NRLF
D71
OV/7
NOTES ON THE 3 INCH
GUN MATERIEL
AND
FIELD ARTILLERY EQUIPMENT
COMPILED FOR
THE RESERVE OFFICERS' TRAINING CORPS
OF YALE UNIVERSITY
(Revised and Enlarged)
BY
LIEUT.-COL E. L GRUBER
FIELD ARTILLERY, N. A.
CONTENTS
Pages
Introduction : Object of Instruction 1
The Gun : Description ?,
Weights & Dimensions 3
Nomenclature 3
The Breech Mechanism : Description 5
Nomenclature 5
The Gun Carriage : Description 6
Action of the mechanism 12
Weights & Dimensions 12
Nomenclature 12
The Limber : Description 14
Weights & Dimensions 16
Nomenclature 16
The Caisson : Description 16
Weights & Dimensions 19
Nomenclature 19
Dismounting & Assembling Parts of the Gun and Carriage 21
Sights & Observing Instruments : General Instructions 27
Care & Cleaning og
Sights : Description 30
Line Sights P )0
Front & Rear Sights 30
Rear Sight, Nomenclature 30
Panoramic Sight, M '15 ;);>
Range Quadrant 32
Field Adjustment, Sights and Quadrant 35
Observing Instruments : B. C. Telescope, Description & ifec,. ; ,\ :..>.. 36
Aiming Circle, Description & Use ".'./..'.... .* 40
Adjustment of B. C. Telescope and Aiming Cjrcle'A .;.,.,.:. ;.V,.\ ::*,;.":' .'.^"42
Range Finder, Description & Use 45
Adjustment of Range Finder 50
Field Glasses, Care & Use.. 52
THK GUN
(Fig. 1)
6. The Gun with which the batteries of this organization are equip-
ped, is known officially as the j-inch Field Gun, Model TQO$. This gun
is a built-up construction of nickel steel and consists of a tube with a
rifled bore, 3 inches in diameter, upon which are shrunk the jacket,
locking hoop and front clip hoop. The jacket reinforces the rear half of
the tube. The locking hoop serves to secure the jacket from any longi-
tudinal movement to the rear. On the under side of the gun, extending
the entire length of the jacket, locking hoop, and front clip, are formed
two recoil guides or clips which fit over and secure the gun to the guide
rails of the cradle. When the gun is fired, it glides along the guide rails.
The dust guard covers that part of the guide rails between the locking
hoop and the front clip. The rifling of the bore is right hand twist and
starts with turns at the breech increasing to 1 turn in 25 calibers at 10
inches from the muzzle, then uniform to the muzzle.
WEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONS
7. Weight of gun 788 Ibs.
Calibre 3 inches
Length about 7 feet
Number of lands and grooves 24
Muzzle velocity 1700 ft. sec.
Maximum pressure per sq. in 33,000 Ibs.
Limit of depression (90 mils) 5 degrees
Maximum elevation (265 mils) 15 degrees
Maximum range, trail sunk, about 8,500 yds.
Range at 15 elevation (265 mils) " 6,000 yds.
I. Nomenclature of parts of Gun :
Jacket. Front clip.
Locking hoop. Muzzle.
Tube. Dust guard.
Bore. Recoil guides or clips.
Rifling. Chamber.
Lands. Recoil lug.
Grooves. Line sight (front and rrar)
Breech recess. Handy oilers.
. W *
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THE BREECH MECHANISM
(Fig. 2)
9. The breech-block is of the interrupted-screw type, and is provided
with four threaded and four slotted sectors. The front end of the
axial recess in the block is closed by a bushing. Four ventholes lead
from a cavity in the bushing and permit the escape of gas to the rear
in case of a ruptured primer. On the rear face of the breech-block are
cut gear teeth, in which the gear teeth of the operating lever bevel-
gear mesh. The breech-block is concentrically mounted on a hub on
the block carrier, in which the firing-lock case is fitted. Its position in
the breech of the gun with reference to the axis of the bore is eccentric.
10. The breech-block is closed or locked by a continuous movement
of the operating lever. When the block is swung to the closed position
the front face of the block latch comes in contact with the rear face of
the breech of the gun, thus forcing the latch out of the notch in the
breech-block and back into a recess in the carrier. By continuing the
motion of closing the mechanism, the breech-block is then rotated on
the hub of the carrier and its threads engage with corresponding ones
in the gun. When the breech-block is in the closed position, a lug on
the firing-lock case serves to lock the carrier to the breech-block and
prevents displacement due to a blowback.
11. The firing mechanism belongs to that type known as a continu-
ous-pull mechanism; that is, no cocking of the firing-pin is required.
The firing-lock case is eccentrically fitted in the hub of the block carrier,
in such a position that the axis of the firing-pin is always in line with the
bore of the gun. The vent bushing in the front end of the breech-block,
through which the firing-pin passes when in the fired position, is fitted
eccentrically with reference to the breech-block. This eccentric arrange-
ment of the breech-block, masks the point of the firing-pin and prevents
any possible contact between the pin and the primer in the cartridge
case when the block is unlocked. The block will be practically fully
locked before any contact between the firing-pin and primer can take
place.
12. Nomenclature of important parts of Breech & Firing Mechanism.
Mod. 1905 :
Name of Part Where located
Breech Block On block carrier
Vent Bushing Front end of block
Block Carrier Hinged to jacket; supports block
Block Stop Screwed into front face of carrier
Hinge Pin Hinges carrier to j acket
Hinge Pin Catch In hinge pin
Extractor . . Tn breech recess
Extractor Lever Mounted on hinge pin
Operating Lever Pivoted on block carrier
Lever Pivot Pivots lever on block carrier
Lever Latch In operating lever
Lever Latch Spring In operating lever, lower part
Lever Latch Pivot. . . In operating lever, lower part
Block Latch In recess in carrier
Block Latch Spring Around latch bolt
Firing Lock Case In hub of the block carrier
Locking Bolt Nut & Pin. . . .On firing lock case, rear face of carrier
Firing Pin In axle hole, center of firing lock case
Firing Pin Spring Around firing pin
Firing Spring Sleeve Around firing pin spring
Sear In slot in firing lock case
Trigger Fork Rear end firing lock case
Trigger Shaft On rear end firing lock case
Trigger Shaft Detent On trigger shaft
Firing Pallet. . , On pallet shank
Pallet Shank On recoil lug of gun
Firing Handle On firing handle shaft
Firing Handle Bracket Attached to right side of cradle
Firing Handle Shaft Assembled in bracket, right side of cradle
Trip Latch Attached to trip latch plunger
Trip Latch Plunger Assembled to firing handle
Adjusting Screw Assembled to firing handle bracket
Check Nut Assembled in adjusting screw
THE GUN CARRIAGE
(Figs. 3 and 4)
13. The gun carriage for the 3-inch gun Model 1905 is of the type
known as the long-recoil, in which the gun is permitted a sufficient
length of recoil (about 45 inches) upon the carriage to render the latter
stationary under firing stresses. The gun is mounted upon a cradle
which forms a housing for the recoil-controlling parts. The cradle rests
upon the rocker and has a small traversing motion of 70 mils on each
side of the axis of the carriage. The rocker is journaled upon the axle
and its rear end is supported by the elevating mechanism, which is
seated in the trail.
The principal parts of the carriage are the wheels, axle, trail, and
elevating mechanism forming the lower carriage, the cradle and recoil-
controlling parts constituting the upper carriage, and the rocker and
traversing mechanism intermediate between the two. In addition there
are provided shields, ammunition carriers, the road brake, and the axle
seats.
14. The Wheels and the Axle, The wheels are a modified form of
the Archibald pattern, 56 inches in diameter, with 3-inch tires. The
axle is hollow and forged from a single piece of steel. The wheels are
held on bv the wheel fastenings. (Fig. 24).
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15. Trail* The trail consists of two steel flasks of channel section
with the flanges turned inward, tied together by transoms and plates
to form the sight and the tool boxes. Attached to the trail are the
trail spade, float, trail hand-spike, trail handles and the lunette.
16. Elevating 1 Gear* The elevating gear (Fig. 5) is of double-
screw type and consists of an inner and outer elevating screw, an
elevating-gear bracket, an elevating bevel gear, two elevating bevel pin-
ions, and two elevating crank shafts. The inner elevating screw is a
steel screw, threaded with a right-hand thread. It is attached at its
upper end by the elevating pin to the rear end of the rocker. The outer
elevating screw is of bronze and is threaded on the exterior with a
right-hand thread to take the inner elevating screw. On the exterior are
niso cut two longitudinal keyways, in which the keys of the bevel gear
work.
17. Traversing Mechanism* The traversing mechanism (Fig. 6)
consists of a shaft, called the traversing shaft, mounted in bearings in
{he traversing-gear case, and a traversing nut moving longitudinally on
the shaft, but restrained from turning with it by its bearings in the gear
case. A cylindrical lug on top of the nut fits in a hole in a bronze tra-
versing link, the right end of which is pivoted by the traversing-link
pivot to the traversing lug on the underside of the cradle. This pivot
is secured to the cradle-traversing lug by a nut and split pin. The left
bearing of the traversing shaft is split for the purpose of assembling
and rests between two collars on the shaft. The bearing, with the shaft
in place, is slipped into its seat in the gear case, where it is held in
position by two pins.
18. The Cradle, Complete. The cradle supports the gun, guides it in
recoil, and forms a housing for the recoil-controlling parts ; it consists
of a flange steel body with the upper edges flanged outward. The
flanges are bronze lined, engage the clips on the gun, forming the guide
rails for the gun on recoil. Riveted to the bottom of the cradle are four
steel forgings, the pintle, traversing lug, rear clip, and elevating and
traversing lock lug. The pintle fits the pintle socket in the rocker and
forms a bearing upon which the cradle is traversed. The traversing
lug has been heretofore mentioned as affording a point of attachment
for the traversing-link pivot. The cradle rear clip, in addition to em-
bracing the rear end of the rocker, has a broad bearing on the latter
directly over the point of attachment of the elevating screw.
To relieve the pointing mechanism from all strains in travelling, an
elevating and traversing lock is provided, by which the cradle may be
locked to the trail.
19. The recoil mechanism (Fig. 7) contained inside the cradle con-
sists of the cylinder, the piston rod, the counter-recoil buffer, the coun-
ter-recoil springs, and the spring support.
To the rear end of the cradle is riveted a steel cradle head, rear,
through which the cylinder moves in recoil and projects for attachment
tc the recoil lug on the gun by means of the cylinder end stud and nut.
The front end of the cradle is closed by the cradle heaql, front, and the
retaining ring.
20. The cylinder lies inside the cradle and is surrounded by the coun-
ter-recoil springs. Its rear end is closed and has a projection on the
inside to which is screwed the counter-recoil buffer, a tapered bronze
rod which fits with small clearance into a bore at the rear end of the
piston-rod. The front end of the cylinder is closed by a bronze oil-
tight gland, through which the piston-rod slides. The cylinder is filled
with a neutral oil called hydroline. The interior of the cylinder is
cylindrical. Three longitudinal ribs or throttling bars of uniform width
but varying height extend along the interior from the rear end to within
19 inches from the front end. Three notches are cut in the piston head;
forming ports for the passage of the liquid from one side of the piston
to the other. The height of the throttling bars is calculated so that the
resistance which the liquid offers, plus the resistance of the springs, is
constant and such that the recoil will be checked at the desired point.
During recoil the front end of the cylinder is supported by the spring
support.
21. The piston rod is of steel, and is provided with a bronze piston
head, screwed against a shoulder at the rear end. The head has three
notches cut in its perimeter, which fit over the throttling-bar projections
on the cylinder wall. The rear end of the piston is bored out to take
the counter-recoil buffer. In counter recoil the oil in this bore can es-
cape only by a small clearance. In this way the return of the gun into
battery is so eased and regulated that very little shock and consequent
derangement of the aim of the piece occur. The front end of the piston
rod is attached to the cradle head, front, by means of the piston rod nut.
22. The counter-recoil springs (three in number, each 36 inches long)
are helical, being made from a rectangular steel bar coiled on edge.
They are assembled in the cradle, end to end around the cylinder and
bear in front against the spring support and in the rear against the
cradle head, rear. They are assembled under an initial compression of
approximately 750 Ibs. which is sufficient to return the gun into battery
at the maximum elevation. In place of the single counter-recoil springs
a set of three inner and three outer counter-recoil springs is also being
issued.
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in
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23. The spring support forms a support for the front end of the cyl-
inder and a bearing for the front end of the spring column. It has
guide lugs which fit into and glide along guide rails inside the cradle
during recoil. The spring support is held in place by the retaining rin^.
ACTION OF THE MECHANISM
(Fig. 7)
24. The action of the recoil mechanism when the gun is fired is as
follows : The gun moves to the rear 45 inches on the cradle, carrying
with it the cylinder and compressing the recoil springs. The piston rod
being attached to a fixed part of the carriage in front (the cradle-head),
does not move. Therefore, since the cylinder moves to the rear, trie
oil in it must pass from one side of the piston-head to the other. The
energy of recoil of the gun is therefore absorbed by the resistance which
the oil offers when being forced through small openings between the
notches in the piston-head and the throttling bars along the inside of
the cylinder and also by the resistance of the counter-recoil springs to
additional compression. The energy stored up by the springs during
this compression, returns the gun and cylinder to the firing or original
position. This return movement is eased and regulated by the counter-
recoil buffer. The piston-rod pull and the spring resistance are trans-
mitted to the carriage, but owing to the latter's weight and the resis-
tance opposed to the trail spade by its engagement in the ground the
carriage remains stationary.
WEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONS
25. Weight of gun and carriage complete 2,520 Ibs.
Width of track 60 inches
Length of recoil on carriage 45 inches
Amount of traverse of gun on carriage 140 mils
26. Nomenclature of important parts of the Gun Carriage :
Axle Wheel guards
Trail, consisting of Trail handles
Flasks (right and left) Trail seats
Tool box Trail-seat supports
Elevating gear transom Sponge-staff socket
Rear sight box Name plate
Spade Handspike
Spade edge Lunette
Float Cradle, consisting of
Handspike fulcrum Cradle body
12
to
(^ .
Cradle head, rear
Gun slides or Guide Rails
Cradle Pintle
Traversing lug
Rear clip
Lug for elevating and traversing
lock
Bracket seat, firing handle
Quadrant fastening
Rear-sight bracket support
Front-sight bracket support
Spring-support guides
Retaining ring, with hasp and
fastening
Cradle head, front
Shoulder guard
Cradle brush
Recoil-indicator throw
Recoil indicator
Cylinder head
Cylinder with cylinder end
screwed in
Cylinder end stud and nut
Counter-recoil buffer
Rings, packing
Gland
Piston rod, with plug, screwed in
Piston
Piston-rod nut
Filling plug with gasket
Drain plug
Spring support
Counter-recoil springs
Rocker
Cradle Pintle socket
Elevating and traversing lock
Traversing mechanism, consisting
of
Traversing-gear case
Traversing plate
Handwheel with handle and
spindle
Traversing shaft
Traversing-shaft bearing in two
parts ^
Traversing link with bushing
Traversing-link pivot with nut
Azimuth pointer and scale
Elevating mechanism, consisting
of
Elevating pin
Inner elevating screw
Outer elevating screw
Elevating bevel gear
Elevating bevel pinions
Elevating crank shafts, with
handles
Elevating screw cover
Axle seats, include
Seat arms
Seat-arm guards
Foot rests
Tie rods
Shield braces
Apron shield
Apron latches
Main shield, consisting of
Main shield
Hood
Shutter, open-sight port
Shutter, panoramic-sight port
Top shield, consisting of
Top shield
Top shield fastenings
Road brake, includes
Brake beams
Brake shoes
Springs with covers
Brake rods
Brake lever
Brake shaft
Brake segment with two segment
racks
Ammunition- carriers
Range quadrant case
Panoramic sight case
Front sight
Reaf sight, consisting of
Rear-sight bracket with shank
socket
Rear-sight shank
Panoramic sight
Range quadrant
Wheels, consisting of
Felloe, segments
Spokes
Tires
Hub boxes
Hub liners
Hub-latch plungers
Oil valve
Carriage bolts and nuts
Hub bands
Hub caps
Wheel fastenings
Plugs
THE 3-INCH GUN (CAISSON) LIMBER
(Fig. 8)
27. The limber is of metal throughout excepting the spokes and fel-
loes of the wheels. The principal parts are the wheels, axle, pintle,
frame, ammunition chest, pole, doubletree, singletrees, and neck yoke.
14
t-
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to
28. The wheels and wheel fastenings are the same as, and inter-
changeable with those used on the carriage. Seats for three cannoneers
are provided by a perforated metal bucket-holder on top of the chest.
The paulin issued to each limber serves as a seat cushion and is held in
place by paulin straps. Grip straps are also provided for use by the
cannoneers when the carriage is moving at rapid gaits. On the sides
c-.nd front of, and under the ammunition chest, suitable straps, brackets
c-nd connections are provided for securing all tools and accessories.
\Yith each limber are issued three tubular oil cans, each in the form of a
cartridge and with a capacity of two-thirds of a gallon. These are
intended to hold hydroline, lubricating and coal oil and are carried in
the central row of cartridge holes in the ammunition chest.
WEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONS
29. Weight of limber, completely equipped and loaded. . . 1740 Ibs.
Weight of gun, carriage and limber, completely
equipped and loaded 4260 Ibs.
Number of rounds carried 36
30. Nomenclature of important parts of limber :
Pole, complete, consisting of
Pole body
Neck-yoke counter stop
Neck-yoke stop
Neck-yoke chafing plate
Butt reinforce
Doubletree
Doubletree rods
Name plate
Limber prop
Foot rest
Tie-rods
Pintle with bearing, consisting of-
Pintle
Pintle latch
Pintle latch spring
Wheels and wheel fastenings
Axle
Middle rail
Side rails
Ammunition chest, consisting of
Hand rail
Door chains
Shot bolts
Bucket holder
Chest rails
Chest-rail connections
Body
Door
Cartridge holes
Diaphragms
Lantern brackets
Grip-straps
Paulin straps
Various tool brackets
Various tools
Paulins
Picket ropes
Lanterns
Canvas buckets
THE CAISSON
(Figs. 9 and 10)
31. The Caisson is made of metal throughout with the exception of
the spokes and felloes of the wheels. The principal parts are the
wheels, axle, pintle, lunette, apron shield, fuze setter bracket, frame,
road brake, and ammunition chest.
32. The wheels and wheel fastenings are interchangeable with those
of the <nm carriage and the limber. The caisson road brake is modeled
16
after that of the gun carriage, all parts as far as possible being inter-
changeable. The frame upon which the ammunition chest rests, is dia-
mond shaped, and consists principally of two steel side rails riveted to
lugs on the axle, meeting in front to form the lunette for attachment
to the limber, and in rear to form a pintle for attachment of another
caisson in case it is desired to tow several caissons by one team and
limber, as for instance in the ammunition train. In other respects the
construction is similar to that of the limber excepting that the ammu-
nition chest is much larger and has a capacity of 70 rounds. The front
of the chest and the chest door are made of armor plate. A bracket for
the fuze setter is also provided. An apron shield, similar to the one on
the gun carriage is hinged under the axle, giving the cannoneers at the
caisson full protection. A spare-pole body can be carried under the
caisson frame, large end of pole to the front. On the sides and front
of, and under the ammunition chest, suitable straps, brackets and con-
nections are provided for securing all tools and accessories. To lock
the caissons and limbers, a padlock is provided. These locks are inter-
changeable and can be unlocked by the same key. This key is marked
"Ammunition"
WEIGHTS AND DIMENSIONS
33. Weight of caisson only, completely equipped and loaded, 2820 Ibs.
Weight of caisson and limber, both completely equipped
and loaded with 106 rounds 4560 Ibs.
Number of rounds of ammunition carried in caisson only .... 70
34. Nomenclature of important parts of Caisson :
Wheels
Wheel fastenings, complete
Axle
Middle-rails
Side rails
Pintle with bearing, consisting of
Pintle
Pintle latch
Pintle-latch spring
Name plate
Channel supports
Frame handles
Lunette, with nut
Caisson prop, with chains
Road brake, consisting of
Brake-beams
Brake shoes
Brake rods
Brake-rod springs and covers
Brake shaft, with two keys
Brake segment
Segment rack
Brake lever
Spare-pole fastening
Ammunition chest, consisting of
Diaphragms
Grip-straps
Paulin-straps
Chest rails
Foot rest
Handrails
Door props
Door handles
Hand rails
Supports and Brackets for attach-
ing various tools and accessories
Apron
Apron latches
Fuze-setter bracket
Fuze-setter latch
Fuze setter
Paulin
Picket ropes
Various tools and accessories
Spare pole
19
Fig. 10
Frame -Handle
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To DISMOUNT AND TO ASSEMBLE PARTS OF THE GUN AND CARRIAGE
35. To dismantle and assemble the breech mechanism* Grasp
the operating lever and open the breech ; when the block is open, force
the block latch out of its seat in the block by gently pressing it into its
seat in the carrier. Take hold of the block and revolve it to the left
until it stops ; then pull it -to the rear, taking care not to drop it. The
block latch can now be readily removed. After the firing-lock case has
been removed (see Par. 36) the operating lever can be removed by
forcing its pivot up from beneath by a gentle pressure from the palm of
the hand. The lever latch can be removed by pressing in on the latch at
a point near its lower end opposite its pivot ; a hole in the latch is cut
eccentric with reference to the pivot and a shoulder on the pivot pre-
vents their displacement until the latch is forced in and the hole is con-
centric with the pivot. When this occurs, the pivot can be readily
pulled out and the latch removed. To remove the block carrier, force
the hinge pin up by hand until it can be caught by the head, and by
swinging the carrier back and forth, if the pin sticks, it can readily be
removed, taking care not to drop the extractor lever. The extractor
can now be removed from the gun.
Reverse" these operations for assembling the mechanism. No
tools other than the hands are required for dismantling this breech
mechanism.
36. To dismantle and to assemble the firing: lock-case and mech-
anism* Take hold of the milled headed locking bolt situated at the
lower end of the firing-lock case, pull it to the rear; at the same time
revolve the firing-lock case upward about 45 and pull it gently to the
rear. This will remove the case with the firing mechanism complete
from the gun. Press the trigger-shaft detent until it disengages from
the notch in the firing-lock case. This will allow the trigger shaft, with
its detent, to be withdrawn. Then gently press on the front end of the
firing pin, forcing it back into the casing. This will allow the trigger
fork to fall out. Then, with one finger placed on the front end of the
sear, force it outward; at the same time grasp the front end of the
firing pin, which is roughened for the purpose. Give it a sharp pull.
This will remove the firing-pin spring and sleeve from the casing. Then
place the front end of the firing pin against a block of wood, bear
down on the firing-spring sleeve until the spring is compressed suffi-
ciently to disengage the slot in the rear end of the sleeve from the small
lug on the rear end of the firing pin ; slightly turn the sleeve, and then
the sleeve can be separated from the spring and pin. By an unscrewing
motion the spring can be removed from the pin. The sear can be re-
moved by gently pressing it in toward the center of the casing.
21
To assemble, reverse these operations, taking care before driving
too hard on the end of the trigger shaft that the square hole in the trig-
ger fork is in position to receive the tapered end of the trigger shaft.
No tools are required for assembling or dismantling this mechanism.
37. To remove the recoil indicator, The ends of the clips of the
recoil-indicator guide are bent down to form-stops to hold the indicator
in place. To remove the indicator, these parts are opened up suffi-
ciently to permit sliding the indicator out of the guide. When the indi-
cator is assembled, these clips should always be closed down to prevent
its loss.
38. To dismount the gun, Elevate the muzzle slightly. Remove the
recoil indicator throw, unscrew the cylinder-end stud nut, and shove the
gun to the rear until the clips are free from the guides. As the gun
slides off the cradle, it must be properly supported. For this purpose,
from 6 to 8 men working in pairs with lifting bars are required.
39. To mount the gun, Depress the muzzle slightly. Shove the
piece from the rear over the cradle guides with the clips engaging the
guides. Assemble the cylinder-end stud nut, taking care that the lock-
ing stud on the recoil lug enters one of the recesses provided for it in the
end of the cylinder. Assemble the recoil indicator throw. The dust
guard should be assembled with the gun.
In moving the gun on or off of the cradle particular care must be
taken to support the breech end so that the gun clips remain in line with
the gun slides. The firing shaft is also quite liable to injury during this
operation, and care should be taken to prevent its being struck by the
muzzle of the gun or by implements in the hands of the cannoneers.
The cradle should be placed at the desired elevation and azimuth before
beginning either of these operations and not changed during its prog-
ress, since the working of either the elevating or traversing mechanisms
when the gun is only part way in battery brings an excessive and un-
necessary strain and wear upon those parts.
40. To dismount the cylinder. Bring the gun to approximately
zero degrees elevation ; unscrew the cylinder-end stud nut and the
piston-rod nut ; remove the cradle head, front. The cylinder is now
free and may be pulled out to the front.
41. To assemble the cylinder in the cradle. The counter-recoil
>prings and the retaining ring being in assembled position, shove the
cylinder (turned so that the drain plug in cylinder head comes on top)
into its seat from the front, with the projecting stud on the recoil lug
of the gun entering one of the recesses provided for it in the cylinder
97
end ; assemble the cradle head ; screw in place the piston-rod nut and
cylinder-end stud nut.
Be sure that the projecting stud on the gun enters one of the holes
for it in the cylinder end before screwing the cylinder-end stud nut up
all the way.
42. To assemble the parts of cylinder after cleaning* The parts
should be reassembled immediately after cleaning and inspection (see
Par. 122), and the cylinder filled with hydroline oil (see Par. 123)
issued for that purpose. (For cleaning cylinder oil, see Par. 125.) The
piston should be moved back and forth in the cylinder by hand to make
sure that all parts are correctly assembled and are without interference.
The cylinder should then be assembled in the cradle (see Par. 41) and
the gun pulled from battery by hand and permitted to counter-recoil
rapidly to insure that all parts are in proper position for firing. This
should never be done, however, unless the cylinder is known to be filled
with oil. In reassembling the parts the condition of the vulcanized-fibre
washers between cylinder head and cylinder, and between cylinder-end
stud and cylinder end should be noted ; they should be replaced when-
ever necessary to prevent leakage. In removing and inserting the
piston rod care should be taken to keep it central in the cylinder, so as
not to bind, burr, or spring any parts. The dismounting and reassem-
bling of the parts of the cylinder should in every case be supervised by a
commissioned officer. Before firing an inspection should be made to
ascertain that the different parts, especially the piston rod and the cylin-
der-end stud nuts, are correctly assembled.
NOTE : For instruction in cleaning and care of materiel, see. Par.
122 to 131.
43. To pack the stuffing box. The stuffing box is packed with five
rings of Garlock's hydraulic waterproof packing, 0.25 inch square.
The packing is issued cut into rings of such size that the ends meet
around the piston rod. The latter being assembled, each ring, placed
so as to break joints with the preceding one, is forced in succession into
its seat by a packing tool of copper or hard wood, one end of which is
shaped like a carpenter's gouge and the other end forms a handle strong
enough to stand light taps from a hammer. Such a tool may be readily
improvised by one of the battery mechanics. After the five rings are
firmly seated in the box, screw the gland down on the packing.
In assembling the gland be sure that at least four of its threads
are engaged with the threads of the cylinder head ; otherwise the threads
of the gland may be stripped in firing. With new packing it may be
found difficult to insert more than four rings and secure sufficient en-
gagement of the gland. In such a case the box should be packed with
23
four rings and the piece fired a few rounds, after which the fifth ring
should be inserted.
44. Adjustment of the gland* The adjustment of the gland will re-
quire the exercise of some judgment. If screwed up too tight, the fric-
tional resistance of the packing on the piston rod will be increased so
much that the counter-recoil springs may fail to return the gun to bat-
tery, especially at high angles of elevation. It should be screwed up
just tight enough to prevent the leakage of oil through the stuffing box.
Ordinarily this can be done by hand, but in cases where hand power is
not sufficient the wrench provided for the purpose should be used.
When its proper adjustment is determined, the gland should be lashed
with copper wire to prevent it from screwing up or unscrewing.
45. To remove the piston rod. Unscrew the gland sufficiently to
release the pressure of the packing upon the rod ; unscrew and remove
the cylinder head. The rod may then be withdrawn from the cylinder.
In dismounting and assembling the cylinder head (and also the cylinder-
end stud), the cylinder should be held from turning by a spanner ap-
plied to the head retainer or flange on the front end of the cylinder.
// should never be clamped in a vise, as its walls are thin and not in-
tended to withstand such usage.
46. To remove the counter-recoil buffer* Remove the cylinder-end
stud screw; unscrew and remove the cylinder-end stud; the counter-
recoil buffer is attached to the latter.
47. To dismount the springs* Bring the gun to approximately zero
degrees elevation; unscrew the cylinder-end stud nut and the piston-
rod nut ; shove the gun about 1 inch from the battery ; attach the sleeve
end of the spring compressor to the cylinder-end stud and put sufficient
strain on the compressor to relieve the retaining ring from spring pres-
sure; then remove retaining ring (and cradle head) by loosening and
swinging aside the retaining-ring bolts ; ease off slowly on the spring
compressor until the springs are free.
48. To assemble the double counter-recoil springs. With the
cradle at maximum elevation and the trail horizontal, place one outer
and one inner spring in the cradle until the front ends are about 2
inches in ; set up a separator against the forward end of these sections
and enter the second outer and inner springs, keeping the separator up-
held between the sections ; similarly when the outer end of the second
section is 2 inches inside the cradle set up the second separator ; place
the third outer and inner sections on the recoil cylinder. Screw the
spring centering tool onto the cylinder-end stud, the small end pointing
rearward; pass the sleeve end of the spring compressor through the
gun lug and the inner springs and attach it to the cylinder-end stud.
24
Enter the rear end of the cylinder in the spring at the front end of
the cradle and push ^the cylinder back until the springs are at free
height, keeping the spring compressor taut. Attach the block and fall
carried in the battery wagon to the spade of the carriage or to some
improvised support and connect it to the spring compressor; put suf-
ficient strain on the spring compressor to bring the spring column to
its assembled height.
As the spring column approaches its assembled height the spring
support must be turned so that its guide lugs properly enter in the
spring-support guide grooves in the cradle ; assemble the retaining ring,
disconnect the spring compressor and the spring centering tool from
the cylinder-end stud nut. When the retaining ring is assembled the
nuts for the retaining ring bolts should be screwed up until they just
come into contact with the retaining ring. If these nuts are screwed
up too tight they will deform the retaining ring, with the result that it
becomes difficult to assemble and dismount the cradle head. A wrench
is provided for turning the spring support to its proper position.
49. To assemble the single counter recoil spring. The same
method (see Par. 48) is followed except that no separators are used.
The spring compressor is provided with a second eye at its large end
which may be used in case the sleeve end should become broken; in
case this end is used, however, it will be necessary to pass the com-
pressor through the cradle from front to rear, through the gun lug.
For disconnecting the compressor the method used is identical to that
previously described (see Par. 48 above).
The cylinder-end stud nut should never be removed when the gun
is at an elevation, and the gun should not be elevated when the cylinder-
end stud nut is not in place. To prevent the cylinder-end stud from
rotating a screw for the cylinder end is provided. This screw for the
cylinder end must be removed before attempting to unscrew the cylin-
der-end stud.
Since the springs are assembled under an initial load of over 750
pounds, a pull of more than 750 pounds must be exerted upon the spring
compressor in assembling them. This can be done by passing a hand-
spike through the loop at the rear end of the compressor and making
use of the services of the entire gun squad, or the block and tackle may
be used as described above. To avoid the possibility of injury to the
gun squad in compressing or releasing the springs, all should be required
to keep arms and bodies away from the front of the spring column
during these operations.
, 50. To remove and to replace a pole* Remove the pole pin ; loosen
25
the clamping bolt on the right side of the pole clamp. While shaking
the pole, withdraw it from its seat. The pole ferrule is detachable
from the pole and may be removed after having first taken out the
two steel locking pins. The spare pole is carried under the caisson
frame, being held in place by the spare pole fastening and bracket.
To remove the spare pole, unscrew the nut on the spare pole fasten-
ing and withdraw the spare pole from the bracket. To replace the
pole or the spare pole, the operations indicated above are reversed.
The ends of the spare pole should be shaped and sand-papered and then
oiled so that they will fit easily (not loosely) into the pole clamp seat
and the socket of the pole ferrule.
51. To dismount and to assemble the traversing mechanism.
Traverse the cradle (muzzle end) to its extreme left position; remove
the nut which secures the traversing-link pivot to the cradle lug ; remove
the traversing-link pivot from below ; turn the link so as to clear the
heads of the traversing shaft-bearing pins and remove these pins ; un-
screw the worm shaft from the nut and at the same time withdraw the
shaft with its left bearing from the gear case. Now move the cradle
in azimuth to its extreme right position ; slip the link off the nut and re-
move the nut from the gear case. To dismount the left bearing, all that
is necessary is to remove the adjusting nut and slip the bearing off the
shaft. To assemble the traversing mechanism, the above operations
are reversed.
52. To dismount the elevating screws* Remove the elevating pin :'
unscrew the inner screw by hand ; remove the elevating-screw cover ;
remove the outer screw by screwing it down through the elevating-gear
bracket.
53. To dismount the pinions and bevel gear* Remove the taper
split pin in the pinion hub, after which the crank shaft may be with-
drawn and the pinion removed from its seat. The bevel gear may then
be removed by dismounting the screws as above. (See Par. 52.)
54. To dismount the elevating-gear bracket* Free the mechanism
from the rocker by removing the elevating pin ; dismount the pinions
and crank shafts as above (see Par. 53) ; remove the eight elevating-
gear transom bolts ; the bracket and transoms are then free and may be
removed from the trail.
55. To assemble the elevating mechanism* The operations just
described are reversed (see Par. 52 to 54). The following should be
noted : The pinions are a close fit on the crank shaft, and especial care
should be taken not to burr the parts in assembling. When properly
located, the two crank-shaft handles balance each other. This condi-
tion obtains when they are simultaneously horizontal and both pointinc/
26
V; the front or both pointing to the rear. As the outer screw is assem-
bled in the gear bracket from below, the bevel gear should be put in
place with its key engaging the key ways of the screw. Before attach-
ing the inner screw to the rocker both screws should be run down to be
sure that the upper ends of the threaded parts of the screws are flush
with the face of the gear bracket. If this condition is not fulfilled, the
mechanism will not give the maximum elevation and depression for
v/hich designed and will not house properly in traveling.
56. To adjust the road brake. The brake rods are disconnected
from the brake beams. The brake shoes are placed with the desired
clearance from the tire and the brake lever with handles in extreme for-
ward (released) position. The length of the brake rods should then be
adjusted to correspond. Should test show that one shoe bears harder
on one wheel than the other, the brake rod of the latter should be
lengthened.
57. To remove a hub cap* First lift the hub latch which removes
the hub latch plunger from the hub band and then unscrew the hub cap
by turning it to the left.
58. To remove a wheel* First raise the wheel by a jack; remove
the hub cap, then the wheel fastening, and then the wheel. The wheel
fastening (Fig. 24) is removed by lifting the wheel- fastening plunger
until it is clear of the axle and then lifting the fastening off the axle.
59. To remove a hub liner* Remove the wheel from the axle and
drive the liner out by striking with a heavy hammer or sledge upon the
hub-liner driving tool (a bronze tool carried in the forge limber) placed
against the small end of the liner.
60. To dismount the cradle* Remove the traversing gear (it will
suffice to remove the traversing-link pivot and to remove the hand-
wheel from the traversing shaft) ; remove the three shield bolts and
shield-brace bolt ; slip end of shield brace from tie-rod fastening ; raise
the right axle seat ; swing the rear end of the cradle 38 to the left, and
then lift it clear of the carriage.
61. For instructions to remove the shields; to remove the apron
latch ; to remove the road brake ; to assemble the axle seats and am-
munition carriers ; to dismount the trail and rocker ; see pp. 81 to 83
inc., Handbook for the 3-inch Gun Materiel, 1916.
SIGHTS AND OBSERVING INSTRUMENTS
62. The sights, quadrant, B. C. Telescope, aiming circle, field glasses
and range finder, are all delicate instruments. They should be handled
with the very greatest care and when not in use should be properly
replaced in the carrying cases or boxes provided.
27
63. The following things should be forbidden:
To turn unnecessarily any worm knobs ; to tighten or to release
unnecessarily any clamps ; to disassemble for adjustment the interior
mechanism ; to file or to tap or hammer any of the parts ; to use force
in manipulating any of the parts, clamps or worm knobs ; to polish any
of the parts ; to use alcohol, petroleum, glass polish, soap or other agents
in cleaning the lenses.
64. Examination by enlisted men should extend only to the outer
condition and serviceability, and whether the parts function properly.
All scales must show clearly; indexes of scales and micrometers must
coincide. Level vials must be intact and bubbles not too large. All
worm knobs and gears should work smoothly, without lost motion and
without binding or jumping. The optical instruments are issued to
troops sealed against dust and moisture. Under no circumstances will
these internal parts be unsealed, because the instrument may thereby
be seriously damaged.
The field of view must be clear. In field glasses and in the B. C.
Telescope, the fields must be coincident so as to form a single image.
The graduated cross wires must be upright and focused so that the
image will be sharply defined. During cold weather the eyes should not
be brought too close to the eye pieces, otherwise vapor will condense on
the lenses.
65. Care and Cleaning* All traces of dust or moisture to be re-
moved before putting away. Carrying cases and boxes should be
stored in a place which is dry, free of dust and only moderately warm.
If moisture has collected on the glasses, place instruments in gentle
warmth. Exposed bearing surfaces should be only lightly oiled and sur-
plus oil wiped off, care being taken to keep the glasses free from oil.
Lenses and glasses are dusted with the camel's hair brush provided.
When necessary use cleaning cloth or chamois skin, free of grit or dirt,
for cleaning lenses. In this case do not apply much pressure in wiping
off. Never use a rough, dirty or woolen rag. Never use the O.D.
shirt, O.D. coat or a dirty handkerchief on the lenses. If cleaning cloth
or chamois skin is not available, the best substitutes are a piece of
rumpled toilet paper, a silk or soft linen handkerchief.
Never expose unnecessarily to extreme cold, to the direct rays of
the sun, or the heat of a stove or radiator.
Carrying cases and boxes must be in a serviceable condition.
Padding and brackets must be intact and hold instruments securely in
place. Locks and clamps in good order.
66. Full descriptions and instructions in the care and adustment of
sights and quadrants are given on pp. 119 to 140 inc., Handbook for
V 28
f
fill
III
the 3-inch Gun Materiel, 1916. Attention is invited to G. O. No. 47,
W. D., March 24, 1905, with reference to the care and repair of pano-
ramic sights. A complete description and full instructions in the care
and adjustment of all F. A. Observing Instruments will be found in the
Handbook of Fire Control Equipment for F. A., 1916.
The permissible disassembling of telescopic instruments, must 'be
done only in the presence of an officer.
Ordnance Office Pamphlet No. 1795, gives very detailed descrip-
tions of the methods of disassembling, repairing mechanisms and optical
systems, as well as optical adjustments. Disassembling as permitted
therein may be done only by officers and employees of the Ordnance
Department.
SIGHTS
67. The instruments provided for sighting and laying the gun include
a line sight, a rear sight, a front sight, a panoramic sight, and a range
quadrant.
68. Line sights* The line sight consists of a conical point as a front
sight and a V notch as a rear sight, located on the top element of the
gun. They determine a line of sight parallel to the axis of the bore,
useful in giving general direction to the gun. (Fig. 1.)
69. Front and rear sights* The front and rear sights are for gen-
eral use in direct aiming. The front sight carries cross wires. The
rear sight is of the peep variety, constructed as follows : To the sight
bracket is attached the shank socket upon which a spirit level is mounted
for the necessary correction due to difference in level of wheels. The
sight shank consists of a steel arc, the center of which is the front sight.
It slides up and down in the shank socket and is operated by a scroll
gear. A range strip is attached to the face of the shank and is gradu-
ated up to 6500 yards, least reading 50 yards. To the left side of the
shank is an elevation spirit level, permitting approximate quadrant
elevations to be given with the sight shank when the quadrant is out of
order.
The peep sight and its deflection scale are mounted above the
shank. This peep traverses along a screw operated by a knurled head.
A socket and ratchet are also provided for the attachment of the pano-
ramic sight.
70. Nomenclature of the important parts of the Rear Sight : -
(Fig. 11)
Peep sight Shank socket
Elevation level Cross level
Deflection scale Leveling screw
Peep sight screw and head Scroll gear and handle
Range strip Rear -sight bracket
Shank Panoramic sight socket and ratchet
30
Panoramic Sight, Model of 1915
(Fig. 12)
71. The panoramic sight is a vertical telescope so fitted with an
optical system of reflecting prisms and lenses that the gunner with his
eye at the fixed eyepiece in a horizontal position can bring into the field
of view an object situated at any point in a plane perpendicular to the
axis oi the telescope.
The rays coming from the object are reflected downward from
the rotating head prism into the rotating prism. The rotating prism
rectifies the rays; after their passage through the achromatic objective
lens, the lower reflecting prism reflects them in such a way that there is
presented to the eyepiece a rectified image, which the eyepiece magni-
fies. A glass reticule marked with graduated cross lines is located in
the focal plane of the instrument, with the intersection of the cross lines
coincident.
The instrument has a universal focus, a magnifying power of 4
and field of view of 180 mils.
72. The principal parts of the panoramic sight are the rotating head,
the elevation device and its micrometer, the azimuth mechanism with
limb and micrometer, the rotating prism mechanism, the deflection
mechanism, R and L scale and micrometer, the shank and the eye piece.
The limb or azimuth scale is divided into 64 parts, each division
representing 100 mils.
The azimuth micrometer is divided in 100 equal divisions or mils,
numbered every 5 mils. One complete revolution of the azimuth micro-
meter is equal to the distance between divisions on the azimuth scale.
The limb of the deflection scale is divided into six divisions ; three on
each side of the zero, red for right and black for left, each division
representing 100 mils. The deflection micrometer, engraved upon the
front end, is graduated into 100 equal divisions, numbered every 10
mils, red and black in opposite directions.
The Range Quadrant
(Fig. 13)
73. The range quadrant consists of the quadrant spring fastening and
bracket, rocker, body, scroll gear, range disk, range and cross levels
with suitable leveling screws, and a micrometer to set off the angle of
site.
The range disk is graduated to 6500 yards, least reading every
50 yards, scale numbered every 500 yards. This disk is operated by a
32
scroll gear. Large changes in range may be made by pulling out the
hand-wheel, thus disengaging the scroll gear, and moving the body and
index to the approximate range, whereupon the hand-wheel is released
nd the range accurately set by again turning the hand-wheel.
The micrometer has 100 divisions and is operated by a milled
head. The limb of the micrometer, called the level scale, is graduated
from 2 to 5, each division corresponding to one complete revolution of
the micrometer. The arbitrary reference point or mean position of
the level holder is 300 which corresponds to a point on the same level
as the gun.
CARE AND INSPECTION OF SIGHTS
74. Rear Sight Bracket. Should not be bent, broken or cracked.
Must be seated firmly in the bracket support.
Shank Socket Mechanism. Not bent or burred; interior of
shank socket, scroll and worm gears free of scratches, burrs or de-
formed threads. Sight shank easily inserted and moved up and down
in the socket. Scroll gear securely held in mesh with rack of sight
i'hank. For large movements of shank, should be easily disengaged by
pulling out scroll gear handle ; must be securely held in place by spring-
when released. Keep interior well lubricated. See that level vials of
cross and elevation levels are intact and bubbles not too large.
Sight Shank. Rack on right side must engage with scroll gear;
keep lightly oiled. Sight shank should remain in fixed position except
when disengaged or operated by scroll gear handles. For changes in
range of 300 yards or less use only the scroll gear ; over 300 yards pull
scroll gear handle and slide shank up or down in socket by hand, making
accurate setting with the scroll gear.
Panoramic Sight. Lug must fit snugly in T slot of rear sight
and then held fast by clamp screw and ratchet. When making ready
for march order, first set the azimuth and R & L deflection scales at
z^ro, and the elevation scale at 300. Release clamp screw and ratchet.
In removing panoramic sight, grasp at center below the azimuth gear
case, lift vertically out of the socket, lower the top of sight to the left
and replace in panoramic sight box.
Quadrant. Must fit snugly in its bracket, spring catch engaging.
Nut on range disk must be tight to prevent slipping. To remove quad-
rant, press on spring catch before sliding off bracket.
34
FIELD ADJUSTMENT OF SIGHTS AND QUADRANT
75. The sights are correctly adjusted when, at zero elevation and de-
flection, correction having also been made for difference of level of
xvheels, the line of sight is parallel to the axis of the bore.
76. The range quadrant is correctly adjusted when, with the range
disk set at zero, level set at 300, axis of gun horizontal and corrected
for difference of level of wheels, the bubble of the range level is
centered.
77. In adjusting sights, the panoramic sight should first be corrected.
Jf the rear sight is adjusted first, it will require readjustment if the
subsequent adjustment of the panoramic sight causes a change in posi-
tion of the rear-sight range strip.
78. To adjust the panoramic sight* Select a well defined point at
least 2000 yards distant. If the bore sights are not available, stretch
two threads or hairs from the tail of a horse across the grooves marked
on the face of the muzzle and fasten them by a strap or rubber band
Remove the firing-lock case from the hub of the block-carrier. By
sighting through the hole in the vent bushing of the breech-block, adjust
the intersection of the cross hairs on the distant point, using the elevat-
ing and traversing mechanisms of the gun. Now without moving the
gun or disturbing the laying of the cross hairs, bring the cross wires of
the panoramic sight on the same distant point by means of the azimuth
.scale worm-knob and the scroll gear of the rear sight (on panoramic
sights, M 1915, to the deflection R & L scale should first be made to
read o, and the deration scale of the objective to read 300). The cross
hairs of the gun and the cross wires of the panoramic sight will thus be
bid on the same point. Now adjust the azimuth micrometer scale to
read by means of unscrewing and tightening the screw on the milled
head. Loosen the nut on the range strip ; move it up or down until it
reads (0) 100. Tighten the nut again. Verify the laying. For this
adjustment, it is not necessary to have the wheels or the carriage on a
level platform ; cross level should be leveled.
79. To adjust the rear sight* Having adjusted the panoramic sight
and the rear sight range strip as described above, and without disturb-
ing the laying of the gun, shift the deflection scale of the peep sight
and raise or lower the front sight until the cross wires of the latter are
laid upon the same distant point. Now loosen the two screws of the
deflection scale and place the of this scale opposite the index of the
peep sight. The front sight is raised or lowered by removing the split
pins and then turning the front sight in the sight bracket sleeve either
tip or down.
35
80. To adjust the quadrant* (a) If an adjusted B. C. telescope or
another gun with its quadrant in proper adjustment is available, the
angle of site of some distinctly visible and distant point is measured by
either of these means. The gun to be adjusted is then laid upon this
distant point either with the bore sights, or with the tangent sight set at
G (or some other convenient) range. The measured angle of site is then
set off on the level scale of the quadrant and the bubble of the range
level is centered by turning the hand-wheel of the range disk. By using
the quadrant wrench, the range disk is then adjusted to read range (or
the convenient range previously set off on the tangent sight).
(b) If no means are at hand to correctly measure the angle of site
of a distant point, the quadrants may be adjusted by using two guns as
follows : Unlimber two guns at about the same level, first seeing that
the sights are in adustment (Par. 75). Lay both guns upon some
distant point by means of the panoramic sight set at range. Now set
both quadrants for the same angle of site (roughly estimated A. S. of
the distant point) and center the bubbles of the range level by turning
the hand-wheel of the range disks. By means of the quadrant wrench,
adjust the range disk of one of the quadrants to agree with the other.
Whatever error exists will now be the same in each quadrant.
Now move one of the guns about 100 yards away and turn the
muzzles toward each other. With the sights set at range, lay the
paroramic sights upon each other and measure the angle of site of each
gun. Half the difference of the two readings will be the slope of the
line of sight between the two guns. On the level scale of the quadrant
which read the greater angle of site, set off 300 plus the half-difference,
on the other quadrant set off 300 minus the half-difference. Now
center the bubble of the range level by turning the hand- wheel of the
range disk. By using the quadrant wrench, adjust the range disk until
h reads range. Having thus adjusted two guns, the others may be
adjusted by the first means described.
OBSERVING INSTRUMENTS
B. C Telescope, M. \9\5
(Fig. 14)
81. The B. C. Telescope, M. 1915, is a binocular observing instru-
ment of the scissors type. The two tubes of the telescope may be
clamped either in a vertical or a horizontal position. In the former
position the objectives are 12 inches above the eyes of the observer,
and in the latter position they are 24 inches apart and at the same height
36
as the eyes of the observer. In both cases they permit the observer
to take advantage of some shield or other cover and still obtain a full
view of the sector of observation. The tubes may be adjusted for
the observer's interpupillary distance in either the vertical or the hori-
zontal position. The eyepieces may be adjusted to the eyes of the ob-
server by screwing in or out.
82. The principal parts of the telescope are: Leveling mechanism,
azimuth mechanism, elevating mechanism, angle of site mechanism, the
telescopes and the tripod. A carrying case is provided separately for
the instrument and for the tripod. In garrison a storage case is also
provided.
The leveling mechanism consists of a ball and socket joint oper-
ated by the vertical spindle clamping screw.
The azimuth mechanism consists of the azimuth worm knob with
its lever, operating the azimuth worm and worm wheel; the adjusting
or slow motion knob and the azimuth clamp. The azimuth limb is
divided into 64 parts, each division representing 100 mils. The azimuth
micrometer is divided into 100 equal parts or mils, numbered every
10 mils. One complete revolution of the micrometer is equal to one
division of the limb. The scales therefore correspond to those on the
panoramic sight, 6400 mils to the circumference.
The leveling mechanism is operated by the small elevation worm
knob.
The angle of site mechanism consists of the level, the angle of site
scale and micrometer with its worm knob.
The telescopes consist of the eyepieces, telescopic tubes with their
optical systems. In the right eyepiece is a graduated cross wire which
can be rotated for either the horizontal or the vertical position.
The tripod is similar to the usual telescopic instrument tripod.
The optical characteristics of the instrument are as follows :
Power 10; field of view 75 mils ; focal length of objectives \\ l /2 inches ;
the field is flat, free from chromatic and spherical aberration, coma and
distortion.
Care and Instructions
83. To set up the telescope. First set up the tripod, clamping and
propping the legs so as to obtain the desired cover and view. By means
of the vertical spindle clamping lever, approximately center level on
azimuth worm case and clamp tightly. Carefully take out B. C. tele-
scope from case and while pressing on locker plunger, place telescope
on vertical spindle so that the projection on the azimuth worm case
37
will tit the corresponding slotted segment of the telescope. Release
the locking plunger.
To focus the eye pieces* Adjust each eye piece separately by
turning the same until the image of a distant object appears sharply
defined. Read the diopter scale, plus or minus, and note for future use.
To adjust the interpupillary distance* The eye pieces having
been focused, loosen the large friction clamp knob in front. Grasp
both tubes with the hands and separate or close them in (either in the
vertical or horizontal position) until the fields of view of the two eye-
pieces are exactly coincident and present a single image to the eyes.
This can be tested by alternately closing one eye and then the other,
noting any movement in the image. Tighten the large friction clamp
knob. Read the interpupillary scale and note for future use.
84. To lay on any point* Level the instrument by means of
the vertical spindle clamping screw. Bubble must remain approxi-
mately centered while instrument is turned 1600 mils. Set both the azi-
muth index and the micrometer to read zero. Release the azimuth
clamp shaft knob ; turn the telescope toward the point and tighten the
azimuth clamp shaft knob. Bring the vertical wire accurately on the
point by turning the azimuth adjusting worm knob.
To measure the deflection and site of a target* Lay the zero
on the aiming point as above. If the line of sight must be moved
through a large angle, press down the azimuth worm lever as far as
it will go and while holding it down move the azimuth mechanism until
the line of sight is approximately directed upon the target ; then release
the worm lever and bring the cross wires accurately on the target by
turning the azimuth worm knob (for deflection) and the elevation
\vorm knob (for elevation). Center the site level. Read the deflection
and site.
For carrying the B. C. telescope assembled on the tripod, clamp'
tightly the vertical spindle clamping lever ; close in and clamp the tubes
of the telescope ; slide up and clamp the lower tripod legs ; then carry
the telescope over the shoulder by grasping the tripod legs, tube bases
of telescope resting on the shoulder.
85. To dismount the B C* Telescope and to pack in carrying
case* Screw in both eye pieces. Press on the locking plunger and
lift the telescope vertically oft" the spindle. Unclamp the large friction
clamp knob, bring the tubes together and insert in the carrying case;
close and lock the lid. In dismounting the tripod the leg separators of
the upper sections should first be undamped. After the lower legs have
been assembled, they should be clamped. To set up the tripod the oper-
ation is reversed.
38
Aiming Circle, M* J9J6
(Fig. 15)
86. The Aiming Circle is an angle measuring instrument only and
consists of a telescope, leveling mechanism, angle of site device, eleva-
ting mechanism, azimuth circle and compass, mounted on a tripod.
Its leveling, azimuth and angle of site mechanisms are similar to
those in the B. C. Telescope, as is also the tripod. The elevating
mechanism consists of (a) elevating worm knob and gear connecting
it with the telescope. The telescope lias a universal focus, magnifying
power of 4, and a field of 180 mils. The cross wires are illuminated by
a window. The compass is secured by the needle release button.
Care and Instruction.
87. Glass compass cover should fit tightly. Compass needle when
clamped should not rotate while instrument is revolved or tipped.
When release button is pressed, compass must swing freely on pivot
and again remain clamped when button is released. Compass should
be released only when aiming circle is set up and horizontal.
Bubble must remain approximately centered while instrument is
turned 1600 mils.
88. To lay on any point* Set both the azimuth index and the
micrometer to read zero. Release the wing nut; turn the telescope
toward the point and again tighten the wing nut. Bring the vertical
wire accurately on the point by turning the adjusting worm wheel.
To measure the deflection and site of a target* Lay on the
aiming point as above. If the line of sight must be moved through a
large angle, press down on the azimuth worm lever as far as it will go
and while holding it down, move the azimuth mechanism until the line
of sight is approximately directed upon the target; then release the
worm knob (for deflection) and the elevation worm knob (for eleva-
tion). Center the site level. Read the deflection and site.
89. To measure the compass deflection of a target* Set both
the azimuth index and the micrometer to read 0. Release the wing nut ;
turn the telescope until the N and S poles of the compass are respec-
tively near the N and S points marked on the compass box. Make the
coincidence accurately with the adjusting worm wheel. Now proceed
to measure the deflection and site of the target as described above.
In the latest type of Aiming Circle, the interior of the compass
box is graduated in mils. This simplifies the measurement of a com-
pass deflection. With the instrument reading 0, the line of sight is laid
upon the target. Now press the needle release button and when
the needle stops swinging, read the compass deflection.
90. The Tripod and Azimuth Gear Case. The leather cover pro-
tecting the ball and socket joint must fit snugly both above and below,
40
AIMING CIRCLE
Fig. 15
and be free of rips or holes. The ball and socket joint and the tripod
legs should be easily adjusted and moved, but should remain fixed when
clamped by the clamping levers.
For carrying the aiming circle assembled on the tripod, the wing
nut and the vertical spindle clamping lever should be clamped tightly
and the instrument carried over the shoulder by grasping the tripod
legs, head of tripod resting on the shoulder.
ADJUSTMENTS B. C TELESCOPE AND AIMING CIRCLE
91. The B. C. Telescope and the Aiming Circle are correctly adjusted
when the following conditions prevail: Telescope properly focused;
plane of level perpendicular to the vertical axis of the instrument ; angle
of site scale reading 300 when the line of sight is horizontal; lost
motion on worm gears eliminated. In principle, the adjustments of the
B. C. Telescope and of the Aiming Circle are exactly the- same. The
leveling and focusing have already been described. Detailed instruc-
tions of the operations in eliminating lost motion in the worm gears
will be found in the Handbook for F. A. Fire Control Equipment, 1916.
92. To make the site scale read 300 when the line of sight is
horizontal* Set up the telescope or aiming circle. Level the in-
strument so that the bubble on the azimuth worm case will remain
centered while the instrument is turned 1600 mils. Lay on some point
of a stake or other "vertical linear object which is at a convenient dis-
tance but not closer than 100 yards to the instrument. The point se-
lected should be at such a height that the telescope can later be set up
close to it, with the objective at the same height as the selected point.
Read the angle of site. This reading will be equal to (300 4- S + E),
in which S is the angle of slope of the line of sight, and E is the error
in the site adjustment. Before leaving this station, set up a second
stake near the telescope and mark on it a point which is at the height
of the objective.
Now move the telescope to the first stake ; set up and level the
instrument with the objective at the height of the point marked on this
stake. Lay on the marked point of the second stake and read the site.
This angk will be equal to (300 - - S + E). Subtracting one
reading from the other we have : (300-fS + E)-- (300 S + E) =
2S ; or one half the difference of the two readings is equal to the angle
of slope of the line of sight. Therefore with the cross wires directed
upon the marked point of the second stake, center the bubble of the site-
level. Now loosen the angle of site locking screw and turn the micro-
meter to read (300 S), being careful to keep the bubble centered.
Screw up the locking screw. The instrument is now in adjustment.
42
Figure 16
Figure 17
After one telescope has been adjusted, other telescopes, aiming
circles and quadrants may be adjusted by merely measuring the site
of some distant point. The other telescopes and guns, being in position
near the adjusted telescope, are then made to read the proper site when
laid upon the distant point.
FIELD ARTILLERY RANGE FINDER, 1 METER BASE
(BAUSCH & LOME)
(Figs. 16, 17, and 18)
93. The instrument and accessories consist of the range finder proper,
the tripod mount, the tripod, the adjusting bar, the carrying-case and
the storage box.
The optical parts of the range finder are embodied in a seamless,
steel tube (A) covered with canvas and asbestos, to minimize the
effects of the change of temperature. The eyepiece (B) is located in
the center of the instrument and is equipped with a focusing device
graduated in diopters. A soft rubber eye cap is furnished to protect
the observer's eye from shocks and stray light. A ray filter having two
sets of glass is operated by a small lever (C) situated to the lower left
of the eyepiece housing.
The objective openings on the end boxes are opened and closed by
means of rotating shutters (D). Buffers (E) are provided on the
ends as a protection against shocks.
The range finder is of the type known as the fixed base, invert,
single coincidence. The magnifying power is 15 ; actual field of view
50 mils ; shortest distance measurable 400 yards. The instrument
v/eighs about 20 pounds. Under favorable conditions and with expert
operators the average errors are:
1000 yds 5 yds.
2000 yds 15 yds.
3000 yds 30 yds.
4000 yds 55 yds.
5000 yds 90 yds.
6000 yds 130 yds.
7000 yds 175 yds.
8000 yds 225 yds.
In practical use under ordinary conditions and with average oper-
ators, the errors are three times as great.
94. The tripod mount consists of a spring catch (a) ; clamping lever
(N) ; elevation worm case (b) ; elevation worm knob (c) ; worm
^ wheel support (d) ; angle of site micrometer (e) ; angle of site housing
45
1
Figure 18
(f) ; angle of site vial holder (g) ; clamp screw handle (h) ; azimuth
worm knob (i) ; azimuth micrometer (j) ; azimuth worm lever (k) ;
azimuth scale (m) ; adjusting worm knob (n) ; and the vertical spindle
clamping lever (p). The tripod, consisting of spinxHe bushing locking
screws (t) ; tripod legs upper (r) ; tripod legs lower (q) ; clamping-
wing nuts (w) ; and locking clamp arms (x), is similar to that provided
for the B. C. telescope and the aiming circle.
CARE AND INSTRUCTIONS.
95. To set up the Range Finder* Set up the tripod as hereto-
fore prescribed, take the range finder from its case, holding it with the
eyepiece toward the body, hook down. Place the instrument on the
support and engage the spring catch (a). The instrument is then
firmly seated on the tripod. Remove the protective hood from the eye-
piece and the rotating shutters (D) from the objective apertures.
Loosen the locking lever so that the range finder may be made horizon-
tal, then turn toward the target and clamp the lever. To dismount the
range finder the operations are executed in an inverse manner.
96. To Measure a Distance* Focus the eye piece. In very bright
light or in thick haze use the amber ray filter in the eyepiece. By
means of the clamps and worm knobs of the azimuth mechanism and
the worm knob of the elevation mechanism, lay the range finder on
the target roughly by looking through the open sight on top of the in-
strument. Final adjustment in deflection is made by the adjusting
worm knob (n) and in elevation by the elevation worm knob (c).
Now, look into the instrument. The field of view (Fig. 20, b) is
divided into two parts by a horizontal line. In the lower part the image
is erect, in the upper part inverted. By turning the elevation worm
knob (c), the images are lined up so that the same points will touch the
-dividing line (Fig. 20, c). Now, by turning the measuring roller (M)
on the right hand top side of the range finder, the upper image is shifted
laterally until the same vertically disposed points of the target are
exactly opposite each other (Fig. 20, d). The range is then read on the
range scale (H), which is protected by a sliding shutter (Q).
In case the target is without prominent vertical features, such as a
crest line, the distance is measured by first turning the instrument to a
vertical position (Fig. 19). This is accomplished by the clamp scre\v
handle (h) on the tripod mount. Final adjustment in deflection is then
made by the elevation worm knob (c), and in elevation by the clamping
lever (N). The crest, or other horizontal line is then taken as the
ebjective. (Fig. 20, e, f).
47
Figure 19
Fig. 20
ADJUSTMENTS
(Fig. 20, a to h)
97. Adjustment for Height, The erect and invert images some-
tunes do not touch the dividing line with similar points so that one
image reaches this line before the other (Fig. 20, a). In this case, lay
the range finder on an object having a sharply defined horizontal line or
very prominent point, and bring the images of this point exactly oppo-
site each other by means of the measuring roller (M). The two images
are then brought to the dividing line, the lower image by means of the
elevation worm knob (c), and the upper image by means of the
halving adjusting roller (J).
98. Adjustment for Range* Three methods are available for ad-
j Listing the range finder for range ; the artificial infinity method, using
the adjusting bar; the actual infinity method, using the sun, moon, star,
or a very prominent distant point ; the known range method, using a
point the range to which is known. Of the three, the first is the best
.and should habitually be used.
99. By the Adjusting Bar* Set up the range finder; take the ad-
justing bar (u, Fig. 18) and place it 100 yards from the instrument,
sighting through the peep sight (y) of the adjusting bar and moving it
until the range finder appears in the center of the field of view. Set
the range scale at infinity by turning the measuring roller (M), then
make an observation on the adjusting bar. The right hand, line of the
upper image of the adjusting bar and the left hand line of the lower
image should now be coincident, in which case the instrument is in ad-
justment (Figs. 20, g, h). If not, bring these lines in coincidence by
turning the key which fits the square shaft (K), which operates the
range correction dial (L). This operation should be repeated at least
three times, the reading of the range correction dial being noted each
time. Now, set the range correction dial at the mean of the three read-
ings. Remove the key. The instrument is now in adjustment. Before
using, always note the reading of the range correction dial.
100. By the Actual Infinity Method* This method is in all re-
spects the same as the one with the adjusting bar, except for the images.
After the instrument is set for infinity, actual coincidence is made as in
paragraph 99.
101. By the Known Range Method* Operate the measuring roll-
er (M) until the range dial reads the actual distance to the object.
After the range finder has been set for this known range, actual coin-
cidence is obtained by using the key which operates the range correction
dial.
50
Circle,
Tripod for A.C.
FIELD GLASSES
(Fig. 22)
102. The instruments for focusing the eyepieces and for adjusting
the interpupillary distance are the same as for the telescope.
The two barrels should revolve easily about the central pivot and
clamp in any position of the interpupillary scale.
After being once adjusted, the field glasses should fit into the case
without being changed.
Carrying strap, button strap and rain shield should always be part
of the equipment. Amber shades and camels hair brush should be car-
ried in the case for use.
The vertical scale (Fig. 22) in the Type EE Field Glass represents
the infantry range scale and does not apply to Field Artillery.
Compass should always be securely clamped except when in use.
THE BRACKET FUZE SETTER, MODEL 1905 M.
(Figs. 23 and 24)
103. The bracket fuze setter is attached to the rear end of the fuze-
setter bracket on the caisson. It consists of the following principal
parts : Base, housing, corrector-worm case, guide, range and corrector
worms, rings, and scales.
The corrector scale reads from to 60, numbered every 10 points,
30 being the normal or mean arbitrary point. The range ring is gradu-
ated to 6400 yards, numbered every 500 yards, least reading 50 yards.
These rings are graduated for the F. A. fuze on one side and for the
Ehrhardt fuze on the other. Care should be taken that the proper side
is up when firing the two different kinds of shrapnel.
THE HAND FUZE SETTER, MODEL 1912.
(Figs. 23 and 24)
104. The hand fuze setter is provided for the same purpose as the
bracket fuze setter, and is intended to supplement the latter. One hand
fuze setter is issued in a leather case and is carried in the trail box oi
each gun. It is intended for the use in case the bracket fuze setter
should become disabled, or in case the gun should for any reason be
separated from its caissons. The principal parts are the case, the range
index mechanism, range mechanism, corrector mechanism, and guide
plate.
52
Fig. 22
Inter pupillary A
Scale
Eye-piece -
Diopter Scale-
-Eye-glass
_ -Porro
Prism
1 -Objective
L_2o
Bracket Fuze Seller
Fig. 23
-Pointer Arm and Plate(Corrector Index)
-Kcrnge <Scale Index.
- - Corrector Worm Case.
Corrector Warm withJCnob.
Ci
-Jlange W0r/n with CranJk
tfuide
Corrector Worjn Case
Mange Jiing
-Hange -Ring Worm Wheel
Corrector Jtinf
Rotating fin
Housing-
-Jiange Worm uith CranJc
with JCnob
" x > ffumptng Holts a
Hand Fuze Seller.
--Case
Base.
-Moling Pin Notch,
- Range Ring Corner
r
The corrector scale and the range ring graduations are the same
as for the bracket fuze setter. The point attached to the corrector
ring is so fixed that it will coincide with the graduated line on the
closing cape of the fuze when the latter is correctly set. The fuze
setter must therefore be turned until it is stopped and this coincidence
is observed, otherwise the setting of the fuze is incomplete.
AMMUNITION
(Fig. 25)
105. Fixed ammunition is used in the 3-inch field guns, and is made
'up with either common shrapnel, high explosive shrapnel, or common
steel shell. The rounds as made up vary in length with the type of pro-
jectile used. The ammunition chests of the battery are of sufficient size
to take any one of the rounds furnished, so that the number of each
kind to be carried is a matter for regulation by proper authority. Each
round is issued with projectile filled and fuzed. The weight of the pro-
jectile is* 15 pounds, and the total weight of one round is 18.75 pounds.
The components of one round are the cartridge case with primer, the
powder charge, igniter, projectile, and fuze.
106. The cartridge case* The cartridge case is a solid drawn-
brass case 10.8 inches long; itjias a capacity of 66.5 cubic inches, and
weighs, with primer, 2.25 pounds. A circular groove is cut in the base
of the cartridge case and the groove is painted red for high explosive
shrapnel, yellow for common shrapnel, and black for high explosive
shell
107. The primer. The percussion primer, known as the "110-grain
percussion primer," contains an igniting charge of 110 grains of black
powder in addition to the essential elements of a percussion primer.
The purpose of the black powder is to insure the ignition of the smoke-
less powder charge in cartridge case.
108. The powder charge* The powder is a nitrocellulose powder
composed of multiperf orated (7 perforations) cylindrical grains, each
0.35 inch long and 0.195 inch in diameter. The charge varies slightly
for different lots of powder, but is approximately 24 ounces. The
charge gives a muzzle velocity for shrapnel of 1,700 feet per second
(1600 f/s for shell) with a maximum pressure in the bore not exceed-
ing 33,000 pounds per square inch. At the front end of the cartridge
case there is an igniter of black powder weighing about 54 oz. which
assists in the uniform ignition of the smokeless powder charge.
56
109. The projectiles* All projectiles have a copper rotating band
1.2 inches from the base. This band engages in the rifling of the bore
of the piece, and gives the projectile a rapid rotation about its long
axis during flight. This causes it to travel straight, point on, without
tumbling.
110. Common shrapnel* The common shrapnel is a base-charged
shrapnel fitted with a combination fuze. The case is of steel with solid
base. The shrapnel filling is composed of 252 balls, each approximately
167 grains in weight (42 to the pound). The balls are approximately
0.5 inch in diameter. The balls are poured around a central tube and
rest upon a steel diaphragm, the interstices containing a smoke-produc-
ing matrix. The bursting charge consisting of 2^4 oz. of black powder
is in the base and is covered by the diaphragm which supports the cen-
tral tube, affording a conduit to the flame leading from the fuze to the
bursting charge.
In action the case is not ruptured upon the explosion of the burst-
ing charge ; the head is stripped and the balls are shot out of the case
with an increase of velocity of 'about 274 feet per second. The re-
maining velocity of the shrapnel at 6,500 yards is approximately 724
feet per second and the time of flight 22 seconds, so that at that extreme
range, with the increase of velocity due to the bursting charge, this
shrapnel with 21-second fuze will be effective. The weight of the
shrapnel with fuze is 15 pounds.
111. Shrapnel is a projectile containing a great number of hardened
steel balls, each approximately J^ inch in diameter, which may be pro-
jected from a point in the air (called the point of burst) close to but
short of the target. Each ball is capable of killing a man or horse at a
distance up to 250 or 300 yards from the point of burst. Taken collec-
tively, the paths of these balls form a cone, called the cone of dispersion.
The ground section of this cone is elliptical in shape with its longer
axis approximately in the plane of fire. At mid-ranges when burst at
normal height of burst (H.B.=3 mils), the dimensions of this area are
approximately 20 yards wide by 250 yards deep. These dimensions
will however vary with the -angle of fall, the height of burst, the slope
of the ground at the target, and the relation between the linear and the
rotational velocities of the shrapnel at instant of burst in the air. A 3-
mil H.B. is chosen because this gives an average density of 1 hit per
square yard of vertical target area. An infantry skirmisher (Standing)
with his interval occupies approximately 1 square yard.
Shrapnel has very little effect upon material objects. It is very
effective against personnel not protected by cover, or to search an area
' which is known to be occupied, or which must be traversed, by hostile
troops.
57
Cove* Fig, 25
J3dse (Joi-et* Groove anrt calkiny wire.
r ftolaling and. r -3tecl Shell.
r __ .--Base Detonating Fuze, ifyedium Caliber
i*
]C*apacify J3- 12 oz. Explosive* J}.
I I
--- Lubricafing and Crimping Grooves.
Steel
Black Powder:
-Cenfrnl Tu&e.
Bourrelet. \-SteelKeacf.
Common Shrapnel.
Groove. *
Percuss? ion Cap.
; Compressed fbivderr TinFott.
/.Wad.
Cover Crimping Groove.
' i Capacity 6 6.5 cu. ins
Xiah Explosive Shrapnel,
112. Ehrhardt High-Explosive ShrapneL The Ehrhardt high-ex-
plosive shrapnel is fitted with a combination fuze and a high explosive
head. The case is drawn steel with solid base. The shrapnel filling is
composed of 285 balls, each approximately 138 grains in weight (50
to the pound). The balls are poured around the central tube and rest
upon the steel diaphragm, the interstices containing a matrix of high
explosive.
In time action (burst in air), the case is not ruptured upon the
explosion of the bursting charge, but the head is forced out and the balls
are shot out of the case with an increase of velocity of from 250 to 300
feet per second. In the meantime the head continues its flight, detona-
ting on impact.
If the fuze be set at "safety" or for a time greater than the actual
time of flight, this shrapnel may be used in lieu of high-explosive shell.
Upon impact a high-explosive shrapnel is detonated by means of the
percussion element of the combination fuze, the head being detonated
first, which detonation causes the sympathetic detonation of high-
explosive matrix surrounding the balls.
113. Common Steel ShelL This steel shell is high-explosive and
fitted with a base detonating fuze. The case is hollow and made of
forged steel. It is provided with an ogival head. The steel shell con-
tains a bursting charge of 13.12 ounces of Explosive D. The weight of
the shell with bursting charge and fuze is 15 pounds. The shell is'
always issued filled and fuzed.
This shell bursts on impact and with great force exerted in all
directions. It is a powerful instrument for the destruction of material
objects such as guns, intrenchments, houses, stone walls, etc. The
effect, however, is very local.
FUZES
114. Frankford Arsenal Combination Fuzes* These fuzes are
point fuzes with combination time and percussion elements for use with
common shrapnel. They are of the 'type known as the ring or "dial"
fuze, in which the time train is set by turning a graduated ring which
carries part of the train. These fuzes may be reset as often as desired.
115. Ehrhardt Combination Fuze for High Explosive ShrapneL
This fuze is similar to the Frankford Arsenla Combination time and
percussion fuze but in addition contains a high explosive head and de-
tonating element. Due to this arrangement, both the projectile and the
high explosive head have a high explosive shell effect when striking on
impact.
59
116. The Service Base Detonating Fuze. The details of the de-
tonating fuze and the composition of the detonator are kept secret. A
detonating fuze is necessary in order to produce a higher order of ex-
plosion by causing an instantaneous conversion of the high explosive
compound called "Explosive D" with which the shell is charged. If an
ordinary percussion fuze were used only an ordinary explosion would
be produced, as in the explosion of black powder.
BLANK AMMUNITION.
117. Preparation of Blank Metallic Ammunition* Blank metallic
ammunition will always be assembled under the personal supervision of
a commissioned officer, who will be held responsible that it is prepared
in the manner prescribed. (G. O. 9, War Dept., Jan. 11, 1908;)
For this purpose there are issued blank-cartridge cases, black
powder, in bulk, tight-fitting felt wads, rubberine, or other quick-drying
paint, primers, etc.
118. Before assembling, the cartridge cases should be carefully in-
spected to see that they are in sound condition and thoroughly clean and
dry. They should also be tested by trying them in the gun, to deter-
mine whether they have become deformed. Any cases that do not
readily enter the chamber in the gun or that are otherwise seriously de
formed should be laid aside for resizing. After inspecting the cart-
ridge cases the blank ammunition should be prepared as follows :
(a) Insert the primers with the primer-inserting press.
(b) Pour into the cartridge case the proper weight of black pow-
der and shake it down well.
(c) Insert the felt wad and press it down hard until it rests
squarely on the powder charge.
(d) Give the upper surface of the felt wad and the inside of the
cartridge case just above the wad a good coat of the rubberine or other
quick-drying paint furnished for the purpose, using a brush, and allow
the case to stand until this coat is dry. Then apply another coat of rub-
berine paint in a similar manner. The object of using rubberine paint,
which is strongly adhesive, is to thoroughly seal the joint between the
wad and the case to prevent any powder grains from leaking out, and
at the same time to firmly hold the wad in place.
119. The Reloading and Cleaning Outfit. This outfit consists of
the following parts, and is furnished to each battery :
60
Primer-inserting press, small Hammer
Bushing Case holder
Powder measure, saluting Case-holder stand
Decapping tool, with guide Storage chest
Cleaning brush
The bushing is used in the primer-inserting press for the inser-
tion of new primers.
The decapping tool and case holder and stand are used for re-
moving exploded primers from the cartridge cases. A light blow on
the rod with a piece of wood or the bronze hammer generally removes
the primer.
A powder measure to suit the saluting charge for the gun is fur-
nished, and when level full holds the required charge.
The cleaning brush is furnished for cleaning the cartridge cases
after they have been used and should be ordered to suit the size of case
for which intended.
120. Care of Cartridge Cases* As soon after firing as practicable
the exploded primers should be removed from the cartridge case by
means of the decapping tools furnished with the reloading outfit. The
case should then be thoroughly washed in a strong solution of soft soap
and soda to remove all powder residue. It should then be thoroughly
dried.
121. If the cartridge cases are carefully cleaned and washed imme-
diately after firing, not only will less labor be required but the life of the
cartridge case will be greatly prolonged.
A good solution for washing cartridge cases may be prepared by
using ingredients in the following proportions : 1 gallon of water, 2^2
ounces of soft soap, 5% ounces soda. The mixture should be boiled
and stirred until the ingredients are entirely dissolved.
In washing cartridge cases this solution should be used hot and
in sufficient quantity to completely immerse the cases.
Neither acids nor solutions of acids will be used for cleaning cart-
ridge cases.
Precautions to be Observed with Fixed Ammunition
122. (a) Do not unnecessarily expose ammunition to the sun or load
it into a warm gun before time for firing ; if this is done, erratic shoot-
ing will result.
(b) Handle carefully, otherwise cartridges may become deformed
and cause jams.
(c) Never use force or any implements on the base of the cart-
ridge in loading.
61
(d) See that fuzes set at safety or are provided with waterproof
brass cover for transport.
(e) Do not fire ammunition which has been under water with the
waterproof brass cover removed.
(f) Both service and blank ammunition should never be carried
in the battery at the same time. If conditions are such that both may
be used in exercises, only one kind should be in the firing battery; the
other should be under lock and key outside the firing position.
(g) Misfires and hangfires are of exceedingly rare occurrence,
in case of a failure to fire, the firing handle should be pulled again in
order to snap the trigger. If this fails to fire, the breech should not be
opened until after the expiration of at least one minute, when the
round or cartridge should be removed and placed to one side. Defec-
tive ammunition, cartridges and primers should be reported.
With Blank Ammunition
123. Firing with blank ammunition will be greatly facilitated by a
careful observance of the following :
(a) Before firing, a careful examination should be made of the
assembled rounds to see that the felt wads have not become displaced
or the cartridge cases dented or deformed by careless handling. If the
cartridge cases have been properly resized and are clean, no difficulty
should be experienced in inserting them in the gun, provided the cham-
ber of the latter is clean, f he continued insertion of cartridge cases
that are not clean causes an accumulation in the gun chamber which
may make the insertion of subsequent rounds difficult or impossible.
(b) In firing blank ammunition the gun chamber will be sponged
after each round with a damp sponge, to extinguish sparks and remove
powder residue resulting from the previous round, before the insertion
of another round. jflB
(c) Care will be taken to see that the sponges are not worn and
that they thoroughly fit the chamber. The interval between rounds in
firing blank ammunition should be sufficient to allow thorough sponging
of the chamber and examination to ascertain that all sparks have been
extinguished.
(d) Wads for the preparation of blank metallic ammunition are
made to tightly fit in the cartridge case. No wads should be used that
are not a tight fit in the case.
(e) Before firing a salute with blank metallic ammunition all die-
cartridges to be used should be inserted in the gun to ascertain if they
will fit. A few rounds in addition to the required number should tie
62
prepared for use in case of misfires. Lightly oiling the outside of cart-
ridge cases just before use will facilitate their insertion and extraction.
(f) Smokeless powder must not be used for blank charges.
(g) Use the small primer-inserting press for inserting primers
in cartridge cases and the decapping tools provided for removing old
p rimers.
(h) The same precautions concerning misfires and hangfires
should be observed as with service ammunition. Defective cartridges
;;nd primers should be reported at once.
(i) Saluting primers are issued in hermetically sealed boxes, 25
1 o a box. The boxes should not be opened nor the cartridge cases made
np and primed until shortly before they are required. Cartridge cases
should then be made up in lots of 25.
TOOLS AND ACCESSORIES
124. In the repair of all equipment, it is literally true that "a stitch
in time saves nine" and that a timely repair will save the entire article.
125. Tool Kits will be kept complete and serviceable; edges of cold
chisels free from nicks ; drifts and punches properly shaped imme-
diately after using; and files kept clean.
To prevent unscrewing, copper wire is used to lash nuts and other
threaded parts which are not secured by split pins.
126. Contents of Leather Pouch for Spare Parts (carried in Trail
Box:
For Breech-block 3 Range ring screws
50 Split pins 1 Stop pin screw
1 Block latch and spring For Bracket Fuze Setter
t Firing pin and spring 1 Corrector scale screw
1 Firing pin sleeve 3 Guide screws
:> Handy oilers, 5-16 inch 4 Housing screws & split washers
1 Hinge pin catch 1 Knob washer
1 Lever latch spring 1 Range worm crank & knob
1 Locking bolt, nut and pin taper pin
1 Locking bolt spring 1 Range worm crank handle
2 Oil hole covers with screws 2 Range ring screws
1 Pallet pin 3 Split pins (0.125)
1 Sear 1 Spring and spring cover with
2 Trigger shaft detent screw
For Hand Fuze Setter 2 Stop pins with rivets
:' Corrector scale screws For Cylinder
1 Guide plate lock screw 1 Drain-plug, cylinder
2 Index bar screws 1 Elevating & traversing lock
1 Index plunger and spring spring
2 Oil hole screws 1 Filling plug (piston rod)
1 Range Index 5 Rings Garlock packing, ->4 in.
127. Special Wrenches, Spanners, other tools and accessories, will
be used only for the purposes for which they are intended. This pur-
}>o.<e is usually stamped upon the tool.
63
128. In assembling or disassembling parts of the materiel, no part
will be struck directly with a hammer. If force is necessary, a piece of
wood or copper should be interposed between the hammer and the part
struck. All nuts are provided with split pins as keepers.
129. A pair of wire cutting pliers is provided for use in pulling split
pins, cutting wire lashings, etc. When a nut is assembled, the split pin
should always be inserted and properly opened.
130. Axes, hatchets, picks, pick mattocks and shovels are carried on
the carriage for use in the field and will not be put to other uses. The
working edges will be kept bright and lightly oiled, the edges being
sharpened if intended for cutting, or smooth if intended for digging.
Deformed blades, edges or points should be straightened at the anvil
and forge or in a vise. Shovel points are straightened with a hammer
on a block of wood.
The side edges of shovel blades should not be used as a mattock, as
such treatment will deform the blade. In the field, split handles should
be wrapped with a cord until they can be replaced by new handles.
131. Canvas Buckets are used for watering animals, for washing
carriages and equipment. Whenever possible, they should be dried be-
fore folding and replacing in the holders on the carriages.
A rip or hole may be patched and made practically water-tight by a
coat of shellac.
132. Lanterns are used for illuminating purposes in the field only.
133. Paulins are used to cover the harness and guns when in the field
or in park. On the march the are carried on the carriages, being folded
to serve as seat cushions. Holes and tears should always be properly
sewed, stitched or darned as soon as practicable.
134. Picket Ropes are used in the field as drag ropes for the carriages
or as picket lines for the animals. The ropes must be in a serviceable
condition and free from knots. To keep them in a serviceable condi-
tion splicing may often be necessary.
CARE AND PRESERVATION OF THE MATERIEL
135. The carriages must be properly cleaned and cared for to insure
their working correctly. The officers responsible for the training and
efficiency of the battery should familiarize themselves with the carriage
mechanism and with the instructions as to the methods of mounting
and dismounting the various parts (see Par. 35 to 61) and should see
that the carriages are properly handled, cleaned, and cared for.
64
OILS AND CLEANING MATERIAL FOR ARTILLERY MATERIEL
AND THEIR USE.
136. In order that all parts of the materiel may function easily, it
is necessary that all the working and bearing surfaces be properly
cleaned and lubricated with the appropriate lubricant. Where such
surfaces are not directly accessible, oil holes are provided. These holes
should be kept free from grit and dirt. Except during oiling, they
should be kept fully closed by the means provided.
137. For use in service, for the cleaning and preservation of this
materiel, the Ordnance Department issues hydroline oil, lubricating oil,
clock oil, vaseline, sperm oil, coal oil, Neat's-foot oil, and light slushing
oil. Each of these oils is suited for the particular purpose for which it
is issued, as stated below, and care should be taken that it is not used
for other purposes.
138. Hydroline Oil. Used in the recoil cylinders of the carriages
and for no other purpose. Never used as a lubricant. It is character-
ized by its low freezing point and its non-corrosive action on metals.
139. Lubricating Oil (Engine Oil No. i). A light petroleum oil
used exclusively in all oil holes of the materiel, and in lubricating such
parts as wheels and axles, gun and cradle slides, cradle pintle and
socket, elevating and traversing mechanisms, exterior of cylinders,
brake bearings, hinges, different surfaces of breech-blocks, threads of
breech recess, etc.
140. Clock Oil. Used on the spindle and all bearings of the battery
commander's telescope, bearings of the panoramic sight, range quad-
rant, and fuze setters, also on the B. C. telescope and the field artillery
plotter.
In all cases clock oil should be used only when the instruments
mentioned are disassembled for cleaning. It should be applied by
dropping from the end of the dropper attached to the end of the cork.
In cases of emergency, use as a substitute either sperm oil or engine
oil No. 1, in the order mentioned.
141. Vaseline, (Petrolatum) A heavy petroleum oil free from
rosin. Used on the worm gears and worm racks of the panoramic
sight, the hand and bracket fuze setters, B. C. telescope and on the
micrometer screw and bushing of the quadrant. The spare parts of
the breech mechanism should also be coated with vaseline and each
piece then wrapped in paper to prevent the oil from being rubbed off.
142. Sperm Oil. A lighter lubricant than the lubricating oil, and
may be used on the gears of sights, fuze setters, range quadrants, parts
65
of revolvers, etc. ; lubricating oil may also be used on such parts. It is
also used as a temporary rust preventive. Its low viscosity and light
body make it unsuitable for this purpose for more than a few days.
143. Coal Oil. Used for cleaning purposes. In the field it may be
used for lanterns. Coal oil for general illuminating purposes is fur-
nished by the Quartermaster's Department.
144. Neat's-foot Oil. An animal oil used to soften and preserve
leather. Applied with a moistened cloth to the flesh side of moistened
leather.
145. Light Slushing Oil. A heavy petroleum oil similar to cosmic.
Used as a rust preventive. Essentially a mineral oil containing a smali
per cent of rosin. Prescribed for use in the protection and preserva-
tion of all bright or unpainted surfaces of steel or iron on all parts of
the equipment when the materiel is to remain unused for an appre-
ciable length of time. Its use as a lubricant for mobile artillery is for-
bidden.
Before applying the slushing oil to any surface, the part should
be thoroughly cleaned, so as to be free from rust, water, coal oil, lubri-
cating oil, etc., as their presence will cause rusting under the slushing
oil. The slushing oil should then be applied in a thin, uniform coal,
since this is ALL that is necessary to give good protection.
Except in very cold weather it can be applied by using a paint
brush as when painting; in cold weather it should be applied by stip-
pling that is, by holding the brush perpendicular to the surface to be
coated and then tapping the surface with the point of the brush.
It can be applied to the bore of the gun by a slush brush issued
for that purpose. In cold weather it should be warmed before bein^
used in the bore of the gun. It may be readily removed by use of bur-
lap or waste dipped in coal oil.
146. Borax. Issued for use as a flux in welding.
147. Lavaline. A metal polish issued interchangeably with Gibson's
soap polish. Used on bits and collars.
148. Lye, powdered. When dissolved in hot water 1 pound to 6
quarts, with sufficient lime to give a consistence of paint, is used tor
remove old and blistered paint. (See F. A. Handbook.)
149. Napthalene. A moth preventive effective only after eggs and
grubs already present have been removed. Used in storage of blankets,
etc.
150. Polish, Gibson's soap. A metal polish issued interchangeably
with Lavaline. Used on bits and collars.
66
151. Paint, rubberine. Used in connection with loading ammuni-
iton in accordance with instruction regarding the same. (See Par.
118.)
152. Primer, brown enamel. A hard, quick-drying enamel used for
painting parts of horse collars, draft springs, etc.
153. Sal soda, Bicarbonate of soda. A saturated solution of soda
and water makes an alkaline solution that w r ill not rust. The solution
must be saturated ; that is, at least 20 per cent, or one-fourth pound of
soda to 1 pint of water (6 heaping spoonfuls to 1 cup of water). This
solution is an effective solvent of powder fouling and should always be
used after firing, whether metal fouling solution is to be used or not.
It reduces the labor of cleaning with oil alone by more than half. Used
also in weaker solution (one-half pound to 8 quarts of water) in wash-
ing surfaces to be painted and to remove dirt and grease.
154. Soap, H. & H. A neutral Naphtha soap used in washing blan-
kets, web and cloth equipment. Applied in form of a solution (1 cake
to 9 cups of hot water). If for any cause this soap is not obtainable, a
good laundry soap (Ivory or equal) may be used, but in no case should
yellow soap containing a large percentage of free alkali be used.
155. Soap, castile. An alkaline soap used in cleaning leather equip-
ment. Applied as a lather on a moistened sponge.
156. Soap, saddle (Hollingshead's). A soap used as a dressing for
leather equipment. Applied with thick lather on a moistened sponge.
157. Sivabbing solution. Contains:
Ammonium persulphate, 60 grains or one-half spoonful smoothed off.
Ammonia, 28 per cent, 6 ounces or three-eighths of a pint or 12 spoonfuls.
Water. 4 ounces or one-fourth pint or 8 spoonfuls.
Dissolve the ammonium persulphate in the water and add the
ammonia. Keep in a tightly corked bottle. Pour out only what is
necessary at a time and keep the bottle corked. For use in barrels of
the automatic pistol and the sub-caliber cartridge tube to remove foul-
ing after firing.
CARE AND CLEANING OF THE DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE CARRIAGES.
158. To disassemble and to clean the cylinder. For cleaning,
the cylinder is dismounted and emptied and the cylinder head, counter
recoil buffer, and piston rod removed (see Par. 40 to 46). The interior
c-f the cylinder, the piston, the counter recoil buffer, and the stuffing
box should then be thoroughly cleaned by the use of cotton waste and
coal oil and wiped dry with cotton waste. The removal of the packing
67
is not necessary in cleaning. The cylinder bore should be carefully in-
spected, and if any rust has formed it should be removed with coal oil,
using, if necessary, fine emery cloth. The latter must be used with
great care to prevent any increase in the clearance between the cylinder
and piston. If rubbing, burring, or scoring of the parts is noted, the
rough spots should be carefully smoothed down by a skilled workman
with a dead-smooth file or with emery cloth, and the cause of the
roughness ascertained and removed. Where unusual rubbing or scor-
ing has occurred, the facts will be reported to the officer of the Ord-
nance Department charged with the duty of keeping the battery in
repair for his information and action.
The exterior of the cylinder should be kept well oiled and free
from rust or dirt, and an inspection made at least once a month to
ascertain its condition. Where rust has formed it should be removed
with coal oil, and, if necessary, emery cloth. For shipment or storage,
or where the carriage is to stand without firing for extended periods,
the cylinder should be coated with the light slushing oil used for the
bores of guns.
159. To fill the recoil cylinder* // the cylinder is not completely
filled, loss of stability will occur and higher stresses than normal will
be developed in the carriage. For this reason the cylinder should be
filled with the greatest care; a commissioned officer should himself
verify that the cylinder is full and that no air is left in it, with the ex-
ception of the void noted below. It is far easier to fill the cylinder
when it is disassembled from the cradle. If assembled in the cradle,
bring the gun to its maximum elevation and remove both filling and
drain plugs. It is necessary that the drain plug hole should be located
on top of the cylinder. Fill through the hole in the piston rod. Allow
a few minutes for the air to escape and the oil to settle. Refill and re-
peat two or three times. When satisfied that the cylinder is entirely
full of oil, insert both plugs, and depress the gun to its maximum de-
pression. After a few minutes elevate again to maximum elevation
and unscrew both plugs. Now refill as described above. When en-
tirely full allow not more than 2 cubic inches (about one-fourth of a
gill) of the oil to escape; insert both plugs and lash them with copper
wire.
It may happen that after firing a few rounds the gun will not re-
turn to battery. This may be due to, first, weakness of springs ;
second, stuffing-box gland being screwed up too tightly ; or, third, the
oil having expanded, due to heat. In any case the cause must be ascer-
tained and remedied; if due to expansion of oil, it is proven by the
fact that the gun can not be pushed into battery by force exerted on
68
the breech of the gun. In that case elevate the gun to its maximum
elevation and remove the filling plug. The oil will now escape, per-
mitting the gun to return to battery.
In emergencies, water may be used in the cylinder. This should
be done only when absolutely necessary, and never in freezing weather,
and as soon as practicable the cylinder should be emptied, cleaned, and
thoroughly dried and filled with hydroline oil. About 9 pints of hydro-
line oil are required for filling the recoil cylinder.
160. To empty the recoil cylinder* The cylinder may be emptied
either when assembled in or disassembled from the cradle. In either
case, remove both the filling and drain plugs ; depress the forward end
of the cylinder and drain the contents into a clean can or other recep-
tacle over which a piece of linen or muslin has been stretched for
straining the oil.
161. To clean the recoil cylinder oil* The hydroline oil used in
the cylinder should be clean and free from grit and dirt.
The oil should be stored in the closed cans provided for the pur-
pose, and be carefully protected from dirt, sand, or water*. Oil with-
drawn from the cylinders and containing any sediment must not be
used again until it has been allowed to settle for not less than 24 hours.
When sediment has thus been permitted to settle, great care must be
taken not to disturb it in removing the oil. To insure the cleanliness
of all cylinder oil it should be strained through a clean piece of linen or
muslin before using.
162. To clean the bore of the gttn* After firing, and at other
times when necessary, the bore of the gun should be cleaned to remove
the residue of smokeless powder, and then oiled. In cleaning, wash
the bore with a solution made by dissolving one-half pound of sal soda
in 1 gallon of boiling water. After washing with the soda solution,
wipe perfectly dry, and then oil the bore with a thin coating of the
light slushing oil furnished for that purpose. Briefly stated, the care
of the bore consists in removing the fouling resulting from firing, in
obtaining a chemically clean surface, and in coating this surface with
a film of oil to prevent rusting. The fouling which results from firing
is of two kinds one, the products of combustion of the powder; the
other, copper scraped off the rotating band. Powder fouling, because
of its acid reaction, is highly corrosive ; that is, it will induce rust and
must be removed. Metal fouling of itself is inactive, but its presence
prevents the action of cleaning agents. It should be removed if it ac-
cumulates. At every opportunity in the intermissions of fire, the bore
of the gun should be cleaned and lubricated.
69
163. To clean the breech mechanism. The breech mechanism
should be kept clean and well lubricated. It should be dismounted
(Pars. 35 and 36) for examination and oiled when assembled.
164. To clean the recoil springs* Dismount to clean. All rust
should be removed and the springs well oiled before reassembling.
When the springs are dismounted the interior of the cradle should be
cleaned and examined for defective riveting, missing rivet heads, and
scoring. The condition of the spring-support guides should be noted
and all burrs or scores carefully smoothed off.
165. To lubricate the guide rails* The recoil guide rails of the
cradle should be well lubricated. Immediately before beginning to
fire, they should be oiled through all oil holes of the gun and dust
guard. Lack of proper lubrication of these guide rails is the most
frequent cause of the failure of gun to return fully into battery.
166. To clean, lubricate and care for the elevating and traversing
mechanisms. The contact surfaces between cradle and rocker should
be kept clean, thoroughly oiled, and free from rust. If indications of
rusting, cuttjng, or scoring of these surfaces appear, the cradle should
be dismounted, the rust removed, and the rough spots smoothed away.
The elevating and traversing mechanisms should be dismounted
for thorough cleaning and overhauling. They should be kept well
oiled and should work easily. If at any time either mechanism works
harder than usual, it should be immediately overhauled and the cause
discovered and removed.
In traveling, the cradle should be locked to the trail by means of
the elevating and traversing lock, so as to relieve the pointing mechan-
isms of all travel stresses.
167. To clean* lubricate and care for the wheels* The wheel and
wheel fastenings should be dismounted periodically and the fastenings,
hub boxes, axle arms, and axle bore cleaned and examined. All rough-
ness due to scoring or cutting should be smoothed off.
The hollow part of the axle acts as a reservoir for the oil to
lubricate the wheel bearings. Experience will show how much oil is
needed, but enough should be used to insure that the oil will pass
through the axle arms to the hub caps.
The nuts on the hub bolts should be tightened monthly during the
first year of service and twice a year thereafter. The ends of the bolts
should be lightly riveted over to prevent the nut from unscrewing.
When the hub bolts are tightened, the hub band should be screwed up
as tightly as possible against the lock washer at the outer end of the
hub ring.
70
The importance of strict compliance with these instructions can
not be overestimated. The wooden parts of the wheels are made of
thoroughly seasoned materials, and the hub bolts and bands, when the
wheels are issued, are properly tightened ; but all wood is susceptible
to change with atmospheric conditions, so that the spokes speedily be-
come loose, and if the wheel is used in this condition it will rapidly be
made unserviceable and may be damaged beyond repair.
NOTE. For Cleaning Schedule of Material and Accessories, see
Par. 203 to 221.
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE CARE AND
MAINTENANCE OF MATERIEL
Assembling and Disassembling
168. (a) Cradle Mechanism, cylinder, springs, etc.
All work upon recoil cylinders, sights, and other optical equip-
ment should be done in the presence of a commissioned officer.
The recoil cylinder should never be clamped in a vise, but when
necessary to hold it from turning, a spanner applied to the front end of
cylinder should be used.
Never remove the cylinder end stud nut when the piece is at an
elevation.
See that proper kind of oil is used in cylinders and for lubrica-
tion.
Strain the oil used in filling the cylinders through a fine clean
cloth and be sure that the receptacles used in handling the oil are clean.
Take every precaution to keep the interior of the cylinders clean
and to prevent the entrance of foreign particles.
In assembling the gland be sure that at least four threads of the
gland are engaged with the threads of the cylinder head.
Lash parts with copper wire to prevent unscrewing.
Close down the ends of the recoil-indicator guide to avoid loss
of the indicator.
Prevent possible injury to cannoneers by causing them to stand
clear of the counter-recoil spring column in assembling or dismounting.
Remove cylinder-end stud screw before trying to unscrew cylin-
der-end stud.
(b) Gtm.
In moving' the gun on or off the cradle, provide ample support for
the breech end, so that the gun clips are' in prolongation of the cradle
guides ; if this is not done, the cradle guides may be ruined.
71
(c) Elevating and Traversing Mechanism*
If the gun will not remain at the elevation at which set, the crank
shafts are probably not correctly assembled.
If the elevating screws do not house in traveling, they are incor-
rectly assembled.
(d) Sights and Quadrant.
Frequently verify the adjustment of sights and quadrant.
Require special care in handling sights.
Do not permit cannoneers to use front sight as a handle in mount-
ing-
Be sure that the range disk of the quadrant and range strip of the
rear-sight shank are graduated for the particular type of ammunition
used by the battery. This also applies to the fuze setter.
Care of Materiel
i
169. (a) Parts of the Carriages*
All nuts are secured by split pins, which should be replaced and,
properly opened when nuts are screwed home.
Do not strike any metal part directly with a hammer; interpose
a buffer of wood or copper.
All working and bearing surfaces of the carriage require oiling ;
those not directly accessible for this purpose are provided with oil holes
closed by spring covers or handy oilers.
Do not permit brake levers to be released by a kick or blow.
It has been found that the apron hinges occasionally become
broken, and that the apron-hinge pins are frequently lost. Whenever
this happens the hinge or hinge pins should be immediately replaced,
for if this is not done the apron, which is very expensive, is apt to
become cracked or broken.
Whenever the lunettes become, loosened the lunette nuts should
at once be tightened.
(b) Wheels*
Keep hub bolts and hub bands properly tightened.
To tighten the hub bands, screw them as tightly as possible with
the wrench and then force them farther by striking the end of the
wrench with a hammer.
All wheels and pintle bearings should be frequently oiled.
(c) Inspections*
Battery commanders should frequently make a detailed inspec-
tion of all the vehicles in the battery to see if any parts of them are
broken and any nuts, screws, split pins, etc., are missing. If any such
72
defects are found they should immediately take steps to replace broken
or missing parts. At these inspections, the materiel should also be ex-
amined to ascertain whether the cleaning schedules (Pars. 203 to 221)
have been properly carried out. Compliance with these instructions
will do much toward prolonging the life of the carriages.
Firing, Precautions and Preparation for
170. Before firing, inspect to insure that cylinders are properly
closed and that the cylinder-end stud nut and the piston-rod nut are in
place.
If time permits, oil slides before firing.
Note length of recoil for first few shots to be sure that the recoil
mechanism is working properly. There is no danger as long as recoil
does not exceed 46 in. Therefore, for first shot always set r.ecoil indi-
cator for about 42.
If the gun fails to return fully into battery, it is probably due (1)
to dirt on slides and guides ; (2) to cutting of sliding surfaces on ac-
count of dirt and lack of oil ; (3) to gland being screwed up too tightly ;
(4) to dirt or foreign particles in the cylinder, and especially in the
counter-recoil buffer recess; (5) to weakness of springs. Ninety per
cent of such cases will be found due to (1), (2), or (3).
171. Lock the cradle to the trail at drill and in traveling to avoid
unnecessary strain upon the pointing mechanism.
After unlimbering, release elevating and traversing lock before
attempting to elevate or traverse gun.
THE FIELD ARTILLERY HARNESS
(Fig. 26)
172. Harness is issued in sets for lead and for wheel pair.
For instructions concerning the adjustment and fitting of harness,
see paragraphs 226, 230, 233 and 416 to 420 inclusive, Provisional D.
&S.-R. F. A., 1916, Vol. 1.
173. Steel collars are made in the following sizes : 2 A, 2B, 4 A, 5,
5A, 5B, 6, 6A, 6B, 7, 7A, 7B, and 8A. The A and B shapes have
straighter sides than those numbered 5, 6 or 7. The B shape is
straighter than the A shape.
The width of collars is adjusted by various sizes of collar pads
and pad connections. There are seven sizes of each, numbering accord-
ing to size from No. to No. 6.
73
174. Nomenclature of parts of the Harness:
1-4 Backstrap and crupper
Consisting of 2425
1 Body and hip straps 24
2 Crupper dock 25
3 Loin strap 26-33
4 Trace loops 27-15
8-9 Breast strap 18
27 Breeching 29
Consisting of 42
5 Backstrap (1) and hip 30-43-44
straps (4) 31
6 Body 32
2 Crupper dock 33
3 Loin strap 34
7 Side straps 35
4 Trace loops 36
1019 Bridle, consisting of
10 Brow-band
11 Brow-band ornaments
13 Crown piece
18 Co'upling strap
14 Snaffle bit
16 Reins
45 Crown piece strap
20 Collar, steel
21 Hame tug (apart of the collar) 39
40 Collar strap
2223 Halter, consisting of
22 Headstall 41
37
38
Tie rope
Martingale, consisting of
Martingale
Cincha strap
Saddle, consisting of
Cinchas
Lead-rein roller and strap
Quarter straps
Cincha strap
Coat straps
Saddletree, leather-covered
Stirrups (nickel steel)
Stirrup straps
Saddlebags, pairs
Saddlebag side straps
Traces, lead, consisting of
trace
chain
toggle
Traces, wheel, consisting of
trace
chains
toggles
Mogul spring
with strap and lopp
Trace chains
Whip
Sweat leathers
Blanket
CARE AND CLEANING OF HARNESS, SADDLE AND
LEATHER EQUIPMENT
175. Under the conditions of service when the harness, saddle and
other leather equipments are constantly exposed to varying conditions
of weather and because of the value of the equipment involved and its
rapid deterioration under neglect, constant and conscientious care is
essential to insure its long life and serviceability.
MATERIALS.
176". Two agents are essential to the proper care of leather equip-
ment a cleaning agent and an oiling agent. The cleaning agent is
castile soap; the oiling agents are Neat's-foot oil, and harness soap.
177. The castile soap is a commercial article containing about 3 per
cent of lye, which is necessary to give it the required cleaning power.
Its action however is merely to free the leather from dirt, sweat, and
other matter which normally accumulates in the surface pores of the
leather.
178. The Neat's-foot oil, which has been found by long experience to
be the most satisfactory for this purpose, penetrates the pores and satti-
74
CM
bo
I
1!
If
rates the fibres, making them pliable and elastic. Dry leather is brittle ;
leather oiled excessively will soil the clothing and accumulate dirt.
The condition to be desired is leather saturated with sufficient oil to be
soft and pliable, without excess sufficient to cause it to exude. All ani-
mal oils and fats, and most vegetable oils may also be used with good
results. Mineral oils should never be used for this purpose.
179. In washing with an alkaline soap, it is impossible to prevent
the removal of the surface oil. This leaves the surface hard and dry
and liable to crack. It is difficult to replace this surface oil by a direct
application without applying an excess. This has led to the develop-
ment of various saddle or harness soaps with a view of obtaining a
soft, pleasing finish. Most of these contain more or less neutral oil,
which replaces the surface oil removed in washing. Hollingshead's
Saddle Soap contains about 4^% of neutral oil and is now issued to
the service.
ORDINARY CLEANING.
180. Daily, or as often as used, the equipment should be wiped off
with a cloth slightly dampened in water merely to remove mud, dust,
or other foreign substances. It should never be cleaned by immersing
in water or holding under a hydrant. This daily care will do much to
maintain the appearance of the equipment, but is" however insufficient
of itself to properly preserve it. At intervals of from one to four
weeks, depending upon circumstances, it is essential that the equipment
be thoroughly cleaned, in accordance with the following general in-
structions :
CLEANING WITH SADDLE OR HARNESS SOAP
181. (a) Separate all parts, unbuckle straps, remove all buckles,
loops, etc., where possible.
(b) Wipe off all surface dust and mud with a damp (not wet)
sponge. After rinsing out the sponge, a lather is made by moistening
the sponge in clear water, squeezing it out nearly dry, and rubbing it
vigorously upon castile soap. When a thick, creamy lather is obtained,
thoroughly clean each piece of the equipment without neglecting any
portion. Each strap should be' drawn its entire length through the
lathered sponge so as to actually remove the salt, sweat, and dirt from
each leather piece.
(c) After again rinsing the sponge make a thick lather with the
saddle soap as described above. Go over each separate piece, thor-
oughly working the lather well into every part of the equipment, re-
membering that its action is that of a dressing.
76
(d) After the leather has been allowed to become partially dry, it
should be rubbed vigorously with a soft cloth to give it the neat,
healthy appearance that is desired.
OILING
182. If the leather is soft and pliable nothing further is required.
From time to time it will be found necessary however to apply a little
oil. It is not practicable, owing to different conditions of climate and
service, to prescribe definitely the frequency of oiling. During the first
few months of use, a set of new equipment should be given at least
two applications of oil per month. Thereafter, it is entirely a matter
of judgment, as indicated by the appearance and pliability of the
leather. Frequent, light applications are of more value than infrequent,
heavy applications.
183. Before using, perfectly new equipment should in all cases be
given a light application of Neat's- f oot oil ; soap is unnecessary because
the equipment is clean.
184. How to oil leather equipment* The quantity of oil should
rarely exceed a coverful of the individual soap box (1 ounce or 2 table*
spoonfuls) for each set of horse equipment, or 2 ounces (4 tablespoon-
fuls) for each set of artillery harness. In applying the oil the following
general instructions should govern :
(a) The oil should be applied to the flesh side of the equipment
where practicable when the leather is clean and still damp after wash-
ing (about dry).
(b) The oil should be applied with an oiled rag or cotton waste
by long, light, quick strokes light strokes that the pressure applied may
not squeeze out an excess of oil, quick strokes that the leather may not
absorb an undue amount of oil. The endeavor should be made to
obtain a light, even distribution.
(c) After applying the oil the leather equipment should be allowed
to stand for 24 hours, if practicable, in a warm, dry place. It should
then be rubbed with a dry cloth to remove any unabsorbed oil.
185. Reason for Oiling. The principles promoting the instructions
given in (a) above is that the oil penetrates more uniformly when ap-
plied from the flesh side, while if the leather is dry it will absorb the
oil like blotting paper, preventing proper distribution. The presence
of moisture which tends to retard the penetration of the oil makes it
desirable to oil the leather while still moist from washing. The more
moist the leather when oiled the lighter the application that can be
given ; all equipment should be moistened, as in washing, before oiling.
77
186. An additional reason for consistent washing and oiling lies in
the fact that practically all leather contains at least one-tenth of 1 per
cent, of sulphuric acid acquired as a normal product of tannage. This
acid, which if excessive will in time rot the leather, is neutralized by
the alkali of the castile soap and to a less degree by the oil.
187. Cautions* To summarize certain particular facts with a view
to emphasizing them :
(a) Keep leather clean.
(b) Keep leather pliable by frequent light applications of oil.
(c) Use only materials furnished by the Ordnance Department.
Shoe polishes, etc., are almost invariably injurious.
(d) Dry all leather wet from whatever cause in the shade.
Never in the sun or close to a steam radiator, furnace, or boiler.
(e) Leather should habitually be stored in a cool, dry place
without artificial heat.
CARE OF LEATHER IN THE FIELD
188. In active campaign or on the march little protection can be
given equipment. But at all times advantage should be taken of such
opportunities as the situation affords, to first get the equipment out of
the mud and then to protect it from rain, dust, and heat. This is
accomplished by arranging the harness and saddle equipment on the
pole and other parts of the carriage as prescribed in the Drill & Service
Regulations for F. A., care being taken that no part of the equipment
is dragging on the ground. All the equipment is then covered by the
paulins for protection from the elements. Racks may be improvised
with forked sticks and crossbar or advantage taken of a neighboring
fence.
CARE OF LEATHER IN STORAGE
189. Leather in storage, unlike leather in service which receives
constant attention, is subjected to the danger of becoming either
molded or too dry. It is of the utmost importance that is be stored in
a cool, dry place without artificial heat. Leather in storage should be
examined every six months. Also, when leather or leather equipment is
received, it should be unpacked at once and examined for mold ancj
dampness, for it may become wet in transit or while standing on
wharves or platforms.
190. If mold is promptly discovered and removed, little harm is
done, but if allowed to remain it will very shortly attack the leather
and render it unserviceable. When, therefore, mold or dampness is
78
discovered, the surface should be immediately cleaned and exposed to
the air to dry before returning to storage.
191. Leather equipment in storage should not contain as much oil
as equipment in use, for the tendency to mold is increased thereby, but
in no case should it be allowed to dry out entirely. Should examina-
tion indicate that it is very dry, a light application or dubbing of oil
should be given in accordance with the general instructions for oiling
leather.
192. Leather in sides has been dubbed before issue and usually does
not require redubbing for many months. Should examination show
that it is becoming very dry, it should be redubbed as described in
Ordnance Pamphlet No. 1965.
CLEANING BITS AND COLLARS
193. In cleaning such things as bits and the zinc-lined metal parts
of the steel collar, no more force should be used than it necessary to
remove such dirt, etc., as may have collected, which should first be
softened by oil or water and then washed with a sponge, using Lava-
line or Gibson's Soap Polish. In no case should emery or other
abrasive be used. Whenever this zinc lining is worn through, this fact
should be at once reported and the worn collar replaced by a good
collar, otherwise there is danger of abrasions of the horse's shoulder
and collar galls.
CARE AND CLEANING OF THE AUTOMATIC PISTOL
194. For ordinary cleaning only the barrel and slide need be dis-
mounted. The receiver should not be disassembled except for instruc-
tion purposes or repairs or when the interior of the receiver has been
exposed to water.
195. In cleaning: the barrel of the automatic pistol after firing, pro-
ceed as follows : Swab out the bore with soda solution to remove
powder fouling. Remove and dry with a couple of patches. Examine
to see that no patches of metal fouling are in evidence, then swab out
with the swabbing solution a dilute metal-fouling solution. (See
Par. 157.) The amount of swabbing required with the swabbing solu-
tion can be determined only by experience assisted by the color of the
flannel patches. Normally a couple of minutes' work is sufficient. Dry
thoroughly and oil with sperm, slushing or cosmic oil.
The proper method of oiling a barrel is as follows : Wipe the
cleaning rod dry; select a clean patch and thoroughly saturate it with
sperm, cosmic, or light slushing oil, being sure that the oil has pene-
79
trated the patch; insert the patch from the breech end, scrub the
bore with the patch, finally drawing the patch smoothly from the
muzzle to the breech, allowing the cleaning rod to turn with the rifling.
The bore will be found now to be smooth and bright so that any sub-
sequent rust or sweating can be easily detected by inspection.
196. The principles as outlined above apply equally well for the care
of the barrel of the sub-calibre cartridge.
NOTE. For nomenclature, method of assembling and disassembling
Automatic Pistol, see Appendix B.
CARE AND CLEANING OF OTHER METAL EQUIPMENT
197. Non-corrosive metal parts are easily cleaned, but it is neces-
sary that they be kept clean, for non-corrosive metal is affected to a
greater or less extent by various agents encountered in ordinary ser-
vice, such as salt water, fruit acids, etc. Except in the care of mess
kits, the surfaces should be given a light coating of sperm or slushing
oil. Should there be any -evidence of corrosion, the surface should be
immediately and thoroughly cleaned. Such articles as the canteen and
components of the mess outfit should be kept thoroughly clean and
water and food kept in them no longer than necessary.
198. Aluminum should be cleaned with soap and water, a neutral
or slightly alkaline soap (H. & H.) being used. In the cleaning of
canteens a little sand can be used to advantage. Particular care should
be taken to insure that canteens are properly cleaned after they have
been filled with coffee, milk, or any fluid containing organic matter.
The white nodules which occasionally appear in canteens which have
contained hard water are aluminum hydrate; the gelatinous film is
alumina, and both are harmless. When not actually in use, canteens
should habitually be emptied to dry and the cap left off. In cleaning
all metal equipment the best rule is "scour, scald, scrub."
CARE AND CLEANING OF SADDLE BLANKETS
199. Saddle Blankets should be opened, shaken, aired and refolded
every week. If the same surfaces and folds are constantly exposed
to wear, the blanket will soon be in an unserviceable condition.
Depending upon conditions of weather and service, saddle blan-
kets should be washed with H. & H. Soap, aired and dried, and then
refolded about once or twice a year.
80
CARE AND CLEANING OF CLOTH (WEB) EQUIPMENT
200. All cloth, canvas or web equipment should be well brushed,
frequently with a stiff bristle brush. A dry scrub brush may also be
used. During ordinary garrison duty it should rarely be necessary to
wash the equipment. When the equipment becomes soiled a light local
washing will frequently be sufficient, but when dirty it should un-
hesitatingly be given a good thorough washing, otherwise it may become
unsanitary and rot. During field service the equipment will become
soiled much more rapidly. Always on return to garrison from such
service and as opportunity offers in the field, equipment should be
thoroughly washed.
201. Instructions for washing cloth equipment* (a) Preparation
cf soap solution with H. & H. soap for washing the cloth equipment.
The most economical use of this soap is to make a solution by dissolv-
ing one cake of soap in nine cups of hot water. One cup of the solu-
tion is sufficient to clean approximately two square yards of equipment.
(b) Brushing. Brush the equipment thoroughly to remove all
dust and mud before washing.
(c) Washing. Spread the belt, haversack, etc., on a clean board
or rock and apply the soap solution with a scrub brush. When a good
lather appears, wash off with clear water. In the case of a bad grease
spot the direct application of soap to the brush will ordinarily be suffi-
cient to remove it.
(d) Drying: Always dry washed equipment in the shade.
The bleaching action of the sun on all damp fabric is marked. Like-
wise on the return from a march in the rain, dry the equipment in the
shade if practicable.
202. At the arsenals the equipment is cleaned by immersion in gaso-
line. This is very satisfactory, but it is impracticable to issue gasoline
to troops.
NOTE: For Cleaning Schedule of Arms Equipment and Equip-
page, see Par. 210 to 221.
CLEANING SCHEDULE
MATERIEL AND ACCESSORIES, 3-iNCH GUN BATTERY
Daily Cleaning and Duties
203. Before leaving Park:
1. Unlock boxes and chests and secure them with snaps.
2. Oil wheels, brake mechanisms of piece and caisson.
3. See that oiler contains enough oil for the day.
4. See that all oil holes are properly closed, that hub caps are tight,
hub latch plungers in place, and that the carriages are in every way
ready for service.
81
204. After returning to Park :
1. Remove from carriages all dust, excess oil and mud ; while thus en-
gaged look sharply for missing nuts and split pins, and for any
broken parts or parts needing adjustment.
2. Make any repairs or adjustments found necessary.
J. Clean and oil bore and breech recess ; after firing, clean with sal soda
solution prepared by the chief mechanic; wipe perfectly dry and
then oil.
4. Clean and lubricate exposed gears and teeth of mechanism.
5. If necessary clean and wipe with oily waste the picks, shovels, axes
and hatchets ; rearrange paulins, picket ropes and other accessories.
6. Do any special cleaning or repairing ordered for the day by the chief
mechanic.
7. Lock all boxes and chests.
8. See that all oil holes are properly closed and that the carriages are
left in complete readiness for immediate use.
Special Clean in </
205. List A (to be completed at least once every week).
Carriage & Wheels Washed and cleaned.
Breech Mechanism Disassembled, cleaned and lubricated.
then assembled; same, immediately after
firing.
Elevating & Traversing Mechanism Cleaned and lubricated without dis-
mounting.
Rear sight. Quadrant & Fuze Setters. .Cleaned and lubricated without dis-
mounting.
Oil Holes of Gun Clips & Cradle Pintle. Cleaned out and filled with oil; same.
immediately before firing.
206. List B (to be completed at least once every 2 weeks).
Gun slides & Gun clips Unscrew cylinder end-stud nut, slide
gun to rear ; clean and lubricate gliding
urfaces on slides and clips; clean oil
holes.
Cases & Boxes for Sights, Quadrants,
Observing Instruments and Spare
Parts Cleaned and padding examined for re-
pairs.
Sighting apparatus Thoroughly cleaned and examined.
Leather straps and Attachments on the
Carriages Cleaned with castile and saddle soaps.
Telephone & Signal Equipment Overhauled, examined for adjustments
and repairs.
New Wheels Tighten carriage and hub bolts, and hub
i cap.
Cylinders, recoil During firing season clean and lubri-
cate exterior. At other times oil every
month with slushing oil.
82
00
.-.'Or. List C (to be completed at least once every 3 months).
Rear sight & Shank Socket Disassembled, cleaned and lubricated.
Wheels & Wheel Fasteners Dismount, overhaul, clean and lubricate.
Cylinders, recoil Empty and refill : during firing season
refill whenever recoil registers 46 inches
or over, or shows leakage.
Counter Recoil Springs Disassemble, clean; examine inside of
cradle for loose rivets and condition of
spring support ; then oil and assemble.
Elevating & Traversing Mechanism. .. .Completely dismounted; cleaned, lubri-
cated, overhauled and assembled.
Rear Sight, Quadrant & Fuze Setters. .Disassembled, cleaned and overhauled,
then lubricated, assembled and adjusted.
Must be done under the supervision of
an officer.
Panoramic Sights Cleaned, overhauled and adjusted by an
officer. For instructions, see Par. 72.
Pintle Bearings and Lunette Nuts Lubricated and tightened.
Leather straps and Attachments on the
Carriages Cleaned with castile soap and oiled with
Neat's-foot oil.
Road Brakes .Dismounted, adjusted and lubricated.
Tools & Accessories Dismounted, overhauled, repaired and
sharpened.
Picket Ropes, Lanterns, Paulins, Water-
ing Buckets, All Canvas Covers for
Parts of Materiel Removed, examined and repaired, clean-
ed or washed, and replaced. All canvas
articles to be replaced in a dry condition.
Battery Fire Control Equipment Examined for repairs and overhaul, ad-
justments made by an officer.
208. List D (to be completed at least once every 6 months).
All Carriages & Wheels Overhauled and painted.
Spare Parts in Leather Pouch Cleaned, oiled with vaseline, wrapped
in paper, and replaced in pouch.
Cradle Completely dismounted ; a) cradle pin-
tle and pintle socket cleaned and lubri-
cated.
b) Contact surfaces between cradle and
rocker cleaned and lubricated;
c) Inside of cradle examined for defec-
tive rivets, etc., noting condition of
spring support guides.
Front Sight Dismount and disassemble; examine
stops and cross wire; clean and oil.
Wheels, Hub Caps & Bolts Overhauled, examined for dish, bolts
tightened.
Recoil Cylinder, Piston Rod & Counter
Recoil Springs Completely dismounted and disasem-
bled ; interior parts cleaned and assem-
bled; cylinder emptied and refilled; ex-
terior cylinder cleaned and lubricated.
Pole, Double & Single Trees of Lim-
bers Dismounted, contact surfaces, bolts, etc.,
greased and oiled, then replaced with
spare pole. Replace old ferrule.
83
Spare Pole
.Dismounted, contact surfaces, bolts, etc.,
greased and oiled, then replaced with
pole of limber.
209. List E (to be completed at least once every 6 months under the direct
supervision of the Chief Mechanic).
Battery & Store Wagons
a) Axles & Wheels of Battery &
Store Wagons, Forge & Store
Limbers '. . . Disassemble, clean, lubricate and assemble
b) Spare Wheels & their Fastenings do
c) Brake Mechanisms of Battery &
Store Wagons do
d) Leather Straps of Forge &
Store Limbers do
e) Pintles of Forge & Store Lim-
bers do
f ) Forge do
g) Grindstone, Vise and Jackscrew do
h) Block and Tackle do
i ) Spare Breech Mechanism do
j ) Spare Sights do. except panoramic sight.
k) Carpenter's chest and Tools Clean and overhaul.
1) Saddler's chest and Tools do
m) Horseshoer's Tools do
n ) Chest for Cleaning Material &
Small Stores do
o) ' Chest for Miscellaneous Spare
Parts do
p) Pistol Cleaning Kit do
By the Supply Sergeant
q) Examine all harness, horse equipments, and leather in storage for condition.
210.
211.
212.
CLEANING SCHEDULE
ARMS, EQUIPMENT, EQUIPAGE, ETC.
Articles What Done
Automatic Pistol Clean thoroughly with oily rag and
lubricate with sperm, slushing or
cosmic oil. Stock may be oiled and
cleaned with raw linseed oil.
Examined and overhauled ; neces-
sary repairs made.
Cleaned and scoured.
Field Service
Uniform and
Clothing
Meat Can, Tin
Cup, Knife, Fork
and Spoon.
?in. Field Kit
Repaired, overhauled and cleaned.
84
How often
Every week and
immediately after
firing or exposure.
Every month.
Every 2 months
and immediately
after use.
Every 2 months
and immediately
after return from
field service.
214. Surplus Kit
Overhauled, repaired, cleaned
repacked in surplus kit bag.
E v e r y 3 months
215. Curry Comb and
Horse Brush
216. Farrier's Pocket
Case
217. Pistol Holster
Leather Belts and
straps, Spur
straps, Saddle
Bags, Leather
Equipment, etc.
218. Haversacks,
Shelter halves,
Field belts, First
Aid Pouch, All
cloth or web
equipment.
219. Canteens
320. Tentage
221. Field Range,
Field Cooking
Utensils
Washed and cleaned; teeth of Every 3 months,
comb straightened.
Examined for repairs, overhauled
and cleaned (by stable sergeant).
Clean with castile soap, polish with
leather dressing supplied.
Clean with castile soap, oil with
Neat's-foot oil ; touch up all
buckles, rings and metal parts
wherever necessary with Brown
enamel primer.
Washed with H. & H. soap and re-
marked.
Covers scrubbed, and remarked ;
interior cleaned and sterilized with
sand and boiling water.
Pitched in the sun; examined for
tears, holes and leaks, also condi-
tion of ropes ; darned, repaired and
overhauled.
Equipment set up. fires built,
cleaned and then assembled for
storage.
Every 3 months.
Ever}' 2 months.
Every 6 months.
Every 6 months.
Every 6 months
and after return
from -field service.
Every 6 months
and immediately
after use and be-
fore being stored.
Every 6 months
and immediately
after use and be-
fore being stored.
85
APPENDIX A
OBSERVATION TOWER, MODEL OF 1916
(Fig. 27)
The Observation Tower consists of two sections of ladder which
slide upon each other like an ordinary extension ladder. The ladder
may be mounted upon any 3-inch caisson by making the following
changes :
(a) Drill a few holes through the caisson foot rest.
(b) Substitute four longer 3-16 inch rivets near the caisson door
hinges.
(c) Assemble the caisson jack, front support and various other
fastening devices.
Operation
(a) Unlimber caisson, uncoil ropes, disengage top shield strap,
loosen caisson jack and lower to the ground, swing top shield up into
the plane of the main shield and lock with locking handles and links.
Then disengage the hook of the front support, release the drum
catches, unwind the upper guys and carry them out to the sides and
rear.
(b) Operators 1 and 2, by means of the lifting bars, raise the ladders
and shield clear of the chest. Operators 3 and 4 take the shield sec-
tion rope and pull until the shield section dogs are brought far enough
above the rungs of the upper section to disengage. The shield section
is then allowed to slide forward and down to the lower end of the
upper section, where its weight is more advantageous in the suc-
ceeding movements.
(c) Nos. 1 and 2 now lower the ladders until they rest on the guards
over the chest hinges, and by pulling back assist Nos. 3 and 4 to swing
up the base section to contact with the chest front, in which position it
is secured by attaching the lower guys to the hooks at the hand rail
brackets. The shield section is here prevented from sliding down by
the safety catches. (2, Fig. 27.)
(d) With Nos. 1 and 2 standing on the chest, Nos. 3 and 4 assisting,
the ladders are revolved about the trunnions to an upright position and
fastened by the locking handles, the seat is released from the folded
position and the B.C. telescope is mounted. (3, Fig. 27.)
(e) The upper section may now be raised to the desired height, the
picket pins driven, and the guy ropes and caisson jack tightened, after
which the shield section is raised and the tower is ready for the ob-
server. (4, Fig. 27.)
The lowering of the tower is in general performed in the reverse
manner. The tower should always be lowered to the traveling position
before moving out. 87
APPENDIX B
NOTES ON THE AUTOMATIC PISTOL, CAL. 45, MODEL 1911
The pistol is known as the Automatic Pistol, Cal. 45, Model 1911.
By Caliber is meant the diameter of the bore. All pistols used in the
service are marked on the left side of the receiver, "United States
property," and on the right side with the serial number, which must
be memorized by the person to whom the pistol is issued.
It is important that every man have a thorough knowledge of the
nomenclature, care and repair, method of assembling and dismounting
the pistol as well as its use and operation.
The principal parts of the pistol are the receiver, the barrel and the
slide. The nomenclature of the pistol is given in Fig. 28.
To dismount and to assemble the pistol* Press the magazine catch
and remove the magazine. Press the plug inward, turn the barrel
bushing to the right and by easing off on the spring let the plug and
spring protrude gradually. Draw the slide to the rear until the small
recess is opposite the thumb piece of the slide stop. Press gently
against the end of the pin of the slide stop on the opposite side and
remove the slide stop. This releases the link and allows the barrel and
the slide with all its parts to be slid forward off the guide rails of the
receiver.
To disassemble the slide : Remove the plug by turning it to the
left and withdraw the recoil spring with its guide from the rear; or
remove the recoil spring guide and withdraw the recoil spring with its
plug from the front. Turn the barrel bushing to the left and with-
draw it forward from the slide. The barrel may now be withdrawn
from the slide. To remove the firing pin, press the rear end of the
pin forward until it clears the firing pin stop. Then withdraw the
stop downward from its seat, whereupon the firing pin, the firing pin
spring and the extractor are removed by withdrawing them to the rear.
For ordinary cleaning, no further dismounting will be found neces-
sary, and no disassembling of the receiver should be permitted except
by the permission of an officer. When the interior of the pistol has
been exposed to water, or when it is desired to make repairs, the
receiver may be completely dismounted as follows :
Cock the hammer, move the safety lock to a position half way be-
tween its upper and lower positions. Press the end of the safety-lock
pin on the opposite side and withdraw the safety lock. Now lower the
hammer by pressing the trigger. Push out the hammer pin and take
out the hammer and strut. Next push out the housing pin. This
may require a little extra pressure. It is the only pin pushed out by
pressure from the left side of the receiver. The mainspring housing
may then be withdrawn downward and the grip safety withdrawn to
the rear. This exposes the sear spring, which is easily removed. By
pushing out the sear pin, the sear and the disconnector are released.
The main-spring housing is disassembled by compressing the main
spring, pushing out the small main-spring cap pin, whereupon the
main-spring cap, the main spring and the housing pin retainer will
come out. The main spring may be easily compressed by using the
pin of the slide stop.
To remove the magazine catch, press the button inward. By means
of a small screw driver or the short leaf of the sear spring, give the
screw head of the magazine catch lock a quarter turn to the left and
remove the magazine catch. The trigger can then be withdrawn to
the rear.
The hammer strut, a small nail or the long arm of the screw driver
may be used to push out all pins except the main spring cap pin and
the ejector pin. To remove these a tack or pin may be found neces-
sary.
To assemble the pistol proceed in the reverse order, except that the
main spring housing should be left to project about one-eighth inch.
Do not push the main-spring housing home and insert the housing pin
until after the safety lock is replaced and the hammer lowered.
The Operation of the Pistol, The act of drawing back the slide in
loading cocks the hammer, compresses the recoil spring, permitting
the magazine follower to raise the upper cartridge into the path of the
slide. Upon releasing the slide, the recoil spring forces the slide for-
ward, carrying the first cartridge into the chamber of the barrel. As
the slide approaches its forward position, it encounters the rear end
of the barrel, forcing the latter forward. Since the front of the barrel
pivots in the barrel bushing and the rear end is free to swing upward
on the link, the rear end of the barrel is raised, causing the locking ribs
on the outside of the barrel and the inside of the slide to engage, thus
positively locking the barrel and the slide together. The joint forward
movement of the barrel and the slide (about three-eighths of an inch),
ic stopped when the barrel lug encounters the pin of the slide stop.
The pistol is then ready for firing. When the hammer is cocked.
the hammer strut moves downward, compressing the main spring.
The sear, under the action of the long leaf of the sear spring, engages
its nose in the notch of the hammer. Upon pulling the trigger and
pressing on the grip safety, the sear is moved thus releasing the ham-
90
r.ier. The latter then strikes the firing pin which transmits the blow to
the primer of the cartridge. The explosion of the cartridge generates
the necessary gas pressure to force the bullet through the barrel, the
initial muzzle velocity being about 800 ft. per second. The pressure
exerted to the rear against the face of the slide carries the latter and
the barrel to the rear together. But due to the link attachment, the
barrel is almost immediately swung down and unlocked from the slide,
leaving the slide to continue its movement to the rear, thus opening the
breech, cocking the hammer, extracting and ejecting the empty cart-
ridge and compressing the recoil spring. When the slide reaches its
rearmost position the magazine follower raises another cartridge into
the path of the slide. This cartridge is then forced into the barrel by
the forward movement of the slide as before described.
Although it might be supposed that the downward swinging of the
barrel would affect the accuracy of the fire, this is not the case. The
bullet has gained its maximum velocity and passed out of the muzzle
before the unlocking movement between the barrel and slide com-
mences.
When the magazine has been emptied the magazine follower is free
to press against the projection on the slide stop, thus forcing the slide
stop into the front recess of the slide, thereby locking the slide in the
epen position and reminding the person firing that the empty maga-
zine must be replaced before firing can be continued.
Interesting Facts about the Pistol
(a) Weight. 2 l / 2 pounds. Trigger pull, about 7 pounds.
(b) Rifling, 6 grooves with left-hand twist. The drift due to the
rifling is therefore to the left, but this is more than neutralized by the
pull of the trigger when the pistol is fired from the right hand.
(c) For ranges up to 75 yards the trajectory is very flat and the
drift slight, giving the pistol great accuracy.
(d) Beyond 250 yards the trajectory is very curved and the drift
becomes considerable. Firing is therefore very inaccurate.
(e) To hit a target at ranges over 75 yards it will be necessary to
lay on a displaced point above and to the right of target for ranges
approximately as follows :
r> v , Vertical Lateral
ge ' Displacement. Displacement, right.
100 y 2 yard T 4 yard
150 IK yards V 2 yard
200 3 yards 1 yard
250 5 yards 2 yards
91
(f) The striking energy of the bullet is sufficiently great to surely
disable a man by causing a dangerous wound at all ranges up to 500
yards.
(g) The pistol has been fired by experts at 25 yards, aimed fire, at
the rate of 21 shots (3 magazines) in 30 seconds. Such rapidity is,
however, not necessary or desirable in service firing. Accuracy is
always the first consideration.
Precautions
1. Whenever the pistol is taken out of or returned to the arm rack,
also both before and after drill or other exercise with the pistol,
remove the magazine and see that it is empty. Then draw back the
slide which will eject any cartridge in the chamber. Finally look
through the bore to see that the pistol is unloaded and the bore not
obstructed by a plug or wad. Replace all parts, come to raise pistol
and lower hammer.
2. Never place the trigger finger within the trigger guard until it is
intended to fire and the pistol is pointed toward the target.
3. Do not carry the pistol in the holster with the hammer cocked and
the safety lock on, except in an emergency.
4. Always press the trigger with the forefinger.
5. After each shot relieve the pressure on the trigger so that the sear
may re-engage.
6. When inserting the magazine be sure that it engages the maga-
zine catch. Never insert the magazine by striking it smartly ; -always
apply a continuous push.
7. The pistol must be kept clean, free from rust and properly oiled.
8. Never disassemble the receiver except by permission of an officer.
9. In disassembling the receiver be sure that (a) the disconnector
and sear are properly assembled.
(b) that the hammer is not snapped when the pistol is partially as-
sembled.
(c) that the stocks are not removed.
(d) that no hammer is used either in assembling or disassembling.
92
INDEX
Par.
Accessories and Tools 124134, 207
Adjustment of Sights and quadrant 7580, 207
Aiming Circle, adjustment of 83, 91, 92
care of 63-65, 87-90
description 86
use of .-; 87 ~ 90
Aluminum Equipment, care and cleaning of 198
Ammunition, blank, preparation of 117, 118
precautions 123
Ammunition, fixed 105116
precaution in use of 122
marking of ' 106
Ammunition carrier 13, 16
Ammunition carrier, to remove 61
Apron, for caisson 32-34
Apron latch, to remove . 61
for caisson 34
for gun carriage 26
Automatic pistol, care and cleaning of 194, 195, 208, 210, 217
Axes 130
Axle, for caisson % . 34
for gun carriage 13, 14, 26
for limber 27, 30
Axle seats 13, 26
to remove ! 61
i
Battery Wagon, care of 201
B. C. Telescope, adjustment 83, 91, 92
care of 63-65, 83-85
description 81, 82
use of 8385
Belts, field (web), care of 200, 218
Bits, care of 193
Blacksmith's Tools 209
Block and Tackle 209
Blankets, horse, care of 199
Block carrier, for M '05 gun 10
Borax 146
Brake, to adj ust 56
to assemble 61
to remove 61
Brake beam, to dismount 61
Brake lever, to dismount 61
Brake shoe, to dismount 61
Breech block, M '05 9
Breech mechanism, to clean 127, 162, 205
description 11
nomenclature 12
action of 10
to dismantle and assemble 35
Breech mechanism, spare 209
Brown enamel primer 152
Bucket holder 28
Buckets, canvas 131, 207
Caisson, description 31, 32
nomenclature 34
weights and dimensions cc
Canteens 219
93
Canvas buckets 131, 20?
Carpenter's chest and tools 209
Care and preservation of material 135171
general instructions 168171
Carriage, gun, action of , 24
description of 23
nomenclature 26
principal parts 13
weights and dimensions 25
Carriage, parts of, care in assembling and disassembling 168-17 L-
care of, and cleaning 205
painting 207
Cartridge case, fixed ammunition lor.
Cartridge case, blank ammunition, care of 120, 121
Cartridge holes, in limber and caisson 28
Cases, sights and quadrant 206
Chest body, for caisson 32
for limber 28
Chest for. cleaning materials and small stores 200
spare sights 209
miscellaneous spare parts . . " 209
Cleaning leather equipment 175192
Cleaning and care of materiel 158167
Cleaning material for field artillery 136157
Cleaning Schedule, for F. A. materiel and accessories 203209
ior Arms, equipments and equipage 210221
daily 203, 204
special 205-209
Clock oil 140
Cloth (web) equipment ' 200202
Clothing, field service ! 211
Coal oil 28, 143
Collars, steel 1.7?,
cleaning and care of 19.')
Cooking utensils, field '221
Counter-recoil buffer 20, 21
to remove 46
Counter-recoil springs, to clean 164, 206, 208
Counter-recoil springs, double 2022
to assemble 48, 49, 168
to dismount 47, 49, 168
Counter-recoil springs, single 2022
to assemble 49, 168
to dismount 47, 49, 168
Cradle, care of 208
complete, description 1823
contents 19
to assemble 168
to dismount 60, 168
Cradle head, front 21
rear 19
Cradle mechanism, action during firing 24
Cradle pintle 18
Curry comb 215
Cylinder, to assemble 41, 42, 168
care and cleaning 42, 206, 208
to disassemble and clean 1 5H
description 20
to dismount 40, 168
to fill TStt
to empty 1 ''><)
Cylinder end stud and nut 19. 49
Cylinder oil, to clean 161
94
Dismounting and assembling parts of mechanism 35 (51
Double tree 208
Dust guard '
Elevating bevel gear, to dismount 53
Elevating bevel pinion, to dismount 53
Elevating gear bracket, to dismount 54
Elevating mechanism and gear, description '10
to assemble 55, 168
to clean 165, 205-208
Elevating screws, to dismount 52, 168
Elevating screw cover 52
'Engine Oil No. 1 139
Farrier's pocket case 21(">
Field Glasses, care of 63-65, 102
Field Kit 213
Field Range 221
Fire Control equipment 207
Firing, precautions during 170
Firing-lock case 11
Firing mechanism, M. '05 nomenclature 12
to dismantle and to assemble 36
action of 11
First aid pouch 21?
Forge ". 209
Forge limber 209
Fork 211
Fuzes, kinds 114-116
safety of 122
Fuze, base detonating 116
Fuze, Ehrhardt combination for high explosive shrapnel 115
Fuze, F. A. combination, M. '07 114
Fuze setter, bracket, M. '05 103
Fuze setter, hand, M. '12 104
Fuze setters, care of 207
Gland, adjustment of 43, 44
location 20
Glasses, Field, care of 63-65, 102
Grip straps 28
Grindstone 209
Guide rails, to clean 165, 205
Gun clips, to clean 205
Gun. M. '05, description 6
nomenclature 8
to clean the bore 162
to dismount 38, 169
to mount 39, 168
weights and dimensions 7
Gun slides, location 8
to clean 165, 205
Hammers, use of 128
Handspike, trail 15
Harness, list of 172-174
F. A. nomenclature 174
care and cleaning of 175188
storage of 189-192
Hatchets, care of 130
Haversacks 218
Horse brush 2 1 .">
Horseshoer's tools 209
Hub cap, to remove :>7
95
Hub liner, to remove 59
Hydroline, use of 28, 138
to clean 161
Instructions, care of materiel, general 168171
care of harness and leather equipment 175192
care of automatic pistol, sub-calibre cartridge, etc 194196
' care of other metal equipment 197, 198
care of blankets, and cloth equipment 199202
Jack screw 209
Knife 2)2
Lanterns 132, 207
Lavaline x . 147
Leather equipment, care of 175192
Leather, russet, care of 175192
Leather, reasons for oiling 182186
Leather and leather equipment, storage of 189192
Leather straps, care of 200, 208, 217
Light slushing oil 145
Limber, description 27, 28
nomenclature 30
weights and dimensions 29
Lunette 15, 32
care of 208
Lubricating oil 28, 139
Lye 148
Materiel, cleaning and preserving 136157
Materiel, detailed information in other pamphlets ">
General information for care and maintenance of 168171
Instruction in, object of 1, 4
Metal equipment, care of 197, 198
Meat can, care of 212
Misfires and hangfires 122
Napthalene 149
Neat's foot oil 144, 176, 178
Observing Instruments and Sights, general instructions 6.'J 65
disassembling, instructions 66
list of 62
Oils for artillery materiel, and their use 136145
Hydroline 138
Lubricating 139
Clock 140
Vaseline 141
Sperm 142
Engine, No. 1 1 :Ji
Coal 143
Neat's foot 144, 176, 178
Light slushing 105
Oil holes, cleaned 205
Paint, rubberine 1^1
Painting artillery materiel '- ( '^
Panoramic sight M. '15 71, 72, 74
care of 72, 74, 207
adjustment of 78
Paulins 28, 32, 133
Picket ropes 134, 207
Picks 1-"
96
Pick mattocks 130
Pintles 27; 32, 207
Piston rod and head 21
care of 207, 208
to remove 45
Piston rod nut 21
Pliers, wire cutting 129
Pistol, automatic 194, 195, 208-210
cleaning kit 209
holster, cleaning of 217
Pole, qire of 208
to remove and to replace 50
Pole spare, care of 208
to remove and to replace 50
Polish, Gibson's soap 150
Pouch, for spare parts 12G
Powder charge 108
Precautions, with materiel 170, 171
With fixed ammunition 122
With blank ammunition 123
Primer, brown enamel paint 152
Primer, 110 grain percussion ^ . . 107
Projectiles, description of 105, 109-116
Quadrant, range, care of 73, 74, 207
description 73
when in adj ustment 76
field adjustment of 80
Range Finder, adjustments 97101
care of 6365, 95, 96
description 93, 94
use of -. 95, 96
Range quadrant, description 73, 74
care of 73, 207
field adjustment 80
Rear clip, function 18
Recoil indicator, to remove 37
Recoil-springs, to clean 164
Recoil mechanism, action of, during firing 24
Reloading and cleaning outfit 119
Retaining ring 19, 23
Road brake, care of 207
Road brake, Battery and Store wagon 209
Road brake, to adjust 56
to dismount 61
to remove 61
Rocker, description 13
to dismount 61
Rubberine, paint 151
Saddlebags, care of 217
Saddle equipment, care of 180192
Saddle blankets, care and cleaning of 199
Saddler's chest and tools 209
Saddle soaps . 179
Sal soda 153
Shell, common steel, description and action of 113
Shelter-halves 218
Shank socket, care of 74, 207
Shields, to remove 61
Shovels 130
97
Shrapnel, common, description and action of 110
use of Ill
Shrapnel, Ehrhardt high explosive, description and action of 112
Sights, list of G7
when in adj ustment 75
Sight and Observing Instruments, general instructions 6365
disassembling, instructions 66
list of 62
Sight, line 68
Sight, front 69, 208
Sight, rear, description 69, 70
nomenclature 70
care of 74, 205-208
adjustment of : . 77, 79
Sight, panoramic, description 71, 72
care of 72, 74, 207
adjustment of 77, 78
Sight shank, care of 74
Sights, spare 209
Sights, examined 206
care of 168
Signal equipment 206
Single-tree 208
Soaps, castile 155, 177
H. & H 154, 199, 201
Gibson's Polish 150
Saddle, Hollingshead's 156, 179
Spanner wrenches 127
Spare parts, contents and pouch for 126, 208
Spoon ' 272
Spur straps 217
Sperm oil 142
Split pins 128
Spring compressor , 47, 48, 49, 50
Spring support 23
Stuffing box, to pack 42
Store Wagon 209
Sub-caliber cartridge, care and cleaning of 196
Surplus Kit 214
Swabbing solution for pistols, etc 157
Telescope. B. C. adjustment 83, 01. 92
care of . . 63-65, 83-85
description 81, 82
use of 83-85
Tent, shelter half 218
Tentage :.":< )
Tin cup 212
Tools and accessories 124-134
Tool kit 125
Tools for gun and carriage 1 '- <
Tools for limber >
Trail, description of i-~
to dismount 61
Traversing mechanism, description 17
to dismount and assemble 58, 168
to clean 166. 205, 207
Uniform, field Ml
Vaseline 141
Vise 209
98
Web equipment, care of 200-202
Wheels, description 14, 28
to clean and lubricate 167, 169, 205-208
to remove 58
care of Hi'i
Wheels, new, care of , 200
Wheel fastening 14, 2S
to remove ">s
Wheels, spare . . . :><)<>
Wheels, painting of 209
Wire, copper 125
Wrenches . . 127
99
YC M308
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
