North Carolina supplement

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North Carolina State Library

Raleigh

ARR AND McMURRY'S NEW GEOGRAPHIES

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

BY

COLLIER COBB

FROFESSOS OF GEOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF NORTH CAROLINA

Neto Work

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY

1916

All rights reserved

3V

GEORGIA

FHVSlOGRiTHIC DIVISIOSS

IS^ORTH CAROLmA SUPPLEMENT

By Coi-liek Coiiii, Professor of Geology, University' of North Carolina.

Map
studies

Location

I. GENERAL FACTS

1. Bound North Carolina, naming both political
and natural boundaries. 2. Find the location of the
states on the political, physical, and
relief maps of the United States.
3. Name in order the states bordering
on the Atlantic Ocean. 4. Compare the latitude of
Raleigh with that of Nashville, Oklahoma City, Santa
Fe, Tokio, Teheran, Malta, Tangier. 5. How many
miles is yovu" home south of New York ? Of Chicago ?
Of Seattle? Of London? North of New Oi-leans?
Of Havana ? East of St. Louis ? Of San Francisco ?

6. Measiu'e by the scale of miles the approximate
length of each of the four boundaries of the state.

7. Draw an outline map of North Carolina.

The state of North CaroHna occupies the
central and broadest part of the Atlantic
border region, extending from
the crest of the Great Smoky
Mountains to the sea. It thus includes
within its borders portions of three distinct
physiographic regions of the United States,
— the Appalachian Ranges, the Piedmont
Plateau, and the Atlantic Coastal Plain.
These three distinct natural divisions of the
state were readily recognized by the earliest
inhabitants, who settled first in the Low
Country, moved later into the Up-Country,
and finally peopled the Mountains ; and these
are the names by which these three divisions
are to-day known to the people of the state.

The eastern and western boundaries of
North Carolina are naturally fixed by the
Atlantic Ocean and the Unaka
or Great Smoky Range. This
range presents a fairly continuous front to
the northwest, and reaches a far greater aver-
age altitude than any other range in the entire
Appalachian system of mountains. It sep-

Copyrighl, 191IS, hy The

Boundaries

arates North Carolina from Tennessee. The
length of this western border line of mountains
is approximately 225 miles, while the eastern
shore line is .325 miles in length. The north-
ern and southern boundaries of the state, on
the other hand, were not fixed by nature, but
are merely conventional lines marked out
by man. The northern boundary, separating
North Carolina from Virginia, is a due east
and west line extending for approximately 325
miles along the parallel of -36° 33 north lati-
tude. The southern border, separating North
Carolina from South Carolina and Georgia,
is a broken line about 375 miles in length,
beginning in latitude 33° 50' north, and
extending with difl'ering courses to the
west. The 35th parallel of latitude, which
forms a part of the southern boimdary of
North Carolina, passes through Oklahoma,
northern Arizona, Japan, and the ^lediter-
ranean Sea.

The total area of the state is 52,286 square
miles, of which 3620 square miles are water.
The extreme length of the state
from east to west is 502 miles,
and its greatest width, from Little River Inlet
northward to the Virginia line, is 188 miles.
If we consider the extreme southern point
at Cape Fear on Smith's Island (called also
Palmetto Island), the greatest width of the
state is 200 miles.

1. In what standard time belt is North Carolina
situated? 2. When it is noon at Wilmington, what
time is it in Savannah ? In Chicago ?
In Denver? In San Francisco? In ^^^'^^ ^"«s-
London? 3. Compare the

Area

tions and
suggestions

(see appendi.\) with that of .\labaina.

New York, Wisconsin, Washington, England, Rou-

mania.

Macmillan Company.

1

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

II. SURFACE

1. On maps of the United States and sections trace
the Cumberland Mountains from Virginia into Ala-
bama, the Great Smoky Mountains
^. from Virginia into Georgia, the

Blue Ridge from Pennsylvania into
Georgia. 2. \Yhich range is the divide or water-
shed ? 3. Trace the Fall Line through the South-

Appalachian system to the sea gives it a great
variety of surface features and cHmate, and
therefore of resources and industries. The
three divisions are so well marked and so
distinct in their geography that they may
best be studied separately.

The Mountain Region is bordered on the
west by the longest range of the Appalachian

Relief map showing the surface of North Carolina and the neighboring region.

ern States, using the special map showing it. 4. Why
is the country between the Fall Line and the Blue
Ridge called the Piedmont Plateau? 5. What is
the average elevation of the country between the Fall
Line and the ocean (see physical map) ? 6. In
which region are most of the lakes and swamps?

The three natural divisions of North Caro-
The three hna (Mountain Region, Pied-

divisions niont Plateau, Coastal Plain)

have already been mentioned. The extent of
the state from the highest range of the

system and on the east by the great water
divide of that system, the Blue Ridge. It
includes about one eighth of the area of the
state. It is here that we haA'e the greatest
development of mountain ranges and groups
within the entire Appalachian system.

The Great Smoky Mountains form the great-
est of the ranges of the system. They have
an average elevation of from 5000 to 6000
feet, and some of the peaks are more than
6500 feet above the level of the sea. Among

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

I . The moun-
tain region

(1) The Great
Smoky Moun-
tain

the noted peaks in this range are Mount
Guyot, Mount LeConte, and Roan Moun-
tain, each over 6000 feet in
height. Chngman's Dome, 6619
feet above sea level, is the high-
est point. The Smoky Moun-
tains are cut through in seven
places by rivers which have their sources on the
western slope of the Blue Ridge. The water
gaps or gorges through which these streams
make their way into Tennessee are from 3000
to 4000 feet below the mountain summits on
either side of them, and their almost perpen-
dicular walls are in some places nearly 1000
feet in height.

The mountains of the Blue Ridge do not
constitute a well-marked mountain chain, but
(2) The Blue their course is winding and irreg-
•S«<^9« ular. Their ascent from the

east is sharp and abrupt, and they present a
bold and rugged front. But viewed from
the west they appear comparatively insig-
nificant, and their outlines are marked by
gentler curves. The passes or gaps between
some of the peaks are lower than much of
the country just west of the range. This
marked difference between the two sides of
the Ridge may be observed where the South-
ern Railway climbs the mountains in a suc-
cession of curves at Round Knob (Ridgecrest)
but runs down the western slope to Black
Mountain station in a nearly straight line.
The highest point of the Blue Ridge is Grand-

Xf.#i^

Photo by Pellon and Higgaso/i

Mount Mitchell, Yancey County.

©//. If. I'ilfOil.

Grandfather Mountain, Watauga County.

father I\Iountain,.5897 feet above sea level. The
mean elevation of the range is about .3500 feet.

Connecting the Blue Ridge and the
Smoky Mountains are cross ridges which
form divides between the rivers, (s) other
The peaks of these ridges are ''^"ff^*
the highest in the state, the loftiest being the
Black Mountains. Mount Mitchell, in
Yancey County, one of this group, is 6711
feet abo\-e the level of the sea. This is the
highest point of land east of the Mississippi
River. It was named in honor of Professor
Elisha Mitchell of the University of North
Carolina, who lost his life in 1857 while
exploring this region. Dr. Mitchell was
buried on the summit of the mountain. The
valleys between the cross ridges have an
elevation of from 2000 to 3000 feet, with
smaller benches and marginal terraces which
reach heights of from 3500 to 4000 feet above
sea level.

The Piedmont Plateau, or " Up-Country,"
is wider, as well as more rugged, 2. The
in North Carolina than in the Piedmont
states north and south. It
extends eastward from the foot of the Blue

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

Ridge 150 miles, on an average, to tiic
border of the Coastal Plain, and includes
about two fifths of the area of the state.
The surface slopes eastward at an average
rate of over 100 feet in a mile. The country
is broken into hills and rolling uplands, and
in all the rivers there are frequent rapids
and waterfalls.

The Coastal Plain, or " Low Country,"
extends from the Fall Line to the sea, occupy-
3 The Coastal ing the widest part of North
^'*^ Carolina. Its average width

is over 100 miles, and it includes nearly one
half of the total area of the state. There are
few hills and very little slope, and the land
is for the most part quite le^'el. Li an earlier
age of the world this region was a sea bottom,
while the Piedmont Region consisted of high
mountains. These mountains were worn
away, and the sediment was poured into the
ocean near the Fall Line, which was the sJiore
of this ancient sea. Later the sea bottom was
gradually raised and the rivers flowed on
through it, making wide valleys. When it
was slightly lowered again, the lower ends of
these valleys became sounds and estuaries,
which now extend back into the Coastal Plain
for many miles. The elevation of this Coastal
Plain ranges from sea level to 200 or 300 feet.

1. On your outline map of tlie state draw dotted

lines sliowing tlie tliree natural divisions. 2. In which

division do you live? 3. Wliat is

Review ques- ^j^^ general character of the surface of

. . vour countv ? 4. On a list of the coun-

suscestions *

ties of North Carolina mark M those

included in the mountain region, P those included
in the Piedmont Plateau, C those included in the
Coastal Plain. .5. Give reasons why many towns
and cities are located along the Fall Line. 6. Name
and locate the highest peak of the Great Smoky
Mountains; of the Blue Ridge. 7. Name and locate
the highest mountains in the state. 8. Why is it
that the Blue Ridge Mountains do not appear to
be great mountains when viewed from the west ?
9. How does the Southern Railway climb these
mountains from the east ? 10. Describe the sur-
face of the Piedmont Plateau. 11. Describe the
surface of the Coastal Plain.

III. DRAINAGE

1. Find the five principal rivers of the state west

of the Blue Ridge. 2. Trace the New River to the

Mississippi ; the other rivers. 3. Lo- „ , ,

1 ' ■ 1 ,. , Map study

cate the eight largest rivers east ot the

Blue Ridge. 4. Which two rise in- another state?

Which three have their lower courses in another state ?

.5. What is the general direction of the rivers of eastern

North Carolina? 6. Wliat rivers unite to form

the Cape Fear River? 7. Trace the courses of the

Yadkin and Catawba rivers to the sea. Bj' what other

names are they known in South Carolina ? 8. Trace

the courses of the New and French Broad rivers until

their waters meet. 9. What river or creek is near-.

est yoiu- home ? Trace its course to the sea.

10. Locate the largest lake in the state. 11. What

lake is near the southeastern corner ?

North Carolina has two systems of drainage,
separated by the Blue Ridge, the main water-
shed. The mountain region. Drainage
west of the divide, is drained systems
into the Mississippi River and the Gulf of
Mexico. The Piedmont Plateau and the
Co9,stal Plain are drained directly into the
Atlantic Ocean.

The three northwestern counties of the
state are drained by the New River and its
tributaries. The New River ^ Rivers
flows northward into the Kana- west of the
wha, which takes its waters into "* ^*
the Ohio. All the other counties west of the
Blue Ridge are drained into the Tennessee
River. The principal rivers are the Watauga,
Toe, French Broad, Big Pigeon, Little Ten-
nessee, and Hiwassee. They cross the great
Smoky Mountains in great gorges that they
wore down as the mountains rose gradually
across their courses. The gorges of the Little
Tennessee and the Hiwassee rivers rival in
grandeur the canyons of the West and surpass
them in beauty.

The two largest rivers of the Piedmont
Plateau are the Yadkin and the Catawba.
The Yadkin, the larger, has its j Rivers
source in the Blue Ridge, within of the
a few yards of the head waters
of the New, though their mouths are separated

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

by many hundred miles. After
receiving numerous tributaries,
which drain a large area, the
Yadkin enters the Coastal Plain
near the South Carolina line,
and flows through South Carolina
(where it is known as the Pedee)
to the sea. Its drainage basin
in North Carolina includes all
or parts of twenty-one counties.
The Catawba (known in South
Carolina as the Wateree) and
the Broad, which drain the
southwestern part of the Pied-
mont, cross the border into South
Carolina before they enter the Coastal Plain,
and reach the ocean through the Santee Ri\er.
One branch of the Catawba, the Linville, is
the only stream in the state that crosses the
Blue Ridge. It is noted for its gorgeous falls.
Five large, muddy rivers that flow from the
Piedmont across the Coastal Plain are navi-
3 Rivers of gable nearly up to the Fall Line,
the Coastal These are the Chowan, Roanoke,

^'^° Tar, Neuse, and Cape Fear.

The Chowan and the Roanoke rise in Virginia.
All have a southeasterly course and reach the
ocean through sounds or estuaries. Other
smaller streams that rise below the Fall Line

Lake Ellis in Craven County.

The Yadkin River.

flow into these larger rivers or into other out-
lets along the coast.

At different stages in the gradual sinking
of the coast line sand bars and reefs were built
up that hinflered drainage when Swamps
the coast had sunk farther. So and lakes
there are extensi\'e swamps in the Coastal
Plain, most of them the remains of former
sounds and more recently salt marshes. The
largest, known as the Hyde County swamp,
occupies a great part of the peninsula between
Albemarle and Pamlico sounds and has
an area of over 300 square miles. It is now
being drained. The Dismal Swamp, partly
in Virginia, is also extensive enough
to include parts of several counties.
In some of these swamps are fresh
water lakes where slow drainage
has been obstructed by plant growth.
These, the only lakes in the state,
are shallow with sandy bottoms.
Among the largest are Lake INIat-
tamuskeet in Hyde County, Wac-
camaw in Columbus County, Phelps
in Washington County, and Ellis in
Craven County. The so-called lakes
of the mountains are all artificial
ponds.

1. What rivers drain the Piedmcjnt
and the Coastal Plain? 2. In what
mountains do most of these rivers rise?

6

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

3. Wliat rivers drain tlie mountainous sections of
the state west of the Bhie Ridge? 4. What is
Review ques- the main watershed of the state?
tions and 5. What river empties directly into

suggestions the Atlantic Ocean? 6. What
rivers empty into the sounds along the coast of
the state? 7. What rivers empty into the Gulf
through the Ohio and the Mississippi rivers?
S. What ri\"ers cut through the Great Smoky Moun-
tains and the western border of the state? 9. For
what are the gorges of these rivers noted ? 10. To
what advantage have they been put in railroad build-
ing? 11. In what sections of the state do the rivers
run swiftly? slowly? 12. In what section are mills

The lighthouse on Cape H.itteras.

numerous? 13. Locate the Fall Line and tell why
it is so called. 14. Name four ri\'ers that flow across
the Fall Line. 1.3. Wliy is it that cities ha\-e been
built on rivers where they cross the FaJl Line?

16. Name the two largest sounds in the states.

17. On your outline map of the state locate the
principal rivers, lakes, swamps, and sounds.

IV. SEA COAST

1. Compare the coastline of North Carolina with

that of other states of the Atlantic Coast. 2. Trace

the line of sand bars that borders the coast. 3. Trace

-,r , ■ the coast line of the sounds and la-

Map study

goons along the shore. 4. Name

the important islands along the coast. 5. Locate

the three most important points. 6. Name the

principal sounds along the shore. 7. Name the
principal rivers that empty into these sounds.

8. What river empties directly into the Atlantic?

9. What seaport on this river ?

North Carolina has two sea coasts along the
Atlantic shore. The first coast line is a long
chain of sand reefs or islands, a few of which
reach a height of 100 feet above the surface of
the sea. These islands are the real coast line
of the state. In many places the sounds and
lagoons behind this barrier are connected with
the ocean by inlets.

The second coast is the irregular
line of the sounds and lagoons that
indent the shore of the state proper.
The water of these sounds and
lagoons is shallow, and they are con-
stantly being filled by the sediment
brought down by the rivers and by
sand that comes in with the waters
of the ocean. The result is that
the harbors, with the exception of
Wilmington, are not deep enough for
large vessels to enter in safety. The
United States government is dredg-
ing and deepening these harbors to
make a passage for ocean vessels.

In this chain of islands along the
coast, Roanoke is the most im-
portant. It is about twelve miles
long and from three to four miles
broad. Upon this island Sir Walter
Raleigh made three unfortunate attempts to
establish a colony. The outline of an old
fort on the island is all that remains to-day.
From this chain of islands three capes pro-
ject into the Atlantic. Of these Hatteras is
the most noted. 0^■er the hidden shoals,
beyond this cape, dangerous storms drive
many ocean vessels to destruction.

1. About what is the length of the coast line of the
state? 2. Name the islands along this coast.

3. Which island is noted in history ? Review ques-

4. Look up in the History of the tions and
United States the history of the suggestions
colonies on Roanoke Island. 5. Describe the
sounds and lagoons that border the state. 6. De-

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

scribe the mouths of the rivers that enter into
these lagoons. 7. Why is it that these sounds and
lagoons are good harbors? 8. Of wliat advantage
are these sounds and lagoons in coastwise trade?

9. What city of North CaroHna has a good harbor ?

10. What is being done to inijirove tlie harbors of the
state? 11. What dangerous cape projects from the
eastern shore ?

V. CLIMATE

1. Trace on the map of North America (Fig. 4)
the Arctic Circle, the Tropic of Cancer. 2. What
is the name of the zone that lies between
these circles ? 3. How near to the center
of the zone does North Carolina lie? 4.
From its position in the temperate zone
what kind of climate should we e.xpect the
state to have? 5. What influences can
you mention that modify the climate of
the state ?

North Carolina has in general a
warm temperate climate. The sum-
mers are warm, the winters short,
and there is plenty of rain and sun-
shine at all seasons. This temperate
climate is due in a large measure to
the location of the state in the south-
ern part of the north temperate zone.
The climate of much of the Coastal
Plain is affected, however, by its
nearness to the sea, and, in the
western part of the state, by the
mountains.

The state projects, as one may
see by looking at the map, far into
the ocean, and arms of the ocean
reach far into the land. So the
tidewater section has what is known
as an insular climate. This means
that the climate is milder and more even
in this region than in regions of the same
latitude farther inland. Can you explain why
this is true ? Then, too, the prevailing winds
come from the ocean and are moist and
warm, for they blow across the warm water of
the Gulf Stream. In the southeast and in the
extreme east, as on Hatteras Island, where

the air is tempered by the sea aiid the sounds,
snow rarely or never falls, flowers bloom in
the open air all the year, and the fig and the
palmetto flourish.

In the mountains the air is cool and
pleasant in summer, brisk and vigorous
in winter, and changes in the weather are
frequent at all times. The seasons here
resemble the seasons of Massachusetts,
although the summer is not so hot nor the
winter so cold. Temperature as low as zero

By colirhSi/ iij \<ir!// Canilinii (;'i/i"<jtC(it am! Katnomic Sumy.

Pahnetto trees on Smith's Island at the entrance to Cape Fear River.

is sometimes recorded, but seldom does it
fall below freezing point.

Along the eastern face of the Blue Ridge
Mountains there is a strip of land known as
the thermal belt in which the climate is pe-
culiar. Here the spring comes earlier and
the fall later than it does in the land above
or below. This belt, which extends along the

8

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

mountain side through Henderson, Transyl-
vania, Buncombe, Haywood, Mitchell,
Watauga, and Surrey counties, is noted for
its fine orchards.

The climate of the Piedmont varies from
the mild climate of the coastal plain to the
more vigorous climate of the mountains.
The temperature ranges from 42°, ten degrees
above freezing, in winter, to 77° in summer.
The a\erage of the section is 59°, which is
also the mean annual temperature of the state.
The isotherm 59° (the imaginary line that
passes through places in the northern hemi-
sphere that have a mean annual temperature
59°) passes through Chapel Hill, the seat of
the University of North Carolina, and through
the middle of the Piedmont. If we trace
this imaginary line, we shall find that it passes
through central California, southern France,
and northern Italy. These places have about
the same temperature throughout the year as
North Carolina.

The state is free from severe storms like
those cyclonic storms that strike the western
and northern states. Local storms are, how-
ever, frequent in all seasons. Subtropical
storms occur often from August to October.
These local and subtropical storms are gen-
erally accompanied by rain. Often, too, the
subtropical storms are quite severe. This is
especially true of the storms off Cape Hat-
teras, a coast well known to sailors for its
dangers.

In every section of the state rain is frequent
and the rainfall sufficient for every agricul-
tural purpose. In the vicinity of Hatteras
the rainfall is heavy, and in the Balsam
Mountains and on the Pisgah Range it is
heavier than in any other section of the United
States except the North Pacific Coast.

The climate of the upper Piedmont and of
the mountains is especially healtliful. The
region about Buncombe County and the sand
hill section, in and about Moore, Cumberland,
and Richmond counties, are noted health and
recreation centers.

1. Wliy has North Carolina a warm temperate
chmate? 2. \Vliat two conditions tend to modify
this climate ? .3. What is meant Review ques-
by insular climate? 4. What sec- tions and
tion of the state has an insular cli- suggestions
mate? 5. Describe the winter season in the
mountains. 6. What is the mean annual temper-
ature of the state ? 7. What other jjlaccs have tem-
perature throughout the year like that of North
Carolina? S. What is the season in which storms
are frequent in your locality? 9. Describe the
peculiar climate of the thermal belt. 10. In what
two sections is rainfall most abundant ? 11. \Vhat
two sections of the state are noted for health
resorts? 12. Make a list of the occupations in
the summer season of the people in j'oiu- neighbor-
hood. 13. Make a list of the occupations in the
winter season. 14. What effect does the season
have on occupations? 15. What is the highest
temperature registered in your neighborhood during
the summer? 16. What is the lowest temperature
during the winter? 17. What is the average of
these two temperatures? IS. How does it com-
pare with the mean annual temperature of the state ?

VI. SOILS

The soils of North Carolina are the chief
source of wealth to the people of the state.
Like the underlying rocks from which they
have been derived they present a great
variety. Each section has its own character-
istic soils.

The clays, sands, and gravels of the Coastal
Plain, with their shell limestones and marls,
have with the aid of vegetation The Coastal
rotted into a great variety of Plain
soils. In several instances a single county
presents more than a score of soils. In
Johnston County as many as fifty-seven
\arieties have been found. These soils,
except in a few small areas, are all fertile.

Sands, clays, and loams (loam is a mixture
of sand and clay) are found in all the lowland
counties. Rich alluvial soil, that is, soil
deposited by water, occurs along many
streams. The soils of the swamp lands are
rich in vegetable matter, or humus, and the
lime needed to make them very p^oducti^'e is
near at hand in marls and limestones. In the

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

northern and central sections of the Coastal
Plain the soils are quite sandy.

In the Up-Country and in the Mountains
the rocks ha\'e decayed to great depths,
The Up- forming red clay soils, sandy

oun ry an c\a\<, and loams, red days and
Mountains gravelly loams. In the Pied-
mont especially the soils are largely rich sandy
loams.

1. Tell how the soil of the state is a source of
wealth to the people of the state. 2. Tell how
Review ques- soil is made from rocks. 3. De-
tions and scribe the soil of the Coastal Plain,

suggestions 4. What is loam soil? 5. What is
alluvial soil? 6. Why is the soil of swamp land
productive ? 7. What use is made of marl and lime-
stone in fertilizing the soil? 8. Account for the
great fertility of the soil of the Up-Country and the
Moimtains. 9. What sections of the Coastal Plain
have sandy soil ? 10. What is the general character
of the soil in the Piedmont? 11. Gather samples
of the principal soils found in yoiu- neighborhood.

12. Examine each samijle to find out whether it is
composed of clay, sand, or a mixture of clay and sand.

13. Make a list of the kinds of soil in your neighbor-
hood.

VII. PLANTS AND ANIMALS

On account of the varying conditions of
soil and climate nearly every form of plant
life common to the temperate
zone may be found in North
Carolina. The forests are particularly de-
serving of mention. In the original distribu-
tion they covered nearly the entire state.
Hardwood is plentiful, but evergreens are
more abundant, constituting three fourths of
the forests of the low counties and more than
half the total forest area.

The farm crops include cereals of all kinds,
beans, peas, and peanuts, hay, clover, and
forage plants, cotton, vegetables,
fruits, and flowers. Climate and
soil are suited to abundant growth of these
crops. INIany kinds of plants and grasses
suitable for pasture grow wild.

All the animals common to the eastern United
States are to be found within North Carolina. In the

Forests

Farm crops

sparsely settled mountain districts are found many
animals peculiar to tiie colder latitudes of Canada
or of New England. Here also, as The wild
well as in the swamps of the tidewater animals
region, bears and wildcats find shelter, likewise now
and then a cougar. In the swamps, too, are otters
and muskrats, and, in the southeast, alligators.
Wolves were once frec|uently seen among the moim-
tains. Deer, opossums, raccoons, and foxes are often
found, and squirrels and rabbits are abundant tlirough-
out the state.

Among the larger birds are eagles, owls, hawks, and
wild tiu^keys. Carolina snowbird, the solitary vireo,
the winter wTen, and the red-breasted The wild
nuthatch are found among the nioun- birds
tains, while in the valleys the ruffed grouse is comriion.
Along the coast water fowl and game birds resort in
greater numbers than elsewhere on this continent.

Life in the waters is even more varied than
that on land. Our coast is the meeting place
of many fish whose homes are in Fish and
the waters along the shore from fisheries
Cape Cod to Hatteras and from Ilattcras to
the West Indies. In the sounds and in the
streams of the tidewater region bluefish,
mackerel, shad, herring, and menhaden (valu-
able for the oil it yields and as a fertilizer
after the oil has been pressed out) abound.

1. Locate the evergreen forests of the state.
2. Name the principal evergreen trees that grow in
the state. 3. Locate the hardwood Review ques-
forests of the state. 4. Name the tions and
principal hardwood trees that grow in suggestions
these forests. .5. Make a list of the trees that you
can find in yoiu- neighborhood. 6. What is meant
by deciduous trees? 7. Explain the difference
between evergreen and deciduous trees. 8. Name
the principal farm crops raised in yoiu- state.
9. Make a list of the wild animals that you have
seen in the neighborhood. 10. What kinds of do-
mestic animals are common in your neighborhood ?
11. Make a list of the birds you know. 12. Of
what use are the birds to the farmer? 13. What
kinds of fish are found in the waters of the state ?

VIII. AGRICULTURE

The leading industry of North Carolina
is agriculture. About four fifths of the people
of the state are engaged in farming. ^Vlore

10

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

tlian seventy acres out of e\'ery one hundred
acres of land in the state are farm land.
Rank and There are 255,814 farms in the

importance state and the a^'erage size of
these farms is 86 acres. The ^'alue of the farm
products probably exceeds the total value of
all the other products of the state. Among
the states of the Union, North Carolina ranks
sixth in the value of crops per acre and it
leads the cotton states in the number of
pounds of cotton it produces per acre.

A cottou field in tlie Piedmont.

North Carolina is fortunate in possessing
the two most important conditions for suc-
Favorable cessful farming. It has a fertile

conditions soil, and a mild climate with

plenty of rain and sunshine. In addition to
these natural advantages, there is a good home
market for agricultural products in the many
thriving cities of the state. V^Tien it is
necessary to seek markets outside of the state,
they are to be found in Charleston, Atlanta,

Chattanooga, Richmond, Washington, Balti-
more, Philadelphia, and New York. These
cities, through the excellent transportation
facilities by rail and water, are within easy
reach.

North Carolina raises a great variety of
farm crops. The Coastal Plain, the Pied-
mont, and the Mountain sec- Leading
tions have their own peculiar- crops
ities of soil, temperature, and rainfall.
These peculiarities make it possible to grow
successfully nearly every
crop that is grown in
either the northern or
the southern section of
the United States. In
the order of their im-
portance, as judged by
their value, they are : cot-
ton, corn, tobacco, cot-
ton seed, peanuts, hay
and forage, wheat, sweet
potatoes and yams, po-
tatoes, oats, and dry
peas.

Cotton is the leading crop
of the state. Although the
state is on the northern hmit
of the cotton
belt, a large

amount of this staple crop is
produced e\'ery year. It is
grown principally in the low-
lands and in the southern
half of the Up-Country.

The yield in 1913 was
800,000 bales, valued at fifty
million dollars. The entire crop is manufactured
in the cotton mills that are scattered throughout
this part of the state, and the cotton seed is used to
make cotton seed oil and cotton seed meal.

North Carolina raises an abundance and variety
of cereals. Among these corn, wheat, and oats are .
the most important. The corn crop
ranks next in value to the cotton crop Cereals
and the yield is yearly increasing.

The genial climate with plenty of rainfall, the long
growing season, and the fertility of the soil, make the
raising of corn profitable in almost every section.

Cotton

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

11

In the well drained and fertile parts of
Hyde, Beaufort, and Washington counties
the j-ield per acre is espe-
cially large. In the sandy
soils of the Piedmont, by judicious rotation
of crops and intensi\e methods of culti\-a-
tion, the corn crop is generally large and
jjrofitable. A few years ago, on a farm in
Wake County near the city of Raleigh, 226|
bushels of corn |3er acre were produced. At
that time, this was the world's greatest yield
of corn per acre.

Recently Boys' Corn Clubs began to give
attention to the raising of corn. One club
member from Hertford County raised upon
one acre 235^ bushels fit for market. In
1910 the Boys' Corn Clubs' average was
57.7 bushels per acre.

Wheat is rapidly gaining in importance
as a staple crop in North Carolina. The
climate is well suited to its cultivation.
(2) Wheat and The winters are mild, the summers
"a's are not extremely hot, and the rain-

fall is sufficient throughout the year. The soils also,
varying from sandy loam to clay, are siu'ted to wheat
raising, and they can easily be kept in proper condi-
tion. The best wheat lands are in the Piedmont.

For the wheat crop there is always a ready market
in the cities of the state. Here the farmer often
receives more per bushel than the wheat farmers of
the West and North. The reason for this is that tiie
local demand exceeds the supply, and it is not easy
to secure the wheat from other wheat regions.

A wheat field in Orange County.

A corn field in the Piedmont.

Good winter oats are grown in all sections of the
state except in the moimtains. Large quantities are
used for horse feed, and the local supply is not suffi-
cient for this purpose.

Among the other grains and seeds that are raised
in considerable C(uantities are rye, peas, beans, rice,
and seeds for the farm and garden. (3) Other grains
Rye, peas, and beans are grown in and seeds
every section and much use is made of these crops as
seed for stock. Rice is produced in large quantities
in the southeastern counties.

In tobacco production North Carolina ranks second
among the states, next to Ken-
tucky. In recent years the num-
ber of acres given over to tobacco
culture has been steadily increas-
ing. Careful study of the soils
of the state has determined the
sections best adapted to the in-
dustry.

Nine tenths of the tobacco,
known in the markets of the
world as Bright
tobacco, is raised
in North Carolina. The Bright
tobacco belt lies in the north-
central section and includes
Rockingham, Caswell, Person,
Granville, Edgecomb, Pitt, and
parts of other counties. Rock-
ingham gives to the raising of
tobacco a larger number of acres
than any other county in the
state. In Winston-.Salem, Dur-

Tobacco

12

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

A tobacco crop.

ham, Wilson, ami other cities in this tobacco belt
there are large tobacco factories, where the tobacco
is prepared for the market and shipped to all parts
of the world.

The raising of domestic animals is an important
industry in all sections of the state. The increasing
Live stock population of the whole country, the

(1) Cattle decrease in the area devoted to ranch-

raising ing and grazing, and the demand for

and dairying meat make cattle raising for beef
puqjoses profitable. Numerous herds of pure-bred
beef cattle are raised each year in the ^lountain and
the Piedmont sections. North Carolina has many
natural advantages for stock raising
and related industries.

Two forage crops can be produced
on the same land each season. The
long simimer permits cattle to secure
much of their own feed by grazing,
while in the short and mild winter
they are easily fed and cared for.
A large acreage of land is available
at a low cost for grazing.

Dairying is becoming an important
industry. In almost every county
there are many herds of high grade
Jerseys and Holsteins. Creameries
have been established in different lo-
calities and are of great benefit to
the farmers.

Horses and mules are raised in every

section. Ponies, good

animals suited to light

driving, are raised
along the coast. Sheep raising is

carried on with success in the western
|)art of the state,, and hogs are raised
on nearly every farm. The raising
of poultry can be carried on success-
fully in every section.

The principal hay and forage crops
raised in the state are timothy, clover,
alfalfa, millet, culti-

\-ated grass, and wild ,

, . . forage crops

hay or prau-ie grasses.

To these crops must be added crops of
grain that are cut while still green and
used as fodder. Of some of these
plants, like alfalfa, two and tltree crops
are raised each season.

A large number of acres on every
farm is devoted to the raising of these
forage crops. Their total value is
about one ninth the value of the cot-
ton crop.
The growing of fruit is rapidly becoming an im-
portant industry. The fertile soil, high elevation,
and cool climate combine to make the cultivation of
most of the fruits of the temperate zone successful.
The leading orchard fruit of North Carolina is the
apple. Although they are grown for home use in
every section of the state, the produc- Fruits
tion of apples for market is confined (1) Apples
mostly to the elevated section just east of the Blue
Ridge and to the mountainous country beyond. This
fine region of valley, plateau, and mountain side is
one of the finest apple regions in the United States.
Here there are at present more than 2000 orchards

(2) Other
dojnestic

animals

■JA .' , 7-^ jJ^^^M

M

1

^^B

I3K^

^m

i^^S

I^IH

9

^***^'^ ,v - T^*?!

■BJPj^RS^;-**^ "J I ,

-jT-

nw

A North Caroliua dairj- farm.

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

13

containing about 1,000,000
trees. The fruit raised in
this section is excellent in
quality, fine in flavor, and
rich in color. It finds a
ready market in the cities
of the state.

Peaches are grown gener-
all\- over the entire state.

(2) Peaches
and other
fruits

this industry
most liiglily

Fromacom-
m e r c i a 1
standpoint,
has become
developed

what is known as the sand-
hill coimtry in Moore and
Montgomery counties. In
this section the crop is
seldom a failure, and the
fruit produced on these
sandy soils is of high color
and excellent ciuality. At
Southern Pines, in Moore

County, there is a single orchard containing
60,000 trees. At Candor, in Montgomery County,
is an orchard of 30,000 trees. Besides these, there are
numerous smaller orchards containing thousands of
trees. Pears, plums, quinces, and cherries are raised
in all sections of the state. When the trees are well

(3) Grapes

An apple urcliaid umout; the vullejs uf the Blue Uijg'

A forage crop in the Piedmont.

cultivated and frer|uently sprayed they bear an

abimdance of fine fruit.
Almost all the cultivated varieties of grapes bear

well in every section of the state. Sprayed and

protected from fungous diseases, they

are a profitable crop. In the neigh-
borhood of Southern Pines, there
are over 1000 acres of vineyards.
The tidewater region is the home
of a sweet and luscious grape
called the scuppernong.

Berries are grown in every
section of the state. For com-
mercial piu-poses, however, they
cannot be raised to ad\-antage
except where they can be made
to matm-e at the right time for
a good market.

Strawberries are now a valu-
able crop in the southeastern part
of the state, where
the pine forests
have been cleared aw'ay. From
a small start a few years ago, the
business of strawberry growing
has increased to vast proportions,
and hundreds of carloads are an-
nually shipped north. Chad-
bourn, in Columbus County, has
the reputation of being the largest
strawberry shipping point Ln the
world. In the height of the

(4) Berries

14

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

A jjeach orchard in the sand-hill country.

season whole trains of iced cars of berries are shipped
daily from this station.

to develop a commercial cranberry

industry.

North Carolina is one of the

principal peanut growing states.

The northeastern „ ^ ^,

Vegetables

section IS particu- ,-, „

II II 1 * 1 (^^ Peanuts

larly well adapted

to the cultivation of this crop.
The peanut is really not a nut. It
is a ripened pod with seeds like
the seeds of the pea or the bean.
These seeds when roasted are used
for eating, for the production of
peanut butter, and in making oils,
extracts, and candies. Sometimes
the crop is harvested while green
and used as fodder for cattle and
hogs. This crop is suitable for ro-
tation with cotton and corn.

Sweet potatoes are grown in all parts of the state
for home use. For market purposes they are grown

in the lower Piedmont and Coastal

(2) Potatoes

A North Carolina peanut field.

Dewberries are an important part of the fruit crop.
While this fruit is grown to some extent in the
coastal plain, tlie sections where the
development of the industry has
l)een greatest are along the lower
Piedmont at Ridgeway in Warren
County, and at Cameron, Southern
Pines, and Aberdeen in Moore
County. .Soil and climatic condi-
tions produce here large, fine-
tlavored fruit that can be placed in
tlie northern markets at a time wlien
it will command a profitable price.

Raspberries and blackberries can
be grown in practically all parts of
the state, but thej' thrive best in
tlie Piedmont and Mountain sec-
tions.

The cranberry grows wild in two
sections of the state, but up to the
present no attempt has been made

Plain sections. For the northern
market the dry, starchy sweet potato is raised. For
home consumption the yam or sugary variety of the
sweet potato is more in demand.

In eastern North Carolina the raising of the potato
is an important industry. Potatoes are also grown
for a late market, to a small extent, in the mountain
regions. Intensive methods of farming are followed
in the cultivation of these potatoes so as to get a
proper rotation of crops and as large a number of
crops per year as possible. The first crop of potatoes
is usually planted in February and marketeil in June.
The second crop may be planted in August. A crop
of cowpeas or another leguminous crop may h^ raised

Potatoes stored in hills, Currituck County.

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

15

A field of asparagus with soy beans.

between the two crops of potatoes. Sometimes the
first crop of potatoes is followed in rotation with corn
and peas. The early potatoes and the late potatoes
find ready sale when barreled and shipped to northern
markets.

Cabbage and onions are among the foremost truck
crops of the Coastal Plain. Lettuce is grown during
(3) Other all seasons of the year. The open

vegetables field culture of lettuce is practiced in

the warm southeastern part of the state. By use of a
cold frame and hothouse earlier lettuce is grown, and
it usually finds a better market than the later crop.

Watermelons, cantaloupes, cucumbers, peas, toma-
toes, beans, beets, cauliflower, celery, asparagus, egg-
plant, and many other vegetables are grown in great
abimdance in the market gardens of the state.

1. Why is agriculture the leading industry of the
state? 2. What are the leading crops? 3. What
Review ques- are the principal crops grown in your
tionsandsug- neighborhood? 4. Describe the
gestions growing of cotton from the prepara-

tion of the soil to the disposal of the crop. 5. In
what section of the state is cotton growing
important? 6. What type of cotton is con-
sidered most successful? 7. Where are the
principal cotton mills of the state located?
8. E.xplain how cotton seed oil and cotton
seed meal are made. 9. Of what use are
they? 10. Name the principal cereal crops.
11. Why is corn a profitable crop ? 12. What
have boys' corn clubs accomplished in the rais-
ing of corn? 13. Is corn an important crop in
your section? 14. Why can wheat be grown
to advantage in the state? 15. What are the
principal grains grown in your county ? 16. In
what counties is tobacco an important crop?
17. Where are the chief tobacco manufac-
tories located ? IS. Name the principal do-
mestic animals raised in your neighborhood.

19. In what section of the state are beef cattle
raised in large numbers? Sheep? 20. What ex-
perience have you had with raising poultry ?
21. How do clover, peas, alfalfa, and soy beans
help to keep the soil fertile? 22. Name the prin-
cipal fruits raised in the state. 23. What is
the principal orchard section? 24. What varie-
ties of apples are raised in your neighborhood ?
25. Where are peaches raised? plums? grapes?
berries? 26. In what section are peanuts raised?
27. Name the principal garden vegetables raised in
your neighborhood.

IX. LUMBERING

The lumber industry of North Carolina is
third in importance, ranking next to cotton
and tobacco in the value of its -pjjg extent
products. Nearly two thirds
of the state is still covered with
forests.

In the evergreen forests of the Coastal
Plain, the magnolia, willow, oak, red bay,
and dogwood are conspicuous. In the Pied-
mont hardwood forests composed largely of
hickory and oak, together with evergreen
forests of pine, cover large areas. The hard-
wood belt extends through Granville, Person,
Orange, and Chatham counties. A sparser
growth of hardwood is to be found in Ran-
dolph, Montgomery, Stanley, Anson, and
Union counties. Just east of the hardwood
forests there are forests in which several
species of pine are found.

of the
forests

Sawmill in the njountains near the western border of the state.

16

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

In the mountain section the mountain
slopes are co\'ered with forests of oak and
other hardwoods, yellow poplars, and chest-
nuts, while higher up in the mountains are
lindens, birches, maple, and ash. On some
of the northern slopes there are forests of
hemlock, spruce, and fir, and among the hills
south of the French Broad there are large
forests of yellow pine.

Within recent years an eifort has been made
to conser\-e these forests in such a way that
they may be kept an important natural
resource of the state.

In these forests thousands of people are
employed in cutting_ timber, sawing it into
Lumber lumber, and in preparing lumber

manufacture for market. Some of this lum-
ber is used in the local industries, but much of
it is shipped to other states to be used for
building and manufacturing purposes. Im-
portant by-products of tliese forest industries,
in which North Carolina has long been the
leading state, are " naval stores" — tar, pitch,
turpentine, and rosin.

In recent years furniture making has become an
important industry, especially in the cities of the
Related Piedmont. From Greensboro to

industries Charlotte and westward to Forsyth

antl Yadkin, and across the state through Catawba,
Lincoln, and Gaston, are great belts of oak and hickory.
The lumber from these forests is used in furnitiu'e
factories and in the manufacture of wagons and
carriages.

In a portion of this belt and in the region to the
west there are large tanneries. The tannic acid used
in these tanneries is another of the important forest
products.

1. Why is lumbering an important industry of the
state ? 2. Wliere is hunbering carried on in your
Review ques- neighborhood? 3. Has timber be-
tions and come scarce near your home ? 4.

suggestions What can be done to save the forests ?
5. Why should they be saved ? 6. Where is fur-
niture making an important industry? 7. Make
a list of manufactiu-ed articles made from lumber.
S. Where are the tanneries of the state? 9. What
becomes of the leather tanned in the tanneries?
10. What are naval stores? 11. From what kinds
of timber are they obtained ?

X. MINERALS

The mineral products of North Carolina are

numerous and varied. The cjuartz veins of

the Piedmont and ^Mountain ^,

, ,, . The metals

sections nearly all contam a

little gold and copper. Silver, lead, and zinc
are also widely but even more sparingly dis-
tributed.

Before the discovery of gold in California,,
North Carolina was an important gold pro-
ducing state. At that time a United States
mint was established at Charlotte, and an
assay office was maintained there for many
years.

Bituminous coal is found in a few
counties. In Chatham and Lee the mines
ha^"e been worked from time to Coal and
time. In Stokes and in Rock- iron
ingham small quantities are found. Iron
ores are widely scattered. Many of the
mines have been worked when there has been
a large demand for iron. Iron from the
Cranberry mine in Mitchell County makes
steel for the finest cutlery.

In the Piedmont and ^Mountain regions
excellent building stones, granite, gneiss,
sandstone, and marble are found. Buy^jjjg
The granite and gneiss are stones, brick,
especially Aaluable. This gran- "^I^y, and
ite was used in building the
National Museum at Washington and the
gneiss may be seen in the Capitol building at
Raleigh.

Excellent clay for brick and tile is found
in half the counties of the state. Limestone
and marl for lime are abundant in every
section.

Many other useful minerals are foiuifl. Mica, in
which North Carolina leads in production, asbestos,
and porcelain clay may be men- Other
tioned. Talc of the finest quality is minerals
found in Swain County. The greater part of the
corundum used in the United States comes from North
Carolina.

In the variety of gem stones produced, North
Carolina surpasses every other state. Diamonds,

Horth Carolina State Library
Raleigh

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

17

rubies, sapphires, emeralds, beryls, amethysts, gar-
nets, and various other valuable stones are found,
but only in small niunbers.

1. Make a list of the minerals and rocks found
in your neighborhood. 2. If there is a mine or a
quarrv in the neighborhood, describe
^^niTnd"^^" the industry carried on there. 3. In
what section of the state are most
of the minerals found ? Why ? 4.
What are the principal uses of the minerals men-
tioned in this section? 5. To what extent has gold
been found in the state ?

XI. FISHING

The principal fisheries of the state are at
the head of Albemarle Sound, in the estuaries
entering Pamlico Sound, and just within
The Banks, especially in the vicinity of
Hatteras. The larger part of the fish from
these waters is carried to Norfolk, and sold
from that market. Morehead City, just op-
posite Beaufort Inlet, is the most important
fish market of this section.

The value of the catch of fish in this state
is annually more than $1,750,000. North
Carolina ranks first in herring fisheries and
second in shad.

At Edenton the United States Fish Com-
mission maintains a hatchery for the purpose
of stocking the rivers and sounds with shad and
other fish. At Beaufort the Commission has
a laboratory for the study of marine life and
the diseases of fish.

1 . Locate the principal fishing waters of the state.
2. What two kinds of fish are caught in large quan-
Review titles? 3. Where is the state fish

questions and hatchery located ? 4. Wliat is its
suggestions piu-pose? 5. Where is the fish
laboratory located? 6. What is its piu-pose?
7. Are there any laws regulating the catching of
fish in the streams and rivers of the state ?

XII. MANUFACTURING

North Carolina is the leading manufactur-
Favorable ing state of the South. Con-

conditions ditions are so favorable for

manufacturing that the industry has had a

rapid development in recent years. The
harbors, rivers, and railway systems are
helpful in increasing its manufacturing and
commercial interests. The streams also fur-
nish abundant water power, and in many of
these streams electrical power is now being
developed. There is also a large local supply
of fuel that is being used to furnish power at
a low cost. An abundance of raw materials,
such as cotton, grain, tobacco, and timber, is
produced within the state and is available for
manufacturing purposes. The Piedmont sec-
tion offers especially good opportunities. Here
there are many growing cities. About three
fourths of the manufacturing is done in Raleigh,
Durham, Greensboro, Spray, High Point, Salis-
bury, Concord, Charlotte, and Gastonia.

The two leading manufacturing interests
are cotton and tobacco. The value of the
manufactured products of these Manufactur-
two industries is more than half ing of
the total ^•alue of the manu- agricultural
factured products of the state.

Cotton manufacturing ranks first in impor-
tance. The remarkable growth of the in-
dust^^' in recent vears is due , „

1 ■ 1 • !■' -11 ^- Cotton

to the location ot cotton mills
near the source of the cotton supply.
Formerly nearly all the cotton crop was
shipped to New England mills or to mills in
foreign countries to be made into cloth.
Now the manufacturing is done in the state.
The cotton factories of the state now use more
cotton than the state can raise. North
Carolina ranks second, next to ^Massachusetts,
as a cotton manufacturing state. In addition
to the cotton cloth there is a large amount of
cotton hosiery and cotton knit goods manu-
factured. Extracting and refining oil from
cotton seed and the manufacture of cotton
seed meal is an important industry in the
cotton region. Within recent years this
industry alone has become fourth in rank
among the industries of the state.

Tobacco manufacturing ranks next to
cotton in importance. This industry has in-

18

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

|l|Hiv4''''V'4''''P''4'''l^H-Jd^

2. Tobacco

A cotton mill in Charlotte.

creased greatly in recent years. Large
manufacturing plants are being built to take
the place of many small plants,
and the industry is now prin-
cipally carried on in the cities of the tobacco
region. Durham, Winston-Salem, and Kins-
ton are all noted for tobacco manufacture.

In an agricultural state like Xorth Carolina
it is natural that the products of the flour mills
3 Flour and ^"^' grist mills should be large.
grist mill Excluding the local flour and

pro uc s grist mills that grind flour and

feed for small neighborhoods, there is a
number of large flour and grist mills that
grind wheat, rye, buckwheat, oats, and corn
for the larger markets. The product of these
mills is valuable and amounts to about
$8,500,000 each year.

In manufacturing articles from lumber, and
in cutting, sawing, and planing lumber, over
30,000 people are annually employed.

Furniture making has within recent years
become one of the most important industries.
Manufacture Of late years the an-
of forest nual value of the fur-

products niture manufactured

is about .SS,000,000, and over 5500
people are engaged in this industry.
Pitch, turpentine, and rosin, or
"naval stores," are other important
forest products related to the lum-
ber industry.

Among the most important manu-
factured products are fertilizers, of
which North Carolina makes and

uses great quantities. Some of the
material in these fertilizers comes
from minerals and Other
bones. Large quanti- manufactures
ties, however, are produced as by-
products in the manufacture of
cotton seed oil.

1. i\Iake a list of all of the things used
in yoiir community that Review ques-
are made in North Caro- tions and
Una. 2. On an outline suggestions
map of the state make a small red cu'cle in each
place where cotton manufactiu-ing is extensively
carried on. 3. Make small squares to show the
location of furniture factories. 4. Where does the
material come from that is used in each of these
factories? .5. Mention four conditions that favor
manufacturing in the state. 6. What are the lead-
ing articles manufactured from agricultural products ?
forest products? mineral products? 7. Why is
cotton manufacturing so important in the state?
S. What rank does the state hold among the southern
states in the manufacture of cotton goods ? 9. Why
is tobacco manufacture so important ?

Xin. COMMERCE AND TRANSPORTA-
TION

1. On the map of North Carolina indicate the main

lines of the principal railroads that pass through the city

nearest voiu- home. 2. On the same ,, . ,.

, ... . , . I Map studies

map trace the mam lines ot the aouth-

ern, the Seaboard, the Atlantic Coast Line, the Norfolk

Southern, and the Norfolk and Western Railroad.

3. On this map find the rivers on which passenger and

freight steamboats are to be seen. 4. Indicate the

principal lines of steamboats in the bays and sounds of

A tobacco factory in Durham.

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

19

the state. 5. Show where
the Atlantic Deeper
Waterway is being lo-
cated. 6. Indicate the
principal ocean steam-
ship lines that go out
from the Wilmington
harbor. 7. Locate the
Dismal Swamp Canal.
8. Make a map of the
good roads in your
neighborhood.

The principal
products of tlie
farm.s,
the tor-
mines, the
and the
of North

Commerce

A railroad trestle where the
Before the railroad was built
this sound.

ests, the
fisheries,
factories

CaroHna have been briefly described. Some
of these products are consumed at home ; and
some of them are shipped to other states and
other countries. Although the state pro-
duces nearly e^"e^ything it needs, more than
most states can produce, nevertheless there
are some things that can be secured elsewhere

A sand-clay road in the Up-Cuuutry.

Norfolk and Suuthern Kailwaj' crosses Albemarle Sound,
across the sound the railroad trains were ferried across

and shipped in to advantage. In this busi-
ness of buying, selling, shipping, and trading
many people are engaged.

For convenience in this trade there must be
good means of transportation. Railroads
have been built connecting the various cities
of the state with each other and with cities
and ports in other states ;
waterways and harbors have
been developed ; and good
roads have been constructed
through every section.

Five great trunk line rail-
roads, the Southern, the
Seaboard, the
Atlantic Coast
Line, the Norfolk Southern,
and the Norfolk and West-
ern, and a number of
branch railroads traverse
the various sections. The
total mileage of these rail-
roads within the state is
more than four thousand
miles.

In addition to these rail-
roads there are unusual
transportation facilities by

Railroads

20

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

Waterways

water. More than 2500 miles of navigable
water will be open to commerce when the
Atlantic Deeper Waterway is
completed. The Dismal Swamp
Canal affords communication between Albe-
marle Sound and Norfolk. The Albemarle and
Chesapeake Canal, which has now become a
part of the Atlantic Deeper Waterway, allows
boats to pass without locks and at tide level.
Wilmington has the best harbor in the
state. It is also the commercial metropolis
and has steamship lines to
New York, Philadelphia, and
Baltimore. It ships large amounts of cotton
to Liverpool and Bremen. Beaufort also

Harbors

Good roads

The docks at Wilmington.

has an excellent harbor, and a harbor of
refuge is being developed in " the bight " of
Cape Lookout, which has about 40 feet of
water.

Some years ago the good roads movement
began. The result to-day is that there is
hardly a county that has not
built up a system of good roads.
These roads are of great value to all classes
of people, both for business and pleasure.

1. Name the principal products that are shipped
frcmi your home town. 2. Make a list of the
Review ques- principal products that are brought
tions and in from other states and other coun-

suggestions tries to your home town. 3. Make a
railroad map showing the railroads that pass through
your home city. 4. Make a list of the products
that are manufactiu-ed in your home city. 5. What
products are shipped to other cities in the state ?

6. What products are shipped to cities and places
outside the state? 7. What goods are shipped
into yoiu- home town? 8. What means of trans-
portation are used in shipping goods from your home
town ?

XIV. CITIES AND TOWNS

1. What is the capital of the state? The largest
city? The principal seaport? 2. In what county
is Charlotte ? Wilmington ? Raleigh ? Winston-
Salem? Durham? Greensboro? -.
Asheville ? 3. How would you go by
rail from your home to Raleigh? To Charlotte?
To Wilmington? To Durham? To Winston-Salem?
4. Describe an imaginary business trip through tliree
cities in the state. 5. Name the important cities in
the Piedmont section. In the Mountains. In the
Coastal Plain. 6. What cities are on the
Fall Line? 7. On your outline map of
the state locate the principal cities and
towns.

XV. SETTLEMENT AND POPU-
LATION

The earliest permanent settlements
in North Carolina were made in the
region just north of Al- Early
bemarle Sound by im- settlements
migrants from Virginia, attracted
thither by the " delightful climate, magnifi-
cent bottom lands, and bountiful products."
The settlements spread along the streams and
across divides to other water courses, "with
ever the same object in view, more bottom
land and better bottom land." In time
commerce with other colonies arose, and
larger settlements grew where there were good
harbors for the small vessels of that day.

As the water coitfses were the highways, the settle-
ments at the confluence of two streams gradually
grew to greater importance ; as 1. On water-
Newbern at the confluence of the ways.
Trent and Neii.se ; Waynesboro, where Little River
joins the Neuse ; Wilmington, where the Cape Fear
and the Northeast Cape Fear come together ; and
Cross Creek, now Fayetteville, where the stream
from which the town took its name unites with the
Cape Fear River.

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

21

Some of the settlers in the hill country came up
the streams from the east, and others entered Nortli

2. On the Carolina from Virginia and Pennsyl-
prairie vania, while a few came up the
streams from South Carolina. They established
themselves on the fertile prairies where they could
find pasturage for their cattle, or along the streams
whose banks abountled with game and whose waters
teemed with fish.

Many of the settlements were made at good mill
sites upon the streams, but the larger towns grew up

3. At mill on the roads connecting the mill-site
sites settlements. One of the most im-
portant of these mill-site towns was Lincolnton. One
of similar origin in the eastern part of the state is
Rocky Mount.

The railroads of the state followed the uplands and
ridges, often missing the more important towns. In
. rt -I H '-'^'^ ^^y "'"^ Waynesboro on the
river has been deserted, and Golds-
boro on the ridge near by, named for a railroad
engineer, has grown to be the most important city
of that section. Martinsburg or Guilford Court
House, built originally on the old road leading from
Virginia by Salisbury to Charlottesburg in Meck-
lenbiu^g County, was soon superseded by the village
of Greensboro, now grown into a tliriving city.
Tally-Ho, a colonial village on the old stage road from
Oxford to Hillsboro, has been deserted for the modern
railway station of Stem. While such instances as
these are numerous, many of the older towns have
maintained their positions and have grown to pros-
perity, their very life compelling the railroads to go
their way. Such a town is Charlotte, grown from a
mill-site settlement to an important manufacturing
town and railway center.

Among the towns first established on or near the
coast were Bath, Edenton, Hertford, Ni.xonton,
Newbern, Beauford (now Beaufort), Brunswick, and
Wilmington. As settlements ad-
vanced up the larger streams, such
tovxTis as Halifax, Tarrburg (now Tarboro), Dobb's
Court House (now Kinston), Cross Creek (now
Fayetteville), and Sneedsboro (in Anson) came into
existence near the heads of navigation on the various
rivers.

The population of the state in 1910 was
2,206,287. Ten years before it was 1,893,810.
The increase ^lost of the inhabitants are
in population „hite people of English, Scotch,
Scotch-Irish, German, Swiss, French, and
Dutch descent. Less than one third, about
31.6 per cent, is of African descent. The

Old towns

negro population has been decreasing. In
1890 it was 34.7 per cent, and in 1900, 33 per
cent of the total population. A remnant of
the aboriginal inhabitants, the Cherokees, still
remain in possession of a large territory in
the western part of the state ; and a small
body of half-breeds, sometimes called Croa-
tans, occupy a portion of Robeson County.

If we examine the census tables showing the
population of the state for the last sixty years,
we shall see that the number of The rural
people has been constantly in- population
creasing from year to year. At the present
time the largest number of people lives in
rural communities, towns, and villages spread
over the ninety-eight counties. The popula-
tion of these counties varies greatly. In some,
like Clay County, there are few villages and
comparatively few people, while in Mecklen-
burg County, outside of the large city of
Charlotte, there are a number of thriving
towns and villages and a large rural popula-
tion.

North Carolina has eighteen cities. Char-
lotte, the largest, has a population of nearly
40,000; Wilmington is the
second city in size. During the
last ten years all the cities of the state have
been increasing in population at a very rapid
rate.

1. In what region were the early settlements of
North Carolina ? 2. Wliy were they made here ?
3. At what points on the rivers were Review ques-
early settlements made? 4. From tions and
what directions did the settlers of suggestions
North Carolina come? 5. Mention a few of the
oldest towns in the state. 6. Wliat influence did
railroads have on the settlement of the state ?

7. What is the population of the state according
to the latest census? S. What has been the gain in
population during the last ten years? 9. Of what
descent are most of the people of the state ? 10.
How large a percentage of the population is of
African descent? 11. Is the negro population
increasing? 12. In what sections are Indians to be
found? 13. Draw an outline map of the state
and indicate upon it the location of the early settle-
ments.

The cities

22

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

XVI. CITIES AND TOWNS

Although the people of North Carolina
dwell for the most part in the country, there
Favorable ^^^^ been for the last score of

conditions for years a rapid increase in the
growth number of people that live in

cities and towns. The extensive develop-
ment of the manufactures, the improvement
of the railroads, and the building of good
roads, have brought about a marked improve-
ment in all the cities and towns, and have

View of Cliarlotte.

made it possible for this large increase in city
population to be employed in successful in-
dustries, and to live in comfort.

There were, according to the census of 1910,
three cities of more than 25,000 inhabitants.
The number seven cities with population be-
and tween 10,000 and 25,000, thir-

classification ^^^^^ pj^ies between 5000 and
10,000, twenty cities between 2500 and 5000,
and four hundred and fourteen cities and
towns in which the number of inhabitants
varied up to 2500.

For convenience in study we shall classify
these cities and towns according to the

natural divisions of the state, describing first
the important cities of the Piedmont, second
the important cities of the Mountains, and
third the important cities of the Coastal
Plain.

Charlotte, the county-seat of Mecklen-
burg, is the largest city in North Carolina,
and the most important com- citjgg qj ^^
mercial and manufacturing Piedmont
center in both the Carolinas. ^- Charlotte
It is situated in the most densely populated
part of the two states, and excellent macadam

roads radiate in all

directions from the
city. It is an im-
portant cotton mar-
ket, and has a greater
variety of manufac-
tures than any other
city in the state. Its
handsome public
buildings, churches,
schools, and homes,
and its wide and well-
kept streets make
Charlotte one of the
most attractive cities
in the South.

Charlotte was for
many years the cen-
ter of an important
gold and copper min-
ing district, and here was located a United
States Mint, afterwards changed to an assay
ofBce. Charlotte is also an important
educational center. Queen's College and
Biddle University (colored) are located
there.

In the vicinity of Charlotte are Gastonia, Kings
Mountain, Albemarle, Lincolnton, and Monroe.
Since these cities are near the center of the cotton
belt, cotton manufacturing is extensive here and
in the numerous other villages and towns in this
vicinity. Iron manufacturing and the making of
woolen goods is also carried on to a considerable
extent. In Wadesboro, Rockinghaii, and Ha.mlet
cotton manufacturing and lumbering are also im-

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

23

a. Winston
Salem

portant. Rockingham is lo-
cated at the point where the
Yadkin flows across the Fall
Line.

Winston-Salem,
known as the Twin-City,

is made up

of the union

of two
towns separated only by
a street. Winston is the
principal leaf tobacco
market in North Caro-
lina, and leads in the
production of plug to-
bacco. Salem was
founded by the Mora-
vians in 1766, and Salem
Academy and College,
founded in 1802, is the oldest college for
women in the South. Winston-Salem is the
seat of a State Normal School for the training
of colored teachers. It is a large manufac-
turing center for paper boxes, wagons, ma-
chinery, and cotton and woolen goods.
Raleigh, the capital of the state, is situ-

3. Raleigh

Raleigh.

W'in.stou-tSalem.

ated on a gently rolling upland near the

eastern border of the Piedmont.

The city is well shaded with

oaks and maples and is sometimes called the

City of Oaks.
The capitol, standing in the center of the

city, is an imposing structure of excellent lines,
built of gneiss quarried
in the northern part of
the city. From the Capi-
tol Square radiate the
principal streets, named
for the old colonial towns,
Fayetteville, Halifax,
Hillsboro, and Newbern,
On the western side of
the square stands a
monument to the con-
federate dead ; on the
southern border is a
statuary group to the
women of the confeder-
acy ; other statues on the
grounds are of Wash-
ington, Vance, Wyatt,
jMclver, and Ensign
Worth Bagley.

24

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

Among other public buildings are the State
Administration Building, the Agricultural
Department, the Educational Department,
the Executive IMansion, the Penitentiary,
the Hospital for the Insane, the Soldiers'
Home, the Olivia Raney Library, the ^Nlunici-
pal Building, the \Yake County Courthouse,
and the Federal Post Office.

Raleigh is a great educational center, hav-
ing the North Carolina College of Agriculture
and ^Mechanic Arts, the State School for the
Blind, the State School for the Blind and the
Deaf and Dumb (colored), and private schools
under religious control.

5. Greensboro

6. High Point

Durham.

Raleigh is also an important commercial
and manufacturing city, with car shops,
fertilizer factories, cotton and hosiery mills,
important banking houses, and publishing
houses. It is an important railroad center
with railroads radiating to all parts of the
state.

DfEH.un, founded and developed since the
war between the states, has grown to be one
of the wealthiest and most im-
portant cities in Xorth Caro-
lina, with its factories for the manufacture of
cigarettes and smoking tobacco, its cotton
mills and hosiery and knitting mills, its
carriage and wagon factories, and its lumber
trade. The public highways, beginning in

4. Durham

the city, extend throughout the county.
Trinity College is located here.

Gkeknsboro is an important railroad,
commercial, and manufacturing center,
with several large cotton mills,
a carpet factory, furniture fac-
tories, flour mills, shoe factories, clothing
factories, and lumber mills. At Pomona'
near Greensboro, is one of the largest nurseries
in the South, and here also are extensive
tiling works. The State Normal and Indus-
trial College for Women and the College of
Agriculture and ^Mechanic Arts for colored
youths are both at Greensboro.

High Point manufac-
tures furniture, coffins,
buggies,
chairs,

trolley cars, cotton
goods, and novelties.
It is the second largest
furniture center in the
United States, and is
sometimes called the
Grand Rapids of the
South.

Concord is an im-
portant center for the
ma nufac-
ture of cot-
ton goods. It has a fine back country and
is an important trading center. Here is
located the Stonewall Jackson Training
School, the state reformatory for youthful
delinquents.

Sali.sbi.iit, one of the oldest towns of the
Up-Country, is in the finest farming section of
the Piedmont, and is an impor-

. ' .8. Salisbury

tant railroad, manufacturing,
and commercial center. The Southern Rail-
way shops are at Spencer, a suburb two miles
to the north of Salisbury, itself a thriving and
important town.

In the northern part of the Piedmont section
are Spray, Reidsville, Buklingtox, Hendersox,

7. Concord

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

25

9. Other cities
in northern and
central
Piedmont

Graham, and Oxford.
These cities are located in

a fertile agri-

cultiu-al sec-

t i on for

which they
furnish convenient niarl^ets,
distributing points, and trade
centers of agricultural prod-
ucts and manufactured arti-
cles. These towns are busily
engaged in the manufacture
of cotton goods, tobacco, and
in canning and preserving.
In the central part of the
Piedmont, State.sville,
Lexington, Thom.^sville,
Hickory, Mooresville,
Newton, and Saxford are
located. Here the manu-
facture of cotton, furniture, wagons, and carriages is
extensively carried on. Since the cotton belt is near
and there is much hardwood timber in the vicinity
raw material for these industries is easily obtained.
In Moore County and in adjoining counties in the
region of pine forests there are a number of noted
health resorts, among wliich are Southern Pines
and Pinehurst.

AsHEViLLE, the oldest and most important
town of the mountain region, is situated on
Cities of the t^^ French Broad Ri\'er, and is
mountains "the county seat of Buncombe
1. AsheviUe couiitv. It is noted for the
purity of its air and the wild and romantic
scenery of its surrounding region, making it

Pach Square, the center of the commercial life of Ashevili

a favorite resort, both in summer and winter,
for invalids and tourists.

Asheville is the center of a large commerce,
and carries on varied industries, among which
are the preparation and shipment of leaf
tobacco, meat packing, and the manufacture
of cotton goods, flour, lumber, brick, and
other articles.

Hendersonville and Watnesville are located in
the midst of the mountains. The former is noted as a
health resort and the latter carries on 2. Henderson-
a considerable trade in lumber, and viUe and
in raising and shipping medicinal Waynesville
plants.

In the mountain section there are a number of
other towns and villages en-
gaged in industries that de-
pend upon 3. Other cities
the forests and towns
and the farms of the sections.
At Mount Airy and Lenoir
on the eastern slope of the
mountains there are woolen
mills, planing mills, and
tanneries.

WiLsrrxGTox, the larg-
est and most important
port in the cities of the
state, and Coastal Plain

u ii t 1 \

1. Wilmington

Wilmington.

ccntly .th^ largest ^ city..

26

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

is situated on the Cape Fear River about
thirty miles from its mouth. Tlie river up
to this point is navigable for vessels draw-
ing 18 to 20 feet of water, and lines of
steamers connect the port with several At-
lantic cities and with river towns as far up
as Fayetteville. Important lines of railway
give the city communication in six directions.

Wilmington carries on an extensive domes-
tic and foreign trade. The annual cotton ex-
port trade of the city is valued at more than
820,000,000. It also has a large export trade
in lumber, fertilizers, and naval stores, and
imports tropical fruits, molasses, and other
products.

Wilmington is also a manufacturing center,
producing lumber, cotton goods, turpentine,
and other pine products, machinery, and
fertilizers.

The city has many attractive homes,
well-paved streets, extending in modern high-
ways to all parts of New Hanover County.
Interurban electric lines and steamers connect
Wilmington with W'rightsville Beach and Caro-
lina Beach, two well-known seaside resorts.

Newbern and Washington are the com-
mercial centers of the Neuse and Pamlico
2. Newbern sections, the lower valleys of
and Washington ti^gcie rivers being tributary to
them. They have regular lines of sound and
river steamers, and handle large quantities of
lumber, truck, and fish. Beluaven, situated
on an arm of Pamlico sound near the mouth
of Pamlico River, is likewise busily engaged
in these lines of trade.

Fayetteville, the county seat of Cum-
berland County and the commercial center
of a wide area, is at the head of
navigation on Cape Fear River,
about 120 miles by water above Wilmington.
This region was settled in the middle part of
the eighteenth century by Scotch Highlanders,
and Fayetteville soon became and long con-
tinued to be an important place. It was the
colonial capital of North Carolina, and- hepe in
.'1789 the state paiifiai the federal constitution.

3. Fayetteville

Fayetteville is an important manufac-
tiu-ing center. It has large lumber mills
and cotton and carriage factories, and here
also is a state normal school for the training
of colored teachers.

GoLDSBORO is the chief raih-oad center of the
Lowlands, has an extensive commerce and large
manufacturing interests, furniture 4. other cities
factories, cotton mills, machine shops, of the Coastal
rice mills, and oil mills. It is the Pl*i°
center of a rich trucking region.

Elizabeth Cin' is near the entrance to the Dismal
Swamp Canal through which boats pass from Albe-
marle Sound to Norfolk, and, with Edenton and
Plj-mouth, it controls the commerce of the Albemarle
section.

Tarboro and Greenville, on Tar River, are in a
rich agricultural section, Tarboro being at the head
of navigation. At Greenville is situated the East
Carolina Training School for Teachers. Greenville
ranks foiu-th among the leaf tobacco markets of the
state. Weldon, at the head of navigation on the
Roanoke on the Fall Line, is an important market
and railroad center.

KixsTON and Wilson are the second and third
largest leaf tobacco markets in the state. They are
also manufactiu-ing towns. Wilson manufactiu-es
cigarettes, carriages, wagons, cotton goods, and
cottonseed oil, and Kinston has many wood-working
establishments. RocKY MotrNT on the Tar River at
the Fall Line, is also an important tobacco market,
and a railroad and manufacturing center.

LuiiBERTON, on the Lumber River, and Laurin-
BUHG are important centers of trade in cotton, lum-
ber, and agricultural products.

Beaufort and Morehead City are situated on
opposite sides of the Old Top Sail Inlet, a safe harbor
at the entrance of which is Fort Macon. These are
important coast towns. Beaufort is noted as a
recreation center and both cities have an extensive
fish and oyster trade.

1. What conditions favor the growth cf cities in
North Carolina? 2. How many cities of 25,000
population are there now in the state ? Review ques-
3. What cities are these ? 4. Wliat tions and
are the other important cities in the suggestions
state? 5. Wliat cities are near your home?
6. For what are they noted ? 7. Name the largest
cities in the Piedmont. 8. Wliat other cities in
the Piedmont can you mention? 9. Name the
largest cities in the mountains. 10. For what are
they noted? IL Name the largest cities in the
Coastal Plain. 12. For what are they noted?

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

27

13. Name in order of size the
seven largest cities of the state.

14. On an outline map show the
location of these cities. 15. Draw
lines on the outline map to rejire-
sent the railroads connecting these
cities. 16. Locate your home
city on the map. 17. Mention
the points of interest to be seen
in Raleigh. IS. Make a list of
the important industries of the
principal cities and give the sources
from which the raw materials for
these industries are obtained.

XVII. EDUCATION AND
GOVERNMENT

The University of North Caro-
lina at Chapel Hill is the head
of the educational system of the
state. The State Normal and
Industrial College at Greensboro
for the training of young women.

Education

was established
The state supports
a College of Agriculture and Me-
chanics Arts at Raleigh, and a
similar school for colored boys at Greensboro. At
Greenville, CuUowhee, and Boone, North Carolina
supports schools for the training of white teachers,
and at Winston-Salem, Fayetteville, and Elizabeth
City, schools for the training of negro teachers. A
school for the deaf is maintained at Morganton and
a school for the blind at Raleigh.

The state pro\'ides a four months' school for every

Greensboro, Queens,

The State Capitol, Raleigh.

■^mith Hall, University of North Carolina.

child and this is supplemented by a specially voted
local tax. All the cities, most of the towns, and
the more progressive rural communities have systems
of public graded schools holding a nine months'
session.

There are many denominational and private schools
and colleges in the state, thirty-three being degree-
granting institutions. Among the colleges may be
mentioned Wake Forest, Trinity, Davidson, Elon and
Guilford. The education of young women is well
cared for at Salem, Meredith, St. Mary's, Peace,
and Flora MacDonald colleges.
Among the prominent schools
for negroes are Shaw Univer-
sity, Biddle University, Liv-
ingstone College, and St.
Augustine's School.

The three departments of
the government are the legis-
lative, ex- „ .
Government
e c u 1 1 V e ,

and judicial. The legislative
power is vested in a general
assembly, which consists of a
senate of fifty members and
a house of representatives of
one hundred and twenty
members, all elected for a
term of two years.

The executive department
comprises a governor, lieuten-
ant-governor, secretary of

28

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

state, treasurer, auditor, superintendent of public
instruction, and attorney-general, all of whom are
elected for four years.

The judicial department includes a supreme court,
superior courts, coiu'ts of justice of the peace, and
criminal coiu'ts. Judges of the supreme and superior
courts are elected for eight years.

North Carolina has two senators and ten repre-
sentatives in Congress, which gives the state twelve
votes in the Electoral College.

1. What institution is head of the educational
system of the state ? 2. Where is this university
located ? 3. What other state educational insti-

tutions are there ? 4. Where are they located ?
5. What is the length of the school year in your
district ? 6. Name the three depart- Review ques-
ments of state government. 7. What tions and
are the two branches of the Legis- suggestions
lative Department? 8. How many members in
each branch ? 9. What is the term of office of each
member? 10. Who is the chief executive officer
of the state? 11. What other officers are executive
officers of the state ? 12. Of what does the Judicial
Department of the state consist? 13. How many
representatives in Congress has the state?
14. How many senators ?

COUNTIES, DATES OF ORGANIZATION, AREA, POPULATION, COUNTY SEAT, AND POPULATION

Alamance
Alexander
Alleghany
Anson .
Ashe
Avery .
Beaufort
Bertie .
Bladen
Brunswick
Buncombe
Burke .
Cabarrus
Caldwell .
Camden .
Carteret .
Caswell
Catawba .
Chatham .
Cherokee .
Chowan .
Clay . .
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck
Dare .
Davidson
Davie .
Duplin
Durham .
Edgecombe
Forsyth .
Franklin .
Gaston
Gates .
Graham .
GranWUe. .
Greene
Guilford .
Halifax
Harnett

TEAK
ORGAN-
IZED

18-19

1847
1859
1749
1799
1911
1705
1722
1734
1764
1791
1777
1792
1841
1777
1722
1777
1842
1770
1839
1669
1861
1841
1808
1712
1754
1699
1870
1822
1836
1749
1881
1741
1849
1778
1846
1778
1872
1746
1783
1771
17.58
1855

492
289
224
556
427

840
703

1,004
790
639
534
390
512
220
573
402
408
696
454
165
220
488
933
660

1,013
292
377
569
258
783
291
509
376
468
371
359
298
503
252
691
676
595

POPUL.iTION

1910

28,712
11,592
7,745
25,465
19,074

30,877
23,039

18,006

14,432
49,798
21,408
26,240
20,579

5,640
13,776
14,858
27,918
22,635
14,1.36
11,303

3,909
29,494
28,020
25,594
35,284

7,693

4,841
29,404
13,394
25,442
35,276
32,010
47,311
24,692.
37,063
10,455

4,749
25,102
13,083
60,497
37,646
22,174

1900

25,665
10,960
7,759
21,870
19,581

26,404
20,538
17,677
12,657
44,288
17,699
22,456
15,694

5,474
11,811
15,028
22,133
23,912
11,860
10,258

4,5.32
25,078
21,274
24,160
29,249

6,529

4,757
23,403
12,115
22,405
26,233
26,591
.35,261
25,116
27,903
10,413

4,343
23,263
12,038
39,074
30,793
15,988

COUNTY SEAT

POPULATION

1910

Graham .
Taylorsville
Sparta
Wadesboro
Jefferson . .
Newland
Washington
Windsor
Elizabethtown
Southport .
Asheville
Morganton .
Concord
Lenoir . .
Camden
Beaufort
Yanceyville
Newton .
Pittsboro . .
Murphy .
Edenton
Hayesville .
Shelby . . .
Whiteville . .
Newbern
Fayetteville
Currituck .
Manteo .
Lexington .
Mocksville . .
Kenansville
Durham .
Tarboro .
Winston-Salem
Louisburg .
Gastonia
Gatesville .
Robbinsville .
Oxford .
Snow Hill . .
Greensboro .
Halifax .
Liliington .

2,504
662
199

2,376
184
377

6,211
684
117

1,484
18,762

2,712

8,715

3,364

2,483

338

2,316

502

977

2,789

98

3,127

1,368

9,961

7,045

408
4,163
1,063

270

18,241

4,129

22,700

1,775

5,759

203

122
3,018

450
15,895

314

380

1900

2,052
413
501

1,546
230
498

4,842
597
144

1,336
14,694

1,938

7,910

1,296

2,195

1,583
424
604

3,046
142

1,874
634

9,090

4,670

312

1,234

745

271

6,679

2,499

13,650

1,178

4,610

200

2,059

405

10,035

306

65

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

29

COUNTIES, ETC. — Continued

Haywood
Henderson
Hertford .
Hoke 1 . . .
Hyde . . .
Iredell . .
Jackson
Johnston
Jones .
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
McDowell .
Macon
Madison .
Martin . .
Mecklenburg
Mitchell . .
Montgomery
Moore . . .
Nash . . .
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow . .
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank .
Pender
Perquimans .
Person

Pitt . . .
Polk . . .
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson .
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford .
Sampson .
Scotland .
Stanly . . .
Stokes . . .
Surry . .
Swain .
Transylvania
Tyrrell . .
Union .
Vance .
Wake . . .
Warren
Washington .
Watauga .
Wayne
Wilkes . .
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey

YEAR
ORGAN-
IZED

1808.

1838
1759
1911
1729
1788
1851
1746
1778
1908
1791
1778
1842
1828
1851
1774
1762
1861
1778
1784
1777
1729
1741
1734
1752
1871
1669
1875
1669
1791
1760
1855
1778
1779
1786
1785
1753
1778
1784
1900
1841
1789
1771
1871
1861
1729
1842
1881
1771
1778
1799
1849
1779
1777
1855
1850
1833

546
358
341

617
588
494
694
417
261
397
299
443
513
436
438
597
371
498
639
586
216
504
743
390
350
223
815
252
396
627
251
803
521
1,051
579
489-
544
922
349
416
480
520
553
379
390
565
279
845
425
327
342
615
735
384
324
298

POPULATION

1910

21,020
16,262
15,436

8,840
34,315
12,998
41,401

8,721
11,376
22,769
17,132
13,538
12,191
20,132
17,797
67,031
17,245
14,967
17,010
33,727
32,037
22,323
14,125
15,064

9,966
16,693
15,471
11,054
17,356
36.340

7,640
29,491
19,673
51,945
36,442
37,521
28,385
29,982
15.363
19,909
20,151
29,705
10,403

7,191

5,219
.33,277
19,425
63,229
20,266
11,062
13,556
35,698
30,282
28,269
15,428
12,072

1900

16,222
14,104
14,294

9,278
29,064
11,853
32,250

8,226

18,639
15,498
12,567
12,104
20,644
15,383
55,268
15,221
14,197
23,622
25,478
25,785
21,150
11,940
14,690
8,045
13,660
13,381
10.091
16,685
30,889
7,004
28,232
15,855
40,371
33,163
31,066
25,101
26,380
12,553
15,220
19,866
25,515
'8,401
6,620
4,980
27,156
16,684
54,626
19,151
10,608
13,417
31,356
26,872
23,596
14,083
11,464

COUNTY SEAT

Waynesville

Hendersonv

Win ton

Raeford

Swanquarter

Statesville

Webster

Smithfield

Trenton .

Sanford .

Kinston .

Lincolnton

Marion .

Franklin

Marshall

Williamston

Charlotte

Bakersville

Troy . .

Carthage

Nashville

Wilmington

Jackson

Jacksonville

Hillsboro

Bayboro

Elizabeth

Burgaw .

Hertford

Roxboro

Greenville

Columbus

Ashboro .

Rockingham

Lumberton

Wentworth

Salisbury

Rutherford t'

Clinton .

Laurinburg

Albemarle

Danbury

Dobson .

Bryson .

Brevard .

Columbia

Monroe .

Henderson

Raleigh .

Warrenton

Plymouth

Boone

Goldsboro

Wilkesboro

Wilson .

Yadkinville

Burnsville

ille

POPULATION

1910

2,008

2,818

624

580

185

4,599

1,347

331

2,282

61995

2,413

1,519

379

802

1,574

34,014

416

1,055

863

750

25,748

527

505

857

370

8,412

956

1,841

1,425

4,101

122

1,865

2,155

2,230

7,1.53
1,062
1,101
2,322
2,116

360
612
919
848

4,082

4,503

19,218

807

2,165
179

6,107
799

6,717
432
422

1900

1,307

1,917

688

3,141

764

338

1,044

4,106

828

1,116

335

337

912

18,091

511

878

605

479

20,976

441

309

707

292

6,348

387

1,382

1,021

2,565

334

992

1,507

849

6,277

880

958

1,334

1,382

327
417
584
382

2,427

3,746

13,643

836

1,011
155

5,877
635

3,525
292
207

^ Population included in Cumberland and Robeson Counties.

30

NORTH CAROLIXA SUPPLEMENT

NOTES REGARDING CH.\NGES IN BOUNDARIES, ETC.

COUNTIES

ALLEGH-iNT. — Parts of Wilkes, Ashe, and Surry
annexed in 1871, 1S72, and 1875, respectively.

Ashe. — Part annexed to Alleghany in 1872.

Beaufort. — Parts annexed to Pamlico in 1874 and
1875.

Bl-\den. — Parts annexed to Columbus and Cumber-
land in 1873 and 1874, respectively.

Bru-nswick. — Parts annexed to Columbus in 1876
and 1877.

C.\rteret. — Part of Craven annexed between 1880
and 1890.

Ch.\th.\m. — Part taken to form part of Lee in 1908.
(See also note in next column.)

Cherokee. — Part taken to form Graham in 1872.

Clay. — Part of Macon annexed in 1872.

Columbus. — Part of Bladen annexed in 1873 and
parts of Brunswick annexed in 1876 and 1877.

Cr-A-Ven. — Part taken to form Pamhco in 1872 and
part annexed to Carteret between 1880 and 1890.

CuMBERL-VND. — Part of Bladen annexed in 1874.

D.wiDSON. — Part annexed to Forsyth between 1880
and 1890.

DuRHLAM. — Organized from parts of Orange and
Wake in 1S81.

FoRSTTH. — Part of Da\'id3on annexed between ISSO
and 1890.

Fr.\n"ki.in. — Parts of GranWlle annexed in 1873 and
1875 : part taken to form part of Vance in ISSl.

Gr.\H-\m. — Organized from part of Cherokee in 1S72.

Gr-\nv"ille. — Parts annexed to Franklin in 1873 and
1875.

J.\CKSON. — Part taken to form part of Swain in 1871.

Lee. — Organized from parts of Chatham and Moore
in 1908. (See also note in next column.)

M-iCON. — Part taken to form part of Swain in 1871
and part annexed to Clay in 1872.

iliTCHELL. — Part of Yancey annexed in 1872.

Moore. — Part taken to form part of Lee in 1908.
(See also note below.)

New Hanover. — Part annexed to Sampson in 1872
and part taken to form Pender in 1S75.

Or.\nge. — Part taken to form part of Durham in
1881.

P.\MLico. — Organized from part of Craven in 1872
and parts of Beaufort annexed in 1874 and 1875.

Pender. — Organized from part of New Hanover in
1875.

Richmond. — Part taken to form Scotland in 1900.

S.^MPSON. — Part of New Hanover annexed in 1872.

ScoTL.\ND. — Organized from part of Richmond in
1900.

Surry. — Part annexed to Alleghany in 1875.

Sw.\iN. — Organized from parts of Jackson and Macon
in 1871.

V.ixcE. — Organized from parts of Franklin, Gran-
ville, and Warren in 1881.

Wake. — Part taken to form part of Durham in ISSl.

W.iREEN. — Part taken to form part of Vance in 1881.

Wilkes. — Part annexed to Alleghany in 1871.

Y-ANCEY. — Part annexed to Mitchell in 1872.

Note. — Chatham, Lee, and Moore Counties combined.
— Total population : 1910,51,021; 1900,47,534; in-
crease, 1900-1910, 3,487 ; per cent of increase, 7.3.
Rural population — 1910, 51,021; same territory in
1900, 47.534 ; per cent of increase, 7.3. Rural popula-
tion — 1900, 47,534.

INCORPOR-ATED PL.iCE9

AsHEViLLE. — Part of Ashe\-ille township (including
Montford town) annexed in 1905.

Ch.arlotte. — Part of Township 1 annexed in 1907.

Durham. — Part of Durham township (North Dur-
ham and Trinity Park towns) annexed in 1901.

F.ayetteville. — Part of Cross Creek township
annexed in 1908.

Newbern. — Part of Township S annexed in 1907.

R-ALEiGH. — Part of Raleigh township annexed in
1907.

T-iRBORO. — Part of Township 1 (Farrar town) an-
nexed in 1909.

POPULATION OF THE LEADING CITIES AND TOWNS

CITY OR TOWN
CH-ARLOTTE

Wilmington

Winston-S.alem . . . .

Raleigh

.\sheville

1915'
. 37,951
. 27,781
. 29,034
. 19,833
. 20,157

19
34,(
25,;
22 ;
19,:
IS'

Durham

Greensboro

Newbern

High Point

, . 22,863

. 18,391

. 10,281

. . 11,810

. . 9,056

18,:

15,1
9,!
9„

S'

Eliz-abeth City . . . ,

Rocky Mount

Salisbury

. . 9,292
. 10,855

8,.
8,1
7

7(

Kinston

fi'

Wilson

R'

Washington

fi'

Goldsboro

6,

1900

.014

18,910

,748

20,976

,700

13,6.50

,218

13,643

,762

14,694

,241

6,679

,895

10,035

,961

9,090

,525

4,163

,715

7,910

,412

6,348

,051

2,937

,153

6,277

,045

4,670

,995

4,106

,717

3,525

,211

4,842

,107

5,877

city or town

1915

1910

1900

Spray 6,000 580

Gastonia 5,759 4.610

ReidsN-ille 4,828 3,262

BurUngton 4,808 3,692

States\-ille 4,599 3,141

Henderson 4,503 3,746

Lexington 4,163 1,234

Tarboro 4,129 2,499

Green\-ille 4,101 2,565

Monroe 4,082 2,427

Thomasville 3,877 751

Mount .\iry 3,844 2,680

Hickory 3,716 2,535

Moores\-ille 3,400 1,533

Lenoir 3,364 1,296

Shelby 3,127 1,874

Oxford 3,018 2,059

Belhaven 2,863 383

Census estimate.

North

!ia Siate Lij^rai^

NORTH CAROLINA SUPPLEMENT

31

POPULATION. ETC. — Continued

CITY OR TOWN 1915 1910 1900

Henderson\-ille 2,818 1,917

Edenton 2,789 3,046

Morganton 2.712 1,938

Graham 2,504 2,052

Beaufort 2,483 2,195

Lincolnton 2,413 828

Wadesboro 2,376 1,546

Laurinburg 2,322 1,334

Nenton 2,316 1,583

Sanford 2,282 1.044

Lumberton 2.230 849

Kings Mountain 2.218 2.062

Hamle': 2,173 639

Pl>-mouth 2,165 1.011

Rockingham 2.155 1,507

Albemarle 2,116 1,.382

Morehead City 2,039 1,379

Wayne3\-ille 2,008 1,307

Weldon 1,999 1,433

Randleman 1,950 2.190

Spencer 1,915

North Wilkesboro 1.902 918

Caroleen 1.892 1.706

Asheboro 1,865 992

Henrietta 1,856 1.250

Hertford 1,841 1.382

Dunn 1.823 1.072

Louisburg 1.775 1,178

Scotland Xeck 1,726 1.348

Roanoke Rapids 1.670 1.009

Forest City 1,592 1.090

Williamston 1.574 912

CITY OR TOWX

1915

1910 1900

Bessemer City 1.529 1.100

Marion 1,519 1.116

Southport 1.484 1.336

Wake Forest 1,443 823

Clajton 1,441 754

Roxboro 1,425 1,021

Canton 1,393 230

Whitei-ille 1.36S 634

Smithfield 1.347 764

Maxton 1,321 9.35

Spring Hope 1,246 666

Chadbourn 1,242 243

Belmont 1,176 145

Enfield 1,167 361

Gibsom-ille 1.162 521

CherrjTille 1.153 1.008

Littleton 1.1.52

Chapel HiU 1.149 1,099

Kemers^-ille 1.128 652

Leaks\-iUe 1.127 688

CUnton 1.101 958

Red Springs 1,089 858

Mount Olive 1.071 617

Dallas 1.065 514

MocksviUe 1,06:3 745

Rutherfordton 1.062 880

Daridson 1.056 904

Troy 1.0.55 878

Madison 1.033 813

Ramseur 1.022 769

La Grange 1,007 853

Printed in the United Statea of America.

GC 917.56 C653n

Cobb, Collier, 1862-

North Carolina supplement /

3 3091 00274 7749

1
Date Due

JUL 2 9

1980

1

1

m

PRINTED

iN U. b. A.

f^ORTH CAROLINIANA
^^STRICTED

l%3l' NORTH CAROUHIANA

Cobb

DATE

ISSUED TO

917.56

C653n
Cobb

North Cfj?olina supplement, Tarr and
McMiury's New geographies

■■%,

,5«?»