.  In  case  of  death,  resignation,  discontinuance  of  residency  within  the 
State,  or  removal  of  any  Officer  of  the  State  Executive  Committee,  the 
resulting  vacancy  shall  be  filled  by  the  State  Executive  Committee.  In 
case  of  death,  regisnation,  discontinuance  of  residency  within  the 
District,  or  removal  of  any  Member  representing  a  Congressional 
District,  the  vacancy  shall  be  filled  by  the  remaining  Members  of  the 
Congressional  District  in  which  such  vacancy  occurs. 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  837 

B.  Each  Officer  and  each  Member  of  the  State  Executive  Committee  shall 
refrain  from  utilizing  the  powers  and  dignity  of  his  or  her  office  or 
position  in  any  Republican  Primary  for  public  office  at  any  level. 

C.  Any  Officer  or  Member  may  be  removed  by  a  2/3  vote  of  the  Committee 
after  being  furnished  with  notice  of  the  charges  against  him,  signed  by 
not  less  than  1/3  of  the  Members  of  the  Committee  and  allowing  him  30 
days  to  appear  and  defend  himself;  provided  further  that  said  cause  for 
removal  shall  be  confined  to  gross  inefficiency,  Party  disloyalty,  or  fail- 
ure to  act  in  compliance  with  this  Plan  of  Organization.  The  decision  of 
the  State  Executive  Committee  shall  be  final. 

ARTICLE  XIII 
STATE  CENTRAL  COMMITTEE 

1  .  Membership 

The  State  Central  Committee  shall  be  composed  of  the  following: 

A.  The  Congressional  District  Chairs;  the  Congressional  District  Vice- 
Chair  shall  act  in  the  absence  of  the  Chair. 

B.  The  Chair,  Vice-Chair,  National  Committeeman,  National 
Committeewoman,  Secretary,  Treasurer,  General  Counsel  and  State 
Finance  Chair.  The  Assistant  Secretary,  Assistant  General  Counsel 
and  Assistant  Treasurer  shall  act  in  the  absence  of  their  principal. 

C.  The  Chair  of  the  Young  Republican  Federation  and  the  President  of 
the  Republican  Women's  Federation,  the  President  of  the  Republican 
Men's  Federation,  the  Chair  of  the  North  Carolina  Republican  County 
Chairs's  Association,  the  Chair  of  the  North  Carolina  Republicans  and 
the  Chair  of  the  North  Carolina  Teenage  Republicans  shall  be  voting 
Members.  The  advisor  to  the  North  Carolina  Teenage  Republicans 
shall  be  a  non-voting  member. 

D.  The  immediate  past  State  Chair,  the  Republican  Joint  Caucus  Leader 
in  the  General  Assembly,  the  Republican  Leader  in  the  North 
Carolina  House  of  Representatives,  and  the  Republican  Leader  in  the 
North  Carolina  Senate. 

E.  All  past  State  Chairs,  if  otherwise  eligible.  They  are  ex-officio  and, 
except  for  the  immediate  past  Chair,  have  no  vote. 

2.  Powers  and  Duties 

A.  The  State  Central  Committee  shall  have  the  power  to  appoint  such 
Committees  as  it  may  deem  necessary  for  the  proper  conduct  of  Party 
affairs,  to  formulate  fiscal  policy,  establish  financial  goals,  prepare  a 
budget,  set  the  dates  for  the  Biennial  State  Convention  as  provided  for 
in  Article  XI,  l.A,  and  the  Presidential  Election  Year  Precinct 
Meetings,  County,  Congressional  District,  and  State  Conventions 
between  February  1  and  35  days  prior  to  the  Republican  National 
Convention  in  Presidential  Election  Years,  in  accordance  with 
National  Rules;  and  to  do  all  things  pertaining  to  Party  affairs  which 
it  may  be  authorized  to  do  by  the  State  Executive  Committee.  It  shall 
be  responsible  for  initiating  all  campaigns  for  the  United  States 


838  North  Carolina  Manual 

Senate  and  Council  of  State  and  coordinating  them  as  determined  fea- 
sible. The  State  Central  Committee  shall  keep  accurate  accounts  of 
its  proceedings  and  shall  make  annual  reports  to  the  State  Executive 
Committee. 
B.  The  Committee  may  contract  with,  as  a  full-time  Executive  Director,  a 
person  of  highest  character  and  professional  political  competence  to 
execute  on  a  day-by-day  basis  the  mission  of  the  Committee.  The 
Committee  shall  provide  on  a  full-time  basis  in  the  vicinity  of  the  capi- 
tal city  of  North  Carolina  adequate  offices  for  the  Executive  Director 
and  such  staff  as  the  Committee  shall  provide  for  him,  which  offices 
shall  be  known  as  Headquarters,  North  Carolina  Republican  Party. 
The  Central  Committee  is  charged  with,  in  addition  to  all  other 
duties,  the  mission  of  creating  an  effective  Republican  organization  in 
every  political  precinct  in  North  Carolina. 

3.  Meetings 

The  State  Central  Committee  shall  meet  at  least  every  other  month  upon 
call  of  the  Chair  upon  10  days  notice  to  all  Members  or  upon  petition  of  1/3  of 
the  Members  of  the  Committee.  1/3  of  the  Members  listed  in  Article  XIII, 
Sections  l.A.  through  l.D.  shall  constitute  a  quorum  for  the  transaction  of 
business.  There  shall  be  no  proxy  voting. 

4.  Duties  of  Officers 

The  Officers  of  the  State  Executive  Committee  shall  act  as  Officers  of  the 
State  Central  Committee,  with  corresponding  duties. 

ARTICLE  XIV 
STATE  FINANCE  COMMITTEE 

1.  Membership 

The  Finance  Committee  shall  consist  of  the  State  Finance  Chair,  the 
Congressional  Finance  Chair,  and  the  State  Chair.  The  State  Finance  Chair 
shall  serve  as  Chair  of  the  State  Finance  Committee.  Other  Officers  as  may 
be  deemed  necessary  may  be  elected  by  the  Members  of  the  Committee. 

2.  Powers  and  Duties 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  Finance  Committee  to  develop  ways  and 
means  to  properly  finance  the  General  Election  campaigns  and  other  busi- : 
ness  and  affairs  of  the  Republican  Party.  The  Committee  shall  manage  a 
united  fund-raising  effort  in  cooperation  with  the  State  Central  Committee 
only  in  those  Counties  with  the  approval  of  the  County  Executive  Committee; 
and  cooperate  with  District  and  County  Organizations  for  effective  fund-rais- 
ing campaigns.  Said  Committee  shall  not  directly,  or  indirectly,  raise  or  col- 
lect funds  for  the  benefit  of  any  candidates  for  primary  elections.  All  persons 
making  contributions  to  the  State  Party  of  $100.00  or  more  shall  be  fur-' 
nished  with  a  receipt  thereof.  Contributions  going  directly  to  the  National 
Committee  or  to  any  candidate  shall  not  be  acknowledged  by  the  State 
Treasurer  or  recorded  as  a  regular  contribution  to  the  Republican  Party  of 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  839 

North  Carolina.  A  permanent  record  of  all  contributions  shall  be  maintained 
by  the  State  Chair  and  the  State  Treasurer,  and  such  records  shall  be  avail- 
able, upon  request,  to  the  appropriate  County  and  District  Chairs. 

3.  Duties  of  Officers 

The  State  Finance  Chair  shall  preside  at  all  Meetings  of  the  Committee 
and  shall  be  the  chief  liaison  between  the  Finance  Committee  and  the  State 
Central  Committee.  Other  Officers  shall  have  such  duties  as  may  be  pre- 
scribed by  the  Committee. 

ARTICLE  XV 
GENERAL  CONVENTION  PROCEDURE 

1.  Biennial  Conventions  and  Presidential  Election  Year  Conventions 

The  County,  Congressional  District,  and  State  Conventions  shall  be  called 
to  order  by  their  respective  Chairs,  or  in  the  absence  of  the  Chairs,  by  the 
Vice-Chair  or  Secretary,  in  order  slated,  who  shall  have  the  power  to  appoint 
the  necessary  Convention  Committees  and  Temporary  Officers  at  or  before 
the  convening  of  the  Convention. 

2.  Voting  Procedure 

No  Delegate,  Alternate,  or  any  other  Member  of  a  Convention  shall  cast 
any  vote  by  proxy;  provided,  however,  that  any  Delegate  or  Delegates  present 
shall  have  the  right  to  cast  the  entire  vote  of  the  County  in  District  and  State 
Conventions.  No  Precinct  shall  cast  more  votes  than  it  has  duly  elected 
Delegates  on  the  floor  at  the  County  Convention.  No  person  shall  be  seated 
as  a  Delegate  at  any  County,  District,  or  State  Convention  unless  such  per- 
son shall  have  been  duly  elected  a  Delegate  or  Alternate  by  the  appropriate 
Precinct  Meeting  or  County  Convention;  except,  the  registered  Republican  or 
Republicans,  present  at  a  County  Convention  from  an  unorganized  Precinct, 
which  has  not  had  its  credentials  accepted,  shall  have  the  right  to  vote  1  vote 
per  Precinct,  prorated  among  those  present  from  that  Precinct.  In  a 
Presidential  Election  Year  Convention  only  Delegates  present  on  the  floor 
are  eligible  to  vote. 

3.  Special  Meetings  and  Conventions 

The  State  Central  Committee,  at  any  time,  in  the  interests  of  the 
Republican  Party,  may  direct  the  State  Chair  or  the  Congressional  District 
Chairs,  to  issue  call  for  Special  Senatorial,  Judicial,  or  Legislative 
Organizational  Meetings,  and  Special  County  and  Congressional  District 
Conventions,  in  any  or  all  of  the  Counties  and  Districts  of  the  State.  The  pro- 
cedure for  calling  Regular  Biennial  Meetings  and  Conventions  shall  apply  to 
the  calling  of  Special  Meetings  and  Conventions  so  far  as  applicable  and  not 
inconsistent  with  this  Plan  of  Organization. 

4.  Newspaper  of  General  Circulation. 

Notice  published  in  a  newspaper  of  general  circulation  in  the  County  for 
the  purpose  of  this  Plan  of  Organization,  shall  include  either  paid  advertise- 


840  North  Carolina  Manual 

ment  or  a  news  item,  provided  it  includes  the  time,  date,  location,  and  pur- 
pose of  the  Meeting.  This  in  no  way  relieves  the  Chair  of  the  responsibility  of 
the  notice. 

5.  Challenges 

Notwithstanding  any  other  provision  of  this  Plan  of  Organization,  chal- 
lenges to  Delegates  and  Alternates  must  be  made  in  their  capacity  as  indi- 
vidual Delegates.  The  successful  challenges  to  Delegates  and  Alternates 
must  be  made  individually  as  to  their  capacity  as  Delegates  and  Alternates. 
The  successful  challenges  of  individuals  in  their  capacity  as  Delegates  and 
Alternates  shall  not  affect  the  seating  of  other  Delegates  and  Alternates  in 
the  same  Precinct  or  County  Delegates  unless  it  can  be  demonstrated  by  a 
preponderance  of  the  evidence  that  the  previous  election  of  such  successfully 
challenged  Delegates  and  Alternates  resulted  in  the  election  of  other 
Delegates  and  Alternates  within  such  Delegation  who  would  not  otherwise 
have  been  elected,  but  for  the  votes  of  the  unqualified  Delegates  or 
Alternates. 

6.  General  Election  Procedures 

Notwithstanding  any  other  Article  in  this  Plan  of  Organization,  the  allo- 
cated Delegate  slots  and  then  the  allocated  Alternate  slots  allotted  under 
this  Plan  of  Organization  to  a  Precinct  or  a  County  shall  be  filled  first  by  the 
election  of  those  duly  qualified  registered  Republicans,  eligible  to  vote,  pre- 
sent at  such  Meeting  or  Convention,  and  desiring  to  be  elected  to  fill  such 
slots.  No  one  shall  be  eligible  for  or  elected  as  a  Delegate  or  Alternate  to  any 
Convention  who  is  not  present  at  the  Meeting  or  Convention  where  such 
Delegates  or  Alternates  are  elected  to  the  exclusion  of  a  duly  qualified, 
Republican  registered  to  vote,  present  at  such  Meeting  or  Convention,  and 
desiring  to  be  elected  first  as  a  Delegate  or  then  as  an  Alternate. 

ARTICLE  XVI 
OFFICIAL  RECORDS 

1.  Minutes  of  Official  Actions 

Minutes  shall  be  kept  by  all  Committees  and  Conventions  of  official 
actions  taken,  and  a  copy  shall  be  filed  with  the  Chair  of  the  appropriate 
Committee  or  Convention  and  with  the  Republican  State  Headquarters. 


2.  Financial  Accounts 

The  Chair,  Treasurer,  and  Finance  Chair  of  the  County,  District,  and 
State  Committees  shall  keep  faithful  and  accurate  records  of  any  and  all 
monies  received  by  them  for  the  use  of  said  Committees  and  shall  make 
faithful  and  accurate  reports  whereof  when  so  requested. 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  841 

ARTICLE  XVII 
APPOINTMENTS 

1.  Notification 

It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  State  Chair  to  transmit  notice  of  all  known 
vacancies  on  a  District  or  State  level  to  those  persons  having  jurisdiction  in 
such  appointments. 

2.  County  Appointments 

When  a  vacancy  occurs  in  a  governmental  office  of  any  properly  organized 
County  for  which  a  Party  recommendation  is  called  for,  such  vacancy  shall  be 
filled  by  the  State  Chair  upon  recommendation  of  the  County  Executive 
Committee. 

3.  District  Appointments 

When  a  vacancy  occurs  in  a  governmental  office  on  a  district  level  for 
which  a  Party  recommendation  is  called  for,  such  vacancy  shall  be  filled  by 
recommendation  of  the  State  Chair,  only  upon  a  majority  vote  of  the 
National  Committeeman  and  National  Committeewoman  and  of  the  State 
Executive  Committee  from  the  Counties  embraced  in  the  territory  served  by 
the  office  in  question,  at  a  Meeting  called  for  that  purpose. 

4.  State  Appointments 

When  a  vacancy  occurs  in  a  governmental  office  on  the  state  level  for 
which  a  Party  recommendation  is  called  for,  such  vacancy  shall  be  filled  by 
recommendation  of  the  State  Chair,  only  upon  majority  vote  of  the  State 
Executive  Committee  at  a  Meeting  called  for  that  purpose. 

5.  The  provisions  of  this  Article  shall  be  construed  in  accordance  with  the 
provisions  of  Article  VII. 

ARTICLE  XVIII 
FORFEITURE  OF  OFFICIAL  PRIVILEGES 

Any  Officer  or  Member  of  Precinct  Committee,  County  Executive 
Committee,  District  Committee,  State  Executive  Committee,  or  State 
Central  Committee  who,  for  any  reason  is  removed  or  resigned  from  said 
position  shall  forfeit  all  rights  and  privileges  in  any  way  connected  with  that 
position. 

ARTICLE  XIX 
APPLICABILITY  AND  EFFECTIVENESS  OF  THIS  PLAN 

1.  Rules  as  to  Towns  and  Cities 

This  Plan  of  Organization  is  not  intended  to  extend  to  or  establish  organi- 
zations for  the  Republican  Party  of  various  towns  and  cities  of  the  state  of 
North  Carolina  as  separate  units  from  the  Precinct  and  County 
Organizations.   Qualified  and  registered  Republican  voters  of  the  towns  and 


842  North  Carolina  Manual 

cities  of  the  state  may  organize  and  promulgate  their  own  rules  not  inconsistent 
with  these  rules  and  the  organizations  herein  established. 

2.  Rules  as  to  Counties  and  Districts 

The  Precinct  and  County  Committees  and  County  Conventions,  and  the 
District  Committees  and  Conventions  are  authorized  to  promulgate  such 
additional  rules  and  establish  such  additional  Party  Officers  or  Committees 
for  their  respective  organizations,  not  inconsistent  with  these  rules,  as  shall 
be  deemed  necessary.  Counties  may  establish  Executive  Boards  to  transact 
the  business  of  the  Party  between  County  Executive  Committee  Meetings. 

3.  Controversies 

Controversies  in  any  County  or  District  with  respect  to  the  organizations 
set  up  therein  under  this  Plan  shall  be  referred  to  the  State  Chair,  State 
Vice-Chair,  National  Committeeman,  National  Committeewoman,  and 
General  Counsel  for  arbitration.  Ruling  shall  be  made  within  60  days  and 
their  decision  shall  be  final. 

4.  Parliamentary  Authority 

Roberts  Rules  of  Order  Newly  Revised  shall  govern  all  proceedings,  except 
when  inconsistent  with  this  State  Plan  of  Organization  or  Convention  Rules 
properly  adopted. 

5.  Gender  and  Number 

The  masculine  pronoun  or  title  herein  includes  the  feminine,  and  the  sin- 
gular herein  includes  the  plural,  wherever  appropriate. 

6.  Effective  Date  of  this  Plan 

This  Plan  of  Organization  shall  become  effective  and  repeal  and  supersede 
all  other  rules,  except  as  specifically  noted,  immediately  following  adjourn- 
ment of  the  State  Convention  in  Asheville,  North  Carolina,  on  May  22,  1993. 
This,  however,  shall  not  invalidate  any  action  taken  under  the  previous  rules 
prior  to  the  date  above. 

1993  Plan  of  Organization  Committee 

Bill  Graham,Chair  Hazel  Gill  Alan  Pugh 

Rhoda  Billings  Mike  Holt  Doug  Stoy 

Quintine  Finch  Robin  Johnson       Steve  Rader,  Legal  Counsel 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  843 


REPUBLICAN  EXECUTIVE  COMMITTEE 

(Primary  Officers) 

Chair R.  JackHawke 

Vice  Chair Jane  B.  Rouse 

Secretary Peggy  Harrison 

Treasurer  Steve  Stroud 

General  Counsel Steve  Rader 

Finance  Chair K.  D.  Kennedy,  Jr. 

National  Committeeman Jack  Laughery 

National  Committeewoman Linda  Shaw 

Joint  Caucus  Leader Sen.  Paul  Smith 

Senate  Minority  Leader Sen.  Bob  Shaw 

House  Minority  Leader Rep.  David  Balmer 

Young  Republican  Federation Nate  Pendley 

Republican  Men's  Federation Don  Davis 

Republican  Women  Federation Dottie  Salerno 

College  Republican  Federation Dee  Stewart 

CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT  COMMITTEES 

First  District 

Chair Edwin  (Sandy)  Hardy Washington 

Vice  Chair Floyd  White Cove  City 

Secretary Claudia  Simpson Fayetteville 

Treasurer Katie  Lawrence Gates 

Second  District 

Chair Billie  C.  Stevens Smithfield 

Vice  Chair Bettie  West Wilson 

Secretary Betty  Jo  Shepheard Tarboro 

Treasurer Tom  Edelen Durham 

Third  District 

Chair Joseph  D.  Teachey,  Jr Wallace 

Vice  Chair June  Rodd Havelock 

Secretary Emily  Manning Richlands 

Treasurer Sue  Sutton Kinston 

Fourth  District 

Chair Rep.  David  M.  Miner Cary 

Vice  Chair Norma  de  St.  Aubin Siler  City 

Secretary Josephine  Barbour Hillsborough 

Treasurer Jim  Reidy Raleigh 

Fifth  District 

Chair Dallas  Nance State  Road 

j  Vice  Chair Jack  Bailey Walnut  Cove 

Secretary Nena  Walker Wilkesboro 

Treasurer Phillip  Snow Toast 


844  North  Carolina  Manual 

Sixth  District 

Chair Melvin  S.  King Mebane 

Vice  Chair Dottie  Salerno Greensboro 

Secretary Connie  Leonard Lexington 

Treasurer Collette  Hoover Asheboro 

Seventh  District 

Chair T.  Richard  Rabon Chadbourn 

Vice  Chair Alice  Cumberworth Wilmington 

Secretary Joyce  Costin Fayetteville 

Treasurer Sam  Cox Lumberton 

Eighth  District 

Chair Kent  L.  Hayes Monroe 

Vice  Chair Betty  Lapish Concord 

Secretary Betty  Babb Kanapolis 

Treasurer Ruth  Mercer Polkton 

Ninth  District 

Chair Carol  C.  Donaldson Charlotte 

Vice  Chair John  Rayfield Belmont 

Secretary Dot  Presser Charlotte 

Treasurer Gloria  Robinson Gastonia 

Tenth  District 

Chair Andy  Wells Hickory 

Vice  Chair Joyce  Lawing Lenoir 

Secretary Jessie  Crosswhite Statesville 

Treasurer David  Autrey Hickory 

Eleventh  District 

Chair Herschel  "Scotty"  Morgan Asheville 

Vice  Chair Kathryn  Willis Zirconia 

Secretary Linda  Hogue Bryson  City 

Treasurer Lanier  Cansler Asheville 

Twelfth  District 

Chair Dr.  Quentine  Finch Durham 

Vice  Chair Roger  Hudson Charlotte 

Secretary Barbour  Holt Elon  College 

Treasurer Don  Daughterty Greensboro 

REPUBLICAN  COUNTY  CHAIRS 

Alamance Charles  L.  Bateman Burlington 

Alexander Guy  Kerley Taylorsville 

Alleghany Lois  W.  Sheets Sparta 

Anson Ruth  F.  Mercer Polkton 

Ashe David  Ashley West  Jefferson 

Avery Dan  Vance Crossnore 

Beaufort James  "Gene"  E.  Hodges Washington 

Bertie James  F.  Hoggard,  III Windsor 

Bladen Billy  Ray  Pait Bladenboro 

Brunswick Shirley  Babson Bolivia 

Buncombe David  L.  Brown Asheville 

Burke Roger  F.  Golightly Morganton 

Cabarrus Ric  Starnes Concord 

Caldwell Kenneth  R.  Moore Lenoir 


Political  Parties  in  North  Carolina  845 

Camden Tony  Marcello Camden 

Carteret Jule  Wheatly Beaufort 

Caswell Diane  M.  Williams Yanceyville 

Catawba Joe  Lutz Newton 

Chatham Carolyn  Oldham Chapel  Hill 

Cherokee Curtis  Dockerty Andrews 

Chowan 

Clay Paula  Gruenert Warne 

Cleveland Dennis  Davis Lattimore 

Columbus James  C.  Masten Whiteville 

Craven Donald  Dye New  Bern 

Cumberland Maj.  Ret.  James  M.  Cooper Fayetteville 

Currituck E.  Ray  Etheridge Elizabeth  City 

Dare Daniel  B.  Gray Avon 

Davidson Gerald  K.  Hege Lexington 

Davie Mark  S.  Jones Mocksville 

Duplin Corbett  L.  Quinn Magnolia 

Durham J.  Tom  Edelen Durham 

Edgecambe Vonne  Reeves Sharpsburg 

Forsyth Charles  H.  Wallschleger Pfafftown 

Franklin Rubert  E.  Rector Louisburg 

Gaston Jay  W.  Greene Gastonia 

Gates Katie  Lawrence Gates 

Graham Delmas  Shuler Robbinsville 

Granville Jimmie  V.  Morris Oxford 

Greene Roy  Allen  Keel Snow  Hill 

Guilford John  M.  Blust Greensboro 

Halifax Thomas  E.  Youngblood Roanoke  Rapids 

Harnett Dan  Page Coats 

Haywood Vickie  Ottinger Waynesville 

Henderson C.  Russell  Burrell Hendersonville 

Hertford Bruce  L.  Daughtry Ahoskie 

Hoke James  Harold  Brock Raeford 

Hyde Jean  W.  Williams Swan  Quarter 

Iredell Geraldine  R.  White Statesville 

Jackson Roy  L.  Cox Cullowhee 

Johnston Linwood  Parker Four  Oaks 

Jones Jessie  Ray  Eubanks Pollocksville 

Lee Joseph  F.  Kilmartin Sanford 

Lenoir Susan  Sexton  Rouse Kinston 

Lincoln Jim  Perry Denver 

Macon Dwight  Vinson Franklin 

Madison David  Ramsey Marshall 

Martin Bernard  E.  Williford,  Jr Everetts 

McDowell Roger  L.  Gilliam Nebo 

Mecklenburg Richard  Sahlie Charlotte 

Mitchell David  H.  Hall Spruce  Pine 

Montgomery Bobby  L.  Saunders Troy 

Moore W.  Y.  Alex  Webb Southern  Pines 

Nash A.  Douglas  Haynes Rocky  Mount 

New  Hanover Estell  C.  Lee Wilmington 

Northampton David  Faircloth Jackson 

Onslow Kerry  Clancy Jacksonville 


846  North  Carolina  Manual 

Orange Betty  Ibrahim Chapel  Hill 

Pamlico Santa  Klotz Bayboro 

Pasquotank Frankie  Meads Elizabeth  City 

Pender Martin  B.  Ferguson Hampstead 

Perquimans Bobby  Jones Hertford 

Person Gerharda  H.  Sanchez Timberlake 

Pitt Jeffrey  Foster Greenville 

Polk Lawrence  J.  Poe Tryon 

Randolph Grace  T.  Steed Randleman 

Richmond Richard  G  Buckner Rockingham 

Robeson H.  Dobbs  Oxendine Lumberton 

Rockingham Floyd  C.  Wulfeck Reidsville 

Rowan J.  Stephen  Noble Landis 

Rutherford Charles  Philip  Byers Ellenboro 

Sampson Jesse  L.  Lindsay Clinton 

Scotland Joyce  S.  Hamby Laurinburg 

Stanly Col.  B.A.  Smith,  Jr Stanfield 

Stokes Carol  Bailey Walnut  Cove 

Surry William  F.  Huckaby Pilot  Mountain 

Swain David  Sawyer Bryson  City 

Transylvania Charles  R.  Merrill Brevard 

Tyrrell Dennis  W.  Swain,  Sr Columbia 

Union Donnie  Baucom Monroe 

Vance Jerry  Faulkner Oxford 

Wake Thomas  H.  Robert Raleigh 

Warren Howard  B.  Smith Macon 

Washington Jimmy  S.  Davenport Roper 

Watauga James  Hastings Boone 

Wayne Joe  Daugherty Goldsboro 

Wilkes Bill  G.  Anderson Moravian  Falls 

Wilson A.  Thomas  Stott Wilson 

Yadkin James  L.  Graham Yadkinville 

Yancey Wade  T.  Harding Burnsville 


North  Carolina  Counties  847 


- 


848  North  Carolina  Manual 


North  Carolina 
Counties 


PartV 


850  North  Carolina  Manual 


North  Carolina  Counties  851 


CHAPTER  ONE 


County  Government:  An  Historical  Perspective 


Early  Beginnings 

In  pre-Revolutionary  North  county  sheriff,  the  coroner,  and  con- 
Carolina  the  county  was  the  pri-  stables.  Later  these  offices  became 
mary  political,  as  well  as  geo-  elective  positions  with  the  sheriff 
graphical  unit.  The  colony  relied  and  coroner  elected  from  the  county 
heavily  upon  the  county  for  adminis-  at  large  and  constables  from  cap- 
tation of  local  government.  Justices  tain's  districts  (a  militia-mustering 
of  the  peace,  as  a  body  or  court,  areas.)  Justices  of  the  peace  were 
administered  the  affairs  of  the  coun-  also  responsible  for  appointing  a 
ty.  These  were  men  of  standing  and  clerk  of  court,  a  register  of  deeds,  a 
most  often  men  of  substance,  and,  county  attorney,  a  county  trustee 
generally,  the  leaders  in  their  com-  (treasurer),  a  surveyor,  and  over- 
munities.  Independence  from  seers  or  wardens  of  the  poor. 
England  brought  no  major  changes  The  Court  of  Pleas  and  Quarter 
in  this  system.  In  the  early  days  of  Sessions  had  dual  responsibilities;  it 
statehood,  justices  were  appointed  by  performed  judicial  as  well  as  admin- 
the  governor  to  serve  for  good  behav-  istrative  functions, 
ior;  however,  in  making  his  appoint-  The  administrative  duties  of  the 
ments,  the  governor  relied  on  recom-  justices  of  the  peace  included  the 
mendations  from  the  General  assessing  and  levying  of  taxes;  the 
Assembly.  The  members  of  the  legis-  establishing  and  maintaining  of 
lature  from  a  given  county  had  a  roads,  bridges,  and  ferries;  the  grant- 
powerful  voice  in  the  selection  of  jus-  ing  of  licenses  to  taverns  and  control- 
tices  of  the  peace  for  their  county,  ling  the  prices  charged  for  food;  and 
This  appointment  input  also  gave  the  erecting  and  controlling  of  mills, 
legislators  a  good  deal  of  influence  in  Through  their  power  of  appointment, 
the  government  at  the  county  level.  justices  supervised  the  work  of  the 
As  a  group,  justices  of  the  peace  law  enforcement  officers,  the  admin- 
in  a  county  formed  a  court  known  as  istrative  officers  of  the  court,  the  sur- 
the  Court  of  Pleas  and  Quarter  veyor,  and  the  wardens  of  the  poor. 
Sessions.  Any  three  justices,  sitting  Taxes  were  collected  by  the  sheriff, 
together,  constituted  a  quorum  for  In  its  judicial  capacity,  the  Court 
the  transaction  of  business.  It  was  of  Pleas  and  Quarter  Sessions  heard 
common  practice  for  the  justices  to  civil  cases  (except  those  assigned  by 
meet  each  January,  select  a  chair-  law  to  a  single  justice  or  to  a  higher 
man,  then  elect  five  of  their  number  court).  The  court  was  responsible  for 
to  hold  the  regular  sessions  of  the  probate,  dower,  guardianships,  and 
court  for  the  year.  During  its  early  the  administration  of  estates.  In 
existence,  the  Court  of  Pleas  and  addition,  it  had  jurisdiction  in  criminal 
Quarter  Sessions  appointed  the  cases  in  which  the  punishment  did 


852  North  Carolina  Manual 

not  extend  to  life,  limb,  or  member.  and  the  voters  of  each  township 

The  county  itself  was  a  single  elected  two  justices  of  the  peace  and 
political  unit;  there  were  no  town-  a  clerk  who  served  as  the  governing 
ships;  and  the  Court  of  Pleas  and  body  of  the  township.  Under  the 
Quarter  Sessions,  through  its  county  commissioner's  supervision, 
appointive  and  administrative  pow-  the  township  board  was  responsible 
ers,  exerted  strong  control  over  coun-  for  roads  and  bridges  and  for  the 
ty  affairs.  However,  it  should  be  assessment  of  property  for  taxation, 
emphasized  that  at  this  time  the  vot-  Each  township  had  a  constable  and 
ers  had  no  direct  control  over  the  each  had  a  school  committee, 
court  and  thus  no  direct  control  over  This  long  ballot  system  was  con- 
county  government.  Such  was  the  sciously  constructed  to  favor  the 
situation  until  the  end  of  the  Civil  Republican  Party.  The  support  of 
War.  this  party  lay  in  the  newly  enfran- 

When  the  Constitution  of  North  chised  blacks  who  had  been  slaves 

Carolina  was  rewritten  in  1868,  the  only  three  years  before,  from  native 

drafters,    many    of   whom    were  whites  of  small  means  who  had 

acquainted  with  local  government  opposed  secession  and  remained 

systems  in  other  parts  of  the  coun-  loyal  to  the  Union  throughout  the 

try,  devised  a  new  and  more  democ-  Civil  War,  and  from  a  relatively 

ratic  plan  of  organization  for  the  small  number  of  prominent  citizens 

counties.  who  believed  that  the  state's  shat- 

Although  the  position  of  justice  tered  fortunes  could  be  recovered 

of  the  peace  was  retained,  the  old  only  through  cooperation  and  under- 

Court  of  Pleas  and  Quarter  Sessions  standing  between  the  races  and 

was  eliminated.  Its  judicial  responsi-  accommodation  with  the  dominant 

bilities  were  distributed  between  the  national  political  party.  The  ballot 

justices  and  the  North  Carolina  was  intended  to  destroy  forever  the 

Superior  Court.  Its  administrative  political  power  of  the  landowners, 

work  was  assigned  to  a  board  of  professional  people,  and  merchants 

county  commissioners  composed  of  who  had  dominated  state  govern- 

five  members  elected  at  large  by  the  ment,  and  thus  local  government 

voters  of  the  county.  under  the  old  system,  for  nearly  a 

The  county  commissioners  were  century.  Although  most  of  the  people 

made  responsible  for  public  build-  were     disenfranchised     by     the 

ings,  schools,  roads  and  bridges,  and  Fourteenth   Amendment   to   the 

the  financial  affairs  of  the  county,  Constitution  of  the  United  States 

including    taxation.     The     wide  because  they  had  "engaged  in  insur- 

appointive  powers  of  the  Court  of  rection  or  rebellion  against  the 

Pleas  and  Quarter  Sessions  were  not  United  States,  or  given  aid  or  com-, 

transferred  to  the  board  of  county  fort  to  the  enemies  thereof"  by 

commissioners.  Instead,  the  voters  of  actively  supporting  the  Confederacy; 

the  county  elected  the  sheriff,  coro-  they  formed  a  new  political  part} 

ner,  clerk  of  court,  register  of  deeds,  called  the  Conservative  Party  devot- 

surveyor,  and  treasurer.  The  sheriff  ed  to  restoring  as  much  of  the  pre 

continued  to  serve  as  tax  collector.  war  social  and  governmental  systeir 

Each  county  was  divided  into  as  was  possible  under  the  circum 

townships  -  a  distinct  innovation  -  stances.  The  new  system  of  count? 


North  Carolina  Counties  853 

government     contained     in     the  currence  of  a  majority  of  the  justices  - 

Constitution  of  1868  became  one  of  all  of  whom  were  elected  by  the  legis- 

their  targets.  lature.  The  justices  were  made  respon- 

Seven  years  after  the    signing  of  sible  for  conducting  all  elections.  In 

the  Constitution  of  1868  established  more  than  a  few  counties,  the  board  of 

the  county  commissioners  and  town-  commissioners  was  also  made  subject 

ship  systems,  political  control  shifted  to  legislative  appointment, 

to  the  conservatives.  At  a  constitu-  This  troubling  arrangement  last- 

tional    convention    in    1875,    the  ed  for  twenty  years.  In  1895,  the 

Constitution  of  North  Carolina  was  right  of  the  people  to  elect  county 

amended  to  authorize  the  General  commissioners  was  restored  in  most 

Assembly  to  modify  the  plan  of  county  counties,   and  the  necessity  for 

government  established  in  1868.  The  approval  of  the  board's  decisions  by 

legislature  was  quick  to  exercise  its  the   justices    of   the    peace    was 

authority  in  this  matter.  The  board  of  repealed.  Townships  were  stripped  of 

county  commissioners  was  not  abol-  their  powers,  but  they  were  retained 

ished,  but  members  were  to  be  chosen  as  convenient  administrative  subdi- 

by  the  justices  of  the  peace  of  the  visions,  primarily  for  road  building 

county  rather  than  by  the  people  at  and  maintenance  purposes.  Finally, 

large.   While   the   commissioners  in  1905  the  people  of  all  100  counties 

retained  their  responsibilities,  deci-  regained  direct  control  over  the 

sions  on  matters  of  substance  could  board  of  commissioners  through  the 

not  be  put  into  effect  without  the  con-  ballot  box. 

The  County  as  a  Body  Politic  and  Corporate 

A  county,  as  a  defined  geographic  subdivision  of  the  state,  serves  many 

purposes.  Churches,  civic  clubs,  and  other  societal  institutions  use  counties 

as  convenient  subdivisions  for  their  own  purposes.  The  business  world  may 

assign  sales  territories  and  franchises  to  areas  composed  of  one  or  more 

counties.  The  county  may  play  a  role  in  the  psychology  of  people  born  and 

i  raised  "in  the  country"  -  it  serves  to  establish  where  they  are  from  and  who 

I  they  are,  thus  becoming  a  part  of  their  personal  identity.  But  the  county  was 

I  created  in  the  first  instance  by  the  state  as  a  political  unit,  and  this  remains 

{its  primary  purpose. 

More  than  forty  years  ago,  the  North  Carolina  Supreme  Court  was  called 
lupon  to  define  a  county  from  a  legal  point  of  view.  (In  the  case,  Wake  County 
was  a  litigant  and  the  court  spoke  in  terms  of  that  county,  but  what  the 
Court  had  to  say  is  equally  true  of  the  other  ninety-nine  counties): 

"Wake  County  is  a  body  politic  and  corporate,  created  by  the  General 
Assembly  of  North  Carolina  for  certain  public  and  political  purposes.  Its  pow- 
ers as  such,  both  express  and  implied,  are  conferred  by  statutes,  enacted  from 
time  to  time  by  the  General  Assembly,  and  are  exercised  by  its  Board  of 
Commissioners  ....  In  the  exercise  of  ordinary  government  functions,  [counties] 
ire  simply  agencies  of  the  State,  constituted  for  the  convenience  of  local 
administration  in  certain  portions  of  the  State's  territory,  and  in  the  exercise 
>/"  such  functions  they  are  subject  to  almost  unlimited  legislative  control, 
xcept  when  the  power  is  restricted  by  constitutional  provisions." 


854  North  Carolina  Manual 

The  language  used  by  the  court  is  important  as  it  established  the  defini- 
tion of  a  county.  A  county,  according  to  the  court,  is  a  "body  politic  and  corpo- 
rate." A  body  politic  is  a  civil  division  of  the  state  for  purposes  of  governmen- 
tal administration.  A  body  corporate  is  a  legal  entity.  In  private  law,  a  corpo- 
ration is  a  legal  person.  A  county  is  a  legal  entity  or  corporation  of  a  special 
sort  and  with  a  public  function.  As  such,  it  can  buy  and  hold  property,  sue 
and  be  sued,  and  enter  into  contracts  -  all  functions  necessary  to  make  its 
work  as  a  body  politic  effective. 

In  O'Berry,  State  Treasurer  v.  Mecklenburg  County,  [198  N.C.  357,151 
S.E.  880  (1930)],  the  court  stated  that  "the  weight  of  authority  is  to  effect 
that  all  the  powers  and  functions  of  a  county  bear  reference  to  the  general 
policy  of  the  State,  and  are  in  fact  an  integral  portion  of  the  general  adminis- 
tration of  State  policy.  Historically,  the  primary  purpose  for  erecting  a  coun- 
ty was  to  serve  state  purposes  and  to  perform  state  functions  in  a  given  area 
rather  than  to  serve  the  purposes  of  a  particular  geographic  community.  (By 
way  of  contrast,  a  city  was  primarily  formed  at  the  request  of  the  people 
within  its  jurisdiction  to  serve  the  needs  of  the  inhabitants.) 

For  the  Supreme  Court  to  say  that  "all  the  powers  and  functions  of  a 
county  bear  reference  to  the  general  policy  of  the  State  and  are  in  fact  an 
integral  portion  of  the  general  administration  of  State  policy"  is  not  as 
restrictive  as  might  at  first  reading  appear.  "State  policy"  is  a  very  broad 
frame  of  reference;  it  can  touch  any  aspect  of  local  government.  Thus,  the 
truly  significant  nugget  in  the  Supreme  Court's  definition  of  the  role  of  counties 
is  its  statement  that  in  the  exercise  of  their  functions,  counties  "are  subject 
to  almost  unlimited  legislative  control,  except  when  the  power  is  restricted 
by  constitutional  provisions."  In  effect,  if  the  General  Assembly  can  be 
persuaded  to  assign  counties  any  given  power  or  responsibility,  and,  if  the 
Constitution  does  not  prohibit  it,  that  assignment  becomes  state  policy  for 
county  administration. 

The  court's  phrases  should  not  be  drained  of  meaning,  but  they  must  be 
read  in  the  light  of  the  freedom  the  General  Assembly  has  in  withholding, 
assigning,  withdrawing,  and  supervising  the  specific  powers  of  any  agency  of 
government  -  state,  county,  municipality,  or  special  district.  The  develop- 
ment of  "state  policy"  with  regard  to  the  allocation  of  functions  among  gov- 
ernmental units  and  agencies  is  necessarily  determined  by  successive  legisla- 
tures' changing  ideas  of  what  is  best  calculated  to  achieve  desired  results. 

Experience  plays  a  major  role  in  the  determination  of  state  policy. 
Frequently  financial  emergency  and  stress  have  produced  a  climate  favorable 
to  re-examination  of  the  allocation  of  governmental  responsibilities.  Until 
Governor  McLean's  administration,  the  state  allowed  counties,  cities,  and 
other  local  units  almost  unlimited  freedom  in  borrowing  money  and  issuing 
bonds.  With  no  one  to  advise  or  warn  them  in  marketing  their  securities, 
many  counties  overextended  their  obligations  and  saw  their  credit  ratings 
drop  to  the  point  where  they  had  to  pay  crippling  rates  of  interest. 
Eventually,  some  faced  bankruptcy.  In  1927,  on  the  basis  of  this  experience, 
and  recognizing  a  statewide  concern,  the  legislature  established  the  County 
Government  Advisory  Commission  and  gave  it  the  supervisory  powers  necessary 
to  correct  the  situation.  This  commission  effected  a  reversal  in  local  government 


North  Carolina  Counties  855 

financing,  and  its  successor,  the  Local  Government  Commission  remains  one 
of  the  bulwarks  of  North  Carolina  government  today. 

Experience  with  various  local  arrangements  for  road  building  and  main- 
tenance had  a  comparable  effect  on  state  policy.  It  is  not  accidental  that 
North  Carolina  counties  are  no  longer  responsible  for  this  work.  Reflecting 
the  concern  of  the  people  of  the  state,  the  legislature  recognized  a  community 
of  interest  in  roads  wider  than  the  single  county  and  defined  state  policy  on 
roads  accordingly.  Comparable  re-definitions  of  the  area  of  concern  have 
affected  governmental  responsibility  for  operating  schools,  conducting  elec- 
tions, housing  the  state's  system  of  lower  courts  and  their  records,  maintain- 
ing property  ownership  and  mortgage  records,  enforcing  much  of  the  state's 
criminal  law,  administering  public  health  and  public  welfare  programs,  and 
carrying  on  state  programs  designed  to  promote  the  development  of  agricul- 
ture. Some  of  these  functions  are  the  responsibility  of  the  boards  of  county 
commissioners,  and  some  are  assigned  to  other  boards  with  varying  relation- 
ships to  the  board  of  county  commissioners.  Thus,  apart  from  the  role  played 
by  the  commissioners  in  any  of  these  fields,  it  is  the  policy  of  the  state  to 
make  extensive  use  of  its  counties  in  carrying  out  a  large  number  of  essential 
governmental  operations. 

From  the  beginning,  the  county  has  been  used  as  the  basic  local  unit  in 
the  judicial  system  and  for  law  enforcement  -  there  one  finds  the  court,  the 
courthouse,  the  sheriff,  the  jail,  the  clerk,  and  the  court  records.  But  the 
court  is  not  a  county  court;  it  is  a  unit  of  the  state's  judicial  system.  The 
judge,  the  solicitor,  the  clerk,  and  the  magistrates  are  state  officials  who 
administer  state  law,  not  county  law. 

The  General  Assembly  expresses  and  codifies  its  state  policy  decisions  by 
enacting  statutes.  In  assigning  duties  and  powers  to  counties,  the  legislature 
sometimes  speaks  in  terms  of  mandate  or  command  and  sometimes  in  terms 
of  permission  and  discretion.  Thus,  for  example,  counties  are  required  to  pro- 
vide adequate  housing  for  public  schools,  while  they  are  given  discretionary 
authority  to  exercise  planning  and  zoning  powers. 

The  General  Assembly  makes  two  kinds  of  laws  -  it  enacts  general 
j  statutes  that  apply  statewide,  but  it  also  enacts  local  or  special  laws  that 
,  apply  exclusively  within  named  counties  or  cities.  Our  State  Constitution 
j  contains  limitations  on  legislative  authority  to  enact  local  laws  dealing  with 
i  a  substantial  list  of  topics,  but  in  the  absence  of  constitutional  restriction, 
the  legislative  is  free  to  permit  local  variety  and  experiment,  a  freedom  once 
denounced  by  students  of  government  but  now  seen  as  a  useful  device  for 
demonstrating  new  ideas  and  approaches  to  governmental  problems.  Given 
:  this  legislative  freedom,  any  discussion  of  county  powers  and  responsibilities 
j  must  always  be  prefaced  with  a  caution  that  what  is  being  said  about  coun- 
ties in  general  may  not  be  true  for  a  particular  county. 

The  Board  of  County  Commissioners 

We  have  seen  that  the  county,  as  a  body  politic  and  corporate,  is  a  legal 
entity  capable  of  holding  and  managing  property  and  possessed  of  many  pow- 
ers conferred  on  it  by  law.  The  county  exercises  its  powers  and  discharges  its 
responsibilities  through  its  board  of  commissioners.  G.  S.  153A-12  states 


856  North  Carolina  Manual 

that,  except  as  otherwise  directed  by  law,  each  power,  right,  duty,  function, 
privilege  and  immunity  of  the  corporation  [i.e.,  the  county]  shall  be  exercised 
by  the  board  of  commissioners."  This  statute  goes  on  to  say  that  the  county's 
legal  powers  shall  be  carried  into  execution  as  provided  by  the  laws  of  the 
state,  but  if  a  power  is  "conferred  or  imposed  by  law  without  direction  or 
restriction  as  to  how  it  is  to  be  exercised  or  performed,"  the  power  or  respon- 
sibility "shall  be  carried  into  execution  as  provided  by  ordinance  or  resolution 
of  the  board  of  commissioners." 

Each  county  in  the  state  has  a  board  of  commissioners,  but  no  two  boards 
are  exactly  alike.  In  many  states,  general  laws  prescribed  a  form  of  govern- 
ment for  all  counties,  or  for  all  counties  in  classes  defined  by  population.  In 
these  states,  one  would  expect  to  find  essentially  the  same  form  of  govern- 
ment in  counties  of  comparable  size.  Not  so  in  North  Carolina.  Our  boards  of 
county  commissioners  vary  in  size,  term  of  office,  method  of  election,  method 
of  selecting  the  chairman,  and  administrative  structure.  And  these  varia- 
tions bear  no  correlation  to  the  population  of  the  county  or  any  other  objec- 
tive criteria. 

Fifty  counties  have  boards  elected  at-large,  with  another  31  requiring 
board  members  to  meet  district  residency  requirements  but  still  elected  at- 
large.  Three  counties  actually  require  nomination  by  district  residency  while 
electing  at-large.  A  growing  number  of  counties  have  either  a  combination  of 
at-large  and  district  elected  seats  (11)  or  solely  district  elected  seats  (5). 

In  nearly  all  counties,  the  chairman  of  the  board  is  chosen  by  the  board 
members  themselves.  However,  in  two  counties  Jackson  and  Haywood,  the 
chairman  is  elected  separately  by  the  voters. 

The  county  manager  form  of  government  is  very  strong  in  North 
Carolina,  with  all  but  one  county  appointing  someone  to  serve  as  the  county 
manager  or  administrator.  The  manager/administrator  supervises  all  county 
departments  as  the  board's  chief  administrative  officer. 

All  county  commissioners  are  elected  by  the  people  in  partisan  elections 
held  in  November  of  even-numbered  years  at  the  same  time  as  the  elections 
for  members  of  the  General  Assembly  and  other  state  officers.  But  not  every 
county  elects  all  members  of  its  board  every  two  years.  Because  of  the  inter- 
play of  staggered  four-year  terms,  two-year  terms,  and  straight  four-year 
terms,  about  half  of  the  state's  county  commissioners  are  elected  at  each  gen- 
eral election.  Newly  elected  commissioners  take  office  on  the  first  Monday  in 
December  following  their  election  by  taking  the  oath  of  office.  There  is  no 
requirement  that  a  person  be  nominated  as  the  candidate  of  a  political  party 
in  order  to  run  for  the  office  of  county  commissioner,  but  this  is  almost 
invariably  the  practice.  After  the  1988  elections,  364  of  the  521  county  com- 
missioners were  Democrats  and  157  were  Republicans.  This  resulted  in  68  of 
the  100  boards  being  Democrat-controlled  while  32  were  Republican-con- 
trolled. 

Vacancies  in  the  board  of  commissioners  are  filled  by  appointment  of  the 
remaining  members.  A  person  appointed  to  fill  a  vacancy  must  be  a  member 
of  the  same  political  party  as  the  person  he  replaced  (if  that  person  was  elect- 
ed  as  the  nominee  of  a  political  party),  and  the  executive  committee  of  that 
party  has  the  right  to  be  consulted  before  the  appointment  is  made,  although 


North  Carolina  Counties  857 

the  board  is  not  bound  to  follow  any  advice  the  committee  may  give.  If  the 
vacancy  occurs  in  a  two-year  term  or  in  the  last  two  years  of  a  four-year 
term,  the  appointment  is  for  the  remainder  of  the  unexpired  term.  If  the 
vacancy  occurs  in  the  first  two  years  of  a  four-year  term,  the  appointment 
runs  only  until  the  next  general  election,  when  an  election  is  held  to  fill  the 
office  for  the  remainder  of  the  unexpired  term. 

Occasionally,  a  board  of  commissioners  finds  itself  deadlocked  and 
unable  to  fill  a  vacancy.  Since  nearly  all  of  the  boards  of  commissioners  have 
an  odd  number  of  members,  one  vacancy  means  that  the  remaining  members 
can  be  equally  divided  between  two  candidates,  so  that  neither  candidate  can 
receive  a  majority  vote.  Recognizing  this  problem,  the  law  provides  that 
when  a  board  of  commissioners  fails  to  fill  a  vacancy  in  its  membership  for 
60  days,  the  clerk  to  the  board  of  commissioners  must  report  the  vacancy  to 
the  clerk  of  superior  court,  who  must  fill  the  vacancy  within  10  days  after  the 
day  the  vacancy  is  reported  to  him.  The  law  also  provides  for  another  contin- 
gency that  has  not  yet  occurred.  If  the  number  of  vacancies  on  the  board  is 
such  that  a  quorum  cannot  be  obtained,  the  chairman  of  the  board  must 
appoint  enough  members  to  make  up  a  quorum  and  the  board  then  proceeds 
to  fill  the  vacancies.  If  this  situation  exists  and  the  office  of  the  chairman  is 
also  vacant,  the  clerk  of  superior  court  may  act  in  the  chairman's  stead  on 
petition  of  any  remaining  member  of  the  board  or  any  five  registered  voters 
of  the  county.  Whoever  makes  appointments  to  the  board  is  bound  by  the 
rules  that  each  appointee  must  be  a  member  of  the  same  political  party  as 
the  person  he  is  to  replace  and  that  the  party  executive  committee  must  be 
consulted. 

A  newly  elected  or  appointed  county  commissioner  assumes  the  powers 
and  duties  of  his  office  by  taking  the  oath  of  office  prescribed  by  the 
Constitution  of  North  Carolina  as  follows: 

/,  ...do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will  support  and  main- 
tain the  Constitution  and  laws  of  the  United  States,  and  the 
Constitution  and  laws  of  North  Carolina  not  inconsistent  therewith, 
and  that  I  will  faithfully  discharge  the  duties  of  my  office  as  County 
Commissioner  of  ...County,  so  help  me  God. 

The  law  gives  to  several  public  officials  the  authority  to  administer 
oaths,  but  in  most  counties  it  is  customary  to  have  the  oath  of  office  for  mem- 
bers of  the  board  of  commissioners,  the  sheriff,  and  the  register  of  deeds 
administered  by  the  resident  superior  court  judge,  the  chief  district  judge,  or 
the  clerk  of  superior  court. 

A  person  elected  to  public  office  may  take  the  oath  of  office  at  any  time 
on  or  after  the  date  fixed  by  law  for  him  to  do  so.  For  a  newly  elected  county 
commissioner,  that  date  is  the  first  Monday  in  December  following  his  elec- 
tion. This  is  also  the  regular  meeting  date  for  the  board  in  most  counties.  If  a 
newly  elected  commissioner  is  unable  to  take  the  oath  then  due  to  illness  or 
for  some  other  reason,  he  may  take  it  at  a  later  time.  However,  the 
Constitution  provides  that  public  officers  continue  to  hold  office  until  their 
successors  are  chosen  and  qualified.  Thus,  a  member  of  the  board  of  commis- 
sioners who  was  defeated  in  the  election  or  chose  not  to  seek  reelection 


858  North  Carolina  Manual 

retains  his  office  until  his  successor  takes  the  oath  of  office. 

In  all  but  two  counties,  the  chairman  of  the  board  of  commissioners  is 
selected  by  the  board  itself.  In  Jackson  County  and  Haywood  County,  the 
chairman  is  elected  separately  by  the  people.  A  referendum  held  in 
November,  1988,  in  Haywood  County  ended  the  county's  elected  chairman- 
ship position  as  of  November,  1990.  In  all  counties,  the  board  itself  must 
choose  a  vice  chairman  to  act  in  the  absence  or  disability  of  the  chairman. 
Except  in  the  nine  counties  mentioned,  the  board  designates  its  chairman  at 
its  first  regular  meeting  in  December  for  a  term  of  one  year.  Customs  vary  as 
to  how  the  selection  is  made.  In  most  counties,  it  is  customary  for  the  chair- 
man to  serve  as  long  as  he  is  reelected  and  retains  the  confidence  of  his  col- 
leagues. In  others,  the  member  elected  with  the  highest  vote  is  usually  desig- 
nated the  chairman.  In  still  others,  the  chairmanship  rotates  among  the 
members. 

The  chairman  of  the  board  presides  at  all  meetings.  By  law  he  has  not 
only  the  right  but  also  the  duty  to  vote  on  all  questions  before  the  board 
unless  he  is  excused  by  a  standing  rule  of  the  board  or  by  consent  of  the 
remaining  members.  However,  he  may  not  vote  to  break  a  tie  vote  in  which 
he  participated.  He  is  generally  recognized  by  law  as  the  chief  executive  offi- 
cer of  the  county  and  may  acquire  considerable  prestige  and  influence  by 
virtue  of  his  position.  Although  as  a  general  rule  he  has  no  more  legal  power 
than  other  members  of  the  board,  he  does  now  have  special  authority  to 
declare  states  of  emergency  under  the  state  laws  governing  riots  and  civil 
disorders.  He  also  has  authority  to  call  special  meetings  of  the  board  on  his 
own  initiative. 

The  board  is  required  by  law  to  hold  at  least  one  meeting  each  month, 
although  it  may  meet  as  frequently  as  necessary.  Many  counties  have  found 
in  recent  years  that  two  regular  meetings  each  month  are  needed.  The  board 
may  select  any  day  of  the  month  and  any  public  place  within  the  county  for 
its  regular  meetings,  but  in  the  absence  of  a  formal  resolution  of  the  board 
selecting  some  other  time  and  place,  the  law  requires  the  board  to  meet  on 
the  first  Monday  of  the  month  at  the  courthouse.  Ten  o'clock  in  the  morning 
is  the  customary  time  of  day  for  commissioners'  meetings,  although  the  law 
has  never  specified  the  time  of  day.  In  recent  years,  some  boards  have  begun 
to  hold  some  of  their  regular  meetings  in  the  evening  to  allow  greater  public 
attendance. 

Special  board  meetings  may  be  called  by  the  chairman  or  by  a  majority  of 
the  other  board  members.  The  law  lays  down  specific  rules  for  calling  special 
meetings.  A  special  meeting  must  be  called  by  written  notice  stating  time, 
place,  and  subjects  to  be  considered.  The  notice  must  be  posted  on  the  court-i 
house  bulletin  board  and  delivered  to  each  member  of  the  board  at  least  48 
hours  before  the  meeting.  Unless  all  members  attend  or  sign  a  written  waiv- 
er, only  business  related  to  the  subjects  stated  in  the  notice  may  be  transact 
ed  at  a  special  meeting.  The  usual  rules  do  not  apply  to  special  meeting.' 
called  to  deal  with  an  "emergency"  which  is  not  defined  by  the  law,  but  ever 
then  the  persons  who  call  the  meeting  must  take  "reasonable  action  t( 
inform  the  other  members  and  the  public  of  the  meeting." 

The  board  of  commissioners  is  subject  to  the  Open  Meetings  Statutei 

i 


North  Carolina  Counties  859 

enacted  in  1971.  This  law  forbids  most  public  bodies,  both  state  and  local,  to 
hold  meetings  that  are  not  open  to  the  public.  The  law  is  broadly  worded  and 
often  difficult  to  interpret.  In  general,  it  prohibits  a  majority  of  the  members 
of  a  board  of  commissioners  from  gathering  together  in  closed  or  secret  ses- 
sion for  a  purpose  of  "conducting  hearings,  participating  in  deliberations  or 
voting  upon  or  otherwise  transacting  public  business,"  except  when  the  sub- 
ject of  discussion  falls  within  one  of  the  exceptions  set  out  in  the  statute.  The 
exceptions  are: 

(1)  Acquisition,  lease,  or  sale  of  property; 

(2)  Negotiations  with  county  employees  or  their  representatives  or 
independent  contractors  as  to  the  terms  or  conditions  of 
employment; 

(3)  Matters  concerning  hospital  management,  operation,  and  discipline; 

(4)  Any  matter  coming  within  the  physician-patient  or  lawyer-client 
privilege; 

(5)  Conferences  with  legal  counsel  and  other  deliberations  concerning 
court  actions  or  proceedings; 

(6)  Matters  relating  to  the  location  or  expansion  of  industries  or 
other  businesses;  and 

(7)  Matters  relating  to  contingency  plans  for  riots,  civil  disorders  or 
other  emergencies  involving  criminal  misconduct. 

The  law  leaves  most  procedural  matters  to  the  discretion  of  the  board, 
but  it  does  set  out  a  few  rules  that  must  be  followed.  The  board  may  take  no 
action  unless  a  quorum  is  present,  and  the  law  defines  a  quorum  as  a  majori- 
ty of  the  full  membership  of  the  board  without  regard  to  vacancies.  For 
example,  a  quorum  of  a  five-member  board  is  always  three  members  even 
though  there  may  be  two  vacancies.  Once  a  quorum  is  present  at  a  meeting, 
a  member  cannot  destroy  the  quorum  by  leaving  the  room  without  the  con- 
sent of  the  remaining  members.  The  law  provides  that  if  a  member  with- 
1  draws  from  the  meeting  room  without  being  excused  by  a  majority  of  the 
i  members  remaining,  he  is  counted  as  present  for  quorum  purposes.  The 
'  board  also  has  the  legal  power  to  command  the  sheriff  to  take  absent  mem- 
bers into  custody  and  bring  them  to  the  meeting  place.  However,  such  action 
1  can  be  taken  only  when  a  quorum  is  already  present. 

The  law  places  a  duty  on  each  member  to  vote  on  each  question  before 
the  board  unless  he  is  excused  by  his  colleagues,  and  excuses  are  permitted 
only  when  the  matter  before  the  board  concerns  the  financial  interest  or  offi- 
cial conduct  of  the  member  requesting  the  excuse.  Although  this  duty  is 
clearly  present  in  the  law,  there  are  no  enforcement  provisions  for  it. 

The  board  must  see  to  it  that  the  clerk  to  the  board  keeps  full  and  accu- 
rate minutes  of  its  proceedings.  The  minute  book  must  be  open  to  public 
inspection,  and  the  results  of  each  vote  taken  by  the  board  must  be  recorded 
jin  it.  Each  member  has  the  right  to  demand  a  roll-call  vote  on  any  question 
put  to  the  board;  and  when  such  a  demand  is  made  the  names  of  those  voting 
on  each  side  of  the  question  must  be  recorded. 

The  board  has  the  power  to  adopt  its  own  written  rules  of  procedure, 
he  only  legal  restraint  on  these  rules  is  that  they  must  be  "in  the  spirit  of 


T 


860  North  Carolina  Manual 

generally  accepted  principles  of  parliamentary  procedure." 

Except  for  the  few  special  powers  held  by  the  chairman  of  the  board,  the 
legal  powers  and  duties  of  county  commissioners  are  vested  in  the  board  of 
commissioners  acting  as  a  body.  An  individual  commissioner  has  no  power  of 
his  own;  but  when  he  meets  with  his  fellow  commissioners  in  a  validly  called 
and  held  meeting,  a  majority  of  the  board  has  and  may  exercise  control  of 
those  functions  of  county  government  confided  to  the  care  of  the  board  of 
commissioners.  The  board  takes  formal  action  in  one  of  three  forms:  orders, 
resolutions  and  ordinances.  Although  these  terms  are  often  used  inter- 
changeably, their  definitions  may  be  useful  to  illustrate  how  the  board  acts. 

An  order  is  usually  a  directive  to  a  county  administrative  officer  to  take 
or  refrain  from  taking  a  specified  action.  For  example,  a  board  of  commis- 
sioners may  enter  an  order  directing  the  county  manager  to  advertise  for 
bids  for  a  new  office  building.  An  order  may  also  formally  declare  the  exis- 
tence of  a  given  state  of  fact,  such  as  an  order  declaring  the  results  of  a  bond 
election.  Finally,  an  order  may  sometimes  be  used  to  decide  a  question  before 
the  board,  such  as  an  order  awarding  a  construction  contract  to  the  lowest 
responsible  bidder. 

A  resolution  usually  expresses  the  sense  of  the  board  on  a  question  before 
it.  For  example,  the  board  may  adopt  a  resolution  requesting  the  county's 
legislative  delegation  to  introduce  a  local  bill,  or  it  may  resolve  to  petition  the  I 
State  Department  of  Transportation  to  pave  a  rural  road. 

An  ordinance  is  an  action  of  the  board  taken  in  its  capacity  as  the  coun- 
ty's legislative  body.  As  such,  an  ordinance  is  analogous  to  an  act  of  the 
General  Assembly.  The  board  of  commissioners  may  adopt  ordinances  relat- 
ing to  such  varied  matters  as  zoning,  subdivision  control,  dogs  running  at 
large,  use  of  county  parking  lots,  street  numbers  on  rural  roads,  use  of  the 
county  landfill,  and  so  forth. 

The  law  does  not  regulate  the  manner  in  which  orders  and  resolutions  are 
adopted  by  a  board  of  commissioners,  beyond  the  minimum  requirements  of  a 
valid  meeting  at  which  a  quorum  is  present,  but  there  are  several  laws  govern- 
ing the  adoption  of  ordinances.  An  ordinance  may  be  adopted  at  the  meeting  ir 
which  it  is  introduced  only  if  it  receives  a  unanimous  affirmative  vote,  all 
members  of  the  board  present  and  voting.  If  it  passes  with  less  than  this  unan 
imous  vote,  it  may  be  finally  passed  by  a  majority  vote  at  any  time  within  10( 
days  after  its  introduction.  This  rule  does  not  apply  to  the  budget  ordinance 
(which  may  be  passed  at  any  meeting  at  which  quorum  is  present),  or  to  i 
bond  ordinance  (which  always  requires  a  public  hearing  before  passage  and  ii 
most  cases  approval  by  the  voters  as  well),  or  to  any  ordinance  on  which  thi 
law  requires  a  public  hearing  before  adoption  (such  as  a  zoning  ordinance). 

Once  an  ordinance  is  adopted  it  must  be  filed  in  an  ordinance  book,  sepa 
rate  from  the  minute  book.  The  ordinance  book  must  be  indexed  and  mad 
available  for  public  inspection.  The  budget  ordinance,  bond  ordinances,  an 
ordinances  of  "limited  interest  or  transitory  nature"  may  be  omitted  from  th 
ordinance  book,  but  the  book  must  contain  a  section  showing  the  caption  c 
each  omitted  ordinance  and  the  page  in  the  minute  book  at  which  i 
appears.  The  board  of  commissioners  has  authority  to  adopt  and  issue 
code  of  ordinances. 


North  Carolina  Counties  861 

In  the  course  of  a  normal  year,  a  board  of  commissioners  will  hold  several 
public  hearings.  Some  hearings  will  be  required  by  law,  such  as  the  hearing 
on  the  budget  ordinance,  or  on  a  bond  ordinance,  or  on  a  zoning  ordinance  or 
amendment  thereto.  Some  of  them  maybe  held  on  the  board's  own  initiative 
to  give  interested  citizens  an  opportunity  to  make  their  views  known  to  the 
board  on  controversial  issues  such  as  a  dog-control  ordinance.  Laws  requir- 
ing public  hearings  do  not  set  out  how  the  hearing  must  be  conducted;  they 
only  require  that  one  be  held.  However,  the  law  does  allow  the  board  itself  to 
adopt  reasonable  rules  governing  the  conduct  of  public  hearings.  These  rules 
may  regulate  such  matters  as  the  time  allotted  to  each  speaker,  designating 
spokesmen  for  groups,  selecting  delegates  from  groups  when  the  hearing 
room  is  too  small  to  hold  everyone  who  wants  to  attend,  and  maintaining 
order  and  decorum. 

The  law  dictates  many,  if  not  most,  features  of  how  the  county  govern- 
ment will  be  organized.  The  sheriff  and  register  of  deeds  are  elected  by  the 
people.  There  is  a  board  of  education,  a  board  of  health,  a  board  of  social  ser- 
vices, and  a  board  of  elections  for  each  county  and,  in  many  counties,  a  board 
of  alcoholic  beverage  control.  The  tax  supervisor,  tax  collector,  county  attor- 
ney, county  manager,  and  clerk  to  the  board  of  commissioners  are  appointed 
directly  by  the  commissioners.  Yet  in  every  county  there  are  a  number  of 
county  departments,  agencies,  or  offices  that  are  directly  under  the  adminis- 
trative jurisdiction  of  the  board.  With  respect  to  these  agencies,  the  board  of 
commissioners  has  authority  to  organize  the  county  government  in  any  way 
it  sees  fit. 

Except  two  counties  in  which  the  chairman  of  the  board  is  a  full-time 
administrative  officer,  each  board  of  commissioners  has  discretionary  authority 
to  adopt  the  county  manager  form  of  government  by  appointing  a  manager. 

The  board  of  commissioners  must  have  a  clerk,  who  is  responsible  for 
keeping  the  minute  book  and  the  ordinance  book.  The  clerk  also  has  a  wide 
variety  of  miscellaneous  duties,  all  directly  related  to  official  actions  of  the 
(board  of  commissioners.  In  the  past,  the  register  of  deeds  usually  acted  as 
clerk  to  the  board,  but  this  custom  is  passing.  A  few  boards  now  have  a  clerk 
iwho  has  no  other  duties,  but  most  boards  have  designated  some  county  offi- 
cial or  employee  such  as  the  manager  or  finance  officer  to  act  as  clerk  to  the 
jboard.  The  clerk  is  appointed  directly  by  the  board  and  serves  at  its  pleasure. 

The  board  of  commissioners  must  appoint  a  county  attorney,  who  serves 
as  the  board's  legal  adviser.  The  exact  nature  of  the  county  attorney's  duties 
varies  from  county  to  county,  as  does  the  amount  and  method  of  his  compen- 
sation. A  few  counties  have  established  a  full-time  position  of  county  attor- 
ney, and  in  those  counties  the  county  attorney  may  provide  legal  services  to 
learly  all  county  agencies  except  the  board  of  education  (which  always 
employs  its  own  attorney.)  The  county  attorney  is  not  appointed  to  a  definite 
;erm;  he  serves  at  the  pleasure  of  the  board. 


862 


North  Carolina  Manual 


North  Carolina  Counties 


863 


CHAPTER  TWO 


North  Carolina  Counties 


ALAMANCE 

124  W.  Elm  St.,  Graham,  27253 

County  Seat:  Graham 

Clerk  of  Court:  (910)  570-6860 


Formed:  1849 
Population:  109,000 


N.C.  Senate 

George  B.  Daniel  (2ist-Caidweii) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

E.  Nelson  Cole  (25th-Rockingham) 

Fred  J.  Bowman  (25th-Aiamance) 

Bertha  M.  Holt  (25th-Alamance) 


Alamance  County  gets  its  name  from  the  Alamance  Creek  on  the  banks  of 
which  was  fought  the  battle  between  the  Colonial  troops  under  Governor 
Tryon  and  the  Regulators  on  May  17,  1771. 


ALEXANDER 

255  Liledoun  Rd.,  Taylorsville,  28681 
County  Seat:  Taylorsville 
Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  632-2215 


Formed:  1847 
Population:  27,544 


N.C.  Senate 

Donald  R.  Kincaid(R)  (27th-CaidweiD 
Daniel  R.  Simpson(R)  (27th-Burke) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

John  Walter  Brown(R)  uist-wukes) 

George  M.  Holmes(R)  (4ist-Yadkin) 

George  S.  Robinson(R)  oist-Caidweii) 


Alexander  County  was  named  in  honor  of  William  J.  Alexander  of 
i  Mecklenburg  County,  several  times  a  member  of  the  Legislature  and  speaker 
of  the  House  of  Commons. 


ALLEGHANY 

County  Office  Bldg.,  Sparta,  28675 
County  Seat:  Sparta 
Clerk  of  Court:  (910)  372-8949 


Formed:  1859 
Population:  9,590 


N.C.  Senate 

A.  P.  Sands,  III  (12th-Rockingham) 

Fred  Folger  Jr.  (i2th-Surry) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

David  H.  Diamont  (40th-Surry) 

Anderson  Cromer  (40th-stokes) 

Wade  Franklin  Wilmoth  (40th-Watauga) 


Alleghany  County  was  named  for  a  Native-American  Indian  tribe.  The  name 
is  derived  from  the  Delaware  tribe's  name  for  the  Alleghany  and  Ohio  Rivers 
and  is  said  to  have  meant  "a  fine  stream." 


864  North  Carolina  Manual 

ANSON 

Courthouse,  Wadesboro,  28170 
County  Seat:  Wadesboro  Formed:  1 750 

Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  694-2314  Population:  23,474 

N.C.  Senate  N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Richard  J.  Conder  ( nth-Richmond)  Foyle  Hightower  (33rd-Anson) 

Aaron  W.  Plyler  (i7th-Union) 

Anson  County  was  named  in  honor  of  George,  Lord  Anson,  a  celebrated 
English  admiral  who  circumnavigated  the  globe. 

ASHE 

P.O.  Box  633,  Jefferson,  28640 
County  Seat:  Jefferson  Formed:  1 799 

Clerk  of  Court:  (910)  246-5641  Population:  22,209  ' 

N.C.  Senate  N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Fred  Folger,  Jr.  (i2th-Surry)  David  H.  Diamont  (40th-Surry) 

A.  P.  Sands,  III  (i2th-Rockingham)  Anderson  Cromer  (40th-stokes) 

Wade  Franklin  Wilmoth  (40th-Watauga) 

Ashe  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Samuel  Ashe,  a  Revolutionary  patriot,  a 
superior  court  judge,  and  a  Governor  of  the  State. 

AVERY 

Courthouse,  P.O.  Box  640,  Newland,  28657 
County  Seat:  Newland  Formed :  1911 

Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  733-2900  Population:  14,867 

N.C.  Senate  N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Donald  R.  Kincaid(R)  (27th-Caidwein  Gregory  J.  Thompson(R)  (46th-Mitcheii) 

Daniel  R.  Simpson  (27th-Burke)  David  T.  Flaherty(R)  (46th-CaidweiD 

Avery  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Colonel  Waightstill  Avery,  a  soldier  of 
the  Revolution  and  Attorney  General  of  North  Carolina. 

BEAUFORT 

P.O.  Box  1027,  Courthouse,  Washington,  27889 
County  Seat:  Washington  Formed:  1 711 

Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  946-5184  Population:  42,281 


N.C.  Senate  N.C.  House  of  Representative; 

Marc  Basnight  (ist-Dare)  Zeno  L.  Edwards,  Jr.(R)  (2nd-Beaufori 

Ed  N.  Warren  oth-Pitt) 

Beaufort  County  is  named  in  honor  of  Henry  Somerset  Duke,  who,    in  170£ 
became  one  of  the  Lords  Proprietors. 


North  Carolina  Counties 


865 


BERTIE 

P.O.  Box  530  Windsor,  27983 


County  Seat:  Windsor 

Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  794-3039 

N.C.  Senate 

Marc  Basnight  (ist-Dare) 

Frank  W.  Ballance,  Jr.  (2nd-Warren) 


Formed:  1722 
Population:  20,388 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Howard  J.  Hunter  (5th-Northampton) 

Richard  Eugene  Rogers  (6th-Martin) 


Bertie  County  was  named  in  honor  of  James  Bertie,  a  Lords  Proprietor. 

BLADEN 

Courthouse,  Elizabethtown,  28337 


County  Seat:  Elizabethtown 
Clerk  of  Court:  (910)  862-2143 

N.C.  Senate 

R.  C.  Soles,  Jr.  (18th-Columbus) 

David  Parnell  ooth-Robeson) 


Formed:  1734 
Population:  28,663 

N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Edd  Nye  (96th-Bladen) 


Bladen  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Martin  Bladen,  one  of  the  members  of 
the  Board  of  Trade  which  had  charge  of  Colonial  affairs. 

BRUNSWICK 

Government  Ctr.,  Box  249,  Bolivia,  28422 


County  Seat:  Bolivia 

Clerk  of  Court:  (800)  442-7033 

N.C.  Senate 

R.  C.  Soles,  Jr.  (18th-Columbus) 


Formed:  1764 
Population:  50,985 

N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Thomas  E.  Wright  (98th-New  Hanover) 

David  E.  Redwine  d4th-Brunswick) 
Dewey  L.  Hill  (i4th-Coiumbus) 


!  Brunswick  County  was  named  in  honor  of  the  town  of  Brunswick  which  was 
named  for  King  George  I,  Duke  of  Brunswick  and  Lunenburg. 


BUNCOMBE 

Courthouse,  Asheville,  28801 


County  Seat:  Asheville 

Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  255-4702 

N.C.  Senate 

Robert  Carpenter(R)  (42nd-Macon) 
Herbert  Lee  Hyde  (28th-Buncombe) 
Dennis  J.  Winner  (28th-Buncombe) 


Formed:  1791 
Population:  176,174 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Marie  W.  Colton  (51st-Buncombe) 

Narvel  J.  Crawford  (5ist-Buncombe) 

William  M.  Ives(R)  (68th-Transylvania) 

Martin  L.  Nesbitt,  Jr.  (5ist-Buncombe) 


866 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Buncombe  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Colonel  Edward  Buncombe,  a 
Revolutionary  soldier,  who  was  wounded  and  captured  at  the  battle  of 
Germantown,  October  4,  1777,  and  in  May,  1778,  died  a  paroled  prisoner  in 
Philadelphia. 

BURKE 

P.O.  Box  219,  Human  Resource  Center,  Morganton,  28680 
County  Seat:  Morganton  Formed:  1 777 

Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  438-5540  Population:  75,744 


N.C.  Senate 

Herbert  Lee  Hyde  (28th-Buncombe) 
Donald  R.  Kincaid(R)  (27th-Caidweii) 
Daniel  R.  Simpson(R)  (27th-Burke) 
Dennis  J.  Winner  (28th-Buncombe) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Walter  G.  Church,  Sr.  (47th-Burke) 

David  T.  Flaherty,  Jr.  (R)  (46th-Caidweli) 

Robert  C.  Hunter  (49th-McDoweii) 

Gregory  J.  Thompson(R)  (46th-Mitchein 


Burke  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Dr.  Thomas  Burke,  a  member  of  the 
Continental  Congress  and  governor  of  North  Carolina  from  1781-1782. 

CABARRUS 

Govt.  Center,  65  Church  St.,  SE,  Concord,  28025 
County  Seat:  Concord  Formed:  1 792 

Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  786-4137  Population:  98,935 


N.C.  Senate 

Fletcher  L.  Hartsell,  Jr.(R)  (22nd-Cabamis) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Bobby  H.  Barbee,  Sr.  (82nd-staniy) 

Timothy  N.  Tallent(R)  (8 1st  Cabarrus) 

Robert  C.  Hayes(R)  ooth-Cabarrus) 


Cabarrus  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Stephen  Cabarrus  of  Edenton,  sev- 
eral times  a  member  of  the  Legislature  and  four  times  speaker  of  the  House 
of  Commons. 


CALDWELL 

905  West  Avenue,  NW,  Lenoir  ,  28645 
County  Seat:  Lenoir 
Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  757-1375 


Formed:  1841 
Population:  70,709 


N.C.  Senate 

Donald  R.  Kincaid(R)  (27th-CaidweiD 
Daniel  R.  Simpson(R)  (27th-Burke) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

David  T.  Flaherty,  Jr.(R)  (46th-Caidweii) 

Gregory  J.  Thompson(R)  (46th-Mitcheii) 

George  S.  Robinson(R)  oist-Caidweii) 


Caldwell  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Jospeh  Caldwell,  the  first  president 
of  the  University  of  North  Carolina.  He  strongly  advocated  a  public  school 
system  and  a  railroad  whcih  would  run  across  the  center  of  the  State  from 
Morehead  City  to  Tennessee. 


North  Carolina  Counties  867 

CAMDEN 

Courthouse,  117  N.  343,  Camden,  27921 
County  Seat:  Camden  Formed:  1777 

Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  335-  7942  Population:  5,904 

N.C.  Senate  N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Marc  Basnight  dst-Dare)  Vernon  G.  James  (ist-Pasquotank) 

Camden  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Charles  Pratt,  Earl  of  Camden,  who 
was  one  of  the  staunchest  friends  of  the  Americans  in  the  British  Parliament. 

CARTERET 

Courthouse  Square,  Beaufort,  28516 
County  Seat:  Beaufort  Formed:  1 722 

Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  728-8500  Population:  52,556 

N.C.  Senate  N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

John  Codington(R)  (4th-New  Hanover)  Jean  Rouse  Preston(R)  (4th-Carteret) 

Beverly  Purdue  (3rd-Craven) 

Carteret  County  is  named  in  honor  of  Sir  John  Carteret,  Earl  of  Granville, 
and  one  of  the  Lords  Proprietors. 

CASWELL 

Courthouse,  Yanceyville,  27379 

County  Seat:  Yanceyville  Formed:  1 771 

Clerk  of  Court:  (910)  694-41 71  Population:  20, 693 

N.C.  Senate  N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

George  B.  Daniel  (2ist-Caidweii)  Fred  J.  Bowman  (25th-Aiamance) 

E.  Nelson  Cole  (25th-Rockingham) 
Bertha  M.  Holt  (25th-Alamance) 

Caswell  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Richard  Caswell,  member  of  the  first 
Continental  Congress,  first  governor  of  North  Carolina  after  the  Declaration 
of  Independence,  and  Major  General  in  the  Revolutionary  Army. 

CATAWBA 

P.O.  Box  389,  Newton,  28658 

County  Seat:  Newton  Formed  .1842 

'■  Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  464-5216  Population:  119,837 

N.C.  Senate  N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

1  Austin  M.  Allran(R)  (26th-Catawba)  C.  Robert  Brawley  (43rd-iredeii) 

David  T.  Flaherty,  Jr.(R)  (46th-Caidweii) 

Charles  R.  Preston(R)  (45th-Catawba) 

Gregory  J.  Thompson(R)  (46th-Mitcheii) 

George  S.  Robinson(R)  oist-Caidweii) 

Cherie  Killian  Berry(R)  (45th-Catawba) 

Catawba  County  was  named  for  an  Indian  tribe  which  lived  in  that  section  of 
the  state. 


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CHATHAM 

P.O.  Box  87,  Pittsboro,  27312 
County  Seat:  Pittsboro 
Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  542-3240 


Formed:  1771 
Population:  38,759 


N.C.  Senate 

Howard  N.  Lee  (16th-Orange) 
Russell  G.  Walker  (16th-Randolph) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Anne  C.  Barnes  (24th-Orange) 

Arlie  F.  Culp(R)  (30th-Randolph) 
Joe  Hackney  (24th-Orange) 


Chatham  County  was  named  in  honor  of  William  Pitt,  Earl  of  Chatham,  who 
was  a  most  eloquent  defender  of  the  American  cause  in  the  English 
Parliament  during  the  Revolution. 


CHEROKEE 

Courthouse,  Murphy,  28906 
County  Seat:  Murphy 
Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  837-2522 


Formed:  1839 
Population:  20,170 


N.C.  Senate 

Robert  Carpenter(R)  (42nd-Macon) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Thomas  K.  Jenkins  (53rd-Macon) 


Cherokee  County  was  named  in  honor  of  the  Native-American  Indian  tribe 
which  still  inhabits  the  western  part  of  the  state. 


CHOWAN 

P.O.  Box  1030,  Edenton,  27932 
County  Seat:  Edenton 
Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  482-2323 


Formed:  1670 
Population:  13,506 


N.C.  Senate 

Marc  Basnight  (ist-Dare) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Raymond  M.  Thompson  (86th-Chowan) 


Chowan  County  was  named  in  honor  of  the  Native-American  Indian  tribe 
Chowan  which  lived  in  the  Northeastern  part  of  the  Colony. 


CLAY 

Courthouse,  Hayesville,  28904 
County  Seat:  Hayesville 
Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  389-8334 


Formed:  1861 
Population:  7,155 


N.C.  Senate 

Robert  Carpenter(R)  (42nd-Macon) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Thomas  K.  Jenkins  (53rd-Macon) 


Clay  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Henry  Clay. 


North  Carolina  Counties 


869 


CLEVELAND 

100  Justice  Place,  Shelby,  28150 
County  Seat:  Shelby 
Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  484-4851 


Formed:  1841 
Population:  84,714 


N.C.  Senate 

OlHe  Harris  (37th-Cleveland) 
David  Hoyle  (25th-Gaston) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

John  Jackson  Hunt  (48th-Cleveland) 
Edith  L.  LutZ  (48th-Cleveland) 

John  Hugh  Weatherly(R)  (48th-cieveiand) 


Cleveland  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Colonel  Benjamin  Cleveland,  a 
noted  partisan  leader  of  the  western  Carolina  frontier  and  one  of  the  heroes 
at  Kings  Mountain. 

COLUMBUS 

Administrative  Bldg.,  Whiteville,  28472 
County  Seat:  Whiteville  Formed:  1808 

Clerk  of  Court:  (910)  642-3119  Population:  49,587 


N.C.  Senate 

R.  C.  Soles,  Jr.  (18th-Columbus) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Dewey  L.  Hill  (i4th-Coiumbus) 

David  E.  Redwine  (i4th-Brunswick) 

Thomas  E.  Wright  (98th-New  Hanover) 


Columbus  County  was  named  in  honor  of  the  discoverer  of  the  New  World. 

CRAVEN 

Adm.  Bldg,  406  Craven  St.,  New  Bern,  28560 
County  Seat:  New  Bern  Formed:  1 705 

Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  514-4774  Population:  85,461 


N.C.  Senate 

Beverly  Perdue  (3rd-Craven) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Zeno  L.  Edwards,  Jr.(R)  (2nd-Beaufort) 
William  L.  Wainwright  (79-Craven) 

John  M.  Nichols  (R)  (3rd-Craven) 


Craven  County  was  named  in  honor  of  William  Augustus,  Duke  of 
Cumberland,  third  son  of  King  George  III.  Cumberland  was  the  commander 
of  the  English  Army  at  the  Battle  of  Culloden  in  which  the  Scottish 
Highlanders  were  defeated  in  1746. 

CUMBERLAND 

Courthouse,  117  Dick  St.,  Fayetteville,  28302 
County  Seat:  Fayetteville  Formed:  1 754 

Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  678-2902  Population:  274,566 


N.C.  Senate 

Lura  S.  Tally  (24th-Cumberland) 

David  R.  Parnell  ooth-Robeson) 

C.  R.  Edwards  (41st-Cumberland) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Daniel  H.  DeVane  d6th-Hoke) 

Theodore  Kinney  (i7th-Cumberiand) 

Mary  McAllister  (i7th-Cumberiand) 

William  O.  Richardson  d8th-Cumberiand) 

Kenneth  O.  Spears,  Jr.  (i8th-Cumberiand) 

Alex  Warner  (75th-Cumberland) 
Edd  Nye  (96th-Bladen) 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Cumberland  County  was  named  in  honor  of  William  Augustus,  Duke  of 
Cumberland,  third  son  of  King  George,  II. 


CURRITUCK 

Courthouse,  Currituck,  27929 
County  Seat:  Currituck 
Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  232-2010 


Formed:  1668 
Population:  13,736 


N.C.  Senate 

Marc  Basnight  (ist-Dare) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Vernon  G.  James  (ist-Pasquotank) 


Currituck  County  is  traditionally  said  to  be  named  after  a  Native-American 
Indian  word  for  the  indigenous  wild  geese;  "Coratank." 


DARE 

Administration  Bldg.,  Manteo,  27954 
County  seat:  Manteo 
Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  473-2950 


Formed:  1870 
Population:  22,746 


N.C.  Senate 

Marc  Basnight  (ist-Dare) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Raymond  M.  Thompson  (86th-Chowan) 


Dare  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Virginia  Dare,  the  first  child  born  of 
English  parents  in  America. 


DAVIDSON 

Courthouse  Annex,  Lexington,  27292 
County  Seat:  Lexington 
Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  249-0351 


Formed:  1822 
Population:  126,677 


N.C.  Senate 

Robert  G.  Shaw(R)  (i9th-Guiiford) 

Paul  S.  Smith(R)  (23rd-Rowan) 

Betsy  L.  Cochrane  (38th-Davie) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Jerry  C.  Dockham(R)  (94th-Davidson) 

Julia  C.  Howard(R)  (74th-Davie) 

Paul  R.  McCrary  (37th-Davidson) 

Steve  Wood(R)  (27th-Guilford) 


Davidson  County  was  named  in  honor  of  General  William  Lee  Davidson,  a 
gallant  soldier  of  the  Revolution,  who  was  killed  at  Cowan's  Ford. 


DAVIE 

123  S.  Main  St.,  Mockesville,  27028 
County  Seat:  Mocksville 
Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  634-3507 


Formed:  1836 
Population:  27,859 


N.C.  Senate 

Betsy  L.  Cochrane  (38th-Davie) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Julia  C.  Howard(R)  (74th-Davie) 


North  Carolina  Counties 


871 


Davie  County  was  named  in  honor  of  William  Richardson  Davie,  a  distin- 
guished Revolutionary  soldier,  a  member  of  the  Federal  Convention  of  1787, 
Governor  of  North  Carolina,  special  envoy  extraordinaire  and  minister 
plenipotentiary  to  France,  and  one  of  the  founders  of  the  University  of  North 
Carolina. 


DUPLIN 

P.O.  Box  585  Kenansville,  28349 
County  Seat:  Kenansville 
Clerk  of  Court:  (910)  296-1686 


Formed:  1750 
Population:  39,995 


N.C.  Senate 

Charles  W.  Albertson  (5th-Dupiin) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Vance  Alphin  (lOth-Duplin) 
Jerry  Braswell  (97th-Wayne) 


Duplin  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Thomas  Hay,  Lord  of  Duplin,  an 
English  nobleman. 

DURHAM 

County  Courthouse,  Durham,  27701 


County  Seat:  Durham 

Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  560-6833 


Formed:  1881 
Population:  181,835 


N.C.  Senate  N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Jeanne  H.  Lucas  (i3th-Durham)  Paul  Luebke  (23rd-Durham) 

Wilbur  Gulley  (13th-Durham)  Henry  M.  MichaUX  (13th-Durham) 

Jane  Mosley  (63rd-Wake) 

Erin  J.  Kuczmarski  (92nd-Wake) 
Goerge  Miller,  Jr.  (i3th-Durham) 

Durham  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Bartlett  Snipes  Durham  who  donated 
the  land  on  which  the  railroad  station  was  located. 


EDGECOMBE 

Adm.  Bldg.,  Box  10,  Tarboro,  27886 
County  Seat:  Tarboro 
Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  823-6161 


Formed:  1741 
Population:  56,558 


N.C.  Senate 

Roy  A.  Cooper,  III  aoth-Nash) 

R.  L.  Martin  (6th-Pitt) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Dock  M.  Brown  (7th-Halifax) 

Milton  F.  Fitch  Jr.  aoth-Wiison) 

Josephus  L.  Mavretic  mst-Edgecombe) 

Linwood  E.  Mercer  (8th-Pitt) 


Edgecombe  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Richard  Edgecombe,  an  English 
nobleman  and  a  lord  of  the  Treasury,  who  became  Baron  Edgecombe  in  1742. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


FORSYTH 

700  Hall  of  Justice,  Winston-Salem,  27101 
County  Seat:  Winston-Salem  Formed:  1849 

Clerk  of  Court:  (910)  761-2250  Population:  265,878 


N.C.  Senate 

Ted  Kaplan  (20th-Forsyth) 

Betsy  L.  Cochrane(R)  (38th-  Davie) 

Marvin  Ward  (20th-Forsyth) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Lyons  Gray(R)  (39th-Forsyth) 

Micheal  P.  Decker(R)  (84th-Forsyth) 

Theresa  H.  Esposito(R)  (88th-Forsyth) 

Annie  B.  Kennedy  (66th-Forsyth) 

Warren  Claude  Oldham  (67th-Forsyth) 

P.  Wayne  Sexton  (73rd-Rockingham) 


Forsyth  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Colonel  Benjamin  Forsyth,  a  native 
of  Stokes  County,  who  was  killed  on  the  northern  frontier  in  the  second  war 
with  England. 


FRANKLIN 

215  East  Nash  St.,  Louisburg,  27549 
County  Seat:  Louisburg 
Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  496-5104 


Formed:  1779 
Population:  36,414 


N.C.  Senate 

James  D.  Speed  ( nth-Franklin) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Billy  J.  Creech(R)  (20th-Johnston) 
Richard  H.  Moore  (22nd-Vance) 

Michael  S.  WilkinS  (22nd-Person) 


Franklin  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Benjamin  Franklin. 


GASTON 

P.O.  Box  1578,  Gastonia,  28053 
County  Seat:  Gastonia 
Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  868-5800 


N.C.  Senate 

David  Hoyle  (25th-Gaston) 

James  Forrester(R)  (39th-Gaston) 


Formed:  1846 
Population:  175,093 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

John  Reeves  Gamble  Jr.  (44th-Lincoin) 

John  Jackson  Hunt  (48th-Cleveland) 

Edith  L.  Lutz  (48th-Cleveland) 

W.  W.  Dickson(R)  (76th-Gaston) 

Billy  W.  Joye  Jr.  (93rd-Gaston) 

Cherie  Killian  Berry (R)  (45th  Catawba) 
Charles  R.  Preston(R)  (45th-Catawba) ' 


Gaston  County  was  named  in  honor  of  William  Gaston,  a  member  of 
Congress  and  a  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  North  Carolina. 


North  Carolina  Counties 


873 


GATES 

Courthouse,  Gatesville,  27938 
County  Seat:  Gatesville 
Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  357-1365 


Formed:  1779 
Population:  9,305 


N.C.  Senate 

Frank  W.  Ballance  Jr.  (2nd-Warren) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Howard  J.  Hunter  Jr.  (5th-Northampton) 


Gates  County  was  named  in  honor  of  General  Horatio  Gates  who  command- 
ed the  American  Army  at  the  Battle  of  Saratoga. 


GRAHAM 

Courthouse,  Robinsville,  28771 
County  Seat:  Robbinsville 
Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  479-7986 


Formed:  1872 
Population:  7,196 


N.C.  Senate 

Robert  Carpenter(R)  (42nd-Macon) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Charles  M.  Beall  (52nd-Haywood) 
Liston  B.  Ramsey  (52nd-Madison) 


Graham  County  was  named  in  honor  of  William  A.  Graham,  United  States 
Senator,  Governor  of  North  Carolina,  Secretary  of  the  Navy,  and  a 
Confederate  States  Senator. 


GRANVILLE 

P.O.  Box  906,  Oxford,  27565 
County  Seat:  Oxford 
Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  693-2649 


Formed:  1746 
Population:  38,345 


N.C.  Senate 

Wilbur  P.  Gulley  (13th-Durham) 

Jeanne  Lucas  d3th-Durham) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Richard  H.  Moore  (22nd-Vance) 

James  P.  Green,  Sr.  (78th-Vance) 

Michael  S.  WilkinS  (22nd-Person) 


Granville  County  was  named  in  honor  of  John  Carteret,  Earl  of  Granville, 
who  owned  the  Granville  District. 


GREENE 

Courthouse,  P.O.  Box  675,  2nd  &  Greene  St.,  Snow  Hill,  28580 
County  Seat:  Snow  Hill  Formed:  1 799 

Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  747-3505  Population:  15,384 


N.C.  Senate 

John  H.  Kerr,  III  (8th-Wayne) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Charles  McLawhorn  oth-Pitt) 
Linwood  E.  Mercer  (8th-Pitt) 

Carolyn  B.  RuSSell(R)  (77th-Wayne) 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Greene  County  was  named  in  honor  of  James  Glasgow.  However,  when  he 
became  publicly  involved  in  land  frauds,  it  was  changed  to  Greene  in  honor 
of  Nathaniel  Greene,  Washington's  right-hand  man.  Greene  is  regarded  as 
the  greatest  soldier  of  the  Revolution. 

GUILFORD 

301  W.  Market  St.,  P.O.  Box  3427,  Greensboro,  27402 
County  Seat:  Greensboro  Formed:  1 771 

Clerk  of  Court:  (910)  574-4302  Population:  347,420 


N.C.  Senate 

William  N.  Martin  oist-Guiiford) 
Mary  Seymour  (32nd-Guiiford) 
Robert  G.  Shaw(R)  d9th-Guiiford) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Herman  C.  Gist  (26th-Guiiford) 

Steve  Wood(R)  (27th-Guilford) 

William  A.  BurtonJII  (28th-Guiiford) 

Joanne  W.  Bowie(R)  (29th-Guiiford) 

Harold  J.  Brubaker(R)  (38th-Randoiph) 


Guilford  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Francis  North  who  was  Earl  of 
Guilford.  He  was  father  of  the  Lord  North  who  was  Prime  Minister  under 
George  III  during  the  Revolution.  Lord  North  afterward  succeeded  his  father 
as  Earl  of  Guilford. 


HALIFAX 

Courthouse,  P.O.  Box  38,  Halifax,  27839 
County  Seat:  Halifax 
Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  583-5061 


Formed:  1758 
Population:  55,516 


N.C.  Senate 

Frank  W.  Ballance,  Jr.  (2nd-Warren) 

Roy  A.  Cooper,  III  (ioth-Nash) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Dock  M.  Brown  (7th-Halifax) 

Richard  H.  Moore  (22nd-Vance) 

Micheal  S.  Wilkins  (22nd-Person) 


Halifax  County  was  named  in  honor  of  George  Montague,  Second  Earl  of 
Halifax. 

HARNETT 

County  Office  Bldg.,  P.O.  Box  759,  Lillington,  27546 
County  Seat:  Lillington  Formed:  1855 

Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  893-5164  Population:  67,822 


N.C.  Senate 

Elaine  Marshall  (i5th-Hamett) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Bobby  Ray  Hall  d9th-Lee) 
Clarence  P.  Stewart  U9th-Hamett) 


Harnett  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Cornelius  Harnett,  an  eminent 
Revolutionary  patriot,  president  of  the  Council  of  Safety,  delegate  to  the; 
Continental  Congress,  and  author  of  the  Halifax  Resolutions  of  April  12,  1776. 


North  Carolina  Counties 


875 


HAYWOOD 

Courthouse,  Waynesville,  28786 
County  Seat:  Waynesville 
Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  456-3540 


Formed:  1808 
Population:  46,942 


N.C.  Senate 

Robert  Carpenter(R)  (42nd-Macon) 

James  C.  PlexicO  (29th-Henderson) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Charles  M.  Beall  (52nd-Haywood) 
Liston  B.  Ramsey  (52nd-Madison) 


Haywood  County  is  named  in  honor  of  John  Haywood,  Treasurer  of  North 
Carolina,  1787-1827. 

HENDERSON 

100  N.  King  St.,  Hendersonville,  28792 
County  Seat:  Hendersonville  Formed:  1838 

Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  697-4872  Population:  69,285 


N.C.  Senate 

James  C.  PlexicO  (29th-Henderson) 

Robert  Carpenter(R)  (42nd-Macon) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Larry  T.  JustUS(R)  (50th-Henderson) 
William  M.  Ives(R)  (68th-Transylvania) 


Henderson  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Leonard  Henderson,  Chief  Justice 
of  the  Supreme  Court  of  North  Carolina. 

HERTFORD 

County  Office  Bldg.,  #1,  P.O.  Box  116,  Winton,  27986 
County  Seat:  Winton  Formed:  1 759 

Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  358-  7845  Population:  22,523 


N.C.  Senate 

Frank  W.  Ballance,  Jr.  (  2nd-Warren) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Howard  J.  Hunter,  Jr.  (sth-Northampton) 
Richard  Eugene  Rogers  (6th-Martin) 


Hertford  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Francis  Seymour  Conway,  Earl  of 
Hertford,  a  nobleman. 

HOKE 

227  N.  Main  St.,  Box  226,  Raeford,  28376 
County  Seat:  Raeford  Formed:  1911 

Clerk  of  Court:  (910)  875-3728  Population:  22,856 


N.C.  Senate 

Richard  J.  Conder  d7th-Richmond) 
David  Parnell  ooth-Robeson) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Daniel  H.  DeVane  d6th-Hoke) 

Ronnie  N.  Sutton  (85th-Robeson) 

Frances  M.  Cummings  (87th-Robeson) 


Hoke  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Robert  F.  Hoke,  a  major-general  in  the 
Confederate  States  Army. 


876 


North  Carolina  Manual 


HYDE 

Courthouse,  Swan  Quarter,  27885 
County  Seat:  Swan  Quarter 
Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  926-4101 


Formed:  1712 
Population:  5,411 


N.C.  Senate 

Marc  Basnight  (ist-Dare) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Zeno  L.  Edwards,  Jr.(R)  (2nd-Beaufort) 


Hyde  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Edward  Hyde,  Governor  of  North 
Carolina  and  a  grandson  of  the  Earl  of  Clarendon. 


IREDELL 

P.O.  Box  788,  Statesville,  28687 
County  Seat:  Statesville 
Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  878-4204 


Formed:  1788 
Population:  96,384 


N.C.  Senate 

James  Forrester(R)  (39th-Gaston) 

Paul  S.  Smith(R)  (23rd-Rowan) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Robert  C.  Brawl ey(R)  (43rd-iredell) 
W.  Franklin  Mitchell(R)  (42nd-iredeii) 


Iredell  County  was  named  in  honor  of  James  Iredell  of  Edenton.  He  was  one 
of  the  leaders  of  the  state,  advocating  the  adoption  of  the  Federal  Constitution. 
Washington  appointed  him  a  judge  of  the  U.S.  Supreme  Court  in  1790. 

JACKSON 

County  Adm.  Bldg.,  8  Ridgeway  St.,  Sylva,  28779 


County  Seat:  Sylva 

Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  586-4312 

N.C.  Senate 

James  C.  PlexlCO  (29th-Henderson) 

Robert  Carpenter(R)  (42nd-Macon) 


Formed:  1851 
Population:  26,846 

N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Charles  M.  Beall  (52nd-Haywood) 

Thomas  K.  Jenkins  (53rd-Macon) 

Liston  B.  Ramsey  (52nd-Madison) 


Jackson  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Andrew  Jackson  who  won  an  over- 
whelming victory  from  the  British  at  New  Orleans  in  1815  and  who  was 
twice  President  of  the  United  States. 


JOHNSTON 

Courthouse,  Box  1049,  Smithfield,  27577 
County  Seat:  Smithfield  Formed:  1 746 

Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  934-3191  Population:  81,306 


N.C.  Senate 

James  D.  Speed  (llth-Franklin) 

Joseph  E.  Johnson  (i4th-Wake) 
Elaine  Marshall  (i5th-Hamett) 
J.  K.  Sherron,  Jr.  d4th-Wake) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Billy  J.  Creech(R)  (20th-Johnston) 
Namon  Leo  Daughtry(R)  osth-Johnston) 


Johnston  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Gabriel  Johnston,  Governor  of 
North  Carolina  1734-1752. 


North  Carolina  Counties 


877 


JONES 

Courthouse,  Box  266,  Trenton,  28585 
County  Seat:  Trenton 
Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  448-7351 


Formed:  1779 
Population:  9,414 


N.C.  Senate  N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Charles  W.  Albertson  (5th-DuPiin)  Vance  Alphin  (loth-Duplin) 

Luther  Henry  Jordan,  Jr.  (7th-New  Hanover)        William  L.  Wainwright  (79th-Craven) 

Jones  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Willie  Jones  of  Halifax  who  was  one  of 
the  leaders  of  the  Revolution,  president  of  the  Council  of  Safety  and  an  oppo- 
nent of  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States.  It  was  due 
chiefly  to  his  influence  that  the  Convention  of  1788  refused  to  ratify  the 
Federal  Constitution. 


LEE 

Lee  County  Govt.  Center,  Box  1968,  Sanford,  27331-1968 
County  Seat:  Sanford  Formed:  1907 

Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  775-5606  Population:  42,500 


N.C.  Senate 

Howard  N.  Lee  (16th-Orange) 
Russell  G.  Walker  (16th-Randolph) 

Elaine  Marshall  (isth-Haraett) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Bobby  Ray  Hall  (i9th-Lee) 
Clarence  P.  Stewart  (i9th-Hamett) 


Lee  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Robert  E.  Lee. 

LENOIR 

Courthouse,  P.O.  Box  3289,  Kinston,  28501 
County  Seat:  Kinston  Formed:  1 791 

Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  527-6231  Population:  57,274 


N.C.  Senate 

Henry  Luther  Jordan,  Jr.  (7th-New  Hanover) 

John  H.  Kerr,  III  (8th-Wayne) 

Ed  N.  Warren  oth-Pitt) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Phillip  A.  Baddour,  Jr.  (nth-Wayne) 

Carolyn  B.  RuSSell(R)  (77th-Wayne) 

William  L.  Wainwright  (79th-Craven) 


Lenoir  County  was  named  in  honor  of  William  Lenoir,  one  of  the  heroes  of 
Kings  Mountain. 


LINCOLN 

115  W.  Main  St.,  Lincolnton,  28092 
County  Seat:  Lincolnton 
Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  732-9000 


Formed:  1779 
Population:  50,319 


N.C.  Senate 

David  Hoyle  (25th-Gaston) 

Austin  M.  Allran(R)  (26th-Catawba) 

Thomas  L.  Odom,  Sr.  (34th-Mecklenburg) 

James  Forrester(R)  (39th-Gaston) 


N.C.  House  of  Representative 

John  Reeves  Gamble,  Jr.  (44th-Lincoin) 

Cherie  Killian  Berry(R)  (45th-Catawba) 

Charles  R.  Preston(R)  (45th-Catawba) 


878 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Lincoln  County  was  named  in  honor  of  General  Benjamin  Lincoln,  a  distin- 
guished general  of  the  Revolution  whom  George  Washington  appointed  to 
receive  the  sword  of  Cornwallis  when  he  surrendered  at  Yorktown. 


MACON 

Courthouse,  Franklin,  28734 
County  Seat:  Franklin 
Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  524-6421 


Formed:  1828 
Population:  23,499 


N.C.  Senate 

James  C.  PlexicO  (29th-Henderson) 

Robert  Carpenter(R)  (42nd-Macon) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Thomas  K.  Jenkins  (53rd-Macon) 


Macon  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Nathaniel  Macon,  speaker  of  the 
House  of  Representatives,  United  States  Senator,  and  president  at  the 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1835. 


MADISON 

Courthouse,  Box  579,  Marshall,  28753 
County  Seat:  Marshall 
Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  649-2531 


Formed:  1851 
Population:  16,953 


N.C.  Senate 

Herbert  Lee  Hyde  (28th-Buncombe) 

Dennis  J.  Winner  (28th-Buncombe) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Charles  M.  Beall  (52nd-Haywood) 
Liston  B.  Ramsey  (52nd-Madison) 


Madison  County  was  named  in  honor  of  James  Madison,  the  fourth  President 
of  the  United  States. 


MARTIN 

P.O.  Box  668,  Williamston,  27892 
County  Seat:  Williamston 
Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  792-2515 


Formed:  1774 
Population:  25,078 


N.C.  Senate 
R.L.  Martin  (6th-Pitt) 
Ed  N.  Warren  oth-Pitt) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Richard  Eugene  Rogers  (6th-Martin) 

Dock  M.  Brown  mh-Haiifax) 

Lin  wood  E.  Mercer  (8th-Pitt) 


Martin  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Josiah  Martin,  the  last  Royal 
Governor  of  North  Carolina.  It  is  probable  that  this  county's  name  would 
have  been  changed  like  those  of  Dobbs  and  Tryon  but  for  the  popularity  of 
Alexander  Martin  who  was  governor  from  1782-1785  and  again  from  1789- 
1792. 


North  Carolina  Counties  879 

MCDOWELL 

County  Adm.  Bldg,  Marion,  28752 
County  Seat:  Marion  Formed:  1842 

Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  652-771 7  Population:  35,681 

N.C.  Senate  N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Herbert  Lee  Hyde  (28th-Buncombe)  Robert  C.  Hunter  (49th-McDoweii) 

Dennis  J.  Winner  (28th-Buncombe) 

McDowell  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Colonel  Joseph  Mcdowell,  an  officer 
of  the  Revolution. 

MECKLENBURG 

Charlotte-Mecklenburg  Govt.  Center 

600  E.  4th  St.,P.O.  Box  31787,  Charlotte,  28231 

County  Seat:  Charlotte  Formed:  1 762 

Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  347-7811  Population:  511,433 

N.C.  Senate  N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

James  F.  Richardson  (33rd-Meckienburg)  James  B.  Black  (  36th-Meckienburg) 

Thomas  L.  Odom,  Sr.  (34th-Mecklenburg)  John  B.  McLaughlin  (54th-Mecklenburg) 

John  G.  Blackmon(R)  (35th-Mecklenburg)  David  Balmer(R)  (55th-Mecklenburg) 

Leslie  Winner  (40th-Meckienburg)  Martha  B.  Alexander  (56th-Meckienburg) 

Constance  K.  Wilson(R)  (57th-Mecklenburg) 

Ruth  Easterling  (58th-Meklenburg) 

Pete  W.  Cunningham  (59th-Mecklenburg) 

Howard  C.  Bamhill  (60th-Mecklenburg) 

Joseph  S.  Lemmond(R)  (69th-Mecklenburg) 

W.  W.  Dickson(R)  (76th-Gaston) 

Billy  W.  Joye,  Jr.  (93rd-Gaston) 

Mecklenburg  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Queen  Charlotte  Sophia  of 
Mecklenburg,  the  wife  of  George  III  who  was  King  of  England. 

MITCHELL 

Courthouse  Annex,  Bakersville,  28705 
County  Seat:  Bakersville  Formed:  1861 

Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  688-2161  Population:  14,433 

N.C.  Senate  N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Daniel  R.  Simpson(R)  (27th-Burke)  David  T.  Flaherty,  Jr.(R)  (46th-Caidweii) 

Donald  R.  Kincaid(R)  (27th-Caidweii)  Gregory  J.  Thompson(R)  (46th-Mitcheii) 

Mitchell  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Dr.  Elisha  Mitchell,  a  professor  at 
the  University  of  North  Carolina.  While  on  an  exploring  expidition  of  Mt. 
Mitchell,  the  highest  peak  east  of  the  Mississippi,  Dr.  Mitchell  fell  and  was 
killed.  He  was  buried  on  the  top  of  this  lofty  mountain. 


880 


North  Carolina  Manual 


MONTGOMERY 

P.O.  Box  425,  Troy,  27371 
County  Seat:  Troy 
Clerk  of  Court:  (910)  576-4211 


Formed:  1779 
Population:  23,346 


N.C.  Senate 

Aaron  J.  Plyler  d7th-Union) 

Richard  J.  Conder  d7th-Rkhmond) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Hugh  A.  Lee  (32nd-Richmond) 
Foyle  HightOWer  (33rd-Anson) 


Montgomery  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Richard  Montgomery  who,  in 
1775,  lost  his  life  at  the  battle  of  Quebec  in  the  attempt  to  conquer  Canada. 


MOORE 

Courthouse  Square,  Carthage,  28327 
County  Seat:  Carthage 
Clerk  of  Court:  (910)  947-2396 


Formed:  1784 
Population:  59,013 


N.C.  Senate 

Howard  N.  Lee  (16th-Orange) 
Russell  G.  Walker  (16th-Randolph) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Daniel  H.  DeVane  d6th-Hoke) 
Richard  T.  Morgan(R)  (3ist-Moore) 


Moore  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Captain  Alfred  Moore  of  Brunswick,  a 
soldier  of  the  Revolution  and  afterwards  a  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
the  United  States. 


NASH 

Courthouse,  Nashville,  27856 
County  Seat:  Nashville 
Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  459-4081 


Formed:  1777 
Population:  76,677 


N.C.  Senate 

Roy  A.  Cooper,  III  (ioth-Nash) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Dock  M.  Brown  ath-Haiifax) 

Billy  J.  Creech(R)  (20th-Johnston) 

Milton  F  Fitch,  Jr.  aoth-wiison) 

Josephus  L.  Mavretic  mst-Edgecombe) 

Gene  G.  Arnold(R)  (72nd-Nash) 


Nash  County  was  named  in  honor  of  General  Francis  Nash  who  was  mortally 
wounded  while  fighting  under  George  Washington  in  Germantown. 

NEW  HANOVER 

320  Chestnut  St.,  Wilmington,  28401 
County  Seat:  Wilmington 
Clerk  of  Court:  (910)  341-4430 


Formed:  1729 
Population:  123,309 


N.C.  Senate  N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

John  Codington(R)  (4th-New  Hanover)  Karen  Eckburg  GottOvi  (l3th-New  Hanover) 

Luther  Henry  Jordan,  Jr.  (7th-New  Hanover)  David  E.  Redwine  d4th-Brunswick) 

R.  C.  Soles,  Jr.  (18th-Columbus)  Dewey  L.  Hill  (14th-Columbus) 

Edd  Nye  (96th-Bladen) 
Thomas  E.  Wright  (98th-New  Hanover) 


North  Carolina  Counties 


881 


New  Hanover  County  was  named  in  honor  of  the  royal  family  of  England, 
members  of  the  House  of  Hanover. 


NORTHAMPTON 

P.O.  Box  808,  Jackson,  27845 
County  Seat:  Jackson 
Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  534-1631 


Formed:  1741 
Population:  20,798 


N.C.  Senate 

Frank  W.  Ballance,  Jr.  (2nd-Warren) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Howard  J.  Hunter,  Jr.  (5th-Northampton) 


Northampton  County  was  named  in  honor  of  James  Crompton,  Earl  of 
Northampton,  an  English  nobleman. 

ONSLOW 

521  Mill  Ave.,  Jacksonville,  28540-4259 
County  Seat:  Jacksonville  Formed:  1 731 

Clerk  of  Court:  (910)  455-4458  Population:  149,838 

N.C.  Senate  N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

John  Codington(R)  (4th-New  Hanover)  Ronald  L.  Smith  (4th-Carteret) 

Charles  W.  Albertson  (5th-DuPiin)  Vance  Alphin  aoth-Dupiin) 

Luther  Henry  Jordan,  Jr.  (7th-New  Hanover)  Edward  C.  Bowen  (i2th-SamPson) 

Robert  Grady(R)  (soth-Onslow) 

Jean  R.  Preston(R)  (4th-Carteret) 

Onslow  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Arthur  Onslow  who,  for  more  than  thir- 
ty years,  was  speaker  of  the  House  of  Commons  in  the  British  Parliament. 

ORANGE 

Orange  County  Gvt.  Services  Ctr.,  200  S.  Cameron,  Hillsborough,  27278 
County  Seat:  Hillsborough  Formed:  1 752 

Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  732-8181  Population:  97,708 


N.C.  Senate 

Howard  N.  Lee  (16th-Orange) 
Russell  G.  Walker  (16th-Randolph) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Anne  C.  Barnes  (24th-Orange) 

Fred  J.  Bowman  (25th-Aiamance) 

E.  Nelson  Cole  (25th-Rockingham) 

Joe  Hackney  (24th-0range) 

Bertha  M.  Holt  (25th-Alamance) 


Orange  County  was  named  in  honor  of  the  infant  William  V  of  Orange. 


PAMLICO 

Courthouse,  Box  776,  Bayboro,  28515 
County  Seat:  Bayboro 
Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  745-3881 


Formed:  1872 
Population:  11,372 


N.C.  Senate 

Beverly  Perdue  (3rd-Craven) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

John  M.  Nichols(R)  (3rd-Craven) 

William  L.  Wainwright  (79th-Craven) 


882 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Pamlico  County  was  named  after  the  sound  of  the  same  name.   Pamlico  was 
the  name  of  an  Indian  tribe  in  Eastern  North  Carolina. 

PASQUOTANK 

Courthouse,  Room  E201,  Elizabeth  City,  27909 
County  Seat:  Elizabeth  City  Formed:  1668 

Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  331-4751  Population:  31,212 


N.C.  Senate 

Marc  Basnight  (ist-Dare) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Vernon  G.  James  (ist-Pasquotank) 


Pasquotank  County  was  derived  from  an  Indian  word  pasketanki  which 
meant  "where  the  current  of  the  stream  divides  or  forks." 


PENDER 

Administration  Bldg.,  Box  5,  Burgaw,  28425 
County  Seat:  Burgaw 
Clerk  of  Court:  (910)  259-1229 


Formed:  1875 
Population:  28,855 


N.C.  Senate 

John  Codington(R)  (4th-New  Hanover) 

Charles  W.  Albertson  (5th-Dupiin) 

Luther  H.  Jordan,  Jr.  (7th-New  Hanover) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Edward  C.  Bowen  d2th-Sampson) 

Edd  Nye  (96th-Bladen) 
Thomas  E.  Wright  (98th-New  Hanover) 


Pender  County  was  named  in  honor  of  General  William  D.  Pender  of 
Edgecombe,  a  Confederate  soldier  who  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Gettysburg. 


PERQUIMANS 

P.O.  Box  45,  Hertford,  27944 
County  Seat:  Hertford 
Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  426-5676 


Formed:  1668 
Population:  10,447 


N.C.  Senate 

Marc  Basnight  (ist-Dare) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Vernon  G.  James  (ist-Pasquotank) 
Raymond  M.  Thompson  (86th-Chowan) 


Perquimans  County  was  named  in  honor  of  an  Indian  tribe. 

PERSON 

Courthouse,  Roxboro,  27573 
County  Seat:  Roxboro 
Clerk  of  Court:  (910)  597-7228 


Formed:  1791 
Population:  30,180 


N.C.  Senate 

Wilbur  P.  Gulley  (13th-Durham) 

George  B.  Daniel  (2ist-Casweio 
Jeanne  Lucas  d3th-Durham) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Richard  A.  Moore  (22nd-Vance) 

Micheal  S.  Wilkins  (22nd-Person) 


Person  County  was  named  in  honor  of  General  Thomas  Person,  a 
Revolutionary  Patriot,  a  member  of  the  Council  of  Safety  and  a  trustee  of  the 
University  of  North  Carolina. 


North  Carolina  Counties 


883 


PITT 

1717  West  Fifth  St.,  Greenville,  27834 
County  Seat:  Greenville  Formed:  1760 

Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  830-6400  Population:  107,924 


N.C.  Senate 

R.  L.  Martin  (6th-Pitt) 

Ed  N.  Warren  oth-Pitt) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Zeno  L.  Edwards,  Jr.(R)  (2nd-Beaufort) 

Richard  Eugene  Rogers  (6th-Martin) 

Linwood  E.  Mercer  (8th-Pitt) 

Charles  McLawhorn  (9th-Pitt) 

JosephuS  L.  Mavretic  (71st-Edgecombe) 


Pitt  County  was  named  in  honor  of  William  Pitt. 

POLK 

Box  308,  Columbus,  28722 
County  Seat:  Columbus 
Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  894-8231 


Formed:  1855 
Population:  14,416 


N.C.  Senate 

Robert  Carpenter  (42nd-Macon) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

John  Jackson  Hunt  (48th-Cleveland) 
Larry  T.  Justus(R)  (50th-Henderson) 

John  Hugh  Weatherly(R)  (48th-cieveiand) 

Edith  L.  Lutz  (48th-Cleveland) 


Polk  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Colonel  William  Polk  "who  rendered  dis- 
tinguished service  in  the  Battles  of  Germantown,  Brandywine,  and  Eutaw,  in 
all  of  which  he  was  wounded." 


RANDOLPH 

725  McDowell  Rd.,  P.O.  Box  4728,  Asheboro,  27204-4728 
County  Seat:  Asheboro  Formed:  1 779 

Clerk  of  Court:  (910)  318-6701  Population:  106,546 


N.C.  Senate 

Howard  N.  Lee  (16th-Orange) 

Robert  G.  Shaw(R)  (i9th-Guiiford) 

Russell  G.  Walker  (16th-Randolph) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Arlie  F.  Culp(R)  (30th-Randolph) 

Harold  J.  Brubaker(R)  osth-Randoiph) 
Jerry  C.  Dockham(R)  (94th-Davidson) 


Randolph  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Peyton  Randolph  of  Virginia  who 
was  president  of  the  Continental  Congress. 


RICHMOND 

Box  504,  Rockingham,  28379 
County  Seat:  Rockingham 
Clerk  of  Court:  (910)  997-8208 


Formed:  1779 
Population:  44,518 


N.C.   Senate 

Richard  J.  Conder  (i7th-Richmond) 
Aaron  W.  Plyler  (i7th-Union) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Hugh  A.  Lee  (32nd-Richmond) 


884 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Richmond  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Charles  Lennox,  Duke  of  Richmond 
and  a  principal  secretary  in  William  Pitts'  second  administration.  He  was  a 
staunch  friend  of  the  American  colonies  and  made  a  motion  in  the  House  of 
Lords  that  the  colonies  be  granted  their  independence. 

ROBESON 

Courthouse,  Lumberton,  28358 


County  Seat:  Lumberton 
Clerk  of  Court:  (910)  671-3377 

N.C.  Senate 

David  Parnell  ooth-Robeson) 


Formed:  1787 
Population:  1 05, 1 79 

N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Dewey  L.  Hill  d4th-Coiumbus) 

Daniel  H.  DeVane  (i6th-Hoke) 

Ronnie  N.  Sutton  (85th-Robeson) 

Frances  M.  Cummings  (87th-Robeson) 

David  E.  Redwine  (i4th-Bmnswick) 


Robeson  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Colonel  Thomas  Robeson,  a  soldier 
of  the  Revolution.  He  was  one  of  the  leaders  at  the  battle  of  Elizabethtown 
which  was  fought  in  September,  1781. 


ROCKINGHAM 

Courthouse,  Hwy.  65,  Wentworth,  27375 
County  Seat:  Wentworth 
Clerk  of  Court:  (910)  342-8700 


Formed:  1785 
Population:  86,131 


N.C.  Senate 

Fred  Folger,  Jr.  d2th-Surry) 

A.  P.  Sands,  III  (12th-Rockingham) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Fred  J.  Bowman  (25th-Aiamance) 
P.  Wayne  Sexton,  Sr.  (73rd-Rockingham) 

E.  Nelson  Cole  (25th-Rockingham) 
Bertha  M.  Holt  (25th-Alamance) 


Rockingham  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Charles  Watson-Wentworth, 
Second  Marquis  of  Rockingham,  who  was  a  leader  of  a  party  in  the  British 
Parliament  which  advocated  American  independence.  He  was  Prime 
Minister  when  the  Stamp  Act  was  repealed. 


ROWAN 

202  N.  Main  St.,  Salisbury,  28144 
County  Seat:  Salisbury 
Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  639-7505 


Formed:  1753 
Population:  110,605 


N.C.  Senate 

Fletcher  L.  Hartsell,  Jr.(R)  (22nd-Cabarrus) 

Paul  S.  Smith(R)  (23rd-Rowan) 

Betsy  L.  Cochrane(R)  osth-Davie) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Charlotte  A.  Gardner(R)  (35th-Rowan) 

Eugene  W.  McCombs(R)  (83rd-Rowan) 


Rowan  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Matthew  Rowan  who  was  a  prominent 
leader  before  the  Revolution  and  who,  for  a  short  time  after  the  death  of 
Governor  Gabriel  Johnston,  was  acting  governor. 


North  Carolina  Counties 


885 


RUTHERFORD 

601  N.  Main  St.,  Rutherfordton,  28139 
County  Seat:  Rutherfordton 
Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  286-9136 


Formed:  1779 
Population:  56,918 


N.C.  Senate 

Ollie  Harris  (37th-Cleveland) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

John  Jackson  Hunt  (48th-Cleveland) 
Edith  L.  Lutz  (48th-Cleveland) 

John  Hugh  Weatherly(R)  (48th-cieveiand) 


Rutherford  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Griffith  Rutherford,  one  of  the 
most  prominent  of  the  Revolutionary  patriots.  He  led  the  expedition  that 
crushed  the  Cherokees  in  1776,  and  rendered  important  services  both  in  the 
Legislature  and  on  the  battlefield. 

SAMPSON 

County  Office  Bldg.,  Rowan  St.,  Clinton,  28328 
County  Seat:  Clinton  Formed:  1 784 

Clerk  of  Court:  (91 0)  592-51 91  Population:  47,297 


N.C.  Senate 

Charles  W.  Albertson  (5th-Dupiin) 
Elaine  Marshall  (i5th-Hamett) 
David  Parnell  ooth-Robeson) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Edward  C.  Bowen  (i2th-Sampson) 
Bobby  Ray  Hall  (i9th-Lee) 

Edd  Nye  (96th-Bladen) 

Jerry  Braswell  (97th-Wayne) 
Clarence  P.  Stewart  (i9th-Hamett) 


Sampson  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Colonel  John  Sampson  who  was  a 
member  of  Josiah  Martin's  council. 

SCOTLAND 

Co.  Complex,  Box  489,  Laurinberg,  28352 
County  Seat:  Laurinberg  Formed:  1899 

Clerk  of  Court:  (910)  276-1951  Population:  33,754 


N.C.  Senate 

Richard  J.  Conder  (i7th-Rkhmond) 

Aaron  W.  Plyler  (nth-Union) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Daniel  H.  DeVane  (i6th-Hoke) 

Hugh  A.  Lee  (32nd-Richmond) 

Frances  M.  Cummings  (87th-Robeson) 


Scotland  County  was  named  for  the  country  of  Scotland,  the  northern  portion 
of  the  British  Isles. 


STANLY 

Courthouse,  Albermarle,  28001 


County  Seat:  Albermarle 
Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  982-2161 


Formed  from  Montgomery 
Population:  51, 765 


N.C.  Senate  N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Richard  J.  Conder  (nth-Richmond)  Foyle  Hightower  (33rd-Anson) 

Fletcher  L.  Hartsell,  Jr.(R)  (22nd-Cabarrus)  Bobby  H.  Barbee,  Sr.(R)  (82nd-staniy) 
Aaron  W.  Plyler  d7th-Union) 


886 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Stanly  County  was  named  in  honor  of  John  Stanly  who,  for  many  years,  was 
a  member  of  the  Legislature  and  several  times  speaker  of  the  House  of 
Commons. 

STOKES 

Government  Center,  Danbury,  27016 


County  Seat:  Danbury 

Clerk  of  Court:  (910)  593-2811 

N.C.  Senate 

Fred  Folger,  Jr.  (i2th-Surry) 

A.  P.  Sands,  III  (12th-Rockingham) 


Formed:  1789 
Population:  37,223 

N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

David  H.  Diamont  (40th-Surry) 

Anderson  Cromer  (40th-stokes) 

Wade  Franklin  Wilmoth  (40th-Watauga) 


Stokes  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Captain  John  Stokes,  a  soldier  of  the 
Revolution,  who  was  seriously  wounded  at  the  Waxhaw  Massacre  when 
Colonel  Buford's  Regiment  was  cut  to  pieces  by  Tarlton.  After  the  war, 
Washington  appointed  him  a  judge  of  the  United  States  District  Court  of 
North  Carolina. 


SURRY 

Box  706,  Dobson,  27017 


County  Seat:  Dobson 

Clerk  of  Court:  (910)  386-8131 

N.C.  Senate 

Fred  Folger,  Jr.  (i2th-Suny) 

A.  P.  Sands,  III  (12th-Rockingham) 


Formed:  1771 
Population:  61,704 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

David  H.  Diamont  (40th-Surry) 

Anderson  Cromer  (40th-stokes) 

Wade  Franklin  Wilmoth  (40th-Watauga) 


Surry  County  was  named  in  honor  of  the  county  Surrey  in  England,  birth- 
place of  then  Governor  William  Tryon. 


SWAIN 

P.O.  Drawer  A,  Bryson  City,  28713 
County  Seat:  Bryson  City 
Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  488-2288 


Formed:  1871 
Population:  11,628 


N.C.  Senate 

James  C.  PlexicO  (29th-Henderson) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Charles  M.  Beall  (52nd-Haywood) 
Liston  B.  Ramsey  (52nd-Madison)' 


Swain  County  was  named  in  honor  of  David  L.  Swain,  president  of  the 
University  of  North  Carolina. 


North  Carolina  Counties  887 

TRANSYLVANIA 

208  E.  Main  St.,  Brevard,  28712 
County  Seat:  Brevard  Formed:  1861 

Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  884-3120  Population:  25,940 

N.C.  Senate  N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

James  C.  PlexicO  (29th-Henderson)  William  M.  Ives(R)  (68th-Transylvania) 

Robert  Carpenter(R)  (42nd-Macon) 

Transylvania  County  was  derived  from  the  Latin  words  trans  meaning 
"across"  and  sylva  meaning  "woods". 

TYRRELL 

County  Office  Bldg.,  Water  St.,  Columbia,  27925 
County  Seat:  Columbia  Formed:  1 729 

Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  796-6281  Population:  3,856 

N.C.  Senate  N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Marc  Basnight  (ist-Dare)  Raymond  M.  Thompson  (86th-Chowan) 

Tyrrell  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Sir  John  Tyrrell  who,  at  one  time,  was 
one  of  the  Lords  Proprietors. 

UNION 

Courthouse,  P.O.  Box  218,  Monroe,  28111-0218 
County  Seat:  Monroe  Formed:  1842 

Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  283-3681  Population:  84,21 1 

N.C.  Senate  N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Richard  J.  Conder  ( nth-Richmond)  Bobby  H.  Griffin  (34th-Union) 

Aaron  W.  Plyler  (nth-Union)  Timothy  N.  Tallent(R)  (8ist-Cabarrus) 

Bobby  H.  Barbee,  Sr.(R)  (82nd-staniy) 

At  the  time  the  county  was  formed  there  was  a  dispute  between  local  Whigs 
and  Democrats  as  to  wether  it  should  be  named  Clay  or  Jackson.  The  name 
Union  was  suggested  and  adopted  as  a  compromise. 

VANCE 

Courthouse,  Young  St.,  Henderson,  27536 
County  Seat:  Henderson  Formed:  1881 

Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  492-0031  Population:  38,892 

N.C.  Senate  N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Frank  W.  Ballance,  Jr.  (2nd-Warren)  Richard  H.  Moore  (22nd-Vance) 

James  D.  Speed  ( nth-Franklin)  James  P.  Green,  Sr.  (78th-Vance) 

Micheal  S.  WilkinS  (22nd-Person) 

Vance  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Zebulon  Baird  Vance,  a  member  of 
Congress,  Governor  of  North  Carolina,  and  a  United  States  Senator. 


888 


North  Carolina  Manual 


WAKE 

P.O.  Box  550,  Raleigh,  27602 
County  Seat:  Raleigh 
Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  755-4112 


Formed:  1771 
Population:  423,380 


N.C.  Senate 

Wilbur  P.  Gulley  (13th-Durham) 

Joseph  E.  Johnson  d4th-Wake) 
Linda  Gunter  (36th-Wake) 
Jeanne  Lucas  (i3th-Durham) 
J.K.  Sherron,  Jr.  (Hth-Wake) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

James  Samuel  Ellis  (isth-Wake) 

Daniel  T.  Blue,  Jr.  (2ist-Wake) 

Bradley  R.  Miller  (eist-Wake) 

David  Miner (R)  (62nd-Wake) 

Jane  Mosley  (63rd-Wake) 

Robert  J.  Hensley,  Jr.  (64th-Wake) 

Aaron  E.  Fussell  (65th-Wake) 

Erin  J.  Kuczmarski  (92nd-Wake) 


Wake  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Margaret  Wake,  wife  of  William  Tryon. 


WARREN 

Box  619,  Warrenton,  27589 

County  Seat:  Warrenton 
Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  257-3261 


Formed:  1779 
Population:  17,265 


N.C.  Senate 

Frank  W.  Ballance,  Jr.  (2nd-Warren) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Richard  H.  Moore  (22nd-Vance) 
James  P.  Green,  Sr.  (78th-Vance) 

Michael  S.  WilkinS  (22nd-Person) 


Warren  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Joseph  Warren,  a  soldier  of 
Massachusetts  who  fell  while  fighting  at  Bunker  Hill. 

WASHINGTON 

Box  1007,  Courthouse,  Plymouth,  27962 
County  Seat:  Plymouth  Formed:  1799 

Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  793-3013  Population:  13,997 


N.C.  Senate 

Marc  Basnight  (ist-Dare) 

R.  L.  Martin  (6th-Pitt) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Richard  Eugene  Rogers  (6th-Martin) 
Raymond  M.  Thompson  (86th-Chowan) 


Washington  County  was  named  in  honor  of  George  Washington. 


WATAUGA 

Courthouse,  Box  1,  Boone,  28607 
County  Seat:  Boone 
Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  265-5364 


Formed:  1849 
Population:  36,952 


N.C.  Senate 

Fred  Folger,  Jr.  d2th-Surry) 

A.  P.  Sands,  III  (12th-Rockingham) 


N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

David  H.  Diamont  uoth-Surry) 

Anderson  Cromer  (40th-stokes) 

Wade  Franklin  Wilmoth  (40th-Watauga) 


North  Carolina  Counties  889 

Watauga  County  was  named  for  the  Watauga  River  whose  name  came  from 
an  Indian  word  meaning  "beautiful  water." 

WAYNE 

P.O.  Box  727,  Goldsboro,  27533-0227 
County  Seat:  Goldsboro  Formed:  1779 

Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  731-7910  Population:  104,666 

N.C.  Senate  N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

John  H.  Kerr,  III  (8th-Wayne)  Phillip  A.  Baddour,  Jr.  uith-Wayne) 

Carolyn  B.  RuSSell(R)  (77th-Wayne) 

Jerry  Braswell  (97th-Wayne) 

Wayne  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Anthony  Wayne,  one  of  Washington's 
most  trusted  soldiers. 

WILKES 

Wilkes  Co.  Office  Bldg.,  Wilkesboro,  28697 
County  Seat:  Wilkesboro  Formed:  1 777 

Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  667-1201  Population:  59,393 

N.C.  Senate  N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Donald  R.  Kincaid(R)  (27th-Caidweii)  John  Walter  Brown  (4ist-Wiikes) 

Daniel  R.  Simpson(R)  (27th-Burke)  George  M.  Holmes(R)  (4ist-Yadkin) 

Wilkes  County  was  named  in  honor  of  John  Wilkes  who  was  a  violent  oppo- 
nent of  the  Tory  party  in  England.  He  was  not  allowed  to  take  his  seat  in 
Parliament  to  which  he  had  been  elected.  The  Americans  imagined  that  he 
was  suffering  in  the  cause  of  liberty  and  named  this  county  in  his  honor. 

WILSON 

WCAO  &  LEC,  Box  1728,  Wilson,  27893 
County  Seat:  Wilson  Formed:  1855 

Clerk  of  Court:  (919)  291-7500  Population:  66,061 

N.C.  Senate  N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

R.  L.  Martin,  (6th-Pitt)  Milton  F.  Fitch,  Jr.  aoth-Wiison) 

Roy  A.  Cooper,  III  aoth-Nash)  Josephus  L.  Mavretic  (7ist-Edgecombe) 

James  D.  Speed  ( nth-Franklin)  Gene  G.  Arnold(R)  (72nd-Nash) 

Wilson  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Louis  D.  Wilson,  many  times  a  member 
of  the  Legislature  from  Edgecombe  Co.,  a  soldier  of  the  Mexican  war  who  died 
near  Vera  Cruz  of  fever,  and  a  benefactor  of  the  poor  of  his  native  county. 


890  North  Carolina  Manual 

YADKIN 

Human  Resources  Bldg.,  Box  146,  Yadkinville,  27055 
County  Seat:  Yadkinville  Formed:  1850 

Clerk  of  Court:  (910)  679-8838  Population:  30,488 

N.C.  Senate  N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Daniel  R.  Kincaid(R)  (27th-Caidweii)  John  Walter  Brown(R)  (4ist-wukes) 

Daniel  R.  Simpson(R)  (27th-Burke)  George  M.  Holmes(R)  (4ist-Yadkin) 

Yadkin  County's  was  derived  from  the  Yadkin  River  which  runs  through  it. 

YANCEY 

Courthouse,  Rm  11,  Burnsville,  28714 
County  Seat:  Burnsville  Formed:  1833 

Clerk  of  Court:  (704)  682-2122  Population:  15,419 

N.C.  Senate  N.C.  House  of  Representatives 

Herbert  Lee  Hyde  (28th-Buncombe)  Robert  C.  Hunter  (49th-McDoweii 

Dennis  J.  Winner  (28th-Buncombe) 

Yancey  County  was  named  in  honor  of  Bartlett  Yancey,  an  eloquent  orator, 
many  times  a  member  of  the  Legislature,  speaker  of  the  State  Senate,  and 
member  of  Congress.  He  was  also  one  of  the  earliest  advocates  of  the  public 
school  system  in  North  Carolina. 


United  State 
Government 


Part  VI 


xxk. 


MP 


894 


North  Carolina  Manual 


The  United  States  Constitution  895 


CHAPTER  ONE 

The  Constitution  of  the  United  States 

THE  RATIFICATION  OF  THE  CONSTITUTION 

IN  NORTH  CAROLINA 

On  April  24,  1778,  the  North  friendship." 
Carolina  General  Assembly  Not  quite  a  decade  later,  it  was 
ratified  the  Articles  of  apparent  to  many  that  the  combina- 
Confederation,  the  first  "constitution"  tion  of  the  states  in  the  Continental 
of  the  new  United  States.  It  proved  Congress  was  not  "firm"  and  was 
weak  and  ineffective  in  holding  the  decidedly  lacking  in  "friendship." 
nation  together.  A  decade  later  During  the  summer  of  1787,  dele- 
North  Carolina  was  caught  up  in  a  gates  from  twelve  states  including 
bitterly  divisive  contest  over  a  sec-  five  gentlemen  from  North  Carolina 
ond  federal  constitution.  While  the  assembled  in  Philadelphia  to  write  a 
Articles  of  Confederation  had  been  new  constitution  for  the  nation, 
approved  in  North  Carolina  with  lit-  George  Washington  wrote  a 
tie  debate,  the  Constitution  engen-  friend  that  it  was  his  "wish  that  the 
dered  a  two-year  war  of  words  before  convention  may  adopt  no  temporiz- 
its  ratification  at  a  convention  in  ing  expedients,  but  probe  the  defects 
Fayetteville  on  November  21,  1789.  of  the  constitution  to  the  bottom,  and 
In  1777,  debate  over  the  nature  provide  a  radical  cure,  whether  they 
of  the  Articles  of  Confederation  in  are  agreed  to  or  not."  Others  among 
the  Continental  Congress  had  been  the  leaders  in  the  states  and  among 
lackluster  until  the  arrival  of  those  attending  the  convention  in 
Thomas  Burke,  a  delegate  from  Philadelphia  concurred.  All  were 
North  Carolina.  Burke  was  outraged  concerned  that  the  nation's  republi- 
at  what  he  found  contained  in  the  can  experiment  would  collapse  before 
draft  of  the  Articles—too  much  having  a  chance  to  succeed.  William 
authority  to  a  national  government  Richardson  Davie  of  North  Carolina 
and  too  little  reserved  to  the  states.  noted  the  "repeated  and  decisive 
He  wrote  back  to  Governor  proofs  of  the  total  inefficiency  of  our 
Richard  Caswell  "[t]hat  the  more  general  government." 
experience  I  acquire,  the  stronger  is  Among  those  assembled  in 
my  conviction  that  unlimited  power  Philadelphia,  most  agreed  with 
cannot  be  safely  trusted  to  any  man,  General  Washington  on  the  nation's 
or  set  of  men,  on  earth."  He  feared  need  for  a  "radical  cure."  From  May 
seeing  power  coalesce  around  a  small  25  to  September  17,  1787,  delegates 
number  of  men  removed  from  the  debated  the  requirements  of  a  "more 
close  supervision  of  their  electorate,  perfect  union,"  always  fearful  that 
Burke,  then,  argued  convincingly  for  the  nation  was  teetering  on  the  brink 
a  "constitution"  that  secured  the  of  anarchy  and  that  their  efforts 
states'  powers  against  national  would  be  too  little,  too  late, 
encroachment  and  that  created  The  document  that  emerged  from 
among  the  states  "a  firm  league  of  the  Philadelphia  convention  provided 


896  North  Carolina  Manual 

for  more  latitude  for  national  inter-  development  in  the  new  nation  in  its 

vention  into  the  affairs  of  the  indi-  first  decade  from  the  Declaration  of 

vidual,  set  limits  on  what  states  Independence  on  July  4,  1776,  to  the 

might  do,  and  expanded  the  ability  of  summer  of  1787.  It  also  presented 

the  general  government  to  set  and  the  United  States  with  the  first 

act  upon  a  national  agenda  for  the  opportunity  in  history  for  a  people  to 

economy.  take  the  future  in  their  own  hands  and 

The  history  behind  the  choices  mold  it  to  their  own  ideas  of  liberty 

made  during  those  four  months  in  and  freedom. 
Philadelphia  reflect  the  quick  pace  of 

North  Carolina  -  Creating  a  First  Government 

For  the  people  of  North  Carolina,  the  experiment  in  republican  govern- 
ment began  with  the  creation  of  their  state  constitution  in  1776.  As  all  people 
then  realized,  it  was  one  thing  to  declare  oneself  independent  and  quite 
another  to  determine  how  one  would  employ  that  independence. 

In  November  1776,  the  citizens  of  Mecklenburg  County  issued  a  series  of 
instructions  to  their  delegates  to  the  North  Carolina  Provincial  Congress 
that  would  meet  in  Halifax  to  draft  the  state's  first  constitution.  They 
required  that  their  representatives  endeavor  "to  establish  a  free  government 
under  the  authority  of  the  people  of  the  State  of  North  Carolina  and  that  the 
government  be  a  simple  democracy  or  as  near  it  as  possible"  and  that  the 
document  contain  a  bill  of  rights,  a  separation  of  powers  provision,  and  a 
supremacy  clause.  Most  importantly,  the  constitution  should  recognize  that 
"[t]he  principal  supreme  power  is  possessed  by  the  people  at  large." 

Although  the  North  Carolina  constitution  as  ratified  on  December  17-18, 
1776  did  not  fully  accord  with  the  instructions  to  the  Mecklenburg  delega- 
tion, it  did  recognize  that  political  sovereignty  rested  ultimately  in  the  people 
and  was  prefaced  with  a  declaration  of  rights,  securing  to  citizens  freedom  of 
the  press,  assembly  and  religion  among  other  rights. 

The  North  Carolina  constitution  contrasted  sharply  with  the  Articles  of 
Confederation.  The  latter  had  no  bill  of  rights,  rested  sovereignty  in  the 
states,  and  failed  to  establish  the  apparatus  of  a  government.  It  lacked  both 
an  executive  and  a  judiciary  branch  (except  in  the  limited  area  of  admiralty 
law). 

While  the  state  government  was  often  times  ineffective  and  slow  to 
respond  to  the  needs  of  the  Revolution,  with  the  coming  of  peace  it  did  pro- 
vide an  adequate  framework  for  governance.  Some  might  complain  -  as  many 
did  -  that  the  General  Assembly  was  too  quick  to  issue  paper  money  or  place 
a  moratorium  on  suits  for  debt.  It  was  able,  though,  to  provide  leadership 
and  direction  for  reconstructing  the  state's  economy  following  the  end  of  the 
Revolution. 

The  Continental  Congress,  in  contrast,  was  hamstrung.  It  was  unable  to 
collect  funds  other  than  through  loans  or  voluntary  payment  of  requisitions 
from  the  states;  moreover,  it  was  unable  to  effectively  enforce  the  peace  or  to 
make  the  states  abide  by  the  terms  of  the  peace  treaty  with  Great  Britain. 


The  United  States  Constitution  897 

Crisis  of  National  Leadership  - 1784-1787 

While  the  Continental  Congress  brought  the  war  to  a  successful  end,  it 
could  not  manage  the  peace.  Contrary  to  the  Treaty  of  Paris  signed  between 
the  United  States  and  Great  Britain  in  1783,  states  still  refused  to  honor 
debts  outstanding  to  English  merchants  and  to  return  land  or  pay  compensa- 
tion to  loyalists  whose  properties  were  confiscated  during  the  Revolution. 

These  failures  led  to  the  British  maintaining  troops  on  American  territo- 
ry and  preventing  U.S.  ships  from  carrying  British  products.  Such  interna- 
tional problems  were  compounded  by  the  inability  of  the  Continental 
Congress  to  help  resolve  disputes  among  the  states.  During  the  Revolution, 
Vermont  had  seceded  from  New  Hampshire  and  New  York  without  approval 
from  either  state.  Congress  was  unable  to  resolve  the  conflict  successfully 
despite  repeated  pleas  from  Governor  Clinton  of  New  York  for  help.  Conflicts 
over  boundaries  also  developed  between  Delaware  and  Pennsylvania, 
Maryland  and  Virginia,  and  North  Carolina  and  Virginia.  With  the  partial 
exception  of  the  dispute  between  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware,  Congress 
failed  to  mediate  the  conflicts. 

Among  the  states  there  was  also  a  growing  concern  over  competition  for 
international  trade,  import  duties  that  adversely  affected  states  like  North 
Carolina  that  did  not  have  adequate  harbors,  and  the  use  of  interstate  water- 
ways. These  issues  were  further  compounded  by  problems  faced  by  states  to 
their  west,  who  were  confronted  by  hostile  English,  Spaniards,  and  Native 
Americans  as  well  as  settlers  anxious  to  expand  beyond  the  recognized  limits 
of  the  nation. 

For  example,  in  1785  the  Continental  Congress  negotiated  the  Treaty  of 
Hopewell  with  the  Cherokees.  North  Carolina,  on  behalf  of  its  western  inter- 
ests, issued  an  official  protest  of  the  treaty  "as  containing  several  stipula- 
tions which  infringe  and  violate  the  legislative  rights  of  the  State."  Such  dual 
interpretation  reinforced  the  confusion  of  settlers  as  to  who  held  political 
authority  in  the  western  region. 

Earlier,  a  group  of  western  North  Carolina  citizens  in  what  today  is 
Tennessee  had  assembled  to  address  their  relationship  to  the  state  and  the 
Continental  Congress.  In  1784,  the  North  Carolina  General  Assembly  had 
ceded,  but  later  revoked  the  actions,  the  western  territories  of  the  state  to 
the  national  government.  In  anticipation  of  becoming  a  state,  these  citizens 
had,  on  December  17,  1784,  signed  and  ratified  a  constitution  for  the  new 
State  of  Franklin.  Although  they  did  so  under  the  impression  that  they  were 
soon  to  be  separated  from  North  Carolina,  they  continued  to  assert  their 
autonomy  even  after  the  state  had  revoked  its  secession.  The  creation  of  the 
State  of  Franklin  under  the  leadership  of  John  Sevier,  a  Revolutionary  war 
hero,  represented  widespread  dissatisfaction  in  the  west  with  the  treatment 
accorded  them  by  the  eastern  dominate  General  Assembly.  They  felt  them- 
selves ignored,  excluded  from  the  benefits  of  state  government,  yet  liable  for 
taxes. 

Although  dissatisfaction  was  widespread  in  North  Carolina  and  in  the 
other  states,  not  everyone  felt  the  need  for  major  revisions  of  the  Articles  of 
Confederation.  Many  state  leaders  were  witnessing  their  states'  emergence 


898  North  Carolina  Manual 

from  a  post-war  economic  slump.  Harbors  were  filling  and  farm  goods  were 
reaching  new  price  levels.  By  the  eve  of  the  Philadelphia  convention,  many 
thought  that  the  states  were  well  on  the  road  to  political  stability  and  eco- 
nomic prosperity. 

Yet  many  were  concerned  that  the  states  exerted  too  much  influence  over 
the  national  economy.  A  group  of  strong  nationalists,  including  James 
Madison  of  Virginia,  Alexander  Hamilton  of  New  York,  and  James  Wilson 
and  Gouverneur  Morris  of  Pennsylvania,  feared  that  the  parochial  economic 
concerns  of  the  states  would  always  be  permitted  to  outweigh  the  general 
economic  welfare  of  the  nation.  They  felt  greater  direction  must  come  from  a 
unified  and  powerful  national  government. 

The  first  attempt  to  remedy  some  of  the  ills  brought  on  by  too  much  state 
influence  on  the  national  economy  was  the  Mount  Vernon  Conference  in 
March  of  1785.  Meeting  at  the  home  of  George  Washington,  delegates  from 
Virginia  and  Maryland  sat  together  to  discuss  their  mutual  problems  con- 
cerning harbor  facilities  and  interstate  waterways.  These  representatives 
resolved  to  work  together  to  overcome  conflicts  on  fishing  rights,  navigation- 
al safety,  piracy,  and  interstate  currency  rates.  Most  importantly  the  dele- 
gates identified  the  need  for  more  states  to  participate  in  future  discussions. 

The  Virginia  House  of  Delegates,  when  it  ratified  the  Mount  Vernon 
Accord  in  1786,  also  called  for  a  second  meeting  to  be  held  in  Annapolis  to 
discuss  "such  commercial  regulations  [as]  may  be  necessary  to  their  common 
interest  and  their  permanent  harmony."  The  call  went  out  to  all  the  states  to 
send  delegates  to  attend  this  second  meeting. 

In  the  end,  representatives  from  only  five  states  were  in  attendance  at 
Annapolis  when  the  meeting  convened  in  September,  1786.  Some  states  like 
North  Carolina  had  appointed  delegates.  Hugh  Williamson  of  North  Carolina 
apparently  arrived  in  town  the  day  the  convention  adjourned. 

The  lack  of  a  quorum  at  the  Annapolis  convention  resulted  in  no  major 
headway  being  made  to  resolve  the  commercial  problems  plaguing  the  new  i 
nation.  There  was  one  significant  proposal  from  the  meeting — the  delegates 
agreed  to  Alexander  Hamilton's  proposal  to  call  for  yet  another  meeting,  this 
time  in  Philadelphia.  The  convention  of  state  representatives  was  to  meet  in  ! 
May,  1787  "to  take  into  consideration  the  situation  of  the  United  States,  to 
devise  such  further  provisions  as  shall  appear  to  them  necessary  to  render 
the  constitution  of  the  Federal  Government  adequate  to  the  existence  of  the 
Union..." 

The  Confederation  Congress  agreed  to  issue  a  call  for  a  convention  in 
Philadelphia  and  all  the  states  but  Rhode  Island  appointed  delegations  to 
attend. 

North  Carolina  and  The  Constitution 

Although  the  meeting  was  scheduled  to  begin  on  May  14,  1787,  a  quorum 
of  seven  states  was  not  reached  until  May  25. 

James  Iredell,  one  of  North  Carolina's  leading  lawyers,  was  concerned  for 
the  health  of  the  nation  and  was  very  much  aware  of  how  things  had 
changed  locally.  He  felt  that  if  the  nationalists  were  to  succeed  in  strength- 


The  United  States  Constitution  899 

ening  the  union  they  needed  to  move  promptly;  however,  on  May  25  he  was 
in  New  Bern,  not  Philadelphia.  Why  this  was  the  case  is  unclear;  nonetheless 
in  less  than  four  months  Iredell  was  to  take  a  commanding  role  in  defending 
the  new  Constitution  before  the  people  of  North  Carolina.  Iredell  was  ready 
with  a  quick  pen  and  clear  thinking  to  promote  the  need  for  a  strengthened 
union. 

Four  years  earlier,  Iredell  had  been  the  anonymous  author  of  a  set  of 
instructions  to  the  Chowan  County  representatives  in  which  he  outlined  the 
requirements  for  a  more  effective  state  government  within  the  context  of  a 
national  union.  He  had  then  called  for  payment  of  North  Carolina's  requisi- 
tion to  the  Continental  Congress;  stringent  controls  over  the  printing  and 
redemption  of  the  state's  paper  money;  prohibition  of  legislative  intrusion 
into  civil  suits;  better  organization  of  the  administration  of  the  state;  an 
independent  judiciary;  and,  support  of  trade,  commerce,  and  manufacturing. 
Many  of  these  same  issues  faced  the  delegates  from  the  states  as  they  met  in 
Philadelphia  to  begin  their  deliberations.  Among  those  delegates  were  even- 
tually five  from  North  Carolina. 

Back  in  November  1786,  responding  to  the  report  from  Annapolis,  the 
North  Carolina  General  Assembly  had  selected  five  state  leaders  to  partici- 
pate in  Philadelphia:  Governor  Richard  Caswell,  William  Richardson  Davie, 
Willie  Jones,  Alexander  Martin,  and  Richard  Dobbs  Spaight.  Jones  declined 
to  attend,  some  said  because  it  would  then  free  him  to  oppose  any  changes 
emanating  from  Philadelphia.  Governor  Caswell  also  declined  for  reasons  of 
health.  He  then  appointed  William  Blount  and  Hugh  Williamson  to  complete 
the  North  Carolina  delegation. 

The  first  of  North  Carolina's  delegation  to  reach  Philadelphia  was 
Richard  Dobbs  Spaight  on  May  15.  Spaight  was  also  among  the  youngest  and 
least  experienced  of  the  delegates.  He  spoke  little  in  the  Convention  but 
returned  home  an  ardent  Federalist  and  supporter  of  the  Constitution.  He 
was  among  the  three  North  Carolina  delegates  who  were  able  to  remain  at 
the  convention  long  enough  to  sign  the  Constitution  on  September  17. 

William  Richardson  Davie  was  the  second  delegate  to  arrive  in 
Philadelphia.  With  Hugh  Williamson,  Davie  was  the  leading  spokesman  for 
the  state  at  the  convention.  He  was  an  early  advocate  of  both  state  and  popu- 
lar representation  in  the  national  legislature.  He  sat  on  the  committee  that 
formulated  the  compromise  between  the  Virginia  plan  that  would  have  con- 
ditioned national  representation  on  population  and  the  New  Jersey  plan  that 
would  have  relied  upon  the  old  Confederation  formula  of  one  state,  one  vote. 
This  first  great  compromise  of  the  convention  was  worked  out  by  the  commit- 
tee over  the  Fourth  of  July  recess.  The  committee  reported  out  the  idea  of 
Roger  Sherman  of  Connecticut  that  representation  in  the  House  be  based  on 
population,  while  that  of  the  Senate  reflected  equal  representation  among 
the  states. 

Davie  was  forced  to  leave  the  convention  early  to  return  to  his  law  prac- 
tice. Throughout  the  next  two  years  of  debate  in  North  Carolina  over  the 
;  Constitution,  Davie's  voice  stood  out  as  one  of  the  principal  advocates  for  the 
Constitution.  Only  he  and  Spaight,  of  the  five  at  Philadelphia,  participated 
in  the  first  ratification  convention  in  North  Carolina. 


900  North  Carolina  Manual 

When  the  convention  opened  on  May  25,  two  more  North  Carolina  dele- 
gates were  in  attendance:  Hugh  Williamson  and  Alexander  Martin.  Both  set- 
tled into  the  Indian  Queen  Inn,  where  James  Madison,  George  Mason, 
Alexander  Hamilton  and  other  leading  delegates  were  lodged. 

William  Pierce  of  Georgia,  who  wrote  brief  character  sketches  of  the  dele- 
gates, characterized  Williamson  as  "a  worthy  man,  of  some  abilities,  and  for- 
tune" and  not  to  be  recognized  for  a  stylish  way  of  speaking.  Although  not 
among  the  greats  of  the  convention,  Williamson  contributed  his  share  to  the 
debates.  He  participated  in  the  committee  of  the  states  that  recommended 
the  initial  number  of  representatives  in  the  House  for  each  state  and  it  was 
he  who  proposed  a  decennial  census  to  determine  changes  in  representation. 
Williamson  was  also  greatly  concerned  over  the  powers  and  limitations  of  the 
executive  branch;  he  feared  a  single  executive  and  thought  that  the  executive 
should  be  ineligible  for  a  second  term.  On  the  veto  power  of  the  executive, 
Williamson  spoke  in  favor  of  a  limited  negative.  Both  Williamson  and  Davie 
expressed  strong  approval  of  an  impeachment  process,  Williamson  believing 
that  impeachment  was  "an  essential  security  for  the  good  behavior  of  the 
Executive." 

Near  the  close  of  the  convention,  a  series  of  essays  authored  by 
Williamson  under  the  pseudonym  "Sylvius"  was  published.  Although 
authored  before  the  convention,  their  contents  spoke  directly  to  some  of  the 
major  concerns  about  a  strong  national  government.  He  examined  in  them 
the  need  for  a  strong  national  government  to  take  command  of  the  economy 
and  foreign  affairs  as  well  as  expounded  upon  the  ills  created  by  a  paper 
money  economy. 

Williamson  was  the  second  of  North  Carolina's  delegates  to  sign  the 
Constitution  . 

Williamson  did  not  attend  the  first  ratification  convention  in 
Hillsborough  in  July  1788,  but  rather  stayed  north  to  attend  the  Continental 
Congress  and  protect  the  interests  of  the  state.  He  remained  there  even  after 
the  new  government  was  formed  in  the  Spring  of  1789  without  North 
Carolina's  official  participation,  returning  only  to  take  part  in  the 
Fayetteville  Convention  in  November,  1789. 

Alexander  Martin,  the  fourth  of  the  state's  delegates,  was  a  former  gover- 
nor of  North  Carolina  and  a  general  during  the  American  Revolution.  Judged 
a  moderate  and  practical  politician,  Martin  stood  midstream  between  the 
federalists  and  antifederalist  camps  in  North  Carolina. 

A  fellow  delegate  of  Martin's  rather  unkindly  described  his  contribution 
to  the  convention:  "The  great  exertions  of  political  wisdom  in  our  late 
Governor,  while  he  sat  at  the  helm  of  our  State,  have  so  exhausted  his  fund, 
that  time  must  be  required  to  enable  him  again  to  exert  his  abilities  to  the 
advantage  of  the  nation."  Needless  to  say,  Martin  contributed  little  to  the 
discussions.  Like  Davie,  he  was  unable  to  stay  to  the  close  of  the  convention. 

The  last  of  North  Carolina's  delegation  to  arrive  in  Philadelphia  was 
William  Blount,  who  reached  the  convention  on  June  20.  He  had  been  involved 
in  representing  North  Carolina's  interests  in  the  Continental  Congress  meeting 
in  New  York.  Although  he  took  no  part  in  the  debates  at  Philadelphia,  he  was 
there  to  sign  the  document  -  the  third  of  the  state's  signers. 


The  United  States  Constitution  901 

Blount  was  not  elected  to  the  convention  at  Hillsborough  but  was 
involved  in  the  ratification  convention  at  Fayetteville,  where  he  may  have 
played  a  key  role  in  securing  the  necessary  votes  for  the  Constitution  in 
1789. 

The  work  of  North  Carolina's  delegates  and  those  from  the  other  states 
received  a  chilly  response  at  home.  A  long  battle  began  with  leading  federal- 
ists like  James  Iredell  of  Edenton,  and  Archibald  Maclaine  of  Wilmington 
preparing  lengthy  defenses  of  the  Constitution. 

In  a  series  of  essays  published  in  January  1788  under  the  name 
"Marcus,"  James  Iredell  sought  to  refute  the  criticisms  of  George  Mason. 
Mason's  attack  on  the  Constitution  was  especially  threatening  since  he  had 
been  at  the  convention  (although  he  refused  to  sign)  and  was  widely  respect- 
ed for  his  disinterested  attachment  to  the  new  nation.  Mason  opposed  the 
Constitution  on  numerous  grounds,  but  principally  for  its  lack  of  a  bill  of 
rights. 

Iredell  responded  to  each  point  of  Mason's  attack,  examining  why  the 
Constitution  did  not  need  a  bill  of  rights;  why  it  was  representative  of  the 
people;  why  the  Senate  could  amend  money  bills;  why  the  country  needed  a 
national  judiciary;  and,  why  the  Constitution  proposed  a  single  executive 
without  a  constitutional  council. 

His  refutation  of  Mason  was  reasoned  and  measured;  not  as  much  can  be 
said  concerning  some  other  defenses  of  the  Constitution.  Archibald  Maclaine 
was  particularly  vitriolic.  He  referred  to  those  who  would  oppose  the 
Constitution  as  "petty  tyrants." 

The  principal  confrontation  of  ideas  and  interests  came  naturally,  during 
the  convention  that  met  in  Hillsborough  from  July  21  to  August  4,  1888.  The 
convention  came  after  ten  states  had  ratified  the  Constitution  and  assured 
the  formation  of  a  new  national  government  under  its  auspices.  Even  this 
imminent  inauguration  of  a  new  government  was  not  persuasive  enough  to 
convince  a  majority  of  the  Hillsborough  convention  to  approve,  and  the 
Constitution  was  rejected  by  a  184  to  83  vote. 

Two  issues  stood  out  above  all  others  in  the  attack  on  the  Constitution: 
the  lack  of  a  bill  of  rights  and  the  placing  of  too  much  authority  to  a  distant 
government.  The  ideas  of  Thomas  Burke  remained  alive  in  the  state. 

At  the  convention,  Willie  Jones  of  Halifax,  Samuel  Spencer  of  Anson, 
Thomas  Person  of  Granville,  David  Caldwell  of  Guilford,  and  William  Lenoir 
of  Wilkes  helped  lead  the  opposition  to  the  Constitution.  It  would  be  a  mis- 
take, however,  to  assume  unity  among  this  opposition.  Some  like  Samuel 
Spencer  were  most  concerned  about  the  loss  of  authority  for  the  states.  As 
one  of  the  three  highest  judges  in  the  state,  he  appeared  especially  concerned 
with  having  his  authority  overshadowed  by  that  of  the  federal  courts. 

David  Caldwell  provides  a  notable  contrast  to  Spencer.  A  Presbyterian 
minister  and  renowned  for  the  school  he  operated  in  Guilford  County, 
Caldwell  was  principally  concerned  about  the  lack  of  a  fundamental  philo- 
sophical framework  against  which  to  judge  and  operate  the  Constitution. 

And  again,  Willie  Jones  of  Halifax  seemed  concerned,  along  with  many 
others,  about  the  danger  of  removing  power  so  far  away  from  the  people 
without,  in  turn,  safeguarding  their  interests  with  a  bill  of  rights. 


902  North  Carolina  Manual 

With  such  diversity  of  opposition,  it  is  no  wonder  that  those  federalists 
favoring  the  Constitution  appear  to  have  the  better  of  the  arguments,  if  not 
the  vote.  The  federalists  appear  to  have  given  more  advanced  consideration 
to  their  opposition  in  the  convention  with  James  Iredell  taking  on  the  role  of 
theorist,  Governor  Samuel  Johnston  acting  as  a  mediator  and  accommoda- 
tion, while  Archibald  Maclaine  and  William  R.  Davie  functioned  as  the 
proverbial  "loose  cannons"  at  the  convention.  But  despite  all  these  gentlemen 
could  say,  in  and  out  of  convention,  the  Constitution  was  doomed  to  defeat 
from  the  outset. 

Ratification  waited  another  fifteen  months,  coming  only  in  November 
1789  at  Fayetteville  on  a  vote  of  194  to  77. 

Historians  know  quite  a  lot  about  the  Hillsborough  convention  because 
James  Iredell  and  Samuel  Johnston  hired  a  secretary  to  record  the  debates. 
Nothing  like  that  was  done  for  Fayetteville;  explanations  for  acceptance  are, 
in  consequence,  far  more  conjectural  than  explanations  for  rejection  at 
Hillsborough.  Congress's  sending  of  a  bill  of  rights  to  the  states  is  one  clear 
candidate  while  fear  of  being  outside  the  union  is  another.  Also  the  concern 
about  a  central  government  was  apparently  diminished  with  Washington 
elected  president.  Whatever  the  reason,  the  convention  took  only  seven  days 
to  ratify  and  report  out  their  vote.  Then,  one  month  later,  the  North  Carolina 
General  Assembly  became  the  second  state  to  ratify  the  Bill  of  Rights. 

The  legacy  of  the  debates  in  North  Carolina  has  been  a  widespread 
appreciation  of  the  role  of  popular  discussion  of  critical  issues  and  how  these 
may  balance  among  a  nation,  the  states,  and  the  people. 


WILLIAM  BLOUNT 


The  United  States  Constitution 


NORTH  CAROLINA  SIGNERS  OF 

THE  U.  S.  CONSTITUTION 

William  Blount  was  born  on  March 
26,  1749,  in  Bertie  County.  With 
his  brother,  John  Grey  Blount,  he 
became  a  leading  businessman  after 
Independence.  His  heavy  speculation 
and  activities  in  western  territories  cre- 
ated enormous  problems  for  him  later 
in  life. 

Blount  was  first  elected  to  the 
General  Assembly  in  1780  as  a  Town 
Representative  from  New  Bern.  He  was 
elected  to  the  Continental  Congress 
meeting  in  Philadelphia  in  1782,  1783, 
and  1784.  He  returned  to  the  legislature 
representing  Craven  County  in  1783, 
1784,  and  1784-85;  and  during  the  latter 
session  was  elected  Speaker. 

On  March  14,  1787,  Blount  was  elected  one  of  the  delegates  to  go  to 
Philadelphia  for  the  Constitutional  Convention.  In  1789  he  went  to  the  state 
convention  in  Fayetteville  and  voted  for  ratification  of  the  newly-written 
Constitution.  Blount  returned  to  the  state  legislature,  serving  in  the  Senate 
in  1788  and  1789. 

On  August  17,  1790,  Blount  was  appointed  Governor  of  the  Territories 
South  of  the  Ohio  River.  He  had  autocratic  authority  in  the  territories.  In 
1791  Blount  helped  arrange  the  Treaty  of  Holston  which  resulted  in  the 
Cherokee  Indians  ceding  to  the  United  States  a  large  portion  of  land,  much 
of  which  was  already  occupied  by  whites.  In  1794  when  the  territories  were 
large  enough  to  call  a  territorial  assembly,  a  bill  was  passed  establishing 
Blount  College  (a  forerunner  of  the  University  of  Tennessee). 

On  July  8,  1797,  while  serving  as  one  of  Tennessee's  first  two  United  States 
Senators,  Blount  was  expelled  from  the  Senate  for  what  was  known  as  Blount's 
Conspiracy.  There  was  a  rumor  that  Spain  was  going  to  cede  New  Orleans  and 
Louisiana  to  France.  This  would  deny  America's  right  to  the  Mississippi  River. 
Blount  took  charge  of  a  plan  that  was  underway  to  recruit  frontiersmen  and 
Indians  into  fighting  with  Great  Britain  to  take  those  areas  in  war.  (Great 
Britain  was  bound  by  the  treaty  of  peace  of  1783  to  permit  free  navigation  of 
the  Mississippi  River  to  America  and  France.)  President  John  Adams  had  a  let- 
ter fall  into  his  hands  that  was  written  by  Blount  concerning  this.  In  July,  1797 
President  Adams  turned  the  letter  over  to  Congress;  Blount's  expulsion  fol- 
lowed. On  December  17,  the  House  of  Representatives  opened  Blount's 
impeachment  trial.  This  was  the  first  such  trial  in  United  States  history.  In 
1799  the  proceedings  were  dismissed  for  lack  of  jurisdiction. 

The  people  still  had  faith  in  Blount,  electing  him  to  the  Tennessee  State 
Senate  in  1798;  he  was  elected  Speaker.  He  died  in  Tennessee  in  1800. 


904 


North  Carolina  Manual 


NORTH  CAROLINA  SIGNERS  OF 
THE  U.  S.  CONSTITUTION 


R! 


ichard  Dobbs  Spaight,  Sr.,  the  first 

mative-born  governor  of  North 

Carolina,  was  born  in  New  Bern  on 

March   25,    1758,    to    Richard    and 

Elizabeth  Wilson  Spaight. 

He  studied  abroad,  finishing  at  the 
University  of  Glasgow  in  Scotland. 
After  returning  to  America,  Spaight 
served  briefly  as  the  military  aide  de 
camp  to  General  Richard  Caswell. 

Spaight  served  in  the  House  of 
Commons  as  a  Town  Representative 
from  New  Bern  in  the  Assemblies  of 
RICHARD  DOBBS  SPAIGHT,  SR.     1779,  1781,  1782,  and  1783.  In  1783  his 

seat  was  declared  vacant  following  his 
election  to  the  Confederation  Congress. 
On  December  13,  1783,  Spaight  took  his  seat  at  the  Congress  in 
Annapolis.  He  also  served  as  a  delegate  to  the  1784  Congress  in  New  York 
City. 

In  1785  Spaight  returned  to  the  General  Assembly  representing  Craven 
County  in  the  House  of  Commons,  where  he  was  elected  Speaker.  He  contin- 
ued his  legislative  service  in  the  assemblies  of  1786-87  and  1787.  He  was 
elected  as  one  of  North  Carolina's  representatives  to  the  Federal  Convention 
in  Philadelphia,  arriving  there  on  May  15,  1787.  He  was  the  first  of  the 
North  Carolina  delegates  to  arrive  and  stayed  long  enough  to  be  one  of  the 
signers  of  the  constitution.  After  the  Philadelphia  meeting  he  returned  to 
North  Carolina  and  attended  the  state  convention  in  Hillsborough. 

Spaight  served  in  the  General  Assembly  of  1792  as  the  Town 
Representative  from  New  Bern,  but  resigned  following  his  election  as  gover- 
nor on  December  11,  1792.  He  was  elected  to  serve  as  governor  for  two  more 
terms.  He  served  one  more  term  in  the  General  Assembly  as  a  state  senator 
in  1801. 

In  1798  Spaight  was  elected  to  the  Fifth  United  States  Congress  as  a 
member  of  the  House  of  Representatives  following  the  death  of  Congressman 
Nathan  Bryan  on  June  4.  He  was  elected  to  the  6th  Congress  but  was  defeat- 
ed for  reelection  to  a  third  term  by  John  Stanly. 

The  political  differences  between  Spaight  and  Stanly  caused  bitter  and 
personal  discussions.  One  of  these  resulted  in  Stanly  challenging  Spaight  to  | 
a  duel.  On  September  5,  1802,  Stanly's  fourth  discharge  mortally  wounded 
Spaight,  who  died  the  next  day.  Criminal  proceedings  against  Stanly  began,  | 
but  he  applied  to  the  governor  and  was  granted  pardon.  This  prompted  the 
law  making  any  participant  in  a  duel  ineligible  for  any  office  of  "trust,  honor, 
or  profit." 


The  United  States  Constitution 


905 


HUGH  WILLIAMSON 


NORTH  CAROLINA  SIGNERS  OF 
THE  U.  S.  CONSTITUTION 


Hugh  Williamson  was  born  in 
Chester  County,  Pennsylvania,  on 
December  5,  1735.  A  doctor,  natural 
scientist,  preacher,  merchant,  and 
politician,  Williamson  was  frequently 
called  the  "Ben  Franklin  of  North 
Carolina." 

Graduating  in  the  first  class  from 
the  College  of  Philadelphia  (which  later 
became  the  University  of  Pennsylvania), 
Williamson  went  to  Connecticut  to 
study  theology.  After  two  years  he  left 
the  ministry  to  be  a  math  professor. 
While  teaching,  he  became  interested 
in  medicine,  which  led  him  to  the 
University  of  Edinburgh  and  studies  in 

London  and  Utrect.  His  poor  physical  condition  made  him  subject  to  con- 
tracting a  fever  from  his  patient  which  led  him  to  forego  medicine. 

His  scientific  interests  and  reputation  resulted  in  his  appointment  as  a 
commissioner  to  study  the  transit  of  Venus  (June  3,  1769),  and  Mercury 
(November  9,  1769).  Afterwards,  he  published  "An  Essay  on  Comets",  for 
which  the  University  of  Leyden  awarded  him  an  LL.D.  degree. 

Williamson  was  an  eyewitness  to  the  Boston  Tea  Party  and  was  the  first  to 
carry  the  news  to  England.  He  predicted  the  colonies'  revolt  and  heard  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence  while  he  was  in  Holland. 

Upon  returning  to  America,  he  offered  his  medical  services  to  Governor 
Caswell  and  was  sent  to  New  Bern  to  vaccinate  troops  against  smallpox.  He 
crossed  British  lines  to  treat  American  prisoners  of  war  as  well  as  the  British.  He 
was  a  pioneer  advocate  in  inoculation  against  diseases. 

Williamson  was  a  Town  Representative  for  Edenton  in  the  General  Assembly 
of  1782.  On  May  3,  his  seat  was  declared  vacant  following  his  election  to  the 
Continental  Congress  in  Philadelphia.  Williamson  took  his  seat  on  July  19,1782. 
Along  with  Thomas  Jefferson,  he  was  one  of  only  two  southern  delegates  who 
voted  in  favor  of  excluding  slavery  from  the  Western  Lands  Ordinance  of  1784. 

Williamson  returned  to  the  House  of  Commons  in  1785  representing  Chowan 
County.  In  1787  he  was  appointed  by  Governor  Caswell  to  replace  Willie  Jones  at 
the  Federal  Convention  in  Philadelphia.  Williamson  arrived  in  time  for  its  start 
and  attended  the  entire  convention.  He  also  attended  the  State  Convention  in 
Fayetteville  where  the  Constitution  was  eventually  ratified  by  North  Carolina. 

The  final  years  of  Williamson's  political  career  were  spent  in  Congress.  He 
served  in  the  United  States  House  of  Representatives  as  a  representative  from 
the  Edenton  and  New  Bern  district  from  1789- 1793. Williamson  retired  to  New 
York  City.  He  wrote  one  of  the  nation's  first  ecological  histories  in  his  two-volume 
study  of  North  Carolina's  early  history,  published  in  1812.  He  died  in  1819. 


906  North  Carolina  Manual 


The  United  States  Constitution  907 


CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

Preamble 

We,  the  people  of  the  United  States,  in  order  to  form  a  more  perfect  Union, 
establish  justice,  insure  domestic  tranquillity,  provide  for  the  common 
defense,  promote  the  general  welfare,  and  secure  the  blessings  of  liberty  to  our- 
selves and  our  posterity,  do  ordain  and  establish  this  Constitution  for  the 
United  States  of  America. 

ARTICLE  I 

Section  1.  All  legislative  powers  herein  granted  shall  be  vested  in  a 
Congress  of  the  United  States,  which  shall  consist  of  a  Senate  and  a  House  of 
Representatives. 

Sect.  2-1.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  be  composed  of  members 
chosen  every  second  year  by  the  people  of  the  several  States,  and  the  electors 
in  each  State  shall  have  the  qualifications  requisite  for  electors  of  the  most 
numerous  branch  of  the  State  Legislature. 

2.  No  person  shall  be  a  Representative  who  shall  not  have  attained  to  the 
age  of  twenty-five  years,  and  been  seven  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States, 
and  who  shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  State  in  which  he 
shall  be  chosen. 

3.  Representatives  and  direct  taxes  shall  be  apportioned  among  the  sev- 
eral States  which  may  be  included  within  this  Union,  according  to  their 
respective  numbers,  which  shall  be  determined  by  adding  to  the  whole  num- 
ber of  free  persons,  including  those  bound  to  service  for  a  term  of  years  and 
excluding  Indians  not  taxed,  three-fifths  of  all  other  persons.  The  actual  enu- 
meration shall  be  made  within  three  years  after  the  first  meeting  of  the 
Congress  of  the  United  States,  and  within  every  subsequent  term  of  ten 
years,  in  such  manner  as  they  shall  by  law  direct.  The  number  of 
Representatives  shall  not  exceed  one  for  every  thirty  thousand,  but  each 
State  shall  have  at  least  one  Representative;  and  until  such  enumeration 
shall  be  made,  the  State  of  New  Hampshire  shall  be  entitled  to  choose  3; 
Massachusetts,  8;  Rhode  Island  and  Providence  Plantations,  1;  Connecticut, 
5;  New  York,  6;  New  Jersey,  4;  Pennsylvania,  8;  Delaware,  1;  Maryland,  6; 
Virginia,  10;  North  Carolina,  5;  South  Carolina,  5;  and  Georgia,  3.* 

4.  When  vacancies  happen  in  the  representation  from  any  State  the 
Executive  Authority  thereof  shall  issue  writs  of  election  to  fill  such  vacan- 
cies. 

5.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  choose  their  Speaker  and  other 
officers,  and  shall  have  the  sole  power  of  impeachment. 

*See  Article  XIV  Amendments. 


908  North  Carolina  Manual 

Sec.  3-1.  The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall  be  composed  of  two 
Senators  from  each  State,  chosen  by  the  Legislature  thereof  for  six  years; 
and  each  Senator  shall  have  one  vote. 

2.  Immediately  after  they  shall  be  assembled  in  consequence  of  the  first 
election,  they  shall  be  divided  as  equally  as  may  be  into  three  classes.  The 
seats  of  the  Senators  of  the  first  class  shall  be  vacated  at  the  expiration  of 
the  second  year;  of  the  second  class  at  the  expiration  of  the  fourth  year;  and 
of  the  third  class  at  the  expiration  of  the  sixth  year,  so  that  one-third  may  be 
chosen  every  second  year,  and  if  vacancies  happen  by  resignation,  or  other- 
wise, during  the  recess  of  the  Legislature  of  any  State,  the  Executive  thereof 
may  make  temporary  appointments  until  the  next  meeting  of  the 
Legislature,  which  shall  then  fill  such  vacancies. 

3.  No  person  shall  be  a  Senator  who  shall  have  not  attained  to  the  age  of 
thirty  years,  and  been  nine  years  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and  who 
shall  not,  when  elected,  be  an  inhabitant  of  that  State  for  which  he  shall  be 
chosen. 

4.  The  Vice  President  of  the  United  States  shall  be  President  of  the 
Senate,  but  shall  have  no  vote,  unless  they  be  equally  divided. 

5.  The  Senate  shall  choose  their  other  officers,  and  also  a  President  pro 
tempore,  in  the  absence  of  the  Vice  President,  or  when  he  shall  exercise  the 
office  of  the  President  of  the  United  States. 

6.  The  Senate  shall  have  the  sole  power  to  try  all  impeachments.  When 
sitting  for  that  purpose,  they  shall  be  on  oath  or  affirmation  When  the 
President  of  the  United  States  is  tried,  the  Chief  Justice  shall  preside;  and 
no  person  shall  be  convicted  without  the  occurrence  of  two-thirds  of  the  mem- 
bers present. 

7.  Judgment  in  cases  of  impeachment  shall  not  extend  further  than  to 
removal  from  office,  and  disqualification  to  hold  and  enjoy  any  office  of 
honor,  trust,  or  profit  under  the  United  States;  but  the  party  convicted  shall 
nevertheless  be  liable  and  subject  to  indictment,  trial,  judgment,  and  punish- 
ment, according  to  law. 

Sec.  4-1.  The  times,  places  and  manner  of  holding  elections  for  Senators 
and  Representatives  shall  be  prescribed  in  each  State  by  the  Legislature 
thereof,  but  the  Congress  may  at  any  time  by  law  make  or  alter  such  regula- 
tions, except  as  to  the  places  of  choosing  Senators. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in  every  year,  and  such 
meeting  shall  be  on  the  first  Monday  in  December,  unless  they  shall  by  law 
appoint  a  different  day. 

Sec.  5-1.  Each  House  shall  be  the  judge  of  the  elections,  returns,  and  : 
qualifications  of  its  own  members,  and  a  majority  of  each  shall  constitute  a 
quorum  to  do  business;  but  a  smaller  number  may  adjourn  from  day  to  day, 
and  may  be  authorized  to  compel  the  attendance  of  absent  members,  in  such  j 
manner  and  under  such  penalties  as  each  House  may  provide. 

2.  Each  House  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  proceedings,  punish  its 
members  for  disorderly  behavior,  and,  with  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds, 
expel  a  member. 

*See  Article  XVII,  Amendments. 


The  United  States  Constitution  909 

3.  Each  House  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceedings,  and  from  time  to 
time  publish  the  same,  excepting  such  parts  as  may  in  their  judgment 
require  secrecy;  and  the  yeas  and  nays  of  the  members  of  either  House  on 
any  question  shall,  at  the  desire  of  one-fifth  of  those  present,  be  entered  on 
the  journal. 

4.  Neither  House,  during  the  session  of  Congress,  shall,  without  the  con- 
sent of  the  other,  adjourn  for  more  than  three  days,  nor  to  any  other  place 
than  that  in  which  the  two  Houses  shall  be  sitting. 

Sec.  6-1.  The  Senators  and  Representatives  shall  receive  a  compensation 
for  their  services,  to  be  ascertained  by  law,  and  paid  out  of  the  Treasury,  of 
the  United  States.  They  shall  in  all  cases,  except  treason,  felony,  and  breach 
of  the  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest  during  their  attendance  at  the  session 
of  their  respective  Houses,  and  in  going  to  and  returning  from  the  same;  and 
for  any  speech  or  debate  in  either  house  they  shall  not  be  questioned  in  any 
other  place. 

2.  No  Senator  or  Representative  shall,  during  the  time  for  which  he  was 
elected,  be  appointed  to  any  civil  office  under  the  authority  of  the  United 
States  which  shall  have  been  created,  or  the  emoluments  whereof  shall  have 
been  increased  during  such  time;  and  no  persons  holding  any  office  under  the 
United  States  shall  be  a  member  of  either  House  during  his  continuance  in 
office. 

Sec.  7-1.  All  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall  originate  in  the  House  of 
Representatives;  but  the  Senate  may  propose  or  concur  with  amendments,  as 
on  other  bills. 

2.  Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  the  House  of  Representatives  and 
the  Senate  shall,  before  it  becomes  a  law,  be  presented  to  the  President  of  the 
United  States;  if  he  approves,  he  shall  sign  it,  but  if  not,  he  shall  return  it, 
with  his  objections,  to  that  House  in  which  it  shall  have  originated,  who  shall 
enter  the  objections  at  large  on  their  journal,  and  proceed  to  reconsider  it.  If 
after  such  reconsideration  two-thirds  of  that  House  shall  agree  to  pass  the 
bill,  it  shall  be  sent  together  with  the  objectives,  to  the  other  House,  by  which 
it  shall  likewise  be  reconsidered,  and  if  approved  by  two-thirds  of  that  House, 
it  shall  become  a  law.  But  in  all  such  cases  the  votes  of  both  Houses  shall  be 
determined  by  yeas  and  nays,  and  the  names  of  the  persons  voting  for  and 
against  the  bill  shall  be  entered  in  the  journal  of  each  House  respectively.  If 
any  bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  President  within  ten  days  (Sundays 
excepted)  after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to  him,  the  same  shall  be  a  law, 
in  like  manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it,  unless  the  Congress  by  their  adjourn- 
ment prevent  its  return,  in  which  case  it  shall  not  be  a  law. 

3.  Every  order,  resolution,  or  vote  to  which  the  concurrence  of  the  Senate 
and  House  of  Representatives  may  be  necessary  (except  on  a  question  of 
adjournment)  shall  be  presented  to  the  President  of  the  United  States;  and 
before  the  same  shall  take  effect,  shall  be  approved  by  him,  or  being  disap- 
proved by  him,  shall  be  repassed  by  two-thirds  of  the  Senate  and  House  of 
Representatives,  according  to  the  rules  and  limitations  prescribed  in  the  case 
of  a  bill. 

Sec.  8.  The  Congress  shall  have  the  power: 

1.  To  lay  and  collect  taxes,  duties,  imposts  and  excises,  to  pay  the  debts 


910  North  Carolina  Manual 

and  provide  for  the  common  defense  and  general  welfare  of  the  United 
States;  but  all  duties,  imposts  and  excises  shall  be  uniform  throughout  the 
United  States. 

2.  To  borrow  money  on  the  credit  of  the  United  States; 

3.  To  regulate  commerce  with  foreign  nations,  and  among  the  several 
States,  and  with  the  Indian  tribes; 

4.  To  establish  a  uniform  rule  of  naturalization,  and  uniform  laws  on  the 
subject  of  bankruptcies  throughout  the  United  States; 

5.  To  coin  money,  regulate  the  value  thereof,  and  of  foreign  coin,  and  fix 
the  standards  of  weights  and  measures; 

6.  To  provide  for  the  punishment  of  counterfeiting  the  securities  and  cur- 
rent coin  of  the  United  States; 

7.  To  establish  post  offices  and  postroads; 

8.  To  promote  the  progress  of  science  and  useful  arts  by  securing,  for  lim- 
ited times,  to  authors  and  inventors,  the  exclusive  right  to  their  respective 
writings  and  discoveries; 

9.  To  constitute  tribunals  inferior  to  the  Supreme  Court; 

10.  To  define  and  punish  piracies  and  felonies  committed  on  the  high 
seas,  and  offenses  against  the  law  of  nations; 

11.  To  declare  war,  grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal,  and  make  rules 
concerning  captures  on  land  and  water; 

12.  To  raise  and  support  armies,  but  no  appropriation  of  money  to  that 
use  shall  be  for  a  longer  term  than  two  years; 

13.  To  provide  and  maintain  a  navy; 

14.  To  make  rules  for  the  government  and  regulation  of  the  land  and 
naval  forces; 

15.  To  provide  for  calling  forth  the  militia  to  execute  the  laws  of  the 
Union,  suppress  insurrections,  and  repel  invasions; 

16.  To  provide  for  organizing,  arming,  and  disciplining  the  militia,  and 
for  governing  such  part  of  them  as  may  be  employed  in  the  service  of  the 
United  States,  reserving  to  the  State  respectively  the  appointment  of  the  offi- 
cers and  the  authority  of  training  the  militia  according  to  the  discipline  pre- 
scribed  by  Congress; 

17.  To  exercise  exclusive  legislation  in  all  cases  whatsoever  over  such  dis-  ( 
trict  (not  exceeding  ten  miles  square)  as  may  be  cession  of  particular  States 
and  the  acceptance  of  Congress,  become  the  seat  of  Government  of  the 
United  States,  and  to  exercise  like  authority  over  all  places  purchased  by  the 
consent  of  the  Legislature  of  the  State,  in  which  the  same  shall  be,  for  the 
erection  of  forts,  magazines,  arsenals,  dock-yards,  and  other  needful  build-  ; 
ings,  -  and 

18.  To  make  all  laws  which  shall  be  necessary  and  proper  for  carrying 
into  execution  the  foregoing  powers,  and  all  other  powers  vested  by  this 
Constitution  in  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  or  any  department  or 
officer  thereof. 

Sec.  9-1.  The  migration  or  importation  of  such  persons  as  any  of  the  States 
now  existing  shall  think  proper  to  admit,  shall  not  be  prohibited  by  the  Congress 
prior  to  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight,  but  a  tax  or  duty  may  be 
imposed  on  such  importation,  not  exceeding  ten  dollars  for  each  person. 


The  United  States  Constitution  911 

2.  The  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  suspended, 
unless  when  in  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion  the  public  safety  may  require  it. 

3.  No  bill  of  attainer  or  ex  post  facto  law  shall  be  passed. 

4.  No  capitation  or  other  direct  tax  shall  be  laid,  unless  in  proportion  to 
the  census  or  enumeration  herein  before  directed  to  be  taken.* 

5.  No  tax  or  duty  shall  be  laid  on  articles  exported  from  any  State. 

6.  No  preference  shall  be  given  by  any  regulation  of  commerce  or  revenue 
to  the  ports  of  one  State  over  those  of  another;  nor  shall  vessels  bound  to,  or 
from,  one  State  be  obliged  to  enter,  clear,  or  pay  duties  in  another. 

7.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  Treasury  but  in  consequence  of 
appropriations  made  by  law;  and  a  regular  statement  and  account  of  the 
receipts  and  expenditures  of  all  public  money  shall  be  published  from  time  to 
time. 

8.  No  title  of  nobility  shall  be  granted  by  the  United  States;  and  no  per- 
son holding  any  office  or  profit  or  trust  under  them,  shall,  without  the  con- 
sent of  the  Congress,  accept  of  any  present,  emolument,  office,  or  title,  of  any 
kind  whatever,  from  analyzing,  prince,  or  foreign  state. 

Sec.  10-1.  No  State  shall  enter  into  any  treaty,  alliance,  or  confederation; 
grant  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal;  coin  money;  emit  bills  of  credit;  make 
anything  but  gold  and  silver  coin  a  tender  in  payment  of  debts;  pass  any  bill 
of  attainer;  ex  post  facto  law,  or  law  impairing  the  obligation  of  contracts,  or 
grant  any  title  of  nobility. 

2.  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  Congress,  lay  any  imposts  or 
duties  on  imports  or  exports  except  what  may  be  absolutely  necessary  for 
executing  its  inspection  laws;  and  the  net  produce  of  all  duties  and  imports, 
laid  by  any  State  on  imports  or  exports,  shall  be  for  the  use  of  the  Treasury 
of  the  United  States;  and  all  such  laws  shall  be  subject  to  the  revision  and 
control  of  the  Congress. 

3.  No  State  shall,  without  the  consent  of  Congress,  lay  any  duty  of  ton- 
nage, keep  troops,  or  ships  of  war  in  time  of  peace,  enter  into  any  agreement 
or  compact  with  another  State,  or  with  a  foreign  power,  or  engage  in  war, 
unless  actually  invaded,  or  in  such  imminent  danger  as  will  not  admit  delay. 

ARTICLE  II 

Section  1-1.  The  executive  power  shall  be  vested  in  a  President  of  the 
United  States  of  America.  He  shall  hold  his  office  during  the  term  of  four 
years,  and,  together  with  the  Vice  President,  chosen  for  the  same  term,  be 
elected  as  follows: 

2.  Each  State  shall  appoint,  in  such  manner  as  the  legislature  thereof 
may  direct,  a  number  of  Electors,  equal  to  the  whole  number  of  Senators  and 
Representatives  to  which  the  State  may  be  entitled  in  the  Congress;  but  no 
Senator  or  Representative  or  person  holding  an  office  of  trust  or  profit  under 
the  United  States  shall  be  appointed  an  elector. 

3.  The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States,  and  vote  by  ballot 
for  two  persons,  of  whom  one  at  least  shall  not  be  an  inhabitant  of  the  same 

*See  Article  XVI,  Amendments. 


912  North  Carolina  Manual 

state  with  themselves.  And  they  shall  make  a  list  of  all  the  persons  voted  for, 
and  of  the  number  of  votes  for  each;  which  list  they  shall  sign  and  certify, 
and  transmit,  sealed,  to  the  seat  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States, 
directed  to  the  President  of  the  Senate.  The  President  of  the  Senate  shall,  in 
the  presence  of  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  open  all  the  certifi- 
cates, and  the  votes  shall  then  be  counted.  The  person  having  the  greatest 
number  of  votes  shall  be  the  President,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the 
whole  number  of  electors  appointed;  and  if  there  be  more  than  one  who  have 
such  majority;  and  have  an  equal  number  of  votes,  then  the  House  of 
Representatives  shall  immediately  choose  by  ballot  one  of  them  for 
President;  and  if  no  person  have  a  majority,  then  from  the  five  highest  on  the 
list  the  said  House  shall  in  like  manner  choose  the  President.  But  in  choos- 
ing the  President,  the  votes  shall  be  taken  by  States,  the  representation  from 
each  State  having  one  vote;  a  quorum,  for  this  purpose,  shall  consist  of  a 
member  or  members  from  two-thirds  of  the  States,  and  a  majority  of  all  the 
States  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  In  every  case,  after  the  choice  of  the 
President,  the  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  of  the  electors 
shall  be  the  Vice-President.  But  if  there  shall  remain  two  or  more  who  have 
equal  votes,  the  Senate  shall  choose  from  them  by  ballot  the  Vice  President.* 

4.  The  Congress  may  determine  the  time  of  choosing  the  electors  and  the 
day  on  which  they  shall  give  their  votes,  which  day  shall  be  the  same 
throughout  the  United  States. 

5.  No  person  except  a  natural  born  citizen,  or  a  citizen  of  the  United 
States,  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  this  Constitution,  shall  be  eligible  to  the 
office  of  President,  neither  shall  any  person  be  eligible  to  that  office  who 
shall  not  have  attained  to  the  age  of  thirty-five  years,  and  been  fourteen 
years  a  resident  within  the  United  States. 

6.  In  case  of  the  removal  of  the  President  from  office,  or  of  his  death,  res- 
ignation or  inability  to  discharge  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  said  office,  the 
same  shall  devolve  on  the  Vice  President,  and  the  Congress  may  by  law  pro- 
vide for  the  case  of  removal,  death,  resignation,  or  inability,  both  of  the 
President  and  Vice  President,  declaring  what  officer  shall  then  act  as 
President,  and  such  officer  shall  act  accordingly  until  the  disability  be 
removed,  or  a  President  shall  be  elected. 

7.  The  President  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  his  services  a  compen- 
sation which  shall  neither  be  increased  nor  diminished  during  the  period  for 
which  he  shall  have  been  elected,  and  he  shall  not  receive  within  that  period 
any  other  emolument  from  the  United  States,  or  any  of  them. 

8.  Before  he  enters  on  the  execution  of  his  office,  he  shall  take  the  follow- 
ing oath  or  affirmation: 

"I  do  solemnly  swear  (or  affirm)  that  I  will  faithfully  execute  the  office 
President  of  the  United  States,  and  will,  to  the  best  of  my  ability,  preserve, 
protect,  and  defend  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States." 

Sec.  2-1.  The  President  shall  be  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Army  and 
Navy  of  the  United  States,  and  of  the  militia  of  the  several  States,  when  called 
into  the  actual  service  of  the  United  States;  he  may  require  the  opinion, 

This  clause  is  superseded  by  Article  XII,  Amendments. 


The  United  States  Constitution  913 

in  writing,  of  the  principal  officer  in  each  of  the  executive  departments,  upon 
any  subject  relating  to  the  duties  of  their  respective  offices;  and  he  shall  have 
the  power  to  grant  reprieves,  and  pardons  for  offenses  against  the  United 
States,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment. 

2.  He  shall  have  power,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate, 
to  make  treaties,  provided  two-thirds  of  the  Senators  present  concur;  and  he 
shall  nominate  and,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Senate,  shall 
appoint  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers  and  consuls,  judges  of  the 
Supreme  Court,  and  all  other  officers  of  the  United  States,  whose  appoint- 
ments are  not  herein  otherwise  provided  for,  and  which  shall  be  established 
by  law;  but  the  Congress  may  by  law  vest  the  appointment  of  such  inferior 
officers  as  they  think  proper  in  the  President  alone,  in  the  courts  of  law,  or  in 
the  heads  of  departments. 

3.  The  President  shall  have  power  to  fill  up  all  vacancies  that  may  hap- 
pen during  the  recess  of  the  Senate,  by  granting  commissions  which  shall 
expire  at  the  end  of  their  next  session. 

Sec.  3.  He  shall  from  time  to  time  give  to  the  Congress  information  of  the 
State  of  the  Union,  and  recommend  to  their  consideration  such  measures  as 
he  shall  judge  necessary  and  expedient;  he  may,  on  extraordinary  occasions, 
convene  both  Houses,  or  either  of  them,  and  in  case  of  disagreement  between 
them  with  respect  to  the  time  of  adjournment,  he  may  adjourn  them  to  such 
time  as  he  shall  think  proper;  he  shall  receive  ambassadors  and  other  public 
ministers;  he  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be  faithfully  executed,  and  shall 
commission  all  the  officers  of  the  United  States. 

Sec.  4.  The  President,  Vice  President,  and  all  civil  officers  of  the  United 
States,  shall  be  removed  from  office  on  impeachment  for,  and  conviction  of, 
treason,  bribery,  or  other  high  crimes  and  misdemeanors. 

ARTICLE  III 

Section  1  The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  be  vested  in  one 
Supreme  Court,  and  in  such  inferior  courts  as  the  Congress  may  from  time  to 
time  ordain  and  establish.  The  judges,  both  of  the  Supreme  and  inferior 
courts,  shall  hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior,  and  shall,  at  stated 
times,  receive  for  their  services  a  compensation  which  shall  not  be  dimin- 
ished during  their  continuance  in  office. 

Sec.  2-1.  The  judicial  power  shall  extend  to  all  cases,  in  law  and  equity 
arising  under  this  Constitution,  the  laws  of  the  United  States,  and  treaties 
]  made,  or  which  shall  be  made,  under  their  authority;  -  to  all  cases  affecting 
ambassadors,  other  public  ministers  and  consuls;  to  all  cases  of  admiralty 
and  maritime  jurisdiction;  -  to  controversies  to  which  the  United  States  shall 
be  a  party;  -  to  controversies  between  two  or  more  States;  -  between  citizens 
of  the  same  State,  claiming  lands  under  grants  of  different  States,  and 
between  a  State,  or  the  citizens  thereof,  and  foreign  States,  citizens,  or  sub- 
;  jects. 

2.  In  all  cases  affecting  ambassadors,  other  public  ministers  and  consuls, 
and  those  in  which  a  State  shall  be  a  party,  the  Supreme  Court  shall  have 
original  jurisdiction.  In  all  the  other  cases  before  mentioned  the  Supreme 


914  North  Carolina  Manual 

Court  shall  have  appellate  jurisdiction,  both  as  to  law  and  fact,  with  such 
exceptions  and  under  such  regulations  as  the  Congress  shall  make. 

3.  The  trial  of  all  crimes,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment,  shall  be  by 
jury,  and  such  trial  shall  be  held  in  the  State  where  the  said  crimes  shall 
have  been  committed;  but  when  not  committed  within  any  State  the  trial 
shall  be  at  such  place  or  places  as  the  Congress  may  by  law  have  directed. 

Sec.  3-1.  Treason  against  the  United  States  shall  consist  only  in  levying 
war  against  them,  or  in  adhering  to  their  enemies,  giving  them  aid  and  com- 
fort. No  person  shall  be  convicted  of  treason  unless  on  the  testimony  of  two 
witnesses  to  the  same  overt  act,  or  on  confession  in  open  court. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  declare  the  punishment  of  treason; 
but  no  attainder  of  treason  shall  work  corruption  of  blood,  or  forfeiture 
except  during  the  life  of  the  person  attained. 

ARTICLE  IV 

Section  1  -  Full  faith  and  credit  shall  be  given  in  each  State  to  the  public 
acts,  records,  and  judicial  proceedings  of  every  other  State.  And  the  Congress 
may  by  general  laws  prescribe  the  manner  in  which  such  acts,  records  and 
proceedings  shall  be  proved,  and  the  effect  thereof. 

Sec.  2-1.  The  citizens  of  each  State  shall  be  entitled  to  all  privileges  and 
immunities  of  citizens  in  the  several  States. 

2.  A  person  charged  in  any  State  with  treason,  felony,  or  other  crime, 
who  shall  flee  from  justice  and  be  found  in  another  State,  shall,  on  demand  of 
the  Executive  authority  of  the  State  from  which  he  fled,  be  delivered  up,  to 
be  removed  to  the  State  having  jurisdiction  of  the  crime. 

3.  No  person  held  to  service  or  labor  in  one  State,  under  the  laws  thereof, 
escaping  into  another,  shall,  in  consequence  of  any  law  or  regulation  therein, 
be  discharged  from  such  service  or  labor,  but  shall  be  delivered  upon  claim  of 
the  party  to  whom  such  service  or  labor  may  be  due. 

Sec.  3-1.  New  States  may  be  admitted  by  the  Congress  into  this  Union; 
but  no  new  State  shall  be  formed  or  erected  within  the  jurisdiction  of  any 
other  State;  nor  any  State  be  formed  by  the  junction  of  two  or  more  States,  or 
parts  of  States,  without  the  consent  of  the  Legislatures  of  the  States  con- 
cerned, as  well  as  of  the  Congress. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  dispose  of  and  make  all  needful 
rules  and  regulations  respecting  the  territory  or  other  property  belonging  to 
the  United  States;  and  nothing  in  this  Constitution  shall  be  so  construed  as 
to  prejudice  any  claims  of  the  United  States  or  of  any  particular  State. 

Sec. 4.  The  United  States  shall  guarantee  to  every  State  in  this  Union  a 
republican  form  of  government,  and  shall  protect  each  of  them  against  inva- 
sion, and,  on  application  of  the  Legislature,  or  of  the  Executive  (when  the 
Legislature  cannot  be  convened),  against  domestic  violence. 

ARTICLE  V 

The  Congress,  whenever  two-thirds  of  both  Houses  shall  deem  it  neces 
sary,  shall  propose  amendments  to  this  Constitution,  or,  on  the  application  of 


The  United  States  Constitution  915 

the  Legislatures  of  two-thirds  of  the  several  States,  shall  call  a  convention 
for  proposing  amendments,  which,  in  either  case,  shall  be  valid  to  all  intents 
and  purposes,  as  part  of  this  Constitution,  when  ratified  by  the  Legislatures 
of  three-fourths  of  the  several  States,  or  by  conventions  in  three-fourths 
thereof,  as  the  one  or  the  other  mode  of  ratification  may  be  proposed  by  the 
Congress;  provided  that  no  amendment  which  may  be  made  prior  to  the  year 
one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight  shall  in  any  manner  affect  the  first 
and  fourth  clauses  in  the  Ninth  Section  of  the  First  Article;  and  that  no 
State,  without  its  consent,  shall  be  deprived  of  its  equal  suffrage  in  the 
Senate. 

ARTICLE  VI 

1.  All  debts  contracted  and  engagements  entered  into  before  the  adoption 
of  this  Constitution,  shall  be  as  valid  against  the  United  States  under  this 
Constitution,  as  under  the  Confederation. 

2.  This  Constitution  and  the  laws  of  the  United  States  which  shall  be 
made  in  pursuance  thereof;  and  all  treaties  made,  or  which  shall  be  made, 
under  the  authority  of  the  United  States,  shall  be  the  supreme  law  of  the 
land;  and  the  judges  in  every  State  shall  be  bound  thereby,  anything  in  the 
Constitution  or  laws  of  any  State  the  contrary  notwithstanding. 

3.  The  Senators  and  Representatives  before  mentioned,  and  the  members 
of  the  several  State  Legislatures,  and  all  executive  and  judicial  officers,  both 
of  the  United  States  and  of  the  several  States,  shall  be  bound  by  oath  or  affir- 
mation to  support  this  Constitution;  but  no  religious  test  shall  ever  be 
required  as  a  qualification  to  any  office  or  public  trust  under  the  United 
States. 

ARTICLE  VII 

The  ratification  of  the  Convention  of  nine  States  shall  be  sufficient  for 
the  establishment  of  this  Constitution  between  the  States  so  ratifying  the 
same. 

Done  in  Convention  by  the  Unanimous  Consent  of  the  States  present  the 
Seventeenth  Day  of  September,  in  the  Year  of  Our  Lord  one  thousand  seven 
hundred  and  eighty-seven,  and  of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of 
America  the  Twelfth.  In  witness  whereof  we  have  hereunto  subscribed  our 
names  .* 


The  Constitution  was  declared  in  effect  on  the  first  Wednesday  in  March,  1789. 


916 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Signers  of  the  United  States  Constitution 


PRESIDENT/DEPUTY  FROM  VIRGINIA 

Geo[rge]  Washington 

NEW  HAMPSHIRE 
John  Langdon 
Nicholas  Gilman 

MASSACHUSETTS 
Nathaniel  Gorham 
Rufus  King 

CONNECTICUT 

W[illiai]m  Sam[ue]l  Johnson 
Roger  Sherman 
Geo[rge]  Clymer 
Jared  Ingersoll 
Gouv.  Morris 

DELEWARE 
Geofrge]  Read 
John  Dickinson 
Jaco[b]  Broom 
Gunning  Bedford,  Jr. 
Richard  Bassett 


NEW  YORK 

Alexander  Hamilton 

NEW  JERSEY 

Wil[liam]  Livingston 
David  Brearley 
W[illia]m  Patterson 
Jonathan]  Dayton 


PENNSYLVANIA 

B[enjamin]  Franklin 
Rob[er]t  Morris 
Tho[ma]s  Fitzsimmons 
James  Wilson 
Thomas  Mifflin 
Ja[me]s  Madison,  Jr. 

NORTH  CAROLINA 

W[illia]m  Blount 
Hu[gh]  Williamson 
Rich[ar]d  Dobbs  Spaight 


MARYLAND 

James  McHenry 
Dan[iel]  Carroll 
Dan[iel]  of  St.  Thos.  Jenifer 
Pierce  Butler 


SOUTH  CAROLINA 

J[ames]  Rutledge 
Charles  Pinckney 
Charles  Cotesworth  Pinckney 


GEORGIA 

John  Blair 


VIRGINIA 

William  Few 
Abr[aham]  Baldwin 


ATTEST: 
William  Jackson,  Secretary 


The  United  States  Constitution  917 


AMENDMENTS  TO  THE  CONSTITUTION 


OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 


THE  TEN  ORIGINAL  AMENDMENTS* 

The  following  amendments  to  the  Constitution,  Article  I  to  X,  inclusive, 
were  proposed  at  the  First  Session  of  the  First  Congress,  begun  and  held  at 
the  City  of  New  York,  on  Wednesday,  March  4,  1789,  and  were  adopted  by 
the  necessary  number  of  States.  The  original  proposal  of  the  ten  amend- 
ments was  preceded  by  this  preamble  and  resolution: 

"The  conventions  of  a  number  of  the  States  having,  at  the  time  of  their 
adopting  the  Constitution,  expressed  a  desire,  in  order  to  prevent  miscon- 
struction or  abuse  of  its  powers,  that  further  declaratory  and  restrictive 
clauses  should  be  added,  and  as  extending  the  ground  of  public  confidence  in 
the  Government  will  best  insure  the  beneficent  ends  of  its  institution: 

"RESOLVED,  By  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  in  Congress  assembled,  two-thirds  of  both  Houses  concur- 
ring that  the  following  articles  be  proposed  to  the  Legislatures  of  the  several 
States,  as  amendments  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States;  all  or  any  of 
which  articles,  when  ratified  by  three-fourths  of  the  said  Legislatures,  to  be 
valid  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  as  part  of  the  said  Constitution,  namely"; 

ARTICLE  I 

Congress  shall  make  no  law  respecting  an  establishment  of  religion,  or 
prohibiting  the  free  exercise  thereof;  or  abridging  the  freedom  of  speech  or  of 
the  press;  or  the  right  of  the  people  peaceably  to  assemble,  and  to  petition 
the  Government  for  a  redress  of  grievances. 

ARTICLE  II 

A  well-regulated  militia  being  necessary  to  the  security  of  a  free  State, 
the  right  of  the  people  to  keep  and  bear  arms  shall  not  be  infringed. 

ARTICLE  III 

No  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quartered  in  any  house  without  the 
consent  of  the  owner,  nor  in  time  of  war  but  in  a  manner  to  be  prescribed  by 
law. 


"These  amendments,  known  as  The  Bill  of  Rights,  were  declared  in  force 
December  15,  1791.  North  Carolina  ratified  those  ten  amendments  on  December  22, 
1789  (Ch.  19,  Laws  of  1789). 


918  North  Carolina  Manual 

ARTICLE  IV 

The  right  of  the  people  to  be  secure  in  their  persons,  houses,  papers,  and 
effects  against  unreasonable  searches  and  seizures,  shall  not  be  violated,  and 
no  warrants  shall  issue,  but  upon  probable  cause,  supported  by  oath  or  affir- 
mation, and  particularly  describing  the  place  to  be  searched,  and  the  persons 
or  things  to  be  seized. 

ARTICLE  V 

No  person  shall  be  held  to  answer  for  a  capital  or  otherwise  infamous 
crime,  unless  on  a  presentment  or  indictment  of  a  grand  jury,  except  in  cases 
arising  in  the  land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the  militia,  when  in  actual  service  in 
time  of  war  or  public  danger;  nor  shall  any  person  be  subject  for  the  same 
offense  to  be  twice  put  in  jeopardy  of  life  or  limb;  nor  shall  be  compelled  in 
any  criminal  case  to  be  a  witness  against  him,  nor  be  deprived  of  life,  liberty, 
or  property,  without  due  process  of  law;  nor  shall  private  property  be  taken 
for  public  use,  without  just  compensation. 

ARTICLE  VI 

In  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  shall  enjoy  the  right  to  a  speedy, 
and  public  trial,  by  an  impartial  jury  of  the  State  and  district  wherein  the 
crime  shall  have  been  committed,  which  district  shall  have  been  previously 
ascertained  by  law,  and  be  informed  of  the  nature  and  cause  of  the  accusa- 
tion; to  be  confronted  with  the  witnesses  against  him;  to  have  compulsory 
process  for  obtaining  witnesses  in  his  favor,  and  to  have  the  assistance  of 
counsel  for  his  defense. 

ARTICLE  VII 

In  suits  at  common  law,  where  the  value  in  controversy  shall  exceed 
twenty  dollars,  the  right  of  trial  by  jury  shall  be  preserved  and  no  fact  tried 
by  a  jury  shall  be  otherwise  re-examined  in  any  court  of  the  United  States 
than  according  to  the  rules  of  the  common  law. 

ARTICLE  VIII 

Excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  excessive  fines  imposed,  nor 
cruel  and  unusual  punishments  inflicted. 

ARTICLE  IX 

The  enumeration  in  the  Constitution  of  certain  rights  shall  not  be  con- 
strued to  deny  or  disparage  others  retained  by  the  people. 

ARTICLE  X 

The  powers  not  delegated  to  the  United  States  by  the  Constitution,  nor 
prohibited  by  it  to  the  States,  are  reserved  to  the  States  respectively,  or  to 
the  people. 


The  United  States  Constitution  919 

SUBSEQUENT  AMENDMENTS 


ARTICLE  XI 

The  judicial  power  of  the  United  States  shall  not  be  construed  to  extend 
to  any  suit  in  law  or  equity,  commenced  or  prosecuted  against  one  of  the 
United  States,  by  citizens  of  another  State,  or  by  citizens  or  subjects  of  any 
foreign  State. 

[Proposed  to  the  Legislatures  of  the  several  States  by  the  Third  Congress  on  the  5th  of 
March,  1794,  and  declared  to  have  been  ratified  by  Executive  Proclamation  January  8,  1798.  It 
was  ratified  by  North  Carolina  on  February  7,  1795.] 

ARTICLE  XII 

The  electors  shall  meet  in  their  respective  States,  and  vote  by  ballot  for 
President  and  Vice  President,  one  of  whom  at  least  shall  not  be  an  inhabi- 
tant of  the  same  State  with  themselves;  they  shall  name  in  their  ballots  the 
person  voted  for  as  President,  and  in  distinct  ballots  the  persons  voted  for  as 
Vice  President;  and  they  shall  make  distinct  lists  of  all  persons  voted  for  as 
President,  and  of  all  persons  voted  for  as  Vice  President,  and  of  the  number 
of  votes  for  each,  which  lists  they  shall  sign  and  certify,  and  transmit,  sealed, 
to  the  seat  of  the  Government  of  the  United  States,  directed  to  the  President 
of  the  Senate;  the  President  of  the  Senate  shall,  in  the  presence  of  the  Senate 
and  House  of  Representatives,  open  all  the  certificates,  and  the  votes  shall 
then  be  counted;  the  person  having  the  greatest  number  of  votes  for 
President  shall  be  the  President,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole 
number  of  electors  appointed;  if  no  person  have  such  majority,  then  from  the 
persons  having  the  highest  numbers,  not  exceeding  three  on  the  list  of  those 
voted  for  as  President,  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  choose  immediate- 
ly, by  ballot,  the  President.  But  in  choosing  the  President,  the  votes  shall  be 
taken  by  States,  the  representation  from  each  State  having  one  vote;  a  quo- 
rum for  this  purpose  shall  consist  of  a  member  or  members  from  two-thirds 
of  the  States,  and  a  majority  of  all  the  States  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice. 
And  if  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  not  choose  a  President,  whenever 
the  right  of  choice  shall  devolve  upon  them,  before  the  fourth  day  of  March 
next  following,  then  the  Vice  President  shall  act  as  President,  as  in  the  case 
of  the  death  or  any  constitutional  disability  of  the  President.  The  person  hav- 
ing the  greatest  number  of  votes  as  Vice  President  shall  be  the  Vice 
President,  if  such  number  be  a  majority  of  the  whole  number  of  electors 
appointed,  and  if  no  person  have  a  majority,  from  the  two  highest  numbers 
on  the  list,  the  Senate  shall  choose  the  Vice  President;  a  quorum  for  the  pur- 
pose shall  consist  of  two-thirds  of  the  whole  number  of  Senators,  and  a 
majority  of  the  whole  number  shall  be  necessary  to  a  choice.  But  no  person 
constitutionally  ineligibility  to  the  office  of  President  shall  be  eligible  to  that 
of  Vice  President  of  the  United  States. 

[Proposed  by  the  Eighth  Congress  on  the  12  of  December,  1803,  declared  ratified  by  the 
1    Secretary  of  State,  September  25,  1804.  It  was  ratified  by  North  Carolina  on  December  21,  1803. 
It  was  ratified  by  all  the  States  except  Connecticut,  Delaware,  Massachusetts,  and  New 
Hampshire.] 


920  North  Carolina  Manual 

ARTICLE  XIII 

1.  Neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  servitude,  except  as  a  punishment  for 
crime  whereof  the  party  shall  have  been  duly  convicted,  shall  exist  within 
the  United  States,  or  any  place  subject  to  their  jurisdiction. 

2.  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appropriate  legis- 
lation. 

[Proposed  by  the  Thirty-eighth  Congress  on  the  1st  of  February,  1865,  declared  ratified  by 
the  Secretary  of  State,  December  18,  1865.  It  was  ratified  by  North  Carolina  on  December  4, 
1865  (Resolution,  Public  Laws  of  1865).  It  was  rejected  by  Delaware  and  Kentucky,  was  condi- 
tionally ratified  by  Alabama  and  Mississippi,  and  Texas  took  no  action.] 

ARTICLE  XIV 

1.  All  persons  born  or  naturalized  in  the  United  States,  and  subject  to  the 
jurisdiction  thereof,  are  citizens  of  the  United  States  and  of  the  State  wherein 
they  reside.  No  State  shall  make  or  enforce  any  law  which  shall  abridge  the 
privileges  of  immunities  jbr  citizens  of  the  United  States;  nor  shall  any  State 
deprive  any  person  of  life,  liberty,  or  property,  without  due  process  of  law;  nor 
deny  to  any  person  within  its  jurisdiction  the  equal  protection  of  the  laws. 

2.  Representatives  shall  be  apportioned  among  the  several  States  accord- 
ing to  their  respective  numbers,  counting  the  whole  number  of  persons  in 
each  State,  excluding  Indians  not  taxed.  But  when  the  right  to  vote  at  any 
election  for  the  choice  of  electors  for  President  and  Vice  President  of  the 
United  States,  Representatives  in  Congress,  the  executive  and  judicial  offi- 
cers of  a  state,  or  the  members  of  the  Legislature  thereof,  is  denied  to  any  of 
the  male  inhabitants  of  such  State,  being  twenty-one  years  of  age,  and  citi- 
zens of  the  United  States,  or  in  any  way  abridged,  except  for  participation  in 
rebellion  or  other  crime,  the  basis  of  representation  therein  shall  be  reduced 
in  the  proportion  which  the  number  of  such  male  citizens  shall  bear  to  the 
whole  number  of  male  citizens  twenty-one  years  of  age  in  such  State. 

3.  No  person  shall  be  a  Senator  or  Representative  in  Congress,  or  elector 
of  President  and  Vice  President,  or  held  any  office,  civil  or  military,  under 
the  United  States,  or  under  any  State,  who,  having  previously  taken  an  oath, 
as  a  member  of  Congress,  or  as  an  officer  of  the  United  States,  or  as  a  mem- 
ber of  any  State  Legislature,  or  as  an  executive  or  judicial  officer  of  any 
State,  to  support  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  shall  have  engaged  in 
insurrection  or  rebellion  against  the  same,  or  given  aid  or  comfort  to  the  ene- 
mies thereof.  But  Congress  may,  by  a  vote  of  two-thirds  of  each  house, 
remove  such  disability. 

4.  The  validity  of  the  public  debt  of  the  United  States,  authorized  by  law 
including  debts  incurred  for  payment  of  pensions  and  bounties  for  services  in 
suppressing  insurrection  or  rebellion,  shall  not  be  questioned.  But  neither 
the  United  States  nor  any  State  shall  assume  or  pay  any  debt  or  obligation ' 
incurred  in  aid  of  insurrection  or  rebellion  against  the  United  States,  or  any  i 
claim  for  the  loss  of  emancipation  of  any  slave;  but  all  such  debts,  obliga- ! 
tions,  and  claims  shall  be  held  illegal  and  void. 

5.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  by  appropriate  legislation; 
the  provisions  of  this  article. 


The  United  States  Constitution  921 

[The  Reconstruction  Amendment,  by  the  Thirty-ninth  Congress  on  the  16th  day  of  June, 
1866,  was  declared  ratified  by  the  Secretary  of  State,  July  28,  1868.  The  amendment  got  the 
support  of  23  Northern  States,  it  was  rejected  by  Delaware  Kentucky,  Maryland,  and  10 
Southern  States.  California  took  no  action.  Later  it  was  ratified  by  the  10  Southern  States. 
North  Carolina  ratified  it  on  July  4,  1868  (Resolution  2,  Public  Laws  of  1868).] 

ARTICLE  XV 

1.  The  right  of  the  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  vote  shall  not  be 
denied  or  abridged  by  the  United  States  or  by  any  State  on  account  of  race, 
color,  or  previous  condition  of  servitude. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appropriate 
legislation. 

[Proposed  by  the  Fortieth  Congress  the  27th  of  February,  1869,  and  was  declared  ratified 
by  the  Secretary  of  State,  March  30,  1870.  It  was  not  acted  on  by  Tennessee,  it  was  rejected  by 
California,  Delaware,  Kentucky,  Maryland  and  Oregon;  ratified  by  the  remaining  30  States. 
North  Carolina  ratified  it  on  March  5,  1869  (Public  Laws  of  1868-69).  New  York  rescinded  its 
ratification  January  5,  1870.  New  Jersey  rejected  it  in  1870,  but  ratified  it  in  1871.] 

ARTICLE  XVI 

The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  lay  and  collect  taxes  on  incomes,  from 
whatever  source  derived,  without  apportionment  among  the  several  States, 
and  without  regard  to  any  census  or  enumeration. 

[Proposed  by  the  Sixty-first  Congress,  July  12,  1909,  and  declared  ratified  February  25, 
1913.  The  income  tax  amendment  was  ratified  by  all  the  States,  except  Connecticut,  Florida, 
Pennsylvania,  Rhode  Island,  Utah,  and  Virginia.  North  Carolina  ratified  it  on  February  11,  1911 
(Resolution  11,  Public  Laws  of  1911.)] 

{  ARTICLE  XVII 

1.  The  Senate  of  the  United  States  shall  be  composed  of  two  Senators 
from  each  State,  elected  by  the  people  thereof,  for  six  years;  and  each 
Senator  shall  have  one  vote.  The  electors  in  each  State  shall  have  the  qualifi- 
cations requisite  for  electors  of  the  most  numerous  branch  of  the  State 
Legislatures. 

2.  When  vacancies  happen  in  the  presentation  of  any  State  in  the  Senate, 
the  executive  authority  of  such  State  shall  issue  writs  of  election  to  fill  such 
vacancies;  Provided,  That  the  Legislature  of  any  State  may  empower  the 
Executive  thereof  to  make  temporary  appointments  until  the  people  fill  the 

\  vacancies  by  election  as  the  Legislature  may  direct. 

3.  This  amendment  shall  not  be  so  construed  as  to  affect  the  election  or 
term  of  any  Senator  chosen  before  it  became  valid  as  part  of  the 
Constitution. 

[Proposed  by  the  Sixty-second  Congress  on  the  16th  day  of  May,  1912,  and  declared  ratified 
May  31,  1913.  Adopted  by  all  the  States  except  Alabama,  Delaware,  Florida,  Georgia,  Kentucky, 
Louisiana,  Maryland,  Mississippi,  Rhode  Island,  South  Carolina,  Utah  and  Virginia.  North 
Carolina  ratified  it  on  January  25,  1913  (Resolution  10,  Public  Laws  of  1913).] 


922  North  Carolina  Manual 

ARTICLE  XVIII 

1.  After  one  year  from  the  ratification  of  this  article  the  manufacture, 
sale,  or  transportation  of  intoxicating  liquors  within,  the  importation  thereof 
into,  or  the  exportation  thereof  from  the  United  States  and  all  territory  sub- 
ject to  the  jurisdiction  thereof  for  beverage  purposes  is  hereby  prohibited. 

2.  The  Congress  and  the  several  States  shall  have  concurrent  power  to 
enforce  this  article  by  appropriate  legislation. 

3.  This  article  shall  be  inoperative  unless  it  shall  have  been  ratified  as  an 
amendment  to  the  Constitution  by  the  Legislatures  of  the  several  States  as 
provided  in  the  Constitution,  within  seven  years  from  the  date  of  the  submis- 
sion hereof  to  the  States  by  the  Congress. 

[Proposed  by  the  Sixty-fifth  Congress,  December  18,  1917,  and  ratified  by  36  States;  was 
declared  in  effect  on  January  16,  1920.  It  was  ratified  by  North  Carolina  on  January  16,  1919 
(Resolution  8,  Public  Laws  of  1919).] 

ARTICLE  XIX 

1.  The  rights  of  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  vote  shall  not  be  denied  or 
abridged  by  the  United  States  or  by  any  State  on  account  of  sex. 

2.  Congress  shall  have  power,  by  appropriate  legislation,  to  enforce  the 
provisions  of  this  article. 

[Proposed  by  the  Sixty-fifth  Congress.  On  August  26,  1920,  it  was  proclaimed  in  effect,  hav- 
ing been  ratified  by  three-quarters  of  the  States.  It  was  ratified  by  North  Carolina  on  May  6, 
1971  (Ch.  327,  Session  Laws  of  1971).  The  Tennessee  House,  August  31st,  rescinded  its  ratifica- 
tion, 47  to  24.] 

ARTICLE  XX  | 

1.  The  terms  of  the  President  and  Vice  President  shall  end  at  noon  on  the 
20th  day  of  January,  and  the  terms  of  Senators  and  Representatives  at  noon  . 
on  the  3rd  day  of  January  of  the  years  in  which  such  terms  would  have  ended  ; 
if  this  article  had  not  been  ratified;  and  the  terms  of  their  successors  shall 
then  begin. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  assemble  at  least  once  in  every  year,  and  such 
meeting  shall  begin  at  noon  on  the  3rd  day  of  January,  unless  they  shall  by 
law  appoint  a  different  day. 

3.  If,  at  the  time  fixed  for  the  beginning  of  the  term  of  the  President,  the 
President  elect  shall  have  died,  the  Vice  President  elect  shall  become 
President.  If  a  President  shall  not  have  been  chosen  before  the  time  fixed  for 
the  beginning  of  his  term,  or  if  the  President  elect  shall  have  failed  to  quali- 
fy, then  the  Vice  President  elect  shall  act  as  President  until  a  President  shall 
have  been  qualified;  and  the  Congress  may  by  law  provide  for  the  case 
wherein  neither  President  elect  nor  a  Vice  President  elect  shall  have  quali- 
fied, declaring  who  shall  then  act  as  President,  or  the  manner  in  which  one; 
who  is  to  act  shall  be  selected,  and  such  person  shall  act  accordingly,  until  a 
President  or  Vice  President  shall  have  qualified. 

4.  The  Congress  may  by  law  provide  for  the  case  of  the  death  of  any  ol 
the  persons  from  whom  the  House  of  Representatives  may  choose  a  President 


The  United  States  Constitution  923 

whenever  the  right  of  choice  shall  have  devolved  upon  them,  and  for  the  case 
of  the  death  of  any  of  the  persons  for  whom  the  Senate  may  choose  a  Vice 
President  when  the  right  of  choice  shall  have  devolved  upon  them. 

5.  Section  1  and  2  shall  take  effect  on  the  15th  day  of  October  following 
the  ratification  of  this  article. 

6.  This  article  shall  be  inoperative  unless  it  shall  have  been  ratified  as  an 
amendment  to  the  Constitution  by  the  legislatures  of  three-fourths  of  the 
several  States  within  seven  years  from  the  date  of  its  submission. 

[Proposed  by  the  72nd  Congress,  First  Session.  On  February  6,  1933,  it  was  proclaimed  in 
effect,  having  been  ratified  by  thirty-nine  states.  It  was  ratified  by  North  Carolina  on  January  5, 
1933  (Resolution  4,  Public  Laws  of  1933).] 

ARTICLE  XXI 

1.  The  eighteenth  article  of  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States  is  hereby  repealed. 

2.  The  transportation  or  importation  into  any  State,  Territory,  or  posses- 
sion of  the  United  States  for  delivery  or  use  therein  of  intoxicating  liquors,  in 
violation  of  the  laws  thereof,  is  hereby  prohibited. 

3.  This  article  shall  be  inoperative  unless  it  shall  have  been  ratified  as  an 
amendment  to  the  Constitution  by  convention  in  the  several  States,  as  pro- 
vided in  the  Constitution,  within  seven  years  from  the  date  of  the  submission 
hereof  to  the  States  by  the  Congress. 

[Proposed  by  the  72nd  Congress,  Second  Session.  Proclaimed  in  effect  on  December  5,  1933, 
having  been  ratified  by  thirty-six  States.  North  Carolina  did  not  ratify  this  Amendment.  By 
proclamation  of  the  same  date,  the  President  proclaimed  that  the  eighteenth  amendment  to  the 
Constitution  was  repealed  on  December  5,  1933.] 

ARTICLE  XXII 

1.  No  person  shall  be  elected  to  the  office  of  the  President  more  than 
twice,  and  no  person  who  has  held  the  office  of  President,  or  acted  as 
President,  for  more  than  two  years  of  a  term  to  which  some  other  person  was 
elected  President  shall  be  elected  to  the  office  of  the  President  more  than 
once.  But  this  article  shall  not  apply  to  any  person  holding  the  office  of 
President  when  this  article  was  proposed  by  the  Congress,  and  shall  not  pre- 
vent any  person  who  may  be  holding  the  office  of  President,  or  acting  as 
President  during  the  term  within  which  this  article  becomes  operative  from 
holding  the  office  of  President  or  acting  as  President  during  the  remainder  of 
such  term. 

2.  This  article  shall  be  inoperative  unless  it  shall  have  been  ratified  as  an 
amendment  to  the  Constitution  by  the  legislatures  of  three-fourths  of  the 
several  States  within  seven  years  from  the  date  of  its  submission  to  the 
States  by  the  congress. 

[Proposed  by  the  30th  Congress  in  1947  and  became  effective  on  Feb.  26,  1951,  having  been 
ratified  by  thirty-six  states.  It  was  ratified  by  North  Carolina  on  January  28,  1951  (Ch.  136, 
Session  Laws  of  1951).] 


924  North  Carolina  Manual 

ARTICLE  XXIII 

1.  The  District  constituting  the  seat  of  Government  of  the  United  States 
shall  appoint  in  such  manner  as  the  Congress  may  direct: 

A  number  of  electors  of  President  and  Vice  President  equal  to  the  whole 
number  of  Senators  and  Representatives  in  Congress  to  which  the  District 
would  be  entitled  if  it  were  a  State,  but  in  no  event  more  than  the  least  popu- 
lous State;  they  shall  be  in  addition  to  those  appointed  by  the  States,  but 
they  shall  be  considered,  for  the  purpose  of  the  election  of  President  and  Vice 
President,  to  be  electors  appointed  by  a  State;  and  they  shall  meet  in  the 
District  and  perform  such  duties  as  provided  by  the  twelfth  article  of  amend- 
ment. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appropriate 
legislation. 

[Proposed  by  the  86th  Congress  in  June  of  1960  and  ratified  by  the  38th  State,  March  29, 
1961  and  proclaimed  a  part  of  the  Constitution,  April  3,  1961.  North  Carolina  did  not  ratify  it.] 

ARTICLE  XXIV 

1.  The  right  of  citizens  of  the  United  States  to  vote  in  any  primary  or 
other  election  for  President  or  Vice  President,  for  electors  for  President  or 
Vice  President,  or  for  Senator  or  Representative  in  Congress,  shall  not  be 
denied  or  abridged  by  the  United  States  or  any  State  by  reason  of  failure  to 
pay  any  poll  tax  or  other  tax. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  have  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appropriate 
legislation. 

[Proposed  by  the  87th  Congress,  August  27,  1962  and  ratified  by  the  38th  State  January  23, 
1964.  It  was  not  ratified  by  North  Carolina.] 

ARTICLE  XXV 

1.  In  case  of  the  removal  of  the  President  from  office  or  of  his  death  or 
resignation,  the  Vice  President  shall  become  President. 

2.  Whenever  there  is  a  vacancy  in  the  office  of  the  Vice  President,  the 
President  shall  nominate  a  Vice  President  who  shall  take  office  upon  confir- 
mation by  a  majority  vote  of  both  Houses  of  Congress. 

3.  Whenever  the  President  transmits  to  the  President  pro  tempore  of  the 
Senate  and  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  his  written  declara- 
tion that  he  is  unable  to  discharge  the  powers  and  duties  of  his  office,  and 
until  he  transmits  to  them  a  written  declaration  to  the  contrary,  such  powers 
and  duties  shall  be  discharged  by  the  Vice  President  as  Acting  President. 

4.  Whenever  the  Vice  President  and  a  majority  of  either  the  principal 
officers  of  the  executive  departments  or  of  such  other  body  as  Congress  may  I 
by  law  provide,  transmit  to  the  President  pro  tempore  of  the  Senate  and  the 
Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  their  written  declaration  that  the 
President  is  unable  to  discharge  the  powers  and  duties  of  his  office,  the  Vice 
President  shall  immediately  assume  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  office  as 
Acting  President. 

Thereafter,  when  the  President  transmits  to  the  President  pro  tempore  of 


The  United  States  Constitution  925 

the  Senate  and  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  his  written  dec- 
laration that  no  inability  exists,  he  shall  resume  the  powers  and  duties  of  his 
office  unless  the  Vice  President  and  a  majority  of  either  the  principal  officers 
of  the  executive  departments  or  of  such  other  body  as  Congress  may  by  law 
provide,  transmit  within  four  days  to  the  President  pro  tempore  of  the 
Senate  and  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives  their  written  decla- 
ration that  the  President  is  unable  to  discharge  the  powers  and  duties  of  his 
office.  Thereupon  Congress  shall  decide  the  issue,  assembling  within  forty- 
eight  hours  for  that  purpose  if  not  in  session.  If  the  Congress,  within  twenty- 
one  days  after  receipt  of  the  latter  written  declaration,  or,  if  Congress  is  not 
in  session,  within  twenty-one  days  after  Congress  is  required  to  assemble, 
determines  by  two-thirds  vote  of  both  Houses  that  the  President  is  unable  to 
discharge  the  powers  and  duties  of  his  office,  the  Vice  President  shall  contin- 
ue to  discharge  the  same  as  Acting  President;  otherwise,  the  President  shall 
resume  the  powers  and  duties  of  his  office. 

[Submitted  to  the  Legislatures  of  the  fifty  States  July  6,  1965.  Ratified  by  the  38th  State 
(Nevada)  February  10,  1967.  It  was  ratified  by  North  Carolina  on  March  22,  1967  (Ch.  77, 
Session  Laws  of  1967).] 

ARTICLE  XXVI 

1.  The  right  of  citizens  of  the  United  States,  who  are  eighteen  years  of 
age  or  older,  to  vote  shall  not  be  denied  or  abridged  by  the  United  States  or 
any  State  on  account  of  age. 

2.  The  Congress  shall  have  the  power  to  enforce  this  article  by  appropri- 
ate legislation. 

[Proposed  to  the  States  by  Congress  on  March  23,  1971  and  ratification  completed  June  30, 
1971.  It  was  ratified  by  North  Carolina  on  July  1,  1971  (Ch.  725,  Session  Laws  of  1971).] 


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The  United  States  Executive  Branch 


=31 


F" 


The  Presidential  Inauguration 
January  20, 1993 


L- 


m 


Dr.  Maya  Angelou,  Professor  at  Wake  Forest  University,  delivers  her 
poem,  On  the  Pulse  of  Morning,  at  the  inauguration  of  President 

William  Jefferson  Clinton. 

(photo  courtesy  of  The  White  House) 


North  Carolina  Manual 


On  the  Pulse  of  Morning 


A  Rock,  A  River,  A  Tree 

Hosts  to  species  long  since  departed, 

Marked  the  mastodon, 

The  dinosaur,  who  left  dried  tokens 

Of  their  sojourn  here 

On  our  planet  floor, 

Any  broad  alarm  of  their  hastening  doom 

Is  lost  in  the  gloom  of  dust  and  ages. 

Buttoday,theRockcriesouttous,dearly, 

forcefully, 
Come,  you  may  stand  upon  my 
Back  and  face  your  distant  destiny, 
But  seek  no  haven  in  my  shadow, 
IwiRgweycunohidingphoedownhere. 

You,  created  only  a  little  lower  than 
The  angels,  have  crouched  too  long  in 
The  bruising  darkness 
Have  lain  too  long 
Facedown  in  ignorance, 
Your  mouths  spilling  words. 

Armed  for  slaughter, 
The  Rock  cries  out  to  us  today, 
You  may  stand  upon  me; 
But  do  not  hide  your  face. 


Across  the  wall  of  the  world, 

A  River  sings  a  beautiful  song.  It  says, 

Come,  rest  here  by  my  side. 

Each  of  you,  a  bordered  country, 

Delicate  and  strangely  made  proud, 

Yet  thrusting  perpetually  under  siege. 

Your  armed  struggles  for  profit 

Have  left  collars  of  waste  upon 

My  shore,  currents  of  debris  upon  my  breast. 

Yet  today  I  call  you  to  my  riverside, 

If  you  will  study  war  no  more. 


The  United  States  Executive  Branch  929 

Come,  clad  in  peace, 

And  I  will  sing  the  songs 

The  Creator  gave  to  me  when  I  and  the 

Tree  and  the  Rock  were  one. 

Before  cynicism  was  a  bloody  sear  across  your  brow 

And  when  you  yet  knew  you  still  knew  nothing. 

The  River  sang  and  sings  on. 

There  is  a  true  yearning  to  respond  to 

The  singing  River  and  the  wise  Rock. 

So  say  the  Asian,  the  Hispanic,  the  Jew 

The  African,  the  Native  American,  The  Sioux, 

The  Catholic,  the  Muslim,  the  French,  the  Greek, 

The  Irish,  the  Rabbi,  the  Priest,  the  Sheik, 

The  Gay,  the  Straight,  the  Preacher, 

The  privileged,  the  homeless,  the  Teacher. 

They  hear.  They  all  hear 

The  speaking  of  the  Tree. 

They  hear  the  first  and  last  of  every  Tree 

Speak  to  humankind  today. 

Come  to  me, 

Here  beside  the  River. 

Plant  yourself  beside  the  River. 

Each  of  you,  descendant  ofsomepassed- 
On  traveler,  has  been  paid  for. 

You,  who  gave  me  my  first  name,  you, 

Pawnee,  Apache,  Seneca,  you 

Cherokee  Nation,  who  rested  with  me,  then 

Forced  on  bloody  feet, 

Left  me  to  the  employment  of 

Other  seekers-desperate  for  gain, 

Starving  for  gold. 

You,  the  Turk,  the  Arab,  the  Swede, 
The  German,  the  Eskimo,  the  Scot, 
The  Italian,  the  Hungarian,  the  Pole, 
You  the  Ashanti,The  Yoruba,  theKru,  bought 
Sold,  stolen,  arriving  on  a  nightmare 
Praying  for  a  dream. 


930  North  Carolina  Manual 

Here,  root  yourselves  beside  me. 

I  am  that  Tree  planted  by  the  River, 

Which  will  not  be  moved. 

I,  the  Rock,  I,  the  River,  I,  the  Tree 

I  am  yours  -  your  passages  have  been  paid. 

Lift  up  your  faces,  you  have  a  piercing  need 

For  this  bright  morning  dawning  for  you. 

History,  despite  its  wrenching  pain, 

Cannot  be  unlived,  but  if  faced 

With  courage,  need  not  be  lived  again. 

Lift  up  your  eyes 

Upon  this  day  breaking  for  you. 

Give  birth  again 

To  the  dream. 


Women,  children,  men, 

Take  it  into  the  palms  of  your  hands, 

Mold  it  into  the  shape  of  your  most 

Private  need.  Sculpt  it  into 

The  image  of  your  most  public  self. 

Lift  up  your  hearts 

Each  new  hour  holds  new  chances 

For  a  new  beginning. 

Do  not  be  wedded  forever 

To  fear,  yoked  eternally 

To  brutishness. 


The  horizon  leans  forward, 

Offering  you  space 

To  place  new  steps  of  change 

Here,  on  the  pulse  of  this  fine  day 

You  may  have  the  courage 

To  look  up  and  out  and  upon  me, 

The  Rock,  the  River,  the  Tree,  your  country. 

No  less  to  Midas  than  the  mendicant. 

No  less  to  you  now  than  the  mastodon  then. 


B     A 


The  United  States  Executive  Branch  931 


Here  on  the  pulse  of  this  new  day 

You  may  have  the  grace  to  look  up  and  out 

And  into  your  sister's  eyes, 

And  into  your  brother's  face, 

Your  country, 

And  say  simply 

Very  simply 

With  hope  - 

Good  Morning. 


Dr.  Maya  Angelou 
Wake  Forest  University 


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The  United  States  Executive  Branch  933 


William  J.  (Bill)  Clinton 


PRESIDENT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

(Democrat) 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Hope,  Arkansas,  August  19,  1946. 

Educational  Background 

Georgetown  University,  BA,  1968;  Yale  Law  School,  law  degree,  1973.  Also  studied 
at  Oxford  University  as  a  Rhodes  Scholar  form  1968  to  1970. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney  in  Private  Practice  in  Little  Rock,  from  1981  to  1982;  Served  on  the  law 
school  faculty  at  the  University  of  Arkansas  at  Fayetteville. 

Political  Activities 

President  of  the  United  States,  1993-;  Elected  Attorney  General  of  Arkansas  in  1976, 
President  Clinton  ran  for  Governor  two  years  later  and  won,  the  people  of  Arkansas 
re-elected  him  four  more  times.  He  served  as  Governor  longer  than  all  of  his  prede- 
cessors except  one.  Served  on  the  Democratic  Governor's  Association;  Democratic 
Leadership  Council. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Served  as  chair  of  the  National  Governor's  Association;  Education  Commission  of  the 
States;  Lower  Mississippi  Delta  Development  Commission;  Southern  Growth  Policies 
Board. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Hillary  Rodham  Clinton.  Children:  Chelsea. 


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The  United  States  Executive  Branch  935 

Albert  Gore,  Jr. 

Vice  President  of  the  United  States 

(Democrat) 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Carthage,  Tennessee,  March  31,  1948,  to  Albert  Gore,  Sr.  (former  senator) 
and  Pauline  Gore. 

Educational  Background 

Harvard  University,  Government,  with  honors,  1969;  Vanderbilt  University  Divinity 
School;  Vanderbilt  Law  School. 

Political  Activities 

Vice  President  of  the  United  States;  U.S.  Senate,  1984-92;  Chair,  U.S.  Senate 
Delegation  to  the  Earth  Summit  in  June  of  1992;  National  Performance  Review. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Army;  Vietnam  Veteran. 

A  wards  and  Honors 

Won  re-election  to  the  U.  S.  Senate  in  1990,  becoming  the  first  candidate  in  modern 
history,  Republican  or  Democrat  town  all  95  of  Tennessee's  Counties;  Candidate  for 
the  Democratic  nomination  for  President  in  1988. 

Publications 

Author  of  National  best  seller,  Earth  In  The  Balance:  Ecology  and  The  Human  Spirit. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Mary  Elizabeth  "Tipper"  Aitcheson.  Children:  Karenna,  Kristin,  Sarah  and 
Albert  III;  New  Salem  Missionary  Baptist  Church. 


936  North  Carolina  Manual 

PRESIDENTS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

Number  Name  Native  State       Born  Inau. 

1 George  Washington  (F) VA 1732 1789 

2 John  Adams  (F) MA 1735 1797 

3 Thomas  Jefferson  (D-R) VA 1743 1801 

4 James  Madison  (D-R) VA 1751 1809 

5 James  Monroe  (D-R) VA 1758 1817 

6 John  Quincy  Adams  (N-R) MA 1767 1825 

7 Andrew  Jackson  (D) NC 1767 1829 

8 Martin  Van  Buren  (WHIG) NY 1782 1837 

9 William  H.  Harrison*  (A) VA 1773 1841 

10 John  Tyler  (W) VA 1790 1841 

11 James  Knox  Polk  (D) NC 1795 1845 

12 Zachary  Taylo^  (WHIG) VA 1784 1849 

13 Millard  Fillmore  (WHIG) NY 1800 1850 

14 Franklin  Pierce  (D) NH 1804 1853 

15 James  Buchanan  (D) PA 1791 1857 

16 Abraham  LincolnS  (R) KY 1809 1861 

17 Andrew  Johnson*  (D) NC 1808 1865 

18 Ulysses  S.  Grant  (R) OH 1822 1869 

19 Rutherford  B.  Hayes  (R) OH 1822 1877 

20 James  A.  Garfield^  (R) OH 1831 1881 

21 Chester  A.  Arthur  (R) VT 1830 1881 

22 Grover  Clevelande  (D) NJ 1837 1885 

23 Benjamin  Harrison  (R) OH 1833 1889 

24 Grover  Cleveland?  (D) NJ 1837 1893 

25 William  McKinleyS  (R) OH 1843 1897 

26 Theodore  Roosevelt  (R) NY 1858 1901 

27 William  H.  Taft  (R) OH 1857 1909 

28 Woodrow  Wilson  (D) VA 1856 1913 

29 Warren  G.  HardingQ  (R) OH 1865 1921 

30 Calvin  Coolidge  (R) VT 1872 1923 

31 Herbert  C.  Hoover  (R) IO 1874 1929 

32 Franklin  D.  Roosevelt10  (D) NY 1882 1933 

33 Harry  S.  Truman  (D) MO 1884 1945 

34 Dwight  D.  Eisenhower  (R) TX 1890 1953 

35 John  F.  Kennedy"  (D) MA 1917 1961 

36 Lindon  B.  Johnson  (D) TX 1908 1963 

37 Richard  M.  Nixoni2  (R) CA 1913 1969 

38 Gerald  R.  Ford  (R) MI 1913 1974 

39 James  Earl  Carter  (D) GA 1924 1977 

40 Ronald  Wilson  Reagan  (R) IL 1911 1981 

41 George  H.W.  Bush  (R) TX 1924 1989 

42 William  J.  Clinton  (D) AR 1946 1993 


The  United  States  Executive  Branch  937 

iHarrison  died  on  April  4,  1841. 

2Taylor  died  on  July  9,  1850. 

3Lincoln  was  shot  April  14,  1865,  and  died  the  following  day. 

4Andrew  Johnson — a  Democrat,  nominated  vice  president  by  Republicans  and  elected 

with  Lincoln  on  National  Union  ticket. 
5Garfield  was  shot  July  2,  1881,  and  died  September  19. 
6According  to  a  ruling  of  the  State  Dept.,  Grover  Cleveland  is  counted  twice,  as  the 

22nd  and  the  24th  President,  because  his  two  terms  were  not  consecutive.  Only 

40  individuals  have  been  President. 
7See  footnote  6. 

8McKinley  was  shot  September  6,  1901,  and  died  September  14. 
9Harding  died  on  August  2,  1923. 
10Roosevelt  died  on  April  12,  1945. 
11Kennedy  was  assassinated  on  November  22,  1963. 
12Nixon  resigned  August  9,  1974  following  several  months  of  pressure  over  the 

"Watergate"coverup  and  related  issues. 


PRESIDENTIAL  CABINET 

Vice  President Albert  Gore,  Jr. 

Secretary  of  Agriculture Mike  Espy 

Secretary  of  Commerce Ronald  H.  Brown 

Secretary  of  Defense William  Perry 

Secretary  of  Education Richard  W.  Riley 

Secretary  of  Energy Hazel  R.  O'Leary 

Secretary  of  Health  and  Human  Services Donna  E.  Shalala 

Secretary  of  Housing  and  Urban  Development Henry  Cisneros 

Secretary  of  the  Interior Bruce  Babbitt 

Secretary  of  Labor Robert  B.  Reich 

Secretary  of  State Warren  M.  Christopher 

Secretary  of  Transportation Federico  Pena 

Secretary  of  the  Treasury Lloyd  Bentsen 

Attorney  General Janet  Reno 

Ambassador  to  the  United  Nations Madeleine  K.  Albright 

Veterans' Affairs Jesse  Brown 

MAJOR  APPOINTMENTS 

White  House  Chief  of  Staff Thomas  F.  "Mack"  McLarty 

National  Security  Adviser Anthony  Lake 

U.S.  Trade  Representative Mickey  Kantor 

Press  Secretary Mark  Gearan 

Director,  Central  Intelligence  Agency R.  James  Woolsey,  Jr. 

Director,  Office  of  Management  and  Budget Leon  E.  Panetta 

Economic  Security  Advisor  (chairman) Laura  D.  Andrea  Tyson 

Environmental  Protection  Agency Carol  M.  Browner 


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The  United  States  Capitol 


The  United  States  Executive  Branch  939 


CHAPTER  THREE 

One  Hundred  and  Third  Congress  of 
The  United  States 


THE  SENATE 


President  of  the  Senate  President  Pro-Tenroore 

Albert  Gore,  Jr.  Robert  C.  Byrd 

Secretary  of  the  Senate 

Walter  J.  Stewart 

Majority  Leader  Minority  Leader 

George  J.  Mitchell  Robert  Dole 

Majority  Whip  Minority  Whip 

C.  Abbot  Saffold  Howard  0.  Greene,  Jr. 


Senators  from  North  Carolina 


Senior  Senator  Junior  Senator 

Jesse  Helms  Lauch  Faircloth 


STANDING  COMMITTEES 


Agriculture,  Nutrition  &  Forestry 

Appropriations 

Armed  Services 

Banking,  Housing  and  Urban  Affairs 

Budget 

Commerce,  Science  &  Transportation 

Energy  and  Natural  Resources 

Environment  &  Public  Works 

Finance 

Foreign  Relations 

Government  Affairs 

Judiciary 

Labor  and  Human  Resources 

Rules  and  Administration 

Small  Business 

Veteran's  Affairs 

SELECT  COMMITTEES 

Ethics 
Indian  Affairs 

Intelligence 
Aging 

JOINT  COMMITTEES 

Economic 

Library  of  Congress 

Printing 
Taxation 

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North  Carolina  Manual 


Jesse  Helntis 


United  States  Senator 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Monroe,  Union  County,  October  18, 
1921,  to  Jesse  A.  and  Ethel  Mae  Helms. 

Educational  Background 

Monroe  High  School;  Wingate  College; 
Wake  Forest  College. 

Professional  Background 

Former  Executive  Vice  President,  Vice 
Chair  of  the  Board,  and  Asst.  Chief 
Executive  Officer,  Capitol  Broadcasting  Co. 

Organizations 

Raleigh  Rotary  Club  (former  President  and 
Vice  President),  Raleigh  Exchange  Club 
(former  President);  United  Fund  of  Raleigh  (former  Director);  Raleigh  Chamber  of 
Commerce  (former  Director);  Young  Americans  for  Freedom  (State  Advisor);  33° 
Mason,  Raleigh  Lodge  No.  500;  Grand  Lodge  of  NC  (Grand  Orator,  1975,  82,  and  91). 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Former  Trustee:  Campbell  University,  Wingate  College,  Meredith  College,  John  F. 
Kennedy  College,  Douglas  MacArthur  Freedom  Academy,  Delaware  Law  School,  and 
Camp  Willow  Run;  N.C.  Tobacco  Council. 

Political  Activities 

U.S.  Senator,  1973-Present;  Raleigh  City  Council,  1957-61;  Administrative  Assistant 
to  U.S.  Senators  Willis  Smith  and  Alton  Lennon;  Director  of  radio  television  cam- 
paign for  Richard  B.  Russell  of  Georgia  (Democratic  candidate  for  President,  1952). 

Honors  and  A  wards 

Honorary  degrees,  Grove  City  College  and  Bob  Jones  University;  Honorary  Director, 
N.C.  Cerebral  Palsy  Hospital;  Freedom  Foundation  Award,  1962  (best  television  edi- 
torial); Taxpayer's  Best  Friend  Award,  National  Taxpayer's  Union,  1981-91, 
Watchdog  of  the  Treasury  Award,  1973-91;  Christian  Action  Council,  1983;  Most 
Admired  Conservative  in  Congress,  Conservative  Digest,  1980,  1983;  N.C.  Public 
Service  Award,  1980;  National  Man  of  the  Year  in  Politics,  Christian  Voice,  1980; 
Legislator  of  the  Year,  Christians  for  a  Better  America. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Dorothy  Jane  Coble.  Three  children:  Jane  Helms  Knox,  Nancy  Helms  Stuart 
and  Charles  Helms;  seven  grandchildren.  Member,  Hayes  Barton  Baptist  Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Foreign  Relations  (Ranking  Republican  Member) 

International  Economic  Policy,  Trade,  Oceans  and  Environment  (Subcommittee) 

Terrorism,  Narcotics  and  International  Operations  (Subcommittee) 

Western  Hemisphere  and  Peace  Corps  Affairs  (Subcommittee) 

Rules  and  Administration 

Agriculture 

Domestic  and  Foreign  Marketing  and  Product  Promotion  (Subcommittee) 

Nutrition  and  Investigations  (Subcommittee) 

Agriculture  Production  and  Stabilization  of  Prices  (Subcommittee) 


The  United  States  Executive  Branch 

Duncan  M.  Faircloth 
United  States  Senator 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Salemburg,  Sampson  County, 
January  14,  1928,  to  James  Faircloth  and 
Mary  McLauchlin  Faircloth. 

Educational  Background 

Roseboro  High  School;  High  Point  College. 

Professional  Background 

Businessman  and  Farmer,  Faircloth  Farms, 
Coharie  Farms. 

Poli  tica  1  Activi  ties 

U.S.  Senator,  1993-present;  Chair,  N.C. 
Highway  Commission,  1969-71;  Secretary, 
N.C.  Department  of  Commerce,  1977-83. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Army,  1954-55. 

Personal  Information 

Children:  Anne  Faircloth.  Member:  Graves  Memorial  Presbyterian  Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS: 

Armed  Services 

Banking,  Housing  and  Urban  Affairs 

Housing  and  Urban  Affairs  (Subcommittee) 

Securities  (Subcommittee) 

Economic  Stabilization  and  Rural  Development ,  Ranking  (Subcommittee) 

Environment  and  Public  Works 

Toxic  Substances,  Research  and  Development  (Subcommittee) 

Clean  Water,  Fisheries  and  Wildlife  (Subcommittee) 

Clean  Air  and  Nuclear  Regulation  (Subcommittee) 


942  North  Carolina  Manual 

THE  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES 


Speaker  of  the  House  Clerk  of  the  House 

Thomas  S.  Foley  Donald  K.  Anderson 

Majority  Leader  Minority  Leader 

Richard  Gephart  Robert  H.  Michel 

Majority  Whip  Minority  Whip 

David  E.  Bonoir  Newt  Gingrich 

Representatives  from  North  Carolina 

Eva  Clayton  (First  District) 

I.  T.  Valentine,  Jr.  (Second  District) 

H.  Martin  Lancaster  (Third  District) 

David  E.  Price  (Fourth  District) 

Stephen  L.  Neal  (Fifth  District) 

J.  Howard  Coble  (Sixth  District) 

Charles  G.  Rose  (Seventh  District) 

W.G.  Hefner  (Eighth  District) 

J.  Alex  McMillan  (Ninth  District) 

T.  Cass  Ballenger  (Tenth  District) 

Charles  H.  Taylor  (Eleventh  District) 

Melvin  Watt  (Twelfth  District) 

STANDING  COMMITTEES 
Agriculture  Interior  and  Insular  Affairs 

Appropriations  Judiciary 

Armed  Services  Merchant  Marine  and  Fisheries 

Banking,  Finance,  and  Urban  Affairs       Post  Office  and  Civil  Service 
Budget  Public  Works  and  Transportation 

District  of  Columbia  Rules 

Education  and  Labor  Science  Space  and  Technology 

Energy  and  Commerce  Small  Business 

Foreign  Affairs  Standards  of  Official  Conduct 

Government  Operations  Veterans'  Affairs 

House  Administration  Ways  and  Means 

SELECT  COMMITTEES 

Aging  Hunger 

Children,  Youth  and  Families  Narcotics  Abuse  and  Control 

Permanent  Select  Committee  on  Intelligence 

JOINT  COMMITTEES 

Economics  Printing 

Library  of  Congress  Taxation 


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943 


Eva  McPhersoii  Clayton 

(First  Congressional  District) 

Democrat 

[Counties:  Bertie,  Chowan,  Gates,  Greene, 

Hertford,  Northampton,  Perquimans, 

Warren,  Washington,  and  portions  of 

Beaufort,  Bladen,  Columbus,  Craven, 

Cumberland,  Duplin,  Edgecombe,  Halifax, 

Jones,  Lenoir,  Martin,  Nash,  New  Hanover, 

Pasquotank,  Pender,  Pitt,  Vance,  Wayne 

and  Wilson.] 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Savannah,  Richmond  County,  GA, 
September  16,  1933,  to  Thomas  McPherson, 
Sr.  and  Josephine  McPherson. 

Educational  Background 

Lucy  C.  Laney  High  School,  1951;  Johnson  C.  Smith  University,  B.S.,  Biology,  1955; 
NCCU,  M.S.,  Biology,  1962;  NCCU,  M.S.,  General  Science,  1962. 

Professional  Background 

Founder/President,  Technical  Resources,  Ltd.,  1981-92;  Planning  Consultant  Firm. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

NAACP  Legal  Defense  Fund,  Cancer  Drive;  Community  Health;  Rural  Housing; 
Family  Institute. 

Political  Activities 

U.S.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-present;  County  Commissioner,  Warren  County, 
Board  of  Commissioners,  1982-92,  Chair,  Warrren  County  Board  of  Commissioners, 
1982-90. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Theaoseus  T.  Clayton,  Sr.,  December  24,  1955.  Children:  Joanne  Clayton, 
Theaoseus  T.  Clayton,  Jr.,  Martin  Clayton  and  Reuben  Clayton.  Cotton  Memorial 
Presbyterian  Church;  Chair  of  Pastoral  Committee,  1991;  Moderator,  Women's 
Association,  1989-90;  National  Denominational  Eco-Justice  Committee;  Attended 
Ecumenical  Consultation  on  the  Environment  in  Berne,  Switzerland,  1991. 

COMMITTEE  A  SSIGNMENTS 

Agriculture 

Environment,  Credit  and  Rural  Development  (Subcommittee) 

Department  Operations  and  Nutrition  (Subcommittee) 

Speciality  Crops  and  Natural  Resources  (Subcommittee) 

Committee  on  Small  Business 

Procurement,  Taxation  and  Tourism  (Subcommittee) 

Rural  Enterprises,  Exports  and  Environment  (Subcommittee) 


944 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Tim  Valentine 

(Second  Congressional  District) 

(Democrat) 

[Counties:  Franklin,  Harnett,  Johnston, 

Lee,  and  portions  of  Durham,  Edgecomb, 

Granville,  Halifax,  Moore,  Nash,  Vance, 

Wake,  and  Wilson.] 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Nashville,  Nash  County,  March  15, 
1926,  to  Itimous  T.  and  Hazel  Valentine. 

Educational  Background 

The  Citadel,  A.B.  (Political  Science),  1948; 
School  of  Law,  UNC-CH,  J.D.,  1967. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney  (Senior  member,  Valentine,  Adams  &  Lamar). 

Organizations 

Nash-Edgecombe  (former  President),  Seventh  Judicial,  N.C.  and  American  Bar 
Associations;  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  Morning  Star  Lodge  No.  85  A.F.  &  A.M. 
(former  Master);  Nashville  Lions  Club  (former  President);  Nashville  Jaycees  (former 
President);  Nashville  Chamber  of  Commerce  (former  President). 

Boards  and  Commissions 

North  Carolina  Courts  Commission;  former  Trustee,  Nash  General  Hospital. 

Political  Activities 

U.S.  House  of  Representatives,  1983-present  (elected  November,  1982;  reelected  in 
subsequent  elections;  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1955-1960;  Chair,  N.C. 
Democratic  Executive  Committee,  1966-1968;  Legislative  Counsel  to  Governor  Dan  K. 
Moore,  1967;  Legal  Advisor  to  Governor  Dan  K.  Moore,  1965. 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Army  Air  Corps,  1944-1946. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Barbara  Reynolds  Valentine.  Children:  Stephen  M.  Valentine,  Mark  L. 
Valentine,  Philip  C.  Valentine,  and  Anna  E.  Valentine  Nowell;  and  three  step-chil- 
dren: Mark  Connelly  Berry,  Barbara  Vaughan  Berry  Anthony,  and  Bryan  Edmonds 
Berry.  Member,  Nashville  Baptist  Church;  former  Chair,  Board  of  Deacons. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Public  Works  and  Transportation 

Aviation  (Subcommittee) 

Surface  Transportation,  Vice  Chairman  (Subcommittee) 

Water  Resources  and  Environment  (Subcommittee) 

Science,  Space  and  Technology 

Science  (Subcommittee) 

Technology,  Environment  and  Aviation,  Chairman  (Subcommittee) 


The  United  States  Executive  Branch 


945 


H,  Martin  Lancaster 

(Third  Congressional  District) 

Democrat 

[Counties:  Camden,  Carteret,  Currituck, 

Dare,  Hyde,  Pamlico,  Sampson,  Tyrrell,  and 

portions  of  Beaufort,  Craven,  Duplin,  Jones, 

Lenoir,  Martin,  Onslow,  Pasquotank, 

Pender,  Pitt,  and  Wayne.] 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Patetown,  N.C.,  March  24,  1943,  to 
Harold  W.  and  Eva  Madena  (Pate)  Lancaster. 

Ed  ucational  Ba  ckgro  und 

Pikeville  High  School,  1958-1961;  UNC-CH, 
A.B.,  1965;  UNC-CH,  J.D.,  1967. 

Professional  Background 

U.S.  House  of  Representatives;  N.C.  State  Representative;  Attorney  at  Law. 

Organizations 

N.C.  Bar  Association  (Board  of  Governors,  1984),  and  American  Bar  Associations; 
Mason;  Shriner;  Elk;  Goldsboro  Kiwania;  N.C.  Society  for  Historic  Preservation. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Advisory  Board,  Z.  Smith  Reynolds  Foundation,  1984;  Chair,  N.C.  Arts  Council,  1977- 
81;  Chair,  Wayne  County  Public  Library,  1979-80;  Chair,  Wayne  County  Chapter, 
American  Red  Cross,  1978-79;  Chair,  Goldsboro-Wayne  County  Bicentennial 
Commission,  1975-76;  President,  Goldsboro  Community  Arts  Council,  1973-74; 
President,  Wayne  Community  Concert  Association,  1972-73. 

Political  Activities 

U.S.  House  of  Representatives,  1987-Present;  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1979-86. 

Military  Service 

U.S.  Navy,  1967-70  (Lieutenant);  Air  Force  Reserves,  1971-82  (Major);  Naval 
Reserves,  1982-Present  (Commander). 

Hon  or  sand  A  wa  rds 

Valand  Award,  N.C.  Mental  Health  Association,  1985;  N.C.  Crime  and  Justice  Award, 
Governor's  Crime  Commission,  1984;  Outstanding  Legislator  Award,  N.C.  Association 
of  School  Counselors,  1983;  Outstanding  Legislator  Award,  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial 
Lawyers,  1981;  Distinguished  Service  Award,  Goldsboro  Jaycees,  1977. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Alice  Matheny,  May  31,  1975.  Children:  Ashley  Elizabeth  and  Mary  Martin. 
Member,  First  Presbyterian  Church;  Elder,  1986-Present;  Deacon,  1972-75. 

COMMITTEE  A  SSIGNMENTS 

Armed  Services 

Readiness  (Subcommittee) 

Military  Forces  and  Personnel  (Subcommittee) 

Merchant  Marine  and  Fisheries 

Coast  Guard  and  Navigation  (Subcommittee) 

Fisheries  Management  (Subcommittee) 


946 


North  Carolina  Manual 


David  Eugene  Price 

(Fourth  Congressional  District) 

Democrat 

[Counties:  Chatham,  and  portions  of 

Orange  and  Wake.] 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Johnson  City,  Tennessee,  on  August 
17,  1940,  to  Albert  and  Elna  (Harrell)  Price. 

Educational  Background 

Unicoi  County  High  School  (Erwin, 
Tennessee);  Mars  Hill  College;  UNC-CH, 
BA,  1961;  Yale  University,  B.D.,  1964, 
Ph.D.,  1969. 

Professional  Background 

Professor  of  Political  Science  and  Public  Policy,  Duke  University,  1973-1986; 
Assistant  Professor  of  Political  Science  and  American  Studies,  Yale  University,  1969- 
1973;  American  Political  Science  Association. 


Chapel  Hill  Kiwanis  Club. 


Organizations 


Political  Activities 


U.S.  House  of  Representatives,  1986-  Present;  Chair,  N.C.  Democratic  Party,  1983-84; 
Executive  Director,  N.C.  Democratic  Party,  1979-80;  Commission  on  Presidential 
Nomination,  Democratic  National  Committee;  Staff  Director,  1981-82;  Legislative 
Aide  to  Senator  E.  L.  Bartlett  (D-Alaska),  1963-67;  Member,  Democratic  National 
Committee,  1983-88. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Lisa  Beth  Kanwit  of  Fairfax,  Virginia,  July  27,  1968.  Children:  Karen  and 
Michael.  Member,  Binkley  Memorial  Baptist  Church  (Moderator;  Sunday  School 
Teacher). 


COMMITTEE  A  SSIGNMENTS 

Appropriations 

Commerce,  Justice,  State  and  Judiciary  (Subcommittee) 

Transportation  (Subcommittee) 

Budget 


The  United  States  Executive  Branch 


947 


m 


i 


Stephen  Lybrook  Neal      ff 

(Fifth  Congressional  District) 

Democrat 

[Counties:  Alleghany,  Ashe ,  Caswell, 

Person,  Rockingham,  Stokes,  Surry, 

Watauga,  and  portions  of  Burke, 

Caldwell,  Forsyth,  Granville,  and 

Wilkes.] 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Winston-Salem,  Forsyth  County, 
November  7,  1934,  to  Charles  Herbert  and 
Mary  Martha  (Lybrook)  Neal. 

Educational  Background 

University  of  California  at  Santa  Barbara; 
University  of  Hawaii,  A.B.  (Psychology), 
1963. 

Professional  Background 

Former  community  newspaper  publisher  in  Forsyth,  Stokes  and  Yadkin  counties 
(president,  Community  Press,  Inc.)  and  former  small  business  owner  and  manager. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Trustee,  Z.  Smith  Reynolds  Foundation;  Board  of  Visitors,  Wake  Forest  University. 

Political  Activities 

U.S.  House  of  Representatives,  1975-Present;  Chair,  Congressional  Clearinghouse  on 
the  Future;  executive  committee,  Congressional  Textile  Caucus;  member  and  former 
Chair,  Congressional  Sunbelt  Caucus;  Congressional  Rural  Caucus;  Conservative 
Democratic  Forum;  Travel  and  Tourism  Caucus;  Environmental  and  Energy  Study 
Conference;  Democratic  Leadership  Conference;  Democratic  Study  Group; 
Congressional  Arts  Caucus. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Rachel  Landis  Miller,  June  6,  1964.  Children:  Mary  Piper  and  Stephen  L. 
Neal,  Jr.  Member:  Presbyterian  Church. 

COMMITTEE  A  SSIGNMENTS 

Banking,  Finance  and  Urban  Affairs 

Financial  Institutions  Supervision,  Regulation  and  Deposit  (Subcommittee) 

Insurance,  Chairman  (Subcommittee) 

International  Development,  Finance,  Trade  and  Monetary  Policy  (Subcommittee) 

Economic  Growth  and  Credit  Information  (Subcommittee) 

General  Oversight,  Investigations  and  the  Resolution  of  Failed  Financial  Institutions 

(Subcommittee) 
Government  Operations 
Legislation  and  National  Security  (Subcommittee) 


948 


North  Carolina  Manual 


J.  Howard  Coble 

(Sixth  Congressional  District) 

Republican 

[Counties:  Randolph  and  portions  of 

Alamance,  Davidson,  Davie,  Guilford, 

and  Rowan.] 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Greensboro,  Guilford  County, 
March  18,  1931,  to  Joe  Howard  and  Johnnie 
E.  (Holt)  Coble. 

Educational  Background 

Alamance  High  School,  1949;  Guilford 
College,  A.B.  (History),  1958;  School  of  Law, 
UNC-CH,  J.D.,  1962. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney  (Firm  of  Turner,  Enochs  &  Sparrow,  1979-1983). 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

N.C.  State  Bar  Associations;  American  Legion;  Lions  Club;  Veterans  of  Foreign  Wars 
of  the  U.S. 

Political  Activities 

U.S.  House  of  Representatives,  1985-present  (Elected  November,  1984;  re-elected  in 
1986  and  1988,  1990-92);  Secretary,  N.C.  Department  of  Revenue,  1973-1979; 
Assistant  U.S.  Attorney,  U.S.  Middle  District,  1969-1973. 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Coast  Guard  and  U.S.  Coast  Guard  Reserves,  1952  -  1982  (Commanding 
Officer,  Wilmington  Unit). 

Personal  Information 

Member,  Alamance  Presbyterian  Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 

Judiciary 

Civil  and  Constitutional  Rights  (Subcommittee) 

Intellectual  Property  and  Judicial  Administration  (Subcommittee) 

Merchant  Marine  and  Fisheries 

Coast  Guard  and  Navigation,  Ranking  (Subcommittee) 

Fisheries  Management  (Subcommittee) 


The  United  States  Executive  Branch 


949 


Charles  G.  Rose  III 

(Seventh  Congressional  District) 

Democrat 

[Counties:  Brunswick  and  portions  of 

Bladen,  Columbus,  Cumberland,  New 

Hanover,  Onslow,  Pender  and  Robeson.] 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Fayetteville,  Cumberland  County, 
August  10,  1939,  to  Charles  G.  and  Frances 
(Duckworth)  Rose. 

Educational  Background 

Fayetteville  High  School,  1957;  Davidson 
College,  B.A.,  1969;  School  of  Law,  UNC- 
CH,  LL.B,  1964. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney  at  Law. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

Cumberland  County  and  N.C.  State  Bar  Associations. 

Political  Activities 

U.S.  House  of  Representatives,  1973-present  (Elected  in  November,  1972;  reelected  in 
subsequent  elections);  Chief  District  Court  Prosecutor,  12th  Judicial  District,  1967- 
1970. 

Literary  Works 
Editor,  Davidson  College  Yearbook. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Joan  Teague,  September  25,  1982.  Children:  Charles  G.  Rose,  IV,  Sara 
Louise  Rose  and  Kelly  Josephine.  Member,  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Fayetteville 
(former  Sunday  School  Teacher). 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Agriculture 

Foreign  Agriculture  and  Hunger  (Subcommittee) 
Department  Operations  and  Nutrition  (Subcommittee) 
Speciality  Crops  and  Natural  Resources,  Chairman  (Subcommittee) 
General  Farm  Commodities  (Subcommittee) 
Livestock  (Subcommittee) 
House  Administration,  Chairman 
Administrative  Oversight,  Chairman  (Subcommittee) 


North  Carolina  Manual 

W,G,  (Bill)  Hefner 

(Eighth  Congressional  District) 

Democrat 
[Counties:  Anson,  Cabarrus,  Hoke, 
Montgomery,  Richmond,  Scotland, 

Stanly,  Union,  and  portions  of 
Cumberland,  Iredell,  Mecklenburg, 

Moore,  Robeson,  and  Rowan.] 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Elora,  Tennessee,  April  1,  1930. 

Professional  Background 

President,  WRKB  Radio  (Kannapolis); 
Harvesters  Quartet;  Television  Performer. 

Political  Activities 

U.S.  House  of  Representatives,  1975-present  (Elected  November,  1974;  reelected  in 
subsequent  elections);  Deputy  Majority  Whip;  Congressional  Textile  Caucus;  Travel 
and  Tourism  Caucus;  Sportsmen's  Caucus;  Rural  Health  Coalition;  Army  Caucus; 
Caucus  for  Women's  Issues;  Pork  Industry  Caucus;  Environmental  and  Energy  Study 
Caucus;  Board  of  Visitors,  U.S.  Military  Academy. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Nancy  Hill  of  Gadsden,  Alabama.  Children:  Stacye  and  Shelly  Hefner. 
Member,  North  Kannapolis  Baptist  Church. 


COMMITTEE  A  SSIGNMENTS 

Appropriations 

Defense  (Subcommittee) 

Military  Construction,  Chairman  (Subcommittee) 


The  United  States  Executive  Branch 


951 


man 


(Ninth  Congressional  District) 

Republican 

[Counties:  Portions  of  Cleveland,  Gaston 

and  Mecklenburg.] 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Charlotte,  Mecklenburg  County, 
May  9,  1932,  to  J.  Alex,  Jr.  and  Mildred 
Elizabeth  (Shepherd)  McMillan. 

Ed  u  ca  tion  alBa  ckgro  und 

Woodberry  Forest  School,  1950;  UNC-CH, 
B.A.  (History),  1954;  University  of  Virginia, 
M.B.A.,  1958. 

Professional  Background 

President  and  Chief  Executive  Officer, 

Ruddick  Corporation  (Vice  President  for  Finance  and  Treasurer,  1968-83);  Officer  and 
Liaison,  Harris-Teeter  Super  Markets,  Inc.;  R.S.  Dickson  &  Company  (Secretary  and  Vice 
President,  1963-70);  Sales  and  Control,  Carolina  Paper  Board  Corporation,  1958-60. 

Organ  iza  tions 

Charlotte  City  Club  (Director),  1981-84;  Greater  Charlotte  Chamber  of  Commerce 
(Director),  1980-82. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Union  Theological  Seminary  (Trustee),  1978-86;  UNC  Center  for  Public  Broadcasting, 
1986-present;  Woodberry  Forest  School  (Trustee),  1978-1985;  Darden  School  of 
Business,  University  of  Virginia  (President,  Alumni  Board,  1979-81;  Trustee,  1977- 
present);  Board  of  Visitors,  Davidson  College,  1983-84;  Spirit  Square  Board,  1975-84 
(First  President);  United  Community  Services  Board,  1973-84;  Inroads,  Inc. 
(Director),  1982-83;  WTVI  Public  Television,  1978-83  (First  Chair);  Charlotte- 
Mecklenburg  Board  of  Education  (Committee  Vice  Chair),  1978-79;  Charlotte- 
Mecklenburg  Arts  and  Science  Council  (Director),  1974-79;  Mecklenburg  County 
Board  of  Social  Services  (Director;  Chair,  1975-77),  1974-77;  Charlotte  Speech  and 
Hearing  Center  (Director),  1974-77. 

Political  Activities 

U.S.  House  of  Representatives,  1985-present;  Board  of  County  Commissioners, 
Mecklenburg  County,  1972-74. 

Military  Service 

Served  U.S.  Army,  1954-1956  (Counter-intelligence). 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Caroline  Houston  of  Greenville,  SC,  November  21,1959.  Children:  Elizabeth 
H.  and  John  A.  McMillan,  IV.  Member,  Myers  Park  Presbyterian  Church,  Charlotte 
(Elder);  Mecklenburg  Presbyterian  Task  Force  on  Hunger,  1975-76. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Energy  and  Commerce 

Telecommunications  and  Finance  (Subcommittee) 
Health  and  the  Environment  (Subcommittee) 

Commerce,  Consumer  Protection  and  Competitiveness  (Subcommittee) 
Budget 


■ 


952 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Thomas  Cass  Balleiiger 

(Tenth  Congressional  District) 

Republican 

[Counties:  Alexander,  Avery,  Catawba, 

Lincoln,  Mitchell,  Yadkin,  and  portions  of 

Buncombe,  Burke,  Caldwell,  Davie, 

Forsyth,  Henderson,  Iredell,  McDowell, 

Polk,  Rutherford  and  Wilkes.] 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Hickory,  Catawba  County, 
December  6,  1926,  to  Richard  E.  and 
Dorothy  (Collins)  Ballenger  (both  deceased). 

Educational  Background 

Episcopal  High  School,  1944;  UNC-CH, 
^      1944-45;  Amherst  College,  B.A.,  1948. 

Professional  Background 

Founder  and  Chair  of  the  Board,  Plastic  Packaging,  Inc. 

Organizations 

Community  Ridge  Day  Care  Center,  Hickory,  co-founder;  Greater  Hickory  United 
Fund,  Past  Chairman;  Lenoir  Rhyne  College,  Member,  Board  of  Directors;  Salvation 
Army,  Member,  Board  of  Directors;  Florence  Crittenton  Home,  Member,  Board  of 
Trustees;  Greater  Hickory  Chamber  of  Commerce,  Director;  N.C.  School  of  the  Arts, 
Sustaining  Member;  N.C.  Symphony,  Patron;  N.C.  Arts  Society,  Patron. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Lenoir  Rhyne  College  Board  of  Development;  Salvation  Army;  Florence  Critton 
Home;  Greater  Hickory  Chamber  of  Commerce. 

Political  Activities 

U.S.  House  of  Representatives,  1987-Present;  N.C.  State  Senate,  1977-86  (Former 
Minority  Leader);  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1975-76;  Catawba  County  Board  of 
Commissioners,  1966-1974  (Chair,  1970-74);  Catawba  County  Republican  Party  (Past 
Chair);  Jim  Martin  for  Governor  Steering  Committee;  N.C.  Reagan-Bush  Campaign 
(Western  Co-Chair,  1984);  N.C.  Legislative  Forum  (Co-Founder  and  Former  Chair). 

Military  Service 
Airman  Cadet,  U.S.  Navy  Air  Corps,  1944-45. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

N.C.  Commissioner  of  the  Year,  Association  of  County  Commissioners,  1973;  Most 
Effective  Republican  Legislator,  (Institute  of  Government  survey),  1981;  Honorary 
Volunteer  Fireman,  Guatemala  City;  Alan  Ray  Boyd  Outstanding  Citizenship  Award, 
Catawba  County  Chamber  of  Commerce,  1987;  Legislator  of  the  Month,  American 
Subcontractors  Association,  1987;  VIP  Award,  The  American  Furniture 
Manufacturers  Association,  1988;  W.C.  Lassiter  Award,  NC  Press  Association,  1988; 
Wallace  F.  Bennett  Leadership  Award,  National  Association  of  Manufacturers,  1989; 
Deputy  National  Vice  Chair,  National  Republican  Congressional  Committee,  1993-94. 


The  United  States  Executive  Branch  953 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Donna  Davis,  June  14,  1952.  Children:  Lucinda  (Cindy)  Garrison  Ballenger, 
Melissa  (Missy)  Jane  Ballenger  Jordan  and  Davis  (D.D.).  Episcopal  Church  of  the 
Ascension  (Past  Senior  Warden  and  Lay  Reader). 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Education  and  Labor 

Select  Education  and  Civil  Rights,  Ranking  (Subcommittee) 
Labor  Standards,  Occupational  Health  and  Safety  (Subcommittee) 
Labor  -  Management  Relations  (Subcommittee) 
Foreign  Affairs 

Western  Hemisphere  Affairs  (Subcommittee) 
Economic  Policy,  Trade  and  Environment  (Subcommittee) 
District  of  Columbia 

Fiscal  Affairs  and  Health,  Ranking  (Subcommittee) 
Judiciary  and  Education  (Subcommittee) 


_. 


954 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Charles  H,  Taylor 

(Eleventh  Congressional  District) 

Republican 
[Counties:  Cherokee,  Clay,  Graham, 
Haywood,  Jackson,  Macon,  Madison, 
Swain,  Transylvania,  Yancey,  and  por- 
tions of  Buncombe,  Cleveland,  Henderson, 
McDowell,  Polk,  and  Rutherford.] 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Transylvania  County,  to  Robert  and 
Loee  Taylor,  on  January  23,  1941. 

Educational  Background 

Graduated  from  Brevard  High  School;  Wake 
Forest  University;  B.A.  and  Juris  Doctorate 
degree. 

Professional  Background 

Managing  Director,  Transylvania  Tree  Farm;  Registered  Forester. 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Member,  N.C.  Board  of  Transportation;  Chair,  Conservation  Committee  of  the  N.C. 
Energy  Policy  Council;  Chair,  N.C.  Parks  and  Recreation  Council;  Vice  Chair, 
Western  N.C.  Environmental  Council;  Chair,  Western  N.C.  4-H  Leadership  Trust. 

Political  Activities 

U.S.  House  of  Representatives,  1991-present;  served  three-county  district  for  three 
terms  until  it  was  abolished  by  re-districting;  served  as  Minority  Leader  of  the  House 
for  two  years;  ran  for  State  Senate,  carried  the  new  district  by  some  10,000  votes  and 
was  chosen  to  be  Senate  Minority  Leader;  filed  for  election  for  a  three-county  N.C. 
House  of  Representatives  seat  during  his  last  year  at  Wake  Forest  University. 

Personal  Information 

Member,  First  Baptist  Church  of  Brevard. 

COMMITTEE  A  SSIGNMENTS 

Appropriations 

Legislative  (Subcommittee) 

Commerce,  Justice,  State  and  Judiciary  (Subcommittee) 


The  United  States  Executive  Branch 


955 


(Twelfth  Congressional  District) 

Democrat 
[Counties:  Portions  of  Alamance,  Davidson, 

Durham,  Forsyth,  Gaston,  Guilford, 
Iredell,  Mecklenburg,  Orange  and  Rowan.] 


Early  Years 

Born  in  Mecklenburg  County,  August  26, 
1945. 

Educational  Background 

Attended  York  Road  High  School,  Charlotte; 
UNC,  Chapel  Hill,  B.S.  in  Business 
Administration,  1967;  Yale  University  Law 
School,  J.D.  Degree,  1970. 

Professional  Background 

Attorney  and  Businessman,  Ferguson,  Stein,  Watt,  Wallas,  Adkins  and  Gresham  1972; 
Part  Owner,  East  Towne  Manor  (a  health  care  facility  for  the  elderly  and  disabled). 

Boards  and  Commissions 

President,  Mecklenburg  County  Bar;  Johnson  C.  Smith  University,  Board  of  Visitors; 
Central  Piedmont  Community  College  Foundation;  N.C.  Association  of  Black 
Lawyers;  N.C.  Academy  of  Trial  Lawyers;  Legal  Aid  of  Southern  Piedmont;  NCNB 
Community  Development  Corporation;  Auditorium-Coliseum-Civic  Center  Authority; 
United  Way;  Inroads,  Inc.;  Family  Housing  Services;  Cities  in  schools;  West  Charlotte 
Business  Incubator;  Housing  Authority  Scholarship  Board;  Morehead  Scholarship 
Selection  Committee;  President,  Business  Honors  Fraternity;  Phi  Beta  Kappa. 

Political  Activities 

U.S.  House  of  Representatives,  1993-present;  Served  in  the  N.C.  Senate,  1985-86; 
Campaign  Manager  of  Harvey  Gantt's  campaigns  for  City  Council,  Mayor  of 
Charlotte  and  the  1990  Gantt  for  U.S.  Senate  Campaign  against  Jesse  Helms. 

Publications 

Author  of  "Tax  Exemption  for  Organizations  Investing  in  Black  Business",  78  Yale 
!  L.J.  1212  (1969). 

Personal  Information 

Married,  the  former  Eulada  Paysour  in  1967.  Children:  Brian  and  Jason.  Member, 
Mt.  Olive  Presbyterian  Church. 

COMMITTEE  ASSIGNMENTS 
Banking,  Finance  and  Urban  Affairs 

Housing  and  Community  Development  (Subcommittee) 

Consumer  Credit  and  Insurance  (Subcommittee) 

International  Development,  Finance,  Trade  and  Monetary  Policy  (Subcommittee) 

Post  Office  and  Civil  Service 

Postal  Operations  and  Services  (Subcommittee) 

Judiciary 

Economic  and  Commercial  Law  (Subcommittee) 

Administrative  Law  and  Governmental  Relations  (Subcommittee) 

Democratic  Steering  and  Policy 


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The  United  States  Judicial  Branch  957 

CHAPTER  THREE 

The  United  States  Judiciary 


THE  SUPREME  COURT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 

Chief  Justice William  H.  Rehnquist Arizona 

Associate  Justice Byron  R.  White Colorado 

Associate  Justice Clarence  Thomas District  of  Columbia 

Associate  Justice Harry  A.  Blackmun Minnesota 

Associate  Justice John  Paul  Stevens Illinois 

Associate  Justice Sandra  Day  O'Connor Arizona 

Associate  Justice Antonin  Scalia Virginia 

Associate  Justice Anthony  M.  Kennedy California 

Associate  Justice David  H.  Souter New  Hampshire 


FOURTH  JUDICIAL  CIRCUIT, 
UNITED  STATES  COURT  OF  APPEALS 

(The  Fourth  Circuit  is  composed  of  Maryland,  North  Carolina,  South  Carolina, 
Virginia  and  West  Virginia.  Court  sits  at  Richmond,  Virginia  the  first  full  week  of 
each  month,  October  through  June.) 

Circuit  Justice William  H.  Rehnquist Arizona 

Chief  Judge Sam  J.  Ervin,  III North  Carolina 

Circuit  Judge Donald  S.  Russell South  Carolina 

Circuit  Judge H.  Emory  Widener,  Jr Virginia 

Circuit  Judge Kenneth  Kendall Virginia 

Circuit  Judge James  Dickson  Phillips,  Jr North  Carolina 

Circuit  Judge Francis  D.  Murnaghan,  Jr Maryland 

Circuit  Judge James  M.  Sprouse West  Virginia 

Circuit  Judge Robert  F.  Chapman South  Carolina 

Circuit  Judge J.  Harvie  Wilkinson,  III Virginia 

Circuit  Judge William  W.  Wilkins,  Jr South  Carolina 

Circuit  Judge Paul  V.  Niemeyer Maryland 

Senior  Judge John  D.  Butzner,  Jr Virginia 


. 


958  North  Carolina  Manual 

UNITED  STATES  DISTRICT  COURT  IN  NORTH  CAROLINA 


Eastern  District 

(Federal  Building,  Raleigh) 

Chief  Judge James  C.  Fox Wilmington 

Senior  Judge Franklin  T.  Dupree,  Jr Raleigh 

Judge Terrence  W.  Boyle* Elizabeth  City 

Judge W.  EarlBritt Raleigh 

Judge Malcolm  J.  Howard Greenville 

Clerk J.  Rich  Leonard Raleigh 

U.S.  Attorney Margaret  Person  Currin Raleigh 

Middle  District 
(U.S.  Courthouse  and  Federal  Building,  Greensboro) 

Chief  Judge Richard  C.  Erwin Winston-Salem 

Senior  Judge Eugene  A.  Gordon Greensboro 

Senior  Judge Hiram  H.  Ward Winston-Salem 

Judge Frank  W.  Bullock,  Jr Greensboro 

Judge William  L.  Osteen,  Sr Greensboro 

Judge Carlton  Tilley,  Jr Durham 

Clerk Joseph  P.  Creekmore Greensboro 

U.S.  Attorney Robert  H.  Edmunds,  Jr Greensboro 

Western  District 
(Charles  R.  Jonas  Federal  Building,  Charlotte) 


Chief  Judge Richard  L.  Voorhees Asheville  ' 

Senior  Judge James  B.  McMillan Charlotte 

Judge Graham  C.  Mullen Asheville  ! 

Judge Robert  D.  Potter Charlotte  ( 

Clerk Thomas  J.  McGraw Charlotte 

U.S.  Attorney Thomas  J.  Ashcraft Charlotte 


Judge  Boyle  declined  to  submit  biographical  information 


The  United  States  Judicial  Branch 


959 


Samtuel  lames  Ervin,  III 

Chief  Judge 

United  States  Fourth  Circuit 
Court  of  Appeals 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Morganton,  Burke  County,  March 
2,  1926,  to  Samuel  James  and  Margaret 
Bruce  (Bell)  Ervin,  Jr. 

Educational  Background 

Morganton  Public  Schools;  Morganton  High 
School,  1943;  Davidson  College,  1948,  B.S.; 
Harvard  Law  School,  1951,  LL.B. 

Professional  Background 

Chief  Judge,  U.S.  Court  of  Appeals,  4th 

Circuit  Judge,  N.C.  Superior  Court,  25th  District.  1967-80;  legal  practice,  1952-67; 

Solicitor.  Burke  County  Criminal  Court,  1954-56. 

Organizations 

Burke  County  Bar  Association;  Mason. 

Political  Activities 
Member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives,  1965-67. 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Army,  1944-46,  1951-52  (Colonel);  infantry;  Judge  Advocate  General's 
Corps.  Served,  N.C.  Army  National  Guard,  1955-69. 

Hon  or s  and  A  wa  rds 

Young  Man  of  the  Year;  Distinguished  Service  Award,  Morganton,  Chamber  of 
Commerce,  1954. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Elisabeth  Crawford,  October  25,  1952.  Children:  Samuel  James,  IV, 
Elizabeth  Fore,  Robert  Crawford  and  Margaret  Bell.  Member,  First  Presbyterian 
Church;  Elder;  Deacon;  Sunday  School  Teacher. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


James  Dickson  Phillips,  Jr« 

Judge 

United  States  Fourth  Circuit 
Court  of  Appeals 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Scotland  County,  September  23, 
1922,  to  James  Dickson  (deceased)  and 
Helen  (Shepherd)  Phillips. 

Educational  Background 

Public  Schools,  Laurinburg,  Graduate  1939; 
Davidson  College,  1943;  B.S.,  cum  laude; 
UNC-Chapel  Hill,  School  of  Law,  1945-48, 
J.D.  with  honors. 

Professional  Background 

Judge,  U.S.  Court  of  Appeals,  4th  Circuit. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  Democratic  Party. 

Military  Services 
Served,  U.S.  Army,  1943-46  (1st  Lieutenant);  parachute  infantry. 

Honors  and  A  wards 

John  J.  Parker  Memorial  Award;  Thomas  Jefferson  Award;  Distinguished  Alumni 
Professor,  UNC-Chapel  Hill  School  of  Law. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Jean  Duff  Nunalee,  July  16,  1960.  Children:  Evelyn,  James  Dickson,  III, 
Elizabeth  Duff  and  Ida  Wills  Phillips.  Member  since  1960,  former  Trustee,  Elder, 
Deacon,  University  Presbyterian  Church;  Chapel  Hill,  NC,  former  member,  1970-76; 
Chair,  1971-74,  Permanent  Judicial  Commission  of  the  Presbyterian  Church,  USA. 


The  United  States  Judicial  Branch 


961 


Jarnes  Carroll  Fox 

Chief  Judge,  Eastern  District 

United  States  District  Court 
Eastern  District 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Atchinson,  Kansas,  November  6, 
1928,  to  Jared  Copeland  and  Ethel  (Carroll) 
Fox. 

Educational  Background 

Woodberry  Forest  School,  1946;  UNC- 
Chapel  Hill,  1950,  B.S.  (Business 
Administration);  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  School 
of  Law,  1957,  LL.B.  with  honors. 

Professional  Background 

Judge,  U.S.  District  Court,  Eastern  District,  1982-present;  New  Hanover  County 
Attorney,  1967-81;  Attorney  at  Law  [partner,  firm  of  Murchison,  Fox  &  Newton, 
1960-1982  (associate,  1958-59)]. 

Organizations 

N.C.  Bar  Association;  N.C.  State  Bar;  Wilmington  Civitan;  Director,  First  Union 
Bank,  1974-1982  (Chair,  1982). 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Army  Reserves,  1951-59  (corporal);  honorable  discharge. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Katharine  deRosset  Rhett  of  Wilmington,  December  30,  1950.  Children: 
James  C.  Fox  Jr.,  Jane  Haskell  (Fox)  Brown  and  Ruth  Rhett  (Fox)  Jordan.  Member, 
St.  James  Episcopal  Church,  Wilmington;  Senior  Warden,  1979-82;  Vestryman,  1974- 
75. 


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Franklin  T.  Dupree,  Jr» 

Senior  Judge 

United  States  District  Court 
Eastern  District 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Angier,  Harnett  County,  October 
18,  1913,  to  Franklin  T.  and  Elizabeth 
Mason  (Wells)  Dupree. 

Educational  Background 

Angier  High  School,  1925-28;  Campbell 
College  High  School,  1928-29;  UNC-Chapel 
Hill,  1933,  A.B.;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  School  of 
Law,  1936,  LL.B. 

Professional  Background 

Judge,  U.S.  District  Court,  1970-present. 

Organizations 

Wake  County,  Bar  Association;  N.C.  and  American  Bar  Association;  American 
Judicature  Society;  Benevolent  and  Protective  Order  of  Elks;  Lions  Club  of  Raleigh; 
Stag  Club. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  Republican  Party. 

Military  Service 
Served,  U.S.  Navy,  1943-46  (Lieutenant). 

Personal  Information 
Married,  Rosalyn  Dupree,  December  30,  1939.  Children:  Elizabeth  Rosalyn  (Dupree) 
and  Nancy  (Dupree)  Miller.  Member,  Hayes  Barton  Baptist  Church. 


The  United  States  Judicial  Branch 
W.  Earl  Britt 


Judge 

United  States  District  Court 
Eastern  District 

Early  Years 

Born  in  McDonald,  Robeson  County, 
December  7,  1932,  to  Dudley  H.  and  Martha 
Mae  (Hall)  Britt. 

Educational  Background 

Rowland  High  School,  1950;  Campbell 
College,  1950-52;  Wake  Forest  University, 
1956,  B.S.;  Wake  Forest  University,  School 
of  Law,  1958,  LL.B. 

Organiza  tions 

N.C.  Bar  Association;  American  Bar  Associations;  Fourth  Circuit  Representative  to 
the  Judicial  Conference  of  the  United  States;  Federal  Judges  Association;  Director 
and  member  of  Executive  Committee. 

Professional  Background 

Judge,  U.S.  District  Court,  Eastern  District. 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Army,  1953-55  (Corporal). 

Hon  ors  and  Awa  rds 

"Tar  Heel  of  the  Week,"  The  News  and  Observer,  1981. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Judith  Moore,  April  17,  1976.  Children:  Clifford  Paul,  Mark  Earl  and 
Elizabeth  Carol. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


in  Jones  Howard 

Judge 

United  States  District  Court 
Eastern  District 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Kinston,  Lenoir  County,  June  24, 
1939,  to  Clayton  and  Thelma  Lee  (Jones) 
Howard. 

Educational  Background 

Deep  Run  School;  The  Citadel  (Charleston, 
SO;  U.S.  Military  Academy  (West  Point, 
NY),  B.S.,  1962;  School  of  Law,  Wake  Forest 
University,  J.D.,  1970. 

Professional  Background 

Judge,  U.S.  District  Court  (Eastern  District,  North  Carolina),  1988-Present;  Attorney 
(Senior  Partner,  Howard,  Browning,  Sams,  and  Poole,  1975-1988);  Counsel,  Executive 
Office  of  the  President  (White  House,  Washington,  D.C.),  1974;  Assistant  U.S. 
Attorney  (Raleigh,  N.C.),  1973-74. 

Organizations 

Rotary  Club  of  Greenville;  East  Carolina  Vocational  Center  (Director). 

Boards  and  Commissions 

Board  of  Visitors,  Wake  Forest  University  School  of  Law,  1988-present. 

Political  Activities 

Judge,  U.S.  District  Court,  Eastern  District  of  North  Carolina  (appointed  by 
President  Reagan  in  1988);  Member,  Republican  Party;  Chair,  1st  District  Republican 
Party  (3  terms),  1974-1980;  Delegate,  Republican  National  Convention,  1976  &  1980; 
Candidate,  U.S.  Congress,  1st  District,  1972. 

Military  Service 

Served  in  U.S.  Army  (Lt.  Col),  1962-1972;  Reserves,  1972-1982,  Silver  Star,  Bronze 
Star  of  Valor  (two),  Meritorious  Service  Medal,  Purple  Heart,  Air  Medal  (two), 
Combat  Infantryman's  Badge,  Parachute  Badge. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Eloise  K.  McGinty  of  Marshallton,  Iowa,  November  24,  1964.  Children: 
Shannon  Lea  and  Joshua  Brian.  Member,  Memorial  Baptist  Church,  Greenville; 
Sunday  School  Teacher,  Deacon;  Director,  N.C.  Baptist  Foundation. 


The  United  States  Judicial  Branch 


965 


Richard  Cannon  Erwin 

Senior  Judge,  Middle  District 

United  States  District  Court 
Middle  District 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Marion,  August  23,  1923,  to  John 
Adam  and  Flora  (Cannon)  Erwin. 

Educational  Background 

McDowell  County  Public  Schools;  Johnson 
C.  Smith  University,  1947,  B.A.;  Howard 
University,  School  of  Law,  1951,  LL.B. 

Professional  Background 

Judge,  U.S.  District  Court,  Middle  District;      «** 
Attorney  (firm  of  Erwin  and  Beatty). 

Organizations 

Forsyth  County  (former  President);  N.C.  State  Bar  Association;  Bar  of  the  U.S. 
Supreme  Court;  Kappa  Alpha  Psi. 

Political  Activities 

Judge,  N.C.  Court  of  Appeals,  1977-80;  member,  N.C.  House  of  Representatives, 
1975-77. 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Army,  1945-46  (1st  Sergeant). 

Honors  and  A  wards 

L.L.D.,  Pfeiffer  College,  1980;  L.L.D.,  Johnson  C.  Smith  University,  1981. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Demerice  Whitley,  August  25,  1946.  Children:  Aurelia  Whitley  and  Richard 
Cannon,  Jr.  Member,  St.  Paul's  United  Methodist  Church;  National  Methodist 
Layman. 


966 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Eugene  Andrew  Gordon 

Senior  Judge 

United  States  District  Court 
Middle  District 


Early  Years 

Born  in  Brown  Summitt,  July  10,  1917,  to 
Charles  Robert  and  Carrie  (Scott)  Gordon. 

Educational  Background 

Elon  College,  1939,  A.B.;  Duke  University, 
School  of  Law,  1941,  LL.B. 

Professional  Background 

^JEj     Judge,  U.S.  District  Court,  Middle  District 
of  N.C.,  1964-Present;  Chief  Judge,  1971-82; 
Senior  U.S.  District  Judge,  1982-present;  Attorney  (private)  practice,  1946-64  and 
also  served  as  Alamance  County  Attorney  during  a  portion  of  this  period. 

Organizations 

Duke  University  Law  Alumni  Association;  Federal  District  Judges  Association;  N.C. 
Retired  Governmental  Employees  Association;  Greensboro  Bar  Association. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  Democratic  Party. 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Army,  1942-46  (Captain);  field  artillery. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Virginia  Stoner,  January  1,  1943.  Children:  Eugene  Andrew  and  Rosemary 
Ann.  Member,  Starmount  Presbyterian  Church. 


The  United  States  Judicial  Branch 


967 


Hirani  Hamilton  Ward 

■  1 1        hi      ii  ==     i       = 

Senior  Judge 

United  States  District  Court 
Middle  District 


Early  Years 

Born  in  Thomasville,  Davidson  County, 
April  29,  1923,  to  O.  L.  Ward  and  Margaret 
A.  (Lowdermilk)  Ward. 

Educational  Background 

Denton  High  School;  Wake  Forest 
University;  Wake  Forest  University,  School 
of  Law,  1950,  J.D. 

Professional  Background 

Judge,  U.S.  District  Court,  Middle  District,  1972;  Chief  Judge  1982-88,  Chair; 
Federal  Land  Condemnation  Commission,  1964-65. 

Orga  n  iza  tions 

American  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Bar  Association;  American  Judicature  Society; 
Mason;  Phi  Alpha  Delta;  Board  of  Visitors,  Wake  Forest  University  School  of  Law. 

Political  Activities 

Member,  Republican  Party;  N.C.  State  Board  of  Elections,  1964-72. 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Air  Force,  1940-45,  Air  Medal,  Purple  Heart,  Presidential  Unit  Citation. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Evelyn  McDaniel,  June  1,  1947.  Children:  William  M.  and  James  Randolph. 
Member,  Baptist  Church;  Deacon,  Sunday  School  teacher.  Liberty  Baptist 
Association. 


968 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Frank  William  Bullock,  Jr. 

Chief  Judge 

United  States  District  Court 
Middle  District 


Early  Years 

Born  in  Oxford,  Granville  County, 
November  3,  1938,  to  Frank  William  and 
Wilma  (Long)  Bullock. 

Educational  Background 

Oxford  High  School,  1957;  Duke  University; 
UNC-Chapel  Hill,  B.S.  (Business 
Administration),  1961;  School  of  Law,  UNC- 
CH,  LL.B.,  1963. 

Professional  Background 

Judge,  U.S.  District  Court  (Middle  District,  North  Carolina),  1982-Present;  Attorney 
(Private  practice,  1973-1982;  1964-1968;)  Assistant  Director,  N.C.  Administrative 
Office  of  the  Courts,  1968-1973;  Law  clerk  to  Federal  Judge,  1963-64. 

Organizations 

Greensboro  Bar  Association;  N.C.  Bar  Association;  American  Bar  Association;  N.C. 
State  Bar. 

Political  Activities 

Judge,  U.S.  District  Court,  Middle  District  of  North  Carolina  (appointed  by  President 
Reagan  in  1982). 

Literary  Works 

Numerous  articles  in  law  reviews  and  legal  publications. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Frances  D.  Haywood  of  Raleigh,  May  5,  1984.  Children:  Frank  William,  III. 
Member,  Presbyterian  Church. 


The  United  States  Judicial  Branch  969 

William  h.  Qsteen,  Sn* 

Judge 

United  States  District  Court 
Middle  District 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Greensboro,  July  15,  1931. 

Educational  Background 

Guilford  College,  A.B.  Degree  in  Economics,  1953;  Schooling  interrupted  1950-51  for 
military  service;  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  LL.B.  Degree,  1956. 

Professional  Background 

United  States  District  Court  Judge  (Middle  District,  North  Carolina),  1991-present; 
Osteen,  Adams  &  Osteen,  1974-91;  U.S.  Department  of  Justice,  1969-74;  Booth  & 
Osteen,  1959-69;  William  L.  Osteen,  1958-59;  W.  H.  McElwee,  Jr.,  1956-58. 

Organizations 

N.C.  Bar  Association;  N.C.  State  Bar,  1989-91;  Greensboro  Bar  Association,  1989-90, 
Member  of  Executive  Committee,  1988-;  Eighteenth  Judicial  District  Bar,  President, 
1985;  Permanent  member  of  the  Fourth  Circuit  U.S.  Court  of  Appeals  Judicial 
Conference;  Past  member  of  Federal  Bar  Association;  Fellow,  American  College  of 
Trial  Lawyers;  Law  Alumni  Assocation,  UNC;  Guilford  College  Alumni  Assocation; 
Greensboro  Country  Club. 

Military  Service 

Member  of  U.S.  Army  Reserves,  1948-51;  Called  to  active  duty  October  10,  1950  and 
served  until  December  12,  1951;  Entered  as  Private  and  discharged  as  Staff  Sergeant. 

Hon ors  and  A  wards 

Martindale-Hubbell,  "A"  Rating. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Joanne  Bennett  Snow  now  Osteen,  May  16,  1959. 


*  Subject  declined  to  provide  biographical  photograph. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Norwood  Carlton  Tilley,  Jr. 

Judge 

United  States  District  Court 
Middle  District 


Early  Years 

Born  in  Rock  Hill,  December  16,  1943,  to 
Norwood  Carlton  and  Rebecca  Westbrook 
Tilley. 

Educational  Background 

Rock  Hill  High  School,  1962;  Wake  Forest 
College,  B.S.  in  Biology,  1966;  Wake  Forest 
University  School  of  Law,  J.D.,  1969. 

Professional  Background 

Presently  U.S.  District  Judge;  Law  Clerk  to  the  Honorable  Eugene  A.  Gordon,  U.S. 
District  Judge,  Middle  District  of  N.C.,  1969-71;  Assistant  U.S.  Attorney,  Middle 
District,  N.C.,  1971-74;  U.S.  Attorney,  Middle  District,  N.C.,  1974-77;  Partner, 
Osteen,  Adams,  Tilley  &  Walker,  1977-88. 

Organizations 

American  Inns  of  Court,  (Chief  Justice  Joseph  Branch  Chapter). 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Greta  Medlin  of  Charleston,  SC,  September  25,  1970. 


The  United  States  Judicial  Branch 
Richard  Lesley  Voorhees     jff 

Chief  Judge,  Western  District 

United  States  District  Court 
WesternDistrict 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Syracuse,  Onondaga  County,  New 
York,  June  5,  1941,  to  Henry  Austin  and 
Catherine  Adeline  (Fait)  Voorhees. 

Ed  u  ca  tion  alBa  ckgro  und 

R.  J.  Reynolds  High  School  (Winston-Salem), 
1959;  Davidson  College,  A.B.  (French), 
1963;  School  of  Law,  UNC-Chapel  Hill,  J.D., 
1968. 

Professional  Background 

Judge,  U.S.  District  Court  (Western  District,  North  Carolina),  1988-Present;  Attorney 
at  Law  [Sole  practitioner,  1980-1988;  Firm  of  Garland  and  Alala,  1968-1979  (Partner, 
1972-1979)]. 

Organizations 

Buncombe  County  Bar  Association;  N.C.  State  Bar;  N.C.  Bar  Association;  Federal 
Judges  Association;  District  Judges  Association;  Fourth  Circuit  Judicial  Council,  91- 
92;  Committee  on  Court  Administration  and  Case  Management  of  the  U.S.  Judicial 
Conference. 

Military  Service 

Served  in  U.S.  Army  (1st  Lieutenant),  1963-1965;  Reserves  (Captain),1965-1969. 

Person  al  In  form  a  tion 

Married,  Barbara  Holway  Humphries,  of  Holland  Patent,  N.Y.,  1968.  Children: 
Martha  Northrop  and  Steven  Coerte.  Member,  First  Presbyterian  Church,  Gastonia 
(Deacon,  1972-1975;  Elder,  1983-present. 


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North  Carolina  Manual 


Janies  Bryan  McMillan 

Senior  Judge 

United  States  District  Court 
WesternDistrict 


Early  Years 

Born  in  Goldsboro,  December  19,  1916,  to 
Robert  Hunter  and  Louise  (Outlaw) 
McMillan. 

Educational  Background 

Presbyterian  Junior  College  1934;  A.B., 
U.N.C.,  1937;  J.D.,  Harvard  University, 
1940,  LL.D.  (hon);  Belmont  Abbey  College, 
1982;  Davidson  College,  1984;  Johnson  C. 
Smith   College,    1985;   UNC    1988;   St. 

Andrews  Presbyterian  College,  1989;  UNC-Charlotte,  1990;  L.H.D.,  Queens  College, 

1991. 

Professional  Background 

Judge,  U.S.  District  Court,  Western  District;  Member  staff  N.C.  attorney  general, 
1940-42,  partner  Helms,  Mullis,  McMillan  &  Johnston,  Charlotte,  1946-68. 

Organizations 

Charlotte  City  Court,  1945-51;  member  faculty  National  Institute  of  Trial  Advocacy, 
Boulder,  Co.,  1973-81;  Instr.  Trial  Advocacy  course  Harvard  Law  School,  1975  -  pre- 
sent, UNC  Law  School,  1976-78;  U.  Fla.  Law  School,  1978-80,  Member,  N.C.  Cts. 
Commn.,  1963-71;  President;  Travelers  Aid  Society,  1957-59;  Board  of  Visitors, 
Davidson  College;  Recipient,  Algernon  Sydney  Sullivan  Award,  St.  Andrews 
Presbyterian  College;  Fellow  International  Academy  Trial  Lawyers;  member  ABA, 
26th  District  Bar  Association  (President  1957-58);  N.C.  Bar  District  Bar  Association 
(President  1957-58;  N.C.  Bar  Association  (President  1960-61);  American  Judicature 
Society  (Director.  1984-Present).  United  World  Federalists,  Newcome  Society,  St. 
Andrews  College  Alumni  Assn.  (President  1965-66);  Order  of  Coif,  Golden  Fleece, 
Omicron  Delta  Kappa.  Democrat. 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Navy,  1942-45.  Served  from  apprentice  seaman  to  Lt.  USNR,  1942-46, 
ETO. 

Literary  Works 

Author  of  numerous  case  opinions  and  orders. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Margaret  Blair  Miles,  February  27,  1944.  (deceased);  Children:  James 
Bryan  and  Marjorie  Miles  Rodell.  Married,  Holly  Smith  Neaves,  August  23,  1987. 
Member,  First  Presbyterian  Church;  Ruling  Elder,  1963-71,  1975-;  former  Treasurer 
and  Deacon. 


The  United  States  Judicial  Branch  973 

Graham  C»  Mullen* 

Judge 

United  States  District  Court 
WesternDistrict 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Charlotte,  April  21,  1940,  to  James  Mullen  and  Margaret  Calder  Mullen. 

Educational  Background 

Frank  L.  Ashley  High  School,  Gastonia,  N.C.,  1958;  Duke  University,  A.B.,  History, 
1962;  Duke  University  School  of  Law,  J.D.,  1969. 

Professional  Background 

Judge,  U.S.  District  Court,  Western  District  of  N.C.,  1990-present;  Attorney,  Mullen, 
Holland  &  Cooper,  PA,  1969-90. 

Organiza  tions 

North  Carolina  State  Bar;  North  Carolina  Bar  Association,  Member  Board  of 
Governors,  1980-83. 

Military  Service 

Served  U.S.  Navy,  1962-66,  Lieutenant  USN. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Judith  Marie  Graves,  July  9,  1966.    Children:  Katharine  and  Jennifer. 
Member,  St.  Mark's  Episcopal  Church,  Gastonia. 


"Subject  declined  to  provide  biographical  photo. 


974 


North  Carolina  Manual 


ert  D.  Potter 


Judge 

United  States  District  Court 
WesternDistrict 

Early  Years 

Born  in  Wilmington,  April  4,  1923. 

Educational  Background 

New  Hanover  High  School,  1938-1940; 
Duke  University,  1940-1943,  1947,  A.B. 
(Chemistry);  Duke  University,  1947-50, 
LL.B. 

Professional  Background 

Chief  Judge,  U.S.  District  Court,  Western 
District,  1984-1991;  Judge,  U.S.  District  Court,  Western  District,  1981;  Private  legal 
practice,  1951-81. 

Military  Service 

Served,  U.S.  Army,  1945-46  (2nd  Lieutenant);  infantry. 

Personal  Information 

Married,  Kathleen  Neilson,  February  13,  1954.  Children:  Robert  D.,  Jr.,  Mary  Louise 
and  Catherine  Ann. 


Voters,  Voting 


Election  Returns 


Part  VII 


'eaa-. 


V«u»iu«»*«?» 


976  North  Carolina  Manual 

CHAPTER  ONE 


Voting  in  North  Carolina 


VOTER  REGISTRATION 

In    1966,    the    State   Board   of  18-20  age  bracket,  yet  a  report  issued 

Elections  began  publishing  statis-  in  October,  1973  by  the  State  Board  of 

tical  data  on  voter  registration  Elections  indicates  that  only  130,813 

for    the    100    counties    in    North  had  actually  registered.  Recent  indi- 

Carolina.  The  first  report  was  made  cations  are  that  the  numbers  have 

in  July  of  that  year  and  showed  a  only  slightly  improved, 
total  registration  of  1,933,763  voters  Better  results  appear  to  have 

(1,540,499  Democrats  and  344,700  occurred  in  the  area  of  minority 

Republicans).  This  first  report  also  voter  registration.  Political  parties 

indicated  that  1,653,796  white  voters  and  leaders  in  the  minority  rights 

and  281,134  non-white  voters  were  movement  have  spent  a  lot  of  effort 

registered   to   vote.    Subsequent  encouraging  non-white  citizens  to 

reports  have  been  issued  at  periodic  register  to  vote,  thereby  becoming 

intervals,  usually  every  two  years,  more  active  in  the  political  process, 

following  the  close  of  the  registration  In  October,  1968,  records  indicated 

books  for  each  voting  period.  there  were  326,487  non-white  regis- 

During  the  past  20  years,  there  tered  voters  in  North  Carolina.  Ten 

has  been  a  steady  increase  in  voter  years  later  in  1978,  this  figure  had 

registration  in  North  Carolina.  Aide  increased  only  20  percent  to  393,327; 

from  the  growth  in  the  voting  popu-  however,  in  the  past  ten  years,  voter 

lation  attributed  to  the  "baby  boom"  registration  statistics  released  on 

years,  two  other  factors  have  influ-  October  10,  1988,  show  681,375  non- 

enced  this  rise-the  passage  of  the  white  registered  voters,  an  increase 

26th  amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  73  percent  since  1978. 
of  the  United  States  and  major  The  most  recent  report  issued  by 

emphasis  on  encouraging  non-white,  the  State  Board  of  Elections  shows  a 

eligible  citizens  to  register  to  vote.  total  registration  of  3,432,042  voters 

The  26th  amendment  to  the  (2,247,759  Democrats,   1,016,546 

Constitution  of  the  United  States,  Republicans,  and  167,737  unaffiliated 

which  granted  the  right  to  vote  to  or  minor  third  party  registrations), 

those  citizens  in  the  18  -  20  year  old  Politically  speaking,  the  Republican 

age  bracket,  was  declared  in  force  in  Party  has  made  the  most  gains  over 

June,  1971.  However,  there  was  not  the  past  twenty-two  years  with  an 

a  sudden,  dramatic  increase  in  the  increase  of  671,846  voters  compared 

number  of  registered  voters.  The  new  to  313,996  for  the  Democratic  Party, 

eligible  voters  did  not  immediately  However,  these  increases  seem  rela- 

exercise  their  new  right  to  vote  by  tively  insignificant  when  viewed  in 

registering.  Census  figures  for  1970  light  of  those  eligible  citizens  who 

census  indicated  that  there  were  are  not  registered.  Projected  census 

around  400,000  people  living  in  figures  for  1988  indicate  that  more 

North  Carolina  that  fell  within  the  than  4,800,000  residents  of  voting 


Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Results  977 

age  (18  years  or  older)  lived  in  North  Carolina.  This  means  there  were  nearly 
1.4  million  citizens  who,  for  whatever  reason,  were  not  registered  to  vote,  but 
could  have  been.  This  represents  over  29  percent  of  the  eligible  voting  popu- 
lation of  North  Carolina. 

Voter  registration  is  a  function  of  the  County  Boards  of  Elections  who 
operate  under  guidelines  set  out  in  the  General  Statutes  of  North  Carolina. 
Each  county  has  its  own  board,  and  citizens  are  registered  based  on  the 
county  in  which  they  reside. 

Periodically,  purges  of  voter  registration  files  are  conducted  in  accor- 
dance with  laws  to  remove  voters  who  have  not  exercised  their  right  to  vote 
during  a  specified  period  of  time.  G.S.  163-69  states  that  "Any  voter  who  nei- 
ther voted  in  the  first  or  the  second  of  the  two  most  recent  consecutive  presi- 
dential elections,  and  who  failed  to  vote  in  any  other  election  conducted  in 
the  period  between  the  two  presidential  elections  shall  be  purged.  "  However, 
removal  is  not  automatic.  Individuals  are  notified  of  their  impending  removal 
and  given  an  opportunity  to  have  their  name  remain  on  the  books.  The  purge 
process  ensures  accuracy  and  provides  a  means  of  keeping  the  voter  registration 
books  as  up  to  date  as  possible. 


978  North  Carolina  Manual 


The  North  Carolina  Electoral  College 

DEVELOPMENT  OF  THE  ELECTORAL  COLLEGE 

The  Electoral  College  originated  therefore,  the  voters  could  not  be 

with      the      Constitutional  trusted  to  make  an  informed  deci- 

Convention  of  1787  held  in  sion.  The  people  would  be  easily 

Philadelphia.  One  of  the  most  diffi-  deceived  by  the  candidates  or  might 

cult  tasks  facing  the  delegates  to  the  just  vote  for  the  candidate  from  their 

convention  was  the  question  of  an  state.  It  seemed  that  no  solution 

executive  department.  The  colonial  would  be  found. 

experience  of  a  single  powerful  execu-  Finally,  James  Wilson  proposed 

tive  had  hardened  many  against  a  plan  whereby  the  citizens  in  each 

allowing  one  man  to  head  the  country,  state  would  select  a  special  group  of 

Delegates  deliberated  for  a  long  time  people  called  electors  who  would 

before  agreeing  on  a  singular  head  of  then  vote  for  president.  If  the  unin- 

the  executive.  Their  next  problem  was  formed  citizens  selected  the  wrong 

to  decide  how  the  president  would  be  person,  the  electors,  in  their  wisdom, 

selected.  They  had  to  consider  checks  could  correct  the  mistake.  Although 

and  balances  on  the  three  branches  of  the  electoral  college  system  was  a  bit 

government,  the  balance  of  power  confusing,  the  founding  fathers  were 

between  the  large  and  small  states  confident  that  they  were  leaving  the 

and  the  role  of  the  citizens  in  the  final  selection  of  the  president  to 

democracy  they  were  establishing.  some  of  the  most  educated  and  knowl- 

Five  basic  plans  were  suggested  edgeable  leaders  of  their  country  -  the 

and  debated.  One  by  one  they  fell  as  electors. 

the  delegates  debated  the  advan-  The  operation  of  the  electoral  col- 
tages  and  disadvantages  of  each.  A  lege  is  found  in  Article  II  of  the 
plan  recommending  that  the  gover-  Constitution  of  the  United  States, 
nors  of  each  state  choose  the  presi-  Each  state  was  given  a  number  of  ! 
dent  was  rejected  because  the  large  electors  equal  to  the  number  of  sena- 
states  felt  it  gave  the  small  states  a  tors  and  representatives  in  the 
disproportionate  share  of  the  vote  in  United  States  Congress.  The  state 
the  selection  process.  Another  idea  legislatures  in  each  state  were  given 
called  for  Congress  to  select  the  pres-  the  power  to  determine  how  its  elec- 
ident.  This  plan  was  rejected  because  tors  would  be  chosen.  Senators,  rep- 
the  delicate  system  of  checks  and  resentatives,  or  other  "Persons  hold-  i 
balances  might  be  destroyed  through  ing  an  office  of  trust  or  profit  under 
corruption.  A  proposal  to  allow  the  the  United  States"  could  not  be  elec- 
state  legislatures  to  select  the  presi-  tors.  Electors  were  to  convene  in 
dent  was  thrown  out  with  little  their  state  to  vote  for  two  people.  The 
debate.  A  fourth  proposal  providing  candidate  receiving  the  most  votes 
for  the  direct  election  of  the  president  would  become  president,  while  the 
met  with  resistance  from  the  dele-  candidate  with  the  second  highest 
gates.  These  men  viewed  the  average  number  of  votes  would  become  vice- 
voter  as  uneducated  and  uninformed;  president.  The  electors  were  allowed 


Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Results  979 

to  vote  for  only  one  candidate  from  their  own  state.  Each  state  sent  their 
electoral  votes  to  the  President  of  the  Senate.  These  votes  were  totaled  with 
those  of  the  other  states  to  determine  the  winners. 

The  Electoral  College  Today 

Organization 

Each  state  is  assigned  a  number  of  electors  equal  to  the  total  number  of 
senators  and  representatives  each  has  in  the  United  States  Congress.  There 
are  538  electors  representing  the  100  senators  and  the  435  representatives, 
plus  three  for  the  District  of  Columbia.  A  total  of  270  electoral  votes  is  need- 
ed to  win  the  election.  If  no  candidate  receives  a  majority,  the  United  States 
House  of  Representatives  selects  the  president  and  the  United  States  Senate 
selects  the  vice-president. 

Selection  of  Electors 

Today,  each  state  selects  its  electors  on  a  statewide  basis  except  for  Maine, 
which  uses  a  district  plan.  In  35  states,  including  North  Carolina,  electors  are 
nominated  by  party  conventions.  The  state  political  committees  choose  them  in 
five  states,  and  Arizona  has  a  primary  for  presidential  elector.  Pennsylvania 
calls  for  the  national  candidates  to  select  25  people  to  serve  in  the  college,  and 
the  other  eight  states  use  a  combination  of  these  methods. 

In  North  Carolina,  each  party  selects  its  fourteen  electors  in  conventions. 
Twelve  electors,  one  chosen  at  each  of  the  respective  Congressional  District 
Conventions,  are  called  district  electors.  Two  others,  representing  the  United 
States  Senators,  are  selected  statewide  at  the  State  Conventions  of  each 
political  party  and  are  called  the  at-large  electors.  Each  political  party 
appearing  on  the  ballot  has  a  state  of  fourteen  electors. 

Ballots 

Voting  methods  have  undergone  many  changes  in  North  Carolina.  In  1796 
a  voter  went  to  the  courthouse  of  any  county  in  which  he  held  land  and  voted. 
From  1796  to  1808  either  voice  voting  or  signing  by  the  voter  beneath  the 
name  of  the  nominee  was  used.  The  sheriff  in  each  county  was  responsible  for 
conducting  the  election.  Since  there  were  typically  only  two  candidates,  there 
were  usually  no  problems  unless  a  sheriff  held  the  election  on  the  wrong  day, 
as  happened  in  Montgomery  County  in  1804  and  in  Chatham  County  in  1808. 
In  each  of  these  cases,  the  winning  candidate  lost  the  district  election  when 
that  county's  returns  were  thrown  out. 

After  the  legislature  returned  the  election  of  the  electors  to  the  people  in 
1816,  the  ballot  was  much  more  complex.  Each  ballot  consisted  of  the  fifteen 
statewide  candidates  for  elector  of  one  party.  To  cast  a  vote  for  a  candidate 
for  president,  a  voter  had  to  vote  for  all  fifteen  candidates  for  the  electoral 
college  of  their  party. 


980  North  Carolina  Manual 

Because  newspapers  had  the  only  printing  presses  around,  they  printed 
the  paper  ballots.  Ballots  were  sold  by  the  papers  to  the  political  leaders  of 
the  counties,  who  in  turn  dispersed  them  to  the  voters  they  thought  they 
could  trust  to  vote  for  that  state.  Eventually,  the  newspapers  printed  ballots 
in  their  editorial  columns. 

When  the  Republicans  gained  control  of  the  state  in  1868,  they  recog- 
nized the  need  for  a  better  system  of  voting.  Most  whites  and  practically  all 
of  the  newly  freed  blacks  could  not  read  and  had  trouble  with  whites  who 
tricked  them  into  voting  for  the  state  Conservative  ticket  in  the  state  elec- 
tions of  April  1868.  As  a  result,  the  legislature  had  the  parties  to  print  col- 
ored ballots.  All  the  voters  had  to  know  was  that  the  Republican  ticket  was 
green. 

A  major  problem  was  that  the  presidential  candidates  of  the  parties  did 
not  appear  on  the  ballots.  In  1920,  the  Democrats  were  worried  so  much 
about  women  voting  for  their  candidate,  James  M.  Cox,  that  they  nominated 
Albert  L.  Cox  for  elector. 

The  General  Assembly  of  1929  passed  the  Australian  ballot.  This  ballot 
is  still  in  use  today  and  lists  the  nominees  of  each  party.  Before  this  time  bal- 
lots had  only  the  names  of  the  candidates  of  the  party  which  printed  them.  A 
result  of  this  ballot  was  the  disappearance  of  the  Socialist  and  Prohibition 
Parties,  which  could  not  retain  "ballot  status."  An  additional  change  occurred 
in  North  Carolina  in  1936  when  the  names  of  the  electors  were  removed  from 
the  ballots.  In  their  place  was  the  statement  "Electors  pledged  to"  the  nation- 
al ticket.  Today,  these  words  have  also  been  removed  and  only  the  names  of 
each  presidential  nominee  appear. 

In  some  states  the  names  of  the  electors  do  appear  on  the  ballot.  This 
practice  makes  the  voter  more  aware  that  he  is  voting  for  electors  who  will  in 
turn  vote  for  president,  as  specified  in  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 
Ballots  in  Arizona,  Idaho,  Kansas,  Louisiana,  Mississippi,  New  York,  North 
Dakota,  Oklahoma,  Rhode  Island,  South  Dakota,  Tennessee,  and  Virginia 
list  the  electors. 

Weaknesses  in  the  Electoral  College  System 

Throughout  the  years,  history  has  pointed  out  many  weaknesses  in  the 
electoral  college  system.  In  the  past  200  years,  over  500  proposals  (one  as 
early  as  1797)  have  been  made  to  improve  it  but  only  one,  the  12th 
Amendment,  has  passed. 

Many  people  call  the  electoral  college  system  undemocratic  because  it 
violates  the  principle  of  one-man-one-vote.  The  small  states  have  a  larger 
voice  than  their  population  dictates  giving  the  weight  of  an  electoral  vote  in 
Alaska  more  than  in  California;  moreover,  if  the  election  is  thrown  into  the 
Congress,  each  state  has  an  equal  vote,  regardless  of  population. 

The  "winner-take-all"  theory  is  another  area  of  concern.  If  a  candidate 
carries  the  state  by  one  vote  or  one  million,  he  gets  all  the  electoral  votes  of 
that  state.  This,  in  effect,  does  not  even  count  or  reflect  the  votes  cast  for  the 
minority  candidate.  The  electoral  vote  does  not  reflect  the  popular  vote  as 
exhibited  by  the  past  two  elections.  In  1984,  President  Reagan  received  98% 


Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Results  981 

of  the  electoral  votes  while  obtaining  only  58%  of  the  popular  votes  in  the 
race  against  Walter  Mondale,  the  Democratic  candidate.  In  1988,  Vice 
President  George  Bush  won  79%  of  the  electoral  votes  but  got  only  54%  of  the 
popular  votes. 

A  third  area  of  concern  rests  with  the  electors  themselves.  In  a  majority 
of  the  states,  they  are  not  bound  to  vote  for  the  candidate  that  carries  their 
state.  As  a  result,  since  1848,  there  have  been  six  faithless  electors  who  did 
not  vote  for  their  party's  nominee.  Twenty-one  states  and  the  District  of 
Columbia  have  taken  action  to  make  sure  this  will  not  happen  in  their 
states.  Fifteen  states  including  Alaska,  Colorado,  Connecticut,  Hawaii, 
Maine,  Maryland,  Nevada,  New  Mexico,  North  Carolina,  Ohio,  Oklahoma, 
Vermont,  Virginia,  Washington,  Wyoming  and  the  District  of  Columbia 
require  their  electors  to  vote  according  to  the  popular  vote  in  their  state. 
Failure  to  do  so  results  in  fines  in  some  states  such  as  in  North  Carolina. 
Three  other  states,  California,  Tennessee,  and  Wisconsin  require  the  electors 
to  vote  for  the  winner  in  their  state  if  he  is  living.  Massachusetts  and  Oregon 
take  it  seriously  enough  to  require  their  electors  to  make  a  pledge  of  support 
for  the  candidate  they  represent.  South  Carolina  provides  for  the  unbinding 
of  its  electors  if  it  deems  it  necessary.  Needless  to  say,  electors  who  are  not 
bound  by  law  would  be  subject  to  bribes  and  corruption  if  no  candidate 
received  a  majority  of  the  electoral  votes.  The  thought  that  an  elector  could 
overturn  the  expressed  wishes  of  the  voting  citizens  of  their  state  is  a  possi- 
bility. The  selection  of  the  President  would  hinge  on  this  if  the  vote  was 
close. 

Finally,  there  is  the  problem  of  a  nominee  being  able  to  win  a  majority  of 
the  electoral  votes  but  not  get  a  majority  of  the  popular  votes.  Fact  became 
reality  for  Grover  Cleveland  in  1888  when  he  lost  the  presidency  because  of 
this.  Cleveland  received  48.7%  of  the  popular  votes  to  47.9%  for  Harrison, 
but  lost  in  the  electoral  college  by  a  vote  of  233  to  168.  Other  minority-vote 
presidents  include  John  Quincy  Adams  and  Benjamin  Harrison.  John  Quincy 
Adams  was  selected  by  vote  in  the  United  States  House  in  1824  over  Andrew 
Jackson.  Rutherford  B.  Hayes  won  in  1876  after  a  special  electoral  commis- 
sion decided  the  election  in  his  favor  over  Samuel  Tilden  who  had  received 
51%  of  the  popular  vote. 

While  the  small  states  have  a  disproportionate  share  of  the  vote,  a  few 
large  states  can  also  control  the  election  of  the  President.  If  a  Presidential 
candidate  wins  in  the  11  most  populated  states  he  would  have  267  electoral 
votes.  Therefore,  it  is  possible  for  a  candidate  to  win  in  only  12  states  and 
become  President  while  being  rejected  by  the  voters  of  the  other  38  states 
and  the  District  of  Columbia. 


982 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Registration  Statistics 
PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  APRIL  6, 1992 


County Precincts 

Alamance 33 

Alexander 16 

Alleghany 7 

Anson 12 

Ashe 19 

Avery 19 

Beaufort 30 

Bertie 12 

Bladen 17 

Brunswick 22 

Buncombe 56 

Burke 35 

Cabarrus 33 

Caldwell 24 

Camden 3 

Carteret 36 

Caswell 11 

Catawba 39 

Chatham 20 

Cherokee 16 

Chowan 6 

Clay 9 

Cleveland 23 

Columbus 26 

Craven 26 

Cumberland 57 

Currituck 11 

Dare 16 

Davidson 41 

Davie 14 

Duplin 19 

Durham 52 

Edgecombe 21 

Forsyth 95 

Franklin 13 

Gaston 45 

Gates 7 

Graham 5 

Granville 14 

Greene 13 

Guilford 117 

Halifax 30 

Harnett 22 

Haywood 31 

Henderson 33 

Hertford 12 

Hoke 13 

Hyde 7 

Iredell 24 

Jackson 18 

Johnston 29 


Total 
Registration 


Democrats 


Republicans  Unaffiliated 


59,453 

37,107 

18,434 

3,912 

18,276 

8,504 

8,420 

1,352 

6,296 

4,507 

1,559 

230 

11,466 

10,250 

1,034 

182 

14,886 

7,536 

6,673 

677 

9,303 

1,698 

7,144 

461 

21,415 

15,960 

4,754 

701 

11,362 

10,497 

732 

133 

15,769 

13,886 

1,524 

359 

29,921 

17,691 

10,783 

1,447 

101,519 

60,994 

33,574 

6,951 

39,080 

21,918 

14,371 

2,791 

55,319 

30,388 

21,100 

3,831 

35,110 

17,248 

15,201 

2,661 

3,550 

3,092 

346 

112 

27,805 

15,417 

10,152 

2,236 

11,380 

10,026 

1,156 

198 

63,055 

27,799 

29,327 

5,929 

22,569 

15,762 

5,607 

1,200 

13,549 

7,284 

5,461 

804 

7,011 

5,516 

1,229 

266 

5,604 

2,570 

2,403 

631 

41,151 

29,389 

9,608 

2,154 

30,231 

25,494 

4,174 

563 

35,868 

22,931 

10,368 

2,569 

94,239 

64,685 

22,922 

6,632 

6,534 

5,031 

1,052 

451 

13,334 

7,987 

4,055 

1,292 

65,568 

32,749 

29,358 

3,461 

15,559 

5,823 

8,950 

786 

20,416 

16,501 

3,680 

235 

109,315 

75,953 

23,518 

9,844 

30,904 

26,104 

3,997 

803 

148,345 

84,000 

52,487 

11,858 

18,182 

14,063 

3,618 

501 

81,770 

47,273 

29,724 

4,773 

5,263 

4,869 

306 

88 

5,621 

2,823 

2,539 

259 

17,020 

14,611 

1,999 

410 

7,785 

6,952 

705 

128 

212,958 

126,437 

70,756 

15,765 

26,855 

23,630 

2,577 

648 

27,189 

19,955 

6,616 

618 

29,377 

20,467 

7,273 

1,637 

42,272 

16,912 

21,991 

3,369 

13,607 

12,165 

1,268 

174 

9,052 

7,809 

1,006 

237 

3,292 

3,000 

234 

58 

51,067 

29,031 

18,970 

3,066 

16,299 

10,202 

4,993 

1,104 

40,926 

28,460 

10,988 

1,478 

Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Results 


983 


PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  APRIL  6, 1992  (Continued) 


County 


Precincts 


Total 
Registration 


Democrats 


Republicans 

Unaffiliated 

470 

58 

4,395 

733 

5,140 

448 

10,992 

2,013 

6,220 

1,231 

3,478 

606 

1,681 

317 

5,005 

912 

110,248 

25,174 

8,084 

786 

3,312 

552 

15,480 

3,022 

11,343 

1,490 

25,381 

4,063 

444 

62 

9,174 

2,034 

13,184 

6,435 

1,113 

265 

2,623 

762 

3,946 

697 

737 

173 

2,183 

412 

12,759 

3,087 

4,089 

904 

28,580 

3,450 

3,229 

602 

4,662 

885 

10,092 

2,323 

24,158 

4,101 

7,558 

1,103 

9,913 

646 

2,560 

1,666 

11,178 

1,948 

9,641 

965 

11,536 

1,476 

2,205 

559 

6,352 

1,668 

157 

14 

15,883 

3,282 

1,759 

266 

78,745 

21,829 

484 

113 

741 

175 

11,234 

3,001 

9,523 

1,121 

20,728 

1,850 

7,142 

994 

9,763 

665 

4,553 

801 

Jones 

Lee 

Lenoir 

Lincoln 

Macon 

Madison 

Martin 

McDowell 

Mecklenburg- 
Mitchell 

Montgomery .. 

Moore 

Nash 

New  Hanover. 
Northampton . 

Onslow 

Orange 

Pamlico 

Pasquotank.... 

Pender 

Perquimans  ... 

Person 

Pitt 

Polk 

Randolph 

Richmond 

Robeson 

Rockingham... 

Rowan 

Rutherford 

Sampson , 

Scotland , 

Stanly 

Stokes  

Surry 

Swain 

Transylvania ., 

Tyrrell 

Union 

Vance 

Wake 

Warren 

Washington  .... 

Watauga 

Wayne 

Wilkes 

Wilson 

Yadkin 

;  Yancey 


7 
11 
22 
21 
15 
12 
13 
17 
138 
11 
15 
20 
23 
35 
18 
24 
39 

8 
13 
17 

7 
14 
27 

9 
39 
16 
41 
29 
40 
30 
23 
10 
24 
20 
28 

5 
18 

6 
27 
16 
99 
14 

6 

20 

20 

30 

25 
12 

11 


5,285 
19,511 
26,976 
29,041 
15,412 
11,880 
12,595 
18,400 
291,184 
10,525 
12,706 
34,043 
39,906 
68,475 
12,737 
33,841 
60,201 

6,489 
14,314 
16,381 

5,692 
14,319 
54,600 
10,069 
52,578 
22,976 
54,924 
41,689 
57,762 
27,573 
27,024 
17,067 
28,315 
22,364 
31,842 

8,245 
16,832 

2,168 

44,175 

18,877 

243,023 

10,192 

7,661 
25,505 
39,942 
36,151 
33,924 
16,312 

11,787 


4,757 

14,383 

21,388 

16,036 

7,961 

7,796 

10,597 

12,483 

155,762 

1,655 

8,842 

15,541 

27,073 

39,031 

12,231 

22,633 

40,582 

5,111 

10,929 

11,738 

4,782 

11,724 

38,754 

5,076 

20,548 

19,145 

49,377 

29,274 

29,503 

18,912 

16,465 

12,841 

15,189 

11,758 

18,830 

5,481 

8,812 

1,997 

25,010 

16,852 

142,449 

9,595 

6,745 

11,270 

29,298 

13,573 

25,788 

5,884 

6,433 


Totals 2,"45T 


3,527,187 


~2,188,850~ 


1,114,573 


223,764 


984 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Registration  Statistics 
GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  OCTOBER  5, 1992 


County 

Alamance 

Alexander.... 
Alleghany.... 

Anson 

Ashe 

Avery 

Beaufort 

Bertie 

Blade 

Brunswick  ... 
Buncombe.... 

Burke 

Cabarru 

Caldwell 

Camden 

Carteret 

Caswell 

Catawba 

Chatham 

Cherokee 

Chowan 

Clay 

Cleveland 

Columbus  .... 

Craven 

Cumberland 

Currituck 

Dare 

Davidson 

Davie 

Duplin 

Durham 

Edgecombe  .. 

Forsyth 

Franklin 

Gaston 

Gates 

Graham 

Granville 

Greene 

Guilford 

Halifax 

Harnett 

Haywood 

Henderson... 

Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde 

Iredell 

Jackson 

Johnston  


Precincts 


Total 
Registration 


Democrats       Republicans        Libertarians     Unaffiliated 


33 
16 

12 

19 
19 
30 
12 
17 
22 
56 
35 
33 
24 
3 
37 
11 
39 
20 
16 
6 
9 
23 
26 
26 
57 
11 
16 
41 
14 
19 
53 
21 
95 
13 
45 
7 
5 

14 
13 
117 
30 
22 
31 
33 
12 
13 
7 
24 
18 
29 


63,270 

38,720 

19,233 

8,897 

6,480 

4,613 

12,030 

10,665 

15,421 

7,757 

9,794 

1,820 

22,712 

16,663 

11,716 

10,791 

16,465 

14,380 

32,769 

18,995 

109,805 

64,746 

41,850 

23,094 

60,252 

32,143 

38,196 

18,330 

3,829 

3,207 

30,526 

16,541 

11,900 

10,381 

68,487 

29,645 

24,907 

16,968 

14,394 

7,690 

7,412 

5,720 

5,715 

2,617 

43,359 

30,420 

31,344 

26,276 

39,362 

24,279 

104,468 

69,299 

7,311 

5,344 

14,941 

8,663 

69,608 

34,233 

16,369 

6,086 

21,182 

16,945 

117,678 

80,334 

31,927 

26,735 

161,423 

89,374 

19,860 

14,931 

87,728 

49,323 

5,546 

5,013 

5,370 

2,856 

18,327 

15,420 

8,136 

7,166 

229,000 

133,448 

27,839 

24,233 

29,522 

21,117 

30,910 

21,186 

45,893 

18,113 

14,019 

12,457 

9,741 

8,237 

3,388 

3,049 

55,014 

30,748 

17,529 

10,744 

44,429 

30,021 

19,737 
8,810 
1,616 
1,143 
6,886 
7,380 
5,174 
769 
1,665 

11,761 

36,469 

15,304 

23,259 

16,443 
423 

11,144 
1,257 

31,527 
6,224 
5,697 
1,348 
2,426 

10,302 
4,391 

11,708 

26,022 
1,317 
4,579 

31,213 
9,330 
3,939 

25,405 
4,254 

57,270 
4,186 

32,467 

382 

2,578 

2,318 

785 

76,114 
2,818 
7,494 
7,731 

23,568 

1,362 

1,148 

264 

20,700 
5,402 

12,395 


12 
1 
0 
0 
3 
0 
3 
0 
0 
6 

17 
4 

14 
3 
0 
4 
0 

21 
6 
1 
1 
2 

10 
1 
2 

12 
2 
1 
8 
0 
1 

34 
0 

20 
0 

11 
0 
0 
2 
1 

62 
0 
0 
1 
2 
1 
1 
0 
5 
0 
4 


4,801 

1,525 

251 

222 

775 

594 

872 

156 

420 

2,007 

8,573 

3,448 

4,836 

3,420 

199 

2,837 

262 

7,294 

1,709 

1,006 

343 

670 

2,627 

676 

3,373 

9,205 

648 

1,698 

4,164 

953 

297 

11,905 

938 

14,759 

743 

5,927 

151 

296 

587 

184 

19,376 

788 

941 

1,992 

4,210 

199 

355 

75 

3,831 

1,383 

2,009 


Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Results 


985 


Registration  Statistics 
GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  OCTOBER  5, 1992  (Continued) 


County 


Precincts 


Total 
Registration 


Democrats       Republicans        Libertarians     Unaffiliated 


Jones 

Lee 

Lenoir 

Lincoln 

Macon 

Madison 

Martin 

McDowell , 

Mecklenburg ., 

Mitchell 

Montgomery.., 

Moore , 

Nash , 

New  Hanover , 
Northampton., 

Onslow 

Orange 

Pamlico 

Pasquotank .... 

Pender 

Perquimans.... 

Person 

Pitt 

Polk 

Randolph 

Richmond 

Robeson  

Rockingham  ... 

Rowan 

Rutherford 

Sampson 

Scotland 

Stanly 

Stokes 

Surry 

Swain 

Transylvania.. 

Tyrrell 

Union 

Vance 

Wake 

Warren 

Washington .... 

Watauga 

Wayne 

Wilkes 

Wilson 

Yadkin 

Yancey 

!  Totals 


7 
12 
22 
21 
15 
12 
13 
17 
138 
11 
15 
20 
24 
35 
18 
24 
39 

8 

13 
17 

7 
14 
27 

9 
39 
16 
41 
29 
40 
30 
23 
10 
24 
20 
28 

5 
18 

6 
27 
16 
99 
14 

6 
20 
20 
30 
25 
12 
11 
2,458 


5,467 

4,863 

21,035 

15,224 

28,335 

22,160 

30,871 

16,639 

16,417 

8,372 

12,435 

8,054 

13,282 

11,071 

19,608 

12,993 

326,005 

168,846 

10,782 

1,738 

13,153 

9,035 

37,001 

16,523 

42,600 

28,342 

77,169 

42,536 

12,951 

12,388 

36,947 

23,619 

68,606 

44,856 

7,000 

5,406 

15,609 

11,673 

17,757 

12,411 

5,948 

4,853 

15,235 

12,227 

59,372 

41,057 

11,040 

5,506 

56,783 

22,013 

24,316 

20,029 

56,869 

50,733 

44,424 

30,719 

61,716 

31,027 

29,280 

19,683 

28,074 

16,984 

17,997 

13,397 

29,884 

15,733 

23,012 

12,023 

34,164 

19,784 

8,568 

5,604 

17,868 

9,148 

2,213 

2,012 

48,511 

26,631 

19,862 

17,451 

278,030 

156,350 

10,987 

10,202 

7,882 

6,862 

27,705 

12,067 

42,720 

30,698 

37,484 

14,116 

36,212 

26,976 

17,144 

6,140 

12,274 

6,663 

532 

0 

4,487 

2 

5,531 

2 

11,803 

4 

6,562 

0 

3,640 

2 

1,823 

0 

5,480 

0 

122,671 

79 

8,188 

0 

3,484 

1 

16,698 

1 

12,340 

0 

28,805 

43 

476 

0 

10,503 

5 

15,255 

39 

1,252 

1 

2,938 

4 

4,403 

3 

811 

0 

2,457 

0 

14,388 

0 

4,409 

2 

30,537 

11 

3,497 

3 

5,064 

10,929 

25,840 

8,243 

10,311 

2,764 

2 

11,873 

1 

9,858 

2 

12,324 

0 

2,316 

0 

6,751 

3 

178 

0 

17,712 

2 

1,975 

2 

91,598 

144 

618 

0 

819 

1 

11,982 

9 

10,580 

4 

21,215 

2 

7,963 

9 

10,252 

0 

4,715 

0 

72 

962 

642 

2,425 

1,483 

739 

388 

1,135 

34,409 

856 

633 

3,779 

1,918 

5,785 

87 

2,820 

8,456 

341 

994 

940 

284 

547 

3,927 

1,123 

4,222 

787 

1,071 

2,775 

4,842 

1,353 

778 

1,834 

2,277 

1,129 

2,056 

648 

1,966 

23 

4,166 

434 

29,938 

167 

200 

3,647 

1,438 

2,151 

1,264 

752 

896 


3,817,380  ~  2,313,520" 


1,217,114 


-vrr 


286,069 


. 


986 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Registration  Statistics 
PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  8,  1990 


County 

Alamance  ... 
Alexander  ... 
Alleghany  ... 

Anson 

Ashe  

Avery 

Beaufort 

Bertie 

Bladen 

Brunswick  .. 

Buncombe  ... 

Burke 

Cabarrus 

Caldwell 

Camden 

Carteret 

Caswell  

Catawba  

Chatham 

Cherokee 

Chowan  

Clay 

Cleveland 

Columbus 

Craven  

Cumberland 

Currituck  

Dare 

Davidson  

Davie 

Duplin  

Durham 

Edgecombe  .. 

Forsyth  

Franklin 

Gaston 

Gates  

Graham 

Granville 

Greene 

Guilford 

Halifax 

Harnett  

Haywood 

Henderson  .., 

Hertford  

Hoke 

Hyde 

Iredell  

Jackson  


No. 
Precincts 


Total 
Regis- 
tration 


Democrats 


Republicans 


Unaffiliated 


33 

51,954 

33,798 

15,321 

2,835 

L6 

16,895 

7,761 

7,941 

1,193 

7 

5,868 

4,297 

1,405 

166 

12 

11,247 

10,171 

933 

143, 

L9 

14,637 

7,471 

6,577 

589 

19 

8,863 

1,663 

6,839 

361 

30 

19,334 

14,726 

4,148 

460 

12 

10,749 

10,039 

613 

97 

17 

14,748 

13,156 

1,324 

268 

22 

26,661 

16,272 

9,352 

1,037 

55 

91,293 

56,109 

29.943 

5,241 

35 

36,301 

20,971 

13,198 

2,132 

33 

47,214 

27,437 

17,366 

2,411 

24 

32,709 

16,320 

14,160 

2,229 

3 

3,242 

2,966 

240 

36 

36 

25,450 

14,618 

9,075 

1,757 

11 

10,713 

9,676 

921 

116 

39 

55,926 

25,518 

26,015 

4,393 

20 

20,659 

14,836 

4,917 

906 

lt» 

12.35H 

6,774 

4,973 

609 

6 

6,560 

5,311 

1,059 

190 

9 

5,146 

2,430 

2,235 

481 

23 

36,920 

27,142 

8,296 

1,482 

2(1 

27,479 

23,848 

3,271 

360 

25 

31,424 

21,055 

8,507 

1,862 

53 

80,126 

57,036 

18,831 

4,259 

11 

6,209 

5,044 

855 

310 

16 

11,668 

7.272 

3,408 

988 

-11 

58,110 

29,891 

25.576 

2,633 

14 

14,619 

5,616 

627 

11) 

19,317 

16,079 

3,108 

130 

49 

94,123 

67,581 

19,733 

6,809 

21 

27,732 

24,103 

3,212 

417 

83 

135,008 

78,898 

46,913 

9,197 

13 

16,450 

13,275 

2,851 

324 

45 

74,142 

43,990 

26,241 

3,911 

7 

4,921 

4,634 

232 

55 

5 

5,395 

2,740 

2,448 

207 

14 

15,832 

13,950 

1,615 

267 

13 

7,352 

6,722 

558 

72 

107 

185,479 

113,167 

60,993 

11,319 

30 

25,390 

22,763 

2,194 

433 

22 

24,603 

18,820 

5,436 

347 

31 

25,760 

18,741 

6,100 

919 

33 

37,799 

15,609 

19,759 

2,431 

12 

13,366 

12,064 

1,151 

151 

13 

8,096 

7,171 

809 

116 

7 

3,208 

2,962 

211 

35 

24 

45,028 

26,898 

16,150 

1,980 

18 

14,881 

9,602 

4,458 

821 

Voting  in  North  Carolina 


987 


PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  8,  1990  (Continued) 


County 

Johnston 

Jones 

Lee 

Lenoir 

Lincoln  

Macon  

Madison 

Martin 

McDowell 

Mecklenburg  . 

Mitchell 

Montgomery  .. 

Moore  

Nash 

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow 

Orange  

Pamlico 

Pasquotank  ... 

Pender 

Perquimans  ... 

Person  

Pitt 

Polk  

Randolph 

Richmond  

Robeson  

Rockingham  ... 
Rowan  

Rutherford  

Sampson 

Scotland 

Stanly 

Stokes  

Surry  

Swain  

Transylvania  . 

Tyrell 

Union  

Vance 

Wake 

Warren  

Washington  .... 
Watauga  

Wayne 

Wilkes 

Wilson  

Yadkin  

Yancey 

Totals 


No. 
Precincts 


Total 
Regis- 
tration 


Democrats 


Republicans 


Unaffiliated 


29 

36,466 

26,582 

8,831 

1,053 

7 

5,092 

4,673 

381 

38 

11 

17,978 

13,697 

3,766 

515 

22 

25,877 

20,703 

4,868 

306 

21 

25,589 

14,954 

9,306 

1,329 

15 

13,951 

7,478 

5,631 

842 

12 

10,587 

6,989 

3,148 

450 

13 

11,560 

10,053 

1,326 

181 

17 

17,360 

11,973 

4,621 

766 

126 

254,640 

140,370 

97,152 

17,118 

11 

10,118 

1,507 

7,862 

749 

15 

12,147 

8,615 

3,110 

422 

21 

30,294 

14,205 

13,865 

2,224 

23 

34,992 

25,067 

9,133 

792 

35 

56,935 

34,643 

19,924 

2,368 

18 

12,723 

12,345 

352 

26 

24 

30,202 

21,350 

7,490 

1,362 

39 

50,418 

35,123 

11,209 

4,086 

8 

6,354 

5,187 

957 

210 

13 

12,779 

10,020 

2,234 

525 

17 

14,118 

10,722 

2,998 

398 

7 

5,090 

4,351 

642 

97 

14 

12,680 

10,820 

1,614 

246 

25 

48,228 

35,605 

10,564 

2,059 

10 

9,511 

4,856 

3,902 

753 

39 

47,799 

19,326 

25,844 

2,629 

16 

19,510 

16,744 

2,465 

301 

41 

50,877 

46,199 

3,924 

754 

31 

38,674 

27,928 

8,942 

1,804 

40 

49,818 

26,753 

20,282 

2,783 

34 

26,304 

18,440 

6,950 

914 

23 

25,066 

15,767 

8,916 

383 

8 

14,630 

11,570 

2,077 

983 

24 

25,865 

14,443 

9,998 

1,424 

20 

19,907 

10,808 

8,379 

720 

28 

28,584 

17,400 

10,151 

1,033 

5 

7,655 

5,282 

2,002 

371 

18 

15,781 

8,478 

5,894 

1,409 

6 

2,108 

1,952 

140 

16 

27 

36,955 

22,406 

12,501 

2,048 

16 

18,120 

16,337 

1,583 

200 

100 

208,556 

126,683 

66,124 

15,749 

14 

9,821 

9,331 

406 

84 

6 

7,435 

6,666 

638 

131 

20 

22,103 

10,171 

9,926 

2,006 

20 

36,819 

27,676 

8,371 

772 

30 

34,860 

13,356 

19,957 

1,547 

25 

29,759 

23,369 

5,903 

487 

12 

15,410 

5,617 

9,280 

513 

11 

10,810 

6,217 

3,963 

630 

2,416 


3,147,867 


2,019,800 


969,349 


158,718 


988 


North  Carolina  Manual 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  6,  1990 


County 

Alamance  ..., 
Alexander  ... 
Alleghany  .... 

Anson 

Ashe  

Avery 

Beaufort 

Bertie 

Bladen  

Brunswick  ... 

Buncombe  .... 

Burke 

Cabarrus 

Caldwell 

Camden 

Carteret 

Caswell  

Catawba  

Chatham 

Cherokee 

Chowan 

Clay 

Cleveland 

Columbus 

Craven  

Cumberland 

Currituck  

Dare 

Davidson  

Davie 

Duplin  

Durham 

Edgecombe  .. 

Forsyth* 

Franklin 

Gaston 

Gates  

Graham 

Granville 

Greene 

Guilford* 

Halifax 

Harnett  

Haywood 

Henderson  ... 

Hertford  

Hoke 

Hyde 

Iredell 

Jackson  


No. 
Precincts 


Total 
Regis- 
tration 


Democrats 


Republicans 


Unaffiliated 


33 

55,675 

35,797 

16,623 

3,255 

in 

18,059 

8,409 

8,352 

1,298 

7 

5,912 

4,286 

1,442 

184 

12 

11,352 

10,242 

959 

131 

19 

14,724 

7,478 

6,613 

633 

19 

8,812 

1,624 

6,799 

389 

3(1 

20,120 

15,070 

4,476 

574 

12 

10,831 

10,097 

633 

101 

17 

15,058 

13,400 

1,381 

277 

22 

27,743 

16,820 

9,802 

1,121 

55 

97,107 

59,374 

31,759 

5,974 

35 

37,904 

21,647 

13,865 

2,392 

33 

50,822 

29,173 

18,805 

2,844 

24 

34,143 

17,057 

14,682 

2,404 

3 

3,349 

3,027 

268 

54 

36 

26,289 

14,966 

9,455 

1,868 

11 

10,902 

9,818 

953 

131 

;w 

59,000 

26,801 

27,288 

4,911 

2(> 

22,292 

15,838 

5,369 

1,085 

16 

12,844 

7,018 

5,177 

649 

6 

6,729 

5,416 

1,103 

210 

9 

5,434 

2,530 

2,353 

551 

23 

38,984 

28,522 

8,776 

1,686 

26 

28,584 

24,725 

3,470 

389 

23 

33,687 

22,431 

9,082 

2,174 

53 

87,376 

62,210 

2D.29.S 

4,868 

11 

6,374 

5,103 

941 

330 

L6 

12,304 

7,545 

3,657 

1,102 

11 

60,866 

31,218 

26,709 

2,939 

14 

14,983 

5,748 

8,562 

673 

19 

19,619 

16,089 

3,380 

150 

49 

103,502 

73,742 

21,353 

8,407 

21 

29,406 

25,357 

3,518 

531 

84 

143,015 

82,818 

49,643 

10,554 

13 

17,681 

13,938 

3,322 

421 

45 

76,748 

45,477 

27,167 

4,104 

7 

5,066 

4,758 

250 

58 

5 

5,593 

2,817 

2,533 

213 

14 

16,335 

14,265 

1,769 

301 

13 

7,572 

6,864 

619 

89 

107 

199,856 

121.67(1 

64,456 

13,730 

3(1 

25,959 

23,191 

2,303 

465 

22 

25,550 

19,325 

5,822 

403 

31 

27,153 

19,441 

6,578 

1,134 

33 

39,914 

16,266 

20,827 

2,821 

12 

13,462 

12,114 

1,195 

153 

13 

8,554 

7,500 

897 

137 

7 

3,266 

2,959 

221 

46 

24 

47,320 

27,955 

17,132 

2,233 

IS 

15,495 

H,SS<! 

4,705 

910 

Voting  in  North  Carolina 


989 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  6,  1990  (Continued) 


County 

Johnston 

Jones  

Lee 

Lenoir 

Lincoln 

Macon  

Madison 

Martin 

McDowell 

Mecklenburg  . 

Mitchell 

Montgomery  .. 

Moore  

Nash 

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow 

Orange  

Pamlico 

Pasquotank  ... 

Pender 

Perquimans  ... 

Person  

Pitt 

Polk  

Randolph 

Richmond  

Robeson  

Rockingham  ... 
Rowan 

Rutherford 

Sampson 

Scotland 

Stanly 

Stokes 

Surry  

Swain  

Transylvania  . 

Tyrell 

Union  

Vance 

Wake 

Warren  

Washington  .... 
Watauga  

Wayne 

Wilkes 

Wilson  

Yadkin  

Yancey 

Totals 


No. 
Precincts 


Total 
Regis- 
tration 


Democrats 


Republicans 


Unaffiliated 


29 

37,820 

27,354 

9,352 

1,114 

7 

5,172 

4,684 

441 

47 

11 

18,588 

14,027 

3,982 

579 

22 

26,428 

21,061 

5,027 

340 

21 

27,361 

15,654 

10,154 

1,553 

15 

14,481 

7,687 

5,854 

940 

12 

10,912 

7,253 

3,182 

477 

13 

11,774 

10,166 

1,414 

194 

17 

17,804 

12,226 

4,772 

806 

126 

281,392 

155,639 

104,744 

21,009 

11 

10,284 

1,638 

7,934 

712 

15 

12,375 

8,708 

3,199 

468 

21 

32,377 

15,317 

14,531 

2,529 

23 

36,646 

25,847 

9,828 

971 

35 

60,644 

36,360 

21,397 

2,887 

18 

12,624 

12,228 

369 

27 

24 

31,734 

22,099 

8,065 

1,570 

40 

57,458 

39,658 

12,503 

5,297 

8 

6,521 

5,277 

1,007 

237 

13 

13,526 

10,606 

2,351 

569 

17 

14,752 

11,031 

3,253 

468 

7 

5,365 

4,604 

658 

103 

14 

13,323 

11,246 

1,813 

264 

25 

52,188 

37,915 

11,688 

2,585 

9 

9,737 

4,933 

3,976 

828 

39 

50,585 

20,282 

27,325 

2,978 

16 

21,349 

18,217 

2,774 

358 

41 

53,874 

48,999 

4,093 

782 

31 

40,138 

28,765 

9,387 

1,986 

40 

52,647 

27,889 

21,622 

3,136 

34 

27,029 

18,843 

7,178 

1,008 

23 

26,156 

16,258 

9,438 

460 

8 

15,288 

11,958 

2,158 

1,172 

24 

26,752 

14,854 

10,368 

1,530 

20 

21,468 

11,483 

9,157 

828 

28 

30,083 

18,218 

10,694 

1,171 

5 

8,010 

5,470 

2,108 

432 

18 

16,293 

8,685 

6,098 

1,510 

6 

2,140 

1,975 

150 

15 

27 

39,926 

23,790 

13,701 

2,435 

16 

18,588 

16,723 

1,648 

217 

100 

231,053 

139,827 

71,939 

19,287 

14 

10,385 

9,842 

447 

96 

6 

7,514 

6,700 

675 

139 

20 

24,818 

11,223 

10,888 

2,707 

20 

38,592 

28,793 

8,912 

887 

30 

35,371 

13,512 

20,234 

1,625 

25 

31,722 

24,855 

6,264 

603 

12 

15,679 

5,762 

9,367 

550 

11 

11,604 

6,422 

4,431 

751 

2,417 


3,347,635 


2,132,379 


1,029,892 


185,364 


*Estimated  by  County  Board 


990 


North  Carolina  Manual 


PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  3,  1988 


County 

Alamance  .... 
Alexander  ... 
Alleghany  ... 

Anson  

Ashe 

Avery  

Beaufort  

Bertie  

Bladen  

Brunswick  ... 

Buncombe  ... 

Burke  

Cabarrus  

Caldwell  

Camden  

Carteret  

Caswell 

Catawba 

Chatham  

Cherokee  

Chowan  

Clay  

Cleveland  .... 
Columbus  .... 
Craven  

Cumberland 

Currituck 

Dare  

Davidson 

Davie  

Duplin 

Durham  

Edgecombe  .. 

Forsyth  

Franklin  

Gaston  

Gates 

Graham  

Granville  

Greene  

Guilford  

Halifax  

Harnett 

Haywood  

Henderson  ... 

Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde  

Iredell  

Jackson  


No. 

Total 

Precincts 

Registration 

31 

53,567 

16 

16,319 

7 

6,431 

12 

11,322 

19 

15,351 

19 

8,765 

30 

21,200 

12 

12,094 

17 

17,044 

22 

26,166 

54 

92,885 

35 

36,258 

31 

45,309 

24 

33,876 

3 

3,417 

35 

25,922 

10 

11,343 

39 

55,711 

20 

21,252 

16 

12,903 

6 

6,699 

9 

5,621 

24 

39,517 

26 

29,761 

25 

30,208 

53 

82,526 

11 

6,243 

L6 

11,211 

41 

58,552 

12 

14,516 

19 

19,550 

47 

92,273 

21 

29,515 

83 

138,725 

13 

16,505 

45 

74,989 

7 

5,504 

5 

5,464 

19 

16,869 

13 

7,951 

96 

180,413 

30 

27,718 

22 

26,538 

31 

25,712 

32 

37,580 

12 

14,070 

13 

8,881 

7 

3,409 

24 

45,636 

IS 

15,344 

Democrats 


epublicans 

Unaffiliated 

14,012 

2,808 

7,527 

1,014 

1,488 

155 

791 

90 

6,634 

585 

6,626 

239 

4,026 

458 

555 

116 

1,234 

216 

8,140 

844 

28,759 

4,870 

12,651 

1,951 

15,154 

1,873 

14,151 

2,384 

167 

21 

8,448 

1,749 

847 

100 

24,199 

4,225 

4,680 

850 

4,915 

624 

913 

153 

2,446 

497 

7,796 

1,344 

2,794 

311 

7,311 

1,421 

17,391 

3,826 

708 

267 

2,740 

836 

24,193 

2,527 

8,068 

541 

2,499 

104 

16,275 

5,402 

3,335 

443 

44,146 

8,582 

2,253 

234 

23,980 

3,450 

180 

49 

2,432 

166 

1,370 

241 

514 

65 

55,132 

9,628 

2,010 

414 

5,243 

382 

5,639 

709 

19,065 

2,166 

999 

126 

604 

66 

249 

45 

14,874 

1,846 

4,464 

769 

36,747 
7,778 
4,788 

10,441 
8,132 

1,900 
16,736 
11,423 
15,594 
17,182 

59,256 
21,656 
28,282 
17,341 
3,229 

15,725 
10,396 
27,287 
15,722 
7,364 

5,633 

2,678 

30,377 

26,656 

21,476 

61,309 

5,268 

7,635 

31,832 

5,907 

16,947 
70,596 
25,737 
85,997 
14,018 

47,559 
5,275 
2,866 

15,258 
7,372 

115,653 
25,294 
20,913 
19,364 
16,349 

12,945 

8,211 

3,115 

28,916 

10,111 


Voting  in  North  Carolina 


991 


PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  3,  1988  (Continued) 


No.  Total 

County  Precincts                Registration                 Democrats                 Republicans                Unaffiliated 

Johnston  29 

Jones 7 

Lee 11 

Lenoir  22 

Lincoln  22 

Macon 15 

Madison  12 

Martin  13 

McDowell  17 

Mecklenburg 118 

Mitchell  11 

Montgomery  15 

Moore 21 

Nash  23 

New  Hanover  35 

Northampton 18 

Onslow  24 

Orange 39 

Pamlico  17 

Pasquotank 13 

Pender  17 

Perquimans  7 

Person 14 

Pitt  25 

Polk 10 

Randolph  39 

Richmond 16 

Robeson 40 

Rockingham  31 

Rowan  40 

Rutherford  23 

Sampson  24 

Scotland  8 

Stanly  24 

Stokes  20 

Surry 28 

Swain 5 

Transylvania 17 

Tyrrell 6 

Union 26 

Vance 16 

Wake  96 

Warren 14 

Washington  6 

Watauga 20 

Wayne 20 

Wilkes 30 

Wilson 25 

Yadkin 12 

Yancey 11 

Totals 2,395              3,191,502             2,152,952              899,162                139,388 


35,770 

27,488 

7,482 

800 

5,570 

5,185 

348 

37 

18,871 

14,910 

3,505 

456 

28,910 

23,696 

4,922 

292 

25,662 

15,722 

8,792 

1,148 

13,664 

7,754 

5,111 

799 

11,143 

7,561 

3,213 

369 

12,688 

11,365 

1,156 

167 

17,805 

12,083 

4,911 

811 

259,902 

153,373 

91,497 

15,032 

9,873 

2,112 

7,526 

235 

12,695 

9,193 

3,100 

402 

30,836 

15,885 

13,139 

1,812 

35,419 

26,889 

7,887 

643 

56,944 

37,049 

17,874 

2,021 

12,396 

12,102 

267 

27 

32,179 

23,623 

7,060 

1,496 

50,165 

36,569 

9,984 

3,612 

6,438 

5,412 

863 

163 

13,564 

11,008 

1,992 

564 

13,891 

11,201 

2,364 

326 

5,057 

4,486 

489 

82 

13,886 

12,276 

1,386 

224 

45,702 

35,001 

9,191 

1,510 

9,709 

5,232 

3,823 

654 

48,384 

21,059 

24,909 

2,416 

20,633 

18,114 

2,266 

253 

51,555 

47,075 

3,710 

770 

40,158 

30,053 

8,423 

1,682 

48,986 

27,913 

18,652 

2,421 

26,764 

19,417 

6,549 

798 

28,932 

18,956 

9,570 

406 

13,231 

10,941 

1,636 

654 

25,954 

15,057 

9,628 

1,269 

20,965 

11,870 

8,433 

662 

29,602 

18,550 

10,062 

990 

7,332 

5,060 

1,934 

338 

14,557 

7,727 

5,531 

1,299 

2,158 

2,003 

143 

12 

34,996 

23,302 

10,211 

1,482 

19,688 

18,053 

1,445 

190 

198,073 

129,287 

56,237 

12,549 

10,465 

10,018 

372 

75 

7,742 

7,090 

529 

123 

23,507 

11,384 

10,251 

1,872 

39,592 

30,885 

7,946 

761 

35,688 

14,601 

19,698 

1,389 

31,877 

26,140 

5,337 

400 

16,110 

6,239 

9,338 

533 

11,159 

6,737 

3,843 

579 

992 


North  Carolina  Manual 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  8,  1988 


County 

Alamance  ... 
Alexander  ... 
Alleghany  ... 

Anson  , 

Ashe 

Avery  

Beaufort  

Bertie  

Bladen  

Brunswick  ... 

Buncombe  ... 

Burke  

Cabarrus  

Caldwell  

Camden  

Carteret  

Caswell 

Catawba 

Chatham  

Cherokee  

Chowan  

Clay  

Cleveland  .... 
Columbus  .... 
Craven  

Cumberland 

Currituck  

Dare  

Davidson 

Davie  

Duplin 

Durham  

Edgecombe  .. 

Forsyth  

Franklin  

Gaston  

Gates 

Graham  

Granville  

Greene  

Guilford  

Halifax  

Harnett 

Haywood  

Henderson  ... 

Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde  

Iredell  

Jackson  


No. 
Precincts 


Total 
Registration 


Democrats 


Republicans 


New 
Alliance 


Unaffiliated 


31 
16 

7 
12 

Hi 

19 

.'ill 
12 
17 
22 

54 
35 
31 
24 

3 

36 
10 

.il) 
20 
L6 

6 
9 

24 
26 
25 

53 

11 
16 
11 
12 

19 

■17 
•21 

S3 

13 

45 

7 

5 

14 

13 

96 

30 

22 
31 
32 

12 

13 

7 

24 

is 


56,983 

37,887 

15,959 

17,829 

8,299 

8,310 

6,624 

4,879 

1,556 

11,670 

10,644 

912 

15,806 

8,225 

6,956 

9,107 

1,961 

6,855 

21,821 

17,056 

4,285 

12,265 

11,503 

646 

17,678 

16,011 

1,411 

28,346 

18,046 

9,267 

101,474 

62,908 

32,814 

38,853 

22,715 

13,888 

49,651 

29,872 

17,481 

35,815 

18,003 

15,243 

3,538 

3,283 

220 

27,842 

16,421 

9,453 

11,799 

10,690 

979 

59,856 

28,242 

26,864 

23,125 

16,702 

5,360 

13,686 

7,632 

5,320 

6,986 

5,717 

1,087 

5,742 

2,736 

2,469 

41,458 

31,094 

8,754 

30,475 

27,077 

3,036 

33,305 

22,606 

8,799 

89,521 

64,695 

20,341 

6,524 

5,359 

857 

12,323 

7,978 

3,301 

62,200 

32,877 

26,500 

15,350 

6,086 

8,627 

20,162 

17,437 

2,623 

100,203 

74,554 

19,049 

29,994 

25,918 

3,590 

151,021 

89,930 

50,703 

17,886 

14,647 

2,904 

80,854 

49,490 

27,354 

5,697 

5,413 

226 

5,630 

2,883 

2,555 

17,943 

15,888 

1,751 

8,180 

7,499 

590 

201,139 

124,768 

64,436 

2H.HKH 

25,896 

2,333 

28,049 

21,645 

5,974 

26,633 

19,767 

6,034 

41,552 

17,581 

21,350 

14,682 

13,312 

1,207 

9,343 

8,475 

780 

3,553 

3,290 

223 

48,452 

29,743 

16,609 

16,197 

10,421 

4,857 

3,137 

1,220 

189 

114 

625 

291 
480 
116 
256 
1,033 

5,752 
2,250 
2,298 
2,569 
35 

1,968 

130 

4,750 

1,063 

734 

182 
537 

1,609 
362 

1,900 

4,485 

308 

1,044 

2,823 

637 

102 

6,595 

486 

10,388 

335 

4,004 

58 

192 

304 

91 

11,935 

459 

430 

832 

2,621 

163 

88 

40 

2,100 

919 


Voting  in  North  Carolina 


993 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  8,  1988  (Continued) 


No. 

County  Precincts 

Johnston  29 

Jones 7 

Lee 11 

Lenoir  22 

Lincoln  22 

Macon 15 

Madison  12 

Martin  13 

McDowell  17 

Mecklenburg 118 

Mitchell  11 

Montgomery  15 

Moore 21 

Nash  23 

New  Hanover  35 

Northampton 18 

Onslow  24 

Orange 39 

Pamlico  17 

Pasquotank 13 

Pender  17 

Perquimans  7 

Person 14 

Pitt  25 

Polk 10 

Randolph  39 

Richmond 16 

Robeson 40 

Rockingham  31 

Rowan  40 

Rutherford  34 

Sampson  24 

Scotland  8 

Stanly  24 

Stokes  20 

Surry 28 

Swain 5 

Transylvania 17 

Tyrrell 6 

Union 26 

Vance 16 

Wake 96 

Warren 14 

Washington  6 

Watauga 20 

Wayne 20 

Wilkes 30 

Wilson 25 

Yadkin 12 

Yancey 11 

Totals  2,391 


Total 
Registration 


Democrats 


Republicans 


New 
Alliance 


Unaffiliated 


37,886 

28,309 

8,600 

977 

5,714 

5,249 

418    — 

47 

20,224 

15,534 

4,144    — 

546 

29,476 

23,852 

5,296    — 

328 

27,202 

16,197 

9,643    — 

1,362 

13,939 

7,838 

5,287    — 

814 

11,204 

7,586 

3,236    — 

382 

12,980 

11,520 

1,262    — 

198 

18,677 

12,396 

5,355    — 

926 

286,430 

162,376 

105,232    — 

18,822 

10,104 

2,169 

7,655    — 

280 

13,381 

9,504 

3,357    — 

520 

32,119 

16,064 

13,964    — 

2,091 

37,959 

27,737 

9,451    - 

771 

60,109 

38,229 

19,612    — 

2,268 

12,651 

12,292 

330    - 

29 

34,324 

24,463 

8,182    - 

1,679 

56,439 

39,695 

12,126    - 

4,618 

6,642 

5,485 

964    - 

193 

14,357 

11,395 

2,350    - 

612 

14,811 

11,543 

2,886    — 

382 

5,298 

4,623 

570    — 

105 

13,970 

12,263 

1,477    — 

230 

50,571 

37,627 

11,012    — 

1,932 

10,233 

5,355 

4,108    — 

770 

53,080 

22,292 

27,925    - 

2,863 

21,367 

18,581 

2,514    — 

272 

53,692 

48,739 

4,111    — 

842 

41,921 

30,776 

9,275    — 

1,870 

52,804 

29,216 

20,682    — 

2,906 

27,989 

19,844 

7,239    — 

906 

29,961 

19,348 

10,177    — 

436 

13,953 

11,284 

1,882    — 

787 

27,414 

15,571 

10,434    — 

1,409 

21,950 

12,284 

8,951    — 

715 

31,097 

19,178 

10,799    — 

1,120 

7,490 

5,150 

1,957    — 

1,813 

15,839 

8,078 

6,211    - 

1,550 

2,169 

2,005 

149    — 

15 

38,402 

24,486 

12,103    - 

1,813 

20,570 

18,658 

1,692    — 

220 

228,112 

141,116 

69,879    - 

17,117 

10,816 

10,325 

400    - 

91 

7,930 

7,182 

611    - 

137 

25,126 

11,926 

10,886    — 

2,314 

41,315 

31,484 

8,966    — 

865 

36,764 

14,956 

20,330    - 

1,478 

33,671 

26,916 

6,263 

492 

16,748 

6,452 

9,737    1 

558 

11,652 

6,850 

4,140    - 

662 

3,432,042         2,247,759  1,016,546 


13 


167,724 


994 


North  Carolina  Manual 


ELECTION  DISTRICTS 


1993  U.S.  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICTS 


1st  District 


2nd  District 


3rd  District 


4th  District  - 
5th  District  - 

6th  District  - 
7th  District  - 
8th  District  - 

9th  District  - 
10th  District 


11th  District 


12th  District  - 


Beaufort  (part),  Bertie,  Bladen  (part),  Chowan,  Columbus  (part), 
Craven  (part),  Cumberland  (part),  Duplin  (part),  Edgecombe  (part), 
Gates,  Greene,  Halifax  (part),  Hertford,  Jones  (part),  Lenoir  (part), 
Martin  (part),  Nash  (part),  New  Hanover  (part),  Northampton, 
Pasquotank  (part),  Pender  (part),  Perquimans,  Pitt  (part),  Vance 
(part),  Warren,  Washington,  Wayne  (part),  Wilson  (part) 

Durham  (part),  Edgecombe  (part),  Franklin  (part),  Granville  (part), 
Halifax  (part),  Harnett,  Johnston,  Lee,  Moore  (part),  Vance  (part), 
Wake  (part),  Wilson 

Beaufort  (part),  Camden,  Carteret,  Craven  (part),  Currituck,  Dare, 
Duplin  (part),  Hyde,  Jones  (part),  Lenoir  (part),  Martin  (part), 
Onslow  (part),  Pamlico,  Pasquotank  (part),  Pender  (part),  Pitt 
(part),  Sampson,  Tyrrell,  Wayne  (part) 

Chatham,  Orange  (part),  Wake  (part) 

Alleghany,  Ashe,  Burke  (part),  Caldwell  (part),  Caswell,  Forsyth 
(part),  Granville  (part),  Person,  Rockingham,  Stokes,  Surry, 
Watauga,  Wilkes  (part) 

Alamance  (part),  Davidson  (part),  Davie  (part),  Guilford  (part), 
Randolph,  Rowan  (part) 

Bladen  (part),  Brunswick,  Columbus  (part),  Cumberland  (part),  New 
Hanover  (part),  Onslow  (part),  Pender  (part),  Robeson  (part) 

Anson,  Cabarrus,  Cumberland  (part),  Hoke,  Iredell  (part), 
Mecklenburg  (part),  Montgomery,  Moore  (part),  Richmond,  Robeson 
(part),  Rowan  (part),  Scotland,  Stanly,  Union 

Cleveland  (part),  Gaston  (part),  Mecklenburg  (part) 

Alexander,  Avery,  Buncombe  (part),  Burke  (part),  Caldwell  (part), 
Catawba,  Davie  (part),  Forsyth  (part),  Henderson  (part),  Iredell 
(part),  Lincoln,  McDowell  (part),  Mitchell,  Polk  (part),  Rutherford 
(part),  Wilkes  (part),  Yadkin 

Buncombe  (part),  Cherokee,  Clay,  Cleveland  (part),  Graham, 
Haywood,  Henderson  (part),  Jackson,  McDowell  (part),  Macon, 
Madison,  Polk  (part),  Rutherford  (part),  Swain,  Transylvania, 
Yancey 

Alamance  (part),  Davidson  (part),  Durham  (part),  Forsyth  (part), 
Gaston  (part),  Guilford  (part),  Iredell  (part),  Mecklenburg  (part), 
Orange  (part),  Rowan  (part) 


Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Results 
1993  SENATE  DISTRICTS 


995 


1st  District  - 

2nd  District  - 

3rd  District- 
4th  District- 
5th  District- 
6th  District- 

7th  District- 

8th  District- 
9th  District- 
10th  District- 
11th  District- 
12th  District- 

13th  District- 
14th  District- 
15th  District- 
16th  District- 
17th  District- 

18th  District- 
19th  District- 
20th  District- 
21st  District- 
22nd  District- 
23rd  District- 
24th  District- 
25th  District- 
26th  District- 
27th  District- 
28th  District- 
29th  District- 

30th  District- 

31st  District- 
32nd  District- 
33rd  District- 
34th  District- 
35th  District- 
36th  District- 
37th  District- 
38th  District- 
39th  District- 
40th  District- 
41st  District- 
42nd  District- 


Beaufort  (part),  Bertie  (part),  Camden,  Chowan,  Currituck,  Dare, 

Hyde,  Pasquotank,  Perquimans,  Tyrell,  Washington  (part) 

Bertie  (part),  Gates,  Halifax  (part),  Hertford,  Northampton,Vance 

(part),  Warren 

Carteret  (part),  Craven,  Pamlico 

Carteret  (part),  New  Hanover  (part),  Onslow  (part),  Pender  (part) 

Duplin,  Jones  (part),  Onslow  (part),  Pender  (part),  Sampson(part) 

Edgecombe  (part),  Martin  (part),  Pitt  (part),  Washington  (part), 

Wilson  (part) 

Jones  (part),  Lenoir  (part),  New  Hanover  (part),  Onslow  (part), 

Pender  (part) 

Greene,  Lenoir  (part),  Wayne 

Beaufort  (part),  Lenoir  (part),  Martin  (part),  Pitt  (part) 

Edgecombe  (part),  Halifax  (part),  Nash,  Wilson  (part) 

Franklin,  Johnston  (part),  Vance  (part),  Wilson  (part) 

Alleghany,  Ashe,  Guilford  (part),  Rockingham,  Stokes,  Surry, 

Watauga 

Durham,  Granville,  Person  (part),  Wake  (part) 

Johnston  (part),  Wake  (part) 

Harnett,  Johnston  (part),  Lee  (part),  Sampson  (part) 

Chatham,  Lee  (part),  Moore,  Orange,  Randolph  (part) 

Anson,  Hoke  (part),  Montgomery,  Richmond,  Scotland,  Stanly  (part), 

Union 

Bladen  (part),  Brunswick,  Columbus,  New  Hanover  (part) 

Davidson  (part),  Guilford  (part),  Randolph  (part) 

Forsyth  (part) 

Alamance,  Caswell,  Person  (part) 

Cabarrus,  Rowan  (part),  Stanly  (part) 

Davidson  (part),  Iredell  (part),  Rowan  (part) 

Cumberland  (part) 

Cleveland  (part),  Gaston  (part),  Lincoln  (part) 

Catawba, Lincoln  (part) 

Alexander.Avery,  Burke  (part), Caldwell, Mitchell,Wilkes,Yadkin 

Buncombe  (part),  Burke  (part),McDowell,  Madison,  Yancey 

Haywood  (part),  Henderson  (part),  Jackson  (part),  Macon  (part), 

Swain,  Transylvania  (part) 

Bladen  (part),  Cumberland  (part),  Hoke  (part),  Robeson,  Sampson 

(part) 

Guilford  (part) 

Guilford  (part) 

Mecklenburg  (part) 

Lincoln  (part),  Mecklenburg  (part) 

Mecklenburg  (part) 

Wake  (part) 

Cleveland  (part),  Rutherford 

Davidson  (part),  Davie,  Forsyth  (part),  Rowan  (part) 

Gaston  (part),  Iredell  (part),  Lincoln  (part) 

Mecklenburg  (part) 

Cumberland  (part) 

Bumcombe  (part),  Cherokee,  Clay,  Graham,  Haywood,  Henderson 

(part),  Jackson  (part),  Macon  (part),  Polk,  Transylvania  (part) 


996 


North  Carolina  Manual 


1st  District  - 
2nd  District  - 
3rd  District  - 
4th  District  - 
5th  District  - 
6th  District  - 

7th  District  - 
8th  District  - 
9th  District  - 
10th  District  ■ 
11th  District  ■ 
12th  District  ■ 
13th  District  ■ 
14th  District  ■ 

15th  District  • 
16th  District  ■ 

17th  District  ■ 
18th  District  ■ 
19th  District  ■ 
20th  District  ■ 
21st  District - 
22nd  District 

23rd  District  ■ 
24th  District  ■ 
25th  District  ■ 
26th  District  • 
27th  District  ■ 
28th  District  ■ 
29th  District  • 
30th  District  • 
31st  District  - 
32nd  District 
33rd  District  ■ 
34th  District  ■ 
35th  District  ■ 
36th  District  ■ 
37th  District  ■ 
38th  District  ■ 
39th  District  - 
40th  District  - 
41st  District  - 
42nd  District 
43rd  District  ■ 
44th  District  ■ 
45th  District  • 
46th  District  - 


1993  HOUSE  DISTRICTS 

Camden,  Currituck,  Pasquotank,  Perquimans  (part) 

Beaufort,  Craven  (part),  Hyde,  Pitt  (part) 

Craven  (part),  Pamlico  (part) 

Carteret,  Onslow  (part) 

Bertie  (part),  Gates,  Hertford  (part),  Northampton 

Bertie  (part),  Hertford  (part),  Martin  (part),  Pitt  (part),  Washington 

(part) 

Edgecombe  (part),  Halifax  (part),  Martin  (part),  Nash  (part) 

Edgecombe  (part),  Greene  (part),  Martin  (part),  Pitt  (part) 

Greene  (part),  Pitt  (part) 

Duplin  (part),  Jones  (part),  Onslow  (part) 

Lenoir  (part),  Wayne  (part) 

Onslow  (part),  Pender  (part),  Sampson  (part) 

New  Hanover  (part) 

Brunswick  (part),  Columbus  (part),  New  Hanover  (part),  Robeson 

(part) 

Wake  (part) 

Cumberland  (part),  Hoke  (part),  Moore  (part),  Robeson  (part), 

Scotland  (part) 

Cumberland  (part) 

Cumberland  (part) 

Harnett,  Lee,  Sampson  (part) 

Franklin  (part),  Johnston  (part),  Nash  (part) 

Wake  (part) 

Franklin  (part),  Granville  (part),  Halifax  (part),  Person,  Vance 

(part),  Warren  (part) 

Durham  (part) 

Chatham  (part),  Orange  (part) 

Alamance,  Caswell,  Orange  (part),  Rockingham  (part) 

Guilford  (part) 

Davidson  (part),  Guilford  (part) 

Guilford  (part) 

Guilford  (part) 

Chatham  (part),  Guilford  (part),  Randolph  (part) 

Moore  (part) 

Montgomery  (part),  Richmond,  Scotland  (part) 

Anson,  Montgomery  (part),  Stanly  (part) 

Union  (part) 

Rowan  (part) 

Mecklenburg  (part) 

Davidson  (part) 

Guilford  (part),  Randolph  (part) 

Forsyth  (part) 

Alleghany,  Ashe,  Stokes,  Surry,  Watauga 

Alexander  (part),  Wilkes,  Yadkin 

Iredell  (part) 

Catawba  (part),  Iredell  (part) 

Gaston  (part),  Lincoln  (part) 

Catawba  (part),  Gaston  (part),  Lincoln  (part) 

Avery,  Burke  (part),  Caldwell  (part),  Catawba  (part),  Mitchell 


Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Results 


997 


1993  HOUSE  DISTRICTS,  (continued) 


47th  District  ■ 
48th  District  ■ 
49th  District  ■ 
50th  District  • 
51st  District  - 
52nd  District 
53rd  District  - 
54th  District  ■ 
55th  District  ■ 
56th  District  - 
57th  District  - 
58th  District  - 
59th  District  • 
60th  District  ■ 
61st  District  - 
62nd  District 
63rd  District  - 
64th  District  - 
65th  District  ■ 
66th  District  - 
67th  District  ■ 
68th  District  ■ 
69th  District  - 
70th  District  ■ 
71st  District  - 
72nd  District 
73rd  District  ■ 
74th  District  - 
75th  District  ■ 
76th  District  ■ 
77th  District  ■ 
78th  District  ■ 
79th  District  - 
80th  District  ■ 
81st  District  - 
82nd  District 
83rd  District  - 
84th  District  - 
85th  District  ■ 
86th  District  - 
87th  District  ■ 
88th  District  ■ 
89th  District  ■ 
90th  District  ■ 
91st  District  - 
92nd  District 
93rd  District  ■ 
94th  District  - 
95th  District  - 


Burke  (part) 

Cleveland,  Gaston  (part),  Polk  (part),  Rutherford 

Burke  (part),  McDowell,  Yancey 

Henderson  (part),  Polk  (part) 

Buncombe  (part) 

Graham,  Haywood,  Jackson  (part),  Madison,  Swain 

Cherokee,  Clay,  Jackson  (part),  Macon 

Mecklenburg  (part) 

Mecklenburg  (part) 

Mecklenburg  (part) 

Mecklenburg  (part) 

Mecklenburg  (part) 

Mecklenburg  (part) 

Mecklenburg  (part) 

Wake  (part) 

Wake  (part) 

Durham  (part),  Wake  (part) 

Wake  (part) 

Wake  (part) 

Forsyth  (part) 

Forsyth  (part) 

Buncombe  (part),  Henderson  (part),  Transylvania 

Mecklenburg  (part) 

Edgecombe  (part),  Nash  (part),  Wilson  (part) 

Edgecombe  (part),  Nash  (part),  Pitt  (part),  Wilson  (part) 

Nash  (part),  Wilson  (part) 

Forsyth  (part),  Rockingham  (part) 

Davidson  (part),  Davie 

Cumberland  (part) 

Gaston  (part),  Mecklenburg  (part) 

Greene  (part),  Lenoir  (part),  Wayne  (part) 

Granville  (part),  Vance  (part),  Warren  (part) 

Craven  (part),  Jones  (part),  Lenoir  (part),  Pamlico  (part) 

Onslow  (part) 

Cabarrus  (part),  Union  (part) 

Cabarrus  (part),  Stanly  (part),  Union  (part) 

Rowan  (part) 

Forsyth  (part),  Guilford  (part) 

Hoke  (part),  Robeson  (part) 

Chowan,  Dare,  Perquimans  (part),  Tyrrell,  Washington  (part) 

Hoke  (part),  Robeson  (part),  Scotland  (part) 

Forsyth  (part) 

Guilford  (part) 

Cabarrus  (part) 

Alexander  (part),  Caldwell  (part),  Catawba  (part) 

Durham  (part),  Wake  (part) 

Gaston  (part),  Mecklenburg  (part) 

Davidson  (part),  Randolph  (part) 

Johnston  (part) 


998  North  Carolina  Manual 

1993  HOUSE  DISTRICTS,  (continued) 

96th  District  -      Bladen,  Cumberland  (part),  New  Hanover  (part),  Pender  (part), 

Sampson  (part) 
97th  District  -      Duplin  (part),  Sampson  (part),  Wayne  (part) 
98th  District  -      Brunswick  (part),  Columbus  (part),  New  Hanover  (part),  Pender 

(part) 


Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Results  999 

CHAPTER  TWO 
ELECTION  RESULTS 

President  Of  The  United  States 

The  procedure  by  which  the  American  people  elect  their  president  is  out- 
lined in  Article  II  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States.  The  only  major 
change  to  this  procedure  since  its  inception  in  1789  occurred  in  1804  with  the 
passage  of  the  Twelfth  Amendment  to  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States. 
Prior  to  this  the  person  receiving  the  "greatest  number  of  votes  of  the  elec- 
tors" after  the  president  had  been  chosen  became  the  vice  president.  The 
Twelfth  Amendment  altered  this  by  requiring  electors  to  cast  separate  bal- 
lots for  vice  president. 

In  more  modern  times,  the  practice  has  been  for  the  political  parties  to 
select  their  presidential  nominee  at  their  national  convention.  The  nominee 
would  then  select  his  "running  mate"  who  would  be  formally  nominated  and 
approved  by  the  delegates  at  the  convention.  The  party  nominees  for  presi- 
dent and  vice  president  then  run  as  a  team,  and  their  names  might  appear 
as  a  single  entry  on  the  ballot  although  in  many  states  only  the  name  of  the 
presidential  nominee  appears. 

As  the  complexity  of  selecting  party  nominees  increased  and  more  candi- 
dates began  to  run  for  the  office  of  president,  states  looked  for  an  alternative 
method  for  selecting  a  nominee,  at  least  partially,  prior  to  the  respective 
national  conventions  of  the  political  parties.  The  method  devised  was  the 
Presidential  Preference  Primary.  In  North  Carolina  this  method  was  not  ini- 
tiated until  1972,  following  approval  by  the  1971  General  Assembly.  The 
popularity  of  the  Presidential  Preference  Primary  has  grown  so  much  that 
many  states  have  informally  set  one  date  for  holding  the  primary  -  "Super 
Tuesday." 


1000 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Democratic  Presidential  Preference  Primary  May  5,  1992 

County  J,  Brown  B  .Clinton  T,  Harkin  B.  Kerrey  P.  Tsongas 

Alamance 1,508  6,522  110  137  1,281 

Alexander 125  1,401  14  10  96 

Alleghany 132  1,290  18  20  108 

Anson 262  2,498  63  50  185 

Ashe 137  1,713  14  16  115 

Avery 58  381  1  3  29 

Beaufort 861  4,085  63  57  536 

Bertie 336  2,543  26  31  124 

Bladen 419  4,084  65  47  326 

Brunswick 545  4,981  59  60  482 

Buncombe 2,102  11,521  157  187  1,984 

Burke 554  3,683  42  48  382 

Cabarrus 901  4,701  81  88  692 

Caldwell 326  2,506  25  28  214 

Camden 105  737  17  11  82 

Carteret 567  3,408  72  66  526 

Caswell 365  2,641  39  55  255 

Catawba 667  4,199  53  67  517 

Chatham 707  3,630  45  36  494 

Cherokee 147  1,423  11  11  96 

Chowan 141  1,252  16  12  112 

Clay 48  560  3  4  37 

Cleveland 784  5,365  70  84  656 

Columbus 804  7,945  91  68  524 

Craven 920  4,643  70  66  650 

Cumberland 2,077  13,612  167  189  1,619 

Currituck 229  1,137  24  25  162 

Dare 470  1,739  28  40  327 

Davidson 712  5,334  133  68  674 

Davie 135  1,148  11  16  129 

Duplin 518  4,095  51  45  381 

Durham 3,587  19,230  174  173  2,875 

Edgecombe 1,015  6,685  109  93  523 

Forsyth 2,566  13,475  178  216  2,562 

Franklin 552  3,757  45  45  337 

Gaston 1,410  8,309  129  163  1,213 

Gates 151  1,239  16  27  103 

Graham 44  726  3  4  31 

Granville 681  4,045  55  49  395 

Greene 267  2,012  33  47  187 

Guilford 3,364  20,134  233  238  3,359 

Halifax 877  5,186  84  72  496 

Harnett 783  5,164  86  88  510 

Haywood 643  5,555  56  54  566 

Henderson 454  2,787  19  43  482 

Hertford 349  2,086  20  26  146 

Hoke 245  2,161  60  50  151 

Hyde 116  885  22  13  84 

Iredell 926  5,367  71  94  689 

Jackson 331  2,820  23  31  286 

Johnston 1,000  6,157  94  104  742 

Jones 124  1,289  22  16  85 

Lee 512  3,187  41  34  490 


"TCP 


2,081 
155 
206 
533 
302 
59 
1,707 
384 
682 
919 
2,817 
674 
1,335 
438 
368 
812 
943 
856 
675 
136 
324 
62 
1,855 
1,195 
1,189 
4,195 
566 
876 
1,418 
285 
857 
4,603 
1,350 
3,574 
529 
2,890 
442 
83 
1,276 
705 
4,270 
1,368 
1,443 
1,010 
567 
370  I 
659 
325 
1,906 
347 
2,140 
268 
1,284 


Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Results 


1001 


County J.  Brown 

Lenoir 813 

Lincoln 315 

Macon 237 

Madison 136 

Martin 354 

McDowell 337 

Mecklenburg 4,717 

Mitchell 37 

Montgomery 192 

Moore 484 

Nash 948 

New  Hanover ....  1 ,284 

Northampton 445 

Onslow 847 

Orange 2,261 

Pamlico 239 

Pasquotank 369 

Pender 483 

Perquimans 123 

Person 407 

Pitt 1,516 

Polk 98 

Randolph 381 

Richmond 542 

Robeson 1,551 

Rockingham 732 

Rowan 1,022 

Rutherford 387 

Sampson 334 

Scotland 268 

Stanly 365 

Stokes 258 

Surry 350 

Swain 60 

Transylvania 227 

Tyrell 105 

Union 611 

Vance 664 

Wake 6,266 

Warren 344 

Washington 174 

Watauga 380 

Wayne 1,179 

Wilkes 300 

Wilson 868 

Yadkin 132 

Yancey 183 

Totals 71,984 


B.  Clinton 

T.  Harkin 

5,077 

87 

2,856 

43 

2,173 

25 

1,644 

3 

2,793 

34 

2,411 

26 

27,389 

279 

322 

6 

2,136 

32 

3,259 

23 

5,111 

102 

7,585 

87 

2,880 

27 

4,042 

56 

7,380 

146 

1,130 

22 

2,538 

18 

3,328 

41 

1,030 

18 

2,673 

49 

8,995 

108 

1,305 

14 

2,982 

31 

3,949 

53 

12,122 

181 

5,004 

59 

4,900 

90 

3,130 

33 

3,656 

29 

2,516 

32 

2,697 

47 

2,455 

17 

3,086 

32 

867 

4 

1,768 

22 

678 

9 

4,004 

47 

3,634 

62 

28,041 

367 

2,883 

36 

1,665 

24 

1,795 

20 

5,784 

126 

2,678 

26 

4,926 

62 

1,413 

9 

1,775 

15 

B.  Kerrey 


P.  Tsongas         NP 


86 
37 
22 
5 
37 
29 

326 

7 

27 

43 

88 

111 
21 
96 

105 
27 
18 
38 
26 
38 

129 

8 

43 

54 

169 
59 
82 
28 
21 
18 
40 
22 
39 
8 
26 
19 
66 
49 

494 
26 
36 
15 

140 
28 
55 
13 
17 


577 

1,202 

274 

489 

205 

306 

87 

60 

207 

521 

244 

687 

3,793 

4,653 

39 

52 

147 

485 

360 

580 

708 

1,342 

1,420 

2,334 

153 

684 

610 

1,554 

1,719 

1,651 

140 

383 

199 

566 

349 

729 

106 

420 

242 

641 

1,201 

2,094 

120 

174 

309 

671 

351 

940 

847 

2,497 

654 

1,445 

636 

1,479 

299 

828 

225 

436 

238 

680 

285 

531 

163 

330 

289 

464 

41 

105 

230 

367 

64 

211 

542 

1,075 

386 

1,251 

6,624 

6,884 

188 

571 

137 

265 

261 

378 

844 

1,213 

234 

470 

502 

1,181 

113 

289 

120 

216 

443,489 


"5TB9T 


6,216 


57,589         106557 


1002  North  Carolina  Manual 


Republican  Presidential  Preference  Primary  Tues.  May  5,  1992 

County  Patrick  Buchanan.      ~ 

Alamance 1,126 

Alexander 230 

Alleghany 43 

Anson 35 

Ashe 190 

Avery 477 

Beaufort 290 

Bertie 44 

Bladen 65 

Brunswick 468 

Buncombe 1,209 

Burke 508 

Cabarrus 1,011 

Caldwell 689 

Camden 23 

Carteret 555 

Caswell 47 

Catawba 1,255 

Chatham 255 

Cherokee 117 

Chowan 68 

Clay 60 

Cleveland 342 

Columbus 211 

Craven 602 

Cumberland 1,067 

Currituck 45 

Dare 222 

Davidson 1,276 

Davie 575 

Duplin 191 

Durham 1,444 

Edgecombe 186 

Forsyth 3,528 

Franklin 271 

Gaston 1,553 

Gates 9 

Graham 48 

Granville 101 

Greene 39 

Guilford 3,531 

Halifax 114 

Harnett 399 

Haywood 244 

Henderson 825 

Hertford 45 

Hoke 44 

Hyde 16 

Iredell 968 

Jackson 157 

Johnston 614 

Jones 23 

Lee 207 


George  Bush 

No  Preference 

3,696 

455 

963 

70 

234 

20 

198 

12 

1,269 

113 

2,135 

494 

1,076 

116 

124 

17 

271 

36 

1,946 

383 

5,494 

825 

2,009 

212 

3,284 

428 

2,497 

325 

72 

6 

2,501 

333 

163 

29 

4,963 

624 

991 

141 

828 

108 

337 

62 

520 

43 

1,288 

196 

852 

106 

2,092 

307 

4,423 

619 

172 

22 

1,041 

200 

4,438 

536 

2,541 

269 

885 

62 

5,586 

911 

588 

85 

8,619 

1,221 

592 

49 

6,057 

661 

56 

7 

639 

46 

330 

49 

162 

12 

11,318 

1,684 

363 

62 

1,339 

96 

1,178 

136 

3,986 

670 

186 

20 

244 

25 

62 

8 

3,634 

485 

937 

105 

1,902 

178 

79 

8 

983 

103 

Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Results 


1003 


County 

Lenoir 

Lincoln 

Macon 

Madison 

Martin 

McDowell 

Mecklenburg ., 

Mitchell 

Montgomery.., 

Moore 

Nash 

New  Hanover , 
Northampton  . 

Onslow 

Orange 

Pamlico 

Pasquotank .... 

Pender 

Perquimans..., 

Person 

Pitt 

Polk 

Randolph 

Richmond 

Robeson  

Rockingham  .., 

Rowan , 

Rutherford 

Sampson 

Scotland 

Stanly 

Stokes 

Surry 

Swain 

Transylvania.. 

Tyrrell 

Union 

Vance 

Wake 

Warren 

Washington.... 

Watauga 

Wayne 

Wilkes 

Wilson 

Yadkin 

Yancey 

Totals 


Patrick  Buchanan 


George  Bush 

No  Preference 

705 

62 

1,663 

161 

1,275 

149 

338 

26 

403 

45 

793 

71 

17,664 

3,508 

2,502 

469 

658 

43 

5,199 

746 

1,654 

165 

4,295 

767 

67 

19 

1,568 

256 

1,715 

413 

297 

34 

421 

79 

819 

146 

135 

30 

388 

59 

2,403 

284 

1,041 

171 

4,862 

563 

446 

68 

688 

88 

1,435 

189 

4,725 

610 

1,045 

131 

2,031 

106 

351 

79 

1,653 

115 

1,539 

98 

1,118 

103 

258 

24 

1,165 

180 

48 

1 

2,539 

318 

308 

27 

14,616 

2,184 

166 

24 

133 

11 

1,586 

223 

1,436 

105 

5,172 

529 

1,223 

123 

2,592 

261 

1,106 

111 

202 
391 
254 

50 

97 
154 
5,914 
467 
122 
896 
745 
1,139 

28 
427 
610 

73 
115 
239 

40 

83 
673 
190 
1,258 
112 
188 
468 
1,435 
214 
278 

70 
317 
341 
297 

34 

243 

8 

811 

76 
5,853 

32 

43 
335 
439 
891 
420 
570 
116 


55,420 


200,387 


"27',764" 


1004  North  Carolina  Manual 

GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  3,  1992  (Presidential) 


County 

Bill  Clinton 

George  Bush 

Andre  Marrou 

Ross  Perot 

AlGore 

Dan  Quayle 

Nancy  Lord 

James  Stockdale 

(D) 

(R) 

(L) 

(U) 

Alamance 15,521  20,637  99  6,444 

Alexander 4,849  6,764  11  2,002 

Alleghany 2,271  1,853  6  600 

Anson 5,269  2,334  15  921 

Ashe 4,624  5,200  26  1,220 

Avery 1,755  3,895  14  1,123 

Beaufort 6,445  7,337  24  2,174 

Bertie 4,382  1,756  5  600 

Bladen 5,700  3,214  15  1,248 

Brunswick 10,177  8,833  39  3,349 

Buncombe 32,955  30,892  163  11,481 

Burke 12,565  13,397  36  4,124 

Cabarrus 13,513  21,281  78  6,251 

Caldwell 9,033  12,543  35  3,965 

Camden 1,153  1,039  4  479 

Carteret 8,028  10,334  56  3,401 

Caswell 4,725  2,793  18  827 

Catawba 16,334  25,466  86  7,523 

Chatham 9,520  6,568  63  2,425 

Cherokee 3,686  4,021  11  1,040 

Chowan 2,136  1,661  9  700 

Clay 1,600  1,890  5  465 

Cleveland 13,037  13,650  45  3,784 

Columbus 11,469  5,462  22  1,963 

Craven 9,998  11,575  35  3,679 

Cumberland 30,291  27,139  246  6,792 

Currituck 1,935  2,188  11  1,163 

Dare 3,925  4,357  26  2,388 

Davidson 16,462  24,869  70  8,324 

Davie 3,675  6,796  13  1,903 

Duplin 6,816  5,286  9  1,636 

Durham 47,331  27,581  248  7,504 

Edgecombe 11,174  6,275  33  2,175 

Forsyth 49,006  52,787  215  14,262 

Franklin 6,517  4,669  18  2,062 

Gaston 19,121  34,714  106  7,490 

Gates 2,206  1,158  4  466 

Graham 1,551  1,919  3  403 

Granville 6,178  4,538  91  1,321 

Greene 2,768  2,180  4  780 

Guilford 66,319  60,140  319  19,601 

Halifax 9,960  5,769  28  2,047 

Harnett 8,473  9,751  19  2,684 

Haywood 10,385  7,292  29  3,303 

Henderson 10,747  17,010  55  5,260 

Hertford 4,609  2,208  9  846 

Hoke 3,370  1,711  9  887 

Hyde 1,206  740  2  340 

Iredell 13,263  19,411  102  6,204 

Jackson 5,753  4,275  13  1,516 

Johnston 11,284  15,418  38  4,939 

Jones 1,962  1,438  2  444 


Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Results 


1005 


County 


Bill  Clinton 

George  Bush 

Andre  Marrou 

Ross  Perot 

AlGore 

Dan  Quayle 

Nancy  Lord 

James  Stockdale 

(D) 

(R) 

(L) 

(U) 

5,852 

6,658 

24 

2,125 

8,793 

8,932 

10 

2,107 

8,150 

11,018 

44 

3,142 

4,624 

4,797 

29 

1,829 

3,980 

3,121 

31 

857 

4,069 

2,958 

8 

981 

5,309 

6,090 

15 

1,881 

97,065 

99,496 

519 

31,283 

1,727 

4,405 

6 

877 

4,422 

3,543 

11 

1,185 

9,649 

12,448 

46 

4,448 

10,809 

14,446 

86 

4,544 

20,291 

24,338 

119 

7,401 

5,195 

1,845 

11 

916 

8,045 

11,842 

44 

4,387 

28,595 

13,009 

161 

5,535 

2,229 

1,929 

8 

809 

4,709 

3,419 

19 

1,434 

5,825 

4,857 

20 

1,725 

1,818 

1,429 

7 

624 

4,323 

4,460 

16 

1,431 

17,959 

16,609 

64 

5,262 

2,939 

3,448 

12 

1,134 

11,274 

20,697 

61 

6,870 

9,163 

4,356 

19 

2,015 

19,378 

7,777 

42 

3,277 

13,880 

12,678 

40 

4,671 

14,308 

21,297 

73 

7,053 

8,698 

8,007 

11 

1,852 

5,175 

2,980 

9 

1,196 

7,735 

11,030 

44 

2,855 

6,463 

7,979 

32 

2,183 

9,392 

10,866 

31 

3,164 

2,117 

1,640 

5 

568 

5,120 

5,984 

27 

2,006 

928 

553 

4 

189 

10,789 

16,542 

60 

4,601 

6,598 

4,747 

11 

1,444 

88,979 

86,798 

528 

31,140 

4,656 

1,767 

7 

693 

2,902 

1,780 

8 

563 

8,262 

7,899 

57 

3,007 

10,307 

14,397 

30 

2,798 

7,991 

12,547 

23 

3,307 

10,105 

10,176 

26 

2,630 

3,913 

7,311 

28 

1,725 

4,285 

3,994 

12 

917 

Lee 

Lenoir 

Lincoln 

Macon 

Madison 

Martin 

McDowell 

Mecklenburg ., 

Mitchell 

Montgomery.., 

Moore 

Nash 

New  Hanover , 
Northampton.. 

Onslow 

Orange 

Pamlico 

Pasquotank  ..., 

Pender 

Perquimans.... 

Person 

Pitt 

Polk 

Randolph 

Richmond 

Robeson  

Rockingham  ... 

Rowan 

Sampson 

Scotland 

Stanly 

Stokes 

Surry 

Swain 

Transylvania.. 

Tyrrell 

Union 

Vance 

Wake 

Warren 

Washington.... 

Watauga 

Wayne 

Wilkes 

Wilson 

Yadkin 

Yancey 

Totals 


1,114,042 


1,134,661 


"5TT7T 


357,864 


1006 


North  Carolina  Manual 


PRESIDENT  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES 
DEMOCRATIC  PREFERENCE  PRIMARY,  MARCH  8,  1988 


County  Bruce  Babbitt 

Alamance 74 

Alexander 6 

Alleghany 4 

Anson 9 

Ashe 24 

Avery 1 

Beaufort 29 

Bertie 36 

Bladen 43 

Brunswick 19 

Buncombe 152 

Burke 18 

Cabarrus 79 

Caldwell 13 

Camden 5 

Carteret 44 

Caswell 9 

Catawba 42 

Chatham 28 

Cherokee 13 

Chowan 11 

Clay 3 

Cleveland 50 

Columbus 24 

Craven 110 

Cumberland 62 

Currituck 10 

Dare 24 

Davidson 39 

Davie 9 

Duplin  38 

Durham 138 

Edgecombe 15 

Forsyth 117 

Franklin 18 

Gaston 71 

Gates  7 

Graham 3 

Granville 12 

Greene 8 

Guilford 218 

Halifax 43 

Harnett 17 

Haywood 29 

Henderson  29 

Hertford  39 

Hoke  8 

Hyde 4 

Iredell  26 

Jackson 21 


Michael  S. 
Dukakis 


Richard  A. 
Gephardt 


AlGore 


Gary  Hart      Jesse  Jackson      Paul  Simon     No  Preference 


2,296 
417 
192 

rm 

S7S 

162 
875 
178 
666 
1,120 

4,636 

1,876 

3,056 

801 

109 

1,373 

262 

1,924 

1,054 

372 

179 
128 
2,499 
846 
949 

3,837 
255 
501 

2,631 
363 

648 
4,868 

749 
5,809 

636 

2,442 
125 
117 
679 
131 

8,586 
1,388 
1,067 
1,610 
1,469 

265 
255 
108 
1,740 
824 


520 
114 
91 
174 
325 

15 
619 

98 
337 
354 

1,094 

339 

802 

197 

45 

437 
97 
461 
219 
128 

84 

4(1 
705 
370 
398 

650 
120 
417 
415 
142 

327 
662 
284 
1,542 
168 

707 

79 

60 

195 

145 


2,060 

487 
277 
571 

480 

122 

83 

84 

388 

252 


4,767 

1,213 

783 

963 

2,388 

254 
3,048 
1,047 
1,746 
1,507 

5,565 
2,657 
3,719 
2,036 
409 

2,231 

1,077 

2,782 

1,917 

878 

458 

471 

3,400 

2,259 

2,972 

5,987 

654 

811 

3,498 

1,085 

2,060 
5,223 
2,289 
9,715 
1,770 

3,923 

540 

419 

1,741 

1,170 

12,625 
3,310 
3,156 
2,305 
1,662 

1,071 

833 

415 

3,452 

1,292 


224 
41 
37 
89 

197 

10 
301 
106 

188 
2(16 

328 

135 

3  4(1 

93 

23 

143 

60 

178 

117 

35 

20 

20 
298 
197 

227 

471 
62 
85 

156 
59 

219 

288 
187 
405 
127 

240 
39 
21 

121 
71 

603 
396 
166 
148 
96 

157 
70 

34 

178 

82 


3,160 

224 

74 

1,369 
198 

41 
1,701 
2,249 
2,397 
1,663 

3,297 
821 

2,144 
526 
405 

907 

1,409 

1,264 

2,183 

86 

736 

34 

2,067 

2,457 

2,580 

7,870 
420 
301 

1,329 
443 

1,958 
12,392 

5,204 
12,155 

2,160 

2,371 

981 

43 

2,418 

1,027 

14,363 

4,215 

1,332 

451 

643 

2,480 
1,239 

423 
1,921 

276 


149 

14 

8 

21 

40 

3 
93 

6 
29 
34 

254 
76 

111 

37 

5 

69 

7 

102 

101 

24 

10 

8 

100 

50 

71 

173 
12 
73 
75 
16 

35 

465 
33 

386 
21 

110 

6 

5 

25 

14 

642 
77 
54 
69 
95 

30 
L9 

12 
55 


316 

22 

12 

7:! 

197 

6 
593 

29 
210 

95 

386 

108 

668 

45 

16 

121 
58 
81 

72 
22 

■^ 

9 

426 

116 

153 

396 
61 
92 

117 
29 

106 
513 
120 
370 
69 

286 
31 

10 
S7 
48 

1,001 

482 

139 

108 

95 

;V1 
51 
45 
148 
66 


Abstracts  of  Votes  and  Election  Results 


1007 


DEMOCRATIC  PREFERENCE  PRIMARY,  MARCH  8, 1988 

(Continued) 


MicbaelS 
County  Bruce  Babbitt        Dukakis 

Johnston 29 

Jones  6 

Lee 30 

Lenoir 25 

Lincoln 19 

Macon 21 

Madison 10 

Martin 31 

McDowell 20 

Mecklenburg 323 

Mitchell 1 

Montgomery 8 

Moore 24 

Nash 45 

New  Hanover  ...  52 

Northampton  ...  76 

Onslow 65 

Orange  77 

Pamlico 8 

Pasquotank  23 

Pender 8 

Perquimans 8 

Person  25 

Pitt 25 

Polk 16 

Randolph  12 

Richmond  12 

Robeson 132 

Rockingham 33 

Rowan 33 

Rutherford 32 

Sampson 21 

Scotland 28 

Stanly 34 

Stokes 10 

Surry 30 

Swain  9 

Transylvania  ...  12 

Tyrell 5 

Union  50 

Vance  15 

Wake 347 

Warren  13 

Washington 6 

Watauga 16 

Wayne 74 

Wilkes 11 

Wilson  51 

Yadkin 2 

Yancey  2 

Totals 3,816 


Richard  A. 
Gephardt 


AlGore 


Gary  Hart      Jesse  Jackson     Paul  Simon     No  Preference 


1,324 
131 
835 
862 

1,039 


800 
266 
292 
755 
11,885 

103 

409 

1,303 

1,420 

3,596 

326 

1,691 

4,537 

229 

397 

709 
172 
489 
1,677 
325 

1,191 
962 
2,912 
1,612 
2,050 

1,055 
587 
417 

1,302 
504 

809 

315 

632 

84 

2,213 

708 
11,726 
345 
207 
720 

1,162 
698 

1,082 
252 
342 


485 
103 
189 
526 
267 

275 
102 
195 
202 
2,293 

33 
149 
292 
587 
664 

141 
671 
439 
93 
149 

218 
85 
146 
870 
111 

306 
266 
1,169 
463 
656 

376 
191 
131 
383 
209 

331 
132 
246 
43 
489 

202 
2,156 
108 
155 
149 

541 
238 
321 
106 
121 


4,049 
645 
1,854 
3,396 
1,698 

1,106 
838 
1,377 
1,180 
9,710 

200 
1,301 
2,102 
3,536 
2,730 

1,069 
3,323 
3,176 
744 
1,004 

878 

508 

1,420 

4,841 

443 

2,840 
1,428 
4,828 
3,493 
2,962 

1,787 
1,729 
891 
1,821 
1,674 

2,748 
349 
898 
262 

3,157 

1,664 

15,653 

851 

802 

1,148 

3,296 
1,654 
3,089 
1,150 
814 


299 
54 
116 
271 
112 

56 
33 
92 
76 
581 

4 

88 

113 

215 

269 

242 
314 
175 
65 
102 

128 
32 
82 

256 
43 

132 
105 
1,150 
208 
207 

96 
107 

53 
134 
122 

125 
36 
63 
23 

212 

115 

805 

92 

68 

43 

198 
95 

185 
44 
51 


1,784 
1,012 

940 
3,502 

350 

165 

129 

1,491 

265 

20,345 

40 

787 

1,375 

3,533 

3,664 

2,389 
2,313 

4,277 

885 

1,792 

1,561 

580 

1,204 

4,716 

255 

1,007 
1,257 
8,536 
2,594 
2,123 

469 

2,065 

1,084 

803 

583 

586 

80 

308 

320 

1,399 

2,795 

14,030 

2,346 

1,335 

397 

3,944 
363 

3,640 
190 
162 


66 
10 
37 
61 
32 

36 
10 
26 
24 
609 

4 

22 

72 

74 

157 

21 

103 

542 

10 

20 

22 
10 
26 
117 
18 

53 

23 

130 

59 

74 

29 
27 
24 

47 
31 

39 
12 
35 
6 
83 

37 

964 

17 

9 

53 

61 

25 

65 

4 

17 


208 
38 
98 

244 

77 

33 
16 
92 
40 

948 

2 

47 

83 

165 

254 

69 

487 

216 

58 

62 

100 
53 
92 

238 
35 

100 
90 

1,262 
204 
197 

123 
33 
69 
86 
29 

51 
14 
72 
43 
419 

104 

755 

38 

40 

36 

210 
42 

116 
12 
24 


137,993   37,553   235,669   16,381   224,177    8,032    16,337 


1008 


North  Carolina  Manual 


REPUBLICAN  PREFERENCE  PRIMARY,  MARCH  8,  1988 


County  George  Bush 

Alamance 2,078 

Alexander 760 

Alleghany 151 

Anson 143 

Ashe 2,288 

Avery 767 

Beaufort 1,012 

Bertie 65 

Bladen 198 

Brunswick 1,326 

Buncombe 4,134 

Burke 1,628 

Cabarrus 2,658 

Caldwell 1,386 

Camden 26 

Carteret 1,684 

Caswell 106 

Catawba 3,141 

Chatham 685 

Cherokee 723 

Chowan 123 

Clay 386 

Cleveland 1,156 

Columbus 338 

Craven 1,387 

Cumberland 2,002 

Currituck 106 

Dare 506 

Davidson 2,716 

Davie 1,132 

Duplin  352 

Durham 1,709 

Edgecombe  363 

Forsyth 6,312 

Franklin 294 

Gaston 2,925 

Gates 27 

Graham 444 

Granville 146 

Greene 70 

Guilford 8,829 

Halifax 396 

Harnett 608 

Haywood 782 

Henderson  3,720 

Hertford  106 

Hoke  89 

Hyde 54 

Iredell 1,688 

Jackson 594 


Robll.il,> 


Pete  DuPont 


Alexander 
Haig,  Jr. 


Jack  Kemp        Pat  Robertson       No  Preference 


1,835 

10 

0 

230 

353 

44 

777 

l 

5 

47 

184 

0 

165 

0 

(i 

9 

21 

8 

85 

0 

1 

12 

27 

4 

1,379 

7 

14 

70 

119 

si 

492 

4 

3 

00 

140 

20 

439 

18 

1 

93 

225 

71 

40 

0 

0 

5 

20 

3 

119 

5 

3 

17 

24 

15 

714 

10 

8 

95 

361 

20 

2,588 

28 

20 

457 

792 

00 

1,342 

14 

5 

128 

251 

25 

2,730 

24 

9 

175 

762 

121 

1,415 

5 

7 

80 

247 

25 

10 

0 

0 

1 

5 

o 

857 

20 

s 

153 

516 

40 

59 

0 

0 

6 

27 

4 

329 

10 

1(1 

261 

368 

•M 

60S 

3 

2 

57 

84 

28 

292 

2 

2 

57 

89 

0 

78 

3 

1 

10 

31 

4 

179 

3 

2 

39 

60 

12 

858 

is 

1 

130 

279 

38 

203 

2 

0 

50 

83 

7 

742 

19 

11 

114 

403 

20 

1,657 

10 

7 

141 

770 

0(1 

52 

0 

1 

7 

62 

s 

265 

9 

1 

58 

253 

IS 

2,780 

14 

8 

176 

447 

33 

1,140 

12 

0 

67 

170 

21 

210 

1 

0 

6 

79 

6 

2,545 

17 

8 

256 

524 

87 

336 

1 

f 

27 

146 

13 

6,379 

56 

28 

650 

1,063 

130 

272 

0 

2 

24 

93 

7 

2,141 

12 

s 

241 

822 

31 

19 

O 

0 

1 

6 

'J 

173 

() 

II 

:ss 

34 

5 

167 

2 

(1 

12 

42 

7 

67 

o 

o 

L3 

is 

i 

7,961 

70 

39 

750 

1,608 

228 

299 

:\ 

1 

33 

110 

32 

526 

3 

3 

56 

190 

0 

468 

4 

5 

86 

179 

11 

1,849 

IK 

10 

386 

415 

in 

101 

5 

1 

s 

54 

•1 

68 

1 

1 

o 

10 

1 

24 

2 

1 

13 

7 

4 

1,648 

L3 

1 

158 

539 

22 

360 

o 

2 

66 

72 

s 

Abstracts  of  Votes  and  Election  Results 


1009 


REPUBLICAN  PREFERENCE  PRIMARY,  MARCH  8,  1988 

(Continued) 


County  George  Bush  Bob  Dole  PeteDuPont 

Johnston 857 

Jones 63 

Lee  464 

Lenoir 689 

Lincoln 1,209 

Macon 1,053 

Madison 351 

Martin 137 

McDowell 482 

Mecklenburg 12,159 

Mitchell 755 

Montgomery 491 

Moore 3,037 

Nash 1,129 

New  Hanover  ...  2,994 

Northampton  ...  55 

Onslow 1,295 

Orange  1,118 

Pamlico 226 

Pasquotank  243 

Pender 455 

Perquimans 76 

Person  179 

Pitt 1,246 

Polk 831 

Randolph 2,879 

Richmond  212 

Robeson 758 

Rockingham 1,069 

Rowan 1,765 

Rutherford 853 

Sampson 851 

Scotland 165 

Stanly 1,275 

Stokes 927 

Surry 1,056 

Swain  230 

Transylvania  ...  1,121 

Tyrell 21 

Union  1,566 

Vance 131 

Wake 7,157 

Warren  54 

Washington 77 

Watauga 903 

Wayne 928 

Wilkes 2,030 

Wilson  711 

Yadkin 1,127 

Yancey  481 

Totals 124,260         107,032            944 


Alexander 
Haig,  Jr. 


Jack  Kemp        Pat  Robertson       No  Preference 


880 

16 

428 

416 

1,072 

429 
170 
119 
374 
13,935 

464 
328 

1,915 
870 

1,822 

25 

650 

1,638 

90 

151 

244 

31 

177 

1,081 

330 

2,608 
197 
677 
918 

4,503 

535 

807 

160 

1,178 

760 

692 
109 

587 

10 

1,585 

147 

8,848 

60 

47 

932 

818 
1,539 
585 
950 
223 


5 
2 
5 
5 
8 

2 
0 
1 
1 
94 

3 

0 
33 

7 
28 

1 
14 
27 

2 

7 

5 

2 

0 

19 

8 

5 
1 
5 
11 
9 

0 

■1 
4 
6 

1 


0 
0 
9 

8 
11 
0 
3 
2 


3 

89 

195 

12 

0 

6 

14 

1 

4 

46 

78 

6 

1 

75 

198 

20 

1 

83 

290 

6 

3 

111 

134 

13 

1 

22 

28 

0 

0 

14 

39 

8 

0 

79 

85 

5 

51 

1,272 

3,010 

276 

2 

59 

66 

16 

4 

9 

56 

12 

16 

229 

218 

32 

3 

99 

426 

20 

13 

206 

1,001 

41 

1 

2 

17 

2 

13 

110 

221 

67 

12 

158 

226 

64 

2 

16 

33 

4 

(l 

30 

90 

12 

2 

49 

88 

7 

1 

8 

27 

6 

0 

21 

27 

6 

7 

139 

527 

39 

1 

94 

53 

5 

9 

136 

637 

26 

1 

35 

56 

3 

17 

55 

138 

84 

1 

112 

166 

12 

5 

128 

601 

30 

0 

74 

211 

8 

4 

38 

113 

7 

0 

19 

38 

11 

2 

47 

244 

19 

2 

68 

87 

16 

3 

72 

126 

14 

0 

29 

28 

2 

5 

172 

177 

18 

0 

3 

6 

0 

9 

130 

488 

50 

0 

9 

46 

3 

46 

1,105 

2,157 

181 

1 

6 

12 

14 

1 

10 

23 

5 

7 

91 

149 

23 

7 

88 

338 

22 

6 

103 

204 

12 

1 

63 

266 

8 

5 

65 

124 

17 

1 

27 

86 

15 

546 


11,361 


26,861 


2,797 


1010  North  Carolina  Manual 

GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  8,  1988 

(D) 
Michael  S.  Dukakis 

County  Lloyd  M.  Bensen 

Alamance  12,642 

Alexander 4,148 

Alleghany 2,087 

Anson 4,831 

Ashe  4,034 

Avery 1,367 

Beaufort 5,352 

Bertie 3,762 

Bladen 5,031 

Brunswick  7,881 

Buncombe 26,964 

Burke 10,848 

Cabarrus 10,686 

Caldwell 7,862 

Camden 1,081 

Carteret 6,859 

Caswell  4,189 

Catawba  12,922 

Chatham 7,600 

Cherokee 2,567 

Chowan 1,756 

Clay 1,289 

Cleveland 10,321 

Columbus 9,172 

Craven  7,313 

Cumberland  23,789 

Currituck  1,555 

Dare 2,806 

Davidson  13,215 

Davie 3,166 

Duplin  5,945 

Durham 35,441 

Edgecombe 9,044 

Forsyth  39,726 

Franklin 5,438 

Gaston 14,582 

Gates  2,024 

Graham 1,313 

Granville 5,280 

Greene 2,729 

Guilford 50,351 

Halifax 8,726 

Harnett  7,259 

Haywood 9,010 

Henderson  9,338 

Hertford  4,943 

Hoke 3,281 

Hyde 1,316 

Iredell 10,530 

Jackson 4,933 


(R) 

(NA) 

(L)  Write-in 

George  Bush 

Lenora  B.  Fulani 

Ron  Paul 

Dan  Quayle 

Wynonia  Brewington  Burke 

Andre  Marrou 

24,131 

69 

9 

7,968 

33 

r. 

2,174 

3 

2,782 

20 

6,019 

17 

13 

4,277 

22 

12 

8,190 

28 

2,145 

12 

3,770 

13 

10,007 

32 

19 

36,828 

185 

15 

15,933 

26 

12 

22,524 

71 

3 

15,176 

33 

1,144 

24 

11,076 

51 

8 

3,299 

20 

1 

28,872 

11 

6,999 

27 

13 

4,557 

21 

1,844 

14 

2,174 

13 

1 

14,039 

28 

9 

6,659 

51 

12,057 

Hi 

1 

27,057 

121 

12 

2,443 

5 

3 

5,234 

20 

2 

28,374 

70 

3 

7,988 

38 

5,774 

7 

29,928 

478 

36 

6,831 

31 

10 

57,688 

302 

10 

5,499 

22 

1 

34,775 

87 

7 

1,451 

in 

2,019 

15 

4,880 

274 

5 

2,498 

11 

66,060 

276 

545 

7,462 

23 

9,749 

21 

8,957 

48 

L3 

19,711 

58 

18 

2,977 

9 

1 

2,020 

32 

940 

8 

21,536 

62 

7 

5,166 

21 

Abstracts  of  Votes  and  Election  Results 


1011 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  8,  1988 

(Continued) 


County 

Johnston 

Jones  

Lee 

Lenoir 

Lincoln 

Macon  

Madison 

Martin 

McDowell 

Mecklenburg  .. 

Mitchell 

Montgomery  ... 

Moore  

Nash 

New  Hanover  . 

Northampton  . 

Onslow 

Orange 

Pamlico 

Pasquotank  .... 

Pender 

Perquimans  .... 

Person 

Pitt 

Polk  

Randolph 

Richmond 

Robeson  

Rockingham  ... 
Rowan 

Rutherford 

Sampson 

Scotland 

Stanly 

Stokes  

Surry  

Swain 

Transylvania  . 

Tyrell 

Union 

Vance 

Wake 

Warren 

Washington .... 
Watauga  

Wayne 

Wilkes 

Wilson  

Yadkin  

Yancey 

Totals 


(D) 

Michael  S.  Dukakis 
Lloyd  M.  Bensen 


(R) 

(NA) 

(L)  Write-in 

George  Bush 

Lenora  B.  Fulani 

Ron  Paul 

Dan  Quayle 

Wynonia  Brewington  Burke 

Andre  Marrou 

15,563 

35 

14 

1,649 

7 

7,104 

34 

2 

10,669 

34 

1 

11,651 

32 

3 

6,026 

13 

4 

3,453 

20 

3,149 

7 

2 

6,526 

22 

106,236 

619 

34 

4,620 

17 

4,504 

31 

14,543 

27 

36 

15,906 

32 

44 

23,807 

82 

23 

2,415 

19 

12,253 

71 

2 

14,503 

131 

107 

2,297 

21 

4,006 

25 

1 

4,926 

13 

7 

1,781 

14 

2 

4,832 

17 

2 

18,245 

72 

33 

3,874 

13 

2 

23,881 

49 

5,073 

26 

7 

9,908 

104 

14,591 

21 

1 

23,192 

96 

1 

10,337 

43 

8,524 

22 

3,199 

20 

11,885 

17 

3 

8,661 

27 

5 

11,393 

22 

1,795 

9 

7,009 

19 

22 

637 

3 

17,015 

46 

15 

5,625 

18 

2 

81,613 

482 

57 

2,163 

17 

2,186 

11 

1 

8,662 

57 

18 

15,292 

47 

15,231 

53 

10,997 

40 

6 

7,918 

24 

4,160 

37 

8,717 
1,946 
4,231 
7,649 
6,444 

3,773 
3,033 
3,598 
4,449 
71,907 

1,377 
3,995 
7,642 
8,740 
15,401 

4,599 
7,162 
22,326 
2,188 
3,860 

4,377 
1,543 
3,777 
14,777 
2,534 

8,641 

7,151 

16,968 

11,551 

12,127 

6,926 
8,009 
3,865 
6,627 
5,319 

7,245 
1,821 
4,280 
785 
8,820 

5,631 
61,352 
4,249 
2,806 
6,048 

9,135 
7,230 
8,214 
3,195 
3,803 


890,167 


1,237,258 


5,682 


1,263 


1012  North  Carolina  Manual 


THE  UNITED  STATES  CONGRESS 

When  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  was  first  adopted,  Article  I, 
Section  3  provided  for  the  election  of  United  States  Senators  by  the  legislatures 
of  the  various  states.  This  method  continued  until  1913  when  the  Seventeenth 
Amendment  to  the  Federal  Constitution  ended  the  practice  and  provided  for 
the  popular  election  of  senators.  Vacancies  could  be  filled  either  by  special 
election  or  temporary  appointment  by  the  governor  as  determined  by  each 
state. 

When  the  1915  General  Assembly  passed  the  Primary  Elections  Act,  party 
nominees  for  United  States  Senator  were  included  in  the  provision.  The  act 
called  for  primary  elections  to  be  held  prior  to  the  general  elections  in  order  to 
determine  the  candidates  from  "each  and  every  party"  whose  names  would 
appear  on  the  November  ballot.  The  first  primary  election  for  United  States 
Senator  conducted  under  the  new  law  was  not  held  in  North  Carolina  until 
1926;  however,  the  Democratic  Party  had  conducted  its  own  "primary  elec- 
tions" in  1900  and  again  in  1912.  These  primaries  had  been  used  to  determine 
the  party's  nominee  for  senator. 

Should  a  United  States  Senator  from  North  Carolina  vacate  his  office  for 
whatever  reason,  the  Governor  has  the  authority  to  fill  the  vacancy  on  a 
temporary  basis.  A  vacancy  that  occurs  sixty  or  more  days  prior  to  an  election 
for  members  of  the  General  Assembly  requires  an  election  to  complete  the 
"unexpired"  term  of  the  former  senator  be  held.  If  the  former  senator  was  up  for 
reelection,  two  separate  sections  would  appear  on  the  ballot  -  one  for  the 
unexpired  term  and  one  for  the  full  term. 

Vacancies  in  the  United  States  House  of  Representatives  are  filled  in 
accordance  with  guidelines  outlined  in  G.S.  163-13.  The  Governor  does  not 
have  the  authority  to  make  a  temporary  appointment  to  fill  the  vacancy. 


Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Results 


1013 


U.S.  Senate  Primary  Elections-Republican* 
May  5,  1992 


County 

Alamance 

Alexander.... 
Alleghany.... 

Anson 

Ashe 

Avery 

Beaufort 

Bertie 

Bladen 

Brunswick ... 
Buncombe.... 

Burke 

Cabarrus 

Caldwell 

Camden 

Carteret 

Caswell 

Catawba 

Chatham 

Cherokee 

Chowan 

Clay 

Cleveland 

Columbus  .... 

Craven 

Cumberland 

Currituck 

Dare 

Davidson 

Davie 

Duplin 

Durham 

Edgecombe  .., 

Forsyth 

Franklin 

Gaston 

Gates 

Graham 

Granville 

Greene 

Guilford 

Halifax 

Harnett 

Haywood 

Henderson.... 

Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde 

Iredell 

Jackson 


Lauch  Faircloth  Larry  Harrington 


Eugene  Johnston  Sue  Myrick 


2,461 

493 

174 

78 

711 

1,116 
963 
112 
194 

1,581 

3,854 

1,309 

1,883 

1,390 
27 

2,122 
95 

2,898 
712 
397 
201 
191 
742 
655 

1,839 

3,129 

66 

453 

2,461 

1,584 
788 

3,831 
513 

5,897 
523 

3,675 

13 

378 

272 

142 

5,169 
284 

1,096 
974 

2,490 

117 

164 

57 

2,135 
570 


195 

32 

9 

64 

75 

183 

96 

14 

44 

275 

185 

127 

246 

112 

18 

143 

14 

253 

57 

97 

44 

57 

64 

86 

179 

364 

48 

166 

297 

191 

56 

358 

61 

512 

42 

317 

8 

46 

26 

14 

415 

22 

108 

54 

288 

31 

32 

6 

210 

44 


1,375 

908 

159 

584 

65 

52 

14 

89 

207 

456 

267 

1,232 

70 

303 

15 

21 

39 

68 

202 

711 

634 

2,042 

253 

964 

605 

1,923 

452 

1,488 

19 

22 

204 

767 

53 

62 

1,249 

2,328 

273 

306 

75 

387 

25 

106 

89 

243 

210 

767 

73 

285 

126 

727 

575 

1,694 

35 

74 

131 

517 

1,677 

1,484 

809 

619 

46 

181 

1,136 

2,154 

67 

170 

3,824 

2,563 

59 

276 

922 

3,226 

6 

31 

92 

135 

33 

129 

15 

34 

6,727 

3,521 

58 

148 

171 

403 

113 

360 

597 

1,988 

14 

50 

26 

68 

6 

10 

892 

1,708 

93 

285 

*  Terry  Sanford  ran  unopposed  for  the  democratic  primary. 


1014 


North  Carolina  Manual 


County 

Lee 

Johnston 

Jones 

Lenoir 

Lincoln 

Macon 

Madison 

Martin 

McDowell 

Mecklenburg . 

Mitchell 

Montgomery .. 

Moore 

Nash 

New  Hanover 
Northampton. 

Onslow 

Orange 

Pamlico 

Pasquotank ..., 

Pender 

Perquimans.... 

Person 

Pitt 

Polk 

Randolph 

Richmond 

Robeson  

Rockingham  ... 

Rowan 

Rutherford 

Sampson 

Scotland 

Stanly 

Stokes 

Surry 

Swain 

Transylvania.. 

Tyrrell 

Union 

Vance 

Wake 

Warren 

Washington .... 

Watauga 

Wayne 

Wilkes 

Wilson 

Yadkin 

Yancey 


Lauch  Faircloth 

Larry  Harrington 

Eugene  Johnston 

Sue  Myrick 

683 

61 

78 

343 

1,571 

108 

259 

702 

74 

4 

8 

20 

633 

51 

60 

180 

988 

73 

326 

790 

1,014 

74 

126 

413 

252 

15 

34 

100 

325 

28 

51 

81 

449 

53 

69 

413 

10,182 

1,159 

6,033 

8,726 

1,546 

236 

215 

1,019 

362 

25 

122 

289 

3,300 

305 

882 

2,185 

1,499 

174 

212 

587 

3,070 

288 

701 

1,836 

55 

17 

9 

34 

1,434 

129 

120 

474 

1,056 

126 

458 

924 

264 

16 

25 

90 

239 

93 

43 

139 

670 

73 

101 

315 

67 

37 

18 

50 

258 

34 

54 

121 

1,841 

191 

313 

732 

525 

107 

153 

457 

3,040 

293 

1,490 

1,474 

202 

53 

64 

291 

454 

95 

71 

288 

779 

76 

734 

443 

2,766 

259 

858 

2,636 

536 

62 

178 

591 

2,040 

55 

51 

256 

176 

32 

56 

122 

801 

151 

211 

865 

968 

63 

507 

359 

781 

39 

279 

268 

161 

10 

19 

85 

815 

52 

120 

534 

27 

8 

7 

13 

1,254 

529 

429 

1,362 

243 

22 

36 

84 

9,732 

1,212 

3,355 

7,690 

107 

18 

21 

60 

114 

12 

10 

41 

796 

79 

244 

921 

1,178 

74 

135 

468 

3,357 

179 

777 

1,986 

1,082 

93 

159 

286 

1,711 

122 

843 

540 

703 

46 

111 

449 

Totals 

129,159 

13,496 

46,112 

81,801 

Percentage 

47.74% 

4.99% 

17.04% 

30.23% 

Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Results 


1015 


United  States  Senate  General  Election  -  November  3,  1992 


County Terry  SanforcT 

Alamance 17,573 

Alexander 5,392 

Alleghany 2,198 

Anson 5,473 

Ashe 4,580 

Avery 1,879 

Beaufort 6,564 

Bertie 4,165 

Bladen 6,064 

Brunswick 10,015 

Buncombe 34,458 

Burke 13,080 

Cabarrus 15,115 

Caldwell 9,517 

Camden 1,405 

Carteret 9,041 

Caswell 4,950 

Catawba 16,754 

Chatham 9,830 

Cherokee 4,000 

Chowan 2,440 

Clay 1,749 

Cleveland 13,353 

Columbus 12,163 

Craven 10,257 

Cumberland 34,076 

Currituck 2,546 

Dare 5,121 

Davidson 18,053 

Davie 3,841 

Duplin 7,120 

Durham 51,016 

Edgecombe 11,856 

Forsyth 52,080 

Franklin 6,810 

Gaston 19,133 

Gates 2,530 

Graham 1,618 

Granville 6,712 

Greene 2,683 

Guilford 71,511 

Halifax 10,919 

Harnett 9,088 

Haywood 10,871 

Henderson 11,202 

Hertford 4,860 

Hoke 3,961 

Hyde 1,260 

Iredell 14,266 

Jackson 6,236 

Johnston 12,003 

Jones 2,017 

Lee 6,361 

Lenoir 9,048 


Lauch  Faircloth        Bobby  Emory      Mary  Ann  Zakutney     Bruce  Kimball 


23,299 

1,342 

7,885 

423 

2,259 

140 

2,532 

126 

6,077 

269 

4,507 

226 

8,717 

394 

2,083 

71 

3,436 

143 

10,617 

1,118 

37,250 

1,587 

15,833 

1,181 

24,051 

2,044 

15,341 

1,171 

1,159 

49 

11,934 

873 

2,732 

112 

29,829 

2,607 

7,599 

595 

4,533 

64 

1,867 

90 

2,064 

41 

15,575 

1,195 

6,610 

479 

13,901 

544 

29,654 

2,608 

2,457 

133 

5,121 

298 

29,413 

2,030 

7,812 

412 

6,589 

323 

29,970 

2,271 

7,264 

405 

59,574 

3,739 

6,117 

465 

38,774 

3,326 

1,014 

54 

2,081 

35 

5,336 

445 

2,653 

81 

69,752 

4,694 

7,173 

464 

10,785 

756 

9,530 

551 

20,073 

883 

2,350 

61 

2,000 

140 

834 

43 

22,514 

2,019 

5,093 

166 

17,755 

1,190 

1,677 

90 

7,578 

532 

9,477 

268 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

11 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

2 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

7 

0 

0 

4 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1016 


North  Carolina  Manual 


United  States  Senate  General  Election  -  November  3,  1992 


County Terry  Sanford 

Lincoln 8,332 

Macon 5,030 

Madison 3,857 

Martin 4,249 

McDowell 5,950 

Mecklenburg 104,373 

Mitchell 1,811 

Montgomery 4,486 

Moore 10,674 

Nash 11,971 

New  Hanover ....  20,976 

Northampton 5,211 

Onslow 8,873 

Orange 30,320 

Pamlico 2,414 

Pasquotank 5,387 

Pender 5,729 

Perquimans 1,947 

Person 4,417 

Pitt 19,299 

Polk 3,100 

Randolph 12,454 

Richmond 9,177 

Robeson 21,308 

Rockingham 14,800 

Rowan 15,847 

Rutherford 8,628 

Sampson 8,740 

Scotland 5,690 

Stanly 8,529 

Stokes 6,983 

Surry 10,387 

Swain 2,237 

Transylvania 5,483 

Tyrrell 911 

Union 11,716 

Vance 7,281 

Wake 99,315 

Warren 4,762 

Washington 2,908 

Watauga 8,577 

Wayne 11,082 

Wilkes 8,717 

Wilson 10,941 

Yadkin 3,871 

Yancey 4,452 

Totals 1,194^T5~ 


Lauch  Faii-cloth       Bobby  Emory     Mary  Ann  Zakutney    Bruce  Kimball 


12,669 

1,098 

5,940 

274 

3,364 

91 

3,450 

98 

6,977 

340 

105,867 

8,397 

4,784 

189 

4,065 

221 

15,004 

642 

16,826 

800 

27,540 

2,584 

2,076 

91 

13,878 

1,110 

14,805 

1,530 

2,262 

184 

3,832 

86 

6,177 

567 

1,666 

62 

4,926 

355 

18,827 

683 

3,835 

132 

24,467 

1,292 

5,310 

708 

9,098 

664 

14,885 

1,153 

24,344 

2,239 

10,830 

710 

9,945 

240 

2,924 

139 

12,297 

788 

9,133 

480 

12,566 

443 

1,984 

54 

6,940 

425 

605 

25 

18,165 

1,205 

5,407 

253 

100,311 

7,270 

2,152 

124 

2,138 

55 

9,372 

794 

14,899 

471 

15,515 

794 

10,797 

310 

8,431 

333 

4,497 

79 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

5 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

1,297,892 


TT 


"23 


85,948 


Abstracts  of  Votes  and  Election  Results  1017 

UNITED  STATES  SENATE 
DEMOCRATIC  PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  8,  1990 

(D)  (D)  (I))  (D)  (D)  (D) 

Robert  L. 
MikeEasley       Harvey  B.  Grant      Lloyd  Garner       (Bob)Hannan        John  Ingram      R.P.  (Bo)  Thomas 

Alamance 2,215 

Alexander 876 

Alleghany 505 

Anson 924 

Ashe 754 

Avery  115 

Beaufort 1,985 

Bertie 1,200 

Bladen 2,944 

Brunswick  4,149 

Buncombe 7,127 

Burke 1,589 

Cabarrus 2,138 

Caldwell 1,020 

Camden  320 

Carteret 1,165 

Caswell 1,303 

Catawba 1,356 

Chatham  1,382 

Cherokee 465 

Chowan  523 

Clay 172 

Cleveland  1,497 

Columbus  .: 6,259 

Craven  2,917 

Cumberland  8,540 

Currituck 618 

Dare 537 

Davidson  3,250 

Davie 549 

Duplin 1,515 

Durham  5,512 

Edgecombe 4,190 

Forsyth  5,194 

Franklin  2,352 

Gaston  1,352 

Gates 153 

Graham  308 

Granville  1,891 

Greene 1,333 

Guilford  6,066 

Halifax 3,333 

Harnett 2,810 

Haywood  2,500 

Henderson 1,173 

Hertford 1,137 

Hoke 929 

Hyde 386 

Iredell 2,039 

Jackson 1,105 


2,270 

107 

70 

1,020 

653 

1,319 

62 

56 

918 

404 

263 

33 

16 

346 

256 

3,037 

95 

52 

"1,613 

584 

745 

69 

24 

831 

388 

163 

10 

12 

92 

82 

1,127 

77 

65 

1,607 

421 

1,841 

59 

1? 

933 

284 

1,792 

95 

4S 

828 

226 

1,581 

77 

48 

915 

484 

3,883 

262 

223 

2,665 

6,822 

2,675 

81 

90 

1,922 

919 

5,024 

139 

186 

2,098 

1,031 

1,752 

56 

48 

897 

433 

212 

64 

34 

691 

126 

451 

37 

21 

535 

338 

1,658 

168 

139 

1,154 

683 

2,790 

55 

49 

818 

408 

2,062 

56 

54 

653 

546 

103 

43 

36 

232 

968 

618 

98 

37 

607 

285 

28 

28 

22 

103 

468 

4,389 

104 

88 

2,297 

793 

3,001 

113 

81 

1,328 

646 

2,751 

128 

71 

1,385 

696 

9,173 

454 

375 

4,492 

2,429 

284 

270 

136 

911 

342 

506 

59 

46 

594 

620 

2,671 

151 

92 

1,675 

1,247 

789 

30 

40 

449 

295 

1,399 

88 

36 

1,035 

408 

13,049 

148 

117 

2,138 

1,414 

4,903 

187 

157 

2,284 

929 

9,924 

187 

174 

2,659 

1,732 

2,400 

175 

118 

1,397 

607 

4,260 

103 

72 

1,488 

582 

293 

52 

40 

335 

59 

44 

39 

33 

219 

829 

2,373 

122 

59 

1,376 

627 

973 

65 

54 

1,175 

289 

14,255 

204 

140 

2,049 

1,443 

3,415 

174 

130 

1,899 

844 

2,040 

126 

111 

1,594 

876 

734 

94 

46 

1,207 

3,558 

848 

38 

38 

481 

1,795 

1,912 

182 

169 

1,404 

291 

1,001 

105 

89 

1,030 

341 

238 

43 

32 

392 

133 

3,447 

104 

114 

1,676 

863 

349 

65 

55 

540 

2,324 

1018 


North  Carolina  Manual 


DEMOCRATIC  PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  8,  1990 

(Continued) 


(D) 
Mike  Easley 


(Hi 
Harvey  B.  (Irani 


(D) 
Lloyd  Garner 


(D) 

Robert  L. 

(Bob)  Hanoan 


(D)  (D) 

John  Ingram      R.P.  (Bo)  Thomas 


Johnston 5,185 

Jones 536 

Lee 1,794 

Lenoir 2,739 

Lincoln 1,072 

Macon  1,063 

Madison 930 

Martin 1,823 

McDowell 1,160 

Mecklenburg  4,825 

Mitchell 96 

Montgomery 1,011 

Moore 1,375 

Nash 4,949 

New  Hanover 5,218 

Northampton  1,810 

Onslow 3,410 

Orange 2,624 

Pamlico 965 

Pasquotank 938 

Pender 2,281 

Perquimans 216 

Person 1,638 

Pitt 7,906 

Polk  266 

Randolph 602 

Richmond 2,092 

Robeson  7,340 

Rockingham 2,338 

Rowan 1,606 

Rutherford 1,254 

Sampson 2,064 

Scotland 1,290 

Stanly  1,376 

Stokes 1,335 

Surry 2,364 

Swain 379 

Transylvania 1,049 

Tyrell 400 

Union  1,266 

Vance 2,687 

Wake  11,834 

Warren  1,291 

Washington 664 

Watauga  298 

Wayne 2,947 

Wilkes  1,005 

Wilson 1,886 

Yadkin  416 

Yancey 649 

Totals  209,934 


2,731 

225 

166 

2,777 

1,789 

777 

48 

44 

571 

218 

1,456 

52 

55 

924 

500 

2,471 

123 

66 

1,646 

510 

2,400 

125 

63 

1,252 

437 

175 

106 

42 

432 

1,493 

241 

7(i 

61 

609 

1,237 

920 

91 

36 

1,058 

253 

976 

96 

98 

1,219 

1,961 

31,141 

197 

131 

2,609 

1,108 

62 

5 

3 

28 

72 

1,656 

82 

82 

944 

443 

1,309 

37 

34 

504 

257 

2.683 

150 

101 

1,820 

808 

3,440 

93 

56 

919 

450 

2,752 

136 

96 

1,518 

357 

2,419 

207 

134 

2,380 

1,321 

6,784 

121 

60 

1,013 

895 

896 

ST 

61 

766 

385 

1,301 

HI 

70 

1,085 

249 

1,323 

109 

43 

778 

432 

525 

88 

53 

543 

186 

1,544 

171 

66 

1,081 

571 

4,067 

227 

139 

2,233 

906 

340 

36 

27 

216 

654 

789 

18 

15 

475 

211 

3,503 

L30 

94 

1,842 

681 

5,492 

1,317 

511 

6,794 

2,431 

2,096 

102 

79 

1,131 

677 

3,131 

105 

88 

1,403 

683 

1,898 

139 

161 

1,608 

3,012 

2,401 

67 

52 

760 

371 

1,210 

214 

72 

1,070 

486 

2,806 

63 

61 

1,636 

515 

693 

91 

49 

1,064 

843 

1,140 

108 

65 

1,655 

1,024 

100 

34 

33 

295 

1,131 

418 

86 

65 

673 

2,162 

214 

67 

34 

319 

160 

3,327 

72 

55 

1,437 

500 

3,026 

83 

112 

1,521 

766 

16,256 

252 

191 

2,575 

2,550 

2,485 

84 

64 

961 

468 

688 

23 

3(1 

127 

131 

808 

33 

13 

136 

131 

3,182 

143 

76 

1,324 

031 

873 

39 

21 

687 

668 

1,986 

51 

46 

701 

364 

199 

14 

27 

217 

192 

254 

36 

53 

367 

759 

260,179 


11,528 


7,982 


120,990 


82,883 


Abstracts  of  Votes  and  Election  Results 


1019 


PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  JUNE  5,  1990 


County 

Alamance  .... 
Alexander .... 
Alleghany  ... 

Anson  

Ashe 

Avery  

Beaufort 

Bertie  

Bladen  

Brunswick  ... 

Buncombe  ... 

Burke  

Cabarrus  

Caldwell  

Camden  

Carteret  

Caswell 

Catawba 

Chatham  

Cherokee 

Chowan  

Clay 

Cleveland  .... 
Columbus  .... 
Craven  

Cumberland 

Currituck 

Dare  

Davidson 

Davie 

Duplin 

Durham  

Edgecombe  .. 

Forsyth 

Franklin  

Gaston  

Gates 

Graham  

Granville 

Greene 

Guilford 

Halifax  

Harnett 

Haywood 

Henderson  ... 

Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde 

Iredell 

Jackson  


(D) 
Mike  Easley 


(D) 
Harvey  B.  Gantt 


County 

Johnston  

Jones 

Lee 

Lenoir  

Lincoln  

Macon 

Madison 

Martin 

McDowell  

Mecklenburg  .. 

Mitchell  

Montgomery  .. 

Moore 

Nash  

New  Hanover . 

Northampton  . 

Onslow 

Orange 

Pamlico 

Pasquotank  .... 

Pender 

Perquimans .... 

Person 

Pitt  

Polk 

Randolph 

Richmond 

Robeson 

Rockingham  .. 
Rowan 

Rutherford 

Sampson 

Scotland  

Stanly  

Stokes  

Surry 

Swain 

Transylvania  . 

Tyrell  

Union 

Vance 

Wake 

Warren 

Washington  ... 
Watauga 

Wayne 

Wilkes 

Wilson 

Yadkin 

Yancey 

Totals 


(D) 
Mike  Easley 


(D) 
Harvey  B.  Gantt 


2,762 
564 
320 

2,596 
354 

136 
1,413 

763 
3,055 
2,560 

12,139 

1,711 

2,189 

903 

312 

1,269 
1,116 
1,513 
1,275 
388 

394 

183 
3,023 
6,816 
2,691 

7,077 
921 
534 

2,381 
427 

1,468 
5,358 
2,991 
4,704 
1,671 

2,197 

283 

861 

1,604 

2,523 

6,432 
2,326 
2,425 
1,975 
1,245 

772 

559 

522 

1,816 

1,913 


3,237 
770 
170 

3,041 
461 

168 

989 

1,311 

2,130 

1,976 

8,847 
2,041 
3,674 
1,423 
208 

759 
1,349 
2,626 
2,529 

127 

561 

68 

3,900 

4,008 

2,665 

9,007 
368 
473 

2,345 
589 

1,699 
14,009 

3,920 
10,875 

2,507 

4,075 

367 

278 

2,299 

1,332 

16,834 
2,755 
2,120 
1,075 
1,448 

1,265 
998 
324 

2,713 
947 


5,712 

399 

1,318 

3,275 

898 

903 
390 

1,189 
765 

8,886 

80 

815 

1,245 

3,603 

2,816 

1,065 
3,987 
2,137 
1,714 
869 

1,449 

362 

1,201 

8,473 

268 

1,125 
1,641 
3,328 
2,073 
1,912 

4,531 
1,615 

692 
1,238 

927 

1,214 
305 
788 
714 

1,775 

4,690 

11,192 

1,197 

534 

385 

2,306 
731 

2,256 
383 
482 


3,143 
627 
1,227 
2,647 
1,468 

306 
262 
871 
472 
35,389 

83 

1,165 

1,782 

2,615 

-  3,766 

1,831 
2,564 
8,061 
1,240 
1,303 

1,525 

457 

1,196 

4,785 

371 

1,214 
2,137 
3,648 
2,233 
3,016 

2,581 
2,049 
1,124 
1,841 
640 

922 
114 
638 
417 

2,878 

3,838 
20,522 

2,137 
641 
985 

3,486 
611 

2,629 
194 
256 


207,283 


273,567 


1020 


North  Carolina  Manual 


REPUBLICAN  PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  8,  1990 


(R) 
County  Jesse  Helms 

Alamance 1,291 

Alexander  2,92.4 

Alleghany  158 

Anson  378 

Ashe 1,802 

Avery 3,389 

Beaufort  632 

Bertie 107 

Bladen 146 

Brunswick 2,037 

Buncombe 4,358 

Burke 2,229 

Cabarrus 4,875 

Caldwell 1,939 

Camden 36 

Carteret 1,327 

Caswell 162 

Catawba 5,839 

Chatham 668 

Cherokee  1,403 

Chowan 158 

Clay  716 

Cleveland 1,806 

Columbus 855 

Craven 1,106 

Cumberland 3,602 

Currituck 190 

Dare 614 

Davidson 5,055 

Davie  3,119 

Duplin 560 

Durham 1,609 

Edgecombe 456 

Forsyth 4,688 

Franklin 717 

Gaston 2,657 

Gates 18 

Graham 1,234 

Granville 176 

Greene  121 

Guilford 3,439 

Halifax 334 

Harnett 892 

Haywood 990 

Henderson 3,864 

Hertford 373 

Hoke 163 

Hyde  41 

Iredell  3,483 

Jackson 559 


(R)  (R)  (R)                (R)                (R) 
L.C.  Nison     George  Wimbish   County                            Jesse  Helms       L.C.  Nixon     George  Wimbish 

78  120    Johnston  1,600 

136  161    Jones 72 

7  9    Lee 541 

11  22    Lenoir 554 

78  68    Lincoln  2,182 

220  233    Macon 1,497 

60  51     Madison  629 

4  2    Martin  432 

17  9    McDowell  562 

273  212    Mecklenburg 13,003 

682  620    Mitchell  4,327 

132  149    Montgomery 693 

637  385    Moore 3,497 

135  148    Nash 1,297 

5  4     New  Hanover  2,629 

154  107    Northampton 87 

5  18    Onslow  1,903 

422  461     Orange 997 

99  74    Pamlico  272 

115  51     Pasquotank 432 

31  16    Pender  855 

49  39    Perquimans  88 

104  107    Person 408 

59  54    Pitt 1,668 

180  135    Polk 581 

456  374     Randolph  948 

30  22    Richmond 572 

126  55    Robeson 949 

351  211     Rockingham  992 

228  196    Rowan  3,769 

29  28    Rutherford  962 

261  269    Sampson  1,832 

20  27    Scotland 274 

570  404    Stanly 2,791 

80  74    Stokes 1,516 

200  148    Surry 1,605 

4  5    Swain 380 

62  49    Transylvania 869 

13  22    Tyrell  18 

8  7    Union 2,178 

363  560    Vance 286 

39  18    Wake 5,013 

45  39     Warren 70 

97  97    Washington  83 

734  429    Watauga 944 

21  18    Wayne 790 

13  21    Wilkes 7,473 

7  0    Wilson 411 

265  206    Yadkin 2,220 

57  57     Yancey 1,020 

Totals 157,345          15,355          13,895 


11)1 

75 

6 

5 

56 

65 

28 

27 

L63 

109 

152 

111 

48 

31 

.44 

22 

32 

46 

,244 

2,185 

335 

304 

31 

38 

466 

329 

89 

69 

372 

324 

13 

8 

242 

183 

305 

205 

:;i 

24 

90 

27 

142 

96 

12 

7 

28 

41 

226 

162 

102 

79 

45 

85 

44 

39 

99 

80 

68 

66 

355 

204 

89 

66 

66 

61 

4.4 

41 

126 

S4 

87 

83 

82 

81 

22 

16 

140 

102 

2 

3 

171 

138 

17 

35 

886 

805 

12 

25 

7 

6 

99 

67 

35 

.42 

509 

392 

22 

22 

142 

140 

64 

59 

Abstracts  of  Votes  and  Election  Results 


1021 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  6,  1990 


(D) 
Harvey  B. 

County  Gaott 

Alamance 13,706 

Alexander 4,524 

Alleghany 1,774 

Anson  4,148 

Ashe 3,697 

Avery 1,469 

Beaufort 4,842 

Bertie 3,372 

Bladen 4,110 

Brunswick 7,703 

Buncombe 29,640 

Burke 10,414 

Cabarrus 12,641 

Caldwell 7,790 

Camden 992 

Carteret 7,005 

Caswell 3,531 

Catawba 14,904 

Chatham 7,945 

Cherokee  2,857 

Chowan 1,976 

Clay  1,688 

Cleveland 11,153 

Columbus 7,941 

Craven 9,391 

Cumberland 26,334 

Currituck 1,686 

Dare 3,980 

Davidson 12,953 

Davie  3,061 

Duplin 5,130 

Durham 41,313 

Edgecombe 10,527 

Forsyth 43,077 

Franklin 5,427 

Gaston 16,835 

Gates 1,699 

Graham 1,279 

Granville 5,331 

Greene  2,106 

Guilford 62,139 

Halifax 7,934 

Harnett 6,548 

Haywood 7,722 

Henderson 10,023 

Hertford 4,238 

Hoke 3,174 

Hyde  925 

Iredell  12,149 

Jackson 4,597 


(R)  (D)                 (R) 

Jesse  A.              Rich  Harvey  B.           Jesse  A.              Rich 

Helms              Stuart          County  Gantt               Helms              Stuart 

Johnston 8,011 

Jones 1,631 

Lee 4,428 

Lenoir 6,342 

16     Lincoln  7,071 

3     Macon 4,149 

1     Madison  3,563 

Martin  3,041 

McDowell 3,947 

Mecklenburg 104,264 

Mitchell 1,381 

Montgomery 3,475 

76     Moore 9,304 

11      Nash 8,545 

New  Hanover  17,705 

1      Northampton 4,534 

Onslow  7,515 

149     Orange 26,997 

Pamlico  2,132 

Pasquotank 4,292 

Pender 4,499 

Perquimans  1,552 

Person 3,219 

Pitt 15,978 

Polk 2,465 

160     Randolph  9,224 

1      Richmond 6,974 

1      Robeson 16,244 

1      Rockingham  9,092 

Rowan  12,812 

Rutherford  6,649 

1  Sampson  7,916 

3     Scotland  3,786 

26     Stanly 6,318 

Stokes 4,827 

Surry 6,559 

2  Swain 1,721 

Transylvania 4,813 

6     Tyrell 626 

Union 9,098 

Vance 5,581 

Wake 85,635 

3  Warren 4,128 

3     Washington  2,019 

Watauga 7,893 

Wayne 9,585 

1      Wilkes 6,379 

Wilson 8,376 

72     Yadkin 2,485 

Yancey 3,392 

Totals 981,573   1,088,331     681 


22,546 
8,075 
2,298 
3,093 
5,853 

4,139 
7,608 
2,442 
4,058 
9,147 

29,371 
14,092 
19,627 
12,955 
1,035 

9,455 
3,311 
23,743 
8,043 
3,818 

1,875 
2,099 

13,028 
8,389 

10,680 

23,905 
2,022 
3,907 

24,992 
7,202 

6,768 
23,670 

8,089 
46,477 

6,384 

29,962 
1,089 
2,331 
5,372 
2,859 

56,030 
7,218 

10,065 
7,830 

13,993 

2,769 

2,154 

870 

17,450 

4,225 


16,029 

1,746 

6,480 

9,820 

5 

11,151 

4,563 

3,901 

4,054 

6,308 

74,822 

4,101 

4,068 

12,847 

14,647 

18,105 

4 

3,013 

11,648 

93 

10,752 

23 

2,336 

3,310 

4,856 

1,514 

5,352 

15,614 

3,001 

21,351 

1 

5,751 

1 

10,299 

14,556 

4 

19,658 

9,954 

9,577 

2,866 

2 

11,881 

9,217 

11,103 

2,001 

5,659 

4 

695 

15,827 

5,740 

1 

66,379 

4 

2,513 

2,223 

6,976 

2 

15,172 

13,822 

10,519 

7,370 

4,771 

1022 


North  Carolina  Manual 


United  States  Congressional  Primary  -  May  5,  1992 
1st  Congressional  District  (Democratic  Primary) 


County                 Thomas  B. 

Eva 

Thomas 

Walter  B. 

Staccato 

Willie  D. 

Don 

Brandon,  III 

Clayton 

Hardaway 

Jones,  Jr. 

Powell 

Riddick 

Smith 

Beaufort  (Part) 

345 

978 

114 

2,203 

27 

253 

84 

Bertie 

429 

633 

108 

1,284 

196 

1,274 

7 

Bladen 

244 

919 

126 

928 

777 

70 

159 

Chowan 

159 

238 

36 

1,069 

13 

425 

15 

Columbus  (Part) 

246 

487 

83 

499 

1,417 

65 

79 

Craven  (Part) 

188 

768 

109 

1,451 

47 

535 

24 

Cumberland  (Part) 

211 

1,768 

722 

419 

127 

557 

130 

Duplin  (Part) 

150 

519 

47 

888 

284 

288 

32 

Edgecombe  (Part) 

191 

3,711 

309 

883 

167 

132 

68 

Gates 

75 

188 

46 

1,262 

21 

551 

22 

Greene 

55 

344 

32 

2,616 

70 

308 

30 

Halifax  (Part) 

237 

1,200 

2,210 

1,528 

39 

66 

59 

Hertford 

182 

489 

109 

1,427 

89 

918 

16 

Jones  (Part) 

25 

388 

15 

420 

9 

171 

9 

Lenior  (Part) 

146 

1,148 

42 

1,610 

93 

624 

24 

Martin  (Part) 

654 

484 

138 

1,187 

20 

195 

9 

Nash  (Part) 

99 

829 

99 

511 

62 

39 

48 

New  Hanover  (Part)     68 

1,468 

93 

194 

784 

143 

49 

Northampton 

198 

1,536 

503 

2,085 

52 

215 

50 

Pasqoutank  (Part) 

115 

410 

66 

645 

67 

825 

16 

Pender  (Part) 

61 

642 

58 

292 

32 

58 

47 

Perquimans 

100 

306 

39 

1,040 

14 

351 

24 

Pitt  (Part) 

126 

2,196 

166 

5,515 

49 

465 

59 

Vance  (Part) 

257 

1,855 

117 

708 

11 

40 

65 

Warren 

224 

2,581 

293 

993 

19 

52 

45 

Washington 

181 

484 

36 

1,223 

31 

474 

26 

Wayne  (Part) 

0 

2 

0 

15 

0 

0 

0 

Wilson  (Part) 

119 

906 

55 

739 

1,376 

18 

31 

Totals 

5,085 

27,477 

5,771 

33,634 

5,893 

9,112 

1,227 

Percentage 

5.77% 

31.15% 

6.54% 

38.13% 

6.68% 

10.33% 

1.39% 

2nd  Congressional  District  (Republican  Primary) 


County 

Dun 

James  P. 

William  L. 

Hal 

Ted  O. 

Davis 

Gunter,  Sr. 

Israel,  Jr. 

Sharpe 

Stone 

Durham 

373 

557 

586 

808 

1,902 

Edgecombe  (Part) 

127 

79 

181 

154 

53 

Franklin 

144 

83 

191 

171 

258 

Granville  (Part) 

45 

75 

96 

40 

116 

Halifax  (Part) 

65 

41 

97 

88 

44 

Harnett 

1,127 

138 

254 

97 

101 

Johnston 

852 

242 

547 

324 

436 

Lee 

419 

144 

286 

67 

55 

Moore  (Part) 

1,073 

579 

1,645 

639 

710 

Nash  (Part) 

412 

138 

376 

1,069 

159 

Vance  (Part) 

25 

20 

36 

54 

83 

Wake  (Part) 

1 

9 

1 

14 

7 

Wilson  (Part) 

185 

101 

529 

356 

152 

Totals 

4,848 

2,206 

4,825 

3,881 

4,076 

Percentage 

24.44% 

11.12% 

24.32% 

19.57% 

20.55 

Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Results 


1023 


5th  Congressional  District  (Republican  Primary) 


Reginald  Bowman" 


Richard  M.  Burr 


County 


Alleghany 

Ashe 

Burke 

Caldwell  (Part) 

Caswell 

Forsyth  (Part) 

Granville  (Part) 

Guilford  (Part) 

Person 

Rockingham 

Stokes 

Surry 

Watauga 

Wilkes  (Part) 

Totals 

Percentage 


99 

497 

490 

332 

137 

1,850 

13 

56 

137 

870 

704 

391 

695 

568 

6,839 

38.05% 


148 

701 

653 

340 

89 

5,194 

19 

34 

163 

737 

986 

486 

874 

711 

11,135 

61.95% 


7th  Congressional  District  (Republican  Primary) 

Scott  C.  Dorm  an 


Robert  C.  Anderson 


County 


Bladen 

98 

Brunswick 

1,482 

Columbus  (Part) 

279 

Cumberland  (Part) 

2,813 

New  Hanover  (Part) 

2,925 

Onslow  (Part) 

532 

Pender  (Part) 

225 

Robeson  (Part) 

461 

Totals 

8,815 

Percentage 

65.02% 

69 
884 
522 
890 
1,691 
338 
147 
201 

4,742 

34.98% 


8th  Congressional  District  (Democratic  Primary) 


County 


W.G. 
Hefner 


CoyC. 
Privette 


Don 
Dawkins 


George  E. 
Crump,  HI 


Anson  1,080 

Cabarrus  2,227 
Cumberland  (Part)        1,815 

Hoke  763 

Iredell  (Part)  279 

Mecklenburg  (Part)  63 

Montgomery  768 

Moore  (Part)  210 

Richmond  2,748 

Robeson  (Part)  1,226 

Rowan  (Part)  1,054 

Scotland  1,035 

Stanly  917 

Union  2,188 

Totals  16,373 

Percentage  33.30% 


2,718 

5,530 

1,449 

2,754 

513 

257 

2,371 

785 

2,987 

2,074 

2,423 

1,924 

2,852 

4,153 

32,790 

66.70% 


67 

1,788 

437 

142 

147 

70 
203 
321 
353 

62 
862 

95 

388 

1,023 

5,958 

33.65% 


181 

2,839 

641 

155 

308 

105 

602 

731 

249 

84 

1,745 

162 

1,630 

2,316 

11,748 

66.35% 


1024 


North  Carolina  Manual 


12th  Congressional  District  (Republican  Primary) 


County 

D.A. 

George 

Max 

O.C. 

Barbara  Gore 

Dreano 

Jones 

Kent 

Stafford 

Washinton 

Alamance  (Part) 

8 

96 

51 

119 

221 

Davidson  (Part) 

55 

141 

109 

80 

171 

Durham  (Part) 

167 

511 

279 

200 

559 

Forsyth  (Part) 

49 

170 

180 

136 

202 

Gaston  (Part) 

5 

32 

10 

24 

36 

Guilford  (Part) 

94 

346 

232 

670 

810 

Iredell  (Part) 

18 

114 

97 

138 

156 

Mecklenburg  (Part) 

86 

380 

214 

274 

574 

Orange  (Part) 

2 

14 

12 

15 

23 

Rowan  (Part) 

59 

113 

347 

102 

186 

Totals 

543 

1,917 

1,531 

1,758 

2,938 

Percentage 

6.25% 

22.07% 

17.62% 

20.24% 

33.82% 

County 


12th  Congressional  District  (Democratic  Primary) 


Earl 
Jones 


Larry  D. 
Little 


Mickey 
Michaux 


Melvin 
Watt 


Alamance  (Part) 
Davidson  (Part) 
Durham  (Part) 
Forsyth  (Part) 
Gaston  (Part) 
Guilford  (Part) 
Iredell  (Part) 
Mecklenburg  (Part) 
Orange  (Part) 
Rowan  (Part) 

Totals 

Percentage 


633 

464 

283 

682 

152 

555 

288 

639 

629 

1,371 

11,964 

1,782 

306 

3,219 

608 

767 

116 

83 

64 

861 

2,328 

920 

1,385 

6,704 

261 

435 

402 

713 

560 

800 

883 

13,230 

76 

74 

113 

108 

277 

377 

197 

1,009 

5,338 

8,298 

16,187 

26,495 

9.48% 

14.73% 

28.74% 

47.05% 

Election  for  the  1st  Congressional  District  to  fill  the  unexpired  term 
of  Walter  B.  Jones  Nov.  3,  1992 


County 


Eva  ClaytohTDT 


Ted  Tyler(K)  C.  Barry  Williams(W) 


Beaufort  (Part) 

Bertie 

Camden 

Carteret 

Chowan 

Craven  (Part) 

Currituck 

Dare 

Gates 

Greene 

Hertford 

Hyde 

Lenior  (Part) 

Martin  (Part) 

Northampton 

Pamlico 

Pasquotank  (Part) 

Perquimans 

Pitt  (Part) 

Tyrrell 

Washington 


7,301 
3,473 
1,353 

10,698 
2,417 

11,055 
2,487 
5,670 
2,352 
2,502 
4,621 
1,480 

20,444 
4,095 
4,935 
2,600 
5,329 
2,003 

19,474 
1,082 
2,953 


7,872 
1,992 
1,087 
9,278 
1,691 

10,799 
2,166 
4,178 
1,261 
2,918 
2,334 
663 
8,259 
3,124 
1,844 
2,032 
3,402 
1,646 

17,123 

474 

2,130 


297 

81 

105 

572 

93 

442 

201 

335 

49 

118 

69 

51 

416 

119 

89 

166 

87 

82 

644 

26 

79 


Totals 


118,324 


86,273 


4,121 


Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Results 


1025 


U.S.  Congress 
General  Election 

First  Congressional  District 


County 


Beaufort  (Part) 
Bertie 

Bladen  (Part) 
Chowan 

Columbus  (Part) 
Craven  (Part) 
Cumberland  (Part) 
Duplin  (Part) 
Edgecombe  (Part) 
Gates 
Greene 
Halifax  (Part) 
Hertford 
Jones (Part) 
Lenior  (Part) 
Martin  (Part) 
Nash  (Part) 
New  Hanover  (Part) 
Northampton 
Pasquotank  (Part) 
Pender (Part) 
Perquimans 
Pitt  (Part) 
Vance  (Part) 
Warren 
Washington 
Wayne  (Part) 
Wilson  (Part) 


Eva  Clayton 


Totals 


3,938 
4,081 
3,944 
2,326 
4,047 
4,983 
7,492 
3,057 
7,782 
2,364 
2,486 
6,671 
4,898 
1,118 
5,627 
2,716 
2,751 
5,347 
5,140 
3,061 
1,693 
1,968 
10,742 
4,449 
4,893 
2,895 
24 
5,585 

116,078 


Ted  Tyler 


3,683 
2,141 
1,211 
1,624 
1,234 
2,854 
1,701 
1,560 
1,516 
1,138 
2,773 
2,573 
2,403 

702 
1,899 
1,978 
1,688 

916 
2,110 
1,262 

539 
1,544 
7,890 
1,691 
2,009 
2,088 
37 
1,693 

54,457 


C.  Barry  Williams" 


153 

85 

68 

89 

132 

159 

140 

99 

106 

47 

75 

147 

69 

61 

74 

63 

85 

207 

91 

29 

85 

61 

231 

109 

127 

69 

1 

65 

2,727 


Second  Congressional  District 


County 


l.T.  Valentine,  Jr. 


Don  Davis  Dennis  Bryant  Lubahn 


Durham  (Part) 

Edgecombe  (Part) 

Franklin 

Granville  (Part) 

Halifax  (Part) 

Harnett 

Johnston 

Lee 

Moore  (Part) 

Nash  (Part) 

Vance (Part) 

Wake  (Part) 

Wilson  (Part) 

,  Totals 


25,068 
5,632 
8,288 
6,732 
5,111 
9,945 

14,490 
7,392 
8,256 

12,063 

4,131 

95 

6,490 

113,693 


14,972 
4,006 
4,723 
2,834 
2,617 
9,983 

15,455 
6,341 

10,775 

12,341 

2,301 

155 

7,390 

93,893 


1,083 
156 
217 
181 
148 
375 
539 
299 
351 
407 
105 
3 
119 

3,983 


Third  Congressional  District 


County 


"Martin  Lancaster 


Tommy  Pollard 


Mark  Jackson 
213 

60 
901 
361 
171 
324 
181 

42 

44 
182 

40 
513 


Beaufort  (Part) 
Camden 
Carteret 
Craven  (Part) 
Currituck 
Dare 

Duplin  (Part) 
Hyde 

Jones (Part) 
Lenior  (Part) 
Martin  (Part) 
Onslow  (Part) 


my, 

"37704" 

1,041 

9,161 

7,834 

2,344 

4,510 

3,450 

598 

675 

5,233 

908 

7,541 


4,125 
1,446 
11,600 
7,816 
2,532 
5,611 
5,483 
1,521 
1,164 
5,564 
1,543 
6,744 


lJ 


1026 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Pamlico 

Pasquotank  (Part) 
Pender  (Part) 
Pitt  (Part) 
Sampson 
Tyrrell 
Wayne  (Part) 

Totals 


2,978 

1,673 

2,493 

2,235 

4,012 

2,469 

10,578 

8,315 

10,616 

7,752 

1,043 

452 

14,879 

10,864 

101,739 


80,759 


201 
57 
231 
481 
231 
27 
292 

4,552 


County 


Fourth  Congressional  District 

David  E.  Price       Lavina  T  Kothrock 


Eugene  Paczelt 


Chatham 
Orange  (Part) 
Wake  (Part) 

Total 


12,220 

5,430 

33,147 

10,186 

125,932 

73,729 

171,299 


89,345 


319 
1,062 
3,035 

4,416 


Totals 


Fifth  Congressional  District 


County 

Steve  Neal 

Richard  M.  Burr 

Gary  AJbrecht 

Norris  Weathers 

Alleghany 

2,591 

1,995 

64 

0 

Ashe 

5,608 

5,229 

123 

0 

Burke  (Part) 

9,955 

7,813 

337 

0 

Caldwell  (Part) 

3,811 

3,127 

162 

0 

Caswell 

5,164 

2,553 

90 

0 

Forsyth  (Part) 

33,160 

32,738 

1,214 

1 

Granville  (Part) 

1,727 

618 

34 

0 

Guilford  (Part) 

836 

616 

31 

0 

Person 

4,335 

3,258 

184 

0 

Rockingham 

17,616 

12,914 

511 

1 

Stokes 

8,463 

8,088 

219 

0 

Surry 

11,928 

11,407 

244 

2 

Watauga 

9,429 

8,615 

457 

0 

Wilkes  (Part) 

3,192 

3,115 

88 

0 

117,835 


102,086 


3,758 


County 


Sixth  Congressional  District 


Kobin  Hood 


J.  Howard  Coble 


Alamance  (Part) 
Davidson  (Part) 
Davie  (Part) 
Guilford  (Part) 
Randolph 
Rowan  (Part) 

Totals 


10,357 
11,774 

2,278 
26,409 
12,032 

4,350 

67,200 


23,267 
28,728 

4,444 
71,239 
25,641 

9,503 

162,822 


Seventh  Congressional  District 


County 


Marc  Kelley 


Charles  Rose,  III 


Robert  Anderson 


Bladen 
Brunswick 
Columbus  (Part) 
Cumberland  (Part) 
New  Hanover  (Part) 
Onslow  (Part) 
Pender  (Part) 
Robeson  (Part) 


2,599 

1,211 

12,538 

8,868 

10,257 

3,235 

22,031 

19,914 

20,856 

21,862 

3,824 

4,681 

1,377 

1,764 

18,932 

5,001 

53 
611 
183 
1,027 
1,515 
317 
126 
319 


Totals 


92,414 


66,536 


4,151 


Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Results 


1027 


Eighth  Congressional  District 


W.G.  Hefner 


Coy  C.  Privette 


J.  Wendell  Drye 


County 


Anson 

Cabarrus 

Cumberland  (Part) 

Hoke 

Iredell  (Part) 

Mecklenburg  (Part) 

Montgomery 

Moore  (Part) 

Richmond 

Robeson  (Part) 

Rowan  (Part) 

Scotland 

Stanly 

Union 


6,208 

24,272 

8,488 

4,400 

2,248 

924 

5,117 

2,646 

10,820 

5,244 

10,614 

5,829 

11,046 

15,306 


1,796 

15,663 

4,366 

1,427 

1,683 

670 

3,493 

2,905 

3,735 

1,334 

7,926 

2,044 

10,077 

14,723 


91 

1,633 

386 

123 

166 

63 

245 

82 

4,996 

122 

906 

133 

587 

914 


Totals 


113,162 


71,842 


10,447 


Ninth  Congressional  District 


J.  Alex  McMillan 


Wendy  Russell 


County 


Rory  Blake" 


Cleveland  (Part) 
Gaston  (Part) 
Mecklenburg  (Part) 


5,993 

8,090 

19,365 

37,803 

49,225 

107,757 

2 

0 

10 


Totals 


74,583 


153,650 


12 


Tenth  Congressional  District 


County 


Ben  Neill 


T.  Cass  BiTTenger Jeffrey  Clayton  Brown 


Alexander 
Avery 

Buncombe  (Part) 
Burke  (Part) 
Caldwell  (Part) 
Catawba 
Davie  (Part) 
Forsyth  (Part) 
Henderson  (Part) 
Iredell  (Part) 
'    Lincoln 

McDowell  (Part) 
Mitchell 
Polk  (Part) 
Rutherford  (Part) 
Wilkes  (Part) 
Yadkin 


5,531 

7,862 

1,563 

4,706 

2,291 

4,111 

4,035 

7,619 

5,803 

12,418 

15,814 

31,468 

1,410 

3,498 

9,555 

18,924 

776 

1,839 

9,611 

16,396 

8,242 

12,517 

1,090 

1,573 

1,484 

4,849 

128 

326 

1,186 

2,162 

6,129 

11,092 

4,558 

7,639 

312 
191 
180 
343 
427 
1,584 
175 
785 

96 
896 
762 

83 
157 

10 
121 
488 
276 


Totals 


79,206 


149,033 


6,888 


1 


1028 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Eleventh  Congressional  District 


County 


John  S.  Stevens 


Charles  H.  Taylor 


Buncombe  (Part) 

Cherokee 

Clay 

Cleveland  (Part) 

Graham 

Haywood 

Henderson  (Part) 

Jackson 

Macon 

Madison 

McDowell  (Part) 

Polk  (Part) 

Rutherford  (Part) 

Swain 

Transylvania 

Yancey 


31,875 
3,846 
1,697 
7,671 
1,563 
10,182 
10,582 
5,992 
4,928 
3,722 
4,575 
2,682 
6,567 
2,089 
5,649 
4,383 


34,331 
4,734 
2,160 
7,498 
2,203 
10,953 
18,899 
5,377 
6,347 
3,604 
6,220 
3,686 
9,950 
2,237 
7,274 
4,685 


Totals 


108,003 


130,158 


Twelfth  Congressional  District 


County 


Melvin  Watt  Barbara  Washington      Curtis  Wade  Krumel 


Alamance  (Part) 
Davidson  (Part) 
Durham  (Part) 
Forsyth  (Part) 
Gaston  (Part) 
Guilford  (Part) 
Iredell  (Part) 
Mecklenburg  (Part) 
Orange  (Part) 
Rowan  (Part) 


4,511 

2,750 

4,568 

3,237 

26,253 

9,982 

12,302 

4,738 

2,196 

597 

31,437 

13,087 

3,738 

3,012 

37,270 

8,018 

496 

613 

4,491 

3,368 

222 
233 
877 
337 

46 
976 
244 
870 

36 
319 


Totals 


127,262 


49,402 


4,160 


Abstracts  of  Votes  and  Election  Results 


1029 


UNITED  STATES  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES 
PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  8,  1990 


Republican  Primary 
FIRST  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


County 

Beaufort 

Bertie  

Camden  

Carteret  

Chowan  

Craven  

Currituck 

Dare  

Gates 

Greene 

Hertford 

Hyde 

Lenoir  

Martin 

Northampton 

Pamlico 

Pasquotank  ... 
Perquimans  ... 

Pitt  

Tyrrell 

Washington  .. 


Marvin  Ray 
Jones (R) 


Howard  D. 
Moye(R) 


189 

525 

36 

60 

18 

23 

483 

980 

66 

104 

458 

763 

134 

95 

332 

380 

6 

18 

31 

94 

164 

176 

11 

34 

218 

338 

163 

274 

33 

55 

79 

209 

193 

294 

54 

56 

476 

1,508 

8 

14 

23 

72 

Totals 

3,175 

6,072 

Republican  Primary 
THIRD  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 

County 

William  Kenneth                       Don 
Brosman  (R)                       Davis  (R) 

Henry  Merritt 
Stenbouse  (R) 

Bladen  

Duplin 

Harnett 

Johnston  (Part) 

Jones 

Lee 

Moore  (Part) 

Onslow  

Pender 

Sampson  

Wayne 


43 

77 

25 

126 

379 

69 

99 

745 

76 

293 

971 

239 

21 

39 

14 

219 

208 

75 

62 

215 

22 

911 

816 

323 

231 

488 

164 

288 

1,282 

122 

96 

298 

414 

Totals 

2,389                       5,518 

1,543 

Democratic  Primary 
FOURTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 

County 

Robert  B.                          PaulE. 
Coats,  Sr.(D)                    Moore  (D) 

David  E. 
Price  (D) 

Chatham  . 
Franklin  .. 

Orange 

Randolph 
Wake 

Totals  ... 


158 

180 

4,270 

424 

391 

6,003 

341 

373 

10,238 

117 

114 

1,851 

1,442 

1,319 

28,760 

2,482 


2,377 


51,122 


1030 


North  Carolina  Manual 


PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  8,  1990  (Continued) 

Republican  Primary 
FIFTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


County 

Alexander 

Alleghany  ... 

Ashe 

Forsyth  

Rockingham 

Stokes  

Surry 

Wilkes 

Totals  


Ken 
Bell  (R) 


Steve 
Royal  (R) 


1,508 

1,567 

59 

107 

1,116 

606 

3,580 

1,681 

641 

330 

754 

698 

578 

928 

2.973 

4,648 

11,209 


10,565 


Republican  Primary 
SEVENTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


County 

Brunswick 

Columbus  

Cumberland  ... 
New  Hanover 
Robeson  

Totals  


Robert  C. 
Anderson  (R) 


Fries 

Shaffner(R) 


1,424 

851 

568 

303 

2,759 

1,259 

1,315 

1,933 

664 

243 

6,730 


4,589 


Democratic  Primary 
EIGHTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


County 

Anson  

Cabarrus  

Davie 

Hoke 

Montgomery  . 
Moore  (Part)  .. 

Richmond 

Rowan 

Scotland  

Stanly  

Union 

Yadkin  (Part) 

Totals  


Helen  Ann 
Garrells(D) 


W.G.  (Bill) 

Hefner  (D) 


1,160 

5,244 

2,309 

8,322 

348 

1,847 

661 

2,899 

792 

3,437 

513 

2,193 

1,820 

6,390 

1,498 

5,539 

684 

3,482 

806 

5,653 

1,405 

4,991 

115 

835 

12,111 


:,ii,sm2 


Democratic  &  Republican  Primary 
TENTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


County 

Avery  (Part) . 

Burke 

Caldwell 

Catawba 

Cleveland 

Gaston 

Watauga 

Totals 


Daniel  R. 
Green,  Jr.  (D) 


RitaW. 
McElwaine(D) 


I .  (  ass 
Ballenger(R) 


Cherie  K. 
Berry (R) 


170 

131 

2,070 

429 

4,875 

2,002 

2,213 

293 

2,729 

1,064 

1,999 

272 

3,910 

1,328 

5,909 

954 

4,625 

2,858 

1,162 

150 

3,802 

3,376 

2,704 

305 

671 

611 

995 

105 

20,782 


11,370 


17,052 


2,508 


Abstracts  of  Votes  and  Election  Results 


1031 


PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  8,  1990  (Continued) 

Republican  Primary 
ELEVENTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


County 

Avery  (Part) ... 

Buncombe 

Cherokee 

Clay 

Graham 

Haywood 

Henderson  

Jackson  

Macon 

Madison 

McDowell 

Mitchell 

Polk 

Rutherford 

Swain  

Transylvania 
Yancey 

Totals 


Richard 
Bridges  (R) 


Lanier  M. 
Cansler(R) 


James  T. 
Harper  (R) 


Herschel 
Morgan  (R) 


Charles  H. 
Taylor  (R) 


53 

161 

34 

198 

513 

238 

1,210 

132 

1,558 

2,686 

86 

32 

102 

229 

1,015 

41 

29 

81 

116 

498 

82 

74 

69 

298 

757 

59 

149 

25 

199 

730 

178 

1,201 

128 

776 

2,734 

47 

48 

19 

96 

448 

123 

396 

71 

146 

967 

79 

34 

12 

194 

353 

31 

38 

18 

163 

379 

200 

291 

71 

1,238 

2,845 

59 

120 

42 

156 

349 

258 

43 

64 

105 

578 

14 

4 

6 

66 

330 

67 

181 

54 

156 

658 

15 

147 

17 

395 

541 

1,630 


4,158 


945 


6,089 


16,381 


1032 


North  Carolina  Manual 


UNITED  STATES  HOUSE  OF  REPRESENTATIVES 
PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  3,  1988 


FIRST  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


County 


Howard  D. 

Moye 
(Repub.) 


William  J. 
Wahl.Jr. 
(Repub.) 


Beaufort  

Bertie 

Camden 

Carteret 

Chowan  

Craven  

Currituck  

Dare 

Gates  

Greene  

Hertford  

Hyde 

Lenoir 

Martin 

Northampton 

Pamlico 

Pasquotank  .., 
Perquimans  ... 

Pitt 

Tyrell 

Washington  ... 

Totals 


559 

79 

57 

14 

•M 

8 

,153 

402 

74 

32 

769 

249 

74 

46 

562 

220 

13 

12 

73 

26 

140 

37 

52 

14 

702 

178 

211 

44 

40 

16 

181 

67 

263 

67 

45 

44 

,229 

333 

37 

6 

75 

27 

6,333 


1,921 


SEVENTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


County 


A.C.(ACE) 

George  C. 

Parker 

Thompson 

(Repub.) 

l  Repub.) 

640 

727 

118 

156 

S7s 

1,313 

860 

1,232 

408 

274 

Brunswick  

Columbus 

Cumberland  .. 
New  Hanover 
Roberson  


Totals 

2,904 

3,702 

NINTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 

County 

David  P. 
Mcknight 

iDem.l 

Mark 

Sholander 

(Dem.) 

Iredell  .. 

2,734 

1,147 

Lincoln 

1,556 

988 

Mecklenburg  

Yadkin  (Part)  .. 

7,867 

86 

10,627 

58 

Totals 

12,243 

12,820 

TENTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 

County 

Mildred  T.                          Ted  A. 
Keene                            Poovey 
(Dem.)                            (Dem.) 

Jack  L. 
Rhyne 

(Dem.) 

Avery  (Part) 
Burke 

Caldwell 

Catawba  

Cleveland  ... 

Gaston  

Watauga 

Totals  


133 

70 

180 

,694 

548 

1,576 

670 

430 

1,188 

687 

649 

2,178 

,002 

351 

4,743 

,278 

614 

6,832 

,132 

541 

876 

6,596 


3,203 


17,573 


Abstracts  of  Votes  and  Election  Results 


1033 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  1986-1990 


FIRST  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


November  6, 1990 

November  8, 1988 

November  4, 1986 

(D)                        (R) 
Walter  B.  Jones        Howard  D.  Moye 

(D)                          (R) 
Walter  B.  Jones        Howard  D.  Moye 

(D)                        (R) 
Walter  B.  Jones        Howard  D.  Moye 

Beaufort 

6,445               5,861 
3,937               1,258 
1,325                  689 
9,047               7,329 
2,075               1,250 
11,531               7,382 
2,215                1,414 
4,671                3,050 
1,969                  629 
3,609               1,164 
4,770                1,402 
1,130                  576 

9.673  5,766 

4.674  1,733 
5,258               1,209 
2,979               1,479 
4,253               2,680 
1,800               1,116 

20,913               9,748 

851                   379 

2,707                1,412 

7,910                5,938 
4,381                 1,302 
1,646                   568 
9,852                8,838 
2,441                1,288 

11,217                8,824 
2,480                 1,521 
4,471                 3,629 
2,763                  599 
4,266                   944 
5,765                 1,824 
1,729                   526 

10,861                 6,854 
4,957                1,816 
5,386                1,234 
3,064                1,469 
5,133                2,649 
2,336                   980 

22,713               10,456 
1,048                   367 
3,608                 1,387 

6,206               4,732 

Bertie 

3,392                  745 

Camden 

993                  279 

Carteret 

8,426               5,615 

Chowan 

2,254                  798 

Craven  

8,549               4,798 

Currituck 

Dare 

1,977                  653 
3,359               2,170 

Gates  

2,376                  449 

Greene 

3,234                  612 

Hertford  .. 

5,164                1,146 

Hyde 

1,183                  476 

Lenoir 

8,110               4,640 

Martin 

4,010                1,077 

Northampton  ... 
Pamlico 

5,144                  875 
2,364                1,156 

Pasquotank  

Perquimans 

Pitt 

3,644                1,324 

1,483                  583 

15,735               6,628 

Tyrrell  

770                  250 

Washington 

2,449                  906 

Totals  ... 

105,832             57,526 

118,027              63,013 

91,122             39,913 

SECOND  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


November  6, 1990 

November  8, 1988 

November  4, 1986 

(D)                         (R) 
I.T.  (Tim)  Valentine,  Jr.         HalC.Sharpe 

(D) 
I.T.  (Tim)  Valentine,  Jr. 

(D)                        (R) 
I.T.  Valentine,  Jr.       Bud  McElhaney 

Caswell 

4,315                1,717 

45,067              15,041 

14,777               3,289 

8,672                1,771 

11,896               2,915 

871                   401 

14,286               8,612 

5,215               1,811 

8,955               2,085 

5,594                 884 

11,331               5,737 

6,381 

39,747 

12,530 

8,485 

12,575 

825 

16,302 

4,705 

9,307 

5,591 

12,384 

4,425                1,189 

28,069              12,174 

9,968               2,501 

6,428               1,576 

10,629               2,413 

817                  282 

11,986               4,690 

3,609               1,266 

6,914               1,918 

4,370                  744 

8,105               3,762 

Durham 

Edgecombe 

Granville 

Halifax 

Johnston  (Part) 
Nash 

Person 

Vance 

Warren 

Wilson 

Totals: 

130,979             44,263 

128,832 

95,320             32,515 

THIRD  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


November  6, 1990 

November  8, 1988 

November  4, 1986 

(D)                          (R) 
Martin  Lancaster              Don  Davis 

(D) 
Martin  Lancaster 

(D)                        (R) 
Martin  Lancaster       Gerald  B.  Hurst 

Bladen  

5,620                1,834 
8,011                3,773 
7,850              8,434 

12,729               9,635 
2,024                  936 
5,074               4,325 
1,678               1,318 

11,333               7,114 
6,011               3,073 
9,629               7,600 

13,971               9,563 

6,436 

9,221 

10,775 

14,072 

1,945 

6,557 

2,001 

13,484 

6,287 

10,583 

13,962 

4,391                 1,082 
6,494               2,017 
8,106               4,377 

11,146               6,323 
1,787                  777 
4,672               2,722 
1,826               1,242 
4,427               2,140 
9,226               6,350 

12  401               5  783 

Duplin 

Harnett 

Johnston  (Part) 
Jones 

Lee 

Moore  (Part) 

Onslow  

Pender  

Sampson  

Wayne 

6,984               6,595 

Totals: 

83,930             57,605 

95,323 

71,460             39,408 

1034 


North  Carolina  Manual 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  1986-1990  (Continued) 


FOURTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


November  6, 1990 

November  8, 

988 

November  4, 1986 

(D) 
David  E.  Price 

(R) 
John  Carrington 

(D) 
David  E.  Price 

(R) 
Tom  Fetzer 

(D) 
David  E.  Price 

(R) 
William  W.Cobey,  Jr. 

Chatham 

Franklin 

9,252 

6,898 

26,824 

10,051 

86,371 

5,669 

4,675 

10,195 

19,273 

60,849 

9,435 

7,402 

26,674 

10,890 

77,495 

5,367 

3,572 

10,137 

22,839 

54,171 

6,817 

6,029 

7,953 

15,703 

53,568 

4,629 
3,696 

Orange  

7,778 

Randolph 

Wake 

41,663 

Totals 

139,396 

100,661 

131,896 

95,482 

92,216 

73,469 

FIFTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 

November  6, 1990 

November?,  1988 

November  4, 1986 

(D) 
Steve  Neal 

(R) 
Ren  Bell 

(D)                         (R) 
Steve  Neal              Lyons  Gray 

(D) 
Steve  Neal 

(R) 
Stuart  Epperson 

Alexander 

Alleghany 

Ashe 

5,441 

2,735 

5,122 

54,255 

16,730 

8,671 

10,468 

10,392 

7,062 
1,465 
4,635 

35,334 
7,049 
5,921 
7,220 

10,061 

5,446                6,721 

2,589                 1,713 

4,962                 5,109 

53,939              45,844 

15,692               11,077 

7,462                6,906 

10,585                9,348 

9,851               12,822 

4,410 
2,326 
4,827 
40,986 
10,450 
6,434 
8,647 
8,330 

6,547 
1,941 
4,467 

Forsyth 

27,442 

Rockingham  ..... 
Stokes 

8,137 
5,950 

Surry 

7,395 

Wilkes 

11,382 

Totals 

113,814 

78,747 

110,516               99,540 

86,410 

73,261 

SIXTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 

November  6, 1990 

Novembers,  1988 

November  4, 1986 

(D)                       (R) 
Helen  R.  Allegrone        Howard  Coble 

(D)                        (R) 
Tom  Cilmore            Howard  Coble 

(D) 
Robin  Britt 

(R) 
Howard  Coble 

Alamance 

Davidson 

9,911                 24,895 
10,971                27,206 
42,031                73,291 

9,844                 19,806 
13,916               28,006 
46,248                68,722 

14,373 
16,243 
41,634 

14,096 
16,798 

Guilford 

41,435 

Totals 

62,913                125,392 

70,008                116,534 

72,250 

72,329 

SEVENTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


November  6, 1990 

November  8, 1988 

November  4, 1986 

(D) 
Charles  G.Rose,  III 

(R) 
Robert  C.  Anderson 

(D) 
Charles  G.  Rose,  III 

(R) 
George  C.  Thompson 

(D)                          (R) 
Charles  G.  Rose,  III  Thomas  J.  Harrelson 

Brunswick 

Columbus 

Cumberland 
New  Hanover  ... 
Robeson 

9,872 
12,351 
32,128 
20,694 
19,901 

7,164 

3,933 

18,067 

15,102 

5,415 

10,498 
12,477 
34,754 
22,274 
22,389 

7,567 

3,743 

17,138 

16,481 

4,926 

7,551                 6,840 
10,076                3,548 
22,979              12,955 
15,819              11,390 
14,046                4,556 

Totals 

94,946 

49,681 

102,392 

49,855 

70  471               39,289 

Abstracts  of  Votes  and  Election  Results 


1035 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  1986-1990  (Continued) 


EIGHTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


November  6, 1990 

November  8, 1988 

November  4, 1986 

(I)i                       (R) 
W.G.  (Bill)  Hefner          TedBlanton 

(D)                         (R) 
W.G.  (BUI)  Hefner         TedBlanton 

(D)                         (R) 
W.G.  (Bill)  Hefner    William  G.  Hamby,  Jr. 

Anson 

5,185                 1,523 

17,871               14,334 

4,006                6,021 

3,505                 1,169 

4,222                3,048 

7,427                9,804 

9,323                3,295 

16,896              15,641 

3,631                1,559 

10,073                8,196 

13,666               10,978 

2,895                5,284 

5,967                 1,628 

16,615               16,687 

5,012                6,101 

4,239                1,074 

5,030                3,291 

7,401              11,033 

8,655                3,625 

15,866              19,907 

4,487                1,653 

8,914               10,232 

12,719              13,236 

4,309                4,996 

4,343                 1  021 

Cabarrus 

Davie 

12,123                9,931 
3,828                4,324 

Hoke  

3,102                  701 

Montgomery 

Moore  (Part) 

Richmond  

Rowan  

3,852                2,180 

6,508                8,091 

7,987                2,411 

14,412               11,485 

Scotland 

2,865                 1,230 

Stanly 

8,218                6,663 

Union  

10,009                6,811 

Yadkin  (Part)  ... 

3,712                4,093 

Totals 

98,700              80,852 

99,214              93,464 

80,959              58,941 

NINTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


Novembe 

■6,1990 

November  8, 1988 

November  4, 1986 

(D) 
David  P.  McKnight 

(R) 
J.  Alex  McMillan 

(D) 
Mark  Sholander 

(R) 
J.  Ale:  McMillan 

(D) 
D.G.  Martin 

(R) 
J.  Alex  McMillan 

Iredell  

11,060 

6,308 

63,073 

361 

18,454 

11,929 

100,407 

1,146 

9,789 

6,473 

55,084 

456 

22,357 

11,407 

103,907 

1,343 

11,264 

7,204 

57,231 

541 

14,056 

Lincoln  

8,553 

Mecklenburg 

Yadkin  (Part)  ... 

56,699 
1,044 

Totals 

80,802 

131,936 

71,802 

139,014 

76,240 

80,352 

TENTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


November  6, 1990 

November  8, 1988 

November  4, 1986 

ID)                  (R) 
Daniel  R.  Green,  Jr.  T.  Cass  Ballenger 

(D) 
Jack  L.  Rh.vm- 

(R) 
Cass  Ballenger 

For  Remainder  of  Unexpired  Term 
(Expiring  Noon,  3  January  1987) 

(D)                   (R) 
Lester  D.  Roark    Cass  Ballenger 

Regulai 

ID) 
Lester  D.  Roark 

Term 

(R) 
Cass  Ballenger 

Avery  (Part)  .... 
Burke 

868           2,969 
10,415          13,992 

7,549          13,190 
14,223         24,408 
10,870          12,871 
15,474         30,725 

6,311           8,245 

964 
11,867 

8,740 
13,621 
11,898 
19,309 

5,466 

2,937 
15,135 
14,118 
28,173 
12,564 
30,573 

9,054 

808 

9,681 

7,483 

11,586 

11,791 

14,746 

5,110 

2,470 
11,458 
11,335 
21,623 

7,088 
22,809 

6,190 

813 

9,716 

7,594 

11,708 

12,045 

14,939 

5,220 

2,494 
11,610 

Caldwell 

Catawba 

Cleveland  

Gaston  

11,424 

21,762 

7,156 

23,148 

Watauga 

6,308 

Totals  

65,710        106,400 

71,865 

112,554 

61,205 

82,973 

62,035 

83,902 

1036 


North  Carolina  Manual 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  1986-1990  (Continued) 


ELEVENTH  CONGRESSIONAL  DISTRICT 


November  6, 1990 

November  8, 1988 

November  4, 1986 

(D)                        (R) 
James  M.  Clarke       Charles  H.  Taylor 

(D)                         (R) 
James  M.  Clarke       Charles  H.  Taylor 

(D)                         (R) 
James  M.  Clarke      William  M.  Hendon 

Avery  (Part) 

Buncombe 

Cherokee 

Clay 

378                 1,267 
31,926               27,379 
3,120                3,460 
1,823                 1,964 
1,529                2,094 
8,481                 7,506 
10,144               14,139 
4,699                4,252 
4,266                 4,649 
4,222                3,363 
5,025                5,333 
1,501                3,956 
2,415                2,934 
8,441                 8,277 
1,729                2,055 
5,653                5,018 
3,966                 4,345 

430                   1,114 
34,115               28,417 
3,143                4,208 
1,556                 1,920 
1,396                 2,016 
10,424                 7,832 
12,704               16,247 
5,552                4,605 
4,204                4,642 
3,486                2,852 
5,704                5,560 
1,645                4,378 
2,994                3,520 
9,068                8,544 
1,750                 1,922 
5,994                5,263 
4,271                 3,867 

346                    965 

25,739               24,205 

3,018                3,743 

1,807                 2  190 

Graham 

1,788                2,028 

Haywood 

Henderson 
Jackson  

8,334                6,441 
8,771               11,122 
4  969                3  783 

Macon 

5,144                4  746 

Madison 

4,240                4  576 

McDowell 

Mitchell 

3,748                3,165 
1,429                3  202 

Polk 

2,773                2  596 

Rutherford  

Swain  

8,718                 7,132 
2,068                 1  645 

Transylvania  ... 
Yancey  

4,511                 4,261 
4,172                3,269 

Totals 

99,318             101,991 

108,436             106,907 

91,575               89  069 

North  Carolina  Manual 


NORTH  CAROLINA  STATE  GOVERNMENT 

Prior  to  1835  when  major  changes  were  made  to  the  Constitution  of  North 
Carolina,  the  governor  and  all  other  major  officials  at  the  state  and  local  levels 
of  government  were  elected  by  the  General  Assembly  meeting  and  voting  in 
joint  session.  Following  1835,  the  governor  was  elected  by  the  people  for  a 
two-year  term.  The  remaining  officials  continued  to  be  elected  by  the  General 
Assembly.  In  1868  a  new  constitution  was  adopted  with  provisions  for  the 
popular  election  of  executive  officials  and  judges. 

During  the  20th  Century,  two  significant  changes  have  been  made  regarding 
elections.  The  first  happened  in  1915  when  the  General  Assembly  passed  the 
Primary  Elections  Act.  The  second  occurred  in  1977  when  the  citizens  of  North 
Carolina  approved  a  constitutional  amendment  allowing  the  governor  and 
lieutenant  governor  to  run  for  reelection  to  a  successive  term. 

The  Primary  Elections  Act  provided  for  a  "primary  election  for  the  purpose 
of  nominating  candidates  of  each  and  every  political  party  in  the  State"  if  there 
was  more  than  one  aspirant  to  the  office.  The  individuals  selected  in  the 
primary  became  their  party's  nominee  and  their  name  was  placed  on  the 
November  ballot. 

Prior  to  the  adoption  of  the  amendment  allowing  the  governor  and  lieutenant 
governor  to  run  for  a  successive  term,  all  other  officials  could  run  for  reelection 
except  the  governor  and  lieutenant  governor.  The  first  time  the  new  amendment 
came  into  practice  was  in  1980  when  both  Governor  James  B.  Hunt  and 
Lieutenant  Governor  Jimmy  Green  were  reelected  to  second  successive  terms. 


1038 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Democratic  Primary  (Governor)  May  5,1992 


County 

M.  Wendell  Briggs 

Jim  Hatcher 

James  Hun,  Jr. 

Lacy  Thornburg 

Marcus  William 

Alamance 

224 

334 

7,305 

3,639 

346 

Alexander 

11 

40 

1,266 

515 

35 

Alleghany 

20 

52 

986 

764 

20 

Anson 

66 

146 

2,399 

896 

150 

Ashe 

18 

49 

1,773 

445 

26 

Avery 

4 

13 

340 

195 

10 

Beaufort 

94 

231 

4,704 

2,208 

200 

Bertie 

47 

394 

2,306 

655 

47 

Bladen 

88 

164 

3,369 

1,547 

556 

Brunswick 

87 

230 

4,819 

1,642 

314 

Buncombe 

242 

290 

11,558 

6,148 

512 

Burke 

61 

122 

3,449 

1,732 

134 

Cabarrus 

173 

255 

4,846 

2,411 

281 

Caldwell 

32 

86 

2,235 

1,304 

66 

Camden 

38 

41 

920 

343 

51 

Carteret 

45 

133 

3,488 

1,793 

96 

Caswell 

84 

177 

2,916 

987 

171 

Catawba 

67 

153 

4,050 

1,957 

213 

Chathm 

33 

121 

3,928 

1,369 

232 

Cherokee 

23 

74 

980 

737 

25 

Chowan 

11 

26 

1,307 

550 

31 

Clay 

6 

16 

327 

356 

7 

Cleveland 

94 

138 

4,479 

4,344 

172 

Columbus 

134 

297 

7,548 

2,235 

690 

Craven 

175 

468 

5,033 

1,852 

219 

Cumberland 

294 

796 

14,297 

5,992 

1,068 

Currituck 

80 

100 

1,502 

443 

85 

Dare 

43 

115 

2,734 

570 

86 

Davidson 

187 

219 

5,692 

2,118 

175 

Davie 

23 

49 

1,198 

457 

32 

Duplin 

105 

206 

4,087 

1,325 

292 

Durham 

184 

358 

23,639 

5,927 

985 

Edgecombe 

145 

297 

6,951 

2,001 

342 

Forsyth 

363 

677 

16,410 

4,606 

626 

Franklin 

110 

135 

3,189 

1,845 

152 

Gaston 

223 

390 

8,292 

5,126 

376 

Gates 

36 

52 

1,388 

481 

63 

Graham 

7 

26 

616 

233 

12 

Granville 

65 

154 

3,424 

2,796 

582 

Greene 

24 

102 

2,232 

923 

57 

Guilford 

378 

791 

23,427 

5,590 

714 

Halifax 

135 

224 

5,241 

2,350 

272 

Harnett 

116 

193 

4,680 

3,140 

254 

Haywood 

60 

103 

4,294 

3,530 

109 

Henderson 

69 

140 

2,680 

1,392 

126 

Hertford 

52 

264 

1,898 

739 

112 

Hoke 

76 

159 

2,266 

746 

133 

Hyde 

22 

63 

912 

479 

31 

Iredell 

171 

317 

5,501 

2,720 

339 

Jackson 

14 

30 

1,043 

2,770 

43 

Johnston 

128 

232 

6,105 

3,671 

424 

Jones 

41 

60 

991 

682 

49 

Lee 

56 

105 

3,803 

1,646 

135 

Lenior 

103 

277 

5,150 

2,212 

325 

Lincoln 

47 

91 

2,299 

1,575 

74 

Macon 

38 

69 

1,420 

1,462 

45 

Madison 

13 

16 

1,488 

446 

24 

Martin 

33 

87 

2,443 

1,140 

367 

McDowell 

57 

123 

2,332 

1,319 

64 

Mecklenburg 

539 

1,042 

29,564 

7,030 

1,825 

Mitchell 

6 

14 

303 

147 

9 

Montgomery 

31 

96 

1,849 

1,031 

81 

Moore 

67 

136 

3,492 

957 

134 

Nash 

153 

300 

4,930 

2,695 

281 

New  Hanover 

130 

316 

8,613 

2,851 

1,082 

Northampton 

92 

370 

2,808 

1,331 

75 

Onslow 

122 

293 

4,572 

2,147 

230 

Orange 

98 

193 

9,943 

2,176 

758 

Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Results 


1039 


County 

M.  Wendell  Briggs 

Jim  Hatcher 

James  Hun,  Jr. 

Lacy  Thornburg 

Marcus  William 

Pamlico 

42 

53 

1,367 

450 

59 

Pasquotank 

50 

256 

2,727 

651 

106 

Pender 

85 

195 

3,380 

1,154 

228 

Perquimans 

25 

47 

1,347 

333 

42 

Person 

40 

75 

2,358 

1,780 

115 

Pitt 

117 

370 

9,541 

3,790 

303 

Polk 

20 

28 

1,018 

641 

44 

Randolph 

57 

123 

3,340 

826 

84 

Richmond 

100 

258 

4,048 

1,368 

257 

Robeson 

372 

575 

12,283 

2,951 

1,549 

Rockingham 

111 

288 

5,649 

1,810 

183 

Rowan 

147 

182 

4,807 

2,884 

311 

Rutherford 

65 

110 

2,451 

1,966 

153 

Sampson 

76 

128 

2,972 

1,324 

116 

Scotland 

38 

62 

2,597 

990 

179 

Stanly 

57 

82 

2,364 

1,463 

80 

Stokes 

30 

90 

2,465 

601 

56 

Surry 

45 

99 

3,068 

1,086 

55 

Swain 

14 

14 

474 

569 

6 

Transylvania 

26 

75 

1,435 

1,038 

73 

Tyrrell 

12 

47 

806 

227 

37 

Union 

100 

178 

4,174 

1,828 

215 

Vance 

96 

210 

3,809 

1,832 

391 

Wake 

303 

686 

31,940 

13,840 

2,364 

Warren 

69 

150 

2,346 

1,248 

317 

Washington 

30 

65 

1,626 

656 

29 

Watauga 

22 

27 

1,555 

1,196 

76 

Wayne 

144 

203 

5,913 

2,716 

281 

Wilkes 

18 

68 

2,568 

1,136 

35 

Wilson 

83 

150 

5,969 

1,669 

189 

Yadkin 

17 

51 

1,428 

438 

33 

Yancey 

9 

32 

1,446 

904 

42 

Totals 

9,033 

18,807 

459,300 

188,806 

25,660 

Percentage 


1.29% 


2.68% 


65.46% 


26.91% 


3.66% 


Republican  Primary  1992  (Governor)  May  5,  1992 


County 


Gary  M.  Dunn  Jim  Gardner         Ruby  Thompson  Hooper 


Alamance 

Alexander 

Alleghany 

Anson 

Ashe 

Avery 

Beaufort 

Bertie 

Bladen 

Brunswick 

Buncombe 

Burke 

Cabarrus 

Caldwell 

Camden 

Carteret 

Caswell 

Catawba 

Chatham 

Cherokee 

Chowan 

Clay 

Cleveland 

Columbus 

Craven 

Cumberland 

Currituck 

Dare 

Davidson 

Davie 

Duplin 


349 

4,185 

71 

1,068 

24 

251 

16 

203 

100 

1,298 

265 

2,233 

139 

1,178 

8 

155 

22 

299 

244 

2,050 

337 

4,368 

168 

1,892 

416 

3,703 

364 

2,752 

8 

75 

316 

2,561 

17 

196 

529 

5,297 

99 

1,066 

84 

788 

34 

311 

44 

465 

125 

1,445 

89 

921 

312 

2,310 

610 

4,582 

36 

157 

123 

1,112 

458 

5,087 

259 

2,714 

83 

958 

389 

109 

23 

25 

70 

316 

103 

5 

29 

454 

559 

574 

441 

371 

10 

371 

17 

790 

163 

74 

30 

89 

164 

105 

229 

569 

35 

126 

429 

267 

42 


1040 


North  Carolina  Manual 


County 


Gary  M.  Dunn 

Jim  Gardner 

558 

5,919 

72 

700 

1,156 

10,525 

57 

734 

622 

6,610 

8 

49 

46 

574 

46 

351 

14 

175 

1,261 

12,099 

40 

443 

121 

1,543 

104 

1,197 

424 

4,108 

14 

199 

18 

258 

9 

62 

445 

3,906 

50 

666 

186 

2,180 

11 

88 

60 

987 

69 

793 

121 

1,851 

122 

1,263 

31 

334 

41 

413 

73 

859 

1,839 

19,710 

257 

2,551 

58 

685 

566 

5,403 

184 

2,200 

581 

4,486 

7 

9 

196 

1,753 

240 

1,800 

26 

321 

47 

466 

146 

843 

22 

149 

25 

401 

256 

2,628 

91 

875 

433 

5,128 

58 

479 

65 

776 

121 

1,661 

650 

5,195 

94 

1,117 

159 

2,041 

32 

278 

132 

1,729 

143 

1,663 

101 

1,063 

9 

205 

119 

1,188 

8 

45 

298 

2,794 

34 

320 

1,517 

16,895 

10 

174 

11 

147 

150 

1,667 

126 

1,621 

437 

5,348 

144 

1,349 

237 

2,748 

99 

1,060 

Ruby  Thompson  Hooper 


Durham 

Edgecombe 

Forsyth 

Franklin 

Gaston 

Gates 

Graham 

Granville 

Greene 

Guilford 

Halifax 

Harnett 

Haywood 

Henderson 

Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde 

Iredell 

Jackson 

Johnston 

Jones 

Lee 

Lenoir 

Lincoln 

Macon 

Madison 

Martin 

McDowell 

Mecklenburg 

Mitchell 

Montgomery 

Moore 

Nash 

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow 

Orange 

Pamlico 

Pasquotank 

Pender 

Perquimans 

Person 

Pitt 

Polk 

Randolph 

Richmond 

Robeson 

Rockingham 

Rowan 

Rutherford 

Sampson 

Scotland 

Stanly 

Stokes 

Surry 

Swain 

Transylvania 

Tyrrell 

Union 

Vance 

Wake 

Warren 

Washington 

Watauga 

Wayne 

Wilkes 

Wilson 

Yadkin 

Yancey 

Totals         ~ 

Percentage 


~  21,256" 
8.08% 


~2T57528 
81.96% 


787 

54 

942 

90 

711 

4 

54 

49 

12 

1,137 

34 

129 

178 

685 

11 

20 

8 

529 

72 

246 

6 

102 

62 

174 

168 

37 

25 

59 

2,477 

268 

70 

563 

136 

638 

9 

177 

460 

41 

47 

143 

17 

42 

232 

232 

552 

71 

74 

204 

597 

131 

116 

47 

180 

101 

86 

23 

188 

1 

354 

30 

3,192 

28 

17 

221 

137 

486 

142 

227 

59 

26,179 

9.96% 


Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Results 


1041 


Governor  General  Election  November  3,  1992 


County 


J.Hunt 


J.Gardner 


S.  McLaughlin 


Alamance 

Alexander 

Alleghany 

Anson 

Ashe 

Avery 

Beaufort 

Bertie 

Bladen 

Brunswick 

Buncombe 

Burke 

Cabarrus 

Caldwell 

Camden 

Carteret 

Caswell 

Catawba 

Chatham 

Cherokee 

Chowan 

Clay 

Cleveland 

Columbus 

Craven 

Cumberland 

Currituck 

Dare 

Davidson 

Davie 

Duplin 

Durham 

Edgecombe 

Forsyth 

Franklin 

Gaston 

Gates 

Graham 

Granville 

Greene 

Guilford 

Halifax 

Harnett 

Haywood 

Henderson 

Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde 

Iredell 

Jackson 

Johnston 

Jones 

Lee 

Lenoir 

Lincoln 

Macon 

Madison 

Martin 

McDowell 

Mecklenburg 

Mitchell 

Montgomery 


20,599 

6,144 

2,404 

5,850 

5,376 

2,322 

8,093 

4,251 

6,424 

11,520 

38,748 

15,356 

18,841 

11,593 

1,483 

10,806 

5,311 

20,760 

10,912 

4,306 

2,851 

1,871 

16,333 

13,240 

11,955 

38,327 

2,805 

5,927 

20,964 

4,630 

8,146 

54,278 

12,519 

58,904 

7,662 

25,382 

2,762 

1,866 

7,527 

3,347 

83,458 

11,070 

10,399 

11,831 

13,414 

5,302 

4,296 

1,433 

16,667 

6,687 

14,782 

2,263 

7,736 

10,931 

9,929 

5,490 

4,170 

4,916 

6,654 

114,568 

2,196 

5,137 


20,711 
7,262 
2,019 
2,316 
5,363 
4,054 
7,379 
1,966 
3,275 
9,442 

33,659 

14,104 

20,305 

13,333 
1,077 

10,187 
2,579 

26,121 
6,690 
4,412 
1,666 
2,004 

12,824 
5,654 

12,550 

25,645 
2,287 
4,434 

25,901 
7,188 
5,698 

25,817 
6,571 

51,448 
5,232 

32,627 

907 

1,911 

4,524 

2,209 

55,442 
6,128 
9,549 
8,764 

18,617 

2,096 

1,737 

746 

20,035 
4,722 

15,171 
1,468 
6,216 
8,129 

11,160 
5,577 
3,185 
3,058 
6,320 

89,277 
4,536 
3,576 


1,830 

437 

136 

138 

236 

221 

483 

87 

161 

1,245 

1,836 

1,172 

2,388 

1,259 

67 

993 

124 

2,457 

810 

65 

93 

43 

1,239 

483 

609 

2,711 

145 

320 

2,793 

491 

294 

3,032 

460 

5,471 

587 

3,523 

29 

35 

558 

76 

8,163 

512 

722 

663 

753 

66 

140 

49 

2,044 

224 

1,330 

92 

576 

328 

1,098 

215 

102 

99 

428 

11,191 

172 

251 


1042  North  Carolina  Manual 

County 

Moore 

Nash 

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow 

Orange 

Pamlico 

Pasquotank 

Pender 

Perquimans 

Person 

Pitt 

Polk 

Randolph 

Richmond 

Robeson 

Rockingham 

Rowan 

Rutherford 

Sampson 

Scotland 

Stanly 

Stokes 

Surry 

Swain 

Transylvania 

Tyrrell 

Union 

Vance 

Wake 

Warren 

Washington 

Watauga 

Wayne 

Wilkes 

Wilson 

Yadkin 

Yancey 

Totals  1,368,246  1,121,955  104,955" 


Jim  Hunt,  Jr. 

James  Gardner 

Scott  McLaughlin 

12,415 

13,235 

726 

12,848 

15,839 

948 

25,394 

22,344 

3,779 

5,585 

2,066 

107 

11,069 

11,862 

1,171 

31,999 

12,476 

1,843 

2,753 

1,958 

189 

6,058 

3,416 

107 

6,578 

5,237 

731 

2,372 

1,359 

55 

4,870 

4,703 

419 

22,021 

16,572 

829 

3,555 

3,537 

147 

15,552 

21,678 

1,871 

10,119 

4,368 

530 

22,431 

8,194 

670 

17,043 

12,561 

1,552 

18,618 

21,584 

2,423 

9,882 

9,693 

815 

10,216 

8,333 

351 

6,174 

2,531 

139 

9,838 

11,075 

790 

7,997 

8,217 

561 

11,967 

11,352 

515 

2,392 

1,897 

52 

6,195 

6,269 

421 

1,036 

540 

31 

14,354 

15,462 

1,483 

8,009 

4,636 

333 

118,345 

79,808 

9,740 

4,638 

2,308 

204 

3,371 

1,824 

82 

9,702 

8,361 

886 

13,104 

13,267 

565 

10,369 

14,077 

786 

14,205 

8,508 

317 

4,659 

7,749 

372 

4,789 

4,219 

88 

Abstracts  of  Votes  and  Election  Results 


1043 


GOVERNOR  OF  NORTH  CAROLINA 


DEMOCRATIC  PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  3,  1988 


County 

Carroll  W. 
Crawford 

Bruce  A. 
Friedman 

Robert  B. 
Jordan,  III 

James 
Lloyd 

Billy 
Martin 

Alamance  

318 
25 
39 

166 
55 

13 
155 
191 

83 
341 

497 
118 
334 
69 
101 

149 
351 
110 
221 
41 

42 

6 

280 

197 

292 

573 
124 

74 

277 

36 

277 
423 
367 
535 
180 

418 
34 
15 

407 
65 

875 

720 

275 

73 

85 

186 

68 

43 

285 

118 

118 
6 

31 
120 

27 

3 
70 

139 
43 

154 

204 
42 

100 
23 
48 

89 

86 

58 

122 

19 

19 

5 

103 

119 

170 

272 
43 
37 

108 
36 

111 
162 
122 
368 
70 

147 

25 

8 

86 

49 

311 

135 

141 

35 

37 

118 
45 
41 
91 

205 

5,214 
1,174 
1,479 
3,711 
2,488 

518 
3,350 
2,636 
1,782 
4,419 

7,163 
3,618 
4,684 
2,008 
1,048 

3,820 
2,550 
3,111 
4,015 
589 

1,162 
350 
5,190 
4,106 
3,974 

15,756 
1,112 
1,618 
5,581 
1,604 

4,908 
12,806 

6,574 
12,097 

2,919 

7,398 

991 

486 

4,246 

1,969 

16,469 
5,419 
5,455 
2,436 
1,622 

2,908 
2,252 
1,185 
4,240 
364 

124 
9 

12 
124 

36 

5 

116 

51 

23 

136 

95 
84 
139 
21 
31 

83 
110 

49 
105 

12 

19 

2 

182 

71 

82 

316 
45 
38 

155 
37 

137 
246 
155 
240 
181 

139 
34 
13 

366 
45 

246 

170 

208 

26 

16 

58 
65 
62 
168 
69 

1,071 

Alexander 

41 

Alleghany  

145 

Anson  

511 

Ashe 

201 

Avery  

45 

Beaufort 

630 

Bertie  

373 

Bladen  

243 

Brunswick  

768 

Buncombe  

524 

Burke  

217 

Cabarrus  

654 

Caldwell  

127 

Camden  

334 

Carteret  

422 

Caswell  

684 

Catawba  

291 

Chatham  

507 

Cherokee 

45 

Chowan  

151 

Clay 

17 

Cleveland  

659 

Columbus  

371 

Craven  

551 

Cumberland  

3,119 

Currituck  

584 

Dare  

324 

Davidson  

594 

Davie 

156 

Duplin 

1,024 

Durham  

1,670 

Edgecombe 

1,302 

Forsyth  

1,176 

Franklin  

496 

Gaston  

731 

Gates 

245 

Graham  

33 

Granville  

925 

Greene 

371 

Guilford  

1,592 

Halifax  

1,140 

Harnett 

1,032 

Haywood  

145 

Henderson 

120 

Hertford 

403 

Hoke 

389 

Hyde 

276 

Iredell 

524 

Jackson  

296 

1044 


North  Carolina  Manual 


DEMOCRATIC  PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  3,  1988 

(Continued) 


County 


Carroll  W. 
Crawford 


Bruce  A. 

Robert  B. 

Friedman 

Jordan,  III 

153 

6,793 

42 

1,527 

85 

3,798 

195 

6,711 

38 

2,381 

43 

2,993 

19 

1,821 

458 

23,293 

13 

281 

11 

2,867 

51 

2,410 

160 

5,180 

145 

6,388 

169 

3,539 

130 

4,761 

141 

6,550 

56 

14 

104 

2,410 

fir. 

3,011 

34 

1,484 

38 

2,070 

222 

,9,849 

21 

602 

.'ill 

2,236 

91 

4,510 

376 

13,539 

129 

4,692 

53 

2,930 

135 

3,738 

88 

3,658 

31 

1,911 

39 

2,914 

:w 

2,869 

56 

2,814 

5 

449 

24 

1,430 

21 

776 

90 

4,973 

85 

4,364 

504 

20,908 

86 

3,404 

327 

1,619 

66 

2,589 

153 

6,911 

50 

2,423 

95 

4,357 

43 

1,043 

29 

1,745 

James 
Lloyd 


Billy 

Martin 


Johnston 

Jones  

Lee 

Lenoir  .... 
Lincoln  .. 


Macon  

Madison 

Martin 

McDowell  

Mecklenburg  . 

Mitchell  

Montgomery  . 

Moore  

Nash  

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow 

Orange  

Pamlico 

Pasquotank  ... 


Pender 

Perquimans 

Person  

Pitt  

Polk  


Randolph 

Richmond  .... 

Robeson  

Rockingham 
Rowan  


Rutherford 
Sampson  ... 
Scotland  ... 

Stanly  

Stokes  


Surry  

Swain  

Transylvania 

Tyrrell  

Union  


Vance 

Wake  

Warren 

Washington 
Watauga  


Wayne  . 
Wilkes  . 
Wilson  . 
Yadkin 
Yancey 


383 

63 

151 

297 

92 


145 

53 

1,182 

I  1 

HI 

119 

388 

208 

294 
267 
253 
64 
158 

129 

51 

399 

562 

26 

77 
197 
607 
253 
141 

242 

192 

66 

79 

90 

125 
14 

109 
27 

213 

737 
1,184 

295 
49 
79 

382 
80 

250 
14 
48 


180 
33 
77 

225 
46 


173 

27 

412 

1 

57 

46 

149 

165 

62 

128 

197 

73 

50 

74 
50 

100 

229 

5 

27 

•is 

402 

103 

115 

113 
72 
30 

30 

42 

46 

1 
lit 

25 
85 

422 

570 

281 

45 

35 

182 
34 
84 

21 

25 


1,447 
343 
623 

1,369 
163 


808 

153 

2,718 

28 
294 
275 

1.259 
889 


508 
1,270 
584 
265 
367 

586 

365 

487 

1,646 

57 


187 

551 

3,177 

655 

270 

524 
476 
259 
208 
224 

272 
17 
124 
169 
610 

954 
2,880 
645 
244 
235 

1,662 

169 

902 

74 

206 


Totals 


21,844 


9,876 


403,145 


10,438 


60,770 


Abstracts  of  Votes  and  Election  Results 


1045 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  8,  1988 


County 

Alamance  ... 
Alexander  .. 
Alleghany  .. 

Anson  

Ashe 

Avery  

Beaufort  

Bertie  

Bladen  

Brunswick  .. 

Buncombe  .. 

Burke  

Cabarrus  .... 

Caldwell  

Camden  

Carteret  

Caswell 

Catawba 

Chatham  .... 
Cherokee  .... 

Chowan  

Clay  

Cleveland  ... 
Columbus  ... 
Craven  

Cumberland 
Currituck  .... 

Dare  

Davidson  .... 
Davie  

Duplin 

Durham  

Edgecombe  . 

Forsyth 

Franklin  

Gaston  

Gates 

Graham  

Granville  .... 
Greene  

Guilford  

Halifax  

Harnett 

Haywood  .... 
Henderson  .. 

Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde  

Iredell  

Jackson  


(D) 
Robert  B. 
Jordan,  III 


(R) 

James  G. 

Martin 


County 

Johnston 

Jones  

Lee 

Lenoir 

Lincoln 

Macon  

Madison 

Martin  

McDowell 

Mecklenburg 

Mitchell 

Montgomery  . 

Moore  

Nash 

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow 

Orange  

Pamlico 

Pasquotank  .. 

Pender  

Perquimans  .. 

Person  

Pitt 

Polk  

Randolph 

Richmond  

Robeson  

Rockingham  . 
Rowan  

Rutherford  .... 

Sampson 

Scotland 

Stanly  

Stokes 

Surry  

Swain  

Transylvania 

Tyrrell  

Union  

Vance 

Wake  

Warren  

Washington  .. 
Watauga  

Wayne  

Wilkes  

Wilson  

Yadkin  

Yancey  

Totals  


(D) 
Robert  B. 
Jordan,  III 


(R) 
Janes  G. 

Martin 


54,331 
4,713 
2,300 
5,249 
4,401 

1,645 
6,256 
4,167 
5,405 
8,735 

28,881 

12,172 

12,161 

8,995 

1,302 

8,078 
4,542 
14,043 
7,890 
3,104 

2,454 

1,452 

11,839 

10,655 

9,200 

26,853 
1,898 
3,441 

15,208 
3,532 

6,604 
34,793 

9,568 
40,295 

5,795 

17,733 
2,242 
1,512 
6,003 
3,060 

52,779 
9,474 
8,035 
9,314 
9,432 

5,322 
3,676 
1,358 
11,117 
5,242 


23,262 
7,395 
2,031 
2,320 
5,805 

4,064 
7,633 
2,106 
3,544 
9,658 

36,968 
14,925 
21,485 
14,047 
948 

10,719 
2,689 

28,042 
7,201 
4,516 

1,762 
2,026 

13,305 
5,833 

11,921 

25,670 
2,159 
4,792 

26,735 
7,606 

5,847 
31,010 

6,524 
59,337 

5,287 

32,658 
1,158 
1,854 
4,842 
2,090 

65,331 
6,947 
9,245 
8,727 

19,623 

2,829 

1,600 

850 

21,401 

5,138 


9,345 
2,111 
5,186 
8,523 
7,066 

4,249 
3,187 
4,425 
5,173 
64,781 

1,494 
4,791 
8,193 
9,754 
17,021 

5,113 
8,085 
20,546 
2,389 
4,913 

4,778 
1,801 
4,149 
15,873 
2,761 

10,965 
7,957 
18,740 
13,116 
13,785 

7,800 
8,680 
4,497 
7,795 
6,200 

8,940 

1,856 

4,578 

680 

10,104 

6,489 
62,530 
4,143 
2,924 
6,274 

11,081 
8,058 
8,683 
3,498 
4,072 


15,324 
1,445 
7,107 
9,844 

11,320 

5,824 
3,194 
3,101 
6,128 
114,237 

4,568 

3,714 

14,284 

15,179 

22,888 

2,341 

11,605 

16,083 

2,086 

3,569 

4,677 
1,484 
4,582 
17,036 
3,984 

23,840 

4,597 

8,722 

13,842 

22,008 

9,813 
8,810 
2,652 
11,370 
8,212 

11,512 

1,970 

6,858 

520 

15,761 

5,329 

92,498 

2,069 

2,021 

8,747 

14,778 

14,854 

10,708 

7,589 

4,109 


957,687 


1,222,338 


1046 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Democratic  Primary  for  Lt.  Governor  May  5,  1992 


County 


Jim  Crawford        Charles  Ginn         Edward  Kenirow     Dennis  Wicker 


Alamance 

Alexander 

Alleghany 

Anson 

Ashe 

Avery 

Beaufort 

Bladen 

Brunswick 

Buncombe 

Burke 

Cabarrus 

Caldwell 

Camden 

Carteret 

Caswell 

Catawba 

Chatham 

Cherokee 

Chowan 

Clay 

Cleveland 

Columbus 

Craven 

Cumberland 

Currituck 

Dare 

Davidson 

Davie 

Duplin 

Durham 

Edgecombe 

Forsyth 

Franklin 

Gaston 

Gates 

Graham 

Granville 

Greene 

Guilford 

Halifax 

Harnett 

Haywood 

Henderson 

Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde 

Iredell 

Jackson 

Johnston 

Jones 

Lee 

Lenoir 

Lincoln 

Macon 

Madison 

Martin 

McDowell 

Mecklenburg 

Mitchell 

Montgomery 

Moore 

Nash 

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow 

Orange 

Pamlico 


5,192 

568 

1,829 

3,247 

560 

271 

229 

665 

779 

144 

314 

381 

887 

169 

654 

1,799 

712 

572 

261 

528 

85 

355 

18 

63 

3,445 

329 

932 

2,160 

1,451 

330 

958 

2,470 

2,614 

262 

1,030 

2,852 

7,890 

986 

1,330 

6,285 

1,658 

596 

702 

2,156 

3,666 

518 

993 

2,161 

1,060 

581 

484 

1,356 

402 

125 

425 

171 

1,866 

201 

1,505 

1,691 

2,797 

213 

302 

918 

2,421 

713 

629 

2,269 

1,624 

174 

533 

3,130 

768 

196 

292 

374 

489 

139 

291 

599 

304 

106 

123 

119 

2,887 

1,214 

1,265 

2,684 

3,716 

555 

991 

4,811 

3,128 

325 

948 

2,754 

7,881 

798 

3,855 

8,491 

797 

223 

447 

294 

1,377 

297 

547 

738 

3,235 

594 

1,132 

2,942 

721 

93 

233 

583 

2,087 

233 

917 

2,147 

7,427 

574 

2,831 

18,458 

3,184 

496 

1,119 

4,458 

8,532 

985 

2,405 

8,718 

1,943 

177 

961 

2,137 

4,591 

1,105 

2,124 

5,185 

422 

371 

361 

415 

314 

90 

216 

156 

4,761 

127 

426 

1,690 

1,332 

190 

662 

908 

9,354 

819 

4,966 

13,166 

4,747 

357 

847 

2,016 

1,939 

197 

1,356 

4,709 

3,517 

553 

857 

2,426 

1,817 

301 

664 

1,228 

844 

259 

561 

673 

1,267 

297 

571 

988 

717 

95 

177 

376 

3,280 

463 

1,600 

3,084 

759 

1,471 

450 

590 

1,788 

228 

6,970 

1,497 

705 

86 

190 

740 

808 

145 

371 

4,737 

2,666 

503 

1,598 

2,627 

1,291 

627 

419 

1,400 

1,130 

293 

649 

671 

521 

777 

67 

434 

1,477 

136 

664 

1,420 

1,319 

397 

742 

1,083 

10,249 

1,279 

4,507 

18,650 

71 

270 

26 

74 

1,236 

240 

484 

916 

1,356 

262 

576 

2,302 

2,266 

361 

1,209 

4,245 

4,116 

431 

1,234 

5,746 

1,544 

262 

780 

1,589 

3,001 

385 

947 

2,404 

3,021 

397 

1,038 

7,513 

859 

99 

216 

650 

Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Results 


1047 


County 


Pasquotank 

Pender 

Perquimans 

Person 

Pitt 

Polk 

Randolph 

Richmond 

Robeson 

Rockingham 

Rowan 

Rutherford 

Sampson 

Scotland 

Stanly 

Stokes 

Surry 

Swain 

Transylvania 

Tyrrell 

Union 

Vance 

Wake 

Warren 

Washington 

Watauga 

Wayne 

Wilkes 

Wilson 

Yadkin 

Yancey 


Jim  Crawford 

Charles  Ginn 

Edward  Renfrow 

Dennis  Wicker 

879 

330 

857 

932 

1,622 

213 

606 

2,250 

506 

137 

403 

439 

2,705 

56 

301 

977 

5,282 

603 

1,925 

5,473 

315 

218 

223 

744 

1,431 

214 

559 

1,956 

1,978 

485 

708 

2,308 

5,997 

1,071 

2,540 

6,679 

2,909 

369 

1,079 

3,067 

3,052 

780 

1,052 

2,726 

1,664 

536 

652 

1,354 

1,279 

160 

1,627 

1,302 

1,262 

167 

434 

1,616 

1,248 

224 

813 

1,507 

1,323 

334 

389 

972 

1,490 

315 

740 

1,246 

271 

188 

359 

130 

1,316 

252 

230 

646 

508 

107 

86 

278 

2,292 

320 

996 

2,263 

4,462 

146 

395 

1,184 

12,048 

2,759 

8,548 

23,716 

1,987 

350 

1,063 

826 

810 

120 

249 

1,131 

259 

2,041 

96 

346 

2,986 

302 

2,045 

2,900 

1,289 

472 

689 

1,081 

2,717 

370 

1,515 

2,561 

653 

72 

377 

712 

370 

1,375 

123 

302 

Totals 


234,492 


102,207 


265,799 


43,255 


Percentage 


36.31% 


6.70% 


15.83% 


41.16% 


Republican  Primary  for  Lt.  Governor,  May  5,  1992 


County 


Doris  R.  Huffman 


Art  Pope" 


Trip  Sizemore 


Alamance 

Alexander 

Alleghany 

Anson 

Ashe 

Avery 

Beaufort 

Bertie 

Bladen 

Brunswick 

Buncombe 

Burke 

Cabarrus 

Caldwell 

Camden 

Carteret 

Caswell 

Catawba 

Chatham 

Cherokee 

Chowan 

Clay 

Cleveland 

Columbus 

Craven 

Cumberland 

Currituck 

Dare 

Davidson 

Davie 


957 

852 

2,697 

477 

374 

328 

86 

96 

92 

95 

71 

58 

488 

456 

300 

928 

575 

659 

444 

382 

411 

44 

47 

29 

113 

134 

80 

851 

964 

609 

2,414 

2,078 

1,382 

1,162 

815 

445 

1,447 

1,448 

1,264 

1,322 

1,012 

766 

36 

29 

15 

1,162 

1,083 

682 

63 

55 

96 

4,429 

1,281 

847 

286 

644 

292 

350 

319 

192 

131 

98 

61 

221 

196 

134 

570 

624 

368 

368 

411 

229 

1,019 

1,117 

407 

1,737 

2,484 

998 

86 

86 

39 

531 

339 

284 

1,429 

1,580 

2,540 

768 

1,257 

932 

1048 


North  Carolina  Manual 


County 


Doris  R.  Huffman 

Art  Pope 

Trip  Sizemore 

308 

452 

158 

1,503 

3,471 

1,249 

247 

326 

163 

2,727 

4,708 

4,286 

178 

509 

130 

2,638 

2,742 

1,792 

20 

16 

16 

214 

219 

149 

104 

229 

79 

45 

103 

37 

1,827 

1,967 

10,931 

118 

229 

100 

376 

990 

272 

694 

427 

254 

2,125 

1,533 

1,156 

78 

49 

49 

84 

114 

76 

20 

17 

29 

1,463 

1,928 

968 

362 

282 

242 

572 

1,497 

351 

38 

38 

21 

265 

509 

247 

254 

344 

224 

808 

694 

472 

524 

520 

444 

150 

159 

53 

101 

203 

83 

327 

317 

220 

5,675 

9,719 

5,142 

902 

869 

822 

201 

188 

326 

1,294 

2,151 

2,776 

607 

1,156 

464 

1,696 

1,841 

1,592 

33 

45 

26 

834 

729 

329 

692 

1,070 

444 

155 

136 

45 

215 

135 

78 

399 

363 

262 

53 

67 

44 

113 

215 

85 

896 

1,186 

550 

366 

387 

247 

1,241 

1,447 

2,998 

214 

167 

150 

302 

354 

174 

380 

681 

784 

2,256 

1,969 

1,568 

440 

459 

307 

473 

1,120 

373 

125 

101 

100 

633 

765 

429 

343 

655 

803 

350 

456 

410 

86 

131 

54 

738 

424 

232 

11 

23 

10 

915 

1,252 

925 

96 

188 

62 

53 

101 

36 

67 

55 

37 

615 

623 

529 

400 

879 

335 

1,665 

2,095 

1,878 

332 

787 

317 

648 

1,016 

1,216 

286 

507 

251 

Duplin 

Durham 

Edgecombe 

Forsyth 

Franklin 

Gaston 

Gates 

Graham 

Granville 

Greene 

Guilford 

Halifax 

Harnett 

Haywood 

Henderson 

Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde 

Iredell 

Jackson 

Johnston 

Jones 

Lee 

Lenoir 

Lincoln 

Macon 

Madison 

Martin 

McDowell 

Mecklenburg 

Mitchell 

Montgomery 

Moore 

Nash 

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow 

Orange 

Pamlico 

Pasquotank 

Pender 

Perquimans 

Person 

Pitt 

Polk 

Randolph 

Richmond 

Robeson 

Rockingham 

Rowan 

Rutherford 

Sampson 

Scotland 

Stanly 

Stokes 

Surry 

Swain 

Transylvania 

Tyrrell 

Union 

Vance 

Warren 

Washington 

Watauga 

Wayne 

Wilkes 

Wilson 

Yadkin 

Yancey 


Totals 


72,962 


95,297 


72,142 
30.bl% 


Percentage 


30.35-3?" 


35:B4l£ 


Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Results 


1049 


General  Election  for  Lt.  Governor,  November  3,  1992 


Dennis  A.  Wicker  (D) 


Art  Pope  (K)      Jeanette  C.  Small  (LTT 


County 


Alamance 

Alexander 

Alleghany 

Anson 

Ashe 

Avery 

Beaufort 

Bertie 

Bladen 

Brunswick 

Buncombe 

Burke 

Cabarrus 

Caldwell 

Camden 

Carteret 

Caswell 

Catawba 

Chatham 

Cherokee 

Chowan 

Clay 

Cleveland 

Columbus 

Craven 

Cumberland 

Currituck 

Dare 

Davidson 

Davie 

Duplin 

Durham 

Edgecombe 

Forsyth 

Franklin 

Gaston 

Gates 

Graham 

Granville 

Greene 

Guilford 

Halifax 

Harnett 

Haywood 

Henderson 

Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde 

Iredell 

Jackson 

Johnston 

Jones 

Lee 

Lenoir 

Lincoln 

Macon 

Madison 

Martin 

McDowell 

Mecklenburg 

Mitchell 

Montgomery 

Moore 

Nash 

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow 

Orange 


19,745 

19,797 

1,526 

6,437 

6,937 

411 

2,499 

1,818 

100 

6,174 

1,714 

98 

5,150 

5,278 

268 

2,163 

3,801 

267 

8,368 

6,758 

447 

4,247 

1,504 

83 

6,477 

2,622 

168 

11,382 

9,124 

1,224 

37,747 

31,185 

2,268 

15,528 

13,351 

1,225 

20,017 

18,463 

2,180 

12,067 

12,238 

1,259 

1,428 

967 

124 

10,423 

10,037 

1,106 

5,273 

2,180 

116 

21,186 

25,159 

2,090 

11,159 

6,240 

763 

4,067 

4,139 

98 

2,430 

1,454 

99 

1,814 

1,980 

53 

16,899 

11,275 

1,294 

13,463 

4,916 

557 

11,457 

11,650 

566 

37,222 

24,538 

3,335 

2,509 

2,129 

363 

5,103 

4,419 

699 

21,383 

25,269 

2,325 

4,102 

7,010 

400 

8,410 

5,090 

322 

52,377 

25,567 

2,984 

13,000 

5,628 

468 

57,329 

50,987 

4,641 

8,160 

4,757 

410 

27,684 

29,199 

3,257 

2,625 

795 

50 

1,795 

1,881 

52 

7,995 

3,895 

442 

3,323 

2,010 

67 

77,690 

57,728 

6,100 

11,755 

5,098 

593 

10,993 

8,885 

587 

12,494 

7,145 

860 

12,417 

18,006 

1,001 

4,775 

1,746 

68 

4,282 

1,498 

144 

1,361 

641 

47 

17,964 

18,389 

1,649 

6,339 

4,385 

303 

14,710 

14,767 

1,149 

2,281 

1,290 

106 

9,206 

4,987 

391 

10,789 

7,360 

323 

10,445 

10,400 

923 

5,318 

5,100 

303 

4,036 

2,904 

121 

4,750 

2,419 

93 

6,907 

5,512 

557 

109,512 

84,373 

7,920 

1,925 

4,138 

203 

5,143 

3,366 

228 

12,120 

13,024 

640 

13,966 

14,015 

864 

23,485 

23,459 

2,945 

5,280 

1,487 

96 

11,107 

10,639 

1,480 

30,392 

12,604 

2,110 

1050 


North  Carolina  Manual 


County 


3  A.  Wicker  (D) 

Art  Pope  (R) 

Jeanette  C.  Sm 

2,708 

1,830 

208 

5,472 

3,081 

191 

6,733 

4,936 

627 

2,216 

1,254 

91 

4,660 

3,543 

331 

21,511 

15,577 

906 

3,319 

3,230 

179 

15,036 

20,921 

1,336 

10,631 

3,394 

573 

22,811 

6,598 

961 

17,149 

11,567 

1,442 

20,018 

19,415 

2,291 

10,025 

8,789 

910 

10,193 

7,984 

357 

5,734 

2,072 

198 

10,218 

10,465 

775 

7,966 

7,958 

556 

11,979 

10,503 

423 

2,265 

1,733 

93 

6,152 

5,861 

581 

997 

456 

25 

15,174 

14,106 

989 

8,396 

3,936 

287 

106,019 

90,449 

8,140 

5,114 

1,716 

151 

3,450 

1,630 

67 

9,032 

8,271 

1,022 

12,484 

11,800 

477 

10,269 

13,681 

773 

12,313 

8,873 

313 

4,878 

7,278 

332 

4,796 

4,072 

96 

Pamlico 

Pasquotank 

Pender 

Perquimans 

Person 

Pitt 

Polk 

Randolph 

Richmond 

Robeson 

Rockingham 

Rowan 

Rutherford 

Sampson 

Scotland 

Stanly 

Stokes 

Surry 

Swain 

Transylvania 

Tyrrell 

Union 

Vance 

Wake 

Warren 

Washington 

Watauga 

Wayne 

Wilkes 

Wilson 

Yadkin 

Yancey 

Totals" 


1,341,777 


1,070,105" 


95,710 


Abstracts  of  Votes  and  Election  Results 


1051 


LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR 


PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  3,  1988 


County 

Alamance  .. 
Alexander  .. 
Alleghany  .. 

Anson 

Ashe  

Avery  

Beaufort 

Bertie 

Bladen  

Brunswick  . 

Buncombe  .. 

Burke  

Cabarrus  .... 

Caldwell 

Camden  

Carteret 

Caswell  

Catawba  .... 
Chatham  ... 
Cherokee  .... 

Chowan  

Clay 

Cleveland  ... 
Columbus  .., 
Craven  

Cumberland 
Currituck  .... 

Dare , 

Davidson  ..., 
Davie 

Duplin  

Durham  

Edgecombe  . 

Forsyth  

Franklin  

Gaston  

Gates  

Graham  

Granville  .... 
Greene  

Guilford  

Halifax 

Harnett  

Haywood  .... 
Henderson  .. 

Hertford  

Hoke 

Hyde 

Iredell 

Jackson  


DEMOCRATIC 

REPUBLICAN 

Robert  L. 

Harold  W. 

Parks 

Frank 

Tony 

BUI 

Jim 

Wendell  H 

Hannon 

Hardisoo 

Helms 

Jordan 

Rand 

Boyd 

Gardner 

Sawyer 

223 

1,549 

1,322 

993 

2,793 

444 

1,805 

188 

39 

188 

254 

129 

608 

36 

622 

10 

42 

809 

247 

146 

427 

14 

175 

9 

139 

819 

1,262 

637 

1,676 

19 

137 

6 

139 

701 

508 

500 

745 

211 

1,858 

105 

33 

88 

91 

108 

213 

363 

2,176 

129 

125 

2,155 

389 

364 

1,356 

108 

480 

48 

189 

1,064 

284 

273 

1,522 

6 

71 

5 

50 

495 

172 

171 

1,330 

29 

60 

3 

228 

1,641 

438 

683 

2,857 

255 

1,174 

117 

402 

2,099 

745 

1,022 

3,996 

751 

1,798 

180 

193 

653 

1,188 

440 

1,574 

130 

1,550 

68 

303 

775 

1,668 

571 

2,550 

370 

1,966 

79 

147 

264 

582 

196 

1,170 

165 

1,907 

60 

120 

601 

175 

203 

395 

3 

24 

6 

110 

2,341 

403 

229 

1,511 

213 

1,362 

97 

167 

579 

466 

718 

1,797 

9 

78 

8 

145 

403 

1,187 

352 

1,495 

386 

3,137 

89 

159 

949 

1,252 

470 

2,109 

189 

838 

48 

60 

254 

76 

116 

177 

57 

284 

12 

34 

587 

147 

93 

502 

15 

90 

16 

12 

152 

31 

65 

114 

29 

252 

17 

408 

1,112 

2,135 

915 

1,522 

80 

567 

24 

149 

2,190 

251 

352 

2,013 

55 

236 

7 

196 

2,237 

402 

314 

2,008 

316 

688 

69 

263 

2,713 

1,381 

551 

16,536 

366 

1,924 

115 

174 

544 

338 

304 

421 

33 

75 

16 

73 

360 

218 

163 

1,259 

199 

549 

86 

321 

1,120 

1,217 

520 

3,499 

555 

3,657 

292 

57 

272 

322 

272 

900 

274 

2,365 

117 

178 

4,292 

336 

406 

1,441 

40 

337 

8 

230 

2,069 

2,183 

846 

10,458 

294 

1,818 

89 

417 

2,099 

915 

1,166 

3,811 

59 

622 

9 

522 

2,617 

3,109 

1,231 

6,866 

615 

3,843 

317 

134 

1,002 

417 

344 

1,916 

50 

358 

13 

453 

1,176 

2,995 

783 

3,333 

319 

1,869 

72 

72 

311 

138 

227 

500 

7 

18 

3 

45 

162 

45 

115 

131 

36 

402 

27 

258 

1,228 

907 

792 

2,667 

33 

186 

8 

66 

1,648 

166 

226 

433 

10 

88 

4 

703 

5,554 

5,126 

1,196 

6,878 

656 

4,000 

1,591 

319 

2,535 

1,149 

971 

2,708 

24 

229 

14 

321 

1,665 

1,198 

662 

3,282 

66 

702 

26 

128 

928 

172 

303 

1,126 

94 

248 

23 

90 

338 

174 

193 

1,065 

516 

1,183 

86 

263 

1,202 

323 

355 

1,216 

29 

169 

8 

84 

546 

229 

322 

1,626 

19 

105 

5 

57 

667 

116 

167 

575 

13 

46 

7 

232 

873 

1,535 

563 

2,043 

216 

1,876 

49 

187 

1,004 

489 

608 

1,094 

73 

271 

31 

1052 


North  Carolina  Manual 


PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  3,  1988  (Continued) 


County 

Johnston 

Jones  

Lee  

Lenoir 

Lincoln 

Macon  

Madison  

Martin  

McDowell 

Mecklenburg 

Mitchell 

Montgomery  . 

Moore  

Nash 

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow 

Orange  

Pamlico  

Pasquotank  .. 

Pender  

Perquimans  .. 

Person  

Pitt 

Polk  

Randolph  

Richmond  

Robeson  

Rockingham  . 
Rowan  

Rutherford  .... 

Sampson  

Scotland 

Stanly  

Stokes  

Surry  

Swain  

Transylvania 

Tyrrell  

Union  

Vance  

Wake  

Warren  

Washington  .. 
Watauga  

Wayne  

Wilkes  

Wilson  

Yadkin  

Yancey  

Totals  


DEMOCRATIC 


Robert  L. 
Hannon 


Harold  W. 
Hardison 


Parks 
Helms 


Frank 
Jordan 


Tony 
Rand 


REPUBLICAN 


Bill  Jim 

Boyd  Gardner 


Wendell  H 
Sawyer 


316 

35 

90 

141 

109 

291 

26 

71 

139 

683 

24 
221 
118 
253 
203 

254 
126 
156 
59 
220 

138 
114 

57 

478 

32 

93 

159 
681 
264 

117 

446 

158 

45 

92 

131 

142 
21 

130 
32 

154 

522 
336 
202 
50 
152 

174 

106 

129 

41 

98 


3,341 
1,468 
1,615 
6,938 
409 

598 
588 

2,128 
546 

1,901 

80 

613 

522 

2,811 

1,685 

1,310 

2,971 

865 

937 

1,147 
945 
853 

6,276 
189 

556 

648 

4,130 

1,226 

349 

832 

1,847 
373 
601 
837 

671 
157 
378 
342 
582 

1,461 

5,767 

858 

611 

385 

3,952 
623 

1,825 
227 
391 


1,449 
94 

1,303 
496 
814 

358 

40 

519 

342 

15,671 

46 

743 

845 

1,171 

588 

411 
618 
1,291 
145 
292 

226 
213 

488 
1,047 

87 

692 

831 

2,214 

1,014 

1,017 

956 
318 
301 
1,162 
371 

621 

45 

210 

106 

2,068 

1,461 

6,551 

606 

148 

736 


788 
124 
318 
442 
211 

588 

67 

462 

282 
1,877 

36 
313 
216 
863 
456 

346 
342 
484 
186 
254 

333 
251 
366 
1,014 
106 


262 

1,016 

2,636 

771 

289 


,163 
617 
826 
219 
171 


335 
194 
191 
401 

487 
46 
296 
133 
465 

872 
896 
822 
167 
398 

,266 
290 
516 
155 
359 


3,205 
372 
1,717 
1,400 
1,178 

863 
140 

1,016 
673 

8,768 

134 
1,181 
1,224 
2,248 
5,440 

2,324 
2,797 
5,148 
686 
1,246 

2,068 

381 

1,262 

3,781 

267 

929 
2,647 
8,267 
2,518 
1,705 

1,509 
1,893 
1,525 
1,169 
1,429 

1,335 
217 
623 
365 

2,731 

2,150 
14,429 
2,209 
1,009 
1,132 

2,923 

1,063 

2,604 

491 

876 


79 
9 

71 
81 

87 

199 

28 

53 

78 

2,064 

425 

81 

461 

83 
484 


156 
149 

47 
63 

85 

10 

21 

164 

100 

1,812 

58 

120 

151 

302 

67 

85 

20 

149 

199 

113 

12 

190 

6 

221 

46 

1,060 

17 

22 

445 

113 

333 

58 

79 

190 


1,214 

59 

453 

763 

967 

512 
144 
223 
343 
10,263 

1,838 
431 
3,253 
1,595 
1,840 

60 
736 

847 
172 
289 

370 

70 

165 

1,335 

303 

1,715 
309 
554 
869 

2,485 

620 
1,526 

112 
1,402 
1,064 

782 

108 

449 

31 

1,133 

223 
6,242 

105 

76 

1,911 

950 
3,422 

577 
1,374 

612 


21 
11 
21 
82 
30 

73 

■1 

22 

19 

1,010 

129 
30 

104 
22 

175 

1 
89 

51 
23 

28 

40 

13 
4 

82 
46 

82 
21 
32 
78 
102 

26 

27 

1 

21 

54 

20 

8 

56 

5 

71 

16 

305 
1 

5 

76 

20 
99 
11 
59 
112 


18,291  132,878  94,549  48,222  219,511 


19,802  107,171   7,905 


Abstracts  of  Votes  and  Election  Results 


1053 


GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  8, 1988 


County 

Alamance 

Alexander  

Alleghany  

Anson  

Ashe 

Avery  

Beaufort  

Bertie  

Bladen  

Brunswick 

Buncombe  

Burke  

Cabarrus  

Caldwell  

Camden  

Carteret  

Caswell 

Catawba 

Chatham  

Cherokee  

Chowan  

Clay  

Cleveland  

Columbus  

Craven  

Cumberland  .. 

Currituck 

Dare  

Davidson 

Davie  

Duplin 

Durham  

Edgecombe  .... 

Forsyth 

Franklin  

Gaston  

Gates 

Graham  

Granville  

Greene  

Guilford  

Halifax  

Harnett 

Haywood  

Henderson 

Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde  

Iredell  

Jackson  


(D) 
Tony 
Rand 


<R) 

Jim 

Gardner 


County 

Johnston 

Jones  

Lee  

Lenoir 

Lincoln 

Macon  

Madison 

Martin 

McDowell 

Mecklenburg 

Mitchell 

Montgomery  . 

Moore  

Nash 

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow  

Orange  

Pamlico 

Pasquotank  .. 

Pender  

Perquimans  .. 

Person  

Pitt 

Polk  

Randolph 

Richmond  

Robeson  

Rockingham  . 
Rowan  

Rutherford  .... 

Sampson 

Scotland 

Stanly  

Stokes 

Surry  

Swain  

Transylvania 

Tyrrell  

Union  

Vance  

Wake  

Warren  

Washington  .. 
Watauga  

Wayne  

Wilkes  

Wilson  

Yadkin  

Yancey  

Totals  


(D) 
Tony 
Rand 


(R) 

Jim 

Gardner 


15,437 
4,904 
2,261 
5,307 
4,451 

1,586 
6,580 
3,863 
5,484 
9,082 

30,619 

12,930 

14,591 

9,576 

1,281 

8,745 
4,719 
15,735 
8,460 
2,962 

2,284 

1,429 

12,460 

10,855 

9,535 

32,470 
1,792 
3,634 

16,594 
3,708 

6,831 
37,550 

9,949 
46,723 

6,124 

19,721 
2,158 
1,469 
6,244 
3,094 

60,604 
9,712 
8,532 
9,890 

10,426 

5,042 
3,588 
1,373 
12,625 
5,332 


20,326 
7,055 
1,966 
2,039 
5,567 

3,935 
6,998 
1,812 
3,054 
9,056 

31,445 
14,052 
18,370 
13,095 
913 

9,751 
2,305 
25,725 
6,391 
4,314 

1,611 
2,013 

12,135 
5,366 

10,757 

19,740 
2,149 
4,436 

24,970 
7,229 

5,436 
26,116 

5,874 
50,483 

4,661 

29,718 
1,112 
1,840 
4,334 
1,913 

53,612 
6,271 
8,506 
7,729 

18,139 

2,537 

1,504 

758 

19,009 

4,657 


10,527 
2,105 
5,404 
8,881 
7,643 

4,362 
3,245 
4,461 
5,261 
79,189 

1,508 

4,591 

8,857 

10,911 

19,190 

5,075 
8,847 
23,351 
2,351 
4,570 

4,888 
1,808 
3,932 
16,771 
2,834 

11,794 
8,245 
18,654 
13,929 
15,575 

7,991 
8,912 
4,280 
8,326 
6,310 

9,181 

1,874 

4,884 

821 

11,782 

6,883 
73,550 
4,557 
3,005 
6,793 

11,308 
8,243 
9,383 
3,613 
4,091 


13,610 
1,367 
6,235 
8,996 

10,321 

5,436 
2,955 
2,570 
5,854 
90,008 

4,426 

3,650 

13,160 

13,646 

20,067 

2,074 

10,482 

12,637 

2,005 

3,218 

4,397 
1,383 
3,998 
15,628 
3,650 

21,948 

4,055 

8,087 

12,450 

19,714 

9,351 
8,381 
2,246 
10,568 
7,899 

10,453 

1,775 

6,382 

516 

13,385 

4,613 
75,748 
1,808 
1,865 
7,897 

13,385 

14,318 

9,263 

7,251 

3,997 


1,044,917 


1,072,002 


1054  North  Carolina  Manual 

State  Auditor  Primary  Elections  May  5,  1992  (Democratic  Primary) 

County 

Alamance 

Alexander 

Alleghany 

Anson 

Ashe 

Avery 

Beaufort 

Bertie 

Bladen 

Brunswick 

Buncombe 

Burke 

Cabarrus 

Caldwell 

Camden 

Carteret 

Caswell 

Catawba 

Chatham 

Cherokee 

Chowan 

Clay 

Cleveland 

Columbus 

Craven 

Cumberland 

Currituck 

Dare 

Davidson 

Davie 

Duplin 

Durham 

Edgecombe 

Forsyth 

Franklin 

Gaston 

Gates 

Graham 

Granville 

Greene 

Guilford 

Halifax 

Harnett 

Haywood 

Henderson 

Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde 

Iredell 

Jackson 

Johnston 

Jones 

Lee 

Lenior 

Lincoln 

Macon 

Madison 

Martin 

McDowell 

Mecklenburg 

Mitchell 

Montgomery 

Moore 

Nash 

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow 

Orange 

Pamlico 


Ralph  Campbell 

Franklin  Freemen 

Charles  M.  Hicks 

3,289 

3,019 

2,451 

571 

567 

402 

428 

655 

226 

1,346 

845 

835 

737 

658 

327 

126 

149 

102 

2,059 

2,382 

1,504 

803 

471 

363 

1,884 

1,188 

1,463 

2,741 

1,524 

1,537 

4,596 

4,228 

4,348 

1,567 

1,485 

1,502 

2,535 

1,716 

2,119 

1,261 

1,078 

747 

434 

407 

226 

1,764 

1,454 

1,117 

1,195 

1,350 

956 

1,767 

1,671 

2,011 

1,931 

1,682 

862 

523 

499 

433 

551 

356 

296 

170 

231 

190 

3,129 

1,873 

2,085 

4,774 

1,927 

1,872 

2,677 

1,574 

1,459 

7,188 

5,513 

5,160 

653 

510 

446 

861 

986 

629 

2,495 

2,334 

2,182 

459 

430 

521 

1,895 

1,628 

924 

14,525 

7,007 

2,670 

4,502 

2,287 

1,387 

6,411 

7,234 

4,196 

1,894 

2,402 

567 

5,110 

3,488 

3,073 

677 

434 

365 

168 

286 

254 

2,635 

1,509 

1,252 

980 

711 

921 

10,045 

5,615 

8,123 

2,711 

2,893 

1,341 

2,694 

3,006 

1,264 

3,179 

1,608 

1,814 

1,394 

915 

1,205 

912 

690 

337 

1,115 

780 

827 

416 

312 

328 

3,079 

1,848 

2,213 

682 

1,122 

865 

3,187 

3,186 

2,103 

728 

402 

329 

1,162 

1,644 

1,137 

2,504 

1,529 

1,761 

1,459 

1,032 

753 

826 

709 

1,044 

371 

879 

256 

1,255 

913 

662 

1,220 

814 

1,055 

14,081 

8,767 

5,579 

137 

94 

117 

1,009 

660 

793 

1,456 

1,261 

1,032 

3,207 

2,014 

1,480 

2,787 

3,589 

3,224 

1,953 

740 

533 

1,969 

2,228 

1,209 

2,543 

4,947 

1,418 

694 

498 

343 

Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Results 


1055 


County 


Ralph  Campbell 


Franklin  Freemen 


Charles  M.  Hicks 


Pasquotank 

Pender 

Perquimans 

Person 

Pitt 

Polk 

Randolph 

Richmond 

Robeson 

Rockingham 

Rowan 

Rutherford 

Sampson 

Scotland 

Stanly 

Stokes 

Surry 

Swain 

Transylvania 

Tyrrell 

Union 

Vance 

Wake 

Warren 

Washington 

Watauga 

Wayne 

Wilkes 

Wilson 

Yadkin 

Yancey 

Total  " 


1,478 

1,641 

596 

860 

4,442 

306 

1,077 

2,084 

6,303 

1,661 

2,896 

1,147 

1,570 

813 

1,480 

679 

423 

164 

830 

234 

2,461 

2,158 

18,106 

1,827 

1,142 

653 

2,531 

826 

2,754 

482 

578 

226,270 


635 

1,140 

366 

677 

2,958 

553 

912 

1,115 

5,515 

4,029 

2,116 

1,799 

1,296 

816 

901 

1,725 

2,913 

378 

595 

358 

1,283 

1,475 

17,355 

1,017 

497 

721 

1,960 

1,480 

1,440 

684 

583 

183,775 


505 

1,116 

332 

1,161 

3,425 

473 

1,332 

1,546 

3,051 

1,118 

1,584 

996 

699 

944 

843 

418 

365 

269 

767 

203 

1,316 

1,151 

7,038 

762 

459 

573 

1,849 

725 

1,525 

402 

596 

134,668 


Percentage 


41.54% 


33.74% 


24.72% 


Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction  Primary  May  5,  1992  (Democratic  Primary) 


County 

Bob  Etheridge 

Owen  Phillips 

Teena  S.  Little  Vernon  Robinson 

Tom  Rogers 

Alamance 

5,038 

4,605 

1,205 

1,563 

1,085 

Alexander 

905 

699 

428 

419 

271 

Alleghany 

834 

548 

83 

70 

93 

Anson 

1,830 

1,350 

65 

64 

84 

Ashe 

1,369 

578 

414 

390 

359 

Avery 

196 

250 

608 

713 

658 

Beaufort 

3,956 

2,670 

319 

335 

512 

Bertie 

1,922 

728 

26 

38 

58 

Bladen 

3,221 

1,688 

110 

84 

129 

Brunswick 

3,965 

2,192 

960 

628 

691 

Buncombe 

7,774 

6,258 

1,798 

1,513 

1,527 

Burke 

2,756 

2,168 

780 

820 

661 

Cabarrus 

3,818 

3,077 

1,436 

1,198 

1,192 

Caldwell 

2,013 

1,298 

1,018 

1,070 

711 

Camden 

798 

326 

22 

17 

34 

Carteret 

3,359 

1,656 

1,067 

913 

797 

Caswell 

1,499 

2,261 

55 

49 

96 

Catawba 

3,076 

2,612 

2,244 

1,958 

1,424 

Chatham 

3,360 

1,641 

438 

340 

338 

Cherokee 

997 

525 

341 

237 

221 

Chowan 

1,046 

469 

90 

113 

88 

Clay 

355 

269 

210 

153 

177 

Cleveland 

3,984 

3,611 

430 

500 

505 

Columbus 

6,358 

3,573 

397 

226 

331 

Craven 

3,793 

2,694 

979 

725 

713 

Cumberland 

12,241 

8,049 

1,713 

1,470 

1,717 

Currituck 

1,283 

552 

71 

69 

69 

Dare 

2,151 

743 

408 

365 

299 

Davidson 

2,602 

5,122 

1,707 

1,843 

1,550 

Davie 

810 

723 

839 

1,096 

800 

Duplin 

3,302 

1,747 

317 

219 

321 

Durham 

22,127 

5,519 

1,611 

1,318 

2,395 

1056 


North  Carolina  Manual 


County 

Bob  Etheridge 

Owen  Phillips 

Teena  S.  Little  Vernon  Robinson 

Tom  Rogers 

Edgecombe 

6,403 

2,437 

213                       198 

291 

Forsyth 

9,264 

10,289 

2,699                   5,159 

3,083 

Franklin 

2,917 

1,817 

249                       248 

291 

Gaston 

7,159 

5,271 

2,214                     2,829 

1,558 

Gates 

952 

606 

13                         15 

27 

Graham 

467 

270 

218                       133 

208 

Granville 

3,687 

2,059 

109                       108 

159 

Greene 

1,856 

1,065 

52                         41 

86 

Guilford 

12,736 

14,013 

2,642                    3,762 

4,121 

Halifax 

4,608 

2,729 

149                         89 

179 

Harnett 

6,379 

1,864 

514                       382 

641 

Haywood 

4,073 

2,961 

530                       294 

576 

Henderson 

2,375 

1,338 

1,607                    1,432 

1,330 

Hertford 

1,645 

640 

60                         25 

102 

Hoke 

1,611 

1,389 

91                         68 

109 

Hyde 

724 

510 

26                         17 

19 

Iredell 

4,530 

3,177 

1,502                    1,165 

1,245 

Jackson 

1,412 

1,510 

277                      183 

217 

Johnston 

6,970 

2,816 

856                     544 

890 

Jones 

1,048 

634 

33                        32 

31 

Lee 

3,899 

1,235 

332                      228 

318 

Lenior 

4,023 

2,636 

252                      247 

304 

Lincoln 

2,017 

1,430 

693                       581 

563 

Macon 

1,541 

1,103 

507                       426 

470 

Madison 

1,160 

401 

126                       121 

89 

Martin 

2,462 

1,029 

85                         97 

179 

McDowell 

2,045 

1,273 

268                       292 

241 

Mecklenburg 

18,940 

13,138 

6,605                   5,482 

5,373 

Mitchell 

207 

188 

726                       969 

647 

Montgomery 

1,457 

1,240 

169                      265 

231 

Moore 

2,428 

1,756 

3,740                   1,271 

1,009 

Nash 

4,848 

2,779 

651                      650 

772 

New  Hanover 

5,522 

5,012 

1,901                    1,265 

1,460 

Northampton 

2,022 

941 

36                         27 

34 

Onslow 

3,975 

2,474 

619                       518 

624 

Orange 

7,632 

3,004 

709                       551 

697 

Pamlico 

1,020 

715 

150                         79 

97 

Pasquotank 

2,366 

622 

167                       104 

157 

Pender 

1,937 

2,303 

377                       221 

344 

Perquimans 

1,060 

394 

42                         53 

56 

Person 

1,762 

1,360 

128                         72 

186 

Pitt 

7,758 

4,292 

783                       724 

1,088 

Polk 

778 

622 

255                       343 

282 

Randolph 

1,713 

2,103 

1,713                    1,666 

1,328 

Richmond 

3,577 

1,643 

163                       146 

192 

Robeson 

9,369 

6,233 

279                       188 

330 

Rockingham 

3,381 

3,566 

487                       595 

546 

Rowan 

3,568 

3,691 

1,935                   1,503 

1,814 

Rutherford 

1,979 

2,126 

387                      338 

407 

Sampson 

2,686 

1,314 

654                      479 

691 

Scotland 

1,944 

1,305 

83                        63 

129 

Stanly 

1,976 

1,560 

544                       391 

760 

Stokes 

1,103 

1,600 

507                       626 

507 

Surry 

1,696 

1,733 

308                       313 

334 

Swain 

587 

289 

113                         50 

63 

Transylvania 

1,263 

1,054 

440                       463 

380 

Tyrrell 

380 

592 

6                         23 

15 

Union 

3,114 

2,445 

924                      891 

1,047 

Vance 

3,378 

1,787 

103                        70 

146 

Wake 

28,855 

16,292 

6,693                    6,093 

5,684 

Warren 

2,565 

1,186 

46                       59 

72 

Washington 

1,585 

625 

46                         46 

62 

Watauga 

1,463 

874 

601                      551 

423 

Wayne 

5,088 

2,478 

449                       435 

475 

Wilkes 

1,844 

1,404 

2,084                    1,294 

1,596 

Wilson 

4,312 

2,289 

441                       335 

549 

Yadkin 

826 

843 

760                       829 

954 

Yancey 

1,354 

609 

189                      569 

254 

Total 

364,019 

237,184 

75,519                69,842 

69,048    ' 

Percentage 

60.55% 

39.45% 

35.22%                32.57% 

32.20% 

Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Results  1057 

Commissioner  of  Labor  Primary  Elections  May  5,  1992  (Democratic  Primary) 

County  John  C.  Brooks    Harry  E.  Payne,  Jr.       Nelson  Dollar         Henry  McKoy 

Alamance 

Alexander 

Alleghany 

Anson 

Ashe 

Avery 

Beaufort 

Bertie 

Bladen 

Brunswick 

Buncombe 

Burke 

Cabarrus 

Caldwell 

Camden 

Carteret 

Caswell 

Catawba 

Chatham 

Cherokee 

Chowan 

Clay 

Cleveland 

Columbus 

Craven 

Cumberland 

Currituck 

Dare 

Davidson 

Davie 

Duplin 

Durham 

Egecombe 

Forsyth 

Franklin 

Gaston 

Gates 

Graham 

Granville 

Greene 

Guilford 

Halifax 

Harnett 

Haywood 

Henderson 

Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde 

Iredell 

Jackson 

Johnston 

Jones 

Lee 

Lenior 

Lincoln 

Macon 

Madison 

Martin 

McDowell 

Mecklenburg 

Mitchell 

Montgomery 

Moore 

Nash 

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow 

Orange 


5,040 

4,250 

2,087 

1,626 

910 

714 

601 

483 

907 

508 

144 

85 

1,723 

1,607 

97 

107 

1,150 

673 

833 

319 

229 

172 

1,142 

708 

3,344 

3,129 

530 

587 

1,371 

764 

55 

43 

1,976 

2,802 

220 

90 

1,581 

4,967 

1,085 

1,088 

6,481 

6,809 

1,999 

1,817 

2,498 

2,301 

1,188 

983 

3,567 

3,385 

1,929 

1,642 

1,937 

1,427 

1,539 

1,107 

565 

481 

43 

33 

2,766 

1,944 

1,594 

1,059 

1,524 

2,124 

88 

100 

2,972 

2,714 

3,018 

2,325 

2,097 

2,933 

504 

567 

1,024 

483 

394 

378 

654 

654 

116 

127 

417 

198 

237 

282 

4,344 

3,331 

699 

673 

3,284 

6,397 

545 

382 

3,269 

3,074 

1,273 

1,048 

8,600 

10,992 

2,159 

2,546 

889 

755 

110 

91 

1,366 

1,180 

573 

436 

4,059 

3,354 

2,904 

1,952 

897 

595 

1,562 

1,038 

2,543 

2,535 

535 

317 

7,054 

20,728 

2,964 

2,257 

4,274 

4,526 

357 

322 

9,207 

9,202 

5,011 

4,509 

2,086 

2,737 

412 

344 

5,883 

5,302 

3,043 

3,104 

744 

738 

29 

23 

521 

207 

267 

277 

3,404 

2,476 

210 

152 

1,683 

1,156 

65 

111 

9,481 

15,501 

4,821 

4,906 

3,968 

3,360 

196 

199 

3,751 

3,665 

1,073 

439 

4,390 

2,506 

555 

671 

2,116 

1,483 

2,146 

2,015 

1,157 

1,026 

94 

70 

1,469 

1,549 

109 

159 

617 

533 

27 

32 

3,978 

3,355 

1,917 

1,764 

1,590 

1,038 

299 

263 

4,480 

4,848 

1,345 

916 

864 

734 

39 

51 

2,090 

2,401 

520 

296 

4,026 

2,573 

392 

354 

2,014 

1,410 

1,003 

764 

1,757 

857 

630 

724 

1,023 

414 

192 

119 

2,088 

947 

139 

165 

2,111 

1,221 

432 

335 

0,533 

19,728 

7,655 

7,830 

223 

146 

1,479 

804 

1,498 

1,161 

281 

372 

1,826 

2,318 

2,872 

2,423 

3,167 

4,260 

1,185 

786 

1,189 

11,514 

1,782 

2,611 

1,679 

2,077 

41 

52 

2,996 

2,889 

914 

787 

2,873 

7,919 

876 

907 

1058 


North  Carolina  Manual 


County 

John  C.  Brooks 

Harry  E.  Payne,  Jr. 

Nelson  Dollar 

Henry  McKoy 

Pamlico 

957 

675 

185 

126 

Pasquotank 

1,356 

1,388 

223 

167 

Pender 

882 

3,800 

408 

496 

Perquimans 

638 

770 

69 

78 

Person 

1,639 

1,539 

198 

151 

Pitt 

7,389 

4,629 

1,122 

1,254 

Polk 

720 

511 

339 

406 

Randolph 

1,922 

1,698 

2,112 

2,188 

Richmond 

2,102 

3,129 

239 

237 

Robeson 

8,268 

7,717 

396 

378 

Rockingham 

3,505 

3,218 

839 

653 

Rowan 

3,941 

3,104 

2,955 

2,042 

Rutherford 

2,205 

1,888 

576 

525 

Sampson 

2,247 

1,618 

1,165 

594 

Scotland 

1,237 

1,583 

75 

165 

Stanly 

2,225 

1,320 

892 

687 

Stokes 

1,666 

973 

903 

677 

Surry 

1,728 

1,558 

484 

365 

Swain 

542 

265 

114 

70 

Transylvania 

1,161 

1,095 

564 

639 

Tyrrell 

454 

320 

28 

17 

Union 

2,877 

2,625 

1,177 

1,511 

Vance 

2,692 

2,519 

177 

123 

Wake 

12,932 

32,475 

8,567 

9,382 

Warren 

1,845 

1,945 

74 

102 

Washington 

976 

1,164 

62 

76 

Watauga 

1,235 

963 

1,057 

471 

Wayne 

3,166 

3,980 

614 

626 

Wilkes 

2,059 

1,104 

3,680 

1,298 

Wilson 

3,300 

3,414 

829 

478 

Yadkin 

984 

618 

1,626 

905 

Yancey 

1,152 

638 

577 

393 

Totals 

267,796 

320,000 

107,771 

93,232 

Percentage 

45.56% 

54.44% 

53.62% 

46.38% 

Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Results 


1059 


Council  of  State  General  Elections  Nov.  3,  1992 
(Secretary  of  State  -  Attorney  General  -  Commisioner  of  Labor  -  State  Treasurer) 


County 

Secretary  of  State 

Attorney  General 

Comm.  of  Labor 

State  Treasurer 

R.  Edmisten 

J.  Carrington 

M.  Easley  J.  Dean  H. 

Payne,  Jr. 

N.  Dollar 

H.  BoylesB 

.  Justus 

Alamance 

18,783 

21,182 

22,688 

16,524 

17,622 

19,268 

19,900 

17,464 

Alexander 

6,164 

7,249 

7,439 

6,090 

6,000 

7,199 

5,797 

7,449 

Alleghany 

2,467 

1,854 

2,759 

1,569 

2,391 

1,751 

2,318 

1,856 

Anson 

5,861 

1,912 

6,414 

1,490 

6,029 

1,601 

5,807 

1,867 

Ashe 

5,382 

5,166 

5,577 

4,868 

4,956 

5,238 

4,862 

5,358 

Avery 

2,245 

3,846 

2,421 

3,667 

1,813 

3,909 

1,901 

3,921 

Beaufort 

7,339 

7,892 

9,971 

5,213 

8,605 

5,900 

8,099 

6,549 

Bertie 

4,202 

1,650 

4,513 

1,191 

4,105 

1,129 

4,028 

1,371 

Bladen 

6,305 

2,829 

7,537 

1,933 

6,952 

1,912 

6,312 

2,359 

Brunswick 

10,543 

10,368 

14,568 

6,298 

12,629 

7,154 

10,355 

9,179 

Buncombe 

36,156 

31,661 

40,578 

27,353 

35,238 

29,156 

32,849 

33,002 

Burke 

15,147 

14,174 

17,353 

11,984 

14,872 

13,547 

13,928 

14,786 

Cabarrus 

17,458 

21,530 

24,035 

14,243 

17,235 

19,468 

15,950 

21,401 

Caldwell 

11,958 

13,001 

14,758 

10,146 

11,173 

12,671 

10,512 

13,607 

Camden 

1,485 

877 

1,514 

872 

1,508 

829 

1,406 

898 

Carteret 

8,880 

11,850 

12,437 

8,283 

10,257 

9,628 

9,818 

10,470 

Caswell 

5,307 

2,240 

5,628 

1,903 

5,434 

1,959 

5,279 

2,068 

Catawba 

18,955 

27,761 

25,071 

21,801 

19,103 

26,143 

17,542 

28,386 

Chatham 

10,328 

7,124 

12,053 

5,424 

10,559 

6,086 

10,179 

6,719 

Cherokee 

4,020 

4,154 

4,137 

4,067 

4,038 

4,006 

3,934 

4,163 

Chowan 

2,415 

1,505 

2,543 

1,296 

2,343 

1,235 

2,374 

1,331 

Clay 

1,797 

2,000 

1,801 

1,976 

1,807 

1,967 

1,762 

2,018 

Cleveland 

15,667 

13,009 

19,246 

9,369 

15,701 

11,326 

15,040 

12,660 

Columbus 

13,061 

5,343 

15,727 

3,282 

14,740 

3,447 

13,042 

4,693 

Craven 

10,116 

13,014 

13,777 

9,258 

11,025 

10,096 

10,828 

10,865 

Cumberland 

34,533 

28,571 

44,931 

18,469 

36,883 

22,727 

35,094 

25,940 

Currituck 

2,532 

2,126 

2,645 

2,054 

2,610 

1,957 

2,631 

2,248 

Dare 

5,060 

4,300 

5,304 

4,319 

5,180 

4,135 

4,800 

4,728 

Davidson 

20,333 

26,954 

25,075 

22,338 

20,186 

25,483 

19,132 

27,197 

Davie 

4,266 

7,271 

5,169 

6,426 

4,352 

6,911 

4,150 

7,171 

Duplin 

7,945 

5,626 

9,927 

3,563 

8,940 

4,059 

8,212 

4,804 

Durham 

48,963 

29,098 

57,923 

20,733 

49,356 

24,383 

49,675 

26,531 

Edgecombe 

12,692 

6,191 

14,689 

4,101 

13,420 

4,669 

12,917 

5,258 

Forsyth 

53,683 

55,020 

66,873 

41,903 

52,611 

49,591 

51,873 

53,130 

Franklin 

7,022 

6,001 

8,999 

3,879 

8,435 

3,913 

8,003 

4,551 

Gaston 

24,868 

32,394 

34,766 

23,314 

24,349 

30,013 

22,675 

33,340 

Gates 

2,656 

786 

2,658 

763 

2,660 

748 

2,627 

797 

Graham 

1,797 

1,864 

1,836 

1,834 

1,787 

1,862 

1,767 

1,886 

Granville 

7,427 

4,702 

8,881 

3,062 

7,826 

3,203 

7,474 

3,788 

Greene 

3,297 

2,059 

3,910 

1,441 

3,602 

1,556 

3,518 

1,654 

Guilford 

72,856 

64,445 

87,785 

48,845 

73,321 

54,829 

73,225 

58,492 

Halifax 

10,950 

5,951 

13,064 

3,897 

12,053 

4,313 

11,539 

4,893 

Harnett 

10,275 

9,543 

12,841 

7,091 

11,012 

7,891 

10,477 

8,687 

Haywood 

12,768 

7,155 

13,712 

6,362 

12,385 

6,906 

11,496 

7,908 

Henderson 

12,386 

17,976 

14,094 

16,510 

11,854 

17,820 

10,864 

19,402 

Hertford 

4,925 

1,780 

4,970 

1,508 

4,818 

1,432 

4,719 

1,737 

Hoke 

4,154 

1,636 

4,574 

1,222 

4,310 

1,294 

4,206 

1,447 

Hyde 

1,337 

699 

1,555 

464 

1,404 

499 

1,370 

560 

Iredell 

16,363 

20,247 

22,232 

14,495 

16,330 

18,467 

15,954 

19,392 

Jackson 

6,232 

4,463 

6,513 

4,152 

6,064 

4,235 

5,805 

4,597 

Johnston 

14,138 

15,517 

17,553 

12,237 

15,395 

13,100 

14,629 

14,295 

Jones 

2,246 

1,362 

2,710 

850 

2,345 

1,015 

2,290 

1,010 

Lee 

7,029 

6,749 

9,168 

4,648 

7,509 

5,367 

7,061 

6,057 

Lenoir 

10,007 

8,422 

12,525 

5,759 

11,021 

6,336 

10,747 

6,947 

Lincoln 

9,542 

11,353 

12,163 

8,853 

9,682 

10,513 

9,654 

10,920 

Macon 

5,395 

4,970 

5,525 

4,890 

5,402 

4,895 

5,146 

5,225 

Madison 

3,949 

2,903 

4,088 

2,781 

3,875 

2,833 

3,768 

2,988 

Martin 

4,840 

2,624 

5,286 

1,772 

4,634 

1,748 

4,570 

2,052 

McDowell 

6,950 

5,569 

7,511 

4,995 

6,613 

5,410 

6,168 

5,963 

Mecklenburg 

95,851 

96,910 

123,493 

71,887 

93,321 

83,143 

90,904 

91,561 

Mitchell 

1,941 

4,167 

2,196 

3,931 

1,748 

4,179 

1,726 

4,219 

Montgomery 

4,906 

3,574 

5,467 

3,082 

5,063 

3,279 

4,937 

3,462 

Moore 

10,527 

14,419 

13,316 

11,802 

11,104 

12,897 

10,750 

13,672 

Nash 

12,682 

15,456 

17,214 

10,941 

14,174 

12,671 

13,439 

13,659 

New  Hanover 

19,604 

28,442 

31,993 

16,806 

33,192 

15,219 

20,490 

24,570 

1060 


North  Carolina  Manual 


Northampton 

5,340 

1,603 

5,566 

1,181 

5,234 

1,158 

5,156 

1,364 

County 

Secretary  of  State 

Attorney  General 

Comm 

of  Labor 

State  Treasurer 

R.  Edmisten 

J.  Carringti 

jn    M.  Easley  J.  Dean  H 

Payne,  Jr. 

N.  Dollar 

H.  Boyles  B.  Justus 

Onslow 

9,503 

12,768 

14,302 

7,707 

11,079 

9,229 

9,860 

10,960 

Orange 

27,722 

14,352 

32,256 

10,556 

28,363 

12,100 

27,298 

13,824 

Pamlico 

2,527 

2,056 

3,173 

1,401 

2,696 

1,632 

2,616 

1,758 

Pasquotank 

5,557 

3,084 

5,646 

2,896 

5,458 

2,815 

5,431 

3,025 

Pender 

6,082 

5,805 

8,747 

3,268 

8,379 

3,321 

6,264 

4,957 

Perquimans 

2,227 

1,226 

2,286 

1,181 

2,299 

1,114 

2,240 

1,202 

Person 

4,375 

3,828 

5,403 

2,742 

4,248 

2,648 

4,099 

3,106 

Pitt 

19,970 

17,622 

25,982 

11,668 

22,258 

13,333 

20,706 

15,194 

Polk 

3,131 

3,266 

3,291 

3,091 

3,030 

3,165 

2,955 

3,341 

Randolph 

13,389 

22,801 

16,582 

19,314 

13,349 

20,617 

12,964 

21,752 

Richmond 

10,057 

4,126 

9,893 

3,329 

10,440 

3,182 

9,495 

3,877 

Robeson 

22,423 

7,783 

25,179 

5,166 

24,307 

5,325 

22,659 

6,833 

Rockingham 

16,504 

12,774 

19,624 

9,296 

16,300 

10,871 

15,701 

12,549 

Rowan 

18,089 

21,927 

23,990 

16,307 

17,405 

20,895 

16,669 

22,327 

Rutherford 

9,955 

9,030 

11,028 

8,061 

9,720 

8,738 

8,733 

8,921 

Sampson 

9,843 

8,485 

11,122 

7,193 

10,099 

7,741 

9,753 

8,109 

Scotland 

5,386 

2,420 

5,802 

1,990 

5,383 

1,786 

5,201 

2,180 

Stanly 

9,333 

11,483 

11,726 

9,233 

9,360 

10,674 

8,874 

11,357 

Stokes 

7,641 

8,394 

9,127 

6,990 

7,475 

7,837 

7,419 

8,329 

Surry 

11,358 

10,848 

13,186 

9,385 

11,466 

10,026 

10,817 

10,670 

Swain 

2,291 

1,708 

2,317 

1,691 

2,233 

1,666 

2,174 

1,743 

Transylvania 

5,856 

6,140 

6,494 

5,521 

5,820 

5,889 

5,216 

6,561 

Tyrrell 

952 

492 

1,104 

359 

992 

367 

975 

407 

Union 

13,125 

16,188 

17,786 

11,924 

13,459 

14,440 

12,576 

15,643 

Vance 

7,782 

4,643 

9,739 

2,706 

8,504 

3,138 

8,023 

3,755 

Wake 

100,199 

96,194 

120,108 

77,722 

104,362 

81,893 

101,607 

90,108 

Warren 

4,925 

1,989 

5,757 

1,164 

5,298 

1,297 

5,176 

1,508 

Washington 

3,366 

1,723 

3,749 

1,328 

3,553 

1,381 

3,461 

1,492 

Watauga 

9,860 

7,918 

10,028 

7,344 

8,233 

8,208 

8,267 

8,564 

Wayne 

11,319 

13,276 

14,786 

9,371 

12,265 

10,036 

11,901 

10,984 

Wilkes 

9,855 

14,278 

11,615 

12,266 

9,220 

13,973 

8,914 

14,356 

Wilson 

11,402 

9,919 

13,555 

7,457 

12,034 

7,841 

11,848 

8,448 

Yadkin 

4,596 

7,498 

5,409 

6,691 

4,457 

7,242 

4,379 

7,467 

Yancey 

4,762 

4,056 

4,821 

3,955 

4,292 

4,074 

4,677 

4,108 

Totals 

1,251,6701,174,162 

1,530,858  900,573 

1,290,031,011,778 

1,228,3181,111,903 

Council  of  State  General  Elections  November  3rd,  1992 

(State  Auditor,  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  Commissioner  of  Insurance, 

Superintendent  of  Public  Instruction) 


County 

State  Auditor          C 

omm.  of  Agriculture 

Comm.  of  Insurance 

Supt.  of  Pub.  Inst. 

R.  Campbell  ' 

/.  Abernathy 

J.  Graham  L.  Tew 

J.  Long    M 

.  Causey    B. 

Etheridge 

T.  Little 

Alamance 

17,933 

20,602 

23,272 

15,211 

22,734 

16,195 

19,343 

17,707 

Alexander 

6,059 

7,333 

6,742 

6,452 

6,233 

7,078 

5,908 

7,292 

Alleghany 

2,462 

1,742 

2,698 

1,565 

2,501 

1,742 

2,420 

1,739 

Anson 

5,909 

1,761 

6,195 

1,949 

6,009 

1,706 

5,930 

1,716 

Ashe 

5,028 

5,287 

5,507 

4,854 

5,070 

5,186 

5,156 

5,126 

Avery 

1,894 

3,951 

2,223 

3,634 

1,989 

3,808 

1,905 

3,872 

Beaufort 

8,216 

6,471 

10,080 

4,962 

8,464 

6,365 

9,227 

5,534 

Bertie 

4,087 

1,324 

4,638 

1,046 

4,395 

1,179 

4,281 

1,126 

Bladen 

6,524 

2,275 

7,152 

1,854 

6,788 

2,153 

6,735 

2,018 

Brunswick 

11,424 

8,536 

12,382 

7,297 

10,957 

8,793 

11,453 

8,057 

Buncombe 

35,771 

30,607 

37,997 

27,758 

36,478 

29,841 

35,218 

30,692 

Burke 

14,745 

14,503 

16,660 

11,989 

14,938 

13,715 

14,866 

13,677 

Cabarrus 

17,402 

21,001 

20,712 

16,849 

18,029 

19,427 

17,458 

20,006 

Caldwell 

11,432 

13,053 

13,311 

10,792 

11,721 

12,510 

11,391 

12,585 

Camden 

1,516 

881 

1,642 

762 

1,541 

851 

1,576 

812 

Carteret 

10,624 

10,035 

12,026 

8,485 

10,515 

9,628 

10,847 

9,483 

Caswell 

5,286 

2,078 

5,647 

1,838 

5,651 

1,938 

5,425 

1,957 

Catawba 

18,635 

27,870 

22,087 

23,469 

19,768 

25,919 

19,203 

26,372 

Chatham 

10,628 

6,456 

12,006 

5,075 

10,956 

6,077 

10,813 

6,102 

Cherokee 

3,995 

4,103 

4,126 

3,962 

3,987 

4,039 

4,061 

4,073 

Chowan 

2,378 

1,319 

2,642 

1,173 

2,487 

1,242 

2,480 

1,253 

Clay 

1,793 

1,983 

1,836 

1,946 

1,833 

1,964 

1,796 

1,987 

Cleveland 

15,888 

12,294 

18,067 

9,713 

16,317 

11,561 

15,899 

11,755 

Columbus 

13,848 

4,206 

15,105 

3,551 

13,851 

4,520 

14,256 

3,928 

Craven 

10,745 

10,811 

12,732 

9,458 

11,526 

10,484 

11,428 

10,319 

Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Results 


1061 


Cumberland 

37,355 

24,197 

42,043 

20,020 

38,479 

22,905 

38,687 

22,214 

County 

State  Auditor 

Comm.  of  Agriculture 

Comm.  of  Insurance 

Supt.  of  Pub.  Inst. 

R.  Campbell  V.  Abernathy  J.  Graham  L.  Tew 

J.  Long     M.  Causey  B.  Etheridge 

T.  Little 

Currituck 

2,652 

2,130 

2,973 

1,746 

2,643 

1,955 

2,744 

1,960 

Dare 

5,255 

4,479 

5,800 

3,723 

5,359 

4,110 

5,421 

4,147 

Davidson 

20,729 

26,490 

24,148 

22,470 

21,477 

25,121 

19,587 

26,293 

Davie 

4,219 

7,052 

5,004 

6,429 

4,724 

6,721 

4,388 

6,869 

Duplin 

8,623 

4,550 

9,971 

3,495 

8,721 

4,515 

8,870 

4,154 

Durham 

49,335 

26,348 

57,944 

18,795 

53,457 

23,903 

52,600 

23,096 

Edgecombe 

13,144 

5,203 

14,796 

3,867 

13,548 

4,800 

13,839 

4,473 

Forsyth 

53,651 

53,502 

62,812 

42,404 

59,667 

46,138 

54,635 

48,772 

Franklin 

8,365 

4,360 

9,766 

3,067 

8,501 

4,099 

8,363 

4,607 

Gaston 

21,268 

37,266 

29,412 

26,074 

26,257 

30,172 

24,969 

30,482 

Gates 

2,651 

778 

2,768 

703 

2,680 

760 

2,675 

760 

Graham 

1,787 

1,873 

1,832 

1,826 

1,808 

1,855 

1,792 

1,866 

Granville 

7,838 

3,625 

9,566 

2,298 

8,268 

3,147 

8,262 

3,007 

Greene 

3,477 

1,686 

3,853 

1,433 

3,480 

1,792 

3,631 

1,549 

Guilford 

69,912 

64,082 

79,983 

50,929 

76,939 

56,938 

70,735 

60,927 

Halifax 

11,633 

4,991 

13,306 

3,583 

12,005 

4,675 

12,145 

4,379 

Harnett 

10,960 

8,323 

13,095 

6,692 

11,333 

8,064 

12,856 

7,282 

Haywood 

12,660 

7,122 

13,772 

5,932 

12,992 

6,814 

12,418 

7,108 

Henderson 

12,184 

18,095 

13,094 

16,193 

12,294 

17,745 

11,914 

18,104 

Hertford 

4,678 

1,616 

5,277 

1,338 

5,059 

1,449 

4,928 

1,491 

Hoke 

4,254 

1,395 

4,531 

1,206 

4,337 

1,363 

4,287 

1,353 

Hyde 

1,374 

551 

1,508 

488 

1,408 

554 

1,417 

536 

Iredell 

16,796 

19,187 

20,381 

15,671 

17,313 

18,360 

17,085 

18,330 

Jackson 

6,129 

4,368 

6,276 

4,300 

6,137 

4,295 

6,112 

4,460 

Johnston 

15,259 

13,837 

18,900 

11,084 

15,761 

13,005 

16,611 

12,684 

Jones 

2,325 

1,098 

2,720 

829 

2,413 

1,104 

2,477 

981 

Lee 

7,219 

6,009 

9,181 

4,331 

7,644 

5,580 

8,352 

5,160 

Lenoir 

10,473 

7,019 

12,526 

5,599 

10,549 

7,613 

11,292 

6,378 

Lincoln 

9,394 

11,536 

10,926 

9,439 

9,976 

10,431 

9,599 

10,712 

Macon 

5,370 

5,025 

5,658 

4,680 

5,449 

4,891 

5,250 

5,021 

Madison 

3,863 

2,944 

4,019 

2,791 

3,954 

2,822 

3,922 

2,896 

Martin 

4,420 

2,064 

5,461 

1,584 

4,934 

1,835 

5,038 

1,743 

McDowell 

6,730 

5,788 

7,500 

4,745 

6,835 

5,472 

6,543 

5,654 

Mecklenburg 

90,142 

92,248 

102,044 

78,057 

95,950 

86,249 

91,197 

91,402 

Mitchell 

1,786 

4,209 

2,129 

3,801 

1,940 

4,014 

1,838 

4,048 

Montgomery 

4,986 

3,406 

5,257 

3,161 

5,121 

3,344 

5,059 

3,322 

Moore 

10,742 

13,632 

12,312 

12,135 

11,191 

13,195 

10,639 

14,201 

Nash 

13,129 

14,061 

17,124 

10,694 

14,680 

12,229 

14,707 

12,516 

New  Hanover 

21,635 

24,566 

26,554 

18,546 

22,789 

23,239 

23,939 

21,335 

Northampton 

5,130 

1,306 

5,656 

1,061 

5,361 

1,237 

5,297 

1,245 

Onslow 

11,448 

10,142 

13,129 

7,971 

11,080 

9,874 

11,799 

9,321 

Orange 

28,349 

13,192 

30,523 

10,310 

29,221 

11,785 

28,584 

12,316 

Pamlico 

2,720 

1,765 

3,100 

1,392 

2,826 

1,628 

2,859 

1,561 

Pasauotank 
Penaer 

5,420 

3,023 

5,875 

2,694 

5,589 

2,871 

5,792 

2,811 

6,749 

4,786 

7,923 

3,567 

6,858 

4,631 

7,006 

4,209 

Perquimans 

2,261 

1,171 

2,387 

1,098 

2,343 

1,141 

2,350 

1,128 

Person 

4,135 

3,047 

5,580 

2,352 

4,897 

2,758 

4,508 

2,820 

Pitt 

20,993 

15,115 

24,933 

11,930 

22,498 

14,015 

22,673 

13,473 

Polk 

3,114 

3,239 

3,213 

3,804 

3,063 

3,187 

3,095 

3,243 

Randolph 

13,196 

21,512 

15,324 

19,559 

14,113 

20,790 

13,458 

21,146 

Richmond 

10,388 

3,511 

10,999 

3,037 

10,480 

3,358 

10,261 

3,497 

Robeson 

23,577 

6,387 

25,589 

4,516 

24,060 

5,915 

23,739 

5,889 

Rockingham 

16,692 

11,895 

19,131 

9,370 

17,663 

11,148 

16,679 

11,304 

Rowan 

18,251 

21,666 

24,826 

15,135 

19,368 

19,643 

18,216 

20,334 

Rutherford 

9,936 

9,214 

11,131 

7,629 

9,998 

8,623 

9,802 

8,797 

Sampson 
Scotland 

10,176 

7,928 

11,326 

7,017 

10,215 

7,741 

10,391 

7,484 

5,285 

2,072 

5,996 

1,634 

5,452 

1,955 

5,646 

2,039 

Stanly 

9,420 

11,273 

10,447 

9,903 

9,571 

10,738 

9,146 

11,176 

Stokes 

7,812 

8,072 

8,763 

7,045 

8,180 

7,633 

7,685 

7,874 

Surry 

11,063 

10,399 

12,328 

9,470 

11,789 

10,019 

11,242 

10,273 

Swain 

2,251 

1,705 

2,314 

1,613 

2,252 

1,691 

2,297 

1,676 

Transylvania 

Tyrrell 

Union 

5,863 

6,162 

6,353 

5,485 

5,954 

5,851 

5,603 

6,143 

972 

405 

1,075 

355 

1,022 

380 

1,010 

387 

13,147 

15,384 

15,145 

13,313 

13,639 

14,887 

13,563 

14,786 

Vance 

8,133 

3,623 

9,807 

2,462 

8,826 

3,216 

8,802 

3,115 

Wake 

101,356 

92,026 

129,004 

65,079 

111,853 

80,117 

107,642 

83,755 

Warren 

5,153 

1,529 

5,805 

1,078 

5,462 

1,316 

5,355 

1,351 

Washington 

3,443 

1,521 

3,838 

1,294 

3,574 

1,446 

3,561 

1,371 

Watauga 

8,534 

8,520 

9,549 

7,182 

8,775 

7,968 

8,593 

8,209 

Wayne 

12,357 

10,614 

14,302 

9,342 

12,796 

10,485 

13,147 

10,197 

Wilkes 

9,528 

14,216 

11,127 

12,253 

9,737 

13,769 

9,238 

13,784 

Wilson 

11,702 

8,611 

13,542 

7,263 

12,323 

8,296 

12,315 

8,152 

Yadkin 

4,408 

7,454 

5,205 

6,774 

4,860 

7,105 

4,524 

7,278 

Yancey 

4,709 

4,092 

4,792 

3,985 

4,765 

4,037 

4,330 

4,039 

Totals 

1,260,3151,107,770 

1,463,744  899,774 

1,333,2731,026,448 

1,041,663 

74,821 

1062 


North  Carolina  Manual 


COUNCIL  OF  STATE 
SECRETARY  OF  STATE  PRIMARY  ELECTIONS 

MAY  3,  1988 


County 


(D) 

(D) 

(D) 

(D) 

(R) 

(R) 

Dan 

Rufus  L. 

Wayne  S. 

Brad 

JohnH 

Ray 

Bell 

Edmisten 

Hardin 

Miller 

Carrington 

Warren 

754 

4,297 

855 

704 

1,438 

682 

109 

932 

73 

101 

258 

364 

82 

1,227 

95 

204 

108 

69 

372 

2,898 

547 

520 

98 

54 

96 

2,254 

126 

214 

1,173 

662 

35 

462 

35 

26 

1,826 

5(14 

591 

2,823 

419 

469 

407 

187 

660 

1,701 

252 

230 

53 

20 

213 

1,342 

272 

291 

66 

20 

439 

3,577 

809 

761 

907 

555 

989 

5,462 

839 

720 

1,592 

904 

337 

3,062 

226 

228 

1,054 

592 

915 

3,853 

498 

526 

1,419 

782 

422 

1,677 

79 

162 

1,319 

646 

221 

784 

233 

166 

18 

12 

452 

3,247 

314 

471 

1,005 

567 

329 

2,328 

403 

534 

60 

24 

419 

2,729 

184 

272 

2,110 

1,232 

597 

3,094 

346 

826 

699 

296 

78 

431 

49 

96 

229 

97 

107 

803 

271 

125 

62 

32 

52 

255 

31 

39 

182 

96 

667 

4,362 

646 

473 

411 

212 

375 

3,313 

591 

48(1 

197 

95 

1,245 

2,853 

349 

377 

615 

406 

1,235 

12,136 

1,672 

4,813 

1,425 

832 

266 

934 

345 

230 

72 

48 

213 

1,382 

224 

182 

439 

310 

828 

4,367 

582 

840 

2,922 

1,114 

73 

1,372 

135 

228 

1,567 

784 

1,272 

4,116 

441 

555 

245 

105 

1,248 

5,764 

921 

7,430 

1,404 

471 

457 

6,394 

770 

820 

455 

137 

1,075 

9,135 

1,057 

2,516 

2,657 

1,655 

420 

2,530 

322 

551 

273 

110 

1,508 

6,046 

571 

611 

1,211 

834 

378 

512 

139 

213 

21 

5 

71 

369 

40 

26 

185 

220 

353 

4,012 

522 

915 

179 

38 

147 

1,997 

193 

173 

59 

35 

4,044 

11,352 

1,302 

2,174 

3,381 

2,380 

615 

4,729 

860 

1,210 

179 

65 

564 

4,841 

710 

1,011 

552 

202 

321 

1,901 

173 

236 

240 

119 

212 

1,191 

169 

216 

1,036 

658 

691 

1,897 

272 

352 

123 

63 

183 

1,615 

272 

654 

81 

39 

184 

1,021 

177 

167 

32 

26 

627 

3,759 

434 

465 

1,196 

721 

566 

2,068 

379 

285 

170 

178 

Alamance 
Alexander 
Alleghany 

Anson  

Ashe  


Avery  

Beaufort .... 

Bertie  

Bladen  

Brunswick 

Buncombe 

Burke  

Cabarrus  .. 
Caldwell  ... 
Camden  .... 


Carteret  .. 
Caswell  .., 
Catawba  , 
Chatham 
Cherokee  , 


Chowan  ... 

Clay 

Cleveland 
Columbus 
Craven  


Cumberland 

Currituck  

Dare  

Davidson  

Davie 

Duplin  

Durham  

Edgecombe  .. 

Forsyth  

Franklin  

Gaston  

Gates 

Graham  

Granville  

Greene 

Guilford  

Halifax  

Harnett 

Haywood  

Henderson  ... 

Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde 

Iredell 

Jackson  


Abstracts  of  Votes  and  Election  Results 


1063 


SECRETARY  OF  STATE  PRIMARY  ELECTIONS 
MAY  3,  1988  (Continued) 


County 

(D) 
Dan 
Bell 

(D) 
Rufus  L. 
Edfflisten 

(D) 
Wayne  S. 
Hardin 

(D) 
Brad 
Miller 

(R) 

JohnH 

Carrington 

(R) 

Ray 

Warren 

Johnston  

1,311 

159 
370 
967 
474 

312 
46 

234 

53 

7,312 

41 
312 
384 
649 
820 

408 
615 
803 
183 
518 

294 

173 

406 

1,300 

63 

441 
436 
1,812 
713 
466 

495 
605 
256 
478 
125 

179 
67 

137 
98 

615 

589 
3,635 
291 
563 
264 

3,306 

157 

596 

99 

181 

5,919 
1,489 
3,260 
6,702 
1,883 

1,824 

621 

2,954 

1,545 

15,039 

207 
2,039 
1,765 
4,830 
4,248 

3,425 
4,479 
3,088 
1,276 
1,596 

2,617 

977 

1,793 

9,291 

467 

1,595 
3,839 
11,250 
3,760 
2,451 

2,573 
2,891 
1,403 
2,153 
2,497 

2,259 
323 

1,197 
597 

3,943 

4,435 

12,441 

2,718 

1,109 

2,577 

4,914 
2,202 
3,989 
854 
1,460 

633 
164 
533 
619 
146 

286 

58 

280 

212 

1,995 

26 
323 
308 
656 
714 

241 
552 
539 
150 
302 

409 
324 
233 
945 
113 

212 

400 

2,546 

546 

216 

1,469 
295 

223 

221 
230 

301 
28 
177 
128 
471 

541 

1,482 

458 

141 

90 

591 

118 

390 

87 

125 

1,353 
164 
689 
635 
174 

256 
100 
362 
108 
1,984 

25 

335 

427 

1,062 

1,714 

426 
893 
3,047 
250 
209 

403 
361 
444 
968 
40 

213 
459 
1,818 
586 
333 

242 
464 
246 
289 
282 

464 
53 
125 
103 
674 

861 
9,273 
886 
154 
132 

653 
248 
690 
95 
132 

904 
43 
341 
589 
543 

434 

69 

155 

272 

4,073 

1,274 
355 
2,363 
1,088 
1,407 

52 
596 
563 
152 
220 

333 
51 
124 
918 
243 

2,194 
275 
477 
668 

1,915 

392 
830 

78 
887 
772 

544 
80 

426 
23 

727 

204 

4,735 

74 

68 

1,286 

678 
2,066 
430 
911 
376 

338 

Jones  .       

32 

117 

Lenoir  

248 

Lincoln  

446 

Macon  ..       

330 

Madison 

91 

Martin 

97 

McDowell  

134 

Mecklenburg  

7,648 

Mitchell  

720 

Montgomery  

145 

Moore 

1,198 

Nash  

322 

New  Hanover 

913 

Northampton 

11 

Onslow 

350 

Orange  

383 

Pamlico 

78 

Pasquotank 

100 

Pender 

138 

Perquimans 

35 

Person  

45 

Pitt  

554 

Polk  

182 

Randolph 

830 

Richmond 

96 

Robeson  

199 

Rockingham  

331 

Rowan 

691 

Rutherford ..        

260 

Sampson 

658 

Scotland  

48 

Stanly  

477 

Stokes  

393 

Surry  

218 

Swain  

34 

Transylvania 

245 

Tyrrell 

14 

Union 

558 

Vance 

56 

Wake  

2,518 

Warren 

38 

Washington  

30 

Watauga  

892 

Wayne 

317 

Wilkes  

1,275 

Wilson  

169 

Yadkin  

419 

Yancey 

460 

Totals  

62,918 

317,970 

43,472 

71,792 

75,688 

46,140 

1064 


North  Carolina  Manual 


STATE  AUDITOR  PRIMARY  ELECTIONS  MAY  3,  1988 


County 


(D) 

John 

Reavill 


(D) 
Edward 
Renfrow 


County 


(D) 

John 

Reavill 


(D) 
Edward 
Renfrow 


Alamance 
Alexander 
Alleghany 

Anson  

Ashe 


Avery  

Beaufort  ... 

Bertie  

Bladen  

Brunswick 

Buncombe 

Burke  

Cabarrus  .. 
Caldwell  ... 
Camden  .... 


Carteret  .. 
Caswell  ... 
Catawba  . 
Chatham 
Cherokee 


Chowan  ... 

Clay  

Cleveland 
Columbus 
Craven  


Cumberland 

Currituck 

Dare  

Davidson 

Davie  


Duplin 

Durham  

Edgecombe 

Forsyth  

Franklin  .... 


Gaston  .... 

Gates 

Graham  .. 
Granville 
Greene  .... 


Guilford  .... 

Halifax  

Harnett 

Haywood  .. 
Henderson 


Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde  

Iredell  ... 
Jackson 


1,120 
308 
362 

1,065 
674 

71 

687 

556 

404 

1,264 

1,314 
923 

1,193 
532 
332 

581 
1,090 
715 
811 
104 

141 

65 

1,252 

755 
1,003 

2,942 
493 
374 

1,662 
438 

1,479 
1,081 
1,279 
2,607 
510 

1,541 
388 
105 

1,071 
318 

2,881 

1,651 

986 

503 

309 

642 
445 
310 
951 
560 


4,705 

813 

949 

2,867 

1,440 

369 

3,332 
1,581 
1,598 
3,705 

5,271 
2,642 
3,950 
1,546 
903 

3,649 
1,964 
2,552 
3,451 
483 

842 

283 

4,086 

3,676 

3,058 

14,684 
1,109 
1,255 
4,281 
1,134 

4,389 
7,847 
5,892 
9,313 
2,995 

6,233 

599 

335 

3,789 

2,057 

14,509 
5,073 
5,602 
1,879 
1,312 

2,004 
2,059 
970 
3,765 
2,182 


Johnston 

Jones  

Lee  

Lenoir 

Lincoln  ... 


Macon  

Madison  

Martin  

McDowell 

Mecklenburg  . 

Mitchell 

Montgomery  .. 

Moore  

Nash 

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow  

Orange  

Pamlico  

Pasquotank  ... 


Pender  

Perquimans 

Person  

Pitt 

Polk  


Randolph  

Richmond  .... 

Robeson  

Rockingham 
Rowan  


Rutherford 
Sampson  ... 
Scotland  .... 

Stanly  

Stokes  


Surry  

Swain  

Transylvania 

Tyrrell  

Union  


Vance  

Wake  

Warren  

Washington 
Watauga  


Wayne  .., 

Wilkes  ... 
Wilson  .., 
Yadkin  . 
Yancey  . 

Totals 


718 
381 
469 
1,552 
577 

6NS 

74 

616 

;W9 

2,726 

50 
653 
458 
919 
973 

729 
1,285 
918 
531 
531 

629 
359 
303 

1,758 
79 

374 

924 

3,888 

1,047 

755 

1,222 
481 
254 
592 
840 

723 
71 
340 
196 
949 

1,246 

2,627 

900 

319 

540 

878 
1,562 
611 
352 
320 

83,234 


8,620 
1,352 
3,655 
6,383 
1,776 

1,661 

599 

2,488 

1,401 

18,429 

235 
1,945 
2,230 
5,578 
5,492 

3,163 
4,295 
4,920 
1,038 
1,902 

2,788 
1,300 
1,971 
9,422 
516 

1,796 
3,554 
11,845 
3,925 
2,401 

2,947 
3,650 
1,495 
2,179 
1,908 

1,942 
320 

1,107 
557 

3,860 

4,244 
20,657 
2,946 
1,478 
1,827 

7,176 

1,053 

437 

673 

1,169 

343,287 


Abstracts  of  Votes  and  Election  Results 


1065 


SUPERINTENDENT  OF  PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION 
PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  3,  1988 


County 


(D) 

(D) 

(D) 

(R) 

Bob 

Norman 

Henry 

Thomas  F. 

Etheridge 

Jan-ad 

McCarthy 

Paquin 

3,748 

643 

1,371 

684 

605 

175 

291 

190 

688 

194 

413 

53 

2,374 

596 

1,024 

44 

1,240 

379 

579 

554 

240 

70 

124 

544 

2,384 

452 

986 

196 

1,883 

216 

437 

25 

1,361 

196 

409 

27 

2,781 

772 

1,340 

719 

4,789 

721 

1,397 

648 

2,189 

525 

827 

472 

2,952 

680 

1,427 

634 

1,322 

292 

478 

608 

867 

135 

285 

13 

3,360 

290 

487 

574 

1,516 

510 

1,099 

33 

2,033 

502 

716 

1,048 

2,710 

471 

944 

352 

369 

126 

95 

102 

742 

83 

238 

28 

240 

58 

54 

92 

2,274 

967 

1,887 

230 

3,118 

429 

765 

105 

2,890 

457 

929 

404 

10,475 

2,523 

3,998 

751 

1,210 

166 

315 

39 

1,356 

142 

207 

306 

3,321 

913 

1,648 

1,347 

857 

249 

486 

576 

3,730 

715 

1,091 

114 

8,711 

959 

3,009 

444 

4,721 

899 

1,518 

196 

5,416 

1,787 

4,924 

1,907 

2,177 

479 

686 

127 

5,053 

902 

1,699 

595 

497 

98 

486 

10 

257 

67 

114 

166 

2,799 

649 

1,255 

61 

1,505 

241 

477 

38 

10,055 

2,081 

4,451 

2,015 

4,647 

681 

1,470 

83 

6,431 

365 

563 

234 

1,533 

309 

598 

101 

1,004 

237 

378 

593 

1,799 

224 

540 

67 

1,647 

260 

600 

42 

667 

186 

430 

22 

2,776 

815 

1,056 

554 

1,718 

422 

756 

137 

(R) 

Tom 
Rogers 


Alamance 
Alexander 
Alleghany 

Anson 

Ashe  


Avery  

Beaufort 

Bertie 

Bladen  

Brunswick  ... 

Buncombe  .... 

Burke 

Cabarrus 

Caldwell 

Camden  

Carteret 

Caswell  

Catawba  

Chatham  

Cherokee 

Chowan  

Clay 

Cleveland  .... 
Columbus  ... 
Craven  

Cumberland 
Currituck  .... 

Dare 

Davidson  .... 
Davie 

Duplin  

Durham  

Edgecombe  . 

Forsyth  

Franklin  

Gaston  

Gates  

Graham  

Granville  .... 
Greene 

Guilford  

Halifax 

Harnett  

Haywood  .... 
Henderson  .. 

Hertford 

Hoke  

Hyde 

Iredell 

Jackson  


1,233 
407 
115 
101 

1,210 

1,456 

379 

39 

51 

704 

1,530 
1,087 
1,459 
1,218 
17 

912 

48 

2,072 

535 

216 

62 
188 
368 
162 
573 

1,367 

81 

439 

2,507 

1,639 

218 
1,164 

356 
2,244 

235 

1,301 

16 

242 

141 

55 

3,260 
146 
475 
253 

1,018 

110 

77 

39 

1,243 

212 


1066 


North  Carolina  Manual 


SUPERINTENDENT  OF  PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION 
PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  3,  1988  (Continued) 


County 


.1): 

(D) 

(D) 

(R) 

Bob 

Norman 

Henry 

Thomas  F. 

Etheridge 

Jarrad 

McCarthy 

Paquin 

6,773 

561 

950 

367 

1,162 

217 

444 

32 

4,286 

200 

254 

152 

5,203 

861 

1,632 

284 

1,349 

342 

619 

292 

1,451 

396 

546 

195 

563 

49 

83 

50 

2,316 

244 

544 

49 

1,217 

239 

293 

134 

12,576 

2,259 

5,470 

4,106 

181 

32 

66 

611 

1,219 

633 

690 

143 

1,728 

310 

564 

1,938 

4,873 

545 

952 

384 

4,034 

761 

1,422 

1,056 

3,105 

86 

405 

23 

4,343 

616 

812 

373 

3,308 

552 

2,392 

440 

727 

240 

546 

65 

2,102 

147 

352 

115 

2,164 

455 

716 

184 

1,206 

139 

321 

29 

1,270 

291 

492 

40 

7,575 

1,102 

1,963 

494 

376 

88 

132 

92 

1,181 

313 

648 

847 

3,343 

493 

787 

166 

7,363 

2,408 

5,951 

328 

2,474 

872 

1,404 

315 

1,973 

454 

775 

782 

2,105 

797 

1,123 

239 

2,559 

431 

761 

521 

1,659 

122 

175 

35 

1,864 

360 

468 

362 

1,514 

506 

727 

369 

1,400 

520 

755 

206 

318 

48 

55 

37 

668 

299 

505 

211 

464 

104 

220 

8 

2,454 

723 

1,414 

388 

3,088 

673 

1,272 

63 

17,629 

1,330 

4,042 

2,408 

2,170 

524 

1,141 

38 

815 

140 

843 

24 

1,074 

269 

1,283 

630 

6,521 

(Kill 

972 

330 

1,338 

404 

666 

1,055 

3,670 

346 

752 

164 

433 

185 

375 

313 

849 

299 

445 

332 

(R) 

Tom 

Rogers 


Johnston 

Jones  

Lee  

Lenoir 

Lincoln  ... 


Macon  

Madison  

Martin  

McDowell 

Mecklenburg  . 

Mitchell 

Montgomery  .. 

Moore  

Nash 

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow  

Orange  

Pamlico 

Pasquotank  ... 


Pender  

Perquimans 

Person  

Pitt 

Polk  


Randolph 

Richmond  .... 

Robeson  

Rockingham 
Rowan  


Rutherford 
Sampson  ... 
Scotland  .... 

Stanly  

Stokes  


Surry  

Swain  

Transylvania 

Tyrrell  

Union  


Vance  

Wake  

Warren  

Washington 
Watauga  


Wayne  . 
Wilkes  . 
Wilson  . 
Yadkin 
Yancey 


796 
42 

254 
527 
664 

550 

93 

189 

259 

5,894 

1,252 
332 

1,454 
910 

1,075 

34 
537 
451 
143 
171 

25K 
57 
124 
887 
297 

1,847 
197 
354 
630 

1,688 

407 

807 

81 

1,010 

763 

474 
78 

430 
24 

782 

183 

3,891 

70 

72 
1,372 

598 
2,039 
382 
926 
492 


Totals 


277,070 


50,953 


101,576 


40,723 


71,817 


Abstracts  of  Votes  and  Election  Results 


1067 


COMMISSIONER  OF  LABOR 
PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  3,  1988 


County 

Alamance  

Alexander 

Alleghany 

Anson , 

Ashe 

Avery  , 

Beaufort 

Bertie 

Bladen  

Brunswick  , 

Buncombe 

Burke 

Cabarrus 

Caldwell 

Camden  , 

Carteret 

Caswell  , 

Catawba  

Chatham  

Cherokee 

Chowan  

Clay 

Cleveland  

Columbus  

Craven  , 

Cumberland  

Currituck  

Dare 

Davidson  

Davie 

Duplin  , 

Durham  

Edgecombe  , 

Forsyth  , 

Franklin  

Gaston  , 

Gates , 

Graham  

Granville  , 

Greene  

Guilford  

Halifax , 

Harnett  , 

Haywood 

Henderson  

Hertford 

Hoke  

Hyde 

Iredell 

Jackson , 


(D) 

(D) 

(D) 

n 

(R) 

Robert 

JohnC. 

Jack 

Richard  D. 

Joseph  R. 

Bingham 

Brooks 

Weaver 

Levy 

Overby 

1,104 

3,810 

1,027 

859 

978 

275 

714 

148 

374 

225 

510 

696 

148 

91 

78 

771 

2,330 

794 

90 

54 

1,131 

896 

286 

1,087 

676 

224 

195 

39 

1,191 

751 

850 

2,690 

433 

290 

285 

771 

1,174 

223 

35 

30 

453 

1,327 

196 

44 

33 

1,269 

3,199 

580 

813 

547 

1,435 

4,344 

1,198 

1,182 

993 

1,055 

2,187 

378 

987 

556 

1,497 

2,820 

857 

1,177 

800 

656 

1,250 

224 

1,003 

791 

496 

580 

166 

19 

12 

904 

2,682 

574 

851 

609 

764 

1,744 

583 

40 

43 

901 

1,992 

405 

2,035 

1,093 

957 

2,959 

407 

500 

391 

187 

348 

72 

183 

134 

189 

659 

126 

46 

42 

51 

246 

54 

150 

126 

1,810 

3,019 

633 

376 

209 

2,103 

1,988 

462 

169 

93 

1,704 

2,183 

607 

406 

568 

4,303 

9,693 

2,795 

1,199 

889 

617 

676 

266 

67 

47 

535 

802 

229 

415 

308 

2,305 

3,124 

545 

2,089 

1,694 

755 

745 

150 

1,021 

1,175 

1,136 

3,831 

747 

164 

163 

1,059 

11,627 

935 

846 

742 

1,667 

4,881 

1,034 

325 

227 

2,784 

7,570 

1,496 

2,179 

1,879 

686 

2,460 

388 

161 

196 

2,454 

4,419 

854 

1,082 

769 

481 

459 

162 

14 

12 

84 

314 

55 

207 

178 

927 

3,502 

578 

95 

102 

409 

1,667 

219 

42 

47 

2,530 

12,660 

1,972 

3,186 

2,193 

1,395 

4,911 

633 

132 

104 

1,389 

4,267 

878 

367 

355 

573 

1,648 

227 

205 

141 

460 

942 

212 

848 

734 

1,116 

1,181 

241 

103 

70 

533 

1,622 

373 

60 

54 

456 

624 

221 

37 

20 

1,077 

2,889 

667 

1,026 

718 

667 

1,905 

325 

180 

160 

1068 


North  Carolina  Manual 


COMMISSIONER  OF  LABOR 
PRIMARY  ELECTIONS,  MAY  3,  1988  (Continued) 


C'ountv 


(R) 

Richard  D. 

Levy 


(R) 

Joseph  R. 

Overby 


Johnston 
Jones 
Lee  .... 
Lenoir 
Lincoln 

Macon 

Madison 

Martin 

McDowell 

Mecklenburg 

Mitchell 

Montgomery 

Moore 

Nash 

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow 

Orange 

Pamlico 

Pasquotank 

Pender 

Perquimans 

Person 

Pitt 

Polk  ... 


Randolph 

Richmond 

Robeson 

Rockingham 

Rowan 

Rutherford 

Sampson 

Scotland 

Stanly 

Stokes 

Surry 

Swain 

Transylvania 

Tyrrell 

Union 

Vance 

Wake 

Warren 

Washington 

Watauga 

Wayne 

Wilkes 

Wilson 

Yadkin 

Yancey 

Totals 


747 
33 
212 
407 
592 

405 

82 

113 

227 

6,263 

1,149 
270 

2,166 
657 

1,215 

40 

495 

IS] 

87 
L8 

212 

46 

67 

822 

197 

1,515 
177 
412 
469 

1,392 

401 
781 
69 
859 
468 

315 
69 

374 
21 

734 

114 

2,794 

40 

50 

1,140 

402 
1,766 
253 
538 
458 

62,824 


458 
42 
216 
399 
315 

331 

52 

106 

146 

3,361 

610 

201 

1,177 

615 

861 

19 
377 
393 
121 

98 

223 

38 

89 

547 

188 

1,227 
170 
246 
464 

1,025 

223 
533 
46 
415 
675 

398 
43 

270 
12 

424 

127 

3,582 

62 

43 

815 

530 
1,349 
275 
700 
337 

48,068 


Abstracts  of  Votes  and  Election  Results 


1069 


COUNCIL  OF  STATE 
GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  8, 1988 


County 


Secretary  of  State 
(D)  (R) 

Rufus  L.  John  H. 

Edmisten        Carrington 


Attorney  General 
(D)  (R) 

Lacy  H.  Sam 

Thornburg  Wilson 


Commissioner  of  Labor 

(D)  (R) 

JohnC.  Richard  D. 

Brooks  (Dick)  Levy 


State  Treasurer 

(D)  (R) 

Harlan  E.        Nancy  Lake 

Boyles  Coward 


Alamance . 

Alexander 

Alleghany 

Anson 

Ashe 


Avery 

Beaufort  .... 

Bertie 

Bladen  

Brunswick . 


Buncombe 

Burke 

Cabarrus  .. 
Caldwell ... 
Camden  .... 


Carteret .. 
Caswell ... 
Catawba . 
Chatham 
Cherokee 


Chowan ... 

Clay 

Cleveland 
Columbus 
Craven  


Cumberland . 

Currituck 

Dare 

Davidson 

Davie 


Duplin  

Durham 

Edgecombe 

Forsyth 

Franklin 


Gaston .... 

Gates 

Graham  ... 
Granville 
Greene 


Guilford 

Halifax 

Harnett 

Haywood  ... 
Henderson 


Hertford 

Hoke 

Hyde 

Iredell  .... 
Jackson  . 


15,971 
5,051 
2,432 
5,465 
4,922 

1,840 
7,015 
3,935 
5,434 
9,072 

30,994 
13,916 
15,396 
10,331 
1,471 

9,087 
4,756 
16,461 
8,764 
3,076 

2,312 

1,456 

14,067 

11,384 

10,082 

30,633 
2,251 
3,645 

17,517 
4,072 

7,718 
37,454 
11,090 
49,320 

6,673 

21,899 
2,324 
1,493 
6,847 
3,393 

58,582 
10,425 
9,248 
10,592 
10,947 

5,368 
3,714 
1,432 
13,981 
5,247 


19,096 
6,859 

1,755 
1,781 
5,077 

3,657 
6,526 
1,493 
2,907 
8,877 

29,330 
12,986 
17,322 
12,170 
675 

9,444 
2,121 
24,861 
6,007 
4,091 

1,386 
1,970 
10,321 
4,676 
9,903 

20,974 
1,720 
4,308 

23,892 
6,706 

4,521 
25,369 

4,686 
46,724 

4,133 

27,252 

852 

1,806 

3,773 

1,534 

54,079 
5,362 
7,784 
6,878 

17,214 

2,023 

1,303 

698 

17,805 

4,361 


18,250 
5,089 
2,402 
5,500 
4,730 

1,818 
7,521 
4,016 
5,785 
9,909 

34,071 
14,538 
15,877 
10,466 
1,448 

9,477 
4,821 
17,661 
9,400 
3,199 

2,349 

1,495 

15,120 

11,921 

10,315 

33,476 
2,194 
3,940 

18,077 
4,049 

8,159 
32,920 
11,336 
51,073 

7,325 

24,833 
2,331 
1,538 
7,278 
3,556 

63,144 
11,429 
10,270 
11,565 
12,230 

5,286 
3,843 
1,463 
14,934 
6,277 


15,553 
6,740 
1,708 
1,706 
5,121 

3,529 
5,702 
1,157 
2,310 
7,700 

25,940 
12,306 
16,056 
11,724 
656 

8,595 
1,827 
23,258 
5,087 
3,954 

1,208 
1,934 
9,074 
3,767 
8,546 

17,199 
1,672 
3,805 

22,852 
6,555 

3,748 
20,653 

4,043 
41,943 

3,235 

23,702 

815 

1,755 

2,814 

1,335 

46,324 
4,347 
6,434 
5,868 

15,833 

1,761 

1,075 

544 

16,151 

3,795 


15,805 
4,907 
2,445 
5,431 
4,633 

1,471 
6,654 
4,050 
5,444 
9,767 

30,469 

13,615 

14,740 

9,773 

1,422 

9,191 
4,755 
15,806 
8,994 
3,070 

2,316 

1,477 

13,880 

11,887 

9,983 

30,830 
2,169 
3,716 

17,216 
3,842 

8,215 
30,678 
11,548 
47,832 

7,088 

20,979 
2,302 
1,485 
7,242 
3,542 

52,601 
11,211 
9,913 
10,704 
10,582 

5,250 
3,756 
1,465 
13,860 
5,312 


17,119 
6,857 
1,625 
1,640 
5,128 

3,692 
5,310 
1,112 
2,261 
7,540 

27,600 
12,744 
16,590 
12,027 
633 

8,717 
1,841 
24,504 
5,255 
3,973 

1,203 
1,944 
9,681 
3,627 
8,592 

18,275 
1,615 
3,898 

23,485 
6,661 

3,648 
21,382 

3,761 
43,276 

3,318 

25,876 

821 

1,795 

2,732 

1,308 

55,026 
4,185 
6,544 
6,332 

16,716 

1,750 

1,101 

531 

16,734 

4,236 


17,153 
4,855 
2,349 
5,330 
4,569 

1,571 
7,252 
3,982 
5,664 
9,379 

29,852 

13,290 

14,210 

9,316 

1,435 

8,939 
4,701 
15,602 
8,658 
3,009 

2,337 

1,450 

13,737 

11,548 

9,932 

29,736 
2,118 
3,586 

16,774 
3,764 

8,000 
29,238 
11,009 
46,665 

6,909 

20,501 
2,304 
1,471 
7,062 
3,493 

57,957 
10,975 
9,530 
10,301 
10,520 

5,258 
3,680 
1,433 
13,683 
5,231 


15,848 
6,943 
1,693 

1,732 
5,185 

3,646 
5,755 
1,149 
2,320 
7,967 

28,598 
13,197 
17,347 
12,484 
640 

9,078 
1,890 
24,900 
5,553 
4,041 

1,277 
1,972 
10,012 
4,005 
8,634 

19,548 
1,696 
4,102 

24,054 
6,773 

3,883 
21,969 

4,161 
45,196 

3,498 

26,623 

829 

1,812 

2,880 

1,369 

49,498 
4,430 
6,848 
6,786 

16,966 

1,831 

1,156 

563 

17,020 

4,476 


1070 


North  Carolina  Manual 


COUNCIL  OF  STATE 
GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  8,  1988  (Continued) 


County 

Johnston 

Jones  

Lee  

Lenoir 

Lincoln  

Macon 

Madison  

Martin 

McDowell 

Mecklenburg 

Mitchell 

Montgomery 

Moore 

Nash 

New  Hanover  ... 

Northampton  ... 

Onslow  

Orange  

Pamlico  

Pasquotank  

Pender  

Perquimans  

Person  

Pitt 

Polk 

Randolph  

Richmond  

Robeson  

Rockingham 

Rowan  

Rutherford 

Sampson 

Scotland 

Stanly 

Stokes  

Surry 

Swain  

Transylvania  ... 

Tyrrell  

Union  

Vance  

Wake 

Warren  

Washington 

Watauga 

Wavne  

Wilkes 

Wilson  

Yadkin 

Yancey  

Totals 


Secretary  of  State 

(D)  (R) 

Rufus  L.  John  H. 

Edmisten         Carrington 


Attorney  General 
(D)  (R) 

Lacy  H.  Sam 

Thornburg  Wilson 


Commissioner  of  Labor 

(D)  (R) 

John  C.  Richard  D. 

Brooks  (Dick) Levy 


State  Treasurer 

(D)  (R) 

Harlan  E.        Nancy  Lake 

Boyles  Coward 


12,313 
2,244 
5,903 

10,174 
7,995 

4,680 
3,201 
4,870 
6,082 
75,046 

1,677 

4,458 

8,735 

12,478 

17,831 

5,326 
9,901 
22,403 
2,541 
4,768 

5,011 
1,956 
4,353 
18,744 
2,808 

11,731 

8,487 
19,956 
15,040 
16,564 

9,210 
9,404 
4,249 
8,547 
6,999 

9,897 

1,894 

5,217 

872 

11,767 

7,584 
73,656 
4,804 
3,244 
7,725 

11,903 
9,482 

10,106 
3,939 
4,113 


11,767 
1,216 
5,548 

7,775 
9,833 

4,812 
2,791 
2,091 
4,903 
85,719 

4,179 

3,621 

13,047 

11,922 

20,775 

1,683 
9,207 
12,893 
1,772 
2,806 

4,165 
1,158 
3,214 
13,484 
3,474 

21,710 

3,737 

6,650 

11,137 

18,551 

7,950 
7,793 
1,985 
10,240 
7,155 

9,591 

1,658 

5,897 

448 

13,008 

3,940 
73,824 
1,530 
1,612 
6,946 

12,308 

12,979 

8,381 

6,838 

3,889 


13,858 
2,287 
6,124 

10,770 
8,445 

4,739 
3,346 
4,674 
6,328 
82,575 

1,759 

4,634 

9,240 

13,767 

20,905 

5,301 

10,424 

24,465 

2,555 

4,781 

5,393 
1,957 
4,346 
20,542 
2,914 

11,825 

8,679 
20,333 
15,288 
16,542 

9,663 
9,844 
4,374 
8,662 
6,852 

9,620 

2,002 

5,613 

900 

12,750 

8,085 
83,168 
4,980 
3,265 
7,392 

12,798 
9,239 

10,914 
3,874 
4,172 


9,595 
1,032 
4,594 
6,486 
9,180 

4,658 
2,642 
1,646 
4,563 
75,409 

4,044 
3,416 

12,271 
9,929 

16,369 

1,388 
7,712 
10,092 
1,603 
2,542 

3,554 
1,105 
2,536 
10,650 
3,418 

20,810 

3,244 

5,870 

10,075 

17,758 

7,362 
7,191 
1,515 
9,848 
7,090 

9,281 

1,595 

5,482 

365 

13,384 

3,033 
59,595 
1,191 
1,481 
6,797 

10,313 

12,772 

6,649 

6,752 

3,829 


13,242 
2,311 
6,021 

10,970 
71967 

4,639 
3,184 
4,732 
5,951 
70,411 

1,537 

4,559 

8,806 

13,022 

19,635 

5,222 
9,926 
23,025 
2,552 
4,639 

5,387 
1,934 
4,147 
20,156 
2,826 

11,296 

8,560 
19,937 
14,592 
15,591 

9,109 
9,469 
4,195 
8,441 
6,730 

9,338 

1,870 

5,086 

901 

11,615 

8,047 
77,067 
4,938 
3,285 
6,685 

12,414 
8,686 

10,638 
3,700 
4,074 


9,873 
1,019 
4,389 
6,329 
9,278 

4,893 
2,679 
1,567 
4,827 
78,984 

4,170 

3,432 

12,480 

10,280 

16,908 

1,389 
7,855 
10,587 
1,581 
2,547 

3,481 
1,101 
2,496 
10,755 
3,414 

21,081 

3,216 

5,236 

10,323 

18,335 

7,655 
7,419 
1,548 
9,965 
7,092 

9,322 

1,613 

5,807 

352 

11,872 

2,998 
61,704 
1,171 
1,441 
7,108 

10,375 

13,094 

6,518 

6,824 

3.S6S 


12,864 
2,248 
5,713 

10,612 
8,187 

4,567 
3,133 
4,656 
5,721 
70,533 

1,606 

4,516 

8,974 

12,557 

19,121 

5,186 
9,445 
22,051 
2,506 
4,652 

5,281 
1,927 
3,991 
18,854 
2,802 

11,181 
8,:{5f, 
20,409 
14,491 
15,168 

9,026 
9,368 
4,128 
8,227 
6,606 

9,279 

1,842 

4,901 

883 

11,297 

7,808 
76,739 
4,924 
3,235 
6,703 

12,132 
8,430 

10,388 
3,601 
4,075 


10,232 
1,072 
4.672 
6,619 
9,282 

5,005 
2,736 
1,608 
4,963 
79,977 

4,119 

3,480 
12,403 
10,705 
17,776 

1,405 
8,387 
11,359 
1,645 
2,562 

3,620 
1,111 

2,307 

12,078 

3,458 

21,240 

3,473 

5,516 

10,625 

19,023 

7,820 

7,548 

1,648 

10,215 

7,230 

9,430 

1,654 

6,024 

379 

12,315 

3,199 
62,406 
1,184 
1,498 
7,249 

10,590 

13,429 

6,928 

6,956 

3,854 


1,082,533      1,004,660 


1,146,777        887,132 


1,069,358 


918,475 


1,056,215        938,374 


Abstracts  of  Votes  and  Election  Results 


1071 


COUNCIL  OF  STATE 
GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  8,  1988 


County 

Alamance ... 
Alexander  .. 
Alleghany  .. 

Anson 

Ashe 

Avery 

Beaufort 

Bertie 

Bladen  

Brunswick .. 

Buncombe  .. 

Burke 

Cabarrus  .... 

Caldwell 

Camden 

Carteret 

Caswell 

Catawba 

Chatham  .... 
Cherokee  .... 

Chowan  

Clay 

Cleveland  ... 
Columbus  ... 
Craven  

Cumberland 
Currituck  .... 

Dare 

Davidson .... 
Davie 

Duplin  

Durham 

Edgecombe 

Forsyth 

Franklin 

Gaston 

Gates  

Graham 

Granville 

Greene 

Guilford 

Halifax 

Harnett 

Haywood  

Henderson  . 

Hertford  

Hoke  

Hyde 

Iredell 

Jackson  


State  Auditor 

(D)  (R) 

Edward  Edward 

Renfrow        Gardner,  Jr. 


Commissioner  of  Agriculture 

(D)  (R) 

James  A.  (Jim)  Leo 

Graham  Tew 


Commissioner  of  Insurance 
(D)  (R) 

Jim  H.L.  (Pete) 

Long  Rednour 


Superintendent  of 

Public  Instruction 

(D)  (R) 

Bob  Tom 

Etheridge  Rogers 


16,573 
4,769 
2,343 
5,195 
4,449 

1,422 
7,223 
3,992 
5,647 
9,135 

29,271 

12,725 

12,995 

9,004 

1,425 

9,105 
4,651 
14,639 
8,751 
3,010 

2,278 

1,447 

12,836 

11,373 

9,786 

30,108 
2,027 
3,538 

15,971 
3,611 

7,805 
29,377 
11,112 
42,895 

7,067 

18,929 
2,261 
1,461 
6,934 
3,517 

56,913 
10,920 
9,811 
10,121 
10,262 

5,353 
3,677 
1,442 
12,745 
5,239 


16,296 
6,981 
1,707 
1,784 
5,306 

3,755 
5,746 
1,163 
2,528 
8,214 

28,759 
13,666 
18,317 
12,683 
661 

8,880 
1,960 
25,633 
5,479 
4,021 

1,219 

1,964 

10,628 

4,188 

8,715 

19,272 
1,787 
4,123 

24,665 
6,868 

4,076 
28,511 

4,056 
48,504 

3,379 

27,808 

851 

1,811 

3,011 

1,348 

50,313 
4,466 
6,719 
6,836 

17,139 

1,871 

1,170 

554 

17,737 

4,239 


19,239 
5,087 
2,641 
5,518 
5,053 

1,748 
8,577 
4,341 
6,026 
10,580 

32,928 
14,751 
16,866 
10,387 
1,598 

10,196 
4,992 

17,366 
9,724 
3,188 

2,474 

1,496 

15,588 

12,764 

11,107 

34,195 
2,501 
4,188 

19,727 
4,353 

8,985 
31,409 
12,165 
53,471 

7,786 

24,529 
2,458 
1,514 
8,196 
3,791 

62,173 
12,006 
10,853 
11,514 
12,209 

5,703 
3,879 
1,550 
16,476 
5,506 


14,327 
6,699 
1,516 
1,561 
4,818 

3,496 
4,701 
1,040 
2,092 
6,987 

25,697 
11,682 
14,530 
11,253 
518 

7,893 
1,708 
22,690 
4,812 
3,872 

1,122 
1,918 
8,149 
3,079 
7,988 

15,768 
1,354 
3,473 

21,236 
6,247 

3,125 
21,480 

3,295 
37,925 

2,913 

22,429 

741 

1,763 

2,088 

1,175 

45,639 
3,616 
5,981 
5,669 

15,334 

1,533 

992 

496 

14,505 

4,123 


19,756 
5,010 
2,400 
5,485 
4,789 

1,634 
7,971 
4,149 
5,986 
10,157 

31,943 
13,960 
15,385 
10,215 
1,530 

9,642 
5,102 
16,783 
9,523 
3,127 

2,334 

1,484 

14,524 

12,195 

10,568 

32,953 
2,345 
3,964 

18,522 
4,106 

8,536 
39,739 
11,738 
53,752 

7,441 

21,846 
2,376 
1,491 
7,619 
3,764 

64,314 
11,777 
10,396 
11,074 
11,621 

5,480 
3,814 
1,495 
14,793 
5,417 


14,340 
6,787 
1,624 
1,606 
5,025 

3,584 
5,206 
1,045 
2,070 
7,374 

26,511 
12,549 
16,158 
11,681 
562 

8,297 
1,728 
23,716 
4,864 
3,941 

1,147 
1,934 
9,341 
3,499 

8,228 

16,940 
1,468 
3,646 

22,353 
6,464 

3,411 

19,888 
3,578 

38,666 
3,097 

25,909 

765 

1,788 

2,387 

1,247 

44,854 
3,764 
6,219 
6,150 

16,014 

1,587 

1,047 

517 

16,063 

4,162 


17,578 
4,841 
2,392 
5,401 
4,629 

1,467 
7,322 
3,943 
5,766 
9,556 

31,097 

13,017 

13,949 

9,579 

1,532 

9,689 
4,730 
15,745 
9,017 
3,081 

2,346 

1,464 

13,232 

11,798 

10,118 

31,459 
2,344 
4,012 

16,718 
3,778 

8,130 
37,068 
11,109 
47,215 

6,904 

20,771 
2,326 
1,490 
6,782 
3,514 

57,941 
11,055 
11,091 
10,405 
10,942 

5,270 
3,730 
1,470 
13,622 
5,348 


15,186 
6,916 
1,680 
1,659 
5,147 

3,716 
5,577 
1,142 
2,236 
7,761 

26,912 
13,281 
16,978 
12,100 
549 

8,339 
1,857 
24,445 
5,297 
3,923 

1,154 
1,947 
10,202 
3,631 
8,399 

17,928 
1,468 
3,595 

23,779 
6,721 

3,651 
21,399 

3,988 
43,005 

3,477 

26,037 

784 

1,788 

2,999 

1,330 

48,721 
4,283 
5,817 
6,630 

16,450 

1,722 

1,096 

527 

16,873 

4,214 


1072 


North  Carolina  Manual 


COUNCIL  OF  STATE 
GENERAL  ELECTIONS,  NOVEMBER  8,  1988  (Continued) 


County 


State  Auditor 

(D)  (R) 

Edward  Edward 

Renfrow        Gardner,  Jr. 


Commissioner  of  Agriculture 

(D)  (R) 

James  A.  (Jim)  Leo 

Graham  Tew 


Commissioner  of  Insurance 
(D)  (R) 

Jim  H.L(Pete) 

Long  Rednour 


Superintendent  of 

Public  Instruction 

(D)  (R) 

Bob  Tom 

Etheridge  Rogers 


Johnston 

Jones  

Lee  

Lenoir 

Lincoln  ... 


Macon 

Madison  

Martin  

McDowell 

Mecklenburg . 


Mitchell 

Montgomery  .. 

Moore 

Nash 

New  Hanover 

Northampton 

Onslow 

Orange  

Pamlico  

Pasquotank  ... 


Pender 

Perquimans 

Person  

Pitt 

Polk 


Randolph  

Richmond  .... 

Robeson 

Rockingham 
Rowan  


Rutherford 
Sampson  ... 
Scotland  .... 

Stanly 

Stokes 


Surry 

Swain  

Transylvania 

Tyrrell  

Union  


Vance  

Wake 

Warren  

Washington 
Watauga 


Wayne  . 

Wilkes .. 
Wilson  . 
Yadkin  . 
Yancey 


15,060 
2,254 
5,756 

10,402 
7,435 

4,503 
3,132 
4,651 
5,508 
69,632 

1,453 

4,459 

8,791 

12,180 

18,361 

5,142 
9,372 
22,474 
2,517 
4,201 

4,998 
1,899 
3,863 
19,198 
2,763 

10,627 
8,249 
20,080 
13,913 
14,100 

8,403 
9,586 
3,974 
7,895 
6,324 

9,008 

1,852 

4,867 

878 

10,967 

7,644 

77,519 
4,866 
3,208 
6,315 

12,364 
8,136 

10,361 
3,536 
4,052 


8,818 
1,058 
4,691 
6,791 
9,794 

5,061 
2,739 
1,655 
5,172 
80,803 

4,282 

3,518 

12,575 

10,583 

18,245 

1,441 

8,576 

10,931 

1,612 

2,976 

3,873 

1,145 

2,722 

11,638 

21,589 

3,507 

4,799 

11,083 

19,917 

8,347 
7,486 
1,707 
10,388 
7,424 

1,640 
6,003 

373 
12,404 

3,306 

61,208 
1,244 
1,495 
7,414 

10,546 

13,725 


15,258 
2,427 
6,743 

11,551 
8,766 

4,876 
3,320 
5,143 
6,456 
77,127 

1,754 

4,739 

9,581 

14,088 

21,931 

5,564 

11,437 

23,636 

2,708 

5,015 

5,882 
2,075 
4,427 
22,345 
2,882 

12,107 
9,063 
22,032 
16,598 
20,313 

9,901 
10,196 
4,621 
9,096 
7,411 

10,080 

1,916 

5.660 

968 

13,318 

8,881 
85,637 
5,288 
3,476 
7,503 

13,302 

9,885 

11,363 

4,167 

4,115 


8,551 
959 
4,032 
5,921 
8,608 

4,683 
2,608 
1,417 
4,220 
73,021 

3,965 

11,870 

8,943 

14,738 

1,249 
6,552 
10,498 
1,491 
2,392 

3,056 
1,019 
2,234 
9,277 
3,372 

20,335 
2,830 
4,252 
8,745 

14,471 

6,808 
6,955 
1,368 

9,272 
6,563 

8,761 

1,584 

5,292 

328 

10,426 

2,376 

57,188 

979 

1,316 

6,364 

9,935 
12,082 
6,450 
6,492 
3,853 


14,360 
2,404 
6,272 

11,386 
8,310 

4,784 
3,244 
4,847 
6,268 

74,547 

1,653 

4,736 

9,420 

14,034 

21,268 

5,352 

10,867 

24,012 

2,621 

4,771 

5,586 

2,002 

4.554 

21,163 

12,242 

8,852 

21,288 

16,430 

17,229 

9,396 
9,764 
4,287 
8,580 

7,155 

9,805 
1,897 

90S 
12,521 

8,488 
82,913 
5,094 
3,361 
7,022 

13,070 

9,118 

11,072 
3,917 
4,132 


9,047 
959 
4,157 
6,009 
9,125 

4,802 
2,671 
1,448 
4,524 
76,422 

4,073 
3,305 

12,028 
9,464 

15,981 

1,303 
7,136 
9,770 
1,536 
2,485 

3,355 
1,066 
2,342 
9,960 
3,397 

20,367 

4,806 

9,243 

16,986 

7,317 
7,142 
1,532 
9,768 
6,797 

9,025 

1,590 

5,670 

346 

11,305 

2,594 
56,940 
1,161 
1,381 
6,720 

9,925 

12,701 
6,395 
6,706 
3,841 


13,554 
2,322 
7,035 

10,772 
7,859 

4,656 
3,191 
4,677 
5,814 
68,434 

1,528 

4,601 

8,911 

12,896 

18,514 

5,185 

10,956 

22,889 

2,567 

4,848 

5,126 

2,013 

3,724 

19,910 

2,795 

11,073 
8,608 
20,593 
14,303 
15,194 

8,759 
9,581 
4,443 
8,058 
6,633 

9,255 

1,896 

5,016 

904 

10,949 

7,706 
76,434 
4,819 
3,297 
6,607 

12,871 

8,368 

10,622 

4,074 


9,628 
1,002 
3,936 
6,349 
9,407 

4,883 
2,677 
1,606 
4,768 
79,423 

4,178 

3,378 

12,342 

10,294 

17,616 

1,364 
7,071 
10,509 
1,571 
2,446 

3,612 

1,048 

2,679 

10,918 

3,440 

21,019 

3,159 

5,327 

10,633 

18,597 

7,786 
7.283 
1,489 
10,215 
7,168 

9,291 

1,602 

5,851 

344 

12,372 

3,172 
60,312 
1,258 
1,426 
7,017 

9,975 
13,219 
6,708 
6,924 
3,885 


Totals 


1,035,768        958,551 


1,182,800        830,045 


1,151,049        864,459 


1,076,216        910,494 


Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Results  1073 

TABULATIONS  OF  VOTES  CAST 
IN  THE  PRIMARY  ELECTIONS  OF  1992 


First  Primary 

FOR  GOVERNOR 

M.  Wendell  Briggs 

9,033 

Jim  Hatcher 

18,807 

James  B.  (Jim)  Hunt,  Jr. 

459,300 

Lacy  H.  Thornburg 

188,806 

Marcus  W.  Williams 

25,660 

Gary  M.  Dunn  (R) 

21,256 

Jim  Gardner  (R) 

215,528 

Ruby  Thompson  Hooper  (R) 

26,179 

FOR  LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR 

Jim  Crawford 

234,492 

Charles  Phillip  Ginn 

43,255 

Edward  Renfrow 

102,207 

Dennis  A.  Wicker 

265,799 

Doris  Rogers  Huffman  (R) 

72,962 

Art  Pope  (R) 

95,297 

Trip  Sizemore  (R) 

72,142 

FOR  STATE  AUDITOR 

Ralph  Campbell 

226,270 

Franklin  Freeman 

183,775 

Charles  M.  (Chuck)  Hicks 

134,668 

FOR  SUPERINTENDENT  OF  PUBLIC  INS 

5TRUCTIO 

Bob  Ethridge 

364,019 

Owen  Phillip 

237,184 

Teena  S.  Little  (R) 

75,519 

Vernon  Robinson  (R) 

69,842 

Tom  Rogers  (R) 

69,048 

FOR  COMMISSIONER  OF  LABOR 

John  C.  Brooks 

267,796 

Harry  E.  Payne,  Jr. 

320,000 

Nelson  Dollar  (R) 

107,771 

Henry  McKoy  (R) 

93,232 

FOR  COMMISSIONER  OF  INSURANCE 

Jim  Long 

442,254 

Charles  (Chuck)  Paxton 

163,783 

1074  North  Carolina  Manual 

TABULATIONS  CAST 
IN  THE  GENERAL  ELECTIONS  OF  1992 


GOVERNOR 

James  B.  Hunt,  Jr.  (Democrat)  1,368,246 

Jim  Gardner  (Republican)  1,121,955 

Scott  Mc  Laughlin  (Libertarian)  104,983 


LIEUTENANT  GOVERNOR 

Dennis  A.  Wicker  (Democrat)  1,341,777 

Art  Pope  (Republican)  1,070,105 

Jeanette  C.  Small  (Libertarian)  95,710 


SECRETARY  OF  STATE 

Rufus  L.  Edmisten  (Democrat)  1,251,670 

John  H.Carrington  (Republican)  1,174,162 

H.R.(Dick)  Parker,  Jr.(Libertarian)  70,184 


STATE  AUDITOR 

Ralph  Campbell  (Democrat)  1,260,315 

J.  Vernon  Abernathy  (Republican)  1,107,770 


STATE  TREASURER 

Harlan  E.  Boyles  (Democrat)  1,228,318 

Betsy  Young  Justus  (Republican)  1,111,903 

Ron  Holland  (Libertarian)  65,125 


SUPERINTENDENT  OF  PUBLIC  INSTRUCTION 
Bob  Ethridge  (Democrat)  1,299,927 

Teena  S.  Little  (Republican)  1,041,663 


ATTORNEY  GENERAL 

Mike  Easley  (Democrat)  1,530,858 

Joe  Dean  (Republican)  900,573 


COMMISSIONER  OF  AGRICULTURE 

James  A.  (Jim)  Graham  (Democrat)  1,463,744 

Leo  Tew  (Republican)  899,774 

Bob  McQuigg  (Libertarian)  57,403 


Voters,  Voting,  and  Election  Results  1075 

COMMISSIONER  OF  LABOR 

Harry  E.  Payne  Jr.  (Democrat)  1,290,031 

Nelson  Dollar  (Republican)  1,011,778 

F.  Craig  Springer  (Libertarian)  66,648 


COMMISSIONER  OF  INSURANCE 

Jim  Long  (Democrat)  1,333,273 

Mike  Causey  (Republican)  1,026,448 

Kenneth  Wayne  Day  (Libertarian)  66, 1 1 1 


1076  North  Carolina  Manual 


The 
1990 

Census 


Part  VIII 


1078  North  Carolina  Manual 


Census  and  Population  Statistics 


1079 


CHAPTER  ONE 
Census  and  Population  Statistics 

The  first  census  of  North  Carolina  was  taken  in  1870,  returning  a  popula- 
tion of  393,751.  Since  then  the  population  has  shown  an  increase  in  every 
census.  The  population  passed  1,000,000  between  1860  and  1870;  2,000,000 
between  1900  and  1910;  3,000,000  between  1920  and  1930;  4,000,000  between 
1940  and  1950;  5,000,000  between  1960  and  1970;  and  6,000,000  between  1980 
and  1990. 

The  1990  census,  the  21st  Census  of  the  United  States,  was  one  of  the  most 
accurate  ever  taken.  While  there  have  been  many  challenges  to  the  figures 
released  by  the  Bureau  of  the  Census,  most  were  due  to  geographic  boundary 
problems.  The  correction  process  is  still  continuing,  with  many  incorporated 
place  changes  still  being  processed. 

The  current  1990  census  figures  show  North  Carolina  with  a  population  of 
6,628,637.  This  represents  a  growth  rate  of  12.7  percent,  slightly  less  than 
750,000  people  during  the  last  decade,  as  opposed  to  a  rate  of  15.7  percent,  or 
nearly  800,000  people,  during  the  previous  decade  of  the  seventies.  As  in  the 
previous  decade,  roughly  half  (50.1%)  of  the  1980-1990  change  in  population 
was  due  to  net  migration.  The  drop  of  50,000  in  growth  between  the  seventies 
decade  and  the  eighties  decade  was  caused  by  two  factors.  First,  net  migra- 
tion into  North  Carolina  slowed  slightly,  from  almost  400,000  to  roughly 
375,000.  Second,  natural  increase  slowed  by  about  25,000.  While  the  number 
of  births  increased  between  decades  by  almost  40,000,  as  many  older  women 
had  children  they  has  postponed  having  earlier,  the  number  of  deaths 
increased  by  some  64,000,  as  improvements  in  overall  life  expectancy  were 
dwarfed  by  the  increasing  deaths  due  to  the  aging  of  the  post-World-War-II 
"baby  boom". 

In  North  Carolina  there  were  50  incorporated  places  with  a  population  of 
10,000  or  more  in  1990.  One  of  these,  Kannapolis  in  Cabarrus  and  Rowan 
counties,  incorporated  since  the  1980  census.  Six  more  reached  this  population 
level  for  the  first  time  in  1990  -  Carrboro  in  Orange  County,  Graham  in 
Alamance  County,  Kernersville  in  Forsyth  and  Guilford  counties,  Matthews 
and  Mint  Hill  in  Mecklenburg  County,  and  Tarboro  in  Edgecombe  County. 
Of  the  incorporated  places  over  100,000,  Charlotte  was  the  largest  with 
395,934  people,  followed  by  Raleigh  with  207,951  and  Greensboro  with 
183,894. 

Much  of  the  growth  in  population  of  the  larger  places  in  North  Carolina 
can  be  attributed  to  annexations.  Nine  incorporated  places  annexed  more 
than  10  square  miles  between  1980  and  1990.  Charlotte  annexed  the  largest 
area,  35.8  square  miles,  followed  by  Raleigh  with  34.2  square  miles,  Durham 
with  26.9  square  miles,  and  Cary  with  21.1  square  miles.  In  1990  Charlotte 
had  more  than  45,000  people  living  in  this  area,  Raleigh  had  more  than 
50,000,  Durham  had  more  than  20,000,  and  Cary  had  more  than  15,000. 


1080  North  Carolina  Manual 


According  to  the  1990  census,  19  of  the  100  counties  in  North  Carolina  lost 
population  since  1980.  This  number  is  quite  a  change  from  the  previous 
decade,  in  which  only  three  counties  lost  population.  Dare  County  showed 
the  largest  percentage  gain  at  70.0  percent.  Brunswick  was  second  at  42.5%, 
follow  by  Wake  at  40.5%.  Anson  County  showed  the  largest  percentage  loss 
at  8.5%  (over  2,100  people).  Sampson  County  lost  the  most  people,  2,390. 


Census  and  Population  Statistics 


1081 


TABLE  1.  STATE  POPULATION  STATISTICS 


1-A.  Components  of  Population  Change. 


1980  Population  

1990  Population  

1980-1990 

Growth  

Percentage  of  Growth  , 

Births  

Deaths  

Net  Migration  

Percentage  of  Net  Migration 


5,880,095 
6,628,637 

748,542 
12.7 
901,719 
527,539 
374,362 
6.4 


1-B.  Regional  Components  of  Growth. 


1980  Population  

1990  Population  

1980-1990 

Growth  

Percentage  of  Growth  

Births  

Deaths  

Net  Migration  

Percentage  of  Net  Migration 


Coastal1 

1,861,994 
2,057,278 

195,284 

10.5 

323,816 

166,173 

37,641 

2.0 


Piedmont1 

3,327,089 
3,831,684 

504,595 
15.2 
491,735 
293,594 
306,454 
9.2 


1-C.  Statewide  Census  Figures. 


Date  of  Data 

April  1,  1960 
April  1,  1970 
April  1, 1980 
April  1, 1990 


Population 

4,556,155 
5,084,411 
5,880,415 
6,628,637 


Change  from 
Last  Census 

494,226 
528,256 
796,004 
748,222 


Mountains1 

691,012 
739,675 

48,663 
7.0 
86,168 
67,772 
30,267 
4.4 


Percent 
Change 

12.2 
11.6 
15.7 
12.7 


■Regions  defined  geographically  and  include  the  following  counties: 

Coastal  Region: 

Beaufort,  Bertie,  Bladen,  Brunswick,  Camden,  Carteret,  Chowan,  Columbus,  Craven,  Cumberland,  Currituck, 

Dare,  Duplin,  Edgecombe,  Gates,  Greene,  Halifax,  Harnett,  Hertford,  Hoke,  Hyde,  Johnston,  Jones,  Lenoir,  Martin, 

Nash,  New  Hanover,  Northampton,  Onslow,  Pamlico,  Pasquotank,  Pender,  Perquimans,  Pitt,  Robeson,  Sampson, 

Scotland,  Tyrrell,  Washington,  Wayne,  and  Wilson. 

Piedmont  Region: 

Alamance,  Alexander,  Anson,  Cabarrus,  Caswell,  Catawba,  Chatham,  Cleveland,  Davidson,  Davie,  Durham, 

Forsyth,  Franklin,  Gaston,  Granville,  Guilford,  Iredell,  Lee,  Lincoln,  Mecklenburg,  Montgomery,  Moore,  Orange, 

Person,  Randolph,  Richmond,  Rockingham,  Rowan,  Rutherford,  Stanly,  Stokes,  Surry,  Union,  Vance,  Wake, 

Warren,  Wilkes,  Yadkin. 

Mountain  Region: 

Alleghany,  Ashe,  Avery,  Buncombe,  Burke,  Caldwell,  Cherokee,  Clay,  Graham,  Haywood,  Henderson,  Jackson, 

Macon,  Madison,  McDowell,  Mitchell,  Polk,  Swain,  Transylvania,  Watauga,  Yancey. 


1082 


North  Carolina  Manual 


TABLE  2.  1980  AND  1990  LAND  AREA,  POPULATION, 
PERCENT  CHANGE  AND  DENSITY 


Population 

Land  Area 

Census 

Population 

Land  Area 

Census 

Population 

Percent 

Sq.  Mi. 

Population 

Density 

Sq.  Mi. 

Population 

Density 

Change 

County 

1980 

1980 

1980 

1990 

1990 

1990 

1980-1990 

Alamance 433,14 

Alexander  258.64 

Alleghany  234.52 

Anson  533.14 

Ashe 426.16 

Avery 247.07 

Beaufort  826.10 

Bertie  700.93 

Bladen  878.92 

Brunswick 860.49 

Buncombe  659.33 

Burke  504.45 

Cabarrus  364.08 

Caldwell  471.17 

Camden  240.49 

Carteret  525.57 

Caswell 427.51 

Catawba 395.66 

Chatham  707.91 

Cherokee  451.83 

Chowan  181.55 

Clav  213.91 

Cleveland  468.19 

Columbus 938.44 

Craven 701.47 

Cumberland  657.26 

Currituck 255.59 

Dare  390.79 

Davidson 548.28 

Davie  266.59 

Duplin  819.22 

Durham  297.74 

Edgecombe  505.69 

Forsvth 412.48 

Franklin  494.38 

Gaston  357.29 

Gates  338.25 

Graham 288.69 

Granville 533.50 

Greene  266.37 

Guilford  650.77 

Halifax  723.69 

Harnett 601.11 

Haywood  554.85 

Henderson  374.39 

Hertford  356.09 

Hoke  391.16 

Hyde  624.22 

Iredell  574.12 

Jackson  490.52 


99,319 

229.30 

430.69 

108,213 

215.25 

9.0 

24,999 

96.66 

260.33 

27,544 

105.80 

10.2 

9,587 

40.88 

234.68 

9,590 

40.86 

.0 

25,649 

48.11 

531.61 

23,474 

44.16 

-8.5 

22,325 

52.39 

426.16 

22,209 

52.11 

-.5 

14,409 

58.32 

247.02 

14,867 

60.19 

3.2 

40,355 

48.85 

827.61 

42,283 

51.09 

4.8 

21,024 

29.99 

699.24 

20,388 

29.16 

-3.0 

30,491 

34.69 

875.02 

28,663 

32.76 

-6.0 

35,777 

41.58 

854.90 

50,985 

59.64 

42.5 

160,934 

244.09 

656.28 

174,821 

266.38 

8.6 

72,504 

143.73 

506.75 

75,744 

149.47 

4.5 

85,895 

235.92 

364.43 

98,935 

271.48 

15.2 

67,746 

143.78 

471.68 

70,709 

149.91 

4.4 

5,829 

24.24 

240.70 

5,904 

24.53 

1 .3 

41,092 

78.19 

531.37 

52,556 

98.91 

27.9 

20,705 

48.43 

425.73 

20,693 

48.61 

-.1 

105,208 

265.91 

399.98 

118,412 

296.04 

12.6 

33,415 

47.20 

683.08 

38,759 

56.74 

16.0 

18,933 

41.90 

455.20 

20,170 

44.31 

6.5 

12,558 

69.17 

172.64 

13,506 

78.23 

7.5 

6,619 

30.94 

214.71 

7,155 

33.32 

s.l 

83,435 

178.21 

464.34 

84,714 

182.44 

1.5 

51,037 

54.38 

936.84 

49,587 

52.93 

-2.8 

71,043 

101.28 

695.55 

81,613 

117.34 

14.9 

247,160 

376.05 

653.13 

274,566 

420.38 

11.1 

11,089 

43.39 

261.71 

13,736 

52.49 

23.9 

13,377 

34.23 

381.67 

22,746 

59.60 

70.0 

113,162 

206.39 

552.23 

126,677 

229.39 

11.9 

24,599 

92.27 

265.21 

27,859 

105.05 

13.3 

40,952 

49.99 

817.83 

39,995 

48.90 

-2.3 

152,785 

511.30 

290.63 

181,835 

625.66 

19.0 

55,988 

110.72 

505.06 

56,558 

111.98 

1.0 

243,683 

590.83 

409.67 

265,878 

649.01 

9.1 

30,055 

60.79 

491.59 

36,414 

74.07 

21.2 

162,568 

455.00 

356.53 

175,093 

491.10 

7.7 

8,875 

26.24 

340.63 

9,305 

27.32 

4.8 

7,217 

25.00 

292.08 

7,196 

24.64 

-.3 

34,043 

63.81 

531.17 

38,345 

72.19 

12.6 

16,117 

60.51 

265.45 

15,384 

57.95 

-4.5 

317,154 

487.35 

650.13 

347,420 

534.39 

9.5 

55,286 

76.10 

725.44 

55,516 

76.53 

.4 

59,570 

99.10 

595.04 

67,822 

113.98 

13.9 

46,495 

83.80 

553.89 

46,942 

84.75 

1.0 

58,580 

156.47 

373.84 

69,285 

185.33 

18.3 

23,368 

65.62 

353.67 

22,523 

63.68 

-3.6 

20,383 

52.11 

391.25 

22,856 

58.42 

12.1 

5,873 

9.41 

612.83 

5,411 

8.83 

-7.9 

82,538 

143.76 

574.40 

92,931 

161.79 

12.6 

25,811 

52.62 

490.58 

26,846 

54.72 

4.0 

Census  and  Population  Statistics  1083 


TABLE  2.  1980  AND  1990  LAND  AREA,  POPULATION, 
PERCENT  CHANGE  AND  DENSITY  (Continued) 


Population 

Land  Area 

Census 

Population 

Land  Area 

Census 

Population 

Percent 

Sq.  Mi. 

Population 

Density 

Sq.  Mi. 

Population 

Density 

Change 

County 

1980 

1980 

1980 

1990 

1990 

1990 

1980-1990 

Johnston  795.41 

Jones  470.01 

Letf  259-28 

Lenoir 402.32 

Lincoln  298.26 

Macon 516.58 

Madison  451.31 

Martin  460.76 

McDowell  437.39 

Mecklenburg 527.77 

Mitchell  222.00 

Montgomery  489.55 

Moore 701.25 

Nash  539.60 

New  Hanover  184.54 

Northampton  538.32 

Onslow  762.61 

Orange  400.27 

Pamlico  340.73 

Pasquotank  228.00 

Pender  874.82 

Perquimans  246.40 

Person  398.02 

Pitt  656.52 

Polk 238.30 

Randolph  788.83 

Richmond  477.19 

Robeson 949.19 

Rockingham  568.64 

Rowan  519.02 

Rutherford  567.62 

Sampson  946.85 

Scotland  319.33 

Stanly 395.78 

Stokes  452.04 

Surry 539.34 

Swain  525.98 

Transylvania  378.28 

Tyrrell  406.82 

Union  639.28 

Vance  248.79 

Wake 854.36 

Warren  427.10 

Washington  331.63 

Watauga 314.05 

Wayne  553.70 

Wilkes 752.21 

Wilson  374.27 

Yadkin 335.74 

Yancey  313.60 


70,599 

88.76 

791.98 

81,306 

102.66 

15.2 

9,705 

20.65 

473.30 

9,414 

19.89 

-3.0 

36,718 

141.62 

257.28 

41,374 

160.81 

12.7 

59,819 

148.69 

399.87 

57,274 

143.23 

-4.3 

42,372 

142.06 

298.82 

50,319 

168.39 

18.8 

20,178 

39.06 

516.46 

23,499 

45.50 

16.5 

16,827 

37.28 

449.45 

16,953 

37.72 

.7 

25,948 

56.32 

462.59 

25,078 

54.21 

-3.4 

35,135 

80.33 

441.70 

35,681 

80.78 

1.6 

404,270 

766.00 

527.42 

511,433 

969.69 

26.5 

14,428 

64.99 

221.47 

14,433 

65.17 

.0 

22,469 

45.90 

491.06 

23,346 

47.54 

3.9 

50,505 

72.02 

698.75 

59,013 

84.46 

16.8 

67,153 

124.45 

540.32 

76,677 

141.91 

14.2 

103,471 

560.70 

198.94 

120,284 

604.62 

16.2 

22,584 

41.23 

536.14 

20,798 

38.79 

-7.9 

112,784 

147.89 

766.87 

149,838 

195.39 

32.9 

77,055 

192.51 

399.79 

93,851 

234.75 

21.8 

10,398 

30.52 

336.95 

11,372 

33.75 

9.4 

28,462 

124.83 

226.89 

31,298 

137.94 

10.0 

22,215 

25.45 

870.72 

28,855 

33.14 

29.9 

9,486 

38.50 

247.19 

10,447 

42.26 

10.1 

29,164 

73.27 

392.34 

30,180 

76.92 

3.5 

90,146 

137.31 

651.62 

107,924 

165.62 

19.7 

12,984 

54.49 

237.84 

14,416 

60.61 

11.0 

91,728 

115.74 

787.47 

106,546 

135.30 

16.2 

45,481 

94.64 

474.04 

44,518 

93.91 

-2.1 

101,610 

107.05 

948.90 

105,179 

110.84 

3.5 

83,426 

146.71 

566.47 

86,064 

151.93 

3.2 

99,186 

191.10 

511.40 

110,605 

216.28 

11.5 

53,787 

94.76 

564.22 

56,918 

100.88 

5.8 

49,687 

52.48 

945.52 

47,297 

50.02 

-4.8 

32,273 

101.06 

319.16 

33,754 

105.76 

4.6 

48,517 

122.59 

395.10 

51,765 

131.02 

6.7 

33,086 

73.19 

451.85 

37,223 

82.38 

12.5 

59,449 

110.23 

536.56 

61,704 

115.00 

3.8 

10,283 

19.55 

528.13 

11,268 

21.34 

9.6 

23,417 

61.90 

378.36 

25,520 

67.45 

9.0 

3,975 

9.77 

389.93 

3,856 

9.89 

-3.0 

70,380 

110.18 

637.42 

84,211 

132.11 

19.7 

36,748 

147.71 

253.55 

38,892 

153.39 

5.8 

301,327 

352.81 

833.92 

423,380 

507.70 

40.5 

16,232 

38.01 

428.75 

17,265 

40.27 

6.4 

14,801 

44.63 

347.84 

13,997 

40.24 

-5.4 

31,666 

100.83 

312.56 

36,952 

118.22 

16.7 

97,054 

175.28 

552.60 

104,666 

189.41 

7.8 

58,657 

77.98 

757.22 

59,393 

78.44 

1.3 

63,132 

168.68 

371.09 

66,061 

178.02 

4.6 

28,439 

84.71 

335.61 

30,488 

90.84 

7.2 

14,934 

47.62 

312.45 

15,419 

49.35 

3.2 

1084 


North  Carolina  Manual 


TABLE  3.  1980  AND  1990  POPULATION,  PERCENT  CHANGE 
FOR  INCORPORATED  PLACES  OF  LESS  THAN  1,000 


Population 

Census 

Census 

Percent 

Population 

Population 

Change 

City  or  Town 

County 

1980 

1990 

1980-1990 

Alamance Alamance .. 

Alexander  Mills  Rutherford 

Alliance Pamlico  

Ansonville  Anson  

Arapahoe Pamlico  


Arlington  Yadkin 

Askewville Bertie 

Atkinson  Pender  

Atlantic Carteret  .... 

Atlantic  Beach Carteret  .... 

Aurora Beaufort  ... 

Autryville Sampson  .. 

Bailey  Nash  

Bakersville Mitchell  .... 

Bald  Head  Island  Brunswick 


Banner  Elk  Avery 

Bath Beaufort  

Battleboro Edgecombe 

Bayboro Pamlico  

Bear  Grass Martin  


Beech  Mountain Watauga  ... 

Belville  Brunswick 

Belwood Cleveland  . 

Beulaville Duplin  

Black  Creek  Wilson  


Boiling  Spring  Lakes Brunswick  . 

Bolivia Brunswick  . 

Bolton Columbus  .. 

Bostic Rutherford 

Bridgeton Craven 


Broadway  Lee  

Brookford Catawba  .. 

Brunswick Columbus 

Bunn Franklin  .. 

Cajah  Mountain  Caldwell  .. 


Calabash Brunswick  .... 

Calypso  Duplin  

Cameron  Moore 

Candor  Montgomery 

Cape  Carteret Carteret 


Carthage Moore 

Casar Cleveland  . 

Cashiers Jackson  .... 

Castalia Nash 

Caswell  Beach Brunswick 


Catawba Catawba  .. 

Cedar  Point  Carteret ... 

Centerville Franklin  .. 

Cerro  Gordo Columbus 

Chadwick  Acres Onslow  .... 


331 

25K 

-22.1 

646 

662 

2.5 

617 

583 

-5.5 

794 

614 

-22.7 

458 

430 

-6.1 

872 

Tic, 

-8.8 

230 

3n 

-12.6 

306 

275 

-10.1 

930 

- 

- 

684 

654 

-4.4 

237 

166 

-30.0 

647 

553 

-14.5 

407 

332 

-18.4 

— 

78 

— 



933 



213 

154 

-27.7 

653 

447 

-31.5 

757 

733 

-3.2 

81 

77 

-4.9 



239 



106 

66 

-37.7 

619 

631 

1.9 

— 

933 

— 

553 

615 

11.2 

997 





249 

228 

-8.4 

544 

531 

-2.4 

490 

371 

-24.3 

455 

453 

-.4 

91  lh 

973 

7.2 

452 

l",l 

-.2 

235 

302 

28.5 

515 

364 

-29.3 

140 

695 

481 

-30.8 

226 

215 

-4.9 

868 

7  is 

-13.8 

944 

— 

- 

904 

976 

8.0 

342 

328 

-4.1 

549 

— 

— 

354 

261 

-26.3 

112 

175 

56.3 

525 

467 

-11.0 

— 

628 

— 

130 

115 

-11.5 

302 

227 

-24.8 

1!) 

— 

— 

Census  and  Population  Statistics 


1085 


TABLE  3.  1980  AND  1990  POPULATION,  PERCENT  CHANGE 
FOR  INCORPORATED  PLACES  OF  LESS  THAN  1,000 

(Continued) 


Population 

Census 

Census 

Percent 

Population 

Population 

Change 

City  or  Town 

County 

1980 

1990 

1980-1990 

Chocowinity Beaufort 

Claremont Catawba 

Clarkton Bladen  ... 

Clemmons Forsyth  .. 

Cleveland Rowan  ... 


658 

624 

-5.2 

880 

980 

11.4 

676 

739 

9.3 

620 


696 


12.3 


Coakley Edgecombe 

Cofield Hertford  

Colerain  Bertie 

Columbia  Tyrrell  

Columbus Polk 


Como  Hertford  

Conetoe  Edgecombe  .... 

Conway Northampton 

Cooleemee Davie 

Cove  City  Craven 


Creswell  Washington 

Crossnore Avery 

Danbury Stokes 

Dellview  Gaston 

Denton Davidson 


Dillsboro  Jackson  .... 

Dobbins  Heights Richmond 

Dortches Nash 

Dover Craven 

Dublin  Bladen 


Dudley Wayne  

Dundarrach Hoke  

Earl Cleveland 

East  Arcadia Bladen 

East  Bend  Yadkin 


East  Laurinburg Scotland  .... 

Elk  Park Avery 

Ellenboro  Rutherford 

Emerald  Isle Carteret 

Eureka Wayne  


Everetts Martin  

Faison  Duplin  

Faith Rowan  

Falcon  Cumberland . 

Falkland  Pitt 


Fallston Cleveland  .. 

Fletcher Henderson 

Fountain  Pitt 

Foxfire  Village Moore 

Franklinville Randolph  .. 


Gamewell Caldwell 

Garland Sampson  

Gaston Northampton 

Gatesville Gates  

Germanton  Stokes 


474 

407 

-14.1 

297 

139 

-53.2 

985 

836 

-15.1 

746 

812 

8.8 

88 

71 

-19.3 

226 

292 

29.2 

683 

759 

11.1 

— 

971 

— 

506 

497 

-1.8 

446 

361 

-19.1 

292 

271 

-7.2 

137 

119 

-13.1 

6 

10 

66.7 

949 

— 

— 

174 

95 

-45.4 

896 

840 

-6.3 

610 

451 

-26.1 

470 

246 

-47.7 

208 

230 

10.6 

458 

468 

2.2 

636 

619 

-2.7 

508 

302 

-40.6 

544 

486 

-10.7 

557 

514 

-7.7 

886 

— 

— 

320 

282 

-11.9 

208 

143 

-31.3 

639 

701 

9.7 

541 

553 

2.2 

326 

216 

-33.7 

117 

108 

-7.7 

624 

498 

-20.2 

441 

445 

.9 

151 

334 

121.2 

625 

666 

6.6 

872 

746 

-14.4 

860 

— 

— 

362 

308 

-14.9 

1086 


North  Carolina  Manual 


TABLE  3.  1980  AND  1990  POPULATION,  PERCENT  CHANGE 
FOR  INCORPORATED  PLACES  OF  LESS  THAN  1,000 

(Continued) 


Population 

Census 

Census 

Percent 

Population 

Population 

Change 

City  or  Town 

County- 

1980 

1990 

1980-1990 

Laurel  Park  Henderson  . 

Lawndale Cleveland  ... 

Lawrence  Edgecombe 

Leggett Edgecombe 

Lewiston  Woodville Bertie 


Lilesville  Anson 

Linden  Cumberland 

Linville Avery 

Littleton  Halifax 

Love  Valley  Iredell  


Lucama  Wilson  

Lumber  Bridge Robeson 

Macclesfield Edgecombe 

Macon Warren  

Maggie  Valley Haywood  .... 


Magnolia Duplin  ... 

Manteo  Dare 

Marietta  Robeson  . 

Marshall  Madison 

Maury Greene  ... 


Maysville  Jones  .... 

McAdenville Gaston  .. 

McDonald  Robeson 

McFarlan Anson  ... 

Mesic  Pamlico 


Micro  Johnston  .... 

Middleburg  Vance  

Middlesex Nash 

Mildred Edgecombe 

Milton Caswell 


Minnesott  Beach Pamlico  .... 

Montreat  Buncombe 

Mooresboro Cleveland  . 

Morrisville Wake 

Morven  Anson  


Navassa Brunswick 

New  London  Stanly 

Newland Avery 

Newton  Grove  Sampson  .. 

Norlina Warren  


Norman Richmond  .. 

North  Topsail  Beach Onslow  

Oak  City Martin  

Oakboro  Stanly 

Ocean  Isle  Beach  Brunswick  .. 

Old  Fort McDowell  ... 

Old  Sparta  Edgecombe 

Oriental Pamlico  

Orrum Robeson 

Panetego  Beaufort  


804 

— 

— 

447 

573 

28.2 

94 

108 

14.9 

446 

788 

76.7 

614 

168 

-23.8 

329 

180 

-45.3 

212 

— 

— 

787 

691 

-12.2 

58 

(17 

15.5 



933 

_ 

188 

109 

-42.0 

518 

493 

-4.8 

155 

154 

.6 

211 

185 

-12.3 

589 

747 

26.8 

95] 

991 

4.2 

— 

206 

— 

793 

809 

2.0 

874 

892 

2.1 

925 

830 

-10.3 

12] 

88 

-27.3 

131 

lis 

-25.2 

400 

310 

-22.5 

458 

417 

-9.0 

176 

13] 

-25.6 

875 

730 

-16.6 

219 

185 

-15.5 

167 

266 

59.3 

790 

693 

-12.3 

415 

294 

-29.2 

306 

— 

— 

757 

590 

-22.1 

476 

445 

-6.5 

442 

414 

-6.3 

757 

645 

-14.8 

595 

511 

-14.1 

90] 

9!  Hi 

10.5 

254 

105 

-58.7 

482 

389 

-19.3 

601 

600 

-.2 

L38 

523 

279.0 

786 

720 

-8.4 

535 

786 

46.9 

188 

103 

-45.2 

179 

171 

-4.5 

Census  and  Population  Statistics 


1087 


TABLE  3.  1980  AND  1990  POPULATION,  PERCENT  CHANGE 
FOR  INCORPORATED  PLACES  OF  LESS  THAN  1,000 

(Continued) 


Population 

Census 

Census 

Percent 

Population 

Population 

Change 

City  or  Town 

County 

1980 

1990 

1980-1990 

Gibson Scotland 

Glen  Alpine  Burke 

Godwin Cumberland 

Gold  Point Martin  

Goldston Chatham 


531 

532 

.2 

654 

563 

-13.9 

253 

77 

-69.6 

361 


299 


-17.2 


Graingers Lenoir 

Grandfather  Village Avery 

Greenevers Duplin  

Grimesland Pitt 

Grover  Cleveland 

Halifax Halifax  .... 

Hamilton Martin 

Harmony Iredell 

Harrells Sampson  . 

Harrellsville  Hertford  .. 


Hassell  Martin  .... 

Hayesville Clay 

Haywood Chatham 

High  Shoals Gaston  .... 

Highlands Macon 


Hildebran Burke 

Hobgood Halifax 

Hoffman Richmond 

Holden  Beach Brunswick 

Holly  Ridge Onslow 


Holly  Springs Wake 

Hollyville Pamlico  

Hookerton Greene 

Hot  Springs  Madison  

Indian  Beach Carteret 

Indian  Trail Union  

Jackson Northampton 

Jackson  Springs  Moore 

Jamesville Martin  

Jason Greene 


— 

34 

— 

482 

512 

6.2 

431 

469 

8.8 

587 

516 

-12.1 

267 

327 

22.5 

645 

544 

-15.7 

452 

431 

-4.6 

270 

187 

-30.7 

155 

106 

-31.6 

99 

95 

-4.0 

392 

279 

-28.8 

186 

— 

— 

587 

605 

3.1 

715 

948 

32.6 

651 

790 

21.4 

502 

435 

-13.3 

394 

348 

-11.7 

241 

626 

159.8 

489 

728 

48.9 

774 

908 

17.3 

94 

— 

— 

461 

422 

-8.5 

690 

478 

-30.7 

53 

153 

188.7 

826 





715 

592 

-17.2 

597 

612 

2.5 

Jupiter Buncombe 

Kannapolis Cabarrus  .. 

Kelford  Bertie 

Kenansville  Duplin 

King Stokes 


Kingstown  Cleveland 

Kittrell Vance 

Kitty  Hawk Dare 

Knightdale Wake 

Kure  Beach New  Hanover 

Lake  Lure Rutherford  

Lake  Waccamaw Columbus 

Lansing Ashe 

Lasker  Northampton 

Lattimore Cleveland 


243 

204 

-16.0 

931 

856 

-8.1 

956 

231 

228 

-1.3 

985 





619 

619 

.0 

474 

691 

45.8 

— 

954 

— 

190 

171 

-10.0 

96 

139 

44.8 

228 

183 

-19.7 

1088 


North  Carolina  Manual 


TABLE  3.  1980  AND  1990  POPULATION,  PERCENT  CHANGE 
FOR  INCORPORATED  PLACES  OF  LESS  THAN  1,000 

(Continued) 


Population 

Census 

Census 

Percent 

Population 

Population 

Change 

City  or  Town 

County 

1981) 

1990 

1980-1990 

Parkton  Robeson  ... 

Parmele Martin  

Patterson  Springs Cleveland 

Peachland Anson  

Pikeville  Wayne  


Pine  Knoll  Shores Carteret  .. 

Pine  Level  Johnston 

Pinebluff Moore 

Pinehurst  Moore 

Pink  Hill  Lenoir 


Polkton Anson  

Polkville Cleveland 

Pollocksville Jones  

Powellsville  Bertie 

Proctorville Robeson  ... 


Ravnham Robeson  . 

Red  Oak  Nash 

Rennert  Robeson  . 

Rhodhiss Caldwell 

Richfield Stanly 

Richlands Onslow  .. 

River  Bend Craven  ... 

Robbins Moore 

Robbinsville  Graham  . 

Rolesville  Wake 


Ronda Wilkes 

Roper Washington  ... 

Rosman  Transylvania 

Roxobel  Bertie 

Ruth Rutherford  


Salemburg  Sampson  .. 

Saluda  Polk 

Sandy  Creek Brunswick 

Santeetlah  Graham  .... 

Saratoga  Wilson  


Sawmills  Caldwell  

Seaboard  Northampton 

Seagrove  Randolph  

Seven  Devils Watauga 

Seven  Springs Wayne  


Severn  Northampton 

Shallotte Brunswick 

Simpson  Pitt 

Sims Wilson  

Southern  Shores  Dare 


Speed  Edgecombe 

Spencer  Mountain  Gaston 

St.  Helena Pender 

Staley  Randolph  ... 

Stanfield  Stanly 


539 

367 

•31.9 

493 

321 

■34.9 

743 

690 

-7.1 

482 

384 

-20.3 

660 

598 

-9.4 

658 





953 

— 

— 

\m 

876 

-8.4 

642 

547 

-14.8 

770 

662 

-14.0 

535 

— 

— 

320 

299 

-6.6 

321 

103 

-67.9 

244 

168 

-31.1 

83 

mi, 

27.7 

316 

280 

-11.4 

202 

217 

7.4 

738 

638 

-13.6 

371 

535 

44.2 

825 

996 

20.7 



970 



— 

Tiki 

— 

404 

572 

41.6 

498 

367 

-26.3 

775 

669 

-13.7 

502 

-23.3 

278 

244 

-12.2 

390 

366 

-6.2 

711 

409 

-42.5 

f„S,S 

488 

-17.0 

— 

243 

— 

— 

17 

— 

388 

342 

-11.9 

675 

791 

17.2 

314 

244 

-22.3 

29 

117 

303.4 

165 

163 

-1.2 

321 

260 

-19.0 

679 

965 

42.1 

413 

110 

-.7 

207 

L24 

-40.1 

392 

- 

— 

94 

88 

-6.4 

184 

135 

-26.6 

— 

321 

— 

247 

204 

-17.4 

525 

517 

-1.5 

Census  and  Population  Statistics 


1089 


TABLE  3.  1980  AND  1990  POPULATION,  PERCENT  CHANGE 
FOR  INCORPORATED  PLACES  OF  LESS  THAN  1,000 

(Continued) 


Population 

Census 

Census 

Percent 

Population 

Population 

Change 

City  or  Town 

County 

1980 

1990 

1980-1990 

Stantonsburg  Wilson  

Star Montgomery 

Stedman Cumberland . 

Stem Granville 

Stonewall Pamlico 


Stovall Granville  .. 

Sugar  Mountain Avery 

Sunset  Beach Brunswick 

Surf  City  Pender 

Swansboro Onslow 


Tar  Heel  Bladen 

Taylortown Moore .. 

Teachey Duplin 

Topsail  Beach  Pender 

Trenton  Jones  .. 


Turkey Sampson  .. 

Unionville Union  

Vanceboro Craven 

Vandemere  Pamlico 

Varnamtown Brunswick 


Vass Moore 

Virgilina  Granville 

Waco Cleveland 

Wade Cumberland 

Wagram  Scotland 


Walkertown  Forsyth  .. 

Walnut  Creek  Wayne  ... 

Walstonburg Greene  ... 

Warrenton Warren  .. 

Washington  Park  Beaufort 


Watha Pender 

Webster  Jackson 

Weddington  Union  

West  Jefferson Ashe 

Whitakers  Edgecombe 


White  Lake  Bladen 

Williamsboro Vance  

Winfall  Perquimans  ... 

Winton Hertford  

Woodland Northampton 

Yanceyville Caswell 

Yaupon  Beach Brunswick 

Youngsville Franklin 


913 

782 

-14.3 

816 

775 

-5.0 

737 

577 

-21.7 

224 

249 

11.2 

352 

279 

-20.7 

470 

409 

-13.0 

— 

132 

— 

298 

311 

4.4 

388 

970 

150.0 

976 

— 

— 

128 

115 

-10.2 

— 

543 

— 

370 

244 

-34.1 

270 

346 

28.1 

408 

248 

-39.2 

405 

234 

-42.2 

823 

946 

14.9 

354 

299 

-15.5 

— 

404 

— 

829 

670 

-19.2 

44 

— 

— 

320 

320 

.0 

555 

23K 

-57.1 

712 

480 

-32.6 

363 

623 

71.6 

177 

188 

6.2 

906 

949 

4.7 

514 

403 

-21.6 

194 

99 

-49.0 

197 

410 

108.1 

826 





913 

860 

-5.8 

956 

390 

-59.2 

78 

— 

— 

633 

501 

-20.9 

813 

796 

-2.1 

884 

760 

-14.0 

556 

734 

32.0 

481 

424 

-11.9 

1090 


North  Carolina  Manual 


TABLE  4.  1980  AND  1990  POPULATION,  PERCENT  CHANGE 
FOR  INCORPORATED  PLACES,  1,000-2,499 


Population 

Census 

Census 

Percent 

Population 

Population 

Change 

City  or  Town 

County 

1980 

1990 

1980-1990 

Aberdeen Moore 

Andrews Cherokee 

Angier  Harnett ... 

Atlantic  Beach  Carteret  .. 

Aulander Bertie 


Banner  Elk  Avery 

Belhaven Beaufort  ... 

Bethel  Pitt 

Beulaville Duplin  

Biltmore  Forest  Buncombe 


Biscoe  Montgomery 

Bladenboro  Bladen 

Blowing  Rock Watauga 

Boiling  Spring  Lakes  Brunswick  .... 

Boiling  Springs Cleveland 


Boonville Yadkin 

Bryson  City  Swain  

Burgaw Pender 

Burnsville  Yancey  

Cajah  Mountain  Caldwell  

Calabash Brunswick 

Cape  Carteret Carteret 

Carolina  Beach New  Hanover 

Chadbourn Columbus 

China  Grove Rowan  


Clyde  Haywood 

Coats  Harnett 

Connelly  Springs Burke  

Cornelius Mecklenburg 

Cramerton  Gaston 


Creedmoor  Granville  . 

Denton Davidson  . 

Dobbins  Heights Richmond 

Dobson  Surry 

Drexel Burke 


East  Spencer  Rowan  

Ellerbe Richmond 

Elm  City Wilson  

Emerald  Isle Carteret  ... 

Fair  Bluff Columbus 


Fairmont Robeson 

Four  Oaks Johnston  

Franklinton Franklin 

Fremont  Wayne  

Garysburg Northampton 

Gaston Northampton 

Granite  Quarry  Rowan  

Grifton Pitt 

Harrisburg Cabarrus 

Haw  River Alamance 


1,945 

— 

— 

1,621 

— 

— 

1,709 

2,235 

30.8 

— 

1,938 

— 

1,214 

1,209 

-.4 

1,087 



— 

2,430 

2,269 

-6.6 

1,825 

1,842 

.9 

1,060 

— 

— 

1,499 

1,327 

-11.5 

1,334 

1,484 

11.2 

1,428 

1,821 

27.5 

1,356 

1,257 

-7.3 

— 

1,650 

— 

2,381 

2,445 

2.7 

1,028 

1,009 

-1.8 

1,556 

1,145 

-26.4 

1,586 

1,807 

13.9 

1,452 

1,482 

2.1 

— 

2,429 

— 



1,210 

— 

— 

1,008 

— 

1,992 

— 

— 

1,975 

2,005 

1.5 

2,081 

— 

— 

1,009 

1,041 

3.2 

1,385 

1,493 

7.8 

— 

1,349 

— 

1,460 

— 

— 

1,891 

2,371 

25.4 

1,641 

1,504 

-8.3 

— 

1,292 

— 

— 

1,144 

— 

1,222 

1,195 

•2.2 

1,392 

1,746 

25.4 

2,150 

2,055 

-4.4 

1,415 

1,132 

-20.0 

1,561 

1,624 

4.0 

— 

2,434 

— 

1,095 

1,068 

-2.5 



2,489 



1,049 

1,308 

24.7 

1,394 

1,615 

15.9 

1,719 

1,710 

-.5 

1,434 

1,057 

-26.3 



1,003 

— 

1,294 

1,646 

27.2 

2,181 

2,393 

9.7 

1,433 

1,625 

13.4 

1 ,85S 

1,855 

-.2 

Census  and  Population  Statistics 


1091 


TABLE  4.  1980  AND  1990  POPULATION,  PERCENT  CHANGE 
FOR  INCORPORATED  PLACES,  1,000-2,499 

(Continued) 


Population 

Census 

Census 

Percent 

Population 

Population 

Change 

City  or  Town 

County 

1980 

1990 

1980-1990 

Hazelwood  Haywood 

Hertford  Perquimans  .. 

Huntersville Mecklenburg 

Indian  Trail Union  

Jamestown  Guilford , 


Jefferson  Ashe 

Jonesville Yadkin  .... 

Kenly Johnston 

Kill  Devil  Hills Dare 

Kitty  Hawk Dare 


Knightdale Wake 

Lake  Waccamaw Columbus  .. 

Landis Rowan  

Laurel  Park  Henderson 

Leland  Brunswick  . 

Liberty Randolph  .. 

Lillington Harnett 

Locust Stanly 

Long  Beach  Brunswick  . 

Lucama Wilson  


Madison  Rockingham 

Mars  Hill Madison  

Marshville  Union  

Matthews Mecklenburg 

Maxton Robeson 


Mayodan Rockingham 

Morrisville Wake 

Mount  Gilead  Montgomery 

Mount  Pleasant  Cabarrus 

Murphy  Cherokee 


Nags  Head Dare 

Newport  Carteret 

Norwood Stanly  ... 

Pembroke Robeson 

Pilot  Mountain Surry 


Pine  Knoll  Shores Carteret 

Pine  Level  Johnston  

Pinetops  Edgecombe  .., 

Pineville Mecklenburg  . 

Pittsboro  Chatham 


Polkville Cleveland  ... 

Princeton  Johnston  .... 

Princeville Edgecombe 

Ramseur Randolph  ... 

Randleman Randolph 


Ranlo Gaston 

Rich  Square Northampton 

River  Bend Craven 

Robbins Moore 

Robbinsville  Graham 


1,811 

1,678 

-7.3 

1,942 

2,105 

8.4 

1,294 

— 

— 

— 

1,942 

— 

2,148 

— 

— 

1,086 

1,300 

19.7 

1,752 

1,549 

-11.6 

1,441 

1,549 

7.5 

1,796 

— 

— 

— 

1,937 

— 

— 

1,884 



1,133 

— 

— 

2,092 

2,333 

11.5 

— 

1,322 

— 

— 

1,801 

— 

1,997 

2,047 

2.5 

1,948 

2,048 

5.1 

1,590 

1,940 

22.0 

1,844 

— 

— 

1,070 

— 

— 



2,371 



2,126 

1,611 

-24.2 

2,011 

2,020 

.4 

1,648 

— 

— 

— 

2,373 

— 

— 

2,471 



— 

1,022 

— 

1,423 

1,336 

-6.1 

1,210 

1,027 

-15.1 

2,070 

1,575 

-23.9 

1,059 

1,838 

73.6 

1,883 

— 

— 

1,818 

1,617 

-11.1 

— 

2,241 

— 

1,090 

1,181 

8.3 



1,360 



— 

1,217 

— 

1,465 

1,514 

3.3 

1,525 

— 

— 

1,332 

1,436 

7.8 

— 

1,514 

— 

1,034 

1,181 

14.2 

1,508 

1,652 

9.5 

1,162 

1,186 

2.1 

2,156 

— 

— 

1,759 

1,650 

-6.2 

1,057 

1,058 

.1 

— 

2,408 

— 

1,256 

— 

— 

1,370 

— 

— 

1092 


North  Carolina  Manual 


TABLE  4.  1980  AND  1990  POPULATION,  PERCENT  CHANGE 
FOR  INCORPORATED  PLACES,  1,000-2,499 

(Continued) 


Population 

Census 

Census 

Percent 

Population 

Population 

Change 

City  or  Town 

County 

1980 

1990 

1980-1990 

Robersonville  Martin  .... 

Rockwell Rowan  .... 

Rose  Hill  Duplin  .... 

Roseboro  Sampson 

Rowland Robeson  .. 

Rural  Hall Forsyth... 

Rutherford  College  Burke 

Sharpsburg Nash 

Snow  Hill Greene  .... 

Southern  Shores  Dare 


Southport Brunswick 

Sparta Alleghany 

Spring  Hope  Nash 

Spruce  Pine Mitchell 

St.  Pauls Robeson 


Stallings Union  

Stanley Gaston 

Stokesdale Guilford 

Stoneville Rockingham 

Swansboro Onslow  


Sylva  Jackson  .... 

Tabor  City  Columbus  . 

Taylorsville  Alexander 

Trent  Woods  Craven 

Troutman Iredell  


Tryon Polk 

Walkertown  Forsyth 

Walnut  Cove Stokes 

Waxhaw Union  

Weaverville Buncombe 

Weldon  Halifax 

Wendell  Wake 

West  Jefferson Ashe 

Whispering  Pines  Moore 

Wilkesboro Wilkes 


Windsor Bertie  ... 

Winterville Pitt 

Yadkinville Yadkin  . 

Yanceyville Caswell 

Zebulon  Wake  .... 


1,981 

1,940 

•2.1 

1,339 

1,598 

19.3 

1,508 

1,287 

-14.7 

1,227 

1,441 

17.4 

1,841 

1,139 

-38.1 

1,336 

1,652 

23.7 

1,108 

1,126 

1.6 

1,039 

1,536 

47.8 

1,377 

1,378 

.1 

— 

1,447 

— 

— 

2,369 

— 

1,687 

1,957 

16.0 

1,254 

1,221 

-2.6 

2,248 

2,010 

-10.6 

1,639 

1,992 

21.5 

1,811 

2,132 

17.7 

2,361 

— 

— 

— 

2,134 

— 

1,054 

1,109 

5.2 

— 

1,165 

— 

1,711 

1,809 

5.7 

— 

2,330 

— 

1,130 

1,566 

38.6 

1,177 

2,366 

101.0 

1,360 

1,493 

9.8 

1,796 

1,680 

-6.5 

— 

1,200 

— 

1,147 

1,088 

5.1 

1,208 

1,294 

7.1 

1,495 

2,107 

40.9 

1,844 

1,392 

-24.5 

2,222 

— 

— 

— 

1,002 

— 

1,160 

1,243 

7.2 

2,359 

— 

— 

2,126 

2,056 

-3.3 

2,052 

— 

— 

2,204 

— 

— 

2,055 


1,973 


Census  and  Population  Statistics 


1093 


TABLE  5.  1980  AND  1990  POPULATION,  PERCENT  CHANGE 
FOR  INCORPORATED  PLACES,  2,500-9,999 


Population 

Census 

Census 

Percent 

Population 

Population 

Change 

City  or  Town 

County 

1980 

1990 

1980-1990 

Aberdeen Moore 

Ahoskie Hertford  .. 

Andrews Cherokee  . 

Apex  Wake 

Archdale  Randolph 

Ayden Pitt 

Beaufort Carteret ... 

Belmont Gaston 

Benson  Johnston  . 

Bessemer  City Gaston 


Black  Mountain Buncombe 

Brevard  Transylvania 

Canton  Haywood 

Carolina  Beach New  Hanover 

Carrboro Orange  


Cherryville Gaston  .... 

China  Grove Rowan  .... 

Clayton  Johnston 

Clemmons Forsyth ... 

Clinton  Sampson 


Conover Catawba 

Cornelius Mecklenburg  . 

Dallas Gaston 

Davidson Mecklenburg . 

Dunn Harnett 


Edenton Chowan  .... 

Elizabethtown Bladen 

Elkin Surry 

Elon  College Alamance  , 

Enfield Halifax 


Erwin Harnett 

Fairmont Robeson 

Farmville Pitt 

Fletcher Henderson 

Forest  City Rutherford 

Franklin Macon 

Fuquay-Varina  Wake 

Gamewell Caldwell  .... 

Gibsonville  Guilford 

Graham Alamance  .. 


Granite  Falls Caldwell 

Hamlet  Richmond  ... 

Hendersonville Henderson  .., 

Hillsborough  Orange  

Hope  Mills  Cumberland 

Hudson Caldwell  

Huntersville Meckenburg  . 

Jamestown  Guilford 

Kernersville Forsyth 

Kill  Devil  Hills Dare 


— 

2,700 



4,887 

4,391 

-10.1 

— 

2,551 

— 

2,847 

4,968 

74.5 

5,747 

6,913 

20.3 

4,361 

4,740 

8.7 

3,826 

3,808 

-.5 

4,633 

8,434 

82.0 

2,792 

2,810 

.6 

4,787 

4,698 

-1.9 

4,034 

5,418 

34.3 

5,323 

5,388 

1.2 

4,631 

3,790 

-18.2 

— 

3,630 

— 

7,336 

— 

— 

4,844 

4,756 

-1.8 

— 

2,732 

— 

4,091 

4,756 

16.3 

— 

6,020 

— 

7,552 

8,204 

8.6 

4,245 

5,465 

28.7 

— 

2,581 

— 

3,340 

3,012 

-9.8 

3,241 

4,046 

24.8 

8,962 

8,336 

-7.0 

5,357 

5,268 

-1.7 

3,551 

3,704 

4.3 

2,855 

3,790 

32.7 

2,867 

4,394 

53.3 

2,995 

3,082 

2.9 

2,780 

4,061 

46.1 

2,578 

— 

— 

4,707 

4,392 

-6.7 

— 

2,787 

— 

7,688 

7,475 

-2.8 

2,578 

2,873 

11.4 

3,110 

4,562 

46.7 

— 

3,357 

— 

2,871 

3,441 

19.9 

8,674 

— 

— 

2,583 

3,253 

25.9 

4,720 

6,196 

31.3 

6,862 

7,284 

6.1 

3,019 

4,263 

41.2 

5,412 

8,184 

51.2 

2,888 

2,819 

-2.4 

— 

3,014 

— 

— 

2,600 

— 

6,802 


4,238 


1094 

North  Carolina  Manual 


TABLE  5.  1980  AND  1990  POPULATION,  PERCENT  CHANGE 
FOR  INCORPORATED  PLACES,  2,500-9,999 

(Continued) 


Population 

Census 

Census 

Percent 

Population 

Population 

Change 

City  or  Town 

County 

198(1 

1990 

1980-1990 

King Stokes 

Kings  Mountain Cleveland  . 

La  Grange Lenoir 

Lincolnton  Lincoln 

Long  Beach  Brunswick 


Long  View  Catawba 

Louisburg Franklin 

Lowell Gaston 

Madison  Rockingham 

Maiden  Catawba 


Marion McDowell  

Maxton Robeson 

Mayodan Rockingham 

Mebane Alamance 

Mint  Hill  Mecklenburg 

Mocksville Davie 

Mooresville  Iredell  

Morehead  City  Carteret  

Mount  Airy  Surry 

Mount  Holly  Gaston 


Mount  Olive Wayne  ... 

Murfreesboro  Hertford 

Nashville  Nash 

Newport  Carteret  . 

Newton Catawba 


North  Wilkesboro  Wilkes 

Oxford  Granville 

Pembroke Robeson 

Pinehurst  Moore 

Pineville Mecklenburg 

Plymouth  Washington  .. 

Raeford Hoke  

Randleman  Randolph  

Red  Springs Robeson 

Rockingham  Richmond  


Roxboro Person  

Rutherfordton  Rutherford 

Sawmills Caldwell  .... 

Scotland  Neck  Halifax  

Selma Johnston  ... 


SilerCity Chatham  .. 

Smithfield  Johnston  .. 

Southern  Pines Moore 

Southport Brunswick 

Spencer Rowan  


Spindale Rutherford  .. 

Spring  Lake Cumberland 

Stanley  Gaston 

Tabor  City  Columbus  .... 

Tarboro  Edgecombe  . 


— 

4,059 

— 

9,116 

8,763 

-3.9 

3,147 

2,805 

-10.9 

4,843 

6,847 

41.4 

— 

3,816 

— 

3,607 

3,229 

-10.5 

3,238 

3,037 

-6.2 

2,886 

2,704 

-6.3 

2,919 

— 

— 

2,574 

2,574 

.0 

3,684 

4,765 

29.3 

2,727 

— 

— 

2,627 

— 

— 

2,780 

4,754 

71.0 

7,915 

— 

— 

2,683 

3,399 

26.7 

S.575 

9,317 

8.7 

4,359 

6,046 

38.7 

6,862 

7,156 

4.3 

4,530 

7,710 

70.2 

1,869 

4,582 

5.9 

3,007 

2.5SO 

-14.2 

2,678 

3,617 

35.1 

— 

2,516 

— 

7,624 

9,304 

22.0 

3,260 

3,384 

3.8 

7,603 

7.913 

11 

2,698 

— 

— 

— 

5,103 

— 

— 

2,970 

— 

4,571 

4,328 

3,554 

3,469 

-2.4 

— 

2,612 

— 

3,607 

3,799 

5.3 

8,300 

9,399 

13.2 

7,532 

7,332 

-2.7 

3,434 

3,617 

5  3 

— 

4,088 

— 

2,834 

2,575 

-9.1 

4,762 

4,600 

-3.4 

4,446 

4,808 

8.1 

7,288 

7,540 

3.5 

8,620 

9,129 

5.9 

2,835 

— 

— 

2,938 

3,219 

9.6 

4,246 

4,040 

-4.9 

6.273 

7,524 

19.9 

— 

2,823 

— 

2,710 

— 

— 

8,634 

— 

— 

Census  and  Population  Statistics 


1095 


TABLE  5.  1980  AND  1990  POPULATION,  PERCENT  CHANGE 
FOR  INCORPORATED  PLACES,  2,500-9,999 

(Continued) 


Population 

Census 

Census 

Percent 

Population 

Population 

Change 

City  or  Town 

County 

1980 

1990 

1980-1990 

Troy  Montgomery 

Valdese Burke 

Wadesboro Anson 

Wake  Forest Wake 

Wallace Duplin  


Warsaw  Duplin  .... 

Washington  Beaufort  . 

Waynesville Haywood 

Weddington  Union  

Wendell  Wake 


Whiteville Columbus 

Wilkesboro Wilkes 

Wiliamston Martin  

Wingate Union  

Winterville Pitt 


Woodfin Buncombe 

Wrightsville  Beach New  Hanover 

Yadkinville Yadkin 

Zebulon  Wake 


2,702 

3,404 

26.0 

3,364 

3,914 

16.3 

4,206 

3,645 

•13.3 

3,780 

5,769 

52.6 

2,894 

2,939 

1.6 

2,910 

2,859 

-1.8 

8,418 

9,075 

7.8 

6,765 

6,758 

-.1 

— 

3,803 

— 

— 

2,822 

— 

5,565 

5,078 

-8.8 

— 

2,573 

— 

6,159 

5,503 

-10.7 

2,615 

2,821 

7.9 

— 

2,816 

— 

3,260 

2,736 

-16.1 

2,884 

2,937 

1.8 

— 

2,525 

— 

— 

3,173 

— 

1096 


North  Carolina  Manual 


TABLE  6.  1980  AND  1990  POPULATION,  PERCENT  CHANGE 
FOR  INCORPORATED  PLACES  of  10,000  OR  MORE 


Population 

Census 

Census 

Percent 

Population 

Population 

Change 

City  or  Town 

County 

1980 

1990 

1980-1990 

Albemarle  Stanly 

Asheboro Randolph  . 

Asheville Buncombe 

Boone Watauga  ... 

Burlington  Alamance  . 


Carrboro Orange  

Cary Wake 

Chapel  Hill  Orange  

Charlotte Mecklenburg 

Concord Cabarrus  


Durham Durham 

Eden  Rockingham 

Elizabeth  City Pasquotank  . 

Fayetteville Cumberland  . 

Garner Wake 


Gastonia  Gaston 

Goldsboro Wayne  

Graham Alamance 

Greensboro  Guilford  ... 

Greenville  Pitt 


Havelock  Craven  ... 

Henderson  Vance  .... 

Hickory  Catawba 

High  Point Guilford  . 

Jacksonville  Onslow  .. 


Kannapolis Cabarrus 

Kernersville Forsyth  ... 

Kinston  Lenoir 

Laurinburg  Scotland  . 

Lenoir Caldwell  . 


Lexington  Davidson 

Lumberton  Robeson 

Matthews Mecklenburg 

Mint  Hill  Mecklenburg 

Monroe  Union  


Morganton Burke 

New  Bern  Craven 

Raleigh Wake 

Reidsville  Rockingham 

Roanoke  Rapids Halifax  


Kinky  Mount  Nash  

bury Rowan  

Sanford  Lee  

Shelby  Cleveland 

Statesville Iredell  


Tarboro  Edgecoml 

Thomasville Davidson 

Wilmington New  Hanover 

Wilson  Wilson  

Winston-Salem Forsyth 


15,110 

14,939 

-1.1 

15,244 

16,362 

7.3 

53,583 

61,607 

15.0 

10,191 

12,915 

26.7 

37,324 

39,498 

5.8 

— 

11,553 



21,708 

43,858 

102.0 

32,461 

38,719 

19.3 

314,447 

395,934 

25.9 

16,942 

27,347 

61.4 

100,847 

136,611 

35.5 

15,672 

15,238 

-2.8 

14,004 

14,292 

2.1 

59,507 

75,695 

27.2 

10,073 

14,967 

48.6 

47,285 

54,732 

15.7 

31,895 

40,709 

27.6 

— 

10,426 

— 

155,684 

1  S3, 521 

17.9 

35,740 

44,972 

25.8 

17,718 

20,268 

14.4 

13,522 

[5,655 

15.8 

20,753 

28,301 

36.4 

69,496 

9.7 

17,056 

30,013 

76.1) 



29,696 



— 

10,836 

— 

25,234 

25,295 

2 

11,508 

11,643 

1.2 

13,748 

14,192 

3.2 

15,711 

16,581 

5.5 

18,241 

18,601 

2.0 

— 

— 

— 

11,567 

— 

12.639 

16,127 

27.6 

14.557 

17,363 

38.4 

12,492 

12,183 

2.5 

14,702 

15,722 

6.9 

41,283 

48,997 

22,677 

23,087 

14,773 

14,475 

-2.0 

15,310 

14,669 

-4.2 

18,607 



11.037 

— 

14,144 

12.5 

44.000 

26.2 

34,424 

36.930 

143,485 

The  175th  Anniversary  of  the  Nort) 


John  Louis  Taylor,  1819 

First  Chief  Justice 

(N.  C.  Supreme  Court  Library) 


The  Supreme  Court,  February  3, 1 
back  row,  from  left  to  right:  Emery  B.  Deni 
Seawell,  S.J.  Ervin,  Jr. 
front  row:  William  A.  Devin,  Chief  Justice  T 

(N.  C.  Supreme  Court 


Designed  by  W.  J.  Hicks  and  assisted  by  Executive  Mansion  architect  Gustavus 
Adolphus  Bauer  and  completed  in  1888  at  a  total  cost  of  $23,000,  this  building 
originally  housed  the  Supreme  Court  and  the  State  Library.  It  is  now  the 
Labor  Building.       (  circa  1900)      (n.  C.  Supereme  Court  Library) 


The  Supreme  Court,  January  3,  1975  -  August  31,  1978 
back  row,  from  left  to  right:  J.  William  Copeland,  J.  Frank  Huskins,  Dan  K. 
Moore,  James  G.  Exum.  Jr.;  front  row:  I.  Beverly  Lake,  Sr.,  Chief  Justice  Susie 
Sharp,  Joseph  Branch 

(N.  C.  Supereme  Court  Library) 


Carolina  Supreme  Court 


\,  October  14,  1950 

.  Wallace  Winborne,  A.A.F. 


1940s  Justice  Building 
Today  this  building  houses  the  Supreme  Court,  the 
Supreme  Court  Clerk,  Reporter  and  the  Court's  Library,  the 
Attoryney  General,  and  the  Administrative  Office  of  the 
Courts.    (N.  C.  Department  of  Archives  and  History) 


tar  P.  Stacy,  M.  V.  Barnhill 

frary) 


&**& 


from  left  to  right:  Chief  Justice  Walter  P.  Stacy;  Harry  McMullan 
Attorney  General;  and  Governor  Clyde  R.  Hoey 
(N.  C.  Department  of  Archives  and  History) 


Sketch  of  N.  C.  State  Capitol 
The  Supreme  Court  met  in  the  capitol  from  1833-1840 

by  David  Paton,  Architect;  lithograph  by  Sutcliffe 
(N.  C.  Department  of  Archives  and  History)