Notes on a collection of birds from Michoacan, Mexico

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URBANA

NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF BIRDS
FROM MICHOACAN, MEXICO

EMMET R. BLAKE

ASSISTANT CURATOR OF BIRDS

HAROLD C. HANSON

RESEARCH ASSISTANT, DEPARTMENT OF WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT
UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN

Of

ZOOLOGICAL SERIES

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

VOLUME XXII, NUMBER 9

NOVEMBER 23, 1942
PUBLICATION 522

LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS

URBANA

NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF BIRDS
FROM MICHOACAN, MEXICO

BY

EMMET R. BLAKE

ASSISTANT CURATOR OP BIRDS
AND

HAROLD C. HANSON

RESEARCH ASSISTANT, DEPARTMENT OP WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT
UNIVERSITY OP WISCONSIN

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of

ZOOLOGICAL SERIES

FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

VOLUME XXII, NUMBER 9

NOVEMBER 28, 1942

PUBLICATION 522

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS

NOTES ON A COLLECTION OF BIRDS
FROM MICHOACAN, MEXICO

BY EMMET R. BLAKE AND HAROLD C. HANSON

The following paper is based on a series of 481 Michoacan birds
collected for Field Museum during the summers of 1940 and 1941
by two Mexican expeditions led by Mr. Harry Hoogstraal of the
University of Illinois.

Preliminary faunal surveys undertaken by Mr. Hoogstraal dur-
ing two previous field trips in northern and eastern Mexico had
indicated the desirability of making comparative studies, of a more
detailed nature, in a southwestern state. Michoacan was selected
because its geographical position and varied topography afforded
unlimited opportunities for the ecological and faunistic studies
desired. A representative portion of the state, incorporating most of
the physical and climatic features of the Mexican plateau and of the
Pacific lowlands, was found in the region lying between the Rio
Tepalcatepec and the summit of Cerro de Tancitaro. Several special-
ists, including a botanist, an ornithologist, a mammalogist, a her-
petologist and an entomologist, were enlisted to make collections
in their respective fields as a means of determining the faunal
affinities and the vertical extent of life zones in this area. The
present report on the bird life of the Rio Tepalcatepec-Cerro de
Tancftaro transect, despite limitations of data, is presented as a
basis for more ambitious investigations in southwestern Mexico.

HISTORY

Michoacan occupies a region of considerable interest to the
naturalist because of its relationship to the central plateau, but
biologically it is today one of the least-known of the Mexican states.
Its ornithology, particularly, has been neglected and the student
can, with few exceptions, search the literature in vain for more
than casual reference to specimens collected within its borders.
Some indication of the status of Michoacan ornithology is shown by
the fact that no less than 75 forms, or 52 per cent of the 144
treated in the present paper, apparently constitute new state records.
Fifteen of these may be considered definite extensions of range but
the majority involve common species of general distribution in
southwestern Mexico.

513

514 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

The first and perhaps largest representative collection of Michoa-
can birds ever made was obtained by Edward W. Nelson and Edward
A. Goldman fifty years ago during the course of their extensive
Mexican explorations for the Biological Survey. This collection,

FIG. 39. Map of Mexico, showing location of Rio Tepalcatepec-Cerro de
Tancitaro transect.

totaling approximately 500 specimens, has not been worked up as
a unit but was the source of most of Ridgway's Michoacan records.
The Mexican itinerary of Nelson and Goldman has not been
published, but the following details of their travels in Michoacan
have been assembled at our request from the records of the United
States Fish and Wildlife Service, by Dr. John W. Aldrich.

1892. Edward W. Nelson:

July 14- August 4; October 15-16. Patzcuaro.
August 4-10. Querendaro.
October 8-15. Nahuatzin.

1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 515

1893. Edward W. Nelson and Edward A. Goldman:
January 11-25. Zamora.

January 27-February 5. Cerro Patamban and Tinguindin.
February 5-19. Los Reyes.

February 20-March 4. Cerro de Tancltaro and Perivan.
March 9-24. La Salada and Uruapan.

March 24-30. Route from La Huacana and Volcan de Jorullo to
Balsas; also in the vicinity of Ahuacana.

Scarcely less extensive are the collections made for Field Museum
by the recent Hoogstraal expeditions. The village of Tancitaro,
which is located on a plateau adjacent to the southern base of Cerro
de Tancitaro, served as headquarters for both expeditions. A total
of 481 specimens representing 140 forms was obtained along a
transect between the Rio Tepalcatepec and the summit of Cerro
de Tancitaro by the junior author (1940) and by Dr. Reed W.
Fautin (1941). The list of localities visited by them is as
follows:

1940. Harold C. Hanson; 232 specimens, 96 species.

July 14-19. Tancitaro.

July 20-22. Upper slopes and summit of Cerro de Tancitaro.

July 23-25. Tancitaro.

July 26- August 1. Cloud forest of Cerro de Tancitaro.

August 2-8. Tancftaro.

August 9-14. Vicinity of Apatzingan.

August 15-17. Tancitaro.

1941. Reed W. Fautin; 249 specimens, 112 species, including 44 additions to

the 1940 collection.
June 23-28. Tancitaro.

June 29-July 7. Cloud forest of Cerro de Tancitaro.
July 8-9. Tancitaro.

July 10-25. Cloud forest to summit of Cerro de Tancitaro.
July 26-August 7. Tancitaro.
August 8-27. Vicinity of Apatzingan and Acahuato.

Additional Michoacan birds have been collected at random by
various travelers, but these are widely scattered and details of their
present disposition are not available. The veteran collector Chester
C. Lamb has worked more or less extensively in the state and
certain of his specimens have been preserved in the collection of
Robert T. Moore. It is evident, however, that far more field work
must be carried out before a satisfactory list of Michoacan forms
can be prepared.

516 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII
SPECIES NOT PREVIOUSLY RECORDED IN MICHOACAN

Heterocnus mexicanus fremitus
Cochlearius cochlearius zeledoni
Plegadis (falcinellus?) guarauna
Cairina moschata
Coragyps atratus
Cathartes aura aura
Chondrohierax uncinatus subsp.
*Accipiter striatus suttoni
Buteo jaimaicensis costaricensis
Buteo brachyurus
Buteo nitidus plagiatus
Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi
Micrastur semitorquatus naso
Polyborus cheriway audubonii
Fako albigularis albigularis
Ortalis vetula poliocephala
Actitis macularia
Leptotila verreauxi angelica
Aratinga canicularis eburnirostrum
*Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha
Crotophaga sulcirostris sulcirostris
Tyto alba pratincola
*Nyctibius griseus mexicanus
Nyctidromus albicollis yucatanensis
*Aeronautes saxatalis nigrior
*Lampornis amethystinus brevirostris
Megaceryle torquata torquata
Chloroceryle amazona
Chloroceryle americana septentrionalis
*Dryobates arizonae fraterculus
Attila spadiceus pacificus
Tyrannus melancholicus occidentalis
Tyrannus crassirostris crassirostris
Myiodynastes luteiventris luteiventris
Pitangus sulphuratus derbianus
Iridoprocne albilinea albilinea
Corpus corax sinuatus
Calocitta formosa formosa

* Indicates extension of range.

Cyanocilta stelleri coronata
Parus sclateri sclateri
Sitta carolinensis mexicana
*Certhia familiaris guerrerensis
Cinclus mexicanus mexicanus
*Thryothorus pleurostictus nisorius
*Thryomanes beivickii percnus
*Turdus migratorius permixtus
Polioptila plumbea bairdi
*Regulus regulus clarus
Ptilogonys cinereus pallescens
*Vireolanius melitophrys goldmani
*Vireo bellii medius
Vireo solitarius repetens _
Vireo virescens flavoviridis
Vireo gilvus subsp.
Mniotilta varia

*Compsothlypis pitiayumi pulchra
Peucedramus olivaceus olivaceus
Dendroica occidentalis
Myioborus miniatus miniatus
Cassiculus melanicterus
Icterus spurius
Icterus wagleri wagleri
Icterus pustulatus pustulatus
Tanagra musica elegantissima
Piranga flava hepatica
Piranga bidentata bidentata
Passerina versicolor subsp.
Passerina leclancherii leclancherii
*Hesperiphona abeillei abeillei
Volatinia jacarina diluta
Spinus notatus griscomi
Loxia curvirostra stricklandi
Arremonops rufivirgatus sumichrasti
Aimophila humeralis humeralis
Aimophila ruficauda acuminata

TOPOGRAPHY AND LIFE ZONES l

The transect chosen for intensive study in Michoacan extends
approximately thirty-seven miles from the sweltering valley of the
Rio Tepalcatepec northward to the summit of Cerro de Tancitaro2

1 Botanical determinations employed throughout this report were made by
Paul C. Standley and Julian A. Steyermark, Curator and Assistant Curator of
the Herbarium in Field Museum, from specimens and field studies prepared by
William Leavenworth, expedition botanist. Certain physical and botanical data,
particularly those pertaining to plant associations, have been drawn freely from
notes prepared by Mr. Hoogstraal. The authors assume full responsibility,
however, for their arrangement of life zones and for all ornithological data.

2 This transect lies within one of the most poorly mapped regions of Mexico.
Maps which have been consulted vary considerably in their estimates of the
altitudes of Cerro de Tancitaro and other Michoacan localities. Therefore, all
elevations discussed in this report are based upon aneroid readings obtained, and
repeatedly checked, by members of the 1941 expedition.

517

518 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

and embraces an ascent of some eleven thousand feet. Not included
in the area of investigation, but nevertheless exerting considerable
influence on its rainfall and plant associations, is a spur of the
Sierra Madre del Sur of Guerrero, which extends about seventy-five
miles along the coast of Michoacan south of the Rio Tepalcatepec.

North of Cerro de Tancitaro, and adjacent to the vast, triangular-
shaped inland plateau, or mesa central of Mexico, is a rugged area
of mountain masses. Cerro de Tancitaro is an outlier of the moun-
tains bordering the plateau, and is at the western end of a short,
apparently isolated range running east and west for twenty miles
or more. The mountains of this area are a part of the row of recent
volcanoes which lie along the nineteenth parallel from Colima to
the vicinity of Mexico City and which comprise one of the most
actively volcanic regions on the continent.

The biotic and climatic characteristics of the transect may be
outlined as follows:

I. Arid Tropical Zone (Tierra Caliente). Rio Tepalcatepec to the lower (south-
ern) slope of the Tancitaro plateau at Acahuato (500-3,000 ft.).

A. Tropical Deciduous Forest.

B. Arid and Semi-Arid Thorn Forest (semi-desert scrub).

C. Open Semi-Desert with scattered trees (1,200-3,000 ft.).

II. Humid Upper Tropical Zone1 (6,000-8,500 ft.).

A. Cloud Forest (locally, in humid ravines).

1. Transitional or Modified Pine-Alder-Fir Association (6,000-

7,300 ft.).

2. Typical Pine-Alder-Fir Association (7,300-8,500 ft.).

III. Temperate Zone (Tierra Templada). Lower (southern) slope of the Tancitaro
plateau above Acahuato to the summit (3,000-11,800 ft.).

A. Open Pine Forest, strongly transitional (3,000-4,500 ft.).

B. Pine-Oak Forest (4,500-6,000 ft., locally).

C. Fir Forest (8,500-9,500 ft.).

D. Open Pine Forest, almost purely temperate (4,500-11,800 ft.).

1. High Bunch Grass (10,000-11,800 ft., locally).

ARID TROPICAL ZONE

The Arid Tropical Zone, known locally as the tierra caliente,
occupies a wide, arid valley having an average altitude of approxi-
mately 1,200 feet. There is little seasonal variation in temperature.
Some rain falls during the summer months but it quickly drains
and is of little value to agriculture, which depends on irrigation to
a considerable extent. Leguminous and other thorn-studded bushes

1 Subtropical Zone or "Mountain Rain Forest" of Chapman.

1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 519

and cacti are often present, and there are numerous climbing cacti,
hanging vines and impenetrable thickets. No humid tropical jungle
exists in this region but along the river and other permanent sources
of water there is a well-developed deciduous forest. This becomes
more arid in general aspect as one leaves the river, its undergrowth
is less luxuriant, and a tall fig tree (Ficus) often becomes dominant.
Several distinct plant associations may be recognized in this
zone. A thorn forest or semi-desert scrub varies, depending on
aridity, from open plain with scattered thorn trees and few herbs
to dense stands of thorny trees with a light ground cover of herbs
and shrubs. These trees, which include such common genera as
Acacia, Mimosa, and Caesalpinia, range from eight to twenty feet
in height and tend to grade into the tropical deciduous forest near
water. Just north of Apatzingan, on the slope leading up to the
Tancitaro plateau, there is a strip of even greater aridity. It is
a pronounced semi-desert and supports only widely scattered trees,
principally of non-leguminous genera.

SPECIES CHARACTERISTIC OF THE ARID TROPICAL ZONE

Ortalis vetula poliocephala Calocitta formosa formosa

Amazona finschi finschi Turdus rufo-palliatus rufo-palliatus

Piaya cayana mexicana Cassiculus melanicterus

Trogon citreolus Icterus pustulatus pustulatus

Momotus mexicanus mexicanus Passerina leclancherii leclancherii

Centurus chrysogenys flavinuchus Arremonops rufiviraatus sumichrasti

Xiphorhynchus flavigaster mentalis Aimophila humeralis humeralis

Tyrannus crassirostris crassirostris Aimophila ruficauda acuminate

Bird life in the Arid Tropical Zone is rather limited in species
but individuals are often surprisingly abundant locally. Distribu-
tion depends primarily upon the habitat requirements of the various
species, altitude being of little or no direct consequence. Approxi-
mately 43 per cent of the 144 forms collected or identified by sight
were recorded only below 3,000 feet, which may be regarded as the
upper limits of this zone. Analysis of these, after eliminating species
of no faunal significance, indicates a preponderance of forms charac-
teristic of the West Mexican Arid Tropical Fauna only partially
suggested by the preceding list.

HUMID UPPER TROPICAL ZONE

Above the Tancitaro plateau certain valleys and protected slopes
support a generally dense and humid forest which is basically homolo-
gous to the characteristic subtropical vegetation of mountainous
regions to the southward. The subtropical or cloud forest is dis-

520 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

tributed locally from 6,000 to 8,500 feet and probably this is its
northernmost appearance in western Mexico.

Two divisions of the Humid Upper Tropical Zone may be identi-
fied botanically. From approximately 6,000 to 7,300 feet there is
a somewhat open and modified pine-alder-fir association with heavy,
though not impenetrable undergrowth. A more typical cloud forest,
characterized by excessive humidity and an extremely heavy growth
of epiphytic bryophytes, pteridophytes and lichens, extends upward
to 8,500 feet. It consists of a dense pine-alder-fir forest and numerous
herbs and shrubs.

Cloud forests are indicative of the Humid Upper Tropical Zone
and attain their maximum development in the central and northern
Andes of South America. They become progressively less extensive
and luxuriant as one proceeds northward through Central America
to southern Mexico and there is a parallel decline in distinct faunal
representatives. Cerro de Tancitaro supports only a meager northern
outpost of cloud forest and lacks even the characteristic tree ferns
and large bromeliads. The relative barrenness and insignificance
of this zone in Michoacan is indicated by the fact that only two birds
which may be regarded as indicators were found in the transect as
compared with twenty-one recorded in Guerrero (nine endemic),
forty in Guatemala, and forty-five in El Salvador.

SPECIES CHARACTERISTIC OF THE HUMID UPPER TROPICAL ZONE
Henicorhina leucophrys /estiva Basileuterus belli clarus

TEMPERATE ZONE

Proximity to the central Mexican plateau, which serves as a
vast reservoir of Temperate Zone life, is reflected in every aspect of
the Cerro de Tancitaro area. Plants and animals of temperate or
even boreal affinities dominate the upper slopes of the mountain.
Many forms overflow across the Tancitaro plateau to approximately
3,000 feet altitude where the moderating effects of the Arid Tropical
Zone are manifested. There is no sharp line of demarcation between
the two but the lower or southern slope of the Tancitaro plateau
above Acahuato may be designated arbitrarily as the point at which
the temperate element finally disappears.

The climate of the plateau1 is relatively cool throughout the
year, being hottest in April and May and coldest in December and
January, when light snow occasionally falls. During the summer

1 Refers to the Tancitaro plateau unless otherwise designated.

1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 521

months the temperature ranges from 59° to 68° F. during the day-
time and from 57° to 61° at night. Rain falls almost daily between
June and October and is particularly heavy at the northern end
of the plateau in the vicinity of Tancitaro. The upper slopes of
the mountain receive less rainfall but are considerably colder.

A pine forest (Pinus ayacahuite and /or P. montezumae) of vary-
ing density covers the plateau and extends upward on exposed
ridges to the summit of Cerro de Tancitaro. Herbs and shrubs
which grow on the fairly steep slope between 3,000 and 4,500 feet
are markedly transitional in character and include both tropical
and temperate species. The flora becomes increasingly temperate
above 4,500 feet, and oaks, willows, lindens, haws, ashes, and alders
appear locally. Shrubs of the genera Viburnum, Ceanothus, Solanum,
Tournefortia, Lythrum, Cornus, Lobelia, Salvia, Arctostaphylos, and
Cassia are common. Herbs are particularly abundant and include
Piqueria, Drymaria, Cuphea, Borreria, Euphorbia, Ranunculus,
Thalictrum, Verbena, Physalis, Plantago, Oxalis, Sisyrinchium,
Hypoxis, Cynoglossum, Phaseolus, and Crotalaria. Close stands of
fir (Abies religiosa) become locally dominant between 8,500 and
9,500 feet and the ground cover is more limited.

The flora is less varied above 10,000 feet and vegetation becomes
relatively sparse. With the disappearance of alders and firs only
pines (Pinus montezumae var. rudis) and a few junipers (Juniperus
mexicanus) remain as arboreal representatives. High, tough bunch
grasses cover the ground and several herbs, including lupine (Lupinus
persistens), are common. Only one shrub (ericaceous Pernettia
ciliata) is found in the open pine forest of the upper slopes. Cerro
de Tancitaro has no timberline, and hence lacks a true sub-alpine
forest.

The influence of the central Mexican plateau, with its wealth
of Temperate Zone life, is no less apparent in the avifauna of the
Cerro de Tancitaro area. Approximately 62 per cent of the species
which were restricted to that part of the transect characterized by
predominantly temperate flora are true indicators of that zone.
None of these were reported below 3,000 feet and it is probable
that many do not occur even in the area of transition at the southern
or lower end of the plateau.

SPECIES CHARACTERISTIC OF THE TEMPERATE ZONE

Buteo jaimaicensis costaricensis Otua minutissimum gnoma

Columba fasciata fasciata ABronautes saxatalis nigrior

Otus trichopsis trichopsis Hylocharis leucotis leucotis

522 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

Lampornis amethystinus brevirostris
Trogonurus mexicanus
Balanosphyra formicivora formicivora
Dryobates villosus jardinii
Myiochanes pertinax pertinax
Empidonax difficilis occidentalis
Empidonax fulvifrons rubicundus
Corvus corax sinuatus
Aphelocpma sordida sieberii
Cyanocitta stelleri corpnata
Parus sclateri sclateri
Sitta pygmaea flavinucha
Certhia familiaris guerrerensis
Cinclus mexicanus mexicanus
Heleodytes megalopterus megalopterus
Troglodytes brunneicollis colimae
Turdus migratorius permixtus
Myadestes obscurus occidentalis
Catharus occidentalis fulvescens
Regulus regulus clarus

Ptilogonys cinereus pallescens
Vireolanius melitophrys goldmani
Vireo huttoni mexicanus
Diglossa baritula baritula
Vermivora superciliosa palliata
Peucedramus olivaceus olivaceus
Myioborus miniatus miniatus
Ergaticus ruber ruber
Icterus wagleri wagleri
Piranga flava hepatica
Piranga bidentata bidentata
Hesperiphona abeillei abeillei
Spinus pinus macropterus
Spinus notatus griscomi
Loxia curvirostra stricklandi
Pipilo ocai nigrescens
Atlapetes pileatus pileatus
Atlapetes torquatus virenticeps
Plagiospiza superciliosa superciliosa

Distribution of birds in the Temperate Zone is more circumscribed
than in the Arid Tropical Zone where altitude is a minor factor and
plant associations are less differentiated. Two species, Sitta pygmaea
flavinucha and Plagiospiza s. superciliosa, apparently are restricted
to the pine-bunch grass association near the summit of the mountain.
Several species other than the two indicators of the Humid Upper
Tropical Zone already mentioned were recorded only in the cloud
forest. Among these were Cyanocitta stelleri coronata, Cinclus m.
mexicanus, Heleodytes m. megalopterus, Catharus occidentalis fulvescens,
Ergaticus r. ruber, and Atlapetes torquatus virenticeps.

Birds that occupied a considerable vertical range in the transect
were more or less closely associated with the coniferous forests. A
few of these also occurred in deciduous forests and areas of mixed
growth but it is notable that only Empidonax difficilis occidentalis
was equally at home in the cloud forest. The following species have
an extensive vertical distribution in the Temperate Zone: Hylocharis
I. leucotis, Lampornis amethystinus brevirostris, Colaptes cafer mexi-
canus, Balanosphyra f. formicivora, Dryobates villosus jardinii, Em-
pidonax difficilis occidentalis, Aphelocoma sordida sieberii, Parus s.
sclateri, Certhia familiaris guerrerensis, Troglodytes brunneicollis
colimae, Sialia mexicana australis, Peucedramus o. olivaceus, Junco
phaeonotus australis. Two species, Cathartes a. aura and Rhynchop-
sitta pachyrhyncha, occur at all altitudes from the tierra caliente to
the upper slopes of the mountain.

An indication of the composition and relative importance of the
three life zones included in the Rio Tepalcatepec-Cerro de Tancitaro
transect may be found in the following numerical analysis of their
respective bird populations.

1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 523

Indicator Species

No. of % of %~o7 %of

species toUl no. No. in total no. total no.
in zone in transect zone in zone in transect

Arid Tropical Zone 63 43.8 16 25 11.0

Humid Upper Tropical Zone 8 5.5 2 25 1.3

Temperate Zone 73 50.7 45 62 32.0

Total number in transect. . . . 144

Comparison with the ornithology of adjacent areas is essential
in any local study of birds. Griscom's (1934) pioneering work in
Guerrero constitutes the only modern and reasonably complete
Mexican state list available and hence is of inestimable value to the
student of bird life in southwestern Mexico.

The limited scope of the present report prohibits extensive or
precise comparisons between the avifaunas of Michoacan and
Guerrero. However, there are sufficient data to indicate basic
differences between the two. No less than sixty-four species and
subspecies recorded in this transect, i.e., 44 per cent of the total,
are unknown in Guerrero. These sixty-four forms, representing
fifty-nine genera, include twenty-seven genera and twenty species
absent in Guerrero (other genera and species being represented in
that state by different species or subspecies). Additional field work
in Guerrero can be expected to reduce this apparent discrepancy
considerably.

Analysis of the Michoacan faunal and life zone indicators which
are unrecorded in Guerrero is no less interesting. Twenty-four
birds, including eighteen species and ten genera, which are charac-
teristic of the Temperate Zone in Michoacan, are not known from
Guerrero. The valley of the Rio Balsas undoubtedly excludes many
temperate species from that state but evidently a much closer affinity
exists between Michoacan and the central Mexican plateau. On
the other hand, the West Mexican Arid Tropical Fauna is almost
continuous in Michoacan and Guerrero. Only three characteristic
birds, including two species, which occur in the former state are
lacking in the latter. Attention has been called previously to the
poverty of the Humid Upper Tropical Zone on Cerro de Tancitaro,
which lacks a single endemic bird as compared with nine found in
the cloud forests of Guerrero.

The authors are indebted to several individuals and institutions
for assistance and co-operation in the preparation of this report.
Much credit is due Mr. Harry Hoogstraal for his capable leadership
of the expeditions which collected all the specimens listed. We are

524 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

particularly grateful to him for so generously making his extensive
field notes available to us. Numerous species were added to the
Michoacan list through the diligence of Dr. Reed W. Fautin, orni-
thologist of the 1941 expedition, and certain field observations made
by him have been most useful in corroborating or supplementing
those of the junior author. Valuable assistance in the field was
also given by Dr. Kenneth Knight and Mr. Jerome Van Gorkom
in 1940 and by Mr. Ralph Haag in 1941.

For the loan of comparative material we are indebted to Dr.
John W. Aldrich, of the Fish and Wildlife Service; Dr. Herbert
Friedmann, of the United States National Museum; Mr. Robert T.
Moore, of Pasadena, California; Mr. James L. Peters, of the Museum
of Comparative Zoology; and Mr. John T. Zimmer, of the American
Museum -of Natural History. Dr. Aldrich and his assistant, Mr.
Allen J. Duvall, have been most helpful in working out the Michoacan
itinerary of Nelson and Goldman, and in making a survey of their
bird collections. We are indebted also to Mr. Rudyerd Boulton,
of Field Museum, for much valuable advice and assistance.

LIST OF SPECIES

Heterocnus mexicanus fremitus van Rossem and Hachisuka
Apatzingan: 2 females, August 19 and 24.

Cochlearius cochlearius zeledoni Ridgway

El Capiere, Rio Tepalcatepec: 1 male, August 2.

Plegadis (f alcinellus ?) guarauna Linnaeus

A number of glossy ibis were observed along the Rio Tepalcatepec
in August, 1940, by Kenneth Knight. None were collected.

Cairina moschata Linnaeus

Apatzingan: 1 female, August 10.

Muscovy ducks were found only in the tierra caliente. They
were most numerous in ponds and along streams in the tropical
deciduous forest. A family of flightless birds was observed by Fautin
on August 18.

Coragyps atratus Bechstein

Black vultures were limited to the tierra caliente and were fre-
quently seen soaring over the arid slopes leading to the plateau
where the ascending currents of hot air facilitated flight. They

Field M us, urn of Natural History

Zoology, Vol. XXII, Plate XVII

\-

LOWLAND IN VALLEY OF RIO TEPALCATEPEC
Fig. 1. Tropical deciduous forest. Fig. 2. Semi-desert scrub with column
Fig. 3. View toward Cerro de Tancftaro from the valley.

Field Museum of Natural Histon

Zoology, Vol. XXII, Plate XVIII

TANCITARO PLATEAU, TEMPERATE ZONE

Fig. 1. Pine-oak association; altitude about 5,000 feet.

Fig. 2. Cultivated land near village of Tancitaro.

1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 525

were most abundant in the Apatzingan area in which they exceeded
turkey vultures to a considerable extent.

Cathartes aura aura Linnaeus

Apatzingan: 1 male, August 8.

Cerro de Tancitaro, 1 male, July 18.

The western turkey vulture, Cathartes aura teter, ranges
southward over the Mexican plateau to Michoacan but is replaced
by the nominate race on Cerro de Tancitaro and in the adjacent
lowlands. Measurements of the Apatzingan and Cerro de Tancitaro
specimens: wing 500 and 487, tail 254 and 240, as compared with the
extremes of 480-528 (wing) and 252-282 (tail) designated for teter.

Turkey vultures occurred in the lowlands south and west of
Cerro de Tancitaro in company with the ubiquitous black vulture
but were far more numerous on the plateau. Although none were
seen on the upper slopes of the mountain, it is probable that these
vultures occur at random wherever food is available, for there is
no evidence that altitude acts as a limiting factor in their vertical
distribution.

Chondrohierax uncinatus subsp.

Apatzingan: 1 male, August 15.

The complicated plumages of the hook-billed kites, involving
varieties within phases, have been discussed in detail by Friedmann
(1934), who recognizes two races in Mexico. Michoacan lies between
the known ranges of these forms. The present specimen, with badly
worn primaries and rectrices, constitutes the first specific record of
the occurrence of uncinatus in that state. As might be expected,
the characters of aquilonis and of the nominate race are so combined
in this bird that it could be regarded as an individual variant of either.
In darkness of plumage it resembles the former, but the white ventral
bars are even narrower than are those of South American specimens
of uncinatus which we have examined. The measurements are
wing 302, tail 215, culmen from cere 33.

Accipiter striatus suttoni van Rossem

Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 male, August 13.

This specimen, in immature plumage, is readily separable from
typical velox of comparable age both on the basis of size (wing 179,
tail 142) and of color. The under parts are somewhat paler and in
general much redder than in velox, and broad linear stripes obscure

526 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

the pectoral area. The immaculate chestnut or reddish thighs and
lower flanks which characterize suttoni are particularly well marked
in the Cerro de Tancitaro specimen.

Buteo jaimaicensis costaricensis Ridgway

Between Patzcuaro and Comanje: 1 male, July 10.

Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 female, 2(?), July 20-August 3.

Two of the four resident red-tailed hawks collected in the vicinity
of Cerro de Tancitaro are melanistic and have their sub-terminal
tail bands more pronounced than in any other specimens of costari-
censis examined. The other two agree with typical specimens from
Honduras and El Salvador in being uniformly dark above, sparsely
marked below, and in having their abdomens and thighs washed with
immaculate reddish ochraceous.

The stomach of one hawk contained the remains of a small
unidentified bird and a partially formed hair pellet of a rodent.

Buteo brachyurus Vieillot

Cerro de Tancitaro: !(?), July.

A single immature short-tailed hawk collected by Ralph Haag
on the plateau exhibits a striking degree of erythrism. The natural
color of the head and dorsal parts is considerably intensified and
flushed with reddish brown. The flanks, thighs and under wing coverts
are so thoroughly washed with reddish chestnut as to obscure the
normal streaks and spots of the under parts.

Buteo nitidus plagiatus Schlegel

Apatzingan: 3 females, August 12-21.

This form is included in the genus Buteo for reasons which have
been advanced by van Rossem (1934, p. 429).

Parabuteo unicinctus harrisi Audubon
Apatzingan: 1 male, August 22.

Micrastur semitorquatus naso Lesson
Apatzingan: 1 female, August 24.

Polyborus cheriway audubonii Cassin
Apatzingan: 1 male, August 24.

Falco albigularis albigularis Daudin

Ten miles south of Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 female, August 8.

1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 527

There seem to be insufficient grounds for resurrecting the northern
race petoensis Chubb.

Yellow breast feathers of a small bird, possibly Atlapetes pileatus
virenticeps, were found in the stomach of this falcon.

Ortalis vetula poliocephala Wagler

Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 female, August 17.

This specimen was a captive bird taken by the natives at San
Juan, a village near Tancitaro.

Philortyx fasciatus Gould

Apatzingan: 2 males, 3 females, August 8-22.

Two coveys of 12 to 15 birds each were seen by the junior author
in an old field of dense herbaceous cover and brush islands near
Apatzingan. The testes of the males were still slightly enlarged in
August and the oviduct of one female contained a hard-shelled egg.

Two stomachs were examined. Both contained a few small
seeds and the remains of many leaf beetles (Chrysomelidae). One
bird had also fed upon lepidopterous larvae.

Cyrtonyx montezumae montezumae Vigors
Tancitaro: 1 male, July 4.

Jacana spinosa spinosa Linnaeus
Apatzingan: 1 male, August 10.

Actitis macularia Linnaeus

Apatzingan: 1 male, August 20.

Columba fasciata fasciata Say

Tancitaro: 6 males, 2 females, July 21-August 4.

Band-tailed pigeons were fairly abundant in the tierra templada
but were concentrated principally in the pine and oak forests between
4,500 and 6,000 feet altitude. Several small flocks, totaling approxi-
mately twenty-five individuals, frequented a grove of tall trees near
a watercourse two miles south of the village.

These pigeons fed on acorns and to a considerable extent on wild
grapes (Vitis Berlandieri). Thirty-four of the latter were found in
the crop and gizzard of a single bird. Fully developed eggs were
found in specimens collected by Fautin late in July.

Scardafella squamata inca Lesson

Apatzingan: 1 male, 1 female, August 9 and 23.

528 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

Cerro de Tancitaro: 3 males, 1 female, July 5-30.

Inca doves abounded in the Apatzingan area but were most
numerous in the semi-arid thorn forest. On the plateau they were
restricted principally to livestock corrals, where they fed on the
seeds in cow manure.

Columbigallina passerina pallescens Baird

Apatzingan: 1 male, August 13.

This species was the least common of the three small doves found
in the tierra caliente.

Columbigallina talpacoti eluta Bangs
Apatzingan: 3 males, July 31-August 14.

Leptotila verreauxi angelica Bangs and Penard
Apatzingan: 1 female, August 8.

Ara militaris mexicana Ridgway

Apatzingan: 1 male, 1 female, August 10.

Aratinga canicularis eburnirostrum Lesson

Apatzingan: 2 males, August 8.

This paroquet and macaws were more numerous than the other
parrots of the lowland forests near Apatzingan.

All species fed principally upon wild figs during August when
observations were made.

Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha Swainson

Cerro de Tancitaro: 3 males, July 4-22.

Thick-billed parrots occurred at random in the Cerro de Tancitaro
area from the lowlands to the highest reaches of the mountain. They
were moderately abundant in the tropical deciduous forest. Observa-
tions by both expeditions indicate that daily flights are made to
the pine forests of the higher slopes for pifion nuts each morning and
evening. The occurrence of thick-billed parrots in the Cerro de
Tancitaro area constitutes, as far as we are aware, the first record
for Michoacan and represents a considerable southwestern extension
of range.

In addition to pifion nuts, the fruit of a local cherry tree (Prunus
Capuli) was eaten, and one specimen contained seeds of an unde-
termined leguminous plant.

1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 529

Amazona finschi finschi Sclater

Apatzingan: 2 females, August 9 and 13.

Finsch's parrots congregated in large flocks in the deciduous
forest near Apatzingan but were not seen elsewhere.

Piaya cayana mexicana Swainson

Apatzingan: 3 females, 1 male, August 7-20.

Squirrel cuckoos were restricted to lowland forested areas, where
their skulking habits permitted only occasional observation.

A stomach which was examined contained four small lepidop-
terous larvae, the chitinous remains of a beetle, and fleshy parts of
a small fruit.

Crotophaga sulcirostris sulcirostris Swainson
Apatzingan: 1 male, August 9.

Geococcyx velox melanchima Moore

Acahuato: 1 female, August 17.

A specimen collected in the chaparral between Acahuato and
Apatzingan, at an altitude of 2,000 feet, agrees in all salient characters
with two birds from Tuxpan, Jalisco. The affinities of roadrunners
from the highlands of Michoacan are not known with certainty, but
they may be expected to show some degree of intergradation with
velox of east-central Mexico.

Suitable plant associations rather than altitude apparently con-
trol the local distribution of this species. Members of the 1940
expedition saw an immature captive bird which had been taken on
the northern side of the mountain in an area of open, mixed forest.
In July of the following year Robert Traub observed a roadrunner
at 8,000 feet altitude on Cerro de Tancitaro at the edge of a corn field
and the upper limits of the cloud forest.

Tyto alba pratincola Bonaparte
Apatzingan: 1 male, August 5.

Otus trichopsis trichopsis Wagler

Tancitaro: 1 female, August 14.

A single specimen of spotted screech owl, representing an extreme
rufous phase, was taken on the plateau at an altitude of approxi-
mately 6,500 feet. Specimens in comparable plumage are uncommon
in collections and those available exhibit a marked diversity of

530 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

pattern. Two Jalisco birds examined (Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nos.
105339, 105340) are more streaked above, lighter below and more
barred generally than the Tancitaro specimen. The latter is more
intensely rufous below with heavier black streaks totally lacking in
crossbars. The measurements are wing 142, tail 67.

Spotted owls are nocturnal and largely insectivorous. The re-
mains of four beetles (Scarabaeidae), a roach (Blattidae) and two
indeterminate insect larvae constituted the stomach contents of the
Tancitaro specimen.

Bubo virginianus mayensis Nelson
Tancitaro: 1 male, July 8.

Glaucidium minutissimum1 gnoma Wagler

Cerro de Tancitaro: 2 males, 3 females, June 28-August 3.

Two specimens of the intermediate phase and three of the gray
phase collected on Cerro de Tancitaro are in immature plumage.
The grayish-brown pileum of each is more or less spotted with whitish
on the forehead and contrasts sharply with the uniformly brown
back. An interesting progression of plumage is discernible in this
small series. Two specimens collected in June are almost devoid of
forehead spotting but have their sides and breasts so heavily washed
with rich, unmarked brown as to encroach upon the streaked under
parts. July specimens exhibit increased spotting of the pileum
coincident with a vague spotting on the sides of the breast. A single
specimen collected August 3 approaches adult plumage in having
the pileum and sides of the breast more strongly spotted than in
those birds taken earlier and the pileum is less sharply defined
from the unmarked back. All five specimens have either six or seven
tail-bars.

Pygmy owls apparently occur only at the higher elevations on
Cerro de Tancitaro, the present series being collected between 6,200
and 10,800 feet altitude.

Two stomachs were examined, one containing small portions
of undetermined beetles and the other the remains of a small skink
(Eumeces).

Ciccaba virgata squamulata Bonaparte
Apatzingan: 1 female, August 10.

1 The apparent conspecificity of gnoma and minutissimum has been clarified
by Griscom (1931), whose nomenclature we adopt.

1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 531

Nyctibius griseus mexicanus Nelson

A specimen collected by natives near Tancitaro was examined by
Joel Canby, mammalogist of the 1940 expedition, but unfortunately
was not preserved.

Nyctidromus albicollis yucatanensis Nelson
Apatzingan: 1 female, 1 male, August 2 and 14.

Aeronautes saxatalis nigrior Dickey and van Rossem
Cerro de Tancitaro: 4 males, 2(?), July 29-August 13.
White-throated swifts from Cerro de Tancitaro are readily sepa-
rable from specimens of the northern race on the basis of characters
designated by Dickey and van Rossem in their description of the
present form. No evidence of intergradation with A. s. saxatalis
is apparent in our series although the two races are said to merge
in central Mexico.

A flock of about thirty swifts inhabited the ruins of an old Spanish
cathedral at the edge of Tancitaro and young birds were captured
by natives late in June and during the early part of July. Small
flocks of adult swifts were frequently observed in flight above the
plateau and upward to the summit of the mountain. None were
reported below 4,000 feet altitude.

Saucerottia beryllina viola Miller

Tancitaro: 4 males, 4 females, !(?), June 25-July 30.

This was the most abundant humming bird on the plateau. The
orange blossoms of an epiphyte (Psittacanthus calyculatus) were its
primary source of food during the period of observation, and trees
which bore this growth were almost invariably frequented by several
individuals.

Cynanthus latirostris propinquus Moore

Apatzingan: 1 male, August 12.

The single specimen available from the Cerro de Tancitaro area
indicates some degree of intergradation with magicus but must be
referred to propinquus on the basis of its much bluer posterior
under parts, darker and less golden green upper parts and absence
of any conspicuous break in coloration between the throat and
jugulum. Its relationship to propinquus apparently is similar to
that of the three specimens from Lake Cuitzeo, Michoacan, discussed
by Moore (1939a, pp. 57-58). Three males from Guaracha, a locality

532 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

between Zamora and Lake Chapala, which we have examined, are
similarly intermediate.

Hylocharis leucotis leucotis Vieillot

Cerro de Tancitaro: 4 males, 3 females, June 23-July 30.

White-eared humming birds occurred on the plateau but, like
the following species, were more abundant in the yellow pine-bunch
grass association above 10,000 feet altitude, where the flowering
lupine (Lupinus persistens) was a common source of food. At lower
elevations both species resorted to the orange blossoms of an epiphyte
(Psittacanthus calyculatus).

Cyanolaemus clemenciae clemenciae Lesson

Cerro de Tancitaro: 3 males, 4 females, June 29-July 24.

Lampornis amethystinus brevirostris Ridgway

Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 male, 1 female, July 11 and August 1.

Trogonurus mexicanus Swainson

Cerro de Tancitaro: 4 males, 1 female, July 2-19.

Mexican trogons were observed with about equal frequency in
a dense pine forest at 6,500 feet altitude and in the damp, epiphyte-
festooned cloud forest. They are distinctly birds of the forest crown,
seldom being seen less than thirty or forty feet above the ground.
During the early morning hours the males, particularly, often seek
exposed perches well above the forest crown.

Trogons are largely insectivorous but one stomach which was
examined contained the remnants of a small fruit in addition to a
large lepidopterous larva and the elytra of a beetle.

Trogon citreolus Gould

Apatzingan: 3 males, 2 females, August 6-22.

Megaceryle torquata torquata Linnaeus
Apatzingan: 1 male, August 14.

Chloroceryle amazona Latham
Apatzingan: 1 female, August 12.

Chloroceryle americana septentrionalis Sharpe
Apatzingan: 2 males, 1 female, August 7-21.

1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 533

Momotus mexicanus mexicanus Swainson

Apatzingan: 1 male, 2 females, August 7-18.

The three birds collected at Apatzingan are indistinguishable
from Jalisco specimens which we have examined and may be matched
equally well by a series from Guerrero and Oaxaca. Continued
recognition of a supposedly larger and deeper-colored race (saturatus)
of Michoacan, Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Chiapas is insupportable in
the absence of constant and geographically correlated characters.

Colaptes cafer mexicanus Swainson

Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 male, 4 females, July 17-22.
This well-marked race of red-shafted flicker shows little prefer-
ence in its altitudinal range. It avoids the lowlands but individuals
were collected or seen from the plateau upward to 11,000 feet on
Cerro de Tancitaro.

Ants constitute a considerable portion of this flicker's diet but
miscellaneous larvae and the chitinous remains of beetles were also
found in three of the four stomachs examined.

Centurus chrysogenys flavinuchus Ridgway
Apatzingan: 4 males, 1 female, August 8-13.

Balanosphyra formicivora formicivora Swainson

Cerro de Tancitaro: 3 males, 3 females, July 20-August 5.
Ant-eating woodpeckers were among the most conspicuous ele-
ments in the bird life of Cerro de Tancitaro. They were particularly
abundant on the plateau, but also ranged upward in the pine forest
to an elevation of about 9,000 feet. In the latter habitat their
activities were generally confined to the upper portions of the large
pines.

Grit was conspicuous in all five stomachs examined, twenty- two
pieces being counted in a single specimen. On the plateau these
woodpeckers were seen feeding on a large variety of choke-cherry
(Prunus Capuli), but miscellaneous insects were also included in
the stomach contents.

Phloeoceastes guatemalensis nelsoni Ridgway
Apatzingan: 2 males, August 1 and 16.

Dryobates villosus jardinii Malherbe

Cerro de Tancitaro: 5 males, 1 female, June 25-August 6.

534 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

Hairy woodpeckers occurred at random from the plateau upward
to 11,300 feet on Cerro de Tancitaro, but were most numerous in
areas of deciduous forest.

Insect larvae apparently constitute the principal food of this
species, for a single pupa was the only exception found in the three
stomachs examined.

Dryobates scalaris azelus Oberholser

Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 male, 2 females, August 5 and 6.

Dryobates arizonae fraterculus Ridgway
Tancitaro: 1 female, July 26.

Xiphorhynchus flavigaster mentalis Lawrence
Apatzingan: 1 male, August 14.

Lepidocolaptes leucogaster leucogaster Swainson
Tancitaro: 2 males, 3 females, 2(?), June 27-August 5.
White-striped woodhewers apparently were restricted to the
plateau where they occurred with equal abundance in the unmixed
stands of pine forest and in the pine-oak association near Tancitaro.
The specialized feeding habits of this woodhewer limit its activities
to the lower portions of tree trunks, which are seldom ascended
above twenty-five feet.

Miscellaneous insects and chitinous parts of small beetles com-
posed the bulk of the four stomach contents examined.

Attila spadiceus pacificus Hellmayr
Apatzingan: 1 female, August 15.
Tancitaro: 1 male, July 26.

Tyrannus vociferans vociferans Swainson

Tancitaro: 1 male, August 15.

The reduced measurements (wing 116, tail 80, culmen 16) and
immature plumage of this specimen suggest that Cassin's kingbird
breeds in Michoacan.

Tyrannus melancholicus occidentalis Hartert and Goodson
Apatzingan: 1 male, August 11.

Tyrannus crassirostris crassirostris Swainson
Apatzingan: 1 female, 1 male, August 13 and 15.

1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 535

Myiodynastes luteiventris luteiventris Sclater
Apatzingan: 1 male, 1 female, August 10 and 15.

Pitangus sulphuratus derbianus Kaup

Apatzingan: 2 males, July 12 and August 18.

Myiarchus tuberculifer querulus Nelson

Apatzingan: 2 females, August 13 and 15.

Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 male, 2 females, June 27-July 23.

Birds from the Cerro de Tancitaro area are indistinguishable
from four specimens of querulus collected at Tuxpan, Jalisco, and
Iguala, Guerrero.

Querulous flycatchers have been recorded in the mountains as
well as lowlands of Michoacan (Los Reyes, Ahuacana, Patzcuaro,
Apatzingan, and Cerro de Tancitaro) and may be regarded as the
resident race.

Myiochanes pertinax pertinax Cabanis and Heine

Acahuato: 1 male, August 20.

Apatzingan: 1 female, August 7.

Cerro de Tancitaro: 3 males, 1 female, July 28-August 5.

This pewee occasionally occurs in the lowlands but throughout
its range it is primarily a bird of the mountains. It was usually
associated with the open pine groves of the plateau.

Empidonax minimus Baird

Apatzingan: 1 female, August 12.

Empidonax difficilis occidentalis Nelson

Cerro de Tancitaro: 3 males, 2 females, 2(1), July 6-25.

Two unsexed specimens collected on the plateau and at 10,200

feet altitude July 20 and July 25 respectively are in immature

plumage and probably came from nests in the vicinity. On the basis

of data now available we agree with Moore (1940, p. 28) that the

breeding birds of southern Mexico should be referred to this race.

Our field records for this flycatcher include elevations from 6,000

to 10,600 feet. There is no evidence that it discriminates between

plant associations, for specimens were collected in such widely

divergent habitats as the cloud forest and the pine-oak association.

Empidonax fulvifrons rubicundus Cabanis and Heine

Cerro de Tancitaro: 2 males, 1 female, June 27 and August 5.

536 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

Ruddy flycatchers were most frequently seen in open, grassy
areas on the plateau where they perched on low shrubs and weed
stems a foot or two above the ground.

One specimen had eaten a small orthopteron, two beetles, a
weevil and a hymenopteron. A second stomach examined contained
an unidentified dipteron and considerable chitinous debris.

Mitrephanes phaeocercus phaeocercus Sclater
Cerro de Tancitaro: 3 males, 2(?), June 26-August 5.
Michoacan and Morelos constitute an area of intergradation

between phaeocercus and tenuirostris Brewster, but birds from the

Cerro de Tancitaro area are unquestionably more closely related

to the former.

Unlike the last species, this flycatcher usually selects exposed

perches on the treetops from which to dart out on short flights for

insects.

Hirundo rustica erythrogaster Boddaert

Cerro de Tancitaro: 2 males, July 19 and 24.

Although the available evidence is not conclusive, it is probable
that additional observations will definitely establish the barn swallow
as a breeding species in Michoacan. Both specimens listed above
have the short tail and somewhat dull plumage of birds of the year,
but admittedly were capable of strong flight.

Iridoprocne albilinea albilinea Lawrence

Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 female, June 27.

The occurrence of a single immature specimen of this typically
coastal species far inland is most surprising. The Rio Tepalcatepec
could have served as a natural route of migration from the lowlands.

Corvus corax sinuatus Wagler

Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 male, August 15.

Ravens were fairly abundant up to 6,000 feet but were most
numerous below in arid areas of sparse vegetation.

A well-packed stomach which was examined contained Scarabae-
idae (75 per cent), fifty- three seeds of a grape (Vitis) and a few
kernels of corn.

Calocitta formosa formosa Swainson
Apatzingan: 1 male, !(?), August 3 and 9.

1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 537

Magpie-jays were observed only in the semi-desert scrub associa-
tion near Apatzingan. A stomach which was examined contained
80 per cent vegetable matter in the form of small seeded fruits
and 20 per cent miscellaneous insect bits.

Aphelocoma sordida sieberii Wagler

Cerro de Tancitaro: 4 males, 2 females, July 14-28.
The local distribution of Sieber's jay, unlike that of the following
species, coincides with the distribution of pine forests to which it
is restricted. A bold and raucous bird wherever found, this jay
ranged from the plateau up to approximately 11,000 feet.

An unidentified nut was the predominant food in four of the
stomachs examined. One bird had also eaten a nestling of uncertain
identification. A fifth stomach contained only the remnants of
miscellaneous insects.

Cyanocitta stelleri coronata Swainson

Cerro de Tancitaro: 2 males, 4 females, July 6-26.
Two races of the present species undoubtedly intergrade in
Michoacan. Ridgway has called attention to specimens from
Patzcuaro which indicate, in slightly reduced size and increased
blueness of the crest, a definite trend towards C. s. coronata. Cerro
de Tancitaro birds show a progression of this tendency and may be
considered to occupy a position practically intermediate between
that race and C. s. azteca. No clear picture can be gained from the
measurements of our small series but a closer affinity with C. s.
coronata is indicated by an evaluation of other characters. A strik-
ing feature of the Cerro de Tancitaro specimens, which we have not
found in birds from other localities, is the considerable reduction
of the white patch over the eye and absence of a white spot on the
lower eyelid.

Blue-crested jays were restricted almost exclusively to the cloud
forest, although one specimen was collected in the upper pine-oak
association.

Parus sclateri sclateri Kleinschmidt

Cerro de Tancitaro: 5 males, 2 females, July 2-31.

Mexican chickadees were abundant in the pine forests at all
altitudes above 3,000 feet. It is remarkable that this active species
has not been reported in Michoacan before.

538 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

Psaltiparus minimus melanotis Hartlaub

Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 female, August 6.

A band of approximately twenty-five black-eared bush-tits ranged
over an area of scattered bushes and small deciduous trees on the
plateau.

Sitta carolinensis mexicana Nelson and Palmer

Cerro de Tancitaro: 2 males, 2 females, August 5 and 16.
Additional specimens of carolinensis are needed from Michoacan
to determine accurately the status of Cerro de Tancitaro birds. In
size, as well as geographically, the specimens listed above lie between
kinneari and umbrosa, recently described by van Rossem. All
measurements equal or exceed the maximum of the former but only
partially satisfy the minimum requirements of the latter. Cerro de
Tancitaro specimens are very slightly lighter above than umbrosa
and in this respect resemble mexicana. It is probable that an
adequate series of birds from this area will indicate the presence of
an intermediate population linking the latter races, but not suffi-
ciently differentiated for subspecific designation.

White-breasted nuthatches were restricted to the plateau where
they were fairly abundant in the pine-oak forest. Nesting apparently
ended early in July, for family groups were observed by the middle
of the month.

Sitta pygmaea flavinucha van Rossem

Cerro de Tancitaro: 4 males, 4 females, July 17-21.

Unlike the last species, pygmy nuthatches were strictly limited

to the pine forests of the upper slopes. One specimen was collected

at 9,000 feet, but seven others were taken above 11,000 feet in the

pine-bunch grass association.

Certhia familiaris guerrerensis van Rossem

Cerro de Tancitaro: 2 males, 3 females, July 19- August 5.
We have not had an opportunity to examine creepers from Jalisco
but no significant difference can be found between our small series
and four specimens from the Sierra Madre del Sur, Guerrero. Hell-
mayr includes Michoacan in the range of alticola but Cerro de
Tancitaro specimens are readily separable on the basis of their
smaller size (males: wing 60-63, tail 59-60, culmen 13-16) and much
darker under parts.

1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 539

Creepers occurred at all elevations, from the plateau to approxi-
mately 11,000 feet. They were fairly abundant in most zonal
associations but none were found in the cloud forest.

Cinclus mexicanus mexicanus Swainson

Cerro de Tancitaro: 2 females, !(?), July 3 and 7.
An examination of a large series of Mexican dippers collected over
a period of years reveals a degree of plumage-fading not sufficiently
emphasized heretofore. In very old skins the plain sepia of the head
and neck becomes a dull brown wash which extends over and
practically replaces the original clear slate color of the back. Con-
sequently, no line of color demarcation between the neck and back
remains. Some fading is to be expected under the best conditions
of storage, but few birds deteriorate as rapidly in this respect as
dippers. Among relatively fresh skins it is possible, on the basis of
fading, to separate those collected at intervals of only two years.
Therefore, consideration of probable new races of mexicanus should
always be made on the basis of comparison with specimens of com-
parable age.

Dippers were restricted to the fast-flowing canyon streams of
the cloud forest.

Heleodytes megalopterus megalopterus Lafresnaye

Cerro de Tancitaro: 4 males, 5 females, !(?), June 28-July 26.
This cactus wren was seen only in the cloud forest. A band of
nine individuals, probably constituting a single family, was fre-
quently observed during the last week of July near a camp main-
tained at 8,500 feet. Their feeding activities extended from the
forest floor to the mid-portions of the higher trees, but epiphytic
plants were explored with particular energy. During the post-
breeding season this wren becomes relatively furtive and silent but
occasionally startles one with its characteristic rattling din.

Heleodytes gularis Sclater

Tancitaro: 3 males, August 7 and 16.

Some recent authors prefer to regard gularis and jocosus as con-
specific on the basis of the relatively minor differences which are
observable in the adults. This view is untenable, however, if one
properly evaluates the genetic implications suggested by the strik-
ingly dissimilar immature birds. These are no less important than
adults in indicating relationships, and the origins of respective popu-

540 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

lations. In the light of modern genetics certain basic differences,
including the presence of ventral spotting in jocosus, and its absence
in immature specimens of gularis, indicate the introduction (or loss)
of genetic characters so distinct as to belie the fortuitous resemblance
of the adults. We do not hesitate to grant gularis specific rank.

Thryothorus pleurostictus nisorius Sclater
Apatzingan: 4 males, 1 female, August 10-23.

Thryomanes bewickii percnus Oberholser

Tancitaro: 1 male, 2 females, July 18-31.

The large size (male: wing 62, tail 61, culmen 15) and dark
coloration of Tancitaro specimens readily distinguish them from
murinus of south-central Mexico. Jalisco wrens have not been
recorded from Michoacan before, but a straggler was collected at
Puente Colorado, Puebla, on August 3, 1868, by Professor Sumichrast.

Troglodytes brunneicollis colimae van Rossem

Cerro de Tancitaro: 6 males, 4 females, June 30-July 28.
Our series of fresh breeding specimens agrees in all intrinsic char-
acters with a December male from the type locality. This well-
defined race apparently is a bird of the higher mountains. A single
specimen was observed on the plateau but these wrens were most
abundant in the pine-bunch grass association above 10,000 feet
altitude.

Henicorhina leucophrys festiva Nelson

Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 male, July 31.

Wood wrens are among the best indicators of the Humid Upper
Tropical Zone. They occurred only in the cloud forest on Cerro
de Tancitaro and were excessively difficult to observe in the low
shrubs and ground cover which constituted their principal habitat.
The song of this species compares favorably in strength and clarity
of tone with that of any other wren and frequently was the first
or only indication of its presence.

Catherpes mexicanus mexicanus Swainson

Canyon wrens inhabited the ridges of volcanic rock and old
stone fences on the plateau, but unfortunately none were collected
by either expedition.

Toxostoma curvirostre curvirostre Swainson

Tancitaro: 3 males, 1 female, 2(?), June 24-August 3.

I!
I!

!!

Bj

Field Museum of Natural History

Zoology, Vol. XXII, Plate XX

TEMPERATE ZONE OF CERRO DE TANCfTARO

Fig. 1. Open pine, with high bunch grass; altitude 10,000 feet. Fig. 2. Fir-alder forest, upper limit
of cloud forest. Fig. 3. Open pine forest, TancJtaro plateau; altitude about 4,500 feet.

1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 541

The roadside thickets of agave, thorny bushes, and small trees
on the plateau were the favorite habitat of the curve-billed thrasher.

Two stomachs which were examined contained several curculionid
beetles, a cricket, undetermined larvae, and numerous fine seeds.

Melanotis caerulescens effuticus Bangs and Penard
Tancitaro: 1 male, 4 females, July 30-August 5.
Griscom refers specimens from Chilpancingo, Guerrero, to the
present race but states (1934, p. 396) that they are slightly gradient
toward caerulescens of eastern and south-central Mexico. Our birds
show no divergence from typical effuticus, however, and are indis-
tinguishable from a series of ten Jalisco and Nayarit specimens
with which they have been compared.

The habitat of the blue mockingbird is similar to that of the
curve-billed thrasher. It is a shy and elusive bird and apparently
is restricted to the plateau, where trailside thickets and drainage
ditches are particularly favored. Singing perches are usually selected
in the upper parts of densely foliated trees so that detailed observa-
tion is impossible. This species is a versatile songster and has a
repertoire somewhat reminiscent of the catbird.

A quantity of small berries, wild grapes, a lepidopterous larva, a
small wasp, and a beetle were found in the three stomachs examined.

Turdus migratorius permixtus Griscom

Acahuato: 1 female, August 17.

Tancitaro: 3 males, 1 female, June 30-August 5.

Breeding specimens of migratorius from the Cerro de Tancftaro
area agree in small size and dark coloration with the birds of Guerrero.
The known range of permixtus is thus extended northwestward by
more than two hundred miles.

Turdus rufo-palliatus rufo-palliatus Lafresnaye
Apatzingan: 1 female, 1 male, August 12 and 15.

Turdus assimilis renominatus Miller and Griscom
Apatzingan: 1 male, August 15.
Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 male, July 6.

Myadestes obscurus occidentalis Stejneger

Cerro de Tancitaro: 2 males, 3 females, July 15-August 16.

542 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

Pine-forested ridges and underbrush of the higher mountain slopes
are the usual habitat of this remarkable songster. Solitaires were
not observed above 8,000 feet but they were fairly numerous in
suitable situations at lower elevations.

Catharus occidentalis fulvescens Nelson

Cerro de Tancitaro: 4 males, 2 females, July 2-27.
Members of this genus are among the wariest of tropical birds.
The present species finds optimum conditions in the decaying
vegetation, rank undergrowth, and other ground cover of the cloud
forest and thus occupies a niche filled by the following species on the
plateau.

Catharus aurantiirostris clarus Jouy

Tancitaro: 2 males, 3 females, June 27-August 5.

Sialia mexicana australis Nelson

Cerro de Tancitaro: 4 males, 3 females, July 20-August 16.

Nelson's bluebirds were most abundant in the pine-oak associa-
tion on the plateau but three specimens were collected in the open
pine forest above 11,000 feet altitude. A specimen taken on
July 20 had left its nest not more than ten days before.

Polioptila plumbea bairdi Ridgway

Apatzingan: 2 males, August 18 and 24.

Regulus regulus clarus Dearborn

Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 female, June 29.

The single immature specimen collected in the cloud forest
apparently constitutes the first specific record of a kinglet in
Michoacan. In the absence of breeding adults from this area we
assign this bird to clarus with reservations.

Ptilogonys cinereus pallescens Griscom

Cerro de Tancitaro: 3 males, 1 female, July 22-August 17.

Our small series, in molting and worn plumage, differs from
specimens of cinereus collected in Vera Cruz and Mexico and may
be regarded as intermediates. They appear to be nearer pallescens
of Guerrero but an adequate series from Cerro de Tancitaro is needed
to determine the actual relationship.

1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 543

There seems to be no previous record of silky flycatchers in
Michoacan. They occurred on the plateau in wandering bands of
five or six individuals.

Vireolanius melitophrys melitophrys Du Bus

Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 female, June 30.

The occurrence of a shrike-vireo in Michoacan, almost two
hundred miles distant from the nearest previous record, is most
unexpected. Subspecific determination has been made arbitrarily
in the absence of satisfactory comparative material.

Vireo button! mexicanus Ridgway
Tancitaro: 2 females, July 16 and 17.

Vireo belli! medius Oberholser

Apatzingan: 1 female, August 13.

Bell's vireo winters over the greater part of Mexico but there is
no previous record of the occurrence of medius, an excellently
differentiated race, south of Guanajuato.

Vireo solitarius repetens van Rossem

Tancitaro: 1 female, August 7.

The proportions (wing 82, tail 57) of our Michoacan specimen
agree with those of Guerrero birds. It is further distinguished from
a series of Arizona specimens (plumbeus) by its much greener flanks,
back, and rump and hence may be regarded as a typical example
of the long-winged, short-tailed race (repetens) reported heretofore
only from Jalisco, Guerrero, and Oaxaca.

Vireo virescens flavoviridis Cassin

Apatzingan: 2 females, August 13 and 14.

Vireo gilvus subsp.

Tancitaro: 1 female, July 26.

The worn plumage and unsatisfactory condition of this specimen
preclude accurate subspecific determination. Its measurements
(wing 74, tail 52, culmen 11) conform with those of brewsteri and of
the nominate race but the clear brown pileum and upper back are
unlike any examples of the species which we have seen. Early
migrants could reach Michoacan late in July but it is more likely
that a large, brownish resident race exists there.

544 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

Diglossa baritula baritula Wagler

Tancitaro: 2 males, 1 female, June 23 and August 7.

Mniotilta varia Linnaeus

Tancitaro: 1 male, August 7.

Vermivora superciliosa palliata van Rossem

Cerro de Tancitaro: 4 males, !(?), July 3-29.

The grayer (less greenish) flanks and generally paler coloration
distinguish Cerro de Tancitaro specimens from a series of mexicana
at our disposal. The extent of the yellow abdominal area, considered
important by van Rossem, is so complicated by the "make" of
individual skins that we find it useless as a diagnostic character.

All races of this species are birds of the highlands. On Cerro
de Tancitaro it was most abundant in the open pine forest and pine-
alder association above 8,000 feet altitude.

Compsothlypis pitiayumi pulchra Brewster

Apatzingan: 1 male, August 19.

Our single Michoacan specimen, in worn plumage, is somewhat
darker (duller) above than typical examples from Sonora, but other-
wise agrees with pulchra in all diagnostic characters. There is no
previous record of this well-marked race south of Jalisco (Barranca
Ibarra), so its status in Michoacan is uncertain.

Peucedramus olivaceus olivaceus Giraud

Cerro de Tancitaro: 5 males, 1 female, 2(?), July 17-August 7.

The variability of this species has been demonstrated by Miller
and Griscom (1925, pp. 8-11) but their recognition of a supposedly
small western race, jaliscensis, seems unjustified in the absence of
a reasonably stable character. Specimens from Jalisco are said to
differ from typical olivaceus only in size, being (male) wing 72-76,
tail 51.1-53, culmen 10-10.6. However, the wings of ten males
(olivaceus) from Cofre de Perote, Vera Cruz, measured by Hellmayr,
varied from 74-78 mm. Theoretically, Michoacan lies well within
the range of jaliscensis, but the measurements of our five males
(wing 76-77, tail 51-54, culmen 10-11) undermine still further the
concept of a distinct western race.

Olive warblers occurred in open pine forests from the plateau to
the summit of Cerro de Tancitaro. They were most abundant at
higher altitudes in the yellow pine-bunch grass association.

1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 545

Dendroica occidentalis Townsend

Tancitaro: 1 male, 1 female, August 16.

Myioborus miniatus miniatus Swainson

Cerro de Tancitaro: 4 males, June 28-July 30.

All races of miniatus are excellent indicators of the Humid Upper
Tropical Zone. The shrubs and undergrowth within pine forests
of the plateau generally harbored this species and a few individuals
were noted as high as 8,200 feet altitude, near the upper limits of
the pine-alder-fir association.

Ergaticus ruber ruber Swainson

Cerro de Tancitaro: 4 males, 3 females, !(?), July 6-25.

Red warblers are resident in the coniferous forests between 8,000
and 9,600 feet altitude.

Basil eu tor us belli clarus Ridgway

Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 male, 4 females, June 28-July 31.

No conclusive evidence that Cerro de Tancitaro birds differ
intrinsically from typical belli can be found in the limited compara-
tive material at our disposal. However, Wetm ore's review of the
species (1941, pp. 572-573) indicates the necessity of correlating
individual color range with seasonal variation in evaluating racial
distinctions, so we have accepted his determination of Michoacan
birds.

This active warbler was restricted to the cloud forest, where it
seldom ventured from the dense vegetation of the forest floor.

Cassiculus melanicterus Bonaparte

Apatzingan: 3 males, 1 female, August 11-18.

Mexican caciques were concentrated in the tropical deciduous
forest and among the large trees in the irrigated country south of
Apatzingan.

Cassidix mexicanus mexicanus Gmelin

Apatzingan: 1 female, August 13.

Tancitaro: 1 female, August 17.

A distinctly smaller form (obscurus) inhabits the coast district of
western Mexico from Nayarit and Colima south to Guerrero. It
has not been recorded in Michoacan specifically but undoubtedly
supersedes the present race southwest of the Cerro de Tancitaro

546 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

area. The demarcation between the ranges of obscurus and mexicanus
is not known in detail but certainly altitude is not an isolating
factor. The former occurs on the coast and also at Chilpancingo,
Guerrero, approximately 4,000 feet above sea level, and the latter
has a vertical distribution no less extensive.

Icterus spurius Linnaeus

Apatzingan: 2 males, 1 female, August 12 and 23.

Icterus wagleri wagleri Sclater
Acahuato: 1 male, August 17.

Icterus pustulatus pustulatus Wagler

Apatzingan: 5 males, 4 females, August 9-21.

Scarlet-headed orioles from Apatzingan agree with an excellent
series of Guerrero birds in Field Museum and give no indication of
gradation toward microstictus as might be expected.

Tanagra musica elegantissima Bonaparte
Tancitaro: 1 male, June 23.

Piranga flava hepatica Swainson

Tancitaro: 4 males, July 22-August 6.

Piranga bidentata bidentata Swainson

Tancitaro: 2 males, 1 female, July 17-August 6.

Swainson's tanager is a subtropical form which, like the preceding

species, was noted only in the open pine groves and pine-oak forests

on the plateau.

Hedymeles melanocephalus maculatus Audubon
Tancitaro: 3 males, 2 females, June 24-August 6.

Passerina versicolor subsp.

Apatzingan: 2 males, August 12 and 13.

Our specimens from the semi-desert scrub area near Apatzingan
agree in size (wing 64, tail 50-53) with purpurascens of Guerrero,
Morelos, and Guatemala but are in such worn plumage that sub-
specific determination is impractical. There are no data on the
breeding population, but Michoacan lies within the migration range
of the nominate race, and adjoins that of dickeyae and purpurascens,
so exceptional care should be exercised in identifying all specimens
from that state.

1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 547

Passerina leclancherii leclancherii Lafresnaye
Apatzingan: 2 males, August 10 and 24.

Hesperiphona abeillei abeillei Lesson

Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 male, July 8.

Abeille's grosbeak is a bird of the highlands, known heretofore
only from the states of Mexico (?), Vera Cruz, Puebla, and Oaxaca.
The Michoacan specimen is in immature plumage and represents
an unexpected westward range extension of more than two hundred
miles.

Carpodacus mexicanus coccineus Moore

Tancitaro: 7 males, 3 females, June 23-August 7.
The taxonomy and relationships of house finches in Mexico have
been clarified in several recent papers by Moore, who regards
Patzcuaro (Michoacan) specimens as intergrades between the present
race and centralis of Guanajuato. It follows that Tancitaro birds
are similarly intermediate. Five adult males from the plateau are
indistinguishable in appearance from a series from Tuxpan, Jalisco,
but approach centralis in size; wing 81-82, tail 61-63.

Volatinia jacarina diluta van Rossem

Apatzingan: 3 males, August 11 and 20.

The characters which are said to separate diluta from atronitens
of eastern Mexico and Central America are evident only in females,
young males, and adult males in winter plumage. We have not seen
sufficient Mexican specimens in these critical plumages to form an
independent opinion on the advisability of recognizing a western
race, but regard it with suspicion. The relationship between the
grassquits of Mexico, Central America, and northern South America
is not yet clear; in fact, interesting data presented by Hellmayr
(1938, pp. 254-255) indicates so great a degree of individual variation
and instability among these birds as to cast doubt on their subspecific
divisibility.

Spinus pinus macropterus Bonaparte

Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 male, 1 female, July 21 and 24.

Pine siskins were restricted to the higher reaches of Cerro de Tan-
citaro, being most numerous in open pine forest above 10,000 feet.

Spinus notatus griscomi van Rossem
Tancitaro: 1 male, June 27.

548 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

Loxia curvirostra Strickland! Ridgway

Tancftaro: 2 males, 3 females, !(?), June 25-August 5.

Mexican crossbills were observed only on the plateau in the pine-
oak forest (4,500-6,000 ft. alt.) and in the vicinity of the village.
Several specimens were collected near the cathedral. The absence
hitherto of this species from the known fauna of Michoacan is further
indication of the limited field work done in that state.

Atlapetes pileatus pileatus Wagler

Cerro de Tancitaro: 5 males, 2 females, !(?), June 23-July 28.

This finch was abundant on the plateau and ranged upward at
least to 8,600 feet.

Atlapetes torquatus virenticeps Bonaparte

Cerro de Tancitaro: 1 male, 3 females, !(?), July 1-30.

Arremonops rufivirgatus sumichrasti Sharpe
Apatzingan: 1 male, 1 female, August 20.

Pipilo ocai1 nigrescens Salvin and Godman

Tancitaro: 5 males, 2 females, 2(?), June 22-August 6.
The presence in Michoacan of a breeding population of towhees
combining characters of Pipilo ocai and of P. macronyx has caused
confusion for many years. Michoacan birds were first recognized
as a distinct entity in 1889 by Salvin and Godman, who described
Chamaeospiza nigrescens on the basis of a pair of specimens collected
at Patzcuaro. Ridgway (1901, p. 408) accepted the specificity of
nigrescens but advanced the opinion that it might prove to be merely
the result of hybridization between the Pipilo torquatus (=ocai)
and P. macronyx groups. In support of this view, subsequently
adopted by most authors, Hellmayr (1938, p. 454) states that "eight
specimens (from Michoacan, Vera Cruz, and Puebla) form an almost
unbroken chain between macronyx and torquatus, and clearly indicate
hybridization."

The close relationship between these species is evident. Some
degree of hybridization between them undoubtedly occurs, but
analysis of their present distribution refutes the concept that in-
dividual Michoacan specimens are fortuitous hybrids. No race of
macronyx or of ocai other than nigrescens occurs in that state, nor

1 Priority of ocai over torquatus has been established by van Rossem (1940,
pp. 173-174).

1942 BIRDS FROM MICHOACAN— BLAKE AND HANSON 549

have birds of the nigrescens type been found elsewhere. The latter
are composite in appearance, and exhibit considerable individual
variation of certain characters, but there is not the slightest difficulty
in separating Michoacan specimens from all others.

In order to determine the affinities of this interesting form the au-
thors assembled all available specimens from Michoacan (thirty-three)
for direct comparison with eighty specimens representing all known
races of macronyx and ocai. Michoacan birds (nigrescens) resemble
the latter in general pattern but may be distinguished by the vestigial
nature of their white gular patch and by the absence of a superciliary
line. Of the thirty-three Michoacan specimens examined, three
show no trace of white on the throat and only one adult, collected
at Patamban in January, 1903 (No. 185076, coll. of the Fish and
Wildlife Service), lacks the typical chestnut crown-patch of the ocai
group. Obscure black dorsal streaks and a slightly cinnamomeous
tinge on the under parts (flanks and under tail coverts) of certain
Michoacan specimens may be regarded as further indication of their
link with the macronyx group but in no case are these characters
well developed, nor do Michoacan birds have spotted tails.

The composite appearance of Michoacan birds is due to multiple
gene factors possibly acquired at a time when the ranges of ocai
and macronyx overlapped in this area. Whatever the origin of
nigrescens, it constitutes an isolated breeding population in Michoacan
(Cerro de Tancitaro, Nahuatzin, Patamban, and Patzcuaro),
separable in 100 per cent of the specimens examined, and hence
must be regarded as subspecifically distinct. The distribution and
composite appearance of nigrescens indicate a relationship between
P. ocai and P. macronyx so close as to suggest that they are races
of the same species. Complete revision of these forms is beyond the
scope of the present report.

Pipilo fuscus fuscus Swainson

Tancitaro: 3 males, 4 females, 2(?), June 23-August 3.

Our series from Cerro de Tancitaro, which lies in an area generally
conceded to be occupied by the nominate race, agrees in size and color
with seven adult specimens collected in May at Tuxpan, Jalisco,
only eleven miles south of Zapotlan, type locality of the recently
described race tenebrosus. We have not seen Zapotlan specimens
but it is evident that Mexican races of this species require careful
revision before additional forms are described.

550 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

Brown towhees are among the most abundant birds on the
plateau, being especially numerous in the village of Tancitaro and
in the roadside thickets of the surrounding country. They probably
have two broods during the season, as parents feeding full-grown
young were frequently observed and on July 20 natives brought in
a nest containing three half-grown fledglings.

Plagiospiza superciliosa superciliosa Swainson

Cerro de Tancitaro: 3 males, 4 females, !(?), July 17-22.
Striped sparrows and pygmy nuthatches are the only birds which

seem to be limited to the highest slopes of the mountain. All our

specimens of the former were collected in the pine-bunch grass

association above 10,200 feet.

Two stomachs which were examined contained leguminous seeds

(probably Lupinus) and miscellaneous plant and insect debris.

Aimophila humeralis humeralis Cabanis

Apatzingan: 1 female, August 9.

This specimen agrees perfectly with a series from Iguala, Guerrero,
and shows no tendency to intergrade with asticta of Colima.

Aimophila ruficauda acuminata Salvin and Godman
Apatzingan: 2 males, 1 female, August 11-19.

Junco phaeonotus australis van Rossem

Cerro de Tancitaro: 3 males, 2 females, !(?), July 15-August 1.

These specimens are intergrades between colimae of Jalisco and
australis of Guerrero but apparently are more closely related to the
latter. They differ from a series of summer adults from Nuevo Leon
(typical phaeonotus} in having somewhat browner flanks, darker
upper parts and decidedly more extensive red on the tertials and
lower back. Measurements of three males agree with those of
australis: wing 76-78, tail 68-69.

Mexican juncos were found at all elevations from the plateau to
near the summit of Cerro de Tancitaro wherever there were open
fields or areas with herbaceous cover.

Spizella passerina mexicana Nelson
Tancitaro: 1 male, June 23.

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from Mexico and Guatemala. Bull. Brit. Orn. Cl., 58, pp. 124-138.

1938a. Notes on Some Mexican and Central American Wrens of the Genera
Heleodytes, Troglodytes, and Nannorchilus; and Four New Races. Bull. Brit.
Orn. Cl., 59, pp. 10-15.

1939. Four New Races of Sittidae and Certhiidae from Mexico. Proc. Biol.
Soc. Wash., 52, pp. 3-6.

1940. Du Bus' Type of the Collared Towhee, Pipilo torquatus. Wilson Bull.,
52, pp. 173-174.

WETMORE, ALEXANDER

1941. Notes on Birds of the Guatemalan Highlands. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus.,
89, pp. 523-581.

551

THE LIBRARY OF THE

DEC 1 1942
UNIVERSITY OB ILLINOIS

INDEX

Current names in roman type, synonyms and secondary references in italic
type, new names in bold-faced type.

abeillei, Hesperiphona, 547
aberae, Ptychadena, 91-92
Ablepharus wahlbergii, 72
Abraeus exiguus, 438-439
abyssinicus, Lamprophis, 22
Acanthicus canensis, 240
Acanthodactylus asper, 61

mucronatus, 62

pardalis, 61

scutellatus, 61

Accra coeruleopunctata, 324-326
Accipiter suttpni, 525-526
Acontias punctatus, 19-20
acoposternus, Phelister, 461
acndoides, Phrynobatrachus, 98

Staurois, 98
Acritus exiguus, 438-439

ignobilis, 441

punctisternus, 440-441

rugulpsus, 442

simpliculus, 442

ttiberculatus, 439-440
Actitis macularia, 527
aculeata, Agama, 52
acuminata, Aimophila, 550
acuminatus, Coluber, 506

Oxybelis, 506
acutum, Kinosternon, 488
acutus, Crocodilus, 489

Crocodylus, 489
Adelphicos, visoninus, 503
adenopleura, Rana, 140
adspersus, Breviceps, 110-111
Aeluroglena cucullata, 28
Aelurophryne mammata, 124
Aequidens coeruleopunctatus, 324-326
aequiplicata, Rana, 91
Aeronautes nigrior, 531
affinis, Chamaeleon, 78

Creagrutus, 271-272

Pseudocheirodon, 251-252
afra, Nectophryne, 86
Agalychnis callidryas, 487

moreletii, 487
Agama aculeata, 52

agama, 53-55

atra, 53

atricollis, 56-57

brachyura, 52

caudospinosa, 56

colonorum, 53-55

cristata, 494

cyanogaster, 57-58

flavimaculata, 52

leucostigma, 52

lionotus, 55

montana, 53

mutabilis, 52

pallida, 52

planiceps, 56

usambarae, 55-56
agama, Agama, 53-55

Lacerta, 53-55
Ageneiosus, 236

caucanus, 236
Agkistrodon bilineatus, 508
Agonostomus, 322

macracanthus, 323-324

monticola, 322-323
Ahaetulla occidentalis, 501
Aimophila acuminata, 550

humeralis, 550
akeleyi, Lyogsoma, 73
albeolus, Astyanax, 263-264
albigularis, Falco, 526-527

Varanus, 59

albilinea, Iridoprocne, 526
albolabris, Rana, 96
Alfaro, 313

cultratus, 313
Algiroides boulengeri, 60
alienus, Elaps, 507-508

Micrurus, 507-508
allisoni, Anolis, 493
Allogambusia, 303

tridentiger, 303-305
Alopecion fasciatum, 24
altifrons, Cichlasoma, 328-329

Heros, 328-329
altipinnis, Loricaria, 242-243
amazona, Chloroceryle, 532
Amazona finschi, 529
amblops, Felichthys, 235-236

Trachycorystes, 235-236
Ameiva festiva, 495-496

undulata, 495

Amphibia (gall bladder), 163-164, 179
Amplorhinus nototaenia, 36
amurensis, Rana, 134
Anacyrtus guatemalensis, 272-273
anchietae, Aporosaura, 63

Pachyrhynchus, 63
Ancistrodon bilineatus, 508
Ancistrus chagresi, 239

planiceps, 240

spinosus, 239

andersonii, Rana, 140-141
andrewsi, Bufo, 128
angelica, Leptotila, 528
angolensis, Rana, 90-91

Varanus, 59
Anguilla rostrata, 294

553

554 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

Anguis bipes, 74
angustatus, Claudius, 488
angusticeps, Dendraspis, 42-43

Naja, 42-43
annectans, Hyla, 131

Phrynomantis, 111

Phrynomerus, 111
annularis, Gecko, 51

Tarentola, 51
annulatus, Enicognathus, 497

Sibynophis, 497
Anolis allisoni, 493

aureolus, 490

beckeri, 491

biporcatus, 491

bourgaei, 491

capito, 491-492

ruthveni, 492

sagrei, 492

sericeus, 492

tropidonotus, 493

ustus, 493

Anseriformes (gall bladder), 182-183
ansorgii, Rana, 95
Apareiodon compressus, 248-249

dariensis, 248
Aphelocoma sieberii, 537
Apterygiformes (gall bladder), 182
Apoda (gall bladder), 179
Aporosaura anchietae, 63
Ara mexicana, 528
Aratinga eburnirostrum, 528
areolata, Emys, 489

Geoemyda, 489
argenteus, Brycon, 285-286
argentovittis, Hyperolius, 106
Arges longifilis, 245
arietans, Bitis, 45

Vipera, 45

Aristelliger georgeensis, 490
Arremonops sumichrasti, 548
Arthroleptis dendrobates, 97-98

graueri, 97

minutus, 99

ogoensis, 99

poecilonotus, 99

rouxi, 99-100

variabilis, 98
Artiodactyla (biliary tract), 421-422

gall bladder, 195-197
Ascalabotes sthenodactylus, 48
asper, Acanthodactylus, 61

Lacerta, 61

Aspidelaps lichtensteinii, 44
assatum, Leiolopisma, 496
assatus, Lampropholis, 496
assimilis, Phelister, 467-469
Astroblepus, 244

longifilis, 245
Astyanax, 256-257

albeolus, 263-264

emperador, 264-265

fasciatus, 257-258

kompi, 260-263

nicaraguensis, 263

ruberrimus, 258-260
Astylosternus diadematus, 87-88

gabonicus, 86-87

oxyrhynchus, 86-87
ater, Bothrolycus, 22
Athens nitschei, 46-47

squamiger, 46

squamigera, 46
Atlapetes pileatus, 548

virenticeps, 548
atra, Agama, 53
Atractaspis bibronii, 47

microlepidota, 47
atratus, Coragyps, 524-525
atricaudata, Gephyrocharax, 253
atricollis, Agama, 56-57
Atropos nummifer, 509
atrox, Coluber, 508

Trimeresurus, 508
Attila pacificus, 534
aubryi, Hyla, 101

Hylambates, 101

Leptopelis, 101
audubonii, Polyborus, 526
Aulophallus retropinna, 309-310
aura, Cathartes, 525
aureolus, Anolis, 490
austeni, Pachydactylus, 51-52
australis, Junco, 550

Sialia, 542
Awapus, 356

taiasica, 356

transandeanus, 356-357
azelus, Dryobates, 534

babcocki, Testudo, 18
Bacanius hamatus, 436

ignobilis, 441

subcarinatus, 436-438

scalptus, 436
bairdi, Polioptila, 542
Balanosphyra formicivora, 533
bankorensis, Bufo, 127
baritula, Diglossa, 544
Basileuterus clarus, 545
basiliscus, Chamaeleo, 75

Chamaeleon, 75
Basiliscus vittatus, 493
batesii, Gampsosteonyx, 87-88

Mabuia, 71

Typhlops, 20
baudinii, Hyla, 486
beam, Belonocharax, 289

Ctenolucius, 289

Luciocharax, 289
beckeri, Anolis, 491
behreae, Brycon, 278-281
belliana, Cinixys, 19

Kinixys, 19

INDEX

555

Belonocharax beani, 289
berlandieri, Rana, 487
bibronii, Atractaspis, 47
bidentata, Hololepta, 434

Piranga, 546
bifasciatus, Brachymerus, 111

Phrynomerus, 111
biinterrupta, Carcinops, 443-445
Biliary tract (Artiodactyla), 421-422

Edentata, 418

Carnivora, 419-420

Cetacea, 420

Hyracoidea, 420-421

Mammals, 415-430

Marsupialia, 417

Perissodactyla, 421-422

Primates, 418

Rodentia, 418-419

Sirenia, 421
bilineatus, Agkistrodon, 508

Ancistrodon, 508
bipes, Anguis, 74

Scelotes, 74
biporcata, Dactyloa, 491

Anolis, 491

bipunctata, Coronella, 504
bipunctatus, Coniophanes, 504
Birds (gall bladder), 164, 182-187
biseriatus, Psammophis, 39
bitaeniatus, Chamaeleo, 76-77

Chamaeleon, 76-77
Bitis arietans, 45

caudalis, 46

cornuta, 45

gabonica, 45

nasicornis, 45

Blake, Emmet R., and Hanson, Harold
C., Notes on a Collection of Birds
from Michoacan, Mexico, 513-551
blandingii, Mabuya, 66-67

Euprepres, 66-67
blanfordii, Bufo, 85
Boaedon guttatus, 22

lemniscatum, 22

lineatus, 22-23

olivaceus, 23
Boa imperator, 496-497
bocagei, Hylambales, 100
bocagii, Cystignathus, 100

Hylambates, 100

Leptopelis, 100
boettgeri, Megophrys, 125
bogotana, Hololepta, 434
Boiga pulverulenta, 35
Bolitoglossa mexicana, 481
Bombina maxima, 123-124

orientalis, 122-123
Boodon guttatus, 22

lemniscatus, 22

lineatus, 22-23

olivaceus, 23
borealis, Kaloula, 149

Bostrichus probosddeus, 436
Bothrolycus ater, 22
bottegi, Chalcides, 73-74
boulengeri, Algiroides, 60
bourgaei, Anolis, 491
Brachymerus bifasciatus, 111
Brachyrhaphis, 298

cascajalensis, 299-300

episcopi, 298-299

terrabensis, 301
brachyura, Agama, 52
brachyurus, Buteo, 526
brasiliense, Epierus, 337

Plagiogramma, 447
bravana, Rana, 95-96
bravanus, Limnodytes, 95-96
brenneri, Eremias, 62
breve, Homalocranium, 506
Breviceps adspersus, 110-111
breviceps, Emoia, 71

Euprepis, 71

Lygosoma, 71
brevicollis, Euprepes, 67-68

Mabuia, 67-68

Mabuya, 67-68
brevifacies, Sibynomorphus, 503

Tropidodipsas, 503-504
brevirostris, Hylambates, 101

Hypopomus, 291-292

Lampornis, 532

Leptopelis, 101

Rhamphichthys, 291-292
brevis, Tantilla, 506
brookii, Hemidactylus, 49

Hemidactylus, 50
brunneus, Rivulus, 315
Brycon, 274-275
Bryconamericus, 264

cascajalensis, 268

emperador, 264-265

ricae, 268-269

zeteki, 265-268
Brycon argenteus, 285-286

behreae, 278-281

chagrensis, 276-278

guatemalensis, 281-282

obscurus, 283-285

petrosus, 282-283

striatulus, 278-281

striatulus, 276
Bubo mayensis, 530
Bucephalus typus, 40
Bufo andrewsi, 128

bankorensis, 127

blanfordii, 85

camerunensis, 83-84

carens, 85

funereus, 84

gargarizans, 126-127

gariepensis, 85

garmani, 80-83

japonicus, 125-126

556 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

Bufo kisoloensis, 83

lemairii, 83

maculatus, 81

marinus, 481-482

melanostictus, 129-130

minshanicus, 127-128

osgoodi, 85-86

polycerus, 84

raddei, 128-129

regularis, 80-83

somalacus, 85

spinosus, 82

superciliaris, 85

tuberculosus, 82

tuberosus, 84

valliceps, 482

bunyoniensis, Xenopus, 80
Buteo brachyurus, 526

costaricensis, 526

plagiatus, 526
butleri, Microhyla, 150

Simocephalus, 24-27

Cairina moschata, 524
Calamaria degenhardtii, 506-507
callichromus, Hyperolius, 106
callidryas, Agalychnis, 487

Hyla, 487

calobrense, Cichlasoma, 330
Calocitta formosa, 536-537
camerunensis, Bufo, 83-84

Scotobleps, 86
cana, Pseudaspis, 27
canensis, Acanthicus, 240

Leptoancistrus, 240
canus, Coluber, 27
capense, Lycophidium, 23-24
capensis, Lycodon, 23-24
capetensis, Loricaria, 241
capito, Anolis, 491-492
Caprimulgiformes (gall bladder), 185
carapo, Gymnotus, 291
Carcinops biinterrupta, 443-445

carinata, 442-443

misella, 445

miserula, 445

miserulus, 445

tantilla, 445
carens, Bufo, 85
carinata, Carcinops, 442-443

Latastia, 60

Pseudoboa, 46
carinatus, Chlorophis, 28-29

Echis, 46
Carnivora (biliary tract), 419-420

gall bladder, 192-194
Carpodacus coccineus, 547
carthagenus, Trypanaeus, 436
cascajalensis, Brachyrhapis, 299-300

Bryconamericus, 268

Gambusia, 299-300
Cassiculus melanicterus, 545

Cassidix mexicanus, 545-546
Cassina obscura, 109-110

senegalensis, 110
castaneus, Hister, 457
Casuariiformes (gall bladder), 182
Cathartes aura, 525
Catharus clarus, 542

fulvescens, 542
Catherpes mexicanus, 540
caucana, Girardinus, 312

Mollienisia, 312
caucanus, Ageneiosus, 236
caudalis, Bitis, 46

Vipera, 46

Caudata (gall bladder), 179
caudicinctus, Hemitheconyx, 47-48

Psilodactylus, 47-48

Stenodactylus, 47-48
caudospinosa, Agama, 56
Causus lichtensteinii, 44

resimus, 44

rhombeatus, 44
Celestus steindachneri, 495
cenchoa, Coluber, 505

Imantodes, 505
Centurus flavinuchus, 533
Cerates mexicanus, 500
Certhia guerrerensis, 538-539
Cetacea (biliary tract), 420

gall bladder, 198-199
Chaemaeleon affinis, 78
Chaetostomus fischeri, 238-239
chagrensis, Brycon, 276-278

Chalcinopsis, 276-278
chagresi, Ancistrus, 239

Pimelodella, 235

Pimelodus, 235
Chalceus fasciatus, 257-258
Chalcides bottegi, 73-74

delislii, 74

ocellatus, 73

pulchellus, 73-74

sepoides, 74

thierryi, 74

tiligugu, 73
Chalcinopsis chagrensis, 276-278

striatulus, 276
Chamaeleo basiliscus, 75

bitaeniatus, 76-77

cristatus, 78

dilepis, 76

gracilis, 76

namaquensis, 78
Chamaeleon basiliscus, 75

bitaeniatus, 76-77

chamaeleon, 75

cristatus, 78

dilepis, 76

ellioti, 77

gracilis, 76

hoehneli, 77-78

hohnelii, 77-78

INDEX

557

Chamaeleon jacksoni, 78-79

johnstoni, 79

laevigatus, 75

namaquensis, 78

pumilus, 78

roperi, 76

rudis, 77

senegalensis, 75

vauerescecae, 78-79

vulgaris, 75
chamaeleon, Chamaeleon, 75

Lacerta, 75

Chamaeleopsis hernandesii, 494
Cfiamaeleo pumilus, 78

senegalensis, 75

spectrum, 79
chanleri, Mehelya, 24-27

Simocephalus, 24-27
chapadae, Phelister, 469
Characidium, 249

marshi, 249

Charadriiformes (gallbladder), 183-184
Cheirodon gorgonae, 250-251
chensinensis, Rana, 134-135
chinensis, Hyla, 130
Chiromantis rufescens, 100
Chiroptera (gall bladder), 189-190
Chloroceryle amazona, 532

septentrionalis, 532
Chlorophis carinatus, 28-29

cyaneus, 29-30
ilaris, 30-32

30
juini, 29-30

schubotzi, 30-32
Chondrohierax uncinatus, 525
Chlorophis heterodermus, 29-30
chrysostictus, Sceloporus, 494
chucunaque, Rivulus, 315-316
chunganensis, Rana, 141
Ciccaba squamulata, 530
Cichlasoma, 327

altifrons, 328-329

calobrense, 330

guttulatum, 334

lethrinus, 333-334

maculicauda, 332-333

motaguense, 329-330

nigrofasciatum, 335

sieboldii, 335-337

spilurum, 331

tuyrense, 331

umbriferum, 330
Ciconiiformes (gall bladder), 182
Cinclus mexicanus, 539
cinctiventris, Rappia, 107
Cinixys belliana, 19
cinnamomeiventris, Rappia, 108-109
cinnamome-ventris, Hyperolius, 108-

109
Cinosternum cruentatum, 488

leucoslomum, 488

citreolus, Trogon, 532
citurensis, Oxyloricaria, 243

Sturisoma, 243

clarki, Euleptoeleotris, 352-355
clarus, Basileuterus, 545

Catharus, 542

Regulus, 542
Claudius angustatus, 488
clavatus, Coniophanes, 504-505

Dromicus, 504-505
Clelia clelia, 506

cloelia, 506
clelia, Clelia, 506

Coluber, 506

clemenciae, Cyanolaemus, 532
cloelia, Clelia, 506
Cnemaspis dickersoni, 49
Cnemidophorus festivus, 495-496
cobanensis, Hololepta, 434-435
coccineus, Carpodacus, 547
Cochlearius zeledoni, 524
Coelopeltis monspessulanus, 36
coeruleopunctata, Accra, 324-326
coeruleopunctatus, Aequidens, 324-326
Colaptes mexicanus, 533
Coleonyx elegans, 489
colimae, Troglodytes, 540
colonorum, Agama, 53-55
Coluber acuminatus, 506

atrox, 508

canus, 27

cenchoa, 505

clelia, 506

crucifer, 39

cucullatus, 39

flavirufus, 501

florulentulus, 27

fulgidus, 506

hippocrepis, 27

irregularis, 30-32

lacteus, 42

monspessulanus, 36

nasicornis, 45

rhodorachis, 27

scaber, 34

sebae, 20-21

sibilans, 38

triaspis, 500

viperina, 21-22
Columba fasciata, 527
Columbiformes (gall bladder), 184
Columbigallina eluta, 528

pallescens, 528

compressus, Apareiodon, 248-249
Compsothlypis pulchra, 544
Compsura, 250

gorgonae, 250-251
concolor, Hyperolius, 104

Ixalus, 104

Rappia, 104
confusa, Hololepta, 436

Leionota, 436

558 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

Coniophanes bipunctatus, 504

clavatus, 504-505

fissidens, 504

Constrictor imperator, 496-497
cooperi, Rana, 91
Coptotrophis proboscideus, 436
Coraciiformes (gall bladder), 185
Coragyps atratus, 524-525
cordylus, Lacerta, 58-59

Zonurus, 58-59
cornuta, Bitis, 45

Vipera, 45

coronata, Cyanocitta, 537
Coronella bipunctata, 504

fissidens, 504

fuliginoides, 21

hotamboeia, 35

nototaenia, 36

olivacea, 21

semiornata, 33
Corvus sinuatus, 536
Corythophanes cristatus, 494

hernandesii, 494
costaricensis, Buteo, 526
crassilabris, Geophagus, 326-327
crassipes, Rana, 89
crassirostris, Tyrannus, 534
Creagrutus affinis, 271-272

notropoides, 271

simus, 271-272
cristata, Agama, 494
cristatus, Chamaeleo, 78

Corythophanes, 494
Crocodilia (gall bladder), 181
Crocodilus acutus, 489

moreletii, 389
Crocodylus acutus, 489

moreletii, 489

Crotaphopeltis hotamboeia, 35
Crotophaga sulcirostris, 529
crucifer, Coluber, 39

Psammophis, 39
cruentatum, Cinosternum, 488

Kinosternon, 488
Cryptoblepharus wahlbergii, 72
ctenodactyla, Lacerta, 63
ctenodactyla, Scapteira, 63

Scaptira, 63
Ctenolucius, 288

beani, 289

Ctenosaura similis, 494
Cuculiformes (gall bladder), 184
cucullata, Aeluroglena, 28
cucullatus, Coluber, 39

Macroprotodon, 39
cultratum, Petalosa, 313
cultratus, Alfaro, 313
cumanensis, Phelister, 469
cuneata, Mollienisia, 312

Poecilia, 312
Curimatus, 247

magdalenae, 247-248

currori, Feylinia, 74
curvirostre, Toxostoma, 540-541
cyaneus, Chlorophis, 29-30
Cyanocitta coronata, 537
cyanogaster, Agama, 57-58

Stellio, 57-58

Cyanolaemus clemenciae, 532
Cyclostomata (gall bladder), 163
Cynanthus propinquus, 531-532
Cyrtonyx montezumae, 527
Cystignathus bocagii, 100

melanonotus, 482

senegalensis, 110

Dactyloa biporcata, 491
damaranus, Euprepes, 69-70

Mabuya, 69-70
Darienichthys, 305

dariensis, 305-306
dariensis, Apareiodon, 248

Darienichthys, 305-306

Gambusia, 305-306

Hemibrycon, 269

Parodon, 248

Priapichthys, 305-306

Sternopygus, 291
Dasypeltis scaber, 34

scabra, 34

Davis, D. Dwight, Notes on the Anat-
omy of the Babirusa, 363-411
deborrei, Laemanctus, 494
decoratus, Hyperolius, 106
degenhardtii, Calamaria, 506-507

Stenorhina, 506-507
delalandii, Pyxicephalus, 89-90

Rana, 89-90
delandi, Rana, 89-90
delislii, Chalcides, 74
Dendraspis angusticeps, 42-43

kaimosae, 42
dendrobates, Arthroleptis, 97-98

Phrynobatrachus, 97-98
Dendroica occidentalis, 545
Dendrophis semivariegatus, 32-33

smaragdina, 33
dennysi, Polypedates, 146
derbianus, Pitangus, 535
Dermatemys mawii, 487
Dermoptera (gall bladder), 189
devia, Hololepta, 434

Leionota, 434

diadematus, Astylosternus, 87-88
dickersoni, Cnemaspis, 49

Gonatodes, 49

Paragonatodes, 49
Diglossa baritula, 544
dilepis, Chamaeleo, 76

Chamaeleon, 76
diluta, Volatinia, 547
Diploglossus steindachneri, 495
Dipsadoboa unicolor, 35
Dipsadomorphus pulverulentus, 35

INDEX

559

Dipsas pulverulenta, 35
Dispholidus typus, 40
dives, Phelister, 457
doriae, Philautus, 148
Dormitator, 341

latifrons, 343-344

maculatus, 341-343
dormitor, Gobiomorus, 339-340

Philypnus, 339-340
dorsalis, Hyperolius, 102-103

Megalixalus, 102-103
Dromicus clavatus, 504-505
Dromophis lineatus, 38
Dryadophis melanolomus, 499
Drymarchon melanurus, 500
Drymobius margaritiferus, 499
Dryobates azelus, 534
Dryobates fraterculus, 534

jardinii, 533-534
Dryophylax lineatus, 38
Duberria shiranum, 34

ebraccata, Hyla, 486
eburnirostrum, Aratinga, 528
Echidna gabonica, 45
Echis carinatus, 46

squamigera, 46
Edentata (biliary tract), 418
egenus, Phelister, 469
Eigenmannia virescens, 292
Elapechis guentheri, 41
Elaphe flavirufa, 501

triaspis, 500

Elapomorphus gabonensis, 40
Elapops modestus, 40
Elaps alienus, 507-518

lacteus, 42

Elapsoidea giintherii, 41
elegans, Coleonyx, 489

Rivulus, 319-322
elegantissima, Tanagra, 546
Eleotris, 344

guavina, 349

isthmensis, 348-349

latifasciatus, 355

latifrons, 343-344

picta, 344-347

pisonis, 347-348
Eleutherodactylus ranoides, 482-483

rhodopis, 483

sandersoni, 485-486

stantoni, 483-485
ellioti, Chamaeleon, 77
elongata, Poecilia, 307-309
elongatus, Oedipus, 481

Poeciliopsis, 307-309
eluta, Columbigallina, 528
emperador, Astyanax, 264-265

Bryconamericus, 264-265
Empidonax minimus, 535

occidentalis, 535

rubicundus, 535-536

Emoia breviceps, 71
Emys areolata, 489

ornata, 488

Engystoma marmoratum, 100
Enicognathus annulatus, 497
Epierus brasiliense, 447

schmidti, 446-447
episcopi, Brachyrhaphis, 298-299

Gambusia, 298-299
Eremias brenneri, 62

guttulata, 62

Rneo-ocellata, 62

mucronata, 62

revoili, 60

rubropunctata, 62

spekii, 61

Ergaticus ruber, 545
erythrogaster, Hirundo, 536
Esox malabaricus, 290-291
Euchnemis fornasinii, 102
Euleptoeleotris, 351

clarki, 352-355

shropshirei, 353-355
Eumeces schwartzei, 496

sumichrasti, 496

sundevallii, 71

blandingii, 66-67

brevicollis, 67-68

damaranus, 69-70

frenatus, 66-67

megalura, 68

varius, 69
Euprepis breviceps, 71

maculilabris, 65-66

raddoni, 66-67
Eutaenia praeocularis, 498

rutiloris, 498
Eutidium oblitum, 434
exiguus, Abraeus, 438-439

Acritus, 438-439

Falco albigularis, 526-527
Falconiformes (gall bladder), 183
fasciata, Columba, 527
fasciatum, Alopecion, 24

Lycophidion, 24

Lycophidium, 24
fasciatus, Astyanax, 257-258

Chalceus, 257-258

Hemidactylus, 49-50

Philortyx, 527
Felichthys amblops, 235-236
fernandi, Lygosoma, 71

Riopa, 71

Tiliqua, 71

fernequei, Rappia, 107
festae, Piabucma, 288
festiva, Ameiva, 495-496

Henicorhina, 540
festivus, Cnemidophorus, 495-496
Feylinia currori, 74
fiechteri, Rana, 95-96

560 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

fimbriata, Loricaria, 241-242
finschi, Amazona, 529
fischeri, Chaetostomus, 238-239
Fishes (gall bladder), 163
fissidens, Coniophanes, 504

Coronella, 504

flavigularis, Gerrhosaurus, 64
flavimaculata, Agama, 52

Trapelus, 52

flavimaculatum, Lepidophyma, 495
flavinucha, Sitta, 538
flavinuchus, Centurus, 533
flavirufa, Elaphe, 501
flavirufas, Coluber, 501
flavoviridis, Vireo, 543
flectohumerale, Phelister, 465-467
florulentulus, Coluber, 27

Zamenis, 27

fluviatilis, Leptophilypnus, 349-351
formicivora, Balanosphyra, 533
formosa, Calocitta, 536-537

Limia, 312-313

Mollienisia, 312-313
fornasinii, Euchnemis, 102

Megalixalus, 102
foveipygus, Hister, 456-457
fraterculus, Dryobates, 534
fremitus, Heterocnus, 524
frenatus, Euprepes, 66-67
fukienensis, Rana, 138-139
fulgidus, Coluber, 506

Oxybelis, 506
fuliginoides, Coronella, 21

Natrix, 21

Tropidonotus, 21
fulvescens, Catharus, 542
funereus, Bufo, 84

fungicolus, Phelisteroides, 452-454
furcatus, Psammophis, 38-39
fuscus, Pipilo, 549-550

gabonensis, Elapomorphus, 40

Miodon, 40
gabonica, Bitis, 45

Echidna, 45
gabonicus, Astylosternus, 86-87

Scotobleps, 86-87
galeata, Pelomedusa, 19

Testudo, 19
Gall bladder (Amphibia), 163-164, 179

Anseriformes, 182-183

Apoda, 179

Apterygiformes, 182

Artiodactyla, 195-197

Birds, 164, 182-187

Caprimulgiformes, 185

Carnivora, 192-194

Casuariiformes, 182

Caudata, 179

Cetacea, 198-199

Charadriiformes, 183-184

Chiroptera, 189-190

Ciconiiformes, 182

Columbiformes, 184

Coraciiformes, 185

Crocodilia, 181

Cuculiformes, 184

Cyclostomata, 163

Dermoptera, 189

Falconiformes, 183

Fishes, 163

Galliformes, 183

Gruiformes, 183

Hyracoidea, 197

Insectivora, 188-189

Mammals, 164-176

Marsupialia, 187-188

Micropodiformes, 185

Monotremata, 187

Passeriformes, 186

Pelecaniformes, 182

Perissodactyla, 198

Pholidota, 194

Piciformes, 185

Primates, 190-192

Proboscidea, 198

Procellariiformes, 182

Psittaciformes, 184

Reptiles, 164, 179-181

Rheiformes, 182

Rhynchocephalia, 181

Rodentia, 199-201

Salientia, 179

Sauria, 179-180

Serpentia, 180-181

Sirenia, 197

Sphenisciformes, 182

Strigiformes, 185

Struthioniformes, 182

Testudinata, 181

Trogoniformes, 185

Tubulidentata, 195

Xenarthra, 194

Galliformes (gall bladder), 183
Gambusia, 295-296

cascajalensis, 299-300

dariensis, 305-306

episcopi, 298-299

nicaraguensis, 296-298

terrabensis, 301

tridentiger, 303-305
Gampsosteonyx batesii, 87-88
gargarizans, Bufo, 126-127
gariepensis, Bufo, 85
garmani, Bufo, 80-83
gascae, Pseudoboodon, 22
Gasteropelecus maculatus, 270-271
Gastropyxis smaragdina, 33
Gecko annularis, 51

mabouia, 49

Geococcyx melanchima, 529
Geoemyda areolata, 489
Geophagus crassilabris, 326-327

INDEX

561

georgeensis, Aristelliger, 490

Idiodactylus, 490
Gephyrocharax, 252

atricaudata, 253

intermedius, 253-254

whaleri, 254-256
Gerrhosaurus flavigularis, 64

major, 64

nigrolineatus, 65

nigro-lineatus, 65

zechi, 64

gilvus, Vireo, 543
Girardinus caucana, 312
Glaucidium gnoma, 530
glaucus, Sphaerodactylus, 489
gnoma, Glaucidium, 530
Gobiomorus, 339

dormitor, 339-340

maculatus, 340-341
Gobius pisonis, 347-348

taiasica, 356

transandeanus, 356-357
godmani, Pimelodus, 233

Rhamdia, 233
goldii, Naia, 42

Naja, 42

goliath, Rana, 88-89
Gonatodes dickersoni, 49
gorgonae, Cheirodon, 250-251

Compsura, 250-251

Gorham, Frank N., General Function
of the Gall Bladder from the
Evolutionary Standpoint, 159-213
gracilis, Chamaeleon, 76

Chamaeleo, 76
grahami, Rana, 141
graminea, Rana, 141-142
granulata, Rappia, 109
graueri, Ari.hr oleptis, 97

Hyperolius, 106

Lygosoma, 71-72

Phrynobatrachus, 97

Siaphos, 71-72
Grayia ornata, 34

tholloni, 33-34
griscomi, Spinus, 547
Gruiformes (gall bladder), 183
guarauna, Plegadis, 524
guatemalensis, Anacyrtus, 272-273

Brycon, 281-282

Roeboides, 272-273
Guavina guavina, 349
guavina, Eleotris, 349

Guavina, 349
guentheri, Elapechia, 41

Holaspis, 63

Rana, 142

guerrerensis, Certhia, 538-539
gularis, Heleodytes, 539-540
giintherii, Elapsoidea, 41
guttulata, Eremias, 62

Lacerta, 62

gultalatus, Heros, 334
guttatus, Boaedon, 22

Boodon, 22

Lycodon, 22

Stenodactylus, 48
guttulatum, Cichlasoma, 334
gutturalis, Hemidactylus, 51

Lygodactylus, 51

Gymnodactylus trachyblepharus, 48
Gymnotus carapo, 291

haie, Naia, 41

hailensis, Phrynobatrachus, 91-92
hamatus, Bacanius, 436
Hapsidophrys lineata, 33

lineatus, 33
hardeggeri, Latastia, 60

Philochortus, 60
harrisi, Parabuteo, 526
Hedymeles maculatus, 546
Heleodytes gularis, 539-540

megalopterus, 539
helleri, Siaphos, 72
Hemibrycon dariensis, 269
Hemidactylus brookii, 49

brookii, 50

fasciatus, 49-50

gutturalis, 51

ituriensis, 50

mabouia, 49

picturatus, 50

sinaitus, 50

Hemieleotris latifasciatus, 355
Hemisus marmorata, 100

marmoratum, 100
Hemitheconyx caudicinctus, 47-48
Henicorhina festiva, 540
hepatica, Piranga, 546
hernandesii, Chamaeleopsis, 494

Corythophanes, 494
Heros altifrons, 328-329

guttulatus, 334

multispinosa, 338

nigrofasciatus, 335

sieboldii, 335-337

spilurus, 331
Herotilapia, 338

multispinosa, 338
Herpetoaryas margaritiferus, 499
Hesperiphona abeillei, 547
Heterocnus fremitus, 524
heterodermus, Chlorophis, 29-30
Heterophis resimus, 44
heymonsi, Microhyla, 151
hieroglyphica, Rana, 89-90
hildebrandi, Rivulus, 318-319
Hildebrand, Samuel F., A New Cata-
logue of the Fresh-water Fishes of
Panama, 217-359
hindii, Vipera, 44-45
hippocrepis, Coluber, 27

Zamenis, 27

562 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

Hirundo erythrogaster, 536
Hister castaneus, 457

foveipygus, 456-457

parvulus, 461

hoehneli, Chamaeleon, 77-78
hohnelii, Chamaeleon, 77-78
Holaspis guentheri, 63
Hololepta bidentata, 434

bogotana, 434

cobanensis, 434-435

confusa, 436

devia, 434

Holuropholis olivaceus, 23
Homalocranium breve, 506
Homalosoma shiranum, 34
Homorelaps lacteus, 42
Hoplias, 289

malabaricus, 290-291 '

microlepis, 290
Hoplophryne marmorata, 111
Hoplosternum punctatum, 243-244
hotamboeia, Coronella, 35

Crotaphopeltis, 35

Leptodira, 35

humeralis, Aimophila, 550
Hyla annectans, 131

aubryi, 101

baudinii, 486

callidryas, 487

chinensis, 130

ebraccata, 486

immaculata, 130

loquax, 486

moreletii, 487

sanchiangensis, 131

simplex, 131

staufferi, 486-487
Hylambates aubryi, 101

brevirostris, 101

bocagei, 100

boeagii, 100

ocellatus, 101

palmatus, 101
Hylocharis leucotis, 532
Hyperolius, 103

argentovittis, 106

callichromus, 106

cinnamome-ventris, 108-109

concolor, 104

decoratus, 106

dorsalis, 102-103

graueri, 106

kivuensis, 105

leptosomus, 103

multicolor, 105-106

nasutus, 109

ocellatus, 104

picturatus, 105

pleurotaenius, 104-105

plicatus, 98

punctulatus, 107

simus, 108

steindachnerii, 103-104

striolatus, 107

undulatus, 108
Hyphessobrycon, 269

panamensis, 269-270
Hypopomus brevirostris, 291-292
Hyracoidea (biliary tract), 420-421

gall bladder, 197

Icterus pustulatus, 546

spurius, 546

wagleri, 546

Idiodactylus georgeensis, 490
ignobilis, Acritus, 441

Bacanius, 441
Iguana rhinolopha, 494

similis, 494

Imantodes cenchoa, 505
immaculata, Hyla, 130
imperator, Boa, 496-497

Constrictor, 496-497
inca, Scardafella, 527-528
Insectivora (gall bladder), 188-189
intermedius, Gephyrocharax, 253-254
Iridoprocne albilinea, 536
irregularis, Chlorophis, 30-32

Coluber, 30-32
isthemensis, Eleotris, 348-349

Poeciliopsis, 309

Rivulus, 316-318
ituriensis, Hemidactylus, 50
Ixalus concolor, 104

Jacana spinosa, 527
jacksoni, Chamaeleon, 78-79

Lacerta, 59-60
japonica, Rana, 135
japonicus, Bufo, 125-126
jardinii, Dryobates, 533-534
johnstoni, Chamaeleon, 79
Joturus pichardi, 324
Junco australis, 550

kaimosae, Dendraspis, 42
Kaloula borealis, 149

rugifera, 150

verrucosa, 150

Kalophrynus pleurostigma, 149
karissimbensis, Leptopelis, 101-102
Kassina senegalensis, 110
Kinixys belliana, 19
Kinosternon acutum, 488

cruentatum, 488

leucostpmum, 488

scorpioides, 488
kirtlandii, Leptophis, 39-40

Thelotornis, 39-40
kisoloensis, Bufo, 83
kivuensis, Hyperolius, 105
kompi, Astyanax, 260-263
kounihensis, Rothschildea, 109-110

INDEX

563

kuatunensis, Megophrys, 125
kuhlii, Rana, 142-143

Lacerta agama, 53-55

asper, 61

chamaeleon, 75

cordylus, 58-59

ctenodactyla, 63

guttulata, 62

jacksoni, 59-60

longicaudata, 60

mauritanica, 51

nilotica, 59

ocellata, 73

pardalis, 61

rttbropunctata, 62

scutellata, 61

sh'ncus, 72-73

tiligugu, 73

Lacertus mabouya, 496
lacteus, Coluber, 42

Elaps, 42

Homorelaps, 42
Laemanctus deborrei, 494
laevigatus, Chamaeleon, 75
Lampornis brevirostris, 532
Lampropeltis polyzona, 503
Lamprophis abyssinicus, 22
Lampropholis assatus, 496
lanei, Pnyllodactylus, 490
Lasiancistrus planiceps, 240
Latastia carinata, 60

hardeggeri, 60

longicaudata, 60

revoili, 60
latifasciatus, Eleotris, 355

Hemieleotris, 355
latifrons, Dormitator, 343-344

Eleotris, 343-344
latiura, Loricaria, 240-241
latouchii, Rana, 143
latus, Phelister, 459-460
leclancherii, Passerina, 547
leightoni, Psammophis, 38-39
Leiolopisma assatum, 496
Leionota confusa, 436

detria, 434
lemairii, Bufo, 83
Lembus maculatus, 340-341
lemniscatum, Boaedon, 22
lemni&catus, Boodon, 22
lemniscatus, Pseudoboodon, 22
Lepidocolaptes leucogaster, 534
Lepidophyma flavimaculatum, 495
Leptoancistrus canensis, 240
Leptodactylus melanonotus, 482
Leptodeira malleisi, 505-506

polysticta, 505
Leptodira hotamboeia, 35

polysticta, 505
Leptopelis aubryi, 101

bocagii, 100

brevirostris, 101

karissimbensis, 101-102

ocellatus, 101

palmatus, 101

rufus, 101

Leptopelis rugegensis, 102
Leptophilypnus, 349

fluviatilis, 349-351

panamensis, 351-352
Leptophis kirtlandii, 39-40

mexicanus, 501

occidentalis, 501
leptosomus, Hyperolius, 103

Megalixalus, 103
Leptotila angelica, 528
lethrinus, Cichlasoma, 333-334
leucogaster, Lepidocolaptes, 534
leucomystax, Polypedates, 147
leucostigma, Agama, 52
leucostomum, Cinosternum, 488

Kinosternon, 488
leucotis, Hylocharis, 532
lichtensteinii, Aspidelaps, 44

Causus, 44

lima, Ooeidozyga, 131-132
Limia formosa, 312-313
limnocharis, Rana, 143-144
Limnodytes bravanus, 95-96
lineata, Hapsidophrys, 33
lineatus, Boaedon, 22-23

Boodon, 22-23

Dromophis, 38

Dryophylax, 38

Hapsidophrys, 33
lineolata, Scincus, 72-73
lineolatus, Sphaerodactylus, 489
lineo-ocellata, Eremias, 62
lionotus, Agama, 55
Lithodytes ranoides, 482-483

rhodopis, 483

Liu, Ch'eng-Chao, Secondary Sex Char-
acters of Chinese Frogs and Toads,
115-156
longicaudata, Lacerta, 60

Latastia, 60
longifilis, Arges, 245

Astroblepus, 246
longiloba, Mabuya, 69-70
loquax, Hyla, 486
Loricaria altipinnis, 242-243

capetensis, 241

fimbriata, 241-242

latiura, 240-241

panamensis, 243

uracantha, 240

variegata, 241

Loveridge, Arthur, African Reptiles and
Amphibians in Field Museum of
Natural History, 5-111
Loxia stricklandi, 548
Luciocharax beani, 289
lundelli, Sceloporus, 495

564 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

luteiventris, Myiodynastes, 535
Lycodon capensis, 23-24

guttatus, 22
Lycophidion capense, 23-24

fasciatum, 24
Lycophidium capense, 23-24

fasciatum, 24
Lygodactylus gutturalis, 51

picturatus, 50
Lygosoma akeleyi, 73

breviceps, 71

fernandi, 71

graueri, 71-72

sundevallii, 71

mabouia, Gecko, 49

Hemidactylus, 49
mabouya, Lacertus, 496

Mabuya, 496
Mabuia batesii, 71

brevicollis, 67-68

maculilabris, 65-66

megalura, 68

obsti, 68769

polytropis, 66

quinquetaeniata, 68

raddonii, 66-67

seriate, 70

paria, 69-70
Mabuya blandingii, 66-67

brevicollis, 67-68

damaranus, 69-70

longiloba, 69-70

mabouya, 496

maculilabris, 65-66

megalura, 68

obsti, 68-69

polytropis, 66

quinquetaeniata, 68

raddoni, 66-67

striata, 70

varia, 69

macracanthus, Agonostomus, 323-324
macrodactyla, Rana, 144
Macrodon microlepis, 290
macrolepis, Phanagoniates, 249-250

Roeboides, 249-250
Macrophis ornatus, 34
macropholis, Zonurus, 58
Macroprotodon cucullatus, 39
macropterus, Spinus, 547
macularia, Actitis, 527
maculatus, Bufo, 81

Dormitator, 341-343

Gasteropelecus, 270-271

Gobiomorus, 340-341

Hedymeles, 546

Lembus, 340-341

Sciaena, 341-343

Thoracocharax, 270-271
maculicauda, Cichlasoma, 332-333

maculilabris, Euprepis, 65-66

Mabuia, 65-66
Mabuya, 65-66

magdalenae, Curimatus, 247-248
magretti, Rana, 95-96
major, Gerrhosaurus, 64
malabaricus, Esox, 290-291

Hoplias, 290-291
malleisi, Leptodeira, 505-506
Malpolon monspessulanus, 36
Mammals (biliary tract), 415-430

gall bladder, 164-176, 187-201
mammata, Aelurophryne, 124
mandera, Rhampholeon, 79
manni, Poneralister, 470-471
margaritiferus, Drymobius, 499

Herpetodryas, 499
marina, Rana, 481-482
marinus, Bufo, 481-482
mariquensis, Pachydactylus, 51
marmorata, Hemisus, 100

Hoplophryne, 111

Rappia, 107
marmoratum, Engystoma, 100

Hemisus, 100

marmoratus, Synbranchus, 292-293
marshi, Characidium, 249
Marsupialia (biliary tract), 417

gall bladder, 187-188
martensi, Ooeidozyga, 132
mascareniensis, Rana, 92-93

Rana, 92

Masticophis melanolomus, 499
mauritanica, Lacerta, 51

Tarentola, 51
mawii, Dermatemys, 487
maxima, Bombina, 123-124
mayensis, Bubo, 530
medius, Vireo, 543
megacephalus, Polypedates, 147
Megaceryle torquata, 532
Megalixalus dorsalis, 102-103

fornasinii, 102

leptosomus, 103
Megalonema punctatum, 234
megalopterus, Heleodytes, 539
megalura, Euprepes, 68

Mabuia, 68

Mabuya, 68
Megophrys boettgeri, 125

kuatunensis, 125

pelodytoides, 125
Mehelya chanleri, 24-27

somaliensis, 24-27
melanchima, Geococcyx, 529
melanicterus, Cassiculus, 545
melanoleuca, Naia, 41

Naja, 41
melanolomus, Dryadophis, 499

Masticophis, 499
melanonotus, Cystignathus, 482

Leptodactylus, 482

INDEX

565

melanostictus, Bufo, 129-130
Melanotis effuticus, 541
melanotis, Psaltiparus, 538
melanurus, Drymarchon, 500

Spilotes, 500

melitophrys, Vireolanius, 543
mentalis, Xiphorhynchus, 534
Mesopeltis sanniolus, 503-504
mexicana, Ara, 528

Bolitoglossa, 481

Piaya, 529

Sitta, 538

Spizella, 550
mexicanus, Cassidix, 545-546

Catherpes, 540

Cerates, 500

Cinclus, 539

Colaptes, 533

Leptophis, 501

Momotus, 533

Nyctibius, 531

Oedipus, 481

Spilotes, 500

Trogonurus, 532

Vireo, 543

Xenodon, 501
meyeri, Typhlosaurus, 75
Micrastur naso, 526
Microeleotris mindii, 349-351

panamensis, 351-352
Microhyla butleri, 150

heymonsi, 151

ornata, 151

pulchra, 151

microlepidota, Atractaspis, 47
microlepis, Hoplias, 290

Macrodon, 290

Micro podiformes (gall bladder), 185
Micrurus alienus, 507-508

stantoni, 507-508

miladae, Phelisteroides, 448-450
mindii, Microeleotris, 349-351
miniatus, Myioborus, 545
minimus, Empidonax, 535
minshanicus, Bufo, 127-128
minutus, Archroleptis, 99
Miodon gabonensis, 40
mirabilis, Pseudister, 454-456
misella, Carcinops, 445
miserula, Carcinops, 445
miserulus, Carcinops, 445
Mitrephanes phaeocercus, 536
Mizodon variegatus, 21
Mniotilta yaria, 544
Mocquardia obscura, 109-110
modestus, Elapops, 40
Mollienisia, 310

caucana, 312

cuneata, 312

formosa, 312-313

sphenops, 310-311
Momotus mexicanus, 533

mongolia, Rana, 133
Monotremata (gall bladder), 187
monspessulanus, Coelopeltis, 36

Coluber, 36

Malpolon, 36
montana, Agama, 53
montezumae, Cyrtonyx, 527
monticola, Agonostomus, 322-323

Mugil, 322-323
montium, Rivulus, 319-322
montivaga, Rana, 144-145
moreletii, Agalychnis, 487

Crocodilus, 489

Crocodylus, 489

Hyla, 487

moschata, Cairina, 524
motaguense, Cichlasoma, 329-330
mucronata, Eremias, 62
mucronatus, Acanthodactylus, 62
Mugil monticola, 322-323
multicolor, Hyperolius, 105-106
multispinosa, Heros, 338

Herotilapia, 338

multisquamis, Trimerorhinus, 36-37
Muraena rostrata, 294
mutabilis, Agama, 52
Myadestes occidentalis, 541-542
Myiarchus querulus, 535
Myioborus miniatus, 545
Myiochanes pertinax, 535
Myiodynastes luteiventris, 535

Naia goldii, 42

haie, 41

melanoleuca, 41

nigricollis, 41
Naja angusticeps, 42-43

goldii, 42

melanoleuca, 41

nigricollis, 41
namaquensis, Chamaeleo, 78

Chamaeleon, 78
nasicornis, Coluber, 45
naso, Micrastur, 526
nasuta, Phrynomantis, 111

Rappia, 109

nasutus, Hyperolius, 109
natalensis, Phrynobatrachus, 96-97

Stenorhynchus, 96-97
Natrix fuliginoides, 21

olivacea, 21

viperina, 21-22
Nectophryne afra, 86
Neetroplus panamensis, 337-338
neglectus, Chlorophis, 30

Philothamnus, 30
nelsoni, Phloeoceastes, 533
newtonii, Petropedetes, 96

Tympanoceroa, 96
newtoni, Petropedetes, 96
nicaraguensis, Astyanax, 263

Gambusia, 296-298

566 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

nigrescens, Pipilo, 548-549
nigricollis, Naia, 41

Naja, 41

nigrior, Aeronautes, 531
nigrofasciatum, Cichlasoma, 335
nigrofasciatus, Heros, 335
nigrolineatus, Gerrhosaurus, 65
nigro-lineatus, Gerrhosaurus, 65
nigroluteus, Tretanorhinus, 499
nigromaculata, Rana, 132-133
nUotica, Lacerta, 59
niloticus, Varanus, 59
Ninia sebae, 497-498
nisorius, Thryothorus, 540
nitschei, Athens, 46-47
nototaenia, Amplorhinus, 36

Coronella, 36

notropoides, Creagrutus, 271
nummifer, Atropos, 509

Trimeresurus, 509
nutti, Rana, 90-91
Nyctibius mexicanus, 530
Nyctidromus yucatanensis, 531

oblitum, Eutidium, 434

Phylloma, 434
obscura, Cassinia, 109-110

Mocquardia, 109-110

Rothschildia, 109-110
obscurus, Brycon, 283-285
obsti, Mabuia, 68-69

Mabuya, 68-69
ocellata, Lacerta, 73
ocellatus, Chalcides, 73

Uromastix, 58
occidentalis, Ahaetulla, 501

Dendroica, 545

Empidonax, 535

Leptophis, 501

Myadestes, 541-542

Roeboides, 273-274

Tyrannus, 534
occipitalis, Rana, 89
ocellata, Rappia, 104
ocellatus, Hylambates, 101

Hyperolius, 104

Leptopelis, 101

Varanus, 59
Oedipus elongatus, 481

mexicanus, 481
officinalis, Scincus, 72-73
ogoensis, Arthroleptis, 99
olivacea, Coronella, 21

Matrix, 21

olivaceus, Tropidonotus, 21
olivaceus, Boaedon, 23

Boodon, 23

Holuropholis, 23

Peucedramus, 544
omeimontis, Polypedates, 147
Ooeidozyga lima, 131-132

martensi, 132

orientalis, Bombina, 122-123
ornata, Emys, 488

Grayia, 34

Microhyla, 151

Pseudemys, 488
ornatus, Macrophis, 34
Ortalis poliocephala, 527
osgoodi, Bufo, 85-86
Otus trichopsis, 529-530
Oxybelis acuminatus, 506

fulgidus, 506

oxycephalus, Polypedates, 148
Oxyloricaria citurensis, 243

panamensis, 243
oxyrhynchus, Astylosternus, 86-87

Rana, 91-92

Rkamphiophis, 37

Pachydactylus austeni, 51-52

mariquensis, 51

pachyrhyncha, Rhynchopsitta, 528
Pachyrhynchus anchietae, 63
pacificus, Attila, 534
pallescens, Columbigallina, 528

Ptilogonys, 542-543
palliata, Vermivora, 544
pallida, Agama, 52
Palmatogecko rangei, 48
palmatus, Hylambates, 101

Leptopelis, 101
palmipes, Rana, 487
panamensis, Hyphessobrycon, 269-270

Leptophilypnus, 351-352

Loricaria, 243

Microeleotris, 351-352

Neetroplus, 337-338

Oxyloricaria, 243

Panamichthys, 306

Phelisteroides, 450-452

Plecostomus, 237-238

Piabucina, 287-288

Priapichthys, 306

Sturisoma, 243

Panamichthys, 306

panamensis, 306
Parabuteo harrisi, 526
Paragonatodes dickersoni, 49
pardalis, Acanthodactylus, 61

Lacerta, 61

Testudo, 18

Parodon dariensis, 248
Parus sclateri, 537
parvulus, Hister, 461

Phelister, 461

Passeriformes (gall bladder), 186
Passerina leclancherii, 547

versicolor, 546

Pelecaniformes (gall bladder), 182
pelodytoides, Megophrys, 125
Pelomedusa galeata, 19
Pelusios sinuatus, 19
percnus, Thryomanes, 540

INDEX

567

Perissodactyla (biliary tract), 421-422

gall bladder, 198
permixtus, Turdus, 541
pertinax, Myiochanes, 535
Petalosa cultratum, 313
Petropedetes newtoni, 96

newtonii, 96

petropedetoides, Phrynobatrachus, 97-98
petrosus, Brycon, 282-283
Peucedramus olivaceus, 544
Phanagoniates macrolepis, 249-250
Phelister acoposternus, 461

assimilis, 467-469

chapadae, 469

cumanensis, 469

dives, 457

egenus, 469

flectohumerale, 465-467

latus, 459-460

purgamenticolus, 462-463

pusio, 469

quadripunctulus, 469

qulsquilicolus, 461-462

recrementicolus, 463

striatinotum, 463-465

williamsi, 458-459
Phelisteroides, 448

fungicolus, 452-454

miladae, 448-450

panamensis, 450-452
Philautus doriae, 148

vittatus, 148-149
Philochortus hardeggeri, 60
Philortyx fasciatus, 527
Philothamnus neglectus, 30
Philothamnus semivariegatus, 32-33

semivariegatus, 32-33
Philypnus dormitor, 339-340
Phloeoceastes nelsoni, 533
Pholidota (gall bladder), 194
Phrynobatrachus graueri, 97

hailensis, 91-92

natalensis, 96-97
Phyllodactylus lanei, 490
Phrynobatrachus acridoides, 98

dendrobates, 97-98

petropedetoides, 97-98

plicatus, 98

versicolor, 97-98
phrynoides, Rana, 136-137
Phrynomantis annectens, 111

nasuta, 111
Phrynomerus annectens, 111

bifasciatus, 111
Phylloma oblitum, 434
Piabucina, 286

festae, 288

panamensis, 287-288
Piaya mexicana, 529
pichardi, Joturus, 324
Piciformes (gall bladder), 185
picta, Eleotris, 344-347

picturatus, Hemidactylus, 50

Hyperolius, 105

Lygodactylus, 50
pileatus, Atlapetes, 548
Pimelodella, 234-235

chagresi, 235
Pimelodus, 234

chagresi, 235

godmani, 233

punctatus, 234

rogersi, 234

wagneri, 232-233
Pipilo fuscus, 549-550

nigrescens, 548-549
Piranga bidentata, 546

hepatica, 546
pisonis, Eleotris, 347-348

Gobius, 347-348
Pitangus derbianus, 535
pittieri, Poccilia, 309

Poeciliopsis, 309

Sicydium, 357
plagiatus, Buteo, 526
Plagiogramma brasiliense, 447
Plagiospiza superciliosa, 550
plancyi, Rana, 138
planiceps, Agama, 56

Ancistrus, 240

Lasiancistrus, 240
Plecostomus panamensis, 237-238
Plegadis guarauna, 524
pleuraden, Rana, 139-140
pleurostigma, Kalophrynus, 149
pleurotaenia, Rappia, 104-105
pleurotaenius, Hyperolius, 104-105
plicatus, Hyperolius, 98

Phrynobatrachus, 98
Plioccrcus semicinctus, 502-503
Plistodon sumichrasti, 496
pobeguini, Chlorophis, 29-30
Poecilia cuneata, 312

elongata, 307-309

pittieri, 309

retropinna, 309-310

sphenops, 310-311
Poeciliopsis, 307

elongatus, 307-309

isthmensis, 309

pittieri, 309

retropinna, 309-310
poecilonotus, Arthroleptis, 99

Pseustes, 499-500

Spilotus, 499-500
poliocephala, Ortalis, 527
Polioptila bairdi, 542
Polyborus audubonii, 526
polycerus, Bufo, 84
Polypedates dennysi, 146

leucomystax, 147

megacephalus, 147-148

omeimontis, 147-148

568 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

Polypedates oxycephalus, 148

rufescens, 100
polysticta, Leptodeira, 505

Leptodira, 505
polytropis, Mabuia, 66

Mabuya, 66

polyzona, Lampropeltis, 503
Poneralister manni, 470-471
praeocularis, Eutaenia, 498

Thamnophis, 498
pratincola, Tyto, 529
Priapichthys dariensis, 305-306

panamensis, 306

tridentiger, 303-305
Primates (biliary tract), 418

gall bladder, 190-192
Proboscidea (gall bladder), 198
proboscideus, Bostrichus, 436

Coptotrophis, 436

Trypanaeus, 436

Procellariiformes (gall bladder), 182
propinquus, Cynanthus, 531-532
Psaltiparus melanotis, 538
Psammophis biseriatus, 39

crucifer, 39

furcatus, 38-39

leightoni, 38-39

sibilans, 38

subtaeniatus, 38
Pseudemys ornata, 488
Pseudaspis cana, 27
Pseudister mirabilis, 454-456
Pseudoboa carinata, 46
Pseudoboodon gascae, 22

lemniscatus, 22

Pseudocheirodon affinis, 251-252
Pseustes poecilonotus, 499-500
Psilodactylus caudicinctus, 47-48
Psittaciformes (gall bladder), 184
Ptilogonys pallescens, 542-543
Ptychadena aberae, 91-92
pukhellus, Chalcides, 73-74
pulchra, Compsothlypis, 544

Microhyla, 151
pulverulenta, Bioga, 35

Dipsadomorphus, 35

Dipsas, 35
pumilus, Chamaeleo, 78

Chamaeleon, 78
punctatum, Hoplosternum, 243-244

Megalonema, 234
punctatus, Acontias, 19-20

Pimelodus, 234

Typhlops, 19-20

punctifer, Trigonophallus, 302-303
punctisternus, Acritus, 440-441
punctulata, Rappia, 107
punctulatus, Hyperolius, 107
purgamenticolus, Phelister, 462-463
pusio, Phelister, 469
pustulatus, Icterus, 546

Pygidium septentrionale, 245-246

striatum, 246
Python sebae, 20-21
Pyxicephalus delalandii, 89-90

quadripunctulus, Phelister, 469
querulus, Myiarchus, 535
quinquetaeniata, Mabuia, 68

Mabuya, 68

Scincus, 68
quisquilicolus, Phelister, 461-462

raddei, Bufo, 128-129
raddoni, Euprepis, 66-67

Mabuia, 66-67

Mabuya, 66-67
Rana adenopleura, 140

aequiplicata, 91

albolabris, 96

amurensis, 134

andersonii, 140-141

angolensis, 90-91

ansorgii, 95

berlandieri, 487

bravana, 95-96

chensinensis, 134-135

chunganensis, 141

cooperi, 91

crassipes, 89

delandi, 89-90

delalandii, 89-90

fiechteri, 95-96

fukienensis, 138-139

goliath, 88-89

grahami, 141

graminea, 141-142

guentheri, 142

hieroglyphica, 89-90

japonica, 135

kuhlii, 142-143

latouchii, 143

limnocharis, 143-144

macrodactyla, 144

magretti, 95-96

marina, 481-482

mascariensis, 92

mascareniensis, 92-93

mongolia, 133

montivaga, 144-145

nigromaculata, 132-133

nutti, 90-91

occipitalis, 89

oxyrhynchus, 91-92

palmipes, 487

phrynoides, 136-137

plancyi, 138

pleuraden, 139-140

reinhardtii, 133-134

regulosa, 145

somalica, 95-96

spinosa, 135-136

spinulosa, 145

INDEX

569

subsigillata, 89

taipehensis, 145-146

tibetana, 137-138

uzungwensis, 93

venusta, 94-95
rangei, Palmatogecko, 48
ranoides, Eleutherodactylus, 482-483

Lithodytes, 382-483
Rappia cinctiventris, 107

cinnamomeiventris, 108-109

concolor, 104

ferniquei, 107

granulata, 109

marmorata, 107

nasuta, 109

ocellata, 104

pleurotaenia, 104-105

punctulata, 107

steindachneri, 103-104

symetrica, 108

undulata, 108

recrementicolus, Phelister, 463
regularis, Bufo, 80-83
Regulus clarus, 542
reinhardtii, Rana, 133-134
renominatus, Turdus, 541
repentens, Vireo, 543
Reptiles (gall bladder), 164, 179-181
resimus, Causus, 44

Helerophis, 44
reticulata, Scapteira, 63

Scaptira, 63
retropinna, Aulophallus, 309-310

Poecilia, 309-310

Ppeciliopsis, 309-310
revoili, Eremias, 60

Latastia, 60

rhodopis, Eleutherodactylus, 483
Rhamdia godmani, 233

rogersi, 234

underwoodi, 233

wagneri, 232-233

Rhamphichthys brevirostris, 291-292
Rhamphiophis oxyrhynchus, 37

rostratus, 37
Rhampholeon mandera, 79

robecchii, 79

spectrum, 79
Rhegnops visoninus, 503
Rheiformes (gall bladder), 182
rhinolopha, Iguana, 494
rhodopis, Lithodytes, 483
rhodorachis, Coluber, 27

Zamenis, 27
rhombeatus, Causus, 44

Sepeden, 44

Rhynchocephalia (gall bladder), 181
Rhynchopsitta pachyrhyncha, 528
ricae, Bryconamericus, 268-269
ricketti, Staurois, 146
Riopa fernandi, 71

sundevallii, 71

Rivulus brunneus, 315

chucunaque, 315-316

elegans, 319-322

hildebrandi, 318-319

isthmensis, 316-318

montium, 319-322

volcanus, 316-318
robecchii, Rhampholeon, 79
robustus, Trichobatrachus, 87
Rodentia (biliary tract), 418-419

gall bladder, 199-201
Roeboides, 272

guatemalensis, 272-273

macrolepis, 249-250

occidental, 273-274
rogersi, Pimelodus, 234

Rhamdia, 234
roperi, Chamaeleon, 76
rostrata, Anguilla, 294

Muraena, 294
rostratus, Rhamphiophis, 37

Sternarchus, 292
Rothschildia kounihensis, 109-110

obscura, 109-110
rouxi, Arthroleptis, 99-100
ruber, Ergaticus, 545
ruberrimus, Astyanax, 258-260
rubicundus, Empidonax, 536-536
rubropunctata, Eremias, 62

Lacerta, 62

rudis, Chamaeleon, 77
rufescens, Chiromantis, 100

Polypedates, 100
rufo-palliatus, Turdus, 541
rufus, Leplopelis, 101
rugifera, Kaloula, 150
rugulosa, Rana, 145
rugulosus, Acritus, 442
ruthveni, Anolis, 492
rutiloris, Eutaenia, 498

Thamnophis, 498

sagrei, Anolis, 492

Salientia (gall bladder), 179

salvini, Sicydium, 357

sanchiangensis, Hyla, 131

sandcrson i, Eleutherodactylus, 485-

486
sanniolw, Mesopeltis, 503-504

Sibynomorphus, 503-504
Saucerottia viola, 531
Sauna (gall bladder), 179-180
scaber, Coluber, 34

Dasypeltis, 34
scabra, Dasypeltis, 34
scalptus, Bacanius, 436
Scapteira ctenodactyla, 63

reticulata, 63

reticulata, 63
Scaptira ctenodactyla, 63

reticulata, 63
Scardafella inca, 527-528

570 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

Sceloporus chrysostictus, 494

lundelli, 495

teapensis, 495
Scelotes bipes, 74
schlegelii, Trigonocephalus, 509

Trimeresurus, 509
schmidti, Epierus, 446-447
Schmidt, Karl P., The Amphibians and
Reptiles of British Honduras, 475-
510

schubotzi, Chlorophis, 30-32
schwartzei, Eumeces, 396
Sciaena maculatus, 341-343
Scincus lineolata, 72-73

officinalis, 72-73

quinquetaeniata, 68

scincus, 72-73

sepoides, 74
scincus, Scincus, 72-73
sclateri, Parus, 537
scorpioides, Kinosternon, 488
Scotobleps camerunensis, 86

gabonicus, 86-87
scutellata, Lacerta, 61
scutellatus, Acanthodactylus, 61
sebae, Coluber, 20-21

Ninia, 497-498

Python, 20-21

Streptophorus, 497-498
semicinctus, Pliocercus, 502-503
semiornata, Coronella, 33
semivariegatus, Dendrophis, 32-33

Philothammus, 32-33

Philothamnus, 32-33
senegalensis, Cassina, 110

Chamaeleo, 75

Chamaeleon, 75

Cystignathus, 110

Kassina, 110
Sepedon rhombeatus, 44
sepoides, Chalcides, 74

Scincus, 74

septentrionale, Pygidium, 245-246
septentrionalis, Chloroceryle, 532
sericeus, Anolis, 492
Serpentia (gall bladder), 180-181
shiranum, Duberria, 34

Homalosoma, 34
Shropshire!, Euleptoeleotris, 353-

355

Sialia australis, 542
Siaphos graueri, 71-72

helleri, 72
sibilans, Coluber, 38

Psammophis, 38

Psammophis, 38
Sibynomorphus brevifacies, 503

sanniolus, 503-504
Sibynophis annulatus, 497
Sicydium pittieri, 357

salvini, 357
sieberii, Aphelocoma, 537

sieboldii, Cichlasoma, 335-337

Heros, 335-337
similis, Ctenosaura, 494

Iguana, 494
Simocephalus butleri, 24-27

chanleri, 24-27

unicolor, 24-27
simplex, Hyla, 131
simpliculus, Acritus, 442
simus, Creagrutus, 271-272

Hyperolius, 108
sinaitus, Hemidactylus, 50
sinuatus, Corvus, 536

Pelusios, 19

Sternothaerus, 19
Sirenia (biliary tract), 421

gall bladder, 197
Sitta flavinucha, 538

mexicana, 538
smaragdina, Dendrophis, 33

Gastropyxis, 33
somalacus, Bufo, 85
somalica, Rana, 95-96
somaliensis, Mehelya, 24-27
spectrum, Chamaeleo, 79

Rhampholeon, 79
spekii, Eremias, 61
Sphaeriodactylus lineolatus, 489

glaucus, 489

lineolatus, 484

Sphenisciformes (gall bladder), 182
sphenops, Mollienisia, 310-311

Poecilia, 310-311
Spilotes melanurus, 500

mexicanus, 500
Spilotus poecilonotus, 499-511
spilurum, Cichlasoma, 331
spinosa, Rana, 135-136
spinosus, Ancistrus, 239

Bufo, 82

spinulosa, Rana, 145
Spinus griscomi, 547

macropterus, 547
spirulus, Heros, 331
Spizella mexicana, 550
spurius, Icterus, 546
squamiger, Atheris, 46
squamigera, Atheris, 46

Echis, 46

squamulata, Ciccaba, 530
stantoni, Eleutherodactylus, 483-
485

Micrurus, 507-508
staufferi, Hyla, 486-487
Staurois acridoides, 98

ricketti, 146

Staurotypus triporcatus, 488
steindachneri, Celestus, 495

Diploglossus, 49

Rappia, 103-104

steindachnerii, Hyperolius, 103-104
steinhausi, Typhlops, 20

INDEX

571

Stellio cynogaster, 57-58
Stenodactylus caudicinctus, 47-48

guttatus, 48

sthenodactylus, 48
Stenorhina degenhardtii, 506-507
Stenorhynchus natalensis, 96-97
Stenarchus rostratus, 292

virescens, 292

Sternopygus dariensis, 291
Sternothaerus sinuatus, 19
sthenodactylus, Ascalabotes, 48

Stenodactylus, 48
stincus, Lacerta, 72-73
Streptophorus sebae, 497-498
striata, Mabuia, 70

Mabuya, 70

striatinotum, Phelister, 463-465
striatulus, Brycon, 276

Brycon, 278-281

Chalcinopsis, 276
striatum, Pygidium, 246

Tropidolepisma, 70
stricklandi, Loxia, 548
Strigiformes (gall bladder), 185
striolatus, Hyperolius, 107
Struthioniformes (gall bladder), 182
Sturisoma, 243

citurensis, 243

panamensis, 243

subcarinatus, Bacanius, 436-438
subsigillata, Rana, 89
subtaeniatus, Psammophis, 38
sulcirostris, Crotophaga, 529
sumichrasti, Arremonops, 548

Eumeces, 496

Plistodon, 496
sunderallii, Eumeces, 71
sundevallii, Lygosoma, 71

Riopa, 71

superciliaris, Bufo, 85
superciliosa, Plagiospiza, 550
suttoni, Accipiter, 525-526
symetrica, Rappia, 108
Synbranchus marmoratus, 292-293

taiasica, Awaous, 356

Gobius, 356

taipehensis, Rana, 145-146
Tanagra elegantissima, 546
Tantilla brevis, 506
tantilla, Carcinops, 445
Tarentola annularis, 51

mauritanica, 51
teapensis, Sceloporus, 495
terrabenais, Brachyrhaphis, 301

Gambusia, 301
Terrapene triporcata, 488
Testudinata (gall bladder), 181
Testudo babcocki, 18

galeata, 19

pardalis, 18

tornieri, 19

Thamnophis praeocularis, 498

rutiloris, 498

Thelotornis kirtlandii, 39-40
thierryi, Chalcides, 74
tholloni, Grayia, 33-34
Thomson, Stewart Craig, Studies of the
Anatomy of the Extrahepatic Bili-
ary Tract in Mammals, 415-430
Thoracocharax, 270

maculatus, 270-271
Thryomanes percnus, 540
Thryothorus nisorius, 540
tibetana, Rana, 137-138
tiligugu, Chalcides, 73

Lacerta, 73
Tiliqua fernandi, 71
tornieri, Testudo, 19
torquata, Megaceryle, 632
Toxostoma curvirostre, 540-541
trachyblepharus, Gymnodactylus, 48
Trachycorystes amblops, 235-236
transandeanus, Awaous, 356-357

Gobiua, 356-357
Trapelus flavimaculata, 52
Tretanorhinus nigroluteus, 499
triaspis, Elaphe, 500
Trichobatrachus robustus, 87
trichopsis, Otus, 529-530
tridentiger, Allogambusia, 303-305

Gambusia, 303-305

Priapichthys, 303-305
Trigonocephalus schlegelii, 509
Trigonophallus, 301

punctifer, 302-303
Trimeresurus atrox, 508

nummifer, 509

schlegelii, 509

yucatanicus, 509
Trimerorhinus multisquamis, 36-37

tritaeniatus, 36-37
triporcata, Terrapene, 488
triporcatus, Staurotypus, 388
tritaeniatus, Trimerorhinus, 36-37
Troglodytes colima, 540
Trogon citreolus, 532
Trogoniformes (gall bladder), 185
Trogonurus mexicanus, 532
Tropidodipsas brevifacies, 503-504
Tropidolepisma striatum, 70
tropidonotus, Anolis, 493
Tropidonotus fuliginoides, 21

olivaceus, 21

viperinus, 21-22
Trypanaeus carthagenus, 436

proboscideus, 436
tuberculatus, Acritus, 439-440
tuberculosus, Bufo, 82
tuberosus, Bufo, 84
Tubulidentata (gall bladder), 195
Turdus permixtus, 541

renominatus, 541

rufo-palliatus, 541

572 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— ZOOLOGY, VOL. XXII

tuyrense, Cichlasoma, 331
Tympanocerus newtonii, 96
Tyrannus crassirostris, 534

occidentalis, 534

vociferans, 534
Typhlops batesii, 20

punctatus, 19-20

steinhausi, 20
Typhlosaurus meyeri, 75

vermis, 75
typus, Bucephalus, 40

Dispholidus, 40
Tyto pratincola, 529

umbriferum, Cichlasoma, 330
uncinatus, Chondrohierax, 525
underwoodi, Rhamdia, 233
undulata, Ameiva, 495

Rappia, 108

undulatus, Hyperolius, 108
unicolor, Dipsadoboa, 35

Simocephalus, 24-27
uracantha, Loricaria, 240
Uromastix ocellatus, 58
usambarae, Agama, 55-56
ustus, Anolis, 493
uzungwensis, Rana, 93

valliceps, Bufo, 482
Varanus albigularis, 59

angolensis, 59

niloticus, 59

ocellatus, 59

variabilis, Arthroleptis, 98
varia, Mabuia, 69

Mabuya, 69

Mniotilta, 544
variegata, Loricaria, 241
variegatus, Mizodon, 21
varius, Euprepes, 69
vauerescecae, Chamaeleon, 78-79
venusta, Rana, 94-95
vermis, Typhlosaurus, 75
Vermivora palliata, 544
verrucosa, Kaloula, 150
versicolor, Passerina, 546

Phrynobatrachus, 97-98
victorianus, Xenopus, 79-80
viola, Saucerottia, 531
Vipera arietans, 45

caudalis, 46

cornuta, 45

hindii, 44-45

viperina, Coluber, 21-22

Natrix, 21-22

viperinus, Tropidonotus, 21-22
virenticeps, Atlapetes, 548
Vireo flavoviridis, 543

gilvus, 543

medius, 543

mexicanus, 543

repetens, 543

Vireolanius melitophrys, 543
virescens, Eigenmannia, 292

Sternarchus, 292
visoninus, Adelphicos, 503

Rhegnops, 503
vittatus, Basiliscus, 493

Philautus, 148-149
vociferans, Tyrannus, 534
Volatinia diluta, 547
volcanus, Rivulus, 316-318
vulgaris, Chamaeleon, 75

wagleri, Icterus, 546

wagneri, Pimelodus, 232-233
Rhamdia, 232-233

wahlbergii, Ablepharus, 72
Cryptoblepharus, 72

Wenzel, Rupert L. and Dybas, Henry
S., New and Little Known Neo-
tropical Histeridae (Coleoptera),
433-472

whaleri, Gephyrocharax, 254-256

williamsi, Phelister, 458-459

Xenarthra (gall bladder), 194
Xenodon mexicanus, 501
Xenopus bunyoniensis, 80

victorianus, 79-80
Xiphorhynchus mentalis, 534

yucatanensis, Nyctidromus, 531
yucatanicus, Trimeresurus, 509

Zamenis florulentulus, 27

hippocrepis, 27

rhodorachis, 27

rhodorhachus, 27
zechi, Gerrhosaurus, 64
zeledoni, Cochlearius, 524
zeteki, Bryconamericus, 265-268
Zonurus cordylus, 58-59

macropholis, 58