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NOTE TO THE REPRINT.
That portion of Part IIT which precedes page 503 of this volume of the Trans-
actions, had been printed and the author’s separate edition of 150 copies mostly
distributed before the fire, by which the regular edition was destroyed, causing
considerable delay in issuing the volume. A portion of the author’s edition
was also distributed, as soon as printed, in sheets, each bearing its date of pub-
lication, to all those Zodlogists known to be interested in the subject.
Hence it was thought undesirable to introduce in this reprint even those
changes which the progress of science has rendered necessary, except when it
could be done in parentheses or foot notes, without essentially changing the pag-
ing and original reading. Therefore, in the first five articles, no changes of impor-
tance, unless typographical errors, have been made, except in foot notes to which
‘Reprint ” is appended. In the sixth article, it being still incomplete and less
extensively distributed, I have introduced changes more freely, yet without chang-
ing the paging, and have in all important cases affiixed “Reprint” to new mat-
ter. When a name has been changed the original name follows in parenthesis,
in order that no confusion may arise from references to copies of the first edition.
The following are the most important changes: p. 386, Gorgonia is changed to Eunt-
cella, and Pterogorgia to Gorgonia; p. 387, Litigorgia to Leptogorgia; p. 392, 2.
rutila is made a distinct species; p. 398, L. levis changed to L. alba; p. 398, L.
fucosa to L. Caryi; p. 410, Eugorgia Mexicana to E. aurantiaca; p. 413, Leptogor-
yia aurantiaca K. and H, to Echinogorgia; the measurements of the spicula of Lep-
togorgia and Eugorgia have been corrected in accordance with the note on p. 415
(1st ed.), and in some cases additional ones given; new localities have been
added from the collections of MeNiel and Capt. Pedersen; p. 417, Psammogorgia
fucosa added; p. 450, Echinogorgia aurantiaca added; p. 497, Gemmaria changed
to Epizoanthus.
The above changes in nomenclature have also been made in the American Jour-
nal of Science, vol. xlviii, p. 419, Nov., 1869, from which they should date.
A. E. VERRILL.
New Haven, Conn., November 15th, 1869.
fe thsonian tnatii,
py
\ /
fT a ee
1. Notes on the Radiata in the Museum of Yale
College, with description on new Genera and
species.
No. 1. Descriptions of new Starfishes from
Zealand. ppe 247=2d51l.
Noe 2e Notes on the Echinoderms of Panama
and West Coast of America, with descriptions
of new Genera and Species. pp. 201-322.
Noe 3. On the Geographical distribution
of the Echinoderms of the West Coast of
Americas ppe 325-351.*
Noe 4. Notice of Corals & Echinoderms
collected by Prof. C.F.Hartt, at the Abrolhos
Reefs, Province of Bahia, Brazil, 1867. pp.
351-371.
No. 5 Notice of a collection of Nchinod-=
erms from La. Faz, ower California, with des-
criptions of a New Genus. pp. 371-374.
Noe 6 Review of the Corals and Polyps of
the West Coast of America. pp. 377-558.
No. 7e On the Geographical distribution
of the Polyps of the West Coast of America,
ppe 558=567.
No. 8. Additional observations on Echinod-
erms, chiefly from the Pacific Coast of America.
Ppe 568-593.
No. 9. The Hchinoderm-Fauna of the Gulf of
California and Cape St, Lucas. pp. 593-596,
Trans. Conn. Acad. of Arts & Sci., Vol. I.
March Layee pls. IVeke
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W. Nores on THe Rapiata In THE Museum EGE,
witH DESCRIPTIONS OF NEW GENERA AND Species. By A. E.
VERRILL.
Read, Jan. 16th, 1867.
No. 1. Descriptions of new Starfishes from New Zealand.
The following interesting species of New Zealand starfishes were
sent from Peru by Mr. F. H. Bradley, to whom they were given for
our Museum by Henry Edwards, Esq.
They afford a partial illustration of the little known Echinoderm
fauna of the Southern Ocean. They contrast strongly with those of
the Northern Hemisphere.
Coelasterias, gen. nov.
Large starfishes, with four rows of ambulacral suckers, and large,
swollen rays (eleven in the typical species), which are free to near the
base, and are united beneath by a group of interradial plates. Inter-
ambulacral plates united directly to the first row of ventral plates,
and these to a second row of larger plates without the intervention
of open spaces like those seen in Asterias. Dorsal surface with large,
strong, imbricated, irregularly arranged ossicles or plates, bearing
short, very numerous spines.
This genus is more closely allied to Asterias (Asteracanthion) than
to Heliuster, and approaches still nearer to Stichaster, but appears
very distinct from either. The excessive development of the abac-
tinal system over the ambulacral is its most remarkable characteristic.
In this respect it contrasts strongly with the next genus. The form
and general aspect is that of a Solaster.
Ccelasterias australis Verrill, sp. nov.
Rays eleven, in the only specimen seen, large, inflated, rounded,
tapering rapidly to the end. Disk of moderate size, swollen; radius
of disk to length of rays, measuring from the center, as 2:6. The tri-
angular interradial space beneath is occupied by a cluster of irregular
stout plates, mostly without spines. Ambulacral grooves relatively
narrow and shallow, the pores small and crowded, in four well-marked
rows, The interambulacral plates usually bear alternately one and
two spines, which are long and rather slender toward the mouth, but
short, thick and obtuse toward the end of the ray, and much crowded
in indistinct rows. The next row of plates is united directly to
TRANS. ConnEcticuT AcAD., VoL. I. 32 FEBRUARY, 1867.
248 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
these, and the plates are small, longest lengthwise of the ray, and each
bears a short, thick spine, but little larger than the preceding, and
forming a regular, rather open row. Exterior to these is another
ventral row of large, strong, imbricated, prominent plates, each bear-
ing at its summit two very thick, short, obtuse spines, much larger
than the interambulacral ones, and arranged in a single row, and on
their external side each plate usually supports two or more short,
rounded, much smaller spines, the largest of which usually form a reg-
ularrow. The plates of the first lateral row are much elongated trans-
versely to the ray, imbricated and strong, and so united to the ven-
tral as to leave large openings between; each bears about twelve
small, short, rounded, clavate spines, which are placed along the plates
in single or double rows transverse to the ray. The plates of the
median dorsal row have a similar form, and bear a similar transverse
row of spines, which are somewhat larger. Between these and the first
row of lateral plates the plates are irregular in form and arrangement,
but short and imbricated, with unequal openings between, forming,
about five indistinct rows, all covered with groups of short sub-glob-
ular spines, giving an even appearance to the surface, but with large
vacant spaces between. Madreporic plate, small, of fine texture, situ-
ated a little nearer to the center of the disk than its edge. Minor ped-
icellariz few, at the bases of the spines and on the spaces between,
longer than broad, obtuse, somewhat compressed, constricted near
the base. A few major pedicellariz, scattered on the dorsal surface
and on the interradial surface beneath, are much larger and stouter,
with enlarged bases and obtuse tips.
Greatest diameter 11 inches; disk 4; width of rays at base 1:25.
Aukland, New Zealand,—H. Edwards.
Coscinasterias, gen. nov.
Starfishes with many rays, which are elongated, slender, and united
only at the base, without interradial plates beneath. Disk small. Am-
bulacra broad, highly developed, suckers very numerous, in four
rows. Spines prominent, arranged in longitudinal rows on the rays.
Dorsal surface with large, scattered pedicellarie. Madreporic plate
large, irregular, often with several accessory ones placed irregularly
on various parts of the disk. Dorsal plates (ossicles) arranged much
as in Asterias.
The excessive development of the rays and ambulacral system,
compared with the disk or central cavity, is the most characteristic
feature of this genus.
The Asterias aster Gray, probably belongs to this genus, bel is too
imperfectly described for identification.
Verrili, Notes on Radiata. 249
Coscinasterias muricata Verrill, sp. nov.
Rays nine to eleven, slender, tapering, rounded above, flat below
owing to the width of the ambulacra, narrowed at the base, five to
seven times as long as the radius of the disk, which is small. Ambu-
lacral furrows shallow and broad, with very numerous small suckers,
crowded in four rows. Interambulacral plates thin, somewhat imbri-
cated, connected with the lateral plates by a row of small, stout
ossicles which alternate with small rounded pores. Each interam-
bulacral plate usually bears a long, slender, tapering spine; these
are arranged in a single close row. External to these is a row of
distant, longer and stouter cylindrical spines, arising singly from
the connecting ossicles between the interambulacral and ventral
plates. The latter are strong and imbricated, each usually bearing
two longer and stouter blunt spines, which form a crowded double
row, along the sides of the arm. Ossicles of the upper surface
very stout, bearing strong, acute spines, which are arranged in
about five open rows, the median and two external alone reaching
the base of the ray; those of the median row are somewhat larger,
and all are surrounded by close wreaths of minute pedicellaria. On
the disk they are smaller and loosely scattered, often obtuse. The
major pedicellariz are numerous, scattered over the whole dorsal sur-
face and between the ventral spines, and also form a row within the
edge of the ambulacral furrow. They vary considerably in size and
form upon different parts. Most of those of the dorsal surface are
stout, oval, compressed, pointed, nearly twice as long as wide, about
‘05 of an inch long, while with them are others of similar form not
half as large. Those in the ambulacral furrows are even longer, but
more acutely pointed. The madreporic plates are variable in number
and size as well as position. One appears to be always in its normal
position and near the edge of the disk, while the accessory ones are
introduced at various points around the disk, but at about the same
distance from the margin. Sometimes, when there are but two and
the rays are in even numbers, they are directly opposite and in the
same transverse plane. A specimen with eleven rays has two contig-
uous ones and another separated by four rays, each being composed
of several pieces united. One specimen has but one large, convex
madreporic plate.
The largest specimen is 7°5 inches in diameter across the rays, with
a disk 1:25 inches in diameter; rays ‘5 broad; interambulacral spines,
15 long.
Aukland, New Zealand,—H. Edwards.
250 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Asterina (Asteriscus) regularis Verrill, sp. nov.
Pentagonal, depressed, with the interradial spaces evenly concave,
and the rays short, broad and acute ; greatest radius to least as 15 : 10.
Ambulacral pores large; interambulacral plates each with two slender
acute spines, forming a single row. Those near the mouth larger, ob-
tuse and flattened. Ventral plates of the first row stout and promi-
nent, each bearing a conical, acute spine, twice as large as the preced-
ing. Exterior to these the ventral or interradial plates are flattened
and imbricated, diminishing in size as they recede from the center>
each bearing an acute conical spine; these diminish in size like the
plates, the larger ones being about as thick as the interambulacral
spines, but shorter; near the margin these spines become very small
and crowded, many of the plates bearing two. Plates of the upper
surface rather large, increasing toward the center, regularly imbri-
cated, the free margin evenly rounded and thin, bearing near the end
a cluster of five to nine very small, nearly equal spines; toward the
center the plates become less regular in form and unequal in size, the
larger ones often bearing twelve or fourteen spines in a transverse
cluster. Madreporic plate large and prominent, at about one-third
of the distance from the center to the margin. The large dorsal pores
are in groups on the sides and within the bases of the rays, arranged
in about four rows, which run parallel with the median line of the
rays, with from six to twelve pores in arow. A few irregularly ar-
ranged pores between adjacent rays connect these groups.
Color, when dried, dark olive-green above, yellow below.
From center to end of ray 1°5 inches; to edge of disk °8.
Aukland, New Zealand,—H. Edwards.
Astropecten Edwardsii Verrill, sp. nov.
Rays five, long, regularly tapering, acute, about four and a half
times as long as the radius of the disk. Ambulacra broad, interam-
bulacral plates angular, imbricated, each bearing a cluster of three or
four slender spines on the inner edge, and two or three smaller ones
on the outer angle, not forming regular rows. Ventral plates densely
covered with minute rough spines, each having also a central series of
sharp spines, the inner ones very small, increasing outwardly to the
external, marginal ones, which are strong, sharp and slightly curved
upward, a quarter inch long. The lower marginal plates are opposite
the upper, and project considerably beyond them. The latter are ele-
vated and narrow, twenty-eight on each side of a ray, the two at the
angle between the rays much higher and larger, covered like the rest
with rough rounded granules, and each surmounted by a stout, blunt
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 251
tubercle. All the others, except the next two, bear a similar, much
smaller tubercle, decreasing regularly in size to the end of the ray.
The two next the basal one of each ray are thinner than the rest
and without a tubercle. Paxille largest along the center of the rays,
presenting a crowded even surface.
Length of ray from center 2°6 inches; radius of disk °6 ; width of
ray at base -7; of median space °4.
Aukland, New Zealand,—H. Edwards.
No. 2. Notes on the Echinoderms of Panama and West Coast of
America, with descriptions of new Genera and Species.
The materials for this paper have been derived chiefly from the
collections made by Mr. F. H. Bradley, who has spent nearly a year
in collecting the marine animals of Panama and adjacent coasts, for
the Museum of Yale College, and is still engaged in that exploration.
I am also indebted to the Smithsonian Institution for specimens col-
lected at Cape St. Lucas by John Xantus, Esq., and others from Cen-
tral America sent by Capt. J. M. Dow.
Order, OPHIUROIDEA.
Astrophyton Panamense Verrill, sp. nov.
The largest specimen in the collection is about 13 inches in total di-
ameter, with the disk 1:4. The arms are irregular in their outer divis-
ions, some of the main trunks dividing 19 or 20 times, with very small
and slender terminal twigs. The entire surface above and below is
closely covered with rather coarse granulations, which are rounded
and even on the radial ribs and upper side of arms, but flattened
and larger on the lower side of arms, especially at the base; on the
interradial membrane they are less crowded, rounded, and unequal.
The ten radial ribs are long and narrow (1 inch long and *15 broad
at middle) much raised and prominent, strongly arched, extending to
the center, gradually enlarging outwardly to near the end, where
they suddenly expand to the end, which is truncate, leaving a trans-
verse cicatrix. Their upper surfaces are slightly convex and have no
indications of spines or tubercles, being uniformly and coarsely granu-
lated. The arms are rounded above, with a slight longitudinal groove
along the center; the joints are distinctly marked by transverse lines
destitute of granules; beneath they are flat and have, also, a slight
central depression, and are covered with crowded, pavement-like gran-
ulations; tentacle-scales two or three, quite distinct, short, spine-
like, commencing at the third or fourth forks; hooks very small,
visible only on the terminal twigs. Teeth about eight, strong, blunt-
252 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
pointed, diminishing in size outwardly and blending with the teeth-
papille, which are irregular in number; mouth-papille small, 6 or 8
on each side, crowded toward the teeth, leaving the corners of the
mouth entirely destitute of them; those farthest from the teeth are
much the smallest; madreporic plates prominent, transversely ellipti-
cal, twice as long as broad (13 inch by °6), situated at the edge of
the interradial spaces. The projecting angles of the mouth and a
space on the lower side of the arms within the disk and bordering
the interradial spaces all around, is covered with coarse rounded
granulations like those of the upper surface. The space around the
mouth and connecting with the median area of the arms is granulated
like the lower side of the arms. Color, in alcohol, deep umber; when
dry, yellowish brown.
The largest specimen, described above, measures as follows:
From angle of mouth to Ist fork of arms, 72 of an inch.
“ 73 4e 2 cc a3 ‘S87 33
73 74 ‘ 3 oe “ 1°25 tc
“a . ‘ 4. “ a“ 1°65 73
ae ce oe 5 be ce 1°95 ‘Ts
ae oe oe 6 “ee zs 9°30 its
73 a“ ae 7 74 4a 9-75 iz5
“ ce oe 8 73 73 3:10 ee
73 ce ae 9 oe “ 3°40 ce
oc zs “c 10 ce 73 3°80 (33
ae ec “ al! ce oc 4-05 te
a“ ce te 12 is “ 4-40 “ec
3 ce ee 13 eb 7s 4°65 ae
73 e “ce 14 “ce “eb 5:00 79
73 ae “ee 15 ce ce 5-20 ce
ae ce zs 16 ce 73 5°52 iz4
v4 co ot ir 73 Ts 5°15 ce
‘ee 4c “ce 18 73 73 5°95 “
“ 73 ce 19 ce tc 6°10 (75
From center to edge of interradial space °7. Width of rays, at
base beneath, -4; of Ist forks ‘3; of 2nd forks ‘15; from outer side of
madreporic plate to end of teeth -4; to corner of opposite mouth-slit
62; between corners of adjacent mouth slits °22.
A younger specimen, *25 inch from center to edge of interradial space
and 3 to end of radial ribs, has the disk prominently five lobed, the two
radial ribs of each arm being separated only by a shallow groove.
The first fork of the arms is considerably outside of the disk, 52 of an
inch from center of mouth. The arms divide six times. The up-
per surface is uniformly and coarsely granulated, similarly to that of
the larger ones. The lower surface is more uniformly granulated, the
disk and region around the mouth presenting nearly the same ap-
pearance as the lower sides of arms, The mouth-papille are more
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 253
slender and relatively longer, and extend nearly to the end of the
mouth-slits. The madreporic plate is very small and inconspicuous.
The hooks of the arms are more conspicuous and numerous.
Another, much younger specimen, measures from the center to edge
of interradial space, ‘05 inch; to end of radial ribs ‘1; to first fork of
arms ‘18. The arms divide four times and are long and slender, with
numerous hooks; the tentacle-scales extend as far inward as the first
fork. The radial ribs do not reach the center, where there is a small,
much depressed space; they have the form of five very prominent ob-
long lobes with a shallow dividing line along the top of each. The
whole upper surface is covered with coarse rounded granulations,
which are arranged in transverse lines on the arms.
Color of dried specimens, yellowish brown, with traces of lighter
bands on the arms.
Panama and Pearl Islands, adhering to Muricee,—F. H. Bradley.*
Six specimens of this species, of various sizes, are in the collection.
It appears to be most nearly allied to A. Caryi Lyman, of San
Francisco, Cal.
Ophiura teres Lyman, Catalogue Museum Comp. Zodl., I, p. 37, 1865.
This large species is common at Panama and the Pearl Islands, at
extreme low-water under stones. About 25 specimens are in the col-
lections of Mr. Bradley.
Some of the larger specimens have rays 5 inches long, with the disk
1-4 in diameter. It is readily distinguished by its stout, round arms,
with much broken upper arm-plates. The color is dark olive or pur-
plish brown above, the arm-plates, and sometimes the disk, is thickly
speckled with grayish white. Lower side of arms and chewing appa-
ratus light yellowish brown, in life lemon-yellow.
Ophiura Panamensis (Liitken) Lyman, op. cit., p. 32.
Ophioderma panamensis Ltk., Additamenta, hist. Oph., p. 91, 1859.
This species is, apparently, more common than the preceding. Mr.
Bradley has sent numerous specimens from Panama. It also occurs at
Acapulco (Mus. Comp. Zodél.), and Cape St. Lucas (Smiths. Inst.).
The larger specimens have arms 4:25 inches long; disk -9 in diameter,
The color is dark greenish gray or brownish above, sometimes with
a central light spot; arms similar in color, banded with lighter and
darker. Lower surface grayish or greenish white. Mouth-shields
rounded, broad-oval; side mouth-shields granulated.
This species is closely allied to O. teres. It may be distinguished by
its longer, less convex, and more slender arms; by the upper arm-plates,
* Since received from Zorritos, Peru, and Gulf of California, at La Paz,—Reprint.
254 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
which are either entire or but little broken,—rarely into more than
three pieces, which do not disturb the regular arrangement of the
plates ; by the radial shields, which are naked in this species and nearly
always covered in the preceding.* The arm-spines in this species, near
the base of arms, are usually eleven in well grown specimens; in 0.
teres of corresponding size nine, and in the largest but ten. There are,
usually, one or two more mouth papillz in the present species. The
mouth-shields of O. teres are very broad and short, with a nearly
straight outer edge, concave sides, and a rounded lobe projecting in-
ward; in this species they are oval, about as long as broad, very convex
outwardly, with a slight, rounded angle inwardly. The under arm-
plates are relatively wider than in O. ¢eres and somewhat different in
form. In the latter the narrow space between the upper genital slits
and the arms is covered with granulations like the disk; in O. Pana-
mensis it is occupied by narrow naked scales, without granulations.
Ophiura variegata (Liitken) Lyman, op. cit., p. 10 (no description).
Ophioderma variegata Liitken, Vidensk. Meddelelser, March, 1856; Addit. hist. Oph.,
p. 97.
A much smaller number of this species than of the last was collected
by Mr. Bradley at Panama. Dr. Liitken’s specimens were from Realejo.
It may be distinguished from the preceding by its covered radial
shields, naked side mouth-shields, and oval mouth-shields not so broad
as in the last. Upper arm-plates undivided, arms depressed and more
slender. It is closely allied to O. brevispina of the West Indies.
Length of arms 3 inches; diameter of disk °7 of an inch,
The color above is olive-green or greenish brown, with a central
blotch and other irregular blotches of reddish scattered on the disk, or
sometimes only five, corresponding to the interradial spaces. The
arms are conspicuously banded with lighter and darker. The whole
lower surface is reddish white.
Ophiura Daniana Verrill, sp. nov.
A depressed species, with short, tapering arms, and partially covered
radial-shields. Upper genital openings visible from above, with ele-
vated borders, Side mouth-shields naked. Under arm-plates broad
and strongly concave outwardly. Arms speckled above with dark
brown, and having a row of distant, circular spots of yellowish-white ;
beneath white.
Diameter of disk *55 of an inch; arms 2 inches long; ‘15 wide at
5)
base. Mouth-papille ten or eleven on each side of the mouth-slits ;
* Mr. Lyman describes the young as having naked radial shields. Our specimens,
both large and small, have them covered.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 250
outer one longest, pointed, overlapping the next, which is stout, broad,
blunt, and larger than the others, which decrease to the sixth and then
increase to the innermost; the inner ones are more cylindrical and
pointed. Mouth-shields one-third longer than broad; the outer side
broadest, rounded; the sides somewhat converging, a little concave,
the inner lateral edges nearly straight, forming the acute inner angle.
Side mouth-shields naked, triangular, the side next the angle of the
mouth concave; one of the corners reaches the genital slit, another the
angle of the mouth, the inner ones are widely separated by the mouth-
shields. Under arm-plates nearly twice as broad as long near the base
of arms; the outer edge regularly and deeply concave; the outer cor-
ners prolonged in an acute angle, bounded on each side by short reén-
tering lines; the inner lateral lines also concave; the inner end regu-
larly convex, about as broad as the concave portion of the outer edge ;
toward the middle of the arms they become as long as broad, but still
have a similar outline. Upper arm-plates nearly twice as broad as long,
the outer edge bounded by a slightly convex line, the inner edge by
a parallel, concave one, sides nearly straight, converging inwardly.
Side-plates encroaching but little. Disk finely and closely granulated,
the granules wholly or partially covering the radial shields, and cover-
ing the scales at the base of the arms; just outside of the radial shields
and about on a level with the upper side of the arms the edge of the
disk rises into somewhat prominent verrucz, perforated at top by the
upper genital openings, which are surrounded with elongated, granule-
like papiliz. Radial shields large, usually mostly concealed by the
granules; the naked part when present is broad oval or nearly round,
widely separated, often with scattered granules. Arm-spines ten at
base of arms, the upper ones very small, regularly increasing in length
toward the lower side of arm to the ninth; the lowest one is a little
shorter than the two above it, which are of equal length, and scarcely
reach the middle of the next side-plate. The spines are all acute.
Tentacle-scales broad and short, the inner one considerably largest.
Color of upper surface when dried, yellowish brown, the arm-plates
speckled with dark brown; along the middle of the arm there is a row
of distant, small, circular, yellowish white spots, usually divided be-
tween two plates; some of the plates also have very small light spots
on their outer edges. Lower surface yellowish white, extending up-
ward in points on the sides of the arms at distances corresponding to
the dorsal light spots.
La Union, San Salvador, in 6 or 7 fathoms, muddy bottom,—F. H.
Bradley. Two specimens.
TRANS. CoNNECTICUT ACAD., VOL., I 33 Marcu, 1867.
256 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
This species is very different from the others of this region, but
resembles O. variegata most. The latter has, however, much longer
arm-spines, of which the upper are longest; much longer arms ;
smaller under arm-plates, which are more hexagonal, scarcely broader
than long and convex outwardly ; the mouth shields are more rounded
broad oval, more prominent, and less acute inwardly; the mouth-
papill are different in form, the outermost one being shorter and
stouter and not overlapping the next; the upper ovarial openings are
slits near the base of the arms, beneath, not visible from above. The
color also is quite different.
The peculiarity in the form and position of the upper genital open-
ings may hereafter require this species to be separated generically
from Ophiura, if accompanied by corresponding internal differences
in structure.
Ophiolepis variegata Liitken, Vidensk. Meddelelser, March, 1856; Addit., p.106.
Mr. Bradley has sent specimens of this species, dredged at
Panama, of various sizes. From La Union he sent quite a number
of very large ones, which came, however, in a badly broken con-
dition. At the latter locality it appears to be abundant, in 6 or 7
fathoms, muddy bottom.
Dr. Lutken’s specimen was quite young, agreeing well with some of
our smallest ones. The adult specimens present somewhat different
characters. It is closely allied to O. elegans Liitk. of the West Indies.
The largest specimen from Panama has arms 1°8 inches long; disk
‘6 in diameter. The mouth-papill, eleven to each angle of the mouth,
resemble those of O. eleguns. The outer one on each side is longer
and sharper than the rest, quite overlapping the next one, which, like
the succeeding three, is short and broad, with a cutting edge. The
mouth-shields are more than twice longer than broad, the outer end
rounded; the sides reénteringly curved ; the inner edge pointed, with
nearly straight sides. Side mouth-shields large, quadrangular, the
inner sides longest, slightly concave ; the irner lateral sides in con-
tact along their whole extent, the outer edge in contact, for three-
fourths its length, with the mouth shield, the outer corner projecting
into the genital slit; the outer lateral edge is a little concave, exceed-
ing the inner lateral and about equal to the outer edge. Under arm-
plates, toward base of arms, twice broader than long, the outer edge
concave, the inner convex, the sides strongly concave; along the
middle of the arms they are more nearly square; toward the end
of the arms they become longer than broad, with a convex outer
edge, concave sides and nearly pointed inner edge. Upper arm-
plates broader than long, toward base of arms, the outer and inner
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 257
edges nearly straight, resembling those of O. elegans.* Plates of the
disk large, very regularly arranged, precisely like those of O. elegans.
The central one is nearly circular, surrounded by a rosette of five an-
gular ones with convex inner margins. From the central group a row
of the large plates radiate to each interradial margin; to the base of
each arm radiates another row of these plates, of which the two outer-
most are smaller and separate the large, oval radial shields, which
are pointed inwardly ; between each radial shield and the base of
the arm there is also a large angular plate. All the plates of
the disk are bordered by a row of very small plates. Arm-spines five
at the base of the arms, four farther out, short, tapering, the middle
ones longest. Tentacle-scales two, short, broad, the inner one largest.
Color, in alcohol, very variable above; in the specimen above de-
scribed, dark greenish, with a large central blotch of reddish white
surrounded by a narrow line of dark brown; each outer interradial
plate is of the same color, with a similar dark border. The other
plates, both large and small, are speckled with very dark brown.
The upper side of the arms are alternately lighter and darker grayish
green, with frequent blotches of reddish white. The lower surface is
uniformly white or pale flesh-color. Other specimens have the greater
part of the upper side of the disk light grayish green, with blotches
of dark brownish green, and a central patch of reddish, which appears
to be the constant color of the outer interradial plate. The arms also
are at times mostly reddish with irregular patches of green, or they
may be very regularly banded with reddish and dark olive-green.
A small specimen with arms °78 of an inch long, and °25 in diameter
of disk, has but three arm-spines at the base of the arms and two far-
ther out. Another, somewhat larger, has four spines at base and
three along most of the length of the arms.
Some of the specimens from La Union are ‘9 of an inch in diame-
ter of disk; arms 3°25 long; and have six arm-spines at the base of
the arms, of which the uppermost ones are longest.
Ophiozona Pacifica Lyman, op. cit., p. 67.
Ophiolepis pacifica Liitken, Vidensk. Medd., 1856; Additam. hist. Oph., p. 104.
A few specimens of this species have been received from Panama
and the Pearl Islands, collected by Mr. Bradley. Dr. Lutken’s speci-
mens were from Puntarenas in four fathoms.
Our largest specimen has arms 2 inches long, and a disk °45 in di-
ameter. It was generically separated from the last species on account
of the absence of supplementary side pieces to the upper arm-plates.
The disk is covered by numerous convex, naked plates, bordered by
* See Catalogue Mus. Comp. Zodl., Pl. I, fig. 5.
258 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
small ones; the central one is largest, nearly circular, surrounded by
a rosette of several circles of plates, from which a band of three rows
of plates radiates to each interbranchial margin, and a less regluar row
to the base of each arm between the radial shields; these are longer
than broad, pointed at each end, irregular, placed obliquely, and widely
separated at the outer edges, which are bordered next to the base of
the arms by a large convex plate. The upper arm-plates are quite
regular, with nearly straight outer and inner edges, widest outwardly,
with slightly concave, diverging sides; near the ends of the arms
they become fan-shaped, and the side-plates meet above. Near the
base of the arms there are five very short arm-spines, of which the
lowest two are slightly longer than the others.
Color, in alcohol, umber-brown above, with slightly indicated bands
of lighter brown toward the ends of the arms; below uniformly
brown, of a somewhat lighter shade. Young specimens are lighter
colored, especially beneath. In another specimen the disk is grayish
yellow; upper side of arms the same, with transverse bands of
brownish, occupying two or three plates, and an interrupted light
stripe, bordered with brown along the middle, formed by a spot of
yellowish white on the outer edge of each plate. All the upper plates
are mottled with lighter and darker yellowish brown. The upper
edge of the side-plates also has a light spot. Beneath uniform yel-
lowish white.
Ophiocoma eethiops Liitken, Addit. hist. Oph., p. 145; Lyman, op. cit., p. 78.
Very abundant at Panama and Pearl Islands, from whence Mr.
Bradley has sent about one hundred and fifty specimens. From La
Union he has also sent numerous large examples. It occurs also at
Acapulco (Coll, Mus. Comp. Zoology), and Cape St. Lucas (Smith-
sonian Institution).
This species grows toa large size, many of our specimens measur-
ing 8 inches in length of arms; 1:3 in diameter of disk; arms, not
including spines, *3 wide; spines ‘3 long.
It is allied to O. echinata and O. Riisei of Aspinwall and the West
Indies, but differs in the shape and proportions of the arm-spines and
mouth-shields, as well as by having flatter arms, ete. In O. echinata
the upper arm-spines are-short, blunt, and remarkably thickened; in
O. Iiiset they are long and slender, like the rest, but considerably
longer ; in the present species they are stout, the lower ones shorter,
and somewhat flattened, the upper ones becoming longer and stouter,
the uppermost being considerably thickened. In QO. echinata the
mouth-shields are squarish, with rounded corners; in 0, Riisei they
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 259
are ovoid, the smallest end inward; in O. wthiops they are oblong
with rounded corners.
The color, both in alcohol and when dried, is a dark, rich brown or
almost black above, occasionally with distinct, broad bands of gray-
ish on the outer part of the arms. Sometimes the disk is blotched
with grayish white. Lower surface of arms and chewing apparatus
grayish brown, rest like upper surface. Young specimens are lighter
colored and more conspicuously banded.
Ophiocoma Alexandri Lyman, op. cit., p. 74.
Several specimens of this species were collected by Mr. Brad-
ley at the Pearl Islands, and a single, large one, at Panama. It occurs
at Acapulco (Mus. Comp. Zodl.), and Cape St. Lucas (Smiths. Inst.).
Our largest specimen has arms about 5°5 inches long; disk ‘8 in di-
ameter. The color of the upper side, in alcohol, is yellowish brown on
the disk ; the arms a brighter shade of the same, with unequal trans-
verse bars of dark brown, the lighter colored plates finely mottled
with yellowish-white. Lower surface of arms light yellowish brown,
with a narrow longitudinal stripe of darker brown passing along each
side of the lower plates. Mouth-shields and other parts about the
mouth light brownish yellow.
This species may readily be distinguished from the preceding by
its relatively longer and more slender arms; by its brighter and
lighter colors, and pecculiar markings on the arms ; by its disk covered
with little spinose grains; by the arm-spines arranged in rows of five
to seven, the third and fourth from the lowest being longest, the upper
one smallest; by its nearly round mouth-shields, a little truncated
inwardly ; and by differences in the form of the upper and lower
arm-plates.
Ophionereis annulata Lyman, op. cit., p. 143.
Ophiolepis annulata LeConte, Proc. Phil. Acad., vy, p. 317, 1851.
O. triloba Liitken, Vidensk. Meddelelser, 1856.
Ophionereis triloba Litken, Addit. hist. Oph., p. 112.
This species is very common at Panama and the Pearl Islands, Mr.
Bradley having sent nnmerous specimens. It occurs, also, at Cape St.
Lucas (J. Xantus, Smithsonian Inst.) and on the west coast of Central
America, whence Dr. Lutken received his specimens. Mr. Bradley
collected, also, a few specimens at Acajutla, San Salvador. It lives
under stones and in crevices at and near low-water mark.
Our largest specimens have arms 3°3 inches long, the disk ‘5 broad.
It may be recognized by its long, slender arms, with three rows of
spines, of which the middle one is considerably longest. Disk covered
260 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
with very small scales, larger around the edge, with small, narrow,
elliptical, widely separated radial-shields. Upper arm-plates more than
twice as broad as long, broadest near inner edge, with very acute lat-
eral angles, and bordered by broad, triangular, supplementary plates.
Color, in alcohol, varying on the disk from grayish to purplish
brown, usually thickly covered with light spots; arms yellowish
green or greenish brown with numerous dark purplish brown bands
extending entirely around the arms, and often with an interrupted
dark line along the middle; lower side yellowish gray, the arms
crossed by dark bands.
In one specimen the arms are olive-green above, each upper plate
having a small dark brown spot in the middle and another broader
one on the inner edge, while the supplementary plates have also a
similar smaller spot on the upper edge. The transverse bands have
the form of large rounded spots of rich, dark brown, surrounded by
a ring of yellowish. The arm-spines are greenish, banded with
brown. The arms are yellowish beneath, with transverse bars of red-
dish brown, occupying two or three plates, corresponding to the large
spots above.
In other specimens, also well preserved, the disk and arms corres-
pond in their colors, the disk being clear reddish brown, very thickly
spotted with light olive-green, of the same tint as the ground-color of
the arms, while the transverse bands of the arms are reddish brown,
like the ground-color of the disk, but they are partially interrupted,
along the median line, by a faint, yellowish band. One specimen
from which part of the arms have been partially or wholly broken
and again restored, has the disk and uncast portion of the arms red-
dish brown, the latter with narrow bands of deep brown, while the
restored portions of the arms are olive-green, with broad bands of
reddish brown.
Ophiocnida hispida Lyman, op. cit., p. 133.
Ophiolepis hispida LeConte, loc. cit., p. 318, 1851.
Amphiura hispida Liitken, Addit. ad hist. Oph., p. 119.
Two specimens of this curious species have been received from
Panama in the collection of Mr. Bradley. The largest measure 3°15
inches in length of arms, and ‘32 in diameter of disk.
This species is remarkable for its very long, slender arms, and its
disk covered above and below by small, sharp spines.
The radial shields are narrow, tapering inward to a point, separated
by a spiny strip. There are three short, rounded mouth-papille, of
which the inner one is largest, on each side of the mouth-slits. Arm-
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 261
spines regular, even, in three rows. The upper surface of arms and
disk is straw-colored, with narrow transverse bars and irregular spots
of deep brown or blackish; under side dull yellowish.
Amphiura geminata Liitken,* op. cit., p. 122
Ophiolepis geminata LeConte, op. cit., p. 318.
Amphiura geminata Lyman, op. cit., p. 180.
Two specimens of this species have been sent from Panama by Mr.
Bradley, both of which are injured.
It has long, slender arms, with four rows of spines at the base (in
well-grown specimens) and three farther out, of which the middle one
is largest and bluntest and somewhat rough. There are three mouth-
papillz on each side of the mouth-slits, of which the outermost is
broader than both the others. Mouth-shields lance-shaped, with the
inner end acute. Lower arm-plates pentagonal, broader than long,
with one angle turned inward. Disk covered by small even scales, a
little larger toward the edge of disk. Radial shields narrow, pointed
inwardly, in contact, except at the inner ends, which are separated
by a scale.
According to Mr. Lyman, a specimen had arms 1°4 inches long, with
a disk "16 in diameter. Our specimens are somewhat smaller, but
have the arms broken. They are, in alcohol, yellowish white, with a
few small, ight brown spots on the upper arm-plates.
Amphiura violacea Liitken, Vidensk. Meddelelser, 1856; Addit. hist. Oph., p. 123.
In the collection from Panama there is a small specimen, apparently
identical with this species. Dr. Liitken’s specimens were from Realejo.
According to Dr. Liitken, it has the following distinctive characters :
Mouth-shields small and lance-shaped ; side mouth-shields large and
triangular; under arm-plates as long as broad, and separated, like the
upper plates, which have the same form as those of A. microdiscust
Liitk., but are less broad, by the side arm-plates. Diameter of disk 2™™,
Amphiura Puntarene Liitken, op. cit., 1856; Addit. hist. Oph., p. 123.
A single specimen from Panama, too imperfect for description, is
doubtfully referred to this species. Dr. Liitken’s original description
is as follows: The mouth-shields are a little longer than broad, and
* This and the other species here named Amphiwra belong to the genus, Amphi-
pholis Liung,—Reprint.
+ A. microdiscus Liitken, was described as follows: Disk small, arms thick, but thin
at base; upper arm-plates twice as long as broad, outwardly slightly and inwardly
strongly curved; lower arm-plates as long as broad, without an indentation; diameter
of disk 1™™, Puntarenas, 10 fathoms.
262 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
have rounded but very aaa side-angles, so as to become nearly
heart-shaped ; lower arm-plates longer than broad, having a slight in-
curvature on the outer edge; upper arm-plates regularly oval, not
much broader than long; the disk has a diameter of 2"™; the slender
arms a length of ec. gomm. Puntarenas, in 3 fathoms.
The two preceding species and A. microdiscus are very small species
allied to A. sguamata M. and Tr., and all have the radial shields join-
ing each other completely ; mouth-shields lengthened, rhomboidal ;
outermost mouth-papilla broader than the other two; lower arm-plates
pentagonal with an angle turned inward; upper arm-plates trans-
versely oblong ; arm-spines three in nanos
Two other species, A. Orstedii Liitk., from Puntarenas, and A.
marginata Liitk. (Ophiophragmus marginatus Lyman) from Realejo,
I have not seen.
Hemipholis gracilis Verrill, sp. nov.*
A delicate species, closely allied to HZ. cordifera Lyman, with long,
slender arms ; arm-spines in three rows, tapering, thickened at base ;
mouth-shields broad pentagonal, with rounded corners; under arm-
plates octagonal with rounded corners; a single tentacle-scale.
Arms about nine times as long as the diameter of disk. Mouth-
papille two to each mouth-slit, situated at the outer lateral edge, slen-
der, somewhat elongated, blunt. The mouth-slits, or spaces between
the jaws, are broad and regularly heart-shaped, the indentation in the
outer side formed by an acute, triangular projection from the inner
arm-plate, which is mostly concealed by the side mouth-shields, which
meet above it. The two inner tentacles are situated on each side of this
pointed inner angle of the first arm-plate, and within the mouth-slits.
Mouth-shields a little broader than long, somewhat pentagonal, the
outer edge nearly straight, the outer lateral edges short, the lateral
angles rounded, the inner lateral sides longer, somewhat curved and
forming a rounded inner angle. Side mouth-shields elongated trans-
versely, meeting in front of the mouth-shields, and also across the
arms so as to form a continuous ring around the mouth; the inner
side is concave, the outer has a central, projecting, acute angle, ex-
tending to the lateral angle of the mouth-shield. Under arm-plates
somewhat octagonal, broader than long, toward the base of the arms
the outer and inner edges are nearly straight, the lateral edges are
composed of three short sides, with rounded angles between, which
farther out on the arms become merged into a curved lateral Une.
* H. afinis Ljungman, Ophiur. viventia, Ofv. af Kgl. Vet. Akad. Férh., May (?),
1867, p. 322, appears to be identical with this,—Reprint.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 263
The second, third and fourth plates have a somewhat different form,
the outer edge being broader than the inner, and the sides concave.
Upper ..m-plates broad and somewhat irregular-oyal, about twice as
broad as long, the inner edge much more strongly arched than the
outer, which, on some of the plates near the base of the arms, is
slightly concave in the middle. Side-plates encroaching but little
above and scarcely any below, except toward the ends of the arms.
Arm-spines three, nearly equal, a little thickened near the base, round,
slender, tapering, but not sharp. Tentacle-scale oblong, flattened,
rounded at the end, hardly twice as long as wide, standing free from
the sides of the lower plates, except at the second and third from the
base, where they are shorter and in close contact with the lower arm-
plates.
Disk, above, covered with unequal, rounded, overlapping scales; a
larger, round, central, primary plate is surrounded by smaller ones,
and then by five primary ones about as large as the central one, each
of which is surrounded by a few smaller scales; from these five a row
of primary plates, bordered on each side by smaller imbricated scales,
radiates to each interbrachial margin. Radial shields pear-seed-shaped,
with the point inward, the outer side strongly arched, the inner sides
in contact at the outer end, separated inwardly by three scales, of
which the most exterior is elongated and narrow and the most interior
broad, rounded, the intermediate one somewhat triangular. Between
each radial shield and the base of the arm there are two or three
scales and a small papilla-like spine, not one-fourth as long as the
arm-spines. Lower side of disk destitute of scales, but bearing minute,
scattered granules.
Color, in alcohol, light greenish gray above, darker and more dis-
tinctly greenish toward the ends of the arms, which are banded with
whitish ; radial shields and primary disk-plates green; beneath white,
chewing apparatus yellowish.
An average specimen has the arms 1°38 inches long with the disk
‘17 in diameter. One of the larger is ‘2 in diameter of disk; the
arms, though broken at the ends, 1°8. The largest is ‘22 in diameter
of disk,
Panama,—F. H. Bradley. Eight specimens, 4 fathoms, muddy
bottom.
This species very closely resembles HZ. cordifera of South Carolina,
which has the habit of living buried in mud at low-water mark and
thrusting out of its burrow one of its long slender arms. It differs,
however, in the form of the mouth-shields and lower arm plates, as
well as in several other particulars.
TRANS. CONNECTICUT ACAD., VOL. I. 34 MARCH, 1867.
264 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Ophiactis Litken.
Of this genus there have been described four nominal species from
the Panamic Province, besides one from Peru. Of these, it is proba-
ble, as has been suggested by Mr. Lyman, that O. Orstedii Liitken, is
a synonym of O. simplex (LeConte sp.), no differences yet indicated
being sufficient to separate them clearly.
The species of Ophiactis may be recognized by their rather short
arms and stout disk, covered above with overlapping scales and
a few, small, scattered spines; usually with separated radial shields.
There are commonly four to six rows of arm-spines, which are
rough, short, and stout, projecting at right angles from the arms.
There is but one tentacle-scale and but one or two mouth-papille on
each side of the mouth-slits. The species are mostly small and often
have six arms.
Ophiactis Kroyeri Liitken, Vidensk. Meddelelser, 1856; Lyman, op. cit., p. 108.
Mr. Bradley has sent several hundred specimens of this species
from Callao, Peru, where they were found in abundance among the
interstices of Balani, Discincee, Mytili, etc., scraped from the bottom
of a vessel that had been a long time in that port. Some of the lar-
gest specimens have arms 1:7 inches long and the disk ‘35 in diameter.
Of this species I have seen no specimens having six arms.
The color varies considerably, but most frequently is dull greenish,
in alcohol, with a few irregular bands of purplish brown upon the
arms; beneath grayish or greenish white. Some specimens are pur-
plish brown above, with bands of greenish on the arms, and others
are yellowish gray, with or without bands of darker. Frequently the
upper arm-spines have a spot of white at base. The radial shields
are usually darker green or brown than the rest of the disk, and have
a yellow spot on the outer end and are sometimes edged with white, or
have a white spot at the inner end. In other specimens the radial
shields are yellowish with a greenish disk. The disk may, also, be
mottled with lighter and darker.
The number and size of the spines upon the disk are also quite vari.
able. In some cases they are nearly or entirely absent, while in others
they are quite numerous, long and sharp, scattered all over the disk,
except on the large radial shields ; more frequently, however, they are
mostly confined to the interradial spaces of the disk, and are rather
few innumber. The radial shields are large, acute-triangular, with the
point inward and a prominent, elevated lobe on the corner where
they join their neighbors; the inner ends are separated by about four
plates, of which the outermost is very narrow and the mnermost
rounded. The mouth-shields are short and broad, with an elongated,
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 265
acute point outwardly and a slight angle inwardly. The side mouth-
shields are elongated transversely and do not meet within. Mouth-
papillz one on each side of the mouth-slits, short and stout. Lower
arm-plates rounded octagonal; upper plates broad-oval, a little over-
lapping, most convex outwardly. Arm-spines five, the middle one
longest.
Callao, Peru,—F. H. Bradley. The specimens of Dr. Liitken and
Mr. Lyman came, also, from the same place.
Ophiactis virescens Litken, op. cit.; Lyman, op. cit., p. 113.
This species may readily be recognized by the upper arm-plates,
which are twice as broad as long and have a distinct, projecting lobe
in the middle of the outer edge. The arms are somewhat narrowed
at the base and very slender at the ends. Under arm-plates as long
as broad, octagonal. Mouth-shields roundish rhomboidal, with an
angle inward. Two small mouth-papillz on each side of mouth-slits.
Five or six arm-spines, short and stout, rough, upper two longest. The
disk-scales bear a few scattered spines, which are sometimes wanting.
Color yellowish green, with narrow dark green bands on the arms,
beneath greenish gray. The radial shields are dark green and often
have a light spot on the outer ends.
Our specimens all have six arms, except the very young, which
lack three, on one side. The largest has arms ‘75 of an inch long, with
a disk ‘15 in diameter. Another has arms °4 inch, with the disk -12.
Panama, clinging to Gorgoniz and sponges. Occasionally adhering
among the arm-spines of Ophiothrix spiculata,-F. H. Bradley. It
occurs at Puntarenas and Realejo,—Dr. Liitken ; and Cape St. Lucas,—
J. Xantus, (Smiths. Institution).
In one instance I found, in a small cavity of a branching sponge
from the Pearl Islands, upwards of fifty specimens of this species, of
various sizes, but mostly young. Thirty-seven were quite small, and
light colored, and although many had six equal arms, others, of sim-
ilar size, had three upon one side, very small, appearing as if just
starting to grow, or entirely wanting. From this mode of occurrence
it is probable that this species, iike some Amphiura, is ovo-viviparous,
In this lot were two specimens differing considerably from all the
others. These are among the largest, and have the arms narrowed at
base; seven arm-spines, upper ones longest; large radial shields,
covering a large part of the disk; broad upper arm-plates, con-
vex outwardly, and destitute of a distinct lobe, or with only a slight
central prominence, except near the ends of the arms, where a small,
distinct lobe is visible. In most other respects they agree well with
266 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
the ordinary form, except that the color is light yellowish gray above,
with greenish radial shields and an undefined greenish spot on each
upper arm-plate, the tips of the arms faintly banded with greenish ;
yellowish white beneath. Diameter of disk 17; length of arms °75
of an inch.
Ophiactis simplex Liitken; Lyman, op. cit., p. 105.
Ophiolepis simplex LeConte, Proc. Phil. Acad., v, p. 318, 1851.
2 0. Orstedii Littken, Vidensk. Meddelelser, 1856; Addit. Ad. Hist. Oph., p. 129.
Eight specimens of this species occurred with the last, from Panama.
The species may be distinguished by the small, widely separated
radial shields; rounded and regular disk-scales, with very few small
spines, except beneath, where they become more numerous; arms
longer and more slender than those of the preceding species; mouth-
papille prominent and flat, one upon each side of the mouth-slits.
The mouth-shields are transversely rhomboidal, with an angle within
and without. Five short arm-spines, of which the three middle ones.
are longest. Upper arm-plates broad-oval without a lobe,
Color greenish, with lighter bands on the arms.
In all our specimens there are six arms. They agree very nearly
with O. Orstedii Liitken,* which came from Puntarenas.
Ophiactis arenosa Liitken, op. cit., 1856.
There are a few young specimens, found with the last two species,
which appear to represent a third species. Whether they belong to
the present one or not is somewhat uncertain, owing to their imma-
turity.
Mr. Lyman places this species as a doubtful synonym of OQ. sim-
plex. Our specimens are insufficient to determine this question satis-
factorily.
According to the original description by Dr. Liitken, its characters
are as follows: “O. arenosa Liitk. Mouth-shields roundish; one
mouth-papille ; upper arm-plates broad-oval; under arm-plates round-
ed, quadrangular, a little broader than long; four short arm-spines, of
which the two middle are the longest.
* Dr. Litken’s original description is as follows: 0. Orstedii Liitk. Mouth-shields
broad rhomboidal; one mouth-papilla; five arms; upper arm-plates broad-oval; lower
arm-plates octagonal, a little broader than long; five short arm-spines, of which the
three middle and longest are only as long as one of the arm-joints.
Color green, with bands upon the arms.
Diameter of disk 4mm, Length of arms 18™™m, Puntarenas.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 267
The color seems to have been about like that of the two preceding
(O. Orstedii and O. virescens).
Diameter of disk 5°"; length of arms 20",
Puntarenas and Realejo.”
In addition to the preceding species of Ophiactis there is a single
imperfect specimen that may belong to an undescribed species.
It has larger radial shields than O. simplex, separated by a row of
about three scales, no spines apparent on disk; five arm-spines, the
upper one very short, the middle one longest ; upper arm-plates short,
transversely oblong, nearly three times broader than long, with nearly
straight outer and inner edges and slightly rounded sides; mouth-
shields rounded; one mouth papilla on each side of mouth slits; under
arm-plates somewhat octagonal, outer edge convex.
It has about the size and proportions of our largest O. virescens,
but has no lobe on the outer edge of upper arm-plates and differs in
other particulars. It is probably nearest to O. stimplex.
The color is dark greenish above.
Until more specimens have been examined, it appears undesirable
to apply a new name to this form.
Ophiothrix spiculata LeConte, op. cit., p. 318; Lyman, op. cit., p. 167.
This species is very abundant at Panama and the Pearl Islands,
clinging to sponges, Gorgonie, ete., whence Mr. Bradley has sent
upwards of two hundred specimens. He has also sent it from Realejo,
Nicaragua, and Acajutla, San Salvador. It occurs from low water to
4 fathoms.
Our largest specimens have arms about 3 inches long, and the disk
‘5 in diameter.
The color, in alcohol, is usually light cobalt-blue or bluish purple,
often with every fourth or fifth lower arm-plate red or brownish.
Some ¢pecimens have spots of red on the disk and more or less on the
upper side of the arms. In life the color is described as fuscous above
and paler beneath; or greenish with violet upper arm-plates, and
occasional red plates on the lower side of the arms.
It is allied to O. violacea of Aspinwall and the West Indies,* but
differs in having longer arm-spines and in several other characters.
The disk usually has the centre and a band radiating to each inter-
brachial margin and to the base of each arm covered with numerous,
very short, branching spines, with more or less numerous, long, slen-
der, thorny spines scattered among them. The arm-spines are long
and slender, thorny, the next to the upper one longest.
* Recently separated from the Brazilian violacea and named O. Caribea by Litken-
—Reprint.
268 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Ophiothrix (Ophiothela) mirabilis Verrill, sp. nov.
A small species with six arms, granulated above; disk mostly cov-
ered by the large radial shields, and in the longer specimens with cen-
tral and interradial groups of simple, short, conical spines; arm-spines
short, directed downward, armed with hooks. Teeth-papillx about
ten, rounded, arranged in an oval group. Mouth-shields and side
mouth-shields closely united to the surrounding parts, so as to form a
continuous ring around the mouth, covered with a skin which conceals
their outlines, the side mouth-shields about as large as the mouth-
shields. Under arm-plates about as long as broad, widest outwardly,
the outer edge convex, the sides converging to the rounded inner
angle, separated by the side arm-plates, and covered, like the mouth-
shields, with a naked skin, which obscures their outlines even in dry
specimens. Side arm-plates well developed, bearing upon the very
prominent sides about five tapering spines, of which the uppermost is
quite small, the next and longest about equal to the width of arm, the
others decreasing in size to the lowest, which is very small. When
six spines occur the third is the longest. Toward the base of the arms
the spines are minutely thorny near the ends, the thorns being chiefly
on the lower side of the spines, irregular, and often curved; toward
the middle of the arms and beyond, the thorns become more nume-
rous, larger and curved into well-marked hooks. Disk nearly covered
above by the twelve prominent, elongated radial shields, which reach
nearly to the center and are narrow and blunt at the outer ends. They
are in contact, except along the inner portion, where they are slightly
separated. Their surface is minutely pitted and more or less covered
by scattered, unequal, rounded granules. Between the radial shields
and at the center, the surface is covered by a distinct skin, without
visible scales. In the interbrachial spaces at the margin of the disk
there is a cluster of about six sharp, conical spines, without thorns.
A cluster of similar spines sometimes occupies the center. In young
specimens the spines are absent. The upper arm-plates are concealed
by the skin, which is covered by numerous, rough, unequal, rounded
grains, the intervals between the plates being indicated by narrow,
transverse, naked spaces.
Color, in alcohol, quite variable, usually dark. One specimen has
the disk grayish brown, the outer ends of radial shields bright yellow ;
the arms with narrow bands of grayish white, bright yellow, and
black; beneath yellowish brown, the under arm-plates minutely
speckled with dark brown. Another has the disk, above, deep red-
dish brown, with a lighter center; the outer ends of the radial shields
yellowish white; the upper side of arms transversely banded with
dark brown and yellowish white.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 269
A medium-sized specimen has arms °5 of an inch in length, with the
disk ‘16 in diameter; the two largest yet examined have the disk -22
in diameter. It is quite probable that all these specimens are young.
Pearl Islands, Bay of Panama,—F. H. Bradley.* Among the inter-
stices of a branching sponge, associated with two species of Ophiac-
tis, about a dozen specimens of various sizes were found. Others oc-
curred in colonies clinging to the branches of Gorgoniz and Muricee,
with the arms wound closely around the branches.
Subgenus, Ophiothela nov.+
The name Ophiothela is here employed to designate a group of
Ophiurians, of which the preceding species is the type, agreeing to-
gether in having the upper arm-plates covered with granulations as in
Astrophyton ; in having short, rough arm-spines, mostly turned down-
ward, and armed with roughnesses or hooks, beneath, as in Ophiactis ;
in having very large radial shields, covering most of the disk, the in-
tervening spaces being covered with a skin and bearing simple spines;
in having the lower side of arms and disk covered with a skin, more
or less obscuring the plates; and in having the mouth-shields and
side mouth-shields united into a ring around the mouth. The present
species and another from the Fejee Islands have, in the numerous
specimens observed, always six arms, and have the same habit of
clinging closely around the branches of Gorgonic.
In the structure of the mouth it agrees well with the typical spe-
cies of Ophiothrix, but it differs in having the arms distinctly cov-
ered with a membranous skin, and their upper surface granulated ;
and in the character of the spines of the arms and disk, which lack
the glassy appearance and prominent thorny branches, and approach
more nearly those of Ophiactis in form, structure, and arrangement.
Although intermediate in some respects between Ophiothrix and
Ophiactis, it is evident that these species are more closely allied to the
former genus, under which I have placed them as a subgenus.
Additional Remarks on Ophiuride.
Owing to the small number and imperfect condition of our speci-
mens of some of the species of Amphiura and Ophiactis I have been
obliged to leave them somewhat in doubt and, in order to avoid pro-
ducing any confusion, have in such cases preferred quoting the orig-
inal descriptions instead of giving new ones. This seemed still more
* More recently from Cape St. Lucas and La Paz,—Reprint.
+ This has since been regarded as a distinct genus (p 376). Besides this species and
0. Dane V., Feejee Is., a species occurs on Mopsella from Japan (Dall), and Parisés from
Formosa (Liitken),—Reprint.
270 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
desirable, since the original descriptions by Dr. Litken are somewhat
inaccessible in this country and have not been translated before.
In the identification of some of the species I have had important
assistance from Mr. W. H. Niles, of the Sheffield Scientific School.
In the preceding pages I have enumerated all the species of Ophiu-
rans which we have hitherto received from the Panamic Zodlogical
Province, with the exception of an apparently undescribed species of
Ophiura allied to O. Panamensis, and as yet represented by only
four specimens. *
The following species, which I have not seen, have been described
from the same coast :+
Ophiostigma tenue Liitken—Realejo, West Coast of Central America.
Ophionereis Xantusii Lyman—Cape St. Lucas.
Amphiura microdiscus Liitken—Puntarenas.
Amphiura Orstedii Liitken—Puntarenas.
Ophiophragmus marginatus (Littken) Lyman—Puntarenas and Realejo.
Ophiothrix dumosa Lymai—Gulf of California.
* The specimens referred to have rather slender arms, subcarinate above; radial
shields mostly covered, the naked part being oval, widely separated; mouth-shields
oval, the narrowest end inward, about as long as broad; side mouth-shields covered ;
mouth-papillee eight or nine on each side of the mouth-slits, the innermost and three
outermost stoutest; under arm-plates as long as broad, somewhat octagonal, with a
slightly convex outer edge and concave sides; arm-spines eight to ten, the lowest one
considerably longest; the others decreasing in length to the uppermost, which is
quite short.
Color, above, dark olive-green, the disk finely speckled and the arms conspicuously
banded with greenish gray, the upper arm-plates with irregular longitudinal dark
streaks, and numerous light spots; lower surface yellowish white, the dark bands of
the arms passing entirely around, but lighter beneath.
It appears to differ from O. Punamensis in having only eight or nine mouth-papillee
instead of from ten to twelve; in the outermost of them being much smaller than the
next, mstead of projecting beyond it; all of them being relatively larger and less
crowded; the tentacle-scales being less unequal in length; the arm-spines more un-
equal, stouter, and more acute; in the somewhat coarser and less crowded granulation
of the disk; in the larger and less sunken radial shields (which are nearly covered,
however, in young specimens); and in the coloration. The outer and inner gential slits
appear to be nearer together and the inner ones more transverse.
Notwithstanding these differences, I have deemed it best not to give a new name
to this form until more numerous specimens can be examined.
Our largest specimen is “75 of an inch in diameter of disk.
+ Amphipholis grisea Ljung., Guayaquil, appears to be an additional species, —
Reprint.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 271
Order, ASTERIOIDEA.
Luidia tessellata Liitken.
Inuidia tessellata Litken. Vidensk. Meddelelser, 1859, Bidrag til Kundskab om de ved
Kysterne af Mellem- og Syd-Amerika leyende Arter af Sostjerner. p. 16.
Several specimens of this species, of various sizes, were obtained by
Mr. Bradley at Panama, and one small one at Acajutla, Dr. Liitken’s
specimens came from Puntarenas and Realejo.
Our largest specimen measures, from the center of disk to tip of
rays, 6°5 inches; to border of disk 1 inch; width of rays at base, not
including spines, 1*1. A medium sized specimen measures 3°4 inches
from center to end of rays ; and °6 to edge of disk ; rays ‘7 wide at base.
The rays are depressed and taper regularly to the ends, which are
more slender in the small than in the large specimens. The interam-
bulacral* plates bear a slender, sharp, and: strongly curved spine on
the inner edge, and more externally a group of three or four longer
and stouter ones, of which the inner stands singly, the two next side
by side, and the outer, when present, singly. The ventral plates are
covered with numerous unequal, minute, sharp spines and bear a cen-
tral row of eight to ten small, stout spines, and usually three long,
sharp, marginal ones, which are somewhat curved in the direction of
the ends of the rays, and longer than the interambulacral spines
(3 of an inch in large specimens). The upper surface is crowdedly
covered with elongated paxille, which are much larger along the
sides of the rays than in the middle and upon the disk, where they
become very small and close. Those of three marginal rows on each
side are considerably largest and somewhat quadrangular, bearing at
the top a central group of six to ten small, short, blunt, or rounded
tubercles, surrounded by numerous, fine, slender, diverging papille.
Toward the center of the rays and on the disk, they usually bear only
one or two small, rounded tubercles, surrounded by similar papille.
The color of a dried specimen is yellowish green above and yellow
beneath; in alcohol, brownish green above, yellowish beneath.
This species is allied to Z. clathrata of Florida and the Carolina
coast, but has broader and less slender rays; much longer and
stouter interambulacral spines; more spinose ventral plates; and
much larger and more numerous marginal spines; the paxille are
not so short and thick, and bear fewer and larger central tubercles.
* We use the term ‘“ interumbulacral” to designate the first row of plates bordering
each side of the ambulacral furrows of starfishes, believing, as Prof. Agassiz has shown,
that they are strictly homologous with the interambulacral plates of Echini.
TRANS. CONNECTICUT ACAD., VOL. I. 35 Marcu, 1867.
272 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Dr. J. E. Gray has given the name, Petalster Columbice, to a spe-
cies from “St. Blas,” collected by H. Cuming, which is, apparently,
allied to this, but which cannot be the same if correctly described.
The diagnosis, which is too imperfect for reliable identification, is as
follows: “Rays elongated, slender, gradually tapering; tubercles
short, with crowded groups of rather large, acute spines, and a fringe
of very fine radiating ones.”
In LZ. tessellata the rays are certainly not slender, when compared
with other species of the genus, and the “spines” on the paxillee are
not acute.
It is probable that Gray’s species has not yet been rediscovered, as
is the case with many other starfishes described by him from the col-
lections made by Cuming, on the same coast. But if intended for
the present species, the description is so inapplicable and imperfect
that it cannot be deemed sufficient to characterize it.
Astropecten fragilis Verrill. sp. nov.
A thin, depressed species, with slender, acutely tapering rays,
which, measuring from the center, are about four and a half times
the radius of the disk. A specimen measuring 2°3 inches from center
to tip of ray has about 40 marginal plates. Each interambulacral
plate usually bears three slender spines at the inner edge, the mid-
dle one being longest, and outside of these a single longer and
stouter, pointed spine. The lower marginal plates are covered on
their lower side with sharply pointed spinose granulations and bear
numerous small sharp spines, mostly along their outer edges. At the
margin these become larger and longer, each plate bearing three or
four spines which may be considered marginal, of which the upper-
most is usually longest. These are round, rather slender, tapering
and acute, slightly curved outward, diminishing gradually in size to-
ward the tip of the ray. The upper marginal plates are low and
quite short, those at the interradial angle being shortest, those to-
ward the tip of the rays becoming very small. These are coarsely
granulated and destitute of spines or tubercles, except three or four
of those at the base of the rays, which, in the larger specimens, bear
at the inner edge a small, rounded tubercle, most prominent on the
interradial pair of plates, which are also somewhat higher than the
rest. The dorsal area is about one and a half times the width of the
marginal plates. The lower marginal plates are but little produced
beyond the upper.
One of the larger specimens measures 2°3 inches from center to tip
of rays; 5 to edge of disk; width of ray at base ‘6; its dorsal area *4 ;
Verrill, Notes on Radiata, 2738
height of broadest upper plates ‘1, length 07; length of longest mar-
ginal spines ‘15.
Panama, at extreme low-water on sand, and Zorritos, Peru,—F. H.
Bradley.
A specimen measuring 1°3 inches from center to tip of rays agrees
closely with the preceding description, except in lacking the small
tubercles on all the upper plates, even at the base of the rays. It
has 30 marginal plates.
This species is, in many respects, allied to A. regalis Gray, of which
Tadd a description for comparison, but is nevertheless remarkably
distinct in form and many other important characters.
Astropecten regalis Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vi, p. 178, 1840.
A depressed species with broad, short arms, a little contracted at
base, scarcely acute. Radius of rays to that of disk at 3:1. A speci-
men 1°5 inches from center to tip of rays, has 23 marginal plates.
The interambulacral plates bear three slender spines at the inner
edge, of which the central is nearly twice as long as the others, and
outside of these a single, sharp, much stouter, but scarcely longer,
spine. The lower marginal plates are closely covered with even, flat-
topped granulations, and bear along the outward border from 5 to 8
nearly equal, small, conical spines, and at the upper margin, usually,
two large, flattened, blunt or lanceolate spines, which are largest
toward the base of the rays, but quite small in the interradial region.
They are mostly channeled upon the upper side and convex beneath.
The upper marginal plates are low and rather short, closely covered
with unequal rounded granules, those upon the middle being largest
and, on the plates toward the tip of the ray, enlarging into small
rounded tubercles, two, three, or four standing in a transverse row
along the middle of the plate. The plates on the basal portion of the
ray are destitute of tubercles or spines, in both of my specimens, but
older specimens may, perhaps, attain small tubercles even to the base
of the ray, since there are fewer on the younger specimen. ‘The dor-
sal area of the rays is broad, with fine paxille. The lower marginal
plates project considerably beyond the upper.
The larger specimen is 1°5 inches from center to tip of ray; “48 to
edge of disk; width of ray at base ‘5, of dorsal area ‘3; length of
longest marginal spines °18.
Panama,—F. H. Bradley ; San Salvador,—Capt. J. M. Dow (Coll.
Smiths. Institution).
It is quite probable that the Astropecten celacanthus Martens,*
* Monatsb. der Akad. der Wiss., Berlin, Jan., 1865, and translated in Annals and
Mag. Nat. History, vol. xv, p. 435, 1865.
274 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
may be the more mature condition of this species. It agrees in most
of the characters, except in having small tubercles on all the upper
marginal plates and in the character of the spines of the lower sur
face. Inform and the peculiar character of the marginal spines, it
agrees very closely. This specimen was considerably larger (radii of
rays 49™™"; of disk 17") and came from Costa Rica.
Gray’s original description of this species,* which, though very
brief, agrees, quite well with our specimens, is as follows: “ Upper
plates spineless, lower produced.” ‘“ Rays one-fourth longer than
the diameter of the body, broad, tapering; spines broad, stout,
depressed.” “Like A. marginatus, but the arms are shorter and
broader.” San Blas,—Mr. Cuming.
Astropecten Orstedii Liitken, Vidensk. Meddelelser, 1859.
Rays moderately long, rather broad at base, tapering regularly to
the acute ends. Greatest to least radii as 5:1. A specimen measur-
ing 3 inches from the center to the end of the rays has 36 marginal
plates. Interambulacral plates each with an inner row of three slen-
der spines, of which the central is a little longer than the others, and
outside of these a single, large, blunt spine, which is somewhat
flattened, and nearly twice as long as the inner ones. Exterior to these
the same plates bear several slender, short spines. Lower marginal
plates broad, projecting a little beyond the upper, closely covered
with short, blunt, spicula-like spines, and bearing a transverse series
of five or six strong, sharp spines, which bend somewhat toward the
tip of the ray. The first of these spines are of about the same length
as the larger interambulacral, toward the margin of the ray they in-
crease in length, the longest being °35 of an inch long and very strong
and sharp. The uppermost row is irregular and the spines smaller.
The upper marginal plates are narrow and high, the two basal ones
of each ray bearing a large, conical, sharp spine, ‘2 inch or more
long; all the others, two subequal, smaller spines, of the same shape,
which form two regular rows. Central region of the rays covered
with paxille, which are longer and less crowded than in most spe-
cies. Around the center of the disk some of the paxille have a cen-
* This species may be at once distinguished from the preceding by its broad, short
rays, which do not taper to long slender points, by the broader disk and dorsal area of
rays, by the stouter spines of the lower plates, which are flattened and rather blunt,
instead of round and sharp, and by the even granulation of the lower surface, and
much less spinose character, which gives it a smoother appearance. The small tuber-
cles of the upper plates, also, are more developed toward the tip of the rays, while in
the preceding they appear only at the base.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 275
tral acute spine, rising above the general surface. Madreporic plate
large, very near the marginal plates.
Length of rays from center of disk 3 inches; to edge of disk °6;
width of rays at base °65; of central, dorsal area *4 of an inch.
Panama,—F. H. Bradley.
A small specimen in the collection of the Smithsonian Institution,
apparently belonging to this species, collected at Cape St. Lucas
by J. Xantus, presents the following peculiarities: Radius of rays
1 inch, of disk *3. The rays have the same form as in the preceding.
The upper marginal plates are narrow and rather high, formed as in
the large specimen; there are 20 on each side of the rays; the two
occupying the interradial angle bear, each, a single long sharp spine ;
the next three or four bear two smaller spines, while the remain-
ing plates, even to the end of the ray, bear a single small spine.
The lower marginal plates are closely granulated and each usually
bears five or six spines, of which the three lower are short and sharp,
and the two upper long, round, sharp, and somewhat bent, resembling,
except in size, those of the larger specimens.
Dr. Liitken’s specimens are intermediate in size between the two
preceding, and differed from the large specimen, above described,
chiefly in having the inner row of upper marginal spines confined to
the inner three to eight plates, instead of extending nearly to the tip
of the rays.
Astropecten Peruvianus Verrill, sp. nov.
Rays narrow, elongated, acute, with the angle between somewhat
rounded. Greatest to least radii as 5:1. In a specimen two and a
half inches from the center to tip of rays there are 34 marginal plates.
Interambulacral plates each with three slender spines at the inner
margin, of which the central is much the longest ; exterior to these each
plate bears a somewhat stouter, blunt spine, of about the same length,
and several very small spines. The lower marginal plates project but
little beyond the upper, each bearing about five small, sharp spines,
the three lower being shorter than the inner interambulacral, the two
upper considerably longer and larger (about ‘1 of an inch long). The
upper marginal plates bear, each, a small conical spine at the inner
edge, and several of those toward the ends of the rays have also a
very small spine on the central part. Dorsal area of the rays narrow,
depressed at the middle of the ray, somewhat exceeding the width
of a marginal plate. Madreporic plate small, about its own diameter
from the marginal plates.
Length of rays, from center, 2°5 inches; to edge of disk ‘5; width:
of rays at base ‘5 of an inch.
276 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Paita, Peru,—F. H. Bradley; Dr. C. F. Winslow (Boston Soc. Natu-
ral History).
Whether A. stellatus Gray, is identical with this species cannot be
determined by his very impertect description, which applies equally
well to several other species.
His description of A. stellatus is as follows: “ Rays more than twice
the diameter of the body ; narrow central area of the rays equal to
one series of marginal tubercles. Coast of South America ?”
Miiller and Troschel place this, with doubt, as a synonym of A.
Valenciennesti M. and Tr., Vera Cruz.
Patiria obtusa Gray, Proc. Zodlogical Soc. London, 1847, p. 72.
In the collection of Mr. Bradley* there is a specimen, which I refer
to this very imperfectly described and hitherto obscure species.
Greater radius *95 of an inch; smaller 60. From pentagonal, with
regularly concave sides; rays short, rapidly tapering and somewhat
obtuse at the end; upper side convex. The ambulacral grooves are
deep and narrow, bordered by rounded interambulacral plates, which
bear four or five long, rather slender spines in a single row, of which
the one next to the outermost is usually the longest, and the one
nearest the mouth considerably the shortest. Outside of these and
parallel with them is another row of spines of about the same num-
ber, form, and size, and borne upon plates of similar character, which
are connected with the inner row, and directly opposite to them.
The ventral plates of each triangular area, toward the mouth, bear
from four to six slender, sharp spines, a little shorter than those along
the ambulacral grooves, placed in a single transverse series on each
plate, or sometimes in a crescent-shaped group; toward the margin
of the disk the plates and spines rapidly diminish in size, each plate
bearing three or four very small and slender spines, mostly placed
transversely side by side. The margin is formed by a row of small
rounded plates, without a sharp edge, and closely covered with minute
granule-like spines. The dorsal surface, near the margin between the
rays, is covered with small, close, uniform plates, which bear closely
crowded, circular or rhomboidal clusters of minute papilla-like spines,
which are subdivided at the end into microscopic radiating points.
The plates increase in size toward the central area, and at a short
distance from the margin become crescent-shaped and separated by
the dorsal pores, with other much smaller rounded plates between
them, each of which bears a small rounded cluster of small spines,
silmilar to those borne by the larger plates, which are longer toward
* The locality is uncertain, probably Panama, but perhaps Paita,—Reprint.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 277
the center than upon the plates near the margin, but have the same
character. These thorny spines in the central region are still very
small and slender, two or three times longer than thick, and form
densely crowded, large, crescent-shaped, or small rounded groups,
according to the shape of the plates. The crescent-shaped plates ex-
tend along the middle of the rays to near the tip, and are accompa-
nied everywhere by the dorsal pores, which are large and numerous.
There is a small central area, occupied by small rounded plates,
with pores between them, at the edge of which is placed the small
madreporic plate, composed of but few convolutions. A narrow
band, extending from the central area toward the margin, in the
middle of each interradial region, is destitute of pores.
Color, in alcohol, yellowish-red.
The original description by Dr. Gray is so brief and imperfect as to
render the identification of this species somewhat uncertain. It is as
follows: “Brown, depressed, 5 or 6 rayed; rays depressed, rounded
at the end; dorsal surface with lunate ossicules crowded with short
spines ; oral surface with circular groups of crowded spines in the
middle of each ossicule. Panama, 6 to 10 fathoms.”
This description, so far as it goes, agrees tolerably well with our
specimen, except that the groups of spines on the oral surface cannot
properly be called “circular.” In this case, as in many others, Dr.
Gray does not mention the size of the specimens described, so that no
account can be taken of variations due to difference of age, which are
often very great among starfishes.
Asterina (Astericus) modesta Verrill, sp. nov.
Form pentagonal with slightly concave edges and broad, very short,
rounded rays. HRadii as 7:5. The interambulacral plates bear three
or four small, slender spines, forming a single row along the ambula-
cral grooves. The ventral plates each bear one or two sharp spines,
a little larger than the preceding, in the region near the mouth, and
more numerous and much smaller ones near the margin. Margin thin
and sharp, with a fringe of minute sharp spines, 6 or 8 to each plate.
The dorsal surface is covered with imbricated plates which are finely
granulated, and each bears upon its upper margin from 5 to 15 minute
sharp spines. The plates rapidly increase in size from the edge of
the disk to the central region. Dorsal pores in five imperfect rows
along each ray and many scattered about the central region of the
disk. One of the larger specimens measures ‘35 of an inch from
center to end of ray; °25 to edge of disk.
Panama and Pear! Islands,—F. H. Bradley.
278 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Oreaster occidentalis Verrill, sp. nov.
A large species, resembling in form and character of the upper sur-
face O. gigas Liitk. (O. reticulatus M. and Tr.), but less spmose above
and not at all so beneath; marginal plates without spines, or only a
few near the ends of the rays. Greater to smaller radii as 24: 1.
The largest specimen has a greater radius of 4°3 inches ; smaller 2.
Another has the radiirespectively 3°8 and 1:7 inches. Form pentag-
onal, with a large, elevated, angular disk, and narrowed, rather slen-
der, short rays. The margin between the rays is regularly and deeply
incurved, without a distinct angle. The interambulacral plates bear
an inner row of slender spines, seven or eight on each plate near the
center, and four or five toward the end of the rays, the middle ones
longest, the others decreasing in length on each side to the outer ones,
which are quite short, thus forming pointed groups. Outside of these
there is a second row of much larger, short, flat, blunt spines, three to
each plate on the inner and only two on the outer portion of the rays,
the middle one, when there are three, being a little the longest and
considerably largest, but when there are but two the one nearest the
mouth is usually, but not always, largest. The ventral surface is des-
titute of spines and covered with coarse, irregular, crowded, unequal
granules, among which there are scattered numerous, sessile, two-
lipped pedicellariz, with narrow, elongated openings. In one speci-
men the ventral plates, especially near the mouth, have a central group
of larger, elevated granules, some of which become twice as high as
thick, with a somewhat acute point, thus approaching the character of
small spines. On each side of the rays are 18 lower and 17 upper
marginal plates in the larger specimen, and one less of each in the
smaller. The lower plates belong entirely to the ventral surface and
are covered with coarse granules similar to those of ventral plates,
becoming finer and more uniform at the outer margin. They all bear .
numerous small, oblong-oval, sessile pedicellariz, and in the largest
specimen are destitute of spines and tubercles, but in the smaller,
from two to four of the plates nearest the end of the rays bear small,
stout, obtuse spines or tubercles, which are surrounded at the base by
granulations, but naked above. The upper plates, which form the
margin, are thick and convex, rather rounded, much longer than those
of O. gigas, closely covered with small, angular, convex granules like
those of the whole upper surface, among which there are numerous,
scattered, sessile pedicellariz, like those of the lower plates. In the
larger specimen none of them bear spines, but in the other there are
from one to four that bear small, short, stout, blunt, conical spines near
the ends of the rays. The upper surface of the arms and disk i
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 279
reticulated with elevated plates and connecting ossicles, asin O. gigas,
which bear at most of the nodes or intersections small, conical, naked
spines of unequal size, each on a large conical tubercle, which is granu-
lated. Around the central area there is a well-marked pentagon, with
a large conical tubercle at each angle, corresponding to the rays,
and a small one on each side, opposite the interradial region. Within
this pentagon there are four spine-bearing tubercles around the slightly
convex anal region, and a few others irregularly placed. From the
angles of the pentagon a row of large, spine-bearing tubercles, from
fifteen to twenty in number, extends along the middle of each ray.
The spaces between the reticulations of the upper surface are pierced
by very numerous pores, among which there are many small oval pedi-
cellariz. Other similar, but more elongated, pedicellariz are frequent
on the spine-bearing tubercles. Madreporic plate small, fine, situated
considerably outside of the dorsal pentagon. Color, in alcohol, gray-
ish brown ; in life the dorsal plates are bright crimson, the spaces be-
tween, greenish brown.
Panama, two specimens, dredged, in 6 to 8 fathoms,—F. H. Bradley.
This species is allied to O. gigas of Florida and the West Indies,
but the latter has larger and more numerous spines on the upper
surface; much smaller upper marginal plates, each bearing a conical
spine; more coarsely granulated lower marginal plates; ventral plates
bearing one or two short conical spines; outer row of interambulacral
spines formed by much larger and longer, subacute, stout spines, one
to each plate, instead of flat, thin, truncate spines standing two or
three to a plate, as in O. occidentalis. The pedicellariz of the ventral
surface are very much smaller and different in form, those on the
marginal plates are less numerous and more rounded.
Under the name of Pentaceros Cumingii, Gray has briefly described
a very small specimen, which may, possibly, have been the young of
this species, but none of the characters given are applicable to our
specimens, and the presence of marginal spines in so small a specimen,
when they are almost entirely wanting in large ones, is a character
which seems to render their identity extremely improbable.
Gray’s description is as follows: “The arms are rather narrow,
nearly as long as the diameter of the body; marginal spines few,
small; back rather depressed, with conical protuberances, bearing
small spines. Diameter 12”. Perhaps the young of a much larger
species.”
Punta Santa Elena, rocky ground, 12 to 18 fathoms,—H. Cuming.
[RANS. CoNNECTICUT ACAD., Vol. I. 36 APRIL, 1867.
280 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Nidorellia.
This name was applied by Dr. J. E. Gray* to a section of his genus
Pentaceros ( Oreaster M. and Tr.), which included only the following
species. Although the character of having movable spines, which
he attributed to it, seems not to exist, it has so many important dif-
ferences from typical Oreaster, in external form and structure, which
we must suppose to be connected with still more important internal
peculiarities, that it appears worthy of being separated as a distinct
genus.
Until a comparative study of the internal structure shall have been
made we can only indicate some of the more important external pecu-
liarities for distinctive generic characters.
Such are the broad depressed disk, the short, broad, depressed rays,
rounded at the ends; the elevated margin, with large ae those at
the ends of the rays lereeee and swollen,
Nidorellia armata Gray.
Pextaceros (Nidorellia) armatus Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. vi, p. 276, 1840.
Oreaster armatus Mull. and Tr., System der Asteriden, p. 52, 1842.
Gontodiscus armatus Litken, op. cit., 1859, p. 15 (p. 51 of pamphlet).
Oreaster armatus Lutken, op. cit., p. 148, 1864; E. von Martens, Monatsb. Akad.,
Berlin, 1865, and Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xv, p. 433, 1865.
Numerous specimens of this species were collected by Mr. Bradley
at Panama and the Pearl Islands, and Zorritos, Peru. It occurs on
the reefs at low-water. Prof. B. Silliman has, also, presented two speci-
mens from Panama. It is also found at Realejo and Puntarenas,—Dr.
Liitken; Punta Santa Elena,—Dr. Gray; Gulf of Nicaragua, Costa
Rica,—Dr. E. von Martens.t
Our largest specimen is 6°5 inches in diameter, the smaller radius
being 2°75 and the greater 3°25.
The specimens vary greatly in the number and arrangement of the
large conical spines; and in the spines of the marginal plates, which
may be numerous, both above and below, or entirely absent. The
pedicellariz are also very variable, sometimes beng entirely absent,
while other specimens have numerous large, two-lipped ones, near the
mouth or scattered on the lower surface, and smaller ones on the
lower marginal plates, or even on the upper ones. All these varia-
tions are too inconstant to allow the species to be divided into varie-
ties. Sometimes the extreme variations are found on the different
rays of the same specimen. The number of spines of the dorsal sur-
* Annals and Magazine of Natural History, vol. vi, p. 275, 1840.
+ Capt. Pedersen has recently sent several large specimens from La Paz,—Reprint.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 281
face and of the marginal plates increases with age, though not regu-
larly, since some specimens of large size have fewer than others, which
are much smaller. I have not yet seen two specimens that agree in
the number of the spines.
One specimen, which may be considered as representing the average
condition of adult specimens, has the following characters. Form
pentagonal, with regularly incurved sides and short, broad, rounded
rays. Greater radius 3°3 inches; smaller 2:2. Dorsal surface a little
convex. Interambulacral plates, near the mouth, bear five or six flat,
blunt, slender spines, forming a single row, the two middle ones long-
est; toward the end of the rays there are but three, of which the
middle one is the longest. Outside of these there is a row of very
stout, thick, rounded spines, with obtuse ends, arranged one opposite
each cluster of the interambulacral spines, those near the mouth larg-
est, the size diminishing to the end of the rays, where they become
small and more pointed. The ambulacral furrows turn upward at the
end of the rays and terminate between the swollen upper plates, be-
tween which there is, also, a small plate, bearing a small conical tuber-
cle. The lower surface is covered by coarse rounded granulations,
that become finer and closer toward the marginal plates, which they
completely cover, and bears numerous, regularly arranged, short, stout,
blunt, conical spines or tubercles, which also decrease in size from the
center to the margin. Among these are scattered many short, stout,
oblong, two-lipped pedicellariz, which are more numerous near the
center, but vary greatly in number upon the different rays. The lower
marginal plates belong chiefly to the ventral surface, except near the
end of the rays, where they form more of the margin. There are
eight of these to each side of a ray, all are convex, those in the inter-
radial spaces being smaller than those toward the end of the rays,
except the last one, which is smaller than any other and somewhat
triangular. Each of these plates bears a short, stout, conical spine
larger than those of the lower surface. The upper marginal plates,
which form the greater part of the margin, are somewhat irregular in
number and form, there being cither seven or eight upon each side of
the rays, of these the four nearest the end of the rays, on each side,
are about as long as broad, very convex, the last one largest and swol-
len, joining its mate on the other side of the ray. The six or seven
plates that occupy the interradial portion of the margin are less con-
vex and much broader than long, one or two of them bearing near
the lower side a stout conical spine. Each of the four outer plates of
the margin, except one of the outermost ones, bears a similar conical
spine ; these are mostly larger than those of the lower plates. In the
282 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
center of the upper surface there is a stout conical spine upon a tuber-
cular prominence, and around it are ten similar spines, five of which
correspond to the interradial spaces and five to the rays, and from the
latter a row of five or six similar spines extends along the median line
of each ray. In the interradial regions of the upper side there are
from three to five similar spines placed irregularly.. The spines of the
upper surface and margin are smooth and naked, except at the base,
which is surrounded by a ring of crowded, polygonal, flat-topped gran-
ules, like those that cover the general surface. More than half of the
upper surface is covered by large groups and clusters of pores, which
occupy all the intervals between the plates and often blend together
into large patches on the rays. Among the pores are scattered very
numerous, small, short and stout, oblong pedicellariz. A few similar,
but somewhat larger pedicellarize occur upon the lower marginal plates,
either singly or in small groups. The madreporic plate is large (‘3 of
an inch in diameter), slightly convex, of fine texture, placed about an
inch from the center, just outside of one of the ten spines that sur-
round the central area.
The largest spines in this specimen are ‘28 long and ‘15 in diameter
at base; they are united to the plates by a suture, which readily sep-
arates, when the specimens are not well preserved, leaving a smooth
depression, but they do not appear to have been movable.
Color, in alcohol, deep reddish brown above, yellowish brown below.
When living, bright scarlet, (F. H. Bradley).
Some of the more prominent variations from the preceding condi-
tion are as follows:
2d. A specimen with the greater radius 2°3 inches. Pedicellarie of
lower surface smaller and less numerous; marginal plates seven above
and below on each side of the rays, less unequal in size and form, with
small pedicellarize, very numerous on many of the upper plates, less
so on the lower; lower plates mostly bearing conical spines, but some
having a group of three or four small rounded tubercles instead ;
upper plates mostly without spines or tubercles, one ray having two
spine-bearing plates near the end on one side, another having two on
each side, but not on corresponding plates, the rest without any ; a few
plates with groups of small tubercles, apparently where spines have
been broken off. Upper side with a central large spine and a row of
three or four spines along each ray, no spines in the interradial region.
3d. Greater radius 2°5 inches. Similar to the last, but the marginal
plates are nearly destitute of pedicellariz, and the lower ones all bear
a spine, while the upper ones, except one or two near the ends of the
Verrill, Notes on Radiata, 283
rays are without spines or tubercles. Four of the interradial regions
of the upper surface have each a single large spine near the margin,
and one of them also a small one inside the madreporic plate ; the fifth
has no spine.
4th. Greater radius 3 inches. Lower surface with very few large
pedicellariz, eight lower and seven upper marginal plates, the outer-
most two the most swollen; all the lower plates bearing a spine; two
or three of the upper ones near the ends of the rays bearing small
Spines, and many of them with a few scattered pedicellariw. Central
dorsal spine surrounded by ten spines, and only one of the interradial
regions having a spine near the margin. Five or six spines along the
middle of the rays.
5th. A specimen of the same size as the last. Lower and upper mar-
ginal plates without tubercles or spines, except two or three of each
at the end of each ray, which bear small spines ; most of them bearing
scattered, large, oblong, sessile pedicellariz. Interradial regions with
from four to seven large, sharp spines.
6th. The largest specimen, with the greater radius 3°75 inches.
Lower surface nearly destitute of pedicellaria, a few very small ones
on most of the upper marginal plates. The latter are more uniform
in size and shape than usual, from three to five of the outermost
bearing small spines, the rest without spines or tubercles, except that
one of the middle ones, on three of the interradial margins, bears
a spine. Central dorsal spine surrounded by ten spines, with two
other spines irregularly placed within the ring. The median row of
spines along the rays has from seven to ten spines. The interradial
regions bear from nine to thirteen spines in unequal, but somewhat
regular, groups. ’
ith. A specimen, having the greater radius 3°3 inches, has groups
of from six to eight interambulacral spines in the inner row. Each
of the interradial spaces beneath bears from two to six stout, unequal,
irregularly placed pedicellariz. There are eighteen lower and sixteen
upper marginal plates along each interradial margin, all of which are
destitute of pedicellariz. Each of the lower ones bears a short, blunt
spine, largest near the end of the rays. The three upper plates near-
est the ends of the rays alone bear spines, the rest are evenly granu-
lated. There are from seven to nine spines along the median ridge of
the rays and from four to six, regularly placed, in the interradial
regions. Besides the usual ten spines around the central one, there
are four others, forming an imperfect inner circle around it and corres-
ponding to four of the radial rows,
284 Verrill, Notes on Radiata,
Goniodiscus stella Verrill, sp. nov.*
Form pentagonal, with short, acute rays, and regularly concave
sides. Radius of rays to that of disk as 8:6. Marginal plates, in a
specimen one half inch from center to end of rays, five on each side
of rays, those above and below corresponding. These plates are
squarish, about as broad as long, diminishing regularly to the tips of
the rays. The interambulacral plates bear each three or four short
spines of which the central one is slightly longer and larger; these
form a single range along the groove. Outside of these there is a row
of slightly longer and much stouter, flattened, oval, blunt spines, which
do not reach the end of the rays. The ventral plates are closely
granulated, those nearest the margin bearing one and sometimes two
small rounded tubercles on the center. The marginal plates, above
and below, are closely and finely granulated; the two of the lower
series, next the end of the rays, bear each a small rounded tubercle.
The dorsal surface is covered by very regular hexagonal plates,
which are covered by rounded, unequal granulations, coarser and less
crowded than those of the margin. These plates are nearly flat and
each is surrounded by six pores, placed at the angles, except a few of
those opposite the angle between the rays, which lack a part of the
pores. The central area is surrounded by five somewhat larger plates,
corresponding with the interradial spaces, and by five others a little
more prominent outside of these, alternating ‘with them and corres-
ponding with the rays, which have, along the central line, a row of
plates that are a little more prominent, but not appreciably larger than
those of the general surface. The anus is central, surrounded by fine
irregular plates. Color, in alcohol, grayish yellow.
The only specimen seen, which is probably young, is ‘48 inch from
center to end of rays; ‘3 to edge of disk; length of largest marginal
plates 08; diameter of medium sized dorsal plates ‘05 of an inch.
Cape St. Lucas, Cal.,—J. Xantus (Coll. Smithsonian Institution).
Since the above has been put in type, another large specimen has
been sent us from Zorritos, Peru, by Mr. Bradley, agreeing in most of
its features with the one described, but having characters that cause
it to approach WVidorellia armata. This specimen, therefore, leads
me to suspect that both may, possibly, prove to be the young of the
latter.
The Zorritos example measures, from the center to end of rays, ‘72;
to edge of disk -48, Six plates on the sides of the rays, above and
below. Most of the ventral plates bear a small rounded tubercle ;
the larger spines of the row outside the ambulacral grooves are stout,
* This has since been ascertained to be the young of the preceding species,—Reprint.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 285
short, and flattened, diminishing to the end of the rays. The outer-
most two, lower, marginal plates bear a small rounded tubercle. The
plates of the upper surface are regularly arranged, polygonal, sur-
rounded by from six to ten pores, and bearing oblong, sessile pedicel-
lariz, which do not rise above the granules; five of the plates around
the center, corresponding to the median line of the rays, are more
prominent and bear short, thick, round-topped, naked tubercles, form-
ing a pentagon; from these a line of ten plates extends along the
middle of each ray, a few of them bearing one or two very small,
rounded tubercles. The middle of the disk is a little more elevated
than in the smaller specimen.
Linckia.
We follow Dr. Liitken in retaining the name Linckia (Nardo, in
part) for the group having the Asterias levigata Linn. as its type,
not deeming its previous use in Botany a sufficient reason for reject-
ing it. This genus corresponds nearly with Linchia of Gray and
includes the typical species of Nardo. It corresponds with the sec-
tion 6 of Ophidiaster in the “System der Asteriden” of Miiller and
Troschel. L. wnifascialis departs considerably from this generic type,
and may ultimately require separation.
For the genus Ophidiaster we take O. ophidianus Agassiz, as the
type, as most authors have done. Thus it corresponds to the group
as restricted by Gray and by Liitken, and nearly to the section a of
Miiller and Troschel.
For the group typified by Asterias variolata Lam., we have adopted
Gray’s name, Vardoa, which has two years priority over Scytaster of
Miller und Troschel, and has the same species for its type, although
some additional species were added to it by the latter authors. This
group corresponds in part to Linckia, of Nardo and of Agassiz, and
to Scytaster, as restricted by Liitken.
Linckia unifascialis Gray.
Linckia (Phataria) unifascialis Gray, loc. cit., 1840.
Ophidiaster (Linckia) unifascialis Litken, Kritiske Bemeerk. om forskj. Sdéstjerner,
Vidensk. Meddelelser, 1864, p. 165.
? Ophidiaster suturalis Mill. and Troschel, System der Asteriden, p. 30, 1842.
We have received a large number of specimens of this species from
Panama and the Pearl Islands, and Zorritos, Peru, collected by Mr.
Bradley, and from Cape St. Lucas, collected by J. Xantus for the
Smithsonian Institution. Dr. Gray’s specimens were collected by
Hugh Cuming in the Bay of Carracas, on rocks at low water. Dr.
286 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Liitken received his specimens from Cape St. Lucas through the Smith-
sonian Institution, and one from Acapulco from the Museum of Comp.
Zoology.
The disk is small and the rays are slender, slightly tapering,
rounded-triangular. Proportion of radii as 7 or 8:1. The mature
specimens of average size have the greater radii 3:7 inches; the
smaller °5; width of rays at base ‘5.
The interambulacral plates bear an inner double row of short,
crowded, papilla-like, alternately unequal spines, and an outer row,
close to the inner, of similar form, but stouter and nearly uniform in
size. The plates are placed obliquely and each one bears on its inner
side a very small blunt spine, and a little more outwardly and to one
side, a much stouter one, which is flat, broad and truncated at the
end, but narrowed at base, and so arranged that the smaller ones
stand within and appear to alternate with them. On its outer por-
tion each plate also bears a still larger and stouter, but scarcely
longer, truncated spine, forming the outer row. The lower side
of the rays, outside of the interambulacral plates, is formed by four
or five rows of small, squarish, equal, and regularly arranged plates.
Beyond and joining these along the sides of the rays there is a row of
similar plates, but more than twice as large. Above these, and occu-
pying about half the width of the sides of the arms, there is a con-
tinuous longitudinal belt of pores, without intervening plates. Along
the middle of the arms there is a wide belt of irregular, angular,
crowded plates, larger and more convex than those of the lateral rows.
The plates are everywhere covered with similar, crowded, coarse,
rounded granules, which are largest near the ambulacral grooves.
The poriferous belts are covered with finer, rounded granules. The
madreporic plate is large, irregular in form, adjacent to the convex,
central, anal area.
Color, in alcohol, light yellow or reddish.
I am unable to find anything in the description of Ophidiaster
suturalis M. and Tr. by which it can be distinguished from this spe-
cies. Its origin was unknown.
A somewhat larger specimen, without authentic locality, presented
to the Boston Society of Natural History by Mr. Horace Mann, dif-
fers in having the lateral poriferous region divided into two, for one
or two inches from the base of the rays, by a row of plates like those
of the dorsal series, with which they unite outwardly, forming thus
a wider region of plates without pores on the outer part of the rays.
This specimen has also three madreporic plates, regular and normal
in structure, The inner interambulacral plates, near the base of the
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 287
rays, form only a single series, alternately larger and smaller, the
larger ones broad, flat, truncated. Outside of these a row of larger
ones, similar in form, but much stouter.
This form, which does not appear to be a distinct species, may be
Linckia bifascialis Gray. It occurs, also, at Cape St. Lucas.
Ophidiaster pyramidatus Gray.
Ophidiaster (Pharia) pyramidatus Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1840.
Ophidiaster porosissimus Litken, op. cit., 1859.
Mr. Bradley has sent numerous specimens of this species from Pan-
ama and the Pearl Islands. We have also received specimens from
the Smithsonian Institution collected at Cape St. Lucas by J. Xantus.
Dr. Gray’s specimens came from the Bay of Caraccas, West Columbia,
on rocks,—Hugh Cuming. Dr. Liitken received his from Puntarenas.
It therefore has, like the last species, a range extending through the
whole extent of the Panamic Zodlogical Province. It occurs on the
reef at Panama, with the last, at extreme low-water of spring tides,
among rocks.
The original description by Dr. Gray is as follows: “ Rays suban-
gular, elongate, nearly four times as long as the width of the pyram-
idal body, with seven rows of tubercles; the central dorsal series
much the largest ; spines near the ambulacra ovate, subacute.”
- Our numerous specimens show that the pyramidal form of the body
is merely due to the state of preservation, the specimens in alcohol
showing little or nothing of this character, while in a part of the
dried specimens it is pretty well marked.
The ratio of the greater to the smaller radius is as 7 or 8:1. A
specimen, with rays 4°6 inches long, has the radius of the disk 6 ;
width of rays at base ‘7; elevation of dorsal surface of disk °9.
The rays are rounded, somewhat swollen, tapering very slowly to
the thick, obtuse, rounded ends. The rays, in small specimens, and
those that are in the process of restoration after being broken, have
more acute tips.
The interambulacral plates bear two elongated, blunt spines on the
inner edge, of which the one nearest the mouth is a little longer than
the other and twice as thick, flattened and subclavate at the ends.
These form a single, crowded row of alternately larger and smaller
spines along the edges of the ambulacral furrows. Outside of these
there is a row of distant, short, stout spines, blunt at the ends and
narrow at the bases, which arise from the outer part of every second
or third plate. Joining the outer edges of the interambulacral plates
there is a close row of stout, somewhat convex plates. At intervals
TRANS. CONNECTICUT AcaAD., VOL. I. 37 APRIL, 1867.
288 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
of one or two of these plates transverse series of two or three or
more smaller plates connect this row with a similar row of larger
convex plates along the sides of rays, thus leaving oblong spaces
which are occupied by numerous pores. Three other longitudinal
belts of similar poriferous spaces, alternating with rows of convex
plates, occupy the sides of the rays, while along the dorsal median
line there is a broader, irregular, often double row of larger and more
irrecular plates.
The whole surface, above and below, is covered by coarse, short,
convex granulations, with other minute ones intervening. Sessile
pedicellariz, with oval openings, scarcely raising above the granules,
are scattered on the lateral plates, and numerous smaller ones occur
among the pores. They often have the slit divided across the middle,
so as to appear double.
Color, in alcohol, dark grayish or yellowish brown, when dry, often
tinged with purplish brown above. In life variegated above with
purple and brown.
Mithrodia Bradleyi Verrill, sp. nov.
Disk small; rays five, round, elongated, not rigid; dorsal surface
coarsely reticulated and covered with numerous, small, scattered,
papilliform spines, and with a median and about three lateral rows
of large, stout spines, roughened, like the small ones, with small
spinule-like granulations.
Radii as 7:1. Leneth of rays from the center 4°3 inches; radius
of disk °6; width of arms at base °6, somewhat enlarged farther out ;
length of longest spines ‘25, diameter ‘08. The interambulacral plates
bear an inner row of very slender, small, sharp spines, from five to
seven to each plate, the middle ones longest, forming rounded clusters,
in which the spines are connected together by a web to the ends; and
close to these, on the outside, a simple series of much longer, stout,
round, strongly granulated spines, one to each plate, most of which
have enlarged tips. Outside of these the ventral and lateral parts of
the rays are openly and coarsely reticulated and bear, on each side,
three irregular rows of large, distant spines, those of the first row,
near the interambulacral spines, shorter and more numerous than the
others, which are separated by distances about equal to their length.
All these spines are movable at base, and are round, somewhat taper-
ing, obtuse or rounded at the ends, and covered with closely crowded,
coarse, elongated grains, which become longer and more spiniform at
the tips of the spines. The dorsal surface of disk and rays is less
firm, and more finely reticulated, bearing very numerous, scattered,
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 289
small, roughly granulated spines (some of which also occur among
the lateral spines), and an imperfect median row of large, distant
ones, like those of the sides, but somewhat smaller. The entire sur-
face, between the spines, is covered with coarse, rough granules.
Madreporic plate subcentral, small, narrow, elongated, composed of
a few radiating lamellz. Color, in alcohol, reddish brown.
Panama,—F. H. Bradley. One specimen, at low-water of spring
tides, on rocks.*
This species is interesting as showing the propriety of retaining
Gray’s genus Mithrodia, which was established to receive JZ. spinu-
losa (Linck. sp.) and JW. clavigera (Lamarck sp.). The former is said
to be an Asteracanthion by Miller and Troschel, and the latter seems
to be but little known. For these reasons the necessity of retaining
this genus has been doubted by some authors. The present species,
however, which agrees well with the characters assigned by Gray,
and must be closely allied to IW. clavigera,t cannot, with propriety,
be united to any other genus. It is not at all allied to Asterias
(Asteracanthion M. and Tr.), but approaches more nearly to Ophidi-
aster and allied genera. The ambulacral pores are large and form
but two rows.
Heliaster helianthus Gray.
Asterias helianthus Lamarck; Blainville, Actinologie, tab, 23, fig. 5.
Asterias (Heliaster) helianthus Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H., 1st series, vi, p. 180, 1840.
Asteracanthion helianthus Mill. and Tr., Syst., p. 18, 1842.
Numerous specimens of this species, both large and small, were
sent from Callao, and a few from Paita, Peru, by Mr. Bradley, a part
preserved in alcohol and a part dried. It occurs, also, at Caldera,
Chili,—Capt. W. H. A. Putnam (Coll. Essex Institute). It is found on
rocks at low-water, adhering very firmly.
Disk broad, rays short, slender, about thirty or thirty-five. Radii
as 8:5. A medium-sized specimen measures from center to end of
rays 4 inches; to edge of disk 2°5; length of rays beyond disk varia-
ble, longest about 1°5.
The interambulacral plates bear a single row of rather long, stout,
blunt spines, one to each plate, a large and small one often alternat-
ing ; outside of these, but near them, the ventral plates bear about
* Two specimens have since been sent from La Paz, by J. Pedersen,—Reprint.
+ Another species of this genus, with remarkably long arms, which must be nearly
allied to the M. clovigera, was collected at the Sandwich Islands by Mr. Horace Mann,
and by him presented to the Boston Society of Natural History.
290 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
three rows of spines, which are crowded and rather indistinct, decreas-
ing in length outwardly from the ambulacral grooves, those of the
first row being of about the same size and shape as the interambula-
cral. Beyond these on the sides of the rays there are three, more
distant, regular, longitudinal rows of short spines, those of the two
lowest being conical and somewhat sharp; those of the upper flat-
tened, and blunt, or dilated at the ends. On the dorsal side, each ray
has a crowded, irregular, broad, median belt or row, and a more
simple, crowded, marginal row on each side, all of which extend to
the central area of the disk, where the spines become very numerous
and irregularly crowded. All the spines of the upper surface are
short and thick, with enlarged, rounded tips. Numerous, very small,
short, pointed pedicellariz are scattered over the surface between the
spines, and beneath, among the lateral and ventral spines, there are
other much larger ones, which are short, broad-oval, with pointed
tips. Madreporic plate small, inconspicuous, irregular.
Color, in life, dark greenish brown, the spines reddish, yellowish, or
light green.
Heliaster microbrachia Xantus, Proc. Phil. Acad Nat. Sci., 1860, p. 568.
A few specimens that appear to be identical with this species were
collected by Mr. Bradley at Panama and the Pearl Islands, on rocks
at low-water, and in cavities higher up. The original specimens of
Mr. Xantus were obtained at Cape St. Lucas.
Disk very broad, rays relatively shorter than in the preceding,
small, slender, about thirty in number. Radii about as 3:2. A me-
dium-sized specimen measures from center to end of rays 2°8 inches;
from center to edge of disk 2; the free part of the rays varies in
length from ‘5 to 1 inch.
The interambulacral plates bear a single row of slender, blunt
spines, which are quite long toward the mouth, but shorter than in
preceding species on the free part of the rays; small spines frequently
alternate with the larger ones. Outside of these along the lower and
lateral sides of the rays there are about four regular longitudinal rows
of longer and stouter spines, not clearly distinguishable into ventral
and lateral, but those of the upper rows are more flattened and clavate
at the ends. The dorsal side of the rays is covered with numerous,
small, slender, sub-acute, nearly equal spines, arranged along each
margin in a distinct row, which extends inward on the disk, but not
forming a distinct median row, the surface between the marginal rows
being nearly evenly covered with the spines, among which indications
of five or six indistinct rows may, sometimes, be traced. The surface
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 291
of the disk is thickly covered with similar spines, irregularly scat-
tered, except toward the outer part, where they have a tendency to
form radiating rows continuous with those on the rays. Minor pedi-
cellariz small, short and thick, thinly scattered among the spines on
the disk, but becoming very numerous toward the end of the rays,
less so among the lateral and ventral spines. Major pedicellarie not
observed. Madreporic plate rather large, oval.
Color, in alcohol, brownish black above, yellowish below.
This species is closely allied to the preceding, but is quite different
in appearance. It may by distinguished by its relatively shorter
rays; the much smaller and sharper spines of the upper surface, which
are much more numerous and scattered, and do not form three distinct
rows on the rays; by the larger and more uniform lateral and ventral
spines, which are crowded toward the ambulacral furrows.
Heliaster Cumingii Gray.
In a collection from Zorritos, Peru, Mr. Bradley has sent several
specimens of various sizes, which are, perhaps, the species described
by Gray. He also collected a few specimens at Paita.
These resemble in form HZ. helianthus, but have exceedingly short
rays, ranging in number from 34 to 41. One of the largest specimens
measures from the center to end of rays 4°5 inches; to edge of disk
3°8, the rays being mostly about half an inch in length. A smaller
one has a greater radius of 3:4 inches; lesser 2°8. The length of the
rays varies from one-eighth to less than one-tenth of the entire diam-
eter, The spines of the upper surface, also, are less numerous, and
much stouter, with more swollen tips, which are rounded and
capitate. They are arranged in a regular, simple, marginal row on
each side, and an irregular median series, sometimes forming a regular
double row, all the rows extending inward to near the center of the
disk, where they become irregularly scattered, but have nearly the ‘
same form and size. The interambulacral spines form a single row,
one to each plate, and are mostly rather stout, with enlarged, blunt
tips. Outside of these, toward the edge of the disk, there is a row
of spines of about the same length, but stouter and more clavate,
and flattened at the ends. On the sides of the rays there are, in ad-
dition, two or three imperfect rows of similar, but shorter and more
flattened spines.
Zorritos, and Paita, on rocks, at low-water,—F. H. Bradley.
Under the name of Asterias (Heliaster) Cumingii Dr. Gray* very
briefly described a species, allied to or identical with this, as follows:
* Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 1st series, vol. vi, p. 180, 1840.
292 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
“Arms 30 or 31, very short, not one-tenth as long as the diameter of
the body, conical, with blunt spines.”
“ Inhabits Hood’s Island, on rocks at spring tides, H. Cuming, Esq.”
Heliaster Kubiniji Xantus, loc. cit., p. 558, 1860.
A good specimen, agreeing well with this species, was presented to
us by Mr. Horace Mann, who obtained it, with several other charac-
teristic Panamic species, from Mr, Pease at the Sandwich Islands.
It probably came from Acapulco or Mazatlan. Mr. Xantus obtained
his original specimens at Cerro Blanco, off Cape St. Lucas.*
Disk relatively smaller than in either of the preceding species;
rays twenty-three, longer and rounder, gradually tapering. Radii as
2:1. From center to end of rays 3°2 inches; to edge of disk 1°6.
The interambulacral spines are subequal and blunt, and form a
single, close row, one to each plate. Just outside of these there is a
row of longer and very stout ventral spines, obtuse and flattened or
clavate at the ends. Beyond these there are three lateral rows of
much smaller and shorter, tapering, blunt spines, regularly arranged.
The dorsal surface of the rays has five regular rows of larger, short,
obtuse, and mostly clavate spines, the median row having larger
spines than the two on each side, which are regular and equally
spaced, All the dorsal rows extend inward to the central area of the
disk, where the spines become irregularly scattered, and much larger
and stouter, with dilated, truncate, or even concave ends. Minor
pedicellariz very small, ovate, pointed, very numerous on the upper
side of the rays near the ends, and among the lateral and ventral
spines. Madreporic plate small, very convex, about half an inch from
the center.
This species is very different from the two preceding. It is readily
distinguished by its fewer, longer, and rounded rays; by the five reg-
ular rows of spines on their dorsal surface; by the larger, stout
spines of the central part of the disk, often dilated and capitate or
concave at the end; by the very stout spines of the first ventral row ;
and smaller and more equal interambulacral spines.
Dr. Gray has very briefly described, in the work previously cited,
under the name of Asterias (Heliaster) multiradiata, a species that
seems, in some respects, allied to this. His description is as follows:
“Arms 22 or 24, cylindrical, elongated, tapering at the ends, one-third
longer than the diameter of the body; the dorsal series of spines
rather longer and mere compressed.
Inhabits Hood’s Island,—H. Cuming, Esq.”
* Capt. J. Pedersen has recently sent it from La Paz,—Reprint.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 293
Whether the Hood’s Island referred to be the one in the Galapago
Group, bearing that name, is somewhat uncertain.
In the character of the dorsal spines and the much longer rays, his
description differs widely from our specimen.
Stichaster aurantiacus Verrill.
Asterias aurantiacus Meyen, Reise um die Erde, 1834.
Stichaster striatus Mull. and Trosch., Wieg. Arch., vi, B. ii, p. 323, 1840.
Tonia atlantica Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vi, p. 180, Nov., 1840.
Asteracanthion aurantiacus Mull. and Trosch , System der Asteriden, p. 21, 1842.
Numerous specimens of this species were obtained by Mr. Bradley
at Callao, Peru, on rocks at low-water mark. It has also been
described from Chili.
Its color in life, according to Mr. Bradley, is bright orange; dried
specimens are dull yellow.
The following species, which was omitted in its proper place, on
page 272, following J. tesselata, is inserted here chiefly on account of
the peculiar interest connected with its geographical distribution.
Ludia Bellonze Litken, Kritske Bemeerkn., Vidensk. Meddelelser, 1864, p. 133.
Two specimens, apparently identical with this species, were collected
at Callao, Peru, by Mr. Bradley. The specimen described by Dr.
Liitken was believed to have come from Guayaquil. If this be true,
it is the only instance known to me of a species of starfish common
to the Peruvian and Panamic faune, except Heliaster Cumingii, but
neither of these have been found at Panama.
Our largest specimen, preserved in alcohol, has a greater radius of
3°7 inches; lesser, 5. Another dried specimen is about half’ as large.
The five rays are narrow, more convex than usual in this genus,
scarcely depressed, the edges not thin. Interambulacral plates bearing
three spines (occasionally but two) the inner one slender and shorter
than the others, curved, the outer one stoutest, straight, a little longer
than the middle one. Ventral plates bearing very small, slender,
papillary spines, and a transverse row of about five large blunt ones,
increasing in size to the margin, the longest about equal to the outer
ones on the interambulacral plates. The paxille of the upper surface
are unequal in size, the large ones are arranged in transverse rows of
about six on each side of the rays, and bear a short, blunt spine in
the middle, surrounded by 8 to 12 very small, shorter radiating papil-
le. Smaller paxille are scattered among these and also occupy the
disk and middle of the rays.
Color, in alcohol, yellowish, mottled with dark brown above.
294 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Order, ECHINOIDEA.
In the identification of several species of the following Echini I
have been greatly aided by Mr. Alexander Agassiz, of the Museum
of Comparative Zobdlogy, who kindly compared with me a set of our
specimens with the types of species described by himself in the Bulle-
tin of the Museum, and also gave in exchange authentic specimens
of several of those species. Without this assistance some of the iden-
tifications could not have been made with so much certainty as was
desirable.
Cidaris Thouarsii Valenciennes.
Cidaris Thouarsti Agassiz and Desor, Catal. Rais. des Kchinides, Ann. des Sci. Nat.,
vi, p. 326, 1846.
Mr. Bradley has sent numerous specimens of this species from
Panama and the Pearl Islands, where it occurs among rocks and in
cavities at low-water. It has been described from the Galapago
Islands and California (Ag. and Des. Cat. Rais.). The Smithsonian
Institution has presented specimens from Cape St. Lucas, collected by
J. Xantus.*
This is closely allied to C. annulata Gray, common at Aspinwall
and the West Indies, but differs in the wider and more closely granu-
lated median area of the interambulacra and in having much stouter
and relatively shorter spines, which are more coarsely sculptured on
the surface. The large spines are round, largest a short distance
above the base, and then slightly and gradually diminish to near the
ends, which are enlarged and obtuse. A specimen 1°25 inches in
diameter has the large spines 1°3 long, ‘15 in diameter. The small
spines at their bases are flat, thin, spatulate, obtuse at the ends. The
ovarian plates form a regular five-rayed star, more distinct than in C.
annuluta. Color of the larger specimens, when dry, deep brown,
with the larger spines light purplish brown. Young specimens, in
alcohol, have the spines light purple, banded with white.
Diadema Mexicana A. Agassiz, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. 2, p. 20, 1863.
We have received from the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy,
through the kindness of Mr. A. Agassiz, a good example of this spe-
cies, collected by him at Acapulco. In the Smithsonian Institution
there are a few young specimens, apparently of the same species,
collected at Cape St. Lucas by J. Xantus.
Our specimen has a test 2°25 inches in diameter, 1:25 high; diame-
* Sent in abundance from La Paz, by J. Pedersen,—Reprint.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 295
ter of the actinal area, not including actinal cuts, 1°10; extreme
diameter, including cuts, 1:25; of abactinal area ‘3; longest spines
about 5 inches in length, 07 in diameter.
This species is allied to D. Antillarwn Phil. of Aspinwall and the
West Indies, but may be at once distinguished by its much larger
actinal area, as compared to the abactinal area, or to the diameter of
the test. In D. Mexicana the proportion of the actinal area to the
diameter of the test is about 1: 2°05, in D. Antillarum as 1:2°3. In
D, Mexicana the large tubercles of the outer interambulacral rows
continue nearly to the ovarial plates, diminishing but little in size,
and there is less space, also, above the median rows than in the other
species.
The sutures between the interambulacral plates are rather deep
and well marked. he spines are very long and sharp, about twice
as long as the diameter of the test.
Color of the dried specimen brownish black, spines black. Young
specimens about half an inch in diameter, from Cape St. Lucas, have the
spines regularly banded with deep purple alternating with purplish
white.
Echinodiadema, gen. nov.
Test depressed, circular. Actinal cuts slight. Buccal membrane
with five principal groups of oblong scales, bearing numerous slender
spines and pedicellariz. Ambulacral pores trigeminate, the poriferous
zones wider beneath, where the rows of three pairs are more trans-
verse. Tubercles arranged much as in Diadema,—two principal rows
in the ambulacra, and four in the interambulacra, of which the exter-
nal ones are smaller and border the poriferous zones. Anal membrane
small, covered with small scales. Spines long, slender, hollow, exter-
nally resembling those of Diadema.
Echinodinadema coronata Verrill, sp. nov.
Test circular, much depressed, actinal opening one half the diam-
eter of test, with very slight cuts, its membrane partially covered by
five principal groups of large oblong scales, which support numerous
slender, somewhat clavate spines, ‘1 inch long, and numerous short,
rounded pedicellariz, Ambulacral pores large, in ares of three pairs,
becoming more oblique below, where the zones are wider; tubercles
in two rows, rather large, with a median zigzag line of miliaries.
Interambulacra about twice as wide as the ambulacra, with two rows
of tubercles, somewhat larger than those of the ambulacra, reaching
the abactinal region; external to these are two irregular rows of small
tubercles bordering the ambulacra ; and between them two imperfect
TRANS. ConnEcTICUT AcAD., Vot. I. 38 JUNE, 1867.
296 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
rows of about the same size, arranged alternately, with smaller mil-
iaries scattered among them. The three uppermost tubercles of both
the ambulacral and interambulacral systems are very small, and the
two next the last bear very small slender spines with globular, bright
purple tips. The ocular and genital plates bear each a somewhat lon-
ger, slender spine. Abactinal system small, somewhat angular, de-
pressed, spines twice as long as the diameter of the test, rather stout,
with conspicuous verticillations, annulated with narrow bands of pur-
plish brown and light brown.
Diameter of test °85 of an inch; height °35. Cape St. Lucas, Lower
Cal.,—J. Xantus. From the Smithsonian Institution.
Astropyga venusta sp. nov.
Test circular, much depressed, nearly flat below, fragile, the ambu-
lacra considerably elevated above the general surface on the upper
side. Actinal area about one third the diameter of the test, its mem-
brane covered with unequal scales. Ambulacral zones about one
third as wide as interambulacral at the periphery, not varying much
in width to the actinal area, but tapering gradually to a point on the
upper surface where they are elevated and conspicuous. Pores in
ares of three pairs, which are much more oblique above than below.
Ambulacral tubercles alternating in two rows, variable in size, largest
on the lower surface. Interambulacral tubercles in eight principal
rows, the four median not extending much above the outer curvature
of the margin, leaving a naked portion above. The tubercles of the
external row are largest but extend only a little further toward the
center, with about three tubercles more. The row next to the exter-
nal has much smaller tubercles and extends to the summit. The
naked spaces radiate from the center and soon fork, one branch pass-
ing down between the second and third rows of tubercles along each
interambulacral border. These spaces are much depressed toward
the center and are light purple, with a row of dark purplish spots
extending to the end on each side, just within the second row of
tubercles, and terminating at the periphery. The color of the lower
surface is light yellowish, extending upward in the center of each
interambulacrum in a broad petal-like space between the purple forks
of the naked area; and in other narrower lobes, embracing the am-
bulacra and outer interambulacral tubercles, to the ocular plates.
Spines very slender and unequal in length, the longest about one half
the diameter of the test, finely barbed and longitudinally striated,
light flesh-color, or greenish with narrow bright purple bands. Ac-
tinal cuts not deep. Diameter 2°3 inches; of actinal area °75; of
abactinal area °35; height of test about °75.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 297
A much larger specimen has a test 4:4 inches in diameter, with
longest spines 3°5 inches long; anal area ‘55 in diameter; genital
plates -35 in length, :28 in breadth; ambulacra -45 wide at the
periphery.
In this specimen the ambulacra are much more elevated above the
abactinal area and interambulacra of the upper surface than in the
smaller ones. The genital plates are large and acutely triangular,
projecting considerably into the interambulacral spaces, forming a
well-marked star. The interambulacral zones are over five times as
wide as the ambulacral at the periphery, where they have ten or twelve
rows of large tubercles, with a few small tubercles irregularly scat-
tered among them. Near the edge of ambulacral zones, on each side,
a row of primary tubercles extends upward to the fifth plate from
the abactinal area; between this row and the ambulacra there is a
row of smaller alternating tubercles extending a little higher; and on
the other side another similar row of small tubercles extending as
far as the genital plates. The next row of primary tubercles attains
only to the periphery ; and the third, counting from the ambulacra,
terminates two plates below; the fourth extends six plates higher
than the third, and considerably beyond the outer arch of the shell ;
the fifth ceases two plates earlier than the fourth; and the sixth one
plate sooner, or scarcely above the outer arch. The median spine-
bearing area of the ambulacra has, therefore, a broad petal-like form
on the upper surface, reaching about midway to the abactinal area
and considerably beyond the fourth row of primary tubercles, its
upper portion including only small scattered tubercles. Its outline
is well defined, owing to the contrast between the light yellow color
of this area, and the deep purplish brown of the naked space above
and on each side of its upper portion. The ambulacral tubercles are
unequal in size and form two irregular rows.
The color is nearly like that of the first specimen described, but
somewhat darker. The spines of the upper surface are greenish,
banded with purple; below, yellowish or reddish white with few
purple bands, or quite plain.
Two specimens in alcohol, intermediate in. size between those
above described, agree well with the characters indicated. The
buccal membrane bears a few very small and slender spines, scattered
over the surface and more numerous near the mouth. The spines of
the lower surface are all small, slender, rarely exceeding an inch in
length, the largest ones enlarged and flattened near the ends, mostly
light yellow in color, with faint bands of purple. The long spines are
greenish at the base and have narrow bands of bright purple; the
298 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
short spines of the upper surface are light green, with narrow purple
bands.
In life, according to Mr. Bradley’s observations, the spots along
each side of the inferambulacral zones are bright blue and very
conspicuous.
Panama and Pear! Islands ;* one specimen was found on the reef at
low-water, the others were dredged in four or five fathoms, on shelly
bottom,—F. H. Bradley.
This species has probably been confounded, hitherto, with A. radiata
of the Indian Ocean, at Zanzibar, etc., to which it is closely allied.
Echinocidaris stellata (Blainv. sp.) Agassiz and Des., Catal. Rais., 1846.
Echinocidaris incisa A. Agassiz, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zodlogy, No. 2, p. 20, 1863.
Echinocidaris longispina Lutken, Bidrag til Kundskab om Hchiniderne, p. 62, Vidensk.
Meddelelser, p. 130, 1864.
A large number of specimens of this species, of various sizes, were
collected by Mr. Bradley at Panama and the Pearl Islands, where
they occur at low-water mark on the reef, among stones and in crev-
ices. At Zorritos, Peru, he obtained many specimens of large size,
and, also, a few from La Union, San Salvador. From the Essex Insti-
tute we have a specimen from Margarita Bay, Lower California. It
also occurs at the Galapago Islands (Agassiz and Desor), and at
Guayamas (A. Agassiz), and Realejo (Dr. Liitken). Mr. Bradley ob-
tained one living specimen at Paita, Peru.
The specimens described by Mr. A. Agassiz were not fully grown,
and differ in some respects from larger ones.
A specimen from Zorritos, measuring six inches in diameter, in-
cluding the spines, has spines two inches in length; others have
somewhat shorter spines. The spines near the center of the upper
surface are quite short, but increase rapidly in length toward the
periphery, where they are longest, round, moderately slender, gradu-
ally tapering. On the lower side they diminish rapidly in size and
length and have flattened tips; around the actinal area they are
quite small.
A specimen having the test 2°1 inches in diameter, and 1°35 high,
has the actinal opening 1 inch in diameter; the anal area °3; from
the outside of an ocular plate to the outer point of the opposite geni-
tal plate °6 ; length of genital plates -22; greatest width :2; breadth
of ambulacral zones at periphery °42; of interambulacra ‘85. Test
usually regularly arched above, often a little depressed.
The genital plates are large, pointed outwardly, and project into
the interambulacra so as to form a very distinct star; inwardly their
* More recently sent by J. Pedersen from the Gulf of California, near La Paz,—Reprint.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 299
sides unite together for a short distance so that the ocular plates do
not join the anal area; the madreporic plate is much larger than the
others. The anal area is broad-oval, its four plates usually promi-
nent. The ambulacral zones are, ordinarily, somewhat elevated and
in some cases considerably so, giving a somewhat pentagonal form
to the outline of the test. They bear two regular rows of tubercles,
nearly as large as the interambulacral beneath and on the sides, but
becoming very small above and disappearing before reaching the
summit. Interambulacra with large naked median spaces, extending
about half-way to the periphery; sutures between the plates rather
deep and conspicuous. The plates are very broad, fifteen forming
each vertical series in the specimen above measured. The tubercles
are very large on the sides, forming six vertical rows, which are not
crowded. The two middle rows are represented at the periphery by
a few tubercles only ; the two next extend from the actinal area to
within about five plates of the summit; the outer row on each side
continues even to the ocular plates, but the two or three upper tubercles
are much smaller than the lateral. Actinal area sub-pentagonal, the
cuts shallow. Auricles short and broad, the supports widely separa-
ted at the ends.
Color of test, in dried specimens, grayish or purplish brown,
weathering to purplish white or rose-color; the lower half or the
whole of the outer end of the interambulacral plates deep purple, in
the naked spaces of the upper surface, forming a double series of
conspicuous, alternating, angular spots; genital plates variegated
with purple; spines dark purple.
A specimen 1°35 inches in diameter of test has but eleven interam-
bulacral plates in the vertical series and but four rows of large
interambulacral tubercles, with a very few belonging to a fifth row.
In this the auricular supports are short, broad at the ends, where they
are in contact or overlap.
Specimens ‘4 in diameter have but eight plates in the vertical series.
The outer row of interambulacral tubercles reach the summit, but
the intervening rows are represented only by three or four irregularly
placed tubercles on the lower surface. The spines are mostly flat-
tened and channeled at the ends, the longest equaling the diameter
of the test. Sutures more marked than in the large examples.
An examination of a large number of specimens of all ages and
from various localities has convinced me that the /. stellata of Agas-
siz is the same as & incisa A. Ag. Dr. Liitken’s work was printed
before he had received that of Mr. Agassiz. He has suggested that
his species might prove identical with /. stellata.
300 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Echinocidaris spatuligera Agassiz, Catal. Rais., 1846.*
Echinus spatuliger Val., Voyage Vénus, Zodl., pl. 5, fig. 2, 1846.
Numerous specimens of this species were found by Mr. Bradley
both at Callao and Paita, Peru, thrown upon the shore after storms.
It has been recorded from Coquimbo (Catal. Rais.), and from North
Chili (Philippi).
A specimen of the usual size has a diameter of 2°1, not including
spines; height 1°3; longest spines 1°8; diameter of actinal area °98;
of anal area ‘28; from the outside of an ocular plate to the outer end
of the opposite genital plate 48; length of genital plates 13; width
15. Test with a regularly rounded outline, often subconical, some-
times regularly arched above, usually less depressed than the preced-
ing species.
The genital plates are rather small, with an obtuse angle outwardly,
the adjacent ones usually separated completely by the ocular plates,
which reach the anal area, except the two next to the madreporic
plate. The ambulacral zones have two close rows of tubercles, which
become very small on the upper surface and do not reach the summit.
The interambulacral plates are narrower and more numerous than in
the preceding species, 18 forming a vertical series: those near the outer
parts and beneath, except near the actinal opening, bear four tubercles,
forming obliquely transverse rows on the plates and eight vertical rows
in each interambulacral zone, of which the two middle rows are irreg-
ular and consist of smaller tubercles. The primary tubercles, below
and on the sides, are crowded, subequal, of moderate size. The row
next the ambulacra reaches the ocular plates, the upper tubercles, like
those of all the other rows, being very small; the next row ceases at
the fourth plate from the summit; the third, two plates sooner; the
fourth, two or three plates sooner than the third. The median naked
spaces of the upper side are, therefore, narrow and less distinctly
bounded than in & stellata, owing to the smallness of the surrounding
tubercles.
The color of dried specimens is dark reddish brown, much lighter
beneath ; spines reddish or purplish brown. Young specimens have
purplish poriferous zones, and grayish brown interambulacral spaces.
A specimen ‘9 of an inch in diameter has five rows of interambu-
lacral tubercles with rudiments of a sixth. The outer rows reach the
suminit, but the next cease at the sixth plate from it.
A young specimen, ‘5 in diameter, has but four rows of interambu-
lacral tubercles, the two outer rows reaching the summit, the others
scarcely extending above the outer curvature of the sides.
* A recent examination of this species confirms its identity with that of Valenciennes,
but the latter differs in its flatter spines, which in ours is variable,—Reprint.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 301
This species is readily distinguished from / stellata by much more
numerous, more crowded, and smaller interambulacral tubercles; by
the narrower and more numerous plates; by the much smaller genital
plates, which are outwardly obtuse instead of acute, so that they do
not form a well marked star, and are broader than long, while in Z,
stellata they are longer than broad. The lateral union of the genital
plates in front of the ocular plates is a good distinctive character for
the latter species, as well as the greater size of the abactinal star;
deeper sutures between the plates; and the variegation of the test.
This species in some respects corresponds with . Duavisii A. Ag.,
found from Long Island Sound to Virginia, while Z. stellata may be
considered the Pacific representative of /. punctulata of the Carolina
coast and Florida.
Arbacia nigra Gray.
Echinus niger Molina, Hist. Nat. du Chili, p. 175.
Echinus purpurescens Val., Voy. Venus, pl. 5, fig. 1, 1846.
2 Echinus grandinosus Val., op. cit., pl. 11, fig. 1.
Echinocidaris (Tetrapygus) nigra Agassiz, Catal. Rais., 1846.
This species was found at Callao, Peru, in great abundance by Mr.
Bradley, thrown upon the beaches, and also living at low-water mark
among rocks. It has been recorded from Paita, (Ag. and Desor).
- The Essex Institute has specimens collected at Caldera, Chili, by
Capt. W. H. A. Putnam, who also collected it at Mejillones.
Psammechinus pictus Verrill, sp. nov.*
A small species with a regularly rounded profile, somewhat hemi-
spherical in form, but slightly depressed. Spines slender, moderately
long, one fourth the diameter of the test. Actinal region large,
nearly one half the diameter of the test, its membrane covered with
small irregular scales. Ambulacral zones about two thirds as broad
as interambulacral. Pores in regular arcs of three pairs, which be-
come much narrower beneath. Ambulacral tubercles in four series,
those of the two exterior relatively large and prominent, not crowded ;
between these the miliaries form two somewhat irregular rows. In
the poriferous zones a small tubercle separates the successive arcs,
forming a regular row of distant tubercles, not larger than the largest
miliaries. Interambulacral spaces with two principal rows of tuber-
cles, near the exterior, about the same size as the principal ones of
the ambulacra. Exterior to these are two outer rows of much smaller
tubercles that do not reach the summit; in the space between the
two principal rows similar secondary tubercles are distantly scattered ;
miliaries numerous around the larger tubercles. Ocular and genital
* Mr, A. Agassiz thinks this the young of Lytechinus semituberculatus V .,—Reprint.
302 ' Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
plates each with a group of small, unequal tubercles. Abactinal area
small, closed by five principal plates of unequal size.
Color of spines, on a specimen dried from alcohol, bright purple, test
light purple with yellowish white bands extending from the actinal
area along the poriferous zones and covering the adjacent tubercles as
far as the outer curvature of the sides, forming thus a ten-rayed star.
An undefined space around the ocular and genital plates is also yel-
lowish white. A narrow black ring surrounds the teeth. Diameter
of the largest specimens about one inch.
Cape St. Lucas, Cal.,—J. Xantus, (Smithsonian Institution).
Lytechinus A. Agassiz, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zodl., p. 24, 1863.
Hemiechinus (pars) Girard, MS. (Coll. Smithsonian Inst.).
Psilechinus Liitken, Bidrag til Kunskab om Echin., p. 25, 1864
This genus agrees with Psammechinus in having the pores in ob-
lique rows of three pairs, and in the scales of the buccal membrane,
but differs in having deeper actinal cuts, with thickened, or sometimes
revolute, edges ; and in having partially naked median spaces on the
upper part of the ambulacral and interambulacral zones. The species
also attain a much greater size than is usual in Fsammechinus.
The Echinus variegatus may be regarded as the type. In the
Smithsonian Institution there are specimens of LZ. Carolinus Ag.
under the name of Hemiechinus nobilis Girard MS., but I cannot find
that such a genus has ever been published.
Lytechinus roseus Verrill,
Boletia rosea A. Agassiz, op. cit., p. 24.
Numerous large specimens of this fine species were dredged in
Panama Bay, in 6 to 8 fathoms, shelly bottom, by Mr. Bradley. Mr.
Agassiz described specimens from Acapulco.
The largest specimen has a test 3°6 inches in diameter; 1:8 high;
diameter of actinal opening, not including cuts, 1°25; depth of cuts
‘27; from outside of madreporic plate to outer edge of opposite ocular
plate °52; diameter of anal membrane ‘2; length of longest spines °5.
Test thin, fragile, low, subconical, lower side concave, outline some-
what pentagonal. The ambulacral zones are two thirds as wide as
the interambulacral, and slightly raised above them, with a narrow,
somewhat sunken, median naked space on the upper side. On the
lower side there are six rows of ambulacral tubercles, which diminish
in size upward, the outside rows attaining the summit, the others
ceasing successively sooner. Interambulacral tubercles on the lower
side in ten rows, subequal in size; the third row from each margin
a ee
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 3038
alone extending to the summit; the outside one hardly reaching the
upper surface; the second reaching about half way from the outer
curvature to the genital plates; the inner rows successively shorter
than the third. The tubercles in all the rows diminish rapidly on
the upper side, those of the third row less so than others; naked
median space narrow, depressed, sutures conspicuous.
Genital plates large, the outer end subacute, projecting into the
interambulacral spaces. Ocular plates tridentate on the outer side,
usually only two of them touching the anal membrane. The anal
area is covered with irregular, unequal plates. The poriferous zones
are rather broad, the pores large, in oblique rows of three pairs, which
become more nearly transverse at the outer margin. Actinal cuts very
deep, with elevated callous margins, which, on the side next the inter-
ambulacra, are elevated and sharp, slightly revolute, and bounded
externally by a shallow groove. The spines are short and stout, on
the lower side numerous, blunt, and subequal; on the upper side
shorter, more unequal, and not so numerous. The major pedicellariz in
this species are numerous, especially among the spines of the lower
side, and are remarkable for their great size, the heads often -13 long;
and 6:0 broad at base; with a pedicel ‘3 or more long. The three
branches are slender, somewhat smaller just above the enlarged base.
Other short, thick, rounded, and very much smaller pedicellariz are
scattered among the spines, and there isa thick wreath of similar ones
around the mouth. The buccal membrane is covered with numerous
scattered scales, which become smaller and crowded, near the mouth.
Color, in life, light purple or rose-color; when dried or in alcohol
dull purplish white, the test sometimes dull greenish above.
This species, which appears to be beyond question a true Lytechi-
nus,* is allied to LZ. variegutus of the West Indies, but still more so
to L. Atlanticus A. Ag. of Bermuda. The latter differs, however, in
having very slender and longer spines, much smaller and more slender
pedicellariz, more uniform tubercles on the upper side, narrower por-
iferous zones, shallower actinal cuts, a more elevated form, and deep
purple color. The specimens of this species were identified by Mr.
Agassiz as the Boletia rosea by direct comparison with his original
specimens. A comparison with the Psammechinus semituberculatus
will, however, be necessary before it can be definitely ascertained
whether they be really distinct.
* By more recent comparisons I have been led to consider it nearer Boletia pileolus
than here indicated. It is very near, if not identical with B. depressus, figured in Voy.
Vénus, Pl. 3, fig. 7,—Reprint.
TRANS. ConNEcTICUT AcAD., VoL. I. 39 JUNE, 1867
304 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Boletia viridis Verrill, sp. nov.*
A single specimen of this species was obtained by Mr. Bradley at
Callao, Peru.
Diameter of test 2°7 inches; height 1°3; diameter of actinal area
‘8; from outer end of madreporic plate to outside of opposite ocular
plate 38; diameter of anal area 18; length of longest spines “65.
The test is rather thick, depressed above, sides regularly arched,
lower side concave, nearly circular in outline. The ambulacra have
two rows of primary tubercles extending to the summit, with an
irregular row of much smaller ones between them. The interambul-
acral zones have about six principal rows of tubercles on the lower
side, of which the next to the outermost are much the largest on
the upper side, and reach the genital plates; the outermost rows
have small unequal tubercles. The secondary and large miliary tu-
bercles are numerous on the central part of the interambulacra.
The poriferous zones are rather wide, a little narrower beneath. The
pores form a nearly regular vertical row on the inner side of the
zones, separated from the others by a vertical row of small tubercles,
outside of which the pores are rather irregularly placed, but appar-
ently form two irregular alternating, vertical rows. The genital
pilates bear spines; they have a rounded angle outwardly, and are
longer than broad; the openings are large. The ocular plates are
small, most of them excluded from the anal area. Anal membrane
covered by numerous, angular plates, which bear small spines.
Spines short, stout, tapering, very unequal in size. Actinal cuts
moderately deep; buccal membrane thin, with a few small widely
separated scales. Color of spines bright green, the smaller ones often
with light yellow tips; test brown,
Euryechinus Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., x, p. 341.
Echinus (pars) Lamark; Agassiz, Monog. d’Echinod., 2™e liv. (Introduction), July,
1841, and liv. 4me (Introduction), Dec., 1841.
Toxopneustes (sub-genus, pars) Agassiz and Desor, Catal. Rais., 1846.
This name was proposed, in the work cited, for a group of Kehini
having E. Dribachiensis as the type, and including, in addition,
£. granulatus of New England, Z. lividus of Europe, E. gibbosus,
Galapago Is,, and H. Delalandii of New Holland. Since that time,
however, I have received an authentic specimen of the last species
and have satisfied myself that it does not belong to the same group,
* Mr. A. Agassiz considers this the Echinus chloroticus Val. If so the specimen
described was probably from the New Zealand collection of Mr. Edwards, and acci-
dentally misplaced in packing at Callao,—Reprint.
parget lt
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 305
but rather to the genus, Zoxocidaris of A. Agassiz, where he had
already placed it.
The reasons for not adopting the name, 7oxo0,; neustes, for this group,
are these :
Ist. When this name was first proposed “ Echinus pileolus” was
mentioned, without description or reference, as its type, (Monog. Ech.,
auc rliv:, p: 7):
2nd. When next mentioned and first described, Evhinus tubercula-
tus Lamarck was given as its type, and the description applies to
such species as are now named Zoxocidaris by A. Agassiz, (Monog.
Beh: 4° liv... p. ix).
3rd. In the work last named the typical species of Euryechinus
were described under Hehinus proper, as restricted by the removal
of Tripneustes, Toxopneustes, etc., and therefore were evidently not
regarded as belonging to the latter genus.
4th. In a work published five years later (Catal. Rais.) Toxop-
neustes was placed as a sub-genus of Echinus, and a variety of forms
were referred to it, amounting to thirteen nominal species, among
which are several types now regarded as generically distinct. Of
these species the Ist, 2nd, and 4th are now placed in the genus
Spherechinus Desor; the 3rd, 5th, 7th, and 10th belong to Huryech-
inus; while the 8th (7! Delalandii) and 9th (£. tuberculatus) are true
Toxopneustes, now referred to Toxocidauris by A. Agassiz; the 6th,
11th, 12th, and 13th are doubtful species, the last fossil.
It is, therefore, evident that if Zoxopneustes be taken in its original
sense, when first described, it must be restricted to that group having -
T. tuberculatus as its type, a group apparently equivalent to Zoxo-
cidaris A, Agassiz, which is represented by several East Indian and
Pacific Ocean species, as well as by two species upon the Pacific coast
of N. America (7: mexicana and 7! franciscana). hese species have
the characters originally assigned to Yoxopneustes in an eminent
degree, while to . pileolus, as now understood, neither the name
nor description would apply. Therefore there seems to be grave
objections against restricting it to the latter species, and its allies,
even were it certain that the species now known as Loletia pileolus,
was the one referred to as Echinus pileolus, without authority.
Euryechinus imbecillis Verrill.
? Echinus gibbosus Val. MS.; ? Echinus (Toxopneustes) gibbosus Agassiz, Catal. Rais.
Euryechinus gibbosus Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., x, p. 341, 1866.
This species was found thrown upon the beach abundantly at Cal-
lao and Paita, Peru, by Mr. Bradley. At the latter locality living
306 Verrill, Notes on Radiata,
specimens were obtained at low-water. 2. gibbosus was originally
described from the Galapago Islands.
The larger specimens have a test about 2 inches in diameter, and
1 in height ; spines ‘9 long; diameter of actinal area ‘7; of abactinal
area, including genital plates, °6.
The form is rather depressed, the abactinal area somewhat sunken,
the sides regularly arched, the lower surface nearly flat. The test
is rather thin. The actinal area is small, with slight cuts. The am-
bulacral zones are nearly as broad as the interambulacral, and slightly
elevated above them. The poriferous zones are broad, becoming a
little wider beneath ; the pores, arranged in oblique, slightly curved
rows of four or five pairs above, form on the lower surface more trans-
verse and nearly straight rows of four pairs, with rows of very small
tubercles intervening. The ambulacra have two rows of primary
tubercles, with an irregular median row of small tubercles between
them. The interambulacra have two primary rows of somewhat
larger tubercles, midway between the sides and median line, and
a row of smaller ones, on each side, bordering the poriferous zones,
and a median double row of alternating tubercles of still smaller
size. The genital plates are small, broader than long, uniting so as
to separate the small ocular plates from the anal area. Madreporic
plate small, transversely oval. Spines not very numerous, long,
slender, with fine longitudinal striations, the ribs crossed by fine
lines. Color, in alcohol, dark purplish brown, when dry test often
variegated with light green and whitish; spines dark green, often
tipped with purple. .
Nearly every specimen examined is irregular in the form of the
shell above, near the abactinal area, which is, also, generally distor-
ted or enlarged on one side, where the shell is thinner. This distor-
tion, which often amounts to gibbosity, is irregular and inconstant,
and is caused by a parasitic crustacean (Mubia Chilensis Dana) allied
to the Pinnotheres, which inhabit oysters and other bivalve mollusca.
This curious parasite* appears to force an entrance into the anal orifice
when quite small, and, having effected a permanent lodgment there,
causes a dilation and malformation of the intestine, which eventually
forms a large membranous cyst or sac, often in the larger specimens
extending from the summit to the lower side of the shell, along one
side, to which it is attached by fibrous tissues. In one instance the
cyst was an inch in length and nearly half an inch in diameter, en-
closing a female crab of corresponding size, with large numbers of
eggs attached to its abdominal appendages. A large opening is
* Pinnaxodes hirtipes Heller, appears to be the same species.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 307
always maintained externally, out of which the claws of the crab may
be thrust, but is apparently not large enough to allow it to go en-
tirely out, when fully grown. By this parasite the anal area is so dis-
torted and displaced that among ninety specimens I have not found
one in which it is in its natural state, every specimen giving evidence,
by distortion or otherwise, of having been infested by it. But as
most of these were found dead upon the beach it is probable that they
were individuals that had been killed or weakened by the parasite,
while specimens unattacked by them may be found in deeper water.
It is probable that the irregularity or gibbosity of the Achinus
gibbosus Val. was caused by the same or a similar parasite, but
whether that name applies to the present species of Huryechinus I
am unable to determine, the description being too imperfect for relia-
ble identification. But should it prove to be the same, the name is
inapplicable, referring only to an accidental, or diseased condition,
which is not constant even in the diseased specimens. For these
reasons I have thought it necessary to apply a new name to the pres-
ent species.
The original description of / gibbosus is as follows :* “Espéce
irréguliére voisine de &. lividus par les détails de son test. Quatre
paires de pores légérement arquées. Des iles Gallapagos,—Mus.,
Paris.”
The Euryechinus imbecillis can scarcely be said to be near &. livi-
dus in the character of the test, since in the latter there are eight or
ten rows of subequal interambulacral tubercles, which are larger and
far more numerous than in this species, besides many other differen-
ces. It approaches much more nearly, in the character of its test and
arrangement of its tubercles, /. Drébachiensis and, especially, £.
granulatus Verrill, of the coast of New England, but is quite dis-
tinct from all, in the thinness of its test; in its smaller and weaker
genital and ocular plates, and larger size of the anal area and, conse-
quently, of its abactinal system ; in the flatness of the lower surface
and somewhat widened poriferous zones; fewer tubercles; and more
slender spines.
Toxopneustes sp.
Toxocidaris mexicana A. Ag., Bulletin M. C. Z., p..22, 1863, (no description).
Mr. Agassiz has identified a specimen from Acapulco, in the Mus-
eum of Comparative Zodlogy, as the Heliocidaris Mexicana Ag.
The latter species was originally described (Catal. Rais.) as coming
from Vera Cruz. Dr. Liitken refers it to Hchinometra. In our col-
* Agassiz and Desor, Catal. Rais., in Ann. des Sci., vi, p. 367, 1846.
308 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
lection there are two specimens,* received from the Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., and collected by different persons, labeled “ Gulf of Mexico ?”
which I have considered the Heliocidaris Mexicana Agassiz. But
these belong to the genus Anthocidaris of Liitken, Should this
identification prove correct, the name, Anthocidaris mexicana, may
be applied to this species, while the species from Acapulco, since it
apparently belongs to a distinct genus, might be allowed to retain the
same specific name, but until described this name can only be consid-
ered as provisional, and not entitled to priority. For these reasons
I leave this species without a name, for the present.
Echinometra rupicola A. Agassiz, Bulletin M. O} An 10h Vil, GORE
Mr. Bradley sent numerous examples of this species from Panama
and the Pearl Islands, where it occurs on the reefs at low-water mark,
and in rocky pools. It has the habit of forming excavations in the
rocks in the same manner as Huryechinus lividus of Kurope, most of
the larger specimens occurring in such cavities. He also obtained
specimens at La Union, San Salvador, and Zorritos, Peru. From the
latter locality the specimens are very large and beautiful.
Our largest specimen measures, in the greater diameter of its test,
3°2 inches; smaller diameter 2°8 ; height 1°5 ; diameter of actinal open-
ing 1:1; of abactinal area, including genital plates, 45. The spines are
variable in length; usually the longest, in large specimens, are from
1 to 1°5 inches long. In a specimen having the test 1°5 inches in di-
ameter some of the spines are 1°6 long.
The test is broad oval, or subcircular, depressed above, regularly
arched on the sides, rather flat beneath. Actinal cuts deep and nar-
row. Interambulacral zones are a third wider than the ambulacral,
with at least six rows of large tubercles, those in the next to the
outer one largest, continuing to the genital plates. Ambulacra with
four rows of smaller tubercles, those of the two median rows largest
and regularly arranged, about equal in size to those in the outer row
of the interambulacra. In the largest specimen there are 24 ambula-
eral, and 18 interambulacral tubercles in the principal rows. Porifer-
ous zones rather wide, with seven or eight pairs of pores in well
curved ares. The upper pair in each are is between the outer and
median rows of ambulacral tubercles. Genital plates of moderate
size, outward edge acutely angular, openings large ; ocular plates
reaching the anal area. Spines slender for this genus, regularly taper-
ing to the acute ends, more equal in size than usual, the second series
being less numerous. Color dark purple throughout.
* Mr. A. Agassiz considers these, Echinometra plana A. Ag.,—Reprint.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata, 309
Echinometra Van Brunti A. Agassiz, op. cit., p. 21.
Several large specimens of this species, collected at Cape St. Lucas
by J. Xantus, have been presented by the Smithsonian Institution.
The examples originally described were from Acapulco.
The largest specimen has a test 2 inches across the longest diam-
eter; 1°7 wide; ‘8 high; actinal opening ‘85 in diameter; longest
spines, which are somewhat broken at the end, 1°6.
In the form of the test this species resembles the preceding, but it
is often even more depressed. The interambulacra, in a specimen
1°6 inches in diameter, have two rows of large primary tubercles,
‘with a row of much smaller ones outside of them on each side, bor-
dering the ambulacra, and two imperfect median rows of similar
secondary tubercles. The ambulacra have two rows of tubercles,
which are smaller than the principal tubercles of the interambulacra.
The poriferous zones are very narrow on the upper surface, having
nearly vertical ares of about seven pairs of pores; on the lower side
the arcs become more nearly transverse, and the zones are much
wider. The genital plates are less acute outwardly, and less promi-
nent than in the preceding species. The spines are large and strong,
and when perfect taper to a sharp point. They seldom equal in
length the greatest diameter of the test. Color, dried from alcohol,
deep ashen brown, or purplish.
This species may be easily distinguished from . rupicola by the
fewer and larger interambulacral tubercles; stouter spines; and the
very narrow poriferous zones above, with their rapid dilation beneath.
Encope occidentalis Verrill.
Encope tetrapora Agassiz, Monog. d’Kch., Scutelles, p. 49. Tab. 10% figs. 1-3, 1841,
(non Gmelin).
Plate X, figures 4, 4°.
Numerous specimens of this species are in our museum, which were
dredged in the Bay of Panama in 5 to 8 fathoms, shelly bottom, by
Mr. Bradley. He also obtained one large specimen at Zorritos, Peru.
The specimen described by Prof. Agassiz came from the Galapago
Islands.
The largest specimen is 5°5 inches long; with the extreme breadth
5°7; height °6; from center to anterior opening 1:9; to anterior-late-
ral 1°8; to posterior-lateral 2; to posterior 1°5; from center to ante-
rior margin 2°6; to posterior margin 2°9; from center to end of ante-
rior ambulacral rays 1:7; of lateral 1°5; of posterior 1°72; breadth
of anterior ray ‘67; its median region ‘3; breadth of lateral -7; its
middle 35; breadth of one of the posterior pair *7; the middle area
33; length of posterior foramen “.5; center of mouth to anus °65.
310 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Test much depressed, becoming gradually very flat toward the
margin; highest part at the middle of the anterior ambulacrum.
Margin broadly rounded posteriorly, the widest place opposite the
middle of the posterior ambulacra ; sides wavy, converging somewhat
toward the anterior side, which is slightly emarginate in the middle.
The posterior opening is rather oblong, relatively nearer to the center
than in most species; the other openings are elliptical, the anterior
one shortest. The rays are broad, shorter than usual, especially the
anterio-lateral pair. The genital openings are large, and form a
regular pentagon. The anal opening is situated about midway be-
tween the mouth and posterior foramen. The sulcations of the lower
surface are very distinct and much branched.
Color deep reddish brown, or dark greenish brown.
This species can readily be distinguished from . emarginata, and
its varieties, and # Michelini of the West Indies, by its broader
form, narrowing anteriorly; by the relatively broader and more
equal, ambulacra; and by the position of the posterior foramen, it
being half its length nearer the center than the posterio-lateral ones,
Dr. Liitken, apparently with good reason, refers the Lehinus tetra-
pora Gmelin to the # emarginata of the West Indies. Our species
appears to be the one well figured and described by Prof. Agassiz
under the former name, and will, therefore, require a new designation.
The specimen figured by Agassiz is smaller than any of ours, and
had the posterio-lateral lunules still open, while in all the specimens
that I have seen they are completely closed, unless opened by reason
of some injury.
Encope grandis Agassiz, op. cit., p. 37, Tab. 6.
Two specimens, apparently belonging to this species, are in our col-
lection, one of which, received from the Boston Society of Natural
History, is labeled as coming from the Gulf of California, and the
other, presented by Mr. Horace Mann, was obtained by him from
Mr. Pease, with several other characteristic Panamic and Californian
Echinoderms, but without any authentic locality.*
The latter agrees perfectly with the figure and description by Agas-
siz. The origin of his specimen is unknown, but it was supposed to
have come from the Antilles. Owing to lack of perfectly authentic
localities, I prefer to avoid confusion and possible error by omitting
descriptions until more authentic specimens can be obtained.
* Several dozens of large and fine specimens have recently been sent from La Paz
by J. Pedersen,—Reprint.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 311
Astriclypeus Verrill, gen. noy.
Ambulacral star as in Hncope, four genital openings, the posterior
one wanting, as in Mellita; with five lunules or perforations in the
prolongations of the ambulacra, as in Hncope; but destitute of any
perforation or indentation in the posterior interambulacrum, like
Lobophora. Anal opening round, about midway between the mouth
and margin. Sulcations of the lower side more simple than in Encope,
a primary branch passing along close to the openings, on each side,
and sending off numerous inconspicuous branches to the interambul-
acra. Actinal opening as in Hncope.
This genus presents a remarkable combination of characters belong-
ing to other allied genera, but has an assemblage of characters entirely
unique. It appears to be most nearly allied to Lobophora, from which
it differs chiefly in possessing five ambulacral lunules or openings,
instead of but two; and in the sulcations of the lower surface.
Astriclypeus Mannii Verrill, sp. nov.*
Test subcircular, about as long as broad, with the posterior side
slightly truncate, and a slight prominence of the edge opposite each
opening. Summit central, considerably elevated.
Length 4:2; breadth the same; height ‘65; from center to anterior
opening 1:2; to the lateral ones 1:1; to end of anterior ambulacral
ray 1:2; to lateral ‘98; breadth of anterior ambulacral ray °42; of its
median area ‘16; of the anterior lateral 45; its median area 2; length
of three anterior openings 6; breadth 18; length of posterior open-
ings ‘7; breadth ‘18; center of mouth to anal opening 1 inch; from
the latter to the margin the same.
The anterior ray of the ambulacral rosette is a little longer and
narrower than the others, with the widest part near the end, which
is not closed; lateral rays nearly equal in length, the anterior pair a
little wider, increasing in width to near the end, which is broad and
rounded. Openings oblong, the posterior pair a little longer. Anal
opening nearly circular, midway between the mouth and margin.
Locality West Coast of North America (?). (Japan,—Reprint).
The single specimen of this curious species was presented by Mr.
Horace Mann, of Cambridge, Mass., in honor of whom I have named
it. It was obtained by him, with several other West Coast Echino-
* Dr. F. H. Troschel has well described and figured this species under the name of
Crustulum gratulans in Niederrh. Gesells. fur Naturg. und Heilkunde, Universitit Bonn,
Aug. 3, 1868, p. 1, Pl. I. In Archiv fur Naturg. 1869, p. 52, he has identified it with
our species and described specimens from Japan (E. von Martens),—Reprint.
TRANS. CONNECTICUT ACAD., VOL. I. 40 JUNE, 1867.
312 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
derms,* from Mr. Pease of the Sandwich Islands. Its origin is entirely
doubtful. It is destitute of spines and in the same state of preserva-
tion as a Dendraster excentricus, which came with it.
Echinoglycus Stokesii Gray; A. Ag, Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 26, 1863.
Encope Stokesii Agassiz, Mon. Scutelles, p. 59, Tab. 6a, figs. 1 to 8, 1841; Liitken,
Bidrag til Kundskab. om Hchin., p. 65, 1864.
This species was found abundant on a sandy beach near Panama,
at low-water mark. Dr. Liitken’s specimens were from Punta Arenas,
whence he has sent examples to us. It has also been described from
Guayaquil and the Galapago Islands.
The larger specimens from Panama are two inches long; 2°15
broad; -25 high at center; from center to end of anterior ambulacral
ray ‘55; to end of anterior-lateral 5; posterior-lateral 48; center to
genital openings ‘08; width of anterior ambulacral ray ‘25; its cen-
tral area ‘11; width of the four lateral rays -27; central area ‘11; cen-
ter to anterior lunule °8; to anterior-lateral °73 ; to posterior-lateral °67 ;
to posterior perforation ‘68; its length -2; breadth *1; mouth to anal
opening *42._ The form is nearly circular, the posterior interambula-
crum usually slightly truncated. Lower surface flat, upper side most
elevated at the center of the rosette, which is behind the middle; test
rather thin and brittle. Six lunules or perforations, the posterior one,
even in very young specimens, is a rounded oblong perforation, in
the adult specimens becoming twice as long as wide; the lateral ones
appear at first as shallow notches in the edge, which gradually become
narrow, long or oval, and in the larger specimens all, except the ante-
rior one, become closed at the edge. In young specimens the poste-
rior-lateral notches appear first, the anterior one not being apparent
in a specimen ‘6 of an inch in diameter; in the larger specimens its
outer edges are in contact and doubtless finally unite. Ambulacral
rays short and broad, a little elevated above the general surface; the
anterior odd one longer and narrower than the others; posterior pair
shortest, but about equal in width to the anterior pair; along the
middle of each there is a narrow naked line. Genital openings usually
five, large and regular, sometimes the posterior one is double or irreg-
ular. Spines of the upper surface crowded, uniform, very slender,
enlarged or clavate at the tips; the edge fringed with larger and
* The species received in this collection are as follows: Linckia unifascialis Gray,
Nidorellia armata Gray, Oreaster occidentalis Verrill, Heliaster Kubiniji Xant., Culcita,
sp., Dendraster excentricus Ag., Encope grandis Ag., E. occidentalis V., Astriclypeus
Manni V.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. E38
longer ones, not clavate; lower surface with three kinds, the median
region of each interambulacrum with crowded spines, which are longer
and stouter than those of other parts and slightly enlarged toward
the ends; on the median area of the ambulacra, in line with the
lunules, the spines are similar in form, but much fewer and smaller ;
between these two kinds the surface is covered with very small crowded,
clavate spines, similar to those of the upper surface, but less enlarged
at the tips. Color, when dried, dull greenish brown.
Mellita Pacifica Verrill, sp. nov.
A depressed, subcircular species, with six perforations; allied to JZ
hexapora, but having a large, round posterior, and small, narrow
ambulacral perforations ; spines of the upper side short and crowded.
Length, not including spines, 2°2 inches; greatest breadth 2:3;
height °25; from center to end of anterior ambulacral ray ‘58; to
end of anterior-lateral °55; of posterior-lateral ‘61; width of anterior
ambulacral ray ‘27; its central area ‘13; of anterior-lateral -25; its
central area 12; of posterior lateral -25; its central area ‘10; from
center to anterior perforation °83; to anterior-lateral ‘81; to posterior-
lateral ‘8; to posterior ‘4; length of latter -25; its width -2; mouth
to anal opening *25; length of marginal spines ‘15.
The outline is nearly circular; broadest a little behind the center,
where the outer edges of the posterior-lateral interambulacra are
somewhat prominent beyond the rest of the outline; center of abac-
tinal rosette a little behind the middle; edges thin. The five ambu-
lacral perforations are small and narrow, elliptical; the posterior one
is large and broad oval; its inner half within the ends of the posterior
ambulacral rays. The ambulacral rays are elongated-oval ; the poste-
rior pair longest ; the anterior-lateral pair shortest; each with a well.
marked naked median line. Plates of the upper surface relatively
more numerous than in WM. hexapora, and narrower in the direction of
the radii; four ambulacral plates intervening between the perforations
and the ends of the rays, while in M/Z. hexupora of similar size there
are but two. Spines of the upper surface close and short, slender at
base, with greatly enlarged, rounded tips; those of the marginal
fringe long, tapering, often acute; those of the median regions of the
interambulacra are similar in form to those of the margin, but much
more slender and delicate; those of the areas enclosed by the primary
radiating grooves are very small and slender, not clavate.
Color, deep green when dried.
Zorritos, Peru, at low-water mark,—F. H. Bradley.
314 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
This species is allied to 1. hexapora of the West Indies, but the
latter is very distinct in the form of the posterior perforation, which
is much more elongated and narrow, in adult specimens; in the
ambulacral perforations, which are longer and larger; in the smaller
number and larger size of the plates of the upper surface; in the
longer spines of the upper surface, which have smaller tips; in the
broader posterior-ambulacral rays; and in the more angular outline,
which is distinctly truncate posteriorly.
Mr. A. Agassiz has mentioned by name MZ. longifissa Mich.,* as
coming from Panama (Bulletin M. C. Z.), but whether his specimens
are the same as the species here described I am unable to say, not
having seen them. Dr. Liitken refers AZ. longifissa Mich., described
without locality, to JZ. pentapora, with which it appears to agree far
more nearly than with JZ. Pacifica. If the specimens of Mr. Agassiz
prove to be distinct from our own, they probably will belong to a
Pacific representative of J7. pentupora, while M. Pacifica is the ana-
logue of M. hexapora.
Stoloniclypeus rotundus A. Agassiz, Bulletin M. ©. Z., p. 25, 1863.
Clypeaster Riiset Liitken, op. cit., p. 132. 1864.
Mr. Bradley collected numerous specimens of this species in Pan-
ama Bay, on shelly bottom in 6 to 8 fathoms, with Hncope occidentalis
and Lytechinus roseus. My. Agassiz collected his specimens at Aca-
pulco. Dr. Liitken’s example was from Panama.
One of the largest specimens is 5°4 inches in its longest diameter ;
4°9 broad at the middle; °75 high at center; °3 at margin; from center
to end of posterior lateral ambulacral rays 1°52; breadth of same ‘8;
of median area ‘52; center to posterior margin 2°8; to anterior mar-
gin 2°6 The test is thin, somewhat oblong, depressed, except at the
center, which is a little elevated. The margin is slightly undulated,
curving somewhat inward at the interambulacral zones, and extend-
ing farther out in broad, slightly prominent lobes at the ambulacra,
which are about three times as broad as the interambulacra at the
margin. The posterior portion of the test is somewhat broader than
the anterior; a slight lobe on the posterior margin, opposite the anal
opening, which is circular and close to the edge. Ambulacral rays
broad, subequal, forming a very regular rosette. The anterior one
slightly narrower, and the anterior lateral pair slightly shorter than
the posterior pair. The genital pores are close to the center, in the
angles of a small pentagon. The ocular openings are scarcely visi-
* Specimens of this species have been received from Gulf of California and Nica-
ragua,—Reprint
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 315
ble to the unaided eye, nearer to the center than the genital pores.
Spines uniformly crowded above and beneath, short and slender, the
larger ones of the upper surface mostly with slightly enlarged tips.
Color, in alcohol, dark ash-brown.
This species is allied to S. prostratus (Rav. sp.) of the West Indies,
but has a thinner margin, broader ambulacra, a larger rosette, and a
thinner test.
Pygorhynchus Pacificus (Ag. MS.) A. Agassiz, Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 27.
We have received from the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, two
specimens of this very interesting species, collected by Mr. A. Agassiz
at Acapulco; and young specimens, from the Smithsonian Institution,
collected at Cape St. Lucas by J. Xantus.
One specimen is 1°8 inches long; 1:4 broad; ‘9 high; from center
to anterior margin 1; to posterior margin 1°22; to anal orifice 9; to
end of anterior ambulacral ray °75; to end of anterior-lateral °7; to
end of posterior-lateral °8; width of ambulacral rays ‘18; the median
area ‘1; width of actinal opening 2; length ‘12. Another specimen
is 1°9 long; 1°6 wide; 1 high.
Test thin, concave beneath, the sides most prominent opposite the
mouth; above regularly arched except at the anal region; marginal
outline oblong, the ends obtusely rounded, the posterior portion
broadest. Anal area transversely oval, situated in a depression above
the margin. Ambulacral rays nearly equal in width, the posterior
ones longest; the anterior poriferous zones in the anterior-lateral
ambulacra and the posterior zone in the posterior ones, shorter and
narrower than the others. From the ends of the ambulacral rays two
single rows of pores may be traced around to the mouth, in most of
with five
angles alternating with prominent lobes. One of the angles is on the
anterior side, with a lobe opposite. A rosette of pores surrounds the
the ambulacra. The actinal opening is wider than long
5)
mouth, each ray having two short rows of double pores and two rows
of few, larger, single pores within them, and in the center another
very short row of double pores, the pair next the mouth larger. ‘The
“naked space” beneath is broadest anteriorly, enclosing the mouth,
and narrowing posteriorly. In life it is covered by minute spines.
The spines of the upper surface are short and delicate, crowded; on
the sides of the lower surface they are longer and larger, tapering,
sharp at the ends, longitudinally fluted. Tubercles of the upper side
small and regular; on the lower surface they are larger and sunken
on the lateral parts; very small and unequal on the median area.
Genital openings four, near the center. Color, when dried, brownish
yellow. In alcohol, darker yellowish brown.
316 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
In form and general appearance this species resembles Cassidwlus
Carribearum Lamk.,* of the West Indies. The positions of the
mouth and anal openings are nearly the same, and the latter is situated
in a similar transverse depression surmounted by an arched, lip-like
projection of nearly the same form, in each.
The Cassidulus differs, however, in several structural features of
such as the number and arrangement of the pores in
importance,
the rosette around the mouth, and in not having the pairs of pores
in the dorsal rosette connected by transverse grooves, which, in P.
Pacifica, are deep and conspicuous and separated by rows of small
tubercles.
Brissus obesus Verrill, sp. nov.
Closely allied to B. columbaris of the West Indies, and B. Scille,
Mediterranean, especially to the latter, from which it differs chiefly in
its proportions (as seen in profile) and the position of the vertex.
The largest specimen is 2 inches long; 1°55 broad; 1°15 high, at the
most elevated point; 1°35 from abactinal center to posterior margin ;
°92 to anterior margin; °65 to end of anterior-lateral ambulacra; *80
to end of posterior; 65 to end of anterior odd one (where crossed by
fasciole) ; sub-anal fasciole °75 broad, ‘25 long; “ plastron” 1°20 long;
‘70 broad at posterior end; mouth °40 broad.
Viewed from above the form is regularly ovate, except the narrower,
posterior end, which is somewhat truncate and slightly emarginate
at the anal area. Distance from abactinal area to posterior end one
and a half times that to anterior end. The abactinal region is small
and searcely depressed. The posterior interambulacrum is elevated
and swollen from its origin to the anal area, and subcarinated be-
tween the posterior ambulacra, causing the latter to appear unusually
sunken. The region in front of the anterior lateral ambulacra is
regularly and pretty uniformly rounded, lacking the flattened, some-
what depressed anterior area seen in B. Sceillce, and bears larger
tubercles than the rest of the test, as in the allied species. The ante-
rior odd ambulacrum is very narrow and scarcely depressed, with
rather indistinct pores. Those of anterior pair are moderately long,
lanceolate, nearly transverse, their ends curving somewhat toward
the anterior end. Posterior-lateral ambulacra longer than anterior
* This species, which has recently been referred to Rhyncopygus by Dr. Liitken, was
the type of the genus Cassidulus when it was first established in the Systeme des
Animaux sans Vertébres, p. 348, 1801. Therefore it seems most proper to restrict the
genus Cassidulus to species like this.
(This name is preoccupied in mollusca. Mr. A. Agassiz has recently united this aud
Pacificus in a new genus, Rhyncholampas, Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 270,—Reprint.)
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 317
(in the ratio of 16 to 15) diverging at a smaller angle than in
B. Scilie. Jn a side view the anterior end has a regularly convex
outline to the abactinal area, which forms a slight depression, from
thence the outline rises gradually to a point about half way to the
posterior end and then curves rapidly downward to the truncate anal
region, which makes more than a right angle with the lower surface.
Subanal region obtuse, high and inflated, very convex; posterior
median region of the “ plastron” inflated, rising into a prominent
point. The sub-anal fasciole is broad, transversely reniform, its longi-
tudinal diameter to its breadth as 1:3. The “plastron” is shield-
shaped, rather broad, a little narrowed posteriorly, its length to
breadth of posterior end as 12:7. Color of test, in alcohol, uni-
form yellowish gray ; of spines, dark gray.
Gulf of California,—E. Samuels (Coll. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. and
Museum Yale College); Cape St. Lucas,—J. Xantus (Coll. Smiths.
Institution).
This species is more liable to be confounded with B. Scille Ag.
than with any other known to me. It may be distinguished readily,
however, by its evenly rounded outline between the anterior margin
and ovarial plates; by its more swollen posterior region, which is
due both to the elevation of the posterior interambulacrum and the
increased convexity, of the sub-anal and ventral areas; by the less
anterior position of the abactinal areas; by the relatively shorter and
broader plastron and sub-anal fasciole; and by the latter being
placed rather upon the posterior than upon the lower surface, while
in Bb, Scille it is more nearly continuous with the plastron.
Meoma nigra Verrill.
Kleinia (fyssobrissus) nigra A. Agassiz, Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 27, 1863.
This large species is closely allied to MW. grandis Gray, from
Australia.
Length four inches ; breadth 3°6 ; height 1:9; length of anterior lat-
eral ambulacra 1:9 ; of posterior 2; length of anal area ‘7 ; breadth °45.
Its outline is broad ovate, somewhat cordate anteriorly, and trun-
cate and slightly emarginate posteriorly. The upper surface is rather
depressed, but not flattened, covered with scattered larger tubercles
and very numerous small ones. The tubercles are largest within the
peripetalous fasciole and beyond it on the posterior interambulacrum.
The anterior ambulacral area is but little sunken, with rudimentary
pores. The anterior-lateral ones are rather broad and deep, curving
forward, especially at the ends. The two posterior are somewhat
318 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
longer, strongly divergent, obtuse at the ends. The posterior inter-
ambulacrum and the lateral pair are about equally swollen, within
the fasciole, but the former is somewhat inflated beyond it, near the
posterior end, which is obliquely truncated, the upper surface project-
ing considerably beyond the lower. The anal area is large, elliptical,
acute above, and occupies the greater part of the truncated poste-
rior end.
The peripetalous fasciole is nearly transverse anteriorly, but forms
two abrupt, angular bends between the anterior and lateral ambula-
era, of which that next to the lateral extends much farther toward
the summit. In the rest of its course it agrees very nearly with that
of M. grandis as figured by Gray.* The sub-anal fasciole is nearly
transverse between the posterior ambulacra; at a distance from the
anal area about equal to the length of the latter, each end bends ob-
liquely upward laterally and becomes irregular and gradually disap-
pears opposite the sides of the anal area and at some distance from it,
without enclosing a sub-anal area. Genital openings four, the two
posterior largest and farthest apart.
Acapulco, Mexico,—A. Agassiz. In exchange from the Museum of
Comparative Zodélogy.t
I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. A. Agassiz for a typical
specimen of this interesting species. It seems to be a true Weoma.
Metalia Gray.
Brissus (subgenus Metalia) Gray, Catalogue of the Recent Echinida of the British
Museum, p. 51, 1855.
Xanthobrissus A. Agassiz, Bulletin M C. Z., p. 28, 1863.
The first division of the genus Brissus, as limited by Dr. Gray,
contained only one species, the B. sternalis Ag. This group, to
which he applied the name JVetalia, he characterized as follows:
“Subanal area heart-shaped, edged by a broad subanal fasciole ; the
disk radiated, striated, with a series of marginal pores, and with a
short fasciole, branched up and edging the sides of the vent; the
hinder part of the peripetalous fasciole slightly bent, but not margined
to the hinder edge of the hinder ambulacra; spines on the side of
the ambulacra larger, elongate.”
This division appears to be perfectly equivalent to Xanthobrissus
A. Agassiz. The type of the latter, IZ Garretii (Ag. sp.), from the
Kingsmills Islands, is closely allied to AZ. sternalis, as I have ascer-
tained by an examination of typical specimens of the former, belong-
* Vatalogue of the Recent Echinida of the British Museum, Part 1, pl. 5, fig. 2, 1855.
+ More recently sent by J. Pedersen from La Paz,—Reprint.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 319
ing to the Boston Society of Natural History and the Essex Institute,
received from the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy. Whether it be
really distinct can be ascertained only by an actual comparison of
authentic specimens of each, the descriptions of IZ. sternalis not being
sufficient to distinguish it from M. Garretii.
Metalia nobilis Verrill, sp. nov.
Test depressed above, most elevated at the abactinal pole and upper
part of posterior interambulacrum; anterior end arched ; posterior
end obliquely truncated; lower surface but little convex. In a view
from above the form is very broad oval, the anterior end a little emargi
nate, the posterior truncate, but prominent.
Extreme length 4°5 inches; breadth 4; height 2°2; from abactinal
pole to anterior end 2; to posterior end 3°1; to end of anterior am-
bulacral rays 1:7; to end of posterior 1°92; to peripetalous fasciole
in-posterior interambulacrum 1°5; in lateral interambulacra 1:3; in
anterior ambulacrum 1:7 ; length of anal area °62 ; breadth ‘52; length
of subanal fasciole -88; breadth 1°35; from anal area to fasciole °25;
mouth to subanal fasciole 2°45; breadth of plastron 1:25; length
of spines of lower surface ‘55; of upper surface bordering ambula-
cra °22.
The anterior ambulacrum is but slightly sunken; the lateral ones
in deep grooves, nearly uniform in width; the anterior pair nearly
straight ; the posterior curving slightly outward. The lateral and
posterior interambulacra are convex within the peripetalous fasciole,
but beyond this the latter is suddenly depressed, causing a slightly
concave place, behind which it is slightly convex, and slopes gradu-
ally to the posterior end. The peripetalous fasciole is nearly trans-
verse in front, bending upward for a short distance, nearly at a right
angle, about at the middle of the anterior-lateral interambulacra, and
then turning back again at a similar angle, passes close by the end of
the ambulacral rays. In tie lateral and posterior interambulacra it
bends but slightly upward, and does not margin the ambulacra. The
sub-anal fasciole is rather large, broader than long, broad heart-
shaped, the lower end terminating in a slight point, the lower sides
rounded to the extreme lateral lobes; the upper or posterior side
with a straight line in the middle, and slightly concave ones running
to the lateral lobes. From each end of the straight, posterior part a
narrow fasciole passes outward and upward in a broad curve and
terminates about opposite the middle of the anal area. The anal
area is broad-oval, longer than broad. The plastron is elliptical, but
little convex, the most prominent points being at the posterior
TRANS. CONNECTICUT ACAD., VOL. I. 41 JUNE, 1867.
320 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
end, where the subanal fasciole crosses it, and at the mouth. Pores
around the mouth large, in five conspicuous rays. The spines are
long and slender on the lower surface, short and fine above, except
on the borders of the ambulacra and within the fasciole, where the
tubercles are considerably larger.
Color of test dark ash-brown, a yellowish white line or narrow
band passing from the ambulacral petals or rays to the outer margin,
along each border of the ambulacral zones. Color of spines very
dark gray, or blackish.
A small specimen from Cape St. Lucas is 1°55 inches long; 1-4
broad ; °88 high; from center to end of anterior ambulacral rays °52;
of posterior 57; width of latter +12; center to anterior end 1:7;
to posterior end 1:3; Jength of area within subanal fasciole °4;
breadth 45.
In form this agrees nearly with the large specimen, exeept that the
posterior interambulacral region is depressed within the peripetalous
fasciole and the lower surface is more convex, the plastron being
subcarinated and most prominent in the middle. The anterior, odd
ambulacrum is scarcely depressed below the general surface.
The form of the peripetalous fasciole is the same as in the large
specimen. Color of test and spines, in alcohol, is white, the spines
transparent.
Panama Bay, dredged in 6 to 8 fathoms, shelly bottom,—F. H.
Bradley. Cape St. Lucas,—J. Xantus (Coll. Smithsonian Inst.).
This species is allied to WZ. Gurretii of the Kingsmills Islands, but
the latter differs in having a more elevated and convex form, espe-
cially posteriorly ; in having the anterior end high and abruptly de-
scending, with the imperfect ambulacrum in a deeper groove; in
having relatively shorter and broader ambulacral rays, which are not
so uniform in width, and the posterior ones more curved; in the
form of the anal area, which is pointed below, instead of rounded ;
in the subanal fasciole, which is smaller, narrower, and more rounded,
being about as long as broad. The peripetalous fasciole bends up in
an abrupt angle in the lateral interambulacra, instead of crossing in
a broad, slightly concave curve.
Agassizia ovulum Liitken, Vidensk. Medd., p. 134, tab. TI, fig. 8, 1864.
Mr. Bradley sent one specimen of this species, found on the beach
at Panama. Dr. Liitken’s specimens came from Boccones, Central
America.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 321
Order, HOLOTHURIOIDEA.
A large number of Holothurians, representing numerous species,
from Panama, San Salvador, ete., were collected by Mr. Bradley.
But since it is very difficult to properly characterize animals of this
order from specimens preserved in alcohol, most of these species are
here omitted. The Holothurians of other localities have, also, been
so imperfectly described that descriptions of those of this region
wonld at present afford but little additional evidence upon questions
of Geographical Distribution.
Most of the species in the collection belong to the restricted genus
Holothuria, and allied genera, having twenty peltate tentacles.
Two of the more interesting and unusual forms are described below.
It is to be hoped that examinations of the living animals will soon
afford material for completing the descriptions of these, as well as of
the remaining species.
Pentacta Panamensis Verrill, sp. nov.
Body somewhat fusiform, pentagonal, the angles prominent, both
ends turned upward. Length, in alcohol, 1-4; diameter at middle
28. Suckers not entirely retractile, arranged along the angles. In
the three lower ambulacra there are two alternating rows on each
angle, along the middle of the body, but toward each end they
become more distant, smaller, and form but a single row; on the two
ambulacra of the upper side they are less numerous and form a single
row along the whole length of the body. The suckers are stiff at
the lower part, and filled with calcareous grains; the ends are soft
and extensible, with well developed disks. The interambulacral
zones are smooth and without papille; the skin thin, coriaceous»
filled with very numerous, minute, calcareous grains or plates. The
anal opening is surrounded by ten small papille. Tentacles ten, the
two lower ones much the shortest, all arborescently branched, the
numerous ultimate divisions forming, in contraction, clusters of small
rounded papille on the branches.
Color, in alcohol, grayish brown, the tentacles yellowish brown.
Panama,—F. H. Bradley, one specimen.
The extensive group of Holothurians referred to Pentacta by some
authors, and by others to Cucwmaria, appears to include several dis-
tinct generic types. The present species is closely allied to P. pen-
tactes Jeg., of Europe, properly the type of the genus Pentacta,
which should, therefore, be restricted to those species which have a
pentagonal form, with suckers confined to the angles, and smooth
322 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
interambulacra. Inthe same manner Cucumaria may be restricted to
the group having C. frondosa as its type. In these the form is more
swollen and rounded; the suckers wholly retractile, in five zones ;
the interambulacral zones provided with few scattered papille.
Anaperus Peruanus Troschel, Wieg. Arch. xii, p. 61, 1846.*
Holothuria peruviana Lesson, Cent. Zool., pl. 46, p. 124.
Thyone peruana Selenka, Zeitschrift fir Wissenschaft. Zoologie, 1867, p. 354.
Several large examples of this species were obtained by Mr. Brad-
ley both at Paita and Callao, Peru.
This species may be regarded as the type of the genus Anaperus
of Troschel, it being the first species mentioned by him. It is allied
to A. Briareus (A. Carolina Tr.) from the Carolina coast, Long Isl.
Sound, ete.
Lissothuria Verrill. gen. nov.
Allied to Psolus, but having the upper surface of the body covered
with a soft, smooth skin in which are imbedded minute perforated
plates. Lower surface flat, with three broad rows of crowded suckers,
Anal area elevated, the opening surrounded by calcareous papille.
Tentacles ten, arborescently branched, the two lower ones smallest.
Lissothuria ornata Verrill, sp. nov.
Body elongated, depressed, the flat lower surface broad; the ante-
rior end elevated; the ana! area near the high posterior end, little
elevated above the surface of the back. Length 2:1; breadth :85;
height 35; length of lower surface 1:7; breadth °85.
The anterior end, bearing the tentacles, rises considerably above
the level of the back, and where it joins the naked part below the
tentacles there is a ring of calcareous plates, with pointed ends, and
on the upper side four, elongated, flexible papille rising from enlarged
bases having calcareous grains, apparently corresponding to four of
the ambulacra. The tentacles are arborescently branched, not large,
the subdivisions in contraction forming a rounded cluster, on a stout
pedunculated base. Anal region conical, opening posteriorly. Suck-
ers of the lower surface small and very numerous, crowded, six or
eight series in each ambulacrum. The skin above is soft, but filled
with minute calcareous grains and fewer, somewhat larger, perforated
ones.
Color, in alcohol, light purple, whitish beneath, disk purple, with a
yellowish white ring around the mouth; tentacles purple at base, the
subdivisions yellowish.
Panama, one specimen,—F. H. Bradley.
* This belongs to the genus Pattalus (see page 376),—Reprint.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 323
No. 3. On the Geographical Distribution of the Echinoderms of the
West Coast of America.
Published July, 1867.
Although a large proportion of the Echinoderms inhabiting this
coast were long since described, very little has been done toward the
study of their distribution, and comparisons with the Echinoderm
Faune of other regions.
It is certain that our knowledge of the species inhabiting the vari-
ous districts upon this coast is still quite imperfect, for even the col-
lection of Mr. Bradley contains several undescribed species from
Panama, which was the region previously best known. But since the
collections which he has made, and those made by Mr. J. Xantus at
Cape St. Lucas, have contributed a large amount of new and authen-
tic materials for such investigations, it is thought proper to introduce
here a brief account of what is already known concerning this inter-
esting and important subject.
The distribution of the species of the West Coast of America
should be studied with reference to several questions :—
First.—To ascertain the range of each species along the coast, both
geographically and in the depth.
Second.—To ascertain the extent and boundaries of the several
faunze, which occupy the coast.
Third.—To compare these faunz with those of other regions,—espe-
cially the tropical fauna of the West Coast with that of the East
Coast and West Indies, and with that of the Pacific Islands and
East Indies.
Fourth.—To compare the living species with those found fossil in
the Tertiary and more recent formations of the neighboring coasts,
and of the West Indies and Eastern North America.
Very little material is now accessible for the investigation of the
subject included under the fourth head, but since prolific fossiliferous
deposits are known to occur near Aspinwall, as well as along the
western coast of South America,* many important results may be
expected when such localities shall have been fully investigated.
The principal sources of information concerning the existing faunz
of the coast have, hitherto, been the works of Brandt’ for the north-
* A deposit abounding in fossils was examined by Mr. Bradley near Zorritos, Peru,
which is apparently of late Tertiary age, but the collection has not yet been ex-
amined with care. (See vol. ii,—Reprint).
1 Prodromus descriptionis animalium ab H. Mertensio in orbis terrarum circumuavi-
gatione observatorum. Recueil des Actes de la séance publique de l’académie impériale
de St. Petersbourg, 1825.
324 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
ern district; Dr. William Stimpson’ for the Coast of Oregon and
California; D. J. E. Gray,* Dr. Chr. Liitken,’ and Mr. A. Agassiz*®
for the tropical region; Valenciennes’ and Agassiz and Desor’ for
the Galapago Islands and coast of Peru; Philippi’ for the coast of
Chili and southward to the Straits of Magellan, Dr. Liitken has
given lists of all the species of Echini and Starfishes known upon the
whole coast at that time, but numerous discoveries have been made
since the publication of his valuable papers. Mr. Theodore Lyman’
has given a list of all the known Ophiurians, with descriptions of all
the America species which he has personally examined.
From these and other works, and from the collections of the Yale
College Museum, the Smithsonian Institution, the Boston Society of
Natural History, and the Essex Institute, the following lists have
been complied.
Care has been taken not to admit doubtful species, and those ap-
parently without sufficiently authentic localities. The few species
included in the lists of which the localities are questionable or sus-
pected are preceded by a mark of doubt, thus, (?); those that I have
personally studied are marked thus, (!).
List of species found at Sitcha.
ASTERIOIDEA,
Asteropsis imbricata Grube.
Patiria miniata (Asterias miniata Brandt). Extends south to Monterey.
Solaster decemradiatus (Brandt sp.) Stimpson.
Pycnopodia helianthoides (Brandt sp.) Stimpson. Extends to Tomales
Bay, Cal.
2 The Crustacea and Echinodermata af the Pacific Shores of North America. Journal
of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. vi, 1857. Proceedings Bost. Soc. N. H.,
vol. viii, p. 261, 1861.
3 Synopsis of the genera and species of the Class Hypostoma (Asterias Linn.). An-
nals and Magazine of Natural History, vi, 1840. Numerous starfishes from the collec-
tion of Hugh Cuming are briefly described in this paper.
4 Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra den naturhistoriske Forening i Kjébenhavn. Bidrag -
til Kundskab om Ophiurerne ved Central-Amerikas Vestkyst, 1856. Bidrag til Kunds-
kab om de ved Kysterne af Mellem-og Syd-Amerika levende Arter af Sostjerner, 1858.
Bidrag til Kundskab om Hchiniderne, 1864. Kritiske Bemezerkningér om forskjellige
Séstjerner (Asterider), med Beskrivelse af nogle nye Arter, 1864.
5 Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, No. 2, 1863.
§ Voyage autour du Monde sur la frégate la Vénus par Petit-Thouars, Atlas de Zo-
ologie, Zoophytes, 1846.
7 Catalogue raisonné des familles, des genres et des espéces de la classe des Hchino-
dermata. Annales des sciences naturelles, 3™€ serie, Zoologie, t. 6, 7, 8, 1847.
8 Vier neue Echinodermen des Chilenischen Meeres. Archiv fiir Naturgeschichte,
Bd. xxiii, 1857, p. 130.
9 Tllustrated Catalogue of the Mus. Comp. Zodlogy, No. I, 1865.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 325
Asterias ochracea Brandt. Found also at San Francisco and Tomales Bay.
Asterias epichlora Brandt.
EcHINOIDEA.
Dendraster excentricus (Esch. sp.) Ag. From Unalascha to Monterey, Cal.
Buryechinus Drébachiensis V.? (EH. chlorocentrotus Brandt sp.). Mr. A.
Agassiz considers this the same as 4, Drdhachiensis of the North Atlan-
tic. It is found as far south as the Gulf of Georgia.
HoLorHURIOIDEA.
Chirodota discolor Esch.
Leptosynapta verrucosa* (nobis), (Chirodota verrucosum Esch., Zool.
Atlas, Tab. X, fig. 3).
Livsoma Sitchense Brandt.
Psolus Sitcheasis Duj. et Hupé, (Cuvieria Brandt). Whether this be
a true Psoius can be ascertained only by reéxamination,
Pentacta albida (Brandt sp.) Stimp.
P. nigricans (Br. sp.) Stimp.
P. miniata (Br. sp.) Stimp.
Aspidochir Mertensii Branat.
Diploperideris Sitchensis Brandt, (? Holothuria).
Six species included in the above list reach Puget Sound, and five
extend to Tomales Bay and San Francisco. The species now consid-
ered peculiar are chiefly Holothurians and probably many of them
will hereafter be found farther south, while others may prove identi-
cal with the arctic species of the North Atlantic.
List of species found in Puget Sound and along the coast to Cape
Mendocino, Cal.
OPHIUROIDEA.
Ophioglypha Liitkenti Lyman. Puget Sound.
Ophiopholis Kennerleyi Lyman! Puget Sound; Dungenes, Or. (Yale
Mus.) ; Mendocino.
Amphiura Pugetana Lyman. Puget Sound and Mendocino,
A, occidentalis Lym. Puget Sound to Monterey, Cal.
A, urtica Lym, Puget Sound.
Astrophyton sp. (? A. Crayi Lym.). Puget Sound (Dr. Stimpson),
* Under the generic name, Leptosynapta, I propose to separate from the typical spe-
cies of Synapta (S. mammiilosa Esch.), such species as S. tenuis Ayres of New England,
and S. inherens of Europe. These are distinguished by their more slender form, the
absence of prominent verruce, fewer (12), shorter and more digitate tentacles, ete. L.
tenuis may be regarded as the type. Eschscholtz himself referred such species to his
genus Chirodotu, from the typical species of which they differ in having minute cal-
cireous hooks in the skin for adhesion. The typical species of Synapta have fifteen
tentacles, and prominent verrucze.
326 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
ASTERIOIDEA.
Mediaster equalis Stimp. Puget Sound to San Francisco.
Patiria miniata (Brandt sp.). Sitcha to Isl. San Miguel.*
Cribrella leviuscula (Linckia leviascula Stimp.). Puget Sound; Dungenes,
Oregon (Coll. Yale Mus.).
Pycnopodia helianthoides Stimp.
Asterias epichlora Brandt. Puget Sound (Stimpson) ; mouth of Columbia
River (A, Katherine Gray).
A, ochracea Brandt.
A conferta Stimpson. Puget Sound.
A, fissispina Stimp. Shoalwater Bay, Oregon.
A, Lutkenii Stimp. Oregon.
A, paucispina Stimp. Puget Sound.
A, Troschelii Stimp. Puget Sound.
A, hexactis Stimp. Puget Sound.
EcHINOIDEA.
Dendraster eacentricus Agassiz.
Euryechinus Drébrachiensis Verrill, (?) (EZ. chlorocentrotus Brandt). Gulf
of Georgia; Vancouver's Island.
HoLoruvuRiorpak.
Pentacta piperata Stimp. Puget Sound.
P. populifera Stimp. Puget Sound,
P.albida Stimp. California (Selenka).
P. quinquesemita (Selenka sp.) Mendocino.
Synapta albicans Sel. Mendocino.
Of the 25 species in this list, 16 have not been recorded from south
of Mendocino; and 18 are not known north of Puget Sound; 15, so
far as yet known, are peculiar to this district.
List of species found between Cape Mendocino and San Diego, Cal.
OPHIUROIDEA.
Ophiopholis Caryi Lym. San Francisco.
Amphiura occidentalis Lym. Monterey and northward.
Ophiothrix dumosa Lyman, San Diego, Cal.
Astrophyton Caryi Lym. San Francisco.
ASTERIOIDEA.
Mediaster equalis Stimp. San Francisco,
Patiria miniata (Brandt sp.). Tomales (or Bodega) Bay; San Fran-
cisco; Isl. San Miguel.
* This Island is one of the most northern of the Santa Barbara group.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 327
Pycnopodia helianthoides Stimp., Tomales Bay.
Asterias gigantea Stimp., Tomales Bay.
A, brevispina Stimp., San Francisco (10 fathoms, sandy bottom).
A, ochracea Brandt, San Francisco at‘low water! Tomales Bay ! northward.
A, capitata Stimp., San Diego, Cal.
A. equalis Stimp., Monterey, Cal.
EcHINOIDEA.
Dendraster excentricus Ag., from Monterey northward!
Loxechinus purpuratus A. Ag., San Francisco, on rocks at low-water!
Toxopneustes Franciscana (Toxocidaris franciscana A.Ag.), S. Francisco!
HoLoruHuRIoIDEA.
Liosoma arenicola Stimp., San Pedro, Cal.
2 Cucumaria frondosa By., San Francisco.
Holothuria Californica Stimp., Tomales Bay.
Of the 18 species in this list, 10 do not appear to have been, as yet,
found north of Tomales Bay, while 6 extend northward to Puget
Sound. <Astrophyton Caryi may, also, prove to be the same species as
the one indicated from Puget Sound. “ Cucumaria frondosa” may
prove identical with one of the species from Sitcha, described by
Brandt, but if correctly identified it is a true circumpolar species and
must be supposed to exist along the whole coast northward from San
Francisco. Two species have not been found north of San Diego.
None of the species in the above list have been found at Cape St.
Lucas, except Ophiothrix dumosa.
Concerning the Echinoderms found between San Diego and Marga-
rita Bay, Lower California, we have no information whatever.
The special localities of the following species are unknown. It is
quite probable that some of them belong to the fauna of Lower Cali-
fornia.
Chetaster Californicus Grube, “ California.”
Cidaris Dane Ag., California (Ag. and Des. Catal.).
Astriclypeus Mannii Verrill, West Coast of America (?)*
List of species found at Margarita Bay and Cape St. Lucas.
OPHIUROIDEA.
Ophiura Panamesis Lyman.
O. teres Lyman.
Ophiocoma ethiops Liitken.
O, Alewandri Lyman.
Ophiactis virescens Liitken.
* Dr. F. H. Troschel gives Yokohama, Japan, as the locality of this species, —Reprint.
Trans. CONNECTICUT AcAD., Vou. I. 42 JULY, 1867,
328 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Ophionereis Xantusii Lyman, Cape St. Lucas.
O. annulata Lyman.
Ophiothrix spiculata LeC.,
O. dumosa Lyman, Cape St. Lucas, San Diego, Guayamas.
ASTERIOIDEA.
Astropecten Orstedii Liitken !
Nidorellia armata Gray !
Oreaster occidentalis Verrill, Cape St. Lucas and Panama!
Linckia unifascialis Gray !
Do. var. bifascialis Gray !
Ophidiaster pyramidatus Gray !
Heliaster microbrachia Xantus, Cape St. Lucas and Panama.
H, Kubiniyi Xantus! Cape St. Lucas.
Asterias sertulifera Xantus, Cape St. Lucas.
EcHINOIDEA.
Cidaris Thouarsti Val.!
Diadema Mexicana A. Ag., Cape st. Lucas and Acapulco !
Echinodiadema coronata Verrill, Cape St. Lucas!
Echinocidaris stellata Agassiz, Margarita Bay ! Cape St. Lucas ! Guayamas,
and south to Paita, Peru !
Psammechinus pictus Vervill, Cape St. Lucas.
Echinometra Van Brunti A. Ag., Cape St. Lucas and Acapulco !
Encope sp.*
Pygorhynchus Pacificus Ag., Cape St. Lucas and Acapulco!
Metalia nobilis Verrill, Cape St. Lucas and Panama!
Brissus obesus Verrill, Cape St. Lucas and Gulf of California!
Species given in this list without special localities extend as far
southward as Panama or beyond. Of the 27 species here recorded,
17 reached Panama; 3 have been found elsewhere only at Acapulco ;
2 only at Cape St. Lucas and in the Gulf of California ; and 5 have, as
yet, been recorded only from Cape St. Lucas. The only species known
to me from Margarita Bay is Echinocidaris stellata, which has also
the most extensive range southward, Ophiothrix dumosa, alone, is
included both in this and the preceding list.
List of species found at Acapulco, Mazatlan, and in the Gulf of
California.
OPHIUROIDEA.
Ophiura Panamensis Lym., Acapulco and southward !
O. teres Lym., Acapulco and southward !
* Since described as Encope Californica V. Common at La Paz, J. Pedersen,—Reprint.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 329
Ophiocoma ethiops Liitk., Acapulco and southward !
O. Alexandri Lym., Acapulco and southward !
Ophiothriz dumosa Lym., Guayamas to San Diego.
ASTERIOIDEA.
Nidorellia armata Gray, Guayamas! (Bost. Soc. N. H.)
Linckia unifascialis Gray, Acapulco and southward!
Heliaster sp.=(H. Kubinii 7). Acapulco and Mazatlan. Dr. Stimpson
records H. helianthus from Mazatlan, but this is probably an erroneous
identification,
EcHINOIDEA.
Diadema Mexicana A. Ag., Acapulco! Cape St. Lucas !
Echinocidaris stellata Ag., Guayamas and southward !
Lytechinus roseus Verrill, Acapulco and Panama!
Tripneustes depressus A, Ag., Guayamas! La Paz!
Toxopneustes sp. (Toxocidaris mexicana A. Ag.), Acapulco.
Echinometra VanBrunti A. Ag., Acapulco! and Cape St. Lucas!
Stoloniclypeus rotundus A. Ag., Acapulco (A. Ag.), Panama!
Encope grandis A g., Head of the Gulf of California!
Pygorhynchus Pacificus Ag., Acapulco and Cape St. Lucas!
(2) Mera clotho Mich., Mazatlan.
Lovenia sp., Gulf of California!
Meoma nigra Verrill, Acapulco |
HoLoruuRiorEa.
Stichopus Kefersteini Selenka. Acapulco.
Holothuria lubrica Selenka. Acapulco.
Stolus ovulum Selenka. Acapulco.
This list, which is doubtless very imperfect,* includes 23 species, of
which 9 are found also at Panama; 5 are found at Cape St. Lucas ;
the remaining 9 are, so far as known, peculiar to this district, but
future researches will probably reduce the number, since the coast of
Mexico and Central America has been little explored.
List of species of the West Coast of Central America und the Bay
of Panama.
OPHIUROIDEA.
Astrophyton Panamense Verrill, Panama and Zorritos, Peru !
Ophiura teres Lyman, Cape St. Lucas to Panama!
O. Panamensis Lym., Cape St. Lucas to Panama !
O. variegata Lym., Realejo and Panama!
O. Daniana Vervill, La Union!
a
* Many additional species have recently been sent from La Paz by J. Pedersen,
lists of which will be found in articles 5 and 8,—Reprint.
330 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
O. sp. nov. (see page 270), Panama!
Ophiolepis variegata Liitk., La Union! Realejo. Panama!
Ophiozona Pacifica Lym., Punta Arenas. Panama!
Ophiocoma ethiops Liitk., Cape St. Lucas to Panama!
O. Alexandri Lym., Cape St. Lucas to Panama!
Ophionereis annulata Lym., Cape St. Lucas to Panama!
Ophiocnida hispida Lym., Panama!
Ophiostigma tenue Liitk., Realejo.
Amphiura geminata Liitk., Panama!
A. violacea Liitk., Realejo. ? Panama!
A, Puntarene Liitk., Punta Arenas. Panama!
A. microdiscus Liitk., Punta Arenas.
A. Orstedii Liitk., Punta Arenas.
Ophiophragmus marginatus Lym., Realejo.
Hemipholis gracilis Verrill, Panama!
Ophiactis virescens Liitk., Punta Arenas, Panama!
O. simplex Liitk., Nicaragua. Panama!
(7) O. Orstediit Liitk., Punta Arenas.
O. arenosa Liitk., Punta Arenas. Realejo. ? Panama!
Ophiothrix spiculata LeC., Cape St. Lucas to Zorritos, Peru!
Ophiothela mirabilis Verrill, Panama !
Ophiomyxa sp., Punta Arenas (Liitken).
ASTERIOIDEA.
Luidia tessellata Liitk., Acajutla to Panama!
(?) Petalaster Columbie Gray, San Blas.
Astropecten fragilis Verrill, Panama and Zorritos !
A, regalis Gray, San Salvador! Panama! San Blas.
A, Orstedii Liitk.,* Cape St. Lucas to Panama!
Patiria obtusa Gray, Panama!
Asteriscus modestus Verrill, Panama!
Gymnasteria spinosa Gray, Panama.
G. inermis Gray, Panama.
Nidorellia armata Gray, Guayamas to Zorritos!
Oreaster occidentalis Verrill, Cape St. Lucas and Panama!
Linckia unifascialis Gray, Cape St. Lucas to Zorritos !
Ophidiaster pyramidatus Gray, sane range as last!
Mithrodia Bradley Verrill, Panama!
* A typical specimen of this species received from Dr. Litken, while agreeing in
most characters with those described in the preceding article (page 274), differs in hay-
ing much smaller and shorter spines both above and below, the inner row on the upper
marginal plates not reaching beyond the seventh or eighth plate, and in having the ter-
minal papillee of the paxillze considerably finer, while the paxille are also smaller and
shorter. This specimen being somewhat smaller (greater radii 215 inches), these differ-
ences may be due to age.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 331
Echinaster aculeatus (Gray, sp.) Liitk., Guacomajo.
Heliaster microbrachia Xantus, Cape St. Lucas and Panama!
EcuInoIpEa.
Cidaris Thowarsii Val., Cape St. Lucas to Panama! Galapagos.
Astropyga venusta Verrill, Panama.
Echinocidaris stellata Ag., Guayamas to Zorritos and Paita!
Lytechinus roseus Verrill, Acapuleo and Panama!
Echinometra rupicola A. Ag., Acajutla and La Union to Zorritos!
Encope occidentalis Verrill, Panama and Zorritos! Galapagos.
Echinoglycus Stokesit Gray, Punta Arenas! Panama! Galapagos.
Mellita longifissa Mich., Panama, A. Ag.*
Stoloniclypeus rotundus A. Ag., Acapulco. Boecones. Panama!
Metalia nobilis Verrill, Cape St. Lucas and Panama!
Agassizia ovulum Liitk., Boccones. Panama!
HOoLoTHURIOIDEA.
Holothuria languens Selenka. Panama.
H. subditiva Sel., ‘* Panama (Florida ?).”
(?) H. glaberrima Sel., Panama, West Indies.
(?) H. botellus Sel., Panama, also Florida, Sandwich Is., Zanzibar, ete.
(Selenka).
Pentacta Panamensis Verrill, Panama!
Lissothuria ornata Verrill, Panama!
Stolus gibber Sel., Panama.
The above list includes 61 species, of which 6 are known to extend
from Cape St. Lucas to Zorritos, Peru, and one of these even from
Guayamas to Paita; 36 species range from Panama northward along
the Coast of Central America; 12 at least, extend from Panama
southward to Ecuador and northern Peru, but this number will, doubt-
less, be greatly increased by farther explorations, for only two Ophiu-
rians are known to me from the region between Panama Bay and
Paita. 15 species are, as yet, known only from Panama Bay ;+ and 9
have been found only on the coast of Central America.
These figures must be taken only as an indication of the present
state of our knowledge of this fauna,—not as representing the actual
condition, for it must be remembered that while the Echinoderms
have as yet been but partially collected at any point, the collections
from Panama have been most complete, but those from Central Amer-
ica have also been much more so than those made south of Panama.
The Holothurians, considered by Selenka as common to Panama
and the West Indies, or the Indian Ocean, need reéxamination, from
* This species with Hncope occidentalis and Kchinometra rupicola were collected at
Corinto, Nic., by J. A. McNiel.—Reprint.
+ This number has since been reduced to 9,—Reprint.
332 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
authentic specimens, before all doubt can be removed concerning these
conclusions, which are at variance with the distribution of the other
Echinoderms.
List of Species from the West Coast of Heuador and southern part
of New Granada.
OPHIUROIDEA.
Astrophyton Panamense Vervrill, Zorritos and northward !
Ophiothriz spiculata LeC. This and the preceding are introduced here
because found both at Panama and Zorritos.
ASTERIOIDEA.
Luidia Bellone Liitk., Guayaquil (Liitk.). Callao! (Yale Mus.).
Astropecten armatus Gray, (now Mill. and Tr.), Puerto Portrero.
A, erinaceus Gray, Punta Santa Elena.
A, fragilis Vervill, Zorritos and northward! (Yale Mus.).
Paulia horrida Gray, Puerto Portrero.
Nidorellia armata Gray, Punta Santa Elena,
Oreaster Cumingit (Gray sp.) Liitk., Punta Santa Elena.
Ophidiaster pyramidatus Gray, Bay of Caraccas.
Linckia unifascialis Gray, oo ts
L. Columbie Gray, West coast of Columbia.
Cistina Columbie Gray, v6 g
Dactylosaster gracilis Gray, West coast of Columbia.
Ferdina Cumingii Gray. io x se
(2) Acanthaster Hllisit (Echiniaster Hllisii Gray), “ South America.”
EcuINOIDEA.
Echinocidaris stellata Ag., Paita and northward !
Echinometra rupicola A. Ag., Zorritos and northward !
Echinoglycus Stokesii Gray, Guayaquil aul northward !
Encope occidentalis Vernill, Zorritos and northward !
The Asterioidea in the above list are inserted upon the authority
of Dr. Gray, from the collection of H. Cuming, unless otherwise indi-
eated. The Echinoidea, although mostly unrecorded from this region,
are found beyond it upon both sides and are, therefore, inserted here.
The Ophiurans and Holothurians are almost unknown. Of the 20
species enumerated, 10 are found at Panama; 2 are doubtful imhabit-
ants of this district, and the remaining 8, unless some of. them be
synonymous with Panama species, are still known only from this coast.
These peculiar species, which are all Asterioidea, were mostly obtained
by Mr. Cuming by dredging, and may hereafter be found by similar
search at Panama.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 333
List of Species found at Zorritos, Peru.*
OPHIUROIDEA.
Astrophyton Panamense Verrill!
Ophiothrix spiculata LeC. !
ASTERIOIDEA,
Astropecten fragilis Verrill !
Nidorellia armata Gray !
Linckia unifascialis Gray !
Ophidiaster pyramidatus Gray!
Heliaster Cumingii Gray, Zorritos! Paita! Galapagos.
EcuINoIpEA.
Echinocidaris stellata Ag.!
Echinometra rupicola A. Ag.!
Mellita Pacifica Verrill !
Encope occidentalis Verrill !
Of the 11 species in this list, 9 are found as far north as Panama,
or beyond,—5 even occurring at Cape St. Lucas.t Mellita Pacifica
is not yet known elsewhere; Heliaster Cumingii and Echinocidaris
stellata are also found at Paita. All the species of this list are in the
Museum of Yale College.
List of species recorded from the Galapago Islands.
ASTERIOIDEA.
(7) Culcita Schmideliana Gray, ‘ Lord Hood’s Island on Reefs, H. Cum-
ing” (Gray).
Heliaster Cumingii Gray, “ Hood’s Island” (Gray).
H, multiradiata Gray, “ Hood’s Island ” (Gray).
(2) Acanthaster Hllisii Gray. Stilifer astericola Brod., is recorded as
parasitic in “ Asterias solaris” from Lord Hood’s Island, Gal., Proc.
Zo6]. Soc. London, 1832, p. 60.
EcuHINoIDEA.
Cidaris Thouarsti Val., Panama! ete.
Echinocidaris stellata Ag., Panama! ete.
(7) Lytechinus semituberculatus Val., (2 L. roseus).
(2) Huryechinus imbecillis Verrill, (Hchinus gibbosus Val.).
Anthocidaris homalostoma (Val. sp.) Liitk.
Temnopleurus botryoides Ag.
Amblypneustes pallidus Ag.
A, formosus Val.
* Zorritos is situated 25 miles south of Tumbes, Peru.
+ Eight of these species are found at La Paz,—Reprint.
334 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Echinoglycus Stokesit Gray, Panama! ete.
Encope occidentalis Verrill, Panama! ete.
In this list are 14 species, of which 6 do not appear to have been
found on the American coast, and three others are doubtful; 4 occur
at Panama, and are species of wide range along the coast, while He-
liaster Cumingii is found at Zorritos and Paita. “Echinus gibbosus,”
if correctly identified, occurs also at Paita and Callao.
This list, though very incomplete, indicates that the Echinoderm
fauna of the Galapagos is of a mixed character, having the closest
relations with that of Panama Bay, but at the same time including
species belonging to the more temperate waters of Peru, and a large
proportion that are peculiar to the group. Most of the peculiar spe-
cies resemble Pacific and East Indian forms rather than American.
Such are the species of Amblypneustes, Temnopleurus, Culcita,—
genera which have not been found upon either the East or West coast
of America, On the contrary, Heliuster, Echinocidaris, Lytechinus,
Echinoglycus, Encope are very characteristic American genera.
List of species found on the coast of Peru, at Paita and southward.
OPHIURIOIDEA.
Ophiactis Kroyer? Liitk., Callao!
Ophiothrix magnifica Lym., Peru (Lyman). Paita!
ASTERIOIDEA.
Luidia Bellone Liitk., Callao! (Yale Museum).
Astropecten Peruanus Verrill, Paita!
Asteriscus (Patiria) Chilensis Liitk., Callao! (Yale Mus.). Valparaiso !
(Liitken).
Stichaster aurantiacus V.(Meyen sp.), Callao! Valparaiso (Gray), Chili
(M. and Tr.).
Heliaster helianthus Gray, Paita and Callao! Caldera, Chili! Valparaiso.
H, Cumingii Gray, Paita and Zorritos!
EcuHINOIDEA.
Echinocidaris stellata Ag., Paita and northward!
E. spatuligera Ag., Paita and Callao! Coquimbo (Ag. and Des.).
Arbacia nigra Gray, Paita and Callao to Caldera, Chili! Coquimbo.
(2) A. grandinosa (Val. sp ), Peru, Carthagenia, (Ag. and Des.).
Lozechinus albus Ag. and Des., Mejillones! Callao to Chili (Ag. and Des.).
Euryechinus imbecillis Verrill, Paita and Callao!
Boletia viridis Verrill, Callao !*
Agassizia scrobiculata Val., Peru (Ag. and Des).
* Probably from New Zealand, see footnote, p. 304,—Reprint.
hae
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 335
HoLoTuHuRioIpEFa.
Anaperus Peruanus Trosch.,Paita and Callao !(=Pattalus PeruvianusV.).
Pentacta sp., Paita!
In this list are 18 species, of which only 3 have been recorded from
north of Cape Blanco, and two of these apparently find their south-
ern limit at Paita; 2 are known only from Paita, and 2 from Callao.
Six of the species extend southward to northern Chili, and several
even to Valparaiso.
List of species from the coast of Chili.
OPHIURIOIDEA.
Astrophyton Chilense Phil., Chili.
Ophiolepis Atacamensis Phil., Isla Blanea, Chili.
Ophiactis asperula Liitk., Chili, Isle of Philoe.
Amphiura Chilensis Liitk., Chili.
ASTERIOIDEA.
Goniodiscus verrucosus Phil., Chili, Valparaiso and Rio Maipu.
G. singularis Mill. and Tr., Chili.
Astrogonium Fonki Phil., Chili.
Asteriscus (Patiria) Chilensis Liitk., Valparaiso and northward !
Feliaster helianthus Gray, Valparaiso and northward.
Stichaster auranticus V. (Meyen sp.), Valparaiso and northward.
Asterias gelatinosa Meyen (A. rustica Gray), Valparaiso.
Asterias echinata Gray, Valparaiso. Perhaps identical with one of the
following.
Asterias Germanii nobis (Philippi sp.), Chili.
Asterias lurida nobis (Philippi sp.), Chil.
EcHINOIDEA.
Echinocidaris spatuligera Ag. and Des., Coquimbo and northward.
Arbacia nigra Gray, Coquimbo and northward.
Loxechinus albus Ag. and Des., Chili northward to Callao,
Anthocidaris erythrogramma (Val. sp.) Ltitk., Chili, Ag. and Des.
Colobocentrotus pediferus Ag., Valparaiso !
Of the 19 species in this list, 6 occur also on the coast of Peru,
at Callao or farther north. The remaining species are peculiar to
the district so far as known. It is probable that northern Chili, per-
haps as far as Valparaiso, belongs to the Peruvian Fanua, while the
shores of southern Chili, and Patagonia, are inhabited by a distinct
Fauna. The absence of exact localities for many of the species pre-
vents a satisfactory solution of this question.
TRaNs. ConnECTICUT AcaD., VOL. I. 43 JUNE, 1867.
336 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
List of species from the Southern extremity of South America, and
the neighboring Islands.
ASTERIOIDEA.
Ganeria Falklandica Gray, Falkland Islands.
Asterias antarctica (Liitk. sp.), Straits of Magellan.
Asterias rugispina Stimp., Orange Harbor, Terra del Fuego.
ECHINOIDEA.
Echinocidaris Scythei Phil., Straits of Magellan.
Echinus Magellanicus Phil., Straits of Magellan.
Abatus australis (Phil. sp.) Trosch., South America, Statten Land.
A, cavernosus (Phil. sp.) Trosch., Statten Land,
A. antarcticus (Gray sp.) Liitk., South Polar Seas.
Tripylus excavatus Phil., Southern extremity of South America.
(2) Z. Philippii Gray, South America.
Ho.LoTuHurRIoIDEA.
Lepidopsolus? antarcticus (Cuvierta antarctica Phil.), Straits of Magellan.
An analysis of the preceding lists shows that the distribution
of Echinoderms on the West coast of America agrees very nearly
with that of the Crustacea, as determined by Prof. Dana;* with that
of Mollusca, as elucidated by Carpenter ;+ and with the general facts
determined for the Fishes, Mollusca and Radiata by Forbes.{ But
at the same time there are some disagreements in subordinate points
which demand attention, and additional evidences are obtained con-
cerning the actual limits of the several faune.
The comparatively small number of species of Echinoderms and
the definiteness of their characters, except among Holothurians, ren-
ders this class well adapted to illustrate the faunal divisions, while
the localities for the species described from these coasts are generally
more authentic than in many other regions.
The faunal divisions, indicated by the information already in our
possession, are as follows:
Tuer Srrcu1an Province.—This fauna was believed by Forbes to
extend southward to Oregon, including Puget Sound, while by Dana
the latter region was named as a distinct region, the Pugettian Proy-
ince. The Echinoderms now known indicate that in this class Puget
Sound agrees nearly with the fauna of Oregon. The limits of the
Sitchian fauna are not yet known. To the north it appears to pass
into the Arctic, or Circumpolar Fauna, while several of the arctic
* Report upon the Crustacea of the U. 8. Expl. Exp., by J. D. Dana, 1852.
+ Report of the British Association, 1856.
+ Johnston’s Physical Atlas, p. 99, Pl. 31, 1856.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 337
species have a range even southward of this fauna to the coast of
Oregon. It apparently corresponds to the Syrtensian Fauna of Pack-
ard,* on the Atlantic coast of America.
Tae OruGontan Province.—This division includes Puget Sound,
in part at least, and the Coast of Oregon, extending to Cape Mendo-
cino, Cal. It appears to be the western representative of the Acadian
Fauna on the northeast coast of America. This is not equivalent to
the Oregonian Province of Forbes, which extended from Columbia
River to San Diego, including, therefore, this and the following.
Tue Cattrorntan Province.—This occupies the coast from Cape
Mendocino to Santa Barbara, and perhaps farther southward, and in-
cludes the Santa Barbara Islands, corresponding therefore with the
limits assigned by Dana, while later this name was applied by
Forbes to the fauna occupying the coast of the peninsula of Lower
California.
It appears to represent the Virginian Fauna of the Atlantic coast.
Many species are common to this and the Oregonian, while a large
per cent, so far as now known, are peculiar to each. Numerous rep-
resentatives of the genus Asterias give a peculiar character to both;
and the genus Dendraster is not known elsewhere, except in the Sit-
chian Fauna. Loxechinus purpuratus and Toxopneustes Franciscana
are peculiar and characteristic species of the Californian Province.
The Diego, and the Sonora Provinces, indicated by Prof. Dana, are
almost unexplored for their Echinoderms. The former extends, ac-
cording to Dana, from latitude 283° to 343°, and the latter occupies
the coast southward along the peninsula of Lower California, nearly
to Margarita Bay. It is probable that some of the species described
as from “ California” belong to this almost unexplored region.
Tur Panamian Province.—This includes the Gulf of California,
and on the coast extends from Margarita Bay, Cal., to Cape Blanco,
Peru. It corresponds with Dana’s Tropical Sub-kingdom and includes
three subdivisions: The Mexican District or Province, including the
Gulf of California, Cape St. Lucas, and the Mexican coast to Acapulco
or beyond ; the Panama District, including the coast of Central America
and the Bay of Panama; the Kcuador District, occupying the coast
southward from Panama Bay to Cape Blanco, Peru. These correspond
nearly with those given by Dana, who considered them three distinct
Provinces. (Qoncerning the northern limit of this fauna there has been
a pretty close agreement. Its southern limit, however, has not been so
well established. Forbes included the coast only to Guayaquil, while
* Memoirs Boston Society of Natural History, vol. i, page 254; and Proceedings B.
8. N. H., 1866, p. 333.
338 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Dana placed the boundary farther south, at Cape Blanco, Mr. Bradley’s
collection made at Zorritos, a short distance north of Cape Blanco
near Tumbez, shows a remarkable agreement with the fanua of Pana-
ma, not only in the Echinoderms, but also in all other classes, and
especially in the Mollusca, Polpys, and Crustacea, while his Paita col-
lection shows quite as remarkable an agreement with the Peruvian
Fauna. There is thus a very abrupt change in the faunz between
Zorritos and Paita, and Cape Blanco may properly be considered as
the point of division.
The large proportion of species that have a range throughout the
whole extent of this Fauna, induces me to consider the three subdi-
visions proposed by Dana, as of secondary importance, yet in the
present state of our knowledge there are several species peculiar to
each of these subdivisions. The number, however, has been materi-
ally reduced by the late explorations.
Tue GaLapacos Province.—It is somewhat uncertain whether this
should not be united to the preceding, as a district or sub-province,
many of the species being characteristic Panamian forms. At the
same time some Peruvian species occur, which even caused both Dana
and Forbes to unite this Fauna with that of Peru. Possibly the
southern part of the Islands belong rather to the Peruvian and the
northern to the Panamian Fauna. The recorded localities are not
sufficiently exact to determine this question.
The large percentage of species peculiar to this region and belong-
ing in most cases to Pacific rather than American types has induced
me to consider it a distinct fauna, with an intermixture of Peruvian
and, especially, Panamian forms.
THe Peruvian Province.—The region from Cape Blanco south-
ward to northern Chili is inhabited by a very distinct and character-
istic Fauna. One species only (chinocidaris stellata) has been found
in this Province, and that only in the extreme northern portion, which
occurs also at Panama. The northern limit is well marked, but the
southern is not yet accurately known. It appears to extend as far,
at least, as Coquimbo, while even at Valparaiso many of the charac-
teristic species occur. Dana considered Copiapo to be near its south-
ern limit.
Tue CuittaAn Province.—The middle coast of Chili, from near
Coquimbo to Valdiva, appears to be inhabited by a peculiar Fauna,
although at the same time several of the Peruvian species are mingled
with those characteristic of this region. By Forbes the Peruvian
Fauna was joined directly to the Araucanian.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 339
Tue ARAUCANIAN Province.—This appears to extend from near
Valdiva to the south-western coast of Patagonia, but its southern
portion is very little known. Dana places its southern boundary at
lat. 50°, which would make its length about 900 miles.
Tue Fureian Proviyce.—This includes southern Patagonia and
the adjacent Islands. Several peculiar and interesting Echinoderms
have been described from this Fauna, some of which, as Asterias
antarctica and “ Cuvieria antarctica,” recall‘the forms of the Arctic
regions, while there are other genera, as Zripylus, that are quite
peculiar.
Comparison of the Tropical Echinoderm Faunce of the East and
West Coasts of America.
The question of identity between certain species found upon the
Atlantic and Pacific coasts of Central America is of great interest
both to the Zodlogist and Geologist, and has received much attention
from various writers. That the two Faun are remarkably similar
in many respects, and have large numbers of closely allied, repre-
sentative or analogous species, is admitted by all who have written
upon the subject. Several authors also admit a certain number of
species which are identical or undistinguishable. Thus of Mollusca,
Dr. P. P. Carpenter* admits 35 species as identical between the two
coasts ; 34 additional ones that may prove to be identical; 41 that
are “really separated, but by slight differences ;” 26 that are “analo-
gous but quite distinct species.” In addition to these he admits 15
species as probably common to the west coast of America and the
west and south coasts of Africa. Prof. C. B. Adamst did not admit
any species as common to Panama and the West Indies, except
Crepidula unguiformis.
Prof. Dana, Dr. Stimpson,{ and others admit several species of
Crustacea as common to the two coasts. In the collections of Mr.
* Report of the British Association for the advancement of Science, 1856.
+ Annals of the Lyceum of Natural History of New York, v, 1852.
+ Notes on North American Crustacea. Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist. of N. Y., 1858
and 1860. In these papers the following species are indicated from both coasts:
Petrolisthes armatus Stimp. Cronius ruber Stimp.
Ozius perlatus Stimp. Nautilograpsus minutus M. Edw.
Eriphia gonagru M. Edw. Acanthopus planissimus Dana.
Callinectes diacanthus Stimp. Domecia hispida Souly.
Mr. Albert Ordway has satisfactorily separated the western species of Callinectes
from those of the West Indies, (Boston Journal Nat. History, vol. vii, 1863). Concern-
ing some of the other species Dr. Stimpson, himself, expresses doubt, owing to the
want of sufficient specimens for ascertaining the constancy of slight differences.
340 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Bradley there is a species of Hriphia* from Panama that appears to
be undistinguishable from specimens collected at Aspinwall, but many
allied species, which are clearly distinct, occur on the opposite coasts.
Of Fishes, Prof. Theodore Gillf and Mr. F. W. Putnam both admit
one species, at least, that appears to be common to both coasts, or in
which no characters have has yet been found by which to separate
them. The Fishes as a rule are nearly allied and many analogous or
representative species occur.{
The Polyps, as we have shown in a former paper,§ are entirely dis-
tinct, many of the genera and families being peculiar to each coast.
The Panamian Fauna includes Pavonia, Pocillipora, Ulangia, Coen-
opsammia, genera which are peculiar to the Pacific and Indian
Oceans, while a few of the peculiarly American or Atlantic genera
are represented by analogous species, as Renilla, Phyllangia, etc.,
but most of the characteristic West Indian genera and families are
entirely absent. Several peculiar genera also occur, as Stylatula and
Stephanaria.|| The genera Vuricea, Gorgonia (Rhipidogorgia),4 As-
trangia, are represented by more species in the Panamian Fauna than
elsewhere, but have analogous species in the Caribbean Fauna.
In the following list all the known Echinoderms of the Atlantic
and Pacific Tropical American coasts are placed side by side, in order
to show the similarity of the two faunze, as well as their remarkable
distinctness. When special localities are not given for a Caribbean
species, it is to be regarded as inhabiting the West Indian Islands,
most frequently the Antilles. A mark of exclamation (!) has been
added after the names of those species that I have personally studied,
as well as after localities from which I have had specimens for exami-
nation. For the Panamian species I have in most cases omitted spe-
cial localities, because they have been given in the preceding lists,
but have added remarks upon their stations, etc., derived from the notes
of Mr. Bradley. (Localities introduced in the Reprint are in italics.)
* This proves to be distinct. It is the Hriphia squamata St. E. gonagra has not
been confirmed from Panama,— Reprint.
+ Proceedings Philadelphia Academy Nat. Sciences, vol. xiv, p. 249, 1862. (Brachy-
rhinus creolus Gill).
+ Dr. Gunther regards 78 out of 303 species of Central American fishes as identical
on the opposite coasts. Of these 173 are truly marine species with 57 identical,—
Reprint.
§ Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. History, x, p. 323, 1866.
|| This name is proposed instead of Stephanocora, which was previously used by
Ehrenberg in 1834 for a genus of Oculinide.
4 We have since ascertained that these species are generically distinct from the West
Indian “ Rhipidogorgia flabellum,” and belong to Leptogorgia and Hugorgia,—Reprint.
Verrill, Notes
CARIBBEAN FAUNA.
on Radiata. 341
PANAMIAN FAUNA.
Crinoidea.*
Pentacrinus asterias (Linn. sp.)
P. Miilleri: Orsted (P. caput-medusee
Miill.).
(?) P. decora Thomson.
Antedon Dubenti Bolsche.Rio Janeiro.
A. Braziliensis Ltk. Rio Janeiro. !
(?) A. Midbertii Mill. North America.
None known.
Other described species probably occur in
the West Indies, but the lack of authen-
tic localities prevents their admission
here.
Ophiuroidea.t
Famity, ASTROPHYTID&.
Astrophyton muricatum Ltk. !
Charleston, Bahamas, Florida! St. Croix.
A, cecilia Ltk. St. Croix, on Thesea!
A, Krebsii Ltk. St. John (Ltk.)
Astrophyton Panamense Vervill !
Panama! Zorritos, Peru, at 4 fathoms
depth, clingling to Muricea! La Paz!
Famity, AsTRocHEMID 2.
Asteroporpa annulata Ors. and Ltk.
A, affinis Ltk.
A. dasycladia Dj. and H.
Astrochema oligactes Ltk.
St. Johns, 20 fathoms.
A. afinis Duj. and H.
Fasony, Opniomyxip&.
Ophiomyxa flaccida Ltk. !
Florida to St. Thomas.
Ophiomyzxa sp.
Famity, OpHiocomip %.t
Ophiocoma echinata Ag.! Florida!
Aspinwall! St. Thomas and Cumana.
O. Riiset Ltk.! Florida! Aspinwall !
St. Thomas and Cumana.
Ophiocoma ethiops Ltk. !
Low-water to quarter tide, under stones
and in crevices.
O. pumila Ltk.! Bahamas! Florida! O. Alexandri Lym. !
Aspinwall! and St. Thomas.
Ophiopsila Riisei Ltk.!
Ophiactis Krebsit Ltk. !
Bahamas! Florida, Charleston, St.Thomas.
O. Mulleri Ltk.!
Florida to St. Thomas.
Amphiura Riisei Ltk.
A, Stimpsonii Ltk.
A, tenera Ltk. Charleston, St. Thomas.
Low-water, in crevices of the reef at
Panama.
Ophiactis Orstedii Ltk.
O. arenosa Ltk.
O. virescens Ors. and Ltk. !
O. simplex Ltk.!
Amphiura geminata Ltk.!
A. violacea Ltk.!
A. Orstedit Ltk.
* Antedon Hagenii Pourt., A. meridionalis (Ag. sp.) Verrill, A. armata Pourt., A.
cubensis P.. A. rubiginosa P., A. bervipinna P., and Rhizocrinus lofotensis Sars are
additional species from the deep sea explorations of Pourtales——Reprint.
+ Amphipholis albida Ljung, and A. subtilis Lj., Rio Janerio; A. Januarii Lj., Brazil ;
' Ophionephthys limicola Ltk. and Ophionema intricata Ltk.. St. Thomas; Ophiacantha
Pentacrinus Ltk., Antilles, have since been described. See also Mr. Lyman’s descrip-
tions of 7 new genera and 21 new species from the deep sea collections of Pourtales
off Florida, in Bulletin Mus. Comp. ZoéL, p. 316, 1869,—Reprint.
Se
342 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
CARIBBEAN FAUNA. PANAMIAN FAUNA.
A. limbata Ltk. Rio Janeiro. A, microdiscus Ltk.
A, gracillima Stimp. ! A, Puntarene Ltk.*
Ophiophragmus septus (Ltk. sp.)Lym.| Ophiophragmus marginatus Lym,
O. Wurdemanni Lym.
Charlotte’s Harbor, Florida.
Ophiocnida scabriuscula Lym. Ophiocnida hispida Lym. !
Hemipholis cordifera Lym. Carolina !| Hemipholis gracilis Verrill !
Ophioblenna Antillensis Ltk.
Ophiostigma isocanthum Ltk.
Florida, St. Thomas, St. John. i ,
Ophionereis reticulata Ltk.! Bermuda! Ophionereis annulata Lym.!
Florida! Bahamas! St. Thomas, Cumana. a
(2) O. porrecta Lym.t O. Xantusii Lym.
Florida (?) (Lym.) F ;
Ophiothrix violacea M. and Tr.f! Ophiothri« spiculata LeO.!
Florida, Aspinwall! West Indies! and
Brazil!
O. Orstedii Ltk.! O. dumosa Lym.
Bahamas! Florida, St. Thomas, Cumana.
O. Suensonii Ltk.!
St. Thomas! Carthagena, N. G.
O. lineata Lym.! Ophiothela mirabilis Verrill !
Aspinwall! Florida (Lym). Panama to La Paz!
Famity, OPHIOLEPID®.
Ophiolepis elegans Ltk. Ophiolepis variegata Ltk. !
Florida, Charleston, 8. C. (Lym).
O. paucispina M. and Tr.!
Florida to St. Thomas.
Ophioceramis Januarit Lym.
Rio Janeiro.
Ophiozona impressa Lym. Ophiozona Pacifica Lym.!
Florida to St. Thomas.
FamIty, OPHIURID&.
Ophiura cinerea Lyman ! Ophiura teres Lym.!
Florida! Aspinwall! St. Thomas.
O. appressa Say ! Florida! Aspinwall !|O, Panamensis Lym.!
St. Thomas and Cumana.
O. rubicunda Lym. ! O. sp. nov. !
Aspinwall! Florida! to St. Thomas.
O. squamosissima (Ltk. sp.) Lym.
O. elaps (Ltk.) Lym. Bahamas !
O. brevicauda Lyman !
Florida! Aspinwall! St. Thomas.
O. guttata (Ltk. sp.) Lyman.
O. brevispina Say! O. variegata Lym. !
Florida and Bahamas to St. Thomas. *
O. Januarii Lym, Rio Janeiro! O. Daniana Verrill !
* Amphipholis grisea Ljung., Guayaquil, is an additional species,—Reprint.
+ This species proves to be from the Hawaiian Islands,—Reprint.
+ Dr. Liitken has separated the West Indian from the Brazilian form under the
name of 0. Caribea,—Reprint.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
CARIBBEAN FAUNA.
343
PANAMIAN FAUNA.
Astcrioidea.*
Famity, ASTROPECTENID.
Luidia clathrata (Say sp.) Ltk.!
8. Carolina! Florida! St. Thomas (Ltk.).
L. alternata (Say sp.) Ltk.
Florida (Say), St. Thomas (Ltk.).
L. Macrgravii Stp. Brazil!
Jamaica (Browne), Cotinquiba.
Astropecten articulatus (Say sp.) Ltk.!
E. Florida and Georgia (Say).
(7) dA. ecliatus Grubé.
Porto Cabello (Grubé.
A, variabilis Ltk. !
Florida! St. Thomas (Ltk.).
A, Antillensis Ltk.! St. Thomas.
(?) A. Valenciennesic M. and Tr.
Vera Cruz.
(2) A. Braziliensis M. and Tr. Brazil.
(?) A. dubius Gray.
Famity, Go
Oreaster gigas (Linn.) Ltk., =O. re-
ticulatus M. and Tr.
Florida! Hayti! St. Thomas (Ltk.), Cu-
racas, Barbados, Abrolhos, Brazil!
(?) O. aculeatus M. and Tr.
Probably the same as the preceding.
A, stellifer Mob. (A. Braziliensis Ltk.)
Rio Janeiro.
Asteriscus folium Ltk. !
Aspinwall! St. Thomas (Ltk.).
Luida tessellata Ltk.!
L. Bellone Ltk.!
(2) L.(Petalaster) Columbie(Gray sp.).
Astropecten regalis Gray !
A. fragilis Verrill!
A, Orstedii Ltk.!
(7) ul. armatus Gray.
(?) A. erinaceus Gray.
NIASTERID A.
Oreaster occidentalis Verrill!
Panama to La Paz!
(?) O. Cumingit Gray sp.
Nidorellia armata Gray !
(7) Goniodiscus stella Verrill!
Perhaps young of the preceding.+
Paulia horrida Gray.
Gymnasteria inermis Gray.
G. spinosa Gray. La Paz!
Patiria obtusa Gray !
Asteriscus modestus Verrill!
Under stones at low-water mark.
Famity, Ecuinasterip&.}
Echinaster spinosus M. and Tr.
Florida! Hayti! St. Thomas (Ltk.).
E.. Braziliensis M. and Tr.
Puerto Cabello, Jamaica, Rio Janeiro.
E.. serpentarius M. and Tr. Vera Cruz.
(?) Acanthaster Ellisii (Gray) La Paz!
Echinaster aculeatus (Gray.)
\Mithrodia Bradleyt Verrill! La Paz /
Ferdina Cumingii Gray.
* Mr. Pourtales has dredged Pleraster militaris off Florida in 120 to 125 fathoms,—
Reprint.
+ This proves to be the case, (see page 3
¢ Echinaster crassispina V., Abrolhos Re
additional species,—Reprint.
Trans. ConnecticuT AcapD., VoL. I.
72),—Reprint.
efs and £. spinulosus V., West Florida, are
A4 JUNE, 1867.
344 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
CARIBBEAN FAUNA. PANAMIAN FAUNA.
Faminy, OPHIDIASTERID &.
(?)Linckia Guildingit Gray. Linckia Columbie Gray.
L. ornithopus Ltk. L. unifascialis Gray !
St. Thomas, ete. (Ltk.), Vera Cruz (M. Cistina Columbice Gray.
and Tr.). Probably identical with the last. Dactylosaster gracilis Gray.
Ophidiaster flaccidus Ltk. Ophidiaster pyramidatus Gray !
St. Thomas (Ltk.).
Faminy, ASTERID.
Asterias Mexicana (Ltk. sp.) Verrill.| Asterias sertulifera Xantus.
(2?) A. tenuispina Lam.* FHeliaster microbrachia Xantus !
Bermuda | H. Kubinyi Xantus!
H, Cumingiti Gray !
Echinoidea.t
Famity, Ciparip&.
Cidaris annulata Gray! Cidaris Thouarsti Val.!
Florida! Aspinwall! Rio Janeiro (Ltk.).!| Cape St. Lucas, Panama! Galapagos!
Faminy, DiapEMID &.
Diadema Antillarum Mich. !
Florida! Aspinwall! Hayti! Bahamas!
Antilles and Surinam (Ltk.).
Diadema Mexicana A. Ag.!
Echinodiadema coronata Verrill!
Astropyga venusta Verrill! La Paz!
Famity, ARBACIDA,
Echinocidaris punctulata Desml.! |Hchinocidaris stellata Ag.!
S. Carolina to W. Indies. Guayamas to Paita! Galapagos Islands,
(?) #. Dufresnii Desml.f
Cumana (Ag. and Des.).
(?) Arbacta pustulosa (Lam. sp.).
Brazil (Ag. and Des.).
Faminy, Ecurnip 2.
Lytechinus variegatus A. Ag.! Lytechinus roseus Verrill!
Yucatan to Bahia (Ltk.), Hayti! Florida " Acapulco to Panama !
LL Atlanticus A. Ag. (2? L. excavatus
Bl. sp.) Bermuda!
(?) Psammechinus aciculatus Hupé. |Psammechinus pictus Verrill!
Brazil.
* Since described under the name, Asterias Atlantica Verrill, from Brazil, Cuba, and
Bermuda,—Reprint.
+ Mr. A. Agassiz records 19 additional species, including 9 new genera and 14 new
species, from the deep-sea collections of Pourtales, in Bulletin M. C. Z., No. 9,—Reprint.
¢ The Essex Institute, Salem, Mass., has two specimens, beautifully variegated with
green. and agreeing entirely with the description of this species. One is labelled as
coming from the ‘“‘ West Coast of Africa,” the other from the ‘Sandwich Islands.”
The former locality is most likely to prove to be the true one.
—_—
Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
CARIBBEAN FAUNA.
345
PANAMIAN FAUNA.
Famity, EcHINOMETRID&.
Echinometra Michelini Des, (E. lu-
cuntur, pars, auth.) !
Florida! Aspinwall! Hayti! Brazit!
E#. viridis A. Ag. (2. Michelini Ltk.)!
Florida! Aspinwall! Antilles (Ltk.).
£. plana A. Ag. Hayti.
(2?) Anthocidaris Mexicana (Ag. sp.)*
Vera Cruz (Ag. and Des )
Echinometra Van Brunti A. Ag.!
Acapulco, Cape St. Lucas, and La Paz!
EH. rupicola A, Ag.!
Acajutla to Zorritos.
Toxopneustes sp. (Toxocidaris Mexi-
cana A. Ag.), Acapulco.
Faminy, Hipronoiw#.
Tripneustes ventricosus Ag. }
Florida! Yucatan to Surinam (Ltk.).
Tripneustes depressus A. Ag.
Guayamas, La Paz!
Famity, CLYPEASTERID &.t
Clypeaster rosaceus Lamk,
Florida to Antilles (Ltk.).
Stoloniclypeus prostratus A. Ag.!
Clypeaster speciosus Verrill!
La Paz!
Stoloniclypeus rotundus A. Ag.!
Famizy, ScuTe.iip£.{
Mellita hexapora Ag.!
Florida! Mexico, Barbados, Surinam (Ltk.)
M. pentapora Ltk. !
W. Indies, Cumana, Brazil.
(2?) M. testudinea Klein!
N. Carolina! Florida! Texas!
Encope emarginata Ag. !
Florida! to Rio Janeiro.
(2) EL. quinqueloba (Esch. sp.) Grubé !
Florida! to Brazil.
E. Michelini Ag.! Florida!
Mellita Pacifica Verrill !
M. longifissa Mich.
Panama (A. Ag.), La Paz!
Echinoglycus Stokesii Gray }
Encope occidentalis Verrill !
#. grandis Ag.!
Gulf of California, Za Paz!
EF. Californica Verrill !
Moulinia cassidulina Ag. Martinique.
Faminy, Ca
Echinoneus semilunaris Lamk.!
Cuba to Trinidad (Ltk.).
Cassidulus Caribearum Lamk.
Jamaica, etc., St. Thomas (Ltk.).
|
Famiy, Sp
Brissus columbaris Ag. and Des. !
Florida! Antilles (Ltk.).
Meoma ventricosa Ltk.
Honduras, Antilles (Ltk.).
Plagiorotus pectoralis Ag. and Des.!,
Mexico, Antilles, Bahia, Turks Island!
La Paz!
SSIDULID#,
Pygorhynchus Pacificus Ag. !
ATANGID&.
Brissus obesus Verrill !
Meoma nigra Verrill !
Metalia nobilis Verrill!
* Mr. A. Agassiz considers this his Kchinometra plana,—Reprint.
+ Clypeaster speciosus V., from La Paz, is an additional species,—-Reprint.
t Encope Californica V., from La Paz, is here added,—Reprint.
346 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
CARIBBEAN FAUNA. PANAMIAN FAUNA.
Agassizia excentrica A. Ag. Florida.*| Agassizia ovulum Ltk.!
Mera atropos Mich. Mora clotho Mich, (A. Ag.).
N. Carolina! Texas! Antilles (Ltk.).
Lovenia sp. Gulf of California.
Holothurioidea.+
Famity, SYNAPTID &.
Synapta lappa Miill.
Leptosynapta hydriformis nob.t (LeS.)
Guadaloupe.
L. Pourtalesii Selenka (S._ viridis
Pourt, non LeS.).
Biscayne Bay, Florida. Perhaps the same
as the last.
Fleterosynapta viridis nob.§ (LeS. sp.)
Synaptula vivipara Orst.
Chirodotu pygmeum Mill.
C. rotiferum (Pourt. sp.) Stimp.
Biscayne Bay, Florida, (Pourt.)
Famity, CucuMARrIp&.
Phyllophorus (2) lepadifera V. (Hol-| Stolus ovulum Selenka. Acapulco.
othuria lepadifera LeS.). Stolus gibber Sel. Panama.
St. Bartholomew.
Pentacta Punamensis Verrill!
Urodemas sp. nov. Bahamas! Lissothuria ornatu Verrill !
Famity, HoLrornvurim 2.
Holothuria botellus Sel Holothuria botellus Sel.
Tortugas, Florida, ete. “Panama, Sandwich Is., Zanzibar, Florida.
H. princeps Sel. Florida, Egmont Key'!| H. languens Sel. Panama.
H. maculata LeS, St. Bartholomew. |. subditiva Sel. Panama (Florida #)
”
H, unicolor Sel. Barbadoes. HT, lubrica Sel. Acapulco.
HT, glaberrima Sel. HI, glabberrima Sel.
‘“Hayti, Bahama Is., Panama.” Panama, Hayti, ete.
HM, grisea Sel. Hayti.
HA, Floridiana Poutt.
‘Florida, Zanzibar, Sandwich Is., Java,”
&e., (Sel.).
* This species, from the dredgings of Pourtales, and Mera clotho are introduced on
the authority of Mr. A. Agassiz,—Reprint.
+ Mr. Pourtales reports Cuvieria (? Lepidopsolus) operculata (Pourt.), Thyonidium
conchilegum P., T. gemmatum P., Echinocucumis typica Sars, Cucumaria frondosa
Gunner, and Molpadia borealis Sars from his deep-sea collections,—Reprint.
t See note page 325 for the genus Leptosynapta.
§ The name Heterosynapta is here proposed for a new genus having H. viridis LeS.
sp. as its type. It is remarkable in having four simple and eight pinnate tentacles.
Its skm contains small calcareous hooks, as in Leptosynapta. It has the habit of cling-
ing to alge, etc., instead of burrowing like most others of this family.
———
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 347
CARIBBEAN FAUNA. PANAMIAN FAUNA.
Stichopus rigidus Sel. Stichopus Kefersteinii Sel.
Florida, Zanzibar, ete. Acapulco.
S. badionotus Sel.
“ Florida (Acapulco ?)”
Actinopyga(Mulleria) parvula (Sel.sp.)
Florida.
A. (M.) Agassizii (Sel. sp.)
Florida, Tortugas, Hayti.
A, (M.) obscura (LeS. sp.)
St. Bartholomew. This and the next two
species may prove identical with some of
the preceding.
Bohadschia agglutinata (LeS. sp.)
St. Bartholomew.
B. fasciata (LeS. sp.)
St. Bartholomew. _
Sporadipus gigas Orst.!
Perhaps identical with one of the preced-
ing species.
These lists contain 125 species from the Caribbean, including a few
that are marked as doubtful, and 82 from the Panamian Fauna. Of
these none have ever been indicated as common to the two coasts, ex-
cept two species of Holothurians which Selenka records from both
coasts, and another (Stichopus badionotus Sel.) from Florida and,
doubtfully, from Acapulco. The Holothurians being very difficult to
identify with alcoholic specimens, it is not improbable that these few
apparent exceptions to the rule among the Echinoderms will prove
to be errors in determining the species. In the other orders the spe-
cies are often very closely allied in structure and appearance, yet the
differences are in all cases sufliciently apparent. There are, however,
so many analogous or representative species in the two fauns, and so
general an agreement in the genera and families represented, that the
general features of the faune have a remarkable similarity, while they
stand in strong contrast with the tropical fauna of the Pacific and
Indian Oceans.
In this respect the Echinoderms agree with the observations, previ-
ously made upon the Crustacea and Mollusca, and confirm the state-
ment that both coasts of America belong to one grand Zodlogical
Realm, in distinction from all other regions, and that America has
therefore a remarkable insular character, and may be regarded zo06-
logically as a great “Island in the Atlantic Ocean,” the deep oceanic
basin west of the Galapagos limiting the western extension of the
American or Atlantic forms.
Among the types peculiar to the American Realm the genus Ophi-
ura is one of the most remarkable instances, since it abounds on both
348 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
sides of America, being represented by numerous species. But with
the exception of one Mediterranean species, the genus is unknown
elsewhere, no representatives of it having been discovered in the
Indian or Pacific Oceans, where it appears to be replaced by Ophi-
opeza, Ophiarachna, ete., which have a similar appearance, but with
only ten ovarial openings, instead of twenty. Among other genera,
occurring on both coasts of America, but unknown in the great Indo-
Pacific Fauna, are the following: Ophiozona, Ophiostigma, Hemi-
pholis, Ophiophragmus, Ophiomyxa, Lytechinus, Encope, ete. The
following, although represented in other regions, appear to have their
greatest development upon the American coasts: Ophiactis, Amphi-
ura, Echinaster, Luidia, Echinocidaris, Arbacia, Mellita.
Several genera, which occur in the West Indies and appear to be
peculiar to the Atlantic, or have there their greatest development,
have not yet been found in the Panamian Province. Such are, Pen-
tacrinus, Ophioblenna, Asteroporpu, Asterochema, Clypeaster (also
Pacific), Cassidulus, Plagionotus, Meera.*
A few genera are found in the Panamian Fauna, which occur also
in the Indo-Pacific, but have not been met with in the Caribbean
Fauna. Among these are the following: Ophiothela, Mithrodia,
Acanthaster, Astropyga, Metalia, Lovenia. The following genera
seem at present peculiar to the Pacific coasts of America: Nidorellia,
Gymnasteria, Heliaster, Hchinodiadema, Echinoglycus (restricted),
Pygorhynchus {also fossil in Europe), Agassizia; and in the temper-
ate regions, Pycnopodia, Loxechinus, Dendraster.t
There are, also, numerous species in each Fauna belonging to cos-
mopolitan genera, or to genera found in all tropical seas, but none of
these species, excepting the doubtful Holothurians, are common to both
coasts, or to the Panamian and Indo-Pacific Faune, or to the latter
and the Caribbean. Among cosmopolitan genera, represented on
each coast, are: Ophiolepis, Ophiocoma, Aimphiura, Ophiactis,
Ophionereis, Ophiothrix, Astrophyton, Astropecten, Luidia, Aster-
iscus, Oreaster, Ophidiaster, Linckia, Cidaris, Diadema, Psamme-
chinus, Echinometra, Toxopneustes, Stoloniclypeus, Brissus, Meoma.
From the preceding analysis of the genera, it is evident that while
the Panamian Fauna has several truly Indo-Pacific types, and some
that are peculiar, it is nevertheless most closely related to the Carib-
* Clypeaster speciosus V.,and Mera clotho Mich., are now known from the west coast;
Cassidulus is now regarded by A. Agassiz as the same genus with Pygorhynchus Paciji-
cus, and he refers Metalia nobilis to Plagionotus,—Reprint.
+ Astriclypeus (Japan), Pygorhynchus and Agassizia (W. Indies) must now be
omitted,—Reprint.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 849
bean Fauna, by a large number of peculiar American genera, hav-
ing allied species in each, and by many analogous species in cosmo-
politan genera. This close relation between the two faune may,
also, be well shown by the large number of Indo-Pacific genera that
are equally absent from both, although widely diffused through the
Pacific and Indian Oceans, of which the following are examples.
Ophiopeza, Ophiarachna, Ophiomastix, Ophiarthrum, Ophioplocus,
Trichaster, Culcita, Anthenia, Archaster, Nardoa (Scytaster), Goni-
ocidaris, Phyllacanthus, Echinothrix, Salmacis, Temnopleurus, He-
liocidaris (restricted), Heterocentrotus, Acrocladia, Hipponoé, Laga-
num, Rumphia, Lobophora, Echinolampas,* Maretia, Desoria.
The apparent absence of Comatulidw and other Crinoidea is, at
present, a remarkable feature of the Panamian Fauna. It is quite
probable, however, that species of this group will be discovered
hereafter, since they occur in considerable numbers, both in the Indo-
Pacific and Caribbean Faune, as well as in the temperate and arctic
portions of the Atlantic.
Future discoveries are likely to modify to some extent the details
in the distribution of the genera here given, but it is not probable
that the general arrangement of the generic types will be essentially
changed, or that the conclusions arrived at can be much modified,
for species that may hereafter be discovered are quite as likely to
belong to West Indian or cosmopolitan genera, as to those peculiar
to the Pacific and Indian Oceans.
In the above discussion the Holothurians have been omitted be-
cause quite a number of the species known to me from each fauna are
still undescribed, and because there are good reasons for supposing
that there are many Panamian forms that have not yet been collected,
such as Synapta, Chirodota, and other species that burrow, or seek
hiding places. Nor have the Holothurians of other tropical regions
been sothoroughly collected as to make detailed comparisons possible.
To the geologist one of the most interesting questions connected
with the study of the Atlantic and Pacific faunz of tropical America,
is the possibility of a direct connection of the two Oceans, across the
Isthmus, during late geological periods. Such a connection has been
suggested by some Geologists, upon theoretical grounds, to account
for the coldness of the climate in North America and Europe, during
the glacial period. The only direct, geological evidence of such a
connection, that has been adduced, so far as known to me, is the
* Mr. A. Agassiz has described Hchinolampas caratomides oreteeq by Pourtales off
Florida,—Reprint.
350 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
occurence in the miocene strata of San Domingo* of several species
of shells having the closest affinity to those of the Panamian Fauna,
and in some cases belonging to genera not now living in the Car-
ibbean Fauna.t The majority of the associated species are peculiar,
so far as known, to the formation, while nearly all of those identified
with recent forms (14 species) still inhabit the West Indies. In the
same formation 10 species of corals occur, none of which appear to be
living, but most of them belong to European and Atlantic, rather than
Pacific groups, except a species of Pocillipora, a genus not now living
in the Atlantic, but common at Panama and throughout the tropical
Pacific. In the paper referred to, it is stated that ‘the Isthmus of
of Darien is less than 1000 feet high,{ while the tertiary beds of San
Domingo have been elevated nearly twice that amount.
A similar formation, and probably of the same age, occurs near
Aspinwall in a railway cut, 15 feet above the sea-level,§ from which
nine species are recorded as identical with those of San Domingo,
and others are probably so. In the museum of Yale College there is
a small collection from near Aspinwall, probably from the same lo-
eality, in which are specimens of a Clypeastroid, apparently identical
with Stoloniclypeus prostratus of the West Indies, but certainly not
with S. rotundus of Panama. So far, therefore, as the direct geologi-
eal evidence bears upon this question it would indicate a passage of
Pacific forms into the Atlantic during the Tertiary period, rather than
the contrary. Yet Mr. Carpenter says,| “‘As the level of the Atlantic
is higher than the Pacific, any such communication must have poured
the treasures of the Atlantic into the Pacific, and scarcely allowed an
* On some Tertiary beds in the Island of San Domingo; from Notes by J. 8. Heni-
ker, Esq., with remarks on the fossils by J. C. Moore. Quarterly Journal Geol. Soc. of
London, vi, p. 39, 1849. On some Tertiary Deposits in San Domingo by T. 8. Heneken,
with notes on the fossil shells, by J. C. Moore, and on the fossill Corals by W. Lonsdale,
op. cit., ix, p. 115, 1853.
( Mr. Duncan has since described the fossil corals in the same work,—Reprint.)
+ The shells quoted as having close analogy with Panamian species are as follows:
‘“ Oassis, scarcely distinguishable from C. abbreviata, Acapulco. Malea, closely re-
sembling I. ringens, Coast of Peru (Panama, Yale Mus.), if it be not identical. Colwm-
bella, very like C. pavona, Gulf of California. The genus Phos of which several species
are known in the Bay of Panama and none in the West Indies, is here represented by
four species, all closely related to shells of the Pacific. Venus, nearest to V. gnidia,
California (Mazatlan, etc.). Arca, a large species very like A. grandis, Bay of Panama:
no large Arca is now found in the Atlantic.”
¢ The lowest pass on the Isthmus of Panama is said to be but 287 feet,—Reprint.
§ Journal Geol. Soc. Lond., ix, p. 132.
|| Report of the British Association, 1856, page 363.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 351
exchange in the other direction. Such is found to be the case; no
species fairly belonging to the exclusive Pacific fauna being found in
the West Indies.”
The higher level of the Atlantic Ocean is, however, denied by
others, and in consequence of the slight tides of the Atlantic side and
their great rise and fall on the Pacific side, it is quite as probable that
in case of a communication by means of a shallow or narrow channel,
currents would flow alternately in each direction.
It is nevertheless very apparent that an intercommunication more
or less remote between the two oceans cannot of itself account for
the relations between the two faunzx, for should we assume that the
small per-cent of identical species can be accounted for in this way,
the occurrence of very large numbers of closely allied but distinct
species, and also the agreement in generic and family types, already
pointed out, still remain to be explained. This part of the subject
presents much greater difficulties than the identity of a few species.
Two entirely distinct theories have been, and will doubtless long
continue to be, adopted by naturalists in explanation of these facts
and similar ones in various other regions :
Ist. That the species and genera were created as we find them, and
were originally adapted to the physical conditions and peculiarities
of their respective districts. Consequently we should expect to find
similar regions inhabited, to a greater or less extent, by similar genera
and species.
2nd. That an extensive intercommunication took place at a remote
period, and that the similar and allied species found upon the opposite -
coasts have originated by gradual differentiation from common ances-
tors, after the separation of the two oceans.
No. 4.—WNotice of the Corals and Echinoderms collected by Prof. C. F.
Hartt, at the Abrolhos Reefs, Province of Bahia, Brazil, 1867.
Published, February, 1868.
Tue collections of Radiata made by Mr. Hartt during the summer
of 1867, while examining the coral-reefs which he had previously
discovered upon the coast of Brazil,* having been submitted to me for
examination, were found to contain so many species yet undescribed
* Mr. Hartt was a member of the party that accompanied Prof. Agassiz, in his cele-
brated Expedition to Brazil and, while making a special exploration of the coast, at that
time first discovered some of the reefs near Santa Cruz and Porto Seguro.
TRANS. ConNECTICUT AcaAD., VOL. I. 45 FEBRUARY, 1868.
352 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
or not previously known to occur upon that coast, that it is believed
to be of interest to publish a complete list of all the species observed.
Mr. Hartt has also greatly increased the value of the catalogue
by adding notes upon the distribution and stations of the species.
It appears somewhat remarkable that while the Echinoderms, with
few exceptions, are common West Indian or Florida species, the corals
are nearly all, so far as known, peculiar to the coast of Brazil. This
is, however, in accordance with similar facts observed in the Pacific
and Indian Oceans, where the greater part of the tropical Echinoderms
have a vast range, in some cases even from the Hawaiian Islands to
the Coast of Africa, while the corals are much more local, all the
principal groups of Islands having many peculiar forms.
This is, perhaps, chiefly due to the much longer time during which
the young of most Echinoderms remain in the free, swimming con-
dition, liable to be carried great distances by currents.
A suite of the duplicates, including all the species enumerated,
with the exception of two, has been presented to the Museum of
Yale College by Mr. Hartt. The first set he has retained in his own
collection.
Class, POLYPI.
Order, MADREPORARIA.
Agaricia agaricites ? Edw. and Haime, Coralliaries, vol. 3, p. 81.
Two young specimens that may belong to this species occurred
adhering to Mussa Harttii from the Abrolhos Reefs, They are,
however, too young to be satisfactorily determined.
This species never grows to be more than two or three inches in diameter. It is
very frequently found attached to Mussa in shallow water. Occasionally it occurs in
the holes in the reefs and is almost laid dry at low water.—c. F. H.
Siderastrza stellata Verrill, sp. nov.
Corallum forming rounded or hemispherical masses, often flattened
above, cells polygonal, rather large (about ‘15 inch), deep, the central
part rapidly descending. Septa in four cycles, those of the first two
cycles considerably broadest, all of them evenly crenulated, rather
thin, thickness less than that of the intervening spaces, slightly pro-
jecting, the inner edge evenly rounded. Columella inconspicuous,
represented only by one or two tubercles. Wall between the cells
thin, represented by a single line. Trabicular processes between the
septa very plainly visible from above.
Differs from S. radians in having larger cells, which appear more
open; thinner septa, and consequently wider intervening spaces ; and
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 3538
four complete cycles of septa. Most of the specimens are about six
inches in diameter. Color dark ash-gray when unbleached.
Abrolhos Reefs,—C. F. Hartt.
This is one of the commonest species of Brazilian corals, and may be collected abun-
dantly from the reefs and rocky shores everywhere northward of Cape Frio. It flour-
ishes in the pools of rocks and reefs left by the tide, in company with Favia gravida V.,
and seems to be a very hardy species, enduring not only great changes of temperature,
but also great variation in the degree of saltness of the water. It frequently lives in
large ponds on the top of the stone reefs, which are only filled at high tide, and are
exposed to be much heated by the sun and much freshened by heavy rains. I have
found it also in little ponds above the sea level, to which the waves had access only at
high tide. It sometimes grows on the level surface of the reefs, and I have seen it
exposed to a hot sun for an hour or more, at very low tides. This species occasionally
forms elongated masses, 8—12 inches in length. When alive it varies much in color,
usually being of a very pale pinkish tint, almost white, but sometimes blotched with
deepened spots of the same color. On the border of the reef, I have collected it at a
depth of 3—4 feet, at low tide.—o. F. H.
Var. conferta.
Some of the specimens show a curious deformity of the cells, aris-
ing from crowding, especially in the central portions. These have
the septa and walls between the cells more elevated and convex, and
in many places broken through, so as to unite adjacent cells. The
cells, consequently, are irregular and appear deeper. But near the
basal margins of such specimens, cells of the normal form may
usually be found.
Pectinia Braziliensis Edw. and Haime, Coralliaires, ii, p. 209.
One small specimen of this elegant species was obtained at the
Abrolhos Reefs by Mr. Hartt. It is distinguished by its turbinate
form and by having the exterior obsoletely costate and covered with
short conical spines. The cells are deep and narrow, the ridges
slightly sulcate at top, sometimes with separated walls. Septa rather
numerous, slightly projecting, the upper part regularly arched, per-
pendicular within. Coral 1°5 inches high; 1:25 wide; 2 inches long,
This species appears to be quite rare in the vicinity of the Abrolhos. The above
specimen was found growing on the border of the Recife do Lixo, in about two feet of
water at low-tide. It also occurs at Victoria, in the Province of Espirito Santo, to the
southward, where it is thrown up on the beach by the waves, but I could not find it
alive.—C. F. H.
Favia leptophylla Verrill, sp. nov.
Corallum rather cellular, forming large hemispherical masses,
evenly rounded above, with a thin, imperfect, concentrically wrinkled
354 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
epitheca beneath. Cells subcircular, or deformed, open and deep, of
medium size (about *25 inch), smaller at the central part of the upper
surface, where they are crowded, with prominent, thin walls, which
are mostly separated about ‘08 inch, and united by a coarsely vesicu-
lar exotheca. Septa in three cycles (24 to 30), distant, very thin,
exsert, the summits angular or somewhat rounded, the costs or por-
tion outside the walls, very thin, elevated, deeply and unevenly
toothed, abruptly descending, so as to leave deep interstices between
the cells, except where they are crowded, when the costz of adjacent
cells unite, but the wall remains distinct. The septa, at summit and
within the cells, bear few distant slender teeth, descend perpendicu-
larly within, and have at the base a broad, thin, but not prominent
paliform lobe. Columella but little developed, of a loose, open tex-
ture. In a vertical section the walls are thin and continuous; the
exotheca is composed of large rectangular, mostly simple vesicles,
which are horizontal and broader than high. The endotheca consists
of irregular, smaller, thinner-walled vesicles, which are often com-
pound and incline strongly downward toward the columella, which is
continuous, and coarsely spongiform in texture.
Diameter of the only specimen obtained 5 inches; cells 20 to °30.
Abrolhos Reefs, Brazil,—C. F. Hartt.
This is very distinct from all other American species. The very
open, deep, rounded cells; few, thin, projecting septa; and thin, dis-
tinct walls are very peculiar.
Favia gravida Verrill, sp. nov.
Corallum solid and heavy, encrusting or hemispherical, with strong
epitheca beneath, evenly rounded above, with unequal, rounded, oval,
and often deformed, deep cells, which are somewhat prominent above
the general surface, separated at unequal distances, leaving concave
interstices between them, which are strongly costate. Cost thick-
ened, alternately larger and smaller, irregularly and roughly spinose-
dentate. Septa in four complete cycles (48) in the larger cells, un-
equal in width and height according to the cycles, those of the first
and second being nearly equal, the summits angular, projecting some-
what, and deeply toothed, the teeth and sides of the septa rudely
granulous. Paliform tooth well developed, rough. Columella very
little developed, open. Diameter of cells from ‘15 to 30 of an inch;
their prominence about ‘10. Diameter of the masses about three
inches, thickness half as much.
Abrolhos Reefs, Brazil,—C. F. Hartt.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 355
This species is allied to / ananus and F! fragum, but has stouter
and more spiny cost and narrower and sharper septa than either.
From #! fragum Edw. and Haime (Favia ananas Pallas, Dana and
most authors), which is the most common West Indian form, it differs
also in having more prominent and larger cells, thicker and rougher
septa, which project more and are not rounded at the summits, and
both the septa and cost more coarsely dentate.
Common in tide-pools of the reefs and rocky shores from Cape Frio to Pernambuco,
with Siderastrea stellata, which see.—c. F. H.
Favia conferta Verrill, sp. nov.
Corallum compact, forming broad convex or hemispherical masses,
two to four inches in diameter, and one or two thick, covered beneath
by a strongly wrinkled epitheca. Cells crowded, deep, unequal and
irregular, mostly elongated, often sinuous and somewhat meandrini-
form, with three or four centers, sometimes nearly circular, not pro-
jecting, the walls united to their summits, showing only a slight sulca-
tion between the adjacent cells, which are, therefore, separated only
by a narrow ridge, which at times becomes simple, as in Goniastraa.
Septa crowded, in the circular cells in four cycles, the last usually
incomplete (86 to 48), all except those of the last cycle subequal,
narrow within, obtusely rounded or truncate at the summits, which
project somewhat and are regularly serrate, inner edge perpendicular.
Pali in front of the principal septa, little developed, roughly serrate.
Columella well developed, with a roughly spinose, uneven surface.
In a transverse section the walls between the cells are compact, united
into a narrow, nearly solid ridge, showing only a few very small,
scattered vesicles. Breadth of the cells ‘12 to °15; length -2 to ‘8 of
an inch.
Abrolhos Reefs, Brazil,—cC. F. Hartt.
This interesting species is, in many respects, intermediate between
Favia and Meandrina, and has relations with Goniastrea, yet its
proper place appears to be in the genus Favia. It is somewhat allied
to &. deformata Edw. and Haime. It also resembles, in general form,
Fi incerta Duch. and Mich. (?= Goniastreea varia V errill), but appears
quite distinct in the form of the septa and intervening ridges, as well
as in the remarkably elongated and narrow cells.
Common in tide-pools from Cape Frio to Pernambuco.—c. F. H.
Acanthastrea Braziliensis Verrill, sp. nov.
Corallum large, hemispherical or subglobular, regular. Base sur-
rounded at the margin by a strong epitheca, Cells large, usually °3
356 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
to ‘7 of an inch, irregular, polygonal, often an inch in length and
containing two or three centers, moderately deep (‘15 inch), with a
small, depressed center. Columella rudimentary or slightly devel-
oped, of loose convoluted processes. Septa in five cycles (the last im-
perfect), rather thin, slightly thickened outwardly, the summits pro-
jecting subequally (about °05 inch), the upper part divided into from
three to five sharp, elongated, unequal teeth; the lower part unevenly
serrate, and presenting usually a distinct, broad, paliform lobe, which
is strongly serrate. Between the cells the wall is often double, with
vesicles between, but it is also frequently simple and nearly solid.
Color of unbleached coral deep umber. Diameter of some of the
masses upward of a foot.
This is one of the most abundant corals at the Abrolhos Reefs,
and on account of its large size and solidity, doubtless one of the
most important entering into their structure.
Rare in tide-pools at the Abrolhos, and usually only in the deeper ones on the edges
of the reef, never in stations uncovered at low tide. Very abundant on the submerged
borders of the reefs in the Abrolhos region, at Porto Seguro, Sta. Cruz, Bahia, Maceié,
At the Island of Sta. Barbara and on the Recife do Lixo, it grows in large sub-spherical
masses, on the edge of the reef, from a few inches below low-tide level to a depth of
15 or more feet. Some of the corals are two feet or more in diameter. In the water
they have a pale grayish tint.—c. F. H.
Heliastreea aperta Verrill, sp. nov.
Corallum forming large rounded masses, a foot or more in diameter,
of rather light, open texture. Cells circular, large (about ‘3 of an
inch), moderately deep (‘! inch), with a broad central area, the mar-
gins projecting about °08 of an inch above the general surface; septa in
three complete cycles, narrow, thin, subequal, the summits consider-
ably projecting, angular, acute, the inner edges nearly perpendicular,
finely toothed, often with a distinct paliform tooth at the base. Col-
umella well developed, of loose open tissue. Cost elevated and
thin, rising obliquely upward to the summits of the septa, finely ser-
rate. Walls very thin, inconspicuous. In a vertical section the
columella is large, composed of loosely reticulated, convoluted and
often fenestrated, lamelliform processes, with large irregular cells
between. The cells of the endotheca are mostly simple, broader than
high, inclining slightly downward, formed by very thin lamelle.
The cells of the exotheca are larger, more irregular, alternately over-
lapping, often compound, about as high as broad, formed by stouter
lamellae, which curve downward. Walls very thin, but continuous,
Septa longitudinally roughened, scarcely granulated. Color of the
unbleached coral dull umber-brown,
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 357
Resembles in the size and prominence of the cells HZ. cavernosa
Edw. and Haime, but is very distinct in its more cellular texture;
fewer septa, which are also much thinner and more acute at summit ;
thinner and more elevated costzx, etc.
Found with Acimthastrea Braziliensis, but appears to be quite rare on the Abrolhos
reefs. My specimens were obtained at a depth of 3 to 4 feet, at low tide. It is quite
abundant in the bay of Bahia, and is brought to the City of Bahia from the island of
Itaparica, with other corals, for burning into lime. The coralla are, occasionally, a foot
and a half in diameter.—c. F. H.
Mussa Harttii Verrill, sp. nov.
Corallum forming circular clumps, often a foot in diameter and
half as high, consisting of numerous short, rapidly forking, subcylin-
drical branches, ‘5 to ‘8 of an inch in diameter; seldom more than an
inch between the successive branches; the summits alive for about half
an inch, often less, and separated from the dead portion by a well-
marked epitheca, above this with numerous strong, subequal costae,
which bear strong, sharp, recurved spines; cells from ‘5 to 1:2 inches
in diameter, sub-circular, often with lobed margins, none of them re-
maining united into series, rather deep (‘4 to ‘5 of an inch), septa in
five cycles, the last incomplete, thin, projecting subequally at summit
(about ‘1 inch); the upper part divided into from four to seven un-
equal, sharp, diverging teeth, below which they are lacerately divided
into irregular, smaller teeth ; sides of the septa roughened by lines of
distant, small, conical spines. Columella slightly developed, consist-
ing of slender, interlocking processes, arising from the inner part of
the septa. Color of the unbleached coral, yellowish brown.
Abrolhos Reefs, Brazil,—C. F. Hartt.
This species is very distinct by its regular cells, strongly echinate
cost, etc.
One of the commonest as well as one of the most beautiful of the corals of the
Brazilian reefs. It forms splendid bouquets on the submerged borders of the reefs,
seeming to prefer the very edge, where the clusters of branches are, sometimes, two
feet in diameter. Most abundant in 3—6 feet of water at low tide. This is a very
fragile species, and one which seems to prefer rather sheltered localities. It it very
abundant at Victoria, where, however, I have never seen it alive. It appears to grow
there in rather deep water, and is thrown up by storms. This species is always en-
crusted with several species of Bryozoa. It is rare on the stone reef at Porto Seguro,
but exceedingly common on the inner side of the coral reef at that locality. It is abun-
dant on the Recife do Lixo, Abrolhos. I have seen specimens from Pernambuco. Color,
when alive, whitish.—c. F. H.
358 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Symphyllia Harttii Verrill, sp. nov. (?)
This coral, although having the walls of the cells united laterally,
and presenting all the characters of the genus Symphyllia, presents in
the form and structure of its cells, septa, and costs, such a. close
agreement with the preceding species that it may ultimately prove to
be only a peculiar form of it. On this account, I have thought it best
to give it the same specific name. In Mr, Hartt’s collection, however,
there are no intermediate forms.
Corallum forming low hemispherical masses, attached by a broad
base, which is covered by a strong epitheca, extending to about ‘3
inch from the margin, beyond which there are numerous strong, sub-
equal costz, covered with many strong, sharp spines. Cells subcir-
cular, not united in series, °5 to ‘8 inch in diameter, moderately deep,
the walls united to near the summits, bearing on the space between
the cells, spinose cost, like those of the exterior margin. Septa
agreeing in the form of the teeth, and spinous lateral processes, with
those of the preceding species, but differing in being considerably
thickened next to the wall and at the summit, and, therefore, bearing
stouter upper teeth. Columella loose, convoluted, a little more devel-
oped than in the last species.
Abrolhos Reefs, Brazil,—C. F. Hartt.
Occurs with Mussa Harttii on the always submerged border of the Recife do Lixo,
Abrolhos.—c. F. H.
Porites solida Verrill, sp. nov.
Corallum, remarkably firm and heavy for a Porites, encrusting or
massive, forming rounded masses with an uneven surface; base with
a spreading margin, covered with a strong epitheca. Cells unusually
large and deep for the genus, well defined, subcircular, separated by
a rather thick wall, which is acute and divided into strong, rough,
spinous processes. Septa twelve, nearly equal, well developed, rather
wide, the inner edge perpendicular and irregularly toothed, sides
scarcely roughened; pali not distinct. Columella well developed, at
the bottom of cell solid and uniting the septa, surmounted by a small
tubercle.
Diameter of the cells about ‘08 of an inch.
Abrolhos Reefs,—C. F. Hartt.
This species approaches more nearly to P. Guadaloupensis Duch. and
Mich. than to any other West Indian form; but differs in its deeper
cells, thicker walls, wider septa, and more solid structure. The same
characters, together with the large size of the cells and non-crispate
septa, will serve to distinguish it from the other West Indian species,
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 359
Occurs in patches 6 or 8 inches in diameter, occasionally, on the submerged border
of the Recife do Lixo, Abrolhos, but abundantly on the coral reef of Porto Seguro.
The color is, generally, of a rather bright yellow, but it varies much.—c. F. H.
Order, ALCYONARIA.
Hymenogorgia quercifolia Edw. and Haime, Coralliaires, i, p. 181.
Plate IV, figures 1, 1°, 1°.
This curious species is abundant in the collection from the Abrolhos
Reefs.
It forms broad, fan-shaped fronds, often two feet high and a foot
broad, consisting of broad, foliaceous branches, often resembling oak
leaves in form; but at other times large, oval, and irregularly incised
or palmate. The branches of the axis are slender and rounded, and
pass through the fronds like the midribs of leaves. The rather con-
spicuous flat cells are scattered over the sides of the fronds. Color
light yellow, usually purplish at base.
Spicula light yellow and bright purple, of three principal forms.
The most abundant are “ double-spindles,” fusiform, with very acute
ends and a naked space around the middle, showing a slender, trans-
parent axis, the ends covered with prominent, separate, rough papille,
of which eight are visible from a side view, on each end. Another
less common form are shorter and stouter ‘“ double-spindles,” with
obtuse ends, narrow naked space at the center, and crowded, rounded
papille. The crescent-shaped spicula are smaller and more slender
than the others, with the convex side nearly smooth and strongly
arched, usually with a slight indentation at the center. There are,
also, some slender, blunt spicula, smaller than the others, aud with
fewer distant papille.
This is a very common species on the Brazilian coast, and ranges from Cape Frio
northward to Pernambuco. It is very abundant at the entrance to the Bay of Vic-
toria, as well as at the Abrolhos, Porto Seguro, and Bahia. It sometimes occurs in
some of the larger tide pools on the surface of the reefs at low-tide level, but its usual
station is on the edges of the reef, and ranging from low-water mark downward, to a
depth of 5-6 feet or more. Itis sometimes laid bear by spring tides. The color, when
alive, is yellowish or pinkish; the latter tint is apt to fade in drying. A small Ovulum
(0. gibbosum) is parasitic on this species.—c. F. H.
Gorgonia (Pterogorgia) gracilis Verrill, sp. nov.
Plate IV, figures 2*, 2°, and 3.
Very slender and delicate, sparingly branched; the branches irreg-
ular, sometimes forked, oftener arising alternately at the distance of
one or two inches apart, and abruptly spreading for half an inch or
TRANS. ConnEcticuT Acap., Vou. I. 46 FEBRUAEY, 1868.
360 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
more before curving upward; branches and branchlets of nearly the
same size; the terminal and some of the lateral branches often long,
slender, and undivided, somewhat compressed or quadrangular ; the
cells arranged along the edges in a single series on the smaller
branches, but in two alternating series on most of them. Cells oval,
rather large, mostly prominent, forming slight verruce. Sides of the
branches mostly smooth, sometimes with a slight groove. Height 6
to 8 inches; diameter of branches, 08 to 10. Color various, lemon-
yellow, reddish purple, or orange. The cells are often yellow on the
purple specimens.
Abrolhos Reefs, Brazil,—C. F. Hartt.
The size of the branches varies somewhat in different specimens, as
well as the number of the cells and distance between them; the cells
are usually crowded along the sides of the larger branches.
In the non-pinnate mode of branching, slenderness of the few
branches, and prominence of the cells, this species is quite peculiar.
In size and form of the branches, it somewhat resembles P. bipinnata
Verrill,* from Cumana; but has an entirely different mode of growth.
The latter has, also, much smaller cells.
Spicula light purple, lemon-yellow, and yellowish white, having the
same forms and variations as those of the preceding species, which
they closely resemble, except in being about one-third smaller. The
fusiform spicula are not quite so acute. The crescent-shaped ones are
thicker, and often as long as the others, or even longer, and have the
convex side a little roughened and more strongly rounded than in 7.
quercifolia. ‘The slender spicula are more numerous and relatively
larger.
Grows abundantly in little tufts on the edges of the reefs of the Abrolhos region
below low-tide, with Hymenogorgia quercifolia. When alive, the colors are much deeper
and clearer than in the dried specimens. Some of the branches are of a bright ame-
thystine tint. It is occasionally found in some of the larger tide-pools on the reefs.—
0. F. H.
Eunicea humilis Edw. and Haime, loc. cit. p., 149, pl. B’, fig. 1.
Gorgonia citrina Lamarck, (non Esper).
Plate IV, figures 4, 4*, 4”.
This is a common form at the Abrolhos Reefs, and it varies consider-
ably in the size and form of the branches. It usually forms low,
densely branched clumps, with short, round, often clavate, and some-
times crooked branches. Occasionally the branches are longer and
more slender, or even less than half as thick, and tapering at the ends,
* Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, p. 31, 1864.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 361
but agreeing in color, form of cells, etc. Intermediate specimens are
frequent. The cells are sometimes prominent on the main branches,
near the base; but on the terminal branches are but little prominent,
opening upward. They are usually closely crowded on all sides.
Color lemon-yellow. Height 4 to 6 inches; diameter of branches,
10 to -24 of an inch, usually about °15.
Spicula mostly large, lemon-yellow and yellowish white, with a few
very small, deep purple ones. The forms are very diverse ; the largest
are mostly stout fusiform, often crooked, not very acute “ spindles,”
thickly covered with rough papille; other fusiform spicula are less
than half as long, slender, acute at the ends, with fewer separated
papilla, The purple ones are still smaller, slender, acute spindles,
with prominent papille. Club-shaped spicula are numerous, of vari-
ous sizes, the large end very thick and covered with prominent sharp
papille ; others have such papillz only on one side. Various interme-
diate forms of spicula are abundant.
Very abundant below low-tide on the borders of the coral reefs of the Abrolhos
and at Porto Seguro, where it also occurs on the stone reef, and in shallow water
along shore. It is abundant at Bahia. Occasionally found in the larger tide-pools —
C. F. H.
Pl-xaurella dichotoma Kiolliker.
Icones Histiolog., p. 138, Taf. xviii, f. 11, 1866.
Gorgonia dichotoma Esper, Tab. xiv.
Plexaura dichotoma Dana, Zodph., p. 669.
Plate IV, figures 5, 5°, 5°.
Several specimens of a Plexaurella, closely allied to this, if not
identical, were collected at the Abrolhos, by Mr. Hartt. These are
about a foot in height, consisting of 4 to 8 large, round, elongated
branches, which originate from near the base and seldom divide, of
nearly uniform diameter, about ‘5 inch throughout, except at the ends,
where they are often enlarged or capitate. Cells large, rather numer-
ous, often slightly raised, but usually flat, with a broad oval opening,
or with contracted narrow ones, which are linear and at various angles
to one another. All these variations may occur in one specimen.
The spicula are of several forms, many having four stout branches,
forming thick, stout-armed crosses, agree well with Dr. Koélliker’s fig-
ure; others occur with three or even six branches; but a large pro-
portion are short fusiform, with a naked band around the middle.
All are thickly covered with rough papille, and have tapering, rather
blunt ends. Spicula of the typical P. dichotoma, prepared and sent
to the author by Dr. Kdélliker, do not appreciably differ.
362 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
A very common form, occurring all along the coast north of Cape Frio. It is always
associated with Hymenogorgia quercifolia, with which it appears to agree in station.—
OR. Hs
Pleuxaurella anceps ? KOll., op. cit., p. 138, Taf. xviii, f. 14.
? Hunicea anceps Duch. and Mich., Corall. des Antilles, p. 25, tab. 3, fig. 1 and 2.
Plate IV, figures 6, 6°.
This form, which may be distinct from the last, although inter-
mediate specimens occur, is represented by two examples. These
have branches about °3 of an inch in diameter, which are more divided
and less fasciculated than in the preceding species. The cells are a
little smaller and mostly contracted and linear, often slightly raised,
The spicula agree in most characters with those of P. dichotoma,
but appear to be a little smaller and sharper and not quite so thickly
covered with papille. The cross-shaped ones are less numerous and
smaller, the majority are fusiform and of various sizes, rather acute,
and covered with rough papille. Abrolhos reefs, with the last.
Several additional species of polyps were observed by Mr. Hartt.
Among them were eight species of Actinidw, at the Island of Sta.
Anna; a Zoanthus with emerald green disk and tentacles; a spread-
ing, brown Palythoa ; an Astrangia, common on dead shells at Rio
and Victoria; a Sympyllia at Victoria; a nodose, slender branched
Gorgonian at Rio and Victoria; and Renilla, perhaps both R. Dane
Verrill and 2. violacea Quoy and Gaim., in the harbor of Rio.
The following species, previously described from Brazil, were not
obtained by Mr. Hartt at the Abrolhos Reefs :
Gorgonia pumicea Val., in Edw. and Haime, Corall., vol. i, p. 160.
Phyllogorgia dilitata Edw. and Haime, op. cit., p. 181.
Juncella hystrix Val., in Edw. and Haime, op. cit., p. 186.
Eunicea Castelnaudi Edw. and Haime, op. cit., p. 148.
Class, ACALEPHZ.
Order, HYROIDEA.
Millepora nitida Verrill, sp. nov.
Corallum forming low rounded clumps, four to six inches high, con-
sisting of short, rapidly forking, rounded or slightly compressed
branches, about °4 to °8 of an inch in diameter, which have remark-
ably smooth surfaces, and are obtuse, rounded, or even clavate at the
ends. ‘The larger pores are small, very distinct, round, evenly scat-
tered over all the surface, at distances of about ‘06 to ‘1 of an inch
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 363
apart. The small pores are very minute, numerous, scattered between
the larger ones, and often showing a tendency to arrange themseleves
around them in circles of six or eight. The tissue is, for the genus,
very firm and compact.
_Abrolhos Reefs,—C. F. Hartt.
The form of the branches, distinctness in outline of the cells, and
smoothness and firmness of texture, distinguish this species very
clearly from any of the numerous varieties of J/. alcicornis, and
other West Indian species.
Quite common on the border of the reef at the ‘“ Lixo,” Abrolhos, below low-tide,
also on the coral reef of Porto Seguro, in 3-4 feet water, low-tide. Color, when alive,
light pinkish.—c, F. H.
Millepora Braziliensis Verrill, sp. nov.
Corallum forming large, irregularly lobed and branched masses, the
branches erect, angular or flattened, or forming broad, convoluted
and folded, rough plates, with acute edges and summits, the sides
covered with sharp, irregular, angular, crest-shaped and _ conical
prominences, varying much in size and elevation, often becoming
continuous ridges, usually standing at right-angles to the sides of the
branches ; cells small, circular, distantly scattered; texture firm and
compact; height about one foot; breadth one foot and a half;
branches and plates *5 to ‘8 of an inch thick, sometimes 6 inches
wide.
Pernambuco, Brazil,—C. F. Hartt.
In texture and the character of the cells, this resembles the preced-
ing species, and possibly it may eventually prove to be only a variety
of it. It differs, however, very remarkably in the mode of growth
and form of the branches. On the edges and sides of the branches
there are often pits of various sizes up to an inch in diameter and
depth.
Small specimens occur also on the reefs at the Island of Sta. Barbara dos Abrolhos.
Color, when alive, pinkish.—c F. H.
Millepora alcicornis Linn., var. cellulosa Verrill.
Corallum consisting of numerous, irregular, rather short branches,
arising from a thick base. Branchlets proliferous, or digitate at the
ends, the last divisions short, mostly compressed, and acute at the
tips. Some of the branches occasionally coalesce, so as to leave small
openings. Cells numerous, crowded, rather large for the genus, each
sunken in a distinct depression, the wall rising up into an acute ridge
between them. Texture rather open and coarsely porous.
Pernambuco, Brazil,—C, F. Hartt.
364 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
This agrees pretty closely with a specimen from Florida (Maj. E.
B. Hunt), in which, however, some of the branches do not have
sunken cells.
Millepora alcicornis Linn., var., digitata (?) Esper
Several specimens, differing widely from all the preceding, approach
so nearly some of the varieties of M. alcicornis as to render their
identity highly probable. They do not, however, agree precisely
with any West Indian specimens in my possession. The most impor-
tant differences are the somewhat more porous texture and the greater
regularity and more scattered arrangement of the cells. The branches
are round and digitate, the branchlets with three to five, short, com-
pressed divisions at the ends.
This variety forms large clusters of flat branches, erect or horizontal, fringing the
submerged edges of the reefs, and sometimes two or three feet across. It is light yel-
lowish brown or pinkish in color. Abundant at Cape Frio, Abrolhos, Porto Seguro,
Bahia, Maceid, and intermediate localities.—c. F. H.
Millepora alcicornis Linn., var. fenestrata Duch. and Mich.
With the preceding are a few specimens, agreeing in all respects,
except that the branches are in a single plane and coalesce so as to
leave numerous openings. The terminal branchlets are longer and
more slender.
Abrolhos Reefs,—C. F. Hartt.
Remarks on the Brazilian Coral-fauna, by C, F. Harrr.
The following general conclusions may be added with reference to
the coral-fauna of Brazil.
1st. The species are, as Prof. Verrill above remarks, almost without
exception, peculiar to the Brazilian coast, along which they have quite
a wide distribution; the most of the species ranging from Cape St.
Roque to Cape Frio, which seems to be the southern limit of the fauna.
In the Bay of Rio de Janeiro, where the conditions appear to be very
favorable for coral growth, I have been able to find only one or two
species of madreporarian corals, and these were Astrangi.
2d. The Brazilian fauna bears a close resemblance to the West In-
dian, and there are many representative species. Thus the Siderastrwa
stellata, Heliastrea aperta, Favia gravida, and Porites solida are rep-
resentatives of West Indian forms ; and among the Halcyonoids, Hy-
menogorgia represents the Rhipidogorgie of the West Indian fauna,
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 365
3d. The absence, in the Brazil fauna, of the genera Madrepora,
Meandrina, Diploria, Manicina, Cladocora, Oculina, genera so
characteristic of the West Indian fauna, is noteworthy.
4th. The Brazilian corals form extensive reefs, which occur along
the coast, from the “ Roceas,” north of Cape St. Roque, to the Abrol-
hos. The genera which contribute most to the reefs are Acanthastrea,
Favia, Heliastreeu, Siderastreea, Porites, and Millepora, but the Mussa
and other species add a more or less notable share.
South of the Abrolhos region, there are no known coral reefs. Very
extensive ones occur in the Abrolhos region, at Itacolumi, Porto Se-
guro, Sta. Cruz, and in the vicinity of Camamf, and elsewhere south
of Bahia. In the Bay of Bahia are large coral banks, and off the town
of Maceid, in the province of Alagéas there are large irregular coral
patches, uncovered at low tide, which are seen extending northward
along the coast toward Pernambuco. Coral patches occur frequently
on the coast farther north, and the extensive reef of the Roccas, in the
latitude of the Island of Fernando de Noronha, is formed of coral.
Around the Abrolhos Islands are fringing reefs. Between these
Islands and the shore is a large area of shallow sea, full of irregular
reefs. On the Brazilian shore, in open water, the corals grow in small
patches on the sea-bottom, and rise vertically to the surface like tow-
ers. These structures are termed, in Brazil, chapeirdes (sing. cha-
peirao). In some instances they are only a few yards in diameter,
while their height may be 40 to 50 feet or more. These chapeirées usu-
ally grow close together and sometimes coalesce to form reefs of sev-
eral square miles in area. The larger reefs are usually surrounded
by chapeiroes. Ordinarily the reefs reach a level a little above low-
tide. They are remarkably level topped. Occasionally sand is heaped
upon them and they become islands, but instances of this kind are
very rare.
Class, ECHINODERMATA.
Order, CRINOIDEA.
Antedon Dubenii (?) Bélsche, Wieg. Archiv. fur Naturg., 1866, p. 92.
One specimen, apparently identical with this species, was obtained
at the Abrolhos. Its color is deep purple with large spots of yellow-
ish white on the sides of the rays.
It is very different from a specimen of A. Braziliensis Liitk., from
Rio de Janeiro, sent to the Museum of Yale College by Dr. Liitken,
with which I have compared it.
Rare, occasionally occurring in the shallow water on the borders of reefs and rock
ledges.—c. F. H.
366 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Order, OPHIUROIDEA.
Ophiomyxa flaccida Liitken.
Ophiura flaccida Say, Journal Phil. Acad., v, p. 151, 1825.
Ophiomyxa flaccida Lyman, Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative
Zoodlogy, i, p. 178, Pl. ii, fig. 6, 1865.
One large specimen was obtained at the Abrolhos Reefs. It does
not appreciably differ from a specimen from the West Indies, sent
by Dr. Liitken, except in having slightly longer and sharper arm-
spines.
It has been found previously at Florida, St. Thomas, and various
parts of the West Indies.
Ophiactis Krebsii Liitken; Lyman, Catal., p. 111, figs. 10, 11.
Several fine specimens of this species occurred at the Abrolhos
Reefs, nearly all of them had six rays, with three of them usually
shorter. Two specimens differ slightly from the others in haying more
slender arms, longer and more oval upper arm-plates, and radial
shields less separated. They have, however, four mouth-papille, like
the typical form, and agree very well in color with the others.
Its previous localities are Bahamas,—Dr. H. Bryant ; off Charleston,
—L. Agassiz ; Florida,—Maj. E. B. Hunt, J. E. Mills, ete.; St. Thomas,
A. H. Riise; Aspinwall,—F. H. Bradley.
Ophionereis reticulata Liitken; Lyman, Catal., p. 141.
Ophiura reticulata Say, op. cit., p. 148, 1825.
This species was found in considerable abundance by Mr. Hartt, at
the Abrolhos Reefs.
There are specimens in the Museum of Yale College from Bermuda
(J. M. Jones); Bahamas (Dr. H. Bryant); Florida; ‘‘ West Indies ;”
and St. Thomas. The specimens from all these localities are remarka-
bly constant in their characters, and show scarcely any local varia-
tions.
Ophiothrix violacea Miiller and Troschel, Syst. Asterid., p. 115, 1842; Lyman,
Catalogue, p. 164.
This species occurred in abundance at the Abrolhos Reefs, among
corals and Gorgoniz.
In color there are two principal variations, most specimens have the
light dorsal stripe on the rays very clearly defined and bordered with
dark brown. Others have the stripe obscure, or lack it entirely. In
the character of the spines of the disk there are also two varieties,
not coincident, however, with the differences in color; most commonly
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 367
the disk is covered with minute, short, forked spines, with few or
numerous long, slender, thorny ones among them ; but in many speci-
mens the long spines are entirely wanting. The general color is some-
times flesh-color or pink instead of violet.
The previously recorded localities are from Florida and Aspinwall
to Brazil.
Ophiolepis paucispina Miill. and Trosch., op. cit., p. 90; Lyman, Catal., p. 55.
Ophiura paucispina Say, op. cit., p. 149, 1825.
Three specimens, agreeing exactly with those from Florida and
West Indies, were collected by Mr. Hartt at the Abrolhos Reefs.
Ophiura cinerea Lyman, Catal. p. 27.
Ophioderma cinereum Mill. and Tr., Syst., p. 87, 1842.
Ophioderma Antillarum Litken, Add. ad Hist. Oph., p. 88,
Numerous large and fine specimens of this species were collected by
Mr. Hartt at the Abrolhos Reefs. They were found living in crevices
under corals.
Some of these measure 6°5 inches from the center to ends of rays;
1°25 in diameter of disk.
All the Ophiurans from the Abrolhos were collected in shallow pools on the reefs
from under dead corals or stones.—c. F. H.
Order, ASTERIOIDEA.,
Oreaster gigas (Linn. sp.) Liitken, Vidensk. Meddel., 1859, p. 64.
Pentaceros reticulatus Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H., p. 275, 1840.
Oreaster reticulatus Mull and Tr., Syst. Asterid., p. 45, 1842.
Two large and fine specimens of this species were collected by Mr.
Hartt at the Abrolhos reefs.
Its previous localities were Florida, Bahamas, St. Thomas, Hayti,
Barbadoes, and throughout the West Indies.
The Brazilian specimens agree perfectly with those from Florida
and St. Thomas.
Linckia ornithopus Liitken.
Ophidiaster ornithopus Miill. and Trosch., op. cit., p. 31, 1842; Liitken, op. cit., p. 80.
? Linckia Guildingit Gray, op. cit., 1840.
Several specimens of this species from the Abrolhos Reefs present
curious malformations due to the restoration of lost rays. Two con-
sist of a single large ray, from the end of which four or five new ones
have begun to grow. Two specimens are regularly five rayed.
A specimen from Bermuda (J. M. Jones) does not appreciably differ,
TRans. CONNECTICUT AcaAD., Vou. I. AT FEBRUARY, 1868.
368 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Echinaster (Othilia) crassispina Verrill, sp. nov.
Plate IV, figure 7.
Rays short, somewhat angulated. WRadii of disk and rays as 1:4.
Interambulacral spines, two to each plate, the outer ones being large
and short, forming a close, regular row along the border of the ambu-
lacral groove; the inner one much smaller, not half so long, and
forming an inner row concealed by the others. Along the lower side
of the rays and well separated from the interambulacral spines, there
is a row of distant, large, conical, sharp spines, about fifteen in number,
which do not extend upon the disk, and gradually diminish in size
toward the end of the rays, where they are very small. Upon the
sides and back of the rays there are four or five less regular rows of
similar large, sharp, distant spines, arising from the swollen nodes of
the reticulated plates. Disk naked beneath, above with few large
spines, like those of the rays. Surface smooth, in the spaces between
the spines pierced by many small pores. Color bright crimson when
living ; inalcohol, dull reddish brown; when dry, deep purplish brown.
Radius of disk ‘5 of an inch; of rays, 1:9.
Bahia, Brazil,—C. F. Hartt. Three specimens.
This remarkable species differs widely from 7. spinosus in its shorter
and more angulated rays, coarser plates, and much fewer and stouter
spines. Also in the spineless disk beneath, and much larger and more
crowded outer interambulacral spines bordering the grooves. It dif-
fers from /. multispina Gray sp. (42. Braziliensis M. and Tr.) in hay-
ing much fewer and larger spines above, and different interambulacral
spines.
Asterias Atlantica Verrill, sp. nov.
A small specimen having eight rays, four of which are smaller than
the others, was obtained at the Abrolhos Reefs by Mr. Hartt. Another
specimen with six equal rays, which is in my possession, collected at
Bermuda by J. Matthew Jones, Esq., does not appreciably differ
in structure. Two other specimens, one of which has seven unequal
rays, and the other, which is much larger, five regular ones, appear to
belong tothe same species. These are believed to have been collected
at Remedios, Cuba.
This species may be recognized by the very slender, blunt interam-
bulacral spines, which form a single row along the edge of the ambul-
acral groove ; by the crowded double row of larger ventral spines,
very near the interambulacral, the spines being long, round, tapering,
not pointed, and arranged two upon each plate; by the regular lateral
row of distant, long spines, larger than the ventral, and mostly only
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 369
one upon a plate; by the fewness of the smaller dorsal spines, which
form an irregular, often double median row along the rays, with a few
scattered on each sides, which sometimes form lateral rows, and on the
disk surround a pentagonal area, enclosing a few small spines. The
spines are surrounded at base by dense wreaths of small rounded pedi-
cellarize. No major pedicellariz were found on any part. The specimen
with five arms has but one madreporic plate. The others two or three.
The rays are rather long and slender, somewhat angulated when dry.
Radii as 1: 54.
Radius of disk of largest specimen, °85; of rays 2 inches.
The specimen from Bermuda has somewhat longer and sharper
spines than the others of similar size, and those upon the back of the
rays form three regular rows. The disk is also covered uniformly
with similar spines.
This species is allied to A. tenwispina, but appears quite distinct
from the Mediterranean specimens that I have examined. It has
shorter and more angulated rays when mature, and less numerous
and shorter spines upon the back. Its pedicellariz are somewhat
different in form, and the large scattered ones, common on A, tenz-
ispina, | have been unable to find upon this, although they might
occur on other specimens.
Order, ECHINOIDEA.
Lytechinus variegatus A. Agassiz, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zodl., p. 24, 1864.
Psammechinus variegatus Agassiz and Desor, Catal. Rais.
Psilechinus variegatus Liitken, Vidensk. Meddelelser, 1865.
This species is common at Bahia, where Mr. Hartt obtained numer-
ous specimens. These examples agree very well with the common
Florida and West Indian form, but are a little more depressed than
usual, and have more numerous tubercles on the interambulacral
ZONES.
Quite common in the vicinity of Cape Frio; also at Victoria and Porto Seguro,.—
C. F. H.
Echinometra Michelini Desor, Catal. Rais.
Echinus lucuntur (pars) Linn, ; Lamarck, ete.
Echinometra lucuntur Litken.
Echinometra Michelini A. Ag , op. cit., p. 21.
The large specimens of this species, brought from the Abrolhos by
Mr. Hartt, do not appreciably differ from those of Bermuda, Florida
Reefs, and West Indies,
370 Verrill, Notes on Radiata,
Common on all rocky shores and reefs along the Brazilian coast. At Rio, Victoria,
Bahia, and elsewhere, where the rocks are gneissose, these sea urchins are found in
holes in the rocks, which they excavate for themselves. They also excavate the coral
reef-rock, and sandstone.—c. F. H.
Encope emarginata (Leske sp.) Agassiz, Monog. Scut., li, p. 37, tab. 10.
Scutella emarginata Lamarck; Blainy.; Desmoul., ete.
Echinoglycus frondosus Gray, Catal. Kch. of Brit. Mus., p. 24, 1855,
The specimens are mostly 3 or 4 inches in diameter, with thin edges.
The openings vary considerably in size and the degree of closing at
the margin. In most cases all are closed, but often the two posterior
remain more or less open. The green and brown colored specimens
are about equally common.
Very common on the sandy beaches in some localities along the coast from Rio,
northward to beyond Bahia. One of these localities near the mouth of the Rio Sant.
Antonia, in the Province of Bahia, is mentioned in the work of Prinz Max zu Neu
Wied. Along the shores of the bay of Bahia, at Itapagipe, Periperi, and elsewhere, it
may be collected in great abundance.—c. F. H.
Order, HOLOTHURIOIDEA.
Thyone (Sclerodactyla) Braziliensis Verrill, sp. nov.
Plate IV, figure 8.
Form in contraction oval. The lower side indicated only by the
lighter color. Suckers not very numerous, scattered over the whole
surface, but somewhat more numerous along the ambulacral zones,
where there is a tendency to form two rows. Anal orifice armed with
flve small, caleareous papille. Tentacles ten, elongated, arborescently
branched, chiefly near the end, the divisions short and not very nu-
merous ; the two lower tentacles slightly smaller and more divided.
Plates of the oral circle closely united laterally, forming a very short
ring, with ten acute points projecting backward and ten forward, the
latter with wide rounded spaces between them. Distance between
the anterior points ‘1 inch, equal to their length and to the distance
from the posterior points to the angle between the anterior points.
Tentacles somewhat rigid, from the abundance of calcareous plates.
Color, in alcohol, yellowish gray, with fine brownish spots and an
ill-defined dark brown zone along the middle of the interambulacral
spaces. Length of a contracted specimen, in alcohol, 1:3 inches; of
tentacles ‘4. Abrolhos Reefs,—C. F. Hartt.
This species is allied to 7) Briareus, from the Atlantic coast of the
United States, but is very distinct in the form of the ring of oral
plate, which, in the latter, is relatively about three times longer, and
_— ~~. ee
Verrill, Notes on Radiata, 371
composed of long, stout plates, with the posterior points longest.
The suckers scattered over the surface are, also, much less numerous
than in 7! Briareus.
Occurs under dead corals in the shallow tide pools and holes in the reefs at the
Abrolhos and elswhere.—c. F. H.
Chirodota rotiferum Stimpson, Amer. Journ. Sci., 29, p. 134, 1860.
2 Synapta rotifera Pourtales, Proc. Am. Assoc., 1851, p. 15.
Chriodota rotifera Selenka, Zeitschr. fur Wiss. Zo6l., 1867, p. 367.
Plate IV, figures 9, 9*.
>
Elongated and slender, the whole surface thickly covered with
small, white, slightly prominent verruce. Tentacles 12, short, with
about five digitations upon each side, the two terminal ones longest.
Color, in alcohol, light purplish brown. The specimens, which are
not entire, are two or three inches long, and about *25 in diameter.
The calcareous, wheel-shaped bodies in the skin, are all very minute,
but variable in size, provided with 6 spokes, which are often thinner
along the middle, so as sometimes to appear almost as if double, rim
narrow, center not perforated. With these there are larger, oblong,
irregularly shaped, calcareous bodies, mostly enlarged and truncated
at the ends.
Abrolhos Reefs, with the preceding,—C. F. Hartt. Florida,—
Pourtales,
The two specimens obtained appear to agree perfectly with the
description by Pourtales. Whether C. pygmea Miller be the same
species, can be ascertained only by a comparison of specimens from
the different localities. Should this prove to be the case, Miiller’s
name will have priority.
No. 5.— Notice of a Collection of Echinoderms from La Paz, Lower
California, with Descriptions of a new Genus.
Published April, 1868.
Tur Museum of Yale College recently received a small but very
interesting collection of Echinoderms, collected by Capt. James
Pedersen, in the lower part of the Gulf of California, which gives
us some additional knowledge of the marine fauna of that very
prolific region. In these Transactions, I published last year a des-
criptive catalogue of the Echinoderms contained in the Yale Museum
from the west-tropical coast of America; but in this small lot there
are two species, not known to me at that time, one of which appears
to be a new and remarkable genus of starfishes.
372 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
OPHIUROIDEA.
Ophiactis virescens Litken.
Ophiactis virescens Lyman, Catal., p. 113; Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., i, p. 265.
A few specimens of this species were found adhering among the
laminated scales of the pearl-oyster (Margaritophora fimbriata).
ASTERIOIDEA,
Linckia unifascialis Gray (var. bifascialis), Verrill, op. cit., p. 286.
Dr. Gray considered this form a distinct species, but the specimens
that I have hitherto seen do not appear to warrant their separation
from the ordinary LZ. unifascialis, unless as a variety. Yet it may
eventually prove to be distinct when more and better specimens can
be examined. The only difference observed between them, is the
division of the lateral band of pores into two bands toward the base
of the rays, in the variety, while it is simple in the normal form,
This variety appears to be common at Cape St. Lucas and in the
Gulf of California, while at Panama it is very rare.
Occurs from the Gulf of California to Zorritos, Peru.
Nidorellia armata Gray.
Pentaceros (Nidorellia) armatus Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H., vol. vi, p. 276, 1840
Synopsis Starfishes in the British Museum, p. 7, pl. 14, 1866.
Oreaster armatus Miller and Tr., Syst. Ast., p. 52, 1842.
Goniodiscus conifer Mobius, Neue Seesterne des Hamburg und Kieler Mus., p. 10,
Tab. iii, fig. 5, 6, 1859.
Goniodiscus armatus Liitken, Vidensk. Meddel., 1859, p. 75.
Nidorellia armata Verrill, Trans. Conn. Acad., vol. i, p. 280.
Goniodiscus stella Verrill, op. cit., p. 284, (young), (non Mobius).
Additional specimens prove that our Goniodiscus stella is merely the
young of this species, while in the flat, spineless condition. The
characters of the young show the close affinity that this genus has
with Goniodiscus.
There is but one specimen from La Paz. Its range is from Guaya-
mas to Zorritos, Peru.
AMPHIASTER, gen. nov.
Disk moderately developed, flat above and below, with five broad,
triangular rays, and two well developed series of marginal plates.
Skeleton of the upper side formed by regular, polygonal, spine bear-
ing, tessellated plates, with pores between them; on the lower side
composed of smaller granulated plates, each bearing a tubercle,
Marginal plates granulated around the margin, smooth at center, or
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 373
bearing a large, smooth spine. Interambulacral plates bearing a row
of smaller, inner spines, several on each plate, and an outer series of
larger ones, one to each plate.
This genus is nearly allied to Oreaster, and still more so to Mido-
rellia. Krom the former it differs in its depressed form, tessellated,
polygonal plates, the character of the spines, ete.; from the latter, in
the larger and less numerons plates of the upper surface, consisting
mainly of the three median rows of the rays, with very few in the
interradial regions, while in Védorellia they are much more numerous
and the interradial regions of the upper surface are well developed.
The marginal plates, also, in the single known species, are granulated
only around the margin.
Amphiaster insignis Verrill, sp. nov.
Plate IV, figure 10.
Proportion of the radii of rays to those of the disk, nearly as 2:1.
Rays broad at base, small, but not acute, at the tips, with the interra-
dial margin deeply and regularly incurved in young specimens, slightly
angular in larger ones. Along the upper side of the rays, there are
three rows of regular plates, which are rather large and somewhat
prominent, and each normally bears a large, sharp, conical spine,
smooth above, but surrounded by granules at the base. These spines
form, therefore, three regular rows on the rays, except near the tips,
where the lateral ones become obsolete. The spines increase in size
toward the center. The five inner ones of the median rows are often
absent, the corresponding plates presenting a smooth, rounded sur-
face, as if the spines had been broken off and the scars had healed
over; frequently, also, several of the other median spines are wanting
in the same way; but the number and positions of the naked plates
differ on the different rays of the same individual, and on different
specimens. In each angle between the inner ends of the median rows,
and terminating the lateral ones, there is a larger spine, forming the
angles of a pentagonal area, enclosing from three to five similar spines.
The large madreporic plate is outside this area, close to the base of one
of the spines. In the interradial regions, and surrounding the ovarial
openings, there are about five small plates, one or two of which often
bear spines in the larger specimens. The margin is rounded, and
formed by both the upper and lower series of plates, those of each
row alternately approaching and receding from the margin. ‘These
plates are variable in size, those of the upper series much the largest,
somewhat rounded, and in the intervals between those that are sepa-
rated there are often small accessory plates, and at the angle there is
374 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
usually a cluster of such small plates, while the two inner plates of
the upper series are removed from the margin to the upper surface.
Ordinarily the alternate marginal plates, of both the upper and lower
series, bear large conical spines, like those of the back; these are
always placed upon the plates that approach the margin, while those
that are placed farther back toward the upper and lower surfaces
have convex and naked centers, surrounded by a margin of granules.
There are about ten or twelve lower marginal plates upon one side of
each ray, and eight or nine upper ones. The plates of the lower sur-
face are nearly regular, polygonal, evenly covered with shert, angu-
lar, flat-topped granules, and each bears a short, stout, blunt central
spine, those near the interradial margin longer and sharper, The
interambulacral plates bear an even outer row of blunt, flattened
spines or papillee, one to each plate, which are nearly as long as the
spines of the adjacent surface, but much smaller; and an inner row of
very slender spines, which are cylindrical and blunt and rise nearly as
high as the others, forming groups of three to five upon each plate.
When there are but three, as is most common, the central one is
slightly longer or they are all equal; when four, as often happens
toward the mouth, the inner one is much the shortest ; when five,
which rarely occurs, the outer one is also much shorter than the
middle ones.
In the largest specimen, the radius of the rays is 2 inches; of disk
‘95; length of largest dorsal spines “30; diameter at base 17; length
of spines of lower surface +15; diameter +10; length of outer inter-
ambulacral spines ‘12; diameter °05. Another specimen has the
greater radius 1°60; lesser °80; with dorsal spines of the same size.
The smallest specimen has the greater radius °933; lesser 47; length
of dorsal spines ‘15; diameter 08. Color light brownish red, when
dry.
This species appears to be not uncommon at La Paz, since there are
eight specimens in the present ylleetion.
Oreaster occidentalis Verrill, op. cit., p. 278.
One large specimen of this interesting, and as yet rare species, was
received in this collection. It agrees, in all respects, with those from
Panama.
ECHINOIDEA.
Cidaris Thouarsii Val.; Verrill, op. cit.. p. 294,
One large specimen, agreeing perfectly with those from Panama.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 375
Echinometra Van Brunti A. Ag.; Verrill, op. cit., p. 309.
Common at La Paz.
Tripneustes depressus A. Ag., Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 24, 1863.
Large and ventricose, slightly concave beneath, regularly arched
above, the outline in a vertical view nearly circular, with the ambu-
lacral zones a little swollen, Peristome larger in proportion to the
diameter of the test than in 7. ventricosus. Primary tubercles of
interambulacra less numerous, especially in the vertical series, owing
to the greater vertical width of the plates; secondary tubercles few
and small, miliaries very numerous and minute. Tubercles of the am-
bulacra similar in size and appearance. Diameter of test 4:9; height
2°85; diameter of peristome, not including cuts, 1°15: of abactinal
area ‘70; width of ambulacral zones at circumference 1°30; of inter-
ambulacral 1°70.
This species is closely allied to Z. ventricosus of the West Indies.
The only reliable characters for separating it, that I have been able
to find, are the greater relative size of the buccal opening, and the
fewer primary tubercles, with much less numerous secondary ones,
which, combined with the smallness of the miliaries, gives the sur-
face a less closely tuberculated appearance.
It was characterized by Mr. A, Agassiz, only as follows :— There
isin the collection of the Smithsonian, a species from Guayamas,
T. depressus A, Ag., closely allied to 7! ventricosus, which differs
from it in the flatness of the test, the large and uniform size of the
tubercles, and the stoutness of its spines.”
The spines in our specimen are removed, but in form it is less de-
pressed than many specimens of 7! ventricosus, and the primary tu-
bercles are scarcely larger.
Encope grandis Agassiz, Monog. Scut., p. 37, Tab. 6.
A large and fine specimen, which was certainly collected at La Paz,
came with the collection, thus confirming the Gulf of California na-
tivity of this species, which has been erroneously attributed to the
West Indies.
Brissus obesus Verrill, op. cit., p. 316.
This species is represented only by a single specimen, which agrees
well with those originally described.
TRANS. ConNECTICUT AcaD., Vol. I. 48 APRIL, 1868.
376 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Supplementary Note on Echinoderms of the West Coast of America,
Ophiura variegata Lyman (see p. 254), and Ophiolepis variegata Lutken (see p. 256).
Numerous large and fine specimens of these two species, with a few of Ophiocnida
hispida Lyman. were dredged by Mr. Bradley on a shell-bank in 4-6 fathoms of water,
Panama Bay.
Ophiothela mirabilis V errill (see page 268).
Numerous additional specimens of this species, some of them much larger than those
first described, have been found clinging to Gorgonie and Muricee from Panama Bay.
Also on Muricea from Cape St. Lucas. These confirm its rank as a distinct genus.
Echinometra rupicola A. Ag. (see page 308).
Several fine specimens of this species were obtained by Prof. B. Silliman near San
Juan del Sur, Nicaragua, where they burrow in a hard argillaceous rock, forming
cavities sometimes 5 or 6 inches in diameter.
Pattalus Peruvianus Verrill, = Anaperus Peruanus, p. 322 (non Troschel).
The large specimens referred to, from Callao, when dissected proved to be a species
allied to P. mollis Sel., the only known species of the genus, from Chili and Peru.
Tt has 20 long arborescent tentacles, some of which are shorter. The oral ring con-
sists of ten loosely articulated, long plates; five slender ones, having the posterior
part broad triangular, with the angles rounded and edges concave, connecting anteri-
orly by a narrow middle with a long fusiform process, alternating with. five much larger
ones, having a short posterior portion, emarginate behind, narrowing somewhat ante-
riorly, and then expanding into a broad deeply excavated portion, ending in two points
anteriorly. The large plates in a large specimen are ‘7 of an inch long, °25 broad. Polian
vesicles long and slender, numerous, in large clusters. Color uniform deep crimson
when living. The tentacles are 4-6 inches across in expansion. In alcohol deep
purple. Anal orifice round, unarmed.
This is, probably, the Holothuria Peruviana Lesson. P. mollis Sel.,* as figured, dif-
fers in its smaller oral plates and fewer Polian vesicles.
——_——9 com
EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV.
Figure 1. Spicula of Hymenogorgia quercifolia Kdw.; 1a, double-spindles; 1b, cres-
cent-shaped spicula,—enlarged 150 diameters.
Figure 2. Spicula of Pterogorgia gracilis Verrill; 2a, double-spinldes; 2b, cres-
cents,—enlarged 150 diameters.
Figure 3. A part of a branch of the same,—natural size.
Figure 4. Spicula of Humicea humilis Edw.; a, spindles from coenenchyma,—en-
larged 50 diameters; b, club-shaped spicula,—enlarged 100 diameters.
Figure 5. Spicula of Plexaurella dichotoma Koll. ; 5a, a cross-shaped spiculum with
unequal branches; 5b, a cross with two of the branches undeveloped,—enlarged 100
diameters.
Figure 6. Cross-shaped spicula of Plexaurella anceps? Koll.; 6a, one of the larger
spindles, —enlarged 100 diameters.
Figure 7. Echinaster crassispina Verrill; part of ray,—natural size.
Figure 8. Thyone Braziliensis Verrill; a, oral plates,—natural size.
Figure 9. Chriodota rotiferum Stimp.; calcareous wheels of the skin,—enlarged
150 diameters.
Figure 10. Amphiaster insignis Vernill; ray and part of disk,—natural size.
SS EE ———————————————— —
* Zeitschrift fir Wissensch. Zool., Dec. 1867, p. 113, Taf. VIII, Fig. 4-5.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. Sai
No. 6.—Review of the Corals and Polyps of the West Coast of
America. By A. BE. Verriy.
Presented, April, 1868.
Recenr explorations of the west tropical coast of America, prin-
cipally by Mr. F. H. Bradley for the Museum of Yale College, have
contributed so much to the knowledge of the Polypi of that region
and have so increased our store of specimens, that a new and much
more complete catalogue of the species has become indispensable for
a proper understanding of the geographical distribution of the ani-
mals of this class. The Smithsonian Institution has contributed the
species collected by John Xantus, Esq., at Cape St. Lucas.
In a paper published two years ago,* the writer enumerated nearly
all the species then known from Panama and called attention to the
remarkable contrast between the polyp-faune of the Atlantic and
Pacific coasts of Central America, and the bearing of these facts upon
the supposed former connection between the two oceans, across the
Isthmus of Panama.
The additional forms now presented make these contrasts still
greater and more remarkable, and add greater force to the evidence
then brought forward to show that no deep or extensive water con-
nection, sufficient to modify the ocean currents, can have taken place
since the existence of the species now living upon each coast.
The Panamian fauna proves to be remarkably rich in Gorgonacea,
no less than 43 species having already been obtained. The genus
Muricea appears to attain here its greatest development, since 15 spe-
cies, besides several peculiar varieties, perhaps distinct, are in our col-
lection from Panama Bay, and others from Acapulco and Peru, while
from the West Indies there are but four well-ascertained species. The
occurrence of two peculiar, gigantic species of Pavonia, a genus of
corals hitherto known only in the Indo-Pacific faune, is noteworthy,
and also the presence of a peculiar new form of Dendrophyllia.
The classification here followed is that proposed by the writer three
years agof with a few changes that have become necessary bya better
knowledge of the anatomy of some groups and the discovery of new
forms.
* Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History, vol. x, p. 323, 1865.
+ Proceedings of the Essex Institute, vol. iv, p. 145, 1865. See also Memoirs of the
Boston Society of Natural History, vol. i, 1864.
378 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Order, ALCYONARIA.
Sub-Order, PENN ATULACHA.
Family, Renitim«,
Renilla.
The polyps arise from the upper surface of a flat, reniform, cavernous
disk or frond, having a sinus on one edge, near which there is upon
the lower surface a locomotive peduncle, which is muscular and
greatly extensible and divided in the interior into two longitudinal
chambers, which communicate with two large cavities at its base, and
through these with the smaller cavities of the disk, and thus with the
bodies of the polyps. The integument of the lower surface, peduncle,
and upper surface, is filled with numerous, slender, prismatic spicula,
and around the bases of the polyps there are pointed, projecting groups
of similar spicula. The polyps originate by budding around the
edge of the disk, and are therefore regularly arranged, alternately
both in consecutive circles and in radiating lines, which are symmet-
rical upon the right and left side of a median plane passing through
the sinus, and they are smaller and more crowded toward the edge
than on the central parts. The polyps are rather large, much exsertin
expansion, but wholly retractile.
Besides the ordinary form of polyps, there are in this, as in other
genera of Pennatulacea, a second kind, having a different structure
and appearance. Or, in other words, the polyps are dimorphous in
a manner analogous to that observed in many Hydroids. In Renilla,
the second kind of polyps are scattered thickly over the upper
surface between the others, and appear in alcoholic specimens like lit-
tle papillee, with clusters of whitish spots on their surface, and sur-
rounded with spicula similar to those around the ordinary polyps, but
less numerous and smaller. They are also asexual.
The writer first described these peculiar dimorphous forms of the
polyps of Renilla, in 1864,* as “ rudimentary polyps,” and afterwards
those of Leioptillum undulatwn, Ptilosareus Gurneyi, Veretillum
Stimpsonii, ete.t
* Revision of the Polyps of the Eastern Coast of the United States, Memoirs of the
Boston Society of Natural History, vol. i, p. 12.
+ Proceedings of the Essex Institute, vol. iv, p. 182-5, 1865.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 379
Dr. Albert Kélliker has recently investigated this interesting sub-
ject much more completely, both among Pennatulacea and Al-
cyonacea, and has already published a short notice,* preliminary toa
more extended memoir upon it. For these reasons it will be passed
over in the following pages with only such descriptions of the exter-
nal appearance of the two forms of polyps as may be useful for the
determination of the genera and species.
Renilla amethystina Verrill.
Bulletin of the Museum of Comp. Zodl., p. 29, Jan. 1864; Proceedings Boston Soc.
Nat. History, 1866, p. 326.
Plate V, figure 1.
Frond large, rather thin, broad reniform, broader than long, propor.
tion of breadth to length about as 1°3: 1; sinus extending more than
one third across the length of the frond, about equal to one third of
its breadth; the posterior lobes broad and rounded, meeting behind,
Peduncle placed at about its own diameter from the end of the sinus ;
length, in contraction, equal to about a third of the breadth of the
frond. Lower surface and peduncle rough with spicula, which are
arranged somewhat in radiating lines, upper surface slightly convex,
covered with very numerous, rather closely set, small polyps, which
are surrounded at base by slightly projecting, rigid calicles, strength-
ened by numerous spicula, which rise up in angular clusters. Thickly
scattered between the ordinary polyps are those of the second or rudi-
mentary kind, which form, in the contracted state, much smaller ver-
ruc, surrounded by a lower border of spicula, and consisting of clus-
ters of from eight to thirty, small, round papille, each with a dark
point in the centre.
According to Mr. Bradley’s observations upon the living polyps,
these are mostly °25 of an inch long, and about *12 across the expand-
ed tentacles, the bodies ofthe polyps being about :06. ‘They are
transparent, with an opaque stomach, the eight radiating lamelle
showing through the walls; around the small mouth, which is edged
with white, are eight radiating white points, corresponding to the
intervals between the tentacles; around the base of the tentacles is a
brown ring, which runs down in points opposite the spaces between
them. Opposite the base of each polyp are two (rarely four or five)
bunches of little white rays. The frond is nearly transparent, but highly
colored by very numerous purple spicula, evenly distributed on the
* Verhandlungen der physik-medicin Gesellschaft in Wiirzburg, Dec., 1867. Also,
Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., March, 1868.
380 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
peduncle and lower surface, but on the upper side arranged along the
edges of the polypiferous radiating lines, and especially concentrated
about the five (rarely six or seven) white points that surround the
closed polyps. The polyps are arranged somewhat in quincunx, in
lines that radiate from the attachment of the peduncle, and curve out-
ward on the sides to the lobes. The tentacles are narrow and taper-
ing, ‘04 to 06 long, bearing, especially in young specimens, well marked
pinne at the tip and edges, which in old ones often become reduced
to a mere fringe.”
In alcohol the usual color is deep rich purple, due to the color of
the spicula, with the tip of the peduncle light yellowish; but some
specimens are light, reddish purple, and one is pure white, due per-
haps to disease or injury, for it has become deformed. The polyps,
when expanded, usually show the eight white lobes around the mouth,
and the brown band below the tentacles.
The spicula are all slender and irregularly prismatic in form, some-
times bent, a little thickened in the middle, tapering slightly to near
the ends, which are somewhat enlarged and bluntly truncated. They
vary considerably in size, those of the upper surface around the polyp-
cells and in the integument of the lower surface being the largest ;
many others are about half as long, and others not more than a fourth.
The largest spicula of the upper surface are about °810"" long and
064™" thick; some the larger ones from the lower surface are ‘544™™
long by °056™™ thick, and -608"™ long by °048™"; with these are
many small ones about °350™™" by °048™™. Some of the larger spicula
from the white specimen are 640" long by :064™™ thick, and the
smaller ones *240"™ by °024"™, The color of the spicula in the darker
specimens is deep amethystine purple; in the lighter specimens, light
purple or silvery white. The spicula all reflect light in a peculiar
manner, which gives them a silvery lustre. They do not appear to
have such well marked triangular sections as those of “ R. ameri-
cana,” figured by Dr. Kolliker,* the angles being less prominent,
without reéntrant angles between them. In many cases the section
is nearly round, or quadrangular with rounded corners, but to-
ward the ends of the spiculum, usually triangular with rounded
angles.
When contracted in alcohol, one of the largest specimens measures
3°75 inches in breadth ; 3°30 long, from posterior lobes to front ; 2°20
from sinus to front; °35 in thickness; diameter of polyp-cells -06.
When living, some specimens were more than 6 inches in breadth.
* Tcones Histiologicee, ii, Taf. xix, fig. 16.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 381
Panama, north of the railroad-wharf, on sand at extreme low-
water, abundant on one occasion only,—F. H. Bradley; Panama,—
J. H. Sternbergh, Capt. J. M. Dow, T. Rowell, Esq.; Pearl Islands,
dredged on muddy bottoms, 4 to 6 fathoms,—F. H. Bradley ; Acajutla,
San Salvador,—F. H. Bradley; Zorritos, Peru, dredged on muddy
bottom,—F. H. Bradley.
The single white specimen, referred to above, was found at Panama
with the ordinary variety. The frond, apparently owing to injury or
disease and subsequent restoration, is divided into three nearly equal
lobes by two deep lateral notches and the sinus. The polyps are not
retracted and appear a little larger than usual. The spicula are pure
white and apparently somewhat smaller than in other specimens.
This species has but little resemblance to A. reniformis of the south-
ern Atlantic coast of the United States, being much larger, with
smaller, more crowded, and far more numerous polyps, while the frond
is broader than long, instead of longer than broad. The color is
also much deeper and brighter, and the under surface rougher. It re-
sembles R. patula Verrill, from Cumana, Venezuela, more than any
other species, but can scarcely be confounded even with that, since it
differs considerably in form and color and in the size of the polyps,
and has a thicker frond.
Family, PENNATULIDA.
Leioptillum undulatum Verrill.
Proceedings of the Essex Institute, iv, 1865, p. 182.
Basal portion smooth, pointed at the end, swelling into a large bulb
just below the pinne. Posterior part of the body, except along a
narrow median band, covered with large verruciform rudimentary
polyps. forming rounded papill, some of which are a tenth of an
inch in diameter. Pinne large, very broad and rounded, with nar-
row bases, the edges thrown into undulations or frills. Polyps rather
large, arranged in three alternating rows along the edges of the pin-
ne. Axis very slender, about two inches long, extending from about
an inch above the basal end to about the middle of the pimnate por-
tion, The naked base, of a specimen 4°25 inches long, is 1°75; the
largest pinne *75 long and 1°12 wide. This specimen has twenty-five
pinn on each side.
Pinnacati Bay, Gulf of California,
Institution),
Mr. Stone. (Smithsonian
382 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Ptilosarcus Gurneyi Gray.
Sarcoptilus (Ptilosarcus) Gurneyi Gray, Ann. and Mag. N. H., vol. v, p. 23, pl. iii,
fig. 2, 1860.
Pennatula tenua Gabb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii, p. 166, 1862.
Ptilosarcus Gurneyt Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., 1865, p. 183.
Puget Sound, Washington Territory,—Dr. C. B. Kennerly.
Family, VirGuLaRIp&.
Stylatula Verrill, 1864.
Polyps forming clusters upon the upper side of the lateral processes,
which are supported beneath by conspicuous, sharp, radiating, spine-
like spicula, which are much expanded at the base and divided into a
number of irregular teeth. Besides these there are numerous, much
smaller, acicular spicula imbricated at the base of the large ones and
imbedded in the coonenchyma. The stem is long and slender, as in
- Virgularia, and the lateral processes become obsolete below. The ba-
sal portion is naked, enlarged and bulbous at the base. The axis is
almost cylindrical, stony, with a radiated fibrous structure, and passes
through nearly the entire length. This genus is, as yet, known only
from the west coast of America.
Stylatula gracilis Verrill.
Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zodl., p. 30, Jan. 1864.
(?) Virgularia gracilis Gabb, op. cit., iii, p. 120, March, 1864.
Plate V, figure 2.
Stem very slender, cylindrical; base smooth, swollen and bulbous
for a considerable distance relative to the length; above this a row of
transverse processes (or wings) commences on each side, which are at
first very narrow and slightly prominent, and leave between them, on
both the front and back, a longitudinal naked space; the lateral pro-
cesses gradually become wider and more prominent upward, and the
naked bands becoming linear, the one on the back side is soon
obliterated by the over-lapping of the lateral wings, while that on the
front side finally disappears by the meeting of the processes in front.
The lateral transverse processes at first bear very small rudimentary
polyps in the form of small papillie, higher up they become more ele-
vated and supported beneath by sharp, white, radiating spines, 10 or
12 to each wing, while on the upper edge they bear a single row of
15 to 18 moderately large polyps, which in contraction are papillee
about equal in length to the spines. In the middle region the wings
are close together, about 30 to an inch, arranged alternately upon
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 383
the sides and regularly overlapping behind. Near the upper end
they become more oblique and less crowded, about 15 to an inch, but
overlap strongly. These wings are everywhere evenly rounded out-
wardly and more or less crescent-shaped. The axis is white, solid
and very calcareous, subcylindrical, with three slight longitudinal
grooves, diameter ‘03 of an inch in the middle of the largest speci-
mens. The radiating spines of the wings are smooth and sharp at
the outer end, longitudinally striated toward the base, which is en-
larged to a greater or less extent, flattened, and usually divided by
several irregular incisions into unequal lobes. In the largest speci-
mens, several of these spines measure respectively 1°57™" long by
207™ wide; 1°47™™ long by :25™™ wide; 1°36™™ long by °13™™ wide.
The small spicula among the bases of these and in the ccenenchyma
are slender, somewhat prismatic, and acicular; those of average size
measure °59™™" long by 05"™ thick, but many are smaller than this.
The entire diameter of the largest specimen from Panama Bay,
from which the above measurements are taken, in the middle portion
is 10 of an inch; its length is unknown, both ends being broken off.
A nearly perfect specimen from Cape St. Lucas, having much smaller
wings and spines, measures 6°8 inches in length; diameter in middle
07; of bulbous base 14; length of bulb to commencement of wings
(much contracted) 1°30; length, or elevation, of wings ‘08. Color, in
alcohol, yellowish white.
Pearl Islands, Bay of Panama, dredged in 4 to 6 oe —F, H.
Bradley; Cape St. Lucas,—J. Xantus.
Virgularia gracilis Gabb.
Virgularia gracilis Gabb, appears to be near the preceding, but no
mention is made of spines below the lateral wings, which are said to
be acute. It may be a different species or even a different genus.
- The specific names, gracilis and elongata, were, by a singular coinci-
dence, independently given to these forms by Mr. Gabb and myself at
about the same time. The following is the original description:
“ Polypidom long and very slender. Decorticated stem circular or
elliptical in section, smooth on the surface. Polypiferous lobes slen-
der, exsert, lunate, acute at the tips and broad at the base; arranged
obliquely and alternately on the antero-lateral face of the stem.
These lobes occupy the upper half of the polypidom; retaining their
full size to the extreme apex, but diminishing below, so that on the
middle of the stem they are exceedingly minute; and an inch or two
below, are only represented by a slight ridge on the sheath, in which
Trans. Connecticut AcaD., Vou. I. 49 APRIL, 1868.
384 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
are two or three cells. The lower fourth of the sheath is dilated to
about three times the thickness of the rest of the stem.
Length 19 inches; diameter of the naked stem ‘03 in.; smallest di-
ameter of stem, with the sheath, 04 in.; diameter of expanded base
13 in.; length of largest lobes +15 inch,
Locality, Bay of Monterey, 20 fathoms. Collected by Dr. J. G.
Cooper, of the State Geological Survey.
This species can be at once distinguished from V. elongata G.
(Proc. Cal. A. N.5., vol. ii, p. 167) by its more slender form, its pro-
portionally large polypiferous lobes, its cylindrical stem, without any
grooves, and the comparatively smaller portion of the stem bearing
the lobes.”
Stylatula elongata Verrill.
Bulletin Museum Comp. Zodlogy, p. 30, 1864.
Virgularia elongata Gabb, Proc. Cal. Acad. Nat. Sci., ii, p. 167, 1863.
This species is larger and stouter than the preceding. The pinne
are broader and more overlapping, leaving a naked space between the
lateral rows for only a short distance from the base. In the middle
twenty of the lateral wings, on each side, occupy aninch, The spines
are larger and less numerous.
Near San Francisco, Cal.—A. Agassiz.
Sub-Order, GORGON ACEA.
Family, GorGonip&.
Gorgonia.
This genus, which formerly included the entire sub-order, has been
repeatedly restricted to narrower limits by successive authors, until
in the work of Milne Edwards and Haime* it is limited to those spe-
cies allied to G. verrucosa of the Mediterranean. Yet even they, as
it now appears, united with it some speciest allied to Muricea, ete.
Dr, Albert Kolliker, who in a recent work{ has very thoroughly in-
vestigated the microscopic structure of the Alcyonaria, reunites with
Gorgonia several of the genera established by Milne Edwards, Valen-
ciennes, and others, viz: Rhipidogorgia, Pterogorgia, Niphigorgia,
Hymenogorgia, Phyllogorgia, Phycogorgia, Leptogorgia, Lophogor-
gia, and part of Gorgonella, As thus enlarged, the genus Gorgonia
of Kolliker includes all the Gorgonidze having a horny axis and {hin
ccenenchyma, with small and simple spicula.
* Histoire naturelle des Coralliaires, 1857, vol. 1, p. 157.
{+ Muricea vatricosa KON., Thesea exserta D. & M., Echinogorgia arida, ete.
} Icones Histiologicxe, oder Atlas der vergleichenden Gewebelehre, ii, Leipzig, 1866,
Ato, with xix plates.
a
4 Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 385
He sub-divides the genus, however, into three groups, as follows:
1. Species having only spindle-shaped spicula.
2. Species having spindles and bracket-shaped spicula (iXlammern).
3. Species having spindles, and in a peculiar external layer, singu-
lar club-shaped spicula.
The last group contains G. verrucosa and closely allied species, and
corresponds partly with Gorgonia as restricted by Milne Edwards.
It appears to be a very natural and well-defined group, approaching,
by its smooth external layer composed of club-shaped spicula, the
genus Hunicea. All the ascertained species belong to the Mediter-
ranean and African coasts.*
The second section is also a natural and clearly defined group, cor-
responding to a great extent with Gorgonia and Pterogorgia of
Ehrenberg, though a few species of the latter go into the first section
(P. sarmentosa and P. petechizans). Tt includes the typical species
of Pterogorgia, Niphigorgia, and Hymenogorgia of Edwards and
Haime, and two species of Leptogorgia, as well as the type of LAz-
pidogorgia Val. (R. flabellum). All the species, so far as known to
me, are Atlantic, and nearly all are confined to the West Indies and
Atlantic coasts of North and South America, not one having yet been
found upon the Pacific coast of America.
The first section, however, appears to include several natural groups,
two of which appear quite as distinct as the two preceding. Among
the species enumerated by Dr. Kolliker are several species referred by
Edwards and Haime to Gorgonia, Rhipidogorgia, Gorgonella, Lep-
togorgia, Pterogorgia, and the typical species of Lophogorgia.
The numerous species of Gorgoniw from the west coast of Amer-
ica, would all fall into the first of Dr. Kélliker’s sections, but among
them there are two well-defined groups, characterized best by pecul-
iarities of the spicula, each including numerous species.
In the first of these divisions the spicula of the coenenchyma are
mostly small, warty or papillose double-spindlest of two kinds,—a
longer and more slender sort, mingled with those that are shorter and
thicker. (Litigorgia V.).
In the second division there are, in addition to the two forms of
double-spindles, a large number of ‘“ double-wheels,” or short spicula
* G. papillosa Fisper, formerly supposed to be from the Hast Indies, was collected at-
the Cape of Good Hope by the United States Exploring Nxpedition (Coll. Smithsonian
Inst. and Yale Museum).
+ Those spicula having a fusiform shape, more or less pointed at the ends, with a
‘narrower and usually smooth space in the middle, are termed ‘“ double-spindles ” (Dop-
pelspindeln) by Dr. Kélliker. -Those without the median constriction are ‘‘spindles.”
386 Verrili, Notes on Radiata.
with a slender axis, smooth in the middle, but surrounded toward
each end with a circular and usually sharp ridge, like a little wheel.
These spicula are often broader than long, and then, when seen end-
wise, resemble disks or circular beads with an apparent depression or
perforation at the centre, owing to the transparency of the axis. In
addition to the six species described below, this group includes G,
Jusco-purpurea Kolliker, the spicula of which he has well figured (Taf.
Xviii, figs. 28-31), and perhaps other described species. (Hugorgia V.).
In each of these two groups there are species with virgate, pinnate,
bipinnate, and reticulated branches. There are also, in each, species
with flat and with prominent cells. It is therefore evident that such ex-
ternal characters as the mode of branching and degree of prominence
of the cells, cannot be considered as of generic importance, and that
such genera as Rhipidogorgia Val. and Leptogorgia Edw., founded
only on such characters, are unnatural and heterogeneous groups,
which should be dropped from our system of classification.
It is probable, however, that more than the two natural groups
above described, are included in the first of Dr. Kdlliker’s sections,
represented by species that I have not been able to study satisfacto-
rily, and among those groups that are most likely to prove distinct
types, is that embracing G. palma and allied species, corresponding
partly to the genus Lophogorgia Edw. and Haime.
The species of Gorgonine which I have been able to study, may
be arranged, in accordance with the above considerations, in the fol-
lowing manner:
Gorgonia—Species having spindles in the ccenenchyma, and an
external layer of peculiar, small, club-shaped spicula, producing a
smooth surface. Type, G. verrucosa L.* (now Hunicella V.—Reprint).
Péerogorgia.—Species having in the ceenenchyma small double-
spindles and also crescent or bracket-shaped spicula, nearly smooth
on the convex side. Type, P. acerosa Ehr. (now Gorgonia.—Reprint).
Hugorgia.—Species having longer and shorter double-spindles, and
numerous double-wheels; surface decidedly granulous, with naked
spicula. Type, & annie We
* Tt is not improbable that upon further study this group will be found to belong to
the Plexauride, near Eunicea, with which Ehrenberg, indeed, united it. So far as my
examinations have gone this appears to me to be more in accordance with its true affin-
ities. If this suggestion prove correct, the group should receive a new generic name,
and Gorgonia should be restricted, partially in accordance with Ehrenberg’s work, to
the second group (now Plerogorgia) with G. flabellum as its type, and including, also,
the true Plerogorgie ; and in fact these are also the most common and well-known
Linnzean species. (Later studies having confirmed this view, I have since adopted it,
in Am. Jour. Sci., xlviii, p. Nov., 1869.—Reprint).
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 387
Litigorgia.—Species having the two forms of double-spindles and
often a few small double-heads; surface somewhat granulous, but less
so than in the last. Type, Z. Flore V. (now Leptogorgia.——Reprint).
Neither of the two groups belonging to the Pacific coast of Amer.
ica can be referred to any of the generic divisions defined by Ed-
wards and Haime, and if classified by their System, each group would
have to be dismembered and distributed among Gorgon ia, Leptogor-
gia, Pterogorgia, and Rhipidogorgia.
Consequently I have thought it necessary to give distinctive names
to the two groups already characterized, which I believe to be natu-
ral and well defined, and of generic importance, although others may
consider them as subgenera merely. But in the present state of the
science there appears to be no way to determine whether a certain
natural group be a genus or subgenus, except by the arbitrary decis-
ions or opinions of writers.
Leptogorgia Edw. and Haime, sens. mod. (LitigoRG1a, 1st Edition).
Leptogorgia (pars), Gorgonia (pars), Pterogorgia (pars), Rhipidogorgia (pars), Gor-
gonella (pars), and Lophogorgia Edw. and Haime, Corall., vol. I.—Reprint.
Spicula of the cenenchyma mostly small double-spindles of two
forms, longer and shorter. Branches usually slender, subdividing in
various ways; often reticulated, pinnate, or bipinate. Cells usually
prominent, sometimes flat, mostly in lateral rows or bands.*
A.—Flabelliform, branches bipinnate or tripinnate, not reticulated.
Leptogorgia Flore Verrill. (Liticoreia FLor», 1st Ed.).
Plate V, figure 3; and Plate VI, figure 1.
Corallum very much subdivided, forming elegant, fan-shaped tufts.
Several slightly flattened, slender, principal branches usually arise
from near the base and spread divergently in a single plane. Each
of these gives off, at intervals of about a quarter of an inch, very
slender, nearly uniform branchlets, which are alternate, or sometimes
opposite, and arranged pinnately. Most of these, especially in large
specimens, are again pinnate in the same manner, and some of their
* Having recently received from Dr. Kolliker the spicula prepared from the original
specimens of several of the species of Leptogorgia of Edwards and Haime, including
the type (ZL. viminalis), I have ascertained that of the fourteen species referred by them
to Leptogorgia, at least five, including the first, belong to the group which I had named
Litigorgia. Therefore it seems, on some accounts, best to restore the earlier name, al-
though a complete change in the definition and limits of the genus will be necessary.
Of their other species, two belong to Echinogorgia, two to Pterogorgia, one apparently
to Gorgonella, while three are unknown to me.—Reprint. (See Am. Jour. Sci., vol.
48, p. 325, November, 1869),
388 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
pinne again subdivide, but less regularly. The branchlets are all
of nearly uniform size, slender and short, somewhat flattened and en-
larged at the ends, which are tridentate. The cells are very small, but
form well marked conical verrucze, arranged in two alternate rows on
most of the branchlets, but sometimes forming only single marginal
rows on the terminal ones. The front and back sides of the branches
are destitute of cells, and on the principal ones usually show a well-
marked longitudinal furrow. Color bright red, sometimes tinged
with yellowish. Height of the largest specimens 6 inches; breadth
2; diameter of the main branches at base ‘12 of an inch; of the sec-
ondary ones ‘06; of the terminal ones ‘04; length of the terminal
branchlets usually about °35, rarely °75
The spicula are bright red with a few yellow ones intermixed. The
longer double-spindles are rather slender, with acute ends, and cov-
ered with close warts arranged in about six distinct whorls, besides the
terminal clusters; stouter ones smaller, with blunt ends; polyp-spic-
ula bright yellow, slender, with few, distant, small warts or papille.
The longer double-spindles measure °132™" by °048™™, °132 by °036,
120 by °048, 120 by °042, -108 by °048, °108 by 042, 108 by ‘030;
the stouter ones 095 by -042, 084 by -048, ‘084 by °042, ‘078 by 036,
060 by ‘030; the polyp-spicula *108 by -033, :108 by -030, 096 by -024,
072 by °018.
Panama and Pearl Islands,—F. H. Bradley, J. H. Sternbergh.
This species resembles, in its mode of branching, Hugorgia Mexi-
cana V. and &. Daniana V., but is much more slender and delicate,
with a smoother surface and denser ccenenchyma, and is very distinct
in its spicula, its color is also very different. The spicula resemble
closely those of Z. eximia V. but are somewhat more slender with
the warts not so close. The external characters are very different.
I have named this elegant species in honor of the excellent wife,
whose sympathy and encouragement were the chief causes that in-
duced me to devote my life to the study of Nature,
B.—Flabelliform, the branchlets mostly coalescent and reticulated, the terminal ones free.
Leptogorgia Agassizii Verrill. (Liticorcia AGassizi, 1st Ed.).
Rhipidogorgia Agassizii (pars) Verrill, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool., p. 32, Jan., 1864.
Gorgonia Agassizii (pars) Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., x, p. 327, 1866.
Plate V, figure 4.
Corallum forming very finely and regularly reticulated fans, usually
rounded in outline. Several flattened main branches arise from the
large, thickened and very short base and radiate across the fan, sub-
dividing so rapidly and regularly that they cannot often be traced
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 389
more than half way across, before becoming lost in the small, even
branchlets. These form small, angular meshes, usually about a tenth
of an inch across, but often smaller, ordinarily about as high as broad,
but sometimes twice as high; at the outer edge the branchlets are
free for about an eighth of an inch, with expanded tips, and have a
diameter of about ‘05 inch. The cells are small but conspicuous, in
the form of small oval openings at the summits of small verruce.
They are thickly scattered over the whole surface of the frond, except
upon the large branches and base, where they are few and distant.
Color deep red mingled with bright yellow, or red with yellow cells,
the relative amount of red and yellow varying. Height of the largest
specimen 12 inches; breadth about as much; width of main branches
near the base °32; diameter of branchlets :04 or -05 of an inch.
Spicula deep red and bright yellow; those of the polyps pale am-
ber. Most of the spicula are rather short, thick, and blunt, with rel-
atively large, crowded warts, and a very narrow median space. The
longer spicula are not so blunt as the others, and have smaller and more
numerous warts. The longer ones measure *120"™ by -048, -110 by
"048, *108 by *342, "102 by -054, ‘084 by -036; the stouter ones -090 by
"084, 084 by 048; the double-heads ‘048 by -030, 036 by -033; polyp-
spicula 060 to 084 long by ‘012 to °024. The openings of the cells
are from ‘21™™ to ‘35™™ in diameter.
Acapulco,—A. Agassiz; Cape St. Lucas,—J. Xantus; La Paz,—J.
Pedersen.
Leptogorgia media Verrill. (Liticorer1a mepra, Ist Ed.).
Rhipidogorgia media Verrill, Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 33, Jan., 1864.
Gorgonia media Verrill, Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, p. 327, 1865.
Corallum regularly reticulated throughout, with larger meshes, form-
ing broad fans, often higher than wide, and frequently lobed and more
or less subdivided, strengthened by large midribs. Several principal
branches, which are large and compressed, arise from near the base
and pass divergently through the greater part of the breadth of the
frond. The branchlets are round and small, and nearly all coalescent,
except the short terminal ones, forming meshes that are mostly nearly
square and usually ‘20 of an inch in diameter, but often not more than
12, and sometimes up to ‘80 in height, with the width -20, The
branchlets are from ‘06 to ‘08 of an inch in diameter. The cells form
very small verruce, with oval opening about 005 in diameter. The
largest specimens are about 15 inches high and 12 broad. Color red
or brownish, often tinged with yellow, especially on the midribs,
Spicula very small and blunt, bright red and deep yellow intermin-
390 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
gled. Longer double-spindles covered with numerous, close warts,
with a narrow but well defined median space, the ends blunt; stouter
ones nearly as large and with similar warts. The longer double-spin-
dles measure 102" by °042™™, 096 by 042, 084 by °042, -084 by
036; the stouter ones °084 by -048, ‘072 by -042, -072 by °036, 060 by
036, (048 by °024; the polyp-spicula -060 to 084 by -018 to -024.
Acapulco,—A. Agassiz; Cape St. Lucas,—J. Xantus; La Paz,—
Maj. Wm. Rich; San Salvador,—Capt. J. M. Dow; Corinto, Nicara-
gua,—J. A, McNiel; La Paz,—J. Pedersen.
This species resembles L. Agassizii more than any other species.
Leptogorgia eximia Verrill. (Liticoreia EximtA, Ist Ed.).
Plate V, figure 20. Plate VI, figure 2.
Frond broad and rounded, composed of slender, round branches,
which are openly riticulated throughout, except the short terminal
branchlets at the edges. There is no distinct midrib, all the branches
being nearly uniform in size, except very near the base, which rapidly
subdivides into a large number of nearly equal primary branches, not
distinct from the secondary. Occasionally secondary fronds start out
from the sides of the frond, and one specimen has irregular, crooked,
simple branchlets, arising from the sides, with a hollow axis, apparent-
ly the habitations of some parasite.
The reticulations are quite irregular in size and form, frequently
squarish or rhomboidal, from -20 to °25 of an inch across, but more
commonly with about the same width and three or four times higher
than wide. Many short free branchlets often project into the larger
meshes. The terminal branchlets are sometimes free for an inch, but
usually much less. The cells are small and usually closely arranged
on all sides, forming small, rounded verruceze, which are slightly prom-
inent. Color bright red or vermilion. The largest specimens are
about 10 inches high and broad; diameter of branchlets :06.
Spicula bright red, with a few light yellow ones; those of the polyps
light yellow. The longer double-spindles rapidly taper to the acute
ends, and are covered with rather large warts, which are not crowded ;
stouter ones much smaller, blunt at the ends, with fewer and more
crowded warts. Polyp-spicula very slender, with few distant warts.
The longer double-spindles measure ‘138"" by -060, +132 by °054, +132
by ‘048, "120 by 054, 108 by :048; the stouter ones *108 by ‘054,
090 by *048, 060 by :030; double-heads -060 by -048, 038 by °036 ;
polyp-spicula 072 to °120 by °012 to 024.
Pearl Islands, 6 to 8 fathoms, by divers,—F. H. Bradley.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 391
This beautiful species resembles in its reticulations Z. media V., but
the meshes are usually larger and the coral has a more open and flex-
ible appearance. It also differs, in all the specimens seen, in having
no distinct midribs or large branches. The spicula are quite distinct,
and resemble those of Z. lore much more closely.
Leptogorgia Adamsii Verrill. (Liticorcia Apamsn, Ist Ed.).
Rhipidogorgia Agassizii (pars) Verrill, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zéol., p. 32, 1864; Proc. Bost.
Soc. Natural History, x, p. 327, 1866.
Rhipidogorgia ventalina Duch. and Mich., Supplement aux Mem. sur Coralliaries des
Antilles, 1864, p. 20, Tab. iv, fig. 3, (non G. ventalina Linn., Pallas, Esper, ete., nec R.
ventalina Edw. and Haime).
Gorgonia (Litigorgia) Adamst Verrill, Am. Jour. Sci., xlv, p. 415, May, 1868.
Plate V, figure 5. Plate VI, figure 4.
Corallum forming large, broad, rounded fans, with very small
reticulations. Very young specimens, with fronds one to four inches
across, usually have a rounded outline, nearly as high as broad, often
very regular and almost circular, and in this stage have a few prin-
cipal branches, radiating from close to the base, scarcely compressed,
and traceable about half way across the frond, but often for not more
than a fourth of the breadth. The branchlets are all very slender and
uniform in size throughout, producing, by their fine, regular reticula-
tions, a very elegant effect. The terminal branchlets are free and
usually project about a tenth of an inch. The reticulations are
mostly square or polygonal, sometimes rounded, and average ‘06 to
‘10 of an inch across, and the branchlets are ordinarily about ‘03 in
diameter, but often less.
Adult specimens have large, slightly compressed principal branches,
which arise from near the base, and diverging through the frond, throw
off large secondary branches which spread often at nearly right
angles. Sometimes these coalesce, forming large, somewhat quad-
rangular areas, two or three inches across, and filled, like the rest of
the frond, with fine reticulations. Occasionally secondary fronds
arise from the sides and spread at right angles, other secondary fronds
occasionally appear, like nearly circular rosettes, attached only by the
centre to the side of the primary frond.
The largest specimens are 20 to 22 inches high, and 20 to 25 broad ;
the large branches °3 to °4 thick; the trunk at base 1 inch to 1°,
Color light purple, usually with the terminal branchlets light yel-
low, sometimes yellowish over the whole surface. In life, one speci-
men was “bright crimson, polyps deep orange,”—F. H. B.
Spicula light purple and yellow, sometimes the same spiculum has
TRANS. CoNNECTICUT ACAD., Vol. I. 50 JUNE, 1868.
392 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
its opposite ends of these two colors. Longer double-spindles with
slender and acute ends, the warts rough and not very close, though
more so than in ZL. exzmia V.; the warts nearest the narrow median
space are considerably largest. The stouter ones are much smaller,
and also acute. Polyp-spicula light amber, very slender. With the
larger spicula are many small, short ones, with only a single wreath of
warts at each end.
The longer spicula are °156™™ by °036,°156 by °048, 120 by -036,
132 by 042; stouter ones ‘096 by °048, 072 by ‘036; the smaller
048 by 024,
Panama,—C. B. Adams, J. H. Sternbergh, F. H. Bradley; Pearl
Islands, 6 to 8 fathoms by divers, large; and Zorritos, Peru,—F. H.
Bradley; Punta Arenas and Corinto, Nic.,—J. A. McNiel.
This is, when well grown and perfect, a very elegant and beautiful
species. The reticulations are of about the same size as those of ZL.
Agassizii, but the branchlets are more slender and the cells smaller.
The character of the midribs is also different, but the best characters
for distinguishing them are found in the forms and structure of the
spicula, which are very different in the two species. It has some re-
semblance in form and color to Plerogorgia flubellum of the West In-
dies, but the spicula separate them generically.
I have dedicated this to the memory of the lamented Prof. C. B.
Adams, who was, perhaps, the first to bring it to this country. His
specimens are in the musenm of Amherst College.
Leptogorgia rutila Verrill. (LrricorciA ADAMSII, VAR. RUTILA, Ist Ed.).
Rhipidogorgia Agassitzti (pars) Verrill, op. cit., p. 32.
Plate VI, figure 5.
The specimens from Acapulco are bright light red in color (between
minium and vermillion) and differ in several other respects. The
branches are not so slender and the reticulations are smaller and more
regular, the cells also are more crowded, prominent, and distinctly
bilobed. In these external characters it resembles Z. Agassizii, but
the cells are not quite so large and the branchlets more slender. The
axis is amber-color and translucent in the branches.
The spicula are mostly light red, variable in size and shape, mostly
rather slender. Long double-spindles rather slender and acute, witha
wide median space; each end has three or four whorls of warts, those
next to the median space considerably largest, the others diminishing
to the ends. Stouter double-spindles about as thick but shorter, blunt,
mostly with but two whorls at each end, the inner ones much the
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 393
largest, the outer ones close to the ends; median space rather wide.
There are numerous much smaller spicula, with a well marked median
space, and a whorl of warts on each end, which are more or less con-
fused with a cluster of terminal warts. Sometimes the terminal warts
form a small terminal whorl. Polyp-spicula light red, slender, acute,
slightly papillose.
The long double-spindles measure °156™™ by +048, 121 by °048, +144
by °042, -103 by -030; the stouter ones ‘090 by -042, -078 by -042, -072
by °036; the small ones 054 by °028, 048 by °024, 036 by °024.
C.—Flabellijorm, loosely and coarsely reticulated ; terminal branchlets free. Cells flat or
but slightly raised. ,
Leptogorgia stenobrochis Verrill. (LiticorGia sTeNoprocuis, Ist ed.).
Gorgonia stenobrochis Val.,* Voyage de la Vénus, pl. 12, fig. 1, 14.
Rhipidogorgia stenobrachis Val.; Edwards and Haime, Corall., i, p. 176, 1858; Verrill,
Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 32; and Proc. Bost. Soc. N. H., x, p. 327. (Misspelled.)
Rk. Englemanni Horn, Proc. Phil. Acad., 1860, p. 233. (Perhaps distinct).
Gorgonia (Eugorgia) stenobrachis Vervill, Am. Jour. Sci, xlv, p. 414, May, 1868.
Corallum forming large, openly reticulated fans, with stout, sub-
parallel, upright branches, and long, oblong or rectangular meshes.
In young specimens the trunk is divided close to the base into two
or more principal branches, which give off irregnlarly numerous bran-
ches of nearly the same size, so that the main branches very soon blend
with the others and can be traced only fora short distance. The
secondary branches and the branchlets start out nearly at right angles,
and then suddenly bend upright and become parallel with the preced-
ing branches. The cross branchlets project nearly at right angles,
connecting the branches together at intervals varying from ‘5 to 2
inches, so that the meshes have openings of these lengths, and about
"20 to ‘25 wide. The terminal branches are of about the same size as
the other branches and free for the distance of one or two inches.
The branches and branchlets are often nearly round, at other times
compressed in the plane of the frond, or even at right angles to it.
The cells are small, very numerous, arranged closely in many rows
along each side of the branches and branchlets, but nearly covering
the latter. They are mostly flat, but occasionally the borders are
slightly raised. Median naked space well marked and often having
strong longitudinal furrows. Color dull yellow, often tinged with
purple, frequently stained dark umber-brown in drying. In life,
“brownish yellow to faint salmon, polyps light yellow,”—F. H. B.
* The locality given (New Zealand) is probably an error. Spicula of the original
type agree well with the ordinary forms.—Reprint.
394 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Height of the largest specimens about 2 feet; breadth about the
same; diameter of branchlets ‘15 of an inch.
The spicula are reddish purple and light yellow intermingled, both
colors sometimes occurring on one spiculum. Long double-spindles
somewhat slender, acute at the ends, with a rather wide median space ;
warts distant, forming about three whorls around each end, those next
the middle much the largest. Shorter double-spindles thick and blunt,
with a wide median space, on each side of which there is a whorl of
large thorny warts; beyond these is a small wreath of much smaller
warts, close to the ends, and often confused with the terminal cluster
of few small warts. In addition to these there are many much small-
er double-spindles, with two well separated whorls of small warts on
each end, one of which is nearly terminal and much the smallest.
The long double-spindles measure "121" by ‘036, and °108 by -036;
the stouter double-spindles ‘084 by 048, 072 by 048, ‘061 by -048, and
084 by °042; the small ones 036 by °024.
Zorritos, Peru; Panama; and Pearl Islands, in 6 to 8 fathoms, by
divers, large,—F. H. Bradley; Panama,—J. H. Sternbergh, A. Agas-
siz; Corinto and Punta Arenas,—J. A. McNiel; San Salvador,—Capt.
J. M. Dow; Acapulco,—A. Agassiz.
Leptogorgia stenobrochis, var. Englemanni. (liticoreta, Ist Ed.)
The original specimen, described by Mr. Horn, and others from Aca-
pulco and Panama differ slightly from the ordinary forms from Panama
in having smaller and usually less elongated reticulations. The branch-
es are also more compressed and in some specimens thicker, though not
constantly so. The cells are very numerous, thickly scattered over
the whole surface of the branches, but sometimes leaving a narrow
median space. They are oblong and slightly prominent.
The color is reddish brown, yellowish brown, or dull brownish yel-
low tinged with reddish.
The spicula are light yellow and deep red intermingled, and agree
nearly with those of the ordinary variety in form, but are smaller.
D.—Imperjectly flabelliform, the branches pinnate or imperfectly bipinnate, not reticula-
ted; branchlets rather short. Cells somewhat prominent.
Leptogorgia ramulus Verrill. (Limeorcia Ramutus, 1st Hd.).
Gorgonia ramulus Val., Comptes-rendus, t. xli, p. 12; Edwards et H., Coralliaries, i,
p. 160, 1857; Verrill, Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 38; Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., x,
p. 326, 1866.
Gorgonia humilis Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 6, 1864, (non Dana).
? Lophogorgia Panamensis Duch. and Mich., Supl. Corall. des Antilles, p. 19, Tab. iv,
fig. 1, 1864, (the red variety).
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 395
Corallum very branching, often in the form of a densely branched.
shrub or bush, but frequently, especially when young, more or less fla-
belliform. The base is usually large and spreading, and quite fre-
quently several distinct trunks arise from the same base, forming a
thick clump. The trunk is very short and soon divides into several
large, divergent branches, which are nearly round, but sometimes a
little flattened, often more or less crooked, and give off from their
sides, at distances of about a fourth of an inch apart, numerous short,
irregular, crooked, and nearly quadrangular branchlets. Many of
these become longer and larger than the rest, and again subdivide in
the same way. The ultimate branchlets are usually about ‘08 of an
inch in diameter, and from half an inch to an inch long, but occasion-
ally 2 inches. The terminal branchlets are mostly somewhat acute at
the ends. The cells form small rounded verruce, which are quite prom-
inent and closely arranged in two series on each side of the branches,
giving them a quadrangular appearance. On the larger branches the
verruce are more scattered and irregularly arranged. The openings
are mostly on the upper side of the verruce, and laterally compressed.
The branches and most of the branchlets have, along the naked me-
dian space, a well-marked longitudinal furrow, in which there is usu-
ally a slender longitudinal ridge. The axis is light wood-color at the
base, blackish in the main branches, slender and light. wood-brown in
the branchlets. The cenenchyma is almost always either uniformly
greyish white or deep purplish red, but occasionally pink specimens
occur, One specimen has the lower branches and base white, the mid-
dle part of the trunk and the branches arising from it purplish red,
and the upper part of the trunk and terminal branches white, showing
conclusively that the white and red specimens are all one species. A
large specimen of the red variety is 8 inches high and 16 broad, with
the main branches *15 in diameter; another is 13 inches high and 10
broad, with the main branches ‘22 in diameter. Most specimens do
not exceed 6 inches in height and about the same in breadth,
Small dwarfed specimens sometimes occur that are 3 or 4 inches
high, with the main branches °08, and the branchlets ‘05 of an inch in
diameter, but agreeing in other respects with the ordinary forms.
The spicula in the white variety are all white; in the red variety
light purple, the polyp-spicula bright yellow. The long double-
spindles are but little longer than the others, not very acute at the
ends, thickly covered with distinctly separated, large, warty tubercles,
axis small. The stouter double-spindles are more blunt and more
closely covered with warts, which are still separate. Polyp-spindles
396 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
slender, distantly papillose. The longer double-spindles measure
108™™ by -042™", 102 by +042, 096 by -036, ‘090 by 042, 084 by
036; the stouter ones °084 by °048, 078 by :036, 072 by :042.
Panama and Pearl Islands.—F’. H. Bradley; Panama,—J. H. Stern-
bergh; Zorritos, Peru,—F. H. Bradley; Acapuleo,—A. Agassiz;
(?) Cape St. Lucas,—J. Xantus; San Salvador,—Capt. J. M. Dow;
Corinto,—J. A. MeNiel.
The two very distinct colors assumed by this species are somewhat
remarkable and may serve to divide it conveniently into two varieties:
Ist, the ordinary white form; 2nd, the red variety. But as shown ,
above these colors may be found ona single specimen, and are not
accompanied by any other constant differences. The red variety is
possibly the form described as Lophogorgia Panamensis by Du-
chassaing and Michelotti, but does not agree well with their figure.
Their brief and very imperfect diagnosis is as follows: “ Ramosa,
ramis distinctis sub-compressis, majoribus 4, minoribus 2 millimetris
latis, colore rubro. In insula Flamenco, prope Panama.”
All the specimens from Zorritos are of the red variety, and agree well
with those of Panama, except that they are mostly somewhat smaller
and more slender.
The specimens from Acapulco and Cape St. Lucas differ considerably
in appearance from those of Panama, The bravchlets are shorter and
thicker, length *2 to °5 of an inch, thickness *08, often somewhat clavate.
Cells nearly uniformly distributed on all sides of the branchlets, smaller
and less prominent, distinctly bilobed. Color deep red, some of the
spicula bright yellow. This may possibly prove to be a distinct spe-
cies when a good series can be examined.
The specimens in the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, formerly
described as Gorgonia humilis, and supposed to have come from
Charleston, 8. C., appear to be identical with specimens from Panama.
The former locality is probably altogether erroneous.
Leptogorgia pumila Verrill, sp. nov. (LiTicorGiA PUMILA, Ist Ed.).
Plate V, figure 8.
Corallum low, densely branched, imperfectly flabelliform, a few of
the branchlets coalescent, forming irregular, coarse reticulations.
Several crooked principal branches arise near the base and subdivide
in an irregularly pinnate manner, the branchlets being about a fourth
of an inch apart and from a fourth to one inch long. These are rather
thick, rounded, quadrangular, mostly curved, and spread at a wide
angle. The cells form small, rounded verruce, which are but little
prominent and not crowded, alternating in two rows along each side
7’ *
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 397
of the branches. The largest specimen is 5 inches high and the same
in breadth; diameter of the main branches ‘15; of the branchlets :08.
Color bright red, the surface sometimes fading to yellowish red.
The spicula are mostly light purplish red, mixed with a few light
yellow ones; polyp-spindles light amber-color. The longer double-
spindles resemble those of the preceding species, but are relatively
larger and more acute. They are closely covered with large warts,
with a rather wide median space. The stouter double-spindles ,are
similar, but blunter at the ends; with them are many small, white
double-spindles with only one wreath of warts near the ends. The
longer double-spindles are °138™™" by ‘048, °132 by -054, °120 by ‘048,
"120 by 042, 114 by :039; stouter ones °132 by ‘060, 108 by :048,
"102 by -048, 096 by ‘054, ‘084 by -042.
Zorritos, Peru,—F. HW. Bradley.
This species is allied to the last, and branches in a similar manner,
but has thicker branchlets, with larger and more widely separated
verruce, which are less prominent and open outward. The branchlets
are scareely quadrangular, the spicula different in form, and the coa-
lescence of the branches, common in this, is very rare in L. ramulus.
Leptogorgia diffusa Verrill, sp. nov. (Liticorera pirrusa, 1st Ed.).
Plate V, figure 6. Plate VI, figure 3.
Corallum loosely ramose, the branchlets subpinnate, producing an
open, shrub-like form. The trunk divides near the base, in the orig-
inal specimen, into two main branches and these again fork. The
branches give off pinnately, at distances of half an inch to an inch
apart, slender branchlets, which are flattened and spread at nearly
right angles, varying in length from a quarter inch to three inches
before subdividing, as some of them do, into secondary pinne. The
main branches are round, but the branchlets are much compressed and
slender. The cells form rather large verruce, which are enlarged at
base and quite prominent, not crowded, and arranged in two alterna-
ting rows on each side of the main branches, but in only one row on
each edge of the branchlets, which therefore appear serrate on account
of the broad-based cells. There is a very distinct sulcus on the larger
branches. The specimen is 5 inches high and 6 broad; diameter of
the main branches ‘10; width of branchlets 06. Color bright red.
The spicula are all bright red, resembling those of Z. ramulus, but
larger and relatively stouter. The longer double-spindles are long,
covered with large papille or warts, those next to the median space
largest. Stouter double-spindles decidedly blunt, closely covered by
large, rounded, rough warts. Polyp-spicula slender, bright yellow.
398 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
The longer spicula are -144™™ by °042, ‘132 by °054, °120 by -054, -108
by ‘048; stouter ones ‘114 by ‘054, 084 by ‘048, 072 by -054; polyp-
spicula 180 by -036, "144 by -030, *114 by -024.
Pearl Islands, Bay of Panama,—F. H. Bradley; Gulf of Nicoya,
by divers, larger,—J. A. MeNiel.
Readily distinguished by its lax branches, and distant, slender,
flattened branchlets, serrated by the distant, uniserial verruce.
Leptogorgia Californica Verrill, sp. nov. (LitigorGra Canrrornica, Ist Ed.).
Plate V, figure 10.
Corallum somewhat flabelliform, low, subpinnately branched, the
branchlets ascending, not coalescent. The branchlets are nearly round
and usually curve outward at first. They are from 1 to 2 inches long,
before branching, and from ‘08 to *10 thick. Cells flat, scarcely rising
above the general surface, arranged in about three rows along each
side of the branchlets. The apertures in contraction often appear
stellate. The naked median region is quite narrow. Color reddish
purple, often with a narrow yellow streak along the centre of the
median space. Height 4 to 6 inches.
The spicula are mostly reddish purple, some are half yellow, others
entirely so. The longer double-spindles are slender, scarcely acute,
with a wide median space, which is bordered by two whorls of large,
rough, distant warts. Close to each end and distant from the preced-
ing, there is a much smaller whorl of small warts, while the ends ter-
minate with two or three similar small warts. Stouter double-spindles
thick and blunt, with two wreaths of warts on each end, closely
crowded together, those next the narrow median space much the larg-
est. Polyp-spicula slender, light yellow, with few, small, distant
papille. Compound cross-shaped spicula occasionally occur, which
have short blunt rays, with rough, irregular warts. The longer double-
spindles measure ‘108 by °048™™", ‘090 by -042, -084 by -040, -084 by
036; (096 by 036; stouter double-spindles 096 by -048, 072 by -036,
078 by °042, 084 by 048; the crosses ‘072 by ‘066, and -054 by ‘048.
Cape St. Lucas,—J. Xantus; Margarita Bay,—A. Garret.
E.—The terminal branchlets slender and elongated. Cells scarcely prominent.
Leptogorgia alba Verrill. (Liricoraia Levis, 1st Ed.).
? Lophogorgia alba Duch. and Mich., op. cit., p. 19, Tab. rv, fig. 2, 1864 (non Gorgonia
alba Lam.).
Gorgonia rigida, var. levis Verrill, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., x, p. 327, 1866.
Plate V, figure 7.
Corallum flabelliform, with long, slender, virgate, somewhat fasci-
culated branchlets. The trunk is small, often nearly round, sometimes
te
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 399
compressed, and has a small, thin base. It soon gives off from each
side, in a somewhat pinnate manner, several main branches, nearly
as large as itself. Those nearest the base are usually about a quarter
of an inch apart, and spread at a large angle; those higher up are
more distant and curving outward at the base afterwards bend upward.
The branches subdivide in a similar manner, and some of the branch-
lets again subdivide. The smaller branches and branchlets are of
about the same size and all have a tendency to become parallel by
bending upward. The terminal branchlets are from 1 to 5 inches
long without subdivisions, but mostly 2 or 3 inches long in ordinary
specimens, with a diameter of about ‘05, but often smaller. The cells
are often perfectly flat, but usually form small, slightly prominent
verruce, with a small oblong opening. They are not crowded and
arranged alternately in two rows on each side of the branchlets, but
on the large branches they become more crowded and often form
four rows on each side. The axis is slender, light-wood color at the
base, dark brown in the branches, yellowish and setiform in the
branchlets. Ccenenchyma thin. The largest specimens are about 12
inches high and 15 broad, with the trunk and main branches ‘10 and
12 in diameter. Ordinary specimens are about 4 to 6 inches high and
broad. Dwarf specimens occur in which the trunk is only 05 in diam-
eter, and the branchlets ‘03. The specimens in all cases appear to be
white; the colored forms, referred to it formerly, prove to be a dis-
tinct species (Hugorgia Bradleyi). In life, “the stem is very light
pink, heads deep pink, polyps transparent,”—F. H. B.
The spicula are white, resembling those of Z. ramulus, but longer
and more acute, with the papillz less crowded. The longer double-
spindles are variable in size, some of them being *138"" by -048™™,
144 by °036, 120 by -048, and "168 by °060; the stouter double-spin-
dles ‘108 by 060, and ‘102 by ‘048; some of the small ones are *048
by -024, and many are still smaller.
Panama and Pearl Islands,—F. H. Bradley; Gulf of Nicoya and
Corinto,—J. A. McNiel; San Salvador,—Capt. J. M. Dow.
This species resembles in form Eugorgia Bradley?, from which, by
its color and very different spicula, it may be readily distinguished.
In color it is like the white variety of Z. ramulus, but differs in its
mode of branching, in its long, slender, rounded branchlets, and less
prominent cells.
Whether the Zophogorgia alba Duch, and Mich. be this species or
the white variety of G. ramulus, 1am unable to determine with cer-
tainty, but have referred it to this mainly on account of the size of
Trans. Connecticut AcaD., VoL. I. 51 JULY, 1868.
400 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
the branches. Their brief diagnosis is as follows: “Ramosa, venta-
lina, alba, calycibus prominulis, sparsis. Hab. prope Panama.”
“Height 10 centim., branches all, as well as trunk, 2 mill. broad.”
The name, alba, was used by Lamarck for a “ Gorgonia,” of which
the generic affinities are still unknown,* and, therefore, cannot with
propriety be used for this, even if it was intended for the present
species. Esper also gave the name, Gorgonia palma, var. alba, to a
form which proves to be distinct from his G. palma.
Leptogorgia flexilis Verrill, sp. nov. (Livigoreia FLExIuis, 1st Ed.).
Plate V, figure 11.
Coralluam when young flabelliform, with slender, elongated, erect
branches; when large scarcely flabelliform, often bushy or fascic-
ulated, with long, slender, drooping branches. The trunk gives off at
distances varying from a quarter inch to an inch, alternately from
each side, large primary branches, some of which are often nearly as
large as the main stem, These arise mostly at an acute angle and
give off secondary branches in the same way, but at greater distances,
mostly 1 or 2 inches. These branches again subdivide, giving off in
a subpinnate, often secund manner, a few very long, round, slender,
nearly parallel branchlets, nearly as large as themselves, and from 10
to 12 inches in length without subdivisions. These diminish very
gradually toward the ends and in full grown specimens droop some-
what like the branches of the weeping-willow. Possibly, however,
this may not be the case while living.
The trunk and main branches are frequently somewhat compressed,
but often round, and are marked by several strong longitudinal
grooves. The cells are broad-oval, rather large for the genus, not
prominent, usually open, arranged upon the branchlets in four or five
irregular longitudinal rows on each side, leaving very narrow, naked
median spaces; on the larger branches they form two broad lateral
bands, made up of many rows. They are not crowded, the spaces
etween them being mostly three or four times their own diameters.
Color dull reddish brown, uniform throughout. Height of largest
specimen about 2 feet; breadth 10 inches; diameter of trunk ‘25; of
main branches ‘15 to ‘20; of branchlets at origin ‘10 to ‘12; near tips
04 to ‘08; of cells °015.
A Panama specimen, owing doubtless to an unfavorable location,
* Dr. Kolliker has sent spicula from the original type, which indicate that it is a
Plezaura, therefore I have adopted alba for this—Reprint.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 401
grew in an oblique or creeping position, the branches being nearly
all secund and crooked, and the branchlets much shorter and erect.
The spicula include several forms and sizes of double-spindles.
The larger double-spindles are slender and acute, with a wide median
space; each end with three or four whorls of well separated, nearly
simple warts; the whorl next to the median space is largest, the
others diminishing regularly to the ends. Stouter double-spindles
much shorter and thicker, blunt at the ends, of several sizes; largest
ones with a wide median space bordered by whorls of large rough
warts; beyond these, and close to the warty end, there is a much
smaller whorl, with small crowded warts; the shortest ones have the
two whorls on each half and the terminal cluster of warts crowded
together into a sort of rounded triangular head; some very small
ones have the second whorl well separated from the median and close
to the end. Other small spicula, approaching the form of double-
heads, have a very narrow median space bordered by close whorls of
very small, crowded, rough warts, which are confused with the ter-
minal cluster; in an end view the whorls show four or five close warts.
Cross-shaped spicula occasionally occur, which have four nearly equal,
club-shaped arms, covered with rough warts. The longer double-
spindles measure *102™™ by ‘036™", 096 by 042, 096 by ‘036, 090 by
042, ‘084 by -036; the stouter ones ‘078 by 042, 072 by °036, -066
by -042, -066 by -039, 060 by -036, ‘054 by ‘031, 048 by -030, -036 by
030; the crosses ‘060 by ‘048.
Panama and Pearl Islands, 6 to 8 fathoms, by divers, large,—F. H.
Bradley ; San Salvador,—Capt. J. M. Dow.
The spicula, though much smaller, resemble most those of Z. rigi-
da and ZL. cuspidata, from which it differs in the length and slender-
ness of the branchlets, etc. When young it branches much like Z.
alba.
F.—Imperfectly flabelliform. Branches free, rather stout, rigid when dry. Ter-
minal branchlets elongated. Cells in lateral bands, flat or slightly prominent.
Leptogorgia rigida Verrill. (Liticorcra riers, Ist Ed.).
Plate V, figure 9.
Leptogorgia rigida (pars) Verrill, Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 32, 1864.
Gorgonia rigida (pars) Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 327, 1866.
Gorgonia (Eugorgia) rigida Verrill, Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 45, p. 414, May, 1868.
Corallum scarcely flabelliform, except when young. Trunk dividing
very near the base into several stout branches, which are often strongly
sulcated and much compressed. These give off, in a more or less
402 Verrill, Notes on Radiata
secund manner, at distances of a quarter inch to an inch, somewhat
smaller secondary branches, most of which again subdivide. The
branches and branchlets mostly arise obliquely, at an acute angle, but
occasionally curve outward somewhat at the base. The branchlets
are from one to five inches long without subdivision, rather stout,
rigid when dry, irregularly compressed, often crooked, and scarcely
taper toward the ends, which are often even somewhat enlarged and
blunt. The cells are oval, a little prominent, rather large for the
genus, and arranged in quincunx, about three or four times their own
diameter apart on the branchlets, in four to six longitudinal rows,
forming broad, somewhat prominent lateral bands of verruce. On
the lar»e branches the cells are in many more rows forming broad
lateral bonds; sometimes, on the same specimen, part of the cells are
prominent, while the rest are flat. The median spaces are distinct
throughout, with a median groove that often becomes wide and con-
spicuous on the larger branches.
Color deep bluish purple, or violaceous, occasionally reddish pur-
ple, sometimes with streaks of yellow, or with yellowish surface.
Height of largest specimen about 15 inches; breadth 10; diameter of
main branches ‘18 to ‘25; of secondary ‘12 to 15; of branchlets -10
.to 12; breadth of verrucz :04; openings of cells -02.
Spicula of several sizes and forms, with many intermediate, all
deep purplish red in the typical variety. Longer double-spindles
thick and stout, regularly tapering to the somewhat acute ends; with
a narrow median space; each end with three or four crowded whorls
of rough irregular warts, those next to the median space much the
largest, the others rapidly decreasing to the ends. Other more slen-
dor forms occur, with distant warts and a wide median space, and
having only two whorls of warts on each half, the ends acute.
The shorter double-spindles are short, thick, blunt, with a wide
median space, which is bordered by prominent wreaths of large rough
warts, another much smaller whorl of warts is placed just outside of
each of these, and close to the ends. Many small, short double-
spindles occur, which have only a single wreath of warts on each side
of the median space, with a small cluster terminating each end. Occa-
sionally compound cross-shaped spicula occur, which have the four
rays about equal, short, blunt, closely covered with rough warts.
Longer double spindles measure *132™" by :036™™", -132 by °048, +126
by -048, 120 by ‘042, "114 by °048, *108 by -042, 095 by 036; stouter
double-spindles *120 by ‘060, :095 by -048, -090 by -048, -078 by *048,
072 by 048, 060 by 048, 054 by 048; the small ones 048 by ‘030,
042 by °024. .
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 403
Cape St. Lucas,—J. Xantus; Acapulco,—A. Agassiz; San Salva-
dor,—Capt. J. M. Dow; La Paz,—J. Pedersen.
This species and the next approach Lophogorgia palma K. and H.
in the character of the spicula, more nearly than do any of our other
species of Leptogorgia.
The existence of numerous small, short, double-spindles, with but
two whorls of warts, gives the spicula of these species an appearance
quite different from those of the more typical species of Leptogorgia,
but similar spicula occur in Z. stenobrochis, and, to a less extent, in
several other species.
Leptogorgia cuspidata Verrill. (Liticorera cuspmata, 1st Ed).
Leptogorgia cuspidata Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, p. 186, 1865.
Gorgonia (Hugorgia) cuspidata Verrill, Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 45, p. 414, May, 1868.
Corallum broad, sub-flabelliform, irregularly branching nearly in
one plane. The trunk divides near the base into several principal
branches, which subdivide in an irregularly dichotomous manner,
forming a somewhat fasciculated clump; sometimes the branches are
subpinnate. Branchlets moderately elongated, thick, rigid, nearly
straight, tapering to the ends. Cells numerous, rather large, rounded ,
covering the surface of the branchlets, except along a narrow median
space on each side. Longitudinal grooves scarcely distinct, except
near the base. Color deep purple, the cells surrounded by bright
yellow, and the median space sometimes streaked with yellow.
Height about 6 inches; breadth about the same; length of branch-
lets 1 to 3 inches; diameter ‘10 to :13.
A specimen from Cape St. Lucas, referred with doubt to this, resem-
bles Z. rigida in its subpinnate mode of branching. The branchlets
are from~75 to 1 inch long, and ‘12 in diameter, and less cuspidate
than in the typical form, As I have not had an opportunity to examine
the spicula of the original specimen, I add a description of those from
this doubtful variety, which may, perhaps, belong rather with L. rigida.
Spicula of various forms and sizes, deep red and bright yellow ming-
led. Longer double-spindles large, with acute ends, median space
rather wide, warts well separated, forming 3 or 4 whorls on each end,
the whorl next to the median space much the largest, consisting of
large, ragged warts; the others diminish toward the ends, the last
warts becoming very small and simple. Stouter double-spindles thick
and blunt, with a deeply sunken median space, bordered by whorls of
large, crowded, rough, compound warts; outside of these, but close
to them, there is a whorl of much smaller warts on each end, and usu-
ally another subterminal whorl of very small simple warts. Many
404 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
small, short spicula have the form of double-heads, with a well-defined
median space, and two closely crowded whorls of small warts on each
end. Cross-shaped spicula occasionally occur, having acute points,
with well-separated rough warts.
The longer double-spindles measure -144™™ by ‘042, 132 by -048,
"120 by 048, -120 by °042, 114 by 054; the stouter ones -096 by ‘052,
090 by °054, ‘078 by -054, -078 by -042, 072 by °639; the double-
heads ‘048 by °033, 054 by °036, -042 by 024.
The specimens from Zorritos belong to this variety but are dwarfed.
Height 3 or 4 inches, branchlets 25 to 75 long, ‘08 in diameter, Color
purple, with the surface streaked and stamed with yellow. Spicula
much like those of the specimen described above.
Cape St. Lucas,—J. Xantus; Acapulco,—A. Agassiz; Corinto,—J.
A. MeNiel; Zorritos, Peru,—F. H. Bradley.
This species is closely allied to Z. rigida, yet the typical specimens
from Cape St. Lucas have a very different appearance, due mainly to
the larger, straight, cuspidate branchlets, and the peculiar color, which
is seen, however, to a less extent in some specimens of Z rigida.
Possibly it may ultimately prove to be only a variety of that species,
when a larger series of specimens can be examined. Owing to the
doubtful affinities of the peculiar specimen from which the spicula
above described were taken, no reliable conclusions can, as yet, be
based upon the slight differences observed in the spicula.
Leptogorgia Caryi Verrill. (Liticoreia rucosa, 1st Ed.).
Plexaura fucosa Verrill, Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 45, (non Val.).
Corallum dichotomous, subdividing some distance above the base.
Terminal branches stout, two to four inches long, as large as the main
stem, nearly round. Cells very little raised, scattered on all sides of
the branchlets. Color bright orange-red.
Spicula yellowish red. Longer double-spindles rather stout, scarcely
acute, with a wide median space; two or three whorls of large, com-
pound, rough warts on each end, those nearest the middle much the
largest. Stouter double-spindles short and blunt, with a wide median
space, each end with two or three crowded and usually somewhat
confused whorls of large rough warts, forming a large terminal cluster.
Some approach the form of double-heads, with a narrow median space
and a large cluster of closely crowded warts on each end. Other
“heads ” are shorter, lack the median space, and are entirely covered
with crowded warts. Crosses, with four short, roughly warted
branches frequently occur.
a a
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 405
The longer double-spindles measure +150™ by 060™™, *144 by -066,
144 by -060, 132 by :054; stouter double-spindles +120 by -060, “114
by °054; double-heads ‘156 by -078, +144 by :071, 120 by -060, -114
by 066; heads 126 by ‘060, 114 by -060, 072 by 048; crosses +144
by “120, ‘120 by -078, 096 by ‘084, 084 by -072.
California,—Maj. Wm. Rich; near San Francisco,—T. G. Cary,
(Coll. Mus. Comp. Zoology).
The original description (of G. fucosa) is so imperfect as to render
the identity of the later specimens with it somewhat uncertain.*
G.— Densely ramose, low and fruticose; branchlets short, irregular.
Leptgorgia Peruana Verrill. (LiricoreiaA Peruana, Ist Ed.).
? Plexaura reticulata Ehrenberg, Corall. des rothen Meeres, p. 141, 1834.
Plexaura reticulata Philippi, Wieg. Arch., 1866, p. 119.
Corallum low and shrubby, very densely branched, the branches
short, irregular, and crooked, often irregularly coalescent. Several
stems often arise from the same large base, close together. They at
once divide and subdivide irregularly into numerous crooked branches ;
these give off very numerous short and crooked branchlets, which
are sometimes distinctly pinnate. The branches and branchlets are
rather thick and round. The cells are small, not raised, and very
numerous, arranged in a broad band on each side of the branches,
Axis dark wood-brown, brittle and rigid, often hollow in the branch-
lets, due perhaps to some parasite. The canenchyma is thin and
brittle. Color whitish. The largest specimens are about 6 inches
high and broad; the branches °25, and the branchlets :10 in dia-
meter. The spicula are pure white; the longer double-spindles are
slender and acute, with numerous close warts, and a rather wide
median space. The stouter double-spindles are much shorter, with
a narrow median space and blunt ends, the warts forming a single
wreath on each side of the middle and a rounded cluster at each end.
The longer spicula are -120™ by °048™™, 120 by -042, 108 by :048;
the stouter ones ‘084 by ‘048, 078 by °048, 072 by -042, ‘084 by :042.
Callao, Peru,—F. H. Bradley.
I have thought it necessary to give a new name to this species for
several reasons :
Ist. It is not the Gorgonia reticulata Ellis.
2d. It may not be the Plexaura reticulata EKhr.
* Dr. Kolliker has sent the spicula prepared from the original specimen of Plexaura
fucosa Val. It proves to be very different from the present species, and belongs to
Psanvmogorgia, (see p. 414).—Reprint.
406 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
3d. Although “retiewata” might be a somewhat appropriate name
for it if considered a Plexaura, it becomes very inappropriate when
referred to a genus in which there are so many species that are ac-
tually reticulated throughout, while in this the reticulations are few,
irregular, and often entirely absent.
The following species, which I have not seen, are here referred to
this genus with doubt.
? Gorgonia sanguinea Lam. (Liticoreta (?) SANGUINEA, 1st Ed.),
2? Gorgonia sanguinea Lamarck, An. sans verteb., 2d edit., p. 495, (Loc. unknown).
Plexaura sanguinea Val., Comptes-rendus, xli, p. 12.
Leptogorgia sanguinea Hdw. and Haime, Corall., vol. i, p. 165.
In the latter work this species is described as follows: Corallum
rigid, more branched than ZL. virgulata, and with branches still more
slender. Calicles scarcely visible. Color carmine-red. Callao.*
Leptogorgia (?) arbuscula V. (Liticoreta (?) arBuscuLa, Ist Ed.).
Plecaura arbuscula Philippi, Wieg. Arch., 1866, p. 118.
“ P|, 4-6 pollicaris, a basi inde in formam fruticuli divisa, roseo-coccinea; ramis sub-
dichotomis, omnibus libris; ramulis ultimis 13 lin. crassis.”
Isl. Santa Maria, Bay of Arauco.
Leptogorgia (?) Chilensis Verrill. (Liticoreta (?) RosEa V., 1st Ed.).
Plexaura rosea Philippi, 1. ¢., p. 118 (non Leptogorgia rosea EH. & H.).
““ P], 14 pedalis, roseo-carnea, subflabellato-dilitata; ramis virgatis, subnodosis libe-
ris; ramulis ultimis elongatis, cylindricis, 14 lin crassis, seepe 6 poll. longis.”
Algarrobo, somewhat south of Valparaiso, Chili.
Leptogorgia (?) platyelados V. (Limcorcia (?) pLarycrapos, 1st Hd.).
Plexaura platyclados Philippi, 1. ¢., p. 119.
““P], roseo, flabellatim ramoso; ramis latissimis, valde compressis, loriformibus.”
Isl. Santa Maria.
Tt seems very doubtful whether this species be a Leptogorgia, but it
cannot be a Plexaura.
Eugorgia Verrill.
Amer. Jour. Sci., xlv, p. 414, May, 1868.
Ccenenchyma composed chiefly of three forms of small spicula,
which are naked at its surface. There are two kinds of warty double-
spindles,—longer and usually sharper ones, and stouter and blunter
ones. These are intermingled with numerous double-wheels, which
are usually shorter ; sometimes one of the wheels is smaller than the
other, or rudimentary, frequently there are four wheels developed.
* The original G. sanguinea is, by its spicula, a true Gorgonia (Pterogorgia); the Callao
species is probably distinct and may be one of the following.—Reprint.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 407
The polyp-spicula are small, slender spindles. The axis is horny.
Branches either round or compressed, variously subdivided, much as
in Leptogorgia, surface finely granulous. Cells mostly in a band
along each side of the branches, sometimes prominent, usually flat.
A.—Flabelliform, branches subparailel, dichotomous, uswally stout. Cells flat or very
slightly raised.
Eugorgia ampla Verrill.
Leptogorgia ampla Verrill, Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 32, 1864.
Plate V, figure 12. Plate VI, figure 6.
Corallum large, flabelliform, with numerous elongated, subparallel
branches and branchlets. Several main branches, which are large,
rounded or slightly compressed, and nearly equal, arise from close to
the base, the lateral ones curving out at first and then becoming
upright and nearly parallel. The branches give off from each side
distant, long, and often slightly flexuous, branches and branchlets,
which bend outward and then become parallel like the main branches.
The branchlets are rigid, from 2 to 6 inches long without dividing, and
but little more slender than the branches from which they arise,
usually slightly compressed and tapering but little to the obtuse ends,
They arise from 1 to 3 inches apart and are often alternate, but at
other times only arise from one side of the branch. The ccenenchyma
is quite thick and firm, granulous at the surface. The cells are flat,
very numerous, crowdedly arranged in two broad lateral bands, sep-
arated by a very narrow, naked median space, which forms a slight
groove. The cells are usually so contracted as to appear very small
and inconspicuous, but when the surface is removed they are seen to
be rather large, oval, and so closely arranged that they are separated
only by thin walls. The axis is horn-like, blackish in the main branch-
es, but in the branchlets amber-yellow and translucent. Color, in the
typical specimens, bright yellow, in the varicty light purple. The
largest specimens are 18 inches high and nearly as broad; diameter
of the main branches °30; of the branchlets at base °12; at tips ‘10.
Spicula, in the typical sp cimens, bright yellow. Long double-
spindles very acute, distantly warted, with about three wreaths of
warts on each end, those next the middle much the largest; median
space wide. Shorter double spindles obtuse and more densely covered
with warts. Double-wheels nearly or quite as broad as long, the
“wheels” large, rather thin, their edges often acute; median space
narrow; axis small. The ends of the axis are also terminated by
small, thin, wheel-like disks. The polyp-spicula are of several kinds,
Trans. Connecticut Acap., Vol. I. 52 JULY, 1868.
408 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
the most common are small but not very slender double-spindles, with
few, distant, thorny papille.
The longer double-spindles are +132™" by °048, °120 by °048, :108 by
048; the stouter ones ‘120 by :060, 108 by -060, -108 by -054, 096 by
054, ‘096 by 048, ‘072 by 054; the double-wheels -054 by 060, -054
by -054, 054 by °048, -054 by -042, -048 by -054, 048 by -048.
Margarita Bay, Lower California,—A. Garret; La Paz, Gulf of
California,—Maj. Wm. Rich.
Var. purpurascens Verrill.
Similar in form to the preceding, with the branches and branchlets,
even in large specimens, not more than half as large. Color light
purple, spicula similar in form, but usually with the double-wheels
smaller and their edges less acute. The colors of the spicula are deep
purple, light purple, and white. Height of the largest specimens 2
feet. This form may prove to be distinct, but our specimens are too
few to satisfactorily determine. It is near Hugorgia fusco-purpurea
(? Ehr. sp.) and may be identical with it. The spicula of the latter
are well figured by Dr. Kélliker,* and agree very well in form with
those of this supposed variety.
Pearl Islands and Zorritos,—F. H. Bradley; Corinto,—J. A. McNiel.
Eugorgia nobilis Verrill, sp. nov.
Plate V, figure 13.
Large, flabelliform, with large, divergent, compressed branches, and
numerous short, thick, curved branchlets. Several very large flat-
tened branches arise close to the base from the broad trunk, and
spread divergently in the plane of the frond, giving off at short dis-
tances (usually about half an inch, often less) numerous sub-parallel,
undulate branches, which are strongly compressed at their bases.
These give rise to numerous secondary branches and branchlets, which
arise at distances of from °25 to 1 inch apart, and are short, thick, and
strongly curved, scarcely tapering, rarely more than an inch long
without dividing. The ccenenchyma is thick and persistent. The
cells are larger and less crowded than in the preceding species, usually
flat, sometimes a little prominent, forming two broad bands, which
are separated by a narrow, sterile sulcus on each side, corresponding
to a large longitudinal duct. Color brownish yellow, or reddish
- brown. The largest specimens are 18 inches high and 2 feet broad ;
diameter of main branches ‘35 to ‘75; of branchlets :12 to °15.
Spicula light purple, yellow, and white. Long double-spindles some-
what acute, thickly covered with warts. Stouter ones more densely
and
* Tcones Histiologice, Taf. xviii, figs. 28 to 31.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 409
warty, blunt, quite variable in form and size. Double-wheels small,
about as long as broad, with small wheels very close together, and
with the axis projecting but slightly at the ends. The long double-
spindles are -120™™ by -048™™, -120 by -042, and 120 by °036; the
stouter double-spindles -084 by :054, -084 by -048, and -096 by :054;
the double-wheels -042 by -042, and -048 by -042.
Pearl Islands, 6 to 8 fathoms by divers,—F. H. Bradley ; La Paz,—
J. Pedersen (var. excelsa);* Corinto,—J. A. MeNiel.
This species resembles #. ampla, but is more densely ramulous, and
has shorter, curved branchlets, instead of long, erect ones. Its spicula
are similar, but the double-wheels are smaller and more rounded.
B.—Fiabelliform. Branches bipinnate and tripinnate, not coalescent. Cells prominent.
Eugorgia Daniana Verrill, sp. nov.
Plate V, figure 14. Plate VI, figure 7.
Jorallum densely ramose in one plane, forming broad, rounded,
fan-shaped fronds. Near the base the short, thick, compressed trunk
divides into several large, divergent, compressed, main branches.
These give off, pinnately from each edge, at intervals of a quarter of
an inch or less, short, slender branchlets, and occasional longer branch-
es, which are similar to the primary ones. These again subdivide
pinnately, in the same manner, part of the pinnz remaining short and
simple, while others elongate into branches, which again subdivide,
producing similar simple branchlets, and some branches that subdi-
vide again. The final branchlets are slender and short, varying in
length from ‘15 to °30 of an inch, very seldom ‘50, with a diameter
of about 06. The verrucz are small, prominent, higher than broad,
conical, crowded on all sides of the branchlets. Surface of the
branches and cells distinctly granular with the naked spicula. Color
bright yellow, streaked and blotched with dark red both upon the
branches and cells. Axis strongly compressed, black in the main
branches, setaceous and rigid in the branchlets, where it becomes
translucent and brownish.
Height 10 inches; breadth 14; diameter of trunk °22; of main
branches 15. The spicula are deep red and bright yellow, intermin-
gled. Long double-spindles slender, acute, with a wide median space,
and about four whorls of well separated warts on each end, those
next to the median space considerably the largest, the others dimin-
ishing toward the ends, where they become very small. Some are less
slender, but similar in length and structure. Stout double-spindles
* The La Paz specimens (var. excelsa) are large and tall, with elongated branches, but
the spicula are smaller and more slender. Color brown or yellowish-brown.—Reprint.
410 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
short and thick, with two whorls of large warts on each end, the outer
ones terminal. Double-wheels large, little longer than broad, with a
rather wide median space; inner wheels thin, with sharp edges; outer
ones terminal, not half as large, sharp-edged, about as far from the
median ones as these are apart. The long double-spindles measure
120™ by 042™™", 114 by °045, 117 by °034, -096 by -042; the stouter
double-spindles -090 by 054, -072 by °048, 078 by °054, -096 by :060;
double-wheels 072 by :060, median space ‘018, diameter of axis :024,
terminal wheels :036, space between outer and inner wheels -017.
Other double-wheels measure 066 by °060, and -072 by °054.,
Panama and Pearl Islands, 6 or 8 fathoms,—F. H. Bradley; Gulf
of Nicoya,—J. A. McNiel.
Eugorgia aurantiaca Vernll. (Hucorcta Mexicana V., Ist Ed.).
Lophogorgia aurantiaca Horn, Proceedings Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sciences, 1860,
p. 233 (non Leptojorgia aurantiaca Kdw., 1857).
Gorgonia aurantiaca Verrill, Bulletin Museum of Comp. Zodlogy, 1864, p. 33.
Eugorgia Mexicana Verrill, Amer. Journal of Sci., xlv, p. 415, May, 1868.
Plate V, figure 15. Plate VI, figure 8.
Corallum forming large densely branched fans, the branches subdi-
viding in the same manner as in the preceding species, but the main
branches are longer and less compressed, and the pinnate branchlets
are not so close together (usually 25 inch). The branchlets are also
larger and somewhat longer, the length being from +25 to 1 inch, the
diameter ‘10 inch. The cells are crowded on all sides of the branch-
lets, but form irregular lateral bands on the larger branches. They
form rounded prominent verruce, that are a little larger but not so
prominent as in the preceding species, mostly bilabiate. The main
branches have a well marked median groove, surface granular, coenen-
chyma thin and friable. Color bright orange, streaked with red;
interior of the ceenenchyma red. Axis yellowish brown in the larger
branches, light yellow and translucent in the smaller branches and
branchlets, where it is very slender and rigid. Height 15 inches;
breadth 20; diameter of the trunk 18; of the main branches ‘15.
The spicula are light red and bright yellow. Longer double-spin-
dles slender, acute, with three or four whorls of well-separated warts ;
stouter double-spindles short and thick, with about two whorls of large,
separate warts, the outer whorl nearly or quite terminal, median space
wide. Double-wheels small, resembling the stouter double-spindles
in size and proportions, with a rather wide median space; inner wheels
not large, with rounded edges, sometimes crenulated or a little warty,
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 411
especially on one side; terminal wheels much smaller, close to the
inner ones, with rounded edges.
The long double-spindles measure *108"™" by -038™", *108 by -036,
"102 by -034, 096 by -030; the stouter double spindles ‘084 by 042,
‘078 by ‘039; the double-wheels 060 by -042, 066 by ‘042, :054 by :042,
with the terminal wheels 021, axis ‘021, length of median space -009.
La Paz, Gulf of California,—J. Pedersen, Maj. Wm. Rich; Mazat-
lan,—Dr. Horn; Acapulco,—A. Agassiz, Rev. J. Dickinson.
In the mode of branching, the size and structure of the branchlets,
and color, this closely resembles the last species, which I have
separated chiefly on account of the very different size and form of
the spicula, and especially of the double-wheels.*
Eugorgia rubens Verrill, sp. nov.
Corallum slender, bipinnate and tripinnate. The small branches and
branchlets arise at distances of a quarter to half an iach apart, and are
either alternate or sub-opposite. Branchlets very slender, rather
short, the edges dentate by the prominent cells. Axis slender, seti-
form in the branches, pale amber-color, translucent. Cells prominent,
forming small conical verrucee, arranged in a single row along each
edge of the branchlets. Color pale red or rose-color. Diameter of
the branchlets ‘08 inch; of terminal branchlets ‘06 ; length of branch-
lets °35 to *60; entire specimen 2 or 3 feet across.
The spicula are pale red, and mostly short and stout. The longer
double-spindles are rather small, slender, not very acute, with about
three distant whorls of crowded warts on each end, the median ones
a little larger; median space moderately wide. Stouter double-spin-
dles short and thick, blunt, with two or three close whorls of crowded
rough warts. Double-wheels rather large, with thick, round-edged
wheels, the outer ones terminal; median space narrow.
The longer double-spindles measure +120" by +048, 096 by -042
096 by :036; the stouter double-spindles -096 by -048, 084 by -036,
072 by 048, -072 by 036; double-wheels -066 by -048, -066 by 042,
060 by -042, -060 by -036.
Paita, Peru,—F. H. Bradley, from Mrs. George Petrie.
C.—Dichotomous, terminal branchlets slender, elongated. Cells scarcely raised.
Eugorgia Bradleyi Verrill, sp. nov.
Corallum small, slender, more or less flabelliform. The round,
slender trunk arises from a flat, expanded base, and at the height of
* Since Valenciennes’ species (see p. 413) proves to belong to a distinct genus, I have
restored the earliest name,—Reprint.
412 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
one or two inches divides into two equal branches. These subdivide
either immediately or at various distances up to 1°5 inches in a similar
dichotomous manner. The tertiary branches are again unequally
dichotomous. The branchlets are mostly secund, slender, spreading
outward from the branches in a wide curve, varying in length from 1
to 4 inches, tapering toward the tips, which are very slender. The
cells are small, oblong, flat or very little raised, arranged closely in
one or two rows on each side of the branchlets, but in broad bands
of four or more, irregular, crowded rows on the larger branchlets.
Median groove very distinct. Axis slender, blackish in the trunk and
larger branches, brown and translucent in the smaller branches, yellow-
ish and setiform in the branchlets. Color bright purplish red, bright
lemon-yellow, or light yellowish brown. Height 7 inches; breadth
5; diameter of trunk *13; of branches 10; of branchlets -03 to *05.
Spicula light purple, or bright yellow. Longer double-spindles
rather slender, very acute, sometimes curved, often with the ends une-
qual, median space wide, warts numerous, in 4 to 6 whorls, those toward
the ends very small, the median ones much larger, occasionally several
sharp points terminate one of the ends. Stouter double-spindles much
smaller, stout and thick, with about 3 whorls of very prominent,
rough warts; the last whorl is sometimes terminal, in other cases the
end is formed by a single rough wart; some have the warts so crowd-
ed that they resemble double-heads. Double-wheels variable in size,
about as long as broad, mostly with a narrow median space, small
axis, and thin wheels; terminal wheels small, close to the inner ones.
Cross-shaped compound spicula occasionally occur, having slender
branches, covered by small but prominent warts.
The longer double-spindles measure °175"™" by 7042", +138 by °042,
"132 by 048, 126 by 036; the stouter double spindles 096 by 054,
090 by *048, 072 by -054, 072 by -048; the double-wheels °036 by
036, with median space 009, diameter of terminal wheels °018; and
‘048 by °042, with the median space ‘012, terminal wheels ‘024; others
048 by °042, 043 by 043; crosses 084 by -084, and -060 by *060.
Panama and Pearl Islands, rare,—F. H. Bradley; Gulf of Nicoya,—
J. A. McNiel.
This species resembles in form, mode of subdividing, and slender-
ness of trunk and branches, Leptogorgia alba, but is very distinct in
the character of the spicula. Its color, though variable, is probably
also sufficient to separate them, since this has not been observed white,
which is the constant color of Z. alba, so far as can be judged from
an examination of over 200 specimens.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 413
The following species, which I have not seen, is placed here with
much doubt. In its external characters it appears to resemble some
species of Hugorgia, but the form of the spicula, if correctly stated,
would indicate affinities with Psammogorgia or Plexaura, Edwards
and Haime describe it as follows :*
Echinogorgia aurantiaca Verrill. (Leprocorcia avRantraca, Ist Ed.).
Plexaura aurantiaca Val., Comptes-rendus, xli, p. 12.
Leptogorgia aurantiaca Kdw. and Haime, Corall., i, p. 165, 1857.
Corallum rather branching, branches pretty stout, the last elongated.
Calicles crowded and very distinct throughout. Spicula in the form
of warty clubs (“slérites en massue”). Color ferruginous yellow.
Callao (“Calloa”’).
Phycogorgia Val.; Edw. and Haime, Corall., 1, p. 182.
Axis lamellar and dilated in the form of membranous leaflets, sim-
ilar to a fucus, and covered with a thin sclerenchyma, perforated by
poriform calicles. (Edw. and Haime).
Phycogorgia fucata Val.; Edw. and Haime.
Gorgonia fucata Val., Voyage de la Vénus, Zodl., Pl. 11, fig. 2.
Corallum thin, expanded, divided into ramose fronds, the branches
of which are contracted at their base and enlarged toward the sum-
mit. Calicles small and close. Color rosy. Mazatlan. (EH. and H.)
Family, Prexauripa Gray.
Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 442.
Eunicide Kolliker, Icones Histiologice, p. 137, 1865.
Corallum usually dichotomous and more or less arborescent. Axis
horn-like, or more or less calcareous, especially at base. Longitudi-
nal ducts equal, arranged regularly all around the axis. Ccanenchy-
ma usually thick. Cells scattered over all parts of the surface, flat,
or elevated on prominent verruce. Tentacles at base, and sides of
the polyps stiffened with large fusiform spicula. Spicula of the ccenen-
chyma usually large, of various forms, most frequently there are large
warty spindles mingled with clubs or crosses.
The three principal genera of this family, Plexaura, Plexaurella,
and Hunicea, which are each represented by numerous large and
common species in the Caribbean Fauna, appear to be entirely absent
from the Pacific coast of America.
The following genus, which is scarcely a typical representative of
the family, appears alone to replace the larger forms of the Atlantic.
* Spicula from the original specimen, sent by Dr. Kélliker, show that it is an Echino-
gorgia,—Reprint.
414 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Psammogorgia Verrill.
American Jour. of Sci., vol. xlv, p. 414, May, 1868.
Corallum dichotomous or subpinnate, with round branches. Axis
horn-like. Ccenenchyma moderately thick, the surface finely granu-
lated with small rough spicula. Cells scattered, sometimes flat, more
frequently raised in the form of rounded verruce. Polyps with
rather large, elongated, slender, warty spindles at the bases of the
tentacles. Spicula of the cenenchyma mostly short, thick, and very
rough, warty spindles and rough, warty clubs of moderate size.
Psammogorgia arbuscula Verrill.
Echinogorgia arbuscula Verrill, Proce. Boston Society Natural Hist., vol. x, p. 329,
April, 1866.
Psammogorgia arbuscula Verrill, Amer. Jour. Science, xlv, p. 414, May, 1868.
Plate V, figure 17. Plate VI, figure 9.
Corallum low, irregularly dichotomous, subflabelliform, several
stems often arising from one base. Base broad, encrusting, covered
with a thin ccenenchyma, which usually bears polyps. From this, one
to twelve stems arise, which, when numerous, form rather dense
clumps of branches. The young stalks are often 2 to 4 inches long
before subdividing, enlarging upward to the obtusely rounded tips.
In other cases they subdivide dichotomously very near the base, the
main branches being about as large as the trunk. These again sub-
divide in a similar manier into secondary and tertiary branches and
branchlets, which curve outward at base and then become subparallel,
but are often crooked and irregular, and sometimes coalesce. The
terminal branchlets are round, obtuse, scarcely tapering, often en-
larged at the tips, from 1 to 4 inches long, about as large as the
main branches. Ccenenchyma moderately thick. Surface of the
cenenchyma roughly granular. Cells large, more or less prominent,
at the summit of rather large verrucee, which are often as high as
broad, uniformly scattered over all parts of the branches, arranged
somewhat in quincunx, the summits frequently eight-rayed. Color
dark red. In life, “stem bright red, polyps bright yellow.” Height
of largest specimens 4 to 8 inches; breadth 3 to 6; diameter of main
branches °15.
Spicula bright red, mostly rather stout thorny spindles. Longer
spindles stout, with acute ends, covered with large thorny warts,
which are largest about the middle; stouter spindles blunt at the ends,
and more thickly covered with similar rough warts. Other stout,
thick spicula, or “heads,” about as thick as long, and crowdedly
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 415
covered with thorny warts, are abundant, especially in the superficial
layer, mixed with the last. Also much smaller and more slender
spindles, with few large warts. The club-shaped spicula are not
numerous and are variable in form; the larger end is not much
expanded, but covered with sharp and thorny warts, which decrease
to the somewhat acute, smaller end. The polyp-spicula from the
bases of the tentacles are relatively large, very long, slender spindles,
with acute ends, often curved, and covered uniformly with small, sharp,
conical warts. Some of the smaller ones are but slightly warted.
The longer spindles measure :264™™ by :096™™, :240 by -108, -240
by -084, -204 by -072, -192 by :084; the stouter ones 144 by -084, 144
by 072; the “heads” -108 by °102, :144 by °126, -120 by 096, 108
by 084; the “clubs” -180 by ‘084, *180 by -078, "168 by -078, 156 by
072; the polyp-spindles °264 by ‘054, :240 by 048, :240 by :042, 227
by ‘054, 204 by -042, -204 by -024.
Panama and Pearl Islands, in pools at extreme low-water mark,—
F. H. Bradley; Gulf of Nicoya, by divers,—J. A. MeNiel.
This species is very variable in form, and especially in the promi-
nence of the cells, or else there are two or more species here included.
The typical form, above described, has the cells large and raised on
prominent verruce. The two principal variations from this type are
as follows:
Var. Dowii Verrill.
Similar in mode of branching to the preceding form but somewhat
more flabelliform and regular, branchlets rather smaller. Cells flat,
or scarcely raised, when contracted often eight-rayed. Spicula much
like those of the typical form. Color deep red.
San Salvador,—Capt. J. M. Dow; Pearl Islands,—F. H. Bradley.
Var. pallida Verrill.
Corallum more or less flabelliform, branching dichotomously, branch-
lets round, sometimes as large as the main stem, usually smaller.
Cells a little raised, forming low verruce. In fresh specimens, the
cells are often surmounted by a small conical mass of convergent
spicula, from the bases of the tentacles. Color dull grayish white, or
yellowish. In life, “stem white or light drab; polyps bright yellow,”
—F’. H. B.
Spicula of the ccenenchyma pale pink or colorless, transparent ;
polyp-spicula orange red. Longer spindles rather long and slender,
acute, covered with distantly scattered, unequal, prominent, rough
TRANS. CONNECTICUT ACAD., VOL. I. 53 DECEMBER, 1868.
416 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
warts. Some of the largest are stouter, but acute, and often curved
or irregular in outline. Stouter spindles very irregular in form and
size, often blunt, very rough and thorny, warts not crowded.* Clubs
slender, small end acute, enlarging regularly toward the large end,
which is crowded with warts of small size.
The longer spindles measure :216™" by-090, °204 by -084, -204 by
060, 180 by 060; stouter spindles 132 by °084, °132 by -060, -120 by
072; clubs ‘162 by :048; heads -102 by 072; crosses 192 by °132;
polyp-spindles *252 by -042, °240 by 042, -240 by -036, ‘204 by °042,
204 by °030.
Pearl Islands,—F. H. Bradley.
This form resembles, in its branches and cells, var, Dowi?i, but dif-
fers in its color and somewhat in the spicula, which are less thickly
warted and usually not quite so stout.
Psammogorgia teres Verrill, sp. nov.
Plate V, figure 18. Plate VII, figure 1.
Corallum dichotomous, large, flabelliform, with rather large, round
branches, which are often curved. The base is expanded, often giv-
ing rise to more than one trunk. The stem forks within half an inch
from the base, where it is large and round. The main branches again
fork irregularly, and also give off numerous branches and branchlets at
distances of half an inch or less, in an irregularly subpinnate and
often secund manner. These are all round and thick, and bend out-
ward at the axils with a broad curve, and then turn upward, but
most of them are more or less crooked throughout, and not unfre-
quently coalesce. The terminal branchlets are considerably smaller
than the main branches, and usually taper slightly to the blunt ends.
Cells large, distant, scattered over the whole surface, flat or very lit-
tle raised. Ccenenchyma thin, witha finely granulated surface, bright
red. Axis dull yellowish, woody in appearance; thick, opaque, and
soft in the branchlets. Height 10 inches; breadth 8 inches ; diameter
of trunk -40; of main branches °18 to ‘22; of branchlets 12 to :15.
Spicula bright red, varied in size and form. The greater part are
rather large, short, stout spindles, covered with numerous, very prom-
inent, rough warts, arranged on each end in two or three irregular
whorls; ends scarcely acute. Others are longer and more slender,
* These principally form the external layer, but are mingled with a few clubs and
other forms. In this genus there is no very distinct superficial layer of smaller club-
shaped spicula, such as is found in Hunicea, Plexawra, and Plexaurella. Hence I place
the genus in this family with some doubt. It is, apparently, allied to Astrogorgia and
may possibly belong to the Primnoide, near Muricea.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 417
with acute ends, but equally rough. Some head-like spicula are about
as long as broad, sometimes nearly spherical, crowdedly covered with
large, thorny warts, those about the middle largest. There are also
short, stout spindles, crowdedly covered with warts on the whole sur-
face. Club-shaped spicula occasionally occur, having the larger end
but little expanded, covered with large, prominent, thorny warts;
these with the two preceding forms chiefly compose the external layer.
Cross-spicula, with four or six roughly warted branches, frequently
occur. Besides these, there are many smail spicula of various forms,
but all are covered with rough warts, and most of them are short and
stout. Polyp-spindles are long, slender, acute, usually curved, coy-
ered with small, sharp warts.
The longer spindles measure 192™™ by ‘084™", °174 by :078, "168 by
090, 168 by -048, 144 by -066, 132 by -072; stouter spindles :156
by 096, 132 by 090, 132 by °078, 120 by 096; warty head-spicula
"168 by :096, -144 by °120, 144 by -090, "108 by -096; clubs -132 by
072, 120 by -060; crosses 144 by -096, -120 by -084; polyp-spindles
264 by 054, 227 by -048, -204 by -036, "198 by ‘048.
Pearl Islands, in 6 to 8 fathoms, rare,—F’. H. Bradley.
Resembles somewhat var. Dowii of the preceding species, but is
much larger, with stouter branches and branchlets, and larger and
more distant cells. The surface is smoother and the cells are usually
not at all raised. The color is also brighter red. The spicula are
quite different.
Psammogorgia fucosa Verrill.
Amer. Journal Science, xlviii, p. 427, Nov., 1869.
Gorgonia fucosa Val., Voyage Vénus, Pl. 15 bis.
Plexaura fucosa Val.; Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 154, (non Verrill).
Mazatlan.— Voyage of the Venus. <A large species allied to P.
teres.—Reprint.
Psammogorgia gracilis Verrill, sp. nov.
Plate V, figure 19. Plate VI, figure 10.
Corallum slender, flabelliform, the branchlets subparallel and elon-
gated. The stem, in the only specimen seen, is slender, and at the
height of about an inch subdivides into four main branches, one of
which then passes onward, like a continuation of the stem, undivided
for nearly 1°5 inches, when it gives off branchlets pinnately on each
side, at distances of from ‘10 to -40. Two of the other main branches
subdivide near their origin into several long, slender, ascending
branches and branchlets, some of which fork near their ends. The
branchlets are all about equal in size, varying in length from less than
418 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
1 inch to 2°5, with a diameter of about ‘07; they are round, slender,
and scarcely taper. The cells form low, swollen verrucze, which are
closely crowded over the whole surface. Ccnenchyma moderately
thick. Axis slender and wood-yellow, opaque even at the ends,
Color light red. Height 5 inches; breadth 4; diameter of stem ‘10.
Spicula bright red ; club-shaped spicula numerous, with the small end
very acute. The larger spindles are rather slender, ends very acute,
warts prominent, not crowded, forming five or six irregular whorls
on each end, which become very small near the points. Shorter spin-
dles very rough, with obtuse ends. Clubs very numerous, about as
long as the spindles, but much broader, the large end covered with
numerous, large, prominent, rough warts and spines, which diminish
toward the small end, which tapers to a sharp point. | Polyp-spindles
pale yellow, long and slender, covered with small, nearly smooth warts.
The longer spindles measure 240" by -060, :228 by ‘060, 228 by
048, °222 by -072, 168 by °036; stouter spindles 168 by 072, 144 by
084, -102 by -066; clubs -252 by -084, -216 by "072, -210 by 084, °192
by -084, 168 by :060; polyp-spindles +150 by -018, +144 by ‘036, °132
by °030, 114 by 036.
Pearl Islands, very rare,—F. H. Bradley.
This species is remarkably distinct from the preceding three in its
mode of branching, its long and quite slender branchlets, and espe-
cially in its very peculiar spicula, It differs widely from all other Gor-
gonians of the coast, known to me, in the form and abundance of the
singular club-shaped spicula.
; Family, Primnoiw 2.
Primnoacées Val.; Edw. and Haime, Corall., vol. i, p. 138.
Primnoade, Acanthogorgiade and Muriceide Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1859,
p. 442.
Primnoacee Kélliker, Icones Histiol., p. 135, 1865.
Plexauride (pars) and Primnoacee Verrill, Revis. Polyps, E. Coast U. S., p. 8, 1864.
Corallum usually branched, sometimes simple. Axis horn-like or
more or less calcareous, especially at base. Cells prominent, covered
with large scales or spicula. Ccenenchyma with large scales or spi-
cula, the outer ones conspicuous at the surface. Longitudinal ducts
many and equal on all sides, or few and symmetrically arranged.
Muricea Lamouroux (restricted).
Muricea (pars) Lam’x, Expos. meth., p. 509, 1821; Blainville, Man. d’Actinologie, p.
509; Ehrenberg, Corallenthiere, p. 134; Dana, Zodph., p. 673; Edw. and Haime,
Corall., vol. i, p. 142, 1857, ete.
Muricea Kolliker, Icones Histiologice, ii, p. 135, 1865; Verrill, American Jour.
Science, vol. xlv, p. 411, 1868.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 419
Corallum variously branched, usually dichotomous or arborescent.
Axis horny, rarely becoming calcareous at the base in large speci-
mens. Ccenenchyma composed of large, one-sided, very warty, and
often curved spindles, mingled with many smaller ones of various
sizes, the exterior being formed mainly of the large ones, which be-
come imbrica‘ed on the surface of the verruce and usually project
from the surface. The cells are prominent in various degrees, and
either tubular or bilabiate with the lower side projecting. Polyps
retractile, the tentacles stiffened at base with long, warty spindles.
Dr. Kolliker has very judiciously restricted this genus by the re-
moval of Paramuricea and Eehinogorgia, two well defined and natu-
ral genera. As now limited Muricea is a well charagterized genus,
which is widely distributed in the tropical seas, but apparently more
fully represented on the American coasts than elsewhere. In the
West Indies and on the Atlantic coasts there are at least five species,
while on the Pacific side eighteen have already been discovered.
The species from the East Indies, China, ete., which I have seen, are
smaller and less typical than the American forms.
The species of Hehinogorgia are mainly from the East Indies. The
Paramuricee are found on the European coasts, in the Mediterranean,
and one species, at least, in the West Indies and at Florida (P. clath-
rata (Dana sp.). The genus, 7Zhesea Duch. and Mich., is a rare
West Indian form. Bebryce Phil. is from the Mediterranean. An-
thogorgia and Astrogorgia Verrill, as yet represented only by one spe-
cies each, are from Hong Kong, while the genus, Heterogorgia V., is
known only from Panama Bay. Acanthogor¢ia Gray, seems allied to
Muricea, and especially to Heterogorgia. It has several species: A.
coccinea V.,* from Hong Kong; A. Atlantica and A. Grayi Johns.,
from Madeira; A. hirsuta Gray, locality doubtful; and A. aspera
Pourtales,t off Havana, in 270 fathoms. blepharogorgia Schrammi
Duch. and Mich., from Guadaloupe, is referred to the same genus by
Pourtales, but it appears to agree better with Paramuricea. The
genus, Acis Duch. and Mich., is also allied to Muricea and has two
West Indian species.
A.— Verruce tubular ; cells not bilabiate, lower border not prolonged.
Muricea acervata, Verrill.
Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat History, vol. x, p. 327, Apr., 1866.
Plate VII, figure 5. Plate VIII, figure 1.
Corallum arborescently branched, dichotomous, rather stout and
rigid. The trunk divides very near the base into two or three main
* Now Echinomuricea coccinea V., Am. Jour. Sci., xlvii, p 285.—Reprint.
+ Bulletin Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, No. 6, p. 113, 1867,
420 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
branches, which part again at one or two inches from their origin;
the secondary branches often subdividing irregularly two or three
times, but many remaining simple and two or three inches long. All
the branches are thick and rigid, and of nearly the same size with the
primary branches, mostly smallest at their origin, enlarging toward
the tips, which are bluntly rounded and often slight clavate. All the
branches bend outward at base, often nearly at aright angle, and
then curve upward with a broad curve and become sub-parallel.
Cells eight-rayed at the summit of large, elevated, rounded verruce,
the rays separated by narrow but very distinct sunken grooves, which
extend over the summits and somewhat down the sides of the verrucze
in contraction. Verruce unequal, larger and smaller ones inter-
mingled, rather elevated, about as high as broad, somewhat crowded,
but uniformly arranged, mostly standing nearly at right angles to the
branch, their surface covered with closely imbricated, slightly rough,
and rather regular fusiform spicula. Ccenenchyma rather thick, cov-
ered with spicula similar to those of the verruecze., Axis black, com-
pressed somewhat at the axils, rigid and brittle at the ends. Color
deep brown. Height of largest specimen about 8 inches; breadth 5 ;
diameter of branches ‘30 to °35; of verrucze ‘07 ; length of verruce °10.
Spicula yellowish brown and reddish brown. Longer spindles long,
moderately stout, usually acnte at each end, but sometimes with one
end blunt, often somewhat bent, covered closely with small spinules,
which on most parts are small, sharp, and conical, but on one side they
are usually more closely crowded, and take the form of low, rough,
lacerate warts. Stouter spindles usually stout-fusiform and rapidly
tapering to each end, covered on one side with small, crowded, rough
warts, on the other with conical spinules; these like the others, are
frequently bent or irregular, and often one end is truncate or obtuse.
Small spicula of these two forms are numerous, some having conical,
often lobate spinules, others rough warts, not so crowded as in the
larger ones. Other small spicula have the form of rough, warty
heads, with lobate warts; others are quite small and irregular spicula
with large, subdivided warts; some become club-shaped and rough,
others more slender, with scattered spinules.
The longer spindles measure 2°00"™ by °400, 1°90 by °365, 1°44 by
243, 1°37 by -200, 1°29 by 213, 1°20 by +150, 1°14 by -228, 1:06 by
187; the stouter ones 1°35 by ‘325, -912 by -248, -436 by :243; the
small irregular spicula +187 by :060; heads °187 by 121; clubs 187
by ‘105, 152 by -090.
Panama, very rare,—F. H. Bradley.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 421
The large, rounded, unequal, eight-rayed verruce are sufficient to
distinguish this from all other known species. Two specimens only
were obtained.
Muricea tubigera Verrill, sp. nov.
Plate VII, figure 7. Plate VIII, figure
Corallum stout and rigid, dichotomously branched, with greatly
elongated, squarrose verruce. The trunk divides at about an inch
from the base into two main branches, which fork at about an inch
from their origin. The secondary branches usually fork again at dis-
tances varying from two to five inches, and the tertiary branches are
often again divided. The terminal branches are from 1°5 to 2°5
inches long and nearly as large as the main branches (‘4 inch),
obtusely rounded, and sometimes a little enlarged or clavate at the
ends. The branches are but little divergent and form acute angles.
The conenchyma is only moderately thick, but is crowdedly covered
with very long, rather slender verrucee, which stand nearly at right
angles to the surface and give the branches a thick appearance. The
verrucee are enlarged or clavate at their summits, which are rounded
and conspicuously eight-rayed in contraction; their sides covered
with closely imbricated, long, rather slender and sharp spicula, which
project but little from the surface. At the tips of the branches the
verruce are smaller and densely crowded. Axis horn-like, light
wood-brown at base, black and somewhat compressed in the branches.
Color light greenish brown when dried.
Height of the largest specimen 8 inches; breadth 4°5; diameter of
main branches, including verruce, °50; of branchlets 40 to °45;
length of verruce ‘15 to ‘20; diameter ‘05; their summits ‘08.
The spicula are yellowish white, and similar to those of the pre-
ceding species, but longer, more slender, sharper at the ends, and
usually with less crowded warts and spinules. The spindles of the
cells are not larger than those of the cenenchyma, but often stouter ;
the latter are mostly very slender and acute, often larger and blunter
on one end than the other, or somewhat club-shaped, the spinules
being more crowded on the larger end and mostly truncate, while on
-the small end, which is long, slender and acute, they are sharp, conical,
and distantly scattered.
The longer spindles of the cells measure 2°28"" by °324, 1°36 by
"182, 1°32 by -152, 1:29 by °137, ‘851 by -091, 608 by ‘061; the stouter
ones 1°36 by °228, ‘988 by °187, 699 by ‘121; the small irregular ones
"213 by ‘071, 187 by -106, ‘121 by ‘061; heads ‘076 by ‘076; the
longer spindles of the econenchyma measure 2°37 by °325, 1°80 by
~
me
422 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
aid, Lior by 200, 1:57 by 175, 1°52) by “197, 1°29 by 167,114 by
"121, 1:09 by °136, (942 by °106.
Pearl Islands and Panama, very rare,
F. H. Bradley.
This species is very distinct from the preceding by its very long,
slender, and smaller verruce, its longer and sharper spicula, and its
thicker branches. The latter character and the closely crowded cells
separate it widely from WW. hispida and M. horrida,
Muricea hispida Verrill.
Proceedings Boston Society of Natural History, vol. x, p. 328, 1866.
Plate VII, figure 4. Plate VIII, figure 3.
Corallum dichotomous, sparingly branched, somewhat flabelliform.
The main branches arise close to the base and bend outward and up-
ward with a wide curve, before becoming perpendicular and sub-
parallel. The secondary branches arise from the outward curvature
of the primary ones, and quickly become of the same size. The
branches are slender, though the long verrucee give them a rather
thick appearance, and gradually enlarge to the tips. The ccenen-
chyma is thin and but little developed. The cells are rather large
and regular, at the summit of very long, rather large, tubular verruce,
which are narrow at base and enlarged to the summit, or subclavate in
form, the sides being covered with long, sharp spicula, which project
considerably at the summits. Axis very slender, round and black at
base, amber-color and translucent in the branchlets. Color, when
dry, umber-brown.
Height of the largest specimen 4 inches; diameter of branches, ex-
cluding verruce, "12; length of verrucze +16; diameter at summit °07.
Spicula yellowish white, mostly relatively large, very long, slender,
sharp spindles, often curved or crooked, covered on one side with
small, very sharp, conical spinules, on the other with small, very
closely crowded, rough warts; ends usually very acute. Stouter spin-
dles are numerous, which are frequently irregular in form, often bent,
sometimes enlarged, branched, or forked, near one end; one or both
ends often obtuse or truncate. The small spicula are mostly regular
warty spindles, acute at each end, but often bent in the middle, and
are relatively less abundant than in most species.
The longer spindles measure 2°60" by -300, 2°30 by -275, 2°07 by
250, 2°05 by 300, 2°00 by -300, 1°70 by *175, 1°67 by -225, 1°65 by
200, 1°57 by *225; the stouter spindles 2°00 by °375, 1:75 by °375,
1:65 by °300, 1°39 by °350; the majority of the small spindles about
i
&
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 423
425 by 100, 400 by *125, 375 by °100, and -425 by :062; the spinules
of the larger spindles are about -025 long.
Panama, very rare,—F’. H. Bradley.
The spicula of this species resemble most those of MW. tubigera, but
while the branches are much smaller, the spicula are absolutely much
larger. They are also rougher, with larger spinules, and the small
spicula are much less abundant and more regular in form. Its thin
ccenenchyma, and long, clavate, tubular cells, with slender projecting
spicula, will at once separate it from all other species, except, perhaps,
M, horrida Mob.
Muricea horrida Mobius.
Neue Gorgoniden des Naturhist. Mus. Hamburg, p. 11, Tab. III, fig. 3-8, 1861;
Kolliker, Icones Histiolog., p. 135, 1865.
“M. arborescens, ramosissima, ramis teretibus, verrucis polypiferis
eylindratis, obtusis. Canenchyma spiculis fusiformibus, verrucosis,
fulvis suffultum.”
This species, as described and figured by Mobius, forms an openly
and loosely branched corallum, with slender divergent branches, cov-
ered with loosely arranged, tubular, and somewhat clavate verruce,
which are obtuse or truncate and eight-rayed at summit, the sides and
upper margin with a few slightly projecting points of long and large
spicula. The cenenchyma is thin and the verrucz are about equal in
length to the diameter of the branchlets and smaller branches. The
long spindles are stout fusiform, with distantly arranged, rough, une-
qual warts. The two figured would measure 1°45"" by -30™™, and
07 by *23.
Peru (Hamburg Museum).
Muricea squarrosa Verrill, sp. nov.
Plate VI, figure 13. Plate VIII, figure 4.
Corallum dichotomous, the branches subdividing two or three times,
branching nearly in a plane. The trunk usually divides close to the
base into two or more main branches, each of which usually forks
again within half an inch. Some of the central secondary branches
rise nearly perpendicularly and do not subdivide for one or two inches,
or even more, but the outer ones often fork two or three times more,
at distances of about half aninch. The terminal branches and branch-
lets are from one to four inches long, round, subparallel in large speci-
mens, tapering but little, usually obtuse at the ends, and nearly as
large as the main branches. The branches usually spread at a large
TRANS. CoNNECTICUT ACAD., VOL. I. 54 JANUARY, 1869.
424 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
angle at their origin, and bend upward in a broad curve, the outer
ones often forming right angles at their origin. The prominent ver-
ruce are regularly arranged on all sides, and pretty close together,
though scarcely crowded, and usually stand nearly at right angles to
the branches, but often incline obliquely upward at a wide angle, and
never become imbricated. They are moderately large, usually some-
what higher than broad, nearly equal, round, tubular, truncate, the ter-
minal opening looking obliquely upward and outward, the surface coy-
ered with many large fusiform spicula, the ends of which project strong-
ly at the summit in the form of small sharp spines, which are often
more numerous and larger on the lower margin, causiug the cells to ap-
proach the characters of those of the second section of the genus.
Cenenchyma moderately thick, filled with large spindles at the sur-
face. Color deep yellowish brown, varying to light brownish yellow
and to deep umber brown.
Height of largest specimens 8 inches; breadth 6; diameter of lar-
gest branches, including verrucz °30 to °353; of branchlets °24 to °28 ;
length of verruce ‘08 to ‘10, often less ; diameter ‘06 to ‘07.
The spicula are light yellowish and brownish, mostly large, stout,
warty spindles, many of them irregular, bent or lobed. The longer
spindles are large, rather stout, tapering gradually to each end, or
frequently with one end irregular, truncate or obtuse, the surface
crowdedly covered with small, rounded, rough warts, except upon one
side where the warts are usually replaced by small, sharp, conical
spinules. The stouter spindles are larger and thick, mostly irregular,
bent, lobed, or with one end truncate, but agreeing in the character
of the surface with the longer ones. The small spindles are mostly
slender, acute at each end, regularly covered with truncate or rounded
warts, sometimes with sharp spinules on one side.
The longer spindles measure 1°80™" by -425™™, 1°80 by °375, 1°75
by °375, 1°70 by °350, 1°70 by °300, 1°65 by -225, 1°62 by -375, 1°57 by
250, 1:25 by *250, 1°42 by -200, 1°12 by -200, 1°07 by 175; the stouter
ones 1°70 by *440, 1°57 by 500, 1°50 by ‘500, 1°42 by -425, 1°37 by °450,
1:25 by °400, 1°12 by 300, °850 by 225; the small spindles 500 by
100, 875 by °075, °300 by 062, -225 by -062.
Panama and Pearl Islands, in pools at extreme low-water mark, not:
common,—F. H. Bradley.
This species is easily distinguished by its few, moderately thick
branches, evenly covered by the squarrose, tubular verrucz, which are
usually considerably higher than broad. The spicula somewhat resem-
ble those of JZ. acervata and M. echinata, but can readily be distin-
guished from either.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 425
B.— Verruce more or less prominent ; cells bilabiate, or opening upward, with the lower
lip more or less prolonged.
1.—Verruce large, elevated, spreading, neither appressed nor wimbricated, or but
slightly so.
Muricea crassa Verrill, sp. nov.
Plate VII, figure 10. Plate VIII, figure 5.
Corallum very large, dichotomous, branching nearly in a plane, the
branches thick, clavate, covered with large, prominent, coarse verruce,
which are rough with very large, thick, blunt spicula.
Three or four large main branches usually arise from a thick, swol-
len base. These fork at distances of two or three inches, many of the
secondary branches being three or four times dichotomous; while oth-
ers are subpinnate, the branchlets usually alternating on opposite
sides and from one to two inches apart; others give off branchlets
only on the outside. The branches and branchlets are all thick, often
crooked, and bend outward at first, in a broad curve, and then up-
ward. ‘Toward the base some of the branches are occasionally co-
alescent. The terminal branchlets are from one and a half to four
inches long, smaller at base than the branches, but enlarging toward
the obtusely rounded end, where they are much enlarged and often
clavate, frequently having a diameter of half an inch or more. The
crowded verruce stand at nearly right angles to the surface of the
branchlets and are very large, prominent, rough with large, stout,
coarse spicula, which are mostly rather blunt at the ends, forming
therefore coarse but not sharp spinules at the summit, a cluster of
which are a little prolonged, so as to form a short lower lip, which is
usually a little incurved in contraction, so as to conceal the cell, which
opens upward and inward. The large verrucz of the branchlets are
usually broad at base, somewhat conical, higher than broad, strongly
echinate at summit; those of the main branches and trunk are dis-
tantly scattered, rounded, low, scarcely as high as broad.
Coenenchyma moderately thick, coarse, with very large, irregular,
blunt spicula, conspicuous at the surface. Axis horn-like, light wood
brown at base; round, black, strongly striated in the larger branches,
with the axils scarcely compressed ; soft, thick, rigid and brittle when
dry, and dark brown in the terminal branchlets. Color dark brown,
yellowish brown at base.
Height 20 inches; breadth 18; diameter of main branches °50 to
90; of terminal branchlets 30 at base, 50 or °60 near the tips; height
of verruce ‘15 to ‘20; diameter ‘10.
426 Verrill, Notes on Radiata,
The spicula are reddish brown, mostly very large, thick, coarse,
unequal, and irregular, with the ends obtuse or truncate, and the
surface rough with minute crowded warts. In the verrucze the spic-
ula are mostly very stout spindles, oval, oblong, or clavate, in nearly
all cases irregular, but generally with one end largest and truncate,
obtuse, or divided into two forks or lobes. Their most common size is
about half a millimeter in diameter and two long, but there are many
much larger ones, and a few quite regular and slender spindles of
smaller size. Those of the canenchyma are mostly very large, thick,
oblong, irregular spicula, obtuse, truncate, or irregular at the ends,
mostly bent or distorted and often lobed, most of the larger ones
about one-third as broad as long.
The stout spicula of the cells measure 3°20" by °875™™, 3°12 by
“600, 2°25 by °875, 2°12 by °575, 2-00 by 575, 2°00 by *500, 1°75 by -675,
1°75 by °375, 1°70 by °800, 1°45 by 575, 1°40 by ‘875, 1°37 by °300,
1:25 by ‘575, 1:07 by °325, 875 by -450. Those of the cenenchyma
4:00 by 1:25, 4:00 by 1°20, 3°25 by 1:00, 2°87 by 1:25, 2°75 by 1°25,
2°75 by °875, 2°25 by *950, 2:25 by ‘800, 1°00 by -450 ; the most slender
spindles 1°75 by °225, °1:00 by °200; the smaller ones °650 by °125, 525
by -125, 450 by *125 -275 by 150.
Pear] Islands,—F. H. Bradley.
This species is very different from all others in its great size, very
large, coarse, rough verruce, and the remarkably large, thick, irregular
spicula.
Muricea echinata Val.
Muricea echinata Valenciennes, Comptes-rendus, 1855 (no description); Edw. and
Haime, Corall., vol. i, p. 143, 1857; Verrill, Bulletin Museum Comp. Zodl., p. 36;
Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 328, 1866.
Plate VIII, figure 6.
Corallum irregularly dichotomous or subpinnate, branching nearly
in a plane, with clavate branchlets and elongated echinate verruce,
with the lower lip prolonged and the cells opening upward and inward.
The trunk usually divides, close to the base, into two or three main
branches, most of which subdivide several times at distances of one
third or half an inch, the central ones usually dichotomous and the
outer ones often subpinnate, the branches spreading at first at a wide
angle and then curving upward. The terminal branches and branch-
lets are mostly from one to four inches long, enlarging toward the
end, often distinctly clavate, the tips enlarged and obtusely rounded.
The verruce are mostly slender, clavate, very prominent, especially
on the terminal branchlets, not crowded, spreading outward and up-
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 427
ward at a wide angle, not imbricated, covered with large, stout spin-
dles, with sharp ends, some of which form the prolonged lower lip
and project from the upper part of the verruce, in the form of sharp
rough spinules. The cells are small and open inward and upward, in
contraction nearly concealed by the incurved lower lip, filled with
small convergent yellow spicula, from the bases of the tentacles. The
cenenchyma is thin, covered with large spindles. Color deep reddish
brown; cells yellow inside. In life “ deep red, polyps bright yellow.”
Height of largest specimens 6 or 8 inches; breadth about the same;
diameter of the main branches, including verrucee, *30 ; of the branch-
lets at origin ‘25; near the ends °37; length of the longest verrucze
on the terminal branchlets +15 to +18; diameter ‘05 of an inch.
Dwarf specimens occur only two or three inches high, with the lar-
gest branches about °25 in diameter, and the verruce *10 of an inch
long. These grow in shallow water, in rocky pools, ete.
The spicula are reddish and yellowish brown, mostly rather large,
rough, acute spindles, of which the larger ones are often bent, irregu-
lar, lobed, or with one end truncate. The longer spindles, when per-
fect, usually have the ends quite acute; some are moderately stout,
others qnite slender, covered on one side with small but very sharp
spinules, on other parts with small, crowded, rough, rounded or trun-
cate warts. When the spindles are bent the spinules are usually on
the concave side. The stouter spindles are quite irregular and varia-
ble in size and form, but are usually rather thick, often crooked, and
with one or both ends blunt or truncate, and very closely covered
with warts and spinules. The medium sized spindles are quite regu-
lar, slender, and very acute, warted like the larger ones. The
smallest are nearly white, regular, some acute and others blunt, cov-
ered with prominent very rough warts, which are not crowded.
The longer spindles measure 1:95"™ by 450", 1°75 by °425,
1°75 by -250, 1°62 by :275, 1°52 by °225, 1°50 by 375, 1°45 by °350,
1-45 by °275, 1:45 by °175; the stouter ones 2°00 by ‘750, 1°62 by
"750, 1°60 by °575, 1°65 by °450, 1°45 by -450, 1°35 by °500, 1°10 by
‘475, 1:00 by *625, °600 by *250; the medium sized spindles 1°35 by
"250, 1:27 by °225, 1°15 by °150, 1°00 by °425, -900 by °125; the small
spicula °650 by °125, ‘350 by 100, 325 by °100.
Panama, in rocky pools at low-water mark, common,—F. H. Brad-
ley, C. F. Davis, J. H. Sternbergh; Pearl Islands,—F. H. Bradley.
Var. flabellum.
Branches much more numerous and crowded, several principal ones
starting nearly together close to the base, and giving off numerous
+
428 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
short, crooked branchlets, mostly on the outer side, which are often at
distances of less than a quarter of an inch apart. Terminal branch-
lets one or two inches long, 25 in diameter, often tapermg. Verrucze
very slender, prominent, the lower lip much prolonged, acute, the sur-
face and summit rough with the sharp ends of the spicula. Cells
small, opening upward, often filled with a cluster of bright yellow
spicula from the bases of the tentacles. Color deep brown.
Pearl Islands,—F. H. Bradley.
This species somewhat resembles the two following in color and ex-
ternal appearance. From the first it differs greatly in mode of growth,
and somewhat in the spicula; from the second (J/. austera) in its
much more slender, longer, and spreading verrucze, and very decidedly
in its spicula,
Muricea fruticosa Verrill, sp. nov.
Plate VII, figure 2.
Corallum large, very branching, cxspitose, fruticose, with rather
small, somewhat clavate branchlets, and prominent, spreading, spi-
nose verruce.
The trunk is very stout and short, arising from a large irregular
base, and usually divides at once into several large, unequal main
branches, which rapidly divide and subdivide in an irregular manner,
the branches and branchlets usually not more than one quarter or
half inch apart. Sometimes several large main branches can be
traced for some distance, giving off numerous small branches from all
sides, but more frequently the subdivision is so rapid that the main
branches are very soon lost among the crowded and crooked branches.
The small branches near the ends often divide in an irregularly dichot-
omous manner, and sometimes coalesce; they are very numerous,
nearly equal in size, and usually much curved and crooked, spreading
at their origin with a broad curve. The terminal branchlets are short,
mostly °5 to 1°5 inches long, often curved, of moderate size, narrowed at
base, enlarging to the obtusely rounded end. Verrucz close together,
but not imbricated, spreading outward and upward, quite prominent,
conical, about as high as broad toward the outer ends of the branch-
lets, where they are more developed than below, and furnished with
an acute prolonged lower lip, the surface covered with long, stout
spindles, some of which are about as long as the verruce. Cells small,
situated on the upper side of the verruce, near the end, the aperture
filled with the yellow polyp-spicula, from the bases of the tentacles.
On the surface of the larger branches the verruce are low, rounded,
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 429
and without a prolonged lower lip; on the trunk and main branches
they are distant, small, and but little prominent.
Ceenenchyma thin, its surface composed of very conspicuous, stout
spindles, often larger than those of the verrucee. Color of the branch-
lets and verruce deep reddish brown, branchlets yellowish brown,
trunk and main branches yellow, tinged with brown. Axis horn-like,
yellowish wood-brown at the base and in the larger branches, darker
reddish brown and translucent in the smaller ones, light amber-yellow,
translucent, and slender, in the branchlets.
The largest specimen is 15 inches high, greatest breadth, across the
upper surface of the clump, 22 inches ; least diameter 16 ; diameter of
trunk 1:4; of main branches °75 to 1 inch; of branchlets at origin *12
to 17; near the ends, including verruce, °20 to *25; leneth of longest
verruce ‘08 to ‘10; diameter °05 of an inch. Another specimen is 15
inches high, and the same in breadth.
The spicula vary in color from brownish yellow and yellowish white
to deep reddish brown. The larger ones are mostly stout, relatively
large, blunt, and frequently irregular or crooked spindles. The longer
spindles are rather thick in the middle portion, tapering somewhat
abruptly to the ends, which are not usually very acute; one side: coy-
ered with small, very sharp spinules, the other parts with crowded
rough warts. The stouter spicula are thick and massive, usually
blunt or even truncate at one or both ends, but sometimes tapering
to blunt points, often crooked; some of the smaller ones entirely
lose their spindle-shape, even becoming triangular; others have
the large end forked; while some are quite irregular, compressed,
sometimes as broad’as long, one side divided into large, sharp, lac-
erate teeth or spines. The medium sized spindles are more recular,
quite stout in the middle, usually tapering to acute points, one side
covered with quite large and very sharp spindles, the other with closely
crowded rough warts. Other still smaller spicula are quite slender,
regular, very warty spindles, light yellow in color. The smallest are
very small, snow-white, very warty spindles, some very slender, others
relatively short.
The longer spindles measure 2°90™™ by -650™", 2°50 by °500, 1°75
by °350, 1°57 by -325, 1:55 by °350, 1°55 by °300, 1°55 by -225, 1°50 by
‘425, 1-45 by °350, 1:40 by -250, 1-27 by °300, 1:20 by -250; the stout
spicula 2°37 by °650, 2:25 by °625, 2:10 by °675, 2:00 by 575, 1°75 by
525, 1°70 by °525, 1°62 by 550, 1°62 by ‘500, 1°50 by °475, 1°35 by
575, 1:07 by °375, °725 by 300; the medium sized spindles 1:07 by
‘250, 1:07 by -225; 1:00 by 275, 1:00 by 250, 1:00 by 200, -900 by
430 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
200, 875 by ‘200, 825 by -200, "700 by °150; the smaller spindles
‘575 by “175, 575 by °100, 550 by +100, 500 by 100, -475 by -100
450 by ‘075, 425 by 100; the smallest white spindles °135 by -075,
325 by °062, 175 by °075, 1°75 by -062; some of the small triangular
ones *450 by *425; the irregular prickly spicula -400 by 325. The
polyp-spindles measure °375 by ‘100, °325 by 075, -275 by :075, +225
by ‘100, -200 by ‘075, 200 by -062.
. Pearl Islands, brought from 6 to 8 fathoms below low-water mark
by divers,—F. H. Bradley.
Var, miser.
Corallum dwarfed, forming small, thickly branched, rounded, cxs-
pitose clumps, from two or six inches in diameter and about the same
in height, the subdivision taking place rapidly from close to the base.
Branches and branchlets small and slender, the latter a little enlarged
toward the ends, and from ‘5 to 2 inches long. Verrucz as in the typ-
ical form, but smaller, nearly obsolete on the larger branches. Colorof
branchlets deep brown, of branches and often the bases of brane ilets
very light yellow. Diameter of branchlets *10 to 15; length of long-
est verruce ‘04 to ‘06 of an inch. The spicula are similar to those of
the typical form, but smaller,
Pearl Islands, in rocky pools at extreme low-water mark,—F. H.
Bradley ; Corinto,—J. A. McNiel.
This species is more nearly allied to IZ. echinata than to any other.
Its ceespitose growth and far more numerous and smaller branches
will usually separate it readily. The verruce are smaller and
shorter, and the spicula are different, though quite similar in general
appearance. They are mostly stouter and blunter than the corres-
ponding forms in M, echinata, while the large, stout spindles of the
cenenchyma are decidedly larger, even in smaller specimens. The
medium sized spindles are also decidedly stouter and less acute.
Muricea austera Verrill, sp. nov.
Plate VIII, figure 7.
Corallum large, dichotomous, fruticose, sometimes czespitose, with
rather thick, obtuse branchlets, covered with close, scarcely appressed,
sub-conical verruce, having an acute lower lip.
In the largest specimen, several trunks arise from a broad base, four
or five inches in diameter. These quickly fork, and the branches in their
turn rapidly divide, being, in some cases, five or six times dichotomous,
producing a rather coarse cespitose clump, though some of the main
branches and their divisions have a tendency to arrange themselves in
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 431
a single plane,—a feature that is more characteristic of the smaller
specimens. The branches and branchlets usually arise from ‘5 to 1°5
inches apart, spreading in a wide curve at first, or even nearly at right
angles, and then becoming sub-parallel. The branches occasionally
coalesce sparingly. The terminal branchlets are °5 to 2 inches long,
as large as or larger than the smaller branches, and mostly increase in
size from their origin to the end, which is well rounded. The verruce
are prominent, sub-conical, with an acute lower lip, near together, but
yet scarcely crowded, and not imbricated, usually forming an angle of
about 45° with the surface, closely covered by rough, stout, rather
short spindles, tapering to the ends, which scarcely project above the
surface, except slightly at the summit of the verruce. Cells opening on
the upper side of the verrucz, filled when fresh with a cluster of light
yellow polyp-spindles. Ccenenchyma moderately thick, firm, with a
hard rough surface, covered with stout, mostly obtuse, rough spicula,
some of which are much larger than those of the verruce. Axis
wood-brown and not calcareous at base; black in the branches and
usually a little compressed, especially at the axils; yellowish brown,
coarse, and rigid in the branchlets. Color uniform reddish or yellow-
ish brown.
Height of largest specimen, from Panama, 9 inches; breadth 15 by
13; diameter of main branches -40; of secondary °30; of branchlets
at base °20 to °25; at summit, including verruce, °25 to ‘35; length of
verruce ‘05 to ‘10; diameter about ‘05. Another sub-flabelliform
specimen from Pearl Islands is 9 inches high and 10 broad, with the
branches and verruce as in the other. One from Cape St. Lucas is 8
inches high and 6 broad; the branchlets near the ends mostly °35,
rarely -40, in diameter; the longest verrucz *12 of an inch in length.
The largest spicula are all rather short and stout, mostly oblong or
oval in outline, with obtuse or truncate ends, only a portion of them
being short spindles. The longer spicula are mostly oblong, with obtuse
ends, or stout fusiform, tapering somewhat to one or both ends, which
are blunt ; one side covered with large, conical spinules, the others with
rather large, close set, rough warts. The stouter spicula differ but
little from the longer ones, except in being shorter and thicker, gene-
rally oblong or oval, and truncate at the ends. They are often irreg-
ular, or lobed at one or both ends. The small spindles are rather
stout, tapering but little, blunt at the ends, and covered with large,
prominent, rough warts, about their own diameter apart. Small, irreg-
ular, very warty or spiny spicula occur, which are nearly as long as
broad; also irregular star-shaped spicula, and nearly round warty
TRANS. ConnEcTICUT AcaAD. VOL. I. 55 JANUARY, 1869.
432 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
heads. The polyp-spicula are mostly small, rather slender, oblong
spindles, with blunt ends, closely covered with small rough warts.
The single specimen from Cape St. Lucas has spicula which aver-
age somewhat larger, but agree well in form and appearance with
those of the Panama specimens.
The longer spicula measure 1:'45™™ by -400™™, 1:22 by °400, 1°17 by
ios ils by 375, Vals by (325, 112iby -375,. 1°12 iby 1800, 1eO many
300, 1:05 by °350, 1°02 by 325, -850 by °275; the stouter ones 1°47 by
500, 1°02 by -400, 1°00 by °375, -975 by -500, 950 by °425, -900 by
450, “750 by 300, *700 by °375, ‘675 by °325, °650 by 350, °625 by -300;
the small spindles -425 by -100, °375 by -100, °350 by °125; the small
irregular, thorny spicula -275 by 175, -225 by ‘150, ‘175 by °100; the
stars *200 by °200, °200 by °150, -175 by 175 ; the heads -175 by -150,
175 by 100; the polyp-spindles 500 by °100, -450 by °112, -450 by 075,
‘425 by 125, 400 by 137, -400 by °100, 375 by 100, 850 by -087, °325
by :075, 300 by °100, °250 by °075, -225 by 062. The longer spicula
from the Cape St. Lucas example measure 1°67 by ‘550, 1°50 by °500,
1°50 by °425, 1°50 by °375, 1°25 by °300, 1°12 by °325 ; the stouter ones
1:60 by 550, 1°40 by °575, 1°30 by °500, 1-27 by 450, 1-25 by °500, -875
by °450.
Pearl Islands, rare, brought with MW. crassa and MW. fruticosa from
6 to 8 fathoms by divers,—F’. H. Bradley ; Panama, at extreme low-
water, on reef, very rare,—F. H. Bradley ; Cape St. Lucas,—J. Xan-
tus, from Smithsonian Institution ; La Paz,—J. S. Pedersen,
This species resembles in color and general appearance J/. echinata
and M. fruticosa, but is quite distinct from both in its short, stout,
blunt spicula. From the latter it differs, also, in its much stouter and
less numerous branches and larger verruce; from the former in its
shorter, broader, and more conical verruce and firmer texture.
Muricea retusa Verrill, sp. nov.
Plate VIII, figure 8.
Corallum dark purplish, dichotomous, sparingly branched, branches
rather thick, with large sub-conical verrucee, which are not crowded.
The trunk forks near the base and, in the only specimen seen, each
main branch subdivides again at the distance of about aninch. One of
the secondary branches again forks at two inches from its origin, the
others remain simple and about two inches long. The branches
spread widely at first and are about equal in size throughout, the termi-
nal branches being a little enlarged toward the end. The verruce are
rather large, stout, subconical, nearly as broad as high, not crowded,
ih ee
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 433
standing at an angle of about 45° on the upper part of the branches
and at a greater angle below, their surface covered with short, thick,
rather obtuse spindles, with their sides elevated and very conspicuous
at the surface, but the ends not projecting. The lower lip of the ver-
ruce is rather obtuse and not much prolonged. ‘The ccenenchyma is
thick, covered with stout, irregular, blunt spicula, some of them con-
siderably larger than those of the verruce. Color deep purplish
brown.
Height 3 inches ; breadth 2°5 ; diameter of branches *30; length of
verruce ‘08 to 12; breadth -06 to °08.
The spicula are mostly deep red or purple, varying toward yellow-
ish, and consist mostly of short, stout, usually irregular, blunt. spin-
dles, or oblong spicula, three or four times as long as broad ; and very
short and thick, irregular, massive spicula, often more than half as
broad as long. The longer spicula are partly stout, blunt spindles, of-
ten irregular or bent, and closely covered with rough warts, with stout
conical spinules on one side; these come mostly from the verruce.
Others, coming from the ccenenchyma, are oblong or irregularly
formed, one end often dilated, frequently truncate. The stouter spicula
are very massive and irregular, usually oblong, and truncate at both
ends, often with one end dilated, frequently lobed, crowdedly warted,
except on the spinulose sides. Others are irregularly triangular and
flattened, one edge spinulose, the sides warted. All the stouter irreg-
wlar spicula appear to come from the cenenchyma. The smaller spin-
dles from the verruce are pretty regular, stout fusiform, or even some-
what oval in outline, the ends not very acute.
The longer spicula measure 1°47" by 500™", 1:40 by °350, 1:27 by
450, 1°10 by °300, 1:05 by °325, 1:00 by °300, 925 by ‘250, -900 by
"225, °875 by ‘325; the stouter ones 1°20 by 550, 1°02 by 600, 1-02 by
500, 1°00 by -550, 1:00 by 475, -950 by °500, -925 by °450, "750 by
525, °100 by °450, 625 by -425; the triangular flattened ones 1°15 by
575, “775 by °400, 625 by 375; heads -275 by -275; the small oval
Spindles -750 by ‘300, °625 by °225, 600 by ‘225, ‘475 by 225, 450 by
"250, -450 by °175, 250 by °150.
Pear! Islands, attached to the base of a large specimen of J/. fruti-
cosa, from 6 to 8 fathoms,—F’. H. Bradley.
This species is closely allied to M/. austera. Its spicula are still
shorter, thicker, and more irregular, approaching, in this respect, those
of AV. crassa, though much smaller. The verrucz are also larger than
those of J. austera and less rough. The peculiar rich color will proba-
bly prove to be a good specific character, since the color in the species
434 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
of this genus appears to be remarkably constant, although quite vari-
able in some genera of Gorgonidee.
Muricea formosa Verrill, sp. nov.
Plate VIII, figure 15.
Corallum white,
dichotomous, the branches moderately stout, diver-
gent, with elongated squarrose verruce.
The single specimen in the collection forks at about half an inch
from the base ; one branch divides again within half an inch ; the other
forks at two inches, each division again subdividing irregularly. The
branchlets diverge at first with a wide angle, often even 90°, and then
curve upward; they are short, somewhat conical, obtuse at the end.
The verruce are clongated, somewhat conical, with the acute lower
lip projecting beyond the upper, and spiny with the projecting ends of
elongated, sharp spicules. Cells placed on the upper side and near
the end of the verruce, surmounted by a cluster of white polyp-spin-
dles when the polyps are contracted. Ccenenchyma rather thin, the
surface covered with rather short and stout, nearly regular spindles.
Axis wood-brown at base, brownish black in the branches. Color
pure white throughout.
In life, * the color, both of branches and polyps, is pure white; po-
lyps very inconspicuous, sessile, with eight short, pmnate tentacles,”
—F. H. B.
Height 4 inches; breadth 3; length of branchlets °5 to 1°5; diame-
ter, including verruce, ‘30 to °35; length of verrucz ‘08 to *12; diam-
eter ‘04 to °06.
The spicula are clear white, of moderate size, comparatively smooth ;
the larger are mostly rather elongated spindles from the verrucee, with
one end usually quite sharp ; and short, stout, blunt spindles and irreg-
ular spicula from the cceenenchyma. The longer spindles from the ver-
ruce sometimes taper regularly to both ends, which are acute; others
have one end short, the other tapering abruptly, truncate, or even
forked ; the outer surface is covered with very small, crowded warts,
the inner surface with very small, low spinules, which gives them a
rather smooth appearance when moderately enlarged. The stout
spicula, mostly from the ccenenchyma, are in large part short, stout
spindles, often regularly elliptical in outline, with the ends regularly
tapering and blunt; some are irregular spindles, one end often much
the largest and blunt or rounded, the other somewhat acute; others
are of various shapes, sometimes sub-triangular, often bent. All are
covered with very smail warts and spinules, like the longer ones. The
.
|
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 435
polyp-spindles are mostly small, short spindles, very unequally and
roughly warted ; others are more slender and very small spindles ;
others are longer, slender, not very acute spindles, with more dis-
tant warts.
The longer spindles measure 1°35"™ by °325™™, 1:25 by ‘175, 1°22 by
"250, 1:22 by 175, 1°17 by -275, 1:15 by *175, 1:12 by -275, 1-07 by -200,
1:05 by -250, 1:00 by -250, 950 by -250, -950 by -225, -950 by °150, 925
by °250, -925 by ‘225, -900 by -200, -875 by *225, 850 by -225, -750 by
175, 725 by 225, -725 by °175, -725 by °150, 600 by -100; the stout
spindles 1°45 by °450, 1°32 by °375, 1:17 by *400, 1°15 by -300, 1:12 by
"275, 1°10 by °425, 1:05 by °325, -975 by °300, 925 by -350, 900 by -350,
"850 by 300, 850 by °275, °800 by °225,°775 by *275, °775 by °225, -750
by °300, °750 by °250, -700 by -250, 675 by °300, 650 by 200, -425 by
"250; the irregular stout spicula -950 by -450, 925 by °350, -800 by
300, “775 by °375, °725 by °350, -700 by °300, °650 by °300, *600 by °325,
525 by °275, 425 by -275, -400 by °250, 350 by 225; the polyp-spin-
dles -450 by ‘100, 425 by -100, -400 by °100, 375 by 125, °350 by 112,
"350 by °062, °325 by *112, °325 by °087 °300 by ‘100, 300 by -075, ‘300
by °050, :275 by °062, -225 by -062, 175 by -075.
Zorritos, Peru, dredged in 3 fathoms,—F. H. Bradley.
This species resembles JZ. albida in color and size of branches, but
has not the appressed verruce, with a flattened lower lip, of that spe-
cies, and the spicula of the verruce are much longer, sharper, and more
projecting, while all the spicula are much less roughly warted. It
somewhat resembles JZ. sguarrosa in size and mode of branching and
in the divaricate verruce, but differs in the elongated lower lip and
much stouter spindles of the verrucae, as well as in color. It also
bears some resemblance to the whitish variety of JZ tudigera, but has
smaller branches, shorter verruc, with a well-marked lower lip, and
much shorter and stouter spicula.
The Zorritos specimen is infested by a small parasitic worm, which
forms numerous tubes in the ccenenchyma and surface of the axis.
When living “from each tube are protruded a pair of long, slender,
flexible tentacles, zoned with black and white, and a long, worm-like
process, mammillated on both sides, and showing a dark line (intes-
tine ?) in the centre.”
These worms are about a quarter of an inch long and quite slender,
with small bundles of set along the sides, the posterior extremity
tapering. In alcohol’ the tentacles are relatively large, with large
dark brown spots, arranged in pairs along the whole length, producing
the “zoned” appearance. Each worm has two holes at the surface
436 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
of the ccenenchyma, which are close together and have a slightly
raised border. From one of the holes the tentacles are protruded ;
from the other, the posterior end of the body. The lower part of the
tube, bent into a U-shaped form, is more or less deeply excavated in
.
the substance of the axis.
2.— Verruce scarcely prominent. Cells opening outward, with the lower lip little de-
veloped.
Muricea robusta Verrill.
Muricea robusta Verrill, Bulletin Museum of Comp. Zoél., p. 36, 1864; (pars) Proc.
Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 329, 1866.
Plate VII, figure 3. Plate VIII, figure 9.
Corallum brown, irregularly dichotomous, with few, stout, mostly
crooked branches, pretty closely covered by the rather large, unequal
cells, which have the border but little elevated.
When young it rises as a simple, clavate, often crooked stem to the
height of 2 or 3 inches, attaining a diameter of °35 to ‘40 near the
summit, which is bluntly rounded. Larger specimens usually divide
within 1°5 inches from the base, the main branches again forking with-
in an inch of their origin, and the resulting branches are irregularly
once or twice dichotomous. The branchlets are irregular, crooked,
arising from ‘5 to 2 inches apart, spreading at their origin in a broad
curve, stout and rigid, of nearly uniform size throughout, the ends
obtusely rounded. Verruce upon the branches and trunk inconspicu-
ous, consisting of a slightly elevated margin around the rather large
and conspicuous cells, which are crowded over the whole surface and
open outward, Toward the ends of the branchlets the verruce be-
come more prominent by reason of the greater development of the low-
er border of the cells, which forms a concave, semi-circular, or crescent-
shaped lower lip, with a somewhat thickened and obtuse edge, the
surface scabrous and granulous with small rough spicula, Coenenchy-
ma thick, and granulous with small spicula. Axis in the branches
black and scarcely compressed at the axils, brown and rigid in the
branchlets. Color dull yellowish brown.
Height of largest specimen 8°5 inches; breadth 4; diameter of
trunk *40; of branchlets °35; of largest verrucze ‘06; length of lower
lip, when longest, °04. .
Spicula orange-brown and light yellow, quite small for the genus,
but very rough, the larger ones consisting in great part of stout, irreg-
ular, thorny clubs. The longer spindles are rather slender, irregular,
the sides closely covered with very rough unequal warts, one end often
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 437
lacerately divided into large, unequal, sharp spinules. The stouter
spicula are in part short, stout, very roughly warted spindles; with
more numerous and usually large, stout, irregular, very rough clubs.
The latter are bluntly pointed at the small end, the sides covered with
crowded rough warts, the large end lacerately divided into large, une-
qual and irregular, sharp spinules. Among the smaller spicula are
many short, irregular spindles, roughly warted on one side, and bear-
ing large, elongated, sharp, oblique spinules on the other; also more
regular short warty spindles and warty heads; others are quite slen-
der and very roughly warted spindles, often lacerate at one end. The
polyp-spicula are deep brown.
The longer spindles measure °825™™ by °175™™, °825 by °162, °775
by 175, °750 by °250, °700 by -150, °675 by °125, -625 by 175, -625 by
"125, 550 by °175, 525 by °125; the stouter spindles 625 by °375,
625 by -250, 475 by °200; the stout clubs ‘575 by °200, 575 by ‘175,
550 by °200, 525 by °200, -450 by 250, 450 by °175; the longer spi-
nules of the clubs are about *100 to ‘125 in length; the irregular lac-
erate spicula °475 by °325, ‘225 by ‘200; the smaller stout spindles 325
by °150, -275 by "125, :250 by °137; the warty heads ‘225 by ‘175,
200 by *150; small slender spindles -450 by ‘125, -400 by ‘112,
375 by *100.
Acapulco, Mexico,—A. Agassiz.
This species resembles M. purpurea and M. albida in its stout
branches and mode of subdivision, but differs from both these and all
others in its nearly obsolete verruce. Its spicula are very different
in form and size from those of MW. albida.
3.— Verruce curved upward at the apex, generally more or less appressed and usually
imbricated.
a.— Coenenchyma thick; branches stout, obtuse, dichotomous.
Muricea albida Verrill.
Muricea robusta (pars) Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. History, vol. x, p 329, 1866.
Muricea albida Verrill, American Journal Science, xlv, p. 412, May, 1868.
Plate VII, figure 9. Plate VIII, figure 10.
Corallum white, dichotomous, branching nearly in a plane, with
stout, rather long branches, thick ccenenchyma, and large, close, some-
what appressed verruce.
When young this species usually grows to the height of two or
three inches as a simple, straight, clavate stem, generally quite slen-
der at the base and gradually enlarging to near the summit, where the
diameter, including verruce, is *20 to °35 inch, the end obtusely round-
438 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
ed. The first branch usually arises from one side, about 1 or 1°5 inches
from the base, and soon becomes about as long and barge as the original
stem. Each of the two main branches usually forks again at distances
of 5 to 1 inch, their divisions mostly remaining unequal, some of them
remaining long simple branchlets, others irregularly two or three times
dichotomous, the branches all spreading in one plane. The larger
specimens are usually irregularly and sparingly branched, the branch-
es being seldom more than three times dichotomous, the distance be-
tween the divisions being two or three inches. Sometimes the second-
ary branches arise only from the upper side of the outer branches, and
are then sub-parallel and erect. In other specimens the branches all
rise directly, spreading but little even at base. More commonly the
branches spread outward at their origin in a broad curve, or even
nearly at right angles, and then bent upward and are usually more
or less crooked and slightly enlarged toward the tips, though some-
times of uniform size or even slightly tapering. The verruce are
rather large and prominent, crowded, usually appressed and loosely
imbricated, yet on some of the branches they are often erect, spread-
ing sometimes even at right angles. The upper side is rudimentary,
the verruce consisting almost entirely of the broad, elongated, more
or less flattened and incurved lowerlp. The cells are large, occupy-
ing nearly the whole of the upper side of the yerruce, when fresh
surmounted by a large cluster of white polyp-spicula from the bases
of the tentacles. The surface is somewhat rough with rather small
imbricated spicula, many of which project a little at the summit. The
ceenenchyma is thick and compact, covered with stout, thick spicula.
The axis is a little compressed at the axils; clear black in the larger
branches ; brown, slender, and rigid in the branchlets. Color uniform
yellowish white. In life, “the color, both of branches and polyps, is
pure white,’—F. H. B.
Height of the largest specimen 11 inches; breadth 5; diameter of
trunk ‘37; of branchlets °30 to +40; length of verruce ‘08 to °10;
breadth 06 to ‘08. Another specimen is 6°5 inches high; 4 broad;
diameter of trunk °45; of branchlets at base °38 to 40; near tips °45
to ‘48; length of longest verruce 12. A third specimen is 5°5 inches
high; 8 inches broad ; diameter of branchlets *30 to 37.
The spicula are white, larger than in the other species of this sub-
section and more regular. The larger ones are mostly rather blunt
oblong spindles, covered with small, very rough, crowded warts on
the convex outer side, and with large, prominent, sharp spinules on
the inner surface, which is often straight or concave. The longer
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 439
spindles are only moderately stout, one end usually larger than the
other and more or less obtuse, the other end generally acute, the sur-
face rough with unequal warts and spinules. The stouter spindles are
short and thick, frequently irregular and crooked, both ends usually
tapering to blunt points, one being often quite obtuse, the surface
densely covered with small rough warts. Some stout spicula are
club-shaped, with the large end divided into two or three blunt, warty
lobes. The medium sized spindles are very strongly warty with
large, unequal, rough warts, which are not crowded; most of them
are quite slender and acute, others stouter and blunter.
The longer spindles measure 1°42™ by °325™™, 1°37 by 350, 1°37
by 325, 1°37 by -275, 1°32 by “300, 1:25 by 300, 1:20 by -275, 1:12 by
275, 112 by ‘225, 1°04 by 275, 1°02 by -225, -950 by -225, -875 by
175, °825 by 200, °825 by ‘175; the stouter spindles 1°50 by ‘500,
1:37 by °350, 1°32 by °350, 1:17 by -475, ‘117 by -425, 1-17 by -350,
1:12 by °300, 925 by °300, °875 by °325, -800 by °350, °700 by -300
‘700 by *250, 575 by °300, 500 by 250; the stout clubs 1:25 by ‘500
"825 by "325, 325 by 250; the smaller spindles ‘950 by *150, 900 by
250, °725 by 150, 725 by °125,°675 by 150, 650 by *100, 525 by
100, 525 by -075, 425 by °100.
Panama, in rocky pools at low-water mark,—A. Agassiz, J. H.
Sternbergh, F. H. Bradley ; Pearl Islands, common,—F. H. Bradley.
This species is very distinct from the others of this sub-section, in
its white color and the much larger and more regular ‘spicula. Its
color and peculiar verruce will also readily separate it from all other
species which resemble it in size and mode of branching.
4
Muricea hebes Verrill.
Muricea hebes (pars) Verrill, Bulletin Museum Comp. Zodl., p. 36, 1864; Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist., vol, x, p. 328, 1866.
Plate VII, figure 8. Plate VIII, figure 11.
Corallum yellowish brown, small, sparingly dichotomous, forming
low clumps of few branches, which are short, moderately stout, and
clavate.
The base is flat and expanded, often giving rise to several stems,
which mostly fork close to the base, each branch dividing again at
from ‘5 to 1 inch from its origin. Some of these branches again fork,
but many remain simple and are 1 to 2°5 inches long. When young
the stems are often erect, simple, clavate, and 1 or 2 inches high. The
TRANS. ConnECcTICUT AcAD., VOL. I. 56 JANUARY, 1869.
440 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
_ branchlets are as large as or larger than the branches before division.
They are usually curved, sometimes of uniform size throughout, but
generally enlarge toward the blunt tips, so as to be decidedly clavate,
and vary in length from half an inch to two inches. The verruce are
often unequal, rather small, crowded, loosely imbricated, mostly some-
what appressed; the upper lip very short or wanting; the lower one
prolonged, flattened, and incurved, the lower surface rough and spin-
ulose with the sharp projecting points of the small spicula, which are
numerous and imbricated. The cells are situated on the upper and
inner surface of the verruce and open upward, but are nearly con-
cealed by the incurved lower lip. The ccenenchyma is thick and rath-
er firm, showing but little between the crowded verruce of the branch-
lets. Color dull reddish brown or yellowish brown, varying in shade.
In life “stem and polyps deep orange,”—F. H. Bradley.
Height of largest specimen 3 inches; breadth 3°75 ; diameter of smal-
ler branches and base of branchlets ‘23 to ‘25; of branchlets near tips
"30 to 32; length of verrucze ‘06 to ‘10; breadth °05. Another speci-
men is 2°5 inches high; 3°5 broad; with the brachlets ‘25 to °30 in
greatest diameter. Most specimens are considerably smaller, the
branchlets often not more than ‘20 in diameter, with the verruce also
considerably smaller.
The spicula are light yellowish brown and yellowish white in color,
and relatively small, the larger ones consisting of both longer and
stouter warty spindles, and irregular, flattened, rough spicula, often as
broad as long, and usually with one edge lacerately divided. The
longer spindles are mostly rather stout, often irregular, with a very
roughly warted surface, and sharp prominent spinules on one side ; the
ends usually acute, one often blunter than the other. The stouter
spindles are short, thick, often oblong or oval, both ends usually blunt,
one often smaller than the other, the surface roughly warted. The
irregular flattened spicula of the cceenenchyma are numerous and rela-
tively large, very roughly warted, and with one edge deeply divided
into irregular, lacerate teeth or spindles, which are usually sharp. The
forms vary exceedingly, some being somewhat oval, quadrangular,
triangular, or head-like, but the majority are quite irregular. The
small spicula are mostly either quite slender, or short and thick warty
spindles.
The longer spindles measure *875™™ by °275"™", °775 by °200, °775 by
150, °750 by °175, °750 by °125, ‘725 by °225, 725 by 175, °700 by
-225, 675 by *200, 650 by *137, 625 by ‘150, -600 by *150, °600 by *125,
575 by ‘100, °550 by *125, 450 by 100; the stouter spindles -775 by
Verrill, Notes on Radiata, 441
“350, °775 by *300, *750 by *350, *750 by *325, *725 by °300, -725 by -275,
“700 by ‘275, ‘675 by 325, ‘650 by °300, °625 by “325, -625 by °300, 625
by °225, 600 by °325, -600 by -250, 600 by °225, 575 by °325, 575 by
"275, °550 by ‘275, 500 by 200, 450 by 225, *425 by 300, 400 by "2253
the irregular flattened spicula *700 by °3825, °625 by °475, °625 by :275,
“575 by "400, °550 by "450, °525 by 400, 525 by 375, 475 by 375, 450,
by °325, 425 by -425; the heads “425 by °300, :250 by -200; the small
spindles 425 by ‘150, -400 by °100, -400 by ‘087, 375 by °150, 300
by 125. Some spindles from the verruce are included among the
preceding measurements of larger spindles, others measure ‘825 by
"250, °800 by 200, ‘775 by °162, *625 by -200, 625 by °175.
Panama and Pearl Islands, common in rocky pools near low-water
mark,—F. H. Bradley; Acapulco,—A. Agassiz; Corinto,—J. A.
MeNiel.
This species is liable to be confounded with the young of MW. aus-
tera and M. albida, and perhaps other species; from the latter it dif-
fers in color and in having smaller verruce ; from the former in its less
projecting, more appressed and smaller verruce, and lower growth, as
well as lighter color; and from both it differs widely in its much smal-
ler and very differently shaped spicula, which more nearly resemble
those of WM. robusta and MW. purpurea. From the last it may be at
once distinguished by its color and less appressed verruce, which are
much rougher, owing to the projecting points ofthe more acute spic-
ula; from the former it differs in its well developed verreue, smaller
cells opening upward, lower growth, and less robust branches.
Muricea purpurea Verrill.
Muricea hebes (pars) Verrill, Bulletin Museum Comp. Zodl., p. 36, 1864.
Muricea purpurea Verrill, American Jour. Science, vol. xlv, p. 412, May, 1868.
Plate VII, figure 6. Plate VII, figure 12.
Corallum sparingly dichotomous, with stout, obtuse, rigid, mostly
curved branches, usually arranged nearly in one plane, closely covered
by small, appressed, granulous verruce.
When young it often rises to the height of 2 to 4 inches as an up-
right, simple, clavate stem, 25 to ‘32 inch in diameter. Other specimens
are two or three times dichotomous before they become two inches high.
The larger specimens, when well developed, usually consist of several
trunks arising near together from a broad, expanded base, forming
open clumps of stout, crooked branches, which are sparingly divided,
the branchlets upon each main stem generally spreading nearly in one
plane. The trunk often forks within half an inch from the base, but
449 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
at other times at two or three inches. The main branches are about
as large as the trunk and divide again at ‘5 to 3 inches from their ori-
gin. Some of the secondary branches remain simple, but most of
them divide again in an irregularly dichotomous manner, the branches
being from °5 to 2 inches apart. The branches almost always diverge
greatly at first, sometimes even almost at right angles, and then bend
upward with a broad curve. The branchlets are mostly crooked, or
variously curved, divergent, about as large as the branches, sometimes
slightly tapering, but usually uniform in size or a little clavate, ob-
tusely rounded at the end, varying in length from ‘5 to 2 inches. In
two specimens some of the main branches are broad and somewhat flat-
tened, diameter °65 by ‘30. The largest specimens consist of a single
stem, which divides at the height of two inches, the first branch re-
maining simple and about three inches long, the main stem divides
again within half an inch, and each of the nearly equal main branches
forks at about half an inch from its origin, and their subdivisions are
again dichotomous at ‘5 to 1:5. Some of the resulting branches remain
simple, but most of them are once and a few twice dichotomous, at
distances of 1 to 2°5 inches. The branchlets are all curved or crooked,
1 to 2°5 inches long, 35 in diameter, mostly a little clavate, very ob-
tuse and, like the branches, are situated nearly in one plane. The
verruce are rather small, short, crowded, usually appressed and some-
what imbricated, the upper lip obsolete, the lower one well developed,
oval, obtusely pointed, the tip often incurved. On the trunk and lower
part of branches the lower lip is usually less developed, not appressed,
often obliquely truncated, the cells opening upward and outward. The
surface of the verruce is strongly granulous with the very small and
short, warty spicula, but not spinulose. Ccnenchyma thick, firm,
granulous. Axis yellowish brown at base; brownish black in the
branches and compressed at the axils ; yellowish brown, coarse, rigid,
and brittle in the branchlets. Color uniform reddish purple, the sur-
face when dry covered with a film of dull yellowish.
The largest single specimen is 9 inches high; 7 broad; diameter of
trunk °40; of branchlets -28 to °35; length of largest verruce ‘06 to
07; breadth at base :05 to ‘06. One of the clumps is 6 inches high ;
breadth 9 by 5:5. In some dwarf specimens the diameter of the
branchlets is only *20 to -25. In some specimens the largest verrucze
become ‘10 of an inch long, and ‘06 or :07 broad.
The spicula are small and bright reddish purple, sometimes tinged
with yellowish. The larger ones are mostly short and stout spindles,
stout thorny clubs, and short irregular spicula, lacerately spinulose on
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 443
one side. The larger spindles are usually somewhat oblong, blunt at
both ends, often irregular, closely covered with larger, very rough
warts, except on the inside, which bears rather large, prominent, sharp
spinules. The clubs are very stout and rough, often one-sided or irreg-
ular, the small end not very acute, covered with crowded rough warts,
the larger end much dilated, lacerately divided into many long, sharp,
often very slender, unequal spinules. The irregular spicula are very
short and thick, often nearly as broad as long, sometimes oval, very
rough with large, crowded, prominent, lacerate warts, one side lace-
rately divided into long, very sharp spinules. Very rough warty
heads occasionally occur, similar to the last. The small spindles are
mostly rather stout, blunt at the ends, and covered with very promi-
nent, not crowded, somewhat rough warts. The polyp-spindles are
mostly slender, acute, yellowish brown spindles, covered with small
but prominent warts.
The larger spindles measure -625™" by ‘225™™, -600 by -200, 575 by
"275, 575 by °200, °550 by °300, 550 by °250, 550 by °200, *550 by °175,
500 by °225, °500 by °150, -475 by -200, 450 by 200, -425 by 175,
"425 by 150, -400 by °150, °375 by *150, °350 by 175; the stout clubs
‘575 by °300, 550 by °300, 525 by *250, 500 by 250, 500 by -200, -475
by -250, 475 by -200, 450 by ‘225, -450 by -200, -425 by -225, -425 by
200, 425 by *175, 400 by 225, 400 by -200, -400 by ‘175, 325 by
"200, °325 by -150; the irregular stout spicula 575 by ‘325, ‘575 by
"250, ‘550 by ‘275, 525 by -300, 500 by *250, -450 by “175, °400 by -300,
‘400 by -200, °375 by °225, -350 by °175, °325 by °225, :325 by :200;
the heads °325 by ‘225, 300 by -275; the small spindles °300 by °112,
262 by *100, ‘250 by °125, -250 by *100, 225 by 112, -200 by ‘100;
the polyp-spindles -262 by -037, °250 by °050, 225 by °062, 225 by
050, ‘175 by *050.
Pearl Islands and Panama, in rocky pools at low-water mark, com-
mon,—F. H. Bradley; Panama,—J. H. Sternbergh, A. Agassiz; Aca-
puleco,—A. Agassiz; Corinto,—J. A. McNiel.
This species differs from most others in color and in the small gran-
ulous verruce. MW. retusa, which has a somewhat similar but darker
color, has much larger, spreading verruce and very different larger
spicula. In some respects it is allied to MZ. hebes, which it considera-
bly resembles, except in color, when young. Young specimens of
these two species were formerly confounded by me,—a mistake that
might readily have been avoided by an examination of the spicula,
which are very different. The spicula of this species are remarkable
for their relatively small size, roughness, and stout forms, among which
the thorny clubs are, perhaps, the most characteristic.
444 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Muricea clavata (Gonigoria clavata Gray)* appears to be closely
allied to this species, and may prove identical upon actual comparison.
The specimen described and figured is evidently young, consisting of
a simple clavate stem, as in the young of many other species of
Muricea. ts locality is unknown and the description is not sufficiently
detailed to determine whether it be identical with this or not.
b.— Cenenchyma rather thin; branchlets slender.
Muricea appressa Verrill.
Gorgonia plantaginea Val., Voyage dela Vénus, Zodph., Pl. 15, 1846,+ (non Lamarck).
Muricea appressa Verrill, Bulletin Museum Comp. Zodl., p. 37, Jan., 1864; Proc.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 329, 1866.
Eunicea Tabogensis Duch. and Mich., Supl. Corall. des Antilles, p. 17, Tab. 3, fig. 5
and 6 (after May, 1864), in Mem. Reale Acead. Sci., Torino, xxiii, p. 111, 1866.
Plate VIII, figure 13.
Corallum deep brown, sometimes yellowish white, flabelliform, much
subdivided, with small, closely appressed verruce.
When young the corallum is quite slender; the small trunk divides
within a quarter or half an inch from the base into two or three main
branches, each of which usually forks again within about a quarter
inch, and the resulting branches subdivide irregularly in a dichoto-
mous or sub-pinnate manner, so that specimens 2°5 inches high often
have more than twenty branchlets, all of which are quite slender and
nearly equal in diameter. ‘The large specimens are usually very nu-
merously branched, all the branches standing nearly in one plane, the
principal branches mostly sub-pinnate, often secund. The branchlets
usually arise at ‘25 to 50 of an inch apart, and, after curving outward
a littie at base, rise nearly parallel with the branch from which they
originate ; they are usually quite slender, flexible, mostly 1 to 6 inches
long, varying considerably in diameter in different specimens. The
verruce are quite small, crowded, closely imbricated, with the lower
lip much elongated and incurved, so as to conceal the cells, usually
closely appressed, but not invariably so; their surface is scabrous,
covered with small, short, and very-rough spicula, the ends but slightly
projecting. Ccenenchyma thin, very little exposed, except on the base
and main branches, covered with small rough spicula and slender
spindles. Axis black at base and in the larger branches, finely stri-
ated longitudinally and usually compressed, especially at the axils,
* Proceedings of the Zodlogical Society of London, 1851; Annals and Magazine of
Natural History, vol. 3, page 422, 1859.
+ The figure represents a coarse, poorly grown specimen. Spicula from the original
type agree with those of our typical form,—Reprint.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 445
light brown, slender, setiform, and flexible in the branchlets. Color,
except in the light variety, uniform deep brown. In life, “ the stem
is dull red, polyps brownish yellow,’—F. H. B.
The largest specimens are often 18 inches across; a meGram sized
one measures in height 8 inches; breadth 10; diameter of trunk ‘25 ;
of main branches ‘20; of branchlets °10 to 12. A stouter branched
specimen is 10 inches high; 10 broad; diameter of trunk °50; of main
branches -25 to °35; of branchlets °12 to 18; length of verrucz °06 ;
breadth ‘03. In some specimens many of the branchlets d@ not ex-
ceed ‘08 in diameter. A specimen from Zorritos is 15 inches high; 8
broad ; diameter of branchlets ‘12 to ‘18 ; many of the simple terminal
branchlets are 6 to 9 inches in length, some tapering very slightly to
the end, others of nearly uniform size throughout their length.
The spicula are small, yellowish brown and deep reddish brown.
The larger ones are mostly very rough spindles; very thorny, stout
clubs; very slender, warty spindles; and stout, irregular, lacerate
spicula. The larger spindles are mostly rather stout, somewhat irregu-
lar, covered on the outside with very rough, unequal warts, on the in-
side with large, sharp, lacerate spindles. The clubs are short and
stout, often one-sided, the small end acute and warty, the other end
much enlarged, lacerately divided into large, prominent, rough spi-
nules. The irregular spicula are of various forms, often flattened,
with one edge deeply divided into large, unequal, lacerate spinules.
The slender spindles are of various lengths, some being very long and
slender, with acute ends, covered on all sides with small, well sepa-
rated warts.
The larger spindles measure °925"™ by *125"™, -900 by 150, °750 by
175, °700 by “125, ‘575 by ‘175, 575 by “150, 550 by -200, 525 by ‘187,
525 by °175, °525 by °162, 500 by °200, 500 by 175, 500 by °150, 475
by °125, °450 by °150, -450 by 125, -425 by °150, 425 by *125, -400 by
"125, 350 by 125, 275 by 175; the slender spindles °800 by °100, °725
by °075, °700 by *125, *700 by *100, *625 by 075, 575 by -075, 525 by
"100, ‘525 by -087, °525 by ‘075, 500 by ‘112, 500 by ‘100, 475 by
‘075, ‘425 by °087, °425 by ‘075, °350 by 062; the clubs °600 by °225,
550 by °200, °525 by °225, 500 by ‘275, °450 by *200, -450 by °175, 450
by +150, *400 by °150, 375 by *175, 375 by °150, °375 by 125, 350 by
"137, °8325 by °175, 275 by 125; the irregular spicula -500 by 325, °475
by °275, °450 by °250, -450 by 200, 425 by ‘175, -400 by °175, -400 by
125, °250 by °125, -225 by “150, "150 by °150.
Zorritos, Peru, dredged in 3 to 5 fathoms, F. H. Bradley; Pear!
Islands, in pools at extreme low-water mark, F. H. Bradley; Pana-
446 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
ma,—J. H. Sternbergh, F. H. Bradley; Corinto, Nicaragua,—J. A.
MeNiel; La Paz,—J. Pedersen.
Var, flavescens.
Corallum agreeing in the mode of branching and in size and form of
branchlets and verruc, with the typical specimens, but yellowish or
whitish in color. In life, “stem and polyps pure white, polyps ‘12
of an inch long, °03 in diameter, nearly transparent; tentacles eight,
very short, appearing as mammille on the edge of the disk,”—F. H. B.
The height of a specimen from Zorritos is 8 inches; breadth 11;
diameter of branchlets ‘10 to °*15. Another one is 12 inches high;
10 broad; diameter of branchlets mostly about °12; length of branch-
lets mostly 2 to 5 inches.
The spicula are white and agree very well with those of the typical
form, but the larger spindles and clubs, in the specimens examined,
average somewhat larger and are, perhaps, a little rougher.
The larger spicula measure ‘825™" by :200™™", 750 by °200. -750 by
"175, °725 by °125, °625 by -150, °575 by °150, -475 by °200; the clubs
650 by °212, °625 by 225, 575 by °200, 500 by °225, ‘500 by -200.
Zorritos, Peru, dredged in 3 to 5 fathoms; and Pearl Islands, at ex-
treme low-water mark,—F. H. Bradley ; Corinto,—J. A. McNiel.
This species can scarcely be confounded with any other, unless with
the following, from which it differs in its more numerous, shorter, and
less slender branchlets, larger, stouter, and more incurved verruce, and
especially in the character of the spicula.
The specimen figured by Duchassaing and Michelotti* is evidently
the young of this species. The projecting points of the spicula, rep-
resented in their magnified figure, should have been a sufficient indi-
cation of its generic affinities.
Muricea tenella Verrill, sp. nov.
Plate VI, figure 12. Plate VIII, figure 14.
Corallum whitish, dichotomous, with long and very slender branch-
lets, and prominent, slender, acute verruce, covered with long, slender
spindles.
The typical specimens from Panama are small and slender. The
trunk divides within half an inch from the base into two or three nearly
equal branches, each of which forks again within a quarter inch. The
secondary branches afterward subdivide at distances of *25 to °80 of
* Although the exact date when their memoir was published is unknown to me, it
certainly was subsequent to the publication of this species in the Bulletin of the Mus.
Comp. Zodl., which is sufficiently evident from the foot-note on page 7, dated “* Turin,
ce 17 mai, 1864.”
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 447
an inch, the branchlets mostly arising from their outer side in a some-
what secund manner. They curve outward a little and then rise sub-
parallel to the branches, and some of them again subdivide. The ter-
minal ones are from *5 to 2 inches long, very slender and flexible,
5)
of nearly uniform size throughout.
A large specimen from Zorritos consists of seven large, compressed,
divergent branches, arising together from close to the base. These
rapidly divide into many long, slender branches, which form an acute
angle with the larger branch, and arise at distinces of ‘25 to 1 inch
apart, becoming more distant outward. The secondary branches di-
vide in the same manner, and likewise many of the resulting branch-
lets. In this manner the branches form a broad, rounded, fan-shaped
corallum, with long, very slender, flexible, terminal branchlets, some of
which are 5 or 6 inches long, but most of them 2 or 3 inches. The
verruce are very small, but usually quite prominent, with an elonga-
ted, slender, sharp, lower lip, which is often but little incurved at tip,
and composed of long, slender, acute spindles, which project at the
tip.
In the Panama specimens the verruce are not crowded and scarcely
imbricated or appressed, but in the large specimens from Zorritos
they are smaller, crowded, more or less imbricated, with a shorter
and less acute lower lip. The ccnenchyma is thin, covered with
small, slender, rough spindles. Axis black and somewhat compressed
in the larger branches, strongly compressed in the large specimens ;
brown and setiform in the branchlets. Color, of dry specimens, gray-
ish white; in alcohol dark gray, polyps brown. In life, “ stem white,
polyps dark brown.” In the Zorritos specimen, during life, “ the stem
is pure white, polyps light brown, body of polyps transparent. The
eight tentacles appear as mere thickenings of the edge of the disk,
often giving it a somewhat angular form,”—F. H. B.
The largest Panama specimens measure 3°5 high by 3 broad; and 4
inches high by 3°5 broad; diameter of branchlets, including verruce,
10 to 12; length of verrucz *05 to 06; diameter -02 or ‘03. The lar-
gest specimen from Zorritos is 17 inches high; 18 broad; diameter of
largest branches at base ‘30 to ‘40; of branchlets -07 to *10.
The spicula are white, the larger ones consisting of remarkably long,
slender, and acute warty spindles, which are often bent ; of somewhat
stouter and shorter, roughly warted and spinulose spindles; with a few
very rough, often lobed, irregular spicula, and rather long, thorny
clubs. The characteristic, very slender, acute spindles are covered
with very small, scattered warts.
Trans. Connecticut Acap., Vol. I. 57 JANUARY, 1869.
448 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
The larger spindles measure ‘875™™" by *150™™", °825 by °150, °775 by
‘150, °750 by °150,°700 by °150, °700 by °125, °675 by °125, 550 by °137;
the slender spindles 1°12 by °112, 1°12 by ‘087, 1:10 by -100, -900 by
087, °875 by 100, °775 by °100 °775 by ‘062, °750 by °100, 750 by
7075, °700 by ‘075, 650 by -087, 625 by °075, 575 by ‘075, °375 by
050; the clubs 575 by *112, 450 by °137; the irregular spicula -400
by ‘175, 375 by °250, 325 by ‘200, 800 by -150.
Zorritos, Peru, dredged in 3 to 5 fathoms,—F, H. Bradley ; Panama
and Pearl Islands, in rocky pools at extreme low-water mark, very
rare,—F, H. Bradley ; Corinto,—J. A. McNiel.
This species is remarkably distinct from all others known by reason
of its very slender branches ; long, slender, and acute verrucee; and
its extremely slender and sharp spindles.
It resembles most the slender specimens of JZ appressa, var. flaves-
cens, in external characters. The spicula are most like those of W.
aspera, but are much smaller and more slender.
Muricea aspera Verrill, sp. nov.
Corallum yellowish white, flabelliform, with somewhat slender
branches, which are subpinnate.
Only two specimens of this species were obtained, both of which
are imperfect at base, and may be only branches from a much larger
specimen. ach specimen is once dichotomous and both main branch-
es are subpinnate, giving off branchlets at distances of -25 to 50 of an
inch, which spread outward at a wide angle, often nearly at right an-
gles. Some of these again divide in the same manner. The terminal
branchlets are rather slender and mostly from 1 to 1°5 inches long,
narrowed at base and usually enlarged a little toward the end. The
verruce are prominent, loosely imbricated, usually slightly appressed,
but sometimes not at all so, usually with an elongated, acute lower lip,
formed of long slender spicula, which project slightly at the end.
The upper lip is rudimentary or entirely wanting. On the larger
branches the lower lip is often but little developed, and the large cells
open outward. The ccenenchyma is thin, covered with long spindles,
some of them quite stout. Axis black in the larger branches; yellow-
ish brown, slender, and brittle in the branchlets.
Height of largest specimen 5°5 inches; breadth 4; diameter of
branchlets ‘10 to 16; length of longest verruce *10; diameter °05.
The spicula are white and consist mostly of long, very slender spin-
dles, most of which are very acute ; and larger and stouter, but quite
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 449
long spindles. The larger spindles are mostly somewhat irregular or
crooked, sometimes forked at one end, usually acute at each end, but
sometimes blunt or truncate at one or both, densely covered with
rough, unequal warts. The slender spindles are very long, slender,
acute at both ends, often bent, the surface covered with small, distant
warts.
The larger spindles measure 2°00" by *325™™, 1°65 by 350, 1°57 by
200, 1°52 by -250, 1°37 by -200, 1:35 by -300, 1°32 by -250, 1:20 by
200, 1:17 by 275, 1:17 by -250, 1:17 by -200, 1°10 by -200, 1-05 by
"250, 1°02 by °225, 1:02 by -200, 800 by 150; the slender spindles 1°37
by “125, 1°32 by -125, 1°25 by °112, 1-25 by *125, 1°12 by °150, 1:07 by
"125, 1:05 by °100, -100 by °100, -925 by *150, :900 by °087, °875 by °100,
875 by :087, °825 by -100.
Panama, at extreme low water, very rare,—F. H. Bradley.
This species bears little resemblance to any other, except the two
preceding, from both of which it differs in having much longer and
larger spicula. Its branches are much shorter and stouter than those
of WW. tenella, and the verruce are very different from those of WZ.
appressa.
Remarks on the subdivisions of the Genus, Muricea.
In addition to the 18 species of Muricea described in the preceding
pages, there are at least 12 other species now known, of which all except
four are in the Museum of Yale College.*
All those species which I have examined may be naturally grouped
in three divisions, which do not appear, however, to be of more than
subgeneric value, even if entitled to that rank. But in view of the
manifest tendency among recent authors to multiply generic divisions,
IT have thought it proper to recognize these groups and give them
names,
Group 1, Humuricea. This division corresponds with section A, page
419. It includes those species with tubular verruce, without a
prolonged lower lip, and usually 8-rayed at summit in contrac-
tion. The spindles both of the cenenchyma and verruce are long
and usually sharp pointed. The 5 species described above are all
that are known to me. Typical species, JZ. acervata V.
* The species not in this collection are M vatricosa (Val.) K6ll.; M. humosa (Esp.)
Koll.; Mf tuberculata (Esp.) Koll.; IM. sulphwrea Ehr. Also M. elongata Lamx. (non
Dana), which is believed to be an Acis, from W. Indies.
450 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Group 2, Muricea (typical). This group corresponds to section B, p.
425. It embraces those species in which the verruce are bilabi-
ate, or have a prolonged lower lip. The spindles of the ccenen-
chyma and verrucz are similar and usually stout, but sometimes
slender and pointed.* In addition to the 13 species described
above, it includes IZ, muricata V. (M. spicifera Lx.); MM. lima
E. and H.; A pendula Verrill; MW. laea Verrill; and MW. ele-
gans Duch. and M., from the Atlantic coast of America; and
probably JZ vatricosa Koll., Archipel. Bizagos, Africa; and MW.
sulphurea Ehr., locality unknown,
Group 3, Muricella. This division includes those species which have
a rather thin ceenenchyma, filled with long spindles; with low,
subconical verruce, arising from between the large spicula and
usually standing at right angles to the surface, and covered with
much smaller and shorter spindles. The species are AZ. flexuosa
V., Hong Kong; I nitida V., Ebon I.; probably IZ humosa
KOlL, and MZ. tuberculata KOll., from unknown localities ; and one
or two undescribed species, which I have seen, from the E. Indies.
This group approaches the genus, Acés D. and Mich., but the
latter differs in having scale-like spicula covering the verruce.
Echinogorgia aurantiaca Verrill, (Leprogoreta, Ist Ed., see p. 413).
Callao, Perup—Edwards and Haime. A species allied to 1 sasappo
of the East Indies.—Reprint.
Heterogorgia Verrill.
American Journal of Science, xlv, p. 413, May, 1868.
Corallum dichotomous, with a horn-like axis. Ccoenenchyma rather
thin, with a smoothish or finely granulous surface, filled with quite
small spicula, which are not conspicuous at the surface, and consist
of various forms of roughly warted, short spindles, heads, double-
heads, double-stars, crosses, with many irregularly shaped, small,
rough spicula. Verruce rounded, somewhat prominent, smoothish
below, armed at summit with long, sharp, often crooked spindles, which
project from the surface around the cell in the form of sharp, divergent
spinules. The name alludes to the remarkable diversity in the sizes
and forms of the spicula.
* MW. robusta, M. purpurea, and M. hebes V. depart considerably ‘from the more typ-
ical species of this group, in having smaller, short, stout, very rough and irregular
spicula. Gonigoria clavata Gray (see page 444) appears to belong to the same group,
and in case a subgeneric name be desirable for these species Gonigoria may be used.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 451
Heterogorgia verrucosa Verrill, loc. cit., p. 414.
Plate VI, figure 11. Plate VIII, figure 16.
Corallum grayish or yellowish white, low, dichotomous, with cla-
vate branchlets and large, rounded, echinate verruce.
Young specimens sometimes grow to the height of two inches be-
fore dividing, and are then clavate and obtusely rounded at summit.
Other specimens, however, divide dichotomously within half an inch
from the base; the main branches again divide at a distance of *5 to
15 inches. In some cases part of the secondary branches are also spar-
ingly dichotomous. The branchlets bend outward at base with a broad
curve and are mostly irregularly curved and crooked, like the branch-
es, and usually clavate and obtuse at the end, though sometimes of
uniform size. The verruce are large, rounded, prominent, not crowd-
ed, standing at right angles with the surface of the branches, slightly
eight-rayed at the summit and armed with numerous long, very sharp,
rough, spindle-shaped spicula, which project from the surface in the
form of short, divergent spinules. The sides of the verruce and the
cenenchyma are nearly smooth, showing under a strong lens a finely
granulous surface composed of small rough spicula. Cells small, some-
times surmounted by a conical cluster of very slender, white polyp-spin-
dles. The ceenenchyma is rather thin and firm, composed of small rough
spicula, Axis dull yellowish brown, wood-like in appearance. Color
pale yellowish gray when dry, a little darker in alcohol. In life, “stem
dull yellowish brown, polyps gamboge-yellow,’—F. H. B.
Height of largest specimens 3 inches; breadth 1°5 ; diameter of lar-
gest branches ‘25; of branchlets near tips -20; length of branchlets
1 to 2; height of verrucz ‘04 to 06; diameter ‘05 to 07.
The spicula consist chiefly of large, more or less elongated, roughly
warted spindles from the verruce; much smaller, very rough spindles
and heads from the surface of the verrucee and ccenenchyma; and very
slender, small, smoother spindles from the polyps. The largest spin-
dles are ¢longated; some of them are slender and tapering to one or
both ends; others quite stout but equally long; all are covered with
large, rough, well separated warts, and one side with short, sharp
spinules; they are frequently irregular, often obtuse at one end, and
not very acute at either. With these are many shorter and stouter
spindles, which show a regular series of forms between the longest
spindles and short, thick, oval or oblong spicula, which are not thrice
longer than broad, the surface crowdedly covered with rough warts,
the inner side with large spinules, the ends often blunt or obtuse, one ot
452 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
them sometimes forked. The small spicula of the ceenenchyma are of
various forms of small, very roughly warted spindles, heads, double-
heads, double-stars, crosses, and various irregular and compound forms.
The polyp-spindles are slightly and distantly warted, quite slender
and acute; most of them are straight and pretty regular; some are
much curved and very acute at both ends; others are slender club-
shaped, more strongly warted at the larger end.
The longer spindles measure 1°50" by °300™™, 1:50 by ‘275, 1:35
by °300, 1:27 by °275, 1°22 by -225, 1°15 by °275, 1:12 by :250, 1°10 by
250, 1°10 by °225, 1:07 by *250, 1:07 by -225, 1:05 by -250, 1:02 by
"225, 1:00 by °225, 975 by °225, 950 by °225, 925 by -150, -900 by
"225, 875 by 150, ‘825 by *175, -800 by -200, 775 by °175, °750 by
175, °750 by °125, 675 by °150, 625 by -125, 575 by -125, 500 by
"125; the stouter spindles 1:55" by 375, 1°25 by °350, 1:22 by °300, 1:20
by °375, 1:20 by °300, 1°15 by °325, 1°15 by 300, 1°12 by °300, 1-05 by
"325, ‘900 by 250, *850 by °225, *850 by 200, °825 by °275, -775 by
"250, °725 by °300, °725 by ‘275, ‘700 by -250, -700 by 200, -450 by
150; the stout irregular spicula 1:05 by °325, 1:00 by -400, -975
by °450, 925 by -275, -925 by °325, 900 by °375, -650 by -275,
625 by °275; the stout spicula with one end forked 1:15 long by
°675 across the forks, 1:00 by °475, -925 by °450, ‘675 by °325; the
small spindles from the ccenenchyma ‘350 by °100, 325 by ‘087, -300
by °125, 275 by 150, ‘275 by °125, -275 by °100, *250 by -100, -212 by
"150; double-heads '162 by °112, "162 by °100, 150 by -112; the heads
300 by *200, °212 by °125, -200 by °175, -150 by °100, *125 by °100, 125
by °087, 125 by ‘075; the double-stars 137 by ‘075, :125 by °100, 100
by 075; the crosses °300 by ‘175, 225 by *100, -200 by *112, 175 by
‘150, 175 by *100, ‘162 by °100, °150 by -100; the straight polyp-spin-
dles 425 by ‘075, -400 by -075, 875 by -075, 875 by -062, 350 by -075,
"350 by *050, °325 by ‘075, ‘275 by 062, :250 by -037; the curved polyp-
spindles *475 by ‘050, ‘450 by -062, ‘300 by -037; the polyp-clubs -425
by -083, -425 by :075, 400 by -075, °375 by -075, 350 by 062.
Pear! Islands, in rocky pools at extreme low-water, on the reef, very
rare,—!". H. Bradley.
Heterogorgia tortuosa Verrill, loc. cit., p. 414.
Corallum pale yellowish, subflabelliform, with more numerous
branches and more slender, crooked branchlets, covered with small
scattered verruce.
In the largest specimens the trunk divides irregularly, close to the |
base, into several branches, some of which are very irregularly four
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 453
or five times dichotomous; the branchlets diverge frequently at right
angles and are mostly very crooked, usually tapering somewhat to the
obtuse tips, 1 to 3°5 inches long. One small specimen is simple for 1°5
inches from the base and then gives off subpinnately from each side
seven crooked branchlets, which are mostly alternate on the opposite
sides and from °3 to °5 of an inch apart ; the lower ones diverge nearly
at right angles and some of them branch near the end, or at ‘75 to
1:25 of an inch from their bases.
The verruce are rather small, low, rounded or subconical, distantly
scattered, opening outward, armed at the summit with a few small,
slender, projecting spinules, their sides, like the cenenchyma, having
a very finely granulous surface, appearing smooth to the naked eye.
Cenenchyma rather thin, firm, filled with very small rough spicula.
Axis dull brownish yellow, wood-like in appearance, its surface
strongly furrowed longitudinally, giving it a corrugated or irregu-
larly fibrous appearance.
Color a uniform dull yellowish or buff. Height of largest specimen
5°5 inches; breadth 5; diameter of largest branches -20; of terminal
branchlets *10 to ‘15 ; height of verruce 03 to ‘04; diameter ‘04 to ‘05.
The spicula are white, much smaller than in the preceding species.
The larger ones consist of more or less stout, very roughly warted
spindles, which are often irregular and usually acute; and of long, slen-
der, very sharp spindles, with very small, distant warts or spinules.
The small spicula of the ceenenchyma are of various forms of crosses,
heads, double-heads, clubs, short spindles, ete., all of which are very
roughly warted. The larger rough spindles measure ‘375™™" by *125™™,
*850 by *100, °325 by 125, °325 by 112, 325 by *100, 312 by -075,
300 by °112, “300 by *100, -300 by ‘087, ‘300 by :075, 300 by -062,
275 by *125, °275 by *112, -275 by ‘087, -275 by -062, :250 by 112, 250
by 100; the long, sharp, curved spindles °575 by ‘075, °575 by *050,
550 by ‘087, °450 by -075, -400 by -062, ‘375 by -050, °325 by 050; the
small crosses "175 by ‘125, -125 by ‘087, -100 by ‘075, 075 by -062;
the heads -100 by ‘075, :087 by °075, :062 by ‘062; the double-heads
‘125 by ‘075, (100 by ‘075, ‘087 by -075, 087 by -062, -062 by -050; the
clubs 125 by °087, 125 by ‘075, 087 by -062; the small spindles 125
by 075, 1112 by -062, ‘100 by 050, 100 by °037.
Pearl Islands, in rocky pools at extreme low-water mark,—F. H.
Bradley.
This appears to be quite distinct from the last in its smaller and
more numerous branches, smaller and less prominent verruce, and
454 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
much smaller spicula. Possibly a large series of specimens might
show intermediate forms, but none occur in this collection.
Primnoa Lamouroux.
Primnoa Lamx., Polypiers flexibles, p. 440, 1816; Dana, Zodph., p. 676; Edw. and
Haime, Corall., vol. i, p. 139; Kolker, Icones Histiol., p. 135.
Axis more or less calcareous, especially at the base, which is usually
quite stony. Verruce usually in whorls, very prominent, covered
with scale-like, imbricated spicula, Ccenenchyma also covered by
smaller scale-like spicula. Type, P. reseda Pallas sp. (P. lepadifera
Lamx.).
Primnoa compressa Verrill.
Proceedings Essex Inst., vol. iv, p. 189, 1865.
This species is, as yet, known only byitsaxis. It ismuch branched, |
flabelliform. The smaller branches arise alternately from each side of
the main branches, forming acute angles with them. Branches and
branchlets strongly compressed, delicately striated, hard and stony,
dark brown near the base, yellowish white and setaceous in the
branchlets.
Height 24 inches ; diameter of largest branches 25.
Aleutian Islands,—Capt. Gibson.
Family, BriarEm Gray.
Briaracées (section) Edw. and Haime, Coralliaires, vol. i, p. 188, 1857.
Briareide (family) Gray, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 4, p. 443, 1859.
Briaracee (family) Verrill, Memoirs Boston Society Nat. Hist., 1, p. 10, 1863.
Briaride (family) Verrill, Proceedings Essex Institute, vol. iv, p 148, 1865.
Briareacece (sub-family) Koélliker, [cones Histiol., p. 141, 1865.
Corallum arborescently branched, lobed, or encrusting foreign sub-
stances. Axis composed of calcareous spicula, which are not consoli-
dated. Ccenenchyma well developed, filled with small, rough spicula,
of various forms. Surface granulous. Cells scattered.
The typical genera of this family are Briareum, Paragorgia, Titan-
ideum, and allied forms. These are usually arborescently branched,
or rise in irregular lobes, with a well marked spiculose axis. To these
typical genera Dr. Koélliker has added Sympodium and Erythropo-
dium, which are normally encrusting or parasitic species, with a thin-
ner coenenchyma and apparently without a distinct axis, and may,
perhaps, be best compared with the spreading basal portion of
Briareum.
The position of the following genus seems doubtful, and though
agreeing best, in the structure of its spicula, with this family, it may
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 455
belong to the Aleyonacea, near Rhizozenia, which Dr. Koélliker refers
to the Cornularide.
Callipodium Verrill, gen. nov.
Corallum encrusting stones and shells, with a firm, more or less
thickened, finely granulous ceenenchyma, which may spread either in
broad expansions or narrow stolons. Polyps rather large, at the sum-
mit of round-topped verruce, which are more or less elevated above
the surface of the canenchyma and either distantly scattered or close-
ly crowded together; in the latter case often united laterally nearly
to their summits. Polyps wholly contractile, and also capable of in-
volving the summits of the verruce, which, in contraction, are usually
distinctly eight-rayed.
Spicula short, of moderate size, brightly colored, very abundant in
the cenenchyma and verruce, of various forms and sizes, mostly with
very roughly warted prominences, the largest about *30"™ long. The
most abundant forms have 3, 4, 5, 6, or 8 irregular projections, covered
at the ends with rough spinulose warts. Some are short, stout, blunt
spindles, about twice as long as broad, with distant, prominent, rough
warts. Some approach the forms of double-clubs, double-heads, heads,
and crosses. Others are of various irregular forms, with distant rough
warts. Type C. Pacificum V.
This genus in some characters resembles Erythopodium Kolliker, in
others RAiozenia Ehr., or at least A. rosea Dana (Evagora Phil.) as
characterized by Dr. Kolliker, which may not belong to the same ge-
nus with R. Thalassantha, the original type of the genus. The polyps
of Rhizozenia are said to be non-contractile; the texture of the ccen-
enchyma is quite different ; and the spicula (in R. rosea) are much
smaller. Hrythropodium is described as having a membranous base,
with scarcely prominent verruce, and the spicula are much smaller and
differently shaped.
Having had no opportunity to examine ty pical specimens of either
of those genera I have found it difficult to decide to which the present
genus is most nearly allied. In the texture of the ceenenchyma, and
especially in the structure of the spicula, it appears to be more nearly
allied to the Briareide than to the Cornularide, and I am therefore
inclined to regard it as an encrusting genus of the former family, since
even the typical species of the genus briarewm is sometimes found
growing in broad encrusting sheets on stones, or parasitically covering
the dead axis of many species of Gorgonide.
TRANS. CONNECTICUT ACAD., VOL. I. 58 FEBRUARY, 1869.
456 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Callipodium Pacificum Verrill.
Sympodium Pacifica Verrill, Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 329, 1866.
Erythropodium Pacificum Verrill, Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. xlv, p. 415, May, 1868.
Plate V, figure.22. Plate IX, figure 1.
Corallum red, encrusting, spreading over the surface of stones and
shells, either as broad, rather thin sheets, which are usually irregular
and often interrupted, or in the form of stolon-like expansions, which
may be broad, or quite narrow, and are often reticulated, as in the
specimen figured.
Verrucer irregularly and usually distantly scattered, sometimes a
little crowded, on the stolons often arranged in a single series, quite
large, usually very prominent and more or less conical, with a rounded,
eight-rayed summit; sometimes, when fully contracted, having the
form of low rounded warts. Ccenenchyma rather thin, firm, very spic-
ulose, its surface, like that of the verruce, strongly granulose with
the small rough spicula.
Color, when dry, bright red; in alcohol a deep, clear red. When
living, “dull brick-red to purplish red. Polyps, when fully closed,
mere pimples on the surface, when expanding they show first a low
rounded cone, marked with pointed groups of red spicula, between
which now come forth the nearly transparent polyps, which have eight
small, acute, pinnate tentacles, swollen at base, surrounding the mouth
of the opaque, pinkish white stomach. Height from attachment to
summit of tentacles -20 inch; diameter °05,”—F. H. B. According
to Mr. Bradley’s outline sketch of the expanded polyps, the tentacles
are very acute, and the pinne, which are confined to the outer half,
are long and slender.
The largest specimens in the collection almost completely cover por-
tions 3 inches by 1°5 on the surface of the stones; thickness of ccenen-
chyma, when dry, ‘02 to ‘03; height of verrucze above the surface ‘04
to ‘10, average about ‘06; diameter ‘05 to 08, average about ‘07. The
breadth of the stolons in the reticulated specimens varies from ‘05 to
25, the narrow parts being extremely thin.
The spicula are bright red, very roughly but distantly warted, and
very diversified in size and form. The larger ones are partly short,
stout, blunt spindles, with few (often not more than twelve) large, dis-
tant, rough warts; partly of three, four, five, and six-pronged star-spic-
ula, each branch or prong terminated by one or several rough warts;
partly of very roughly warted heads; and of various irregular, very
rough forms. The small spicula agree in their forms, to a considerable
extent, with the large ones, but in addition to the spindles, heads, and
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 457
3 to 6 pronged stars and crosses, there are also double-heads, clubs,
double-clubs, and various irregular forms.
The larger spindles measure -212™™ by 125™™, ‘200 by °100, 175 by
125, °175 by *112, 175 by *100, 162 by *125, 150 by °112, 150 by
100, 125 by ‘087; the three-pronged spicula 200 by °150, 175 by °162,
‘150 by °150, °150 by °125, 125 by 125, °125 by ‘100; the four-armed
crosses °212 by °175, "175 by °162, °137 by ‘112, °125 by °125; the five-
rayed stars ‘162 by ‘150, "125 by ‘087, 112 by ‘100; the six-pronged
spicula 162 by °112, -150 by °125; the irregular spicula 175 by °137,
162 by "125, 150 by °125,°125 by -112. Among the small spicula
some of the smaller spindles measure ‘100 by ‘062, ‘075 by ‘050; heads
100 by °075, °075 by -075; double-heads -062 by °032, 050 by -037;
clubs 125 by °075, ‘075 by :050; double-clubs ‘100 by ‘050, -087 by
"037.
Panama and Pearl Islands, at low-water mark ; and Zorritos, Peru,
from halftide downward, on the under side of projecting stones and
on shells,—F’. H. Bradley; La Paz,—J. Pedersen.
Callipodium aureum Vervill, sp. nov.
Plate V, figure 23.
Corallum yellow, encrusting, consisting of crowded, elongated, tubu-
lar corallites, united nearly to their summits, thus forming a corym-
bose cluster, with an uneven surface.
The verruce in the central parts, where most crowded, project but
slightly above the surface and are rather large, rounded, and distinctly
eight-rayed in contraction. Some of the lateral verrucee project about
10 inch. Ccenenchyma thickened, very spiculose, its surface and that
of the verruce granulous. Color,in alcohol, bright orange-yellow.
Height °5 of an inch; breadth 1; diameter of verruce about ‘08.
Spicula bright golden yellow, similar in form to those of the pre-
ceding species, but larger, and with longer and more slender branches
or rays in the star-shaped forms. The larger spindles are mostly
rather stout, blunt, with distant, very prominent, large warts, which, are
spinulose at summit; they are often irregular or lobed, and some are
rather slender. The star-shaped spicula have mostly three or fonr,
sometimes five or six, rays or branches, which are mostly unequal and
irregular, but usually considerably elongated and often slender,
smooth at base, but covered at the ends with a cluster of rough warts
or spinules. Irregular, roughly warted clubs and double clubs, nearly
as large as the spindles, also occur sparingly. Irregularly formed
spicula of various shapes, but with very prominent warts, are frequent.
458 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
The small spicula have all the forms seen among the larger ones, and :
in addition there are warty heads, double-heads, and other forms. The
polyp-spindles are slender and slightly warted.
The larger spindles measure -275"™" by °075™™, -250 by °112, *225 by
‘150, 225 by °125, -225 by *112, -225 by *100, -225 by -087, 225 by ‘075,
212 by “125,212 by *087, 212 by -075, 200 by *125, 200 by “112,
200 by °075, 187 by 087, 187 by 075, -175 by -087, 162 by 100,
"162 by °087, 150 by °100; the irregular warty spicula °275 by ‘137,
-225 by ‘100, °200 by “162, 200 by ‘125, ‘187 by -125, 175 by °112;
the three-branched spicula 212 by °112, :200 by °125, -200 by °100, *187
by °150, ‘187 by °137, "175 by *150, °162 by °112, °150 by *150, 125 by
‘125; the four-branched stars or crosses ‘225 by ‘187, °187 by °125,
175 by °162, 137 by 137; the six-branched spicula °175 by °125; the
clubs 187 by ‘087, °175 by °100, 162 by 100. The small spindles
"125 by °087, 100 by °075, 100 by -062; the clubs -100 by ‘037; the
heads ‘125 by ‘087, ‘112 by ‘087, 087 by ‘087, 075 by ‘075.
Panama,—F, H. Bradley. There is also a specimen from Panama
in the Museum of Comparative Zoology.
Suborder, ALCYONACEA Verrill.
Aleyonides (family) Edw. and Haime, Coralliaires, vol. i, p. 102, 1857.
Sarcophyta (suborder) (pars) Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 4, p. 443, 1859.
Alcyonide (suborder) Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 3, 1863.
Aleyonacea (suborder) Verrill, Proceedings Essex Inst., iv, p. 148, 1865.
Aleyonide (family) Koll, Icones Histiolog., p. 131, 1865.
Polyps usually elongated, the body-cavity tapering below. Ccnen-
chyma, when present, fleshy, usually with slender, rather simple spic-
ula. No distinct axis.
Family, ALCYONID.
Halcyonina (pars) (family) Ehrenberg, Corall. des rothen Meeres, p. 56, 1834.
Alcyonine (pars) (subfamily) Dana, Zodphytes, p. 599, 1846.
Alcyonine (pars) (subfamily) Edw. and Haime, Coralliaires, vol. i, p. 113, 1857;
Kdlliker, Icones Histiolog., p. 132, 1865.
Alcyoniade (pars) (family) Gray, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., vol. 3, p. 443, 1859.
Alcyonine (family) Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 3, 1863.
Alcyonide (family) -Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, p. 148, 1865.
Corallum fleshy, attached by the abundant ccenenchyma, usually
branched. Polyps much elongated, usually highly contractile, spieula
mostly long and rather simple.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 459
Alcyonium rubiforme Dana.
Lobularia rubiformis Ehr., Corall. des rothen Meeres, p. 58, 1834.
Alcyonium rubiforme Dana, Zodphytes, p. 625, 1846; Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., i, p. 4, 1863; Verrill, Proceedings Essex Inst., iv, p. 190, 1865.
Corallum red, with a short trunk, which divides into numerous,
large, rounded lobes, or short, obtuse branchlets, The lobes, in con-
traction, are often subglobular, covered with numerous small polyps.
Ccenenchyma, between the retracted polyps, even and granulous. Pol-
yps in expansion much exsert ; tentacles long, lanceolate, acute, with
rather long lateral lobes. Color, in alcohol, brick red, not diaphanous.
Arctic Ocean, north of Behring’s Straits, in 35 fathoms,—Capt.
John Rodgers; West Coast of Behring’s Straits, in the Laminarian
zone,—Dr. Wm. Stimpson (North Pacific Exploring Expedition) ;
Banks of Newfoundland,—Coll. Essex Institute; Northern Seas of
Europe,—Ehrenberg.
Specimens apparently identical with this species were recently ob-
tained by me at Eastport, Me., in 10 fathoms.
The northern species of Aleyonide require careful revision. This
species is evidently closely allied to A. carneum Ag., occurring on the
coast of New England, from Cape Cod to the Gulf of St. Lawrence.
Alcyonium (?) Bradleyi Verrill, sp. nov.
. Corallum, in the only specimen observed, rising as an elongated,
subconical, simple stalk, with a rounded summit, and a somewhat
spreading base. Whole surface covered with numerous, scattered,
small polyps, which are very exsert in expansion.
Height, while living, 1 inch; diameter ‘25 to °33; polyps ‘05 to 25
long, in expansion; diameter ‘02 to ‘03 of an inch.
“ Whole surface and bodies of polyps yellowish white; tips of pol-
yps dark crimson, surmounted by eight. yellowish white, semi-oval,
tentacular lobes. Whole group flexible, without a solid axis.”
Panama Bay, dredged in 3 to 4 fathoms, on loose shells,—F. H.
Bradley.
The specimen from which the description and drawings were made
by Mr. Bradley has not been found among his collections. There-
fore the generic characters cannot be ascertained at present with
certainty.
460 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Order, ACTINARIA Verrill.
Actinaria (pars) Dana, including Actinide (family), Zoanthide (family), and Anté-
pathacea (tribe), Zodphytes, 1846; Gosse, Actinologia Britannic, p. 6, 1860.
Zoanthaires (pars) Edw. and Haime, including Actinaires and Antipathatres (subor-
ders), Corall., i, p. 224, 1857; Verrill, Mem. Boston Soe Nat. Hist., i, p. 14, 1863.
Actinaria (order) Verrill, Proceedings Essex Inst., iv, p. 147, Feb.—April, 1865;
ditto, vol. v, p. 315, 1868.
(?) Actinoids, “ Actinaria Edw.” (order) A. and Mrs. E. C. Agassiz, Sea-side Studies
in Natural History. p. 7 and 152, after May, 1865. (No characters given or limits
assigned perhaps not intended to include Antipathacea).
Body fleshy, or coriaceous, composed of from six, or ten, to several
hundred spheromeres, which are usually in multiplies of six, united
only by the outer wall of the body, so as to leave, between adjacent
spheromeres, interambulacral spaces in which the new spheromeres
originate during growth. Basal or abactinal region well developed,
specialized, either free or attached, sometimes capable of secreting a
horn-like support (Antipathes), or a thin corneus pelicle (Adamsia,
Cancrisocia). No coral or solid calcareous deposits in the wall or ra-
diating lamella. Ambulacral chambers open from the summit to the
base. Tentacles usually simple, hollow, tubular, or conical, mostly in
multiples of six; sometimes only six or ten,
Although the Actinians are evidently numerous, both in species and
individuals, upon the tropical portion of the Pacific coast of America,
it is remarkable that but one species has hitherto been described from
the entire region between Paita, Peru, and San Francisco, Cal. In
the collections of Mr. Bradley there are large numbers of Actiniv, but
in most cases it would be almost useless to attempt descriptions of
these animals from preserved specimens alone. Consequently I have
omitted most of the species which are unaccompanied by notes or
drawings made from the specimens while living.
Many of the Actiniw from Peru and Chili have been well figured
and described by Lesson* and by Drayton,t while those of the north-
ern coast (Sitcha) have been briefly described by Brandt, whose un-
satisfactory diagnoses refer almost exclusively to the colors, which
* Histoire naturelle des Zodphytes recueillis dans le Voyage autour du monde de la
Corvette de sa majesté, la Coquille, 1822—1825, Captaine Duperrey. Par R.-P. Les-
son, Paris, 1882.
+ United States Exploring Expedition, during the years 1838—1842. under the
Command of Charles Wilkes, U.S. N. Vol. vii, Zoéphytes. By J.D. Dana. <Actin-
idee by Mr. Joseph Drayton. Philadelphia, 1846.
+ Prodromus descriptiones animalium a Mertensio in orbis terrarum cireumnaviga-
tione observatorum, J. F. Brandt, 1835.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 461
are notoriously variable in this group, and especially so in some north-
ern genera, like Urticina and Bunodes.
Suborder, ACTINACEA Verrill.
Actinina (family) Ehrenberg, Corall. des rothen Meeres, 1834.
Actinide (family) Dana, Zodphytes, p. 122, 1846.
Actiniaires (pars) (suborder) Edw. and Haime, Corall., i, p. 224, 1857.
Astreacea (pars) (tribe) Gosse, Actinologia Britannica, p. 7, 1860. *
Actinine (subfamily) Duch. and Mich., Corall. des Antilles, 37, 1860, from Mem,
Reale Accademia delle Scienze, Turin; ditto, (pars) (family) Supplement aux Co-
rall., 1864, from Mem. Reale Accad., xxili, 1866.
Actinaria (pars) (suborder) Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc., Nat. Hist., i, p. 14, 1863.
Actinacea (suborder) Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, p. 148, 1865; ditto, vol. v, p.
317, 1868.
Polyps free and simple, rarely compound, with a well developed
and muscular base, which is used both as an organ of locomotion and
adhesion. Tentacles varying in number from 10 to several hundred,
and quite varied in size and structure; sometimes branched.
The ambulacral spaces usually bear some other organs, such as
branchix, tubercles, suckers, colored spherules, and special pores.
Family, Tuavasstantuip Verrill.
Proceedings Essex Inst., iv, p. 148, 1865.
Body more or less cylindrical in expansion, usually broad. The
disk bears various ambulacral organs in the form of simple or com-
pound tubercles, or arborescent and variously lobed branchiform or-
gans, in addition to, or replacing, the simple tentacles. Several of
these disk-appendages usually arise from each ambulacral chamber,
and when true tentacles are present, they may be outside or inside of
them, or on both sides. Base a flat locomotive disk.
This family is almost confined to the tropical seas. It includes four
well marked subfamilies.
1. Phyllactincee Edw. and Haime. Disk bears both simple tentacles
and lobed tubercles, or compound branchiform appendages.
2. Thalassianthine (pars) Edw. and Haime. Disk bears large,
compound tentacles or branchiform organs, all of one form, without
simple tentacles.
3. Heterodactyline Verrill. Disk bears large, compound, branchi-
form organs of two kinds. Nosimple tentacles. Includes Heterodac-
tyla Ehr. and Sarcophianthus Less.
4, Discostomine Verrill (non Discosome D. and M.). The disk
bears small, tentacle-like papille, or small, sparingly lobed tubercles,
462 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
several of which originate from each radiating chamber or ambulacral
space, and are therefore arranged in simple radiating lines, or in radi-
ating groups when more than one series arise from the same chamber.
These false tentacles increase in size from the centre to the margin of
the disk. The disk is usually broad and widely expanded, but gene-
rally capable of complete contraction.
This subfamily includes the true genus, Discosoma Leuck. (? Ricordea
D. and M.), excluding many forms wrongly referred to it by various
authors ;* Homactis and Stephanactis Verrill ;+ and apparently Hehin-
actis KE. and H., Corynactis Allman, Aureliania Gosse, and Capnea
Forbes. But most of the descriptions and figures of these genera are
insufficient to determine with certainty whether the “tentacles” ori-
ginate each from a distinct chamber or not. For the three genera last
mentioned Gosse has formed the family, Capneade, but he does not
refer to this character, and regards ail the disk-tubercles as true ten-
tacles.
Subfamily, Payitiactin.2 Edw. and Haime.
Merde (genus) Ehrenberg, 1834, (non Oken); Dana, Zodph., p. 150, 1846.
Phyllactine (subfamily) Edw. and Haime, Corall., i, p. 291, 1857; Verrill (pars),
Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 15, 1863.
Column usually rather low and broad, its surface generally bearing
verruce or suckers, sometimes nearly smooth. Disk broad, the tenta-
cles placed considerably within its margin. The branchiform appen-
dages either form a circle just within the margin and outside of the
tentacles, Owlactis ; are mingled with the tentacles, Rhodactis ; or
cover the buccal area within the circle of tentacles, Actinotryx; or are
placed both within and outside of the circle of tentacles, Amphiactis
V.t These organs differ greatly in number, size, and form in the dif
ferent genera, as well as in position.
The genus, Awlactinia, which I formerly referred to this subfamily,
on account of the lobed, sub-marginal, branchiform papill, appears
to belong rather with the Bunodinw. The same is true of Oulactis
granulifera (Les. sp.) E. and H., and Anthopleuru Krebsii D. and M.
It was on account of these and other similar forms that the group
was formerly made a subfamily of Actinide by me, but in that fam-
ily the branchiform appendages are really lateral organs, originating
from or below the margin.
* Discosomus was used among Reptiles by Oken in 1816, and Discosoma among
Arachnida in 1830 by Perty. Ehrenberg has proposed to subtitute the name Disco-
stoma, for Luckart’s genus.
+ Proceedings Essex Institute, vol. vi. + Proc. Essex Institute, vol. vi.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 463
Oulactis Edw. aud Haime.
Metridium (pars) Dana, Zodph., p. 150, 1846, (non Oken).
Oulactis B. and H., Corall., vol. i, p. 292, 1857; pars, Duch. and Mich., Corall. des
Antilles, p. 46, 1860.
Column covered with verruciform suckers. Disk broad; simple
tentacles placed at some distance from the margin; outside of them a
circle of numerous, large, frondescent, branchiform organs.
Oulactis concinnata Edw. and Haime.
Metridium concinnatum Drayton, in Dana, Zodph., p. 152, Pl. 5, fig. 40 and 41, 1846.
Oulactis concinnata K. and H., Corall., vol. i, p. 292, 1857.
Column low, broad, dilated above and:below. Disk very broad,
strongly radiate, margin undulated, sides covered with large tubercu-
liform suckers, to which pebbles and fragments of shells adhere. Ten-
tacles half an inch long, stout, subulate, sub-triangular, the lower side
slightly concave. Branchiform organs nearly °5 of an inch long, 1 to
1°5 lines broad, frondescently laciniate.
Column ochreous olive, with olive-green suckers; three branchize of
a white color alternate with a brown one; ‘simple tentacles similar to
column, but paler, faintly striped with pale purple; disk purple. An-
other variety has the column green, with ochreous suckers. Diameter
at middle, in expansion, 2 inches; at disk 3.
San Lorenzo, near Callao, Peru, buried to its tentacles in sand,—
U. 8. Exploring Expedition.
Lophactis Verrill, gen. nov.
Column elevated ; its walls firm, sub-coriaceous, in contraction rough
with deep corrugations and wrinkles, not verrucose, and without ap-
parent suckers in the preserved specimens. Simple tentacles large,
placed at a considerable distance from the margin. Branchiz few in
number (12), arranged in a circle between the margin and the tenta-
cles, large and broad, laterally compressed, the upper edge of each
bearing a series of finely subdivided papille, which consequently form
radiating rows of secondary branchiz. The large branchiform organs
are united together on the side nearly to their summits by a thin
membrane, which forms a naked area between the branchie and ten-
tacles, and they are also united on the outside by adherence to the
marginal fold, so that, when contracted, there are deep chambers or
cavities between them.
This genus is closely allied to Phyllactis, but the latter has more
numerous branchizw, which are quite different in structure, and are
TRANS. CONNECTICUT ACAD., VOL. I. 59 FEBRUARY, 1869.
464 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
longer and much more exsert, and connected together only on the in-
side by a membrane that does not reach the summit.
Lophactis ornata Verrill, sp. nov.
This curious species is known only from one specimen, which is well
preserved in alcohol, with the disk and tentacles expanded.
The column is higher than broad, though evidently much contracted ;
the surface has a finely papillose, or deeply and closely wrinkled ap-
pearance, and appears to be covered with a dark-colored, thin, insep-
arable, epidermal layer; its substance is firm and tough, somewhat
leathery.
The disk is broad; mouth with numerous marginal folds; buccal
disk small, surrounded by a circle of 96 simple tentacles, which are
rather long, enlarged somewhat at the end, which is marked with about
ten suleations. They are apparently arranged in four or five circles.
The 12 branchiz are large, with a broad membrane uniting them to-
gether on the inside and separating them from the tentacles; their
summits are arched, bearing along the crest a narrow, closely convo-
luted frill, having its edge finely divided into a fringe-like structure ;
below the crest there is a transversely thickened portion; the lower
part is thinner, with strong, longitudinal, muscular folds. These or-
gans, therefore, are probably capable of being considerably extended
during life. Height, of specimen in alcohol, 1°5 inches; diameter of
disk 1; length of tentacles ‘3 ; of branchiz from base’5 ; along crest *4.
Pearl Islands,—F. H. Bradley.
Asteractis Verrill, gen. nov.
Column versatile in form; walls firm and sub-coriaceous. Disk
broad, capable of involution, bearing, near the mouth, a circle of nu-
merous simple tentacles, and outside of these a corresponding number
of radiating rows of small, sessile, somewhat lobed and subdivided
tubercles or papille, increasing in size to the margin, which is crenu-
late or dentate with the last tubercles of each series.
This genus is somewhat allied to Ozdactis but differs in having
branchiform organs, consisting of rows of sessile papillz on the disk,
instead of distinct, prominent, frondescent appendages, rising from its
surface. The column differs, moreover, in lacking verruciform suckers,
To this genus probably belong Actinia flosculifera Les. ( Oulactis
flosculifera* Duch. and Mich.) and Oudlactis formosat D. and M. from
* Corallaires des Antilles, p. 46, PL vii, figures 7, 11, 1860.
+ Loe. cit., p. 47, Pl. vii, fig. 4, 5.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 465
the West Indies. But the figures and descriptions of the branchial
appendages are too indefinite to make this certain, while both species
are said to have lateral pores, which I have not been able to see in the
following species, when contracted, though they may exist.
Asteractis Bradleyi Verrill, sp. nov.
Column whitish, sometimes low and broad, expanding from about
the middle to the margin of the broadly expanded disk; at other times
vase-shaped, contracted near the base, cylindrical above, the disk
partly contracted ; at other times cylindrical, the portion of the disk
exterior to the tentacles involved, but the tentacles still protruding.
Surface in contraction strongly wrinkled transversely, less so longitu-
dinally, near the margin with papilliform interspaces.
The tentacles are 48 in number, in three rows; the 12 primary ones
about °5 of an inch long; the 12 secondary about °3; the 24 smallest
ones about ‘25. All the tentacles are slender and pointed, the larger
ones spotted with white. The small branchial papille form 48 radi-
ating series, the 12 rows corresponding to the primary tentacles ex-
tend from the margin to their bases; the 12 corresponding to the
secondary ones extend about half way to their bases; the 24 small
ones extend only about quarter way to the bases of the small tenta-
cles. The inner part of each row is formed of very small, scarcely
distinct, slightly prominent, crowded papille; farther outward they
become larger, more prominent, and slightly lobed; the outer ones
are considerably larger, crowded, divided into five or six, slightly
rounded lobes, the outermost one forming the dentate margin of the
disk.
Color of the column, in life, white; largest tentacles delicate pink,
_ bearing four or five, eye-like spots of white, and fading out to white
at the tips; secondary tentacles pale pink, with similar, but com-
monly more numerous, white spots; smallest ones white.
Height, in expansion, ‘5 to 7; diameter of disk 8 to 1 inch; of col-
umn in middle °3 to ‘5; diameter of buccal disk, inside of tentacles,
in full expansion, ‘5. The same specimen, in alcohol, is about ‘5 high ;
‘5 broad at base; with the partly contracted disk °35 broad.
Panama Reef, on rocks above half tide,—F. H. Bradley.
This species appears to be rare, as only one specimen is in the col-
lection, which is accompanied by notes and drawings made from it
while living. In the drawings there are twelve conspicuous, dark
spots, about midway between the tentacles and margin, and corres-
ponding with the primary tentacles. These are not referred to in the
466 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
notes and nothing corresponding to them can be seen upon the speci-
men. Whether they be mere color spots, disk pores, or tubercles, is
uncertain. When fully expanded the column showed longitudinal
lines.
According to Mr. Bradley’s notes it is a hardy species, feeds well,
and bears rough handling.
Family, Acrinip&.
Actinina (pars) Ehrenberg, including Actinia (genus) and Cribrina (genus), Corall.
rothen Meeres, p. 31, 1834.
Actinia (genus) Dana, Zoéphytes, p. 122, 1846.
Actinine (subfamily) Edw. and Haime, excluding “ Actinines pivotantes,” Corall., i, p.
230, 1857.
Actinine (pars) (subfamily) Duch. and Mich., Corall. Antilles, 1860.
Actinide (family) Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 15, 1863; Proceedings
Essex Inst., iv, p. 148, 1865; ditto, vol. v, p. 320, 1868.
Body more or less cylindrical in expansion, with a distinct, flat,
muscular, basal disk. Tentacles round, simple, surrounding the buc-
cal disk in few or many cycles, sometimes obsolete. Walls perforate
or imperforate. Ambulacral appendages on the sides of the body
various.
This extensive family may be divided into several sub-families,
which are, however, not always well defined.
1. Bunodine. Column bears tubercles or verruciform suckers,
which are imperforate, or rarely perforate, but do not emit acontia.
2. Sagartine. Column perforated with special pores, for the emis-
sion of acontia. Surface smooth, or with inconspicuous contractile
suckers.
3. Phelline. Column elongated, covered to near the margin with
a persistent epidermal layer or tunic. Lateral pores and acontia few,
or entirely wanting.
4, Actinine. Column smooth, fleshy, destitute both of verruce or
suckers and special pores. No acontia. Margin with or without col-
ored spherules. Includes Actinide and Antheade Gosse.
Subfamily, Bunopin.#,.
Actinines verruqueuses (section) Edw. and Haime, Corall., i, p. 263, 1857.
Bunodide (family) Gosse, Ann. and Mag Nat. Hist., 3d ser., i, p. 417, 1858; Actino-
logia Britannica, p 185, 1860.
Bunodide (subfamily) Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 15, 1863.
Ceree (family) Duch. and Mich., Suplem. Corall. Antilles, Mem. Reale Accad., Turin,
xxiii, p. 124, 1864—6.
i
Bunodine (subfamily) Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, 1868. 4
The column is usually rather low and broad. The verrucz of the
:
F
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 467
“sides may be simple rounded tubercles or elongated papilla, without
‘perforations ; prominent suckers with a concave surface and thickened
border; perforated verruce, ejecting water in contracting; or, near
the margin of the disk, lobed or sparingly branched papille. The
margin may be a smooth thickened rim, crenulate or dentate by the
uppermost tubercles, or it may bear colored spherules. The disk is
usually broad. The tentacles large and not very numerous, usually
completely contractile.
Bunodes Gosse.
Cribrina (pars) Khr., Corall. rothen Meeres, p. 40, 1834.
Bumodes Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soc., xxi, p. 274, 1855; Actinologia Britannica, p. 189,
1860; Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc., i, p. 15, 1864.
Cereus (pars) Edw. and Haime (non Oken), Corall., i, p. 263, 1857.
Anthopleura (pars) Duch. and M., Supl. Corall. Antilles, in Mem. Reale Accad.,
Turin, xxiii, p. 125, 1864-6.
Corallum more or less elevated, texture firm, surface covered with
conspicuous verruciform suckers, concave above, or low rounded tuber-
cles, which are arranged in vertical lines along each ambulacral cham-
ber, the uppermost one in each row largest and projecting at the mar-
gin, so as to form a somewhat dentate or tuberculate border. The
suckers usually, if not always, have the power of adhering firmly to
foreign substances. They generally decrease in numbers and size from
the margin downward, often becoming obsolete below. Tentacles
rather large, not numerous, very contractile, usually separated from
the margin by a narrow but distinct naked area or “ fosse.”
Bunodes cruentata Gosse.
Actinia cruentata Drayton (Couthouy, MS.), U.S. Expl. Exp., Zodphytes, p. 138, Pl,
3, fig. 23, 1846.
Cereus cruentatus Kdw. and H., Corall., i, p. 268, 1857.
Bunodes cruentata Gosse, Actin. Britannica, p. 194, 1860.
Column with small sucker-tubercles arranged in vertical rows, con-
Spicuous near the margin, smaller toward the base. Tentacles about
48 in number, long, subulate. In expansion the mouth has four lobes.
Color faint purplish red, with numerous vertical lines of darker red,
deepening to crimson near the disk; suckers rose-white, yellowish
when expanded; tentacles intense blood-red; disk brownish purple,
alternating with radiating pale ochreous lines,
Orange Bay, Terra del Fuego, buried to tentacles in sand,—J. P.
Couthouy, U. 8. Expl. Exp.
468 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Bunodes papillosa Verrill.
Actinia papillosa Lesson, Voyage Coquille, Zodphytes, p. 78, Pl. iii, fig. 2, 1832, (non
Khrenberg, 1834
Cereus papillosus Kdw. and H., Corall., i, p. 267, 1857.
Column low and broad, covered throughout with numerous, crowded,
conspicuous verruce, closely arranged in vertical rows. Tentacles
very numerous, rather short, in three series. Mouth (as figured) with
six lobes, in expansion. Color bright green, the verruce lighter, each
surrounded by a circle of bright red; tentacles bright red, with lighter
tips, disk flesh-colored.
Talacahuano, Chili, to Lima, Peru, on submerged rocks ; very com-
mon near Quiriquine,—Lesson.
Bunodes pluvia Verrill.
Actinia pluvia Drayton, op. cit., p. 144, Pl. 4, fig. 30, 1846.
Cereus pluvia E. and H., Corall. i, p. 267, 1857.
Column broad, 2°5 inches in diameter at middle, expanding above
and below to 3°25. Surface closely covered throughout with small,
rounded tubercles or papillae, upper margin not tuberculate. Tenta-
cles numerous, somewhat crowded, in three series, ‘5 inch long, stout
(over a line thick at base), subulate. Disk strongly marked with ra-
diating lines, mouth prominent. Color very variable; sometimes
bright orange throughout, with the tentacles a little darker and the
disk paler. Some have dull red tentacles; others pale red, with the
mouth very deep red. In others the column is dark brownish green,
with the papillz bright orange, tipped with white beads or dots.
The orange variety, when disturbed, “ejected water from all its
tentacles to a distance of 2 or 3 feet.”
San Lorenzo I, Peru, on rocks,—J. P. Couthouy, U. 8. Expl. Exp.
This species may prove to be identical with the preceding, but this
cannot be determined from the original figures and descriptions.
Bunodes ocellata Verrill.
Actinia ocellata Lesson, op. cit., p. 79, Pl. ili, fig. 5, 1832.
Cereus ? ocellatus Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 268, 1857.
Column covered with small verruce, regularly arranged in vertical
rows, and scarcely crowded. Tentacles numerous, short, subequal,
slender, crowded. Column brownish ; the verruce bright red; tenta-
cles brownish red with light tips; disk lighter, brownish near the
mouth, which is red within.
Paita, Peru, in crevices among rocks, rare,—Lesson.,
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 469
a
_ This species and the two preceding, appear to be true Bunodes, so
far as can be judged from the figures and descriptions, but yet on re-
examination they may be found to belong to other allied genera.
Urticina Ehrenberg (emended).
Urticina (subdivision of Actinia) Ehr., Corall. rothen Meeres, p. 33. 1834.
Rhodactinia Agassiz, Comptes-rendus, xxv, p. 677, 1847, (without description); Ver-
rill, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, p. 18, 1864.
Bunodes (pars) Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soc, xxi, p. 274, 1855.
Cereus (pars) Edw. and Haime, Corall., i, p. 263, 1857, (won Oken).
Tealia Gosse, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 3d series, i, p.417, 1858; Actin Brit., p. 205,
Column low and broad, in expansion usually broader than high,
margin with a more or less distinct fold or “parapet.” Surface cov-
ered with irregularly and distantly scattered verruciform suckers,
which are often small and inconspicuous, but capable of strong adhe-
sion. Margin of the disk slightly dentate or tuberculate, or not at all
so. Tentacles large and stout, retractile. Type U. crassicornis Ehr.
Urticina crassicornis Ehr.
Actinia crassicornis Miller, Prod. Zodl. Danica, p. 281, 1776; Johnston, British Zo-
ophytes, i, p. 226, Pl. 40; Van Beneden, Faune Litt. de Belgique, Polypes, p. 191.
Actinia spectabilis Fabr., Fauna Greenl., p. 351, 1788.
? Actinia coriacea Cuvier, Tabl. élém., p. 652, 1797; Régne Animal, tom. iv, ed. i,
p. 51, 1817; Rapp, Polypen im Allg., p. 51, Taf. i, fig. 3 and 4, 1829; Johnston,
Br. Zodphytes, i, p. 224, Pl. 39, 1847.
? Actinia Holsatica Miller, Zo6l. Danica, iv, p. 23, Pl. 139, 1806.
Isacmea (Urticina) crassicornis Ehrenberg, Coral. rothen Meeres, p. 33, 1834.
? Isacmea (Urticina) papillosa Khr., op. cit., p. 33, (perhaps =U. digitata)
? Cribrina coriacea Khr , op. cit, p. 40.
? Actinia bimaculata Grube, Actinien, p. 4, fig. 4, 1840.
Rhodactinia Davisii Agassiz, Comptes-rendus, xxxv, p. 677, 1847; Verrill, Mem.
Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 18, 1864.
Actinia obtruncata and A. carneola Stimpson, Invert. of Grand Menan, p. 7, 1853.
Bunodes crassicornis Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soe., xxi, p. 274, 1855.
Actinia? felina Kdw. and H., Corall., i, p. 242, 1857.
2? Cereus coriaceus Edw. and Haime, Corall., i, p. 264, Pl. © 1. fig. 4, 1857.
Tealia crassicornis Gosse, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, i, p. 417, 1858; Actin-
ologia Britannica, p. 209, Pl. iv, fig. 1, 1860.
? Bolocera eques and Stomphia Churchie Gosse, Actin. Brit., p. 222 and 351, Pl. viii,
fig. 5, ix, fig. 6.
? Actinia elegantissima Brandt, Prodromus descr. Anim. a Mertensio, p. 13, 1835;
Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 289.
? Actinia Laurentii Brandt, op. cit., p. 13; Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 289
Column large, low, usually broadcr than high in full expansion, the
surface bearing small, distant suckers, which are capable of becoming
470 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
verrucose and attaching foreign substances, or of becoming low, round-
ed, slightly prominent papulz, or they may be entirely contracted to
the level of the general surface, which then appears nearly smooth, but
often longitudinally and transversely striated. Tentacles large and
stout, numerous, usually banded. Mouth large, with strongly marked
lobes, the stomach often everted. .
Color very variable; column usually some shade of red or green,
or variously mottled and striped with these colors; often bright red
and uniform flesh color. Tentacles usually banded with alternating
rings of white and some shade of red or pink ; sometimes uniform red
or flesh-color. Disk usually lighter than the column, frequently pale
reddish, or greenish, or mottled; usually, if not always, with radiating
stripes of brighter red or crimson, which extend from near the mouth
to and among the bases of the tentacles, two of these stripes going
to each tentacle and embracing its base on each side. Small white
spots often occur in front of the inner tentacles. The angles of the
mouth are usually bright red. Large specimens are often 4 to 6 inches
in diameter; tentacles 1 to 1°5 inches long; °20 to ‘25 in diameter at
base.
Occurs commonly on all the northern coasts of Kurope, from France*
northward ; Iceland; Greenland; Arctic America, southward to Cape
Cod. Onthe Pacific coast in the Arctic Ocean north of Behring’s
Straits, in 30 fathoms, and in Behring’s Straits,—North Pacific Expl.
Exp. ; Sitcha,—Brandt ; Puget Sound,—Dr. C. B. Kennerly.
The numerous specimens obtained by the North Pacific Exploring
Expedition do not appreciably differ from those of the north Atlantic
coasts, preserved in the same manner. Nor is there anything in
Brandt’s descriptions to indicate a specific difference.
A, elegantissima Brandt, is said to have the body pustulous, green-
ish red or spotted. Tentacles moderate, dilated, and white in the mid-
dle, purple at the end. From Sitcha.
A, Laurentii Br., has the body red, blotched irregularly with green
and brown. Tentacles vermilion red. Behring’s Straits.
Evactis Verrill, gen. nov.
The column bears vertical rows of verruciform suckers or tubercles,
and is perforated by numerous openings from which water is ejected
when the body suddenly contracts. The inner tentacles are smaller
and shorter than the outer ones; mouth with four prominent lobes.
Type Actinia artemisia Drayton.
* The southern European fourm (U. coriacea) is more verrucose and may be distinct
from the true U. crassicornis of the north.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 47]
This genus is allied to Anthoplewra Duch. and Mich., but the latter
is represented as having equal tentacles, and the uppermost tubercles
are subdivided and sub-tentaculiform. It resembles Bunodes, but in
the latter the walls are imperforate and the inner tentacles are largest.
Evactis artemisia Verrill.
Actinia artemisia Drayton, op. cit., p. 149, Pl. 4, fig. 38, 1846.
Cereus artemisia Edw. and Haime. Corall., i, p. 268, 1857.
Column low, broad, subcylindrical, often dilated in the middle, and
covered with regular vertical lines of prominent, rounded tubercles,
which are obsolete below, the upper ones larger and forming a row
around the margin of the disk. Tentacles in three series, stout, sub-
ulate, the inner ones ‘5 inch, the outer ones 1 inch in length. Disk
radiated ; mouth with four prominent lobes.
Column yellowish green; the tubercles dark sap-green, the green
line extending to the base, though the tubercles are obsolete below.
The colors of the tentacles are various and shaded like those of the
prism. Disk greenish, darker toward the tentacles; the mouth flesh-
colored. Diameter, in expansion, 2°25 inches
Discovery Harbor, Puget Sound, abundant,—U. 8. Expl. Expedi-
tion; Puget Sound,—Dr. C. B. Kennerly.
“This species occurs buried to the tentacles in sand, and also at-
tached to pebbles or shells two or three inches below the surface.
On contracting, water spurts from various small lateral orifices, as
from a watering-pot,’ — C. Pickering.
Evactis ? xanthogrammica Verrill.
Actinia xanthogrammica Brandt, Prod. descrip. anim., p, 12, 1835; Edw. and H., op.
cit., p. 289.
Bunodes xanthogrammica Gosse, Actin. Brit., p. 194, 1860.
“ Body sub-verrucose, yellowish green. Tentacles numerous, elon-
gated, fusiform, flattened below, copper-green, with small, transverse,
yellow spots.”
Sitcha Island,—Brandt.
This species may prove identical with the preceding, and in that
case would have priority. There are no certain indications of its gen-
eric affinities, and I have placed it here mainly on account of its gen-
eral resemblance to E. artemisia.
Cladactis Verrill, gen. nov.
Column firm in texture, low, broad, crowdedly covered with ele-
vated, sub-tentaculiform tubercles or papille, which have round, in-
Trans. Connecticut AcaD., Vot. I. 60 FEBRUARY, 1869
472 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
flated tips, those on the sides simple or two or three lobed; those at
the margin of the disk elongated, pedunculated, the end divided
into 2 to 6 rounded lobes. ‘Tentacles numerous, rather long, the inner
ones largest. Disk broad, with a naked area or “fosse” between the
tentacles and the margin.
Cladactis grandis Verrill, sp. nov.
A large species with the entire surface of the column covered with
close vertical rows of crowded, elongated papille, which are smaller
below, but larger and more complex near and at the margin. The
uppermost sub-marginal ones are elevated, with a distinct peduncle, the
outer portion divided into about six, rounded, inflated lobes in the
larger ones, two to four in the smaller ones. The papille become
nearly sessile below, but many of them have two or three rounded
lobes. The tentacles are moderately large, rather stout, very nume-
rous (528.in a large one), in many rows, forming seven or eight cycles,
apparently but little contractile, separated from the margin of the
disk by a broad shallow fosse. Buccal disk broad, radiated. The
mouth is large, elongated, with strong gonidial folds, and numerous
lobes along the sides.
General color greenish-brown or olive; “twelve rows of light col-
ored tubercles, with three or more rows of smaller dark ones between
each pair of rows of larger ones; disk dark greenish brown; tenta-
cles of nearly uniform greenish brown.” In alcohol the specimens are
grayish blue, with dull blue tentacles. Some of the larger specimens,
when preserved in alcohol, are about 3 inches in diameter and 2 high ;
length of inner tentacles 1 inch.
Paita; and Zorritos, Peru; Pearl Islands; and Panama, on stones
below half-tide mark,—F. H. Bradley. Rio Brito, near San Juan del
Sur, Nicaragua,—B. Silliman.
This species appears to be the most abundant Actinian of the Pan-
amian Fauna in the littoral zone. It occurs under the wharf of the
Panama Railroad Co. at Panama. It appears to have limited powers
of contraction, since most of the specimens preserved in alcohol have
the tentacles more or less extended and the disk exposed. In some
cases, however, the disk is so involved as to conceal the tentacles.
Mr. Bradley states that it is “ very sensitive.”
It appears to be allied to some of the species referred to Cystiactis
by Edw. and Haime, but the latter group appears to include repre-
sentatives of more than one genus. There is, moreover, nothing in
their descriptions to indicate that either of their species have com-
pound tubercles, which is one of the most prominent characters of the
——- =
Z Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 473
present genus, when mature. In young specimens, however, the
marginal tubercles are only 2 or 3-lobed, while those of the sides are
simple rounded tubercles, and scarcely crowded.
There are no openings apparant in the sides of the body.* In this
respect the genus differs from the typical species of Anthopleura (A.
Krebsii), as well as in the character of the lateral tubercles. A. gran-
ulifera D. and M. appears to belong to this genus, however, since it
is said to be imperforate and tuberculated.
Cystiactis Edw. and Haime, op. cit., p. 276.
“Body entirely covered by subtentaculiform tubercles, or having
the aspect of large, very salient pustules.”
Cystiactis Eydouxi Edw. and Haime, op. cit., p. 276, 1857.
“ Tentacles short, moderately numerous, longitudinally striated by
contraction ; the external ones smaller than the internal. Body covy-
ered with large vesicles of very unequal size, very close, and irregu-
larly arranged. Specimens preserved in alcohol have a uniform brown
color.”
Coasts of Chili,j—Eydoux (Mus. Paris).
The single character upon which the genus, Cystiactis, is based is
too indefinite, or too imperfectly defined, to be of much importance
in identifying genera. Specimens from Brazil, that appear to be iden-
tical with C. Gaudichaudi EK. and H., appear, however, to be gener-
ically distinct. The same is true of Cystiactis Eugenia D. and M.,t
from St. Thomas. But, so far as the description shows, C. Hydouaxi
may not differ from Cladactis, since it is not stated whether the mar-
ginal tubercles be simple or compound. Should they prove identical,
Cystiactis may, therefore, be restricted to C. Gaudichaudi and
similar species.
Anthopleura Duch. and Mich.
Anthopleura D. and M., Corall. des Antilles, p. 40, 1860; ditto (pars), Supl. Corall.
des Antilles, p. 32, 1864-6.
Column subcylindrical, somewhat elevated, bearing adhesive, verru-
ciform suckers with concave tops, which are arranged in longitudinal
rows, and diminish in size and frequency toward the base. Margin
surrounded by a circle of elongated papille, corresponding to the
rows of suckers, and more or less lobed or incised, with small per-
* C. cavernata (Bunodes cavernata V.) from §. Carolina, has the wall perforated by
small, inconspicuous pores, from which water may be ejected.
+ Supplément Corall. des Antilles, in Mem. Reale Accad., Turin, xxiii, p. 129, Pl. vi,
fig. 1, 1866.
474 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
forations on the lower side, from which water may be ejected. Simi-
lar perforations occur in the sides below the margin. Tentacles elon-
gated, subequal, rather numerous, separated from the margin by a
narrow but distinct fosse. Type, A. A7vebsit D. and M., 1860.
This genus was originally based upon a single species, with the
characters given above. Subsequently two other species were added
by the same authors, having quite different structures, and the generic
characters were modified accordingly. As defined in the later work
the genus does not differ materially from Bunodes, and in fact one of
the species referred to it, A. pallida, appears to be a true Bunodes,
having imperforate walls and simple tubercles. The other species, A.
granulifera, has imperforate walls, non-adhesive tubercles, those
around the margin being compound, This probably belongs to our
genus, Cladactis. Yt seems necessary, therefore, to restrict the genus
to its original limits, including only those species with perforated
walls, adhesive suckers, and compound sub-marginal papille. As thus
limited it is allied to Awlactinia* nobis, and to Hvactis. The latter
differs, however, in having the outer tentacles largest, and the margin
surrounded by simple tubercles; the former has more complex sub-
marginal appendages and appears to be imperforate, but when better
known may prove to be identical.
Anthopleura Dowii Verrill, sp. noy.
Actinia Dowiti Bradley, MS.
Column cylindrical, but little elevated, with vertical rows of rather
distant, large, adherent, verruciform suckers, which have concave sum-
mits; the upper ones largest, becoming more distant and much smaller
below, nearly obsolete near the base. Surface between the suckers
smooth in expansion, when contracted covered with elevated, reticu-
lated wrinkles. Corresponding to each row of suckers there is a prom-
inent, inflated, submarginal tubercle; these are mostly divided into 2
to 6, slight, rounded lobes, each one perforated on the lower side by
several small pores, through which water may be ejected, but no open-
ings through the walls below could be detected in preserved speci-
mens. Margin of the disk separated from the tentacles by a narrow
fosse. Tentacles rather slender, elongated, subulate, arranged in three
rows, in the larger specimens 108 or more, in smaller ones often only
48. Disk broad, with radiating striations, mouth small, with numer-
ous folds; stomach often everted.
* Memoirs Boston Soc. Nat. History, i, p. 20, 1864.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 475
Color quite variable; ‘‘column often flesh-colored; disk very vari-
able, from uniform olive-brown to variegated with greenish and yel-
lowish, sometimes all greenish white, in other specimens with six bands
of pale yellow alternating with dark lines about the mouth, the rest
of the disk being greenish brown; tentacles very inconstant in color,
varying from dark brown, yellow, orange, and pink, to purple and
dark greenish brown, sometimes plain, often with 1 to 5 light yellow,
small, irregular spots, the inner surface commonly darker colored.”—
BE. B.
The larger specimens, preserved in alcohol, are about 1°5 inches
high, and 1 in diameter.
Pearl Islands; and Panama, under the wharf of the Railroad Co.,
below halftide mark,—F. H. Bradley; Realejo—F. H. Bradley ;
Acajutla, San Salvador, on buoy,—Capt. J. M. Dow.
This species appears to be tolerably common. In alcohol most of
the specimens have the tentacles expanded, often with the stomach
everted, others have the disk entirely involved. Mr. Bradley states
that it bears rough handling well.
The following observations apply to an Acajutla specimen, which
has not been found in the collection with its corresponding number,
but which probably belongs to the same species with that described
above.
“Base broad, 1 inch in diameter; body stout, with lines of small
light drab pustules running down from the small tentaculiform lobes
on the edge of the disk; disk 1°5 inches broad, dark brown, with
whitish stripes radiating from the small yellowish red mouth; tenta-
cles moderately stout, in three rows (16: 48: 48), outer two rows ‘05
inch from edge of disk, inner ones ‘06 farther inward, base light drab,
tips dark red, sometimes marked near the tips with small white spots
on the inner side,”—F. Hi. B.
A species somewhat resembling this in general appearance, as pre-
served in alcohol, but evidently distinct, is in the collection from the
Pearl Islands. This has very exsert, adhesive suckers, with concave
tops, on the middle of the body, but becoming smaller and sessile
above and below. Sub-marginal tubercles small and simple. Tenta-
cles long and slender, in moderate number. In contraction the body
is oval, 1°5 inches long; 1 in diameter. It may be a Bunodes.
Phymactis Edw. and Haime.
Actinia (pars) Drayton, op. cit., p. 125, 1848.
Phymactis dw. and H., Corall., i, p. 274, 1857.
Column rather low and broad, covered with prominent verruce.
476 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Margin surrounded by a circle of bright colored spherules, or eye-
tubercles. Tentacles rather large and numerous. Mouth large and
prominent with many lateral folds.
Phymactis clematis Edwards and H., op. cit., p. 275.
Actinia clematis Drayton, op. cit., p. 130, Pl. I, fig. 4 and 5, 1846.
Column low, usually much broader than high, base and disk broad-
er; the disk broadest, dilated, and thrown into four or five lobes or
folds by the undulations of the margin Pustules or verruce of the
walls large, numerous, crowded. Marginal tubercles or spherules
large, rounded, 1°5 lines broad, yellow or red. Naked portion of disk
less than half the whole diameter. Tentacles short and numerous,
rather stout, in about five series.
Color quite variable ; “in one variety the body with the disk and
tentacles, is of a deep rich green color; the centre of the disk a little
paler, the marginal tubercles a bright yellow, and the under part of
the foot yellow. In another the body is a deep crimson, with the tu-
bercles of the lateral surface deep green, and the marginal tubercles
vermilion ; the tentacles dark lake, and the central part of the disk
a paler lake; under surface of the base a bright orange, approaching
vermilion,”—J. Drayton.
Diameter at middle 2°5 inches; diameter of disk 4; height of col-
umn about 2; length of tentacles °5 to °75,
Valparaiso, Chili,—U. 8. Expl. Exp.
In the work of Edwards and Haime the locality is erroneously given
as “ Cétes du Brésil.”
Phymactis florida Edw. and H., op. cit., p. 274.
Actinit florida Drayton, op. cit’, p. 131, Pl. 2, fig. 6, 7, 8.
Column low, about as broad as high, somewhat dilated at base and
summit; margin of base undulate, of disk somewhat plicate, usually
in five folds; surface crowdedly covered with verruce. Tentacles
“short, about *5 inch, nearly equal, subulate, stout, crowded, in 5 im-
perfect series.” Disk strongly radiated, the tentacles occupying a
breadth of °5 to °75 of an inch.
Color variable; “ one variety has a royal smalt-color, with the papilla
of the surface a fine ultramarine, the disk a paler blue, and the mar-
ginal tubercles pearly white. Another is verdigris-green, with the
papille of the same color, and the marginal tubercles yellow. Another
apparently of the same color, though a little higher (near 3 inches),
has the papillz of the lateral surface of a sap-green color on a reddish
3g
Z Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 477
ground, with the tentacles a dull purple, the disk between the tenta-
cles and the mouth light grayish green, the mouth flesh-color, and the
under surface of the base scarlet,”—J. Drayton.
Height 2 to 2°5 inches; diameter at middle 2°25; diameter of disk 8.
San Lorenzo I., off Callao, Peru,—U. 8. Expl. Exp.
This species may, quite possibly, prove to be only a variation of the
preceding one, depending on locality, state of expansion, etc. It ap-
pears to differ principally in having shorter and more numerous tenta-
cles and a less dilated disk.
Subfamily, Sacartm# Verrill.
Actinines perjorées (section) Edw. and Haime, Corall., i, p. 278, 1857.
Sagartiade (family) Gosse, 1858; Actinologia Britannica, p. 9, 1860.
Sagartide (subfamily) Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc, Nat. History, i, p, 21, 1864.
Sagartine (subfamily) V., Proc. Essex Inst., vol. v, p. 322, 1868; ditto, vol. vi, 1869.
Column very changeable in form, usually capable of great extension
into long, cylindrical, or pillar-like forms, or of contracting into alow,
flattened, conical shape. Surface in full expansion mostly smooth, not
verrucose, often with retractile suckers, which are not conspicuous ex-
cept while in use; in contraction the surface is usually covered with
close transverse or reticulate wrinkles. Walls perforated by special
openings (cénclidew) through which thread-like, stinging organs (acon-
tia) are ejected when the animal is irritated, sometimes in great profu-
sion, in other cases very sparingly and reluctantly. Margin simple or
nearly so, usually without special appendages (Nemactis is an excep-
tion). Tentacles usually numerous, generally slender and elongated,
highly contractile.
Species can usually be recognized as members of this subfamily by
the smooth, thin walls, usually showing the internal lamelle, and by
their perforations and the existence of acontia. But the latter char-
acters are frequently overlooked, even in living specimens, and are
generally difficult to detect in specimens contracted in alcohol, except
in a few genera where the borders of the pores are raised (Adamsia).
Most of the species referred by Edwards and Haime to Paractis, and
described as lacking perforations and all appendages of the walls, are
really Sagartians in which the perforations have been formerly over-
looked. Therefore I have here referred several similar species of sim-
ple Actinians to this group, although the lateral pores and acontia
have not actually been observed.
478 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Metridium Oken.
Actinia (pars) Linnzeus, Lamark, Cuvier, Dana, ete.
Metridium Oken, Lehrbuch der Naturg., iii, p. 349, 1815, (non Metridiwum Ehrenberg,
Dana, Gosse, etc., = Oulactis).
Actinoloba (purs) Blainville, Dict. des Sci. Nat., 1830; ditto, Manuel d’Actinologie,
p. 322, 1834; Gosse, Actinologia Brit., p. 11, 1860.
Cribrina (pars) Ehrenberg, op. cit., p. 40, 1834.
Metridium Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 252, 1857; Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., i, p. 21, 1864.
Column very changeable, in full expansion usually tall, pillar-like,
expanding toward the disk, or lower and nearly as broad as high; in
contraction forming a low cone; surface nearly smooth, with abundant
mucus; integument firm, thickened when old, forming at some distance
below the margin a thick smooth fold, above which the wall is thinner
and translucent. Disk broad, frilled, or thrown into lobes or broad
undulated folds, toward the margin. Tentacles very numerous, the
inner ones larger, more or less scattered on the disk, the outer ones
becoming gradually smaller and more crowded, those at the margin
very small and crowded. Walls perforated by scattered openings,
not very apparent except when fully expanded. Acontia abundant,
but not often emitted except when greatly irritated.
Metridium fimbriatum Verrill.
Proceedings Hssex Inst., vol. iv, p. 151, 1865.
Base broadly expanded. Column very changeable, either low and
broad, or greatly elongated, the fold or “ parapet ” nearly an inch be-
low the margin, ‘Tentacles very numerous, encroaching so much upon
the disk as to leave only a narrow central area around the mouth,
short, very slender, filiform, pointed. Edge of disk thrown into nu-
merous deep frills.
Color of column variable ; often translucent pale orange, punctate
with dark brown; or light umber-brown; tentacles a lighter tint of
the same, white within; mouth deep orange, or light yellowish brown, —
surrounded by a broad band or halo of purplish.
Harbor of San Francisco, Cal., adhering to the bottom of floating
piles, ete., Oct., 1855,—Dr. Wm. Stimpson; Puget Sound,—Dr. C. B.
Kennerly.
This species is closely allied to WZ. marginatwm of the New Eng-
land Coast, and M. dianthus of Europe. From the former it appears
to differ chiefly in having longer and more slender tentacles, with
the ‘“‘ parapet” farther from the margin of the disk.
It is possible that the three will eventually be fouud to belong to
a
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 479
one very variable and widely diffused species, but until direct and
careful comparisons of numerous living specimens of each can be made,
this question cannot be positively settled.
Metridium reticulatum Edw. and Haime, op. cit., p. 255.
Actinia reticulata Couthouy, in Dana, Zodph., p. 144, Pl. 4, fig. 31, 1846.
Actinoloba reticulata Gosse, Actin. Brit., p. 24, 1860.
“Hxterior smooth and reticulately corrugate, subcylindrical, 1°5
inches high, 2°5 thick, with the disk very much dilated (3°5 broad),
and margin somewhat five-lobed, not tuberculate; tentacles very nu-
merous, quite short (3 lines), not turgid and covering the greater part
of the disk, the inner a little the largest ; mouth somewhat prominent,
6 to 8 lines long.”
The column is “ covered with a sort of raised network, produced by
the corrugations of the external envelope.” The disk “is broadly
- dilated, and the five lobes, or folds, are never effaced so as to leave
the disk circular.” Tentacles “ short, subulate, and disposed in 9 or
10, close, alternate series, the inner ones longest, decreasing to marginal
ones, which are mere papille.”
Column “ fulvous orange, sometimes olive-brown, with an indistinct
zone of black surrounding the superior margin; tentacles olivaceous;
disk between tentacles and mouth bright ochreous, with strong radi-
ating lines, crossed by others of a pale olive-green; mouth velvet pur-
plish-black.”
“This Actinia is remarkable for the opacity of all its parts; the
colors are all soft and rich, but even in the young they lack that trans-
parency usually met with in these zodphytes.”
Orange Harbor, Terra del Fuego, attached to stones and shells,—
J. P. Couthouy, U. 8. Expl. Exp.
The specimens of this species preserved in alcohol strongly resemble
those of M. marginatum and other species of this genus, to which we
believe it really belongs, notwithstanding the wrinkled epidermal (or
mucous) layer, an appearance which may have been due, in part at
least, to imperfect expansion of the column.
The following species, of which the genus is not determinable from
the description, may belong here.
(?) Actinia Mertensii Brandt, Prod. descr. anim., p. 13, 1835; Kdw. and Haime,
Corall., i, p. 289.
“Body brown, mingled with black. Tentacles moderate, white,
Disk pale brown, with white lines.” Coast of Chili,—Mertens.
TRANS. ConNECTICUT ACAD., Vol. I. 61 Marcu, 1869
i
“
480 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Cereus Oken.
Cereus Oken, Lehrbuch der Naturg., iii, p. 349, 1815, (type, C. bellis).
Actinocereus Blainv., Dict. Sci. Nat., lx, p. 194, 1830.
Cribrina (pars) Ehr., Corall., rothen Meeres, p. 40, 1834.
Sagartia (pars) Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soc., xxi, p. 274, 1855; (Seyphyia) Actinologia
Brit., p. 25, (123), 1860.
Cereus (pars) Edw. and Haime, Corall., i, p. 263, (269), 1857.
Cereus Verrill, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zodl., p. 58, 1864; Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
p. 24, 1864.
Column very changeable in form, capable of becoming tall, pillar-
like, or contracting to a low, depressed cone; no submarginal fold ;
upper part with small, inconspicuous, contractile suckers ; walls nearly
smooth, pierced by scattered, inconspicuous pores or cinclide. Disk
broadly expanded, wider than the column, sometimes undulated at the
margin. ‘lentacles numerous, more or less scattered on the disk, usu-
ally rather stout, the inner ones considerably largest ; the outer ones
quite small. Type, (. bedlis.
Oken, in constituting this genus, stated that the walls are per-
forated, and named C. bellis as a typical species, therefore it seems not
only proper, but necessary, to restrict the name to the group which
contains that species. Edwards and Haime have erroneously extended
the genus so as to include all the imperforate, verrucose species, be-
longing to Urticina and Bunodes, as wellas C. bellis and allied species.
Cereus Fuegiensis Verrill.
Actinia Fuegiersis Couthouy, op. cit., p. 145, Pl. 4, fig. 32, 1846.
Discosoma ? Fuegiensis Edw. and Haime, Corall., i, 257, Pl. C2, fig. 2, (from Dana,
Zooph.), 1857.
Sagartia Fuegie sis Gosse, Actin. Brit., p. 38, 1860.
“ Subcylindrical, 2 inches in diameter, exterior smooth, upper and
lower extremities sparingly dilated, margin of base slightly undulate ;
tentacles throughout remotely scattered, turgid, 3 lines long; mouth
small, circular, 5-cleft; form of animal when contracted very much
depressed, convex.”
The tentacles are scattered over a large part of the disk, about 1
to 1°5 lines apart, nearly in five series, and have “ the form of a grain
of wheat.” The inner ones are considerably largest.
Disk bright orange; column darker orange, with transverse paral-
lel lines or markings of dark brown; tentacles grass-green; mouth
pale orange.
Orange Harbor, Terra del Fuego, on rocks,—J. P. Couthouy, U. 8.
Expl. Exp.
—s
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 481
This species is referred to Cereus mainly on account of its general
resemblance to C. bellis, but as neither lateral pores nor acontia have
been observed, it may belong properly in some other genus.
The original specimens I have not been able to find in the Smith-
sonian collections.
Calliactis Verrill, gen. nov.
Adamsia (pars) Edw. and. H., Corall., i, p. 278, 1857, (non Forbes).
Column very changeable in form, in full expansion elevated, sub-
cylindrical, with a broadly expanded base, in contraction forming a
broad, low, flattened cone, or convex disk. Surface nearly smooth in
expansion, except near the base, where there are one or more transverse
rows of conspicuous lateral pores or cinclide, which have thickened,
permanently raised borders. Basal margin, below the pores, thin and
expanded, usually with additional internal lamelle intercalated be-
tween the larger ones that extend to the disk, all of which are usually
visible through the thin but firm walls. Tentacles numerous, slender,
subulate, highly contractile. Acontia highly developed, emitted freely
from the cinclide. Type, C. decorata (Actinia decorata Drayton).
This genus appears to be abundant in the tropical seas, the species
generally living upon univalve shells inhabited by hermit crabs. The
colors are usually brilliant and varied. It is allied to Adamsia, which
has similar basal cinclidz, but the latter has a low growth, spreading
to a great extent laterally, and the tentacles are short and imperfectly
retractile, while the base has the power of forming a tough pelicle to
extend the aperture of the shell; its base also extends around the
aperture in two broad lateral lobes, which unite where they come in
contact, giving the body an annular form. To this genus belong sey-
eral undescribed species from the Pacific Islands, with the following,
and perhaps other, described species.
C. decorata (Drayton sp.), Pl. 3, fig. 24. Honden L, in lagoon.
C. tricolor (Lesueur sp.). West Indies.
C. bicolor (Les. sp.). West Indies.
C. Egletes (Adamsia Egletes D. and M.), Supl., Pl. vi, fig. 17. St. Thomas, W. I.
C. fusca (Quoy and Gaim., Astrolabe, p. 145, Pl. 11, fig. 8 and 9), Amboinia.
CO. ? polypus (Forskal sp.). Red Sea.
Calliactis variegata Verrill, sp. nov.
Base broadly expanded, adhering to shells, the edge thin and spread-
ing. Column broad, moderately elevated in expansion, when con-
tracted forming a low cone, usually rounded at summit. Surface in
alcoholic specimens closely wrinkled transversely and minutely corru-
482 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
gated on the upper parts, or sometimes cancellated, or covered with
reticulated wrinkles with elevated interspaces, smoother near the edge
of base, where it is radiated with conspicuous dark lines of unequal
length, corresponding to internal chambers, and alternating with nar-
rower light lines, corresponding to the lamellw; the edge crenulated.
Cinclide at about °25 or °30 inch from the edge of the base, forming a
circle of about 24, rather distant, conspicuous, perforated verruce,
often with another more or less complete circle a short distance below,
in which the cinclids correspond in position with the upper ones, but
appear to be smaller. Acontia pink, long, and fine, protruded freely
both from the month and cinclidz. Tentacles slender, of moderate
length, “ arranged in four series (24—24—-96).”
Column “marked at base with light purplish brown spaces, sepa-
rated by 97 olive-brown lines, extending °25 to ‘50 inch from edge of
base; above these a row of 24 white perforated spots ” (cinclide) ;
rest of column “mainly olive-brown, striped with six longitudinal
bands of dark pink, which are sometimes divided so as to form six
pairs of bands. Mouth small, when open pinkish yellow, surrounded
by a white space marked with dark radiating lines ; followed by a cir-
cle of dark brown, marked with 12 narrow white rays; then follows a
circle of dark brown, marked with 24, minute, white spots; then a
narrow space with 12, nearly equal, alternating dark and white bands,
opposite to which the tentacles are mainly of corresponding tint;
sometimes all the tentacles have white tips, the rest light brown;
sometimes all are surrounded with alternating dark and light bands.
The largest specimens are about 2 inches broad.
Panama Bay, dredged in 2 to 6 fathoms, attached to large shells
occupied by hermit-crabs,—F. H. Bradley.
This species is closely allied to C. decorata Drayton, sp., with which
it agrees, to a considerable extent, in its pattern of coloration.
Sagartia Gosse.
Cribrina (pars) Ehr, Corall., rothen Meeres, p. 4.0, 1834.
Sagartia (pars) Gosse, Trans. Linn. Soc, xxi, p. 274, 1855; Actin. Brit., p. 25 and
122, 1860.
Paractis (pars) Edw. and Haime, Corall., i, p. 248, 1857.
Column very changeable in form, usually elevated and pillar-like in
full expansion. Base and disk only moderately enlarged. Walls
smooth or nearly so, often with small retractile suckers on the upper
part. Cinclide not elevated, inconspicuous when closed, scattered
over the surface. Acontia usually abundant. Tentacles rather numer-
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 483
ous, near the margin, long and slender; one in the line with the longer
diameter of the mouth is often capable of great elongation.
It seems necessary to restrict this genus to the group considered
typical by Gosse,* with which the “rather less typical group,” to
which he gives the subgeneric name, 7hoe, and some other forms, may
also be united.
Sagartia impatiens Gosse.
Actinia impatiens (Couthouy MS.) Drayton, op. cit., p. 135, Pl. 3, fig. 13, 1846.
Paractis impatiens Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 248, 1857.
Sagartia impatiens Gosse, Actin. Brit., p. 38, 1860.
Column “ nearly cylindrical, 1 to 1°5 inches in diameter and height»
sometimes very much elongated and writhing. Sides smooth, but
somewhat corrugate-striate, and above, color delicately tessellated.
Base sparingly dilated. Tentacles subequal, an inch long, stout, sub-
ulate, in 2 series. Mouth prominent, with 8 lobes within.
The body has nearly a flesh-color, except near the summit, where
it is finely chequered with green; the tentacles and disk are deep
crimson; the mouth has a small opening and a pale yellow color.”
, Orange Harbor, Terra del Fuego, in tide-pools among the crevices
of rocks,—U. 8. Expl. Exp.
Sagartia lineolata Verrill.
Actinia lineolata (Couthouy MS.) Drayton, op. cit. p. 137, Pl. 3, fig. 22, 1846.
Paractis lineolata Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 248, 1857.
Column, as observed in imperfect expansion, forming a low, de-
pressed, rounded cone, in contraction nearly flat; sides smooth, verti-
cally lined with brown. Tentacles 24, in 2 series, 6 to 8 lines long,
rather stout. Disk small, radiated with whitish lines. Mouth small,
not prominent, circular, retaining its circular form even in contraction ;
its margin with convex folds corresponding with the tentacles.
Column pale ochre, on which are disposed a number of longitudinal
lines of an amber-color, arranged regularly, “a broader one alterna-
ting with two narrower, so as to leave between each of the broader
lines three ochreous ones of the same width.” Near the base the
colors are fainter, giving the appearance of an indistinct zone. Ten-
tacles pale flesh-color.. Disk purplish brown, with flesh-colored lines
extending from the base of the tentacles nearly to the centre. Diam-
eter from °5 to 1°5 inches, rarely more than °5.
Forge Cove, near Orange Harbor, Terra del Fuego, on small stones
just below low-water mark,—J. P. Couthouy, U. 8. Expl. Exp.
* Actinologia Britannica, p. 122.
484 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
This species is said to be very active, frequently changing its posi-
tion, and keeping its tentacles actively in motion. The young were
observed in several instances to be ejected from the mouth.
Sagartia crispata Verrill, sp. nov.
Actinia crispata Bradley, MS.
Base broadly expanded. Column, as observed, in expansion subcyl-
indrical and rather low, but little higher than broad. Edge of disk
deeply undulated or frilled. ‘Tentacles numerous, very small, in about
two rows, close to the edge, the outer row smallest. Acontia nume-
rous and fine, emitted freely. Column light brown above, below mark-
ed with dark olive-brown lines and numerous white blotches on a light
brown ground-color; inner tentacles dark brown, tipped with yellow,
brown, and white; outer row light brown, with white tips. Diameter
of base 1 inch; of column ‘5; height of column 1 inch.
Panama Bay, dredged in 4 to 6 fathoms, on a large murex (Phyllo-
notus),—¥. H. Bradley.
Sagartia carcinophila Verrill, sp. nov.
Base expanded ; column elongated, pillar-like, or subcylindrical, in
full expansion; capable of contracting to a slightly convex disk. Ten-
tacles in two or three rows at the edge of disk (not seen in full expan-
sion), rather short and blunt.
Column “ olive-brown, marked with 24 white longitudinal lines,
alternating at the base with a pair of short white lines in each inter-
space ; tentacles same color with the body, but slightly lighter, marked
near the tip with two oval spots of dark greenish brown.”
Diameter °5 of aft inch; height about 1 inch.
Panama Bay, dredged in 3 or 4 fathoms, adhering to the carapax of
a Hepatus-like crab (Hepatella amica Smith),—F. H. Bradley.
Sagartia Panamensis Verrill, sp. nov.
Column very extensible, expanding to edge of disk, flesh-colored,
translucent, showing the internal lamelle. Disk rather broad, °75 of
an inch in diameter. Tentacles at the edge of the disk, marked with
alternate bands of dark brown and white.
Panama, east reef, on rocks above half-tide,—F. H. Bradley.
Sagartia Bradleyi Verrill, sp. nov.
Column rather short, 35 of an inch in diameter. Tentacles as long
as the diameter of the disk, placed on its edge, in about three rows of
nearly equal length; the inner row of 12, a little longer.
Verriil, Notes on Radiata. 485
Column greenish brown ; tentacles greenish brown, the outer ones
lighter. In other specimens, supposed to be of the same species, the
column is “ flesh-color to olive, base of tentacles, especially outer ones,
often colored white or pale yellow, occasionally with irregular, small,
transverse, white or straw-colored spots on the brown tentacles”
Panama, south reef, near half-tide mark among stones,—F, H.
Bradley.
The specimens in alcohol are broader than high; the tentacles ob-
tuse, not retracted ; the column with strong longitudinal sulcations.
Sagartia nivea Verrill,
Actinia nivea Lesson, Voyage Coquille, p. 81, PI. iii, fig. 8, 1832, Plates, 1826, (non
S. nivea Gosse = S. Gossei Verrill).
Actinia ? nivea Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 247, 1857.
Very changeable in form, often subconical, subcylindrical, or vase-
shaped, or the upper portion of the column may be withdrawn into
the lower by an infolding of the walls near the summit ;* surface very
smooth, very soft to the touch, marked with longitudinal suleations.
Mouth small, roundish oblong, with a semicircular fold at each end.
Tentacles very numerous, crowded at the margin, rather long, fine and
slender. Color bluish white, often more or less mottled with light
brownish.
Height 1 to 1:25 inches, in expansion ; diameter ‘5 to ‘75; length of
tentacles *25 to 40.
Paita, Peru, very common, found by thousands fixed upon the piles
of the wharf in front of the city,—Lesson; Callao, Peru, in vast num-
bers, in the interstices among Discinw, Balani, etc., adhering to the
bottom of an old vessel,—F. H. Bradley.
Several thousand specimens were obtained by Mr. Bradley, and are
in excellent preservation, many of them with the tentacles expanded.
These appear to belong to Lesson’s species, but this cannot be posi-
tively affirmed. Most of these are small, but some, even in partial
contraction, are 14 to 2 inches long; ‘5 to ‘75 in diameter; the tenta-
cles ‘5 of an inch long, when least contracted. The surface is smooth,
or finely wrinkled transversely, the integument thin but firm, often
showing the internal lamelle. The tentacles are very numerous,
crowded, long and slender. Color of column white ; tentacles ia alter-
nating clusters of whitish and dull bluish, in the alcoholic specimens.
* T have also observed this habit in S. modesta V., from Long Island Sound, and
in other species.
486 : Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
As the name, névea, is preoccupied by this species, I propose for the
Sagartia nivea Gosse, of Great Britain, the name, Sagartia Grosse, in
honor of its discoverer.
Sagartia Lessonii Verrill.
Actinia bicolor Lesson, op. cit, p. 78, Pl. iii, fig. 3, 1832, Plates, 1826, (non A. bicolor
Lesueur, 1817).
Actinia (?) bicolor Edw. aud H., Corall., i, p. 246, 1857.
Column vase-shaped, higher than broad, contracted above the base
and then gradually enlarging to the disk, surface smooth, mouth small,
with a slightly thickened border; disk radiated. Tentacles in two
series, crowded at the margin, moderately long, slender, nearly equal.
Color of column snow-white; of tentacles emerald-green.
Height in expansion about 1:25; diameter of column °75; across
expanded tentacles 1:10; length of tentacles ‘35 to °40 of an inch.
Near Paita, Peru, very common,—Lesson.
This species appears to be closely allied to the preceding and may
prove to be identical when reéxamined.
Sagartia (?) Peruviana Verrill.
Actinia Peruviana Lesson, op. cit., p. 75, Pl. ii, fig. 3, 1832, Plates, 1826.
Actinia ? Peruviana HKdw. and H., Corall., i, p. 246, 1857.
Column sub-cylindrical, enlarging from the base to the summit;
surface smooth, sulcated near the base. Disk flat, dilated, mouth large,
oblong, with swollen lips. Tentacles in two series, of moderate length,
subequal, round and somewhat swollen at base, attenuated toward the
end, which is acute.
Color of column bright light green, the folds between the sulcations
near the base brownish; mouth flesh-color; disk clear pale green, with
regular, fine, radiating lines of brown; tentacles rosy white.
Height in expansion 1°75; diameter at base 1-10; at summit 1°40;
length of tentacles °60 to “70 of an inch.
Paita, Peru, in crevices of rocks and buried in sand, common,—
Lesson.
Sagartia (?) nymphea Verrill.
Actinia nymphea Drayton, op. cit., p. 146, Pl. 4, fig. 33, 1846.
Paractis (?) nymphea Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 252, 1857.
Column smooth, dilated above and below, margin of base crenate,
sides with corresponding vertical lines. Tentacles stout, in 3 series,
slender, mouth a little prominent, and a sixth of an inch long. In
contraction the form is a low truncated cone. Column whitish, marked
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 487
with vertical, pale ochreous lines, 1:5 lines apart; disk pale pur-
plish ; tentacles yellow.
Height ‘68 of an inch; breadth of disk and base 1; length of ten-
tacles 16 to ‘20.
Valparaiso, Chili,—U. 8. Expl. Expedition,
Sagartia (?) rubus Verrill.
Actinia rubus Drayton, op. cit., p. 147, Pl. 4, fig. 34, 1846.
Paractis rubus Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 249, 1857.
Column small, smooth, dilated above and below, base crenated, sides
with interrupted vertical lines. Tentacles short, in 2 series, mouth a
little prominent, about a sixth of an inch long. Color of column ash-
brown, vertically marked with slate-colored, dotted lines; tentacles
white; disk rich purple; mouth the same, except that the opening is
whitish.
Height ‘75 of an inch; diameter at base and disk 1; length of ten-
tacles about °20.
Valparaiso, Chilii—U. 8. Expl. Exp.
This species is very near the last, if not identical, which is quite
probable. The principal differences are in color and, apparently, in
the number and length of the tentacles, which appear to be longer
and fewer in this form.
Several other undescribed species of Sagartia are known to occur
on different parts of the coast. One species from Panama is remark-
able for the thinness and transparency of its walls when preserved in
alcohol. It grows to a considerable size, some of the preserved spe-
cimens being 1°5 inches high and 1 in diameter,
Other species were collected at the Gulf of Georgia and well figured
by Mr. A. Agassiz, several years ago.
Nemactis Edw. and Haime, op. cit., p. 282, 1857.
Actinia (pars) Dana, Zoophytes, 1846.
Margin of the disk, outside of the bases of the tentacles, surrounded
by a single circle of bright colored, rounded tubercles. Acontia long
and slender, protruded from the mouth, and perhaps from lateral pores.
The authors of this genus give as one of its characters “ pores situ-
ated near the border of the disk,’—a character which may possibly
exist, but of which there is no proof. In Drayton’s figures acontia
are represented as protruding from the mouth, which, if carelessly ob-
served, might appear to be figured as coming from the sides, but in
the description of A. primula we find it stated that “the threads pass-
Trans. Connecticut Acap., VOL., I. 62 Marca, 1869.
488 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
ing from its mouth are the spermatic cords, which are often protruded
in a relaxed or exhausted state of the animal.”
Nemactis primula Edw and Haime loc. cit.
Actinia primula Drayton, op. cit., p. 134, Pl. 2, fig. 12 to 15, 1846.
Small, scarcely an inch high and broad, slightly dilated above and
below. Tentacles short, 2 or 3 lines long, slender, arranged in 3
series. Mouth somewhat prominent, °33 of an inch long. Column
with vertical colored lines, which are often interrupted.
One variety has a flesh-colored column, with many dark orange, par-
allel vertical lines; tentacles white at base, tips orange; disk yellow-
ish brown; mouth pale flesh-color; tubercles and margin of disk
green. Another is pink at base, bright green above, with vertical
dotted lines of carmine ; disk carmine ; tentacles bright yellow ; mar-
ginal tubercles dull green. In another the outer tentacles are white,
the rest red; disk and mouth light blue; tubercles white. A fourth
variety is white, clouded with pink and green, dotted with crimson ;
outer tentacles white, the rest brilliant carmine ; disk pale lake ; mar-
ginal tubercles green.
Shores of San Lorenzo L., in tide pools,—U. 5. Expl. Expedition.
Nemactis Draytonii Edw. and Haime, op. cit., p. 282.
Actinia primula (pars) Drayton, op. cit., p. 135, PI. 2, fig. 16, 1846.
Form and general appearance as in the preceding, “ with prominent
green tubercles but no distinct tentacles.” Column pale bluish, with
vertical brown lines. Disk bluish white, with brown radii; mouth
reddish.
San Lorenzo,—U. 8. Expl. Expedition.
Nemactis (?) Chilensis Verrill.
Actinia Chilensis Lesson, Voyage Coquille, p. 76, Pl. 2, fig. 5, 1832.
Dysactis Chilensis Kdw. and H., op. cit., p. 262, 1857.
Column, as figured, subconical, decreasing in size from the base up-
ward, marked with vertical sulcations. Disk of moderate size, radi-
ated. Mouth rather large, oblong. Tentacles of moderate length,
slender, subulate, arranged in one row around the margin, about 50
innumber. Fourteen very long, slender, filiform, snow-white organs,
apparently acontia, are represented as emerging from the margin out-
side of the true tentacles. No marginal tubercles are figured.
Color of column light green, with vertical lines of dark green ; disk
pinkish with darker radii; tentacles orange, tinged with crimson.
Height nearly 1 inch; diameter 1:25 ; length of tentacles °35 to *50;
of filiform organs 1°5.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 489
Bay of Taleahuano, Province of Concepcion, Chili, in crevices of
rocks where the waves break with force, at the entrance ; also upon the
shores of Quiriquine Island,—Lesson.
The position of this species is still uncertain. The filiform organs,
represented in the figure, were regarded as an outer series of longer
tentacles by Edw. and Haime. They have, however, much greater
resemblance to acontia in length and slenderness, as well as in color
and irregular number. The general appearance is that of a Sagartian,
but as no marginal tubercles are described or figured, it may not
belong to Nemactis, but in the state of expansion represented the
tubercles might be concealed from view.
Sub-family, Pueriin a Verrill.
Proceedings Essex Inst., v, p. 324, 1868.
Column elongated, covered with a thickened, persistent, epidermal
deposit, except that near the margin, and sometimes close to the base,
the surface is naked and may be retracted within the thickened por-
tion. Acontia very few and seldom emitted,—perhaps entirely want-
ing in some species.
Phellia Gosse.
Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., ser. 3, vol, il, p. 193, 1859; Actin. Britannica, p. 134,
1860; Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., v, p. 325, 1868.
Column mostly covered with a persistent epidermal deposit to
which particles of mud, sand, and dirt of various kinds often firmly
adhere; upper portion, near the margin, naked, smooth. Margin
simple, not tuberculate. Tentacles marginal, in moderate numbers, the
outer ones usually considerably shortest. Acontia observed only in
one or two species, few, sparingly emitted from the mouth, and from
pores near the base.
Phellia inornata Verrill, sp. nov.
Base small, not dilated. Column when contracted obpyriform,
when expanded obconic, the surface covered with adherent grains of
sand. Disk small, wider than base. Tentacles small, arranged in one
row at the margin. Color dirty white throughout.
Height ‘5 inch; diameter of base ‘06; of disk ‘12 of an inch.
Panama and Pearl Islands, on loose shells in 4 or 5 fathoms,—F. H.
Bradley.
Phellia ? rubens Verrill, sp. nov.
Column small, subeylindrical, ‘“ mostly covered with slime.” Ten-
tacles numerous, slender, in one row, “raised on a thin expansion,
490 Verrill, Notes on Radiata,
which forms a wall about °12 of an inch high around the linear mouth,
length equal to two-thirds the diameter of the disk.
Column dull red; tentacles bright scarlet. Height 50 to °75; diam-
eter °25 of an inch.
Zorritos, Peru, attached to a Chama in 4 fathoms,
F. H. Bradley.
The specimens of this species have not been found in the collection
and its generic characters are doubtful.
Phellia Panamensis Verrill, sp. nov.
A large species, with the column much elongated, subcylindrical,
or enlarging upward, capable of great extension or of contracting
into the form of a tall cone by involving the summit ; surface entirely
covered, except on a narrow band below the margin, with a thick and
firm mud-colored epidermis, which is thrown into fine, close, irregular
wrinkles, the intervening spaces appearing like small, irregular papil-
le. Naked space below the margin smoothish in full expansion, more
or less corrugated and with papilliform wrinkles in partial contraction.
Tentacles about 96 in number, the 12 inner ones large and stout, much
larger than the others, which decrease gradually in size to the outer
ones, which are quite small and crowded at the margin. In dissecting
a large specimen, it was found that the 12 septa corresponding to the
12 large inner tentacles, are much larger than the others, with the
inner edges strongly thickened and muscular, and bear the large con-
voluted ovaries throughout nearly their whole length, while the inter-
vening small septa are very narrow, not thickened, and bear no sexual
organs. Color in life unknown. In alcohol the column is mud-colored,
except near the margin, where it is white. Height of the largest
specimen, partly contracted in alcohol, 3 inches ; diameter 1. Another
specimen is 3 inches high and °5 in diameter.
Panama,—F. H. Bradley.
This large and fine species is known only from alcoholic specimens,
most of which have the disk and tentacles expanded.
Phellia arctica Verrill.
Proce. Essex Inst., vol. v, p. 328, 1868.
Arctic Ocean, north of Behring’s Straits, in 30 fathoms,—North
Pacific Expl. Expedition.
This species grows to a pretty large size, and is remarkable for
having, in the only specimen seen, peculiar ova-like bodies imbedded
in the surface of the column.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 491
Subfamily, Actrnrx. Verrill.
Actiniade (family) Gosse, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist, vol. i, p. 416, 1858.
Actiniade and Antheade (families) Gosse, Actin. Brit., p. 171 and 148, 1860.
Actinine and Antheine (subfamilies) Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., v, p. 321 and 322,
1868.
Column smooth, or nearly so, sometimes sulcated vertically. Wall
imperforate and destitute of verruce and suckers. No acontia. Mar-
gin with or without colored tubercles. Tentacles usually numerous,
long, mostly contractile, sometimes non-retractile.
The existence of numerous forms combining the characters of Ae-
tinia and Anthea (Anemonia) appears to require the union of these
seemingly very diverse genera into one subfamily.
Owing to the difficulty in ascertaining the existence of acontia and
lateral pores in preserved specimens, some species referred to the Sa-
gartine may belong here, while some of the species referred here may
belong to Sagartia.
Paractis Edw. and Haime, op. cit., p. 248, (restricted).
Column smooth, imperforate. Tentacles retractile; no marginal
tubercles.
This genus was established for numerous species supposed to have
these characters, but as most of them were known only by figures and
descriptions, many species were wrongly placed in it. Thus of 19
species referred to the genus, some of them doubtfully however, by
Edwards and Haime, at least 12 appear to be Sagartians, and most of
the others are of doubtful affinities.
Whether a genus having the characters assigned to this really ex-
ists, may, therefore, be reasonably doubted. But as species occur
which apparently agree with the diagnosis and cannot well be referred
elsewhere, it may be best to place them provisionally in this genus,
until better known. !
Paractis (?) nobilis Verrill, sp. nov.
Column changeable in form, subcylindrical or somewhat elongated
and pillar-like in expansion, capable of contracting to the form of a low
cone. Surface, in preserved specimens, smoothish in expansion, when
partly contracted the lower part of the column is covered with close,
deep, transverse wrinkles, becoming more irregular and reticulated
above, the upper part with about 48 vertical raised folds or wrinkles,
which by contraction are bent in a zigzag manner. Margin with a
distinct fold, crenated by the vertical folds. Tentacles of moderate
size, about 48 in number.
492 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Height about 1 inch, when partially contracted in aleohol; diame-
ter °5 to 1 inch.
Panama,—F. H. Bradley.
The following description, which is unaccompanied by numbered
specimens, probably refers to this species. “ Body large, 1°5 inches in
diameter; the column fluted, with 48 vertical sulcations, correspond-
ing to lobes of the base and disk. Base 2 inches in diameter. Disk
broad, with wrinkled flutings corresponding with the tentacles; mouth
small. Tentacles 48, in two series of 24 each, slender, 1°5 inches long.
Color of column red; tentacles olive-brown, with a light streak up
the inner side; mouth surrounded by 24 rays of alternating greenish
and reddish brown, running to the tentacles. Grows to a large size.
Specimens were seen 3 inches across the disk, others were reported as
large as 5 inches.”
Panama, on northeast reef, at three-quarters tide,—F. H. Bradley.
Epiactis Verrill, gen. nov.
Integument firm. Column subcylindrical, capable of involving the
summit and contracting into a hemispherical form, with a distinct sub-
marginal fold or “ parapet,” separated from the tentacles by a narrow
fosse ; surface smoothish, in contraction reticulately wrinkled. Near
the base it is surrounded by a circular wrinkle or depression, upon
which there are borne a variable number of young, of various sizes,
appearing as if originating from surface buds, but possibly produced
from ova attached in this place to the skin. These young may be re-
moved without rupture of the integument, although they adhere quite
firmly and leave a depression in the surface of the skin, but there are
no apparent lateral openings in the wall. Tentacles numerous, about
50, in preserved specimens short and thick, arranged in several rows.
Epiactis prolifera Verrill, sp. nov.
Base dilated, crenulate. Column in contraction hemispherical or
subconical, broader than high; surface with fine reticulated wrinkles
above, near the base transversely wrinkled, the uppermost of these
wrinkles more marked and bearing, in all except very small specimens,
a circle of young of various sizes, which vary in number from very
few up to 30 or 40. When most numerous they are closely crowded,
somewhat in two rows. Parapet well marked, its edge rises into
slight ridges between vertical wrinkles. Tentacles in alcoholic speci-
mens short, stout, obtusely rounded at the end, about 50 in number
in the larger specimens, and apparently arranged in several rows and
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 493
somewhat scattered on the disk. Color of column, in alcohol, yellow-
ish brown; the lateral buds or young, white.
Height of the largest specimens, in contraction, ‘4 inch; diameter
of base 5; length of tentacles -1; diameter of lateral buds or young
01 to 08 of an inch.
: .
Puget Sound,—Dr. C. B. Kennerly.
The young borne upon the sides give this Actinian a very singular
appearance, and are very remarkable, since nothing of the kind has,
apparently, been previously observed. Whether they should be re-
garded as buds, or as ova temporarily attached and developed in this
position, I am unable to determine from the preserved specimens, but
in either case they appear to remain attached for a considerable time
and probably derive nutriment from the parent. The smallest observ-
ed have already 6 small tentacles and a slightly prominent mouth ;
the greater number have 12 tentacles and a small protuberant mouth ;
the largest ones are nearly all entirely contracted, but appear to have
24 tentacles, and show the internal radiating lamellz through the walls.
Tn contraction these young are nearly hemispherical. Specimens less
than ‘25 of an inch in diameter have no young upon the sides.
Anactis picta Ehr., Corall. rothen Meeres, p. 45, 1834.
Actinia picta Lesson, op. cit., p. 80, Pl. 3, fig. 6, 1830.
Column depressed, as broad as high; surface smooth, green, show-
ing close vertical lines of darker green; a well marked fold or “ para-
pet” at some distance from the tentacles, the intervening space, in the
figure, appearing like a part of the disk. ‘Tentacles short, reddish
brown; upon the flat buccal disk is a reddish zone, covered with ovals
of orpiment-yellow, placed side by side, and touching by their base,
or only separated on the sides by a small reddish brown ray.”
The figure shows the appearance when not fully expanded. The
buccal disk is contracted and apparently concealed by the partially
retracted tentacles; outside of the tentacles (?) there is a broad flat
area, bordered outwardly by the rounded parapet, and having a light
orange ground-color, with 18 radiating bands of light blue, increasing
in width outwardly, each one bordered on both sides by a row of small
black spots, and with a circle of similar small spots connecting them
together at the outer ends, just within the parapet.
Diameter about 1 inch; height a little less.
Paita, Peru, not common,—Lesson.
The true characters and the position of this species are very doubtful.
It may belong to the Sagartinw, near Nemactis Draytonii, ov it may
494 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
be allied to Asteractis, the figure and description not being accurate
enough to determine. The name, Anactis, was given under the im-
pression that it has no tentacles, and in fact it is not certain whether
the lines in the central part of the figure are intended to represent
tentacles or lines on the disk.
Sub-order, ZOANTHACEA Verrill.
Proceedings Essex Inst., vol. iv, p. 147, 1865; ditto, vol. v, p. 316, 1868.
Polyps mostly compound, increasing by budding, permanently at-
tached by the base, which is generally small, and by stolon-like or
membranous expansions from which the buds arise, in compound spe-
cies. Walls but slightly muscular, the summit capable of involution
with the tentacles.
In all the species of this suborder, which have been dissected, pe-
culiar flattened organs, having a curved or crescent-shaped form and
a transversely striated surface, are found attached to the principal ra-
diating lamellze, near the base of the stomach. These were first de-
scribed and figured by Lesueur, who called them “ arcuated organs ”
and supposed them to have the functions of a liver. Dana described
them more fully and supposed that they might be branchial organs.
The latter view seems most probable, when we consider the character
of the outer integument in these animals, which is always thick and
firm and often indurated by adhering grains of sand, thus preventing
it from acting as an effectual organ of respiration, as it does in most
Actinide. Nor is this want supplied by large tentacles, or by branch-
ing tentacvliform organs seen in many Actinians. Therefore there
appears to be a necessity for some special branchial organs, but care-
ful examinations of living or fresh specimens can alone determine
positively whether the “arcuated organs” are of this nature.
This group appears to include three families: Zoanthide, in which
the buds arise from basal stolons or membranes; Bergide, in which
the stolons arise from the sides above the base; and Orinide, which
remain simple and have tubular openings upon the disk, through
which thread-like organs (acontia ?) are said to be emitted. Perhaps
the simple forms referred to Zsaura or Hughea may be admitted as a
fourth family when more fully studied, but at present no sufticient
characters can be given, since all Zoanthide must, at first, be simple.
The genus Sphenopus, referred to this group by Gray, is a free form
and appears to be more closely allied to Hdwardsia.
——-_ =.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 495
Family, Zoanratpa: Dana.
Zoanthina (family) Ehr., Corall., des rothen Meeres, p. 45, 1834.
Zoanthine (subfamily) Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 298, 1857; (pars) Duch. and Mich.,
op. cit., p. 49, 1860,
Zoanthide (family) Dana, Zodph., p. 417, 1846; Gosse, Actin. Brit., p. 295, 1860;
Verrill, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., i, p. 34; Proc. Essex Inst., v, p. 316, 1868.
Polyps attached by the base, usually compound, the buds arising
either trom basal stolons or broad expansions. Integument either
smooth and naked, or thickened with imbedded and firmly adherent
grains of sand.
In the number and arrangement of the internal lamelle and tenta-
cles, this family, and perhaps, also, the entire suborder, departs from the
ordinary rule among Actinaria and Madreporaria, The tentacles sel-
dom appear to present regular cycles in multiples of six. They are
ordinarily arranged in two alternating circles, each having the same
number, which is often an odd number, the entire number being, there-
fore, an even number, and the new tentacles appear to be introduced
in pairs at one side and symmetrically to a median plane passing
through the odd tentacles and the longer axis of the mouth and
stomach.
Mammillifera Lesueur.
Journal Phil. Academy, vol. i, p. 178, 1817; Ehr., op. cit., p. 36; Duch. and Mich.,
Corall., des Antilles p. 51, 1860.
Palythoa (pars) Dana, Zodph., p. 422, 1846; Edw. and Haime, Corall., i, p. 301, 1857.
Compound, increasing by buds that arise from broad, membranous,
basal expansions, which at times may become in some parts narrow and
more or less linear, covering broad surfaces of stones, etc. Polyps
rather low, subcylindrical, or subeampanulate with a narrow base, in
contraction forming rounded verruce, or low mammiform promi-
nences, Tissues throughout fleshy and smooth, covered with mucus,
but not agglutinating sand.
By the smooth soft tissue of the polyps and basal membranes, this
genus is more nearly allied to typical Zoanthus, than to Palythoa
( Corticifera), which has its integuments thickened by a layer of sand.
From Zoanthus it differs mainly in having smaller, shorter, or more
sessile polyps, and in the tendency to form continuous basal membranes,
instead of linear stolons, but the latter character is not invariable even
in the same species. The tentacles are usually shorter and less numer-
ous.
Trans. Connecticut Acap., VOL. I. 63 Marcu, 1869.
496 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Mammillifera Dane Verrill.
Zoantha Danai LeConte, Proc. Philad. Acad. Nat. Science, v, p. 320, 1851.
Zoanthus (Mammillifera) Dane Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist, x, p. 329, 1866.
The original description is as follows: “ pallide purpurascens, ten-
taculis brevissimis, crassitie non longioribus, disco viridi, extrorsum
purpurascente, ore parvo purpureo-marginato, tentaculis externis basi
pallidis. Diam. disei 25 unc.”
“ Remarkable for the shortness of the tentacula, which, when fully
extended, are scarcely longer than the diameter of their base. The
disk is radiately rugose, brilliant green, margined both internally and
xternally with purple. The root is broad, the animals closely asso-
ciated, capable of extending 1°25 inches.”
The specimens referred to this species form broad patches, covering
the surface of rocks, the basal expansion being mostly continuous, but
occasionally, in some parts, taking the form of broad irregular sto-
lons, rarely linear for a short distance. The basal membrane and sur-
faces of the polyps are smooth and soft, without any adhering sand.
The polyps in preserved specimens are closely arranged, but usually
not so crowded as to be in contact, and vary in height from °2 to ‘5 of
aninch; diameter of mature polyps is usually about °2 of an inch, Col-
umn sub-cylindrical, with a rounded top when contracted, or low and
mammiliform. Tentacles, in specimens dissected, 46 to 54 in number,
in two regular rows, very short, thick, and obtuse, in the largest speci-
mens in two alternating rows of 27 each. Inside of the bases of the
inner tentacles, but alternating with them, are 27, small, oblong, tuber-
cles, which are, therefore, opposite the outer tentacles. Disk strongly
radiated.
In the interior the lamelle are arranged bilaterally, 21 broad ones
bearing the peculiar “ arcuated organs” (branchiv ?) below the stom
ach; in the spaces between each pair of these there is usually one nar
row lamella, but in two adjacent spaces on one side there are three
intervening lamella, and in two other spaces, placed symmetrically in
respect to the median plane, there are two small lamelle. This
arrangemant is, therefore, nearly the same as in JZ. auricula, as fig-
ured by Lesueur.* It would appear, therefore, that the lamellze and
tentacles increase by pairs, introduced one on each side of the median
plane passing through the longer axis of the mouth and stomach, as
observed in Arachnactis by Mr. A. Agassiz.+
* Journal Philadelphia Academy, i, Pl. viii, fig. 3.
+ Journal Boston Soe. Natural History, vol. vii, p. 525, 1863.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 497
The branchiform organs are dark greenish, broad, short, strongly
arched.
Panama,—LeConte; Pearl Islands,—F. H. Bradley.
Mammillifera nitida Verrill.
Polyps close together on a broad basal membrane, rather tall, sub-
cylindrical, with a smooth soft surface ; height, of preserved specimens,
30 to 40; diameter ‘12 to °15 of an inch. Tentacles, in the specimen
dissected, 54, rather long, slender, pointed. Color, in alcohol, dark
greenish.
Acajutla, San Salvador,—F. H. Bradley.
The slenderness and length of the tentacles will distinguish this
species from the preceding.
Mamumillifera conferta Verrill, sp. nov.
Polyps so closely crowded upon the basal membrane that they are
usually in contact and pressed into polygonal forms. Column in con-
traction, low, rounded, mammilliform, about as broad as high. Sur-
face smooth, showing the internal lamellz through the walls. Tenta-
cles, in the specimens dissected, about 54, very short, like small, rounded
papille, arranged in two regular series. Color, in alcohol, nearly
white. Height, in contraction, °08 to ‘12; diameter ‘10 to *12 of an
inch.
San Salvador,—-Capt. J. M. Dow; Acapulco,—A. Agassiz.
This species covers the surface of shells, etc., with its crowded
polyps, which are usually so close together as to entirely conceal the
basal membrane.
Epizoanthus Gray (sens. mod.). (GrmMartA, Ist Ed.).
Gemmaria Duch. and M., Corall. des Antilles, p. 55, 1860 (non McCrady).
Palythoa (pars) Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 301, 1857.
Epizoanthus and Gemmaria Gray, Proc. Zool. Soe. London, 1867, p. 237.
Polyps arising from a broad, thin, basal membrane, sometimes cov-
ering dead shells occupied by hermit-crabs. Column more or less ele-
vated ; surface indurated by a layer of firmly adherent grains of sand,
Epizoanthus elongatus Verrill. (GEMMARIA ELONGATA, Ist Ed.).
Basal membrane thin, encrusting rocks. Polyps very unequal in
size and height, mostly elongated, not crowded, separated usually by
distances less than the diameter of base. Column tall, sub-cylindrical,
often constricted somewhat at base, transversely wrinkled, the surface
covered throughout by a nearly uniform layer of small grains of sand,
Tentacles, in specimens dissected, numerous, about 46, in two rows,
498 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
elongated, small, slender, acute, each one having a small tubercle out-
side of its base.
Color, in alcohol, dark yellowish brown beneath the sandy layer,
which is composed of differently colored grains. In a specimen dis-
sected there were 42 internal lamelle, of which 15 bore convoluted
cords on the lower half.
Height of the larger polyps ‘30 to ‘40; diameter 10 to *12 of an inch.
Zorritos, Peru; and Pearl Islands,—F. H. Bradley.
Epizoanthus humilis Verrill, sp. nov. (GEMMARIA HUMILIS, Ist Ed.).
Basal membrane continuous, thin, but firm. Polyps very unequal
in size, closely arranged, usually in contact at base, low, in contraction
forming rounded verrue, which are often broader than high. Sur-
face covered with a thin layer of fine sand, at the top of the contracted
polyps showing about 12, distinct, radiating suleations. Color light
yellowish brown, when preserved in aleohol. Height of largest polyps,
contracted in alcohol, ‘06 to ‘08; diameter ‘08 to *10 of an inch.
Panama,—F’. H. Bradley.
Epizoanthus crassus Verrill. sp. nov. (GEMMARIA CRaSssA, Ist Ed.).
Polyps large, elongated, subcylindrical; surface, in contraction,
strongly wrinkled transversely, and covered with a thick layer of fine
sand; summit with about 20 strong suleations, which radiate from the
centre of the involved summit. Integument thick and firm, Tenta-
cles about 66, acute, moderately long, with a small papilliform tuber-
cle, or secondary tentacle, in front of the base, and a larger, tentaculi-
form tubercle outside the base of each, the latter bearing sand on its
outer surface,
Height of contracted polyps 1:25; diameter °25 of’ an inch.
Acajutla, San Salvador,—F. H. Bradley.
The specimen dissected had a very large cavity below the stomach,
with 66, narrow, radiating lamelle, which suddenly become broad near
the base, meeting at the centre and nearly filling the cavity. The
ovaries were attached to the broad portion, and the parts filled with
enlarged eggs rose upward into the cavity, the eggs being arranged
in single series.
The marginal processes outside each of the tentacles were larger
than the true tentacles, broad, laterally compressed, rounded at tips,
the outer edge covered with sand; below their bases the sand grains
were aggregated in masses, as if attached to small papillae. The pa-
pill in front of the bases of the tentacles were nearly half as long as
the tentacles and similar in form.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 499
Sub-order, ANTIPATHACEA.
Antipathina (family) Ehr., op. cit., p. 154, 1834.
Antipothacea (tribe) Dana, Zoéph., p. 574, 1846.
Antipatharia (suborder) Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 311, 1857.
Antipathacea (suborder) Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, p. 147, 1865.
Polyps short, arising by budding from a common basal membrane,
which secretes an internal horn-like axis, or support, from its internal
surface, similar to the axis of Gorgonide. ‘Tentacles few and simple,
6 to 24 in number.
This suborder appears to include but two families: Antipathide
in which the polyps have 6 tentacles; and Gerardide, in which they
have 24. The living polyps have been observed, however, in but few
species, and when better known it may become necessary to establish
other families.
Family, Anriparuipa Dana, Zodph., p. 574.
Polyps with 6 tentacles. Axis simple or variously branched; usu-
ally black, with the surface more or less spinulose, sometimes smooth,
not sulcated.
Antipathes Pallas (restricted).
Elenchus Zodphytorum, p. 205, 1766; Edw. and H., Corall., i, p. 314, 1857.
Axis much branched and subdivided ; the branchlets not coalescent.
Surface of the branchlets spinulose.
This genus, which is here adopted as restricted by Edwards and
Haime, is not yet satisfactorily circumscribed, since generic characters
derived only from the mode of growth and branching are always
unsatisfactory in classifying compound Zodphytes. It is probable
that when more of the species shall have been examined in the living
state, or when the microscopic structure of the preserved specimens
shall have been more fully investigated, it will become necessary to
remodel the genera of this family.
Antipathes Panamensis Verrill, sp. nov.
Corallum arborescently and densely branched and finely subdivided ;
the small branches mostly bipinnate and tripinnate. The trunk is
quite stout and subdivides in an irregularly arborescent manner into
many secondary branches, which divide in the same way. ‘The result-
ing small branches arise in large numbers along the sides of the larger
branches, at distances of ‘08 to :20 of an inch, many of them remain-
ing small, simple or sparingly divided branchlets, but mostly subdi-
viding in a pinnate, bipinnate, or even tripinnate manner. The final
500 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
branchlets are ‘08 or ‘10 of an inch apart, small, slender, rather short,
rarely more than ‘15 long without branches, scarcely ‘02 in diameter.
Their surface is densely covered with small, sharp spinules, which are
directed obliquely outward and toward the tips of the branchlets.
Color of the trunk and main branches dull brownish black; branch-
lets very dark brown.
Height 13 inches; breadth 10; diameter of trunk °50; of main
branches 15 to ‘25 of an inch.
Pearl Islands, brought from 6 to 8 fathoms by pearl divers,—F. H.
Bradley.
Order MADREPORARIA Verrill, from Edw. and Haime (restricted).
Madrepora (genus) (pars) Linnzeus; Pallas; Ellis; Esper, ete.
Polypiers lamelliferes (pars) Lamarck, 1816; Lamouroux, 1821.
Zoanthaires pierreux Blainville, 1830.
Actinaria (suborder) (pars) Dana, Zodphytes, 1846; Gosse, Actin. Brit., 1860.
M idreporaris (pars) (suborder of Zoantharia) Edw. and Haime, Corall., vol. ii, p. 4,
1857, (includes Milleporide and other Hydroids); Vermll, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., vol. i, p. 14, 1864, (excludes Hydroid Tubulata).
Actinaria (order) (pars) Agassiz, Contributions to Nat. Hist. U. S., vol. i, p. 151,
1857; vol. iii, p. 60, 1860, (includes both Actinaria and Madreporaria, excluding
Tabulata and Rugosa).
Madreporaria (order) Verrill, Proceedings Essex Inst, vol. iv, p. 145, Feb., 1865;
and vol. vy, p. 18, May, 1866; A. and Mrs. EK. C. Agassiz, Sea-side Studies, after
May, 1865.
Polyps simple, or compound by budding and self-division, the basal
region imperfectly developed and serving only for attachment ; never
locomotive. Tentacles and spheromeres usually in multiples of six,
the tentacles simple, tubular, generally covered with stinging organs
(lasso-cells), which are grouped in clusters on the surface. The lower
part of the outer wall and usually the radiating walls of the internal
chambers, or the connective tissue in these chambers, secrete carbonate
of lime and thus form stony corals, consisting essentially of a more or
less circular cell, with radiating internal septa, which correspond in
number and position with the tentacles,
Suborder, MADREPORACEA Dana (restricted).
Madreporacea (tribe) (pars) Dana, Zodphytes, p. 428, 1846.
Madreporaria perforata Kdw. and Haime, Corall., iii, p. 89, 1857.
M idreporaria (suborder) Verrill, Mem. Bost. Soc., i, p. 14, 1864.
Madreporacea (suborder) Proc. Essex Inst., iv, p. 147, 1865; ditto, v, p. 19, 1866.
Tentacles mostly long, in limited numbers, often but 12, marginal,
the disk small, the tentacles therefore concentrated near the mouth,
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 501
upper part of the polyps elongated, cylindrical, much exsert above the
cells when expanded, but capable of contracting into them; growth
chiefly vertical. Coral porous, chiefly mural and septal; sometimes
simple, but generally compound by budding, rarely by fissiparity.
Family, Maprerorip#® Dana.
Zodphytes, U. 8. Exploring Expedition, p. 431, 1846.
Madreporide (pars) and Poritide (pars) Edw. and H., Corall., iii, p. 89 and 207,
1860.
Corals always compound, increasing by budding, consisting of small,
elongated, tubular corallites, which have very deep, open cells, and
are united by an abundant, porous ccenenchyma. The corallites are
‘usually of two sorts in each species: in Montipora differing on the
opposite sides of folicaceous species; in Madrepora the terminal one
on each branch differing from the lateral. Within the cells are six or
twelve radiating septa, often rudimentary, but usually continuous.
Polyps small, tubular, exsert, with twelve tentacles.
This family, as limited by Prof. Dana, appears to be a very natural
one, and includes but two genera: Madrepora and Montipora. These
have been widely separated by Edwards and Haime, who refer the
former as a subfamily, Jadreporine, to their large family Madrcpori-
dw, which includes also Hupsammide and Turbinaride, both of which
ought to rank as families. Jontipora they unite with Psammocora
into a subfamily, JWontiporine, which is referred to Poritide.
But the Poritide are destitute of the abundant ceenenchyma and
deep cells, characteristic of Madrepora and Montipora. The resem-
blance between certain species of these two genera, both in appear-
ance and structure, is very close, the chief difference being that in
Madrepora there is usually a terminal, or leading polyp at the end of
each branch, which is not the case in Montipora. In each genus there
are branching, foliaceous, encrusting, and massive species. The resem-
blance in the living polyps, as observed by Dana, is equally close.
The great genus, MWadrepora, so abundant in species and individu-
als in the West Indies and on the Atlantic coast of Central America,
and especially in the central Pacific, Kast Indies, Indian Ocean, and
Red Sea, appears to be entirely wanting on the west coast of Amer-
ica, and the genus MVontipora, which is abundant in the Indo-Pacific
region, but entirely wanting in the Atlantic, is represented only by
one species.
502 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Montipora Blainville (emended).
Montipora and Porites (pars) Blainv., Dict. des sci. naturelle, t. lx, 1830; Manuel
diactinol., p. 388, 1834.
Montipora Quoy and Gaimard, Voy. Astrolabe, Zodph., p. 247, 1833.
Manopora Dana, Zobph., p. 489, 1846.
Alvespora Kdw. and Haims, Polyp. foss. des terr. pal., p. 146, 1851, (non Blainville).
Montipora Edw. and H., Corall., iii, p. 267, 1860.
Corallum various in form, glomerate-massive, encrusting, foliaceous,
lobate, or branching. Corallites small, scattered over the surface,
either immersed, or with irregular, somewhat raised, lacerate, or spin-
ulose borders. Ccenenchyma abundant, porous or spongy, usually
echinulate at the surface, and often rising into papilliform processes,
ridges, or crests between the cells; usually very different on the two
surfaces. Cells small, widely separated, deep, without columella or
pali. Septa little developed, either six or twelve, often trabicular, the
secondary, when present, smaller than the primary ones. Polyps with
twelve short tentacles.
Montipora fragosa Verrill, sp. nov.
Corallum sub-ramose or lobate, forming irregular conglomerate
masses, which become elevated, and at the summit divide into small
unequal, somewhat acute, very papillose branches, or into large, ex-
panded, flat-topped lobes, which are scarcely papillose above. The
papillze on the branches and outer sides of the lobes are very slender
and elongated, unequal, roughly spinulose, and directed obliquely up-
ward. The cells are distinctly scattered among the papillae, small
(about *02 inch), very inconspicuous, with six distinct septa. Toward
the summits of the lobes the papillz are appressed to the surface and
become indistinct. On the broad summits of the nearly flat lobes
there are no papille and the surface is nearly even, having a very
open, porous, or spongy structure, with few indistinct, immersed cells.
On the smaller lobes and depressed parts of the larger ones the surface
rises into small rounded lobules, or large rounded varruce, with an
openly spinulose, lacerate surface. Color of the unbleached coral
brownish yellow, in some parts pinkish. Height 3:4 inches; breadth
at top 4; diameter of branches °25 to °75; of larger lobes 1°75 ; length
of free branches 50 to 80; length of longest papillae :10; diameter
‘01 to °02 of an inch.
“ California,’—Maj. Wm. Rich. Probably from the Gulf of Cali-
fornia.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 508
This curious coral is known only by one specimen, which is, perhaps,
in some respects abnormal. It is possible that the broad flat tops of
the lobes are produced by the shallowness of the water in which it
grew, or by some other disturbing cause. Therefore the structure
upon the branching part, which does not rise so high, is probably more
characteristic. It was collected by Maj. Rich and received with
Allopora Californica V. and several Gorgonide. The latter are
from La Paz, Gulf of California, which is very likely the locality of
this species.
Family, Porrmp« Dana.
Dana, Zodphytes, p. 549, 1846.
Poritide (pars) (Poritine) Edw. and Haime, Corall., ITI, p. 173, 1860.
Polyps elongated, crowded, secreting from their lower parts con-
tinuous and very porous corals, with shallow cells, from which in
expansion the polyps are much exsert, with slender, flexible bodies
and 12 to 24 tentacles, rarely more. Corallum massive, glomerate,
encrusting, lobate, or branched, consisting of crowded corallites,
united completely together by their very porous and often indistinct
walls. Cells superficial or shallow, with porous septa, often repre-
sented only by series of small spinules or trabicule ; transverse septa
very rudimentary. Budding generally sub-marginal or interstitial.
Porites Lamarck (restricted).
Porites (pars) Lamarck, Hist. des anim. sans vert., t. II, p. 267, 1816; 2nd edit., ii,
p. 432.
Madrepora (subgenus Porites) (pars) Ehrenberg, Corall. roth. Meeres, p. 115, 1834.
Porites Dana, Zodphytes, p. 550, 1846; Edw. and Haime, Corall., III, p. 173, 1860.
Porites and Neoporites Duch. and Mich., Supl. Corall. des Antilles, 1864-6.
Corallum glomerate, lobed or dichotomously branched, very porous,
with a rudimentary basal epitheca. Cells shallow, crowded, usually
distinctly polygonal ; walls thin and imperfect, or very porous; septa
generally 12, sometimes 12 to 20, rarely 24, slightly developed, trabic-
ular, or very porous, the edge consisting of small granules or papille.
A circle of 5, 6 or more small papille, or paliform teeth, often
scarcely distinct from the septal papilla, surround a small, central
papilliform columella, which is sometimes wanting or scarcely distinct.
Polyps small, exsert, with twelve tentacles.
Neoporites, a subdivision of this genus proposed by Duchassaing
and Michelotti does not seem to be well founded. The characters
assigned appear to be of little importance and are not always con-
stant in the same species, while intermediate species frequently occur.
TRANS. CONNECTICUT ACAD., VOL. I. 64 APRIL, 1870.
504 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
It was based on the massive mode of growth and rudimentary pali,
but in the following massive species the pali are well developed.
Porites Californica Verrill, sp. nov.
Corallum encrusting, glomerate, irregularly lobed, or sub-ramose ;
the lobes or branches coarse, short, rounded at top, often compressed,
or confluent into wide irregular lobes, usually ‘50 to 75 of an inch
thick. Cells rather large, mostly separated by very porous walls of
moderate thickness, distinctly excavate, but not deep. Septa thin,
rough, sparingly spinosely granulated on the sides. Columella rudi-
mentary, spongy, often wanting, surrounded by a circle of five or six,
small, prominent pali.
Height 3 to 5 inches; diameter 6 to 8 or more; length of lobes or
branches *5 to 1°5; thickness 50 to °75; diameter of polyp-cells -04
of an inch.
Gulf of California near La Paz, living in 4 or 5 fathoms, from divers,
and worn specimens common on the beach,—Capt. J. Pedersen.
Porites porosa Verrill, sp. nov.
Corallum encrusting, irregularly lobed and branched, much as in the
preceding ; lobes often rounded at top. Polyp-cells rather small and
shallow, crowded, separated by thin, fragile, very porous, roughly spin-
ulose and lacerate walls. Septa little developed, thin, narrow, the
edge roughly spinulose or lacerate, the sides with small spinule-like
granulations. Pali five to seven, slender, prominent, roughly spin-
ulose at top. Columella small, porous, little developed, often wanting.
Occasionally a larger cell with 24 septa and 12 pali occurs. Color
of the unbleached coral dark yellowish brown.
Height 3 to 4 inches; diameter about the same; thickness of the
lobes °5 to 1 inch; diameter of cells -03 to -04 of an inch.
Gulf of California, near La Paz, with the last,—Capt. J. Pedersen.
Resembles the preceding, but is easily distinguished by the unusu-
ally porous texture, very thin walls and septa, and crowded cells.
Porites excavata Verrill, sp. nov.
Corallum encrusting, becoming thick, glomerate, massive, and form-
ing irregular hemispheres. Texture rather light and finely porous,
but firm. Polyp-cells rather large, polygonal or rounded, well defined,
deep and excavate, separated by rather firm, regular, moderately
thick, elevated walls, which are thickly covered with coarse, rough
granules. Septa very distinct, narrow at summit, wide below, extend-
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 505
ing to the columella, varying in number from 10 to 24, commonly 15
to 18, the edge lacerate, the sides roughly granulous. Pali 5 to 12,
small but prominent, roughly spinulose or granulous. Columella
little developed, trabicular, frequently wanting. Color of unbleached
coral dull brownish yellow.
Diameter 8 inches ; height 4; diameter of cells ‘05 to 06 of an inch.
Pearl Islands, 4 to 6 fathoms, by divers, two specimens,—F. H.
Bradley.
The large, deep, regular cells readily distinguish this species from
the others here described. There is no very closely allied Atlantic
species. The increased number of septa is a very remarkable
character.
Porites Panamensis Verrill.
Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. x, p. 329, 1866
Corallum encrusting, usually forming broad, rather thin, somewhat
convex, irregular, uneven masses; sometimes completely surrounding
small pebbles and thus becoming sub-globular. Polyp-cells small,
crowded, a little excavate, rather shallow, but very distinct, separated
by rather thin, roughly granulous, porous, but firm, walls. Septa
mostly 12, well developed, narrowed and somewhat thickened out-
wardly, the sides very thickly covered with coarse, rough, lacerate
granules, the edge also rough and lacerate. Pali small and rather
stout, roughly lacerately granulous. Columella small, inconspicuous,
often wanting. Color of unbleached coral dark ash-brown.
Polyps when expanded exsert, with twelve equal, cylindrical, light
brown tentacles, not swollen at the tips, which are white,—F. H. B.
Diameter of the larger masses 4 to 6 inches; thickness ‘5 to 1°5;
diameter of polyp-cells about °03 of an inch.
Panama and Pearl Islands, in rocky pools and in patches over the
bottom just below low-water mark,—F. H. Bradley.
Easily distinguished by the small cells and very rough walls and
septa.
Porites nodulosa Verrill, sp. nov.
Corallum much subdivided into small, short, crowded, and _ fre-
quently coalescent branches, which are rounded and usually not
much longer than thick, and form low, crowded clumps. Cells
moderately large, shallow, but clearly defined, separated by thin,
roughly lacerate and porous walls. Septa usually twelve, roughly
lacerate and spinulose, the sides covered with sharp, rough granules.
506 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Pali 5 or 6, short and stout, roughly spinulose. Columella little devel-
oped, spongy or trabicular. Diameter of the larger clumps 3 to 4
inches; height about 2; diameter of branches mostly °25 to °35;
diameter of polyp-cells about 04 or °05 of an inch,
La Paz, not uncommon on the beach, but mostly badly worn,—
Capt. J. Pedersen.
Family, Evpsammip# Edw, and Haime.
Caryophyllide (pars) Dana, Zodphytes, p. 364, 1846.
Eupsammide (family) Edw. and Haime, Annals des Sci. Nat., ser. 3, x, p. 65, 1848.
Eupsammine (subfamily) Edw. and Haime, Corall., iii, p. 90, 1860.
Eupsammide (family) Vernll, Proc. Essex Inst., v, p. 28, 1866.
Corallum simple or compound, massive or variously branched.
Compound species increase by lateral, basal, and sometimes inter-
stitial budding ; but the genera Lobopsammia and Heteropsammia
by fissiparity. Most genera are without distinct caenenchyma ; but
in the genera, Astropsammia and Pachypsammia* the cenenchyma
is well developed and spongy. Corallites generally elongated, cylin-
drical, or somewhat turbinate, and usually with deep cells. Walls
porous, especially near the summit, generally covered by vertical rows
of granular nodules, so united as to leave irregular openings and pores
between them, often producing a vermiculate structure; sometimes
forming distinct cost; sometimes nearly even and solid toward the
base.
Septa well developed, lamellar, generally forming four or five cycles,
those of the first largest, usually with entire edges; those of the last
cycle are often more developed than those of the preceding cycle and
curved toward and united to them, or united together in pairs in
front of them. In some genera those of the penultimate cycle are also
curved toward the preceding, and sometimes even those of the ter-
tiary cycle are curved toward those of the secondary. Owing to
these peculiarities of arrangement, the septa never radiate in a
regular manner from the center, as in most other families, but usually
have an elegant star-like and symmetrical arrangement. Internal
transverse plates or dissepiments between the septa are either want-
ing or distant and imperfect, rarely well developed ; in Astropsammia
all are often at one level in the different interseptal spaces, thus com-
pletely shutting off the space below. Columella always present,
usually well developed and spongy, or haying a cancellate structure,
* Pachypsammia valida Verrill, from Hong Kong. Procedings Essex Institute, vol.
v, p. 30, 1866. By error printed ‘‘ Pachysammia.”
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 507
Polyps elongated, when expanded exsert, rising above the coral,
but capable of retracting into the cells. Tentacles as numerous as the
septa, elongated. Colors of living polyps generally bright, often
red or orange.
Dendrophyllia Blainville.
Caryophyllia (pars) Lamarck, Syst. anim. sans vert., p. 370, 1801; Hist. anim. sans
vert., li, p. 228, 1816; 2d edit., ii, p. 344.
Lithodendron (pars) Schweigger, Handb. der naturg.
Dendrophyllia Blainville, Dict. des sci. nat., lx, p. 320, 1830; Man. d’actinologie,
1834; Dana, Zodphytes, p. 386; Edw. and Haime, Coralliaires, iii, p. 112.
Oculina (pars) Ehrenberg. Coral. des rothen Meeres, p. 78, 1834.
Coralluin compound, low and corymbose or czespitose, or high and
arborescently branched; budding lateral or sub-basal. Corallites
rather large, cylindrical, more or less elongated. Walls subcostate
near the cells, covered with rough vermiculate grains in rows, with
irregular spaces between, which become more irregular and often
curved or variously bent below.
Polyp-cells subcircular, deep; septa scarcely projecting above the
margin, rather thin, forming four complete cycles. Columella usually
pretty well developed, often convex.
Dendrophyllia surcularis Verrill.
Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xii, p. 393, 1869.
Corallum low, rounded above, consisting of a large number of diver-
gent, elongated, cylindrical corallites; varying greatly in size and
length, and all united together intoa thick base, which, on the sides, is
seen to be made up of numerous, short and thick, closely branched
trunks, partially united together laterally; the buds arise from all
parts of the sides, and from the common basal tissue between the
corallites of the upper surface; many of the longer corallites also
bud on the sides and near the summit. The largest corallites are
‘6 to 8 of an inch in diameter, and project 1 to 1-4 above the base.
Walls thin, very porous, covered externally with fine, subequal, sca-
brous coste. Polyp-cells subcircular, very deep and open, oiten
nearly as deep as broad, the septa not projecting above the margin.
Septa in four complete cycles, often with narrow rudimentary septa
of the fifth cycle. Primary and secondary septa nearly equal, narrow,
thin, the lower part perpendicular, the upper part narrowed rapidly
to the edge of the cell; those of the third cycle similar but smaller ;
those of the fourth much narrower, except far within the cell, where
they join the columella; those of the fifth very narrow and thin.
508 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
None of the septa unite together within, so far as can be seen from
the surface, but those of the fourth and fifth cycles are slightly bent.
Columella well developed, with a regular convex surface, composed of
a fine, spongy tissue. Color of the unbleached coral nearly black.
Height 3 inches; breadth 5°25.
Pearl Islands, Bay of Panama, brought from six to eight fathoms
by divers,—F. H. Bradley.
Dendrophyllia tenuilamellosa Verrill.
Cenopsammia tenuilamellosa Edw. and Haime, Annals des Sci. Nat., vol. x, p. 110,
Pl. I, fig. 11, 1848; Coralliaires, vol. ili, p. 128, 1860.
Corallum forming low, rounded, convex clumps, consisting of an
aggregation of unequal cylindrical corallites, which are all united
together at base in a solid mass, and sometimes partially united
laterally. Polyp-cells deep, circular or nearly so, with thin margin.
Septa thin, in four cycles, with rudiments of the fifth in some of the
larger corallites; primaries a little broader than secondaries, but
similar in form, narrowed toward the summit, nearly or quite reaching
the columella below, the edge nearly entire, the sides smoothish, with
lines of small granules. Septa of the third cycle very narrow ; those
of the fourth very thin and narrow, the edge divided into slender
spinules, they curve toward and join those of the third about midway
between the wall and columella; those of the fifth cycle, when pres-
ent, are very small and rudimentary. Columella well developed, a
little prominent, occupying about a third of the breadth of the cell,
composed of convoluted and cortorted porous plates. Transverse
plates between the septa few and distant. Walls thin, porous, with
somewhat regular, unequal, rounded cost, which are roughly granu-
ous and separated by deep irregularly pitted grooves. Tissue of the
basal mass very openly porous and irregularly ribbed and _ pitted.
Color of the unbleached coral dark brown, or blackish.
Height of larger specimens 2 to 2°5 inches; diameter 2 to 5; height
of larger corallites -25 to 50; diameter °35 to 40; depth °25 to °30.
Panama and Pearl Islands, at and just below low-water mark and
in tide-pools,—F. H. Bradley ; La Paz,—J. Pedersen ; Acapuleco,—A.
Agassiz,
This is very closely allied to D. surcularis, but is a much smaller
species. The polyp-cells appear to be never more than half as large.
The septa, though about as numerous, are not so well developed.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 509
Astropsammia Verrill.
Proceedings Boston Society of Nat. History, xii, p. 892, 1869.
Corallum massive, consisting of Astrzea-like corallites, united quite
to their summits by an abundant, very porous cenenchyma. Walls
scarcely distinct from the c@nenchyma, very porous. Septa in four
cycles, with some members of a fifth, those of the fourth uniting to
those of the third. Columella usually well developed, composed of
loose, convoluted and twisted lamelle and trabicule. Cells at times
shallow, the interseptal spaces cut off below by thin transverse septa,
which often coincide in all the chambers. Budding chiefly marginal
and interstitial.
This genus is very remarkable for its abundant cenenchyma, which
is almost exceptional in the family, Aupsammide.
Astropsammia Pedersenii Verrill, loc. cit.
Corallum massive, convex above, covered with large, unequal, round
cells, which scarcely rise above the surface, unequally separated by an
abundant, very openly and coarsely porous ccenenchyma, which some-
times equals in thickness the diameter of the cells. Walls indistinct ;
septa not projecting, rather thin, in the large cells four fully developed
cycles, with the rudimentary ones of the fifth in about half the sys-
tems. The primary and secondary septa are nearly equal, and with
those of the third join the columella; those of the fourth cycle unite
to those of the third about half way to the columella. Columella
large in the adult corallites, composed mostly of coarsely convoluted
lamellze and spinose projections from the edges of the septa. Trans-
verse septa thin and distant, often closing up the chambers near the
surface.
A young specimen about one inch in diameter has sixteen cells, the
largest of which are ‘3 in diameter and very deep, with a rudimentary
columella. One cell appears to have divided by fissiparity.
Diameter of largest specimen 3°5 inches; height 2; diameter of
largest cells -40 to 50; of smallest 15 to 25; distance between cells
"15 to °30.
La Paz, Gulf of California,—Capt. J. Pedersen.
This species was named in honor of Capt. James Pedersen, whose
extensive collections, made in the Gulf of California, have contributed
so much to our knowledge of the marine animals of that region, and
who has discovered many new and very remarkable species.
510 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Rhizopsammia Verrill, gen. nov.
Corallum compound, low, encrusting, extending by stolon-like
expansions of the base, from which buds arise. Corallites cylindrical,
or nearly so, connected by thin creeping extensions of the base, which
have the same porous texture as the wall. Polyp-cells subcircular or
elliptical. Septa thin, crowded, a little projecting, arranged in four
or five cycles, those of the last cycle well developed, uniting to those
of the preceding cycle, which rise up in the form of prominent pali-
form lobes, beyond which the central region of the cell is deep. Col-
umella very porous, its surface papillose. Walls very porous, destitute
of epitheca, with scarcely distinct coste, but with series of rough
granules.
This genus among Madreporacea corresponds to Astrangia among
the Oculinacea, in its mode of growth. The paliform lobes are also
peculiar.
Rhizopsammia pulchra Verrill, sp. nov.
Corallum composed of clusters of corallites irregularly grouped on
the surface of astone. Corallites united only by the thin basal expan-
sions, mostly placed at distances about equal to their own diameters,
low, but variable in height, base as broad as summit, or broader.
Walls thin, very porous, subcostate, the ridges nearly equal, with two
or three rows of sharp rough granules, the grooves between deep, but
narrow, with small, interrupted, deep pits or pores. Polyp-cells sub-
circular or elliptical, deep at center. Septa well developed, in four
complete cycles with some of a fifth, thin, crowded. The primaries
and secondaries nearly equal, slightly projecting above the margin,
rounded at top, inner edge perpendicular, roughly denticulate, the sides
roughly granulous; those of the third cycle thickened outwardly, and
united by spongy tissue with the adjacent ones ; septa of the fourth cycle
thin, bending toward and soon uniting to those of the third, which
beyond the point of union rise abruptly in the form of prominent
paliform lobes, beyond which the inner edge is nearly perpendicular
to the columella, and rudely denticulate, the sides roughly granulous.
Columella, moderately developed, papillose at surface. Color of
the unbleached coral reddish.
Height of larger corallites +15 to -20; diameter +15 to -25; depth of
cells -10 to *13 of an inch,
Pearl Islands, at extreme low-water,—F. H. Bradley.
Upon the same small stone, there were, with this species, specimens
of Ulangia Bradleyi, Astrangia dentata, A. pulchella, and a new
species of J aracyathus,
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 511
Balanophyllia Wood.
Descriptive Catalogue of the Zodphytes from Crag, in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., xiii,
p. 11, 1844; Edw. and Haime, Ann. des sci nat., x, p. 83; Corall., iii, p. 99, 1860.
Corallum simple, usually attached by a rather broad base. Walls
quite porous, costate, sometimes with an epitheca. Septa thin, in
four or five cycles, those of the last cycles well developed, uniting
together in pairs in front of the preceding, which are interrupted.
Columella well developed, spongy, not prominent.
Some species referred by authors to this genus have a narrow base,
others become free at maturity.
Balanophyllia elegans Verrill.
Bulletin of the Museum of Comp. Zodlogy, No. 3, p. 44, Jan., 1864.
Plate 10, figure 3.
Corallum low, subeylindrical, with a broad, expanded base, often
somewhat enlarged toward the summit. Wall nearly compact at
base, quite porous above, sometimes with an imperfect epitheca
reaching above the middle, often naked, strongly costate, the coste
thick, rounded, nearly equal, roughly spinulose granulous, separated
by irregular, narrow, interrupted grooves, with many deep pits and
pores. Polyp-cell broad elliptical or circular, rather shallow. Septa
unequally projecting, those of the two first cycles considerably ele-
vated ; four complete cycles, those of the fifth usually developed in
half the systems and sometimes in all, in some large specimens a few
very small septa belonging to the sixth are visible. Primary septa
decidedly broader than secondary, and higher, thickened outwardly,
the edge rounded, nearly reaching the columella, at the summit
porous, roughly serrulate, and confluent with the adjoining septa
of the fourth cycle, the sides granulous; secondaries similar, but
narrower and less projecting, the inner edge more deeply divided
into slender spinose teeth; those of the third cycle quite narrow,
about half as broad as secondaries, not reaching the point of union
of those of the later cycles, and therefore leaving an enclosed space
of some size in front, the edge deeply divided into rough teeth ;
those composed of the inner portions of the third and fourth cycles
united are broad, reaching the columella, the edge lacerately divided
into rough, prominent spinules ; they are united to the primaries and
secondaries outwardly and curving toward each other unite in front
of the tertiaries, about midway between the margin and columella;
free outer portion of the septa of the fourth cycle very narrow,
little prominent, interrupted by a space before the point of union
of the thin curved septa of the fifth cycle. Columella rather small,
512 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
oblong, papillose at surface. Color of the living polyp bright orange-
red, or flame-red.
Height -20 to 40; diameter of larger ones °30 to ‘42; depth of
cup ‘10 to *15 of an inch.
Puget Sound,—C. B. Kennerly; Mendocino and Crescent City,
Cal.,—A. Agassiz; Monterey,—R. E. C. Stearns; W. H. Dall.
Mr. Stearns found this beautiful species adhering to the under side
of large’stones at extreme low-water mark at Monterey, and observed
Trivia Californica living parasitically upon it, the color of the living
Trivia agreeing very closely with the bright orange-red of the polyp.
Suborder, OCULINACEA Verrill.
Caryophyllacee (pis) and Madreporucee (pars) Dana, Zodphytes.
Ocellina (pars) and Milleporina (pars) Ehrenberg, Corall. roth. Meeres.
Corallum simple or compound, encrusting or branched, of firm
texture with imperforate, solid walls and septa. Cells generally small,
tubular. Polyps when expanded rising above the cell, or long exsert,
the mouth protruding, the tentacles 10 to 48, sometimes more, elon-
gated, the tips usually, if not always, swollen or capitate, their surface
covered with small wart-like clusters of urticating cells.
In this group the compound species increase by basal and lateral
budding, and there is a strong tendency to form hard, compact corals,
the coenenchyma being, when present, very compact; the walls
are often thickened, or the cells may be partially filled up and oblit-
erated, as in Oculinidwe, some Stylasteridw, etc. The transverse
plates within the cells are usually few and distant, and may be
entirely wanting ; in some cases they are coincident in all the inter-
septal spaces, so as to form continuous transverse plates or septa,
as in Pocilliporide. The septa of the first and second cycles, at least»
have the edge entire or nearly so, often all the septa are entire. The
exterior of the walls is generally more or less costate, sometimes
finely granulous or spinulose, but never strongly spinose.
It is obvious that in Astreeacea, as hitherto constituted, there are
included two distinct types of corals, characterized especially by the
peculiarities of the expanded polyps. In the division here established
the polyps, so far as known, are much exsert in expansion and the ten-
tacles are swollen at the tips, but in the typical Astrzeacea, such as
As'rea (Kuvia), Meandrina, Mussa, the polyps are not exsert and
they have more numerous tentacles, which taper to the end; their
corals increase by fissiparity or disk-budding, the septa are serrate or
echinate, and the interseptal spaces are much subdivided by small
oblique plates.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 513
Hence I have taken the Ocwinida, Stylasteride, and Stylophoride,
kept distinct from the Astrwide by Edwards and Haime, together
with certain families of their Astrwide, which possess the same type
of polyps, as representatives of a distinct suborder, intermediate in
many respects between Astreacea and Madreporacea, the polyps be-
ing exsert, as in the latter, the corals compact and imperforate,
as in the former. To this suborder it seems necessary to refer the
Pocilliporide, which have corals in many respects similar to those of
Stylophoride and some Oculinide, although transversely septate or
tabulated, as in other widely different groups, and have exsert polyps
nearly identical with those of Stylophora and similar genera, with
12 or 24 long tentacles, swollen at the tips.
Whether the Caryophyllide should be referred to this suborder or
to Astreacea is somewhat uncertain, since the polyps of but few of
the genera have been examined. It is not improbable that the family,
as now constituted, includes genera belonging to both suborders,
having little in common, except the negative character of lacking
transverse septa,—an embryological feature that is evidently of but
little importance. The genus Caryophyllia, like its allies, Para-
cyathus, etc., appears to have soft parts with the same general struc-
ture as Oculina, Astrungia, Cladocora, ete., but Hlabellum appears
to agree better with some Astrzeacea, like Huphyllia, etc. Therefore
since the typical genera seem to belong here, we have placed the Caryo-
phyllide in this suborder, as the lowest family. There are also cer-
tain other genera, generally referred to Astreacea, which seem to
have greater affinities with the present division, though the soft parts
are too imperfectly known to afford positive evidence; such are the
genera, Cyphastrwa, Galaxea, Stylina, ete. :
Prof. Dana’s second family of Caryophyllacee, the Caryophyllide,
included many of the genera of this group, together with Dendro-
phyllia and other representatives of the Madreporacea, and also
Stylina and Galaxea (Anthophyllum) ; but Pocillipora, Seriatopora,
and Stylophora (Sideropora) were referred by him to Madreporacea.
In his system the porous structure of the coral in Madreporacea was
not regarded as of so much importance as by most later writers.
The following are the principal families included in this suborder :
Stylasteride. Coralium branched, with very compact, mostly
smooth, often colored canenchyma. Cells small, much filled
up below. Septa equal, 12 to 24 (sometimes only 5 or 6), often
united together by their thickened inner edges so as to partially
close up the cell. Coste nearly obsolete.
514 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Oculinide. Corallum encrusting or branched, with compact
cenenchyma, smooth, or slightly costate near the eells. Cells
of moderate size or large, more or less filled up below. Septa 12
to 48 or more, in several unequal cycles, the edge of the principal
ones entire.
Pocilliporidw, — Corallum branched or lobed, with the ceenenchyma
compact at surface and mostly spinulose. Cells small, divided
by transverse septa below, partially filled up. Septa 12 to 24
(rarely 36), often rudimentary, especially in young cells.
Stylophoride. Corallum massive, encrusting, or branched, with the
cenenchyma compact near surface and mostly spinulose. Cells
small, not filled up, or but slightly so, with few irregular, trans-
verse interseptal divisions. Septa 10 or 12 to 24.
? Stylinide. Corallum massive, astreiform. Cells of moderate
size or small. Septa with entire edges.
Astrangide. Corallum solitary, or cespitose, encrusting, or lobed,
with little or no cconenchyma; buds basal, or arising from
stolons, or lateral. Cells of moderate size, not filled up below,
with few, distant, irregular, transverse divisions. Septa numerous,
in several unequal cycles, those of the first and second usually
with entire edges. Includes Astrangine and Cladocorine.
Caryophyllide. Corallum solitary, attached or free when adult.
Cells often large, increasing upward, open from the base. Septa
numerous, in several unequal cycles, their edges entire.
On the west coast of America representative of but four of these
families are known: Stylasteride, Pocilliporide, Astrangidw, and
Caryophyllide.
The Oculinide are abundant in the Atlantic, Mediterranean, and
Indo-Pacific faune. The Stylophoride are most abundant in the
Indo-Pacific, but have a few representatives in the Caribbean fauna.
The Stylinide are mostly fossils of the Cretaceous and Tertiary forma-
tions of Kurope, but a few species still live in the Atlantic.
Family, StyLtastertp® Pourtales.
Stylasteracee (subfamily of Oculinide) Edw. and Haime, Corall., ii, p. 126, 1857.
Stylasteride Pourtales, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zodl., No. 7, p. 125, 1848.
The corals included in this family most frequently form delicate,
arborescently branched corals, often flabelliform, and sometimes with
coalescent branches, in other species the coral is irregularly lobed or
encrusting. The coenenchyma is abundant and very compact, with a
smoothish or finely granulous surface, often with peculiar swellings or
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 515
vesicles, which sometimes have a radiated structure and may, perhaps,
indicate the position of a second form of polyps; in other cases (as in
Allopora) there are also minute pores or openings with a raised border
scattered between the ordinary cells, which appear to represent a sec-
ond more rudimentary form of polyps. Therefore it is probable that
in this family the polyps are dimorphous, as in Pennatulacea and some
Aleyonacea, and in many Hydroids, but the soft parts have not yet been
described. The polyp-cells are small, generally filled up below by a
solid deposit, sometimes also partially filled up and more or less obliter-
ated by the thickening of the septa and the union of their inner edges,
thus separating the interseptal chambers from the central part of the
cell, and in some genera, like Distichipora and Errina, nearly or
quite obliterating some of the chambers. The septa are mostly nar-
row, equal or nearly so, in one to three cycles, in some instances only
four to six, most frequently twelve, the third cycle, when present, rudi-
mentary. Columella generally styliform, sometimes wanting.
This family, as now constituted, includes the following genera :—
Axohelia E. and H.; Cryptohelia E. and H.; Endohelia E. and H.;
Cyclopora Verrill; Stylaster Gray; Allopora Ehr.; Distichipora
Lamarck; Errina Gray.
In the works of Edwards and Haime the genus Distichipora was
placed, with other still doubtful forms, in the “incerta sedes” at the
end of the list of genera. In the final work* it is placed in an appen-
dix and doubt is expressed whether it may not belong to the Aleyona-
ria, rather than to the Madreporaria, while Hrrina is entirely omitted.
The writer first explained the structure of these genera and referred
them to their true position near Stylaster, in the Bulletin of the Mu-
seum of Comparative Zodlogy, No. 3, p. 46, 1864. Mr. Pourtales,
who has recently discovered and described several new and very
interesting members of this group, fully confirmed this conclusion in
later numbers of the Bulletin.t He has also suggested that the group
should form a distinct family,—an opinion in which we fully concur.
Many of the species of this family seem to be confined to great
depths, where they form a considerable portion of the coral faune,
and yet there are, also, shallow-water species both in the Atlantic and
Pacific. When deeper dredgings shall have been made on the west
coast of America, additional genera and species may be expected, but
at present two species of the genus Allopora are the only known
representatives of the family on the whole coast.
* Coralliaires, vol. iii, p. 450, 1860.
+ No. 6, pp. 116, 117, 1867; No. 7, p. 136, 1868.
516 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Allopora Ehrenberg.
Allopora Ehr., Corall. rothen Meeres, p. 147, 1834; (pars) Dana, Zodph., p. 697;
Edw. and Haime, Corall., ii, p. 131.
Corallum encrusting, irregularly lobed, or branching. Ccenenchyma
abundant, compact, the surface finely granulous, with more or less
numerous, scattered ampullee or vesicles. Cells small, irregularly
arranged, scattered. Septa narrow, not exsert, usually five to ten
larger, equal, thickened ones, which generally unite by their inner
edges below, so as to enclose the intervening small chambers, within
which may usually be seen rudimentary septa of the last cycle, in the
form of small ascending points or papillae. Columella conical or
rounded, finely spinulose or hirsute.
Allopora Californica Verrill.
Proceedings Essex Institute, vol. iii, p. 37, 1866, (non Pourtales).
Plate 10, figure 8.
Corallum encrusting at base, rising into thick, irregularly lobed or
palmate branches, three inches or more high, some of which are two
inches broad and nearly half an inch thick; some are nearly round
and rapidly tapering, of about the same thickness as the others.
Many of the branches have an annelid tube, with two apertures side
by side, in the center, and appear to be due to the encrusting habit of
the coral, which covers the tubes with a thickness of from an eighth to
a fourth of an inch, and in this way may rise into false branches.
The worm tubes themselves are quite thin, forming a delicate sep-
arable lining for the tubes formed by the coral. Some of the branches
subdivide into two or three parts near the end, which spread nearly
at right angles. Cells very small, about ‘02 of an inch, quite irregu-
larly scattered over the whole surface; distance between them equal
to two or three times the diameter, or from ‘04 to ‘07 of aninch. Ccen-
enchyma compact, with a minutely granulous surface, appearing
smooth to the unaided eye, but having a few minute papillze or minute
vesicular ampull, some of which are open at top, forming small pores
scattered between the cells. In a longitudinal section the cells are
seen to be filled up below, and between them there are irregularly
scattered, minute, rounded cavities, caused by the superficial papille
or vesicles, Septa represented commonly by six thick triangular pro-
cesses which converge toward the center of the cells, leaving only
narrow, radiating spaces between them; in other cells the number
varies from five to eight. The septa project slightly above the com-
mon surface, and do not reach more than half way to the center of
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. ay
the cell, uniting together by their thickened inner edges, down within
the cell, and separating the very small interseptal spaces from the cen-
tral opening ; within each interseptal space there can generally be seen
a minute rudimentary septa in the form of an ascending, prominent
point. Cells deep in the central portion, nearly filled up below by a
round, conical, minutely hirsute, whitish columella. The cells are
stellate, with very slightly raised borders, somewhat unequal in size,
and many are distorted; two are often seen together and more or less
confluent, as if they had been formed by fissiparity or disk budding;
others evidently originate by interstitial budding, while some very
small rudimentary cells are intermediate between the ordinary form
and the ampullz with central openings, indicating that those are made
by rudimentary or dimorphous forms of polyps. Color light minium-
red.
Height 7 inches; breadth 5:50; diameter of cells 02 to 03, the cen-
tral cavity about ‘01 of an inch.
California,—Maj. Wm. Rich, U.S. A.
Probably from the Gulf of California in deep water.
The basal portion is dead and encrusted with various species of
Bryozoa, Serpulz, etc. It was collected by Major Rich durin
Mexican war.
@ the
o
Allopora venusta Verrill, sp. nov.
Allopora Ca'ifornica Pourtales, Bulletin M. C. Z., p. 136, 1868, (non Verrill), no
description.
Plate 10, figure 9.
Corallum encrusting and expanded at base, rising up in stout lobes
or branches, two inches or more high, some of the branches broad
and somewhat palmate or digitate, the terminal branchlets mostly
round and about ‘12 to ‘15 of an inch thick, obtusely rounded at tips.
Some of the branches contain worm tubes similar to those in the pre-
ceding species, with two openings side by side, and apparently of the
same nature with those found in Muricea formosa of Zorritos, (p. 435),
but other branches are quite solid. Ccenenchyma compact, having a
minutely granulous surface, with a few minute, scattered vesicles and
pores. Cells small, about -03 ofan inch, regular, circular, with the bor-
der sharp and distinctly raised above the general surface; some newly
formed cells may be seen scattered among the others, but consisting
only of a slight pit in the ceenenchyma, sometimes very superficial,
circular, and rounded at bottom, in other cases a little more advanced,
showing the outlines of the septa and columella. The cells are irregu-
518 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
larly scattered over the whole surface, mostly at distances varying
from ‘02 to ‘10 of an inch. The principal septa vary from 6 to 10,
but are mostly 7 or 8, quite narrow at top, but much thickened,
broader and united well together below, so as to form a cup-shaped
aperture to the cell, around and above the small deep central pit, and
entirely separating the very small interseptal spaces, in which the
minute, round, projecting points of the small septa may be easily dis-
tinguished, Central cavity broader in its upper part than in the pre_
ceding species, but with the central pit smaller, nearly filled by the
small, round, conical columella. Color light red, the branches often
yellowish at tips.
Neah Bay, Washington Territory,—Collection Museum of Compar-
ative Zodlogy.
Although this species resembles the preceding m color and mode of
growth, it is quite distinct in the form and structure of the cells. In
this they are raised, circular, regular, and cup-shaped, while in the
preceding they are stellate, often irregular, not cup-shaped, with larger
and fewer septa, the border is scarcely raised, and the columella is
larger.
Family, Pocitireorip Verrill.
Synopsis Polyps and Corals of N. Pacif. Expl. Exp., Part iv, p. 56, in Proceedings
(Communications) of Essex Institute, vol. vi, p. 90, 1869.
Favositine (pars) Dana, Zobph., p. 514, 1846.
Pocilloporine (subfamily of Favositide) Edw. and Haime, Corall, iii, p. 301, 1860.
Corallum with an encrusting base at first, from which arise clusters
of lobes or branches, which grow by interstitially budding at the ends.
Coenenchyma abundant and very compact on the sides of the branches
and base, but almost entirely wanting among the crowded terminal
cells. Cells small, angular or circular, often filled up below with a
solid deposit; the transverse plates generally extend entirely across
the cells below. Septa 6 to 24, generally twelve, often rudimentary.
The descriptions and drawings of the polyps of Pocéllipora by Mr.
Bradley, show conclusively that the genus is a true madreporian, as
we have already mentioned in other articles.* It seems also to be
most closely allied to Oculina and Stylophora, both in the structure of
the polyps and coral. Its affinities with the numerous extinct genera
having the same tabulate structure is a subject requiring a great
amount of careful investigation. From the /avositide, as a whole,
it differs in having an abundant ceenenchyma. Favosites differs also
in having perforate walls, and doubtless ought to be separated, at least
* On the Affinities of the Tabulate Corals, in Proceedings of the American Associa-
tion for Advancement of Science, 1867, p. 148. See also Proc. Essex Inst., vi, p. 90, 1869.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 519
as a distinct family, which has, perhaps, closer relations with Madre-
poracea. The genus Seriatopora, has been united with certain genera
of fossil corals to constitute a distinct family, Seriatoporide, but it
would appear to be more in accordance with their true affinities to
unite Seriatopora and the allied genera with the Pocilliporide. The
living polyps are unknown, however, and might show other relations.
The Thecidw EK. and H., and especially Columnaria, are evidently
very closely allied to Pocillipora and, ought, perhaps, to be united in
the same family.
The association by Edwards and Haime, and others, of the Jillepo-
ride with Pocilliporide and allied forms, under the name, Zabulata,
was particularly unfortunate, since they have no relations whatever,
and indeed there is no resemblance except in the fact that in certain
genera of both groups there are transverse septa,—an artificial char-
acter of comparatively little importance, which also occurs in the
Astreide (Celastrea) and sometimes even in the Lupsammide
(Astrwopsammiu), Prof. Agassiz has shown that MWéllepora belongs
to the Hydroidea, and holding the opinion that Pocillipora and other
tabulated corals were allied to Millepora he consequently united all
the Zabulata of Edwards and Haime to the Wydroidea, thus removing
them from the class of polyps. This view is no longer tenable, since
the genus Pocillipora has animals identical in structure with the most
typical genera of true polyps. Even were the animals of Pociliipora
unknown, the examination of such species as P. elongata Dana, P.
plicata Dana, P. stellata Verrill, and others, in which there are twelve
well developed septa, having the same essential characters as those of
Oculinidee and Stylophoridw, would be sufficient to convince us that
the genus could not possibly belong to the Hydroidea, unless that
group is to be so modified as to lose the principal characters by which
it is separated from the class of polyps. The absence of radiating
lamelle, such as would be required to secrete the radiating septa of
Pocillipora, Columnaria, and some Favositide is one of the principal
class characters by which Acalephs are separated from Polyps, and is
a constant feature of acalephs; the presence of such lamellz is equally
constant and characteristic of true polyps.
Pocillipora Lamarck.
Pocillopora (pars) Lamarck, Hist. anim. sans vert, ii, p. 273; 2nd ed., ii, p. 144.
Pocillopora Dana, Zoéphytes, p. 523; Edw. and Haime, Corall., iii, p. 301.
The coralla consist of clusters of branches or lobes, varying in the
different species from very slender, much divided branchlets to stout,
Trans. Connecticut AcaD., VoL. I. 65 Noy., 1870.
520 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
round, and obtuse, or very broad and convoluted lobes or fronds,
which arise from a more or less compact encrusting base. Branches
{ten covered with verruce or rudimentary branchlets, composed of a
few or many cells. At the ends of the branches the cells are closely
crowded, angular, closely united by their walls, without intervening
cenenchyma, but on the sides of the branches they are more or less
distantly separated by the compact canenchyma, which is sharply
granulous or spinulose at the surface. Cells small, often deep, circular
where not crowded, often filled below the surface by a solid deposit,
but always with transverse septa in the lower parts, which are abun-
dant and regular. Septa narrow, generally 12, of which 6 are larger
and alternate with six that are very small or rudimentary ; sometimes
24, The septa are often partially or wholly rudimentary or abortive,
especially in the crowded cells at the end of the branches, but in many
cases two opposite ones are larger than the rest and join the colu-
mella, or there may be one larger one. The columella, when present,
is small, solid, a little prominent, but is often wanting. The trans-
verse plates have a concentric structure and are often seen incomplete,
with an opening through the middle. Occasionally a cell is divided
by fissiparity, but the new ones mostly appear in the angles between
adjacent cells.
This genus is very abundant throughout the tropical parts of the
Pacific and Indian Oceans and the Red Sea.- At the Hawaiian Islands
several large species of Pocillipora constitute an important part of
the coral-reefs. In the Atlantic ocean the genus is unknown, but a
fossil species occurs in the Miocene of the West Indies.
Pocillipora capitata Verrill.
Pocillipora capitata Verrill, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zodl., p. 60, 1864; Proce. Essex
Inst., vi, p. 99, 1869.
Coralla composed of clusters of large, irregular, usually stout
branches, often an inch or more in diameter, arising from a massive
or encrusting base. The branches are covered, except at the ends,
with more or less elongated, rising, subacute or bluntly rounded
verruce. The branchlets are usually spreading, often rounded or
clavate at the end, where the verrucze become obsolete. Surface
covered with small, rough, scattered spinules, those around the edge
of the cells more prominent. Cells rather small, circular and deep
on the side of the branches, and mostly separated by spaces at least as
broad as the diameter of the cells, sometimes more crowded ; on the
ends of the branches and verruce, the cells are angular and separated
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 521
only by thin walls. Septa twelve, usually very narrow or rudimen-
tary, the lower part generally more developed than the upper; some-
times one is broader and joins the very small columella, which is,
however, generally wanting.
The largest specimens seen are more than a foot in diameter; the
branches °5 to 1 inch; verruce ‘30 of an inch long; ‘10 to 20 in di-
ameter; cells ‘03 to ‘04 in diameter.
Acapulco,—A. Agassiz; Socorro Islands,
—-F. H. Bradley ; La Paz,—J. Pedersen.
J. Xantus; Pearl Islands,
Pocillipora capitata, var. porosa Verrill.
Pocillipora capitata, var. porosa Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., vi, p. 99, 1869.
Coralla forming large rounded clumps, 10 to 15 inches in diameter,
with more or less elongated, divergent or crowded, angular, and often
flattened branches, which are usually 25 to °35 of an inch in thickness;
‘50 to ‘75 in breadth; and 1 to 3 long, often truncate or digitately
lobed at the end. Verruce variable, mostly ascending, often large
and prominent, generally elongated, roundish, tapering to the sub-
acute end, the upper ones often appressed, obsolete on the summits of
the branches, where the cells are closely crowded. Cells large and
deep, the lateral ones mostly crowded, the intervening spaces gene-
rally less than their diameters, often not half as much. Septa 12 or
24, distinct, nearly equal, narrow, slightly exsert and acute at summit.
Surface of the coenenchyma, between the cells, finely spinulose, the
Spinose grains often crowded, but frequently forming only a single
row. ‘The cells are but little closed up in the interior by solid deposits
and the texture of the coral is, therefore, quite porous. In one large
specimen the branches on one side are of the normal size and form,
while on the other they become more slender and much subdivided
at the ends into small, obtuse, lobe-like or digitate branchlets. The
cells on this part are smaller and more distant.
The larger specimens are about 10 inches high and 12 broad; the
larger branches *50 to 1 inch in width; ‘25 to ‘35 in thickness ; cells
04 to ‘05 of an inch in diameter.
Near La Paz, brought up by divers,—-J. Pedersen.
The Museum of Yale College possesses four large and several small
specimens of this form.
Pocillipora capitata, var. robusta Verrill, nov.
Coralla forming large, more or less hemispherical, close clumps of
stout, angular, mostly flattened, obtuse, dichotomous branches, which
usually fork at distances of from 1:5 to 4 inches, in large specimens.
522 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
The branches are covered laterally with numerous, rather large, pro-
minent, elongated, mostly acute, ascending verruce, which are pretty
evenly scattered over the surface and seldom crowded, rarely obtuse
or rounded at the end, usually containing a dozen or more polyp-cells.
The verrucze become obsolete at the tips of the branches, which are
mostly blunt or truncate and filled with closely crowded, angular
polyp-cells. The cells on the sides of the branches and verrucz are
rather small, mostly separated by distances about equal to their diam-
eter. Septa commonly six, very distinct but narrow, often twelve.
Columella either a small papilla or rudimentary and scarcely distinct.
Cenenchyma between the cells compact and covered with minute
rough granules. In a transverse section the cells are found to be
much filled up below, and the coral quite compact; the transverse
dissepiments are rather distant, the spaces between usually exceeding
the diameter of the cells. Height of the largest specimens 15 to 18
inches; length of undivided branches 2 to 4; breadth °50 to 1°50; thick-
ness 385 to ‘753; length of average verruce ‘30 to ‘40; their diam-
eter ‘20 to 30; diameter of cells *02 to :03 of an inch.
Young specimens attached to shells of Margaritophora fimbriata
Dunker, have a few short rising branches in the middle, with a broad,
thin, encrusting base. The marginal cells are obliquely appressed to
the surface of the shell, their outer edges being flattened and extend-
ing, with the septa, which are here conspicuous and like elevated
coste, considerably beyond the proper edge of the cells, exactly as in
Astrangia and the young of Oculina. The new cells at the edge are
also produced by marginal budding, as in the genera named. <A study
of these marginal cells confirms the affinities of this family with the
Oculinacea.
Gulf of California, south of La Paz, 3 to 6 fathoms, brought up by
divers,—J. Pedersen.
The Museum of Yale College has received upwards of twenty speci-
mens of this form, most of them of large size and quite constant in
character. But some of the smaller specimens are evidently dwarfed
by unfavorable conditions of growth and have very irregular branches,
sometimes much divided, and the verruce nearly obsolete in some
parts. The following form, however, seems worthy of a distinct vari-
etal name.
Pocillipora capitata, var. pumila Verrill.
The coralla consist of elongated clumps of short, mostly obtuse
and much divided, crowded branches, arising from the upper side of
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 523
large, horizontal often forked, branch-like base. These clumps seem
to have originated from large detached branches, which have been
broken from specimens of the preceding form and, having fallen to
the bottom, have served as bases for the numerous rising branchlets,
which probably arose from the original verruce by excessive enlarge-
ment and gradual alteration to the form of branches, the largest of
which subdivide and develop verrucz like those of the parent form.
Cells and ceenenchyma as in the preceding variety.
Length of the clumps 6 to 12 inches; breadth 3 to 5; height 2 to
4; length of branches ‘50 to 2; their diameter -25 to ‘50.
Gulf of California, with the preceding,—J. Pedersen.
About a dozen specimens of this variety have been received.
In general appearance it is very different from the normal form.
Pocillipora lacera Veriill.
Proc. Essex Institute, vol. vi, p. 100, 1869.
Coralla consisting of more or less irregular or rounded clumps of
long, irregular, often crooked, rough, and much subdivided branches,
The branchlets are short and lacerately or digitately divided and
lobed at the ends, the subdivisions small, variously shaped, often slen-
der, but generally more or less compressed and obtuse at the tips,
often having the appearance of elongated verruce, while the lateral
branchlets pass gradually into the verrucze, which are few, irregular,
and distantly scattered on the larger branches. Lateral cells rather
large, round, rather distant, often shallow; septa mostly 12, narrow,
usually subequal, sometimes one is larger, often all are rudimentary
or wanting. Columella rudimentary or wholly abortive. Ccnen-
chyma abundant between the cells, firm, the surface finely and evenly
spinulose.
The larger specimens are 6 to 8 inches in diameter and height ; the
large branches ‘30 to ‘50 in diameter; and 2 to 6 long; the terminal
branchlets mostly ‘10 to 30 long ; ‘10 to ‘15 in diameter ; the cells ‘03
to ‘04 of an inch in diameter.
In life, according to Mr. Bradley, the polyps are small, exsert, with
twelve equal cylindrical tentacles, which are swollen at the tips; they
are about equal in length to the diameter of the body, and they are
arranged in a single circle around the margin, but six are held hori-
zontally and six upright in expansion. The color of the polyps is
dark brown, greenish brown, or dark green; tentacles dark brown,
the tips white.
“Tn arrangement and form of tentacles this species closely resem-
bles the accompanying Porites (P. Panamensis), which also has
524 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
twelve cylindrical, light brown tentacles, with white tips, but the tips
are not perceptibly swollen, and they are not held alternately upright
and horizontally, as in Pocillipora.”—¥. H. B.
Pearl Islands, Panama, and Acajutla,—F. H. Bradley. ‘In more
sheltered situations near the head of Panama Bay, this coral covers
considerable surfaces, but farther out it seems to be confined to
sheltered spots, and occurs in scattered clumps.”—F. H. B.
This species forms loose open clumps of rather slender and irregular
branches, quite unlike those of the preceding species in appearance.
Family, Astraneip Verrill.
Cladocoracee ani Astrangiacee Kdw. and Haime, Corall., 1, pp. 587 and 606.
The coralla in this group consist of encrusting, creeping, or more
or less fasciculated clusters of rather small, cylindrical, or somewhat
turbinated corallites, which have rather deep, cup-shaped, mostly cir-
cular calicles. The buds arise chiefly from the lateral walls, either
from near the top, on the sides, at the base, or even on basal stolon-
like extensions. In young specimens and at the margins of encrust-
ing species the calicles are often appressed to the surfaces to which
they adhere, and buds arise, also, from within the extending outer
margins of the calicles,
The septa form from three to five or more, unequal cycles, the pri-
maries and secondaries often with subentire summits, the others
denticulate or deeply incised. The columella is variously developed,
often papillose. The transverse dissepiments are few and distant.
Ccenenchyma wanting or but slightly developed.
The polyps are quite exsert, with slender, tapering tentacles, which
are swollen at the tips, and covered with minute scattered verruce,
composed chiefly of nettling organs.
This family includes two groups distinguished by Edwards and
Haime: Cladocoracee, in which the budding is lateral and the corals
consist of more or less cespitose clumps of tubular corallites; and
Astrangiacec, in which the budding is mostly basal, or from creeping
stolons, producing low encrusting corals.
But these two modes of growth pass by almost insensible gradations
into each other. Thus there are species of Cladocora in which the
budding is partially at or near the base, as it is in all the species while
young, and there are certain species of Astrangia which bud at the
same time from basal expansions, from within the margin of the outer
calicles, and laterally from the walls near the summit (A. Dane and
A, astreiformis); while other species bud both from stolons and
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 525
laterally, and have more elongated tubular corallites (A. Haimei, etc.).
It is, therefore, impossible to make any marked distinction betwee
these two groups of genera. It is not improbable that in adopting
them as subfamilies, I have given to the mode of growth even more
importance than it merits.
Sub-family, AsrranGin.a Verrill,
Astreine reptantes Edw. and Haime, Ann. des Sciences nat.. 3¢ ser., xii, p. 175, 1849.
Astrangiacee Kdw. and Haime, Corulliaires, ii, p. 606, 1857.
Coralla encrusting or creeping, formed of low corallites, which
multiply chiefly by basal budding.
Astrangia Edw. and Haime.
Astrangia Milne-Edwards and Jules Haime, Comptes-rendus de l’Acad. des Sci, xxvii,
p. 496, 1848; Ann. des Sci. nat., xii, p., 180, 1849; Coralliaires, ii, p. 613, 1857;
Verrill, Revision of Polyps of Eastern Coast United States, in Memoires Boston Soc.
Nat. Hist., i, p. 39, 1864.
Coralla encrusting, consisting of rather small, short, more or less
turbinate corallites, which arise by budding, either from basal expan-
sions of the wall of the parents, from the sides, or from within the
obliquely extended margins of those in the outermost row, and thus
form clusters, spreading over rocks, shells, etc., or in some cases
thin aggregate masses, sometimes rising in the middle into irregular
lobes or short branches. The calicles are circular, except when
crowded or appressed, moderately deep, with a papillose columella.
Septa more or less unequal, in three or four cycles, the primaries and
secondaries most prominent, all with strongly granulated sides and
denticulated edges, the lowest teeth larger and more or less paliform,*
* The following species has the basal teeth of the septa developed into well-marked,
prominent pali. As it was figured, by mistake, upon the plate with the Panama species,
I add a bri f description :
Astrangia palifera Verrill, sp. nov. Plate ix, figure 2.
Corallites low, cylindrical, scattered over the surface to which they adhere, usually
at distances twice as great as their diameter, or even more, and counected by narrow
and thin, stolon-like expansions of the bases. Calicles circular, shallow. Columella
small, with about six t» ten prominent pupille. Septa twenty-four to thirty, not
crowded, separated by spaces greater than their thickness, subequal, the primaries a
little broxder, thicker, and more prominent than the secondaries, which also somewhat
exceed the tertiaries; all with tinely granulated sides and rather broadly rounded, finely
denticulated, and very slightly exsert summits; inner edge perpendicular, separated
by a deep notch from the paliform tooth, of which there is usually but one to each
septa. The puliform teeth are comparatively large, prominent, obtuse, those of the
primaries largest and nearest the center. the others smaller and a little farther from the
526 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
in the typical species, and blending gradually with the papille of the
columella. Transverse dissepiments few and distant. Walls naked
and costate toward the summit, often covered toward the base with
an imperfect epitheca and various encrustations. The polyps in ex-
pansion are sub-pellucid, and rise considerably above the calicles ; the
tentacles are long, slender, and covered with small white verruce,
with a knob at the end.
This genus is widely distributed, but appears to be most abundant
onthe American coasts, where its numerous species range on the
Atlantic side from Cape Cod to Patagonia and on the Pacific side
from the Gulf of California to Peru, and perhaps farther. Three
species, at least, are found in the West Indies; two on the Atlantic
coast of the United States; one or more at Rio Janeiro; and one in
the Straits of Magellan. One large species is found on the Atlantic
coasts of Spain and Portugal; and one on the British coast. From
the Indo-Pacific fauna none have been described except A. palifera,
though others probably exist there. Two or more species are also
found in the tertiary strata along the Atlantic coast of the United
States.* Two species: A. Hdwardsii Verrill (A. Danw K. and H.)
and A. Michelini EK. and H., are from unknown localities, but may be
identical with some of the species already referred to from the
Atlantic coast of South America.
Astrangia Haimei Verrill.
Astrangia Haimei Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Natural History, x, p. 330, April, 1866.
Plate IX, figures 6, 6°.
Coralla encrusting, consisting of prominent cylindrical or turbinate
corallites, sometimes rising more than half an inch above the surface of
the basal expansion, which connects them together, and becoming
slightly turbinate and divergent when highest.
The corallites are distant from each other from °04 to °25 of an inch.
The basal mural expansion is very thin, compact, and slightly gran-
ulated, having a smooth appearance, and usually without apparent
striations. Septa from thirty to forty-eight, very narrow and thin,
with the inner edges nearly perpendicular, forming a deep cup, nar-
row at the bottom; they are all, except those of the last cycle, which
center, according to their age, thus forming an irregular circle. Wall compact. glossy,
with slight, nearly equal, finely granulated costie.
Heig!it of corallites -06 to :10 of an inch; diameter -10 to ‘13; distance between
them ‘15 to °30.
Ceylon, adhering to dead corals.—Museum of Yale College.
* Both of these fossil species belong to the subgenus, Caenangia,—see page 530.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 527
are more narrow, of nearly the same width, giving an even appearance
to the cavity of the cup; they project slightly above the wall, about
‘01 of an inch, in the form of narrow points, alternately larger and
smaller; the inner edges are thin, evenly and sharply dentate, the
sides strongly granulated, but not crowded together, the spaces be-
tween them being equal to their thickness, or even wider. The col-
umella is small, consisting of numerous even papille, graduating into
the teeth at the base of the septa. Walls thin, granulated exteriorly,
with low, even costs on the upper part, which mostly disappear
toward the base.
Diameter of cups ‘10 to “18 of an inch; depth -06 to 10; height of
corallites usually about *10 to 25, sometimes -40 to °55 of an inch.
Panama and Pearl Islands on the reefs, at low-water in pools ;
Zorvitos, Peru; Acajutla; Realejo; La Union, San Salvador, com-
mon,—F’. H. Bradley.
The following description, found among Mr. Bradley’s notes, is
believed to apply to this species, for though no numbered specimen
was found corresponding to it, there is no other species in the Zorritos
collection to which it would apply: “ Tentacles 30 or more, in two
unequal rows; those of the outer row deep pink, with whitish tips;
those of the inner row greenish, with whitish tips. Those of the
outer row are about one-fourth as long as the diameter of the polyp,
and twice as long as the inner ones. Disk nearly transparent, green-
ish, with eight very deep pink lines radiating from the sides of the
elongated mouth.”
Astrangia pulchella Vervrill, op. cit., p. 331.
Coralla encrusting, consisting of patches of small, low, cylindrical
corallites, scattered at distances varying from less than their diameter
to more than a quarter inch, and connected together by a thin, calca-
reous, basal expansion, much like that of the preceding species, but
smoother and with only minute granulations Calicles shallow, coni-
cal, with a narrow center, their whole inner surface crowdedly papil-
lose, the papille of the columella being confused with the teeth of the
septa, and very small. Septa twenty-four, projecting very slightly
above the wall, or not at all, narrow at the top but broad within, all
nearly equal, the edges evenly toothed, and the sides very strongly
and roughly granulated, so that the granules of adjacent septa often
touch, giving them a crowded appearance. Cost scarcely apparent,
even at the summit. Diameter of the cups ‘08 to *10 of an inch; depth
03; height ‘05, sometimes more,
Panama and Pearl Islands, with the lst, common,—F. H. Bradley.
528 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Astrangia concinna Verrill, op. cit., p. 331.
Plate IX, figure 5.
The coralla consist of clusters of broad, low, cylindrical corallites,
which are distant about their own diameter and connected by stolons
ora thin basal expansion. Calicles not so deep as wide, cup-shaped,
with a narrow papillose columella, forming the bottom. Septa from
thirty-six to fifty, subequal, the primaries often a little broader, and
those of the last cycle narrower than the rest. All are rounded at the
top, and finely toothed, but at the middle the inner edge becomes
more nearly perpendicular and has longer teeth, resembling pali, which
blend with the papille of the columella, which are fine and numerous.
The tops of the septa are thin and project slightly above the wall, the
primaries most so, Their sides are not so strongly granulated as in
the preceding species, and they appear thinner and less crowded.
Exterior granulated, slightly costate near the summit, often encrusted
with Bryozoa, etc., to near the top.
Diameter of cups ‘18 to *22; height °10 to °15 of an inch.
Panama and Pearl Islands, not common,—F. H. Bradley.
Resembles the last, but has much larger cells and more numerous
septa, which are not so strongly granulated.
Astrangia dentata Verrill, op. cit., p. 332.
Coralla forming clusters, encrusting rocks, similar to the last, with
cups of about the same size, but deeper and less open. Septa from
thirty-six to forty-eight, very unequal according to their cycles, the
primaries being comparatively broad and rounded above, while those
of the last cycles are very narrow ; they are not crowded, being sepa-
rated by spaces equal to their thickness; they project unequally,
the primaries about ‘02 of an inch, the others slightly. All the septa
are strongly and irregularly toothed, the principal ones especially so ;
the teeth on the upper part are rough and lacerate, those on the inner
part prominent, paliform, merging into those of the columella; the
sides are rudely granulous. Columella rather small, concave, forming
the narrow bottom of the deep cells, covered by numerous, small,
crowded, rough papille.
Walls thin, with subequal, low, thick, granulous costx, which often
extend on the surface of the basal expansion, and usually encrusted
nearly to the edge of the cups with sponge, ete. Color of the un-
bleached coral dark brown.
Height of corallites "20 to °30; diameter ‘15 to -20; depth about °05;
some of the patches are two or three inches across.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 529
Panama and Pearl Islands, at low-water mark in rocky pools, and
in 6 to 8 fathoms on base of Muricea,—F. H. Bradley ; Acajutla, San
Salvador,—F. H. Bradley ; Acapuleo,—A. Agassiz; La Paz,—J,
Pedersen.
This species resembles the preceding more than any other species,
but may easily be distinguished by the deeper calicles and more un-
equal septa, which are more strongly toothed.
Astrangia costata Verri!l. op. cit., p. 332.
Coralla consisting of from one to four, turbinate, rather high cor-
allites, surrounded by a very thin mural expansion, usually encrusting
dead shells. Cup circular, narrow and deep. Septa twenty-four to
thirty, the primaries wide, about one-fourth the diameter of cup,
rounded and subentire at the top, perpendicular and toothed within ;
the others similar, but successively narrower, with sharp teeth through-
out. The septa project very unequally, giving a notched appearance
to the margin of the cups. Walls very thin, with subequal, elevated
cost, which extend to the base and on the basal expansion. The
columella is very small, with few papilla. The septa within the cell are
thin and not crowded, the spaces between them being greater than
their thickness, giving them a loose appearance. Diameter of the
cups ‘08 to ‘10 of an inch; height °10 to ‘15.
Panama, on dead shells, in 6 to 8 fathoms,—F. H. Bradley.
This is very distinct from all the others and approaches Phyllangza.
Astrangia Pedersenii Verrill, sp. nov.
Coralla composed of clusters of sub-turbinate corallites, connected
by thin stolon-like extensions, often arranged in linear series radiating
from the center of the cluster, the outer ones oblique. Corallites not
crowded, the largest seldom more than a quarter of an inch high.
Calicles cup-shaped, narrow and deep at center, with a thin edge and
quite open interseptal spaces, which are about twice as broad as the
septa. Columella very narrow, papillose. Septa thin, unequal, about
36 in the largest calicles; the primaries are about twice as wide as
the tertiaries, thin, a little exsert, the summit rounded and sharply
denticulate, the inner edge nearly perpendicular, withsmall, prominent,
paliform teeth toward the base; secondaries similar but a little nar-
rower and less exert; those of the third and fourth cycles very thin
and narrow, very slightly exsert, the edge sloping from the narrow
summit and sharply denticulate. Walls covered with about 36, low,
nearly equal, rather distant, granulous coste, often encrusted with
nullipore, ete.
530 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Some of the clusters are 2 inches across; the corallites 05 to :25
apart; 10 to °25 high; *10 to ‘15 in diameter ; depth of cup ‘06 to ‘10;
primaries about ‘03 broad; ‘02 exsert.
La Paz, on base of Hugorgia nobilis, in 4 to 6 fathoms,—J. Peder-
sen; Guaymas, on dead shells,—Dr. E. Palmer (Chicago Acad. Sci.).
This species resembles A. Maimei more than any of the other
species, owing to its deep open calicles, but is readily distinguished
by its decidedly costate exterior; by the broader and more exsert
primary septa; and especially by the fewer and quite unequal septa
and wide interseptal chambers.
Subgenus, Ccenangia Verrill.
Corallites united together laterally, forming small, Astraa-like,
encrusting masses, sometimes rising into lobes in the middle. Cali-
cles angular and crowded. Septa without distinct palitorm teeth
at base, those of the last cycles curved towards and usually united to
those of the preceding cycles. Columella small or moderate, scarcely
papillose, composed of contorted processes originating from the septa.
Budding takes place mostly in the angles between the corallites, both
around the margin and in the central parts.
Besides the following species this group includes A. bella and A.
Marylandica (Conrad sp.), from the later tertiaries of the eastern
coast of the United States. A. Dane Ag. from the Virginian fauna,
and A, astreiformis E, and H., from the Carolinian fauna, are inter-
mediate between this sub-genus and the typical species, in mode of
growth.
Astrangia (Coenangia) conferta Verrill, sp. nov.
Coralla encrusting, forming Astrzea-like crusts with an uneven surface,
two or three inches broad and about a third of an inch thick in the
middle, consisting of crowded prismatic corallites, intimately united
together throughout their whole length. Calicles deep, narrow at
bottom, angular, often oblique and expanded on one side, the adjacent
ones separated only by a thin, sharp wall; interseptal spaces rather
wide, double the thickness of the septa. Columella small, composed
of rough, irregular, oblique, transverse, and more or less contorted
lamellx, arising from the inner edges of the septa, the upper sur-
face more or less roughened with small granules, but not papillose.
Septa subequal, in three cycles, usually 24 in the largest cells, all of
them thin, very narrow at the top, the edge sloping to the columella
or somewhat concave, sharply and roughly denticulate throughout,
without distinct paliform teeth at base, the sides with few, very scat-
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 531
tered, small, rough granules; primaries a little broader and more
exsert than the others; tertiaries curved toward and mostly united to
the secondaries, about midway between the margin and center.
Summit of the walls between the calicles thin, rough with the project-
ing ends of the septa. The young ccrallites arise chiefly by budding
between the angles of the older cells, both in the central parts and
around the margin, where the calicles are oblique and strongly ap-
pressed to the surface.
The larger specimens are about three inches across ; thickness vary-
ing from 15 to ‘30 of an inch; diameter of the largest calicles about
20; depth 08 to °12.
Gulf of California, —J. Pedersen; Guaymas on dead shells of
Strombus gracilior, etc ,—Dr. E, Palmer (Chicago Acad. Science).
This species is more nearly allied to A. Marylandica and A. bella
than to any known living species. The former differs, however, in
having but 12 distinct septa and very wide interseptal chambers; the
walls are thicker; the septa have smaller lateral granules and more
regular teeth; and the columella is less developed. The mode of
growth and union of the corallites is the same. A. bella has the same
number of septa (24), but those of the different cycles are quite
unequal. It also has considerable resemblance to A. Danw and A.
astreiformis of the Atlantic coast of the United States, but these
have papillose columelle and usually 36 septa, which are closer to-
gether, not so strongly granulous, and more evenly toothed, while
the calicles are more circular and the corallites are generally free
laterally, to some extent, and mostly rise above the intervening sur-
face of the ceenenchyma.
The close relations of this species to the fossil and recent species of
the temperate coasts on the Atlantic side, together with the occurrence
of certain shells that are apparently identical in the two regions, but
found neither in the arctic nor in the tropical regions (Petricola pho-
ladiformis, etc.), is very suggestive of a former connection, perhaps
in early tertiary times, between the two oceans, through the temperate
parts of North America.
Phyllangia Edw. and Haime.
Phyllangia Milne-Edwards and J. Haime, Comptes-rendus de I’ Acad. des Sci., XXxvii, p.
497, 1848; Ann. des Sci. nat., 3° sér., xii, p. 181, 1849; Coralliaires, ii, p. 616, 1857.
Coralla encrusting, consisting of clusters of moderately large,
turbinate corallites, which arise by budding from a thin, spreading
expansion of the basal part of the wall of the parent corallites. The
532 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
calicles are nearly circular unless crowded,—though often appressed
and deep at the center. Columella often rudimentary,
while young,
when most developed composed of rough, irregular, twisted and con-
torted processes, arising from the inner portion of the septa and
uniting at the center, with a ragged upper surface. Septa very un-
equal, forming three or four cycles, the fifth sometimes imperfectly
developed in some of the systems; the primaries and secondaries
much the broadest and most exsert, with the summits broad and en-
tire, or but slightly denticulated; within, toward the base, thin and
usually narrowed and then expanded again into a slightly marked
paliform lobe, the sides strongly granulated ; tertiaries narrow at
summit and slightly exsert, the edge strongly denticulated ; those of
the fourth and fifth cycles narrow and thin, with denticulated edges,
those of the fourth often joining the tertiaries Walls and basal
expansion naked. Costs usually well developed. The transverse
dissepiments are few and simple.
This genus differs from Astrangia chiefly in the deeper calicles,
rudimentary and contorted columella, and in the very exsert, sub-
entire primary and secondary septa.
Phyllangia dispersa Verrill.
Phyllangia dispersa Verrill, Bulletin Museum of Comp. Zodlogy, i. p. 47, 1864; Pro-
ceedings Boston Soc., vol. x, p. 332, 1866,
Plate LX, figures 3, 3°.
Corallites cylindrical or turbinate, very unequal, varying in height
from *10 to ‘40, and in diameter from ‘20 to °30 of an inch, and either
close together or scattered at distances of °30 to ‘50 of an inch, but
connected together by a continuous expansion from the enlarged ba-
sal portion of the walls. This is generally rather thin, though some-
times forming crusts two or three inches broad, the surface is granulous
and the cost of the walls extend over it in the vicinity of the cor-
allites, gradually fading out as they recede. The walls are compact,
finely granulous, covered with low, rounded, unequal costs, those
corresponding to the principal septa often becoming cristiform and
denticulate toward the summit. Calicles deep at center, with con-
spicuous, deep interseptal chambers, giving an open appearance.
Septa very unequal; the primaries are broad, much exsert (about *10
of an inch), somewhat recurved outwardly, the inner edge usually
perpendicular or overarching, the end broadly rounded, sometimes
3)
arcuate, entire or minutely denticulate, thin at the inner edge, thick-
ened outwardly ; the inner edge usually recedes toward the base, which
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 533
often rises into a slight, denticulated paliform lobe, before joining the
columella processes ; the secondaries are similar, in adult corallites, but
are considerably narrower and only rise about two thirds as high
above the margin of the wall; the tertiaries are strongly denticulate
and very thin, narrow in their upper part, and project but slightly
above the wall, but the basal portion is broad and usually joins the
columella, or unites with the secondaries before reaching it; those of
the fourth cycle, and of the fifth when present, are very thin and
narrow, scarcely exsert, exteriorly usually united laterally to those of
the principal cycles, with the inner edges sometimes united to the
tertiaries. All the septa have their sides covered with sharp eranula-
tions. Columella often rudimentary, while in other corallites of the
same cluster it is pretty well developed, though occupying a small
area (usually less than a fourth of the diameter of the calicle), it is
composed of coarse, rough, contorted processes, originating from the
inner edges of the septa, with irregular openings and a rough uneven
surface.
Panama and Pearl Islands, on rocks in pools at low-water mark,
and on the base of Muricea in 6 fathoms,—F. H. Bradley; Panama,—
A. Agasisz; Gulf of Nicoya,—J. A. MeNiel.
Ulangia Edw. and Haime.
Oulungia Milne-Edwards and J. Haime, Comptes-rendus de l’Acad. des Sci., xxvii,
p-. 497, 1848; Annales des Sci., nat., 3€ ser., xii, p. 182, 1849.
Ula gia Edw. and H., Coralliaires, vol. ii, p. 617, 1857.
Coralla, so far as observed, simple, consisting of solitary corallites
distantly scattered over dead shells, stones, ete., without any apparent
connection, or entirely isolated. The corallites are low, broad, sub-
circular, and unusually large for the family. The calicles are mod-
erately deep, or shallow, with a broad bottom occupied by a well-
developed papillose columella. Septa numerous, usually in five com-
plete cycles, unequal, all with sharply granulous sides, with the inner
portion divided into numerous small prominent teeth, which blend
with the papille of the columella. The primary and secondary septa
are much broader and more elevated in their outer part, with broadly
rounded summits, which are usually subentire, but sometimes incised ;
the other septa are all strongly denticulate at summit; those of the
last cycle very narrow and thin, The wall is covered at base with an
imperfect epitheca and usually much encrusted with Bryozoa, Nulli-
pora, etc.; above this it is naked and more or less costate. The
transverse dissepiments are few and oblique, close to the base.
534 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
This genus is like a gigantic Astrangia, except. that the corallites
are, apparently, always quite separate, and the principal septa are
usually more nearly entire at the summit. Phyllangia has a smaller
columella, which is not papillose, and the septa are fewer, narrow, and
very exsert, with nearly entire edges, while the calicles are narrow
and deep.
The following and U. Stokesiana Edw. and Haime, from the Phil-
ippines, are the only species known.
Ulangia Bradleyi Verrill.
Ulangia Bradleyi Verrill, Proceedings Boston Soc. of Natural History, x, p. 333, 1866.
Plate IX, figure 10.
Corallites low, broad, subcireular or elliptical, with the base as
broad as the margin, generally quite isolated, sometimes two or more
are placed 1°5 to 3 inches apart, which were, possibly, once connected
by a thin, or entirely soft, basal expansion, that has since disappeared.
Calicle generally quite shallow, sometimes moderately deep and cup-
shaped. Columella well developed, but not large, usually occupying
less than a quarter of the breadth of the calicle, its surface crowdedly
covered with small prominent, spinulose papilla, which blend insensi-
bly with the similar, rough, papilliform teeth, arising from the inner
edges of the septa; the surface of the columella is usually concave.
Septa in five complete cycles; those of the fifth are mostly quite nar-
row, thin, lacerately toothed; all others have the outer part suddenly
rising and more or less exsert, according to their cycles, the inner
portion thin, gradually sloping inward and sometimes, in large speci-
mens, almost horizontal, most of them extending inward to the
columella, but many of those of the fourth cycle joining those of the
third before reaching the columella; all have the sides covered with
small, sharp, spine-like granules, and the inner portion with the edge
divided into prominent, rough, papilliform teeth ; the primaries are a
little thicker than the rest, and broader throughout, the outer portion
rising almost perpendicularly from the inner, broadly rounded or
subtruncate at summit, considerably exsert, the edge subentire or
minutely denticulate, rarely deeply incised; the secondaries are
similar to the primaries, but a little thinner and narrower, with the
outer portion somewhat less exsert and the edge more frequently
toothed ; the tertiaries are considerably narrower than the secondaries,
with the outer portion narrow and less distinct from the inner, only
slightly exsert, and deeply divided into sharp, or rough, lacerate and
blunt teeth; those of the fourth cycle are similar to those of the
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 535
third, but a little narrower and less exsert, with the edges still more
rough and lacerated. The wall is thin, usually covered nearly and
sometimes quite to the summit with an epitheca, which is thickly
encrusted below, but usually has a distinct, thin upper edge, above
this the wall is usually feebly costate, the costz and outer edges of
septa roughly granulous or denticulate. In a vertical section the
septa are roughly granulous, and perforated near the inner margin with
irregular, rounded openings; the dissepiments are few and confined
to the basal portion, irregular, and quite oblique. In a transverse
section near the base the interseptal chambers are divided by two or
three of the oblique dissepiments.
One of the largest specimens is °63 of an inch broad; -25 high to
edge of cup; the primary septa ‘06 exsert; the cup ‘12 deep; the
columella 10 broad. Another specimen is 56 broad; °34 high, to
margin; the cup °26 deep; the primary septa ‘05 exsert. An ellipti-
eal one is 50 by ‘40 in diameter; 30 high; the primary septa ‘06
exsert; the cup °15 deep; the columella about ‘10 broad. The largest
specimen is ‘85 broad at base; while the calicle is but °65 broad and
20 deep.
Panama, in rocky pools at low-water mark, and Pearl Islands
on the bases of Gorgonie and on Spondyli in 6 to 8 fathoms,—F. H.
Bradley.
Family, CarvopHyLiip# Verrill.
Turbinolide (pars) Edwards and Haime, Annales des Sci. nat., 3° ser., ix, p. 211, 1848 ;
Coralliaires, ii, p. 7, 1857.
Cyathine Edw. and Haime, Annales des Sci. nat., ix, p. 285, 1848.
Caryophylline Edw. and Haime, Coralliaires, ii, p. 9, 1857.
Coralla always simple at maturity.* Calicles cup-shaped, mostly
circular or elliptical. Septa rather numerous, in several unequal
cycles, with the edges entire or nearly so, except at the inner edge,
which is sometimes divided into paliform teeth. One or more cycles
of pali in front of the septa. Interseptal chambers open from the
bottom. Transverse dissepiments rudimentary or wanting.
The Zurbinolide of Edwards and Haime, united chiefly by the
negative character of lacking dissepiments, do not appear to consti-
tute a homogeneous group. Some of the genera, like Flabellum,
Rhizotrochus, Placotrochus, ete., seem to be most nearly allied to
* According to Mrs. Thyme (Annals and Mag. Natural History, ili, p. 449, 18 9),
Caryophyllia Smithii undergoes repeatedly, while still young, complete fissiparity, the
resulting portions becoming entirely free and circular. This remarkable observation
needs confirmation, however.
Trans. Connecticut AcapD, Vol. I. 66 Dec., 1870.
536 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
the simple Husmilide (Trochosmiliacee K. and H.). The soft parts
of Flabellum, so far as known, agree more closely with those of
the Husmilide than with those of Caryophyllia and Paracyathus,
while in this respect the latter genera agree very closely with the
Astrangide, to some of which, indeed, they are evidently closely
allied. Syndepas Lyman, and Phyllangia E. and H., so closely
resemble some of the Caryophyllide that, did they not form basal
stolons, they might readily be taken for members of that family.
The corallites of some of the Oculinidw (Lophohelia etc.), also closely
resemble some of the Zurbinolide. I have, therefore, thought it
best for the present to divide the group into two families, correspond-
ing to the subfamilies of Edwards and Haime, although, when the
living polyps shall have been carefully studied in all the recent genera,
it may be found that the families are not correctly limited.
The genera of which the relations are most in doubt, are the typical
Turbinoline of Edwards and Haime (Turbinolia, Sphenotrochus,
Discotrochus, Desmophyllum, ete.). It is possible that these belong
with Caryophyllide to the Oculinacea, while the Flabellince may
alone belong to the Astrwacea near HMusmilide. This cannot be
determined satisfactorily until the living polyps of some of these
genera have been thoroughly studied.
Paracyathus Edw. and Haime. .
Paracyathus Edwards and Haime, Ann. des Sci. nat., 3 sér., ix, p. 318, 1848;
Coralliaires, ii, p. 52, 1857.
Corallum cylindrical or turbinate, attached by a broad, expanded
base Wall naked, costulate. Calicle cup-shaped. Septa numerous,
in four or five cycles, unequal, the summits rounded and little exsert.
Columella concave, composed of prominent, elongated, papilliform
processes, connected with the internal edges of the septa. Pali
numerous, in several series at unequal distances from the center, those
of the primary cycle farthest inward; they arise from the inner
edges of the septa of all the cycles except the last, or next to the
last,* and are similar to the processes of the columella.
* According to Edwards and Haime they exist before the septa of all the cycles,
except the neat to the last, and those are larger which belong to the younger cycles.
But in the three following, and miuny other species, they exist before all the septa
except those of the last cycle, and those in front of the primaries are largest. Kven
in the figure of P. Stokesii by Edwards and Haime, pali are wanting only in front of
the last cycle of septa.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 537
Paracyathus caltha Verrill.
Paracyathus Caltha Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. History, xii, p. 394, 1869.
Plate IX, figures 9, 9°.
Corallum turbinate, with an expanding base; pedicle about one-
half the width of the summit. Coste corresponding to all the septa,
prominent near the margin of the cup and dentate ; below represented
only by lines of granules. Calicle cup-shaped, elliptical with flattened
sides, the ratio of the axes as 100: 140; the summit of the longer axis is
somewhat lower than that of the shorter. Septa in five regular cycles;
those of the first and second subequal, rather broad and stout, thick-
ened uniformly, rounded at the summits, projecting about ‘02 of an
inch, finely granulated on the sides. The other septa are equidistant
and diminish regularly in width and height, the last being thin and
narrow. Columella formed by numerous stout, styliform processes,
rounded at tip, not crowded. The pali are similar in size, but more
prominent and flattened, increasing in height as the septa diminish,
their inner edges denticulate. They are present before all the septa
except those of the fifth cycle.
Height of largest specimen ‘50 of an inch; diameter *45 by °32;
depth of cup ‘20 of an inch.
Monterey, California.—J. Xantus, (Museums of Smithsonian In.
stitution and Yale College).
~
Paracyathus Stearnsii Verrill, op. cit., p. 393.
Corallum with an expanded base, above which it is somewhat con-
stricted, and then expands rapidly to the edge of the broad, shallow
cup, which is broad-oval in form, the edge bent into slight lobes or
undulations. Exterior of the wall with very numerous, prominent,
subequal, scabrous coste, which extend from the summit to the outer
edge of the base; on the basal portion three or five smaller ones often
alternate with one more prominent; toward the summit some of them
have a tendency to rise into crests; all are covered with several series
of small, sharp granulations, similar to those on the sides of the septa.
Five complete cycles of septa, with some small ones in some of the
systems belonging to the sixth cycle, so that the whole number is
about one hundred and twenty. The primary and secondary septa
are considerably broader than the others, broadly rounded and some
what exsert at summit, narrowed toward the base and divided into
two or three unequal, broad, stout, paliform teeth, which are rough
and lacerately spinulose at summit, and covered on the sides with
coarse, rough granulations. The septa of the two succeeding cycles
538 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
are successively narrower, thinner, and less exsert, with similar but
smaller, rough, paliform teeth. The septa of the fifth cycle are nar-
row and destitute of pali. Columella small, papillose, the papille
numerous, slender, prominent, lacerately spinulose at summit.
Height °60; diameter of narrowest part °38 by 50; diameter of
cup 50 by *72; depth of cup °25 of an inch.
Monterey, California,—Robert E. C. Stearns. One specimen.
Paracyathus humilis Verrill, sp. nov.
Corallum small, cylindrical, about as wide at base as summit. Wall
thin, feebly costate, except near the margin of the enp, where the
costze become thinner, more elevated, and granulous. Calicle rather
shallow, with a sunken center. Columella small, composed of rather
open, contorted processes, with an irregular, papillose surface. Septa
in four cycles; the primaries and secondaries subequal, with the inner
edge perpendicular and the summits broadly rounded and considera-
bly exsert; those of the third and fourth cycles much thinner and nar-
rower, and very little exsert; all the septa have their sides strongly
and roughly granulated. Pali prominent and rather slender, subequal,
a few of them divided into two parts, most of them with irregular
sides from which are developed small rough lobes, projecting in various
directions. There are no pali in front of the septa of the fourth cycle.
Height of the largest specimen ‘20; breadth 22; depth of calicle
‘07; the primary septa are ‘06 broad and project ‘05; diameter of the
columella °06 of an inch.
Pearl Islands,—F. H. Bradley.
Bathycyathus Edw. and Haime.
Bathycyathus M. Edw. and J. Haime, Ann. des Sci. naturelles, 3¢ sér., ix, p. 294,
1848; Coralliaires, ii, p. 22, 1857.
Corallum simple, elongated, attached by a broad base. Costz fine,
close, and simple. Calicle elliptical, very deep. Columella slightly
developed, composed of irregular processes. Septa well developed, in
five cycles (in the known species); those of the last cycle more devel-
oped than those of the preceding one, towards which they closely
approach exteriorly; primaries and secondaries about equal. Pali
narrow and elevated, in a single circle around the columella.
Two species of this genus, besides the following, are known:
B. Indicus Edw. and H. is from the Island of Juan Fernandez, at the
depth of 80 fathoms; B. Sowerbyi Edw. and H. is from the upper
Cretaceous green-sand, Wiltshire, England.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 539
. Bathycyathus Chilensis Edw. and Haime.
Annales des Sci. nat., 3¢ sér., ix, p. 294, Pl. 9, fig. 5, 1848; Coralliaires, ii, p. 23, 1857.
Corallum with the calicle subelliptical; the ratio of the axes as
100: 166; the summits of the small axis a little reéntrant and more
elevated than those of the large axis, which are rounded. Columella
oblong, reduced. Septa very close, very little thickened externally
and becoming very thin within, with the faces covered with numerous,
very fine ‘grains, disposed in series parallel to the edge. Pali very
thin, covered with extremely prominent grains, with the internal edge
a little flexuous.—(Edw. and Haime),.
Height, 40"; larger axis of the calicle, -25; smaller, 15; depth
of fossette, °13.
Coast of Chili,—Gay.
Family, Tursinotip# Edw. and Haime (restricted).
Turbinoline Edw. and Haime, Ann. des Sci. nat., ix, p. 235; Coralliaries, ii, p. 95,
1857.
The genera referred to this group are distinguised by the entire
absence of pali, and generally by the very open appearance of the
chambers between the septa. It includes two groups, or sub-families,
already referred to on page 536: the Turbinolinw, in which there is
no epitheca and the calicles are generally circular; and FVabelline, in
which the wall is complete y covered by a pelicle-like epitheca, and
in which the calicles are usually elliptical.
Desmophyllum Ehrenberg.
Desmophyllum Ehrenberg, Corall. des rothen Meeres, p. 75, 1834; Edw. and Haime;
Ann. des Sci. nat., ix, p. 252, 1848; Coralliaires, ii, p. 76, 1857.
Corallum simple, elevated, attached by an encrusting base. Wall
naked, usually smooth below and costate or crested near the summit.
Calicle very deep at center, without a columella. Septa broad, much
exsert, generally curved outward.
This genus includes several living species from the West Indies ;
Mediterranean ; Atlantic coasts of Europe; Japan; and the following
from South America. It also occurs in the Miocene of southern
Europe.
Desmophyllum Cumingii Edw. and Haime.
Desmophyllum Cumingii Edw. and Haime, Ann. des Sci. nat., 3¢ sér., ix, p. 254, PI.
7, fig. 11, 1848; Coralliaries, ii, p. 77, 1857.
This species differs from D. cristagalli in this that it is much less
elongated, and fixed by a large and scarcely curved base. Ratio of
540 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
the axes as 100: 157. The septa are proportionally less projecting,
and one can distinguish on their sides lines of fine and very scattered
grains, parallel to the superior edge; the fosette of the calicle is still
more narrow.
Height, 40 millim.; longer axis of the calicle, 26; smaller axis,
19; the primary septa project 5.—(Edw. and Haime).
Pacific coast of South America,—H. Cuming.
This species I have not seen, and therefore reproduce the descrip-
tion given by Edwards and Haime.
As it was collected by Mr. Hugh Cuming, it probably belongs to
the Panamian fauna.
Suborder, FUNGACEA Verrill.
Fungide (family) Edw. and Haime, Corall., iti. p. 1; + Merulinacee (tribe) op. cit., ii,
p.627; + Echinoporine (subfamily) op. cit., p.621; + Siderastrea, and some other
genera referred to Astreide.
Fungacea Vervill, Proceedings Essex Institute, iv, p. 146, 1865; American Journal
of Science, vol. xl, p. 128, 1865.
Polyps short and broad, not exsert, either simple, or becoming com-
pound by marginal budd ng, rarely by fissiparity; in compound
species the in ividual polyps are usually not clearly separated by
definite walls, the septa of adjacent cells blending. Tentacles various
in number and form, usually short and lobe-like, or bilobed, often
rudimentary or wanting. Coralla generally broad and low, in com-
pound species usually foliaceous or encrusting, the growth chiefly
centrifugal, the septal system composing the chief part of the coral.
Walls imperfectly developed, often rudimentary or wanting, when
present usually forming the basal or attached portion. Interseptal
chambers generally open from top to bottom, though mostly partially
interrupted by transverse bars or trabicule, which unite adjacent
septa; but sometimes crossed by well formed dissepiments, as in
Pavonia and Siderastrea.
Family, Funerp Dana (restricted).
Fungide (pars) Dana, Zoéphytes U. 8. Expl. Exp., p. 283, 1846.
Fungine (subfamily) Edw. and Haime, Ann. des Sci. nat., 3¢ser., xv, p. 75, 1851 ;
Coralliaires, iii, p. 4, 1860.
Fungide Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, p. 146, 1865.
Coralla simple or compound, free or attached, low and broad,
the compound forms often foliaceous. Walls basal, little developed,
often strongly costate, perforated by irregu ar openings, destitute of
—--
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 541
epitheca. Septa dentate, low, widely spreading, in simple species very
numerous, in compound ones often but few. Interseptal chambers
crossed by transverse trabicule. Coste echinulate, often spinose,
In some compound genera the polyps are of two or more kinds, the
lateral or secondary ones often very imperfectly developed, but the
central, primary polyp, even in these, has the essential structure of
the typical forms.
Fungia Lamarck.
Fungia (pars) Lamarck, Syst. des animaux sans vert., p. 369 1801; Hist. Anim, sans
vert., ii, p. 236, 1816; 2™4 ed., p. 369, 1836; Ehrenberg, Corall. des rothen Meeres,
p. 48, 1834.
Fungia Dana, Zoophytes U. 8. Expl. Exp., p. 287, 1846; Edw. and Haime, Ann. des
Sci. nat., 3€ sér, xv, p. 76, 1851; Coralliaries, iii, p. 5, 1860.
Corallum simple, circular or nearly so, while young turbinate and
attached by a narrow base; the outer margin growing outward
rapidly and becoming horizontal or revolute, the pedicle breaks off
and the coral afterward remains free, resting upon the flat or concave
basal surface, formed by the wall, which in life is completely covered
by a lime-secreting membrane, by which the scar of adherence is soon .
obliterated. Wall more or less perforated by irregular openings,
especially near the margin, covered with radiating cost, which are
denticulate or even spinose. Septa very numerous, unequal; the
principal ones high and thickened near the central fosette, those of
the later cycles broadest near the margin, becoming thin and uniting
together toward their inner edges, usually with a more or less marked
tentacular tooth at the points where they become narrower. Central
fosette small. Columella little developed, trabicular.
This genus is represented by many large and fine species, several of
them becoming more than a foot in diameter, in the Indo-Pacific
fauna. These species abound in the shallow lagoons of the Feejce
and Society Islands, Kingsmills, Phillipines, and throughout the tropi-
eal parts of the central Pacific and Indian Oceans, extending on the
coast of Africa from Zanzibar to the coral reefs of the Red Sea. In
the Atlantic Ocean none have hitherto been found, unless a small un-
described species, dredged by Mr. Pourtales, of the U.S. Coast Sur-
vey, at a great depth between Florida and Cuba, really belongs to
this genus.
The following is remarkable as the only species hitherto discovered
on the Pacific coast of America. It appears to be very local in its
habitat, having been as yet found only at one small island.
542 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Fungia elegans Verrill.
Fungia elegans Verrill, Amer. Journal of Science, 2d ser, xlix, p. 100, Jan. 1870.
Plate X, figures 1 and 2.
Corallum, when young, regular and round, often becoming slightly
oval; when adult, usually more or less angular, the edge plicated,
forming six to twelve lobes. The upper surface becomes very convex
in mature specimens and the lower surface deeply concave and
covered with very numerous, fine, subequal, elevated costee, which are
finely dentate on the outer half, becoming nearly entire and very faint
toward the center, which usually shows the scar, where it was at-
tached when young. Septa thick and rather crowded, very unequal,
the six primaries very prominent and thick at the inner end; those of
succeeding cycles successively shorter and less elevated. Edges of
septa unevenly crenulate, or finely dentate. Columella slightly de-
veloped, loosely spongy ; median fosette small, narrow, elongated; the
two septa in the direction of its longer diameter much less elevated
and thinner than the rest. Trabiculz stout, conspicuous, often coales-
cing into continuous transverse plates.
The smallest unattached specimens are *90 of an inch broad by °35
high; ordinary specimens are about 1-90 broad by 1:10 high; some
of the largest 2°25 by 1°15; 2°85 by 1°20; 2°40 by 1:25 ; 2°55 by 1°11.
Near La Paz,—J. Pedersen.
Of this small but very interesting species Capt. Pedersen has sent
more than one hundred specimens, all of which came from a single
locality.
Family, Acaricip# Verrill.
Fungide (pars) Dana, Zodphytes U. 8. Expl. Exp., p. 283, 1846.
Lophoserine Hdw. and Haime, Comptes-rendus de l’Acad. des Sci., xxix, p. 71, 1849.
Lophoserine (pars) Edw. and Haime, Ann. des Sci. nat., 3° ser., xv, p. 101, 1851;
Coralliaires, iii, p. 35, 1860.
Lophoseride Verrill, Proc. Essex Inst., iv, p. 146, 1865.
Coralla simple or compound. Wall, and basal disk of compound
species, compact, imperforate, costate. Coste generally nearly equal,
seldom echinulate or dentate. Septa compact, usually few, low, pro-
longed outwardly, extending between adjacent cells. In compound
species the coral is generally encrusting, or thin and foliaceous, the
polyps covering one or both sides of the foliz, and budding chiefly
around the margins, from the prolonged septal systems. The cells are
not separated by definite walls. In some genera, however, like Puvo-
nix and Siderastriex, the coral forms more or less thickened plates, or
even globular masses, while the interseptal chambers have transverse
dissepiments, as well as trabicule.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 548
Since Lophoseris is a late synonym of Pavonia it is undesirable to
use it for the derivation of the family name. Pavonide is in use in
ornithology.
Pavonia Lamarck.
Pavonia (pars) Lamarck, Syst. des animaux sans vert., p. 372, 1801; Hist. nat. des
anim. sans vert., ii, p. 238, 1816; 2nd edit., ii, p. 876.
Pavonia Ehrenberg, Corall. des rothen Meeres, p. 104, 1834; Dana, Zoophytes U. S.
Expl. Exp., p. 319, 1846.
Lophoseris Edw. and Haime, Comptes-rendus de I’Acad. des Sci., xxix, p. 72, 1849;
Ann. des Sci. nat., 3° sér., xv, p. 121, 1851; Coralliaires, iii, p. 65, 1860.
Pavonia Verrill, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zodlogy, i, p. 54, 1864; Proc. Essex Inst., v,
p. 45, 1866.
Coralla compound, adherent, encrusting or foliaceous, generally
with rising crests, foliz, or lobes of various kinds; sometimes thick
and massive, often thin and delicate. The foliaceous forms usually
have both surfaces covered with polyps, but some of the horizontally
spreading species are foliaceous near the edge, with polyps only on
the upper side, the lower side being naked and finely costulate.
Polyp-cells scattered, clearly defined, but not separated by distinct
walls, the adjacent ones united by prolongations of the septa.
Columella tubercular, sometimes rudimentary. Septa few, gene-
rally more or less thickened. Dissepiments, in the thick species, well
developed ; in the thinner ones represented only by trabicule.
The name, Pavonia, was rejected by Edwards and Haime because
Hubner used it among insects in 1816, but they overlooked the fact
that the genus was first established in the earlier work of Lamarck,
published in 1801.
This genus has nearly the same distribution as Hungia. It is found
throughout the tropical regions of the Pacific and Indian Oceans,
from the west coast of America to the east coast of Africa, and from
the Hawaiian Islands, Southern Japan, Hong Kong, and the Red Sea
on the north, to Australia and Zanzibar on the south. It is repre-
sented in this great area by many species. No species has yet been
found in the Atlantic Ocean, where it is replaced by Agaricia.
Pavonia gigantea Verrill.
Pavonia gigantea Verrill, Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., xii, p. 394, 1869.
Plate IX, figure 7.
Corallum very large, thick, encrusting, near the edges often some-
what free; upper surface nearly flat or variously undulated and un-
even, covered with large, distant, stellate cells, which are either irreg-
ularly scattered, or sometimes in somewhat regular rows for a short
544 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
distance, and in the latter case contiguous laterally, but the rows are
separated by spaces equal to once or twice the diameter of the cells,
which are united by very prominent septo-costal lamelle. In the
largest cells there are usually twenty-four septa, in three regular cycles,
often twelve, sometimes only eight or ten, and frequently irregular
numbers, between twelve and twenty-six, but in all cases they are
alternately large and small. The larger septa are very stout, much
thickened at the margin, tapering to a sharp edge within, the sides
and edge roughly granulous; the costal part is very prominent, thick»
but less so than the marginal part, sharp-edged, and almost always
continuous with one of the large septa of an adjacent cell. The
alternating small septa are not more than half as wide, thin, much
less prominent, slightly thickened at the margin, and extend as thin
costal lamellee between the much thicker and more prominent primary
ones to adjacent cells, but they are often imterrupted and variously
branched. Stout trabicule are often visible at the surface between
the costal lamellae. Columella represented by a small central tubercle,
which is often wanting, and a deeper, large, solid portion, which fills the
center of the cell below, and unites with the inner edges of the septa.
The endotheca consists of distinct, regular, thin, nearly horizontal,
transverse septa, as in many Astraeans; these are about ‘03 to ‘05 of
an inch apart in the same interseptal chamber, as seen in a vertical
section. The radiating septa are solid and continuous.
The largest specimen is nearly three feet long, two feet broad, and
eight inches thick in the middle; diameter of cells mostly ‘08 to 12;
distance between them, in the direction of the costal plates, generally
10 to *16 of an inch.
Pearl Islands,—F. H. Bradley.
It was brought from seven fathoms by Mr. Clarke, a pearl collector
who gave great assistance to Mr. Bradley while making his collections.
Pavonia clivosa Verrill, op. cit., p. 395.
Plate IX, figure 8.
Corallum thick and massive, lobed, or rising into very large rounded
eminences or oblong ridges, thickly covered with stellate cells, which
are smaller and nearer together than in the preceding species. Cells
mostly uniformly scattered, often closely crowded and contiguous on
the summits of the prominences, usually separated on other parts at
distances about equal to their own diameter. Septa generally from
sixteen to twenty-four, alternately larger and smaller; the larger ones
rather thin, only little thickened even at the margin, roughly granu-
lous on the sides; their costal prolongations elevated and rather thin.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 545
Smaller septa about half as wide, a little thinner and less elevated, as
are also their costal prolongations. Columella a small tubercle, often
prominent, sometimes flattened. Internal structure as in the preced-
ing, but the transverse septa are nearer together.
The largest specimens are ten inches to two feet in diameter; and
often a foot thick or high; some of the prominences or lobes are from
four to six inches in diameter, and nearly as high; diameter of cells
mostly 05 to ‘06; distance between them ordinarily *05 to 08.
Pear! Islands, at extreme low-water of spring tides,—F. H. Bradley.
Stephanaria Verrill.
Stephanocora Vervill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. History, vol. x, p. 330, 1866, (now Ehren-
berg).
Stephenaria Verrill, Transactions Conn. Acad., i, p. 340, 1867.
Coralla compound, consisting of irregular short, lobe-like branches.
Cells moderately large, with two or three cycles of septa, which
are denticulate on the edge, well developed, and mostly confluent
with those of adjacent cells. Walls indistinct or wanting, the divis-
ions between the cells indicated only by small, granular points, which
sometimes interrupt the septa of adjoining cells. Columella papillose.
Paliform papillze before all the principal septa, the inner ones becom-
ing confounded with the columella.
This genus resembles Synarwa V. and Psammocora Dana, but
differs from the first in the well developed septa, and many other
characters, and from the last in having papilliform pali and columella.
Stephanaria stellata Verrill.
Stephanocora stelluta Verrill, op. cit., p. 330, 1866.
Plate IX, figures 4, 4°.
Coralla forming rounded clumps of short, irregularly lobed and
contorted branches, which are very unequal in size and form; some-
times nearly simple and angular, with a large cell at the top; at other
times, even on the same clump, having the summit very much ox
panded, so as to form flattened, contorted lobes, with acute summits
and lateral crests, or even meandriniform lobes. The branches are
usually about an eighth of an inch distant, sometimes more, the sides
covered with rather large, starlike, shallow cells, one, or several, larger
than the others often terminating the branches, which appear to in-
crease by the upward extension of one of the edges of these cells by
submarginal budding. Septa twelve to twenty, often with other
rudimentary ones, rather thick and strong, with sharp, spiny granu-
546 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
lations or teeth on the sides and edges, and mostly confluent with
those of adjacent cells. Color of the unbleached coral ash-gray or
yellowish gray.
Height of coral 3 inches; length of living portion of branches +25
to ‘45; the diameter of the larger cells 10 of an inch,
Panama and Pearl Islands,—F. H. Bradley ; La Paz, Gulf of Cali-
fornia,—J. Pedersen.
ADDENDA.
Since the preceding article has been in press several collections have
been received from new localities, containing, in some cases, additional
varieties and species, some of which are introduced here to make the
article more complete, while the others will be enumerated in the geo-
graphical lists in the next article. Some of the species of the west
coast have also been figured and described during the past year in
foreign works. Dr. Albert Koélliker, especially, has very fully descri-
bed some of the Pennatulide in his admirable work on that group.
Renilla amethystina Verrill, p. 379.
Renilla reniformis (pars) 8. Richiardi, Monografia della famiglia dei Pennatularii, in
Archivo per la Zoologia, Anatomia e la Fisiologia, Ser. ii, vol. i, p. 133. 1869, (non
Pallas).
Dr. Richiardi has made a serious mistake in referring this very dis-
tinct species to the common species of the southern coast of the Uni-
ted States. He also refers R. Dine V. and R. peltata V. to Rh. reni-
formis, both of which are very distinct from it, approaching R&R. viola-
cea more nearly, though apparently quite distinct from that species
also. It is probable that he is personally unacquainted with these
species.
Leioptilum undulatum Verrill, p. 381
Pennatula undulata Richiardi, op. cit., p. 33.
Leioptilum undulatum Kolliker, Anatomisch-Systematische Beschreibung der Alcyo-
narien, I, Pennatuliden, (Abhandl. d. Senckenb. Naturf. Gesellschaft, Bd. vii), p.
143, Taf. X, figures 76, 77, 78, 1870.
Prof. Kélliker describes three additional specimens from Mazatlan,
all of which were larger than the original specimen. They were re-
spectively 127™™ long by 32™™ broad; 167 long, the feather 89, stock
of 78; and 235™ long, the feather 133, stock 102, breadth of feather
58, stock 22, greatest breadth of the pinne 48, height 26. The last
specimen had 32 pinne on one side and 34 on the other.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 547
Dr. W. Newcomb last year dredged two specimens in the Gulf of
Fonseca, one of which he has sent to the Museum of Yale College.
He has also loaned me a colored drawing, made from one of these spe-
cimens while living, by Mrs. Newcomb.
The specimen referred to is considerably smaller than those previ-
ously described, and is evidently quite immature. Its entire length is
66™™", of which the pinnate portion, or feather, is 38, and the pedun-
ele 28. The pinnate portion is rather oblong, very little rounded on
the sides and obtusely rounded at the end. The ventral surface (dor-
sal according to Kdlliker) of the stalk is narrow below and concealed
by the pinne, which meet but do not overlap; the upper part is broader
and not concealed, its surface is nearly smooth, light gray with
streaks of brown. The dorsal surface (ventral, Kélliker), comprising
about half the entire circumference, is thickly covered, except along a
linear, median, naked space on the lower half, with rounded verrucie,
formed by the rudimentary polyps, or asexual zodides; the outer ver-
ruce are largest, those nearer the middle becoming smaller and more
crowded; the verruce are purplish brown, owing to numerous minute
purplish spicula, the surface between is grayish white. There are 22
pinne on each side, with a few other rudimentary ones; the larger
ones are broadly rounded, the edge thick and slightly undulated, form-
ing nearly a half circle; they are attached by a narrow base, the
polyps of the edge extending in front to the point of attachment, but
the dorsal edge is naked, elevated, thin, and concave; the sides are
smooth, grayish white, except near the outer border, which, like the
edge and the bodies of the polyps, is purplish, owing to the minute
purple spicula with which those parts are filled. The polyps are
closely arranged on the thickened edge, in about three rows. The
peduncle is constricted just below the feather, swollen below the mid-
dle, blunt at the end, and yellowish below, blotched with purplish
brown on the upper part of the dorsal surface.
Length 2°65 inches; the feather 1°55; the peduncle 1°10; breadth
of the feather -80; of the peduncle *40; of the stock in middle of
feather 35; breadth of largest pinne ‘50; their height in center °30;
of posterior edge °20; width of polyp-bearing edge -07. 4)
The specimen drawn by Mrs. Newcomb, was, when living, 4°55
inches long; the feather 2°85; the peduncle 1°65; greatest breadth of
feather 1-40; of peduncle ‘80. The feather is more oval in outline,
the middle pinne being more extended; the peduncle is strongly con-
stricted above, suddenly expanded below the constriction, and thence
tapering to a point. The color of the peduncle, in life, was orange-
548 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
yellow at the lower end, light yellow in the middle, upper part spot-
ted with dark gray and brown; front of stalk tinged with purple;
back grayish, the verruce dark brown; pinnee, on the back and sides,
whitish, the edge with the polyps yellowish brown.
Ptilosarcus Gurneyi Gray, p. 382.
Ptilosarcus Gurneyt Richiardi, op. cit., p. 61, Tav. IX, fig. 58; Kolliker, op. cit., p.
146.
This species has an elongated, club-shaped form, the peduncle con-
stituting from one-third to nearly one-half the entire length. The pin-
nate portion is thick, rather oblong, slightly tapering both ways from
the middle. The pinne are numerous, 50 to 54 on each side, crowded,
broad, rounded, nearly semicircular, attached by a broad base, the
posterior edge extending beyond the base in the form of a rounded
lobe; the edge is thickened and covered by small polyps, arranged in
about four rows, each polyp surrounded by prominent, spine-like spic-
ula. Dorsal surface (ventral according to Kélliker) of the stalk with
two broad bands of small, crowded, granule-like papille, formed by
the asexual zodides or “rudimentary polyps.” The peduncle is thick,
bulbous, very muscular, the surface strongly suleated in contraction ;
the interior with four longitudinal canals. Axis long, slender, fusi-
form, tapering to the long, slender, recurved points.
A large specimen from Puget Sound, in alcohol, is 10 inches long;
the feather 5°25; the pedunéle 4°75; greatest breadth of feather 2;
diameter of peduncle 1:25; breadth of largest pinne 1°50; height ‘80.
Prot. Kélliker describes a specimen from Vancouver Island, belong-
ing to the Museum of Stockholm, which has quite different propor-
tions: whole length 283""; feather 180; peduncle 103; breadth of
peduncle 20; of feather 45 to 50; of pinne 25; height of pinnz 30™",
This specimen had 54 pinne on each side.
Stylatula, page 382.
In addition to S. gracilis and S. elongata, Richiardi refers to this
genus Virguluria Finmarchica Sars; V. multiflora Kner, from the
Adriatic Sea; and V. elegans Danielsen, from Christiansand.
Leptogorgia Agassizii Verrill, p. 388.
Some of the specimens from La Paz are of large size (12 to 18
inches high and 18 to 24 broad) and form complex fronds. The more
regular ones give off several lateral fronds from near the base of the
primary ones; these are at first nearly at right angles to the main
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 549
frond and attached to it vertically by one edge, but they soon bend
around laterally and become parallel to the primary frond; other
fronds often arise from the secondary ones, especially from the part
where the bend occurs, and spread in the opposite direction. In
some specimens all the secondary fronds, often amounting to a dozen
or more, are thus united together, leaving between them large square
or oblong spaces, often open both from above and below. In one
specimen the fronds are numerous, more or less united together, and
spreading outward in all directions, while the upper sides are prolife-
rous and give rise to many small fronds, thus producing a large and
pretty regular rosette.
These specimens have slender branchlets and small meshes. The
color is bright red or purplish, mingled with yellow.
Leptogorgia pulchra, sp. nov.
Corallum reticulated, flabelliform, either simple and extending in
one plane, or composed of several fan-shaped fronds arising from the
sides of the primitive one nearly at right angles and then becoming
parallel. .The trunk usually divides close to the base into several
principal branches which subdivide rapidly and soon lose themselves
among the reticulated branchlets. The meshes are variable in form
and size, but commonly angular with rounded corners, often squarish,
frequently higher than broad. The branchlets, in the typical form,
are rather thick, squarish, with prominent rounded verruce, arranged
in about two rows on each side, and rather crowded, but in the slen-
der form fewer and more distant, and often but slightly elevated.
The cells, when open, are mostly slightly bilobed.,
Color light or deep reddish or purplish and usually tinged with
yellow or orange, often yellowish red or brick-color, or various shades
of reddish brown.
Height of the larger specimens 8 to 15 inches, generally broader
than high; diameter of the branchlets, in the best grown specimens,
about ‘08, in some cases the branchlets vary in the same specimen
from ‘05 to ‘10, sometimes they are slender throughout and not more
than °05 in diameter.
The spicula are deep red and bright yellow, or orange-yellow,
mingled usually in about equal numbers. ‘The longer double-spindles
are rather slender, oblong fusiform, rather obtusely pointed, with a
pretty broad median space and about three well separated whorls of
low crowded warts on each end, and small terminal clusters. The
-stouter double spindles are similar, but more oblong in form and
blunter, with about two crowded whorls and a terminal cluster of
550 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
warts on each end. Many small spicula have a wider median space
and one whorl, with a terminal cluster close to it, on each end; mi-
nute rounded heads are frequent. The polyp-spicula are mostly
bright red, but some yellow; they are mostly rather slender with few
slight denticulations on one or both sides. The longer double-
spindles measure *102"" by ‘036™", ‘096 by ‘036, -090 by ‘030, -084
by ‘030; the stouter ones 090 by *036, ‘084 by (036, 078 by -036;
the small spicula with single whorl on each end ‘054 by -024, -048 by
024, -040 by *024.
La Paz,—6 to 8 fathoms, by divers,—J. Pedersen.
Leptogorgia pulchra, var. exilis, nov.
Corallum flabelliform, loosely reticulated, with larger, squarish or
oblong meshes. Branchlets quite slender, roundish, with smaller,
scattered, sometimes prominent, but more commonly scarcely raised,
rounded verruce, which are mostly arranged alternatingly in about
four rows on the branchlets, on the terminal ones often in a single
row on each edge.
Color, as in the typical form, variable, but always formed by a
mingling of some shade of red with bright yellow or orange spicula,
in various proportions. Some of the specimens are 12 to 15 inches
high and about as wide; branchlets ‘04 to ‘07 in diameter; meshes
‘20 to °25 wide; ‘25 to ‘75 high.
The spicula agree very nearly in size, form, and color with those of
the typical form.
La Paz, by pearl divers,—J. Pedersen.
Several specimens of this variety are in the collection. They differ
so much from the typical specimens, which are more numerous, that
they might readily be mistaken for a distinct species, but one large
specimen has the branches, branchlets, and verruce of the typical
form throughout the greater part of its extent, but toward one edge
they gradually diminish in size, while the verrucz diminish at the
same time in size and number, until we have the extreme form of the
slender variety, forming a considerable portion of the upper end and
one edge of the frond, thus proving the specific identity of the two
forms. The spicula, also, even from extreme specimens of each form,
show very little variation.
This species in external form has considerable resemblance to Z.
media and L. Agassizii. 'The typical form has about the same sized
branchlets and meshes as the former, but has more prominent ver-
ruc; it is much coarser than LZ. Agassizii and has larger meshes,
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 551
but some of the forms might be mistaken for a coarse variety of the
latter. The spicula are, however, very different from both those
species, which have spicula remarkable for their short stout forms,
with bluntly rounded ends and crowded warts.
The slender variety resembles, in the size of the meshes and branch-
lets, L. eximia, but the latter has entirely different spicula, remark-
able for the distant and elongated warts.
Leptogorgia tenuis, sp. nov.
Corallum flabelliform, consisting of very slender branches and
branchlets, which are loosely reticulated, many of the branchlets be-
sides the terminal ones, remaining free. The meshes are generally
about a quarter of an inch wide, and vary in length from a quarter of
an inch to nearly an inch. The larger branches are roundish with dis-
tant, scattered, relatively large, subconical, prominent verruce, which
form about four irregular rows. The terminal branchlets are very
slender, with the conspicuous, conical verruc alternating in a single
row on each edge; the tips enlarged and flattened, terminated by two
verruce. Ccenenchyma thin, firm, finely granulous. Axis blackish.
Color bright light red, uniform throughout. The spicula are light
red and yellowish, and are quite regularly fusiform. The longer
double-spindles are slender and very acute, with a well defined median
space, bordered by large wreaths of short rough warts, beyond which
there are three or four whorls of smaller warts, diminishing gradually
to the ends, where they blend with the acute terminal ones. The
stouter double-spindles are similar in form and structure and only a
little less acute, with the warts more crowded. There are a few mi-
nute spicula, with a wide median space and a single whorl and termi_
nal cluster of warts on each end. The polyp-spicula are light pink
slender, with a few low blunt denticulations on one or both sides.
The longer double-spindles measure ‘138° by -042™™", °132 by
042, “120 by ‘036, “108 by ‘036; the stouter double-spindles are
138 by 048, °126 by °048, -120 by .054, 120 by *048, +108 by -048,
090 by °048.
La Paz, on base of Eugorgia nobilis, var. excelsa, in from 4 to 6
fathoms,—J. Pedersen. One specimen.
Externally this species most resembles L. eximia, though the
branchlets are more slender and the verruce fewer and larger. The
spicula are entirely different, being more regularly fusiform and acute,
with much less prominent and more numerous warts. They resemble
those of L. Adamsii more than those of any other species, but are
TRANS. ConNECTICUT AcaAD., Vou. I. 67 Dec., 1870.
552 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
larger, and stouter, and less acute. In external appearance it also
resembles the slender variety (exé/is) of the preceding species, but
the spicula are much larger, more regularly fusiform, and much more
acute, with comparatively few of the short blunt forms.
Leptogorgia labiata, sp. nov.
Leptogorgia ramulus, var. (page 396).
Of this form, hitherto regarded as a northern dwarfed variety of
L. ramulus, 1 have more recently seen additional specimens from
other localities, all of which present the same characters, both of ex-
ternal appearance and spicula. I am therefore led to regard it as a
distinct species.
It is low and densely branched, rigid, the branchlets short, thick,
squarish, generally blunt, sometimes clavate, but often obtusely
pointed. The verruce are conspicuous, elevated, rounded, closely ar-
ranged in about four longitudinal rows, divided at the summit or on
the upper side into two lateral lobes or lips, which form the borders of
the oblong cells.
The color is red or brownish, generally more or less tinged with
yellow, especially around the cells.
The largest specimens seen are about five inches high and four
broad; the terminal branchlets °25 to 1 in. long; about °12 in diam-
eter.
The spicula are somewhat larger than those of LZ. ramulus, and de-
cidely stouter and more rounded at the ends, with more crowded
warts, which usually form arounded terminal cluster. They are rose-
red and light yellow.
Acapulco,—A. Agassiz; Cape St. Lucas,—J. Xantus; Corinto,
Nic.,—J. A. McNiel; Tehuantepec, Mexico,—Dr. Sumichrast (Chicago
Academy).
Leptogorgia exigua, sp. nov.
This form I have formerly regarded as a dwarf variety of L. cuspi-
data, but having recently seen numerous specimens from several
widely separated localities, I am led to regard it as a peculiar species,
allied to L. cuspidata and L. rigida.
Although quite variable in color and somewhat so in form, it never-
theless always has characteristic features by which it may be easily
recognized, The color is really less variable, when closely examined,
than it would seem to be at first sight. It is a mixture of purplish
red and yellow in varying proportions, the yellow spicula being
generally more or less concentrated around the cells, and often ting-
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 553
ing the whole surface, while at other times red or purplish spicula
predominate at the surface, giving this hue to the whole coral. It is
a low, thickly branched, rather rigid species, the branches arising sub-
pinmnately and ascending. The branchlets are roundish, slightly taper-
ing, generally with obtusely pointed or rounded ends. The cells are
small, not prominent, often sunken, evenly scattered over the surface,
except along a narrow, ill-defined naked space on each side of the
branches, which sometimes shows aslight groove.
Color purplish red or brown, with or without a tinge of sulphur
yellow ; reddish or purplish with a circle of sulphur-yellow around
the cells; or yellowish more or less mixed with purplish or reddish at
the surface. Axis black.
Height 2 to 5 inches; breadth about the same; length of terminal
branchlets ‘25 to 1°50; diameter ‘10 to °15.
The spicula are mostly small and blunt, bright rose-red or light
purplish, mixed with bright yellow. The longer double-spindles are
not numerous, rather oblong, stout, blunt, with about three crowded
whorls and a terminal cluster of low, rough warts. The stouter
double-spindles are numerous and of various forms, mostly short and
thick, obtuse or rounded at the ends, with about two crowded whorls
of rough warts on each end; some have a very narrow median space ;
others a well defined one; many short stout spicula have but one
whorl of warts each side of the median, with rounded terminal clusters ;
minute ones of the same kind are abundant. There are also numer-
ous rough heads and double-heads, of various sizes. The spicula are
smaller and blunter, or more rounded, than in LZ. rigida and L. cuspi-
data, and there are none of the stout acute double-spindles, that are
abundant in those species.
The longer double-spindles measure +132™™ by °042, 102 by °0425
096 by -036, 084 by -036; the stouter double-spindles *102 by 048,
096 by -048, 084 by ‘048, 078 by ‘042, 072 by ‘048; the heads
072 by -060, -072 by ‘048, 060 by -048, 042 by *042; the double-
heads :060 by 048, -042 by °036.
Corinto, Nic., at low water, both yellowish and purplish varieties,
common,—J. A. McNiel; Gulf of Nicoya, by pearl divers, small yel-
lowish variety,—J. A. McNiel; Tehuantepec, Mex.,—Dr. Sumichrast
(Chicago Acad.) ; Acapulco,—A. Agassiz ; Guaymas,—Dr. E. Palmer
(Chicago Acad. Science).
Eugorgia nobilis, var. excelsa Verrill, page 409.
This variety forms fan-shaped fronds and grows to a very large size,
some of the specimens exceeding in height those of any other species
554 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
of the west coast known to me. The base is large and spreading.
The trunk is thick at base, usually very short, dividing at once into a
number of main branches. Sometimes several trunks arise from the
same expanded base and form large parallel fronds, close together.
The main branches give off, subpinnately from each side, at distances
of °5 to 2 inches, irregularly alternating secondary branches, which on
the outer branches are more numerous on the upper or inner side of
the branches. The secondary branches subdivide in the same man-
ner, as do their branches and branchlets in turn, until many of them
are five or six times divided. The branches and branchlets mostly
start out at a wide angle and then bend abruptly upward and become
sub-parallel. The terminal branchlets are often from two to six inches
long without division, and usually rather slender, a little compressed,
with a well-marked median groove and a very narrow median naked
space. The polyp-cells are very numerous, scarcely raised, and form
a broad band on each side.
The color is uniform light yellowish brown or chestnut, varying
somewhat in tint in different specimens, sometimes nearly brick-red.
One of the largest specimens is 34 inches high; 28 broad; diameter
of the base 6; of the trunk 1°50; of the main branches mostly °30 to -40;
of the terminal branchlets :05 to -12, but mostly about °10 of an inch,
The spicula are pale yellow and pink. The longer double-spindles
are moderately slender and acute, with about three irregular whorls
of well-separated, prominent warts. The stouter double-spindles are
larger and much stouter, bluntly rounded at the ends, with two
or three whorls and a terminal cluster of large, rough warts, which
are often crowded, but sometimes well separated. The double-wheels
are unusually small, mostly longer than broad, with very small term-
inal and larger median wheels.
The longer double-spindles measure *108"™ by °036™™, *102 by -042,
102 by ‘036, ‘102 by -030, 7096 by “024, °090 by -033; the stouter
double-spindles *090 by °042, °084 by 048, -084 by -045, ‘078 by
045; the double-wheels 048 by -042, 042 by -042, 042 by -036, 036
by -030, 030 by -030.
La Paz, 6 to 8 fathoms, by divers,—J. Pedersen; La Paz,—Major
Wm. Rich; Acapulco,—A. Agassiz.
Eugorgia multifida Verrill, sp. nov. ‘
Corallum flabelliform, the branches very numerously divided in a
pinnate manner, forming densely ramulous, but not reticulated fronds,
two or more sometimes arising from the same base.
The trunk divides at the base into several large, irregular, divergent
Se
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 555
and crooked branches; these often give off similar large and irregular
secondary branches, which like the secondary branches are closely
pinnate along their whole length the pinne or branchlets being sepa-
rated by intervals of -10 to 15 of an inch; most of these are again
pinnate and many of them bipinnate and tripinnate, in the same man-
ner, the branches being everywhere closely crowded, and often sepa
rated by spaces not exceeding their diameter, and seldom exceeding
15 or *20 of an inch. The branchlets are short and variously curved,
spreading abruptly at wide angles, the terminal ones varying in length
from *10 to ‘50 of an inch; they are more or less angular and covered,
except along a narrow, often indistinct, median space, with crowded,
prominent, rounded verruce. Main branches strongly sulcated on
the sides; and partially covered with distant, scattered verruce.
Color deep orange-brown; the borders of the cells mostly bright
yellow; the main branches streaked with red and yellow, more or less
blended, due to the two colors of the spicula.
The largest specimen is 22 inches high; 24 broad; diameter of the
main branches °25 to 40; of the branchlets ‘05 to 10, mostly about -07,
The spicula are deep red and bright yellow intermingled with some
that are light purplish. They are large for the genus, and consist
largely of short, stout double-wheels with much fewer double-spindles.
The longer douible-spindles are quite slender, mostly acute, with a
wide median space, and there are four whorls of small, separate warts
on each end. ‘The stouter double spindles are similar, but blunter and
have more crowded warts. The double-wheels are mostly about as
broad as long, with a well developed median space, bordered by broad,
often sharp-edged “wheels,” beyond which there is a smaller terminal
wheel on each end; the edges of the wheels are often rough or warty
on one side.
The longer double-spindles measure +132" by *042™™", +126 by 030,
108 by 036; the stouter double-spindles measure ‘132 by ‘048, *120
by 048, 108 by °048, -108 by °042, -102 by °054, -102 by -042; the
double-wheels :066 by 048, ‘060 by -060, 060 by °054, 054 by -054.
La Paz, in 6 to 8 fathoms, by divers, rare,—J. Pedersen ; Mazatlan,—
J. Dickinson; Acapulco,—A. Agassiz.
In mode of growth, this species resembles 2. awrantiaca and £. Da-
niana, but it is more densely ramulous, with larger and more promi-
nent verruce than either of those species, and the double-wheels are
stouter and in form quite different from those of both, and much lar-
ger than those of the latter. The color is also peculiar in the six
specimens examined.
556 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
The two following descriptions are reproduced from the American
Journal of Science, xlvili, pp. 427 and 428, 1869. The spicula were
prepared from the original specimens and sent by Prof. A, Kélliker.
Psammogorgia fucosa Verrill, p. 417.
The spicula from the original example of this species show that it
is very distinct from the species that I have hitherto referred to it
(Leptogorgia Caryi). It appears, judging from the spicula, to be a
Psammogorgia, allied to P. teres, but quite distinct. The figure rep-
resents it as 10 inches high and 9 broad, with the branches about 15
of an inch thick, enlarged at the axils. Several stems arise from one
base, as is usual in P. arbuscula, the largest trunk being half an inch
in diameter. The branches are irregularly dichotomous, the divisions
being 5 to 2 inches apart; the final branchlets are stout, scarcely
tapering, obtuse or clavate at the ends, often crooked, °5 to 1 inch
long, "12 to ‘18 of an inch in diameter. Cells small, oblong or oval,
flat on the branches, slightly raised on the branchlets. Color dull
reddish,
It is remarkable for the great diversity in form and color of the
spicula. These are white, yellowish, light red, deep red, and amethys-
tine intermingled. They are mostly stout, blunt, and covered with
large rough warts. Among them are various forms of spindles, double-
spindles, double-heads, heads, and stout warty clubs, with various
irregular forms. The stout double-spindles, which are most numer-
ous, are short and thick, mostly with obtusely rounded ends, some-
times acute, median naked space narrow, bordered by whorls of large,
coarse, rough warts, beyond which there are usually one or two whorls
of smaller warts and a terminal cluster, but in many cases there are
none between the median whorls and the terminal cluster, in other
cases the whorls become crowded and thus the forms pass into large,
stout ‘“‘ double-heads,” in which the ends are rounded and densely cov-
ered with rough warts.
Numerous spicula lack the naked median space and are densely coy-
ered with large rough warts, some of these are short and rounded, in
the form of heads; others are longer, tapering at both ends, and have
the form of very stout spindles; others are large at one end, with the
other tapering, or club-shaped. The polyp-spicula are long, slender
spindles, tapering quite regularly to both ends and covered with small
warts. The large double-spindles measure *156™" by ‘072, ‘156 by
"066, "150 by °072, °144 by -084, 144 by -060; the smaller ones 120
by *060, ‘108 by -060, :072 by 048; double-heads 182 by :096, 132 by
090, 096 by °084; the heads *108 by ‘084, :048 by ‘048; the stout
-
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 557
spindles 156 by *072, *144 by -072, -120 by}-072; the clubs -144 by
"084, “144 by ‘072, 096 by 048; the polyp-spicula +156 by -030, 156
by -024, -144 by -024, 102 by -024.
Mazatlan,— Voyage of the Venus.
Echinogorgia aurantiaca Verrill, pp. 413 and 450.
The spicula of this species show that it is an Eehinogorgia, pretty
nearly allied to E! sasappo. The spicula are yellow, mostly large,
broad, flattened clubs, or scale-clubs, the smaller end often acute,
sometimes blunt, covered with rough warts, the large end usually ter-
minating in one or more broad, flat, irregular, rounded scales, which
are often lobed, or even subdivided into sharp, lacerate spinules.
. With these are many, more or less regular, four-branched crosses, with
rather slender, acute, warty branches; and various forms of irregu-
lar, often branched, warty spindles and compound spicula. A
The clubs and scale-clubs resemble those of FE. sasappo figured by
Dr. K6lliker in his Icones Histiologice, Taf. xviii, figs. 9,, and 9,,.
The scale-clubs measure -290"" by -216™™, :288 by ‘204, -288 by ‘156,
264 by *192, -260 by +168, -240 by “156, -216 by 156, -192 by 132,
"192 by -084, -180 by -084; the crosses -240 by *192, °180 by *156, °144
by °120, :120 by -096; the irregular spindles °336 by -072, 288 by ‘034,
252 by “084.
Callao, Peru,—Mus. Paris.
Heterogorgia papillosa Verrill, sp. nov.
Corallum dichotomous, consisting of few, elongated crooked branch-
es, which are two or three times divided. The branches are of nearly
uniform size, and bend out in a broad curve at the axils. The termi-
nal branchlets are from one to three inches long without division, and
blunt at the end; like the branchlets they are round and crooked,
covered on all sides with prominent papilla-like verruce, which are
mostly eight lobed and open at summit. The lobes of the verruce
are supported by long slender, sharp, curved spicula, which project but
little from the surface. The lower parts of the verruce and the sur-
face of the ccenenchyma are smoothish, and consist mostly of quite
small, rough spicula. The axis is rigid, grayish, and wood-like in
appearance, the surface showing an interwoven fibrous structure; in
the branchlets thick, soft, and yellowish.
Color yellowish white, throughout.
The only specimen obtained is 5 inches high; 3 broad; diameter of
branches and branchlets ‘10 to ‘14; height of largest verrucee ‘05.
558 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
The spicula are white and smaller than in the other species of the
genus. The most conspicuous are roughly warted spindles and double-
spindles, varying from long slender acute forms to stout, blunt, and
irregular ones. With these are many rough irregular crosses and
irregularly branched spicula. The crooked spicula from the verrucze
are long and quite slender, acute, variously curved, often bow-shaped,
covered with small distant warts. The polyp-spicula are smaller and
straighter, with fewer warts. The larger spindles and double-spindles
measure °336™™ by °096™", °336 by -072, 288 by -084, -264 by °108, -264
by -084, ‘264 by -072, 252 by -060, -240 by 096, -240 by -072, 240 by
-060, 228 by -096, °228 by -072, -222 by -108, 222 by 102, -216 by 078,
192 by 072; the crosses +144 by *108, :108 by 084; the long curved
spicula -432 by °042, 360 by 042, 360 by -036, 336 by -030, °312 by
030, :244 by -030.
La Paz, on shell with Hugorgia nobilis, var. excelsa, in 6 to 8 fath-
oms, one specimen,—J. Pedersen.
No. 7.—On the Geographical Distribution of the Polyps of the West
Coast of America.
In the preceding article I have included all the species hitherto
described by others from the west coast of America, as well as those
examined by myself. It is certain, however, that many additional
species remain to be discovered. The tropical region or Panamian
province, extending from Cape Blanco, Peru, to Lower California, and
including the Gulf of California, is the only portion of the coast
from which even tolerably complete collections have been made, and
yet in that great region only the littoral and shallow water species
have been collected. Doubtless many new and interesting forms will
hereafter be discovered in the deeper waters and on the submerged
banks off the coast.
Concerning the polyp-fauna of the coast of Lower California, we
know almost nothing. From the coast farther northward a few small
collections have been brought, and the lists of species from those
regions are certainly very imperfect. From the coasts of Peru and
Chili a greater number of species, mostly Actinians, have been de-
scribed, but many of these need reéxamination from living specimens,
and many others doubtless remain undescribed. The polyps of the
Araucanian and Galapagos provinces are entirely unknown. From
the uegian region several species of Actinians were described in the
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 559
Report on the Zoéphytes of the United States Exploring Expedition,
but it is probable that even there several other species will hereafter
be found. It will, therefore, be useless to attempt any generalizations
upon the extent and limits of the several faune occupying these coasts,
but it appears desirable to bring together the species already known
from each zodlogical province.
So far as can be judged from these imperfect lists, the faunal divis-
ions are the same for the Polyps as for the Echinoderms, and since
these were discussed in a previous article in this volume (pp. 336 to
339), it is unnecessary to give their limits or extent at this time.
ARcTIC PROVINCE.
ALCYONARIA.
Primnoa compressa V errill. Aleyonium rubiforme Dana.
Aleutian Islands. Behrings Straits and Arctic Ocean.
ACTINARIA.
Urticina crassicornis Ehr. Phellia arctica V errill.
Arctic Ocean to Puget Sound. Arctic Ocean.
Of the four species known from this fauna two (Aleyoniimn rubi-
forme and Urticina crassicornis) are found also on the north Atlantic
coasts of America and Europe. The latter also extends southward
to the Oregonian fauna. The others are not known to occur south of
the Aleutian Islands.
SITCHIAN PROVINCE.
ACTINARIA.
Urticina crassicornis Ehy. Ewactis? xanthogrammica V errill.
Arctic Ocean to Puget Sound. Sitcha.
The two species known from Sitcha afford but little evidence in
regard to the character of the fauna, for the first is a species of wide
distribution on all the northern coasts both of the Atlantic and
Pacific, while the second is a doubtful species, which may prove
identical with /. artemisia of the Oregonian fauna.
OREGONIAN. PROVINCE.
ALCYONARIA.
Ptilosarcus Gurneyi Gray.
Vancouver I., Puget Sound and Cape Flattery (80 feet) to Monterey.
560 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
ACTINARIA,
Urticina crassicornis Khr Sayartia, several sp. ined.
Arctic Ocean to Puget Sound. Gulf of Georgia.
Evactis artemisia Verrill. Epiactis prolifera Verrill.
Puget Sound. Puget Sound.
Metridium fimbriatum V errill.
Puget Sound to San Francisco.
MADREPORARIA.
Balanophyllia elegans V errill. Allopora venusta V errill.
Puget Sound to Monterey. Neah Bay.
Of the seven described species in this list, three are not known to
occur elsewhere. Three extend southward into the Californian pro-
vince, and U. crassicornis extends northward to the Arctic Ocean.
CALIFORNIAN PROVINCE.
ALCYONARIA.
Prilosarcus Gurneyi Gray. Stylatula elongata V ervill.
Vancouver Island to Monterey. San Francisco to Monterey.
(?) Virgularia gracilis Gabb. Leptogorgia Caryi Verrill.
Monterey. (2?) Near San Francisco.
ACTINARIA.
Metridium fimbriatum V errill. Sagartia, sp.
San Francisco to Puget Sound.
MADREPORARIA.
Paracyathus caltha Verrill. Balanophyllia elegans V ervill.
Monterey. Monterey to Puget Sound.
P. Stearnsii Verrill.
Monterey.
Among the eight species described from this fauna there are three
that are found also in the Oregonian. The rest have not yet been
recorded from beyond the limits of the fauna.
PANAMIAN PROVINCE.
ALCYONARIA.
Renilla amethystina Verrill. Leptogorgia Flore Verrill.
San Salvador to Zorritos. ¢ Panama Bay.
Leioptillum undulatum Verrill, LZ. Agassizii Verrill.
Gulf of California to Gulf of Fonseca, Gulf of California to Acapuleo.
Stylatula gracilis V ervill. L. media Verrill.
Cape St. Lucas to Panama. Gulf of California to Nicaragua.
Verrili, Notes on Radiata.
LL Adamsii Verrill.
Nicaragua to Zorritos, Peru.
L. pulchra V., and var. exilis V.
Gulf of California.
L. rutila Verrill.
Acapulco.
LL. eximia V errill.
Bay of Panama.
L. tenuis Verrill.
Gulf of California.
L, stenobrochis Verrill.
San Salvador to Zorritos.
var. Englemanni Horn.
Mazatlan and Acapulco to Panama
LL ramulus Verrill.
San Salvador to Zorritos.
L. labiata V errill.
Guaymas and Tehuantepec to Nicaragua.
LL. pumila Verrill.
Zorritos.
L. diffusa V errill.
. Gulf of Nicoya and Panama Bay.
LL. Californica V errill.
Margarita Bay and Cape St. Lucas.
L. alba Verrill.
Guaymas to Panama.
LL. flewilis V errill.
San Salvador to Panama Bay.
L. rigida Verrill.
Gulf of California to San Salvador.
LL. cuspidata V errill.
Cape St. Lucas to Acapuleo.
L, exigua Verrill.
Guaymas to Nicaragua and Zorritos.
Bugorgia ampla Verrill.
Margarita Bay and Gulf of California.
var. purpurascens V errill.
Nicaragua to Zorritos.
E. nobilis Verrill.
Nicaragua and Bay of Panama.
var. excelsa V ervill.
Gulf of California and Acapulco.
FE. Bradleyi Verrill.
Gulf of Nicoya to Panama Bay.
561
E. Daniana Verrill.
Gulf of Nicoya and Bay of Panama.
EF. multifida V ervill.
La Paz and Mazatlan to Acapulco.
EF. aurantiaca V errill.
Gulf of California to Acapulco.
Phycogorgia fucaia Val.
Mazatlan.
Psammogorgia arbuscula V errill.
Gulf of Nicoya to Panama Bay.
—_ var. Dowii Verrill.
San Salvador and Pearl Islands.
var, pallida V errill.
Pearl Islands.
P. teres Verrill.
Guaymas (Dr. E. Palmer) to Panama Bay.
P. fucosa Verrill.
Mazatlan.
P. gracilis Verrill.
Pear! Islands.
Muricea acervata Verrill.
Panama.
MM. tubigera Verrill,
Bay of Panama.
M. hispida V errill.
Panama.
M. squarrosa Verrill.
Panama Bay.
M. crassa V errill.
Panama Bay.
M. echinata Val.
Bay of Panama.
var. flabellum V errill.
Panama Bay.
M. fruticosa Verrill.
Bay of Panama.
var. miser V errill.
Nicaragua to Bay of Panama.
M. austera V errill.
Gulf of California to Bay of Panama.
M. retusa V errill.
Pearl Islands.
M. formosa V errill.
Zorritos.
562 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
M. robusta Verrill. M. aspera Verrill.
Acapulco. Panama.
M. albidu Verrill. Fleterogorgia verrucosa V ervill.
Panama Bay. Bay of Panama.
M. hebes Vervill. Hf, tortuosa Verrill.
Acapulco to Bay of Panama. Bay of Panama.
M. purpurea Verrill. FT, papillosa V ervill.
Acapuleo to Bay of Panama. La Paz.
M. appressa Verrill. Callipodium Pacificum Verrill.
Gulf of California to Panama and Zorritos. Gulf of California to Zorritos.
var. flavescens Verrill. C. aureum Verrill.
Nicaragua to Zorritos. Panama.
M. tenella Verrill. Aleyonium? Bradleyi Verrill.
Nicaragua to Zorritos. Panama.
ACTIN ARIA.
Lophactis ornata V errill. Phellia inornata Verrill.
Panama Bay. Panama Bay.
Asteractis Bradleyi Vervill. P. (?) rubens Verrill.
Panama. Zorritos.
Cladactis grandis V ervill. P. Panamensis V errill.
Nicaragua to Zorritos, Peru. Panama.
Anthopleura Dowii Verrill. Paractis (?) nobilis Verrill.
San Salvador to Panama Bay. Panama. _
Bunodes (?), sp. Mammillifera Dane Vervill.
Pearl Islands. Panama Bay.
Calliactis variegata V ervill. M. nitida Verrill.
Panama Bay. San Salvador.
Sagartia crispata Verrill. M. conferta Vervill.
Panama Bay. Acapuleo and San Salvador.
S. carcinophila V errill. Epizoanthus elongatus V errill.
Panama Bay. Panama Bay and Zorritos, (?) La Paz.
S. Panamensis Verrill. FE. humilis Verrill.
Panama Reefs. Panama.
S. Bradleyi V ervill. EF. crassus Verrill.
Panama Reefs. San Salvador.
Sagartia, sp. ined. Antiputhes Panamensis Verrill.
Panama. Panama Bay.
MaAprEPORARIA.
Montipora fragosa V errill. P. porosa V errill.
(?) Gulf of California. La Paz.
Porites Californica Verrill. P. excavata Verrill.
Guaymas and La Paz. Pearl Islands, Panama Bay.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 563
P. Panamensis Verrill. A, coneinna Verrill.
Panama Bay. Panama Bay.
P. nodulosa Verrill. A. dentata Verrill.
La Paz.
La Paz to San Salvador and Panama.
Dendrophyllia surcularis Vervill. A. costuta Verrill.
Pearl] Islands. Panama Bay.
D. tenuilamellosa Verrill. A, Pedersenii Verrill.
Panama Bay, Acapulco, La Paz. Guaymas and La Paz.
Astropsammia Pedersenii Verrill. A. (Coenungia) conferta Verrill.
La Paz. Gulf of California.
Khizopsammia pulchra Verrill, — Phyllangia dispersa Verrill.
Pearl Islands. Gulf of Nicoya and Panama Bay.
Allopora Californica Verrill. Ulangia Bradleyi Verrill.
(?) Gulf of California. Panama Bay.
Pocillipora capitata V errill. Paracyathus humilis V errill.
La Paz and Socorro Islands to Panama Bay. Pearl Islands.
var. porosa V errill, Desmophyllum Cumingii FE. and H.
La Paz. South America.
var. robusta V errill. Fungiu elegans Verrill.
Near La Paz. Gulf of California.
var. pumila Verrill. Pavonia gigantea Verrill.
Near La Paz. Pearl Islands.
P. lacera Verrill. LF. clivosa V errill.
Acajutla to Panama Bay. Pearl Islands.
Astrangia Haimei Verrill. Stephanaria stellata Verrill.
San Salvador to Panama and Zorritos. La Paz to Bay of Panama.
A, pulchella Verrill.
Panama Bay.
In this list there are 104 species, none of which have been found
beyond the limits of the province. An examination of the list will
show, however, that there are sufficient reasons for recognizing the
three subdivisions of the fauna, already given in the case of the Echin-
oderms (p. 337). But the three subdivisions are not equally well
known. The Actinians of the Mexican and Equadorian sub-proy-
Inces are almost wholly unknown, only one or two species having
been examined from each, while from the Panamian division a consid-
erable number are now made known, although there must be many
additional ones. The shallow water Gorgonians and corals have been
pretty fully collected in both the Mexican and Panamian regions, but
from the Equadorian we have only the small collection obtained by
Mr. Bradley at Zorritos. In the present state of our knowledge some
of the species found in each of the three sub-provinees are peculiar to
it, while many extend also to one of the other, and a considerable
564 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
portion are found in all three, or throughout the whole extent of this
great province. Future explorations will undoubtedly reduce the
number of species peculiar to each subdivision, as most of the late
collections have done, for there can be no doubt but that part of the
apparent differences in the faunz are due to the incompleteness of the
collections. Local peculiarities of the particular places at which the
various collections have been made have also undoubtedly increased
the apparent differences.
As the list now stands, there are known from the Mexican subdivi-
sion 42 species; of these, 20 species are peculiar to the region; 16 are
found: also in the Panamian subdivision; and 6 are found in both these
and the Equadorian regions, ranging to Zorritos.
From the Panamian subdivision there are 80 species known; of
these, 51 are peculiar to it (including 16 of Actinaria); 16 are found
also in the Mexican district; 7 are common to the Panamian and
Equadorian regions; and 6 range through the three sub-provinces.
Of the Equadorian polyp-fauna we know but 17 species; of these 4
are peculiar to it; 7 are found also in the Panamian; and 6 extend
through both the Panamian and Mexican regions, even to the Gulf of
California.
For convenience of reference some local lists are added, which will
at least serve to illustrate the most common and conspicuous species
of the several localities.
List of species collected at Guaynias by Dr. FE. Palmer.
The following species are in the collection of the Chicago Academy
of Sciences:
Leptogorgia Agassizi V. Psammogorgia teres V.
LL. media V. Astrangia Pedersenii V.
LI alba V. A, (Coenangia) conferta V.
LI. labiata V. Porites Californica V.
LT. exigua V.
List of species collected near La Paz by Capt. J. Pedersen.
Leptogorgia Agassizii V. Common. Lugorgia nobilis, var. excelsa V.
L. media V. Not common. Common.
LL. pulchra V. Common. E. multifida V. Rare.
var. exilis V. Common. E.. aurantiaca V. Common.
LD. tenuis V. Very rare. Muricea austera V. Not common.
L. rigida V. Abundant. M. appressa V. Common.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 565
Hleterogorgia papillosa V. Rare. Astropsammia Pedersenii V. Rare.
Callipodium Pucificum V. Rare. Pocillipora capitata V. Common.
Epizoanthus elongatus V. Rare.
var, porosa V. Not common.
Porites Culifornicu V. Not com- —— var. robusta V. Common.
mon. var. pumila V. Common.
P. porosa V. Common. Astrangia dentata V. Rare.
P. nodulosa V. Common. A. Pedersenii V. Not common.
Dendrophyllia tenuilamellosa V. Fungia elegans V. Rare.
tare. Stephanaria stellata V. Rare.
The fauna at Cape St. Lucas appears to be similar to that of La
Paz. The collections made there by Mr. J. Xantus include many of
the species common at La Paz, especially Leptogorgia rigida, L.
Agassizit and L. media, in abundance. He also collected a few addi-
tional species, although his collection was much less extensive than
that of Capt. Pedersen. At Acapulco considerable collections, chiefly
of Gorgonians, have been made by Mr. A. Agassiz, Mr, D. B. Van
Brunt, and others. The common species are mostly the same as at
La Paz, and there appears to be but little difference in the faune of the
two localities, except what may be explained by the incompleteness
of the collections received. A few species (Leptogorgia rutila V., L.
stenobrochis, var. Englemanni, Muricea robusta, M. purpurea, etc.)
common at Acapulco, have not been found at La Paz.
From the coasts of San Salvador and Nicaragua I have seen several
collections, made by Capt. Dow, Mr. Bradley, Mr. J. A. McNiel, and
others, but none of them can be considered as at all complete, even
for the Gorgonians. So far as can be judged from these collections, the
faunz of those coasts are essentially the same as that of Panama Bay.
List of species collected on the coast of Nicaragua by J. A. Me Niel.
The following species were collected by Mr. McNiel on the beach
at Corinto, and by the aid of divers in the Gulf of Nicoya. Those
species found only at one of these places are designated either by
(C.) or (N.) according to the locality. The first series from this
collection is in the Peabody Academy of Science, Salem, Mass., by
' which Mr. McNiel was sent out:
Leptogorgia media V. (C.) Psammogorgia arbuscula V. (N.)
L. Adamsii V. Large. Muricea fruticosa, var. miser V.
L. stenobrochis V. (C.)
L. ramulus V. (C.) M. hebes V. (C.)
L. labiata V. (C.) M. purpurea V. (C.)
566 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
L. diffusa V. (N.) Large. M. appressa V.
L. alba V. Common. var, flavescens V. (C.)
L. exigua V. Common. MM. tenella V. (C.)
Eugorgia Daniana V.(N.) Large. Cladactis grandis V. (C.)
E.ampla, var. purpurascensV . (C.) Astrangia dentata V. (N.)
E. Bradleyi V.(N.) Yellow variety. Phyllangia dispersa V. (Ne)
E. nobilis V. (N.)
PERUVIAN PROVINCE.
ALCYONARIA.
Leptogorgia Peruana Verrill. EHugorgia rubens Verrill.
Callao. Paita.
(?) Muricea horrida Mobius. Echinogorgia aurantiaca V errill.
“Peru.” Perhaps this belongs to the Callao.
Panamian Province.
ACTINARIA,
Oulactis concinnata K. and H. = Sagartia nivea Verrill.
Callao. Paita and Callao.
Bunodes papillosa V errill. S. Lessonii Verrill.
Callao to Taleahuano, Chili. Paita.
B. pluvia Vernill. S. (2) Peruviana Verrill.
San Lorenzo Island. Paita.
B. ocellata Verrill. Nemactis primula Edw. and H.
Paita. San Lorenzo Island.
Phymactis florida Edw. and H. WN. Draytonii Kdw. and H.
San Lorenzo Island. San Lorenzo I.
Anactis picta Khr.
Paita.
Of the fifteen species in this list, only one (Bunodes papillosa)
is known to extend its range beyond the limits of the fauna.
CHILIAN PROVINCE.
ALCYONARIA.
Leptogorgia (?) Chilensis Verrill. Z. (?) arbuscula Verrill.
Algarrobo, south of Valparaiso, I. Santa Maria.
LL. (?) platyclados V errill.
I. Santa Maria.
ACTINARIA.
Bunodes papillosa V errill. Phymactis clematis Kdw. and H.
Taleahuano to Callao. Valparaiso.
Cystiactis Hydouxt Edw. and H. Actinia (?) Mertensii Brandt.
Chili. Chili.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. | 567
Sagartia ? nymphea Verrill. Nemactis ? Chilensis Verrill.
Valparaiso. Bay of T#Icahuano and Quiriquina Island.
S. ? rubus Verrill.
Valparaiso.
MapREPORARIA.
Bathycyathus Chilensis BE. and H.
Chili.
Of the eleven species known from this province, none are known
elsewhere, except Bunodes papillosa, which is also found in the
Peruvian fauna.
FUEGIAN PROVINCE.
ACTINARIA,
Bunodes cruentata Gosse.
Orange Bay.
Metridium reticulatum E. and H.
Orange Harbor.
Cereus Fuegiensis Verrill.
Orange Harbor.
Sagartia impatiens Gosse.
Orange Harbor.
Sagartia lineolata Verrill.
Forge Cove, near Orange Harbor.
MADREPORARIA.
Astrangia, sp.
Straits of Magellan.
The six species known from this fauna appear to be peculiar to it.
For want of room, the lists, giving a detailed comparison between
the tropical faunz of the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and originally
intended to accompany this article, have been reserved for the next
volume.
TRANS. ConNECTICUT ACAD., VOL. I. 68 Fes., 1871].
568 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
No. 8.—Additional Observations on Echinoderms, chiefly from the
Pacifie coast of America. By A. E. VEerritt,.
Presented January, 1871.
ATLANTIC SPECIES.
Pteraster Dane Verrill.
Proce Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., xii, p. 386, April, 1869.
Plate IX, figures 11, 11%.
Upper surface moderately convex; radius of disk to that of rays as
1: 1°18; rays broad, subtriangular, the tips recurved so as to expose
the end of the ambulacral grooves on the upper side. The dorsal
membrane is perforated by minute scattered pores, and numerous
small, slender, acute spines project from its surface at regular inter-
vals; these are larger on the disk and quite small on the outer part of
the rays. Central opening small, somewhat rounded, surrounded by
small spines. Dorsal paxille, as seen when the dorsal membrane is
removed, elevated and rather stout, surmounted at the summit by six
to ten, slender, acicular, divergent spinules, one of which is usually
larger, and projects through the membrane. Rays beneath bordered
on each side by about thirty, slender, transverse, spine-like ribs, which
project but shghtly beyond the margin, and are connected by the web- —
like membrane quite to their ends. Interambulacral plates thin, each
usually bearing four very slender, elongated spines, many of them
with small pedicellariz near the tips; the inner one considerably short-
est; all connected together by a web, which retreats between the
points to a considerable extent; near the mouth there are often five
spines. At each interradial corner of the mouth there are ten long,
slender, pointed spines, the six middle ones about equal in length, the
two outer ones on each side much smaller, the outermost considerably
smaller than the preceding ; just back of these, and side by side, are
two long, slender, somewhat curved, acute spines, about equal in
length to the longer ones of the group in front of them.
Radius of disk °37 of an inch; of rays ‘57; width of rays at base ‘50;
elevation of back 35; length of longest transverse ribs of the rays
beneath 15; of interambulacral spines ‘06 to ‘08; of the spines at
mouth angles, about ‘08.
This species was labeled “Rio Janeiro?” It was perhaps from
dredgings made in 30 fathoms off the east coast of Patagonia,—J. D.
Dana, U. 8. Expl. Expedition.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 569
There is but one specimen of this species in the collection, which
has been dried from alcohol. It is more nearly allied to P. pulvillus
Sars* than to P. militaris. The latter has much longer arms and only
three or four spinules on the dorsal paxille; the former has more
numerous spinules on the paxille, shorter and more numerous inter-
ambulacral spines, and quite different mouth-spines. The dorsal sur-
face is also different from that of either species, as well as the propor-
tions.
Plagionotus Africanus Verrill, sp. nov.
Test broad oblong-oval, somewhat angulated opposite the interam-
bulacra, truncate and slightly emarginate anteriorly, obliquely trun-
cate behind ; margin rather high and abruptly rounded, especially at the
anterior end; upper surface slightly convex, in one specimen depressed
at the center. Ovarial openings four, large, the two anterior oblong
and divergent, unequal, the others round. Anterior ambulacrum
broad, slightly depressed, the plates large and nearly as high as broad,
perforated by conspicuous double pores. Anterior lateral ambulacra
very divergent, rather broad, narrow at first, increasing rapidly in
width to the middle or beyond, the outer portion broad, oblong,
obtuse at the end, which is slightly recurved. Posterior ambulacra
considerably longer, little curved, but strongly divergent, usually
increasing in width to the outer third, beyond which they are some-
what narrowed and curved forward. The anterior and posterior inter-
ambulacra are, therefore, relatively broader than in P. pectoralis, and
the lateral ones narrower. Peripetalous fasciole narrow, but well
defined and sunken, with a rather regular oval outline, which is only
slightly angulate, or rather undulated, laterally, but beyond the mid-
dle of each anterior interambulacrum it bends downward nearly at
right angles for a short distance, and then, after forming another simi-
lar angle, bends a little downward in crossing the anterior end. A
slight ridge, corresponding to the angle of the fasciole, extends upward
to the center, dividing the interambulacra into two unequal areas, the
smaller of which is next to the anterior ambulacrum; both of these
areas bear oblique rows of large tubercles, which do not extend over
the dividing ridge.
In the lateral interambulacra the very large tubercles are numer-
ous, extending to near the apex, mostly arranged in oblique, more or
less curved rows; in the posterior area they are more unequal in size
* Oversigt af Norges Echinodermer, p. 62, Tab. 6, figs. 14-18, Tab. 7, 8, Christiania,
1861.
570 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
and less regularly arranged, forming clusters rather than rows, and ex-
tend backward beyond the fasciole, nearly to the anal area. The plas-
tron is broad oval, emarginate behind, the sides pretty regularly curved.
The subanal area is broadly cordate, with three or four conspicuous
pores on each side, from each of which a well-marked groove extends
to the center. The fasciole surrounding it is broad and well defined;
the branches extending up near the sides of the anal area are nar-
rower, but depressed and conspicuous. The anal area is large, nearly
circular, but with a sharp angle on the upper side; more than half of
its diameter is occupied by a thin central membrane, which is some-
what semicircular, rounded below, its surface toward the edge bear-
ing minute, scattered, rounded plates, which, nearer the edge, increase
in size and form two or three disconnected circles of detached plates.
These are mostly rounded, or more or less oblong, though quite irreg-
ular in form and size, but the outer rows are composed of successively
larger and closer plates. Those of the outermost row are considera-
bly the largest and are mostly in contact, though still quite irregular
in size and form, and mostly with rounded angles and sides; on the
upper side there is a triangular group of four or five similar plates,
between the outermost row and the small plates of the inner circles,
The actinostome is very broad crescent shaped, with rounded corners,
not at all produced, or even slightly emarginate, anteriorly ; but it is
strongly labiate, the lower border much thickened, prominent, and
broadly rounded. The actinal area is occupied by a thin membrane,
which bears comparatively few (about 25), mostly large and discon-
nected, irregularly shaped plates, most of which are not in contact ;
the larger ones are pierced by one or two pairs of small pores, and
the marginal ones bear a few small miliary tubercles. The outer row
contains 9 or 10 plates, which are transversely oblong and very une-
qual in size and form, but mostly in contact at their ends; inside of
these there is an irregular row of 8, large, irregularly rounded plates,
which are mostly not in contact, often leaving considerable spaces of
naked membrane between. The inner portion of the membrane bears
an irregular group of five or six, unequal, smaller, well separated,
rounded plates.
The largest specimen is 6°50 inches long; 5°35 broad; 2°05 high;
length of anterior lateral ambulacra from apex 2°35; greatest breadth
38; length of posterior ones 2°80; breadth :45; diameter of largest
ovarial pores ‘09 by ‘05; average breadth of fasciole, about °06 ;
length of plastron 3°35; breadth 1°35; transverse diameter of anal
area ‘58; longitudinal diameter ‘65; diameter of its largest plates ‘08
i
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 571
to 10; transverse diameter of mouth 1:03; longitudinal diameter -25 ;
its largest plates *15 to -25; medium sized plates "10 to ‘12. Another
Specimen is 5°50 inches long; 4:30 broad; 1°85 high. A small speci-
men, distorted above, is 4°18 inches long; 3-30 wide; 1°95 high; acti-
nal area “60 wide; 23 long. In this the inner plates of the actinal
area are smaller and more numerous.
Sherbro Island, west coast of Africa,—Rev. D. W. Burton.
This species is closely allied to P. pectorilis Ag,, from Florida and
the West Indies. For the sake of comparison some details, not men-
tioned in the published descriptions, are here added.
Plagionotus pectoralis Agassiz and Desor.
Spatangus pectoralis Lamarck, Hist. an. sans vert., iii, p. 383; Desmoulins, Echin.. p.
381),
Brissus pectoralis Agassiz. Prodromus, p. 184.
Brissus (Plagiovotus) pectoraiis Ag. and Des., Cat. Rais., Ann. des Sci. n it., vill, p.
13! 1847; vi, Tab. 16, fic. 15.
Plagionotus pectoralis Gray, Cat. Ech. Brit. Museum, p. 50, 1855; A. Agassiz, Bul-
letin Mus. Comp Zodl. I, p. 275, 1870.
Plagionotus Desorii Gray. op. cit., p. 51.
Several West Indian specimens of this species, of various sizes,
which I have had opportunities to compare with the African speci-
mens, present the following differences.
The test is much more depressed, the margin less elevated and
often comparatively acute, rising with a gradual slope on all parts,
except at the posterior end. The outline is also more regularly
elliptical, with rounded sides; the anterior end is more deeply emargi-
nate, with the anterior ambulacrum more sunken, The anterior
lateral and posterior ambulacral petals are longer and narrower, with
the sides parallel for a great part of the length, and they are less di-
vergent, being directed at first more anteriorly and posteriorly, but
are more strongly recurved toward the outer ends; this renders the
lateral interambulacra broader and the anterior and posterior ones
narrower. The large tubercles are quite variable in number in P.
pectoralis, but are often more numerous, though not usually arranged
in such regular rows. In all the specimens of the latter, which I have
seen, there are no large tubercles on the triangular area of the an-
terior interambulacra next to the anterior ambulacral zone, which
bears large tubercles in P. Africanus. The small tubercles are
smaller in the former. The peripetalous fasciole is broader in P. pee-
toralis ; and the plastron is longer and more oblong, with the sides
more nearly parallel. The anal area is smaller, ovate, the upper
572 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
end narrowed and pointed. The mouth is not so broad transversely,
but is more produced and rounded anteriorly. Both these areas are
covered by numerous, small, crowded, polygonal plates.
Another specimen of P. pectoralis from Tampa Bay, Florida, in the
Museum of Comparative Zoélogy, which I have also had an opportu-
nity to compare with the African specimens, in company with Mr. A.
Agassiz, differs considerably in form from the West Indian specimens,
of similar size, and if all the specimens from that region should prove
to have the same characters, it ought to be regarded as at least a
marked variety. This specimen is of about the same size as the
larger African specimen, and agrees nearly with it in form, though it
is somewhat more depressed and the sides are less abrupt, especially
anteriorly; the anterior end is even less emarginate; and the
ambulacral furrow less sunken, with small erplates and more numer-
ous pores. The ambulacral petals are not so narrow and oblong as
in the West Indian specimens, though much more so than in the
African. The ovarial openings aresmall and round; the fasciole wide;
the plastron oblong; the large tubercles and the mouth and anal
areas are as in the typical form, differing in the same way, therefore, in
all these characters fromthe Africanspecimens. Theactinal membrane
is covered with numerous, small, crowded, polygonal plates. The anal
area is also covered with small, crowded, polygonal plates, much more
numerous than in P. Africanus. The most constant and important
differences are, therefore, found in the form of the actinal and anal
areas and the character of their plates; the size and form of the ovarial
openings; the width of the fasciole; and the form of the plastron.
A large specimen of P. pectoralis from Turk’s Island, in the
Museum of the Boston Society of Natural History, is 9 inches long ;
6°75 wide; 2°50 high.
PACIFIC SPECIES.
OPHIUROIDEA.
Ophiothela mir.bilis Verrill, (pp. 268, 376).
This species has been received from La Paz, Cape St. Lucas, Corinto,
and Gulf of Fonseca, in addition to Panama and Pearl Islands. In
all cases it was found clinging in large numbers to the branches of
Muricea and Gorgonide, The genus appears to be widely distribu-
ted in the tropical parts of the Pacific Ocean, O. Danw V.* lives upon
Melitodes virgata V. at the Feejee Islands. A species occurs at
Japan, on Mopsella Japonica V., and Dr. Liitken has observed one on
a Purisis from the China Seas.
* Proceedings Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xii, p. 391, 1869.
—— eee ee
a
— eee ee
Ft Sella ate ink —
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 578
Hemipholis gracilis Verrill.
These Trans. p. 262 (read Jan., 1867, published March, 1867); Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist; xi, p. 3911.
Hemipholis afinis Ljung., op. cit., p. 322 (read Noy., 1866, published 1867, note on
fly-leaf dated May 18, 1867); Lyman, Bulletin M. C. Z.. i, p. 336, 1870
ee : =a ; : ; :
Tjungman § species from Guayaquil, appears to be identical with
A. gracilis. Judging from the date of Prof. Léven’s note, our name
has priority of actual publication.” *
*Mr. Lyman. in the work cited, without giving any additional information objects
to the remark quoted above, in the following words: “This whole matter of priority in
descriptions is of no sort of interest to science, except as a matter of registration. Nor
is it profitable to enter on the question of what constitutes publication. But we may
say, that the partial distribution of loose sheets of an incomplete paper, though a use-
ful and praiseworthy custom, constitutes no greater claim for priority than the reading
of a paper before an ancient and distinguished Academy, and the speedy publication of
that paper in its complete and connected forin.”
We believe there are very few naturalists, at the present day, who are willing to admit
that anything less than the actual printing of descriptions or recognizable figures can
give priority to the names of species or genera, and this without reference to the rep-
utation or antiquity of tle society before which a paper may be read. In case of
descriptive papers, or diagnoses, as everyone knows, nothing more than the title is
usually read. and many additions are often made afterwards, before or during printing.
Therefore if Mr. Ljungman’s paper was printed before March, 1867, his name should be
adopted, otherwise not. » On this question Mr. Lyman gives us no positive information.
We notice, however, that Mr. Lyman invariably dates certain of his own species
Irom their first publication in the Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History,
although they were distributed in sheets containing parts of incomplete papers, the
mode of publication and distribution being precisely the same in the two cases. And
if antiquity of the Society has anything to do with the matter, the advantage is ou the
side of the Connecticut Academy to the extent of some 40 years! I am not aware,
however, that any nember of this Academy would consider himself justified, on that
account, in claiming priority of publication for matters contained ii hundreds of commu-
rications made to the Academy during the past 80 years, but uot yet printed.
The question of priority of names has, however, an importance far greater than Mr.
Lyman’s remark would imply, for every working naturalist is painfully conscious of the
great amount of time and labor that he is constantly obliged to spend in unravelling
the intricate synonymy of well known genera and species, most of which has been
caused by the careless or willful neglect of the salutary rules of nomenclature, in which
priority of publication is one of the most fundamental principles. And whenever a nat-
uralist, to save his own time, selfishly neglects to ascertain the correct synonymy of the
species which he describes or mentions, he is merely heaping up labor for future nat-
uralists, whose time might be much better employed, than in correcting the imperfect
work of their predecessors.
Simplicity, accwracy, and permanency of nomenclature are, therefore, of vast import-
ance for the future development of Zodlogy. and whatever contributes to this end we
regard as far more worthy of careful attention, than any slight personal honor or dis-
honor that may be connected with the naming of species or genera, whether new or oli.
574 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Pectinura maculata Verrill, Amer. Jour. Sci., xlviii, p. 431.
Ophiarachna maculata Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xii, p, 388, 1869.
Dr. Liitken has adopted the name, Pectinuru Forbes (non Heller)
for the genus to which this large species from New Zealand belongs.
ASTERIOIDEA.
Oreaster occidentalis Verrill, (pp. 278, 374).
Pentaceros occidentalis Verrill (by error), Am. Jour. Science, xlix, p. 99, 1870. (Cor-
rected to Oreaster occidentalis, p. 227).*
Of this hitherto rare species 21 specimens of various sizes have
been received from La Paz. They show but little variation except
that due to age or state of preservation. Some specimens are so
dried as to leave the disk and rays plump and rounded above, while
in others the interradial spaces are so shrunken as to make both the
rays and disk angular. In some most of the upper and part of the
lower marginal plates bear small obtuse spines or tubercles; in others
there are few or none of these; the two smallest specimens have none,
though others, scarcely larger, have quite a number, The smallest
specimen has the longer radius 1 inch; the shorter 50. This, how-
ever, has nearly the form and all the essential characters of the adult,
though the spines and tubercles are less numerous.
Nidorellia armata Gray, (pp. 280, 372).
Numerous specimens of this species were received from La Paz,
where it is common at the depth of a few fathoms.
The La Paz specimens present all the variations described in those
from Panama. Some of the larger ones are unusually spinose, hav-
ing large triangular groups of spines on the interradial regions of the
upper side, and in some cases three rows of large spines on the rays.
Gymnasteria spinosa Gray.
Ainals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1840, p. 278; Synopsis of Species of Starfishes in Brit-
ish Museum, p. 8, 1866; Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xii, p. 384, 1869.
A starfish collected at La Paz by Capt. Pedersen, seems to be iden-
tical with this species, originally obtained at Panama by Mr. H. Cum-
ing. There are three specimens in the collection.
Form pentagonal, with rather broad, tapering, somewhat depressed,
triangular rays. Radiias 1:22. The skeleton consists of moderately
* The name, Pentaceros, was used for a genus of fishes by Cuvier and Val. (vol. iii, p.
30, 1828; see also Giinther. Catal. Fishes of British Museum, i, p. 212) long before it
was employed by Gray for this genus. For this reason Oreaster was substituted by
Miller and Troschel.
:
4
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 57
Sr
large, rounded and polygonal plates, joined by their edges, so as to
leave variously shaped spaces between, with their surface roughened
by minute, granule-like prominences and covered with a thin mem.
branous skin, which allows the roughness of the plates to show
through it. The median dorsal plates on each ray are stout, rather
rhomboidal, with the angles produced and rounded and the center
tubercular; they bear a row of eight to twelve, stout, elevated, blunt
spines, one to each plate. The sides of the rays near the base are
formed by about four series of plates; in the two intermediate rows
rounded ; in the upper and lower ones with lateral prolongations,
which ce alake with the dorsal and marginal plates in such a way as
to leave rather large, transverse, oblong openings between; toward
the end of the rays the plates become more regular and canteen
mostly polygonal, and more closely united, except that there are still
larger openings next to the marginal plates, forming a regular series.
Marginal plates stout, prominent, projecting laterally, and rounded
on the outer side, much broader than high, forming a single row, with
the plates placed alternately a little above and below the median line,
about 12 to 16 on each side of the ray, each one bearing a stout, elon-
gated, conical spine. Plates of the lower side rounded and subpolyg-
onal, unequal, some of them bearing a very small central tubercle,
mostly closely united, so as to leave only small pores between. Each
interambulacral plate bears an outer, stout, oblong, blunt spine, com-
pressed or wedge-shaped at the tip, and an inner group of four or five
slender ones, of which the lateral are very short and the two middle
ones considerably longest, all connected together by a thin web. On
each margin of the mouth there isa group of five to eight, rather
slender, “subequal, obtuse spines, connected together by a web. Near
the margin of the disk and rays, above and below, there are many
rather large pedicellariz, oblong or subeylindrical in form, obtuse at
the tips. The dried specimens are light red above, yellowish below.
The largest specimen is 1°50 inches from center to edge of disk;
2°75 to tip of rays; breadth of rays at base 1 to 1°25; length of
largest spines ‘20 to ‘22; diameter at base, about °08.
A smaller one has the radius of disk 68 of an inch; of rays 1°50;
length of dorsal and marginal spines ‘10 to +12; diameter ‘05 or -06;
diameter of upper and lower plates ‘05 to ‘10, mostly about ‘08.
Mithrodia Bradleyi Verrill, (p. 238).
From La Paz there are two dry specimens of this species. The
smaller and more perfect one is 3°50 inches from the center to the tips
of the rays; ‘50 to the edge of the disk; length of largest.spines *15;
576 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
diameter ‘06. The color is brownish orange above, reddish below.
There is a median row of 6 to 8, distant, large, blunt spines on the
upper side of each ray, which does not extend nearly to the end of
the ray; on each side of the dorsal surfate, near the margin, there is
a similar row of 10 or 12, longer spines, which extend to the end of
the rays and are directed obliquely upward; on each side of the ven-
tral surface there are two rows of spines, like the last, but the row
next to the interambulacral plates has 18 or 20 spines. All these
spines are surrounded at base by about 6 radiating ossicles beneath
the surface, each of which bears on its outer end one of the small
roughly granulated papilla, which are numerous on the dorsal surface.
There are usually 6, small, slender spines on the inner edge of each
interambulacral plate, of which the two middle ones are longest and
the two outer very small; the single stout spine on the outer edge of
each plate is about twice as long as the longest of the inner ones.
Acanthaster Eillisii Verrill.
Echinaster Ellisti Gray, Annals Nat. Hist., 1840, p. 281; Synopsis Starfishes of Brit-
ish Museum, p. 12, 1866.
Acanthaster solaris ( pars) Duj. et Hupé, Hist. uat. des Zooph. Ech., p. 352, 1862.
Acanthaster Ellisii Verrill, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., xii, p. 385, 1869.
Two specimens received from Capt. Pedersen, who collected them
at La Paz, appear to belong to this rare species, The diameter of the
smaller one is 1°5 inches; length of rays *40. The spines are long
(15 inch) and quite slender. There are five madreporic plates, which
are small, round, and prominent; and 13 rays. Color light red, the
upper spines rose-red; those below pink with white tips; the general
color of the lower surface is yellowish white.
The larger specimen is 4 inches in diameter; greater radius 2
inches; radius of disk 1°25; length of largest spines of back :25;
diameter at base 05. It has 5 madreporie plates and 12 rays, sepa-
rated below by small interradial areas. The whole surface, above and
below, is covered with small granules, which also extend over the sur-
face of the spines, nearly to the tips. The interambulacral plates
bear a row of slender, elongated, blunt spines, bordering the ambula-
cral furrows, each plate bearing a group of three spines, of which the
central is the longest; between these groups there is often a large,
long, rounded, slightly tapering, obtuse pedicellaria, nearly equal in
length and size to the smaller spines adjacent; on the outer part of
each of these plates there is also a long and large, obtuse spine, simi-
lar to those on the interradial plates.
)
|
|
|
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 577
Echinaster tenuispina Verrill, sp. nov.
Radi about as 1:5°8. Rays five, rounded, long, moderately stout,
tapering to the end. Spines of the dorsal surface small, but very
numerous, tapering, subacute, arranged in many scarcely defined
rows, of which there appear to be about 16 on the rays. The inter-
ambulacral plates bear numerous, crowded, divergent spines, of about
the same size and form as those of the dorsal surface, those of the
opposite sides crossing; three of these arise from each plate, in a
transverse row; the middle one is considerably largest and longest,
the outer one somewhat shorter and blunter, the inner one much
smaller, slender and acute. The skin is smooth and glossy ; in the
angles between the rays beneath and along the lower side of the rays
there are numerous slender transverse furrows.
Radius of disk -60 of an inch; of rays 3°50; width of rays at base
62; length of largest spines ‘06.
Color of dried specimens deep reddish brown.
La Paz,—Capt. J. Pedersen. Six specimens.
This species is allied to /. spinulosus V., from the west coast of
Florida. Its rays are not so slender and the dorsal spines are still
more numerous.
Ophidiaster pyramidatus Gray, (p. 287).
Several specimens were sent from La Paz by Capt. Pedersen.
The dry specimens in best condition are light straw-color beneath;
the poriferous zones are bright orange; the rows of large plates on
the back and sides olive-green; madreporic plate large, dark olive-
green.
Lepidaster, gen. nov.
Disk small, rays rounded, elongated ; whole surface covered with
a thin smooth skin, without granules or spines. The skeleton consists,
in the rays, of several similar dorsal and lateral rows of rather large,
more or less rhombvidal, overlapping plates, so articulated with
those of the adjacent rows as to leave a regular row of pores between
all the rows of plates, except between the ventral and interambulacral
rows. On disk the plates are pentagonal. The interambulacral
plates bear an inner row of small slender spines, several to each plate,
bordering the ambulacral groove, and outside, but adjacent to these,
a row of much larger oblong spines, not more than one to a plate.
This genus is allied to Tamuria and Cistina of Gray, but in both
of those groups the plates bear spines. Ophidiaster and Linckia are
granulated and the plates are arranged quite differently.
578 Verrill, Noles on Radiata.
Lepidaster teres Verrill, sp. nov.
Rays five, long, round, slender, tapering; disk small. Radii as
1:6°3. The rays have three dorsal rows of overlapping rhomboidal
plates, with the angles prolonged and sides concave; two lateral rows
of similar plates on each side; and a ventral row of much smaller
crowded plates, which are united directly to the interambulacral
plates, but are joined to the first lateral series by an interrupted row
of small squarish plates, between which there are rather large pores.
The interambulacral plates bear an outer series of small, round, trun-
cated spines, sometimes one to each plate, but usually only on alternate
plates; and an inner series of very slender, small, subequal spines,
three to each plate, the middle one usually slightly longest. Each
corner of the mouth has a group of four, longer, sharp spines, the two
middle ones largest. Anal orifice central, surrounded by numerous
minute granules or papille; madreporic plate rather large, circular,
concave, finely convoluted. Whole surface covered with a soft, thin
skin, which allows the plates to be seen distinctly. Color of the
dried specimen pale yellow.
Radius of disk 30; of rays 1:90; diameter of rays at base °32;
length of outer interambulacral spines 06; diameter of larger dorsal
plates *10 to °12; of madreporic plate ‘11 of an inch.
La Paz,—Capt. J. Pedersen.
Heliaster Kubiniji Xantus, (p. 292).
Three specimens of this species were sent from La Paz by Capt.
Pedersen.
The two larger ones have 23 rays. The largest measures 4°15
inches from center to end of longest rays; to edge of disk 2°15;
length of rays 1°50 to 2 inches; length of interambulacral spines *15 ;
of largest capitate dorsal spines *10; their greatest diameter ‘06 to ‘08.
The smallest specimen has 21 rays; its greatest radius is 2°50 inches;
of disk 1°25.
The larger specimens have a median dorsal row of large capitate
spines on all the rays, which, with a marginal row of smaller, more
blunt spines on each side, extend inward to the central area of the
disk; between the dorsal and lateral rows, on the middle of the rays,
there are, on each side, one or two less regular rows of capitate spines,
some of which often extend inward, more or less, on the disk.
On the upper side, especially near the end, the rays are thickly
covered with small oval pedicellariz, mixed with other very minute
ones of similar form.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 5
~r
We)
EcuInowea.
Quite recently I have had an opportunity to compare specimens of
most of the following species with those in the Museum of Compara-
tive Zoblogy, in company with Mr. A. Agassiz, who, while in Europe
last year, took pains to carefully examine nearly all the typical speci-
mens contained in European museums, and in many cases brought
. . “p . . j ; =
home specimens identified by direct comparison. Therefore I am able
. ‘ ;
with the approval and through the courtesy of Mr. Agassiz, to correct
a few erroneous identifications previously made by him, together with
others made by myself in the earlier part of this volume. Other spe-
cies, described since the earlier articles on the Echinoderms of the
Pacific coast were printed, have been introduced in order to render
the work more complete.
Cidaris Thouarsii Val. (p. 294).
Numerous specimens were sent by Capt. Pedersen from La Paz.
They show great variation in form, in addition to that due to dif.
ference of age. Several specimens give the following measurements:
Diameter, (inches) ____- 210 205 2:00 1:55 150 1:35 1-30
leiGneity -4 ea 13 ERIS) 1:50 "85 "80 15 “5
Nctinalwareay~ fs. = 2 — 85 90 “80 13 “0 “64. “55
Abactinal area, ....----- ‘10 ‘70 68 “58 56 “BO “43
Analeregion,. == -.-+--=- 38 “40 33 30 30 28 29
Astropyga depressa Gray, Proc. Zoél. Soc. Lond., xxiii, p. 35, 1855.
Astropyga venusta Verrill, these Trans., p. 296; Amer. Jour. Sci., xlix, p. 99, 1870.
Mr. A. Agassiz, who has recently examined Dr. Gray’s type and
brought home a specimen idenitfied by comparison with it, has com-
pared the latter with specimens sent by me, and regards them as
identical with the A. depressa of Gray. The latter was described
from a young specimen, but considerable changes take place, especially
in the arrangement of the tubercles, during its growth, and even after
it becomes two or three inches in diameter, as may be seen from the
original descriptions of small and medium sized specimens (p. 296).
Capt. Pedersen sent from La Paz two fine large specimens, about 6
inches in diameter, and I have seen a similar one in the Museum of
the Chicago Academy, collected at San Salvador by Capt. Dow.
These large specimens have 12 to 14 vertical rows of large, nearly
equal interambulacral tubercles on the lower side; the first row from
the ambulacra extends on the upper side to within three or four plates
from the summit; between this row and the ambulacral pores, a row of
secondary tubercles is introduced, which commences a short distance
580 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
below the periphery and extends nearly as high as the preceding row,
usually ceasing about two plates sooner; in young specimens this row
is wanting, and the large tubercles of the first row cease sooner; out-
side of the first row of large tubercles there is another similar row of
secondary ones, commencing at about the same place, but extending
quite to the genital plates, as in the younger specimens; the second
row of large tubercles extends about to the third plate above the
periphery; the third ceases at or below the periphery; the fourth
extends upward to within one or two plates of the apex of the yel-
low triangular area; and the remaining rows cease successively sooner,
the two median rows scarcely rising above the periphery. The ac-
tinal membrane is filled with small, transversely oblong and elliptical,
imbedded plates, some of which bear one or two small and very slen-
der spines, which are more numerous on the larger plates near the
mouth. The spines of the lower surface are straw-color; the larger
ones of the upper surface are tinged and banded with purplish at
base, the outer half straw-color; the small ones are very slender and
mostly purplish throughout.
The largest specimen from La Paz has the test 5-90 inches in diam-
eter; 2°10 high; diameter of actinal area 1°50; of abactinal area 1°35 ;
of anal region .80; length of longest spines of upper surface 1°80,
Echinodiadema coronatum Verrill (p. 295).
In the Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, i, p. 282,
1869, Mr. A. Agassiz considered this the young of Diadema Mesi-
canum. On reéxamining the original specimen and comparing it with
the genuine young of that species, he is convinced that it is really
quite distinct, both generically and specifically.
The existence of spines on the actinal membrane (to which the
name refers) is of itself quiet sufficient to distinguish this genus from
the young of Diadema, in all stages of growth. In all the species of
the latter the actinal membrane in young specimens is covered with
pretty regular, nearly smooth plates, which later in life become more
separated and deeply imbedded, but never bear spines.
The name, Echinodiadema, has more recently been used for an en-
tirely different genus by M. Cotteau (Rev. et Mag. de Zool., May, 1869).
Echinocidaris Dufresnii Desmoulins, Echin., p. 306. (p. 344).
Echinocidaris Scythet Philippi, Wiegm. Arch., 1857, p. 131.
According to Mr. Agassiz, who has seen the original specimen of
E, Dufresnii and others in the British Museum from Str. of Magellan
(coll. Cunningham), which are identical with /. Seythe?, this species
belongs to the fauna of Patagonia.
q
Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Boletia picta Verrill.
Psammechinus pictus Verrill, these Trans., p. 301, (young).
Lytechinus semituberculatus (pars) A. Agassiz, op. cit., p. 801, (non Val. sp.).
Capt. Pedersen sent one large specimen of this species from La
Paz. It has but few spines remaining and the actinal membrane
is wanting.
Diameter 4:10 inches; height 1:80; diameter of abactinal area
1°30; depth of cuts -25; diameter of abactinal area ‘60; of anal
membrane °24; breadth of ambulacral zones at periphery -98; of
poriferous zones, *22; of interambulacral zones 1°55 ; length of
larger spines of upper surface °30 to ‘35; their diameter -05 to -06 of
an inch,
The test is very thick and firm for this genus. The outline is some-
what pentagonal, with rounded sides, the ambulacra somewhat bulg-
ing, and toward the summit somewhat raised above the concave
interambulacra. The lower side is concave; the upper surface de-
pressed, subconical, elevated at the center.
The actinal cuts are deep, their interambulacral margin raised, but
not projecting inward beyond the ends of the ambulacral zones. The
lower surface is covered by numerous, nearly uniform, large tubercles,
which form about eight interambulacral and four ambulacral rows;
in the former the two inner rows terminate about half way to the
actinal area and are separated by a median region of some width, on
which there are several irregular rows of smaller tubercles. On the
upper side each of the zones bears two primary rows of large and con-
spicuous tubercles, which commence at the summit and extend to the
actinal area. In the interambulacra the interior secondary rows com-
mence at about the third or fourth plate, as small irregular tubercles
at first, becoming about as large as the primaries near the periphery,
and extending nearly to the actinal area; the exterior secondary row
commences at about the sixth or seventh plate, their tubercles, very
small at first, equalling the primaries at the periphery and extending
to the actinal area outside of the cuts, where they become small again ;
the interior ternary row commences at about the ninth or tenth plate,
and the tubercles equal the primaries at the margin, but cease at five or
six plates from the actinal area; the external ternary rows commence
a little above the periphery and extend about half way to the actinal
area, alternating irregularly with the external secondaries, but not
equalling them in size; these two rows border the poriferous zones,
except near the summit; near the periphery there are also interior
quaternary rows of small tubercles imperfectly developed, and some
582 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
still smaller scattered tubercles. The miliary tubercles are rather
large and numerous, except along a central, narrow, naked band, which
commences at the periphery and becomes depressed and conspicuous,
but not wider, toward the summit. In the ambulacral zones the
primary tubercles border the poriferous zones throughout; the in-
terior secondary rows are represented toward the summit by small
tubercles scarcely distinct from the miliaries, but become regular
toward the periphery, where the tubercles are nearly as large as the
primaries, but they fade out before reaching the actinal areas; at and
below the periphery there are small tubercles scattered in the central
region, but on the upper side there is a very narrow naked band.
The pores are rather large, forming conspicuous zones above, which
become much narrower below. On the lower side the pores are in
regular oblique rows of three pairs, but above they appear to form
a regular inner vertical row, separated by a row of small tubercles
from the two, less regular, alternating, outer rows. The genital
plates are thick, with the outer end obtusely rounded, and sunken
around the large, round genital orifices. The anal membrane is
covered with numerous irregular, separated plates, forming about
three irregular outer circles and a central radiating group of smaller
ones. The jaw supports are stout and elongated, narrowed toward
the end, with an elongated, elliptical foramen. The few larger spines
that remain on the upper surface are short, stout, and blunt.
The color of the test is yellowish beneath, this color extending up
into the central parts of the ambulacral and interambulacral zones
above; the rest of the upper side is brownish, with more or less red,
especially on the naked bands; spines pale brown.
This species differs from 4. rosea in its much thicker test, less de-
pressed form, more prominent ambulacra, much more numerous and
larger tubercles, narrower naked bands, less acute genital plates,
different anal area, ete.
The specimens formerly described by me as P. pictus appear to be
the young of this species. Before the large specimen above described
was known, a comparison of those with authentic specimens of L. semé-
tuberculatus had convinced both Mr. Agassiz and myself that they are
really quite distinct from the latter.
L. semituberculatus (Val. sp.) Verrill (p. 333) differs from 5. picta,
young, in having fewer and more distant tubercles, and broad, well-
defined, naked areas, bearing only small granule-like miliaries in the
interambulacral zones of the upper side, instead of the very small
and narrow naked areas, encroached upon by the numerous, crowded
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 583
tubercles, seen in the latter; in the more numerous and regular,
crowded plates, which closely cover the actinal membrane; and in the
form of the ovarial plates, which are more obtuse outwardly, and have
the large genital orifices at the edge, forming notch-like openings in
the margin, while in B. picta the plates are more pointed at the outer
end, and the genital orifices are small, round, and distant from the
margin,
Boletia rosea A. Agassiz, 1863.
Lytechinus roseus Verrill, these Trans., p- 302.
A reéxamination of this species, and comparison with B. pilcolus,
the type of the genus, has convinced me that I was wrong in refer-
ring it to Lytechinus, and that it is a true Boletia. The deep actinal
cuts, the remarkably large pedicellarix, the few scattered plates of
the actinal membrane, and the thinness of the test are sufficient to
separate it from Lytechinus.
B. depressa, as figured in Voy. Vénus, PI. 3, figs. 1-1°, is a similar
species, but differs in having pointed processes Borden the actinal
cuts, and in its larger and more numerous tubercles.
Evechinus, gen. nov.
Test thick, circular, thickly covered with tubercles of various sizes.
Spines rather short, tapering, very unequal. Ambulacral zones with
two principal rows of large tubercles; poriferous zones not widened
below; pores beneath, near the actinal areas, arranged in obliquely
transverse groups of three pairs, very soon becoming irregular, the
inner ones being separated from the others by a vertical row of tuber-
cles, so that throughout the greater part of the extent of the zones,
both above and below, the pores form an inner, nearly regular, verti-
eal row, and two irregularly alternating rows, of which the outer is
more regular than the median row; in the latter the pores are arranged
in a more or less zigzag line.
Actinal area small, with shallow cuts; the membrane is thin and
bears a few scattered, rounded, granulated plates; the larger plates,
near the mouth, bear minute spines and very small oval pedicellariz.
Anal area covered by an outer circle of 8 to 10, larger, often spine-
bearing plates, and an inner converging cluster of smaller plates.—
Type, Echinus chloroticus Val.
Trans. Connecticut Acap., VOL. I, 69 Marcu, 1871.
584 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Evechinus chloroticus Verrill.
Echinus chloroticus Val., Voy. Vénus, Zooph., Pl. 7, figs. 2-2d, 1846.
Heliocidaris chlorotica Desml.; Ag. and Des., Ann. des Sci. nat., vi, p. 374, 1846.
Psammechinus chloroticus A, Ag., Bulletin, M. C. Z., i, p. 23, 1863.
Boletia viridis Verrill, these Trans., p. 304, 1867.
The specimen erroneously described by me (page 304) as from
Peru, proves to be identical with the New Zealand species, and was
undoubtedly collected there by Mr. H. Edwards, and accidentally
misplaced while packing the Peruvian collection. As I am unable to
refer it to either of the four genera in which it has already been
placed, it seems necessary to establish a new genus to include it,
together with a smaller undetermined species in our collection.
The arrangement of the pores and the few distant plates of the actinal
membrane are sufficient to separate it from Psammechinus. Boletia
differs in having a thin test, deeper actinal cuts, and in being desti-
tute of tubercles in the middle of the interambulacral areas above,
etc. Heliocidaris has a very different arrangement of pores, and the
zones are expanded beneath.
Tripneustes depressus A. Ag.
Verrill, these Trans., p. 375; Amer. Jour. Sci., xlix, p. 99, 1870.
Of this large species there are 24 specimens from La Paz, with their
spines partially preserved. They are quite variable in form, but often
more elevated than ordinary specimens of Z! ventricosus. Some are
conical, others broadly rounded above. The largest spines on the
upper surface of the largest specimen are 45 of an inch long, ‘04 in
diameter, and rapidly taper to the acute point; those of the lower sur
face are often °60 of an inch long, ‘04 in diameter, tapering but little,
the end blunt.
Several specimens give the following proportions:
Diameter, (inches) 5:80 5°40 5°35 5:25 5:15 5°10 490 4:75 460
Height, 3°00 3°40 2°90 3:25 2°60 2°85 2°65 2°85 2°80
One specimen has much larger ovarial plates than the others, and
consequently a larger abactinal area. These plates are also more
pointed, giving to the abactinal area a more stellate form.
Toxocidaris Mexicana A. Agassiz, (p. 307), (non Heliocidaris Mexicana Ag.)
This is a large species, belonging to a group distinct from the typi-
cal species of Toxopneustes (T. tuberculatus), of which Mr. Agassiz
has recently brought authentic specimens from Europe. The original
Heliocidaris Mexicana Ag., according to Mr. A. Agassiz, is a variety
Verrili, Notes on Radiata. 585
of the common West Indian Eehinometra Michelini. The specimen
referred by me to that species (p. 308) proves by comparison with the
types of Mr. Agassiz, to be Toxocidaris crassispina A. Ag., from
Japan, (not the young of Evhinometra Michelini, to which Mr
Agassiz formerly referred it in the Bulletin M. C. Z., 1, p- 260). Since
Anthocidaris of Liitken is identical with Towocidaris A. Ag., this
species was referred by me to the right genus, but the erroneous local-
ities on the labels of two separate lots, led to the mistake as to the
species, which in this group of genera have not been described with
sufficient care to make them recognizable with certainty, without a
comparison with the original types.
The other species of Zoxocidaris, described from the west coast,
are as follows:
T. homalostoma (p. 333) =Echinus homalostoma Val., Voy. Vénus, Zooph., Pl. 6,
figures 2-2f., Galapagos.
L. erythrogramm (p. 335), =Echinus erythrogramma Val., op. cit., Pl. 7, figures 1+
1d., Chili.
T. Franciscana A. Ag., (p. 327), California.
The last species, however, appears to agree nearly with Zoxechinus.
The two groups are closely allied and perhaps ought not to be sepa-
rated. Both have regular arches of numerous pores above, and the
poriferous zones expanded beneath, but less so in the latter.
Echinometra Van Brunti A. Ag., (pp. 309, 375).
The numerous specimens of this species sent by Capt. Pedersen
from La Paz show great variation in form. Many are quite oblong,
while others are nearly circular; most of them are quite depressed,
but some are considerably elevated at the center. Some have wider
poriferous zones and more oblique arcs of pores above than the typi-
cal form, in this respect approaching /. rupicola, rendering it possi-
ble that the two forms are only variations of one species, but they all
have the interambulacral tubercles very unequal and but two rows
of the largest ones, with only two, close, alternating rows of second-
ary tubercles between, differing in this respect very decidedly from
E. rupicola. The specimens hitherto received, therefore, do not war-
rant the union of the two species.
Encope grandis Ag. (pp. 310, 375).
Verrill, Am. Journ. Science, xlix, p. 96, 1870.
Of this very distinct species there are several hundred specimens in
the La Paz collection, varying in size from 3 inches in length by
3°20 wide, to 4°60 inches by 4:40. There is but little variation in out”
586 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
line and general appearance, and in all the margin is thick, with the
five large notches widely open, though in the larger there appears to
be a tendency to close the anterior pair. The posterior inter-
ambulacral opening is large and broad-oval with thickened borders in
all, but there is a variation of more than 50 per cent. in its relative
size; the region around it is in all more elevated than the central
region and considerably swollen. The form of the ambulacral rosette
varies considerably. The three anterior petals are subequal and
usually long-oval, obtusely rounded at the end, but in one case they
are narrower and more elliptical, especially the odd anterior one,
which is widest in the middle, tapering to each end, and in another
they are broader and more dilated outwardly than usual; the two
posterior ones are much longer, widest outwardly, and curve some-
what around the posterior opening, but they vary considerably in
relative width. The following are the proportions in two extreme
specimens :
From abactinal center to posterior edge,.-.--... ------=----- 2°20 2°20
Conterstosarntenior Cdge, = beter eee emns see eer ee ease 1:98 2:00
Centerstodlateraliedee coe. eee ot ee ape see eee 2°20 2°10
Length of anterior odd ambulacral petal, firommcen tenes 1:28 1:25
Greatest breadthvolidos ees pes= sas ee- a= ieee eee ee eee eee 0) 68
Bread thmotatsrenGlose dua lecy ers sere ee “20 30
hem orieo turer tg OT= leave Kelle (yet eae ee se ee ee 1-25 115
Breadth 0: cee Hanes See ere one eee ae ee) 65
IBreadthwoimenclosedearea 2 a-- ass = eee eee ee eee eee 16 Bot
iene thot POStenOm Pall, = — ss s-e—= == —=— Ne hess) See ree eee 1°65 1°55
BTCA GIRO Ls CO eee eee Se nee fee be ellente ses Sea ee ee ee ‘45 62
IBReAdtheomenclOosedeane ase, xe ete = eee eee ees ae ee a9) 20
The branchings of the ambulacral grooves beneath are quite con-
stant in their arrangement, but the relative breadth and form of the
enclosed areas are quite as variable as in the dorsal rosette. The re-
gion about the anal opening and around the posterior foramen is
sometimes deeply concave or excavated; but in most cases slightly,
and sometimes not at all so.
Encope Californica Verrill.
American Jour. Science, xlix, p. 97, 1870.
Plate X, figures 5 and 6.
Test broad, thin at the edge, rounded anteriorly, broadest behind
the middle, sub-truncate or rounded posteriorly ; usually about as
broad as long, sometimes broader than long. Apex behind the cen-
ter. In profile the outline descends from the center to the anterior
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 587
edge, but rises from the center to the posterior foramen, from which
it descends rapidly to the edge. The posterior interambulacrum is,
therefore, swollen and the test is most elevated near its foramen.
Ambulacral rosette with the petals long-oval, somewhat obovate,
broadly rounded outwardly ; the anterior pair shortest and most
rounded ; the odd anterior one somewhat longer and narrower and a
little shorter than those of the posterior pair, which are of about the
same form and not curved. Posterior foramen variable in form and
size, usually rather small, regularly oval or rounded, sometimes long
oval, or even narrow and elongated, occasionally quite laree and
broad oval, often obovate beneath, sometimes constricted in the mid-
dle. Ambulacral foramina also quite variable in form and size, but
commonly small and rather regularly oval, often at a considerable dis-
tance from the margin.
give the following
JS
Two specimens, showing the extreme variations
measurements :
LAL NEL G1 WER ge el ee ss RO ae en 4°75 30
IBURGIENGIGLDL 9275 jo a eo a eke A BO ee 4°65 4°30
Momieratovanterior edge, 9... koh. 8 2 ee 2°45 2°15
PPL ANtCLOn tOramen, 9. eee 1°80 1-65
Meemelioraledmo. ss oi. Se. ke a 2°3 2°15
Heed) Le f ROPE CI See Wey ene erat ee ee OE ae 1:60 1°50
MEME DOSLOTION CGC.) 20 seo. 5 8 ee Bee 2°45 2°25
eam, POStcrOL-lateral foramen. esa. 2 2s 08 ee 1°85 1-70
SRRRIDOStCTIO’ torament 5 -coeteloele wb ee PLU, 115 1-10
Length of * OO ie pee Sane 1 Ae Sees Reo Ot sh tan Be ER “67 60
Breadth of ‘ Ate Magee 5 Be: Sean ner a vane ee a i "22 26
Length of anterior ambulacral petal, from center,___.___.___- 1°42 1:32
meadinenmeremiildest, =. so soo dose te ee ee eee ee ee “65 “50
Bueadthtofienclosed area, ... 22.22 222 2<sc.-2-2---ches-ee eee “30 ‘18
Nength of anterior-lateral petals, ...........-...--.----.--- 1:28 1:10
IBS CUAOL, << se) A ie nee erat gates pas ey eo 67 “50
preadthkoh enclosed area,..- 5... 2.2255 <2) sce seed nesee 28 20
Ihengihy of posterior-lateral petals, _._..--..---.--.--------- 1°58 1°35
SESS reSe Cli Tr ee nk a fae ES Me ne 5 ono ed WP A 68 53
Breaduimel venclosedvarea; ..5-..2scsateo seo -cocn asa ece ns °25 ‘16
Of this species there are 74 specimens in the collection from La Paz,
and I have seen others from Cape St. Lucas.
It varies considerably in outline and in the form of the openings,
especially the posterior one; the ambulacral rosette varies somewhat
in the form of the petals, as shown by the above measurements ; the
ambulacral grooves beneath also vary in direction. But all the speci
mens agree in having their greatest elevation behind the center, or
the posterior interambulacral region swollen, This peculiarity, which
588 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
is found to depend upon a very different internal structure, will
readily separate this species from £. occidentalis V. In the latter
the greatest elevation is in front of the center, and there is a regular
slope from thence to the broad, thin, posterior edge, and the sections
show that the wide space between the central cavity and the posterior
foramen is filled with a pretty firm, alveolar tissue, having compara-
tively small spaces, but in #. Californica the same region is much
less extensive (owing to the relatively larger central cavity and jaws)
and is filled with a much less firm and more open tissue, with large
cavities.
The difference is therefore analogous to that which separates #,
Michelini from EF. emarginata.,
Mellita longifissa Michelin.
Mellita longifissa Michelin, Revue et Mag. Zool., 1858, No. 8, Pl. 8, fig. 1; Verrill,
Proc. Boston Soe. Nat. Hist., xii, p. 383.
This species is the Pacific analogue of MW. pentapora of the Atlan™
tic coast. It is remarkable for the thinness or flatness of the outer
portion of its shell, the deeply sunken grooves of the lower surface,
and the length and narrowness of its five perforations, and especially
of the odd posterior one. The posterior side is somewhat truncate, but
a little rounded in the middle, and the posterior lateral perforations
are curved, The largest specimen from Gulf of California (Stearns)
is 3°8 inches in diameter; another’ is 2°95 wide, 2°70 long, °45 high;
the anterior pair of perforations 54 and °56 long; the posterior pair
55 and °60; the posterior odd one °78 long; :09 wide. |
La Paz,—Capt. Pedersen; Gulf of California,—Robt. E. C. Stearns ;
Corinto, Nic.,—J. A. McNiel.
Clypeaster testudinarius nob. (non Martens).
Echinanthus testudinarius Gray, Proc. Zodl. Soc. Lond., xix, 1851, p. 35; Cat. Heh.
Brit. Mus., p. 6, Pl 1, fig. 1, 1855.
Clypeaster speciosus Verrill, Am. Jour. Science, xlix, p. 95, 1870.
Plate X, figures 7, 7°.
Depressed, gradually rising toward the apex; the lower side some-
times slightly concave from near the edge of the mouth, in other spe-
cimens flat, except close to the mouth, which is much sunken. Out-
line oblong-pentagonal, with rounded angles and slightly concave
sides. The anterior end slightly elongated. Interambulacral regions
decidedly concave between the ends of the ambulacral rosette; the
ambulacral regions enclosed by the pores slightly raised, narrow, elon-
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 589
gated, widening but little outwardly and somewhat acuminate at the
end, which is often nearly enclosed by the pores. The interambula-
cra are broader and decrease much more rapidly toward the apex
than in C. rosaceus. Anal opening transversely oval, or rounded, sit-
uated about its own diameter from the edge of the shell.
Length of largest specimens 4°60 inches; breadth 3-90; height
115. Length of anterior petal, from the apex, 1-90; its breadth ‘82;
breadth of enclosed space ‘50; length of anterior petals 1:70; breadth
85; breadth of enclosed space “48; length of posterior petals 1-80
and 1°85; breadth ‘94; of enclosed space ‘58 and ‘60; diameter of anal
area *20; of actinal opening °33.
Thirty-five specimens of this species are contained in the collection.
They show but little variation in outline, except what is due to age,
though some specimens are more elevated toward the apex than others ;
in regard to the flatness or concavity of the lower side there is, how-
ever, great variation, though Dr. Gray used this character in dividing
the genus into sections. The youngest specimens are 2°30 long by
2°10 wide, and are more oval in form and scarcely angular, but have
the flatness and form of ambulacral rosette characteristic of the larger
specimens, as well as the same position of the anal opening.
From C. rosaceus of the Atlantic this species differs widely, the
former having a much more elevated and thick form, with broader
and more obovate ambulacra, which are much more swollen; the
lower side is much more concave, and the anal opening nearer the
edge.
La Paz,—J. Pedersen.
Dr. Gray erroneously gave Borneo as the locality of his specimen,
which Mr. Agassiz has identified, by direct comparison in the British
Museum, with specimens sent by me.
Brissus obesus Verrill, (pp. 316, 375).
These Transactions, p. 316. 1867; Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., xii, p. 382, 1869.
A larger specimen, with part of its spines, collected by Capt. Ped-
ersen at La Paz, agrees well in form and other characters with the
original specimens. The spines are silvery white and slender, on the
upper side decreasing regularly in length from the peripetalous fasci-
ole to the margin; the upper ones being ‘10 or ‘12 long, the lower
ones °25 to °28. Those near the margin beneath are quite long, °35 to
38, those near the mouth being largest. This specimen is 2°65 inches
long; 2 broad; 1:40 high.
590 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
Meoma grandis Gray.
Meoma grandis Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vii, p. 132, 1851; Cat. Ech. Brit.
Mus., p. 56, Pl. 5, fig. 2, 1855; A. Agassiz, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zodl., i, p. 275, 1870.
Kleinia nigra A. Agassiz, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool., p. 27, 1863:
Meoma nigra Verrill, these Trans., p. 317, 1867; Amer. Jour. Sci., xlix, p. 93, 1870.
Of this interesting species there are ten specimens in the collection
from La Paz, which show considerable variation from the type form-
erly described by me, as well as among themselves.
The largest is 4°85 inches long, 4:25 broad, 2°10 high; the smallest
3°85 long, 3°40 broad, 1°75 high. The outline, as seen from below,
varies but little and is broad-oval, somewhat emarginate anteriorly,
obliquely truncate posteriorly, and slightly compressed laterally, or,
in other words, nearly heart-shaped. The anal area is large, some-
what sunken, and is at the extreme posterior end of the shell, occupy-
ing the greater part of the truncated portion. Its form varies from
regularly elliptical, acute at each end, to broad-oval, rounded below
and acute above; its position varies from nearly vertical to decidedly
oblique, and it is so nearly terminal as to produce a posterior emargi-
nation in a dorsal view of the shell. Ina side view some specimens
are decidedly depressed, but most are regularly arched, while one is
decidedly elevated at the apex. There is considerable variation in
the depth of the anterior ambulacral groove, and also in the number
and prominence of the large tubercles, which are more or less
restricted to the region enclosed by the peripetalous fasciole. The
fasciole itself shows remarkable variations, but does not agree at all
with Gray’s figure. The portion crossing the anterior interambula-
cral regions varies less than other parts, but in some the intermediate
transverse portion is nearly straight, in others strongly curved and
often crooked, in one it is bent up into a right angle on each side of
the ambulacral groove; its bend or angle near the antero-latera]
grooves is also variable, both in form and extent, it being twice as
large in some specimens as in others, and in one an irregular, crooked
branch passes from the apex of the angle on the left side to the ante-
rior groove. In the posterior interambulacrum the course of the fas-
ciole is quite variable, in five examples it crosses with a strongly
curved upward bend, without any distinct angle, rising highest in four
specimens on the right side, in the other forming a nearly straight
transverse middle portion; in three specimens it forms a sharp angle on
the right side; in one a similar angle on the left side; in another there
is a strong median angle, its apex pointing to the anal region, and
another to the right of it, pointing to the summit; in all the speci-
mens if bends inward farther than in Gray’s figure. The lateral part
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 591
of the fasciole also varies, especially on the left side; in five (but not
the same five that agree in the posterior region) it has but one angle,
near the antero-lateral grooves, where it rises highest; in three it has
two angles, rising highest at the posterior one, and nearly straight
between; in two others, which also have two angles, the transverse
part is double. On the other side the fasciole varies in the same way,
but not im the same specimens, for some have two angles, both on the
right and left; others two only on one side; others one on both sides.
The anal fasciole is also variable; usually the subanal branch is want-
ing or indistinct, though indicated by a band of smaller tubercles, but
in one specimen it is well marked and the subanal disk is clearly and
perfectly circumscribed. In this the subanal disk is very broad, bilo-
bed, narrowest in the middle, scarcely heart-shaped, the anterior bor-
der being nearly transverse, and the posterior border nearly parallel
with the anal region and about 15 of an inch from it. In others the
posterior border is more curved. One specimen has but three ovarial
openings, the rest four. The proportionate length of the ambulacral
grooves varies considerably, both in different specimens and on oppo-
site sides of the same individual, sometimes those on the right being
longest, sometimes those on the left, and not uncommonly a longer
anterior one is offset by a shorter posterior one on the same side.
My specimens differ widely from Gray’s figure, the position of the
anal area, especially, is quite different, it being in the figure at a con-
siderable distance from the posterior end, and therefore more ventral
and nearer the subanal fasciole. The peripetalous fasciole is also very
different from that of any of my specimens.
Mr. A. Agassiz, who has recently examined Gray’s type in the Brit-
ish Museum, is fully satisfied that it is identical with Jf nigra, as he
had previously supposed.
The locality given by Gray (Australia) is, therefore, doubtless erro-
neous.
Metalia nobilis Verrill. (p. 319).
Plagionotus nobilis A. Agassiz, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zool., i p. 302, 1870.
Mr. Agassiz, after an examination of the original specimen, referred
this species to Plagionotus. In this opinion I cannot concur, unless
Metalia and Plagionotus are to be united, which at present does not
seem to be justifiable, although the two groups are evidently closely
allied.
Metalia nobilis appears to be much more closely allied to JM. ster-
nalis, and especially to M. Garretii, than to the two typical species
592 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
of Plagionotus (P. pectoralis and P. Africanus). The two latter
species agree in their broad depressed form; in having the peripetal-
ous fasciole convex across the lateral and posterior interambulacra, or
nearly parallel with the margin of the test ; in possessing many very
large tubercles, surrounded by a smooth sunken area, bearing large
spines, and arranged in oblique transverse rows in all the interambu-
lacra, within the fasciole ; and especially in having narrow ambulacra
and small ambulacral plates, beyond the petals, while the lateral inter-
ambulacral plates are very long transversely and narrow vertically,
the latter being six or seven times as long as broad, and five or six
times as long as the corresponding ambulacral plates; and in the
anterior interambulacra the plates next the anterior ambulacra are
only about half the length of those next the lateral ambulacra, and
the latter are much bent, and angulated toward the inner end.
In Metalia the form is more swollen above; the peripetalous fasci-
ole is curved upward in the lateral and posterior interambulacra, and
not at all parallel with the margin ; there are no very large tubercles
in the interambulacra, the largest ones, which correspond nearly with
the secondary ones of Plagionotus, are chiefly found in the posterior
zone and near the anterior ambulacra, in WM. nobilis, but they are not
arranged in definite rows, and are not at all conspicuous, while in the
lateral zones they are very few and scarcely distinct from the small
tubercles ; the ambulacra, below the petals, are relatively broad (in
M. nobilis about half as wide as the lateral interambulacra), and
composed of large plates, while the interambulacra are correspond-
ingly narrowed, and composed of fewer plates, which are much broader
vertically and shorter transversely than those of Plagionotus ; in M.
nobilis these are only two or three times longer than broad, and
about three times as long as the corresponding ambulacral plates; in
the anterior interambulacra the two rows of plates are nearly equal,
and those of both are more regularly curved in the middle.
In Metalia the ambulacral petals are more sunken than in Plagion-
otus, and this is notably the case in AW. nobilis. In the latter and
M. Garretii, the vertex is more anterior than is usual in Plagionotus,
but this character is somewhat variable. In the character of the
lowe: surface the two genera do not materially differ.
In M. nobilis the actinal area is broadly crescent-shaped, and
covered with few, rather large, polygonal plates, which are in close
contact. The anal area is also closely covered with angular plates,
the outer ones forming a continuous marginal row, in which the lower
ones are smallest and oblong or squarish, while the upper ones, filling
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 593
the acute angle, are much larger and irregular in form. There are
four, round, genital orifices, of which the two anterior are largest and
nearest together.
Agassizia scrobiculata Val
Voyage de la Vénus, Zodph., Pl. 1, figures 2-2 f, 1840; Agassiz and Desor, Ann. des
Sci. nat., viii, p. 20, 1847; A. Agassiz, Bulletin Mus. Comp. Zodl.. i, p. 276, 1870.
Agassizia subrotunda Gray, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., vii, p. 133, 1851; Catalogue
Kehinida of British Mus., p. 63, tab. 3, fig. 2, 1855; Verrill, Proce. Bost. Soc. Nat.
Hist., vol. xii, p. 381, 1869; Amer. Jour. Sci., xlix, p. 95, 1870.
A. ovulum Liitken, Vidensk. Medd., p. 134, tab. 2, fig. 8; Verrill, these Trans., p. 320.
Of this species there are from La Paz about a dozen specimens,
mostly more or less broken, which show but little variation. They
agree well with Gray’s figure, but not with those in the Voyage de la
Vénus. Mr. A. Agassiz has, however, seen the original of the latter,
and finds it identical with the A. subrotunda of Gray. The figure is
inaccurate. A. ovulwn Liitk. is the young of the same species, and is
more oblong in form than the larger specimens.
One of our larger specimens is 1°79 inches long; 1°55 broad; 1°25
high. <A smaller one is 1°50 long; 1°35 broad; 1:05 high.
] have taken several small specimens from the stomach of a fish,
collected at Panama by Mr. F. H. Bradley. Mr. J. A. McNiel also
sent larger specimens from Panama.
No. 9.—The Echinoderm-Fauna of the Gulf of California and
Cape St. Lucas.
In order to give a better idea of the fauna of the Gulf of California,
I have brought together, in the following list, all the species hitherto
recorded from there.* The Holothurians are entirely unknown, and
doubtless many additional species of the other orders remain to be
discovered, when systematic dredgings shall have been undertaken.
All the species hitherto described belong to the littoral and laminarian
* Dr. Chr Liitken has informed me by letter that the Museum of Copenhagen has
received a collection from Altata. nearly opposite La Paz, which contained Ophiolepis
variegata ; a new species of Ophioglypha, allied to O. Sarsii ; Heliaster Kubiniji ; #.
microbrachia; a new genus and species of Star-fish, with 30-35 long arms, and allied
to Acanthaster and Pedicellaster; a second species of Cidaris; Astropyga depressa;
Boletia rosea; and Meoma grandis. Also from Mazatlan a new species of Lwuidia,
with remarkably short marginal spines (L. brevispina Ltk). These were probably ob-
tained by dredging in deeper water.
594 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
zones, and have been obtained upon the shores at low-water, or by
the aid of pearl-divers at depths less than eight fathoms.
In the list I have prefixed letters to indicate the relations of this to
the other tropical faunz. Those species indicated by c are represen-
ted by closely allies species in the Caribbean fauna; those designated
by m are represented in the same way in the Mediterranean; those
with a have corresponding species on the west coast of Africa; those
with 1 have representative species in the Indo-Pacitic fauna.
The species which I have personally examined are designated by a
mark of exclamation (!).
OPHIUROIDEA.
c-m— -1—Astrophyton Punamense Verrill! La Paz to Zorritos.
o-m— - —Ophiura Panamensis Lyman! Southward to Panama.
c—- — ——O. teres Lyman!-S. to Panama.
c— — -1-Ophiolepis variegata Liitken. Altata. 8. to Panama.
c-m— -1-Ophiocoma ethiops Liitken! 5S. to Panama.
c— -— -1-O. Alewandri Lyman! 8. to Panama.
c-m— —I- Ophiactis virescens Liitken! 5S. to Panama.
c— — -I-Ophionereis Xantusii Lyman. Cape St. Lucas.
c— -— -1-O0. annulata Lyman! 8. to Panama.
c-m— -I-Ophioglypha, sp. Altata (t. Ltitken).
c-mM— —I1-Ophiothriz spiculata LeC.! 8. to Zorritos.
c-m— -1-O0. dumosa Lyman. Cape St. Lucas, San Diego, Guaymas.
— — -1-Ophiothela mirabilis Verrill! La Paz to Panama.
ASTERIOIDEA.
c-m—s-1-Astropecten Orstedii Littken! S. to Panama.
o-m—a-1-Luidia brevispina Ltk. Mazatlan.
— — -1-Gymnasteria spinosa Gray! La Paz.
Amphiaster insignis Verrill! La Paz.
Nidorellia armata Gray! Guaymas and La Paz to Zorritos.
c- —s-1-Oreaster oce’dentalis Verrill! La Paz to Panama.
— — --Acanthaster Eilisii Verrill! La Paz to Galapagos and “5S.
America.”
— — 4-Mithrodia Bradleyi Vervill! La Paz to Panama.
c-m— -1—KEchinaster tenuispina Verrill! La Paz.
Lepidaster teres Verrill! La Paz.
c-mM— -1-Linckia unifascialis Gray ! 8. to Zorritos.
Do. var. bifascialis Gray! 8. to Panama.
c-mM— -1-Ophidiaster pyramidatus Gray! 8. to Zorritos.
Heliaster microbrachia Xantus! Cape St. Lucas to Panama.
Hf, Kubiniji Xantus! Guaymas, La Paz and Cape St. Lucas.
c-m-s-I-Asterias sertulifera Xantus! Cape St. Lucas.
Verrill, Notes on Radiata. 595
Ecurnoiwe a.
c— -a-1-Cidaris Thouarsii Val.! Guaymas and La Paz to Panama
and Galapagos.
Cidaris, sp. Altata (t. Liitken).
c-M—a-1-Diadema Menicanum A. Ag.! Guaymas to Acapulco.
Lichinodiadema coronatun Verrill! Cape St. Lucas.
- — -I-Astropyga depressa Gray! La Paz to Panama.
o-M-A— —Kehinocidaris stellata Agassiz! Margarita Bay and Guay-
mas to Paita and Galapagos.
- — --Boletia picta Verrill! La Paz and Cape St. Lucas.
— — -I-Boletiu rosea A. A. Altata (t. Liitken), 8. to Panama.
c— — -1-Tripneustes depressus A. Ag.! Guaymas and La Paz,
c— -a-I-Lchinometra Van Brunti A. Ag.! La Paz to Acapulco.
c— —a-1— Clypeaster testudinarius Verrill! La Paz,
c— — —-WMellita longifissa Mich. ! Guaymas and La Paz to Panama.
c— — -— -Encope grandis Ag.! La Paz and Guaymas.
c— — —~-Encope Californica Verrill! Guaymas to Cape St. Lueas.
c— — ——Kncope occidentalis Verrill! 8. to Zorritos and Galapagos.
c— — —~-Rhyncholampas Pacificus Ag.! Cape St. Lucas and Aca-
pulco.
c— — -~ —Meoma grandis Gray! La Paz to Acapulco.
— -— --Metalia nobilis Vernill! Cape St. Lucas and Panama.
o-m-— -1—Brissus obesus Verrill! La Paz to Panama,
c— — ——Agassizia scrobiculata Val.! Guaymas and La Paz to Pan-
ama and “ Peru.”
— — -1-Lovenia, sp.! Cape St. Lucas and San Diego.
c— — —-—Mera Clotho Mich.! Mazatlan.
In this list there are 50 species. Of these, 28 species extend
southward to Panama Bay, or beyond; 8 are known even to reach
northern Peru, and doubtless many others will be found to do so
when that region becomes better known; 4 species have been found
also at the Galapagos; 4 species, which have not been found at
Panama, reach Acapulco; 2 species are common to the Gulf and San
Diego, but have not been found southward ; and 17 species are as yet
known only from the Gulf and Cape St. Lucas.
Of the whole number, 35 are represented by allied species in the
Caribbean fauna. 24 of these are also represented in the Indo-Pacific
fauna, 19 of which are also represented in the Mediterranean or on
the west coast of Africa, and may, therefore, be regarded as true
cosmopolitan tropical types. 9 additional species, which do not have
596 Verrill, Notes on Radiata.
allies in the Caribbean, are represented in the Indo-Pacific fauna and
may be regarded as true Pacific types; 7 species (including Liitken’s
new genus of star-fishes, not in the list) have no allies elsewhere, so
far as known, and for the present may be regarded as peculiar West-
American types.
We may, therefore, consider this fauna as made up, approximately,
of 11 species, Atlantic in type; 9 Indo-Pacific; 19 cosmopolitan, and
4 others probably so; with 6 species of types peculiar to the west coast.
ERRATA TO PART II.
Page 293, line 16, for ¢esselata, read tessellata.
Page 293, line 18, for Ludia, read Luidia.
Page 294, line 32, for Mexicana, read Mexicanum.
Page 295, line 30, for coronata, read coronatum.
Page 297, line 23, for ambulacra, read interambulacra.
Page 303, line 2 of foot-note, for depressus, read depressa.
Page 376, line 32, for Pterogorgia gracilis, read Gorgonia gracilis.
Page 386, last line of foot-note, insert p. 419.
Page 387, last line, for p. 325, read p. 419.
Page 410, line 18, omit Plate VI, figure 8.
Page 413, line 17, for Phycogorgia fucata, read Leptogorgia fucata. The spicula of
Phycogorgia fucata, according to Mr. Wm. S. Kent (Trans. Roy. Mie. Soc., iii, p. 91,
1870), agree with those of Leptogorgia, to which it should therefore be referred.
Page 514. line 33, for Stylasteride Pourtales, read Stylasteride Gray (emended).*
Page 518, line 20, for Pocilliporide Verrill, read Pocilliporide Gray (restricted).
Page 519, line 17, for Astrwopsammia, read Astropsammia.
Page 542, line 26, for Agaricide Verrill, read Agaricide Gray (restricted).
Page 554, after Hugorgia multifida, insert Plate VI, figure 8.
* Annals and Mag. Nat Hist., vol. xix, p. 127, 1847,
EON): By ox 2
Abatus antarcticus, 336.
australis, 336.
cavernosus, 336.
Abrolhos Reefs, Brazil, Notice of the Cor-
als ard Hcehinoderms collected by Prof.
C. F. Hartt, at the, 351.
Acalephee, 362.
Acanthaster, 348, 593.
Ellisii, 332, 333, 343, 576, 594.
solaris, 576.
Acanthastreea, 355, 365.
Braziliensis, 355, 357.
Acanthocidaris Mexicana, 308.
erythrogramma, 335.
Acanthogorgia, 419.
aspera, 419.
Atlantica, 419.
coccinea, 419.
Grayi, 419.
hirsuta, 419.
Acis, 449, 450.
Acrocladia, 349.
Act of Incorporation, 5.
Actinacea, 461.
Actinaria, 460, 461, 500, 559, 560, 562, 566.
Actinia, 466, 475, 478, 487, 491.
artemisia, 470, 471.
bicolor, 486.
bimaculata, 469.
carneola, 469.
Chilensis, 488.
clematis, 476.
coriacea, 469,
crassicornis, 469.
crispata, 484.
cruentata, 467.
decorata, 481.
Dowii, 474.
elegantissima, 469, 470.
felina, 469.
florida, 477.
floseulifera, 464,
Fuegiensis, 480.
Holsatica, 469.
impatiens, 483.
Krebsii, 473.
Laurentii, 469, 470.
lineolata, 483.
Mertensii, 479, 566.
nivea, 485.
nymphea, 486.
obtruncata, 469.
Actinia ocellata, 468,
papillosa, 468.
Peruviana, 486.
picta, 493,
primula, 487, 488.
pluvia, 468.
reticulata, 479.
rubens, 487.
spectabilis, 469.
xanthogrammica, 471,
Actiniadze, 491.
Actiniaires, 461.
Actinidie, 362, 466, 461, 494.
Actinina, 461, 466.
Actininie, 461, 466, 491.
Actinines perforées, 477.
Actinines verruqueuses, 466.
Actinocereus, 484.
Actinoids, 460.
Actinoloba, 478.
reticulata, 479.
Actinopyga Agassizii, 347.
obscura, 347.
parvula, 347.
Actinotryx, 462.
Adamsia, 477. 481.
Egletes, 481.
Addenda to Review of the Corals and Po-
lyps of the west coast of America, 546.
Advertisement, 2.
Agaricia, 352, 543.
agaricites, 352.
Agaricidee, 542, 596.
Agassizia, 320, 348,
excentrica, 346.
ovtlum, 320, 331, 346, 593.
serobiculata, 334, 593, 595.
subrotunda, 593.
Alcyonacea, 458, 455.
Aleyonaria, 359, 378, 559, 560, 566.
Alcyonidee, 458.
Aleyonides, 458.
Aleyoninze, 458.
Aleyonium, 459.
Bradleyi, 459, 562.
carneum, 459.
rubiforme, 459, 559.
Allopora, 516, 515.
Californica, 516, 503, 517, 663.
venusta, 517, 560.
Alveopora, 502.
Amblypneustes formosus, 333,
598
Amblypneustes pallidus, 333.
Amphiactis, 462.
Amphiaster, 372.
insignis, 372, 594.
Amplupholis, 261.
albida, 341.
erisea, 342.
Januarii, 341.
subtilis, 341.
Amphiura, 261, 348.
Chilensis, 335.
geminata, 261, 330, 341.
gracillima, 342.
hispida, 260.
limbata, 342.
marginata, 262.
microdiscus, 270, 261, 330, 342.
oecidentalix, 325, 326.
Orstedii, 270, 262, 240, 341.
Pugetana, 325.
Punt irene, 261, 330, 341.
Riisei, 341.
squamata, 341.
Stimpsonii, 341.
tenera, 541.
urtica, 325.
violacea, 261, 330, 341.
Anactis, 493.
picta, 493, 566.
Anaperus, 322.
Briareus, 322.
Peruanus, 322, 335, 376.
Anemonia, 491.
Anthea, 491.
Antheadz, 466, 491.
Anthenia, 349.
Anthocidaris, 333, 583.
homalostoma, 333.
Mexicana, 345.
Anthogorgia, 419.
Anthophyllum, 513.
Anthopleura, 473, 467.
Dowii, 474, 562.
eranulifera, 474.
Krebsii, 474, 462.
pallida, 474.
Antipathacea, 499.
Antipatharia, 499.
Antipathes, 499.
Panamensis, 499, 562.
Antipathidee, 499.
Antipathina, 499.
Antodon, 365.
armata, 341.
Braziliensis 341, 365.
brevipinna, 341.
Cubensis, 341.
Dubenii, 365, 341.
Hagenii, 341.
meridianalis, 341.
Milbertii 341.
rubizinosa, 341.
Arachnactis, 496.
INDEX.
Araucanian Province, 339.
Arbacia, 301, 348.
erandinosa, 334.
nigra 301, 334, 335.
pustulosa; 344.
Arbacidee, 344.
Area, 350.
Archaster, 349.
Arctic Province, Polyps of, 559.
Aspidochir Mertensii, 325.
Asteracanthion, 289.
aurantiacus, 293.
helianthus, 289.
Asteractis, 464, 492.
Bradleyi, 465, 562.
Asterias, 337.
zequalis, 327.
antarctica, 336, 339.
aster, 248.
Atlantica, 368, 344.
aurantiacus, 293,
brevispina, 327.
capitata, 327.
conferta, 326.
Cumingii, 291.
echinata, 335.
epichlora, 325, 326.
fissispina, 326.
gelatinosa, 335.
Germanii, 335,
gigantea, 327.
helianthus, 289.
hexactis, 326.
Kathering:, 326.
leevigata, 285.
lurida, 335.
Liitkenti, 326.
Mexicana, 344.
miniata, 324, 326.
ochracea, 325, 326, 327.
paucispina, 326.
regalis, 330.
rugispina, 336.
rustica, 335.
sertulifera, 328, 344, 594.
solaris, 333.
tenuispina, 344, 569.
Troschelii, 326.
variolata, 285.
Asteridee, 344.
Asterina, 250.
modesta, 277.
regularis, 250.
Asterioidea, 271, 343, 367, 372, 574
Asteriscus, 250, 348.
Braziliensis, 343.
Chilensis, 334, 335.
folium, 343.
modestus, 277, 330, 343
regularis, 250.
stillifer, 343.
Asteroporpa, 348.
affinis, 341.
:
Asteroporpa annulata 341.
dasycladia, 341.
Asteropsis imbricata,
Astreea, 512.
Astraacea, 461, 536.
Astreeidee, 519, 513, 540.
Astrangia, 525, 340, 362, 513, 532, 567.
astrieiformis, 524,
bella, 530, 531.
concinna, 28, 563.
conferta, 530, 563, 564.
costata, 529, 563.
Danee, 524, 530, 531.
dentata, 528, 563, 565, 566.
Edwardsii, 526.
Haimei, 526, 525, 530, 563.
Marylandica, 530, 531.
Michelini, 526.
palifera, 525, 526.
Pedersenii, 529, 563, 564, 565.
pulchella, 527, 563.
Astrangiaceze, 525.
Astrangide, 524, 514, 536.
Astranginze, 525, 514.
Astreinz reptantes, 525.
Astriclypeus, 311, 348.
Mannii, 311, 327.
Astrochema, 348.
affinis, 341.
oligactes, 341.
Astrochemidee. 341.
Astrogonium Fonki. 335.
Astrogorgia, 416, 419.
Astropecten, 250, 272, 348.
Antillensis, 343.
armatus, 332, 343.
articulatus, 343
Braziliensis, 343.
celacanthus, 273.
ciliatus, 343.
dubius, 343.
Edwardsii, 250.
erinaceus, 332, 343.
fragilis, 272, 330, 332, 333, 343.
Orstedii, 274, 328, 330, 343 594,
Peruanus, 334.
Peruvianus, 275.
regalis, 273, 330, 343.
stellatus, 276.
Valenciennesii, 276, 343.
variabilis, 343.
Astropectenide, 343.
Astropsammia, 509, 506. 519.
Pedersenii, 509, 563, 565.
Astropyga, 296, 348.
depressa, 579, 593, 595.
venusta, 296, 331, 344, 579.
Astrophytidee, 341.
Astrophyton, 251, 348.
Caryi, 325, 326.
evecilia, 341.
Chilensis, 335.
Krebsii, 341.
Trans. Conn. ACAD., VOL. I.
324,
INDEX.
599
| Astrophyton muricatum, 341.
Panamense, 251, 294.
Aulactinia, 474.
Aureliania, 462.
Auror: a Borealis at New Haven, Conn., from
March, 1837, to Dec., 1853, 9.
Auroral Observations, ‘Summary of, 168,
iui
Auroral Register hept at New Haven, Ct.,
by Francis Bradley. 139.
Auroras, average number of annually, Li:
Auroras, Notices of, extracted from the
Meteorological Journal of Rev. Ezra
Stiles, 155,
extracted from a Meteorological Jour-
nal kept at Sharon, Conn., 167.
extracted from various Journals kept
at New Haven, Conn., 164.
Auroras observed by Rev. Ezra Stiles, at
Dighton, Mass., 156.
New Haven, Conn., 156.
Newport, R. I., 155.
Portsmouth, N. H., 156.
Average number of Auroras annually, 172.
Axohelia, 5L5.
Balanophyllia, 511.
elegans, 511, 560.
Bathycyathus, 538.
Chilensis, 539, 567.
Indicus, 538.
Sowerbyi, 538.
Bebryce, 419.
Bekker’s Digammated Text of Homer, 173.
Bergidze, 494.
Blepharogorgia Schrammi, 419
Bohadschia agelutinata, 34.7.
fasciata, 347.
Boletia, 304, 582.
depressa, 303, 583
picta. 581, 595.
pileolus, 303, 583.
rosea, 302, 583, 593, 595.
viridis, 304, 334, 584.
Bolocera eques, 469.
Boston, and New Haven, Summary of
Auroral Observations at, 171.
Brachyrhinus creolus, 340.
Bradley, Francis, Extracts from an Auroral
Register kept at New Haven, Conn., 139.
Brazilian Coral-fauna, Remarks on the, 364.
Briaraceze, 454.
Briaracées, 454.
Briareacez, 454.
Briareidee, 454.
Briareum, 454.
Brissus, 316, 318, 348.
Columbaris, 316, 345.
obesus, 316. 328, 345,
pectoralis, 571.
Brissus Scillee, 316, 317.
Bunodes, 467, 469, 474, 475, 562.
cavernata, 473,
70
589, 595.
375,
MARCH, 1871,
600
Bunodes erassicornis 469.
cruentata, 467, 567.
ocellata, 468, 566.
papillosa, 468, 566, 567.
pluvia, 468, 566.
xanthogrammica, 471.
Bunodide, 466.
Bunodine, 466, 462.
California, Gulf of, and Cape St. Lucas,
Echinoderm-fauna of, 593.
Californian Province, 337.
Polyps of, 560.
Calliactis, 481.
bicolor, 481.
decorata, 481, 482.
Egletes, 481.
fusca, 481.
polypus, 481.
tricolor, 481.
variegata, 481, 562.
Callipodium, 455.
aureum, 457, 562.
Pacificum, 456, 562, 565.
Cape St. Lueas, list of Echinoderms found
at, 827.
and Gulf of Cal, Echinoderm-fauna
of, 593.
Capnea, 462.
Capneadee, 462.
Caribbean and Panamian Faune, compara-
tive lists of the Echinoderms of the, 341. |
Caryophyllaceze, 512.
Caryophyllia, 336, 507, 513, 535.
Smithii, 535.
Caryophyllidee, 535, 506, 512, 514.
Caryophylline, 535.
Cassidulidee 345.
Cassidulus, 316, 348.
Carribeearum, 316, 345.
Cassis sp. 350.
Central America, list of the Hchinoderms
of the west coast of, 329.
Cereze, 466
Cereus, 480, 476, 469.
artemis'a, 471.
bellis, 480.
coriaceus, 469.
cruentatus, 467.
Fuegiensis, 480, 567.
ocellatus, 468.
papillosus, 468.
pluvia, 468.
Cheetaster Califorincus, 327.
Chilian Province, 338.
Polyps of, 566.
Chili, list of Echmoderms found on the
coast of, 335.
Chirodota, 371, 349.
discolor, 325.
pygmeea, 346, 371.
rotiferum, 346 371.
verrucosum, 325,
INDEX.
Cidaridee, 344.
Cidaris, 294, 348.
annulata, 294, 344.
Dane, 327.
species, 593, 595.
Thouarsii, 294, 328, 331, 333, 370, 579,
595.
Cistina, 577.
Jolumbize, 332, 344.
Cladactis, 471, 472, 474.
grandis, 472, 562, 566.
Cladocora, 365, 513, 524.
Cladocoraceze, 524.
Cladocorinee, 514.
Clypeaster, 348.
Riisei, 314.
rosaceus, 345, 589.
speciosus, 348, 345, 588.
testudinarius, 588, 595.
Clypeasteridee, 345.
Coelasterias, 247.
australis, 247.
Coelastreea, 519,
Coenangia, 530.
conferta, 530, 563.
Coenopsammia, 340.
tenuilamellosa, 508.
Colobocentrotus pediferus, 335.
Columbella sp., 350.
Columnaria, 519.
Comatulidee, 349.
Comparison of the tropical echinoderm
faunze of the east and west coasts of
America, 339.
Connection, oceanic, across the Isthmus of
Darien, 349.
Conularidee, 455.
Corticifera, 495.
Corynactis, 462.
Coral-fauna, remarks on the Brazilian, 364.
Corals and Echinoderms collected by Prof.
C. F. Hartt. at the Abrolhos Reefs,
Brazil, Notice of the, 377.
Corals and Polyps of the west coast of
America, Review of, 377.
Coscinasterias, 248.
muricata, 249.
Crepidula unguiformis, 339.
Cribrella leviuscula, 326.
Cribrina, 467, 478 480, 482.
coriacea, 469.
Crinoidea, 341, 349, 365.
Crustacea, common to the east and west
coasts of tropical America, 339.
Crustulum gratulans, 311.
Cryptohelia, 515.
Cucumaria, 321.
frondosa, 327, 346.
Cucumaridee, 346.
Suleita, 349.
Schmideliana, 333.
Cuvieria antarctica, 336, 339.
operculata, 346.
INDEX.
Cuvieria Sitchzensis, 325.
Cyathinze, 535.
Cyclopora, 515.
Cyphastreea, 513.
Cystiactis, 473, 472.
cavernata, 473.
Eugenia, 473.
Eydouxi, 473, 566.
Gaudichaudi, 473.
|
Dactylosaster gracilis, 332, 344.
Dendraster, 337, 348.
excentricus, 325, 326, 327.
Dendrophyllia, 507, 51%.
surcularis, 507, 508, 563.
tenuilamellosa, 508, 563, 565.
Desmophyllum, 539, 536.
crista-galli, 539.
Cumingil, 539, 563.
Desoria, 349.
Diadema, 295, 348, 580.
Antillarum, 295, 344.
Mexicanum, 294,328,329,344, 580, 595.
Diademidee, 344.
Digammated Text of Homer, on Bekker’s, |
173.
Dighton, Mass., Auroras observed at, 156.
Dimorphous polyps in Renilla, ete., 378.
Diploperideris Sitchzensis, 325.
Diploria, 365.
Discosoma, 462, 480.
Fuegiensis. 480.
Discosomee, 461.
Discosominee, 461.
Discosomus, 462.
Discotrochus, 536.
Distichipora, 515.
Dysactis Chilensis, 488.
Kchinactis, 462.
Echinanthus testudinarius, 588.
Echinaster, 348.
aculeatus, 331, 343.
Braziliensis, 343.
crassispina, 368, 3438.
Ellisii, 332, 576.
serpentarius, 343.
spinosus, 343, 577.
spinulosus, 343.
tenuispina, 577, 594.
Hehinasteridee, 343. |
Echinidee, 344.
Kehinocidaris, 298, 348.
Dufresnii, 344, 580. |
incisa, 298. |
longispina, 298.
nigra, 301.
punctulata, 344.
Seythei. 336, 580.
spatuligera, 300, 354, 33
stellata, 298, 328, 329, 3
334, 335, 338, 344. 595.
Echinocucumis typica, 546.
Echinodermata, 360.
Bt
Bilao
| Echinothrix
601
EKchinoderm-fauna of the Gulf of California
and Cape St. Lucas, 593.
Kchinoderm faunz, comparison of the
tropical, of the east and west coasts of
America, 339.
Echinoderms, additional observations on,
568.
and Corals collected by Prof. C. F.
Hartt, at the Abrolhos Reefs, Brazil,
notice of the, 35].
notice of a collection of, from La Paz,
Lower Cal., 361.
of Panama and the west coast of Amer-
ica, geographical distribution of, 352.
Echinodiadema, 295, 348, 365, 580.
coronatum, 295, 328, 344, 580, 595.
Echinoglycus, 312. 348.
frondosus, 370.
Stokesii, 312, 331, 332, 334, 345.
Echinogorgia, 387, 418, 419.
arbuscula, 414.
arida, 384.
aurantiaca, 450, 413,
sasappo, 450, 557.
KEchinoidea, 294, 344, 369, 374, 579.
Echinolampus, 349.
caratomides, 349.
Echinometra, 308, 348.
lueuntur, 369, 345.
Mexicana, 307.
Michelini, 345, 585.
plana, 308, 345.
rupicola, 308, 331, 332, 383, 345, 376,
583.
Van Brunti, 309, 328, 329, 370, 585, 595.
viridis, 345.
Echinometride, 345,
Echinomuricea coccinea, 419.
Kehinoporinee, 540.
349.
ree
557,
566.
Kehinus, 304.
chloroticus, 304, 583, 584.
erythrogramma, 585.
gibbosus, 305, 333.
grandinosus, 301.
homalostoma, 585.
lucuntur, 369.
Magellanicus, 336.
niger, 301.
* purpurescens, 501.
spatuliger, 300.
Edwardsia, 494.
Encope, 309.
Californica, 345, 586, 595.
emarginata, 310, 345, 370, 588.
grandis, 310, 312, 329, 345, 585, 595
Michelini, 310, 345, 588.
occidentalis, 309, 312, 331, 332, 333,
334, 345, 370, 587, 595.
quinqueloba, 345.
Stokesii, 312.
tetrapora, 309.
FEndohelia. 515.
602
Hpiactis, 492.
prolifera, 492, 560.
Epizoanthus, 497.
crassus, 498, 562.
elongatus. 497, 562, 565.
humilis, 498, 562.
Kriphia, 340.
gonagra, 340.
squamata, 34.0.
Errina, 515.
Erythropodium, 454, 455.
Pacificum, 456.
Eugorgia, 406, 340, 386, 413.
ampla, 407, 386, 561, 566.
aurantiaca, 410, 555, 561, 564.
Bradleyi, 411, 399, 561, 566.
Daniana, 409, 388, 555, 561, 566.
excelsa, var., 553, 409, 551, 558, 561,
564.
Mexicana, 410, 388.
multifida, 554, 561, 564.
nobilis, 408, 551, 553, 558, 561, 564,
566.
purpurascens, var., 408, 561, 566.
rubens, 411, 566.
stenobrachis, 393.
EKunicea, 360, 385, 386, 413, 416.
anceps, 362.
Castelnaudi, 362.
humilis, 360.
Tobagensis, 444.
Eunicella, 386.
Eunicidee, 413.
Kumuricea, 449.
Euphyllia, 513.
Kupsammidee, 506, 501, 509, 519.
Kupsamminee, 506.
Euryechinus, 304.
chlorocentrotus, 325, 326.
Delalandii, 304.
Drobachiensis, 304, 325, 326.
gibbosus, 305.
granulatus, 304.
imbecillis, 305, 333, 334.
lividus, 304.
Kusmilidee, 536
Evactis, 470, 474.
artemisia, 471, 560.
xanthogrammica, 471, 559.
Evagora, 455
Evechinus, 583.
chloroticus, 584.
Extracts from an Auroral Register kept at
New Haven, Conn., by Francis Bradley,
139.
Fabia Chilensis, 306.
Faun, Caribbean and Panamian, compar-
ative lists of the Echinoderms of the,
341.
Comparison of the tropical echino-
derm, of the east and west coasts of
America, 339.
INDEX.
Favia, 353, 355, 365, 512.
conferta, 355.
deformata, 355.
eravida, 354, 364.
incerta, 355.
Jeptophylla, 353.
Favositide, 518, 519.
Favositine, 518.
Ferdina Cumingii, 332, 343.
Fishes common to the east and west coasts
of tropical America, 340.
Flabelline, 539.
Flabellum, 513, 535, 536.
Fungacea, 540, 543.
Fungia, 541.
elegans, 542, 563, 565.
Fungide, 540, 542.
Fungine, 540.
Galapago Islands, list of Echinoderms from
the, 333.
Galapagos Province, 338.
Galaxea, 513.
Gammaria, 497.
crassa, 498.
elongata, 497.
humilis, 498.
Ganeria Falklandica, 336.
Geographical distribution of the Echino-
derms of the west coast of America, 352.
of the Polyps of the west coast of
America, 558.
Geological evidence of an oceanic connec-
tion across the Isthmus of Darien, 349.
Gerardidie, 499.
Goniasteride, 343.
Goniastreea, 355.
varia, 355.
Goniocidaris, 349.
Goniodiseus, 284.
armatus, 280, 372.
conifer, 372.
singularis, 335.
stella, 284, 343, 372.
verrucosus, 335.
Gorgonia, 384, 340, 359, 385, 386, 387,
406, 407.
Adamsii, 391.
alba, 398.
Agassizii, 388.
aurantiaca, 410.
citrina, 360.
cuspidata, 403.
dichotoma, 361.
flabellum, 386.
fucata, 413.
fucosa, 417.
fusco-purpurea, 386.
gracilis 359, 596.
humilis, 394, 396.
levis, var., 398.
media, 389.
palma, 386, 400.
INDEX.
Gorgonia papillosa, 385.
plantaginea, 444.
pumicea, 362.
ramulus, 394,
reticulata, 405.
rigida, 398, 401.
sanguinea, 406.
stenobrachis, 393.
stenobrochis, 393.
ventalina, 391.
verrucosa, 384, 385, 386.
Gorgonacea, 384.
Gorgonella, 384, 385, 387.
Gorgonidee, 384, 455, 499.
Guaymas, Polyps collected at, by Dr. E.
Palmer, 564.
Gymnasteria, 348.
inermis, 330, 343.
spinosa, 330, 343, 574, 594.
Hadley, James, on Bekker’s Digammated
Text of Homer, 173.
Haleyonina, 458.
Hartt, Prof. C. F., Notice of the Corals and
Echinoderms collected by, at the Abrol-
hos Reefs, Brazil, 351.
Remarks on the Brazilian Coral-fauna,
364.
Heliaster, 289, 348.
Cumingii, 291, 333, 334, 344.
helianthus, 287, 329, 334, 335.
Kubiniji, 292, 312, 328, 329, 344, 578,
593, 595.
microbrachia, 290, 328, 331, 344, 593,
595.
multiradiata, 333.
Heliastreea, 356, 365.
aperta, 356, 364.
Heliocidaris, 349, 584.
chlorotica, 584.
Mexicana, 583, 307, 308, 584.
Hemipholis, 262, 348.
affinis, 262, 573.
cordifera, 263, 342.
gracilis, 262, 330, 342, 573.
Hepatella amica, 484.
Herrick, Edward C., a Register of the Au-
rora Borealis at New Haven, Conn., from
March, 1837, to Dec., 1853, 9.
Heterocentrotus, 349.
Heterodactyla, 461.
Heterodactyline, 461.
Heterogorgia, 450, 419.
papillosa, 557, 562,
tortuosa, 452, 562.
verrucosa, 451], 562.
Heteropsammia, 506.
Heterosynapta, 346.
viridis, 346.
Hipponoé, 349.
Hipponoidee, 345.
Holothuria botellus 331, 346.
Californica, 327.
565.
603
Holothuria Floridiana, 346.
glaberrima, 331, 346.
grisea, 346.
languens, 331, 346.
lepadifera, 346.
lubrica, 329, 346.
maculata, 346.
Peruviana, 322, 376.
princeps, 346.
subditiva, 346.
Holothuride, 346.
Holothurioidea, 321, 346, 370.
Homactis, 462.
| Homer, Bekker’s Digammated Text of, 173.
Hugea, 494.
Hydroidea, 362, 519.
Hymenogorgia, 359, 384, 385.
quercifolia, 359, 360, 362.
Incorporation, Act of, 5.
Introductory notice to Herrick’s Auroral
Register, 7.
Isacmezea crassicornis, 469.
papillosa, 469.
Isaura, 494.
Isthmus of Darien,
across the, 349.
oceanic connection
Juncella hystrix, 362.
Kleinia nigra, 317, 590.
Laganum, 349.
La Paz, L. Cal., notice of a collection of
Echinoderms from, 371.
Polyps collected at, by Capt. J. Ped-
ersen, 564.
Leioptillum, 381.
undulatum, 381, 378, 546, 560.
Lepidaster, 577.
teres, 577, 494.
Lepidopsolus antarcticus, 336.
operculata, 346.
Leptogorgia, 387, 385, 386.
Adamsii, 391, 392, 551, 561, 564,
ampla, 407.
arbuscula, 406, 566.
alba, 398, 401, 412, 561, 564, 566.
aurantiaca, 413, 410.
Californica, 398, 561.
Caryi, 404, 556, 560.
Chilensis, 406, 566.
cuspidata, 403, 401, 552, 561.
diffusa, 397, 561, 566.
Englemanni, var., 394, 561, 565.
exigua, 552, 561, 564, 566.
exilis, 550, 561, 564.
eximia, 390, 388, 551, 561.
Flore, 387, 391, 560.
flexilis, 400, 561.
fueata, 596.
labiata, 552, 561, 564, 565,
604
INDEX.
Leptogorgia media, 389, 391, 550, 560, 564, | Lithodendron, 507.
565.
Peruana, 405, 566.
platyclados, 406, 566.
pulchra, 549, 561, 564.
pumila, 396, 561.
ramulus. 394, 397, 399, 552, 561, 565.
rigida, 401, 404, 552, 561, 564, 565.
rutila, 392, 561, 565.
sanguinea, 406.
stenobrochis, 393, 403, 561, 565.
tenuis, 551, 561, 564.
viminalis, 387.
virgularia, 406.
Leptosynapta, 325.
hydriformis, 346.
Pourtalesii, 346.
tenuis, 325.
verrucosa, 325.
Linekia, 285, 348, 577.
bifascialis, 287, 328, 372, 594.
Columbiz, 332, 344.
Guildingii, 344, 367.
ornithopus, 344, 367.
unifascialis, 285, 312,
332, 333, 344, 372, 594.
328, 329, 330
Liosoma arenicola, 327.
Sitcheensis, 325.
Lissothuria, 322.
299
D4O)
VLk. VO
ornata, 1, 346.
List of Echinoderms from
Sitcha, 324.
Puget Sound and along the coast to
Cape Mendocino, Cal., 325
between Cape Mendocino and San Di-
ego, Cal., 326.
Margarita Bay and Cape St. Lucas. 327.
Acapuleo, Mazatlan, and the Gulf of
California, 328.
the west coast of Central
and the Bay of Panama. 329.
the west coast of Ecuador and the
southern part of New Grenada, 332.
Zorritos, Peru, 353.
the Galapago Islauds, 333.
the coast of Peru, at Paita and south-
ward, 334,
the coast of Chili, 335.
the southern extremity of South Amer-
ica and the neighboring Islands, 336.
List of Polyps of
Arctic Province, 559.
Californian Province, 560.
Chilian Province, 556.
Sitchian Province, 559.
Oregonian Province, 559.
Panamian Province, 560.
Peruvian Province, 566.
List of Polyps collected at
America
Corinto and Gulf of Nicoya by J. A. |
MeNiel, 565.
Guaymas by Dr. KE. Palmer, 564.
La Paz by Capt. J. Pedersen, 564.
|
Litigorgia, 387, 385.
Adamsii, 391,
Agassizii, 388.
arbuscula, 406.
Californica, 398.
cuspidata, 403.
diffusa, 397.
Englemanni, var..
eximia, 390.
levis, 398.
flexilis, 400.
Flore, 387.
fucosa, 404.
media, 389.
Peruana, 405.
platyclados, 406.
pumila, 396.
ramulus, 394.
rigida, 401.
rosea, 406,
rutila, 392.
sanguinea, 406,
stenobrochis, 393.
Lobophora, 349.
Lobopsammia. 506.
394.
| Lobularia rubiforme, 459.
Loomis, Elias, notices of Auroras, extracted
from the meteorological journal of Rev.
Hzra Stiles, 155.
Loomis, Elias, and H. A. Newton, on the
mean Temperature, and on the fluctua-
tions of ‘Temperature, at New Haven,
Conn., 194.
Lophactis, 463.
ornata, 464, 562.
| Lophogorgia, 384, 385, 386, 387.
alba, 398.
aurantiaca, 410.
palma, 403.
Panamensis, 394, 396.
Lophoseride, 542.
Lophosermee, 542.
Lophoseris, 543.
Lovenia, 329, 346, 348, 595.
Loxechinus. 348.
albus, 324, 335.
purpuratus, 327, 337.
Luidia, 271, 348.
alternata, 343.
Bellonz, 293, 332, 334, 343.
brevispina, 593, 594.
clathrata, 271, 343.
Columbie, 343.
Macegravii, 343.
tessellata, 271, 330, 343.
Lytechinus, 302.
Atlanticus, 303, 344.
excavatus, 344.
roseus, 302, 328, 329, 331, 333, 344,
583.
semituberculatus, 301, 333.
variegatus, 344, 369.
INDEX.
Madrepora, 365, 500, 501, 503.
Madreporacea, 500.
Madreporacez, 512.
Madreporaria, 352, 500, 556, 562.
perforata, 500.
esis poride, 501.
Madreporine, 501.
Meeandrina, 355, 365, 512.
Malea sp., 350.
Mammnillifera, 495.
auricula, 496.
conferta, 497, 562. |
Danie, 496, 562. |
nitida, 497, 562.
Manicina, 365.
Maretia, 349.
Margarita Bay, list of Echinoderms found
at, 327. |
McNiel, J. A., Polyps collected by, on the |
west coast of Nicaragua, 565.
Mediaster «qualis, 326.
Melitodes virgata, 572.
Mellita, 348.
hexapora, 314, 345.
longifissa, 314, 331, 345, 588, 595.
Pacifica, 313, 333, 345. |
pentapora, 314, 345, 586. |
testudinea, 345.
Meoma, 317, 348.
grandis, Si O90) 593; 595:
nigra, 317, 329, 345, 590.
ventricosa, 345.
Merulinacee, 540.
Metalia, 318, 348.
Garretii, 320, 591.
nobilis, 319, 591, 328,
595
sternalis, 319, 591.
Meteorology of New Haven, 194.
Metridium, 478, 462, 463.
concinnatum, 463.
dianthus, 478.
fimbriatum, 478, 560.
marginatum, 478, 560.
reticulatum, 479, 567.
Millepora, 362. 365, 519.
alcicornis, 363, 364.
Braziliensis, 363.
cellulosa, var., 363.
digitata, var., 364.
fenestrata, var., 364.
nitida, 362.
Mithrodia, 288, 348.
Bradleyi, 288, 330, 343, 575, 594.
Meera, 348
Atropos, 346. |
Clotho, 329, 346, 348, 595.
Mollusca common to the east and west
coasts of MOU eae 3a):
Molpadia borealis, 34
Montipora, 502, 501.
331, 345, 348, |
fragosa, 502, 562.
Montiporine, 501.
605
Mopselia Japonica, 572.
Moulinia cassidulina, 345.
Mulleria Agassizii, 347.
obscura, 347.
parvula 347.
Muricea, 418, 450, 340, 384.
acervata, 419. 424, 449, 561.
albida, 437, 435, 441, 562.
appressa, 444, 448, 449, 562, 564, 566.
aspera, 448, 562.
austera, 430, 428, 433, 441. 561. 564.
clavata, 444.
crassa, 425, 432, 433, 561.
echinata, 426, 424, 430, 432, 561.
elegans, 450.
elongata, 449.
flabellum, var., 427, 561.
flavescens, var., 446, 448, 562, 566.
flexuosa, 450.
formosa, 434, 517, 561.
fruticosa, 428, 432, 433, 561, 565.
hebes, 439, 441, 443, 450, 562, 565
hispida, 422. 561.
horrida, 423, 422, 566.
humosa, 449, 450.
laxa, 450.
lima, 450.
miser, var., 430, 561, 565.
muricata, 450.
nitida, 450.
pendula, 450.
purpurea, 441, 437. 450, 562. 565.
retusa, 432, 443, 561.
robusta, 436, 441, 450, 562, 565.
spicifera, 450.
squarrosa, 423, 435, 561.
sulphurea, 449, 450.
tenella, 446, 449, 562, 566.
tuberculata, 449, 450.
tubigera, 421, 423, 435, 561.
vatricosa, 384, 449, 450.
Muricea, Remarks on the subdivisions of
the genus, 449.
Muricella, 450.
Museum of Yale College, notes on the Ra-
diata in, 247.
Mussa, 357, 365. 512.
Harttii, 357. 352, 358.
Nardoa, 285, 349.
Nemactis, 487, 477.
Chilensis, 488, 567.
Draytonii. 488, 493, 566.
primula. 488, 566.
Neoporites, 503.
New Haven, Conn., Auroras observed at,
by Rev. Ezra Stiles, 156.
and Boston, summary of Auroral ob-
servations at, 171.
extracts from an Auroral register
kept at. by Francis Bradley, 139.
register of the Aurora Borealis at,
from March, 1837 to Dee., 1853, 9.
606
New Haven, Mean Temperature and Fluct-
uations of Temperature at, 194.
Newport, R. I, Auroras observed at, 155.
Newton, H. A., and Elias Loomis, on the
Mean Temperature, and on the Fluctua-
tions of Temperature at New Haven,
Conn., 194.
New Zealand, new starfishes from, 247.
Nicaragua, Polyps collected on the coast
of, by J. A. MeNiel, 565.
Nidorellia, 280, 348.
armata, 280, 284, 312, 328, 329, 330,
332, 833, 343, 372, 574, 594.
Notes on the Echinoderms of Panama and
the west coast of America, 251.
on the Radiata in the Museum of Yale
College, 247.
Notice of a collection of Echinoderms from
Ibe) IbRya, 10, (Cay Ble
of the Corals and Echinoderms col-
lected by Prof. C F. Hartt, at the
Abrolhos Reefs, Brazil, 351.
Introductory, to Herrick’s
Register, 7.
Notices of Auroras extracted from the
Meteorological Journal of Rev. Ezra
Stiles, 155.
of Auroras extracted from various
Journals kept at New Haven, Coun., 164.
of Auroras extracted from a Meteor-
ological Journal kept at Sharon, Conn.,
167.
Auroral
Observations, additional, on Echinoderms,
568.
Oculina, 365, 507, 512, 513, 518.
Oculinacea, 512, 536.
Oculinidee, 514, 512, 519.
Ophiacantha Pentacrinus, 341.
Ophiactis, 264, 348.
arenosa, 266, 330, 341.
asperula, 335.
Kroyeri, 264,
Milleri, 341.
Srstedii, 266, 264, 330, 341.
simplex, 266, 264, 330, 341.
virescens, 265, 327, 330, 372, 341, 594.
Ophiarachna, 348, 349.
maculata, 574.
Ophiarthrum, 349.
Ophidiaster, 287, 285, 348, 577.
flaccidus, 344.
ophidianus, 285.
ornithopus, 367.
porosissimus, 287.
pyramidatus, 287, 328, 330, 332, 333,
344, 577, 594.
suturalis, 285.
unifascialis, 285.
Ophidiasteridee, 344.
Ophioblenna, 348.
Antillensis, 342.
Ophioceramis Januaril, 343,
334, 366, 341.
INDEX.
Ophiocnida, 260.
hispida, 260, 330, 342.
seabriuscula, 342.
Ophiocoma, 258, 348.
zlhiops, 258, 327, 329, 330, 341, 594.
Alexandri, 259, 327, 329, 330, 341, 594.
echinata, 258, 341.
pumila, 341.
Riisei, 257, 341.
| Ophiocomidee, 341.
| Ophioderma Antillarum, 364.
cinereum, 367.
Panamensis, 253.
variegata, 254.
Ophioglypha Liitkenii, 325.
Sarsii, 593.
species, 593, 594.
Ophiolepide, 342.
Ophiolepis, 256, 348.
annulata, 259.
Atacamensis, 335.
elegans, 367, 342,
geminata, 261.
hispida, 260.
Pacifica, 257.
paucispina, 342.
simplex, 266.
triloba, 259.
variegata, 256, 330, 342, 593, 594.
Ophiomastrix, 349.
Ophiomyxa, 330, 341, 348.
flaccida, 366, 341.
Ophiomyxide, 341.
Ophionema intricata, 341.
Ophionephthys limicola, 341.
Ophionereis, 259, 348.
annulata, 259, 328, 330, 342, 594.
reticulata, 366, 342.
porrecta, 342.
triloba, 259.
Xantusii, 270, 328, 342, 594.
Ophiopeza, 348, 349.
Ophiopholis Caryi, 326.
Kennerleyi, 325.
Ophiophragmus, 270, 348.
marginatus, 270, 330, 342.
septus, 342.
Wurdemanni, 342.
Ophioplocus, 349.
Ophiopsila Riisei, 341.
Ophiostigma, 270, 348.
isacanthum, 342.
tenue, 270, 330.
Ophiothela, 269, 348.
Dane, 572.
mirabilis, 268, 330, 342, 376, 572, 594.
| Ophiothrix, 278, 348.
Caribzea, 342.
dumosa, 270, 326, 328, 329, 342, 594.
lineata, 342.
magnifica, 334.
mirabilis, 268.
Orstedii, 342.
Ophiothrix spiculata, 267, 328, 330,
333, 342, 594.
Suensonii, 342.
violacea, 267, 342, 3
Ophiozona, 257, 348.
impressa, 342,
Pacifica, 257, 330, 342,
Ophiura, 253, 347.
appressa, 342,
brevicauda, 342.
brevispina, 342.
cinerea, 342, 367.
Daniana, 254, 329, 342.
elaps, 342.
flaccida, 366.
guttata, 342.
Januaril, 342.
Panamensis, 253,
342, 594.
paucispina, 367.
reticulata, 366.
rubicunda, 342.
teres, 253, 327, 328, 329, 342; 594. -
variegata, 254, 329, 342, 376.
sp. noy., 270, 330, 342.
Ophiuridee, 342.
Ophiuroidea, 251, 341,
Oreaster, 278, 348.
aculeatus,-343.
armatus, 280, 372.
Cumingii, 332, 343.
givas, 279, 343, 367.
occidentalis, 278, 312, 328, 330, 343,
374, 574.
reticulatus, 343, 367.
Oregonian Province, 337.
Polyps of, 559.
Orinidée, 494.
Othilia crassispina, 368.
Oulactis, 463, 462, 464.
concinnata, 463, 566.
granulifera, 462.
flosculifera, 464.
formosa, 464.
Oulangia, 533.
332,
46.
210, 327, 328, 329,
366, 372, 572.
Pachypsammia, 506.
valida, 506.
Pachysammia, 506.
Paita, Peru, list of Echinoderms found at,
334.
Palmer, Dr. E., Polyps collected by, at
Guaymas, 564
Palythoa, 362, 495, 497.
Panama and west coast of America, Notes
on the Echinoderms «f, 251.
list of the Echinoderms of the Bay of,
329.
Panamian and Caribbean Faunz, comp: ra-
tive lists of the Nchinoderms of the. 341.
Panamian Province, 337.
Polyps of, 560.
Paractis. 477, 482, 491.
Trans. Conn. AcaD., VOL. I.
|
Paracyathus, 5
607
| Paractis impatiens, 483.
lineotala, 483.
nobilis, 491, 562.
nympheea, 486.
rubus, 487.
536, 510, 513
caltha, 537, 560.
humilis. 538, 563.
Stearnsii, 537, 560.
Stokesii, 536.
Paragorgia, 454.
Paramuricea, 419.
clathrata, 419.
Parisis, 572.
Patiria, 276.
Chilensis, 334, 335.
miniata, 324, 326,
obtusa, 276, 330, 343.
Pattalus mollis, 376.
Peruvianus, 335, 376.
Paulia horrida, 332, 343.
| Pavonia, 543, 340, 350.
clivosa, 544, 563.
gigantea, 543, 563.
Pectinia, 353.
Braziliensis, 353.
Pectinura maculata, 574.
Pedersen, Capt. J., Notice of Echinoderms
collected at La Paz, Lower Cal., by, 371.
Polyps collected by, at La Paz, 564.
Pedicellaster, 593.
Pennatula tenua, 382.
undulata, 546.
Pennatulacea, 378.
Pennatulidee, 381, 546.
Pentaceros, 574.
armatus, 280, 372.
Cumingil, 279.
oecidentalis, 574.
reticulatus, 367.
Pentacrinus, 348.
asterias, 341.
caput-meduse, 341.
decora, 341.
Miilleri, 34.1.
Pentacta, Bale
albid: a, 3
anise
nigricaus, :
Panameunsis, 321,
pentactes, 321.
piperata, 326.
populifera, 326.
quinquesemita, 326.
sp., 335
Peruvian Province, 338.
Polyps, 566.
331, 346.
Petalster Coluibize, 272, 330, 343.
Petricola pholadiformis, 531.
Pharia pyramidatus, 287,
Phata:ia unifascialis, 285.
Phellia. 489, 466
arctica, 490, 559.
(ful Marcu, 1871.
608
Phellia inornata, 489, 562.
Panamensis, 490, 562.
rubens, 489, 562.
Phos, 350.
Phycogorgia, 413, 484.
fucata, 413, 561, 596.
Phyllacanthus, 349.
Phyllactinz, 462, 461.
Phyllactis, 463,
Phyllangia, 531, 340, 534, 536.
dispersa, 532, 563, 566.
Phyllogorgia, 384.
dilitata, 362.
Phyllophorus lepadifera, 346.
Phymactis, 475.
clematis, 475, 566.
florida, 475, 566.
Pinnaxodes hirtipes, 306.
Placotrochus, 536.
Plagionotus, 348, 591.
Africanus, 569, 571, 592.
Desorii, 571.
nobilis, 591.
pectoralis, 571, 345, 592.
Plexaura, 413, 386, 416.
arbuscula, 406.
aurantiaca, 413.
dichotoma, 361.
fucosa, 404, 405.
platyclados, 406.
reticulata, 405.
rosea, 406.
sanguinea, 406.
Plexaurella, 361, 413, 416.
anceps, 362.
dichotoma, 361.
Plexauride, 413, 386, 418.
Pocillipora, 519, 340, 513, 515.
capitata, 520, 563, 565.
lacera, 523, 563.
porosa, var., 521, 563.
pumila, var., 522, 563.
robusta, var., 521, 563.
Pocilliporidee, 518, 514, 512, 596.
Pocillopora, see Pocillipora.
Pocilloporinze, 518.
Polypi, Brazilian, 352.
Polypiers lamellifera, 500.
Polyps, and Corals, of the west coast of
America, Review of the, 377.
Geographical distribution of, of the
west coast of America, 566.
Porites, 503, 358, 365.
Californica, 504, 564, 562, 565.
excavata, 504, 562.
Gaudaloupensis, 358.
nodulosa, 505, 563, 565.
Panamensis, 505, 523, 563.
porosa, 504, 562. 565.
solida, 358, 364.
Poritidze 503, 501.
Portsmouth, N. H., Auroras observed at,
156.
INDEX.
Primnoa, 454.
compressa, 454, 559.
lepadifera, 454.
reseda, 454.
Primnoacee, 418.
Primnoaceées, 418.
Primnoidee, 418.
Psammechinus, 301, 348, 584.
aciculatus, 344.
chloroticus, 584.
pictus, 301, 344, 581.
variegatus, 369.
Psammocora, 501.
Psammogorgia, 414, 413. 405.
arbuscula, 414, 556, 561.
Dowii, var., 415, 417, 561.
fucosa, 417, 556, 561.
gracilis, 417, 561.
pallida, var., 415, 561.
teres, 416, 556, 561, 564.
Psilechinus variegatus, 369.
Psolus Sitcheensis, 325.
Pteraster Danze, 568.
militaris, 569, 344.
pulvillus, 569.
Pterogorgia, 359, 385, 386, 387.
acerosa, 386,
bipinnata, 360.
gracilis, 359, 596.
flabellum, 392.
petechizans, 385.
sarmentosa, 385.
Ptilosarcus, 382.
Gurneyi, 548, 382, 559, 560.
Puget Sound, list of Echinoderms found at,
324.
Pycnopodia helianthoides, 324, 326, 327.
Pygorhynchus, 315, 348.
Paciticus, 315, 328, 329, 345, 348.
Radiata, Notes on, in the Museum of Yale
College, 247.
Register, Extracts from an Auroral, kept
at New Haven, Ct., by Francis Bradley,
139.
of the Aurora Borealis at New Haven,
Ct., from March, 1837, to Dec., 1853, 9.
Remarks on the Braziliau Coral-fauna, 364.
Renilla, 378, 340.
Americana, 380.
amethystina, 379, 546, 560.
Danze. 362, 546.
patula, 381, 546.
reniformis, 381, 546.
violacea, 362, 546.
Renillidee, 378.
Review of the Corals and Polyps of the
west coast of America, 377.
Rhipidogorgia, 340, 384, 385, 386, 387.
Agassizii, 388, 391, 392.
Englemanni, 393.
flabellum, 885, 340.
media, 389,
INDEX.
Rhipidogorgia ventalina, 391.
Rhizocrinus Lofotensis, 341.
Rhizopsammia, 510.
pulchra, 510, 563.
Rhizotrochus, 535.
Rhizoxenia, 455.
rosea, 455.
Thalassantha, 455.
Rhodactinia, 469.
Davisii, 469.
Rhodactis, 462.
Rhyncholampuas, 316.
Pacificus, 595.
Rhyncopygus, 316.
Ricordea, 462.
Rumphia, 349.
Ryssobrissus nigra, 317.
Sagartia, 482, 480, 491, 560,
Bradleyi, 584, 562.
earcinophila, 484, 562.
crispata, 484, 562.
Fuegiensis, 480.
Gossei, 485. 486.
impatiens, 483, 567.
Lessonii, 486, 566.
lineolata, 483, 567.
nivea, 485, 566.
nympheea, 486, 567.
Panamensis, 484, 562.
Peruviana. 486, 566.
rubus, 487, 567.
Sagartiadee, 477.
Sagartidee, 477.
Sagartine, 477, 466, 491, 493.
Salmacis, 349.
Sarcoplhiyta, 458.
Sarcoptilus Gurneyi, 382, 378.
Scutella emarginata, 370.
Scutellidee, 345.
Seytaster, 349.
Seriatopora, 513, 519.
Sharon, Ct.. Notices of Auroras, extracted |
from a Meteorolovical Journal kept at,
167.
Siderastreea, 352. 365, 540, 542.
conferta, var., 353.
radians, 352.
stellata, 352, 364.
Sideropora, 513.
Sitcha, list of Echinoderms found at, 324.
Sitechian Province, 336.
Polyps of, 559.
Smith, John C., Notices of Auroras at Sha-
ron, Conn., 167.
Solaster decemradiatus, 324.
Spatangidee, 345.
Spatangus pectoralis, 571.
Sphenopus, 494.
Sphenotrochus, 536.
Sporadipes gigas, 347.
Starfishes, new, from New Zealand, 247.
Stephanactis, 462.
562.
Stephanaria, 545, 340.
stellata, 545, 563, 565.
' Stephanocora, 545, 340.
stellata, 545.
Stichaster aurantiacus, 293, 334, 335.
striatus, 293.
Stichopus badionotus, 347.
Kefersteinii, 329, 347.
rigidus, 347.
1)
09
| Stiles, Rev. Hzra, Notices of Auroras, ex-
tracted from the Meteorological Journal
of, 155.
Stilifera astericola, 333.
Stoloniclypeus, 314, 348, 350.
prostratus, 315, 345.
rotundatus, 314, 329, 331, 345, 350.
| Stolus gibber, 346.
ovulum, 329 331, 346.
| Stomphia Churchie, 469.
Stylaster, 515.
| Stylasteraceze, 514.
Stylasteride, 514, 513, 512. 596.
Stylatula, 382, 340, 548.
elongata, 384, 548, 560.
gracilis, 382, 548, 560
| Stylina, 513.
| Stylinidee, 514.
Stylophora, 513, 518.
Stylophoride, 514, 513, 519.
Summary of Auroral Observations, 168,
ial
Symphyllia, 358, 362.
Harttii, 358.
Sympodium, 454.
Pacifica, 456.
Synapta, 325, 349.
albicans, 326.
inherens, 325.
lappa, 346.
mammillosa, 325.
rotifera, 371.
tenuis, 325.
Synaptidve. 346.
Synaptula vivipara, 346.
Syndepas, 536.
Tabulata, 519.
Tamaria, 577.
Tealia, 469.
crassicornis, 469.
Temnopleurus. 349.
botryoides, 333.
Thalassianthidee, 461.
Thalassianthine, 461.
| Thesea, 419.
exserta, 384.
Thecidee, 519.
Thyone, 370.
Briareus, 370.
Braziliensis, 370.
Peruana, 322.
Thyonidium conchilegum, 346.
gemmatum, 346.
610
Titanideum, 454.
Tonia Atlantica, 293.
Toxocidaris, 305, 584.
crassispina, 584.
erythrogramma, 584.
Franciseana, 327, 337, 584.
homalostoma, 584.
Mexicana. 307, 329, 345, 584.
Toxopneustes, 304, 207, 348, 584.
Franciscana, 327, 337.
gibbosus, 3065.
Mexicana, 307, 329, 345.
tuberculatus, 584.
Trichaster, 349.
Tripneustes, 305, 375.
depressus, 375, 329, 345, 584, 595.
ventrivosus, 345, 375, 584.
Tripylus, 339.
excavatus, 336.
Philippii, 336.
Trivia Californica, 512.
Trochosmiliacez, 536.
Turbinaride, 501.
Turbinolia, 536.
Turbino lide, 539, 535.
Turbinolinz, 539, 536.
Ulangia, 533, 340.
Bradleyi, 534, 563.
Stokesiana, 534.
Urodemas, sp. noy., 346.
Urticina, 469.
coriacea, 470.
erassicornis, 469, 559, 560.
papillosa, 469.
Venus, sp., 350. :
Veretillum Stimpsonii, 378.
Verrill, A. E., Notes on the Radiata in the
Museum of Yale College, with Descrip-
tions of vew genera and species, 247.
No. 1, Descriptions of new Starfishes
from New Zealand, 247.
No. 2, Notes on the Echinoderms of
Panama and the west coast of America,
251.
No. 3, On the Geographical Distribu-
tion of the Echimoderms. of the west
coast of America, 321.
INDEX.
No. 4, Notice of the Corals and Echin-
oderms collected by Prof. UC. F. Hartt, at
the Abrolhos Reefs, Province of Bahia,
1867, 351.
No. 5, Notice of a collection of Echin-
oderms from La Paz, Lower Cal., 371.
No. 6, Review of the Corals and Polyps
of the west coast of America, 377.
No. 7, On the Geographical Distribu-
tion of the Polyps of the west coast of
Americ, 558.
No. 8, Additional Observations on
Echinoderms, chiefly from the Pacific
coast of America, 568.
No. 9, The Echinoderm-Fauna of the
Gulf of Cal. and Cape St. Lucas, 593.
Virgularia, 383.
elegans, 548.
elongata, 384.
Finm rchiea, 548.
gracilis, 383, 382, 548, 560.
multiflora, 548,
West coast of America, and Panama, Notes
on the Echinoderms of the, 252.
geographical dis'ribution of the Ech-
inoderms of the, 352.
geovraphical distribution of the Polyps
of the, 558.
Review of the Corals and Polyps of
the, 377.
West coast of Central America, list of
Echinoderms of the, 329.
Xanthobrissus, 318.
Xiphigorgia, 384, 385.
Zoanthacea, 494.
Zoanthaires, 460.
plerreux, 500.
Zoanthide, 495, 494.
Zoanthina, 495.
Zoauthinee, 495.
Zoanthus, 360.
Dane, 496.
Danai, 496.
Zorritos, Peru, list of Echinoderms found
at, 335.
611
EXPLANATION OF PLATES.
Puate IV.
Figure 1.—Spicula of Hymenogorgia quercifolia Edw.; la, double-spindles; 10, erescent-
shaped or scaphoid spicula,—enlarged 150 diameters.
Figure 2.—Spicula of Gorgonia gracilis Verrill; 2a, double-spindles; 2b, seaphoid spie-
uwla,—enlarged 150 diameters.
Figure 3.—A part of a branch of the same, natural size.
Figure 4.—Spicula of Hunicea humilis Edw.; a, spindles from ccenenchyma,
50 diameters; 0b, club-shaped spicula.
enlarged
enlarged 100 diameters.
Figure 5.—Spicula of Plexawrella dichotoma Kall.; 5a, a cross-shaped spiculum, with
unequal branches; 5b, a cross with two of the branches undeveloped,—en-
larged 100 diameters.
Figure 6.—Cross-shaped spicula of Plexawrella anceps? K6ll.; 6a, one of the larger
spindles,—enlarged 100 diameters.
Figure 7.—£echinaster crassispina Verrill; part of ray, natural size.
Figure 8.—Thyone Braziliensis Verrill; a, oral plates, natural size.
Figure 9.—Chriodota rotijerum Stimp.; calcareous wheels of the skin,—enlarged 150
diameters.
Figure 10.—Amphiaster insignis Verrill; ray and part of disk, natural size.
PLATE V.
All the figures on this plate are from camera-lucida drawings by the author.
Figure 1.—Renilla amethystina V.; triquetral spiculum from the disk,—enlarged 100
diameters.
Figure 2.—Stylatula gracilis V.; one of the spine-like spicula, which support the pin-
nee,—enlarged 50 diameters.
Figure 3.—Leptogorgia Flore V.; a, longer double-spindle ; b, stouter double-spindle,—
enlarged 200 diameters.
Figure 4.—L. Agassizii V.; a and b, longer double-spindles; ¢, stouter double-spindle,
—enlarged 200 diameters.
Figure 5.—L. Adamsii V.; a and }, longer double-spindles; ¢, stouter double-spindle,
—enlarged 200 diameters.
Figure 6.—L. diffusa V.; a, longer double-spindle; b, stouter double-spindle,—enlarged
200 diameters.
Figure 7.—ZL. alba V.; a and b, longer double-spindles; ¢, stouter double-spindle,—en-
larged 200 diameters.
Figure 8.—L. pumila V.; a, longer double-spindle ; 6, stouter double-spindle,—enlarged
200 diameters.
Figure 9.—L. rigida V.; a, longer donble-spindle ; 6 and ¢, stouter double-spindles,—
enlarged 200 diameters.
Figure 10.—L. Californica V.; a, longer double-spindle; 6, stouter double-spindle,—
enlarged 200 diameters,
612
Figure 11. —L. flexilis V.; a and b, longer double-spindles ; ¢, stouter double-spindle,—
enlarged 200 diameters.
Figure 12.—Eugorgia ampla V.; a, longer double-spindle; 6 and ¢, double-wheels,—
enlarged 200 diameters.
Figure 13.—£. nobilis V.; a, longer, and b, stouter double-spindles; ¢ and d, double-
wheels,—enlarged 200 diameters.
Figure 14.—#. Daniana V.; a, longer, and 6, stouter double-spindles ; ¢ and d, double-
wheels,—enlarged 200 diameters.
Figure 15.—E. awrantiaca V.; a, longer, and 6, stouter dou! le-spindles; cand d, double-
wheels.—enlarged 200 diameters.
Figure 16.—Echinogorgia awrantiaca V.; scale-club,—enlarged 100 diameters.
Figure 17.—Psammogorgia arbuscula V.; a, spindle from the polyp; }, irregular spin-
dle from the ecenenchyma; ¢ and d, irregular club-shaped spicula,—enlarged
100 diameters.
Figure 18.—P. teres V.; a, double-spindle; 6. irregular stout spindle; ¢, irregular head,
—enlarged 100 diameters.
Figure 19.—P. gracilis V.; a, spindle; 6, club-shaped spiculum,—enlarged 100 diam-
eters. Y 4
Figure 20.—-Leptogorgia eximia V.; longer double-spindle,—enlarged 200 diameters.
Figure 21.—L. Caryi V.; a, longer double-spindle; b, stouter irregular double-spindle,
—enlarged 200 diameters. ;
Figure 22.—Callipodium Pacificum V.; a, 6, c, branched spicula from the eoenenchyma,
—enlarged 100 diameters.
Figure 23.—C. aureum V.; a, b, c, branched spicula from the coonenchyma,—enlarged
100 diameters.
PLATE VI.
All the figures on this plate and the next are copied from photographs made by the
author and Mr. 8. I. Smith, and represent branches or terminal branchlets of natural
size.
Figure 1.—Leptogorgia Flore V. Figure 8.—£. multifida V.
Figure 2.—L. eximia V. Figure 9.—Psammogorgia arbuscula V.
Figure 3.-—-L. diffusa V. Figure 10.—P. gracilis V.
Figure 4.—Z. Adamsii V. Figure 11.-—Heterogorgia verrucosa V.
Figure 5.—L. rutila V. Figure 12 -—Muricea tenella V.
Figure 6.—Eugorgia ampla V. Figure 13.--L. squarrosa V.
Figure 7.—#. Daniana V.
Puate VII.
Fizure 1.—Psammogorgia teres V. Figure 6.—. purpurea V.
Figure 2.—Muricea fruticosa V. Figure 7.—W. tubigera V.
Figure 3 —M. robusta V. Figure 8.—J. hebes V.
Figure 4.—M. hispida V. Figure 9.—W. albida V.
Figure 5.—WM. acervata V. Figure 10.—M. crassa V.
613
PLATE VIII.
The figures on this plate are all copied from photographs, enlarged 20 diameters,
made by the author from spicula prepared by him from the typical specimens. Only
the principal forms of the spicula of each species are represented, and especially the
larger spindles from the cells and coenenchyma.
Figure 1.—Muricea acervata V. Figure 9.—M. robusta V.
Figure 2.——M. tubigera V. Figure 10.—M albida V.
Figure 3.—J/. hispida V. Figure 11.—M. hebes V.
Figure 4.--IZ. squarrosa V. Figure 12.—J. purpurea V.
Figure 5.—M. crassa V. Figure 13.—M. appressa V.
Figure 6.—MV. echinata Val. Figure 14.—WM. tenella V.
Figure 7.—M. austera V. Figure 15.—M. formosa V.
Figure 8.—W. retusa V. Figure 16.—Heterogorgia verrucosa V.
PLATE IX.
All the figures are copied from photographs made by Mr. S. I. Smith.
Figure 1.—Callipodium Pacificum V., natural size.
Figure 2.—Astrangia palifera V., from Ceylon,—enlarged 2 diameters.
Figure 3.—Phyllangia dispersa V., natural size, seen from above; 34, side view of two
corallites, natural size.
Figure 4.—Stephanaria stellata V., a small specimen viewed from above, showing the
mode of branching; 4°, some of the cells, enlarged 2 diameters.
Figure 5.—Astrangia concinna V., a corallite enlarged 2 diameters.
Figure 6.—A. Haimei V., a small cluster of corallites, of natural size; 6a, a corallite,
enlarged 2 diameters.
Figure 7.—Pavonia gigantea V., portion of the surface, natural size.
Figure 8.—P. clivosa V., portion of the surface, natural size.
Figure 9.—Paracyathus caltha V., natural size; 9%, calicle, enlarged 2 diameters.
Figure 10.—Ulangia Bradleyi V., a calicle, enlarged somewhat less than 2 diameters.
Figure 11.—Pteraster Dane V., dorsal surface; 114, lower surface,—natural size.
PuatTE X.
All the figures, except 8 and 9, are copied from photographs made by the author.
Figure 1.—Fungia elegans V., upper surface, natural size.
Figure 2.—Another specimen of the same, lower surface, natural size.
Figure 3.—Balanophyllia elegans V., calicle, enlarged 2 diameters.
Figure 4.— Encope occidentalis V., a section through the center, showing the right side ;
44, left side of the same section,—natural size.
Figure 5.—E. Californica V., right side, natural size.
Figure 6.—Another specimen of same, with the spines remaining, left side, natural size.
Figure 7.—Clypeaster testudinarius (Gray sp.), left side of a section through the median
line; 74, right side of the same section,—natural size.
Figure 8.—Allopora Californica V., one cell, enlarged 12 diameters.
Figure 9.— A. venusta V., one cell, enlarged 12 diameters.
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