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UNIVERSITY
OF PITTSBURGH
LIBRARY
'778*
THIS BOOK PRESENTED BY
T. E. Parker
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH:
STATISTICAL VIEW
OF THE CONDITION OF THE
FREE AND SLAYE STATES.
BY
HENRY CHASE and C. H. SANBORN.
ffiomrjtkrj from ©fltaal ffloninurtts.
BOSTON:
PUBLISHED BY JOHN P. JEWETT AND COMPANY
CLEVELAND, OHIO :
HENRY P. B. JEWETT,
1857
i
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1856, by
JOHN P. JEWETT AND COMPANY,
In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts \
1
V
LITHOTYPED BT THE AMERICAN STEREOTYPE COMPANY,
28 Phxenix Building, Boston.
PRINTED BY D. S. FORD AND CO.
PREFACE.
It is the object of this work to compare the condition of the
slavekolding and non-slaveholding States — the North and the
South — as to territory, population, industry and wealth, educa-
tion and intelligence, religion and moral advancement, and
general progress. The authorities used are the official docu-
ments of the General Government and of the individual States.
The calculations are, for the most part, for the year 1850, and
based on the census returns for that year, as compiled by J. D.
B. Egprlxow, and published hi his Compendium of the Seventh
Census; '■
. This work, prepared with much labor, is the only one of the
JFf kind within our knowledge. "We think there is public neces-
sityiibtfSt, and submit it without further remark.
Con^Rd, Mass., September, 1856.
(in)
CONTENTS.
PAGE
Introductory, 5
Territory, 7
Population, . 11
Representation, 24
Agriculture, . 29
Manufactures, ......... 59
Commerce, 70
Value of Real and Personal Estate, 80
Education, 89
The Press, 105
Post-Office Statistics, 115
Churches, and Contributions for Benevolent Objects, . 119
Massachusetts, South Carolina, etc., .... 123
Laws of Kansas, 144
Appendix, 151
(iv)
I?vT110DITCT0RY.
The slaveholding States, fifteen in nuniber, including the semi-
slave States of Delaware and Maryland, have an area of eight hun-
dred and fifty-one thousand, four hundred and forty-eight square
miles. In latitude, they extend from 25° to 40° north, and, in lon-
gitude, from 75° to 107° west. This vast empire of nearly a thousand
miles square has a sea and gulf coast of seven thousand miles in
extent, and is drained by more than fifty navigable rivers. Through
its centre flows the longest river of the globe, with its thousands of
miles of navigable waters.
The free States, sixteen in number, have an area of six hundred
and twelve thousand five hundred and ninety-seven square miles.
Exclusive of California, they extend, in latitude, from 37° to 47°
north, and, in longitude, from G7° to 97° west. With California,
they constitute a territory of nearly eight hundred miles square, with
two thousand miles of Atlantic seacoast. A dozen navigable rivers
flow from this territory to the Atlantic, two of them finding a passage
to the sea through the far-extending bays of the slave States. By
the great lakes and their outlets, its northern products find their nat-
ural channel to the ocean — ice-bound for several months in the year
— through the territory of a foreign power ; while, borne on the Mis-
sissippi for more than a thousand miles through the domain of slavery,
its western products seek a passage to the ocean by the Gulf of
Mexico. While the rivers of the slave States are never closed to
navigation by the rigors of climate, those of the free States are
closed by ice dining the winter months of each year.
In climate, the slave States excel, and in soil equal, the free.
Certain productions, moreover, of great importance are mostly con-
fined, by the laws of temperature, to the slave States. Among these
are cotton, cane-sugar, rice, and tobacco.
. Thus, for agriculture, the slave States have a fertile soil, a climate
1* (v)
VI INTRODUCTORY.
adapted to the productions of tropical and temperate latitudes ; for
manufactures, an exhaustless motive power distributed throughout
its whole extent, with the raw materials of cotton, wool, iron, lumber,
etc., abundant and readily accessible, while coal, salt, and other
precious metals are found in several of these %5tates ; for internal
commerce, numerous rivers draining the whole territory; for external
commerce, thousands of miles of sea and gulf coast with excellent
harbors.
The rigorous climate of all, and the sterile soil of some of the
free States, render them less fitted for agriculture than the slave
States, while the transportation of the raw material affects the success
of manufactures. For the- purposes of commerce, the North has a
moderate extent of seacoast and several good harbors, whose remote-
ness, however, from the producing and consuming regions affect
dis advantageously the interests of trade. The great lakes, when not
closed by ice, furnish good facilities for internal commerce.
In the origin of their poj>ulation and the date of their settlement,
the North and the South are pretty nearly alike.
Geographically, it will be seen that the old and new free States
are nearly separated by the projection of Canada and northern Vir-
ginia, while the Pacific State of California is separated from the other
free States by two thousand miles of unsettled country. The slave
States, old and new, on the other hand, he in a compact body. Re-
sulting from these different geographical positions were the facts that
the emigration from the older free States must seek, by extended
and circuitous routes, a passage to the new ; Avhilc . the emigration
from the slave States had only to cross a border line, of a thousand
miles in extent, to find itself at once on its new territory.
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
CHAPTER I.
TERRITORY.
As the basis for future comparisons, in this work, the follow-
ing table is introduced, showing the area of the several States,
together with that of the two great sections, the North and the
South:
TABLE I.
Showing the Area of the Slave and the Free States.
SLATE STATES.
Area in
Sq. Miles.
FREE STATES.
Area in
S4. Miles.
50,722
52,198
2,120
59,268
58,000
37,680
41,255
11,124
47,156
67,380
50,704
29,385
45,600
237,504
61,352
155,980
4,674
Illinois
55,405
Florida
33,809
50,914
Kentucky
Maine
31,766
7,800
Michigan
56,243
9,280
New York
Missouri
47,000
8,320
39,964
46,000
1,306
Ohio
Tennessee
Texas
Rhode Island
10,212
53,924
Total 851,448 ! I Total
612,597
(7)
o THE NORTH AND TnE SOUTH.
It will be seen by the above table that the area of the fifteen
slaveholding States is 851,448 square miles ; and that of the
sixteen non-slaveholding States G 12,5 9 7 square miles ; a differ-
ence of more than 238,000 square miles in favor of the Slave
States.* Let it be remembered, therefore, that the area of the
Free States is considerably less than three-fourths that of the
Slave States.
By the purchase of Louisiana, in 1803, and of Florida, in
1819, were added to the national domain 906,479 square miles ;
an area greater than the entire area of the United States at
the time of gaining their independence.f By the annexation
of Texas, in 1846, were added 318,000 miles more, and by a
treaty with Mexico at the close of the war, 522,955 square
miles; making an aggregate of 1,807,434 square miles. This,
of course, is exclusive of the 308,052 square miles to which
our title was " confirmed " by treaty with Great Britain in 1846.
The expense of these purchases and conquests cannot be
exactly determined. The territory of Louisiana, purchased of
France, cost $15,000,000 ; that of Florida, purchased of Spain,
$5,000,000 ; amount paid Texas, about $27,000,000 ; expenses
of Mexican war, $217,175,575; paid for New Mexico, by
treaty, $15,000,000. Making an aggregate of more than
$270,000,000, which, together with interest on the same, the
expense of the Florida war, about $100,000,000, and nearly
the same amount paid for the extinguishment of Indian titles,
etc., etc., make a sum, little if any short of $1,000,000,000.
The manner in which this territory has been apportioned to
the two sections is given by Mr. Clay, in his speech in the
Senate in 1850. (See Appendix to Congress. Globe, vol. 22,
part 1, page 126.)
* The estimates here made are according to the Compendium of the
United States Census; In the Quarto Edition the area of Texas is given
as 325,520 square miles ; which would make the area of the Slave States
nearly 100,000 square miles more than here given.
t See Compendium United States Census, p. 32.
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 9
He says : " What have been the territorial acquisitions made
by this country, and to what interests have they conduced?
Florida, where slavery exists, has been introduced. All the
most valuable parts of Louisiana have also added to the extent
and consideration of the slaveholding portion of the Union/'
. . . . " All Louisiana, With the exception of what lies north of 3G°
30';" "ah* Texas, all the territories which have been ac-
quired by the Government of the United States during sixty years
of the operation of that Government, have been slave territories
— theatres of slavery — with the exception I have mentioned
lying north of the line of 36° 30'."
California has since been admitted a Free State. The other
States, formed from territory thus obtained, and admitted into
the Union, are Louisiana, Missouri, Arkansas, Florida, and
Texas — five Slave States.
The area of California is 155,980 square miles ; that of the
five Slave States named, 457,005 ; being 302,G25 square miles
more, and very nearly in the ratio of three to one. Indeed,
the area of these five purchased Slave States is greater than
that of all the Free States, if we except California. It will be
seen by tables VII and VIII, that the number of Kepresentatives
in Congress from California is two, which, together with two
Senators, entitle that State to four electoral votes. The number
of Kepresentatives from the five Slave States is sixteen, which,
together with ten Senators, make twenty-six electoral votes,
being in the ratio of six and one-third to one, and a majority of
twenty-two.
There is (of territory inhabited and uninhabited) north of
the old Missouri Compromise line an area of 1,970,077 square
miles, and 9 G 6,08 9 south of it.
It will be noticed, in passing, that the area of Virginia is not
quite four thousand miles less than that of all New England,
and is larger than that entire section if we except Connecticut.
It is also larger than the four States of New York, Massachu-
setts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. Maryland contains over
10 THE NORTH AND TnE SOUTH.
three thousand square miles more than Massachusetts, and is
considerably larger than either New Hampshire or Vermont ;
Pennsylvania and New York are each smaller than either
North Carolina, Mississippi, Georgia, Arkansas, or Alabama ;
while Ohio and Indiana are still smaller. Ohio has but two
thousand two hundred and eighty-four square miles more than
Kentucky, to which it is very similar in surface, soil, and pro-
ductions. South Carolina is almost four times as large as
Massachusetts, and three-fourths as large as Ohio.
CHAPTER II.
POPULATION.
The following tables give the aggregate population of the
several states in 1790, 1820, and 1850. (For a table showing
the population at each decennial census, see Appendix.) In
connection with this are also here given, the area, the number
of inhabitants to a square mile in 1850, and the population at
the present time, the last being taken from a late communication
to Congress by the Secretary of the Treasury :
TABLE II.
Statement of the Area, and Aggregate Population in 1790, 1820, 1850, and
1856, with the Number of Inhabitants to a Square mile, in 1850, of the
several Slave States.
SLAVE STATES.
Area in {Population Population [Population Density Population
Sq. Miles. I in 1790. I in 1820. in 1850. in 1850. in 1856
Alabama
Arkansas
Delaware
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Louisiana ....
Maryland ....
Mississippi. . . .
Missouri
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee ....
Texas
Virginia
Total
50,722
52,198
2,120
59,096
59,268
58,000
82,548
37,680
73,077
41,255
319,728
11,124
47,156
67,380
50,704
393,751
29,385
249,073
45,600
35,791
237,504
61.352
748,308
127,901
14,273
72,749
340,987
564,317
153,407
407,350
75,448
66,586
638,829
502,741
422,813
771,623
15.21
209,897
4.02
91,532
43.18
87,445
1.48
906,1 S5
15.62
982,405
26.07
517,762
12.55
583,034
52.41
606,326
12.86
682,044
10.12
869,039
17.14
668,507
22.75
,002,717
21.99
212,592
0.89
,421,661
23.17
835,192
253,117
97,295
110,725
935,090
1,086,587
600,387
639,580
671,649
831,215
921,852
705,661
1,092,470
500,000
1,512,593
851,448 1,961,372 4,452,780,9,612,769 11.28; 10,793,413
(11)
12
THE NOIITH AND THE -SOUTH.
TABLE III.
Statement of the Area, and Aggregate Population in 1790, 1820, 1850, and
1856, with the Number of Inhabitants to a Square Mile, in 1850, of the
several Free States.
FREE STATES.
Area in
Sq.Miles.
Population
in 1790.
Population
in 1820.
Population
in 1850.
Density
in 1850.
Population
in 1856.
California ....
Connecticut . . .
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Maine
Massachusetts .
Michigan
New Hamps'irc
New York
New Jersey . . .
Ohio
Pennsylvania .
Rhode Island .
Vermont
Wisconsin
155,980
4,674
55,405
33,809
50,914
31,766
7,800
56,243
9,280
47,000
8,320
39,964
46,000
1,306
10,212
53,924
238,141
96,540
378,717
141,899
340,120
184,139
434,373
69,110
85,416
275,202
55,211
147,178
298,335
523,287
8,896
244,161
1,372,812
277,575
581,434
1,049,458
83,059
235,764
92,597
.59
370,792
79.33
851,470
15.37
988,416
29.24
192,214
3.78
583,169
18.36
994,514
127.50
397,654
7.07
317,976
34.26
3,097,394
65.90
489,555
58.84
1,980,329
49.55
2,311,786
50.26
147,545
112.97
314,120
30.76
305,391
5.66
335,000
401,292
1,242,917
1,149,606
325,014
623,862
1,133,123
509,374
324,701
3,470,059
569,499
2,215,750
2,542,960
166,927
.325,206
552,109
Total 612,597 1,968,455 5,152,372 13,434,922 21.93 15,887,399
From these tables it will be seen that, in 1790, the popula-
tion in the present non-slaveholding States was 1,968,455 ; and
in the present slaveholding States, 1,961,372 ; showing a differ-
ence of 7,083 in favor of the non-slaveholding States. This
difference, at first so slight, only 7,000, we find constantly-
increasing, until in 1820 (thirty years from that time) it be-
comes 699,592;- the population of the slaveholding States
being at that time 4,452,780, and that of the non-slaveholding
States 5,152,372. In thirty years more (1850), the popu-
lation of the fifteen Slave States is 9,612,769, and of the sixteen
Free States 13,434,922 ; a difference of 3,822,153 hi favor of
the Free States. Thus, from having a majority of less than
four-tenths of one per cent in 1790, the Free States had in
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 13
1850 a majority of more than thirty-nine per cent. And this,
notwithstanding 87,000 inhabitants were added to the Slave
States by the annexation of Louisiana and Florida, and a large
population by the annexation of Texas.
The average number of inhabitants to a square mile, in the
Slave States, is 11.28, and in the Free States 21.93; almost
exactly two to one.
On examining this table a little in detail, we notice the fol-
lowing, among many other interesting facts :
The area of Virginia is 61,352 miles ; that of New^ York is
47,000, or over 14,000 square miles less than that of Virginia.
The population of Virginia, in 1790, was 748,308, and in 1850
it was 1,421,661. It had not doubled in sixty years. The
population of New York in 1790 was 340,120, in 1850 it was
3,097,394 ; thus, New York had multiplied her population more
than nine times in the same period. Kentucky has an area of
37,G80 square miles, and Ohio 39,964, a little over two thousand
miles greater. Kentucky had in 1850 a population of 982,405,
and Ohio 1,980,329, or nearly a million more than Kentucky.
Kentucky was admitted into the Union hi 1792, and Ohio in
1802. The area of Mississippi is 47,156 square miles, that
of Pennsylvania, 46,000. The population of Mississippi was,
in 1850 (in round numbers), 606,000, that of Pennsylvania,
2,300,000. The number of inhabitants to a square mile in
North Carolina was, in 1850, a little over seventeen, and in
New Hampshire thirty-four ; in Tennessee twenty-one, and in
Ohio forty-nine ; in South Carolina twenty-two, and in Massa-
chusetts one hundred and twenty-seven.
These comparisons are based upon the population as it was
in 1850. The tables likewise show the present population, as
given in a recent communication to Congress, by the Secretary
of the Treasury, By this it will be seen that the ratio of in-
crease still continues; there being now a majority of 5,093,986
or over forty-seven per cent, hi favor of the Free States
14
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
According to the same ratio, in less than three years more
than two-thirds of the entire population of the Union will be
found in the Free States.
The entire white population of the two sections, at each
decennial census, from 1790 to 1850, is as follows (for a
statement of white population at each census, see Appendix) :
Slavcholdi
ng States.
Non-slaveholding States.
In 1790
1,271,488
In 1790
1,900,976
1800
1,092,914
1800
2,601,509
1810
2,192,706
1810
3,653,219
1820
2,808,946
1820
5,030,377
1830
3,633,195
1830
6,871,302
1840
4,601,873
1840
9,557,065
1850
0,184,477
1850
13,238,670
The difference of increase here may perhaps seem more
remarkable than in the aggregate population. The white popu-
lation of the present Slave States was, in 1790, 1,271,448,
and of the present non-slaveholding States, at the same time,
1,900,976, a difference of 629,488 ; not quite fifty per cent, in
favor of the non-slaveholding states. In 1850 that difference
had become 7,054,193, or over one hundred and fourteen per
cent. In other words, the white population in the Free States
had become 869,716 more than double that in the Slave States.
The population of the latter being 6,184,477, and that of the
former 13,238,670.
How far this difference, both of population and its increase,
hi the two sections, is due to foreign immigration, may be seen
from the following statement ( Census Compendium, p. 45) :
"'There are now 726,450 persons living hi slaveholding States,
who are natives of non-slaveholding States, and 232,112 per-
sons living in non-slaveholding States, who are natives of slave-
holding States. There are 1,866,397 persons of foreign birth in
A STATISTICAL VIEW.
15
the non-slaveholding States, and 878,205 in the slaveholding."
There are then 494,388 more natives of non-slaveholding
States in slaveholding States, than there are of slaveholding
in the non-slaveholding States ; while there are 1,488,192 more
persons of foreign birth in the non-slaveholding than in the
slaveholding States ; which gives less than a million more per-
sons residing in non-slaveholding States, who were not born
there, than in the slaveholding States, nearly all of whom are
white inhabitants. The difference is nearly 4,000,000 in the
aggregate, and more than 7,000,000 in the white population,
and is not therefore due to this cause.
The following tables show the white population of the
several States in 1790, 1820, and 1850:
TABLE IV.
White Population of the Slave States in 1790, 1820, and 1850.
SLAVE STATES.
1790.
1820.
1850.
Alabama
46,310
52,886
61,133
208,649
288,204
140,178
32,013
442,115
85,451
12,579
55,282
189,566
434,644
73,383
260,223
42,176
55,988
419,200
237,440
339,927
603,087
426,514
Arkansas
162,189
Delaware
71,169
Florida
47,203
521,572
Kentucky
761,413
255,491
Maryland
417,943
295,718
592,004
553,028
South Carolina
274,563
Tennessee
756,836
Texas
154,034
894,800
Total 1,271,488 2,808,946 6,1S4,477
1G
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
TABLE V
White Population of the Free States in 1790, 1820, and 1850.
FREE STATES.
California
Connecticut ....
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Maine
Massachusetts . .
Michigan
New Hampshire
New Jersey ....
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania . .
Bhodc Island. . .
Vermont
Wisconsin
1790
232,581
96,002
373,254
141,111
169,954
314,142
424,099
64,6S9
85,144
1820
267,161
53,788
145,758
297,340
516,419
8,591
243,236
257,409
1,332,744
576,572
1,017,094
79,413
234,846
1850
91,635
363,099
846,034
977,154
191,881
581,813
985,450
395,071
317,456
465,509
3,048,325
1,955,050
2,258,160
143,875
313,402
304,756
Total 1,900,976 5,030,377 13,238,670
The whole number of slaveholders in the Slave States, in
1850, was 346,048 ; and of this number 173,204 hold less than
five slaves each, leaving 172,844 who are holders of more than
four slaves ; and, if we deduct the numbers holding less than
ten slaves each, there Avill remain 92,215. The whole number
of slaveholders, then, is less than 350,000, including females
and minors. The number of voters in this class is therefore
much smaller. But, counting them all as voters, they are less
than the number of freemen who voted at the last Presidential
election in New England, even without including Vermont.
They are less than the number who voted in either Pennsyl-
vania or Ohio, and less than two-thirds the number who voted
in New York.
The annexed table shows the free colored population of the
United States. It will be seen that the number of free colored
inhabitants in the Free States is 196,010, and in the Slave States
2*
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 17
228,128, mingled with a white population of less than half that
of the Free States. This, of course, does not include the Dis-
trict of Columbia, in which there are over 10,000 free colored
persons ; Avhile the number in the Free States includes those in
New Jersey, in which there are over 23,000, of whom 20,000
were born in the State. Indeed, if we examine the table
giving the nativities of the free colored persons, we shall see
that the number who still reside in the States where they were
born is 354,470, out of the whole number, 454,405, which is
over eighty-one per cent. •
On page 81 of the Census Compendium, in connection with
a table showing the occupation of the free colored males over
fifteen years of age, it is stated that in New York city there is
one in fifty-five engaged in pursuits requiring education ; while
in New Orleans one in eleven is engaged in similar pur-
suits. In Connecticut, one in a hundred is thus employed, and
in Louisiana one in twelve.
These are the only cities and States compared hi this way in
the Census. It may be a fact a little surprising to some, that,
while the ratio of the free colored inhabitants engaged in pur-
suits requiring education in Louisiana is one-twelfth of the
whole, the ratio of the entire white male population engaged in
the pursuits in the same State is less than one-eighteenth of
the whole.
The increase hi the present slaveholding States, from 1840
to 1850, is 10.49 per cent., and hi the non-slaveholding States
14.98 per cent. ; being four and a half per cent, greater hi the
Free than in the Slave States. The proportion of free colored
persons to the total population, in some of the States, is quite
considerable ; being greatest in Maryland and Delaware, —
hi the former twelve, and in the latter nineteen per cent.
Had Ave not the example of De Bow's Compendium, Ave
might be uncertain how to regard the slaves, whether as men,
18
THE NOIiTn AND TIIE SOUTH.
TABLE VI.
Free Colored Population of the United States in the years 1790, 1820, 1850
Slave States.
1790
1820
1850
Free States.
1790
1820
1850
Arkansas
3,899
398
114
8,043
4,975
1,801
331
12,766
571
59
12,958
2,759
10,476
39,730
458
347
14,612
6,826
2,727
36,889
2,265
608
18,073
932
2,931
10,011
17,462
74,723
930
2,618
27,463
8,900
6,422
397
54,333
Connecticut. . . .
2,801
538
5,463
630
2,762
4,654
6,537
3,469
255
7.844
'457
1,230
929
6,740
174
786
12,460
29,279
4,723
30.202
3,554
903
962
7,693
5,438
11,262
3.33
North Carolina .
South Carolina.
1,356
Massachusetts . .
New Hampshire
New Jersey ....
Ohio
Pennsylvania . .
Rhode Island. . .
Wisconsin
9,064
2.583
'520
23,810
49,069
25,279
53,626
3,670
718
635
Total
32,357
128,412
228,128
Total
27,109
99,281
196,016
to be enumerated as so many inhabitants, or as so much prop-
erty, estimated at so much per head ; or, taking a middle course,
to consider them three-fifths intelligent man, and two-fifths un-
intelligent property ; thus realizing what was anciently but a
fabulous monster, the Centaur, having the head of a man and
the body of a horse. These three plans are all adopted in the
Census Compendium. The number of slaves in the present
slaveholding States was as follows
Wtl3 IIS lUii
j v\ s ;
In 1790 . . 657,527
" 1800
.
853,851
" 1810
.
1,158,459
" 1820
.
1,512,553
" 1830
.
2,001,010
" 1840
2,481,632
" 1850
.
3,200,304
From this it will be seen that there has been a constant in-
crease, until there were, in 1850, over three" millions; being
almost one-third of the entire population of the Slave States, —
more than double the population of either Norway or Den-
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 19
mark, — greater than that of Netherlands, Switzerland, Scot-
land, or Sweden, — and not quite three hundred thousand less -
than that of Portugal.
Some very interesting facts may be gathered from the census
tables with regard to this class. If we examine, for instance,
the table with regard to the " Increase and Decrease per cent,
of the Slave Population of the several States at each census "
(see Appendix), we shall see, what is indeed remarked in the
Census Compendium, that "the increase of slaves in the southern
Atlantic States has only averaged about two per cent per
annum in fifty years, though averaging eighteen per cent per
annum in the Gulf States, etc., for the last twenty years."
Thus, in South Carolina this increase diminished from thirty-
six per cent in 1790 to seventeen per cent in 1850 ; and,
indeed, in 1840 it was but three per cent. In North Carolina
it is about the same. In Maryland, from an increase it has
become a decrease, and that, too, at a rapid rate. In, Virginia
the ratio of increase has diminished from seventeen to five per
cent, and generally the ratio of increase has been of late less
than that of the white population. In the Gulf States, on the
other hand, the increase has in many instances been immense,
and much more rapid than that of the white population. The
cause of this is given by those who have the best opportunity
to know the facts, as follows :
Hon. Henry Clay of Kentucky, in a speech, in 1829, before
the Colonization Society, says : " It is believed that nowhere
in the farming portion of the United States would slave labor
be generally employed, if the proprietors were not tempted to
raise slaves by the high price of the southern markets, which
keeps it up in his own."
Professor Dew, once President of William and Mary College
in Virginia, in his review of the debates in the Virginia Legis-
lature in 1831-2, says: "From all the information we can,
obtain, we have no hesitation in saying that upwards of six
20 THE NOETII AND THE SOUTH.
thousand [slaves] are yearly exported [from Virginia] (o
'other States." Again: "A full equivalent being thus left in
the place of the slave, this emigration becomes an advantage
to the State, and does not check the black population as much
as, at first view, we might imagine ; because it furnishes every
inducement to the master to attend to the negroes, to encourage
breeding, and to cause the greatest number possible to be
raised. * * Virginia is, in fact, a negro-raising State for
other States."
The extent of this domestic slave trade is not given hi De
Bow's census tables, but we may, by an easy computation
from the tables, arrive at something near the truth, so far as
they are reliable in such matters.
On page 87 of the Compendium, we find the decennial in-
crease of Slaves in the United States to be as follows : between
1790 and 1800, 27.9; between 1800 and 1810, 33.4; between
1810 and 1820, 29.1 ; between 1820 and 1830, 30.6 ; between
1830 and 1840, 23.8. The average of these ratios is 28.96.
In 1840, the slave-exporting States, Delaware, Maryland, Vir-
ginia, North and South Carolina, Kentucky, and Tennessee,
contained 1,479,601 slaves. Had they increased in the' ratio
of 28.96 per cent., the number in 1850 would have been
1,908,093. The actual number given is 1,689,158, being a
difference of 218,935, or 21,893 for each year, to be accounted
for. Applying the same rule to the slave-importing states, we
have the following result : Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Louisi-
ana, Mississippi, Arkansas, and Missouri contained in 1840
1 ,002,03 1 slaves. Increasing in the ratio of 28.9 6 per cent, their
number in 1850 would have been 1,292,219. The number
given in the census is 1,453,035 ; a difference the other way of
160,816, or 16,081 per year, which they had received by im-
portation.
The difference of nearly 6,000 between the import and
export may be accoimted for by the following : A writer in
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 21
the Neio Orleans Argus, in 1830, says: "The loss by death in
bringing slaves from a northern climate, which our planters are
under the necessity of doing, is not less than twenty-five per
cent." And the planters in those States, when advertising for
•sale a plantation and a lot of negroes, always mention dis-
tinctly the fact that they are " acclimated " (if that be the case),
as enhancing then* value.
The number which the figures would seem to indicate as sold
from the North to the South is no doubt very low ; it certainly
is so, if we take the estimate of Southern men. The Virginia
Times, in 1836, estimates the number of slaves exported for
sale during a single year at forty thousand.
In 1837, a committee was appointed, by the citizens of
Mobile, to investigate the causes of the existing pecuniary
pressure. In their report they say : " So large has been the
return of slave labor, that purchases by Alabama of that spe-
cies of property from other States, since 1833, have amounted
to ten millions of dollars annually."
Rev. Dr. Graham, of Fayetteville, North Carolina, said in
1837: "There were nearly seven thousand slaves offered in
New Orleans market last winter. From Virginia alone, six
thousand were annually sent to the South ; and from Virginia
and North Carolina there had gone to the South, in the last
twenty years, three hundred thousand slaves."
Mr. Gholson, of Virginia, in a speech in the Legislature of
that State, January 18, 1831, says: "It has always (perhaps
erroneously) been considered, by steady and old-fashioned
people, that the owner of land had a reasonable right to its
annual profits ; the owner of orchards to their annual fruits ;
the owners of brood mares to their product ; and the owners
of female slaves to their increase. We have not the fine-
spun intelligence nor legal acumen to discover the technical
distinctions drawn by some gentlemen. The legal maxim
of partus sequitur ventrem is coeval with the existence
of the right of property itself, and is founded in wisdom and
22 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTn.
justice. It is on the justice and inviolability of this maxim
that the master forgoes the service of the female slave, has her
nursed and attended during the period of her gestation, and
raises the helpless infant offspring. The value of the property
justifies the expense, and I do not hesitate to say that in its
increase consists much of our wealth."
The following, copied from a recent number of the Richmond
Dispatch, will show the present condition of the trade :
"High Price for Slaves. — There has been a greater
demand for slaves in this city, during the months of May, June
and July, than ever known before, and they have commanded
better prices during that time. The latter is an unusual thing,
as the summer months are generally tne dullest in the year for
that description of property. Prime field hands (women) will
now bring from $1,000 to $1,100, and men from $1,250 to
$1,500. Not long since, a likely negro girl sold in this city, at
private sale, for $1,700. A large number of negroes are
bought on speculation, and probably there is not less than
$1,000,000 in town, now, seeking investure in such property."
From the above, and similar sources of information, we may
safely estimate the number of slaves annually sold from the
Northern Slave States to the Southern at 25,000. An interesting
feature of this traffic will appear on examination of the Census
Table, showing the "ratio of ages of the slaves in 1850." *
In the States of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, and
South Carolina, the average number of slaves between twenty
and thirty years of age is 16.72 per cent. In the States of
Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida, Arkansas, Louisi-
ana, and Texas, the number between the same ages is 19.29
per cent. In like manner, hi the four first-mentioned States the
average number between thirty and forty years of age is 10.27
per cent, and in the seven last mentioned it is 11.94 per cent.
* See Census Comjpend., pp. 89-90.
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 23
On the other hand, the number between sixty and seventy
years of age is, hi the four exporting States, 2.76 per cent,
and in the seven importing States, 1.94 per cent ; also, between
seventy and eighty years old, the number is, hi the first four
1.1 G, and in the others but .55 per cent. Showing that in the
slave-importing States the number of slaves between twenty
and forty years of age is at least fifteen per cent greater than
in the exporting ; while, on the other hand, in the slave-ex-
porting States, the number of slaves between sixty and eighty
years of age is more than fifty per cent greater than in the
importing. This is the more remarkable, since exactly the
reverse is true of the free colored population in those same
States, as will be seen by a similar analysis of the table on
page 75 of the Compendium.
Another fact with regard to the slave population of the
South, and one which must soon become of great interest, is
the increasing ratio of the slave to the free population. By a
table on the 85th page of #the Compendium* it will be seen
that, in the words of the Census ^Report, " while the proportion
has been hicreasing for the slaves hi the Southern States gen-
erally, it has decreased in Virginia, Maryland, the District
of Columbia, and Missouri." Indeed, it has increased hi most,
until it has become in Arkansas (omitting fractions), 22 per
cent ; in Alabama and Florida 44 per cent ; in Louisiana 47
per cent; in Mississippi 51 percent; and in South Carolina
57 per cent of the whole population; whereas it was, hi 1800,
in Mississippi but 39 per cent, and in South Carolina but 42
per cent ; and a similar increase of the ratio of the slave to
the entire population will be found in all the Southern Slave
States.
* See Appendix,
CHAPTER III
POPULAR REPRESENTATION.
The following tables present the subject of Popular Repre-
sentation in a very plain and simple manner, showing the white
population, free colored, and total free population, and the
popular vote cast hi 1852. They also show the number of
representatives in Congress, and the electoral votes, both as
they now are and as they would be were freemen only
represented.
TABLE VII.
Political View of the Slave States.
Slave
States.
|
5°
c?3
Total Free
Population.
n »"d
p o
P p
i
CO -H
P>C
| P
*1 O <V
.2 P^
gg-2
c rat?
el
"" o
o £■
% S 2.
S ° x
2 ~-p
(a, 3 o
Arkansas
Mississippi
North Carolina.
South Carolina.
426.514
162:189
71^69
47,203
521,572
761,413
255,491
417,943
295,718
592,004
553,028
274,563
756,836
. 154,034
894,800
2,265
608
18,073
932
2,931
10,011
17,462
74,723
930
2,618
27,463
8,960
6,422
397
54,333
428,779
102.797
89,242
48,135
524,503
771,424
272,953
492,666
296,648
594,622
580,491
283,523
763,258
154,431
949,133
41,919
19J577
12,673
7,193
51365
111,139
35,902
75,153
44,424
65,586
78,861
115,916
18,547
129,545
2
1
1
8
10
4
6
5
7
8
6
10
2
13
5
2
1
1
6
9
3
6
3
7
7
3
9
2
11
9
4
3
3
10
12
6
8
7
9
10
8
12
4
15
. 7
4
3
3
8
11
5
8
5
9
9
5
11
4
13
Total
6,184,477
228,128
6,412,605
807,800
90
75
120
105
24
A STATISTICAL VIEW.
25
TABLE VIII.
Political View of the Free States.
Free
States.
o
p E
o ®
a
1 =
£ p
% *
P S
o 13
p o
00 »g
~. p
B P*
CO -^
s a
CD
p ft-
P >o
o3
O en
o »
ff5 P
3 S-
s° S"
p
3 cd Sr
3 p 1
o et-B
P cog-
^ o
o £.
S" °
32"
IS!:
p. 5 g.
Connecticut . .
91,635
363,099
846,034
977,154
191,881
581,813
985,450
395,071
317,456
465,509
3,048,325
1,955,050
2,258,160
143,875
313,402
304,756
962
7,693
5,436
11,262
333
1,356
9,064
2,583
520
23,810
49,069
25,279
53,626
3,670
718
635
92,597
370,792
851,470
988,416
192,214
583,169
994:514
397,654
317,976
489,319
3,097,394
i;980,329
2,311,786
147,545
314,120
305,391
74,736
66,768
155,497
183,134
16,845
82.182
132,936
82.939
52,839
83,211
522,294
353,428
386,214
17,005
43,838
64,712
2
4
9
11
2
6
11
4
3
5
33
21
25
2
3
3
2
4
10
12
2
7
12
5
4
6
36
23
27
2
4
3
4
6
11
13
4
8
13
6
5
7
35
23
27
4
5
5
4
6
12
14
4
Massachusetts
N. Hampshire.
New Jersey . . .
New York ....
Ohio
9
14
7
6
8
33
25
Pennsylvania .
Rhode Island .
Wisconsin ....
29
4
6
5
Total
13,238,670
196,016
13,434,686
2,318,578
144
159
176
191
It will be recollected that tlie area of tlie Slave States is
851,448 square miles, and that of the Free States G12,597.
The white population of the Slave States is 6,184,477, and of
the Free States 13,238,670. The number of free inhabitants
in the Slave States is 6,412,605, and in the Free States
13,434,686. The number of freemen hi the Free States is,
therefore, over 600,000 more than double the number hi the
Slave States.
The representation in Congress is, from the Slave States
ninety members, representing the 6,000,000 ; and from the
Free States one . hundred and forty-four, representing the
13,000,000. This discrepancy between population and repre-
sentation arises from the fact that, hi determining the number
of representatives to which each State* is entitled, five slaves
are reckoned equal to three freemen. The 3,200,304 slaves,
therefore, in the Slave States are reckoned equal to 1,920,182-g
3
26 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
freemen, and are represented accordingly. The slaves of the
South have, therefore, a representation equal to that of the
Free States of New Hampshire, Vermont, Connecticut, Iowa,
and "Wisconsin.
Without the representation allowed to slave property, the
number of representatives from the Slave States would be
seventy-five, insteated of ninety; and from the Free States
one hundred and fifty-nine, instead of one hundred and forty-
four ; a gain of thirty in favor of the Free States, making their
representation double that of the Slave States, even without
the representation of Rhode Island, Wisconsin, California, and
Iowa.*
By such a change, Kentucky, Louisiana, North Carolina,
and Tennessee, would lose one representative each ; Alabama,
Georgia, Virginia, and Mississippi, two each ; and South Caro-
lina three. Illinois, Indiana, Maine, Michigan, New Hamp-
shire, New Jersey and Vermont would each gain one ; Ohio
and Pennsylvania two, and New York three.
The free population of the whole fifteen Slave States is not
9,000 more than that of the three States of New York, Penn-
sylvania and Massachusetts. These three States have now
sixty-nine representatives.
The popular vote cast at the last Presidential election,
(1852) in the Slave States was 807,800 ; in the Free States
2,318,578 — a majority hi favor of the latter of 1,510,778, and
a ratio of almost three to one. The aggregate vote of the
following eleven States, viz : Maryland, Virginia, North Caro-
lina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, Florida, Ar-
kansas, Delaware, and Texas, was less than that of the single
State of New York ; the total vote of all these States being
515,159, while that of New York was 522,294; and yet,
* It will bo seen that in the late severe contests in the House of Repre-
sentatives, had freemen only been represented, the question would invari-
ably have been decided in favor of the North.
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 27
according to the present system of representation, these States
are entitled to seventy-nine electoral votes, and New York to
only thirty-five.
The three States, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, or
even the two States of Pennsylvania and New York, cast a
popular vote larger, by more than G0,000, than all the Slave
States. The three first named States have sixty-three electoral
votes ; the last two have sixty-two ; and the fifteen Slave States
one hundred and twenty !
In the North, 93,296 freemen and 16,101 voters are required
to elect a representative to Congress. In the South, only
71,251 freemen and 8,976 voters. A President elected by the
Northern votes over a candidate receiving the Southern votes
would have a popular majority of 1,510,778 votes, or about
twice the number of votes ever cast by the South.
A President elected by the South, with the votes of States
enough in the North to elect him, would not be chosen by the
majority. Thus, suppose a candidate to receive every vote in the
South (one hundred and twenty electoral votes), and the votes
of Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, and Rhode Island
(thirty electoral votes), this would give him one hundred and
fifty electoral votes to one hundred and forty-six against him ;
but the popular majority against him would be almost a million
of votes, or more than the whole Southern vote, as will be seen by
the table, the South having 807,800 voters, and the Free States
mentioned, 284,962 ; being a total of 1,092,762 votes ; while
the remaining Free States, casting but one hundred and forty-six
electoral votes, would have a popular vote of 2,033,616, which
is a majority of 940,854. If a President were so elected,
would the North and the Northwest be justified in dissolving
the Union therefor ?
Or, again : suppose a President elected by the vote of the
South and the vote of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, the
electoral vote would be one hundred and fifty-four for him and
28 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
one hundred and forty-two against him ; the popular vote would
be 1,277,225 for him, and 1,849,153 against him — or a majority
of 571,928 votes, which is about three-quarters of the whole
vote of the South. "Would the Northeast and Northwest
probably dissolve the Union on such a result ?
CHAPTER IV.
AGRICULTURE.
The tables found in this chapter show the condition of
agriculture hi the United States for the year ending June,
1850, when no other date is given.
Tables IX., X., show the number of farms and plantations,
acres of cultivated land, value of the same, value per acre,
value of farm implements and machinery, and whole area, in
acres, of the several Free and Slave States. California is
necessarily omitted from the list of the Free States, because of
the defective returns of the marshals for that State. This
omission can only be supplied by taking the State valuation for
1852, the first made by the State authority. In that year
there were assessed for taxation in California, 6,719,442 acres
of land, valued at $35,879,929, or $5.34 per acre.
In Table X., there is an evident and remarkable error —
either of the marshals, or of the compiler of the census returns
— in regard to the value of farms in South Carolina. This,
table, carefully copied from the Compendium of the Census,
gives for South Carolina :
Acres improved and unimproved land, . . 16,217,600
Valued at, - . $82,431,684
" per acre, ...... $5.08
Now the true value of lands in South Carolina is shown by
its State valuation to differ essentially from this. Thus, in
1851, there were assessed for taxation in' South Carolina
(American Almanac for 1853, p. 278) :
Acres of land, 17,073,412
Valued at, $23,952,679
" per acre, $1.40
3* (29)
30
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
5 e
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32
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
In 1854 (American Almanac for 1856, p. 293), there were
assessed for taxation :
Acres of land, 17,289,359
Valued at $22,836,374
" per acre, ...... $1.32
As to general results, the error in the South Carolina return
and the omission of California will about balance' each other.
By Table IX. it will be seen that the whole area
in acres of the Free States, not including
California, is 292,231,880
Number of acres under cultivation, . . 108,082,774
" of acres not under cultivation, . . 184,149,106
Value of the lands under cultivation, . . $2,143,344,437
" per acre, ...... $19.83
Whole area of the Slave States (including
South Carolina, according to the incorrect
census figures) 544,742,926
Number of acres under cultivation, . .. 180,572,292
" of acres not under cultivation, . . 364,170,634
Value of the land under cultivation, . . $1,117,649,649
" per acre, $6.18
Including only the lands under cultivation in the two sections,
the value per acre hi the North is more than three times that
of the South. Including the whole area, the proportion is still
larger.
The value per acre of land in the States, on the dividing
line between freedom and slavery, is suggestive — thus, in the
Free States, the value of farms per acre is as follows, viz :
New Jersey, $43 67
Pennsylvania, 27 27
Ohio, 19 99
Indiana, . . . . . 10 66
Illinois, 7 99
Average,
$22 17
A STATISTICAL VIEW.
33
In the border Slave States the value is
Delaware,
Maryland,
Virginia, •
Kentucky,
Missouri,
Average,
as follows, viz :
. $19 75
. 18 81
8 27
9 03
6 49
$9 25
$3 24
Take those Slave States which, by position, population, or
intercourse, feel least the influence of the Free States. Thus,
the value of farms per acre is,
North Carolina,
South Carolina,
Tennessee,
Florida, .
Georgia, .
Alabama,
Arkansas,
Texas,
Mississippi,
1
32
5
1G
3
97
4
19
5
30
5
87
1
44
5
22
Average,
$3 74
Table XI. shows the value of the agricultural pro-
ductions of the several Free States and Slave States for
the year 1840. It is taken from the Annual Report of
the Secretary of the Treasury on the Finances for 1854-5.
It is understood that the articles of wheat (54,770,311 bushels
in the Free States and 30,052,961 bushels in the Slave States),
sugar (31,010,234 pounds in the Free States and 124,090,560
pounds in the Slave States), and molasses, are not included.
Table XII. has been prepared with great labor. In the
first two columns are given the amount and value of live stock,
and the amount of agricultural products; in the Free and Slave
12
34
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
TABLE XI.
Statement of the Value of the Agricultural Productions of the Free and of
the Slave States for the year 1 840.
FREE STATES.
Connecticut $11,201,618
Illinois ' 11,577,281
Indiana 14,484,610
Maine 14,725,615
Massachusetts 14,371,732
Michigan 3,207,048
New Hampshire 10,762,019
New Jersey 15,314,006
New York 91,244,178
Ohio 27,212,004
Pennsylvania 51,232,204
Rhode Island 1,951,141
Vermont 16,977,664
Iowa 688,308
"Wisconsin .• 445,559
Total $285,394,987
SLAVE STATES.
Alabama $23,833,470
Arkansas 4,973,655
Delaware 2,877,350
Georgia 29,612,436
Kentucky 26,233,968
Louisiana 17,976,017
Maryland 14,015,665
Mississippi 26,297,666
Missouri 9,755,615
North Carolina 24,727,297
South Carolina 20,555,919
Tennessee 27,917,692
Virginia 48,644,905
Florida 1,817,718
Total $279,239,373
States, for the years 1840 and 1850. In the third and fourth
columns are given the values according to the calculations of
De Bow, in which the products of the North and the South are
calculated at the same prices, which calculation is unfavorable
to the North.
As to those products whose value is given by De Bow
(Census Compendium, p. 17G), in the aggregate, their value
has been distributed as follows, viz :
Eggs and feathers, according to the relative amount of
poultry in the North and South in 1840.
Milk, according to amount of butter and cheese in each sec-
tion in 1850.
Annual increase of stock and cattle, sheep and pigs, under
one year old, according to value of live stock in 1850.
Residuum of crops, manure, etc., according to population.
Small crops, as carrots, etc., one-fourth to the South and
three-fourths to the North.
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 35
In the fifth and sixth columns are given the values according
to the prices in Andrews' voluminous Report on Trade and
Commerce, made August 19, 1852. The prices are the same
for the two sections. The aggregate products have been dis-
tributed according to the best authorities and information which
could be obtained.
In the seventh and eighth columns are given the average
crops per acre in the two sections as returned by the marshals
in 1850.
"The quantity of wheat in 1850," says *De Bow, "is be-
lieved to be under-stated, and the crop was also short.'
" Investigations undertaken by the State legislatures and agri-
cultural societies," says Andrews (Report, p. G96), "prove that
the aggregate production of wheat reported in the census tables
was below the average crop by at least 80,000,000 bushels."
It seems fair to add to our table for "understatement" the
amoimt of 15,000,000 bushels,* which distributed according
to production would give Free States, 10,823,899 bushels ;
value $10,823,899; Slave States, 4,176,101 bushels; value,
$4,176,101.
Of hemp and flax, De Bow says: "It is impossible to
reconcile the hemp and flax returns of 1840 and 1850. No
doubt in both cases, tons and pounds have often been con-
founded. In a few of the States, such as Indiana and Illinois,
the returns of 1850 were rejected altogether for insufficiency."
* The following are the census returns of wheat, in five large wheat-
growing counties in Ohio, for 1850, and the returns made by the State
authorities for the same year :
Counties. Census Returns. State Returns.
Stark, bushels, 590,594 1,071,177
Wayne, " 571,377 .' 1,020,000
Muskingum, " 415,847 1,003,000
Licking, " 336,317 849,110
Coshocton " ". . . . 416,918 852,809
2,331,053 4,806,193
36
THE NORTH AND TIIE SOUTH.
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38
THE NORTII AND THE SOUTH.
Add, then, for "insufficiency" of returns, to the amount of
hemp and flax for these two States enough to make their
production in 1850 equal it in 1840, and its value will be, at
six^ents per pound, $1,225,138. "With these corrections, the
grand aggregate of the agricultural products of the United
States, for the year ending June, 1850, will be, using Andrews'
prices, —
Free States, $858,034,334
Slave States, . . . . ' . 631,277,417
Total, $1,489,911,751
The following is a list of the prices of leading products in
the foregoing table, by De Bow, and Andrews :
Indian corn, bushel,
$
50
$
00
Wheat, "
1
00
1
00
Oats, "
30
44
Irish potatoes, "
40
75
Sweet "
50
80
Eye, "
55
89
Peas and beans, "
62i
80
Cotton, bale of 400 pounds,
40
32
40
00
Cane sugar, hhds. of 1000 lbs
52
20
40
00
Maple sugar, pound,
5
5
Butter, "
16
20
Eice, "
2
3 4-10
Hay, ton,
7
00
12
50
Hemp, "
150
47
130
00
Wool, pound,
30
50
Tobacco, "
7
6
Flax, "
10
6
A glance at the prices of De Bow will satisfy any one that,
if they be fair for Virginia, Tennessee, and the South gener-
ally, and for Illinois, Missouri, and the West, they cannot be
for New England, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania.
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 39
Thus of Indian corn, Avhich De Bow calls 50 cents per
bushel. If Southern and "Western corn be worth that price
where it is raised, Northern and Eastern corn must be worth
at least 75 cents. So of wheat, which De Bow puts at a
dollar. If that be fan for Tennessee, Missouri, and Illinois, a
dollar and twenty-five cents is a moderate price for the North-
ern and Eastern States mentioned. So of oats, rye, potatoes,
hay, wool, peas and beans, and some other products. There
should be added then to De Bow's aggregates, for the products
of New England, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania,
as follows, viz :
Indian corn, 56,639,174 bush, at 25 cts. $14,159,793
Wheat, 31,183,273 " 25 7,795,818
Oats, 5'9,CT0,301 " 15 8,935,545
Eye, 11,779,509 " 20 2,355,902
Potatoes, 44,204,441 " 35 15,471,554
Hay, 9,471,369 tons, $7 00 66,299,573
Wool, 22,283,776 lbs. 10 2,228,377
• Peas and beans, 1,261,732 bush. 50 630,866
Total, $117,877,428
This list might be extended still further. Adding this
amount to the asirresrates, according to De Bow's fisrures, and
the total amount will be, —
Free States, $827,054,955
Slave States, .... 634,570,057
Total, .' . . . . $1,461,625,012
This is not essentially different from the result arrived at by
taking Andrews' prices. By neither mode of calculation is
full justice done to the North.
VALUE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTIONS, PER ACRE, IN 1850
The value of agricultural productions per acre for 1850 is
40 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
obtained by dividing the total product by the number of acres
of land under cultivation. Thus, —
FREE STATES.
Number of acres in farms, . . . . 108,193,522
Agricultural product, $858,634,334
Product per acre, ...... $7,94
SLAVE STATES.
Number of acres in farms and plantations, . 180,572,392
Agricultural product, $631,277,417
Product per acre, ...... $3.49
VALUE OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS, PER HEAD, IN 1850.
No enumeration was made in 1850*of the whole number of
persons engaged in agriculture, as was done in 1840, and the
returns for the latter year must therefore be the basis of our
calculation for 1850, as to the number, and' the consequent
value, of the products per head in the two sections of our
country." Assuming, then, that in the North the proportion of*
the whole population of those engaged in agriculture was the
same in 1850 as in 1840, and that in the South the proportion
of the free population thus engaged was no larger than in the
North, we have the following result, viz :
FREE STATES.
Whole number engaged in agriculture in 1850, 2,509,126
Value of agricultural products, . . . $858,634,334
Value per head, ...... $342
SLAVE STATES.
Number of free population engaged in agricul-
ture in 1850,' ....... 1,197,649
Number of slaves engaged in agriculture in 1850, 2,500,000
Total, 3,697,649
Value of agricultural products, .. . .$631,277,417
Value per head, $171
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 41
De Bow says of the slave population of 1850 (Census Com-
pendium, p. 94), there are "about 2,500,000 slaves directly
employed in agriculture." This is a small estimate, and the
number given above (1,197,649) of the 6,412,605 free popula-
tion of the South engaged in agriculture is very small. With
the little manufactures and commerce of the South, what are
the people of that region engaged in ? But, under protest, we
adopt the above conclusions. This, then, is the grand result in
the department of agriculture, the peculiar province of the
South :
The North, with half as much land under cultivation, and
two-thirds as many persons engaged in farming, produces two
hundred and twenty-seven millions of dollars worth of agricultural
products in a year more than the South ; tioice as much on an
acre, and more than double the value per head for every person
engaged in farming.
And this, while the South, paying nothing for its labor,
has better land, a monopoly of cotton, rice, cane sugar, and
nearly so of tobacco and hemp, and a climate granting two and
sometimes three crops in a year. Nor does a comparison of the
products of 1850 with those of 1840 afford any ground for
hope for the South. A recurrence to Table XI. will show
that, excluding wheat, sugar, and molasses from the aggregate?
the production of the South for 1840 was nearly equal that of
the North. Perhaps in 1830 it was greater.
Table XIII. gives the population, white and slave, number of
acres of land, value of farms, value of land per acre, number
of students and scholars in public and private schools, and the
number of whites over twenty unable to read and write, in the
counties in the several States on the dividing line between the
Free and Slave States, from the Atlantic to the Mississippi.
The statistics are from De Bow's Compendium of the Census
of 1850. The table is an important one, and deserves a more
extended consideration than can be given it in this work.
4* .
42
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
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vate Schools.
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Value of
Improved and
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in 1850.
Acres of
Improved and
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in 1850.
Slaves
in 1850.
White
Population
in 1850.
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ic coT-^ »o co t-^i-H »6 oJ co oi -+ u£ o'ci co t* i-To-i -t^r^rcrr-Tio
rH r-to -^t^co ^^
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1'Nocdcci-coc c" -j" r. "/" ~ j vo cr -^ co -p "O re oo co co co
cr co c-i o i cr o i ;■ i co- r-H re t-h oi i-h -^ -ch *o co ^n -r* co co i— i i-h as
co co t— cm loo: r— )-: o c: t-h c i oi lo re t-h co c i- rc^rjicM t^o
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CC l.O- O' CO CO r-< r— ."j CO' Hl^-t <_/_■ -r" »0 O! 'CT >o cc i-hw co o
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OJ I-H
1-HC73
COCO CMO
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CJ O CJ o o o
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 43
In proportion to the white population, these border counties
of the Slave States contain the following per cent of slaves, viz :
Delaware, ..... 1 per cent.
Maryland, 5 «
Virginia, ...... 2 "
Kentucky, . . . . .21 "
The remaining counties of the same States give the follow-
ing, viz :
Delaware, ..... 8 per cent.
Maryland, 71 «
Virginia, . . . . .59 "
Kentucky, 31 "
The value of lands per acre will be seen by an examination
of the table ; and it will be noticed, that, with the exception of
the broken region of Virginia, which lies adjacent to Ohio, and
that of Kentucky, which lies adjacent to Illinois, the value of
lands per acre in the counties of the Slave States adjoining the
Free is greater than that of the remaining counties of their
respective States. The opposite is true, generally, of the
border counties of the Free States. Thus, the effects of
freedom and slavery on the value of the adjacent lands is
reciprocal. The neighborhood of slavery lessens then- value in
the Free States ; the neighborhood of freedom increases it in
the Slave States. To such an extent is this true, that, in Vir-
ginia, for example, the lands in counties naturally poor, are, by
the proximity of freedom, rendered more valuable than those
unequalled lands in the better portions of the State. In-
deecL this table shows the fact that the lands in the border
counties of the Slave States are worth more per acre than the
remaining lands in the same States, with the addition of the
value of the whole number of their slaves at $400 per head.
And this, be- it remembered, while the value of lands in the
balance of the counties of the border Slave States is double
that of the lands in the Slave States not adjacent to the Free.
It is for the interest of the Slave States to be hedged in by a
44 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
circle of Free States. If Tennessee had been a Free State,
her lands would have been worth as much as those of Ohio, —
$19.99 per acre, instead of $5.16 as now, — and who cannot
see that, in that event, the lands of North Carolina, South
Carolina, and Georgia would have been worth more per acre
than the sums of $3.24, $1.40, $4.19, respectively. Not only
could Tennessee afford to sacrifice the whole value of her slaves
for the sake of freedom, but even North Carolina, South Caro-
lina, and Georgia could afford to sacrifice the whole value of
their own slaves, and pay for all of the slaves in Tennessee for
the sake of having a free neighbor. The increased value of
lands would more than compensate for the sacrifice. The
figures prove this.
Tennessee has 18,984,022 acres of land under cultivation,
worth $5.16 per acre. Multiply this number of acres by
$14.83 (the difference between the value of lands in Tennessee
and Ohio), and the amount is, ... $281,533,046
Tennessee has 239,459 slaves ; value, at $400
each, 95,783,600
This leaves the respectable margin of . . 185,749,446
North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia
have 60,891,774 acres of land, worth $3 08
per acre. Multiply this number of acres by
$15.73 (the difference in value between the
lands in these States and the border Slave
State of Maryland), and the amount is . $957,827,605
Number of slaves in these States, . . . 1,055,214
Value at $400 each, $422,085,600
Value of slaves in Tennessee, as above, . . 95,783,000
T&tal, $517,869,200
Deducting this from the increased value of
lands, and the balance in favor of free neigh-
bors is the sum of $439,958,405
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 45
Thus, the figures show that Tennessee could afford, for the
sake of freedom, to sacrifice the whole value of her quarter of
a million of slaves, and pay in addition the sum of $185,749,440.
For the sake of a free neighbor, and to bring up their lands to
the value of those of Maryland, the States of North and South
Carolina, and Georgia, could afford to sacrifice the whole of
their own slaves, pay for those of Tennessee, and make
$439,958,405 by the bargain, which sum is considerably more
than twice the present value of all their lands. Nay, these
States could afford to send off, singly, every ^lave within their
limits, in a coach with two horses, and provisions for a year, if
they could but bring up the value of their lands to that of the
land in northern Maryland. Indignation, and patriotism, and
dissolution of the Union, indeed, if a fugitive now and then be
not reclaimed ! South Carolina could afford to pay every year
more money than she spent in the whole Revolutionary war,
to make her whole number of slaves fugitives ; and then make
money enough by the transaction to fence in the whole State
with a picket fence, to prevent their return.
NEW ENGLAND, SOUTII CAROLINA, AND VIRGINIA.
Comparisons between portions of the North and the South
can be made to any extent. A few are added, with such sug-
gestions as seem proper.
Table XIV. is a comparison between the States of Rhode
Island and Connecticut, and an equal extent of cultivated lands
in certain counties of South Carolina. The table includes the
city of Charleston. The comparison extends to the value of
lands, population, value of agricultural and manufactured pro-
ducts, commerce, and education. The value of lands in the
South Carolina counties is the fictitious One of Be Bow's Com-
pendium, and not the real one of the State valuation.
The portions compared in Table XIV. are of equal age as well
as extent. The free portion has eleven times the white popu-
lation ; nearly four times the total population of white and slave.
Its lands are worth six times as much, and twice as much after
40
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTn.
'§N
£"3
&2
&5
Oh
,Qh
~ o
£
2 °^ j§
S ^t?
^ 8
s ^ S
§
J i 1
r^ 'S ^ 5
g..§gJ
^
eg «
§^
a nSj
<a 50
<S "^
l/J£
o Ps
^
Scholars in Public
Schools, 1850.
©O
COCO
rHCcT
L-<M
c»
0
°2.
-*"
C5
CO
CO
CO O CO CO 0
OS 1-1 —COO
rHr-1 CO -*i CO
l-f
e
OE
O
CM
^
Students in Colleges,
Academies, and Pri-
vate Schools, 1850.
COCO
L-CO
L-r-T
MH . O
ccco 0 0
©cm a „
CO g-
CO
-*_
ccT
Tonnage built dur-
ing the year ending
June 30, 1855.
l-CM
COCO
ooo_
I— 1
0
(M
CO
CD
Tonnage owned
June 30, 1855.
©CO
l-CO
rH_0_
1— r-T
COO
CO
CO
CO^
ocT
CO
I—
CO
cm"
%.
L-
co
m
CO
CO
L^
o"
c3
0"
5?
00
-*0,
CO^Tsf
LO
O
CO
°i.
0"
CO
• Value of
Manufactures
in 1850.
■*CO
LOO
COL—
CO i— 1
oc-f
m
$2,707,760
68,519
12,825
154,684
40,624
<if
,©■
03
Value of Agricultural
Products in 1860,
according to De Bow.
COL—
L-C3_
coco"
coco
coco,
coth~
•
$896,904
1,104,685
223,740
160,640
377,826
0
©
ccf
CD
L-
of
Value of Slaves
at $400 each.
$21,910,000
7,301,200
3,403;200
830,000
3,008,000
©
©
-*_
csT
0
■*_
CD~
CO
Value of Slaves per
acre, at $400 each.
$26.85
19.83
6.11
1.63
3.87
L—
c>i
Slaves in 1850.
•
54,775
18,253
8,508
2,075
7,520
or.
C
White Population
in 1850.
Oi o
CTJ L—
o»
ccTco"
co-^
1—
CO
0
10
CO CO CM CM 1— 1
OCJO(MCO
Cjj-HO^OL^
ocfccTocf
CO
CO
ccT
Cash Value of Farms
per acre, 1850.
-*o
COO
rHr-i
COCO
CO
CO
$7.20
15.49
1.71
.76
3.45
0
1-1
0
Cash Value of Farms
in 1850.
CO CD
coco
coco'
rHCO
CC^O,
1-1-1
CO
CO
°2n
cd~
CO
of
©
$5,903,220
5,704,920
861,538
385,840
2,080,544
01
CO
0
co"
03
o_
0"
CM
CO
csT
0
cm"
Acres of
Unimproved Land
iu 1850.
i—l rH
OlO
L— ^
OL-
l-HO
coi-i
0
co~
CO
636,495
318,514
432,440
472,971
652,342
Acres of
Improved Land
in 1850.
COL—
L-CO
!-<_■*_
co"co"
coo
L-CO
CO
co_
01
of
183,236
49,609
70,360
33,664
124,306
0
1—
rH,
CO
02
'■ri
||
80
0 ^3
OPS
0
H
Counties in
South Carolina
of area equal to
Rhode Island
& Connecticut.
Charleston ....
Georgetown . . .
Williamsburg .
ITovrv
. 0
i
C
E-
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 47
adding to the value of the lands the whole value of the slaves in
this most intensely slave portion of the Union, at the rate of $400
for each slave. The value of the agricultural products of Con-
necticut and Rhode Island is four times as great as that of those
of this portion of Carolina, although the latter has, the monopoly
almost of the rice-producing region. Of the value of the
Carolina products, one-third is cotton ; and here is the place to
say, that it is owing to the invention of a Massachusetts man
that the South is able to raise its cotton at all at this time. If
the South had been obliged to clean cotton by hand, at the rate
of a pound a day for each slave, as before the invention of
Whitney, the whole cotton-producing region would have been
bankrupt. The treatment which the .Northern inventor received
at the hands of those Southrons, whose fortunes he had made,
is a sad portion of history. Before his patent was obtained, a
mob of the chivalry (who despise so heartily and magnificently
a money-making, peddling Yankee) broke open the building hi
which his machine was placed, carried off the machine, and
made others from it ; and, before he could go through the formal-
ities of getting his patent, several machines were in successful
operation on the plantations of different gentlemen. In the
Georgia courts, Whitney's rights were decided against, on the
ground mainly that, as " the introduction of the gin would open
up boundless resources of wealth to the planters, it was too
great a power to allow any one man a monopoly of the right to
furnish the machines." South Carolina agreed to pay $50,000
for the invention, paid $20,000 down, then repudiated the con-
tract, sued Whitney and his partner for the money paid, and
cast the latter into prison. Afterwards, this action was reversed
and the contract fulfilled. The action of Tennessee was similar
to that of South Carolina, without the repentance. North
Carolina did better, and was faithful to its contract. After
years of litigation, Whitney got a decision in his favor in the
United States Court ; but meantime his patent was nearly out,
and his application for a renewal was denied by the votes of
those whose fortunes he had made. In Georgia, in the courts,
48 THE NORTII AND THE SOUTH.
witnesses, judges, and juries gave way, in spite of law and
evidence, before the rapacity of the planters. " In one in-
stance," says Whitney, "I had great difficulty in proving
that the machine had been used in Georgia, although at the
same moment there were three separate sets of this machinery
in motion within fifty yards of the building in which the court
sat, and all so near that the rattling of the wheels was distinctly
heard on the steps of the court-house."
To return to. table XIV. In manufactures, the North has
more than twenty times; in tonnage owned in 1855, three
times ; and in tonnage built in the same year, three hundred
and fifty times as much as the South. The " tonnage #built"
in 1855, in South Carolina, consisted of one schooner of sixty-
one tons burden. This is since the sitting of several Southern
conventions, in which they resolved to have an extensive com-
merce of their own, not only with Europe, but with Brazil and
Central America. As to education, the New England figures
are twenty times as large as those of Carolina.
Table XV. is a comparison between Massachusetts and an
equal extent of territory in Virginia. The portion of Virginia
taken is the southeastern, from the Atlantic to the mountains.
It includes Norfolk, the commercial capital of Virginia, and the
'land taken is naturally as good as that of other parts of the
State, and much better than the lands in Massachusetts. The
age of the two sections is about the same. As compared with
Virginia, the white population in Massachusetts is ten times as
great, and five times as great as its total white and slave. Her
lands are worth nearly six times as much per acre, and almost
twice as much as the lands and slaves of the Virginia counties
added together, although they constitute the most dense slave
section of the State (the slaves being worth twice as much as
the lands and buildings). The agricultural products of Massa-
chusetts, at De Bow's prices, are nearly double those of the
Virginia counties, while her manufacturing products are more
than forty times as great, and eight times as much in a single year
as the whole value of this great portion of Virginia, including
A STATISTICAL VIEW.
49
£G
^ ft, •!?
m
w
CO
"2
u
^
' —
^
V
o
©
p
u,
£
&.CQ
%
a
~:
<;>
~
$
s
"~
i§
3
"=i
s
*e
g;
v
^
to kc ^
Scholars in the
Public Schools
in 1850.
CHKco-^'ri: >.c co co cr>cf cf o
ci oc co co i - x x co ..- r. cm -h -t< o
SCK'CflOrt C < OI CM Of 00 rH i-H
Pupils in Colleges,
Academics, and Pri-
vate Schools, 1850.
Amount of Tonnage
Built in 1855.
Tonnage Owned
June 30, 1855.
CM . Oi CO O T* QO -*H CO - CO O
0) -* H) CO QG CO r-l COM- CO ;CC3
3.HCM 1-ICOa
co
Value of
Manufactures,
1850.
Value of Agricul-
tural Products in
1850, according to
De Bow.
Talue of Slaves
at $400 per Slave.
Value of Slaves
per Acre
at $400 per Slave.
Slaves in 1850.
White Population
in 1850.
Cash Value of
Farms per acre
in 1850.
Cash value of
Farms
in 1850.
Acres of
Unimproved Land
in 1850.
CI Of — C'ifHHCOCH^ I— OI CO
i - ' ~ co co o -r -t- CO' co if ~ co co -v
i-h Cf o aeoj co rH co i - if co ■* co
cT ccTcct— cro-Hi i- — ' -r x'ofcocccfT
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t20HC'j:i--.":ici.:- if co i-
CM M^iH-*i-CC- co i - ~ co -h -h
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OI CM Ci rH CO Lf ^1 CO ^i CO CM CM CM r-l
coocc co co co co o o o co o
COCCCCCCCOCf co
CO CO 01 xr CO fT CO X CO CO CO CO 00 CO
of co oi o'^'oi -h co oi co' ©of ccr-T
f I -O r~ /. cr Y *— - CO V CO >C if CO
' C Ol rX I- CO -* CO — CO r-r if if o
g; IfHHH r-l
-H CO CO CM 01 CO if 0] if 'f CO CO if Cf
0 1 -f Of if CO i- CO ~. if t-h CO CO ~- I -
COCO t—ft^-3; -fu-cr: I- t^f^rf CO rH
cm' co' cm"-* of coco' >10 lO "-# © CO co of
- -f CO CO CO if rH CO CO -h of — CO if
01 CO I- vf CO CO O' — 01 -1 CO rH r-l
;coo; Of 0 1 cr 1- - _— . -fCOOl l-Ol
- iro O o' I— -^ r-l co' tro 10 o' ^ tH of
i co oi 'f co oi of i-co oi
rH CO CO' ©■ CO CO CO CC CO CO rH CO Cf OI !
1 - Ijo CO Of CM -f- I - f. - T- co ^o co o
■* co' — ' Old i- 1- co' oo i- oj co' oi of
: 1- oi if OS >o
-r Cf lO rH CO 01 Cf 1 - CO CO Cf O rH CO
co ~ oc oo y co c i r c_i cc co i - co cf
©M~ rH CC Cf 1 - t^ L— CO © CO
CO OI r-l rH r-l r-l
Acres of
Improved Land
in 1850.
01 Of' CO CO CO CO CO CO X CO' -H -H O CO
CO. C 0 c: if -r Of CO CO CO CO r-l CO CI Of
rH Lf O l-CCC r-^Cf ~V CO CO O CO Cf OI
' of iC 1— •* tA Of of Cf CO
rtlrHI -
OI OI 01
CO c; -
I— L— Cf lO CO) CO *-0 CC -*
Counties in Virginia
of area equal to the
State of
Massachusetts.
*SS'38SS«S2H.5«ri
S^-S£l-1Coi O t, -ri s
Ph K Pm K g H C- co t/j <Ti <5 Ph w Oj
50
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
its commercial capital. Tonnage owned, Massachusetts twenty-
eight parts, Virginia one part ; tonnage built in 1855, Massa-
chusetts thirty-seven parts, Virginia one part. Education,
scholars, Massachusetts twenty-one parts, Virginia one part.
TABLE XVI.
Population, Crops, and other Statistics of Plymouth and Norfolk Counties,
in Massachusetts, and James City and Westmoreland Counties, in Virginia,
for the year 1 850.
Population, Crops, &c.
Plymouth
County,
Mass.
James City
County,
Va.
Norfolk
County,
Mass.
Westmore-
land
County, Va.
Whites
Free Colored
Slaves
Total
Dwellings
Whites between the ages of 5 and 20
Pupils in public & private schools
Natives unable to read and write,
over 20 years of age
Number of Farms
Acres of Improved Land
Acres of Unimproved Land
Value of Farms
Value of Farms per acre
Number of Horses and Mules. . . .
" " Neat Cattle
" " Sheep
" " Swine
Wheat, bushels
Bye, "
Oats, "
Indian Corn, bushels
Irish Potatoes, "
Sweet Potatoes, "
Peas and Beans, "
Barley, "
Buckwheat, "
Butter, pounds
Cheese, "
Hay, tons
Hops, pounds
Clover Seed, bushels
Other Grass Seed, bushels
Tobacco, pounds
Cotton, bales
Wool, pounds
Beeswax and Honey, pounds
Value of Animals slaughtered. . . .
Value of Produce of Market Gard's
" " Orchard Products
Wine, gallons
Manufacturing Capital
Number of Hands
Annual Product
Value of Domestic Manufactures .
55,241
456
55,697
9,506
17,342
11,249
50
2,447
101.135
114,254
1,048,442
$28.08
2,458
11.855
.5:384
4.574
251
17.143
26,809
105.243
208,402
871
3.267
239
374.816
130,478
28,532
12
152
16,643
3.352
$176,102
$13,502
$19,205
' 21
$2,397,305
8,024
$6,713,906
1,489
663
1.868
4,020
396
540
315
52
129
21.251
44.132
$561,931
$8.59
534
2.365
1.217
4,009
25,476
22.040
102,430
2,789
5,730
300
17,785
2,197
$14,339
$365
78,643
249
78.892
12,545
23,460
18,252
64
2,637
107,884
67,444
$13,748,505
$78.41
3.311
12,656
580
8.209
356
17,423
14,939
112.132
253,158
3.952
5,462
454
347,089
90,160
41,588
81
879
1,047
$289,809
$136,796
$55,458
91
$5,433,300
15.628
$13,323:595
$25,702
3.376
1T47
3:557
8,080
869
1,330
398
443
68,627
6.450
$1,132,197
$8.70
1.101
6.225
3,676
8,237
82,774
502
7.897
269,115
4.970
6,176
1,350
28,437
32
129
1,346
8,603
3,700
$41,740
$26
$512
2
$3,330
19
$16,300
$7,843
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 51
Table XVI. is a comparison between tlie counties of Nor-
folk and Plymouth in Massachusetts, and the counties of West-
moreland and James City in Virginia, as to population, educa-
tion, agriculture, etc.
James City Co. is the county in which are situated James-
town, the Plymouth of Virginia, and William and Mary's
College, the rival in age of Harvard University. Jamestown
now contains two houses, and of William and Mary's College
it is said that it seldom has more than forty students (the
Census Compendium gives it thirty-five in 1850). Westmore-
land Co. is the native county of Washington. Of the Massa-
chusetts counties, Norfolk is the county of the Adamses, and
Plymouth that of the Pilgrim settlement.
VALUE OF LAND IN NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES.
The value of land per acre in some of the counties in the
South, where there is the largest proportion of slaves, is as
follows, viz :
Charles Co., Maryland (whites 5,6G5 ; slaves 9,584), $10.50.
Amelia Co., Virginia (whites, 2,785 ; slaves, 6,819), $7.60.
Beaufort, Colleton, and Georgetown Co.'s, South Carolina
(whites, 14,915; slaves, 71,904), $7.30.
The value of land per acre in some Northern counties is as
follows, viz : Hudson Co., New Jersey, $178 ; Delaware Co.,
Pennsylvania, $86.
No more tables will be given in the department of agricul-
ture. Some further comparisons and illustrations are given.
Virginia, free, and as thickly settled as Massachusetts, would
have had, hi 1850, 7,751,324 whites instead of 894,800.
Massachusetts, a slave State, and as thinly populated as
Virginia, would have had in 1850, 102,351 white inhabitants
instead of 985,450.
Virginia, free, would have had an annual product of manu-
factures amounting to $1,190,072,592. instead of $29,705,387.
52 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTn.
Massachusetts, a slave State, would have had manufactures
amounting to $3,776,001, instead of $151,137,145.
Virginia, free, would have been worth in real and personal
property (on the basis of the census estimate), $4,333,525,307,
instead of (value of slaves deducted) $203,035,238.
Massachusetts, a slave State, would have been worth
$48,004,335 instead of $551,100,824.
Boston, with slavery, according to the increase of population
in Virginia, would have contained 3,489 people instead of
13G,881. In the whole South there are less than fifty cities
with a population of 3,500.
Richmond, Virginia, free, according to the increase of popu-
lation in Massachusetts, would have contained 1,070,009 free
people instead of 17,043.
If Virginia had not a settler within her territory, and should
be opened at once to free settlement, hi ten years she would
have nearly as many white inhabitants as she now has, two
hundred and fifty years after her settlement, and in twenty
years she would have nearly as many whites as the whole
number of slaveholding States now have, provided 00,000
settlers should go in the first year, and that the rate of increase
should be as great as that of Wisconsin, Iowa, or Minnesota.
Even with this population of twenty years, she would not be so
densely peopled as Massachusetts was in 1850. The figures
prove our statements : thus, "Wisconsin had, in 1840, 30,749
whites; in 1850, 304,750. Ratio of increase 89.11 per cent.
Assume 00,000 whites in Virginia at the close of the first year,
and the rate of increase as above, then in ten years she would
have 594,GG0 white inhabitants, and in twenty years 5,793,475.
Number of whites in Virginia in 1850, 894,800 ; in the slave-
holding States, 0,184,477. Thus, as to population, slavery in
two hundred and fifty years has done the work of twenty. As
to the value of lands, it has done still worse. Thus, in little
more than ten years, Wisconsin had brought up the value of
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 53
her farms per acre to $9.54 ; Virginia in two hundred and fifty
years had barely raised the price of her lands to $8.27.
We give below, from different authorities, the past and
present condition of the lands of the Free and Slave States.
" New England" (says " A perfect description of Virginia,"
published in London in 1 649) " is in a good condition of liveli-
hood ; but for matter of any great hope but fishing there is not
much." Compared to Virginia, "it's as Scotland is to England,
so much difference, and lies upon the same land northward as
Scotland does to England ; there is much cold, frost, and snow ;
their land is barren, except a herring be put into the hole you set
the corn in, it will not come up ; and it was a great pity all
those planters, now about 20,000, did not seat themselves at first
at the south of Virginia, in a warm and rich country, where their
industry could have produced sugar, indigo, ginger, cotton, and
the like commodities."
Said Sir Thomas Dale, in 1G12, speaking of Virginia, "Take
four of the best kingdoms in Christendom, and put them all
together, they may no way compare with this country either
for commodities or goodness of soil."
Says Beverley at a later period : " In extreme fruitfulness,
it (Virginia) is exceeded by no other. No seed is sown there
but it thrives, and most of the northern plants are improved
by being transplanted thither."
Says Lane, the Governor of Raleigh colony, in 1585, speak-
ing of Virginia and Carolina: " It is the goodliest soil under the
cope of heaven, the most pleasing territory of the world.
The climate is so wholesome that we have not one sick since
we touched the land. If Virginia had but horses and kine,
and were inhabited with English, no realm in Christendom
were comparable to it."
Such was the country which slavery took two hundred years
ago : and any quantity of testimony to its fertility could be
quoted. Mark the change which slavery has made.
Says Washington (letter to Arthur Young, Nov. 1, 1787),
5*
54 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
" Our lands, as I mentioned to you, were originally very good,
but use and abuse have made them quite otherwise."
Says Olmsted (Seaboard Slave States, pages 63 and G5),
speaking of the lands, stock, and vehicles of a certain locality
in eastern Virginia in 1855: " Oldfields' — a coarse, yellow,
sandy soil, bearing scarce anything but pine trees and broom-
sedge. In some places, for acres, the pines would not be above
five feet high — that was land that had been in cultivation,
used up, and ' turned out ' not more than six or eight years
before ; then there were patches of every age ; sometimes the
trees were a hundred feet high. At long intervals there were
fields in which the pine was just beginning to spring in beauti-
ful green plumes from the ground, and was yet hardly noticeable
among the dead brown grass and sassafras bushes and black-
berry vines, which nature first sends to hide the nakedness of
the impoverished earth.
" Of living creatures, for miles, not one was to be seen (not
even a crow or a snow-bird), except hogs. These — long,
lank, snake-headed, hairy, wild beasts — would come dashing
across our path, in packs of from three to a dozen, with short
hasty grunts, almost always at a gallop, and looking neither to
the right nor left, as if they were in pursuit of a fox, and were
quite certain to catch him in the next hundred yards." (Num-
ber of swine in Virginia in 1850, 1,829,843.)
" "We turned the corner, following some slight traces of a
road, and shortly afterwards met a curious vehicular establish-
ment, probably belonging to the master of the hounds. It
consisted of an axle-tree and wheels, and a pair of shafts, made
of unbarked saplings, in which was harnessed, by attaclunents
of raw-hide and rope, a single small ox. There was a bit
made of telegraph wire in his mouth, by which he was guided,
through the mediation of a pair of much knotted rope-reins, by
a white man — a dignified sovereign wearing a brimless crown
— who sat upon a two-bushel sack (of meal, I hope, for the
hounds' sake), balanced upon the axle-tree ; and who saluted
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 55
me with a fraixk ' How are you ? ' as we came opposite each
other."
Said Henry A. "Wise, in 1855, during his canvass for Gov-
enor, speaking to the Virginians : " You all own plenty of land,
but it is poverty added to poverty. Poor land added to poor land,
and nothing added to nothing makes nothing ; while the owner is
talking politics at Richmond, or in Congress, or spending the
summer at the White Springs, the lands grow poorer and poorer,
and this soon brings land, negroes, and all, under the hammer.
You have the owners skinning the negroes, and the negroes
skinning the land, until all grow poor together.
" You have relied alone on the single power of agriculture,
and such agriculture ! Your sedge-patches outshine the sun ;
your inattention to your only source of wealth has scared the
bosom of mother Earth. Instead of having to feed cattle on a
thousand hills, you have to chase the stump-tailed steer through
the sedge-patches to procure a tough beef-steak." (Number of
neat cattle in Virginia, in 1850, 1,076,209.)
" I have heard a story — I will not locate it here or there —
about the condition of the prosperity of our agriculture. I was
told by a gentleman in Washington, not long ago, that he was
travelling in a county not a hundred miles from this place, and
overtook one of our citizens on horseback, with perhaps, a bag
of hay for a saddle, without stirrups, and the leading line for a
bridle, and he said, ' Stranger, whose house is that ? ' ' It is
mine,' was the reply. They came to another. ' Whose house
is that?' 'Mine, too, stranger.' To a third, 'And whose
house is that?' 'That's mine, too, stranger; but don't sup-
pose I'm so darned poor as to own all the land about here.' "
Wise was speaking at Alexandria, in Fairfax Co., the
county of Mount Vernon, and the farm of Washington. In
certain parts, this county has been wonderfully improved by
Northern emigrants, who have purchased lands and applied
free labor and skill to them. So much have they improved then*
56 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
portion, that the Patent Office Eeport says, " A traveller who
passed over it ten years ago would not now recognize it."
Says the Hon. Willoughby Newton, of Virginia, in his agri-
cultural address, in 1850: "Ilook upon the introduction of
guano, and the success attending its application to our barren
lands, in the light of a special interposition of Divine Provi-
dence, to save the northern neck of Virginia from reverting
into its former state of wilderness and utter desolation. Until
the discovery of guano — more valuable to us than the mines
of California — I looked upon the possibility of renovating our
soil, of ever bringing it to a point capable of producing remu-
nerating crops, as utterly hopeless." Is Virginia to be saved
by guano ? Mr. Newton recommends the application of two
hundred pounds per acre. Number of acres of land under
cultivation in Virginia in 1850, 20,152,311. Amount of guano
requisite to cover this land, at the rate of two hundred pounds
per acre, 2,615,231 tons. This, at $50 per ton, would cost
$130,701,550. Guano must be applied every other year.
This would give the annual amount 1,307,615 tons, and the
annual cost $65,380,775. Where is the money to pay this
annual tax to come from ? How long would it take the perma-
nent registered tonnage of Virginia (9,246 tons in 1855) to
import enough for one year's use ? And then the spectacle of
this magnificent fleet (of eighteen vessels of five hundred tons,
or thirty of three hundred), officered by the chivalry, and
manned by slaves, toting bird-manure around Cape Horn, in
quantities enough to cover the worn-out surface of the Old
Dominion ! .
Of North Carolina, the Patent Office Eeport for 1851 says
(communication of G. S. Sullivan, of Lincoln Co.), "We
raise no stock of any kind except for home consumption, and
not half enough of that ; for we have now worn out our lands
so much, that we do not grow food enough to maintain them."
Of Alabama (communication of N. B. Powell) : " We are
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 57
the most dependent people in the Union, rely mainly, as we
do, upon our neighbors of the "West for nearly all our supplies."
Says Olmsted (page 475) of the threshing of rice in South
Carolina: "Threshing commences immediately after harvest,
and on many plantations proceeds very tediously, in the old
way of threshing wheat with flails by hand, occupying the best
of the plantation force for the most of the winter. It is done
on an earthen floor in the open air, and the rice is cleaned by
carrying it on the heads of the negroes, by a ladder, up on to
a platform, twenty feet from the ground, and pouring it slowly
down, so that the wind will drive off the chaff, and leave the
grain in a heap under the platform." Threshing machines
have, however, been introduced on some large plantations.
Of Alabama, says Hon. C. C. Clay, Jr., a politician and
leading man, in an address in 1855 : " I can show you, with
sosrow, in the older portions of Alabama, and in my native
county of Madison, the sad memorials of the artless and ex-
hausting culture of cotton. Our small planters, after taking the
cream off their lands, unable to restore them by rest, manures,
or otherwise, are going farther west and south, in search of
other virgin lands, which they may and will despoil and im-
poverish in like manner."
"In 1825, Madison county cast about 3,000 votes; now she
cannot cast exceeding 2,300. In traversing that county, one
will discover numerous farm-houses, once the abode of indus-
trious and intelligent freemen, now occupied by slaves, or
tenantless, deserted, and dilapidated; he will observe fields,
once fertile, now unfenced, abandoned, and covered with those
evil harbingers — fox-tail and broom-sedge; he will see the
moss growing on the mouldering walls of once thrifty villages ;
and will find ' one only master grasps the whole domain ' that
once furnished happy homes for a dozen white families. In-
deed, a county in its infancy, where fifty years ago scarce a
forest tree had been felled by the axe of the pioneer, is already
exhibiting the painful signs of senility and decay, apparent in
58 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
Virginia and the Carolinas ; the freshness of its agricultural
glory is gone ; the vigor of its youth is extinct, and the spirit
of desolation seems brooding over it."
Enough of these extracts to show the blight of slavery in the
department of agriculture ; no extracts are needed to show
that the farms in the Free States increase in value with every
succeeding year. It is not now necessary " that a herring be
put into the hole " with corn, " or it will not come up."
CHAPTER V.
MANUFACTURES.
The tables in this chapter, compiled — when no other
authority is given — from the Compendium of the Census of
1850, show the state of manufactures in, the United States for
the year ending June, 1850. The tables for 1850 are preceded
by tables (from the annual Report of the Secretary of the
Treasury on the Finances, for 1855) giving the population,
and value of the manufactures, of the several Free and Slave
States for the years 1820 and 1840. The returns for 1820
were defective in some particulars, and the article of sugar is
included among the manufactures for 1840.
TABLE XVII.
Population and Value of Manufactures in the Free States, for the years
1820 and 1840.
FREE STATES.
Population
in 1820.
Population
in 1840.
Value of
Manufactures
for 1820.
Value of
Manufactures
for 1840.
Illinois
275,202
55,211
147,178
298,335
523,287
8,896
244,161
277,575
1,372,812
581,434
1,049,458
83,059
235,764
309,978
476,183
685,866
43,112
501,793
737,699
212,267
284,574
373,306
2,428,921
1,519,467
1,724,033
108,830
291,948
30,945
$2,413,029
100,983
397,814
486,473
2,523,614
100,460
747,959
1,175,139
9,792,072
5,290,427
6,895,219
1,617,221
890,353
$21,057,523
8,021,582
Indiana
9,379,586
483,700
Iowa
Maine
14,525,217
Massachusetts ....
Michigan
73,777,837
3,898,676
New Hampshire . . .
Ohio
10,523,313
19,571,496
95,840,194
31,458,401
Vermont ■. .
64,494,960
13,8'07,297
6,923,982
1,680,808
Total
5,152,372
9,698,922
$32,430,763
$375,444,572
(59)
60
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
TAELE XVIII.
Population and Value of Manufactures in the Slave States, for the years
1820 and 1840.
SLAVE STATES.
Population
in 1820.
Population
in 1840.
Value of
Manufactures
for 1820.
Value of
Blanufactures
for 1840.
127,901
14,273
72,749
340,987
564,317
153,407
407,350
75,448
66,586
638,829
502,741
422,S13
1,065,379
590,756
97,574
78,085
54,477
691,392
779,828
352,411
470,019
375,651
383,702
753,419
594,398
829,210
1,239,797
$101,207
56,408
1,318,891
607,751
2,296,726
272,500
5,027,336
none.
297,443
445,398
168,666
2,352,127
6,686,699
$4,975,871
2,614,8SG
2,709,068
915,080
5,324,307
Missouri
13,221,958
11,378,383
13,509,636
3,562,370
5,946,759
7,234,567
5,638,823
8,517,394
20,684,608
North Carolina . . .
South Carolina . . .
Total
4,452,780
7,290,719
$19,631,152
$106,233,713
Taking tables XX. and XIX. without the modifications sug-
gested hereafter, and the relation of the North and South to
manufactures in 1850, was as follows, viz :
In the North. In the South.
Capital invested in manufactures $430,240,051 $ 95,029,879
Value of raw material used 465,844,092 86,190,639
Number of hands employed, males. . . 576,954 140,377
" " females . 203,622 21,360
Annual wages 195,976,453 33,257,560
" products 842,586,058 165,413,027
" profit 376,741,966 79,222,3S8
" profit per cent 42 44
" wages per hand, males and
females 251 206
" product " " " 1,079 1,029
" profit " " " 484 489
From this aggregate of Southern manufactures should be
deducted the manufactures of certain counties where there is a
large or predominating free population born out of the limits of
A STATISTICAL VIEW.
CI
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THE NORTH AND TUB SOUTH.
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A STATISTICAL VIEW.
ca
the several States in which the counties are situated. The
amount of the manufactures, and the character of the popula-
tion, as regards birth, of the most important of these counties,
is shown in the following table. Even this deduction leaves
too large a balance for Southern manufactures, proper, for
everywhere throughout the South the most thriving manufac-
tures were founded, or are sustained, by Northern capital, skill,
or labor.
TABLE XXI.
"A Statement of the Number of Free Inhabitants born within and without cer-
tain bounties of the Slave States, in which there is a large or predominating
exotic Population, with the Amount of Capital invested in Manuftctures,
Number of Hands Employed, and the Annual Product thereof in 1850.
COUNTIES.
Newcastle, Del...
Baltimore, Md... .
Ohio, Va
Charleston, S. C.
Muscogee, Geo. . .
Richmond, Geo..
Mobile, Ala
Orleans, La
Galveston, Texas.
Davidson, Tenn. .
Shelby, Tenn... .
Jefferson, Ky. .. .
St. Louis, Mo. . . .
=3 2,3"-
OT2 >-S
■ PC O
13.801
61,472
9,020
7,844
2.589
3,252
10,379
08.525
2.907
7,710
9.077
30,174
71,617
28,555
142,456
8,822
21.225
7,833
5.183
7,865
32,867
'908
16,991
7,720
18,746
27,394
Capital.
s£.M
Annual
Produce.
$2,593,830
3.235
9,929.332
23.863
1,184,111
2,493
1,487.800
1,413
713,217
719
775.600
995
522,800
540
2,969,660
3,134
46,450
131
855,015
1,219
424.130
789
4,115,582
8.865
5,215,716
10,239
$3,945,399
24,540,014
2,401,434
2,749,961
738,580
1,020,651
1,261,450
4,470,454
207,100
1,075,287
840,789
11,002.103
16,046.521
Total .
298,373 J 326,565 1 $30,833,143 j 57,636 1 $70,296,743
This table includes the counties in which are situated the
cities of Baltimore, "Wheeling, Louisville, St. Louis, New
Orleans, Mobile, Charleston, and some others. It will be
seen that, in these counties, the free population born within
and without the limits of each State, respectively, is nearly
equal. The manufacturing establishments in these counties
are generally confined to their cities, and a table showing
the origin of the free population of the cities only, would give
04 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
a large preponderance of persons born without the limits of
their respective States. The means of constructing such a table
are not accessible. There are, besides, other counties of
smaller size which should be included with those in the fore-
going table. These are necessarily omitted.
Deducting the aggregates of this table from the total manu-
factures reported for the South, and there are left for the
manufactures of the Slave States,
Capital, $04,190,730
Hands employed, males and females, 104,101
Annual product, .... §95,116,284
Annual product per head, ... 914
Adding the aggregates of table XXI. to those reported above
for the manufactures of the North, and the total manufactures
of the free population of the United States, will be :
Capital, $401,073,194
Hands employed, males and females, 838,212
Annual product, .... $912,882^801
Annual product per head, . . 1,089
Further amendment of these aggregates should be made by
adding for California — in which State the marshal's returns
for 1850 were generally defective, and for the most important
localities lost or destroyed by fire — the following estimates,
based on the returns of the State census for that State, taken
in 1852, and ordered by Congress to be made a part of the
National census, viz :
Capital, $5,942,520
Annual product, .... 30,000,000
The true total, then, of the manufactures of the free popula-
tion of the United States for 1850 will be :
Capital invested, .... §407,015,720
Hands employed, males and females, 838,212
Annual product, . $942,882,801
Thus, then, in seven times the capital invested, in eight
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 65
times the number of hands employed, in ten times the annual
product, is the triumph of freedom over slavery seen in the
department of manufactures. And this, after allowing to
slavery millions of the capital of the • North, thousands of its
intelligent mechanics and operatives, and hundreds of its in-
ventions and improvements, scattered throughout the South,
wherever machinery is in motion, or labor skillfully applied to
it. And this stagnation and sleep of slavery beneath the
thundering of its thousands of waterfalls, and beside its mil-
lions of cotton bales.
Well did Governor "Wise say to the Virginians : " You have
the line of the Alleghanies, that beautiful ridge which stands
placed there by the Almighty, not to obstruct the way of people
to market, but placed there in the very bounty of Providence,
to milk the clouds, to make the sweet springs which are the
sources of your rivers. And at the head of every stream is
the waterfall, murmuring the very music of your power. And
yet commerce has long ago spread her sails and sailed away
from you ; you have not as yet dug more than coal enough to
warm yourselves at your own hearths ; you have no tilt-ham-
mer of Vulcan, to strike blows worthy of gods in the iron
foundries. You have not yet spun more than coarse cotton
enough to clothe your own slaves. You have had no com-
merce, no mining, no manufactures." (Speech at Alexandria,
1855.)
Table XXII. contains a list of those counties in the Free
and Slave States which had, in 1850, the greatest relative
amount of manufactures. The areas given are from Baldwin
and Thomas' Gazetteer of 1854; the value of the land is
ascertained by dividing the value given in the Census Com-
pendium by the whole area. , The Southern counties taken
are such as have no large admixture of exotic population. In
these counties are included the important cities of Wilmington,
N. C, Lynchburg, Va., and Clarksville, Teim.
6*
66
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
TABLE XXII.
Counties in the Free and Slave States which had, in 1850, the greatest rela-
tive Amount of Manufactures.
Counties in Free
States.
Area in
Square
Miles.
Popula-
tion.
Value of
Farms.
Annual
Froduetof
Manufac-
tories.
Value of
Land per
Acre.
Avcr.i"i'
Product of
Manufac-
tures per
head of
■whole pop-
ulation.
Bristol, Mass. . . .
Middlesex, Mass.
Norfolk, Mass. . . .
Kent, R. I
Hartford, Conn. .
N. Haven, Conn. .
Essex, N.J
517
500
830
520
180
807
620
450
270
76,192
131,300
161.383
78,892
15.068
69.967
65,588
73,950
22,569
$7,101,582
9,582:992
19,417,796
13,748,505
1.951,111
14.004.683
10.413.662
7,219.56(3
3,302,051
$12,595,695
22.906.S05
26.548.oa2
13.323.505
2,620.788
10.88S.7SO
11,283.81(3
16.293.19S
4,213,699
$21.46
29.95
36.55
41.31
17.80
27.12
26.24
25.07
19.11
$165
174
164
169
174
156
172
220
187
Total | 4,684 | 694,909 | $S6,741,94S ! $120,675,308
$28.94
■ $174
Counties in
Slaves States.
576
1.000
550
23.245
17,668
21,045
$2,452,604
1.035.874
1,359,830
$1,839,307
1.409:568
1,376,300
$6.65
1.62
3.86
Campbell, Va. . .
N. Hanover, N.C.
M'tgomery, Ten.
$79
80
65
Total
2.126 1 ftl QKB 1 «<i P.,18 31 d
$4 0°5 175 «a KR ' -*'7'1
'
t " '
1
Tables XXLTL and XXIV. show the value of the manufac-
tures of cotton, wool, iron, the fisheries, and salt, in 1850. It
is to be regretted that the returns of the details of the other
branches of manufactures have not yet been published by
Congress. These tables will repay a careful examination.
Table XXV. gives the value of the domestic manufactures
in the several Free and Slave States, for the year ending June,
1850; and gives also the annual increase of slaves in the
several Slave States, with their value at $400 per head. It
is to be understood that a larger proportion of slaves is born
in the slave-raising States, and a smaller in the slave-con-
suming States, than is shown by the tables. As to this
product of Southern labor, or skill, or necessity — the annual
slave product — it may be classed indifferently under the
head of agriculture, manufactures, or commerce. As live
A STATISTICAL VIEW.
67
if
G g
o S
K 3 ^S
&Q
^ ^ -§
•I 1^
Wages per month in
Manufactures of Irou
Casting.— Males.
WWO^'OOCOl-OO 33 CI LC CO 1- CO
b;oi- co - r. '.r ~ cr •*, co o co ci t-
coi-cc loci ~. -' cc co-ti i-i-t-ci cc jo
C 1 Cl d CI CO Ct CO d CO CI Cl d d d d Cl
Wages per month in
Manufactures of
Pig Iron.— Males.
■ O CD Q •
- CC o o -
; co ci co ;
. C] Cl d .
22.00
27.52
35.00
18.00
21.20
25.00
24.48
21.65
22.08
30.00
Wages
per month
in Woollen .
Manufac- 1
tures.
Females.
■ ■- on- ■
- CO lO o •
: ci ci r-i :
11.77
14.22
11.47
14.53
8.60
11.76
10.90
10.41
15.18
11.81
Males.
$24.12
22.00
21.81
11.14
22.57
22.95
21.65
22.86
25.22
19.97
20.14
19.43
20.70
24.46
22.48
Wages
per month
in Cotton
Manufac-
tures.
Females.
$11.80
6.77
12.15
13.60
13.47
9.56
9.68
9.42
9.91
12.95
12.65
Males.
$19.08
13.02
29.35
22.90
' 26.00
17.98
18.32
16.59
17.85
18.60
15.53
Value of
Salt
Manufac-
tures.
$5,600
6,000
9,700
93,850
ira co co • ■
r-l 03 (35 - •
CO o;i- • •
cocico~ '. *
O CO o . .
onci . .
LO
cf
■*_
Value of
Products
of the
Fisheries.
$1,734,483
569,870
6,606,849
72,775
59,281
una - o • >£
-=t< CO - CO ■ 1-
mo ■ ■* • a
■* 1 ■-' '. •* '. c
COd -CD -i-
i !5
■j co"
< CO
CD^
cf
Value of
Manufac-
tures of
Wrought
Iron.
$817,196
11,760
3,908,952
20,400
1,079,576
3,758.547
127.819
9,224.256
223.050
127,886
; Cl
©
: o
CO
TO
: o
Value of
Manufac-
tures of
Iron
Casting.
$20,740
981,400
441,185
149.43:)
8.500
265.000
2,235,635
279,697
371,710
686.480
5,921,980
3,009,350
5,354.881
728.705
460.831
$21,191,069
Value of
Manufac-
tures of
Pig
Iron.
• o o o
• CO o o
- CO Cl o^
'. oo'w"
.1-1 L-iO
33,616
295,123
21,000
6,000
560,544
597,920
1,255.850
0,071,513
68,000
3 CO
I SB
■*.
ci-
te
Value of
Woollen
Manufac-
tures.
$6,465,216
206,572
205,802
13.000
753,300
12,770.565
90,242
2,127,745
1,164,446
7.030,604
1,111,027
5.321,866
2.381.825
1,579,161
-1 CO
2 co
^ CD
5 §
CO
m
Value of
Cotton
Manufac-
tures.
$4,257,522
44,200
2,596.356
19,712,461
8,830,019
1,109,524
8,591,989
394,700
5.322,262
6,447.120
196,100
CO
in
cc
: ci
o
£
Cl
'
FREK
STATES.
*
Connecticut.. .
Massachusetts
New Hampshire
New Jersey . . .
Ohio
Pennsylvania .
Rhode Island. .
3
a
o _
? E-
68
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
CI* SU
a; &
•I I
£*o
3*1
^
Wages per month in
Manufactures of
Pig Iron. — Males.
Wages per month in
Manufactures of Iron
Casting. — Males.
■3 S i
Females.
5«
: "S C
■ a o
- HO
Males.
■2 a 3
m 3 1
o 3 ^ "
Pn
o ■« _ to n
3 2 ™ S o
~-< J3 H o u
d ^
o "2 k SO g
£b
CC -X 'X Ol C CT. *"
«tf a. cr cr- co -f o o -r Ci
^hhim^niO
HO
>■: ~
■:■» -i
TrCCOCN
C-OHCO^
fcO © CO CO CO
i— t CO O -tH ■*
O co © c »C I - CO > - o o
O i— i o O CTw CO CO <M -O i— *
cj co id-* -rh oc co co o -^
cd rh of t^cd of i- -^*o h>T
rJiHf<r-(^HC0r-lCOCOu01-
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cc o: :: ■_ tj ^- ■:?
ex: t-h co 01 -^ co i -
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o o • t— < o -— i
oi- -osoo,
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(A. a '3. :
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so -
, s 3 O K S
A STATISTICAL VIEW.
CO
TABLE XXV.
A Statement of the Value of the Domestic Manufactures of the several Free
and Slave States for the years 1850; ivtth the average Annual Increase,
and Value at S400 per head, of Slaves, for the ten years ending June, 1850.
Value of Do-
Value of Do-
Annual In-
Value at
$400
per head.
FI5EE
mestic Man-
SLAVE
mestic Man-
crease of
STATES.
ufactures for
STATES.
ufactures for
Slaves from
1850.
1850.
1840 to 1850.
S7.000
$1,934,120
8.931
S3.572.400
Connecticut.. .
192.252
938.217
2,717
1,086,800
1.155.902
38,121
31
12,400
1,631,039
75.582
1.359
543.600
221.292
513.599
1,838,968
2,459,128
10.074
2,872
4.029.600
1,148.800
Massachusetts.
205,333
Louisiana
139.232
7,636
3,054.400
340.947
111,828
63
25,200
N. Hampshire.
393.455
Mississippi ....
1.164.020
11.467
4,586,800
New Jersey . . .
112,781
Missouri
1.674,705
2.918
1.167.200
1,280,333
North Carolina
2.086.522
4,273
1,709.200
Ohio
1.712.196
909.525
5.795
2,318.000
Pennsylvania .
749,132
3,137.790
5.640
2,256,000
Rhode Island..
26.495
Texas
266.984
5.816
2,326,400
267,710
Virginia
2,156,312
2,344
937,600
43,624
Total
•58,853,090
Total
$18,631,054
71,936
828,774,400
stock raised and fattened for market, it would seem to be-
long legitimately to the department of agriculture ; as an article
of trade, to commerce ; but a better arrangement is to class it
with domestic manufactures, that class of manufactures in
which it will be seen that the South is ahead. In this work,
then, the slave product is classed with domestic manufactures,
and its value — no estimate having been made by De Bow —
computed from the best authorities, will be included in the
aggregates for that branch of manufactures. The number of
slaves annually manufactured by the Northern Slave States
for the Southern markets is given elsewhere as 25,000 ; their
value at $400 per head is $10,000,000. This is a small estimate
both as to number and value. As to the capital invested, the
value of the raw material used, the number of hands employed,
and the annual wages paid in this species of manufacture, the
census tables give no information.
CHAPTER VI.
COMMERCE.
It is difficult to apportion the results of commerce to the
several States. The statistics of the great branch of domestic
or internal commerce are very incomplete ; the returns of the
minor branch of foreign or external commerce are more full.
De Bow suggests that " half the agricultural products and all
of the manufacturing are subjects of commerce, and that the
whole commercial movement may be estimated at between
$1,500,000,000 and $2,000,000,000 " annuaUy. Adopting this
suggestion, the value of the products which enter into the com-
merce of the two sections, for 1850, would be as follows, viz :
Free States, .... $1,377,199,968
Slave States, .... 410,754,992
Total, $1,787,954,900
No enumeration, by States, of the persons engaged in com-
merce, trade, and navigation, is given in the Compendium of the
Census of 1850. In 1840, how ever, . such enumeration was
made, and is found in the published census returns for that
year. The number of persons engaged in commerce, navigat-
ing the ocean, and in internal navigation, was in 1840 as fol-
lows, viz :
Free States, ...... 136,856
Slave States, 52,622
Total, .... 189,478
(70)
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 71
This would give, in 1850, as the number of persons engaged
in commerce and navigation, —
Free States, . . . ' . . . 188,271
Slave States, 70,165
Total, 258,430
Domestic commerce is carried on by the enrolled and
licensed tonnage (with the participation, in a small propor-
tion,, of the registered), by railroads, canals, and public roads.
Of enrolled and licensed tonnage, there were in 1850, in the
Free States, 1,459,232 tons.
Slave States, 475,405 "
Total, ...:.. 1,934,637 "
Of railroads in operation in 1854, there were, miles, in the
Free States, 13,105
Slave States, 4,212
Total, 17,317
Of canals, there were in 1854, miles, in the
Free States, 3,682
Slave States, 1,116
Total, 4,798
There are no statistics of the miles of public roads in the
two sections, or of the merchandise and produce transported
over them.
"We may be aided in forming an estimate of the amount of
our domestic commerce, by the following tabular statements,
from Andrews' report :
72
THE NORTH AND THE SOEin.
TABLE XXVI.
Lake and River Commerce.
1851.
Net.
Gross.
Tons.
Value.
Tons.
Value.
1,985,563
2,033,400
S157.236.729
169,751,372
3.971.126
4,066,800
$-314,473,458
339,502,744
4,018,963
$326,9S8,101
8,037,926
$653,976,202
Coasting Trade, Canal and Railway Commerce.
Estimate of 1852.
Net.
Gross.
Tons.
A'alue.
Tons.
Value.
20.397,490
9.000.000
5,407,500
$1,659,519,686
'594,000,000
540,750,000
40,794.980
18.000.000
10,815,000
$3,319,039,372
1,188.000.000
1,081,500,000
34,S04,990
$2,794,269,6S6
69,609,980
$5,588,539,372
It is estimated by Andrews that the number of tons of ship-
ping engaged in the coasting trade is 2,039,749.
This is the amount of the " enrolled and licensed tonnage."
In addition, considerable " registered tonnage " frequently en-
ters the coasting trade between the Atlantic ports and those on
the Gulf and the Pacific.
The "licensed tonnage" engaged in the lake commerce is
215,975 tons. The tonnage engaged in the river commerce is
169,450 tons. The foregoing figures are for the years 1851
and 1852.
In a late report of the Committee on Commerce, it is stated
that, " The lake tonnage for 1855 was 345,000 tons, which,
valued at $45 per ton, is $14,838,000. The present value of
lake commerce (exclusive of the ports of Presque Isle and
Mackinac, not reported) is $G08,310,320."
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 73
Our foreign commerce is carried on by the registered tonnage
of the United States, and by the tonnage of other nations.
The foreign tonnage which entered the ports of the United
States, in 1851, was 1,939,091 tons; the American tonnage,
3,054,349 tons. De Bow says, of 1851, that the value of
merchandise imported in "foreign vessels was $52,503,083;
in American vessels $108,216,272." By this, it will be seen
that something more than three-fourths of the value of our
foreign commerce is carried on in American vessels. The
registered tonnage of the two sections, in 1850 was, in the
Free States, 1,330,963 tons.
Slave States, 250,880 «
Total, 1,581,843 "
We may now approximate the truth in regard to the com-
merce of the two sections of our country in three ways.
First. Taking the value of the products which enter into
commerce, we find the North has $1,377,199,908; the South
$410,754,992, giving the North more than three to one.
Second. Taking the number of persons engaged in trade,
and the North has 188,271 persons, the South 70,165 persons,
giving the North nearly three to one, and this on the supposi-
tion that the average amount of business done by merchants in
the South is as great as in the North.
Third. Taking the tonnage, miles of railroads, and canals :
the North had, in 1850, 2,790,195 tons of registered, enrolled
and licensed tonnage, the South 720,285 tons. (The amount
of tonnage in 1855 was, in the North 4,252,G15 tons, in the
South 855,517 tons.) The North had in 1854, 13,105 miles
of railroad in operation, the South 4,212 miles. The North
had in the same year 3,082 miles of canals, the South 1,116
miles. This gives a ratio of something more than three to one
in favor of the North. It may, we think, be fairly assumed
that the amount of commerce and its profits in the two sections
are quite four times as much in the North as in the South.
7
74 the noIth and the south.
We have thus shown, from such data as could be obtained, the
relative proportion of the domestic and foreign commerce of the
Free and Slave States. Adopting the suggestion of De Bow
(as to the value of the "commercial movement"), the domestic
commerce of the United States, in 1850, was six times that of
the foreign. The figures are as follows :
Value of manufactures and half of agricultual
products, $1,787,954,960
Value of imports, 178,078,499
Total, . 1,966,033,459
Total value of imports and exports, . . 329,896,631
Adopting the estimates of Andrews (Report
on Lake Commerce), the domestic com-
merce of the United States, in 1851-2, was
nearly eight times the foreign. The figures
are as follows, viz :
Value of lake and river commerce, . . $326,988,101
Value of coasting trade, railway and canal
commerce, ...... 2,794,269,686
Value of imports, 1851, .... 216,224,932
Total, 3,337,482,719
Total value of imports and exports, 1851, . 434,612,943
It is, perhaps, not far from right to call the domestic com-
merce of this country seven times the foreign.
Tables XXVLT. and XXVIII. give the value of the exports
and imports of the several Free and Slave States for 1.850 and
1855 ; and the 'amount and value of tonnage owned and built in
the same years. The tables are compiled from the annual
report on commerce and navigation. The statistics of exports
and imports show the foreign commerce of the several States.
The aggregates for the two years given are —
Free States, $631,396,034
;Slave States, 234,936,306
Total, $866,332,340 .
being nearly three times as much in the North as in the South.
A STATISTICAL VIEW.
75
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A STATISTICAL VIEW. t i
The tonnage of the two sections in 1855 was as follows, viz .
Free States, 4,252,015 tons.
Slave States, 855,517 "
Total, 5,108,132 "
being five times as much in the North as in the South.
The foreign commerce of New York alone, for 1855, was as
follo,ws, viz :
Exports, $113,731,238
Imports, 104,770,511
Total, $278,507,749
The foreign commerce of the Slave States for 1855 was as
follows, viz :
Exports, $107,480,088-
Imports, 24,580,528
Total, $132,007,210
This statement shd&ws that the foreign commerce of New
York, in 1855, was more than twice that of all the Slave
States.
The tonnage of New York in 1855 was 1,404,221 tons.
The tonnage of the Slave States for the
same year, 855,517 "
Or a little more than half that of the
State of New York.
The foreign commerce of Massachusetts and South Carolina,
for 1855, was as follows, viz:
MASSACHUSETTS.
Exports, $28,190,925
Imports, 45,113,774
Total, $73,304,099
7# •
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
SOUTH CAROLINA.
Exports, $12,700,250
Imports, 1,588,542
Total, $14,288,792
The tonnage of Massachusetts, in 1855,
was 970,727 tons.
The tonnage of South Carolina for the
same year was .... G0,935 "
The tonnage built in Massachusetts, in 1855, was 79,670
tons, valued at $3,983,500 ; the tonnage built in South Carol
lina in the same year, was Gl tons, valued at $3,050.
It will be observed by Tables XXVII. and XXVIII. that the
large States of Indiana, Tennessee, Kentucky, and Missouri
have no foreign commerce, and that the States of New Hamp-
shire, NeAv Jersey, Mississippi, and Delaware have very little.
The tonnage built in 1855 was as follows, viz:
Free States, ....'. 528,844 tons.
Slave States, . . . 52,959 "
Total, . . . . . . 581,803 "
The North, therefore, builds of tonnage ten times as much
as the South. In 1855, the tonnage built in the State of
Maine was more than four times that built in the South ;
Maine having built 215,905 tons, the Slave States 52,959 tons.
Of the tonnage built in the South, more than four-fifths of it is
built in ports where there is a large or predominating free
population, born out of the limits of the States in which such
ports are respectively situated, as in Baltimore, St. Louis,
Louisville, Wheeling, etc. Making a proper deduction for
this, and the amount of shipping annually built by the Slave
States will not exceed 10,000 tons. Even this small amount is
not the work of slaveholders, or slaves, or of the poor whites
of the South, but of northern and foreign-born mechanics and
ship carpenters. In case of a dissolution of the Union, and
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 79
hostilities between the North and South, the highest naval
science would need to be called into requisition by the South,
so to station this naval armament of sloops, schooners, and
steamboats as to command her seven thousand miles- of ex-
posed sea and gulf-coast.
We close what we have to say on commerce, with the fol-
lowing extract from a letter of Mr. London, of Richmond, Va.,
to the Richmond Enquirer, and published in that paper early
in 1854, just before the sitting of a Southern commercial con-
vention at Charleston, S. C. He had been alluding to the
sittings of other Southern commercial conventions at Memphis
and elsewhere :
" "We have, since that time, appropriated millions of dollars
to works of internal improvement ; some of us have embarked
more largely in foreign trade ; but there are not half a dozen
vessels engaged in our own trade that are owned in Virginia,
and I have been unable to find a vessel at Liverpool loading for
Virginia, within three years, during the height of our busy sea-
son. Every foot of railroad and every yard of canal con-
structed in the Southern States is only so much added to the area
of the influence of New Tori; and but binds you that much more
securely to her bonds. Instead of these immense improvements
resulting in an enlargement of your foreign commerce, it is but a
contribution to your coasting trade, and results in establishing
the calculation as to how long it will take your shopkeepers to
get the productions and importations of New York into your
villages ; all else but this is not considered. As to any one of
your improvements contributing to forward your own importa-
tions, that is not thought of at cdl by your interior shopkeepers ;
for, throughout the South, all merchants have disappeared,
entirely and completely."
CHAPTER VII.
VALUE OF REAL AND PERSONAL ESTATE.
Tables XXIX. and XXX. give the value of the real and
personal estate of the several States in 1850, according to the
published census returns; the true value of the same as
estimated by the superintendent of the census ; the value of
the slaves in the Slave States at $400 per head ; and the value
of the real and personal estate in 1856, as given by the Secre-
tary of the Treasury in a communication to Congress at its late
session. The estimate of $400 per head for slaves is, perhaps,
too low. "With a single apparent exception, the value of slaves
is included by the compiler of the census returns in the value
of personal estate. The exception is the State of Louisiana,
in which State the value of the slaves is included in the value
of real estate. "With reference to the estimates of Mr. Secre-
tary Guthrie, for Texas, it is hardly probable that its taxable
property has gone up, in five years, from $55,362,340 to
$240,000,000, an increase of about $200,000,000 ; while Iowa,
which has increased in population since 1850 faster than
any other State, is allowed an increase in taxable property
of only $86,285,362, and "Wisconsin of only $45,443,405.
The valuation of Georgia is given by the secretary, not
from the State valuation, but from an estimate of the gov-
ernor of that State. The estimate' for California is evidently
too low, and is not according to any State valuation. In the
case of Indiana, whose auditor, as quoted by Mr. Guthrie, says
that a valuation at that time (November 24, 1855) would
make the total taxables $380,000,000, the secretary, in 1856,
gives the sum of $301,858,474, instead of the auditor's estimate,
(80)
A STATISTICAL VIEW.
81
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A STATISTICAL VIEW.
83
and this after having added to the valuation of Georgia
$165,000,000, on the bare conjecture of her governor.
The following recent State valuations will further illustrate
the estimates of the Secretary of the Treasury :
Valuation of New Hampshire, 185'6, . . $121,417,428
" " New York, 1855, as follows, viz:
New York city and county real estate, . 337,038,526
" " " personal estate, . 150,022,312
" " " aggregate, . . 487,060,838
Remainder of State real estate, . . • . 770,234,189
" " personal estate, . . 143,990,252
Total valuation of the State of New York, . 1,401,285,279
Valuation of New York city, 1856, . . 517,889,201
« " Connecticut, 1854, . . 202,739,431
" " Michigan, 1853, . . 120,362,474
" " Indiana, 1854, . . 290,408,148
" « Maryland, including slaves, 1851, 191,888,088
" " South Carolina, « « 1854, 82,613,530
" " Tennessee, " " 1855, 219,011,048
" Kentucky, « " 1854, 405,830,168
It will be seen by tables XXIX. and XXX. that the value
of real and personal estate in 1850 was as follows, viz :
Free States, ..... $4,102,162,192
Slave States, .... 2,936,090,737
Deduct value of slaves, . . 1,280,145,600
True value in Slave States, . . 1,055,945,137
The total value of real and personal estate in 1856 is as fol-
lows, viz :
Free States, . . . . $5,770,194,080
Slave States, .... 3,977,353,940
Deduct value of slaves in 1856, . 1,472,167,600
True value in Slave States in 1856, 2,505,186,346
The whole area of the Free States (Tables I. and IX.) is 392,-
962,080 acres; the valuation of real and personal property in
1850, $4,107,1 62,1 98, or $10.47 per acre. Thewhole area (Table
84 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
X) of the Slave States is five hundred and forty-four million,
nine hundred and twenty-six thousand, seven hundred and
twenty (544,926,720) acres; the valuation of real and personal
estate in 1850, one billion, six hundred and fifty-five million,
nine hundred and forty-five thousand, one hundred and thirty-
seven ($1,055,945,137), or three dollars and four cents ($3.04)
per acre. The valuation of the Free States in 1856 was five
billion, seven hundred and seventy million, one hundred and
ninety-four thousand, six hundred and eighty ($5,770,194,080),
or fourteen dollars and seventy-two cents ($14.72) per acre ;
the valuation of the Slave States in 1856 was two billion, five
hundred and five million, one hundred and eighty-six thousand,
three hundred and forty-six ($2,505,186,346), or four dollars
and fifty-nine cents ($4.59) per acre. Thus, in five years the
value of property in the Free States advanced from ten dollars
and forty-seven cents ($10.47) per acre to fourteen dollars
and seventy-two cents ($14.72), or four dollars and twenty-
five cents ($4.25), being more than the whole valuation of the
Slave States in 1850. The value of property in the South
advanced in the same time from three dollars and four cents
($3.04) to four dollars and fifty-nine cents ($4.59) per acre.
The value of the slaves in the Slave States, in 1850, at four
hundred dollars ($400) each, was one billion two hundred and
eighty million, one hundred and forty-five thousand, six hun-
dred dollars ($1,280,145,600). The value of the farms in the
Slave States in the same year (Table X.) was one billion, one
hundred and seventeen million, six hundred and forty-nine
thousand, six hundred and forty-nine dollars ($1,117,649,649).
Excess of value of slaves, one hundred and sixty-two million,
four hundred and ninety-five thousand, nine hundred and fifty-
one dollars ($162,495,951). Thus, the value of the slaves in
1850 was one hundred and sixty-two million, four hundred and
ninety five thousand, nine hundred and fifty-one dollars ($162,-
495,951) more than the value of all the improved and unim-
proved lands in the South. The number of slaveholders in
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 85
the Slave States is three hundred and forty-six thousand and
forty-eight (346,048). If we estimate their value at four
hundred dollars ($400) per head, and add it to the value of
the farms, it will make the value of the slaveholders and farms
nearly equal to that of the slaves. The figures are : Value of
farms, one billion, one hundred and seventeen million, six
hundred and forty-nine thousand, six hundred and forty-nine
($1,117,649,649) ; value of three hundred and forty-six thouand
and forty-eight (346,048) slaveholders, at four hundred dollars
($400) each, one hundred and thirty-eight million, one hundred
and ninety-two thousand, two hundred dollars ($138,192,200),
being a total of one billion, two hundred and fifty-six million,
sixty-eight thousand, eight hundred and forty-nine dollars ($1,-
256,068,849) ; value of slaves as above, one billion, two hun-
dred and eighty million, one hundred and forty-five thousand,
six hundred dollars ($1,280,145,600). Thus has the industry
and political and domestic economy of the slaveholders, in two
hundred and thirty years, been able to bring the value of their
lands and themselves nearly up to the market value of their
slaves ; and all three together, lands, slaves, and slaveholders,
to nearly half the value of the property of the Free States.
The valuation of the State of New York in 1855 was
one bilhon, four hundred and one million, two hundred and
eighty-five thousand, two hundred and seventy-nine dollars ($1,-
401,285,279), being more than the whole value of the real estate
of the Slave States in 1850, which, after deducting from the
aggregate the value of the slaves in Louisiana, was one billion,
three hundred and thirty-two million, six hundred and sixty-
five thousand, four hundred and sixteen dollars ($1,332,665,-
416). The value of the real and personal estate of Massachu-
setts in 1850 was more (slaves excepted) than that of the
States of Virginia, North and South Carolina, Georgia, Florida,
and Texas ; the valuation of Massachusetts being five hundred
and seventy-three million, three hundred and forty-two thou-
sand, two hundred and eighty-six dollars ($573,342,286) ; that
8
86 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
of the six States mentioned being five hundred and seventy-
three million, three hundred and thirty-two thousand, eight
hundred and sixty dollars ($573,332,860.) In this calculation,
South Carolina is reckoned at its State valuation of 1854.
The whole area of Massachusetts is (Table IX.) four million,
nine hundred and ninety-two thousand (4,992,000) acres ;
value of its whole property per acre, one hundred and fourteen
dollars and eighty-five cents ($114.85.) The whole area of
the six States above mentioned is (Table X.) three hundred
and seventeen million, five hundred and seventy-six thousand,
three hundred and twenty (317,576,320) acres; value of their
whole property, except slaves, five hundred and seventy-three
million, three hundred and thirty-two thousand, eight hundred
and sixty dollars ($573,332,860), or one dollar and eighty-one
cents ($1.81) per acre. Thus, Massachusetts is able to buy
and pay for considerably more than half the great empire of
slavery, and have more money left than the Pilgrims landed
with at Plymouth ; while Pennsylvania could easily buy out
the other half.
Table XXXI. shows the number of miles of canals and
railroads in operation in 1854, (with the cost of construction
of such railroads), the number of miles of railroads in opera-
tion in January, 1855, and the amount of bank capital near
January, 1855, in the several Free and Slave States. The
first three columns of the tables are from the Census Compen-
dium, the last two from the American Almanac for 1856.
Table XXXII. gives the total debt, amount of productive
property, and the annual expenditure of the several Free and
Slave States. The figures are from the American Almanac for
1856.
A STATISTICAL VIEW.
87
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THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
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CHAPTER VIII.
EDUCATION* ~»- I. COLLEGES.
The first college established in the Free States was Har-
vard University, founded in 1636; which was sixteen ^years
after the landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth. The first col-
lege in the Slave States was that of William, and. Mary, in Vir-
ginia, founded in 1692, or eighty-four years after the settlement
of Jamestown. The number of students hi the former is now
365 ; in the latter, 82. The number of alumni of the former,
6,700 ; of the latter, 3,000. The number of volumes in the
library of the former is 101,250 ; of the latter 5,000.
It will be seen by Tables XXXHI and XXXIV, taken from
the American Almanac for 1856, and showing the present con-
dition of the colleges in the two great sections, that the number
of colleges is nearly the same in each. The comparative char-
acter and efficiency of these institutions, may be in some mea-
sure learned from the following facts. The number of vol-
umes in the libraries of the Southern colleges is 308,011 ; in
those of the northern, 667,297 ; over two to one. The num-
ber graduated at the South is 19,648 ; at the North 47,752 ;
about two and one-half to one. The number of Ministers edu-
cated in the Southern colleges is 747, and in the Northern,
10,702 ; a ratio of fourteen to one.
It would indeed be interesting, were it possible, to compare
these institutions in respect to value of buildings, apparatus,
cabinets, &c. ; but the statistics of these cannot be readily ob-
tained. Still more difficult would it be to compare statistically
the ability of professors and the standard of scholarship.
8* (89)
90
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
TABLE XXXIII.
Colleges in the Slave States.
SLAVE STATES.
No. of
Col-
leges.
No. of
In-
structors.
No. of
Alumni.
No. of
Min-
isters.
Students.
Volumes
in
Libraries.
2
5
10
3
2
5
4
4
4
8
7
5
18
69
72
24
14
34
40"
16
26
39
54
44
83
607
9,528
1,406
3,124
1,359
676
252
94
838
1,342
339
42
13
146
123
3
133
28
16
10
74
130
29
137
399
1,174
469
190
643
333
315
157
570
700
568
11,500
33,292
65,87&
North Carolina . . .
South Carolina . . .
23,700
23,800
25,700
23,200
Tennessee
10,700
9,000
29,744
27,900
23,600
Total
59
450
19,648
747
5,655
308,011
TABLE XXXIV.
Colleges in the Free States.
FREE STATES.
No. of
Col-
leges.
No. of
In-
structors.
No. of
Alumni.
No. of
Ministers.
Students.
Volumes
in
Libraries.
Maine
o
1
3
4
1
3
8
3
9
12
4
4
2
5
15
12
16
47
10
43
84
54
66
88
27
30
14
11
1,418
4,187
1,536
9,404
1,860
7,407
6,888
3,855
8,298
1,958
546
257
130
8
303
883
527
2,612
500
1,956
1,461
837
741
644
158
79
1
274
258
228
807
225
669
1,080
449
959
1,191
300
245
180
30
43,150
New Hampshire . .
Massachusetts . . .
Ehode Island. . . .
Pennsylvania ....
Ohio
31,900
21,650
122,750
34,000
91,090
80,516
28,000
71,180
92,191
Indiana
19,600
15,860
Illinois
13,000
2,500
Total
61
517
47,752
10,702
6,895
667,297
A STATISTICAL VIEW.
91
II. PROFESSIONAL SCHOOLS.
The condition of the Professional Schools is shown by the
following Table, taken from the same authority as the above.
From this it appears that at the South a larger proportion of
professional students are in the Law Schools than at the North.
Next in order in this respect is Medicine, and last, Theology.
Indeed, the Census Tables do not show where the great body
of the Southern clergy are educated, since but 747 are re-
turned from the colleges, and only 808 from the Theological
Schools.
It will be noticed that the number of Professional Schools
in the Slave States is 32, and in the Free States 65, or two
to one. The ratio of Professors is a little larger. The num-
ber of Students in the former is 1,807, and in the latter 4,426.
The number of volumes in the libraries of the former is
30,796, and in those of the latter, 175,951 ; more than five to
one. The number graduated at the former, 3,812, and at the
latter, 23,513 ; over six to one.
TABLE XXXV.
Showing the Condition of the Professional Schools in the North and the South,
from the American Almanac for 1856.
SLAVE STATES.
Professional Schools.
Number
of
Schools.
Number
of Pro-
fessors.
Number
of Students,
1854-5.
Number
Educated.
Number
of A'ols. in
Libraries.
Law
9
13
10
19
75
28
231
1,307
269
3,004
808
Theology
30,796
Total
32
122
1,807
3,812
30,796
92
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
FREE STATES.
Professional Schools.
Number
of
Schools.
Number
of Pro-
fessors.
Number
of Students,
1854-5.
Number
Educated.
Number
of Vols, in
Libraries.
Theolocrv
9
22
34
19
152
98
240
3,095
1,091
15,950
7,563
" 175,951
Total
65
269
4,426
23,513
175,951
III. ACADEMIES, PRIVATE AND PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
Iii all the New England colonies, a law was passed in 1647,
" That every township, after the Lord hath increased them to the
number of fifty householders, shall appoint one to teach all
children to write and read ; and when any town shall increase
to the number of one hundred families, they shall set up a
grammar school ; the masters thereof being able to instruct
youth so far as they may be fitted for the university." See
Colonial Laws.
Again, in Connecticut we find the following : " Forasmuch
as the good Education of Children is of singular behoofe and
benefit to any Commonwealth, and whereas, many parents and
masters are too indulgent and negligent of theire duty m that
kinde : —
" It is therefore ordered by this Courte and Authority thereof
that the Selectmen of every Town, in the Several precincts
and quarters where they dwell, shall have a vigilant eye over
theire brethren and neighbours to see first that none of them
shall suffer so much Barbarism hi any of theire families as not
to endeavour to teach by themselves or others theire Children
and apprentices so much Learning as may enable them per-
fectly to read the Inglish tounge, and knowledge of the Capi-
tall Laws, upon penalty of twenty shillings for each neglect
therein." See " Code of Laws established by the General
A STATISTICAL VIEW.
93
Court of Conn., May, 1650," as recorded in Vol. II. of the
Colonial Records of Conn.
In the year 1671, or twenty-four years after the establish-
ment of public schools by law in the Plymouth Colonies, and
over thirty years after Harvard college was founded, and a
printing press set up in Cambridge, Gov. Berkley, at that time
Governor of Virginia, said of that State : " I thank God there
are no free schools nor printing, and I hope we shall not have
these hundred years, for learning has brought disobedience and
heresy and sects into the world, and priming has divulged
them, and libels against the best government ; God keep us
from both."
The following Tables Nos. XXXVI., XXXVII., XXXVHL,
and XXXIX., show the condition of the Academies, Private and
Public Schools in 1850, as given in the Census Compendium :
TABLE XXXVI.
Academies and Private Schools in the Slave States.
SLAVE STATES.
Number.
Teachers.
Pupils.
Annual
Income.
Scholars in
Colleges,
Academies
and Public
Schools.
166
90
65
34
219
330
143
223
171
204
272
202
264
97
317
380
126
94
49
318
600
354
503
297
368
403
333
404
137
547
8,290
2,407
2,011
1,251
9,059
12,712
5,328
10,787
6,628
8,829
7,822
7,467
9,928
3,389
9,068
$164,165
27,937
47,832
13,089
108,983
252,617
193,077
232,341
73,717
143,171
187,648
205,489
155,902
39,384
234,372
37,237
11,050
11,125
3,129
43,299
85,914
31,003
45,025
Mississippi
26,236
61,592
112,430
26,035
115,750
Texas
11,500
77,774
Total
2,797
4,913
104,976
$2,079,724
699,079
94
THE NORTH- AND THE. SOUTH.
TABLE XXXVII.
Academies and Private Schools in the Free States.
FREE STATES.
Number.
Teachers.
Pupils.
Annual
Income.
Scholars in
Colleges,
Academies
and Public
Schools.
6
202
83
131
33
131
403
37
107
225
887
206
524
46
118
58
5
329
160
233
46
232
521
71
183
453
3,136
474
914
75
257
86
170
6,996
4,244
6,185
1,111
6,648
13,436
1,619
5,321
9,844
49,328
15,052
23,751
1,601
6,864
2,723
$14,270
145,967
40,488
63,520
7,980
51,187
310,177
24,947
43,202
227,588
810,332
149,392
467,843
32,748
48,935
18,796
219
Illinois v . . . .
Indiana
79,003
130,411
168,754
30,767
Maine
199,745
190,924
112,382
New Hampshire
New Jersey
81,237
88,244
727 222
New York
Ohio
502,826
440,977
25,014
100,785
Wisconsin
61,615
Total
3,197
7,175
154,893
$2,457,372
2,940,125
TABLE XXXVHI.
Public Schools of the Slave States.
SLAVE STATES.
Number.
Teachers.
Pupils.
Annual In-
come of Pub-
lic Schools.
1,152
353
194
69
1,251
2,234
664
898
782
1,570
2,657
724
2,680
349
2,930
1,195
355
214
73
1,265 .
2,306
822
986
826
1,620
2,730
739
2,819
360
2,997
28,380
8,493
8,970
1,878
32,705
71,429
25,046
33,111
18,746
51,754
104,095
17,838
104,117
7,946
67,353
$315,602
43,763
43,861
22,386
Georgia
182,231
211,852
T . . i
349,679
218,836
254,159
160,770
158,564
200,600
198,518
44,088
South Carolina
Tennessee
314,625
18,507
19,307
581,861
$2,719,534
A STATISTICAL VIEW
95
TABLE XXXIX.
Public Schools of the Free States.
FREE STATES.
Number. Teachers.
Pupils.
Annual In-
come of Pub-
lic Schools.
California
Connecticut ....
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Maine
Massachusetts . .
Michigan
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New York"
Ohio
Pennsylvania . . .
Rhode Island . . .
Vermont
Wisconsin
2
2
49
1,656
1,787
71,269
4,052
4,248
4,T360
125,725
4,822
161,500
740
828
29,556
4,042
5,540
192,815
3,679
4,443
■ 176,475
2,714
3,231
110,455
2,381
3,013
75,643
1,473
1,574
77,930
11,580
13,965
675,221
11,661
12,886
484,153
9,061
10,024
413,706
416
518
23,130
2,731
4,173
93,457
1,423
1,529
58,817
$3,600
231,220
349,712
316,955
51,492
315,436
1,006,795
167,806
166,944
216,672
1,472,657
743,074
1,348,249
100,481
176,111
113,133
Total I 62,433 | 72,621 2,769,901 $6,780,337
It will be seen that in the South a larger proportion of the
cliildren who attend School, attend at private Schools, than at
the North. Still the number of scholars in these Schools is
but a slight fraction over two-thirds as great at the South as at
the North, and the amount of money paid for the support of
these Schools nearly $400,000 less in the slave than in the
free States.
It is to be regretted that we are unable to compare these
Schools in other respects, but figures can carry us no further at
this time. Perhaps by comparing the different sections of this
chapter we may be able to form a just opinion.
It will be observed that the Public School statistics would
not- be materially affected for purposes of comparison, were
those of the private Schools added to them.
The number of public Schools at the South is 18,507 ; at
the North, G2,433 ; a ratio of about three and one-half to one.
Teachers at the South, 19,807 ; at the North, 72,G21 ; ahnost
96 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
four to one. The number of Scholars at the South is 581,861,
and at the North, 2,769,901 ; nearly five to one, and over
2,000,000 more at the North than at the South. Indeed, if
we compare the entire number attending all Schools (Colleges
Academies, private and public Schools,) we find in the North
a majority over the South of 2,241,046, which is now more
than three times the entire number attending School in the
Southern States. In other words, more than four-fifths of the
children attending School in the Union are in the free States.
The amount of money expended annually for these Schools is,
in the Slave States, $4,799,258 ; and in the free States,
$9,237,709.
The State of Ohio is not quite two-thirds as large as Vir-
ginia. Virginia has 77,764 scholars at School and Ohio has
502,82?.
The area of Kentucky is very nearly equal to that of Ohio,
the population almost exactly one-half as great, and the number
of scholars at School a little more than one-sixth.
Massachusetts is one-fourth as large as South Carolina, and
contains nearly four times as many white inhabitants. The
number of scholars attending School in South Carolina, is
26,025 ; in Massachusetts, 190,924.
The amount expended for Schools, both public and private,
in South Carolina, is $406,089 ; in Massachusetts, it is $1,316,-
972 ; a difference of almost a million of dollars.
The whole number of scholars at School in the fifteen slave-
holding States, is 699,079 ; in the single State of New York, it
is 727,222.
Such are the figures of the Census for 1850.
Great effort has been made to obtain such statistics as to
show the condition of all grades of Schools at the present time,
much more fully than it can be learned from the census for the
time when that was taken. Not enough, however, could be ob-
tained for purposes of just comparison, the annual reports
from the Slave States being so exceedingly meagre. So far,
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 97
however, as such, reports could be obtained, they show that the
difference between the free and slave States, in regard to ed-
ucation, is constantly increasing.
This arises from the want of any regular system for educa-
tion of the poorer classes, who are increasing so rapidly in the
Southern States. Proofs of this might be given, were it not a
well known fact.
On page 146 of the Census Compendium, it is said of
"Georgia — no public Schools strictly, but Schools receive a
certain amount of aid from State funds. This is true for many
Southern States."
The State of South Carolina appropriates annually the sum
of $75,000 to free Schools. Gov. Manning, in his message
of Nov. 28, 1853, says that " under the present mode of apply-
ing it, that liberality is really the profusion of the prodigal,
rather than the judicious generosity which confers real ben-
efit."
In the State of Arkansas, only forty Schools were reported
to the Commissioner for 1854. It is of course utterly impossi-
ble to obtain any reliable information with regard to the Schools
there, though we may form a very just opinion concerning
their character in such a community. The Commissioner says,
" The great obstacle to the organization of common Schools is
not so much a deficiency in the means to sustain them, as it is
the indifference that pervades the public mind on the subject
of education."
The amount expended by the State of Virginia, in 1854, for
the education of poor children, was $69,404. For the mainte-
nance of the public guard, $73,189.
New England, whose area is less than one-twelfth greater,
appropriated $2,000,000 for Public Schools, and felt secure
without a public guard.
The State of South Carolina has established one Free State
Scholarship ; the State of Massachusetts has established forty-
eight.
9
98
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
In Kentucky, the average number of scholars at school hi
1854, was 76,429. In Ohio it was 279,035. • The total amount
of money distributed (for public schools) during the year
1854, in Kentucky, was $146,047. The amount appropriated
by the State of Ohio for the same purpose, was $2,206,609 ; a
difference of over $2,000,000.
There are very many items of expenditure for educational
purposes at the North, for which the corresponding sums at the
South cannot be ascertained. Among these are Teachers' In-
stitutes, holden annually in every county hi many of the
Northern States ; Teachers' Associations, Normal Schools,
School-houses, &c. The value of school buildings in the State
of Ohio in 1854, was $2,197,384, and in Massachusetts it was,
in 1848, $2,750,000 ; even in the little State of Rhode Island
it is $319,293. The amount raised by taxation for educational
purposes is now, in each of the three states, New York, Penn-
sylvania, and Massachusetts, over one million dollars annually.
The Report of the Commissioner of Public Schools to the
Mayor and City Council of Baltimore, for the year 1851, gives
the following facts :
The value of school buildings in the city of Baltimore, is
$105,729 ; New York, $552,457 ; Philadelphia, $858,224 ;
and hi Boston $729,502*
The following table is copied from the same report :
TABLE XL.
Showing the Condition of Public Schools in certain Cities.
CITIES.
Boston
New York . .
Philadelphia
Baltimore . .
Cincinnati . .
St. Louis . . .
Population.
138,788
517,000
409,000
169,012
116,000
81,000
203
207
270
36
17
73
Teach-
353
332
781
138
124
168
Pupils.
21,678
40,055
48,056
8,011
6,006
6,642
Cost of
Tuition.
$237,000
274,794
341,888
32,423
81,623
* Besides this there were paid for new buildings in Boston, $56,000; in
Philadelphia, $24,473 ; and in Cincinnati, $10,000.
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 99
The population of Baltimore is 30,000 greater than that of
Boston. Baltimore has 8,000 scholars at • school, for whose
instruction she pays $30,000. Boston has 20,000, and pays
for instruction, $230,000.
It would indeed be interesting, were it a matter capable of
statistical comparisons, to trace the results of the superior edu-
cational advantages enjoyed by the children of the North ; to
compare the philosophers, orators, and statesmen, men of skill,
science, or literature, authors, poets, and sculptors, of the two
sections. To see how many of those wno are most disting-
uished at the South were born, bred, and educated at the
North.
DeBow, in a labored article in the Census Compendium, in
behalf of the southern schools, says : " An examination of
Massachusetts shows, out of 2,357 'students,' mentioned, 711,
or one-third nearly, born out of the State, and 152, or one-fif-
teenth, born hi the South. On the other hand a southern
town, taken at random, furnished one out of three editors, four
out of twelve teachers, two out of seven clergymen, born jn the
non-slaveholding States."
The presumption is that not so large a proportion of the stu-
dents in Southern institutions are sent there from the North to
be educated, and that, on the other hand, not so large a propor-
tion of the editors, teachers and clergymen of the North are of
Southern birth and education.
IV. LIBRARIES.
The following tables, Nos. XLI. and XLIL, are of great
importance in connection with the subject of education, as show-
ing the literary tastes, habits of thought, and sources of enjoy-
ment, of the people. These tables also show the character of
the various institutions in the two sections, more correctly than
it could be ascertained from ahnost any other source, embracing
as they do the Public School, Sunday School, College and
Church libraries : •
100
A STATISTICAL VIEW.
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102 THE NORTH AXD THE SOUTH.
From these it will be seen that the total number of volumes
in the libraries of the South, is 649,577 ; in those of the
North, 3,888,234 ; a difference more than 3,000,000 in favor
of the free States. Six volumes in the libraries of the North
to one at the South. But we need not compare aggregates
when the difference is so overwhelming. The Sunday School
libraries of the North are nearly twice as great as the College
libraries of the South ; and the College libraries of the
North greater than all the libraries of the South.
Maine has more volumes in her libraries than South Caro-
lina, Rhode Island than Virginia, or even more than all the
five states, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and
Florida ; and Massachusetts more than all the fifteen slave
States.
Michigan and Arkansas are very nearly equal, both in age
and territory, Michigan having been admitted into the Union
in 1837, and Arkansas in 1836 ; while the area of Micliigan is
56,243 square miles, and that of Arkansas 52,198. Michigan
has 107,943 volumes in her libraries, Arkansas has 420 ; a
ratio of 257 to 1.
The public school libraries alone of the single state of
New York, contain more than twice as many volumes as all
the libraries together of the whole South. Nor are we to
suppose that because Common School Libraries, they are neces-
sarily inferior either in cost or character. We learn from the
American Almanac for the present year, that in the State of
Illinois " 690 school libraries, of 321 volumes each, were dis-
tributed throughout the state. The aggregate cost of these
221,490 volumes was $147,222, or an average of $213 for
each library."
If the New York common school libraries were purchased
at a similar cost, (over sixty-six cents per volume,) their value
is doubtless greater than that of all the libraries in the fifteen
slave States.
A STATISTICAL VIEW.
103
V. ILLITERATE.
Thus far the large figures have been all in one direction, but
here the case is different. The South is hi advance and still
advancing.
The following tables, Nos XLLTI. and XLIV., show the
number unable to read and write. It will be seen that the
number of native white citizens of this class in the free States
is 248,725, and ha the slave States 493,026, a number about
twice as great in a population of far less than half.
The number of native white adults who cannot read and
write, in the State of Tennessee, is 77,017, in a white popula-
tion of 756,836. The number in New York, 23,241, in a
white population of 3,048,325.
TAELE XLIII.
Persons in the Slave States over Twenty Years of Age icho cannot Read and
Write.
SLAVE STATES.
Whites.
Free
Colored.
Foreign.
Native
Whit s.
Alabama
Arkansas ....
Delaware ....
Florida
Georgia
Kentucky
Louisiana ....
Maryland ....
Mississippi. . . .
Missouri
North Carolina
South Carolina
Tennessee ....
Texas
Virginia
Total
33,757
16,819
4,536
3,859
41,200
66,687
21 221
20^815
13,405
36,281
73,566
15,684
77,522
10,525
77,005
235
116
5,645
270
467
3,019
3,389
21,062
123
497
6,857
880
1,097
58
11,515
33,853
16,908
9,777
3,834
41,261
67,359
18,339
3S,426
13,447
34,917
80,083
16,460
78,114
8,095
87,383
139
27
404
295
406
2,347
6,271
3,451
81
1,861
340
104
505
2,488
1,137
33,618
16,792
4,132
3,564
40,794
64,340
14,950
17,364
13,324
34,420
73,226
15,580
77,017
8,037
75,868
512,882
55,230
548,256
19,856
493,026
The number in Georgia is 40,794, in a white population of
521,572, and of Pennsylvania it is 41,944, in a white popula-
tion of 2,258,160.
104
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTn.
Again. The number of white inhabitants over twenty years
of age, in the state of New Hampshire, is 174,232. The
number of native white adults who cannot read and write, is
893, or 1 in 201. In Connecticut it is 1 hi 277 ; in Vermont
1 in 284 ; and in Massachusetts 1 in 517. In South Carolina,
on the other hand, it is 1 in 7- ; in Virginia 1 in 5, and in North
Carolina 1 in 3.
Such facts as these show the condition and character of the
schools in the North and the South more clearly than all other
statistics combined.
TABLE XLIV.
Persons in the Free States over Twenty Years of Age who cannot Read and
Write.
FREE STATES.
Whites.
Free
Colored.
Natives. ; Foreign.
Native
Whites.
California
Connecticut
Illinois
Indiana
Iowa
Maine
Massachusetts . .
Michigan
New Hampshire .
New Jersey
New York
Ohio
Pennsylvania . . .
Rhode Island . . .
Vermont
Wisconsin
Total
5,118
117
2,318
2,917
4,739
567
1,293
4,013
40,054
1,229
35,336
5,947
70,540
2,170
69,445
3,265
8,120
33
7,076
1,077
6,147
135
2,134
4,148
27,539
806
1,861
26,484
7,912
369
5,272
3,009
2,957
52
945
2,064
14,248
4,417
12,787
5,878
91,293
7,429
30,670
68,052
61,030
4,990
56,958
9,062
66,928
9,344
51,288
24,989
3,340
267
1,248
2,359
6,189
51
616
5,624
6,361
92
1,551
4,902
422,515
32,06S
280,793
173,790
2,201
826
34,107
67,275
7,043
1,999
1,055
4,903
893
8,370
23,241
51,968
41,944
981
565
1,459
248,725
CHAPTER IX.
THE PRESS.
In the language of DeBow : " In every country the press
must be regarded a great educational agency. Freedom of
speech and of the press are the inalienable birthright of every
American citizen, and constitute the osgis of his liberties."
The earliest newspaper in North America was the Boston
News-Letter, issued April 24, 1704. There were in 1775 but
87 Newspapers in the American Colonies.*
Of these there were three in South Carolina, two hi each of
the States Maryland, Virginia, and North Carolina, and one in
Georgia; making in all 10 hi the present slaveholding States.
In New Hampshire there was one, two hi Rhode Island, four
in Connecticut, the same number in New York, seven in Mas-
sachusetts, and nine in Pennsylvania ; making 27 in the present
non-slaveholding States. At that time the white population
in the two sections was very nearly equal.
The following tables show the number of papers and their
circulation, in the several States, in 1810 ; also the number of
papers in 1828, and of papers and periodicals in 1840. They
also show the character of the newspaper and periodical press,
the number of copies printed annually, the number of papers,
and the circulation of each class, in 1850.
* It will be perceived by looking on the 54th page of the Census Com-
pendium, that there is a descrepancy between the several numbers and the
amount given. I presume the separate numbers to be correct.
(105)
10G
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
TABLE XLV.
Newspapers and Periodicals in the Slave States in 1810, 1^28 and 1840.
1810.
1828,
1840
SLAVE STATES.
Papers.
Circulation.
Papers.
Papers
and Peri-
odicals.
10
o
4
2
18
23
9
37
6
5
20
16
8
28
9
2
166,400
8
10
13
17
11
21
4
707,200
618,800
763,900
1,903,200
83,200
40
46
37
49
31
35
10
10
6
416,000
842,400
171,600
29
21
Tennessee
56
23
1,289,600
34
56
Total
117
6,962,300
194
455
TABLE XLVI.
Newspapers and Periodicals in the Free States in 1810, 1828, and 1840.
1810.
1828.
1840.
FREE STATES.
Papers.
Circulation.
Papers.
Papers
and Peri-
odicals.
Connecticut
11
657,800
33
4
17
44
Illinois
52
Indiana
1
15,600
76
Iowa
4
29
78
2
17
22
161
66
185
14
21
41
Massachusetts . . . :
32
2,873,000
105
33
New Hampshire
12
8
66
14
71
7
14
624,000
332,800
4,139,200
473,200
4,542,200
332,800
682,400
33
New Jersey
40
New York
302
Ohio
143
229
Rhode Island
18
33
6
Total
236
14,673,000
649
1,159
A STATISTICAL VIEW.
107
TABLE XLVII.
Newspapers and Periodicals Published in the Slave States, 1850.
Daily.
Tri-Weekly. Semi-Weekly.
Weekly.
SLAVE
STATES.
a
B
c
Number
of copies
printed
annually.
a
|
Number
of copies
printed
annually.
•
i
a*
►1
Number
of copies
printed
annually.
C
B
Number
of copies
printed
annually.
6
869,201
5
266,500
48
9
7
9
37
38
' 37
54
46
45
40
27
86
29
55
1,509.040
3
62,400
377,000
358,800
1
3
7
6
4
4
4
5
5
2
5
12
31.200
146.380
1,125.280
676,000
499.700
245j440
273,000
414,310
549,250
266,240
525,400
1,416,550
288.600
5
9
11
6
1,086,110
2.243,584
it.'.i47.Un
15,806,500
2,609,776
3,053,024
1,646,684
3,166,124
1,507,064
5
3,380,400
2,406,560
1.530.204
7
8
5,070,600
4,407,666
1,413,880
2,139,644
771,524
2,518,568
15
4,992,350
Total
72 | 47,803,551
63
6,435,250 1 3 | 62,400
517 1 25,296,492
TABLE XLVIII.
Newspapers and Periodicals Published in the Free States, 1850.
Daily.
Tri-Weekly.
Semi-Weekly.
Weekly.
FREE
STATES.
3
e.
B
Number
of copies
printed
annually.
c
B
o
^1
Number
of copies
printed
annually.
3
B,
Number
of copies
printed
annually.
e
B
Number
of copies
printed
annually.
4
7
8
9
626,000
1.752 800
1,120,540
1,153,092
3
30
84
95
25
89
126
47
85
43
308
201
261
12
30
35
135,200
4
4
2
2
5
4
o
374.400
214,500
195.000
577i200
302,900
351,000
52,000
2.117,232
8,575,936
2,920,736
923,000
4
22
3
964,040
40,498.444
1,252,000
2,906,124
20.371,104
1,685,736
Massachusetts.. .
11
2,070,016
3,116,360
6
51
26
24
5
2
6
2,175,350
63,928,685
14,285,633
50,416,788
1,768.450
172,150
1,053,245
1,900,288
8
10
2
776.100
1,047,930
78,000
13
"i
2
1
39,205,920
Ohio
62.400
25,200
228,800
13.334,204
27,359.384
963,300
Pennsylvania . . .
Rhode Island. . . .
2.1-12.712
4
198,250
1,395,992
Total
177
181,167,217
47
4,167.280
28
5,502.770
1.374
124,475,020
108
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
TABLE XLIX.
Neiuspapers and Periodicals published in the Slave States in 1850.
•
Semi-Monthly.
Monthly.
Quarterly.
Aggregate.*
SLAV.E
STATES.
1
n
Number
of copies
printed
annually.
P
i
►J
Number
of copies
printed
annually.
p
B
a1
CD
Number
of copies
printed
annually.
p
B
c
n
Number
of copies
printed
annually.
1
18,000
60
9
10
10
51
62
55
68
50
61
51
46
50
34
87
2,662,741
377,000
421,200
319,800
6
8
228,600
160,950
4,070,866
6,582,838
1
3
146,400
92,400
12,416,224
i
48,000
19,612,724
1,752,504
7
135,600
6,195,560
6
5
76,050
102,600
2,020,564
2
9,600
7.145.930
4
127,200
6,940,750
1,296,924
3
267,600
1
24,000
1
4,000
9,223,068
Total
30
901,800
16
525,600
3
13,600
704
81,038,693
* This aggregate is the aggregate of this table together with the last.
TABLE L.
Newspapers and Periodicals published in the Free States in 1850.
Semi-Monthly.
Monthly.
Quarterly.
Aggregate.*
FREE
STATES.
!zi
P
g
Number
of copies
printed
annually.
S3
g
B
Number
of copies
printed
annually.
Sz!
B
Number
of copies
printed
annually.
B
Number
of copies
printed
annually.
7
46
107
107
29
49
202
58
38
51
428
261
309
19
35
46
761.200
1
7
6.000
147,200
2
1
8,800
900
4,267.932
3
1
43.200
48,000
5,102.270
4,316,828
2
1
29
3
2
12,600
30,000
1,357,200
123,600
13,800
1.512.800
4.203.064"
Massachusetts . . .
New Hampshire . .
3
3
1
2
9
23
19
61,800
134.400
15,600
23,040
1,704,000
1.781.640
6,972,000
7
24,000
64.820.564
3.247.736
3.067,552
4.098,678
36
6,629,808
3
1
2
24.600
24,000
7,600
115,385,473
30,473.407
Pennsylvania ....
84.898.672
2.756.950
2
1
24.000
18,000
2,567,662
2,665,487
64
10,783,680
84
8,362,208
16
89,900
1,790
334,146,281
* This aggregate is the aggregate of this table together with the last.
A STATISTICAL VIEW.
109
TABLE LI.
CJiaracter of the Newspaper and Periodical Press. — Number of copies
printed annual!!/ in the Slave States, as given in 1850.
SLAVE STATES.
Literary
and Miscel-
laneous.
Neutral
and Inde-
pendent.
Political.
Religious.
Scien-
tific.
265,200
171,600
46,800
313,000
1,889,169
205,400
374,400
202.800
1,491,350
5,245,888
8,356,224
4,196,924
1,519,024
5,496,280
1,457.664
4,310,930
5,138,580
660,400
6,698,176
158,400
36,972
117,000
239.200
429,450
52,000
669,400
1,411,976
650,800
657,300
14,654,000
233,480
608,800
266,200
474,800
206,200
350,324
247,880
747,340
250,400
3,335,100
8,400
181.000
6,300
15,600
84,000
90,480
182,950
1,092,040
195,500
137,800
1,001,112
113,750
2,140,400
503,930
148,400
1,251,900
24,800
24,000
Total
20,245,360
8,812,620
47,243,209
4,364,832
372,672
TABLE LII.
Character of the Newspaper and Periodical Press. — Number of copies
printed annually in the Free States, as given in 1850.
FREE STATES.
Literary
and Miscel-
laneous.
Neutral
and Inde-
pendent.
Political.
Religious.
Scientific.
135,200
489,900
721,700
647,504
36,000
987.216
11,794,304
456.500
579J480
181,640
18.449.016
3,865,880
18,515,028
280,800
208,600
130,000
626,000
3,422,432
3,384,162
3,569.324
1,281,800
2,501,680
32,996.800
2,556,836
1,673,672
3,823.138
45,463,015
18,865,282
37,808,960
1,693,650
2,025,430
2,517,487
223,200
499,044
100.000
7,800
438,568
4,405.200
134.490
778,000
7.200
403,770
93,600
187,200
275,600
2,033,260
13,591,000
26,000.
74,000
36,400
93,900
37,317,010
4,220,805
21,908,548
782,500
12,438.432
3,334,240
6,588,136
1,718,000
Ohio
187.200
78,000
333,632
18.000
Total
57,478,768
79,156,733
163,583,668
29,280,052
4,521,260
10
110
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
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112 THE NO'RTH AND THE SOUTH.
It will be seen on examination of these Tables, that in 1810
the number of papers in the Slave States was 117, and in the
free States, 236 ; almost exactly two to one. The ratio of cir-
culation was a little larger.
In 1828, the number of papers at the North was to that at
the South as 3 to 1 ; and in 1840 as 2 1-2 to 1. The circula-
tion for those years is not given.
In 1850, the number of papers at the South was 704 ; at
the North 1,799 ; while the circulation at the South was
782,453, and at the North, 4,29G,7G8 ; or over five at the
North to one at the South.
The circulation in Michigan, is 52,000 ; in Arkansas, 7,000 ;
in Kentucky, 84,000; in Ohio, 415,000; in South Carolina,
55,000 ; in New Hampshire, 60,000 ; in Mississippi, 30,000 ;
and in New Jersey, 44,000 ; in Maryland, 124,000, (which
is far the largest circulation of any Southern State) ; and in
Massachusetts, 716,969. The circulation in Massachusetts,
is but little less than that in all the slave States ; that in Penn-
sylvania is greater by one-fourth than of that entire section ;
while the circulation of New York is considerably more than
double that of the whole dominion of slavery. The circulation
of the single paper, the New York "Weekly Tribune, is at the
present time greater than was, in 1850, the circulation of all
the newspapers in the States Virginia, North Carolina, and
Mississippi ; indeed, we might add a couple more slave States,
and it would still be greater.
On examining the character of the Newspapers and Period-
icals in the two sections, we see that a large proportion (more
than one-half,) of the Southern Papers, are political ; and a
much larger proportion than of the Northern, the proportion in
the North being less than one-third. In this class they have a
circulation nearly equal to one-third of the Northern, while of
the literary and miscellaneous, neutral and independent, it is
one-seventh ; in the scientific, one-eighth ; and in the religious,
one-ninth.
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 113
These ratios are in some instances greater, if Ave compare the
number of copies printed annually.
The number of copies, of neutral and independent papers,
printed in a year, in the slave States, is 8,000,000 ; and in the
free States, 79,000,000. Of the religious, in the slave States,
4,000,000 ; and in the free States, 29,000,000. Of the scien-
tific, the number is, at the South, 372,000 ; and at the North,
4,000,000 ; while of the political, the number at the South, is
47,000,000 ; and at the North, 103,000,000.
The number of copies of scientific papers printed in the fif-
teen Southern States, is 372,000. The number printed in
Massachusetts alone, is 2,000,000 ; more than five times as
many as in all the slave States. The number of copies of
religious papers printed in the fifteen slave States, is 4,000,000 ;
in the State of New York, 12,000,000. Of neutral and inde-
pendent papers there are, in the slave States, 8,000,000 ; and
in Pennsylvania, 21,000,000.
The political press of either Massachusetts or Pennsylvania,
issues annually more copies than half the political presses of
the slave States ; while that of New York issues but a slight
fraction less than the whole.
Finally. The daily press of the South issues 47,000,000
annually ; that of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania the same ;
and of the free States, 181,000,000. The weekly press of the
South issues 25,000,000 copies ; that of Pennsylvania 27,000,-
000 ; of New York, 39,000,000 ; and of the free States,
124,000,000. The New York Daily Herald had a circulation
nearly, if not quite, half as great as all the daily papers of the
slave States, in 1850.
The aggregate number of copies printed annually in Arkan-
sas, is 377,000 ; in "Wisconsin, 2,605,000. In Kentucky,
6,000,000; in Ohio, 30,000,000. In Maryland, Virginia,
North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Missis-
10*
IK THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
sippi, Florida, Louisiana, and Texas, together less than Massa-
chusetts.
In the fifteen slave states, 81,000,000 ; in Pennsylvania,
84,000,000; in New York, 115,000,000; and in the sixteen
free states, 334,000,000.
CHAPTER X.
POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT.
The following tables, Nos. LV., LVI., and LVIL, will
show the amounts actually credited for the transportation of
the mails in the several States, and the amount of postages col-
lected in the same, for the fiscal years ending June 30, 1850,
and June 30, 1855.
Few tables can be more suggestive, or more amply repay a
careful investigation, than these.
At the present day, the energy and business character of a
people, their roads, railroads, steamboats, and other means of
transportation, are all given, in a word, in their Post-Office
reports.
TABLE LV.
Showing the Amounts actually credited for the Transportation of Mails, and
the Amounts of Postage collected in the Slave and Free States in 1850.
SLAVE
STATES.
Total Postage
Collected.
Transporta-
tion.
FREE
STATES
Total Postage
Collected.
Transporta-
tion.
$75,937 75
17,215 53
12,521 38
13,793 24
101,749 42
86,472 49
116,936 06
121,864 61
55,536 01
83J87 95
46,647 07
76,108 62
64,185 86
28,474 12
141,579 13
$143,798 70
61,244 90
6,489 87
31,701 55
146,772 94
87,121 70
68,464 61!
143,150 97,
84,256 58
101,313 23,
154,977 40
108,488 80;
74,142 59;
114,744 83
169,687 83
California ....
Connecticut. . .
$227,152 82
119,971 81
115,184 53
83,638 03
26,568 86
89,761 92
358,120 72
62,387 69
59,902 20
66,156 20
933,977 13
286,311 24
396,699 91
39,328 34
58,965 44
60,725 35
$111,515 87
62,176 13
156.6S5 71
76,225 82
24,850 05
46,690 25
132,164 84
39,634 58
27,662 00
42,813 37
324,970 14
138,836 32
Kentucky ....
Louisiana ....
Mississippi ....
N. Carolina. . .
Massachusetts.
N". Hampshire.
New Jersey
Ohio
Tennessee ....
Pennsylvania .
Rhode Island. .
146,105 64
12,088,20
50,643 93
34,759 77
Total
$1,042,809 24
$1,496,356 50
Total
$2,975,852 19
$1,427,822 63
(115)
116
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
TABLE LVI.
Showing the Amounts actually credited for the Transportation of the Mails,
and the Amount of Postage collected in the Slave States in 1855.
SLATE STATES.
Letter
Postage.
Newspaper
Postage.
Stamps
Sold.
Total Post-
age
Collected.
Transporta-
tion.
$46,416
16,894
9,967
8,167
59,117
59,307
69,140
82,029
36,092
71,372
26.831
36,156
42,070
37,373
92,562
$13,583
4,828
2,377
2,343
16,066
15,065
13,833
31,712
11,464
14,537
11,692
8,075
13,238
8,532
28,499
$44,514
8,941
7,298
8,764
73,880
55,694
50,778
77,743
31,182
53,742
34,235
47.368
48,377
24,530
96,799
$104,514
30,664
19,644
19,275
149,063
130,067
133,753
191,485
78,739
139,652
72.759
91,600
103,686
70,436
217,861
$226,816
117,659
9,243
77,553
216,003
144,161
133,810
192,743
170,785
185,096
North Carolina. . . .
South Carolina. . . .
148,249
192,216
116,091
209,936
245,592
Total
$693,493
$195,844
$66,845
$1,553,198
$2,385,953
TABLE LVII.
Sliowing the Amounts actually credited for the Transportation of the Mails,
and the Amount of Postage collected in the Free States in 1855.
FREE STATES.
Letter
Postage.
Newspaper
Postage
Stamps
Sold.
Total Post-
age
Collected.
Transporta-
tion.
$141,833
75,691
142,177
95,248
44,540
75,779
239,894
77,223
46,225
66,645
734,453
237,457
301,646
23,812
44,465
65,406
$11,319
24,254
32,457
24,578
9,680
15,413
33,226
15,201
10,995
11,556
106,206
47,227
64,073
4,520
12,036
13,959
$81,437
79,284
105-,252
60,578
28,198
60,165
259,062
49,763
38,387
31,495
542,498
167,958
217,293
30,291
36,314
33,538
$234,591
179,230
279,887
180,405
82,420
151,358
532.184
142,188
95,609
109,697
1,383,157
452,643
583,013
58,624
92,816
112,903
$135,3S6
81,462
280.038
190,480
84,428
82,218
Massachusetts ....
153,091
148,204
46,631
80,084
481,410
, 421,870
251,833
13,891
64.437
New Hampshire. . .
Ohio
Rhode Island
92,842
$2,412,494
$436,700
$1,719,513
$4,670,725
$2,608,295
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 117
A few of the facts which stand forth prominent in these Ta-
bles, are the following :
In 1850, only two slave States, Delaware and Louisiana,
paid for the transportation of their mails by the amount of
postages collected.
Of the free states, Illinois alone did not.
In the slave States, the postages for that year less than paid
for the transportation, by nearly half a million of dollars. In
the free States, the postages more than paid for the transporta-
tion, by over a million and a half of dollars.
In 1855, this difference is very greatly increased.
The postages of the slave States less than paid the cost of
transportaion by over $800,000, while the free State postages
more than paid the transportation, by over $2,000,000.
In the slave territory, the only State which paid for trans-
portation of its mails, by its postages, was Delaware. In the
free States, the only States which did not, were Illinois, Indiana,
Iowa, and Michigan.
Neither North Carolina, South Carolina, Mississippi, Ala-
bama, or Texas, paid half the expense of transporting their
mails, by postages received ; while Florida paid less than a
fourth, and Arkansas less than a fifth.
Massachusetts paid for her own transportation, and had a
surplus remaining of more than four times the amount of post-
age collected in South Carolina.
New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Pennsylvania, each paid
for their transportation, by then* postages, more than twice
over, and Khode Island more than four fold.
The postages of New York are not an eighth less than those
of all the slave States, while the expense of transportation is
but little more than one-fifth the expense in those States.
The fifteen slave States did not pay, by postages, two-thirds
the expense of transporting their mails.
The free States paid for theirs, and had a surplus of over
118 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
$2,000,000 ; half a million more than all the postages col-
lected in the slave States.
In other words, the free States, in this matter, support them-
selves, pay the deficit in the slave States and have over
$1,200,000 besides.
CHAPTER XL
VALUE OF CHURCHES, AND AMOUNT OF CONTRIBUTIONS FOR
CERTAIN BENEVOLENT OBJECTS.
The following tables, Nos. LVIIL and LIX. show the
amount contributed in the several States, for the Missionary,
Tract, and Bible cause, by all the principal Christian denomi-
nations, except the Methodist. This denomination is not
included in the tables, from the fact that all receipts are re-
turned by conferences, which are frequently made up of several
parts of States, thus precluding the possibility of separating so
TABLE LVIIL
Showing the Amount contributed in the Slave States for purposes of Christian
Benevolence in 1855, together ivith the Value of Churches in 1850.
SLAVE STATES.
Amount con-
tributed for
the Bible
cause.
Amount con-
tributed for
Missionary-
purposes.
Amount con-
tributed for
the Tract
caiise.
Value of
Churches,
1850.
Alabama
$3,351
2,950
1,037
1,957
4,532
5,95C
1,810
8,909
1,067
4,711
6,197
3,984
8,383
3,985
9,296
$5,963
455
1,003
340
9,846
6,953
334
20,677
4,957
2,712
6,010
15,248
4,971
349
22,106
$477
110
163
5
1,468
1,366
1,099
5,365
267
936
1,419
3 222
1^807
127
6,894
$1,244,741
149,686
340,345
Florida
192,600
1,327,112
2,295,353
Louisiana
1,940,495
Maryland
3,974,116
Mississippi
832,622
1,730,135
Tennessee
907,785
2,181,476
1,246,951
Texas
408,944
2,902,220
$68,125
$101,934
$24,725
$21,674,581
(119J)
120
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
TABLE LIX.
Showing the Amount contributed in the Free States for purposes of Christian
Benevolence in 1855, together with the Value of Churches in 1850.
FREE STATES.
Amount con-
tributed for
the Bible
cause.
Amount con-
tributed for
Missionary
purposes.
Amount con-
tributed for
the Tract
cause.
Value of
Churches.
1850.
$1,900
24,528
28,403
6,755
4,216
5,449
43,444
5,554
6,271
15,475
123,386
25,758
25,360
2,669
5,709
4,790
$192
48,044
10,040
4,705
1,750
13,929
128,505
4,935
11,963
19,946
172,115
19,890
43,412
9,440
11,094
2,216
$5
15,872
3,786
1,491
2,005
$288,400
Connecticut
3,599,330
Illinois
1,532,305
1,568,906
235,412
Maine*
1,794,209
10,504,888
Michigan
1,114
793,180
1,433,266
3,712,863
3,546
61,233
9,576
12,121
2,121
New York
21,539,561
Ohio
5,860,059
Pennsylvania
11,853,291
Vermont*
1,293,600
1,251,655
Wisconsin
474
512,552
Total
$319,667
$502,174
$131,972
$67,773,477
* $18,628 as given in the Report for the four together.
as to give the amount from each State. Indeed, there is some
difficulty in dividing the amount justly between the slave and
free States ; but this is not as great as in dividing it between
all the several States, since the sum collected in all the confer-
ences, made up partly of slave and partly of free Territory, is
but $35,000, which could make but little difference in the
result, however it might be divided. The amount collected for
the Tract cause and the support of missions, was, for the past
year, in the Northern conferences, $225,000, of which $35,000
was from conferences embracing both slave and free territory.
According to the Annals of Southern Methodism, for the year
1855, the amount raised in the Methodist Church South, in the
year 1854, was $168,931, "and for the year just closing, the
amount will fall somewhat below that," says the author.
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 121
Taking these facts and dividing the $35,000 according to
the best of our information, the amount contributed for these
purposes, in the Methodist Church, is a few thousand dollars
greater hi the free than in the slave States. This of course
is exclusive of the operations of the " Book Concern," &c, &c.
The amount contributed by all other denominations is given
by States in the tables, which are compiled from the last
annual report of the several societies.
The amount contributed in the slave States, for the Bible
cause, was, during the past year, $68,125"; in the free States,
$319,667 ; a ratio of over 4 1-2 to 1. The amount contributed
for the support of missions was, hi the slave States, $101,934,
and in the free States, $502,174 ; almost exactly five dollars to
one. The amount contributed in the slave States for the pub-
lication and distribution of Tracts, was $24,725 ; and in the
free States, $131,972 ; a ratio still greater, and over five dol-
lars at the North to one at the South. The amount contributed
in the State of Massachusetts, for the support of missions, is
greater than in all the slave States, while the amount contrib-
uted in the State of New York, both for the missionary and
Bible cause, was nearly twice as great as in all the territory of
slavery.
It will be seen that the value of Churches in the slave States
is $21,674,581, and in the free States, $67,773,477 ; a ratio of
more than 3 to 1 — the Churches of New York being equal in
value to those of the fifteen slave States.
The amount contributed in the several States for the various
benevolent objects which from time to time present themselves,
it is impossible to ascertain. But the report of the Portsmouth
Relief Association, just published, shows the amount received
from the different States " For the relief of Portsmouth, Va.,
during the prevalence of the yellow fever in that town in
1855." It is certainly gratifying to see that the call for help
was so promptly answered from the most distant States. The
amount of money contributed by the slave States, exclusive of
11
122 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
Virginia, in which State the sickness prevailed, was $12,182.
In the free States it was $42,547, or 3 and 1-2 times as much
in the free as in the slave States. Including the State of Vir-
ginia, the amount given by the slave States was $33,398, or
$9,141 more given by the sixteen free States than by the fif-
teen slave States. This is exclusive of provisions and other
valuable supplies, amounting to thousands of dollars, sent from
all parts of the Union.
CHAPTER XII.
MASSACHUSETTS AND SOUTH CAROLINA.
In this chapter are given the full statistics of Massachu-
setts and South Carolina, in 1850, by counties, as published
in Compendium of the Census; to which are added tables
showing the number of men furnished by the several States
in the Revolutionary war, the number of pensioners in 1840,
and extracts showing the action and condition of the State
of South Carolina in the war of the Revolution.
TABLE LX.
Statistics of Massachusetts — Census of 1850.
Population.
Counties.
Whites.
Q
o
o
•-j
p.
All Classes.
Total Population.
Male.
Female
Total.
Male.
Female.
1850.
1840.
17,803
23,958
36,641
2,306
63,862
15,407
24,943
17,392
76,918
4,119
38,502
27,720
68,622
65,840
17,350
24,300
38,018
2,181
66,820
15,372
25,837
18,011
83,758
3,939
40,081
27,521
73,857
64,312
35,153
48,258
74,659
4,487
130,682
30,779
50,780
35,403
160,676
8,058
78,643
55,241
142,479
130,152
123
1,333
1,533
53
618
91
503
329
707
394
249
456
2,038
637
17,86S
24,629
37,342
2,328
64,148
15,455
25,171
17,550
77,286
4,391
33,679
27,948
69,557
66,165
17,408
24,962
38,850
2,212
67,152
15,415
26,112
18,182
84,097
4,061
40,213
27,749
74,960
64,624
35,276
49,591
76,192
4,540
131.300
30,870
51,283
35.732
161,383
8,452
78,892
55,697
144,517
130,789
32,548
41,745
60,164
3,958
94,987
Norfolk
28,812
37,360
30,897
106,611
9,012
53,140
Suffolk
47,373
95,773
95,313
(123)
124
TIIE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
c
Accommodation of
Churches — Persons .
Whites over 20 unable
to read and write.
Whites 5 and under
20 years old.
White Scholars during
the year.
Total Educational
Income.
Annual In-
come.
Pupils.
jfif
< -3 c
Sas
Annual In-
conic.
Pupils.
Dwellings.
Foreign
Countries.
United States.
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A STATISTICAL VIEW.
125
1
1
H
t>
a
o
«
Eh
|
B
«5
Irish and Sweet
Potatoes, Bushels.
34,756
309,642
250,488
9.899
339;423
185,114
305,637
292,734
586,804
5,997
253,158
208,402
10,069
733,261
Indian Corn,
Bushels.
52,639
240,899
164,064
12,395
158,264
223.359
252.213
272.370
269,908
3,206
112,132
105,243
2,691 '
476,107
Eye and Oats,
Bushels.
22,561
386,655
73,505
5,008
59,261
145,450
215,986
177.595
125,987
1,278
32,382
43,952
1,383
354,584
Wheat, Bushels.
546
7,802
189
45
1,435
3.948
3,076
4,807
1,098
55
356
251
3
!5
o
&
M
o
H
CO
>3
Swine.
1,283
7,587
6,451
750
6,761
4,731
6,403
6,725
10,765
153
8.209
4,574
218
16,509
Sheep.
C: CO r~< -w — Ol 1 - CO -~ 1 - X ZT) CO
>o co i - q h ■/ c x a. o c. :o co^
T-Too'cic-joo-iHoii-r to a>
t~ CNr-teo
Neat Cattle.
3,836
32,608
13,090
1,739
17,823
23,464
21,755
22,748
30.980
597
12,656
11,855
470
66,373
Horses, Asses, aud
Mules.
934
5,310
2,546
233
2.768
3.372
3,709
3,986
5,237
89
3,311
2,458
96
8,201
n
w
>■
o
M
He
«
o
ft
1
o
o
O
fi
!s
i-4
Value with Improve-
ments and Imple-
mentsf
$1,278,828
9,577,926
7,101,582
686,620
9,582.992
6,333.281
7,420,723
7,554,456
19,417,796
149,605
13,748,505
6,048,442
671,245
22,713,930
Acres Unimproved.
40,556
174,956
98,140
11,794
54,204
93,753
96,843
80,983
128,111
4,265
67,444
114,254
190
251,083
Acres Improved.
27,786
272,489
105,522
21,926
145,921
197,232
198,153
211.219
220,203
3,792
107,884
101,135
3,542
516,632
Farms.
789
2,897
2,547
265
2,708
2,537
2.615
2,955
4,293
58
2.637
2,447
76
7,245
Counties.
Barnstable.
Berkshire . .
Bristol ....
Dukes
Essex
Franklin . .
Hampden. .
Hampshire
Middlesex .
Nantucket.
Norfolk ....
Plymouth .
Suffolk
u
|
11*
126
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
CS
Tobacco, Pounds.
Molasses, Gallons.
Maple Sugar,
Pounds.
Flax, Pounds.
Flaxseed, Bushels.
Clover & other Grass
Seeds, Bushels.
Hops, Pounds.
Hay, Tons.
Butter and Cheese,
Pounds.
Buckwheat, Bushels.
Barley, Bushels.
Peas and Beans,
Bushels.
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PfiipfiPiicKaKS^^^aijS
A STATISTICAL VIEW.
127
pq
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H
Produced in
Families.
Annual
Product.
Hands
Employed.
Capital.
Wine, Gallons.
Value of Orchard
Produce.
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Value of Animals
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Pounds.
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128
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
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= 2 -J O |3
JOfiH^OOaWr-lrJrjSr3r50PHF4t
A STATISTICAL VIEW.
129
o &
Neat Cattle.
Horses, Asses,
and Mules.
x co x co co n — — i co ..o x co ci i — t- 10 \- co ci co oi -- -* --- co -j- -* -t- 01
-r.:i:i:i:: ;.M/.'-:i-r.-ci — - x ir — .■ ^ cc :c - i- i- c r- i-
o i- uo o c r- x 01 co 01 co -* co o co o. ci co co -v o o rn o. co -- co r. co
COlX^Olo'lCiCT-r'^O^— "^r-TTjT cf ofl— Co"co"^lo"*rcri^cf b^OlO^LO
Value with Im-
provements
and Imple-
ments.
ccoio^i 'X' i-::x::^:i"-rui--r-Tr«or:Ci: -. i co co co o
~ " •& ioko lo o o x x l.o x co o co^-;- x co co "Jootooci
., . cOl--~lo -f^ o -^ o i i o co x c i" co [-:: ■; x'c'^iffi^Hoo
— ' o ' - ~ ~ ' - ~ OJ oo '.o 'A — - Z. ~T co "o lo V-'-L- — l - - ' - o -f '— co o
— co-+i
— X i.O
co -# 1-
co' oc i
: i- i ■
co i.t x
i.ccioi
Acres
Unimproved.
T-i io TO Oi >o cc i - oo cccicoi'CriOi
lOCOO'JI
— -f ci
1 ■ . ..-.'. -. I — -* X '_ I X T- _ 1^ I— I— r— . .
co o — — o oo -—i io co -* co ^< -o i - co oo i.o -o -* o co x uo ~ x co -'■ -*
o^co^^r-- co -?,■< -t- .co] »-o i-o. o o. oo x or lo i- co i - co cm o co 4i
UO oi 1' I - CO* CO i-i o i oo x" t - xj o* oi co' co' oi • - 01 -C* OC Ol i -cH i C -rH — 1 lO ci CO
Ol 'X .O X CO -f -r CO -r x CO — CO I- CO. ~ :/ CCicO OCil^CCi-iC CO CO X
-cH CM CO CO CO r-1 (01 CO lO CO' 0 1 CO CI -* CM r-1 CM •* CO CI r-M I- -cH CM CO CO Ol -71 CM
Acres
Improved.
x 10 co oc -"^hicci r. co oc 1 — ^ci x 10 o orcic: cr -o co -r i- — •-
Choi-/ co co — L-cOl- r. oc oi co oc oioico r .- >- - - oicoi-x co r.
CO-ct^CO_01 C)Xr iC^ r-4 CO i-0 CO I- CO t-h l- uO I ~ CO CO OC CO 01 -t< CO CM 1 - CO l{0
d'acTr- oc'co'oi oi r-n oo co'--- r' r'oo--'oo"oi o-ch >c'oi ^h'coToc t-co' ci c oo
t-i I - r. CO J OC 10 01 01 CO 01 -t- CO CO CO ~ X I- OI X X X OC CO CO 01 -o 1- CO
MrlridHH 1— IrHCMi— t 1— I rHrH 1— t 1 — 1 1 — I CM CM 1— I t-i
-cK COX OlOl -"X o' 1 — - 10 CO CC -J CO CO CO I P — .OCO— 1 CO 10 CO '-C -* CM
1— x 10-r x -c -r x 10 co 1-10 co co x x 0; co 1 - ci — co co — < . — -oi" o
X 00 LO 00 000 irrococ CO OlOC L-C0iCCO X CO CO c 01 OI O IO CO X -Ci-Ol
Accommoda-
tion of Church-
es— persons.
CO 1 0 CO CO CO CO vO CO OC CO 10 CO 00 ~ CO CO CO CO CO CO lO CO O CO OOOOO
co x .0 — 1-. 01-01 co -1-0- - 1.0 . C CO co c- .- .- 01 — l-l-.O .0 CO CO 00
- Ol OX CO CC OC O O. '- '-
rH OJr-l t-H
■ o »o cc o o c
^\"hites over 20
unable to read
and write.
O O.WO-*-f.
— CO) Tt< CM t^ O' OO lO CO CO -t- OO CM IO r-H C
O l-OO OO — - X 01 "O CO .0 r-i Ol X ~ CO Ol
HCiWNrHWHl-ClLOH CC-r-l CO-cb
t->cH 1-COCOCO-H l-l-O
AVliites 5 and
under 20 years
old.
lO O >n r-^ X OO CO -f O CO CO Ol r-H -H o i-O O CO -* O I- CO lO CO Ol rH CO O) CD
1 - 01 co r 1 - co .0 --h -tn -r co 1- c o .o 1 - co 01 co oi-o^occ- o co — .
O CO OC CO i.O O CO 1- I- lO CO^L- L.0 01 X_ CO .0 O CO OC I - 0 1 -> CO ..0 X .0 i-O CO
10 >o-* oi cc co 01 cm" oi co of us 01 r-i oi ■* cm" -ch" i-Tcm' co" 16 oi t- CO CO tH*-*
^Yhite Scholars
during year.
NOOCOlCTOC-tC0OiCOC0l-O«)r
I - CO CO O' c-l .
t-H UO CO I — <-■ -t- X CO .0 t.O .0 10 CO -
O i.O i.O 01 cr Ol L- 00 X -1- O -f- OC -CH -* OC -^ O CO oc
CO I - CO Ol "i- OC' 1
CCOlr-l-cHCO-HOOl-
l-iO- CO 001--*
Total Educa-
tional Income,
Annual
Income.
L.0 CO O CO O 01 CO CO CO X CO O CO 1-0 o - O O OO-CICCC-OCHI-CH
-t- X CO O -0 — -^ CO 01 OC CO O CO I - O 01 CO O CO CO : - CO V. OC O h-hioh
01 -ct- r-i X 10 i.O i-O I - CO CO 01 X X CO 0. L.0 CO -0- I- CO — # X X CO^.O CO CC r-H -r^
COCO LO HCO-*^ I- CO CO r-i Ol" r-i LO CO CO CC CO CO -J- 00 'lNi-Ti-h C3 ■* CO i-T
Pupils.
OCOOCCCOCOl.O-t*1
C-Cl .0 OC O r-i OCO
OO , -rjl LO r-i_^St CO CO
OCOOOOOOOOCOO'O-^rHOOL.0 0'
mojOi- co x — co oc — . c- 01 X 01 I - X CO
CO O' l^ r- 1 O -rjl CO O CC t- CO LO r-i t— ' CO i— 1 O
OOLOC-lilBXCC
'■■~ Ol-l-CO
LO-cHC0r-l
130
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
Cane Sugar,
Hhds. of 1000
Pounds.
«(ij
Maple Sugar,
Pounds.
Flax, Pounds.
Flaxseed,
Bushels.
Clover & other
Grass Seeds,
Bushels.
Hops, Pounds,
Hay, Tons.
Butter and
Cheese,
Pounds.
Buckwheat,
Bushels.
Barley,
Bushels.
Peas and
Beans,
Bushels.
Irish and
Sweet Potatoes,
Bushels.
ffioiot^c co co ca
CD Cl r^ -cr Cc cc lO
ci cr •- com -ho
Cl CO CD CD CO
CC I- CD C. iO 10 01
tJi CO CO u7 i - CD
■*^»h lOrH
CTt^lOHHOCCT'-f iO CD lO CO lO ~ fSj CD' -r1 CC -CH lO CD' CO rH i.O SC-IOH
-?i-ciciccirtCrHCH<-f r;i-::.vi x co x o 1 1 - i— ~. -r ■/.• ■ cr. ■ rr o i -
-. c ! "* ."* ■■; "* '•'!.'-! ■"! '% ~; rj9 °i.1": rc ^ °! x. y. °' — . c. s. v. —. x. =. ~*..1o
or o" crTcc co cc x" co* i - co' io ci co r-i co" co" i.o i-" co' ~' io or cicn io" i.ci-c;
co -n oi cc x :-i -tri:::i^"r- oi cc o. cc -cr. i.o oo oc:i- io r-< cc cc ci —
ClCl i-H rH Cli-H iH i-l i-H rl CM I-l Cl
'vO '.
.CM .
CO
i-HO
ceo
CM
>o '. '
co : :
i-T ; ;
rH
CO
co
m
CO
CM .
-r rr co co co co x or io x i - — co io x co x io oi ~ co i-h or x -t-f en: x
— « CO io co — 0 io X CO ci ci -r ■ r --J CD or >0 ' x cr x
iH CM 05 L- I- CM O C
■H-HrHClOlt-l-l-tfi-lOO CM
co i-i cr. cr — oi -h or x io co — co co c ■ o -+ oi i - co — — i - co — o -*ri -en rn
^COCOHiO*
lOHilCHHOC OC -H i.O X CT. OI l-CI^Hi
co -r cc x cc -cr i-o -+ i— x l- c x co 1.7 -n-—* cc i.r o. x o. >— i or or; i - rr ^ r«
HHH"*!D
CM i-H i-H i-H
COC;OHt*OH-*l*OtH(M-l'Ci.CXiHXCCCc:'rXHOO-tCCOCON
T .. « CC -I" Cl I- Cl 1 - 'C t C /. ".: H /, o V; r- O. H ^ I- it n r' O. i : C! I'H Tjl
Indian Corn, cm o ooo co. cr : n tr * m i» h h oi cm, ci-c q ■* c q c oqi- ■*
_ -n o'er oil- co i- oi r-3 ..o'er ro'i- i-ci ci i.oci co'i-" -r" -r -hco co co' io crTcoT
P.ll^llrl^ i.O 01 CO CO. i—i I - io X 1-iOCl CO CO 01 'O 10 O. X 1-iC'OH CO CO I - i O iC CO ~.
C X X ^i -* lO CM 00 "* r^ 1.0 i-( O ra_03 CO X CO ■* CO O O O rP CO I- CO CM CD
Rye and Oats,
Bushels.
Wheat,
Bushels.
Swine.
Sheep.
X lO CO CO -H CO CO H i~ X' -)H rt t^ H Cl l-H C nCl -^ iC --- X O^-fHOH
1 - 0C 00 -H CO l - CO 1 - i o XL H 00 I - X X CO C 1 C C X 0 1 CO 0 1 0 1 X CO CO -r CO CO
cm co io co. co -r i - co co c or x. co or r. co i - io 03 or. -r oi x q io co -^ co cq
OICC lo'or C^'lPr*'* COl-CCrH r-T 00 CO 00 -^ co oc' CO.' CO I - -h -H io' CO L- or
•X O' i— I CM -■* L- -H- CO L- X ^CIH CM CO CO. CO CM 1-0 O CICOO^O O
CM CM (Mt-> T-H rH iH i-l i-l rH
i— I CM CO lO »OJ -^ HH CO CM CO CO lO CM HH rH -r>l -H CM CO CC' ICO irO 01 X' CO O CO CM VO
c y 'o co co O'C^o.hc:^ < cow o. ~r x co ^ — i o :o o. ^ x i - lo
t— co x Hr oi c/. or -h cc 'X oi 01 co -en q co q o. q cq 1.0 -c^ q 1.0 or ^cm^'^i—
or'co'ocoi~ io oioi oiofcT cT ccTrn or -o oirn or co oi co oil— ccrHrri
OC CM rH lOH rH CO CO CD CM CM CO HL-H-* O CD CD
CT Cl M LO I- O 1- M O OI O H lO C ■# t- X Cl CO CO CO CO CO CO rH Cl Cl I— I—
-v H- co io -r r- co co i.r -f x — 1.0 co oi r. x x c-i -_• cr ■ x v: co 01 -+ co i-or.
i.c oi co x oi io r- co co i- co co io qqqciHqciqqi-Hqi--r{Nqt-
co' co x' i - co' r.' r-' i - co' co' co" or co* or" n'o'i." ' o co ci <x' h'i-o.hoh^o
CD qc, — 00COC1O1 COCO I -CM CO CM Cl CIO Cl •* Cl CO Til CO rH IO i-0 c: Cl CO
-en lO CO Cl i.O -C X CO i—i CC CO CO 10 X 01 O CO -- 01 r. X I i- CO CO r- CO t- CO
co co co o. i— i— oi i.o o. co oi co ■.: o. / co .' co — *- 1 — i co r. oi co ci co co or -h
CO i-H rco x -f- io c-.r" io i— CO cicl-; q io o-; -r -fqi-H q o^ q CO co_ CO
CO CO CO CO CO L— H^ i.O CO CX I- 1* Jj C C' O H O H t}1 CC> C-l CO tJI rji CO l» h/ h
&£
•cc -% u
-cc a cs
5 d cu a; co. H M.il od^
„ e-g m a a „
.sl-sll-sllsl.
;"|S&ofes = £ = = cC2.-i.cia§Sgk
gtsriHW^iJjSS'^oe^WmtBP'?'
A STATISTICAL VIEW.
131
Produced in
Families.
Animal
Product.
Hands
Employed.
Capital.
0*00000100 0 0 o O OOOOiOCO
W^OOCI-!-- O ' 0 — - * -" -OOl"©
p -f p cc co oo i- 1- -r -t; -t; o x cm ci-#-* cd_
oo -^cccTccTi— i<i:o cc" -t< — co co cc o~cd -* o
CDCOI-COGOCCOl-Clrt^l-LTOCOOD^
CIrtH ^H I— 1 — I T— 1 l — I C<l
Wine, Gallons.
Value of Or-
chard Produce.
Value of Pro-
duce of Market
Gardens.
Value of
Animals
Slaughtered.
and Honey,
Pounds.
Silk Cocoons,
Pounds.
Tfool, Pounds
Ginned Cotton,
Bales of 400
Pounds.
Tobacco,
Pounds.
Rice, Pounds.
Molasses,
Gallons.
•*»ocoooaio©©©ooo
t- — -V — . ~ O CO -f I - CO CO
t— L— CD CD I— -* pC-TO -& 00^
i-Tcd~^oV^c-i LoTc-rcf ~Y 'S
i.o i.o co co o X' -H -* or r- cc ci cc oo t— io o
oj > t x — . i - >o ol r- -t. cc cc -t i^- -- c. ci *
1 U0 i-i -* CO CO CM CO CO CI -* r-l r-(
WioocHc^ccot r.c o >o o »o co
CC — i-O CO CD — CO i-O I- r. C H H Ol CI O i-« -H
I lO -* O CO r- 1 L- CO rJH CC ^ CO CI -^ i— I L—
oo co coio co oi co x co -r — -h ~ cc iOicoh
cco-fi'rHCrHLtcr.: i-i- cc cc x< co >ooi
t^ CM CO tH ^ CM rH O C>! t— I t— I CM CO
ICHt^iO
CC' iO -^ o
r-^l-^OCW*
Cl^t-
c! cc
tO »~ >C iOCOC O '
s
— lO CO 01 -* O -* CO
co-noo -. oci c cc
CD i-JrH i-H OX; CO I—
COr-i t— i-i CC CO I- -*r
COiOS^^I-cl CC
O CO CO O.-CCCOI-
t-HOlOPI CO CC Ol
i-H CO CO i-H Ol
U50CCO O O CO CO
O L— O Ol ».0 CO CO X'
-* lO t- 1- CD -*l O I— co o o >o t- lO CC CM I— O -tf O H CO O CI CO f 23 95 3
-.o x.. ,-i i— x r i-i i.o co c i c- o 1 1 - -v ~ - co i-OHCt^oo p o»h-h
xr^i-ooc co cc —H i-co co -*i co lc o c cc co -r x l---i; pp i-x;^cop
t-CO~00rH X CO I -I- i-O CO' 01 i— ~-h O •*>'-¥ ~V Ol X CC CO CO ' 00 Ol X CO lO CM CO
CO CO -+• Ol L- — i CO i— 01 CO Ol Ol CO L- T I- I - i * I CO 01 CO '0 1- 00 X _-
Cli— Ii-htt*. i-H i-HrHOOi— I r* r-t r- 1 r-li— lr-1 i-HrHr-l i-l
MIMOIO^OOCO
-1< -t< CO I - CO 1- CO. CO
pcoci co pi- 1- i-l
CDcT t^r-TOT^io"
lOCD
L— .
CI
CO CI
o 1 -
-r x
~ CO' -H
CO CC -IH
I - CO CO
- CO 00 O 1— CO lO
IGClCO^iOOCCX'iOClH CO' CI CI CO CO CO r-H '^ —
-i-o::ro c; -+ co cc i - co i - c co ~ cc c o: — cc 01 -_■ -r c cc 01 -y
co oo ~. l- co i~ oi i • l- 1- ; o i-h i~ p i=-i o p r-_ -n_ -r -* CO; -i; x co_ x_ -); p o
x' oi to -^ x' x" cc ».o" cc -i- x oi io" cc i- c' o cc x cc -o- oi oc co oi •* ci co p
00 CI r-l rH rH i— I I— I HOlrH CI CI i— I CI
ddT-l<MrH
ClOOOClt— O if CO' O O CI i-^ CI iCiOHtllO HJill-CrtC'- CC CO
- I -C- I- - .— CC C C C Ol X i~ i-i I— CO -* C X C CO. 01 i-0 C- I - ,. i.O — . X
MOrtCj'CHO OXH -3^ pp_CC CO CO ..O X_ C CO CO pl-i-HCl.p
t— coTo^cTl.— 1— OO 00 C0~»O CO" cf OlXiO^X CC CC CO i— 1 i-H CD CC' ^f ^1 o
CM r-*i— I i— I H01H i— * T-lrH r-l r- 1 r-t
1.0 —
-f i.O
TlioiO
lOO '
o
1—
o :
IO 00
CM
o
— CO O' CI CO -CO X> 'CO' — -f -^ — c-i — >.o ■— x — ■ i.O -+ — c.
CCHI^Xl-HHic—' O ih^'X l-l-O Clcl CI L.0 '
i— i cc -ri 'CO ol t-h t- cc- i.o co co co i - c. p pi— i oo_oq od
t- cd"l— O CO r-i ci cf CO ci -* ioio"-hh"
oocco
CM^O
t-Tco'
OJHiOHH
Cl!OCDI--tPl-OiO
- " CO O CC 'CO CO
OOCCO ^lOOJH CDrHCOL-Cl
■II- OCOOr-HCCCOl— COCO
CC'CMOO OO
•o
00
co —■
V I
" "'Is-ooS
ifpiiii|iKliiiilii^j
drtSoooo^Mj.boocc'^acc^^^fert-Tj-grta-grcS^
132
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
SOLDIERS IN THE REVOLUTIONARY WAR.
The number of men which the several States furnished
in the Revolutionary war is shown in the following table,
compiled from the Report of the Secretary of "War to the
House of Representatives, May 10, 1790. The "conjectural
militia " served for short periods, — from two months to eight.
In Virginia and South Carolina, the aggregate of such militia
is increased considerably by the addition of militia raised
temporarily to .defend the State legislatures while in
session.
TABLE LXII.
Statement of the Number of Men furnished by the several States in the
Revolutionary War.
FREE STATES.
Number of
Continental
Troops.
Number
of
Militia.
Total
Continental
Troops
and Militia.
Conjec-
tural
Estimate
of Militia.
Massachusetts
12,496
67,937
5,908
32,039
17,781
25,608
10,727
2,093
15,155
4,284
7,792
3,312
7,357
6,055
14,589
83,092
10,192
39,831
21,093
32,965
16,782
3,700
9,500
Rhode Island
1,500
Connecticut „
3,000
New York
8,750
Pennsylvania
2,000
New Jersey
2,500
Total
172,496
46,048
218,544
30,950
A STATISTICAL VIEW.
TABLE LXIL— Concluded.
133
SLAVE STATES.
Number of
Continental
Troops.
Number
of
Militia.
Total
Continental
Troops
and Militia.
Conjec-
tural
Estimate
of Militia.
Delaware
2,387
13,912
26,672
7,263
5,508
2,679
376
5,464
4,163
2,716
2,763
19,376
30,835
9,979
5,508
2,679
1,000
Maryland
4,000
21,880
North Carolina
12,000
South Carolina
28,000
9,930
Total
58,421
12,719
71,140
76,810
TABLE LXIII.
Number of Pensioners returned by the Census of '1840.
FEEE STATES.
Maine 1,409
New Hampshire 1,408
Massachusetts 2,462
Vermont 1,320
Rhode Island 601
Connecticut 1,666
New York 4,089
New Jersey 1,627
Pennsylvania 1,251
Ohio 875
Indiana 380
Illinois 195
Michigan 90
Wisconsin 9
Iowa 2
Total 17,384
SLAVE STATES.
Delaware 4
Maryland 95
Virginia 993
North Carolina 609
South Carolina 318
Georgia 325
Alabama 192
Mississippi 63
Louisiana 12
Tennessee .• 895
Kentucky 886
Missouri 122
Arkansas 24
Florida 16
Total 4,554
! 2
]34 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
ACTION AND CONDITION OF SOUTH CAROLINA IN THE
REVOLUTION.
Our first extract in regard to the course of South Carolina
is from a carefully prepared article by Charles C. Hazewell,
Esq., published in the Boston Daily Chronicle, August 12,
1856:
The first Southern authority that we shall quote, is that of
an actor in the business spoken of — William Moultrie. There
is no purer name connected with the history of our Revolution
than that of Moultrie. He commanded the American forces
that successfully defended the fort on Sullivan's Island, June
28th, 1776, against a strong British squadron — perhaps, all
things considered, the most gallant action of the war, and the
last that was fought, so far as we know, while our country was
still hi a formal condition of colonial dependence. The fort
was subsequently named after him. He served with brilliancy
and usefulness subsequently to the date mentioned, and rose to
the rank of major-general in the national service. He was
elevated to the place of Governor of South Carolina, in days
when men thought worthy of that post would sooner have died
than have approved of an attempt to commit murder. In 1802,
Governor Moultrie published, in two volumes, Memoirs of the
American Revolution, so far as it related to the States of North
and South Carolina, and Georgia, etc. This is an interesting
work, boldly written ' and faithfully compiled, and bearing on
every page evidences of the author's ability, integrity, and en-
lightened patriotism. He was, in short, worthy to stand side
by side with Marion, Sumpter, Lam-ens, and the rest of those
Carolina soldiers who served their country so well, and whose
eminent worth has ever been admitted by all Northern men.
When the British Gen. Prevost (Moultrie calls him Provost)
appeared before Charleston, May 11th, 1779, Gen. Moultrie
(130)
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 135
was appointed to command the troops in that town, by Gov-
ernor Rutledge and the council, who were then and there pres-
ent. He represents the governor to have been much fright-
ened, overrating the enemy's force, and underrating that of the
Americans. Governor Rutledge, says Gen. Moultrie, " repre-
sented to me the horrors of a storm ; he told me that the State's
engineer (Col. Senf ) had represented to him the lines to be in
a very weak state : after some conversation, he proposed to me
the sending out a flag, to know what terms we could obtain ;
I told him, I thought we could stand against the enemy ; that I
did not think they could force the lines ; and that I did not
choose to send a flag in my name, but if he chose it, and would
call the council together, I would send any message : they
requested me to send the following, which was delivered by
Mr. Kinloch :
" General Moultrie perceiving from the motions of. your army, that
your intention is to besiege the town, would he glad to know on what
terms you would be disposed to grant a capitulation, should he be in-
clined to capitulate." (Moultrie's Memoirs, vol. I., p. 427.)
To this message, Gen. Prevost made a reply, full of those
promises which the British commanders were so ready to give,
and equally ready to break after their enemies had been de-
luded into placing faith in them. This letter was given to the
governor, who called a meeting of the council, at which Moul-
trie, Pulaski, and Laurens were present. The question of
giving up the town was argued, the military men all advising
the civilians not to think of surrendering, and showing that the
enemy could be beaten off; but Gov. Rutledge would have it
that the American force was much exaggerated, and was ready
to believe in any statement that exaggerated the British strength.
Finally, Gen. Moultrie was authorized to send an answer to
Gen. Prevost, refusing to surrender on the latter's terms, but
Offering, if he would appoint an officer to confer on terms, to
136 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
send one to meet him, at such time and place as Gen. Prevost
might fix on. Gen. Moultrie says :
"When the question was carried for giving up the town upon a neutrality,
I -will not say who was for the question but this I well remember, that Mr.
John Edwards, one of the privy council, a worthy citizen, and a very
respectable merchant of Charleston, was so affected as to weep, and said,
' What, are we to give up the town at last ? '
" The governor and council adjourned to Colonel Beekman's tent on
the lines, at the gate. I sent for Colonel John Laurens from his house, to
request the favor he would carry a message from the governor and coun-
cil to General Prevost ; but when lie knew the purpose, he begged to be
excused from carrying such a message that it was much against his incli-
nation ; that he would do anything to serve his country ; but he could not
think of carrying such a message as that ! I then sent for Colonel
MTntosh, and requested he would go with Colonel Eoger Smith, who
was called on by the governor, with the message ; they both begged I
would excuse them ; hoped, and requested I would get some other per-
son. I, however, pressed them into a compliance ; which message was as
follows :
" ' I propose a neutrality during the war between Great Britain and America,
and the question, whether the State shall belong to Great Bri-
tain, or remain one op the United States % be determined by
the treaty of peace between those two powers.' " (Memoirs, Vol. I., pp.
432-33.
John Marshall, so long Chief Justice of the United States
Supreme Court, a Virginian by birth, and a man of the highest
reputation, has given a brief account of what happened at
Charleston after Prevost's arrival before it. " The town was
snmmonp.rl to surrender," he says, " and the day was spent in
sending and receiving flags. The neutrality of South Carolina,
during the tvar, leaving the question whether that State should
finally belong to Great Britain or the United States to be settled
in the treaty of peace, was proposed by the garrison and
rejected by Prevost." (Marshall's Life of Washington, vol. I.
pp. 298-9, Phil, ed., 1832.)
Among the historians of the American Revolution is Dr.
Ramsay, of South Carolina, whose history was published in
A STATISTICAL VIETT. 137
1789. In his account of what happened at Charleston, after
Gen Prevost's arrival before that place, occurs the following
passage : " Commissioners from the garrison were instructed to
propose a neutrality during the war between Ch'eat Britain and
America, and that the question whether the State shall belong
to Great Britain, or remain one of the United States, be de-
cided by the treaty of peace between these powers." The
British commanders refused this advantageous offer, alleging
that they had not come in a legislative capacity, and insisted
that, as the inhabitants and others were in arms, they shoidd
surrender prisoners of war. (Ramsay, p. 425.)
The last authority we shall quote is Professor Bowen.* Af-
ter mentioning the proposal made to the British commander, he
comments on it as follows :
" This proposal did not come merely from the commander of a military
garrison, in which case, of course, it would have been only nugatory ; the
governor of the State, clothed with discretionary powers, was in the
place, and probably most of his council along with him. Whether such
a proposition would have been justifiable under any circumstances is a
question that needs not be discussed ; at any rate, it would not have
evinced much honorable or patriotic feeling. But to make such an offer
in the present case was conduct little short of treason. Till within a fort-
night, not an enemy's foot had pressed their ground ; and even now, the
British held no strong position, had captured none of their forts, and
occupied only the little space actually covered by the army in front of the
town. ' The garrison equalled this army in strength, and might safely bid
it defiance. No succors were at hand for the British, while the certain
arrival of Lincoln within a week would place them between two fires, and
make their position eminently hazardous. Yet, with these prospects be-
fore them, the authorities of the place made a proposition, which wa3
equivalent to an offer from the State to return to its allegiance to the British
crown. The transaction deserves particular notice here, because the sur-
render of Charleston, in the following year, a surrender brought about by
the prevalence of the same unpatriotic feelings, was made the ground of
some very unjust reflections on the conduct of Lincoln, their military
commander." (Life of Benjamin Lincoln, in Spark's American Biogra-
phy, Sec. Ser., vol. XIII., pp. 285-6 "
* Of Harvard University.
12*
188 . THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
This was the action of South Carolina in 1779. In the
early part of the next year, a British force under Sir Henry
Clinton appeared before Charleston, and on the first day of
April broke ground within half a mile of the American works.
Clinton was aided by a naval force under Vice Admiral Ar-
buthnot. The American forces in Charleston were some 2,000
regulars, and twice as many militia and armed citizens, under
the command of Gen. Lincoln.
On the 10th of April, 1780, the British commanders sent to
Gen. Lincoln a summons to surrender the city of Charleston,
to which Lincoln promptly returned the following answer
(which, with the other papers in this chapter relating to the
doings of the year 1780," we take from " Almon's Remem-
brancer," a work of 17 vols., published in London during the
Revolutionary war. The work is extremely rare, and the
copy which we use is that belonging to Harvard University) :
" To Gen. Sir Henry Clinton, and Vice Admiral Arbttthnot, etc. :
" Gentlemen, — I have received your summons of this date. Sixty-
days have passed since it was known that your intentions against this
town were hostile, in which, time has been afforded to abandon it ; but
duty and inclination point to the propriety of supporting it to the last ex-
tremity.
" I have the honour to be, etc.,
(Signed,) "B.Lincoln,
" Commander in the South Department.
" Charles-Town, April 10, 1780."
On the 8th of May, a second summons was sent by Gen.
Clinton, to which the following answer was returned :
" To his Excellency, Sir Henry Clinton :
"Sir, — The same motives of humanity which inclined you to pro-
pose articles of capitulation to this garrison, induced me to offer those I
had the honour of sending you on the 8th instant. [In answer to Clin-
ton's summons of the 8th, Lincoln had proposed terms of capitulation,
which had been rejected by the British commander. Reference is here
made by Gen. Lincoln to the rejected terms.] They then appeared to me
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 13D
such as I might proffer, and you receive, with honor to both parties.
Your exceptions to them, as they principally concerned the militia and citi-
zens, I then conceived were such as could not be concurred with ; but a
eecent application from those people, wherein they express a wil-
lingness to comply with them, and a wish on my part to lessen, as much as
may be, the distresses of war to individuals, lead me now to offer you my
acceptance of them.
" I have the honour to be, etc.,
(Signed,) "B. Lincoln.
" Charles-Town, May 11, 1780."
[The terms were, the Continental troops to be held as prisoners of war,
the militia and citizens prisoners on parole, the town and fortifications to
be surrendered without change, etc.]
To show the feelings of the people of South Carolina after
the surrender of Charleston, we give the following extract of
a letter from Sir Henry Clinton to Lord George Germaine,
one of his majesty's principal secretaries of state, dated " Head-
Quarters, Charlestown, South Carolina, June 4, 1730:"
" With the greatest pleasure I further report to your Lordship, that the
inhabitants from every quarter repair to the detachments of the army,
and to this garrison, to declare their allegiance to the King, and to offer
their services in arms in support of his government. In many instances
they have brought prisoners, their former oppressors, or leaders ; and I
may venture to assert, that there are few men in South Carolina who are
not either our prisoners, or in arms with us." — Almon's Rem., vol. x.,
p. 76.
The following petition is to the same eifect. It is found in
the work before quoted, vol. x., pp. 83, 186 :
" To their Excellencies, Sir Henry Clinton, Knight of the Bath, General
of his Majesty's forces, and Mariot Arbdthnot, Esq., Vice Admired
of the Blue, his Majesty's Commissioners to restore peace and good govern-
ment in the several colonies in rebellion in North America :
" The humble abbress of bivers inhabitants of Charles-
Town :
" The inhabitants of Charles-Town, by the articles of capitulation are
declared prisoners on parole ; but we the underwritten, having every in-
140 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
ducement to return to our allegiance, and ardently hoping speedily to be
re-admitted to the character and condition of British subjects, take this
opportunity of tendering to your Excellencies our warmest congratula-
tions on the restoration of this capital and Province to their political connec-
tion with the Crown and Government of Great Britain ; an event which will
add lustre to your Excellencies' characters, and, we trust, entitle you to
the most distinguishing mark of the Royal favour. Although the right
of taxing America, in Parliament, excited considerable ferments in the
minds of the people of this Province, yet it may, with a religious adher-
ance to truth, be affirmed, that they did not entertain the most distant
thought of dissolving the union which so happily subsisted between them
and their parent country ; and when, in the progress of that fatal contro-
versy, the doctrine of Independency, which originated in the more
Northern Colonies, made its appearance among us, our nature re-
volted at the idea, and we look back with the most j^ainful regret on those
convulsions that gave existence to a power of subverting a Constitution,
for which we always had, and ever shall retain, the most profound vener-
ation, and substituting in its stead a ranh democracy, which, however care-
fully digested in theory, on being reduced into practice, has exhibited a
system of tyrannic domination only to be found among the uncivilized
part of mankind, or in the history of the dark and barbarous ages of an-
tiquity.
" We sincerely lament, that after the repeal of those statutes which gave
rise to the troubles in America, the overtures made by his Majesty's Commis-
sioners, from time to time, were not regarded by our late rulers. To this fatal
inattention are to be attributed those calamities which have involved our
country in a state of misery and ruin, from which, however, we trust, it will
soon emerge, by the wisdom and clemency of his Majesty's auspicious
Government, and the influence of prudential laws, adapted to the nature
of the evils we labour under ; and that the people will be restored to those
privileges, in the enjoyment whereof their former felicity consisted.
" Animated with these hopes, we entreat your Excellencies' interposi-
tion, in assuring his Majesty, that we shall glory in every occasion of
manifesting that zeal and affection for his person and government, with
which gratitude can inspire a free and joyful people.
" Charles-Town, June 5, 1780.
(Signed,)
John Wragg, James Cook, Gideon Dupont, jr.,
William Glinn, Chr. Eitz-Simmons, Jer. Savage,
John Stopton, John Davis, Andrew Reid,
John Rose, Benj. Baker, sen., Zeph. Kingsby,
Wm. Greenwood, John Fisher, Alex. Oliphant,
Jacob Vulk, Charles Atkins, Paul Hamilton,
A STATISTICAL VIEW.
141
Robert Wilson,
Leonard Askew,
And. McKensie,
Rob. Lithgow,
Wm. Wayne,
Ja. G. Williams,
James Ross,
John Moncrief,
John Wells, jun.,
Allard Bellin, '
John Wogner,
John Ward Taylor,
Jock Holmes,
James Megown,
Wm. Davie,
James Duming,
John Sprisd,
Wm. Nervcob,
John Daniel,
John Collum,
John Smith,
Lewis Dutarque,
James McKlown,
Wm. Burt,
John Watson,
Anthony Montell,
James Lynch,
George Grant,
Abraham Pearce,
John Miot,
Fred. Augustine,
John Webb,
Robert Williams,
Alex. Macbeth, "
John Robertson,
John Liber,
Hugh Rose,
Patrick Bower,
Thomas Tod,
Brian Foskie,
Thomas Eustace,
Emanuel Marshall,
And. Mitchell,
Farq. McCollum,
George Adamson,
William Valentine,
Christo. Williman,
D. Pendergrass,
Daniel Bell,
Edw. Cure,
Thomas Timms,
Thomas Buckle, sen.,
Hopkins Price,
George Denholm,
Roger Brown,
James Strictland,
Wm. McKimmy,
Michael Hubert,
David Bruce,
John Gray,
Tho. Dawson,
Tho.Winstanly,
Cha. Ramadge,
Wm. Bower,
Alex. Walker,
John Lyon,
Robert Philip,
Robert Johnson,
David Taylor,
John Latuff,
John Gillsnoez,
John Barson,
Ja. Donavau, jun.,
Nicholas Boden,
Ja. McKensie,
Henry Walsh,
Isaac Clarke,
John Durst,
William Cameron,
John Russell,
John Bell,
John Hayes,
James McKie,
James Gillandeau,
Ch. Bouchomeau,
John Bury,
Daniel Boyne,
Peter Lambert,
Hen. Bookless,
Wm. Edwards,
Tho. Buckle, jun.,
Henry Ephram,
John Hartly,
James Carmichael,
Samuel Adams,
Chr. Shutts,
Alex. Smith,
John McCall,
John Abercrombic,
Joseph Jones,
Henry Branton,
John Callagan,
John Ralph,
Samuel Bower,
George Young,
Jos. Milligan,
Anthony Geaubeau,
William Smith,
Jas. Robertson,
Michael Quin,
John Gornley,
Walter Rosewell,
Richard Dennis,
John W. Gibbs,
Benj. Sinker,
John Bartels,
Wm. Miller,
John Burges,
Thomas Hutchinson,
Thomas Else,
Alex. Harvey,
John Pafford,
Tho. Phepoe,
Samuel Knight,
Archibald Carson,
Tho. Elliott,
142
THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
Thomas Clary,
Tho. Hooper,
Ch. Sutter,
Robert Lindsey,
Tho. Richardson,
James Rach,
Peter Dumont,
Tho. Saimders,
Ed. Legge,
Henry Hardroff,
Aaron Locoock,
Arch. Brown,
Wm. Russell,
Thomas Coram,
James Hai-tley,
Andrew Thompson,
William Layton,
Nich. Smith,
Andrew Stewart,
John Hartley,
Tho. Stewart,
Hugh Truir,
Lewis Coffere,
Hugh Kirkkam,
Wm. Farrow,
Wm. Arisam,
Tho. Deighton,
Robert Paterson,
John Parkinson,
John Love,
Alex. Ingles,
William Mills,
James Duncan,
Ja. Blackburn,
John Johnston,
Samuel Perry,
Geo. R. Williams,
Matthias Hunkin,
Edm. Petrie,
Wm. Nisbett,
Geo. Cook,
Peter Procue,
Gilbert Chaliner,
Arch. Downs,
Alex. Johnstone,
James Fagan,
Ja. Bryant,
James„ Courtonque,
Joseph Wyatt,
John Cuple,
James McLinachus,
Wm. Jennings,
Patrick Mclvam,
Robt. Beard,
Stephen Townshend,
Ja. Snead,
Ch. Burnham,
Rob. Mcintosh,
Charles H. Simonds,
G. Thompson,
Isaac Lessence,
Isaac Manych."
The following is a part of Benedict Arnold's Address to the
inhabitants of America, justifying his treason. The Address
appeared in the New-York Gazette of Nov. 11, 1780. We
copy from " Almon's Remembrancer," vol. x. p. 344. The
reader will note the similarity of language and reasoning to
that used by the " 210* principal inhabitants" of the capital of
South Carolina :
" To the Inhabitants of America :
" I should forfeit, even in my own opinion, the place I have so long
held in yours, if I could be indifferent to your approbation, and silent on
the motives which have induced me to join the King's arms. A very few
words, however, shall suffice on a subject so personal ; for, to the thou-
sands who suffer under the tyranny of the usurpers in therevolted Provinces,
as well as to the great multitude who have long wished for its subversion,
this instance of my conduct can want no vindication, and as to the class of
men who are criminally protracting the war from sinister views, at the expense
of the public Interest, I prefer their enmity to their applause. # * =*
"When I quitted domestic happiness for the perils of the field, I con-
* In the list which we copy, 206.
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 143
ceived the rights of my country in danger, and that duty and honor called
me to her defence. A redress of grievances was my only object and aim >
however, I acquiesced in a step which I thought precipitate, the Declaration of
Independence ; to justify this measure, many plausible reasons were urged,
which could no longer exist, when Great Britain, with the open arms of a
parent, offered to embrace us as children, and grant the wished-for redress.
# # # # " With respect to that herd of censurei'S, whose enmity
to me originates in their hatred to the principles by which I am now led to
devote my life to the re-union of the British Empire, as' the best and only
means to dry up the streams of misery that have deluged this country, they
may be assured, that, conscious of the rectitude of my intention, I shall
treat their malice and calumnies with contempt and neglect.
" B. Aejtold.
"New York, October 7, 1780."
On the same 5th clay of June, 1780, when the principal
inhabitants of South Carolina were petitioning to be " re-ad-
mitted to the character and condition of British subjects," and
offering their " congratulations on the restoration of their capital
and province to their political connection with the crown and
government of Great Britain," the following is the brief record
of Massachusetts (" Almon's Remembrancer," vol. s. p. 193) :
"Boston, June 5.
" "Wednesday being the anniversary for the election of Counsellors, the
General Assembly met at the State-House, and, after the oath of allegiance
to the State was administered to the gentlemen returned from the several
towns, to serve as members of the Hon. Ujf use of Representatives, they unan-
imously made choice of Hon. John Hancock, Esq., for Speaker, and
Samuel Freeman, Esq., for their Clerk. The two Houses, escorted by
the Independent Company of this town, then proceeded to the old Brick
Meeting-House, where an excellent sermon was preached by the Rev. Mr.
Howard, from Exodus xviii. 21."
Of this House of Representatives, it may be further said,
that it numbered one hundred and seventy-six members ; a
number not quite so large as the two hundred and ten South
Carolinians. In this list of Representatives, appear the names
of Hancock, Austin, Lowell, Phillips, Parker, Sedgivick, Pres-
cott, Pickering, etc.
CHAPTER Xni.
THE LAWS OF KANSAS.
That our readers may understand exactly what the laws are
which the free State men in Kansas are now threatened with
death for disobeying, we present such portions of the statute
book of that Territory as relate especially to the institution of
slavery. The public must judge whether or not the laws de-
serve the epithets, " outrageous," " unconstitutional," " disgrace-
ful," lately bestowed on them by Mr. Cass, Mr. Geyer, and Mr.
Weller. The title of the volume from which we quote, is :
" The Statutes of the Territory of Kansas, passed at the first
Session of the Legislative Assembly, one thousand eight hun-
dred and fifty-five. To which are affixed, the Declaration of
Independence, and the Constitution of the United States, and
the Act of Congress organizing said Territory, and other Acts
of Congress having immediate relation thereto. Printed in
pursuance of the statute in such cases made and provided.
Shawnee M. L. School: ^John T. Brady, Public Printer.
1855."* Pp. 1058.
Elections. — (Chapter GQ, section 11, page 332.)
Every free white male citizen of the United States, and
every free male Indian, who is made a citizen, by treaty or oth-
* This volume is extremely rare. There is thought to he hut one copy
in New England — the one we have used — which belongs to Dr. T. II.
■Webb, of the Emigrant Aid Company. At the treaty, recently made by
Gov. Shannon with the free State men at Lawrence, it was one of the-
stipulations that two copies of this work should be furnished the people
of Lawrence. We have not learned whether the governor keeps his
promises as well as usual. 114.4.)
A STATISTICAL VIEW.
145
erwise, and over the age of twenty-one years, who shall be an
inhabitant of this Territory, and of the county or district in
which he offers to vote, and shall have paid a Territorial tax,
shall be a qualified elector for all elective officers ; and all In-
dians who are inhabitants of this Territory, and who may have
adopted the customs of the white man, and who are liable to
pay taxes, shall be deemed citizens ; Provided, that no soldier,
seaman, or marine, in the regular army or navy of the United
States, shall be entitled to vote by being on service therein ;
And provided further, that no person who shall have been con-
victed of any violation of any of the provisions of an act of
Congress, entitled, " An act respecting fugitives from justice,
and persons escaping from the service of their masters," ap-
proved February 12th, 1793 ; or of an act to amend and sup-
plementary to said act, approved 18th September, 1850;
whether such conviction were by criminal proceeding, or by
civil action for the recovery of any penalty prescribed by either
of said acts, in any court of the United States, or any State or
Territory, of any offence deemed infamous, shall be entitled to
vote at any election, or to hold any office in this Territory ; And
provided further, that if any person offering to vote shall be
challenged and required to take an oath or affirmation, to be
administered by one of the judges of the election, that he will
sustain the provisions of the above recited acts of Congress,
and of the act entitled, " An act to organize the Territories of
Nebraska and Kansas," approved May 30, 1854, and shall
refuse to take such oath or affirmation, the vote of such person
shall be rejected.
Sec. 12. Every person possessing the qualification of a
voter, as herein above prescribed, and who shall have resided
in this Territory thirty days prior to the election at which he
may offer himself as a candidate, shall be eligible as a delegate
to the house of representatives of the United States, to either
branch of the legislative assembly, and to all other offices in
this territory, not otherwise especially provided for ; Provided
1.3
146 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
however, that each member of the legislative assembly, and
every officer elected or appointed to office under the laws of
this territory, shall, in addition to the oath or affirmation spec-
ially provided to be taken by such officer, take an oath or
affirmation to support the constitution of the United States, the
provisions of an act, entitled, " An act respecting fugitives from
justice and persons escaping from the service of their masters,"
approved February 12, 1793; and of an act to amend and
supplementary to said last mentioned act, approved September
18th, 1850; and of an act, entitled, "An act to organize the
Territories of Nebraska and Kansas," approved May 30,
1854.
Officers. — (Chapter 117, section 1, page 51G.)
All officers elected or appointed under any existing or subse-
quently enacted laws of this Territory, shall take and subscribe
the following oath of office : " I do solemnly swear,
upon the holy Evangelists of Almighty God, that I will sup-
port the Constitution of the United States, and that I will svp-
port and sustain the provisions of an act, entitled, ' An act to
organize the Territories of Nebraska and Kansas,' and the
provisions of the law of the United States, commonly known
as the ' Fugitive Slave Law,' and faithfully and impartially,
and to the best of my ability, demean myself in the discharge
of my duties in the office of ; so help me God."
Jurors. — (Chapter 92, section 13, page 444.)
No person who is conscientiously opposed to the holding of
slaves, or who does not admit the right to hold slaves in this
Territory, shall be a juror in any cause in which the right to
hold any person in slavery is involved, nor in any cause in
which any injury done to or committed by any slave is in issue,
nor in any criminal proceeding for the violation of any law
enacted for the protection of slave property and for the punish-
ment of crimes committed against the right to such property.
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 147
Attorneys at Law. — (Chapter 11, section 3, page 132.)
Every person obtaining a license (to practice law) shall
take an oath, or affirmation, to support the Constitution of the
United States, and to support and sustain the provisions of an
act, entitled, " An act to organize the Territories of Nebraska
and Kansas," and the provisions of an act, commonly known as
the " Fugitive Slave Law," and faithfully to demean himself in
his practice, to the best of his knowledge and ability. A cer-
tificate of such oath shall be endorsed on the license.
Slaves. — (Chapter 151 ; page 715.)
An Act to punish offences against slave property.
Section 1. Be it enacted, by the Governor and Legislative
Assembly of the Territory of Kansas, That every person, bond
or free, who shall be convicted of actually raising a rebellion,
or insurrection of slaves, free negroes or mulattoes, in this Ter-
ritory, shall suffer death.
Sec. 2. Every free person, who shall aid and assist in any
rebellion or insurrection of slaves, free negroes, or mulattoes,
or shall furnish arms, or do any overt act in furtherance of
such rebellion or insurrection, shall suffer death.
Sec. 3. If any free person shall, by speaking, writing, or
printing, advise, persuade, or induce any slaves to rebel, con-
spire against, or murder any citizen of this Territory, or shall
bring into, print, write, publish, or circulate, or cause to be
brought into, printed, written, published, or circulated, or shall
knowingly aid or assist in the bringing into, printing, writing,
publishing, or circulating in this Territory, any book, paper,
magazine, pamphlet or circular, for the purpose of exciting
insurrection on the part of the slaves, free negroes, or mulattoes,,
against the Territory, or any part of them, such person shall
be guilty of felony and suffer death.
Sec. 4. If any person shall entice, decoy, or carry away out
of this Territory, any slaves belonging to another, with the
148 THE NORTH AND THE SOUTH.
intent to deprive the owner thereof of the services of such
slaves, or with intent to effect or procure the freedom of such
slave, he shall be adjudged guilty of grand larceny, and, on
conviction thereof, shall suffer death, or be imprisoned at hard
labor for not less than ten years.
Sec. 5. If any person aids or assists in enticing, decoying,
or persuading, or carrying away, or sending out of this Terri-
tory, any slave belonging to another, with intent to procure or
effect the freedom of such slave, or with intent to deprive the
owner thereof of the services of such slave, he shall be ad-
judged guilty of grand larceny, and, on conviction thereof, shall
suffer death, or be imprisoned at hard labor for not less than
ten years.
Sec. 6. If any person shall entice, decoy, or carry away out
of any State or other Territory of the United States, any slave
belonging to another, with intent to procure or effect the freedom
of such slave, or to deprive the owner thereof of the services
of such slave, and shall bring such slave into this Territory, he
shall be adjudged guilty of grand larceny, in the same manner
as if such slave had been enticed, decoyed, or carried away out
of the Territory, and in such case the larceny may be charged
to have been committed in any county of this Territory, into or
through which such slave shall have been brought by such per-
son, and, on conviction thereof, the person offending shall suffer
death, or be imprisoned at hard labor for not less than ten years.
Sec. 7. If any person shall entice, persuade, or induce any
slave to escape from the service of his master or owner in this
Territory, or shall aid or assist any slave escaping from the
service of his master or owner, or shall assist, harbor, or con-
ceal any slave who may have escaped from the service of his
master or owner, he shall be deemed guilty of felony, and pun-
ished by imprisonment at hard labor for not less than five
years.
Sec. 8. If any person in this Territory shall aid or assist,
harbor, or conceal any slave who has escaped from the service
A STATISTICAL VIEW. 149
of liis master or owner in another State or Territory, such per-
son shall be punished hi like manner as if such slave had es-
caped from the service of his master or owner in tins Terri-
tory.
Sec. 9. If any person shall resist any officer while attempt-
ing to arrest any slave that may have escaped from the service
of his master or owner, or shall rescue such slaves when in
custody of any officer or other person, or shall entice, persuade,
aid, or assist such slave to escape fron»the custody of any offi-
cer, or other person who may have such slave in custody,
whether such slave has escaped from the service of his master
or owner in this Territory or in any other State or Territory,
the person so offending shall be guilty of felony, and punished
by imprisonment at hard labor for a term not less than two
years.
Sec. 10. If any Marshal, Sheriff, or Constable, or the Dep-
uty of any such officer, shall, when required by any person,
refuse to aid or assist in the arrest and capture "of any slave
that may have escaped from the service of his master or owner,
whether such slave shall have escaped from his master or
owner in this Territory or any other State or Territory, such
officer shall be fined in a sum of not less than one hundred nor
more than five hundred dollars.
Sec. 11. If any person print, write, introduce into, publish,
or circulate, or cause to be brought into, printed, written, pub-
lished, or circulated, or shall knowingly aid or assist in bring-
ing into, printing, publishing, or circulating within this Terri-
tory, any book, paper, pamphlet, magazine, handbill, or circular,
containing any statements, arguments, opinions, sentiment, doc-
trine, advice, or inuendo, calculated to produce a disorderly,
dangerous or rebellious disaffection among the slaves in this
Territory, or to induce such slaves to escape from the service
of their masters, or resist their authority, he shall be guilty of
felony, and be punished by imprisonment at har,d labor for a
term not less than five years.
13*
150 THE NORTH -AND -THE SOUTH.
Sec. 12. If any free person, by speaking or writing, assert
or maintain that persons have not the right to hold slaves in
this Territory, or shall introduce into this Territory, print, pub-
lish, write, circulate, or cause to be written, printed, published,
or circulated in this Territory, any book, paper, magazine,
pamphlet, or circular containing any denial of the right of such
persons to hold slaves in this Territory, such person shall be
deemed guilty of felony, and punished by imprisonment at
hard labor for a term n^t less than two years.
Sec. 13. No person who is conscientiously opposed to hold-
ing slaves, or who does not admit the right to hold slaves in
this Territory, shall sit as a juror on the trial of any prosecu-
tion for the violation of any of the sections of this act.
This act to take effect and be in force from and after the
15th day of September, A. D. 1855.
Chapter 152, page 718.
An Act giving meaning to the word " State."
Sec. 1. Wherever the word "State" occurs in any act of
the present Legislative Assembly, or any law of the Territory,
in such construction as to indicate the locality of the operation
of such act or laws, the same shall in every instance be taken
and understood to mean " Territory," and shall apply to the
'JWritnrv of Kansas.
APPENDIX.
(15!
[We give in this Appendix the original Tables of the Census
Compendium, with some other Tables referred to in the text.]
(152)
APPENDIX.
153
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APPENDIX.
155
Aggregate number of the White Population op the United States. — The number
of white persons in the United States, on the 1st of June, 1850, was ascertained to be
19,553,068, of whom 17,312,533 were native and 2,240,535 foreign born. By reference
to the following table, the aggregate number, at every census, in the States and Terri-
tories, will be seen :
TABLE II.
White Population of the United States.
States.
1790.
1800.
1810.
1820.
1830.
1840.
185C.
85,451
12,579
190,406
65,671
335,185
77,174
426,514
162.189
91.6-35
37^941
10,066
244,721
49,852
16,079
255,279
55,361
22,614
267,161
55,282
27,563
289,603
57.601
18.385
296.806
155,061
339,399
30,657
301,856
58,561
27,943
407.695
472,254
678,698
42,924
590,253
158,457
500.438
318,204
729.030
211,560
179,074
323,888
284.036
351,588
2,378,890
484,870
1,502,122
1,676,115
105,587
259,084
640,627
Connecticut .. .
232,581
46,310
363.099
71.169
47.203
52,886
101,678
145,414
11,501
23,890
189,566
53,788
145,758
521,572
846,034
4,577
977.154
191.881
61,133
179,871
324.237
34,311
227,736
235.117
465,303
4.618
23,024
17.227
213,390
226,861
'.UN.C'.l'.t
376,410
22S.K61
7S6.SH4
73,314
214,196
215,875
434,644
73,383
297,340
260,223
516,419
8,591
42,176
55.988
243,236
257,409
1,332,744
419.200
' 576,572
1,017,094
79,413
237.440
339,927
517.787
89,441
398,263
291.108
603,359
31,346
70.443
114.795
268,721
300,266
1,873,663
472.843
928.329
1,309.900
93.621
257.863
535,746
761.413
255,491
96,002
208,649
373,254
150,901
216,326
416,793
581,813
Massachusetts
417,943
985,450
395,071
295 718
5,179
592,004
New Hampshire
New Jersey. . . .
North Carolina
Ohio
141,111
169,954
314,142
288,204
182.898
195,125
556,039
337,764
45,028
586,094
65,437
196,255
91,709
317.456
465,509
3,048,325
553,028
1,955,050
2,258.160
143.875
274.563
756.836
154,034
313,402
894,800
304 756
^Pennsylvania . .
Rhode Island. .
South Carolina
Texas
424,099
64.689
140,178
32,013
85.144
442,115
153,908
514,280
216,963
551,534
234.846
603.087
279,771
694,300
291,218
740,858
30,749
Territories.
6 038
61 525
13 087
Utah
11 330
t 5.318
t 6,100
4.304,501
* less 12
7,861,931
*add 6
Total 3,172,464 4,304,4S9
5,862,004
7,861,937 10,537,378 14,195,695 19,553,06S
* Added or deducted to make the aggregates, published incorrectly in those years.
t Fersons on board vessels of war in the United States naval service.
156
ArPENDIX.
TABLE III.
Free Colored Population of the United States.
States.
1790.
1S00.
1810.
1820.
1830.
1840.
1850.
571
59
1,572
141
2,039
465
2,265
608
962
Columbia, Dist. of
2,801
3,899
783
5,330
8,268
2,549
6,453
13,136
4,048
7,844
12,958
6.152
8,047
15,855
844
2,486
1,637
3,629
8,361
8,105
16,919
817
2,753
3,598
7,165
172
7,317
25,502
1,355
62,078
8,669
707
1,366
1,574
537
21,044
50,027
22,732
17,342
47,854
3,238
8,276
5,524
10,059
7,693
18,073
932
398
1,019
1,801
613
393
1,763
457
1,230
2,931
5,436
163
11,262
333
114
741
1.713
7,585
969
33,927
6,737
120
240
607
970
7.843
25,333
10,260
1,899
22,492
3,609
4,554
1,317
2,759
10,476
929
39,730
6,740
174
458
347
786
12,460
29,279
14,612
4,723
30,202
3,554
6,826
2,727
4,917
16,710
1.190
52,9*8
7,048
261
519
569
604
18,303
44,870
19,543
9,568
37,930
3,561
7,921
4,555
10,011
17,462
538
8,043
5,463
818
19,587
6,452
1,356
Massachusetts . . .
74,723
9,064
2,583
182
930
2,618
520
23,810
49,069
27,463
25,279
New Hampshire . .
North Carolina. . .
Ohio
630
2,762
4,654
4,975
856
4,402
10,374
7,043
337
14,561
3,304
3,185
309
Pennsylvania ....
South Carolina. . .
6,537
3,469
1,801
361
53,626
3,670
8,960
6,422
397
255
12,766
557
20,124
750
30,570
903
36,889
881
47,348
730
49,852
185
718
54,333
635
Territories.
39
22
207
24
233,504
add 20
59,466
108,395
186,446
233,524
319,599
386,303
434,495
APPENDIX.
157
Aggregate Number. — The number of slaves in the United States in
1850, was 3,204,313. The number in each of the States at this and every
previous census will be found in the following table
TABLE IV.
Slave Population of the United States.
States.
1790.
1800.
1810.
1820.
1830.
1S40.
1850.
41,879
1,617
117.549
4,576
253,532
19,935
342.844
47,100
3.244
'951
6,153
5,395
310
4,177
6,377
97
4,509
6,119
25
3,292
15,501
217,531
747
3
4,694
17
2,605
25,717
280,944
331
3
16
182,258
168,452
3,687
2,759
8,887
2.290
39,310
29,264
59,404
105,218
168
237
149,654
917
190
381,682
135
11,830
40,343
80.561
34,660
126,732
69,064
165,213
109,588
2
102,994
1
32
65,659
25,091
3
2,254
75
245,601
6
403
17
315.401
141,603
210,981
244,809
103,036
105,635
111,502
107,397
89,737
90,368
24
17,088
3,011
3,489
32.814
10,222
195.211
58,240
674
4
245,817
3
64
5
327,038
183,059
309,878
87,422
New Hampshire
New Jersey. . . .
158
11,423
21,324
100,572
8
12 422
20.343
133,296
10.851
15,017
168.824
7,557
10,088
205,017
236
North Carolina
Ohio
288,548
3,737
952
107,094
3,417
1,706
381
146,151
13,584
795
108
196,365
44,535
211
48
258,475
80,107
South Carolina
384,984
239,459
58,161
17
293,427
345,796
392,518
425,153
469,757
449,087
11
472,528
Territories.
Utah
26
1,538,125
less 87
Aggregate
697,897
893,041
I 1
1,191,364 1,538,038 -2,009,043
2,487,455
3,204,313
14
158
APPENDIX.
TABLE ,V.
Increase and Decrease per cent of the Slave Population of the several
States, at each Census.
States and Territories.
1800.
1810.
1820.
1830.
1840.
1850.
* 180.68
* 182.99
t4.04
t 74.22
1 26.99
* 115.68
*335.64
1 23.28
1 32.00
1 20.86
* 65.90
*29.15
1 55.68
* 35.22
* 136.26
1 65.53
130.76
* 66.30
1 67.40
1 32.11
* 18.20
1 68.70
*7.94
121.45
1 12.09
* 52.85
*102.99
* 77.12
*42.23
* 445.83
1 19.83
* 57.31
* 99.26
t3.68
* 92.02
* 239.48
* 45.35
1 18.53
1 98.42
* 30.36
* 58.67
t4.09
* 100.09
* 145.46
* 35.85
* 75.55
*99.69
* 241.02
* 10.31
* 53.71
1 12.87
* 197.31
*132.11
t 66.66
t 70.09
t 94.66
*.08
1 50.00
t 84.11
t 70.58
*3.68
* 29.27
t4.40
* 15.75
* 45.32
#2.52
*5.55
*389.76
* .70
* 58.74
* 50.10
1 94.93
*8.74
t4.60
* 32.53
1 12.64
126.18
*26.65
1 30.35
1 32.82
* 21.43
t 70.17
1 99.25
* 19.79
1 64.98
* 17.38
Ohio
1 54.34
1 59.97
* 36.46
* 297.54
*17.84
t 53.39
+ 71.65
* 34.35
*227.84
* 13.51
t 73.45
1 55.55
*31.62
* 79.87
*8.31
* 90.99
1 64.58
* 22.02
* 76.76
* 10.49
*17.71
*30.SO
*5.21
* Increase
|Dec
rease.
APPENDIX.
159
TABLE VI.
Ratio of the Slave and total Colored Population to the total Population of
each State.
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;-*cq
CO
-CHCO
t-i-cq
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OS
oo eg
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CD
COrH
• c-i us
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cq 'c-i
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53
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oo
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•*rH
CO
03
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co
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CM
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co
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OC-cHCO
oq is cm co ;
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r.
• CI
CO
i1-1
CO
CO
CM
-*rH -
CO
rt p
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°1
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cqoscqus ;
CM
rHUS
IS
• co
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CD CD US
'rHOSCJ •
ci
1-1
rH
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i1-1
CO
c-q
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CO
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1
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fe 9 p •?
Mini
C x " :' /- ^ t* fe "^ .£
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s
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P
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1 GO
APPENDIX.
V)
&3
Aggregate
holders of
slaves.
1000. and
over.
500 and un-
der 1000.
00 and un-
der 500.
200 and un-
der 300.
lOOI-CiC'.- OOC'»'CC0 3-»NK)
OOt»ON«!OOI-'
? C5 CD -* CD
COCONHOIHNMre lO
100 and un-
der 200.
50 and un-
der 100.
20 and un-
der 50.
r-C5r-i
OSrI
OHCO 4TOC5r-< .rH
<M .CO . CO rH CI 05 CM rH CO
<M . TO . 1-1 i-l CC
C5 r- >C ■>* t- C5 • 0 0105 05 1-
CN -* I— CO • L- CO r-1 O
rH (N T-i ■
"»-*»CONOO)iOOOn!D
ni- t- 05
>#C5CM O
050CO"*«5TH>OOOOe>l'*0
^OC5l-10'j:^(NOOI-TJ
CO OH1-© C5 TO CC CJ <O^CO CO
ioi-h^-T of oiraoi **"
., - . r— CO 05 O 00 O CM Ol <M U5 O CO US CM rH O
10 and un- cr j. cc .i v. .-. ci ■- ~\ t-h ■— r. o >c ci o
Cler -U. ^ CO~^ofrH^rHiO'*"*rHC5'~
5 and un-
der 10.
1 and un-
der 5.
CI CO '.'I-^HC5NHC0 0 01H^iPO
l-'-.';hi.: - i - oi c-i -r r - oi i— i-h cc co
lOCOMHl-l-iCWCO^Wi-iCOO: CO —
Oi-f t-^Ci'"* TO us •*' CO o COrH to"
Nrt*C-lHffi-*ClHOOCCCO-*l(MOO
or «t co o r. r- v i - cc c u - *c — cc -r o
I- C5 iC CO C5 L- CI C CO 01 CC CC t-h CO CD O
L— r- H rH TO O niotCOlCC O ci CO
Holders of
1 slave.
-# CO CO ~ CC -H -t< r - CO O C"! -r CI CC' CO o
~ ".) 'CC' C I C. i" -r CC C ' -P '— C CC t-h CC ■ /
u-coc-
a g g £ ■? be - -: ~ .i - _-= _-c ~ •■
anS' o a o •
<. <, p=i <<c, a. H fc- i
- II
APPENDIX.
1G1
^ s
pq
H
fe «3
■o <0 O,
» H 5i Iv.
,_» p o r*
cj
^8§J
o p«-§ 'a
2o
8 a |tc|
43 "a" g1^- ^
P a « b
H °
gT^
p 5
o.
to P P C [Ij
; J3 a" >■
g
s
P =srs g
P r-1 O ""
J3 © "" ^
3 > >> 03
,0 C3,0
H S " n S>
j: o S
Average Value of
Farms, Implements,
and Machinery.
i- o -j: co oi r. oi -r — ' oi — -r t— oi — cr. o
co C3 to io co ^ :r — or i- ci ^h o ci t-hjo^cd^
i-i" nTco CO CO r-TrH tHr-fi-TeC cs r-1 ■* CO r-T
Average Value of
Farming Implements
and Machinery.
Average Value of
Farms.
Value of Farming
Implements and
Machinery.
Cash Value of
Farms.
Average Number of
Acres to each Farm.
Acres of Unimproved
Land.
Acres of Improved
Land.
Farms, Plantations,
&c.
Firt
P cc"*2
P CO
g'Od
H H
d 5 P
.2 ojM
r. J o
gl
— ■ P
S a 3
P
ca -/_ .z; ._.
NOX'HrH^M^Ttti- I O Ci CO Ci CO "^ *0
<NOH<0X00iOH00L-l-OOTt<r-l010D
WOCOHC-f^CH^iCCCXCOXlMH
id co "dj^fri t-j -* ao ci -* h o ■• i-i a> wo
r-T t^cd co'ccf r-Ti-rrH"r4"rH CN~iO r-i CO 00 r-T
cr c XM-+I- ~.> lo "_r -f ■— cc co uo -* CO' i -
(Noo^* f.;r. : r : - *■ i - x -^ o tj
IM -t «t ^ (M CO C -f Oi I - CC' CC CTJ TH rt« -* t*H
CM C£>L— COCM X CM »~ CO / i" ?l -- ^ I- l' »T
CO/M CO t— t- CO CO L-^rH_CO^COO_ CO^CO^r^OQO_
^o'co'i-H Ol X C£0 *-~ -r -.r i* O -* t- cfr-T
05C5C0rH*0t-»0C0O»0
33c
c/1 -H ^ C — , u11-'tL-CO/-Cll-CvHC3 01
<M i-l ** r-1 rH rH CO •* i-l H rH CM TO CM r-1
O CO TO 00 C 'X -)^ ~ "-0 I - rf I - •-+ Ci -t* L^ 00
0(0_iohi- o; oi ov cc a. to -# rt-^io^i-
C-f^rH t-TkrO O r-C -01 t~ *jf r4~r4aTiO COC>rr*r
OHtDHH!--f^ rv -t^ ^h X C- ,^H TO CI »0
1~00 CO CO TO Ol -* C, I- ~. Ci CO 0^00^0^^
t-r-Tcc? i-rtOCDt^r-io'co'cirHrHof
r-1 r-1
■*OT)lt-CC'tlci010CCC10lO'ClO(00
iHc^.o-oi-.-i't-ri-'+ai-oirjccoH
TO CO CO rH ~ s, rZ l~ ur ~ ' I '= 2 COOSCON
l»Nt-L?03-fO.CCC'UM-?1000 0>
"-o-orccr.oi-Tio 'c -o xj
Ot-Hjlt "
io i- ca i-h t~
I!
"2^ d
— S.60
o « ^ _■; a o
14*
162
APPENDIX.
Average Value of
Farms, Implements,
and Machinery.
<M -H CD >n CD i-H CO S<1 N CO CD CO rH rH lO CO !M lO 00
co co co i-h i - co o: — cc / r- co ci ~ co ^^oc-1
Average Value of
Farming Implements
and Machinery.
t- t- L- CO - 1 '-J c>: i-h CD CO I-I-C5 01030IN >-o CO
Average Value of
Farms.
C-lrHOOOniOI-CHIONOlOTtlHrHOOt-
r-r CO — CO lO C". * ~ 1 - 'O -f .0 Ol i— I rH CO -H rH CO
CDrHOO CO CMr-^rH HHI- CO CO i— X -H CO rH rH CO
rH"i^rH"J3 0cTrtc4coraofrHrH"cfcfr-^r-r of
Value of Farming
Implements and
Machinery.
t-lOlOCOtONlOHH^O-iUffKNIBHOCOCO
ci 01 ci cc ci co x -h o: »o r- c x i - - x co ci co
CC O rH lO CC C 'O iO 01 CO C| I- Ol I- i.O CD C. -H ol
cf t-TtjTio -h — " o ci r - co* co m co' *-h i-Tic7i~ co-hT
C'CfjrHC! X CO 'OOl O. CO "- > 0 CO Ol -H rH L- 00 CO
1 - co co rji c; co i^t^rjs hc0hi-;OO m
LOcoTof-rjVc-icoVf'rjr %* »r5 of icsf t~ r-f
gj CM rHr-l
Cash Value of
Farms.
G
Average Number of
Acres to each Farm.
Acres of Unimproved
Land.
Acres of Improved
Land.
Farms, Plantations,
&c.
rHOOt-rHOlCOCOCDOlrHOlaOt^COCOCOCMOCD
" " L— CO
rtl-
CD *C Co IC CO L~ CD
CoTiO
c r -.- 1
1-CM
3 IO 1~ CD rH OO
uJvwnCCl-r 'J H? -j I
CD^OO^CDJ^O^IO iO CO CO r
<DO'HHCVrr~:
- - 4^1 — 'nnu'i-rH'JTHra
CO Ol -H CO -H CO '.: I - I - CO 10 iO CC CO 01 — i-C
- ' co^o^-rj^co irj co^Tj^irj i-h cd
- <-*-i l~- t~ Ol t~- CD CO CD CO r-t
^CDlOCliOCO^OCOrHCOCOrHCDrHOI
I-HIO CC*
C1CJCOlOCOCJ«ONCOHHN030XH<NC<IH
Ol-iHHnoCIHC-HG-HTOHiHicCt-1-lO
COrHrHrHrHCOrHi— IrHlOOlCOrHCOrHrH CO
HiOCOU30COOO!H010)MCOCOCBtDOHtO
O -H Ol O VI CO CO CI O -H -H CD rH 1- o rH 1 - L.O rH
CO Ol CO. O_rHCCt-;r>Oa;;C0HHrHrH*C0 CC O
CD r^O rl^ O CO CD rH I - I O CC Ol r^ of rH CO rh crTco"
•H CD rH CO rH -H rf CD CD rH O 'O Ol J. CO Ol ClCi CO
Ol-iHO L~ O i-h Cl rH r-1 CO X; lO I- C0_^ r-t CM
t-COr-T CD"OCo"ccT ofcOCcTrHufi-f'
COlOCOrHrH^030Dl~rHCOCOCDinCD»OrHt~CCi
■ 7 01 X O. CO' I - CD ^ X 10 I - I - ~ CO O. CO C iO co
CO -H -r — CO' OC -H CO' -H ,o rH CO -rh rH^rjH <T- Ol X CO
-rjTco~rH i- x' co m coco oiio co i-h cTicio co'oi coT
-H CO O CD O U3 lO Ol O 1^ ir rH O' CD rH CO CO rH
Hi0.Cll-^riiX'C0C0OH<5CDC0_O rH rH
McN^rH~e-fioa>'co Tjficf ofor-T
o co en o rH co t^ t- ko i^ >o co co co i- r~ CO rH CD
CD UO c-1 CO Ol CO — 1 - X CO' CO CO CD r "
CO O CN CM 1^- UO rH ol CN i.^ rH CM t^ (M
.St* .2
d « S
gs
C.r-> -
WhtM_H
Sfc^.2go^gg
»»Soja g^a | g g
fc ^ tq £ o ft* PS oj h H
!e
i-
£ ~
5 &
rj O
g 3
^1 6 Q> CO 0^ -ri KT
APPENDIX.
1G3
£ I J a a
Had
& o
•a o
Ti CM
M »
ca M .a _ ,= j-
" -S * E a
a Ph o
.3 -a S .S iS
■o o
o
o o
3Sg §TJ
^sa
2 S o°.
CD r/> (H
,a a o ,
^ 3 S
$ o
3 <4H
r3 S3 ^
15 o3
3 | a | §
"S S a a m
» ^ o ° 5
5 j^lo
"3 -a is
a> _. Tit
so .d .
=s a o
5 n o>
a - a
a o
b 5 « -d ™
a &
a
3.
A -a
| a g o
a is
,? £ O .3
CO ° S
-I ^ J
cm O k^
° r «
s I a
a k> o
a * ^ v,
. £ * £ t °
2 _ 2 ~ <8 «<
S "2 $ a i. S
^ | rH I I S
o i s S a
2 co s
■*| T-H ^
§ a a
c3 c3 ,Q S
M 2
IX!
a ta 0>
„ 2 o £P X
- a »
p 2 ^ ^
§ 8 § I a 1 3
&3
a,
CQ
Neat Cattle.
OHt-00l-Cl(M^O
L— Hf I CI rH 1-H^CO O O0 CJ_
CO ccj t--f ~ UcflO o oo"
cmmcd1"
oco
1-rH O
Total Neat
Cattle.
Other Cattle.
Working
Oxen.
Or^-f OHCCHLOCOCO'H
CO i - I - i ~ X — ^-h 00 T T. CO C0j
x oi "~ rH m i- cr '1( c -t C. C'
•*r.~ co o' -f' oi -' oi
L-CKNWffiN'JIO
!-H lOcrjrHrtH
l-Cit-l
MHQCOt— T-rJiHflocJiC©
CO UO tH CO CM t-h CO CO
rH CO CO CO t—
O O CTi O O T-H U.O CO CO CO t-h CI
t-h « i.o -? i - 1- x c i :o co rj h
0 L~ CO O 00 OI Co i-0 C CO '— TO
ad of oi t-h of co h i_^ oi -r co oi
01 "" "J ^< O — O. -— rH CO i0>
L-OlOl CM NOCSt-Ht-
WOClCOCOCT.OCCTiHi.OCO
r : 0 1 _~- C 1 OT — r- rH C ' C_l O
0 I CO i"0 rH OI rH HH O OI CO^O^t
CO iOCO O HP oi O rH ~' -' O I
C---1.0 ujQXJ r. -h ,-/ -o-.-*
tHhCM r-HCOxOCO -hi
HfflOT*COI--*OtOHM-r)(
CO CO CO CO CO CTj Gi CO> i.O O-l ~ I
Slilch Cows.
Horses and o
H«
Mules. 2
Ilorses, Asses,
and Mules.
Asses and
Mules.
I- l- Hi CM CO
rHT-HOCOT-HCOCOCOrHrH-rfliO
CC '-'. XHO-tl-CH-OCI-
L-HC] X' rH OI CO OI CO UO t-- HJ^
l-COrrTH" ithTcT OI -P-+f-H i.O 1--"
CM CJi CO T-H L- CO ~. CO H -H
iOOt-HCOOiCCOhHCO
hH lO CM hH hH CO CO Ci »0
COt— IrHlOcr^HHrHCJ
COCDtjOt-HCOCOOCOCDOOOt-H
~. i ~ f ' :: i -H , c r- c ] o. r. rc>
,ic i- :o x o. co x i - ~i x o; oi^
I-Tr-TcO CO Hp TO x' X' CO oc ^-\
o' i- oi oi t-h t-h co i - c i : r X'
rH O1CNO0 CO
1 0 0C CO t- OC H OI OC CO CC -H oc
C~. i~ -~ '-0 "C-< O. O I - I h o. TO c>
X L-0 CO' 1' CO ;C0 O >O^L-- co^
ofT-H"r-f uorHTocrT lO
LO T-H LOr* CO
Horses.
rHtnCCH ~ OI X1 hh CO 00 CO 01
O' cos th o 1 f - o ~r co ' o co. :o ;o
0 1 CO OI CI T-H T-H TO CO
rH OI CO CO
d CS
R -
C^ t- r-
« <H.S
'32'
S S ,8 3 2 ^ ' ._
rOC3t+HHrJCa.H^^rJH-'
^^SOOflHtiMHHW
164
ArrENDix.
i-_ci:ir- co r- r. x i-i- co 01 -* co co
co oi^oc ci co co c co oi i- ci -* co rr cc o
co ce\- co' c.' co' co i- co oc co~co' i^oVfi-T
c. ci oi
I-l I- tO
COL^r*
rHCo'ccT
C0NIMHi001HOO)HClQt-©HHOCl^©OHMCl
CO L~ O »C CO CI rH l- CO -hh -r C] O CO UC C. CO CI — Cj CO I— CO CC
rH lO I— CO> -f c cc cr cc o en -r 01 -* X rr •— ih ^h CM 1- r-t
l-c*i-lr-ll-C0H^C0rH'*<iOCi00 NCOrlCmH CO
Neat Cattle.
CO O r* -H CO I— l.O Ol Ol rH rH r* lO r-l CO r-l
-i< O-H 1- ~ - 1- -_- — — }h | ~ i — co - 00 O
CO OlOl X ,' CI CM - '. ( i — I i — ' i — I ■ — CO l-Ol
COCOClCMr-fCDHCHCMOlCeiOO OlrH lO 00
Total Neat
Cattle.
0100'*l-OCOHC5 01-CC-10(N-*CCOraiMl-.00
-* co x c c. i - rr rr co co h -t* -t io co co i— < -r co co o i— cm t— i
COCO^iO O^ri* oco:i co >o O. C. 0 1 "O 1 - r- CC Ol -^ O CO t— CD
iococo coT-rj^co rn"r— r-Tt— co co co com— cTccc' oc^coTco~icsfcMi-H CM*
l-riMr-liIOl— COC^CDi — I I — C. ic i 0 CO i— i ^ CO -m I— rn no r44 _<
lO CO CM CM CM I- I- CM CM CO CO CO i-l
t-t-CSMOr
Other Cattle.
T^irrToc coc. r~c c.< -+i oi - -ih crJ oi ex co* -^ i-h -tcTo" o"-^ c4
HMOlOOHWTjiHtt'CW
Working
Oxen.
X) as co i— < »o c/_' cc cm i - <c cr 'x o; to cr i.:xi-hoo>ohco
r^OO^i-^CD CO tH t-h O — _ C\ CO CO i* r— < >0 Ol Ol i.T O "X1 ^ Ol t— I Ol
^co^cjo o co oi .-' oi or' i-'oh cc o co t-H coc^of oi cc-vo"
LQCOCOTtlOOCjr-HiC!i-IL--COCDCD Ol CC tQ -<tf CC -tf rH
v\
Milch Cows.
CD CO CD CO) CD r-< CO I— O-*OCi-*COr*rj-,,_4a0Ce)CJ0t— IOK r-1
i-*ioocii;^oi-:?:ir. c. c i r. -■ ic r- oi r- co o cool co
CO' CO CO CO O. rr CO O. i-h CO Cl — CO rr O. ' 0 rl •<& f-i CD
Hrl rH CMCN I-IC0CM1OIO i-h CM CM i-l CO
Ilorses and
Mules.
Horses, Asses,
and Mules.
COCOO"*-*!— OlC-10-lCOCOWCO-Hr-ICei .(NCOlO
cr. ocia -roico ~ - -r o oi oi oi oi o -ococo
COlOCCj CD COO Oj -rUL-l-ODCO CO Ol -tl . CD CM
COCDOOOCOtH.CDCM-^t— OlOt-CTOr^COCOlOCDiiO'rr'COCD-**
CD I— Ol O I- CO X O -r I - uO O! lO CO ' 0 CO 0 1 I - X CO I- CO CO lO
CO^t^CO^CM^CO: c Ol or oe -. X CD^rH 0O_ CC CI Ol CO OOWXJ l"-""^ l—
^i-TrH~CM CO co' co' -£ CO 1- Co' co'ofco' -V UO Oc r-i CO) O OOCOCf
CO ■* CO -^ lO 1- CD CO CC ■* 1- CO US CO -H CO CD Oi CO I-l
■*r-i-aico t-hco
Asses and
Mules.
ono^^oNt- ocncocncoonr-icocoeocococcrtHHHfioio
^tHlO^COL--H- CO i— ' / CO iO Ol iO. / O cr r— CO OrH »OCM CM
00 CD ICCD OOld-rfTl Tt<CO"*<CM'*r-l CD^CO
CO I- I-l CM
Horses.
^i-i^cDcDoroeoin^rar-coccr-iooi^coraocRcDcn
l-H Ol CO i-l CO CO .— CO . 0 i— C ~ T. CO I -CO OiOCI-OI-ttl
«l-00|0-fcnCI O. CO CO 00 CO t-H rH CD 1 - C -* r-_ 'X' O O ■*
C7rr-rifo7o"TcO lOiO-HCO I -CO CO CO* CD I- CO-' — ' hCTO irfcOCM"
CO -^1 1.^- Tjl o rH Ol CO CD-+ -f CO iCl CI 1- t- CD 1- CO
rHCM -cHrHT*cO (M CM
.Si?!;
5 =
U%j*$
as. .
«.3
O g
IS
f'l 5 B (^ £ rH
>"J3»o»ododoSSS
J23^r0C'2;rHOl--P5KlHE-lr»
■as
Ari'ENDIX.
1G5
M
3 02
31
coco
COO_
coo"
co o
o_oi_
ho"
CM CO
co co
Hfiiffloeooiaio-tiBar
i-O CO CC CM CO O O CO' 1
OH-*l— )l-*NHC0Ot
JOrtCOiOflfifHCIftOrtHOl
rr i.c oi r-i rn X x H..:ri-::^H co c.i o. x i - o. r- -f i-coco
lO CO OD CO -rH r
CO CO <-H CO -* -
j ^ OTC O Cv 'X CO 'X 0 1 CI oi co lc cm <
1.0 — CO 0 1 X i.O CI - X CO'-H O'iCI-l-l-i'OI-COHCli
OOOOU5C1 rH CM rH X i.c 0 1 OC CO >-0 CO -H i-O 01 CO [ -
ooco-*oo
IOO —
CM CD
ccfo* uo t-i co
. *-* CI »:J — ' Cv 'X CO x C I T I C
: 'X' -H co co - i - r- 1- io i.o i
H^HX^lOWp cqiq co> - r
Csf if r-fc-f rH iri COO -HH Co' rH cf t^"
" 01
-01
H-^COOCOt-HCT CO 01 r-l I H CO -H CO CO CO CO r- i i0 CO rH CO O
cc Dl-fC'-cjcio. i-H-xi-rJ co-o o — - : l -. i i- :: i- ,-icr '. i
CO -H 1-0 CO CO r-i CO I - CO X OC 1.0 O Ol ~r- CO r- X CO CC 01 X# i-C 1 - CO
iCI-00 o'co"cc'cOrH rH t- CO CO -HrH COCO lO CC CO -i< CO -nf-H -*'
CM CM CO CM CO CO i— < CO — OI-rHrHrtCO-1 —
rH CO nWO CO O CCHM CO CCq CO
i-T'c-f o~
COCO OQOCI
O CO O Ol O -H Ol O CO O O -H rH rH CO CO I - CO' Ol CO X CO OC. CO t -
CO 1C CO i0 10 -O OrHI-l-rHHClNCOHl-y CO — CC CO CC CO
OX OHI-COL ~
no oco r-TocTco CO O lO
llOOH^Np
-rHrH O CM COO -H/ICO 1.0 -V CIC-IOCM^CO
r« rHCMrHrH
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178
APPENDIX.
FABLE XIII
Heal and Personal Estate — 1 850.
States & Territories.
Real Estate.
Personal
Estate.
Total.
True
Valuation.
$78,870,718
17,372,524
16,347,442
14,409,413
96,412,947
14,486,5! »5
7,924,588
121,019,739
81,524,835
112,947,740
15,672,332
177,013,407
176,623,654
64,336,119
139,020,010
349,129,932
25,580,371
65,171,438
66,802,223
67,839,108
153,151,619
564,649,049
71,702,740
337,521,075
'427,805,000
54,358,231
105,737,492
107,981,793
28.149,671
57,320;.369
252,105,824
22,458,442
97,363
2,679,486
3,997,332
837,866
$162,463,705
19,056,151
5,575,731
1,774,342
22,675,725
1,410,275
15,274,146
213,490,486
33,257,810
89,922,659
6,018,310
114,374,147
49,832,464
32,463,434
69,536,956
201,976,892
5,290,852
143,250,729
31,793,240
27,412,488
Not returned.
150,719,379
140,308,073
96,351,557
72,410,191
23,400,743
178,130.217
87,299,505
25,414,000
15,660,114
130,198,429
4,257,083
164,725
2,494,985
1,066,142
648,217
$241,334,423
36,428,675
21,923,173
16,183,755
119,088,672
15,896,870
23,198,734
335,110,225
114,782,645
152,870,399
21,690,642
291,387,554
226,456,118
96,799,553
208,563,566
551,106,824
30,877,223
208,422,167
98,595,463
95,251,596
153,151,619
715,369,028
212,071,413
433,872,032
500,275,851
77,758,974
283,867,709
195,281,358
53,503,671
72,980,483
382,304,253
26,715,525
262,088
5,174,471
5,063,474
986,083
$228,204,332
39,841,025
22,101,872
10,723,619
155,707,980
18,855,863
Columbia, District of ..*
23,198,734
335,425,714
156,205.0110
202,050,204
23,714,038
301,628,456
233,998,764
122,777,571
219,217,364
573,342,286
59,787,255
228,951,130
137,247,707
103,652,835
153,151,619
1,080,309,216
Ohio
226,800,472
504,720,120
729,144.998
80,508,794
288,257,094
207,454.704
55,30,2.340
92,205,(149
891,046,438
42,050.595
262,088
5,274,867
5,063,474
'986,083
f Minnesota ....
Terri- J New Mexico. . .
[Utah r. .
Total
$3,899,226,347
$2,125,440,562
$6,024,666,909
$7,0.68,502,966
APPENDIX.
179-
TABLE XIV.
Annual Taxes.
States.
Annual Taxes.
State.
County.
School.
Itoad.
Alabama
Connecticut.
Florida
Georgia
Indiana. ....*...,
Maine
Mississippi
New Hampshire .
New Jersey
New York
North Carolina. .
Pennsylvania . . .
Rhode Island . . .
South Carolina. .
Texas
Vermont
Virginia . ,
Wisconsin
Total
$428,690
67,947
58,616
292,707
552,463
381,911
779,163
77,313
114,086
1,536,662
16,951
373,421
74,936
13S,533
868,649
93,982
$202,960
1,101
23,690
156,061
449,616
141,705
436,993
84,854
190,685
$7,519
48,669
105
15,728
96,736
234,842
31,106
144,173
62,706
144,189
1,689,212
42,340
840,066
■56,937
35,055
3,578
2"29,265
151,835
88,930
45,697
75,980
$3,000
80,117
1,388
171,554
563,SS7
4,698
250,913
119,614
660
816,867
29,077
20,817
247,801
20,309
72,103
180
APPENDIX.
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APPENDIX.
181
PRODUCTIONS OF AGRICULTURE/ 1852.
[From Andrews' Report on Lake Commerce. This Table is referred to in the text.]
The subjoined Table is designed to exhibit a general view of the Agriculture of the
United States. The aggregate quantity and value of crops are first presented, and next
the several items which are supposed to constitute the fixed capital of the Agricultural
interest. It has been thought proper to assign one-fourth of the value of live stock to
the column of annual production, as that is probably the rate of yearly increase. The
remainder, together with the value of farms and farming implements and machinery,
should obviously be reckoned as capital. In ascertaining the average price of crops, those
of the New York Price Current for January, 1853, have been taken, and a deduction
therefrom of fifteen per cent has been made, to cover expenses of transportation and
commercial charges. Where special circumstances require a departure from this rule,
they are noticed in the remarks appended to the Table.
TABLE. XVI.
Table showing the amount and value of the productions of Agriculture in the
United States for the year 1852.
Productions.
Quantity.
Price.
Wheat, bushels
Rye, bushels
Indian Corn, bushels
Oats, bushels
Ilice, pounds
Tobacco, pounds
Cotton, pounds
•Wool, pounds
Peas and Beans, bushels
Irish Potatoes, bushels
Sweet Potatoes, bushels
Barley, bushels
Buckwheat, bushels
Orchard Produce
Wine, gallons
Value of Produce of Market Gardens. . .
Butter, pounds
Cheese, pounds
Hay, tons
Clover and other Grass Seeds, bushels. .
Flax Seed, bushels
Hops, pounds
Hemp, tons
nax, pounds
Maple Sugar, pounds
Cane Sugar, pounds
Molasses, gallons
Beeswax and Honey, pounds
Animals slaughtered
Poultry
. Feathers
Milk and Eggs
Residuum of crops not consumed by
stock
Annual increase of Live stock
Total annual productions of Agriculture
143,000,000
15,607,000
652,000/100
161,000.000
236,843.000
283,000,000
1,200,000,000
58,067,000
10,141,000
97,500.000
42,085,000
5,683,000
9,900,000
1,000,000
344,502
116,088
15,222
974
8,487
4,231
39
15,420
39,675,
272,330
13,970
16,500
I II 10
000
0(10
380
500
000
000
000
000
,000
,000
,0110
$1 00 pr bush
89 "
60 "
44 "
034prlb.
06 "
10 "
50 "
80 pr bush
75 "
80 "
60 "
50 "
50 per gall.
20 per lb.
06 "
50 per ton.
00 pr bush
30 "
17 per lb.
00 per ton.
06 per lb.
05 "
04 "
25 per gall.
20 per lb.
8143,000,000
13,880.230
391,200.000
70,840,000
8,052,002
16,980,000
129,000,001)
29,033,500
8,112,800
73,125.000
33,668.000
3,409.800
4,950,000
10,000/100
500,000
50,000,000
68,918,400
6.964.280
190.275,000
4,871,900
11,033.750
719,270
5,304,000
925,200
l.!is:;.75()
10,893.000
3,442,500
' 3,750,000
133,000.000
20,000,000
2,000.000
. 25,000,000
110,000,000
167,750,000
$1,752,583,042
16
182
APPENDIX.
VOTE FOR PRESIDENT, 1856.
The following is the vote for President at the late Presidential Election, as given in
the New York Tribune of December 19, 1856, which says the votes of the several States
are nearly all official. The vote of California is takeD from a later number of the
Tribune. The scattering votes, and votes not returned in season to be officially
counted, are not included. The estimate of the Tribune for South Carolina is a large
one.
TABLE XVII.
Free States.
Fremont.
Fillmore.
Maine
New Hampshire.
Vermont
Massachusetts . .
Rhode Island. . .
Connecticut. .. .
New York
New Jersey
Pennsylvania . . .
Ohio
Michigan
Indiana
Illinois
Wisconsin
Iowa
California
Total.
38.
32!
10.
39;
6.
34;
195.
46.
230,
170
52
118
104.
52
36
51
03r,
.567
577
.240
680
995
,878
.943
,154
,874
,139
.672
,279
,S67
.241
,92f,
1,221,846
65,514
38,158
39,561
108,190
11,467
12,715
274,705
28,351
147,350
187,497
71,062
94,816
96,280
66,092
44,127
20,339
1,336,914
3,233
414
511
19,626
1,675
2,615
124,604
24,115
82,178
28,125
1,567
23,386
37,451
579
9,444
35,113
394,629
Thus, the popular vote in the Free States was :
Fremont 1,336,914
Buchanan 1,221,836
Fillmore T 394,629
Total vote in Free States ; . . 2,953,379
APPENDIX.
TABLE XVII. -Continued.
183
Slave States.
Buchanan.
Fillmore.
Fremont.
Delaware
Maryland
Virginia
North. Carolina. .
South Carolina *,
Georgia
Florida
Alabama
Mississippi
Louisiana
Texas
Arkansas
Tennessee
Kentucky
Missouri
Total
8,003
39,115
89,975
48,246
30,000
56,617
6,368
46,817
35,665
22,169
28,767
21,908
73,638
72,917
58,164
6,175
47,462
60,039
36,886
20,000
42,372
4,843
28,557
24,490
20,709
15,244
10,816
66,178
65,822
48,524
306
281
291
638,359
498,117
1,247
* Estimated.
•
Thus, the popular vote of the Slave States was :
Buchanan 638,359
Fillmore , 498,117
Fremont 1,247
Total vote in Slave States 1,137,723
RECAPITULATION.
Names.
Free States. Slave States.
Total. | Electors.
1
1,336,914
1,221,846
394,629
1,247
633,359
498,117
1,338,161
1,860,205
.892,746
114
174
3
Total
2,953,389
1,137,723
4,091,112
■296
18-1 APPENDIX.
TABLE XVIH.
Statistics of Iowa in 1856.
The following extract from the Message of Gov. Grimes, to the Legislature of Iowa,
gives the Statistics of that State according to a Census taken in June, 1856. The Gov-
ernor's Message is dated Dec.«2, 1856 :
An enumeration of the inhabitants of the State, and of her productive resources,
was taken in June last, as required by the Constitution. It is somewhat defective —
two counties and several townships in other counties not having been returned at all,
while in almost all the counties there are very great omissions. Many townships and
some counties are returned without any statistics, save those in relation to population.
The Census Returns show that the State has increased in population from June, 1854,
to June, 1856, from 326,014 to 503,625.
The following statement will show the increase of population since the settlement of
what is now the State :
1836 10.531 11847 116,204
1838 22.859 1849 130,945
1840 43,116 1850 192,204
1844 , 71,650 1854 326,014
1846 78,988 | 1856 503,625
The population of the State is probably at this time not far from 600,000. The vote
polled on the 4th day of November last reached 92,644, and indicates the truth of this
supposition.
The following Table shows the annua*l increase of the value of assessable property in '
the State, during the past six years :
1851 the assessable value was. .$28,464,550 1 1854 the assessable value was. .$72,327,204
1852 " " " " 38,427,876 ! 1855 " ." " " 106,895,390
1853 " " " " 49,540,304 1 1856 " " " " 164,194,413
As the Census Returns may not be published before your limited session will expire,
I present a summary of some of the most important facts disclosed by it :
No. of Dwellings in the State in June last 83,455
" Families in the State " " 89,161
" White male persons " " 267,929
" White female persons " " 235,425
" Colored persons " " 271
" Married persons " " 169,312
" Widowed persona " " 10,997
" Native voters " " 86,781
" Naturalized voters " " 14,456
" Aliens " " 15,104
" Militia " " 92,262
" Deaf and dumb " " 371
" Blind " " 102
" Insane " " 120
" Idiotic " " 257
" Owners of land " " 66,716
" Paupers " " 132
" Acres of improved land " " 2,342.958
" Acres of unimpr'd land " " €.433.871
" Acres of meadow land " " 140,242
" Tons of Hay produced in 1855 223,233
" Bushels Grass Seed harvested in 1855 20,789
" Acres Spring Wheat in 1855 345,518
" Bushels harvested in 1855 4,972,639
" Acres of Winter Wheat in 1855 41,034
" Bushels harvested in 1855 495,703
" Acres of Oats in 1855 190,158
APPENDIX. 185
No. of Bushels harvested in 1855 6,054,341
" Acres of Corn in 1855 732,S03
" Bushels harvested in 1855 30,985,127
" Acres of Potatoes in 1855 180,041
" Bushels harvested in 1855 2,013,403
" Hogs sold in 1855 402,670
Value of Hogs sold in 1855 $3,119,378
No. of Cattle sold in 1855 125,000
Value of Cattle sold in 1855 $2,904,563
No. of pounds of Butter made in 1855 6,075,739
" " Cheese " " 729 852
" " Wooi produced in 1855 515',808
Value of Domestic Manufactures in 1855 $438,322
" General Manufactures in 1855 $4,684,461
" Lead produced in 1855 ". $213,000
Note. — In Table X., page 31, there is an error in the column of value of Farm Im-
plements and Machinery, in regard to the States of Kentucky and Louisiana ; and, con-
sequently, in the footing of that column. The reader can readily correct the error by
referring to the original Table in the Appendix.
INDEX.
AGRICULTURE.
PAGE
Number of farms and plantations, acres of improved and unim-
proved lands, cash value of farms, value per acre, and value of
fanning implements and machinery, in the Free and Slave
States, with the whole area of each 30, 31
Value per acre of land in the border Free States 32
Value per acre of land in the border Slave States, also value per
acre of land of the remaining Slave States 33
Value of the agricultural productions of the Free and of the
Slave States for the year 1840 34
Amount of live stock (and its value in 1850) and agricultural
productions of the Free and Slave States, with the value of the
same (for 1850), according to De Bow and Andrews, for the
years 1840 and 1850; and also the average crops, per acre, of
certain products, according to De Bow 36, 37
Grand aggregate of the agricultural products of the U. States
for the year ending June, 1850 38
A list of the prices of leading products of the several Free and
Slave States, according to De Bow and Andrews 38
Number of acres in farms, whole value of agricultural produc-
tions, and value per acre, in the Slave and Free States for
1850 40
Number engaged in agriculture, value of agricultural produc-
tions, and value of the same per head in the Slave and Free
States for 1S50 40
Agriculture of the North and South compared 41
Population, white and slave, number of acres of land, value of
£irms, value of farms per acre, number of students and schol-
ars in public and private schools, and the number of whites
over 20 years of age who cannot read and write, in the counties
on the dividing line between the Free and Slave States, from
the Atlantic to the Mississippi, with the like statistics of the
remaining counties of the respective States 42
Per cent of slaves of the border counties of the States, Dela-
ware, Maryland, Virginia, and Kentucky, also the per cent of
slaves of the remaining counties of the same States %..... 43
Influence of Slave States on neighboring Free States, and of Free
States on neighboring Slave States ^^^^. • • .43-45
(187)
188 INDEX.
PAOE
Population, crops, and other statistics of Plymouth and Norfolk
counties in Massachusetts, and James City and Westmoreland
counties in Virginia, for the year 1 850 •. 50
Value of land in Northern and Southern counties 51
Southern agriculture described 53-58
Alabama, description of, byN. B. Powell, 56 ; and by Hon. C. C.
Clay, Jr 57
Andrews' Report on trade and commerce referred to .35
Agricultural products, prices of .38
Arnold, Benedict, address of 142
Bible cause, contributions for in Free and Slave States 120
Canals in Slave and Free States 87
Census Tables, (see Appendix) 153
Charleston, S. C, surrender of, petition of citizens of. 139
Churches, value of in Slave and Free States 119
Clay's (C. C, Jr.) description of Alabama 57
Clay, II., on slave territory, 9 ; on slave trade 19
Clinton, Sir Henry, letter of 4 139
Colleges in Slave and Free States 89, 90
Comjieece.
Value of products entering into, number of persons engaged in,
tonnage, railroads and canals employed in domestic and for-
eign 69-74
Lake and river commerce, coasting trade, canal and railway
commerce 72
Value of the exports and imports of the several Free and Slave
States for the years ending Juno 30, 1850, and June 30, 1855,
with the tonnage owned in said States at those dates, and the
tonnage built therein during said years, with its value 75, 76
Letter of Mr. London of Richmond, Va., on Southern com-
merce 79
Debt of Slave and Free States . : 88
Dc Bow's remarks on wheat, hemp, and flax, 35 ; prices of agri-
cultural products 38
Dew, Prof., on slave trade and slave-breeding 20
Education. 4
Colleges in Slave and Free States, 89, 90; professional schools,
91, 92; academies, private and public schools, 92-99 ; Libra-
ries, 99-102 ; illiterate 103, 104
Electoral votes in certain new Slave and Free States, 9 ; in Slave
and Free States 24-28
INDEX.
189
PAGE
ESTATE, REAL AND PERSONAL.
Value of the real and personal estate of the several Free States,
and the true value of the same in 1850, with the value of the
real and personal estate of said States in 1856 .' 81
Value of the real and personal estate in 1850, the true value
of the same, the value of the slaves, the true value of the
real and personal estate, deducting the value of the slaves, with
the value of the real and personal estate (including slaves) for
1856, of the several Slave States 82
Various State valuations from 1851 to 1856. 83
Remarks on comparative value of property in Free and Slave
States ••; ?3-SG
Number of miles of canals and railroads in operation in 1854
(with the cost of construction), and the miltes of completed
railroad, and the amount of bank capital near Jan., 1855, in
the several Free and Slave States 87
Debt, productive property, and annual expenditure of the several
Free and Slave States, compiled from State returns, near Jan.
1, 1855 88
Florida, purchase and cost of, and cost of Florida war 8
Gholson of Va., on slave trade and slave breeding 21
Graham of N. C., on slave trade 21
Guano for Virginia 56
Illiterate in Slave and FreQrStates 103, 104
Kansas, laws of , !44
Libraries in Slave and Free States 99-102
Louisiana, purchase and cost of 8
dlANTJFACTCRES.
Population and value of manufactures in the Free and Slave
States for the years 1820 and 1840 59, 60
Number of individuals and establishments engaged in manufac-
tures, amount of capital invested in such establishments, the
value of raw material used, number of hands employed,
annual wages paid, the annual product and the annual profit
of such manufactures, in the several Free and Slave States,
according to the Census returns of 1850 61, 62
Statement of the number of free inhabitants born within and
without certain counties of the Slave States, in which there is
a large or predominating exotic population, with the amount
of capital invested in manufactures, number of hands em-
ployed, and the annual product thereof in 1S50 63
Virginia manufactures described by Henry A. Wise 65
Counties in the Free and Slave States which had, in 1 850, the
greatest relative amount of manufactures 66 ■
Slaves considered as domestic manufactures .~- — • .66-69
•
190 INDEX.
PAGE
Value of the manufactures of cotton, wool, pig iron, iron cast-
ings, wrought iron, and of the products of the fisheries and
salt manufactories in the several Free and Slave States, for the
year ending June, 1850, with the average wages per month of
the hands employed 67, C8
Value of the domestic manufactures of the several Free and
Slave States, for the year 1850; with the average annual in-
crease and value at $400 per head, of slaves, for the ten years
ending June, 1850 .' 69
Massachusetts, population, etc., of, if a Slave State 51, 52
Full statistics of— action of in 1780 123-127, 143
Mexican War, cost of 8
Missionary contributions in Slave and Free States 120
Missouri Compromise line, territory north and south of 9
New England compared with South Carolina and Virginia, 45- ■
51 ; description of in 1649 53
New Mexico, cost of 8
Newspapers in Slave and Free States 105-114
Newton of Va., his remark on guano for Virginia lands 56
North Carolina, description of agriculture in 56
Olmstead's description of Virginia, 54 ; South Carolina 57
Pensioners in 1840 133
Popular Representation.
White population, free colored, and total free population, and the
popular vote cast in 1852, in both the Slave and Free States,
together with the number of representatives in congress, and
the electoral votes, both as they now are, and as they would
be, were freemen only represented. 24, 25
Population. •
Statement of the area and aggregate population in 1790, 1820,
1850, and 1856, with the number of inhabitants to a square
mile, in 1850, of the several Slave and Free States 11, 12
White population of the two sections at each decennial census
from 1790 to 1850 , 14
White population of the Slave and Free States in 1790, 1820,
and 1850 15, 16
Free colored population of the United States in the years 1790,
1820, and 1850 18
Slaves in the present slaveholding States, at each decennial cen-
sus from 1790 to 1850 18
Portsmouth, Va., Relief Association, contributions for, by Slave
and Free States 129
Post-Office Department in Slave and Free States 115-118
President elected by certain States 27, 28
Presidential vote in 1852, 24, 25; in 1856, (see Appendix) 182
INDEX. 191
PAGE
Press, statistics of the 105-114
Kailroads in Free and Slave States ■ 8?
Representatives in Congress from five added Slave States and
one Free State, 9 ; from North and South 24-28
Schools, professional, 91, 92 ; private and public 92-99
Slaveholders, number of * 16
Slave trade, domestic 19-23
Slaves, number of, etc., 18-23 ; high price of, 22; increase, 23 ;
representation of in Congress, 25, 26 ; classed as domestic
manufactures, 66-69 ; value of 82
Slave States, value of those bordering on Free States, also of
the remaining Slave States, 33 ; comparison with Free States
in agriculture, 41 ; comparison of border counties with those
of the Free States 42, 43
Soldiers in the Revolution, of Free and Slave States 132, 133
South Carolina, true value of land in, 29 ; statistics of, and of
Massachusetts, 123-127, 128-131 ; action of, in 1779 and 1780. .134-143
Statistics of Rhode Island, Connecticut, and South Carolina 46
Statistics of Massachusetts and Virginia 49
Statistical tables from Cens. Comp., Andrews' Rep., etc., 153
Territory of Slave and Free States 7
Texas annexed 8
Tonnage of Slave and Free States in 1850, 71-73 ; in 1855, 77 ;
of Massachusetts and South Carolina 78
Tract cause, amount contributed for in Slave and Free States 120
Virginia, condition of, if free, 51,52; description of in 1649,
1612, 1585, 1787, and at the present time 53-58
Washington, George, description of Virginia lands 53
Whitney, Eh, treatment of by the South 47
Wise, Henry A., description of Virginia agriculture, 55 ; manu-
factures and commerce ■ , - . ,65
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